,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,of ,,general ,,literature ,,and ,,science4 ------ ,,vol4 ,,xxiii4 ,,april1 #ahgf1 ,,to ,,september1 #ahgf4 ------ ,,new ,,york3 ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,house #i ,warren ,street4 #ahgf4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,abroad1 ,how we are ,misrepresented1 #a ,allies' ,formation of ,christendom1 #fhi ,american ,revolution1 ,catholics in1 #dhh ,are ,you ,my ,wife8 #bb1 #ahf1 #caf ,assisi1 #gdb ,aude1 ,the ,valley of1 #fdj ,brownson1 ,dr41 #cff ,catholicity in the ,united ,states1 ,next ,phase of1 #egg ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 ,the1 #aggf-ahgf1 #dcd ,catholics in the ,american ,revolution1 #dhh ,catholic ,sunday and ,puritan ,sabbath1 ,the1 #eej ,charitas ,pirkheimer1 #agj ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton1 #ecg ,chillon1 ,the ,prisoner of1 #heg ,church and ,liberty1 ,the1 #bdc ,daughter of the ,puritans1 ,a1 #ib ,de ,vere's 8,thomas ,becket10 #hdh ,devout ,chapel of ,notre ,dame de ,btharram1 ,the1 #cce ,dr4 ,brownson1 #cff ,easter in ,st4 ,peter's1 ,rome1 #ahge1 #bee ,epigraphy1 ,sacred1 #bgj ,eternal ,years1 ,the1 #abh1 #beh1 #djb1 #efe ,formation of ,christendom1 ,allies'1 #fhi ,french ,novel1 ,a1 #aeh ,frenchman's ,view of ,it1 ,a1 #dec ,german ,journalism1 #bhi ,gladstone ,controversy1 ,sequel of1 #cj ,hammond on the ,nervous ,system1 #chh ,hobbies and their ,riders1 #dac ,home-,rule ,movement1 ,irish1 #ejj1 #fbc ,how we are ,misrepresented ,abroad1 #a ,hundred ,years ,ago1 ,one1 #hjb ,irish ,home-,rule ,movement1 ,the1 #ejj1 #fbc ,italian ,commerce in the ,middle ,ages1 #gi ,journey to the ,land of ,milliards1 ,a1 #ggc ,kiowas and ,comanches1 ,a ,day among1 #hcg ,labor in ,europe and ,america1 #ei ,land of ,milliards1 ,a ,journey to the1 #ggc ,letters of a ,young ,irishwoman to her ,sister1 #dfd1 #fed1 #fhg ,life and ,works of ,madame ,barat1 ,the1 #eib ,madame ,barat1 ,life and ,works of1 #eib ,miles ,standish1 ,was ,he a ,catholic8 #ffh ,modern ,english ,poetry1 #bac ,more1 ,sir ,thomas1 #gj1 #bbd1 #cej1 #eag1 #fih1 #hag ,napoleon ,i4 and ,pius ,,vii41 #bjj ,next ,phase of ,catholicity in the ,united ,states1 ,the1 #egg ,notre ,dame de ,btharram1 ,the ,devout ,chapel of1 #cce ,notre ,dame de ,piti1 #aaf ,novel1 ,a ,french1 #aeh ,philosophy1 ,thomistic1 #cbg ,pirkheimer1 ,charitas1 #agj ,pius ,,vii4 and ,napoleon ,i41 #bjj ,plea for our ,grandmothers1 ,a1 #dba ,poet among the ,poets1 ,a1 #ad ,poetry1 ,modern ,english1 #bac ,poets1 ,some ,forgotten ,catholic1 #cjb ,primeval ,germans1 #dg ,prisoner of ,chillon1 ,the1 #heg ,protestant ,bishop on ,confession1 ,a1 #hca ,prussia and the ,church1 #ajd ,religious ,liberty in the ,united ,states1 ,the ,rise of1 #gba ,rise of ,religious ,liberty in the ,united ,states1 #gba ,root of ,our ,present ,evils1 ,the1 #ade ,sacred ,epigraphy1 #bgj ,scanderbeg1 #bcd ,sequel of the ,gladstone ,controversy1 ,a1 #cj ,sir ,thomas ,more1 #gj1 #bbd1 #cej1 #eag1 #fih1 #hag ,six ,sunny ,months1 #fjf1 #geh ,some ,forgotten ,catholic ,poets1 #cjb ,some ,odd ,ideas1 #gaj ,studio in ,rome1 ,a ,quaint ,old1 #gha 8,thomas ,becket10 ,de ,vere's1 #hdh ,thomistic ,philosophy1 #cbg ,transcendental ,movement in ,new ,england1 ,the1 #ebh ,typical ,men of ,america1 ,the1 #dgi ,valley of the ,aude1 ,the1 #fdj ,vittoria ,colonna1 #fgi ,was ,miles ,standish a ,catholic8 #ffh ,wild ,rose of ,st4 ,regis1 ,the1 #cgi ,years1 ,eternal1 ,the1 #abh1 #beh1 #djb1 #efe ,,poetry4 ,ascension1 ,the1 #cgg ,centenary of ,american ,liberty1 ,the1 #dcc ,chorus from the 8,hecuba10 #fec ,consuelo1 #haf ,forty ,hours' ,devotion1 #bbc ,da ,vinci's 8,virgin of the ,rocks10 ,lines on1 #ac ,lamartine1 ,from1 #dbd ,lines on ,da ,vinci's 8,virgin of the ,rocks10 #ac ,mysteries1 #ahe ,sacerdos ,alter ,christus1 #eh ,sennuccio ,mio1 #bcc ,sunshine1 #bgh ,vago ,angelletto che ,cantanas ,vai8 #g ,,new ,,publications4 ,achsah1 #gah ,acolyte1 ,the1 #bhf ,all ,around the ,moon1 #dcj ,alzog's ,universal ,church ,history1 #bgi ,are ,you ,my ,wife8 #dbf ,asperges ,me1 etc41 #dcj ,authority and ,anarchy1 #bhh ,breviarium ,romanum1 #bhh ,brief ,biographies1 #adb ,british and ,american ,literature1 ,student's ,hand-book of1 #ach ,board of ,education1 ,report of1 #dca ,boston to ,washington1 #dcb ,burning ,questions1 #bhj ,cantata ,catholica1 #dbi ,catechism for ,confession and ,first ,communion1 #bhj ,catholic ,church and ,christian ,state1 #dbe ,daniel ,o',connell1 ,popular ,life of1 #adc ,eden of ,labor1 ,the1 #aci ,elmwood2 or1 the ,withered ,arm1 #adc ,episcopal ,succession in ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland1 #dcb ,episodes of the ,paris ,commune in #ahga1 #dca ,explanatio ,psalmorum1 #bhg ,faber's ,hymns1 #bhb ,father ,segneri's ,sentimenti1 #adb ,faith and ,modern ,thought1 #gah ,five ,lectures on the ,city of ,ancient ,rome1 #adb ,flaminia1 and other ,stories1 #dca ,geographical ,text-,books1 ,mitchell's1 #hfj ,german ,political ,leaders1 #gaf ,gertrude ,mannering1 #bhe ,glories of the ,sacred ,heart1 ,the1 #egf ,haydon1 ,benjamin ,robert1 ,the ,life1 ,letters1 and ,table-,talk of1 #hfj ,histoire de ,madame ,barat1 #dbe ,how to ,write ,letters1 #bhg ,labor1 the ,eden of1 #aci ,labor and ,capital in ,england and ,america1 #aci ,lectures on the ,city of ,ancient ,rome1 #adb ,life1 ,letters1 and ,table-,talk of ,benjamin ,robert ,haydon1 ,the1 #hfj ,life of ,rev4 ,mother ,st4 ,joseph1 ,the1 #dbg ,life of ,daniel ,o',connell1 #adc ,little ,book of the ,holy ,child ,jesus1 #bhh ,literature for ,little ,folks1 #bhg ,meditations and ,considerations1 #gai ,men and ,manners in ,america ,one ,hundred ,years ,ago1 #hfj ,mitchell's ,geographical ,text-,books1 #hfj ,newman1 ,characteristics from the ,writings of1 #bhh ,new ,month of the ,sacred ,heart1 #gbj ,note to ,article on ,thomistic ,philosophy1 #dcb ,notiones ,theologic1 #gbj ,outlines of the ,religion and ,philosophy of ,swedenborg1 #bha ,ordo ,divini ,officii ,recitandi1 #ada ,pius ,,ix4 and his ,times1 #bhh ,principia or ,basis of ,social ,science1 #dbh ,principes de la ,sagesse1 ,les1 #bhg ,publications ,received1 #bhh ,revolutionary ,times1 #gbj ,sancta ,sophia1 #hei ,science and ,religion1 #gbj ,scholastic ,almanac for #ahgf1 ,the1 #add ,segneri's ,sentimenti1 #adb ,sermons by ,fathers of the ,society of ,jesus1 #ada ,story of a ,vocation1 ,the1 #dcb ,spectator1 ,the1 #add ,spiritualism and ,allied ,causes1 #gac ,student's ,hand-book of ,british and ,american ,literature1 ,the1 #ach ,universal ,church ,history1 ,alzog's1 #bgi ,voyages dans l',amrique ,septentrionale1 #dcb ,wyndham ,family1 ,the1 #dcj ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxiii41 ,no4 #acc4--;,,april1 #ahgf4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgf4 ,,how ,,we ,,are ,,misrepresented ,,abroad4 ,following the example of older nations1 the ,united ,states has been accustomed to keep at foreign courts and capitals certain diplomatic agents whose presence there seems to be considered necessary for the protection of our national interests1 as well as a pledge of mutual friendship and comity4 ,under the more modest title of envoys or ministers these gentlemen exercise the powers and enjoy the immunities of ambassadors1 and to their supposed wisdom1 tact1 and judgment are entrusted all difficult negotiations and the settlement of doubtful questions of international law4 ,in view of the increased facilities for communication between independent governments afforded by railroads and telegraphs1 the general diffusion of accurate geographical and commercial knowledge1 and the almost total disuse of the secret diplomacy of former times1 it has been seriously considered whether this class of rather expensive officials might not be dispensed with altogether4 ,many persons1 also1 are inclined to believe that the public welfare would suffer little1 if at all1 by such a measure1 on the principle that bad or incompetent representatives are worse than none4 ,but if the custom1 as appears probable1 is still to be adhered to1 it is becoming more and more apparent that the personnel of our diplomatic corps must speedily undergo a radical change for the better1 if we would not bring our country into lasting disrepute and contempt in the eyes of all just and discerning men4 ,in ,europe diplomacy is practically as much a profession as law or medicine4 ,its students begin their allotted course at an early age in the capacity of attachs or secretaries of legation4 ,as they gain in experience they are moved from one court to another1 in regular order of promotion1 until finally1 after years of practical observation and laborious study1 they develop into accomplished diplomatists and ripe statesmen1 whose services are invaluable to their country1 at home and abroad4 ,not so in ,america2 with us the post of minister resident or envoy extraordinary1 is usually the reward of some obscure partisan1 the solace of a disappointed ,congressional aspirant1 or the asylum in which superannuated cabinet officers can find dignified obscurity4 ,occasionally accomplished international lawyers like the late ,mr4 ,wheaton or ,reverdy ,johnson are selected1 but these rare cases are in sad contrast with the generality of persons chosen1 every few years1 to represent in foreign countries the power1 dignity1 and intelligence of the republic4 ,they are almost invariably men of mediocre ability1 contracted views1 and defective education2 unaccustomed to any high degree of social refinement1 and sometimes ignorant of the very language of the country to which they are accredited1 while not necessarily masters of their own4 ,from a perusal of some volumes of state documents#a we are led to conclude that the principal duty of our diplomats is to write long1 prosy letters to the ,secretary of ,state1 and to encumber the archives of his office with copious extracts from foreign newspapers of no value or public interest whatever4 ,in this mass of correspondence we look in vain for the keen1 accurate criticism of men and manners1 or the profound views of statesmanship which characterized the despatches of the ,venetian ambassadors of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the ,french and ,english emissaries of a later period4 ,on the contrary1 we find these letters exhibiting a remarkable feebleness and crudity of mind1 and1 where matters relating to religion or morals are discussed1 a purblind prejudice unworthy of any rational ,american1 but especially reprehensible in an exalted official of our government4 ,this latter blemish is so prominent1 and withal so repeatedly displayed1 as to be painfully suggestive of a desire on the part of the writers to win1 by unworthy means1 the favor of the appointing power at the federal capital4 ,we also observe with regret that they are accustomed to use1 with the greatest deliberation and upon the slightest occasion1 the terms reactionist1 ,romanist1 ultramontane1 and other nicknames--all of which are inaccurate and most of them offensive--when describing the supporters of the ,catholic ,church1 who1 in various parts of the ,christian world1 are battling for the rights of conscience and the freedom of their religion2 while eulogistic adjectives are lavished on all parties and measures1 no matter how tyrannical or arbitrary1 provided they are directed against the church and her priesthood4 ,just here we may as well ask at the start1 ,is there not occupation enough for our diplomatic service in attending to the great commercial and other secular interests of the republic1 but that they must turn aside to devote their chief attention to the cultivation and spread of anti-,catholic bigotry8 ,one of the most glaring examples of this indecent partisanship is to be found in the records of our diplomatic relations with ,mexico--our nearest neighbor and the most populous of the ,spanish-,american republics4 ,formerly the greatest care was exercised in filling this important mission1 only gentlemen of sound discretion and liberal views being selected2 but since the advent of ,mr4 ,fish as ,secretary of ,state1 this wise precaution has been neglected1 and1 as a consequence1 we have had at the ,mexican capital1 for several years1 a deputy named ,john ,w4 ,foster1 whose total misapprehension of the duties of his office is painfully apparent1 even from his own reports4 ,it will be remembered that in #ahei the partisans of ,juarez1 assembled at ,vera ,cruz1 proclaimed war on the ,catholic ,church1 abolished all religious communities1 confiscated their property1 and expelled their members of both sexes4 ,they also declared marriage a civil contract1 to be entered into only before a magistrate1 abolished religious oaths1 and attempted other 8reforms0 equally impertinent and detrimental to the public good4 ,during the short reign of ,maximilian these attempts on the liberty of the church were of course discontinued2 but when ,juarez assumed absolute control of the government they were renewed1 and on the #beth of ,september1 #ahgc1 were declared by his successor1 ,lerdo de ,tejada1 a part of the constitution4 ,this effort to make religious proscription the fundamental law of the republic seemed so judicious and praiseworthy to ,mr4 ,foster that he immediately transmitted to ,washington a full copy of ,lerdo's proclamation1 with the remark3 8,their incorporation into the federal constitution may be regarded as the crowning act of triumph of the liberal government in its long contest with the conservative or church party40 ,knowing something of the antecedents of ,mr4 ,foster1 we are not surprised at his sympathy with what may be called the illiberal or anti-church party2 but the reply of our ,secretary of ,state is simply inexplicable4 ,on ,october #bb he writes3 8,the ,mexican government deserves congratulation upon the adoption of the amendments of its constitution to which the despatch relates4 ,it may be regarded as a great step in advance1 especially for a republic in name4 ,we have had ample experience of the advantage of similar measures--an experience1 too1 which has fully shown that1 while they have materially contributed to enlarge and secure general freedom and prosperity1 they have by no means tended to weaken the just interests of religion or the due influence of clergymen in the body politic40 ,how a gentleman of ,mr4 ,fish's acknowledged intelligence could permit himself to write such a document is incomprehensible4 ,he knows well that 8we0--meaning the ,united ,states--have not had 8ample experience10 or any experience whatever1 8of the advantage of similar measures40 8,we0 have had our moments of fanaticism1 our church-burnings and convent-sackings1 it is true2 but neither the municipal law nor the ,constitution has presumed to control the spiritual affairs of the church in this republic4 ,our seminaries1 colleges1 convents1 and schools are yet untouched by the civil magistrate2 our priests can administer the sacraments without the risk of police interference2 and our ,sisters of ,mercy and ,charity can pursue their holy avocations and not incur the risk of perpetual banishment4 ,what has contributed to enlarge and to secure to us general freedom and prosperity is not such anti-,catholic legislation as that upon which ,mr4 ,fish congratulates the 8republic in name10 but the very contrary4 ,it would seem1 however1 that some of those entrusted with the highest offices of state regret this happy condition of things4 ,evidence crops out everywhere to strengthen the suspicion that our government1 not finding interests at home of sufficient magnitude to occupy its attention1 is drifting more and more into sympathy with the conspiracy now prevalent in ,europe against the rights of the ,catholic ,church and that birthright of every ,american citizen--freedom of conscience4 ,but1 however unsustained by fact1 the moral sympathy thus tendered by the mouth-piece of our government to the ,mexican president was highly valuable to his party at that juncture4 ,the laws against the clergy and nuns were exceedingly unpopular with the great mass of the ,mexicans1 and it was necessary that the endorsement of the powerful and prosperous republic of the north should be secured in their favor4 ,if such measures had 8materially contributed to enlarge and secure general freedom and prosperity0 in one country1 as ,mr4 ,fish solemnly asserted1 why should they not have the same salutary effect in another8 ,there is no reason for surprise1 therefore1 to find that when the elated ,mr4 ,foster transmitted ,mr4 ,fish's letter1 with his own felicitations1 to ,mr4 ,lafragua1 the ,mexican ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs1 he was answered in the following complimentary phrase3 8,the president of the republic has received with special gratification the expression of the kind sentiments which animate the people and government of the ,united ,states respecting the people and government of ,mexico1 which sentiments could not have been interpreted by a more estimable person than your excellency4 ,the president is sincerely thankful1 as well for the cordial congratulation which his excellency the ,secretary of ,state has had the kindness to address to you on account of the proclamation of the amendments to the federal constitution1 as for the ardent wishes which your excellency manifests for the consolidation of the republican institutions and of peace1 and for the prosperity and material development of the ,united ,mexican ,states40 ,it will thus be seen that by the wilfulness--or indiscretion1 let us call it--of ,mr4 ,fish 8the people and government of the ,united ,states0 are credited with a sympathy for1 and approval of1 what their conscience1 their spirit1 and their whole history up to this time repudiate--a legislation of tyranny and religious proscription4 ,mr4 ,fish--and no man better--knows that such sympathy has no foundation in the hearts of the ,american people or in the real policy of its government4 ,he knows that the people abhor the sentiment expressed in the 8amendments to the federal constitution0 of ,mexico4 ,what are we to think1 then1 of a statesman who1 actuated by whatever motive1 shows himself so ready to play fast and loose with the solemn trusts confided to him8 ,is the vast power that he must exercise safe in the hands of one who is ready to veer with every wind that blows1 especially when it blows against ,rome8 ,is this the true expression of the policy of which we have lately heard so much--8,let the church and the state be for ever separate08 ,our ,american feelings rise with indignation against so grave a misrepresentation of the principles and policy of our government1 especially by one so familiar with them as ,mr4 ,fish4 ,there is no excuse for this4 ,mr4 ,fish's faux pas was too precious to the anti-,catholic faction not to receive the widest publicity4 8,this correspondence10 writes ,mr4 ,foster to his principal1 8was yesterday read in the national ,congress by the ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs1 by direction of the president of the republic1 and after its reading the president of ,congress1 in the name of that body1 expressed the gratification with which the assembly had received the intelligence1 and by a vote of ,congress the correspondence was entered upon its journal4 ,the ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs has also caused its publication in the official newspaper1 and it has appeared in all the periodicals of this capital40 ,a year had scarcely passed away1 during which every effort had been made thus to mislead and pervert public opinion1 when ,de ,tejada's government found itself strong enough to pass additional 8laws of reform0 infringing still farther on the rights of conscience4 ,on the #aeth of ,december1 #ahgd1 the ,sisters of ,charity1 the last remnant of the ,catholic orders in ,mexico1 were also rudely expelled from their institutions and ordered to quit for ever the scenes of their pious and untiring labors4 ,and in this connection1 a curious comment on ,mr4 ,fish's congratulatory despatch was offered by the people of the city of ,san ,francisco4 ,the ,sisters expelled by virtue of the constitution which met with such marked approval from ,mr4 ,fish1 were received with open arms and welcomed by our fellow-citizens in ,california4 ,surely1 this was giving the lie direct to ,mr4 ,fish by his own countrymen1 whose conscience naturally revolted from a system of government which1 as its chief claim to the sympathy and fellowship of foreign peoples1 set up its power and willingness to banish from its jurisdiction all that was purest and holiest4 ,yet ,mexico is as far from 8general freedom and prosperity0 as ever1 and ,messrs4 ,fish and ,foster1 the instigators of this last outrage on humanity1 continue to be high and trusted officials of our freedom-loving republic4 ,still1 the faction that controls ,mexican politics was not content with constitutional and statutory 8reforms40 ,as long as the heart of the country remained ,catholic its hold on power was feeble and uncertain4 ,it therefore aimed at nothing less than a general conversion of the people1 at a new ,reformation1 and selected what it considered the most fitting instruments for that purpose4 ,these were itinerant ,protestant missionaries of all sects1 kindly furnished to order by the ,boston ,american ,board of ,missions and the ,pacific ,theological ,seminary of ,california1 who soon overspread the promised land and began their labors of conversion4 ,the states of ,mexico1 ,vera ,cruz1 ,guerrero1 ,puebla1 ,jalisco1 ,hidalgo1 ,zacatecas1 and ,san ,luis ,potosi were especially favored by their presence1 where1 from their method of proceeding1 their foul abuse of the religion of the populace1 and the rank blasphemy that characterized their preaching1 it was plain that they considered they had fallen among barbarians and idolaters4 ,going from place to place1 and surrounded by armed guards1 they not only fulminated the heresy of ,protestantism1 but scattered broadcast printed travesties of the ,commandments and of the prayers and ritual of the church1 some copies of which they had the hardihood to nail to the cathedrals and other places of ,catholic worship4 ,to make matters still more offensive1 they frequently interspersed their harangues with laudations of the 8liberal0 party who patronized them1 and direct attacks on all who opposed its iniquitous policy4 ,one of those zealots1 a ,rev4 ,mr4 ,stephens1 after a nine months' journey through several towns1 found his way to ,ahualulco1 where1 relying on the countenance of the government officials1 he commenced a series of bitter assaults on ,catholicity4 ,a popular tumult was the result1 during which the unfortunate man was killed1 ,march #b1 #ahgd4 ,when news of this cruel1 though not unprovoked1 murder reached ,mr4 ,foster1 he waited on the ,mexican minister1 who informed him that 8the principal assassins and two priests had been arrested1 and that a judge had been despatched to the district with an extra corps of clerks to ensure a speedy investigation and trial40 ,this promise was faithfully and promptly kept1 as we find by a despatch dated ,april #ae1 in which the minister says3 8,up to the present date seven of the guilty parties have been tried and condemned to death1 from which sentence they have appealed to the supreme court4 ,twelve or fifteen more persons charged with complicity in the crime are under arrest awaiting trial1 including the cura of the parish of ,ahualulco40 ,yet this summary vengeance1 nor even the indignity offered to the venerable cura1 who had had no participation whatever in the disturbance1 did not satisfy the insatiable soul of ,mr4 ,foster4 ,from his subsequent letter to ,lafragua1 and several despatches to our government1 we infer that the condign punishment of the priest1 innocent or guilty1 was to him the most desirable of objects4 ,to inaugurate the new ,reformation by the execution of a ,catholic clergyman appears to have been considered by him as a master-stroke of policy4 ,but even the ,lerdistas were not prepared for so desperate a step1 and ,foster was doomed to find his hopes blighted4 ,alluding to a conversation with ,minister ,lafragua in ,september1 he writes to ,mr4 ,fish1 bemoaning his hard fate3 8,i thanked him for communicating the intelligence in relation to the trials of the assassins of ,rev4 ,mr4 ,stephens1 the receipt of which ,i had anxiously awaited1 but expressed my disappointment in finding no mention of the proceedings had in the trial of the cura of ,ahualulco1 to whom the published accounts attributed the responsibility of the assassination4'''0 ,this information1 and the fact that the appeal of the seven condemned persons had not been determined1 drew forth one of ,mr4 ,fish's unaccountable diplomatic missives4 8,you may farther inform him orally10 says our ,secretary1 alluding to ,lafragua1 8but confidentially1 if need be1 that this must necessarily become an international affair1 unless it shall be satisfactorily disposed of and without unreasonable delay40 ,now1 why should the information be given orally and confidentially if there was not some desire1 some trick1 to avoid responsibility for a doubtful act tending to intimidate a friendly power8 and wherefore should the killing of the man ,stephens be made an international affair--i4e41 a just cause of war--when so many ,american citizens had been already murdered in ,mexico with impunity8 ,foster had repeatedly complained that during the short time he had been in charge of the legation thirteen 8murders of the most horrid character and revolting to our common civilization0 had been committed on his countrymen1 for which there had not been a single punishment2 yet we hear of no intimation of making them international affairs4 ,were the lives of these persons1 presumably following legitimate callings1 collectively of less value than that of a mendacious preacher of a gospel of violence8 ,emboldened by the words of ,mr4 ,fish1 ,foster again returned to the attack in a note to ,lafragua1 in which he directly1 and on his own responsibility1 charges the cura with having been the instigator of the crime4 ,the first intimation that the cura had had any participation in exciting the mob against ,stephens was contained in a letter from a brother preacher named ,watkins1 who was stationed at ,guadalajara1 more than sixty miles from the scene of the disturbance4 ,on this suspicious and slender foundation ,foster had been in the habit of building up a mass of insinuations and charges against the priest1 referring to 8general0 and 8printed0 reports as his authority4 ,when after a searching investigation the cura was honorably discharged1 and the minister again complained to ,lafragua1 that official replied rather tartly in the following unequivocal terms3 8,in relation to the acquittal of those who were charged with being instigators of the crime1 it is the result of a judicial act1 which has taken place after the due process had been completed for the investigation of the truth1 which is not always in accord with the prejudices of the public40 ,if the minister had added3 8and of ,mr4 ,foster and the ,board of ,missions10 the sentence would have been more complete4 ,having failed to accomplish his grand design--the chastisement of the cura--the ultimate fate of the convicted laymen became a matter of little importance to our assiduous representative4 ,another opportunity soon presented itself for ,mr4 ,foster's official interference4 ,on the night of ,january #bf1 #ahge1 a riot occurred in ,acapulco1 in which five persons were killed and eleven wounded on both sides4 ,of the former1 one was claimed to be an ,american4 ,it appears that a ,rev4 ,m4 ,n4 ,hutchinson1 supported by the ,united ,states consul1 ,j4 ,a4 ,sutter1 and a few native officials1 had commenced his evangelical labors in that city by personally insulting the parish priest1 ,father ,j4 ,p4 ,nava1 and by openly abusing everything considered holy and venerable by ,catholics4 ,this method of preaching ,christ's ,gospel so exasperated the populace that an attack was made on the building used as a ,protestant church1 and a street fight1 with fatal results1 followed4 ,hutchinson1 the cause of the fray1 escaped and found refuge on board a ship2 while ,sutter1 who seems to have been as cowardly as he was vicious1 threatened to abandon the consulate and follow his example4 ,as in the case at ,ahualulco1 the 8liberal0 authorities at once arrested the cura1 but so indignant were the citizens1 and even some of the federal employees1 at the act that he was at once set at liberty4 ,here was a rare chance for ,mr4 ,foster to display his reformatory energy1 and on this occasion he had a most efficient associate in the gallant consul4 ,that truthful gentleman writes to his chief1 ,january #bg1 three days after the riot3 8,all the ,indians are under arms1 and threaten to attack the town if the parish priest--who1 in my opinion1 is the prime mover of these heinous crimes--should be arrested4 ,so he is still at large1 and laughing1 probably1 at the impotence of the authorities4''' ,everybody in town is afraid of the ,indians1 who1 incited by a fanatical priest1 would perpetrate the most atrocious crimes40 ,all this ,mr4 ,foster believed1 or appeared to believe2 for we find him embodying it in his official communications to ,lafragua1 with some additional remarks of his own to give the calumny greater point and force4 ,supported by the ,american minister1 ,sutter now looms up as the defender of ,protestant rights in general4 ,addressing personages of no less distinction than the governor of the state and the district judge1 he requests them to 8promptly take the necessary measures within your power to procure the speedy punishment1 according to the law1 of the instigators and perpetrators of the atrocious massacre of ,protestants10 etc4 ,there is no limitation here1 it will be observed1 to ,american citizens2 the peremptory consul1 8in obedience to instructions received yesterday from the ,hon4 ,john ,w4 ,foster1 envoy extraordinary1 etc410 had assumed a protectorate over the entire evangelical body of ,acapulco1 and felt himself at liberty to insult the executive and judiciary of the state of ,guerrero4 ,the people of ,acapulco1 however1 differed materially in opinion from the consul4 ,not only did they not fear the ,indians or regard their priest as an abettor of riot and murder1 but1 on the contrary1 five or six hundred of them waited on ,governor ,alvarez1 and1 in the name of the rest1 assured him that the disturbance was wholly caused by ,hutchinson and his handful of ,protestants1 requesting him at the same time to remove the disturbers from their city1 as he had the power to do under the laws of the state4 ,even the ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs--though1 like so many of his party1 deadly opposed to the church--could not help but ascribe the riot to something like its proper cause4 ,annoyed1 doubtless1 by the impertinence of ,sutter and the importunities of ,foster1 he writes to the latter in a vein of delicate irony3 8,the consul in ,acapulco cannot be ignorant of the fact that ,protestant worship was a new propaganda among a people who1 unfortunately1 have not been able to attain to that degree of civilization to enable them to accept without aversion religious tenets which they disown1 and it is well known that the religious sentiment is one of the most sensitive1 and that1 when attacked1 it is all the more irritable40 ,the logical position of the ,mexican minister is unassailable4 ,but what a humiliating predicament for our government to be placed in by her diplomatists abroad6 ,such is the natural result of selecting the kind of men for important posts1 or indeed for any posts at all1 complained of at the beginning of the article4 ,it is clear that this ,mr4 ,foster has missed his vocation4 ,he would be more at home in a ,protestant board of missions1 or as a 8worker0 in 8revivals10 than standing before a people as the representative of the truth1 worth1 and genius of a great nation4 ,mr4 ,foster was not satisfied with the explanation4 ,he had lost one priest1 and he was not going to let another slip through his fingers without a struggle4 ,he reminds ,lafragua of ,mr4 ,fish's 8congratulations10 and appeals to his gratitude4 8,while it is very natural that ,i10 he writes1 8as the representative of a government which has officially congratulated that of ,mexico on the constitutional triumph and recognition of the principles of religious liberty1 should watch with deep interest the practical enforcement of these principles1 ,i have made the outbreaks of fanatical mobs the subject of diplomatic intervention only when ,american citizens have been assassinated40 ,but the plea was in vain2 even the government of ,lerdo de ,tejada dared not molest the cura of ,acapulco1 who1 strong in his innocence and in the affection of his flock1 continued to exercise the duties of his sacred office1 regardless alike of native 8reformers0 and officious diplomats4 ,up to the latest dates ,mr4 ,foster had not yet caught a cura1 and the people of ,mexico seem as far as ever from the enjoyment of the blessings of a new ,reformation1 so happily and characteristically begun4 ,the ,central ,american ,states include ,guatemala1 ,san ,salvador1 ,honduras1 ,nicaragua1 and ,costa ,rica1 each of which holds an undivided fifth interest in the official attention of ,mr4 ,george ,williamson1 our worthy minister peripatetic4 ,when not involved in domestic brawls--which seldom happens--these miniature commonwealths have a habit of varying the monotony of peaceful life by a descent on one of their neighbors1 and even a civil and a foreign war have been known to rage at the same time and place4 ,having such a vivacious people to look after1 the attention of our representative might reasonably be considered fully occupied2 yet we learn that he has ample leisure to devote himself to theological and educational speculations1 and particularly to the subject of marriage4 ,on this important social relation he not only becomes eloquent1 though occasionally obscure1 in his despatches1 but is evidently looked upon as an authority by the 8liberal0 party on the ,isthmus4 ,having been asked his opinion by ,president ,barrios of ,guatemala1 who contemplated extending civil marriage to his people1 8,i replied10 he says1 8it would in all probability soon come2 ''' that in our country we considered the civil law supreme1 and would neither furnish a hierarchy of ,romanists nor ,protestants1 to assert its sanction was necessary to give validity to a contract which the law pronounced good40 ,it may be objected that this passage is not well constructed2 so1 in justice not only to the liberal views1 but to the erudition of ,mr4 ,williamson1 we quote the following descriptive extract from a despatch on the condition of the ,central ,american population3 8,intelligence is more generally diffused2 people are slowly learning republican habits and adopting republican ideas2 a monarchical hierarchy that fostered superstitions1 that only allowed education in a certain direction1 and which #8gathered gear' unto itself #8by every wile1' has been dethroned2 agriculture now has the aid of the numerous laborers who were employed in the erection of large edifices for monks and nuns and religious exercises40 ,a subsequent communication on the state of public education furnishes a rather strange commentary on the above3 8,the present attempt at organizing a public-school system is1 in my judgment1 one of the most laudable acts of the present government1 for which it should be entitled to credit1 whether there be success or failure4 ,my opinion is that there are too many obstacles to be overcome for the plan to be successful1 and that the government is undertaking a grave experiment which is likely to create great dissatisfaction1 and may result in revolution4 ,but having driven out most of the priests and nuns1 who were heretofore the instructors of the people1 it seemed necessary the government should try to supply their place40 ,the same latitude of opinion and ill-concealed hostility to the ,catholic ,church1 the same desire to take advantage of every trifling circumstance to misrepresent and malign the motives of her supporters1 pervade the correspondence of our other representatives in ,south ,america1 almost without exception4 ,thus ,mr4 ,thomas ,russell has no scruple in lauding the usurping government of ,venezuela1 which1 in #ahgj1 first imprisoned and then banished perpetually the ,archbishop of ,caracas and ,venezuela1 suppressed the seminaries1 confiscated the property of the monasteries1 and expelled the nuns4 ,still less has ,mr4 ,rumsey ,wing in assuring the ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs of ,ecuador1 in writing about an alleged desecration of a grave in ,quito1 that the news 8of those outrages on the bodies of ,protestants0 8would create an intense feeling not only in my own country but throughout ,europe02 while1 having nothing else to send1 we suppose1 the same officious gentleman forwards to ,washington copies of two decrees of ,congress1 one granting a tithe of the church revenues to his ,holiness the ,pope1 and the other placing ,ecuador under the protection of the ,sacred ,heart1 8to show the intense ,catholicism prevailing in this country40 ,then ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,logan1 some time of ,chili1 appears to have interested himself very much in local politics1 and it is not difficult to discover upon which side his sympathy rests4 ,in a despatch to ,secretary ,fish1 ,november #b1 #ahgd1 he has the hardihood to charge the ,archbishop of ,santiago with bribing congressmen1 pending the passage of a bill for the partial repeal of a penal law against the clergy4 ,he writes3 8,the day arrived for the vote1 and a large crowd gathered about the building1 awaiting the result with the most breathless anxiety2 among these was the archbishop himself1 in full clerical robes4 ,much to the chagrin of the liberals1 a two-third vote was gained by the church party under the spur and lash of the clericals1 and1 as it is freely asserted1 by the liberal use of money4 ,the senate is composed of only twenty members1 which is not a large body to handle1 if they take kindly to handling40 ,mr4 ,francis ,thomas1 of ,lima1 goes even farther than his confrre1 and deliberately asserts the complicity of the ,catholics1 as a body1 in the recent attempt to assassinate ,president ,pardo4 8,the conspirators10 he says1 8had calculated upon the co-operation of all that class of the population of this country who have become hostile to the president of ,peru on account of his proceedings1 in which high dignitaries of the ,catholic ,church were concerned4 ,the congress of ,peru at its last session passed a law forbidding members of the order of ,jesuits to reside within the jurisdiction of ,peru4 ,in violation of this law1 members of that order who had been expelled from other ,spanish republics took possession of a convent in the interior of ,peru1 and took measures to organize their society4 ,president ,pardo1 in conformity to the law1 issued a proclamation requiring them to leave the country1 which has caused some degree of excitement40 ,this fact1 and the attempts of the government to introduce irreligious books and periodicals into the schools1 were sufficient1 in the opinion of our impartial minister1 to provoke the ,catholics of ,peru to the foulest crimes4 ,the ,emperor of ,brazil1 in his open war on the church1 also finds an advocate and eulogist in ,mr4 ,richard ,cutts ,shannon1 the ,american charg at his court1 who employs his vicarious pen in justifying the arrest1 trial1 and condemnation of the ,bishop of ,olinda to four years' imprisonment with hard labor4 ,but he is surpassed by minister ,james ,r4 ,partridge1 who1 in alluding to the determined intention of the government to prosecute to the bitter end the various vicars who were named to take the place of those successively cast into prison1 emphatically declares3 8,from present appearances1 the ministerial party are going on and are determined to carry it through4 ,it is to be hoped that their courage may not fail1 neither by reason of the long list of those who are thus declared ready to become martyrs1 nor by any political move of the ecclesiastical party40 ,such1 in brief1 are the views of the men sent to represent this country on ,american soil4 ,if we turn to ,europe--though we may acknowledge a higher order of ability in our diplomatic agents there--we discover prejudice as strong and partisanship equally conspicuous4 ,referring to the ,german ,empire1 we are pained to find so profound a student of the past as ,mr4 ,bancroft our late minister at ,berlin1 so easily deceived in contemporary history4 ,nothing1 certainly1 can be more untrue than the following statement of the position of affairs in ,prussia in #ahgc3 8,the effect of the correspondence between the ,pope and ,emperor ,william has been only to increase the popularity and ,european reputation of the emperor1 and to depress the influence of the clerical party1 thus confirming the accounts1 which ,i have always given you1 that the ultramontane political influence can never become vitally dangerous to this empire4 ,the ,catholic clergy are obviously beginning to regret having commenced with the state a contest in which it is not possible for them to gain the advantage4 ,the intelligent ,catholics themselves for the most part support the government1 and so have received from the ultramontanes the nickname of state ,catholics40 ,there is not a single sentence in the above which is not a misapprehension of facts4 ,how far ,mr4 ,bancroft's easy assertions and confident predictions1 made scarcely two years ago1 have been justified by the event is a matter that happily needs no inquiry1 while comment on our part would be almost cruel4 ,mr4 ,bancroft1 however1 was not content with supplying information to the ,state ,department on matters exclusively pertaining to his mission4 ,his wide range of vision took in all ,europe1 past and present4 ,of the old ,helvetian republic he writes3 8,switzerland shows no sign of receding from its comprehensive measures against the ultramontane usurpations2 and the spirit and courage of these republicans have something of the same effect on the population of ,germany that was exercised by their forefathers in the time of the ,reformation40 ,and again3 8,how widely the movement is extending in ,europe is seen by what is passing in ,england1 where choice has been made of a ministry disinclined to further concessions to the demands of the ,catholic hierarchy1 and where the archbishops of the ,anglican ,church are proposing measures to drive all ,romanizing tendencies out of the forms of public worship in the ,establishment4 ,here in ,germany1 where the question takes the form of a conflict between the authority of the state at home within its own precincts1 and the influence of an alien ecclesiastical power1 it is certain that the party of the state is consolidating its strength2 and ,i see nothing1 either in the history of the country1 or in the present state of public opinion1 or the development of public legislation1 that can raise a doubt as to the persistency of the ,german government in the course upon which it has entered40 ,what the 8comprehensive measures0 in ,switzerland 8against the ultramontane usurpations0 mean readers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world already know4 ,they are simply a rather aggravated form of the ,falck laws--a form so aggravated that it is only within the past year ,m4 ,loyson himself warned the world that the 8comprehensive measures against ultramontane usurpations10 which ,mr4 ,bancroft finds such reasons to commend1 were aimed1 through ,catholicity1 at all ,christianity4 ,and yet a high official of our free government1 a man of universal reputation and great authority in the world of letters1 finds in this elaborate system of proscription and intolerance food for congratulation4 ,one would suppose from the spirit so plainly animating ,mr4 ,bancroft that he is a member of the ,o4 ,a4 ,u41 and that he was chosen rather to represent that delectable society in ,berlin than the ,american ,government4 ,it is to be presumed1 from his own despatches1 that he would have our government follow the tyrannical attempt of ,prussia and ,switzerland to 8stamp out0 freedom of conscience4 ,mr4 ,bancroft's diplomatic experience1 under the influence of the court of ,prussia1 seems destined to reverse his principles and maxims as an ,american historian4 ,he has1 we fear1 remained too long abroad for the good of his native truth1 character1 and sense of right4 ,it is to be hoped that this baneful influence of foreign courts does not pursue him on his return to his own country and people4 ,mr4 ,john ,jay1 who formerly acted as our envoy at ,vienna1 though not so pronounced or diffusive in his despatches1 is not far behind ,mr4 ,bancroft in expressing his entire concurrence with the restrictive policy recently adopted by the government of ,austria towards the church2 while ,mr4 ,george ,p4 ,marsh1 our representative in ,italy1 is so great an admirer of ,garibaldi that he is never tired of chanting his praises in grandiloquent prose4 ,those familiar with the life of that notorious bandit will be surprised to learn from so high an authority as the ,american minister that 8he has never through life encouraged any appeal to popular passion or any resistance to governments1 except by legal measures or in the way of organized and orderly attempts at revolution2 and1 from the moment of his arrival at ,rome1 he exerted himself to the utmost to restrain every manifestation of excitement40 ,in marked contrast to the unfair and ungenerous spirit displayed in the despatches of those ministers are the letters from ,france1 ,spain1 and ,england4 ,the stirring political events which occupy the entire attention of the two former countries leave no room1 perhaps1 for the discussion of penal laws and judicial decrees against ,catholicity2 while the latter1 having carried out ,protestantism to its logical conclusion1 and found it a sham1 is more inclined to profit by the blunders and crimes of its neighbors1 so as to push its commercial interests1 than to imitate them and begin anew the rle of persecutor for conscience' sake4 ,in explanation of the erroneous views so frequently put forth by so many of our diplomatic officials1 we are assured that most of those sent to ,mexico and ,central and ,south ,america have been members of secret societies1 and1 having been accustomed to affiliate with the lodges of those ,freemason-ridden countries1 have had whatever little sense of equity they originally possessed perverted by the sophisms of their new associates4 ,possibly2 but let us consider how much harm may be done by following such a short-sighted course4 ,all the independent countries south of us on this continent are largely ,catholic1 and1 with the exception of ,brazil1 claim to be republican4 ,they are bound to us by strong ties1 political as well as commercial1 and are naturally inclined to look upon the ,united ,states as their exemplar and guide1 and1 if need be1 their protector4 ,when they shall have shaken off the incubus of military dictation that now weighs upon them1 and1 restoring to the church its rights--as will eventually be done--have entered on a new career of freedom and material prosperity1 how will they be disposed to feel towards a power which they have known only through its agents1 and those the advocates and supporters of everything that is illiberal in politics and degrading in polemics8 ,in ,europe the influence of incapable and unworthy representatives is likely to be even more deleterious to our national character4 ,the affections of the people of the ,old ,world are strongly inclined toward the free institutions of the ,new4 ,but if we continue to permit our delegated authority to be used only in favor and encouragement of such enemies of human liberty as the usurper at the ,eternal ,city1 the tyrant at ,berlin1 and the communists of ,geneva1 the popular sympathy born of our protestations of liberality will soon fade away1 to give place to feelings of mistrust1 if not of positive aversion4 ,in calling public attention to the incapacity and perversity of the majority of our diplomatists--men who do not hesitate to put into their correspondence with foreign governments1 and their private home despatches1 sentiments they dare not utter publicly in the forum or through the press--we by no means desire to restrict proper expressions of opinion or limit the just criticisms of the agents of the ,department of ,state4 ,we only insist that these shall not be indulged in at the expense of a very large and respectable portion of this community4 ,neither do we require that they shall take sides with ,catholics1 as such1 anywhere1 no matter how harsh or unjust may be their grievances4 ,this country is not ,catholic1 it is true1 neither is it ,protestant2 and1 indeed1 it is questionable if1 in any strict sense1 it can be called ,christian4 ,but it is a country civilly and religiously free1 by custom1 statute1 and ,constitution1 and we have a right to demand that whoever undertakes to act for it1 as part and parcel of the machinery of our government1 among foreigners1 shall represent it as it is1 in spirit as well as in fact--the opponent of all proscription for conscience' sake1 the enemy of tyranny whether exercised by the mob or the state4 ,is it not the true policy of our government to send abroad as representatives of our interests men who1 while they are not hostile to the prevailing religious beliefs of the country to which they are accredited1 are1 at the same time1 true and stanch ,americans8 ,if such men cannot be found1 let us1 in the name of common sense1 have none at all4 ,some minor interests may perhaps suffer by the omission1 but the honor and reputation of the republic will remain unsullied and unimpaired4 #a ,papers relating to the ,foreign ,relations of the ,united ,states1 etc41 for #ahgd-e4 ,,lines ,,on ,,leonardo ,,da ,,vinci',s 8,,virgin ,,of ,,the ,,rocks40 ,maternal lady with the virgin grace1 ,heaven-born thy ,jesus seemeth sure1 ,and thou a virgin pure4 ,lady most perfect1 when thy sinless face ,men look upon1 they wish to be ,a ,catholic1 ,madonna fair1 to worship thee4 ,,charles ,,lamb4 ,a ,,poet ,,among ,,the ,,poets4 ,it is of the last importance that ,english criticism should clearly discern what rule for its course1 in order to avail itself of the field now opening to it1 and to produce fruit for the future1 it ought to take4 ,the rule may be summed up in one word--disinterestedness4 ,mr4 ,james ,russell ,lowell#b has applied ,mr4 ,matthew ,arnold's rule with rare fidelity in his essays1 just published1 on ,dante1 ,spenser1 ,wordsworth1 ,milton1 and ,keats4 ,his estimate of the two greatest of modern poets1 especially the paper on ,dante1 is calculated to attract general attention1 and to arouse1 we apprehend1 some acrid sentiment in a certain class of literary butterflies who are accustomed to sip or decline according to the theological character of the garden4 ,it requires considerable courage to place ,dante above all his rivals and salute him as 8,the loftiest of poets60 in an hour when poetry has lost the qualities that made ,dante lofty and ,milton grand1 and when the epithet 8,catholic10 which ,dante loved and ,milton hated1 has become again a reproach4 ,lowell's consideration of both is characterized by disinterestedness as to time1 religion1 politics1 and literature2 and the sincere student who casts aside his prejudices1 like his hat1 when he approaches the temples that enshrine so much of divinity as ,god deposited in the souls of the ,florentine and the ,puritan1 will find it difficult to dissent from the judgment of ,lowell upon their individuality1 their inspiration1 or their art4 ,lowell is peculiarly adapted to the form of literature1 semi-critical1 semi-creative1 in which he has recently distinguished himself4 ,we believe his essay on ,dante to be the most successfully-accomplished task which he has yet undertaken2 and the cultivated ,american public should thank one who has amused and diverted it as well as he has done for the solid instruction which this volume conveys in a style at once scholarly1 fresh1 and refined4 ,lowell's mental temperament is admirably adapted for the mirroring of poets' minds4 ,himself a genuine poet1 without ambition above his capacity1 his agile fancy discerns the quicker and appreciates more intensely the imagination of epic souls2 while his critical faculty1 naturally acute1 has the additional advantage of a keen sense of humor1 which enables him to discover more readily the incongruous1 and is1 therefore1 an invaluable assistant in literary discrimination4 ,it is the trade of criticism to expose blemishes2 it is genius in criticism to appreciate the subject4 ,the journeyman critic of the last two centuries has been so busy making authors miserable without felicitating mankind that when we read through an essay like ,lowell's on ,dante1 on ,wordsworth1 or on ,spenser1 we cheerfully recognize a man where experience has taught us to look only for an ingenious carper or spiteful ferret4 ,however1 critics are no worse than they used to be4 ,swift1 who had excellent opportunity of forming an opinion1 both in his own practice and in the observation of that of others1 has left this dramatic picture1 the truthfulness of which there is no reason yet to question3 8,the malignant deity ,criticism dwelt on the top of a snowy mountain in ,nova ,zembla2 ,momus found her extended in her den upon the spoils of numberless volumes half devoured4 ,at her right hand sat ,ignorance1 her father and husband1 blind with age2 at her left1 ,pride1 her mother1 dressing her up in the scraps of paper herself had torn4 ,there was ,opinion1 her sister1 light of foot1 hoodwinked1 and headstrong1 yet giddy and perpetually turning4 ,about her played her children1 ,noise and ,impudence1 ,dulness and ,vanity1 ,positiveness1 ,pedantry1 and ,ill-,manners40 ,such is reckless and conscienceless criticism even to this day2 and we turn from it1 in grateful delight1 to the reverential commentary which ,lowell has produced upon one of the saddest of all human creatures--the great ,catholic poet of the middle ages4 ,dante1 little understood by those who have the largest title to his legacies1 is1 after all1 the universal poet--the poet of the soul4 ,homer chants the blood-red glories of war1 and is the poet of a period2 ,virgil charms by the grace of his lines1 and is the poet of an episode2 ,milton awes with the mighty sweeps of his rhetoric1 and is the poet of the grandiose2 ,shakspeare astounds with his knowledge of human nature and enchains with his wit1 and is the poet of the passions2 ,dante1 when read aright1 is found to be the poet of the ,soul4 ,the line that divides him from ,shakspeare lies between the subjective and the objective--,shakspeare's themes are men and women2 ,dante's sole subject is ,man--man within himself1 as he is related to ,god1 to religion1 to eternity4 ,as ,lowell felicitously writes it1 8,arma virumque cano2 that is the motto of classic song4 ,dante says1 ,subjectum est homo1 not vir--my theme is man1 not a man40 ,why1 then1 do we not read him more and value him as he deserves8 ,for two reasons3 first1 the difficulty of adequate translation2 next1 the mysterious richness of his thought1 whose pearls are not strung across the door of the lines to warn us1 as later poetry so candidly does1 that within there is nothing but barrenness4 ,the proper understanding of ,dante has been a growth1 beginning in ,italy as soon as he was dead1 extending gradually over ,europe1 into ,england1 and now westward1 gaining in clearness and glory as time recedes and space enlarges4 ,within a century after the poet's death lectures on his works were delivered in the churches1 and1 as soon as the invention of printing enabled1 numerous editions were edited and circulated4 ,the first translation was into ,spanish2 then into ,french2 next into ,german2 and a copy of a ,latin translation of the ,divine ,comedy by a bishop was made at the request of two ,english bishops in the early part of the fifteenth century1 and was sent to ,england4 ,spenser and ,milton were familiar with the poet's works1 but the first complete ,english translation did not appear until #ahjb4 ,of the ,english translations since then1 the most familiar are ,cary's and ,longfellow's2 and to this catalogue ,mr4 ,lowell adds3 8,a translation of the ,inferno into quatrains by ,t4 ,w4 ,parsons ranks with the best for spirit1 truthfulness1 and elegance0--praise which will be cordially endorsed by those who have profited by ,mr4 ,parsons' labor4 ,we propose to discuss ,dante the man and ,mr4 ,lowell's estimate of him1 as exhibited in his writings1 and shall touch upon the latter only as they may be necessary to the clearer revelation of their author's character4 ,for ,dante1 like ,milton1 was not of common mould2 in whatever aspect we view him he proves extraordinary to a degree which frequently becomes incomprehensible4 ,it is natural to wish to throw the two under the same light1 although the result of the experiment is only to magnify their points of difference and diminish those of comparison4 ,the sum of the results appears to be that only in the accidents of life are they comparable2 in the essentials of character1 with a single exception--that of intense faith--they were radically unlike4 ,widely apart as their names appear--,dante dying in #acba and ,milton entering life in #afjh--men were engaged during the lives of both in civil revolution1 and each had his own theory of government and exercised the functions of political power4 ,both were men of sorrow1 both were unappreciated in their day and generation1 and the light and joy which each experienced emanated from within and supplied the fire of their genius4 ,the noblest work of each was written in the gloomiest period of his life4 ,here the possibility of parallel ends4 ,there is a close relation--a much closer one than may at first be suspected--between ,dante and the instant condition of ,american society and politics4 ,nearly six hundred years have passed away1 and we have to go back to ,dante to learn personal virtue in political life1 as well as religion in social affairs4 ,lowell has escaped the poison of the time4 ,he perceives the essence as well as the necessity of virtue1 and fully realizes its absence in our own state4 8,very hateful to his fervid heart and sincere mind would have been the modern theory which deals with sin as involuntary error1 and by shifting off the fault to the shoulders of ,atavism or those of ,society--personified for purposes of excuse1 but escaping into impersonality again from the grasp of retribution--weakens that sense of personal responsibility which is the root of self-respect and the safeguard of character4 ,dante1 indeed1 saw clearly enough that the divine justice did at length overtake society in the ruin of states caused by the corruption of private1 and thence of civic1 morals2 but a personality so intense as his could not be satisfied with such a tardy and generalized penalty as this4 #8,it is ,thou1' he says sternly1 #8who hast done this thing1 and ,thou1 not ,society1 shalt be damned for it2 nay1 damned all the worse for this paltry subterfuge4 ,this is not my judgment1 but that of the universal ,nature1 from before the beginning of the world4'''' ,he believed in the righteous use of anger1 and that baseness was its legitimate quarry4 ,he did not think the ,tweeds and ,fisks1 the political wire-pullers and convention-packers1 of his day merely amusing1 and he certainly did think it the duty of an upright and thoroughly-trained citizen to speak out severely and unmistakably4 ,he believed firmly1 almost fiercely1 in a divine order of the universe1 a conception whereof had been vouchsafed him1 and that whatever or whoever hindered or jostled it1 whether wilfully or blindly it mattered not1 was to be got out of the way at all hazards2 because obedience to ,god's law1 and not making things generally comfortable1 was the highest duty of man1 as it was also his only way to true felicity4''' ,it would be of little consequence to show in which of two equally selfish and short-sighted parties a man enrolled himself six hundred years ago2 but it is worth something to know that a man of ambitious temper and violent passions1 aspiring to office in a city of factions1 could rise to a level of principle so far above them all4 ,dante's opinions have life in them still1 because they were drawn from living sources of reflection and experience1 because they were reasoned out from the astronomic laws of history and ethics1 and were not weather-guesses snatched in a glance at the doubtful political sky of the hour40 ,in this ,dante strikingly differed from ,milton1 who was a revengeful and intensely-bigoted fanatic of his own faction1 and he admitted to his companionship no man1 high or low1 who presumed to differ from him4 ,dante was a politician by principle1 placing his country first1 and setting a high value on himself as her servant4 ,milton was a politician by bigotry1 placing himself first1 and setting a high value on his country because he was her servant4 ,but the manliness of ,dante in demanding that the severe precepts of religion should be inflexibly applied to political administration in an age whose corruption was only less shocking than that of our own1 is the particular lesson which this vigorous extract from ,lowell conveys4 ,if society in this era should esteem political wire-pullers1 convention-packers1 and politicians who deem patriotism the science of personal exigencies1 as ,dante esteemed and treated them1 should we be any the worse off8 ,dante looked upon a thief as a thief1 and the knave who conspired to defraud the government as fit only to 8begone among the other dogs40 ,would there not be a healthier tone in our political affairs if these classes of criminals were not met1 as is usually the case1 by justice daintily gloved and the bandage removed from her eyes1 lest she should make a mistake as to persons8 ,the inspiration of ,dante was strictly religious4 ,so was ,milton's2 but with this distinction3 that ,dante's religiousness was real and beneficent1 while ,milton's was unreal and malignant--as ,lowell says1 ,milton's 8,god was a ,calvinistic ,zeus40 ,a brief and succinct analysis of the ,divine ,comedy will be found serviceable by those who have not analyzed it for themselves1 and at the same time will make manifest the dependence of ,dante's inspiration upon ,catholic doctrine3 8,the poem consists of three parts--,hell1 ,purgatory1 and ,paradise4 ,each part is divided into thirty-three cantos1 in allusion to the years of the ,saviour's life2 for although the ,hell contains thirty-four1 the first canto is merely introductory4 ,in the form of the verse 7triple rhyme7 we may find an emblem of the ,trinity1 and in the three divisions of the threefold state of man1 sin1 grace1 and beatitude4''' ,lapse through sin1 mediation1 and redemption--these are the subjects of the three parts of the poem2 or1 otherwise stated1 intellectual conviction of the result of sin1 typified in ,virgil2 ''' moral conversion after repentance1 by divine grace1 typified in ,beatrice2 reconciliation with ,god1 and actual1 blinding vision of him--#8,the pure in heart shall see ,god4'''' ,the poem is also1 in a very intimate sense1 an apotheosis of woman4''' ,nothing is more wonderful than the power of absorption and assimilation in this man1 who could take up into himself the world that then was1 and reproduce it with such cosmopolitan truth1 to human nature and to his own individuality as to reduce all contemporary history to a mere comment on his vision4 ,we protest1 therefore1 against the parochial criticism which would degrade ,dante to a mere partisan2 which sees in him a ,luther before his time1 and would clap the bonnet rouge upon his heavenly muse40 ,dante proved himself a reformer of the most aggressive kind4 ,the difference between him and ,luther was that ,dante endeavored to reform men by means of the church2 ,luther endeavored to destroy the church rather than reform himself4 ,evils existed within the church1 as a part of society1 during the periods of both4 ,dante helped to correct them as a conservative2 ,luther chose1 as a radical1 to tear the edifice down4 ,unlike the temple of ,philistia1 the church stood1 and the ,samson of the sixteenth century fell beneath the ruins of a single column4 ,no fact in the history of poetry is more striking than the necessity of religion as a source of inspiration4 ,the ,iliad and ,odyssey acquire their epic quality from the religion of ,greece2 gods stalk about1 and ,minerva's shield resounds in the clangor with that of ,achilles4 ,the neid would be beautiful without the association of mythology2 but it is mythology which enhances its grace into grandeur4 ,the ,vedas are an expression of the religious aspirations of the ,hindoos4 ,the verse of ,boccaccio is pleasing only in proportion as religion cleansed his pen4 ,petrarch's sonnets would never have been written had not ,laura taught him the distinction between pure love1 as the church knows it1 and the passions which carried ,byron into hysterics4 ,the ,italian epic of the sixteenth century1 ,jerusalem ,delivered1 which is held by ,hallam to be equal in grace to the neid1 had the ,first ,crusade for its theme4 ,would it have been possible for ,milton to have written any poem equal to ,paradise ,lost out of other than ,scriptural materials8 ,aside from the literary characteristics and dramatic strength of the plays of ,shakspeare1 does not their chief value lie in their correct morality--the morality which is found nowhere outside ,catholic teaching8 ,this is not the place to discuss the modern decline of poetry4 ,matthew ,arnold's theory--it is a general favorite--is that history and boldly-outlined epochs make poetry2 and ,lowell says1 in his essay on ,milton1 8,it is a high inspiration to be the neighbor of great events40 ,but the last two centuries have been crowded with history2 boldly-outlined epochs have lifted their awful summits in ,england1 in ,france1 in ,italy1 in the ,united ,states1 in ,spain4 ,where are the great poets among the verse-makers who have been neighbors of these great events1 and might have caught high inspiration from them8 ,since the ,reformation the moral world has been growing iconoclastic1 and there is no poetry in iconoclasm4 ,next to religion1 woman has been the great inspiration of poets2 but the modern idea of marriage has shattered the sanctuary walls which ,christianity erected around it2 the sacredness of home is invaded1 the oneness of love destroyed--there is no poetry in divorce4 ,is not the decline of poetry a very curious1 if not a fatal1 reply to the hypothesis of evolution1 carried logically into the moral and intellectual world8 ,mr4 ,lowell completes his essay by a minute examination of ,dante's thought and style1 as exhibited in the ,divine ,comedy2 and we can find space only for the closing period3 8,at the ,round ,table of ,king ,arthur there was left always one seat empty for him who should accomplish the adventure of the ,holy ,grail4 ,it was called the perilous seat1 because of the dangers he would encounter who would win it4 ,in the company of the epic poets there was a place left for whoever should embody the ,christian idea of a triumphant life1 outwardly all defeat1 inwardly victorious2 who should make us partakers in that cup of sorrow in which all are communicants with ,christ4 ,he who should do this would achieve indeed the perilous seat2 for he must combine poesy with doctrine in such cunning wise that the one lose not its beauty nor the other its severity--and ,dante has done it4 ,as he takes possession of it we seem to hear the cry he himself heard when ,virgil rejoined the company of great singers3 #8,all honor to the loftiest of poets6'0 ,mr4 ,lowell's ,dante is a man divinely inspired and overshadowed by divinity to the grave itself--a character austere1 devoid of humor1 unflinchingly faithful to his conceptions of right whether moral or political1 self-respecting1 and believing in his own commission from ,god2 a mind logical1 systematic1 and illuminated by ,heaven1 consciously developing its marvellous genius in the midst of contumely2 a heart consumed first by human love for ,beatrice1 and by it purged and refined out of personality into the love of ,god and the proper relative appreciation of all creatures2 a sublime human soul1 in brief1 transformed from the individual into the universal1 and teaching all men1 as it was taught in sorrow and in love1 to seek eternity as the sole object worthy of human effort2 and teaching in a lofty splendor of phrase and successions of exquisite imagery which continue to astonish posterity and will for ever adorn general literature4 ,the essay on ,milton is devoted rather to ,mr4 ,david ,masson than to the poet4 ,there is nothing to indicate that the critic is in love with either the poems or the personality of the sublime ,puritan who officiated in the capacity of ,latin secretary to ,oliver ,cromwell1 and who devoted himself to epic verse after his services ceased to be available for the oppression of his fellow-men4 ,still less is he enamored of ,mr4 ,david ,masson as a biographer of ,milton1 and the jovial though thoroughly effective manner in which he demonstrates the ,scotch professor's unfitness for this office adds to his volume a flavor of pungency which brings back happy recollections of the 8,table for ,critics40 ,masson is very voluminous and exasperatingly given to remote and often irrelevant detail2 and ,macaulay1 in extinguishing some of the literary pretenders of his time1 was never more dextrous than ,lowell in this grotesque joust at the ,edinburgh professor's faults1 nor half so witty4 ,referring to the length of the biography--there are eight volumes octavo of the ,life and ,works--,lowell says with perfect gravity3 8,we envy the secular leisures of ,methuselah1 and are thankful that his biography1 at least 7if written in the same longeval proportion71 is irrecoverably lost to us4 ,what a subject that would have been for a person of ,mr4 ,masson's spacious predilections60 ,and he goes on to say3 8,it is plain1 from the preface to the second volume1 that ,mr4 ,masson himself has an uneasy consciousness that something is wrong1 and that ,milton ought to be more than a mere incident of his own biography40 ,masson1 on the other hand1 is of opinion 8that1 whatever may be thought by a hasty person looking in on the subject from the outside10 no one can study ,milton without being obliged to study also the history of ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland2 whereupon ,lowell retorts that1 even for a hasty person1 eleven years is 8rather long to have his button held by a biographer ere he begins his next sentence40 ,masson's rambling history of the seventeenth century 8is interrupted now and then10 says ,lowell1 8by an unexpected apparition of ,milton1 who1 like ,paul ,pry1 just pops in and hopes he does not intrude1 to tell us what he has been doing in the meanwhile40 ,blinded by the dust of old papers which ,masson ransacks1 to discover that they have no relation to his hero1 the critic compares the ponderous biography to ,allston's picture of ,elijah in the wilderness1 8where a good deal of research at last enables us to guess at the prophet absconded like a conundrum in the landscape1 where the very ravens could scarce have found him out40 ,this characterization of ,edinburgh by ,harvard will certainly inspire suggestion1 if it does not awaken hope2 but ,lowell's right to criticise the sedate and prolix gentleman who occupies in the ,scottish metropolis the chair which he himself fills at ,cambridge does not rest1 as we have already seen in the essay on ,dante1 on ,susarion's faculty of turning the serious and dull into actual comedy4 ,like all who have recently written of ,milton--with the exception of ,masson--,lowell looks upon him as a being 8set apart40 ,to idealize the author of ,paradise ,lost is quite as natural as to idealize ,dante1 notwithstanding their relative distances from us2 but in the former case1 with ,lowell1 it is the idealization of admiring awe2 in the latter1 of tender and exquisitely appreciative love4 ,he does not appear to hold ,milton in any degree of the personal affection which he feels for the inspired ,florentine1 but is constrained to insist that ,masson is disrespectful toward his subject1 and that 8,milton is the last man in the world to be slapped on the back with impunity40 ,when ,lowell writes of ,milton's literary style1 although he does it sparingly1 every stroke is a master's4 ,his estimate of ,milton as a man is calm1 judicial1 and courageous4 8,he stands out10 he says1 8in marked and solitary individuality1 apart from the great movement of the civil war1 apart from the supine acquiescence of the ,restoration1 a self-opinionated1 unforgiving1 and unforgetting man40 ,it is the habit of hurried teachers of our day1 who have to teach so many more things than they know1 to exalt ,milton 8,high on a throne of royal state10 and swing before him the incense of a senseless and absurd homage4 ,in our school-days most of us were led to look upon the sightless poet as a being more than man1 if a little less than ,god4 ,virtues1 as he understood them1 he certainly possessed2 but many more virtuous than he suffered ignominy and death for presuming to exercise the very liberty which he grandly claimed for himself1 but which1 we find on examining his prose1 he was dilatory in awarding to others1 even in the abstract4 ,these prose writings are at once curious and monstrous1 and exhibit the real ,milton in a true and natural light1 even as ,samson ,agonistes1 ,lycidas1 and ,paradise ,lost manifest his superb and supreme characteristics as a poet4 ,in prose he wrote as he thought2 in verse he wrote as he could4 ,he was always the rhetorician1 making an art of what men of less genius can display only as the artificial2 but while his poetry is the complete manifestation of his art1 his prose1 always written with an obvious and acknowledged personal purpose1 manifests himself4 ,his prose works are already scarce2 the day is not distant when nothing will remain of them but their ashes1 for the types will plead release from perpetuating the hard1 angular1 stony reality of a man whom taste1 if not instinct1 yearns to withdraw from our painful knowledge of what he was1 and veil him in a radiant mistiness of what we wish he might have been4 ,nothing better illustrates the idealism with which the pencil of youth paints ,milton than ,macaulay's essay1 written while he was still a boy1 but included with the mature expressions of his manhood4 ,nothing could more completely pulverize this roseate estimate than ,milton's own works in the days when he wrote for time and not for immortality4 ,no matter what the theme1 his prose is always ponderous and polysyllabic1 abounding in magnificent metaphor1 violent epithets1 arrogant dogmatism1 and personal abuse of those who differed from him1 of which no trace1 happily1 remains in our day4 ,the higher the man1 the coarser the missile which he hurled at him with a giant's force4 ,in his reply to ,salmasius he addresses that eminent scholar as 8a vain1 flashy man10 and1 in the progress of his argument1 reminds him that he is also a knave1 a pragmatical coxcomb1 a bribed beggar1 a whipped dog1 an impotent slave1 a renegade1 a sacrilegious wretch1 a mongrel cur1 an obscure scoundrel1 a fearful liar1 and a mass of corruption4 ,he seems to have lacked both consistency and clearness of conviction4 ,he was apparently incapable of loving woman2 he scarcely respected her2 and1 in his social theory1 awarded the sex a place somewhat below that which it occupied under the patriarchs1 and considerably lower than that described by ,homer as peculiar to the heroic age of ,greece4 ,he obtained coy and pretty ,mary ,powell from her father in consideration of so many pounds of the coin of the realm1 at a time when a mortgage had become embarrassing and a daughter was the only available means of extinguishing it4 ,when that volatile young woman1 shivering in the shadows of a ,puritan despot1 found courage enough to leave his roof1 ,milton was undoubtedly more impressed by her audacity than grieved by her absence4 ,it was his pride that was hurt2 and notwithstanding that he had previously advocated social views of the straitest and most conservative kind1 he then published his essay on divorce1 which1 in amazing egotism1 in wealth of classical and ,scriptural allusion1 in looseness of morals1 and in equality of social privileges as between man and woman1 is as veritable a curiosity as antiquarians have yet rescued from the monumental mysteries of old ,assyria4 ,in politics and religion he was as unsound and wavering as in his laws for society4 ,an aristocrat of the most despotic type1 he enthroned learning1 and yet permitted his daughters to acquire only the alphabets1 that he might use their senses as his slaves4 ,he despised them as human beings1 and they1 in turn1 hated and deceived him1 and almost his last words on earth were terrible denunciations of those whom ,god intended to illumine his home1 soothe his life1 and deliver his whitened head1 already aureoled1 to 8,dear1 beauteous ,death40 ,for many years--the very best of his life--he lent himself to the political schemes of ,oliver ,cromwell1 and the violence and coarseness of his pamphlets made him one of the most conspicuous figures of a long series of civil storms2 yet ,lowell is constrained to admit that 8neither in politics1 theology1 nor social ethics did ,milton leave any distinguishable trace on the thought of his time or in the history of opinion40 ,he considered his ideas and inclinations correct and above appeal1 simply because they were ,john ,milton's4 ,the harshest word which ,lowell says of his prose style is his comparison of a man of ,milton's personal character1 which was without taint1 to ,martin ,luther1 whose writings were a true reflection of their author4 ,lowell is very gentle in saying of so noted a plagiarist as ,milton3 8,a true ,attic bee1 he made boot on every lip where there was a trace of truly classic honey40 ,he did indeed1 not in prose only1 but in his verse4 ,but we easily forgive him4 ,there are thieves whom stolen garments more become than their owners4 #b ,among my ,books4 ,second ,series4 ,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife8 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 8,,number ,,thirteen10 8,,pius ,,vi410 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,episode ,,explained4 ,the night closed in--night1 that is so cruel1 yet so merciful2 intensifying every pain in the long dark watch1 or lulling it in blessed sleep4 ,there was very little sleep for ,raymond that night1 and none at all for his two nurses4 ,they sat by his bed while the slow hours dragged on1 watching his feverish restlessness1 that was occasionally soothed by broken snatches of rest1 thanks to a potion that was administered at intervals4 ,franceline's anxiety gradually returned as she sat there observing every sound and symptom4 ,she could not but see that there was something far more serious in this sudden attack than an ordinary fainting fit4 ,raymond was so troubled and excited in his sleep that she almost wished him to awake2 and then again she longed for unconsciousness to soothe his feverish terrors4 ,he clutched her hand2 he could not bear her to move from him4 ,at last the dawn came1 and like a bright-winged angel scattered the darkness and scared away the ghostly phantoms of the night1 and ,raymond fell into a slumber long and deep enough to be refreshing4 ,some days passed without bringing any change2 but he was no worse1 which1 the doctor said1 meant that he was better4 ,his condition1 however1 continued extremely critical4 ,it was wonderful both to ,anglique and to herself how ,franceline bore up under the strain2 for both her mental and physical powers were severely taxed4 ,she had hardly closed her eyes since her father had fallen ill2 and she took scarcely any food4 ,but anxiety1 so long as it does not utterly break us down1 buoys us up4 ,the few neighbors who were intimate were kind and sympathizing4 ,lady ,anwyll had driven over and made anxious inquiries1 and would gladly be of use in any way1 if she could4 ,miss ,bulpit also came to offer her services in any way they could be available4 ,miss ,merrywig called every day4 ,so far ,franceline had seen none of them2 she was always with her father when they called1 and ,anglique would not disturb her for visitors4 ,father ,henwick came constantly to inquire1 but did not always ask to see the young girl4 ,franceline wondered why her father had not before this expressed a wish to see him2 it seemed so natural that such a wish should have manifested itself the moment ,raymond was able to receive any one4 ,she dared not take the initiative and suggest it1 but she could not help feeling that it would be an immense relief to the sufferer if he could disburden his mind of the weight that was upon it1 and speak to ,father ,henwick as to a tried and affectionate friend1 if even he did not as yet seek spiritual help and guidance from him4 ,it had long since been borne in on ,franceline that the horrible suspicion which had so mysteriously fallen on ,raymond was in some way or other connected with his sudden illness2 she brooded over the thought until it became a fixed idea and haunted her day and night4 ,how was it that he did not instinctively turn for comfort to the ,source where he was sure to find it8 ,father ,henwick himself must feel pained and surprised at not having been summoned to the sick-room before this4 ,franceline was thinking over it all one morning1 sitting near ,raymond's bedside1 when ,anglique put in her head and announced in a loud whisper that ,m4 le ,cur1 as she dubbed ,father ,henwick1 was down-stairs1 and would be glad if she could speak to him a moment4 ,franceline rose softly1 and was leaving the room1 when her father1 who was not dozing1 as she fancied1 said3 8,why does he not come up and see me8 ,i should be glad to see him2 it would do me good40 ,father ,henwick came up without delay1 and ,franceline soon made a pretext for leaving him alone with the invalid4 ,it was with a beating heart that she closed the door on them and went down-stairs to wait till she was recalled4 ,she could hear only the full1 clear tones of ,father ,henwick's voice at first2 after a while these grew lower1 and then she heard the murmur of ,raymond's voice2 then there seemed to follow a silence4 ,she was too agitated to pray in words1 but her heart prayed silently with intense fervor4 ,the conference lasted a full half-hour1 and then ,father ,henwick's cheerful voice sounded on the stairs4 8,how do you think he looks1 father80 she said1 meeting him at the study door with another question in her eyes that ,father ,henwick thought he understood4 8,much better than ,i expected60 he answered promptly and with a heartiness of conviction that was music to her ears2 8and you will find that from this out he will improve steadily1 and rapidly1 ,i hope1 too40 ,a stifled 8,thank ,god60 was ,franceline's answer4 8,and now how about you80 said the priest1 with something of the old blunt grumble that was so much more reassuring than the tenderness called forth by pity4 8,i heard a very bad account of you this morning--no sleep1 and no food1 and no air2 you mean to fret yourself into an illness before your father is up and able to attend on you1 do you8 ,that would be one way of showing your dutiful affection for him4 ,humph6 ,are those the eyes for a young lady to have in her head on a fine sunny morning like this8 ,did you go to bed at all last night80 8,yes1 but ,i could not sleep2 ,i was too anxious1 too unhappy40 8,too unbelieving1 too mistrustful4 ,go up-stairs this minute1 you child of little faith1 and lie down and lay your head upon the pillow of divine ,providence1 and be asleep in five minutes60 ,he left her with this peremptory injunction1 and ,franceline1 with a lightened heart1 went up-stairs determined to obey it4 ,it was as yet1 of course1 a matter of pure conjecture what had passed between the priest and her father2 but when1 an hour later1 after obediently taking that refreshing sleep on the pillow of divine ,providence which had been commanded her1 she came into ,raymond's room1 there was a marked change in his whole demeanor4 ,he had not passed the interval in the listless apathy that had now become habitual to him4 ,he had made ,anglique bring over a little celestial globe and set it on the bed for him1 and had amused himself with it awhile2 and then he had taken up the book ,franceline had left on the chair beside him when she stole out of the room4 ,it was ,the ,imitation of ,christ4 ,he was reading it when she entered1 and there was an expression on his features that made her happier than she had been for a long time4 ,he looked more peaceful1 more life-like than she had seen him for weeks even before he had fallen ill4 8,you are feeling better1 petit pre80 she said1 kissing him1 and taking the dear face between her hands to look into it more closely4 8,yes1 my clair de lune1 much better10 he replied1 with a smile that had all its wonted sweetness and something of the old brightness4 8,i think ,i shall be able to get down-stairs in a day or two40 8,i see you have been at your old tricks again10 she said1 shaking her finger at him and pointing to the globe2 8you know you are forbidden to do anything that gives you the least fatigue40 8,it was not a fatigue1 my little one--it amused me2 but ,i will not do it again1 if you don't wish it40 ,franceline hugged his head to her cheek1 and said she would let him do anything so long as it amused him4 8,i was thinking of you last night1 petit pre10 she said1 making the globe revolve slowly on its axis2 8the sky was so beautiful at twelve o'clock when ,i happened to look out of my window that ,i longed for you to see it40 8,ha6 ,then probably it will be the same to-night10 said ,raymond4 8,i will keep my curtain drawn1 so that ,i may see it1 if it is40 8,yes2 and let the moon keep you awake whether you will or not6 ,i should like to hear what ,anglique would say to that proposal6 ,no2 but ,i will tell you what we'll do3 ,i will be on the watch to-night1 and if the stars are like last night ,i will steal in and see if you are awake1 and if you are ,i will draw the curtain so that you may see them from your bed4 ,we shall be like two savants making our #8observations' in the night-time1 shall we not8 ,and--who knows8--we may discover a new star60 ,raymond pinched her cheek and laughed gently4 ,his hopes in this respect were limited by facts--or rather negatives--that ,franceline did not stop to inquire into2 she had not gone deeply into the science of astronomy4 8,there is no saying what ,i might not discover with those bright eyes of thine for a telescope10 said ,m4 de la ,bourbonais4 ,anglique rejoiced in her own fashion at the decided turn for the better that her master had suddenly taken4 ,she saw that he spoke a good deal during the evening1 and ate with a nearer approach to appetite than he had yet shown2 so she settled him for the night1 and went to bed with a lighter heart than for many past nights1 and soon slept soundly4 ,franceline did not follow her example4 ,it was not anxiety that kept her awake1 but happiness2 she could not bring herself to part with it so quickly1 and lose it for a time in unconsciousness4 ,there was a presence1 too1 in the ecstatic silence of the night1 that answered to this sense of joy and appealed to her for responsive watch4 ,joys are more intense when we dwell on them in the night-time1 because they are more separate1 farther lifted from the jarring discord of our daily lives1 where pain cries around us in so many multiform tongues4 ,it is as if the world grew wider in spiritual space1 and that senses and fibres1 too delicate to vibrate in the glare of daylight1 woke up in the solemn hush when the world of man is out of sight and ,god comes nearer to us4 ,franceline stood at the window and gazed at the beautiful scene that spread itself before her4 ,the moon was at her full2 the landscape1 diluted in the moonlight1 floated in mystic1 illimitable space1 still and hushed as if the world were holding its breath to hear the stars tingling in the sapphire dome2 every tree and blade of grass were listening to the silence2 the river sped stealthily along like a silver snake between its banks where the gray poplars stood looking down1 frighted by the vibration of their own shadows1 dyeing themselves black in the water4 8,if he were awake1 how he would enjoy this60 murmured ,franceline to herself2 and then1 unable to resist the temptation1 she stole softly through ,anglique's room and across the landing into ,raymond's4 ,the doors were all open1 partly to admit more air1 partly that they might hear the least tinkle of his little hand-bell1 if he sounded it4 8,is that my ,franceline80 asked a voice from the bed4 ,the night light threw her shadow on the floor1 and ,raymond1 who was not asleep1 saw it4 8,yes1 petit pre10 she answered in a whisper2 8the sky is so lovely ,i thought ,i must come and see if you were awake4 ,shall ,i draw the curtain80 8,yes40 ,she did so1 and then crept back and knelt down beside him4 ,raymond laid his cheek against her head1 and clasped her hand in his1 and they remained for some moments gazing at the beauty of the heavens in silence4 ,then he said1 making long pauses1 as if he were thinking aloud rather than speaking to her3 8,how wonderful is the splendor of ,god as he reveals it to us in his works6''' ,who can measure his power1 his glory8''' ,think what it means1 the creation of one of those stars6 ,and there are myriads and myriads of them spangling millions of miles of blue sky6 ,there are no steppes1 no barren spots1 there where the stars cannot grow4 ,they are not like flowers1 those stars of our world2 they never perish or fade--they only draw behind the light for a while2 always harmonious1 moving in their appointed places like the notes of a divine symphony2 they make no discord4 ,the great stars are not scornful of the little ones2 the little stars are not jealous of the great2 each is content to be as it is and where it is1 and to stay where the great ,star-,maker has fixed it4''' ,my clair de lune1 let us try and be content like the stars40 ,franceline raised his hand to her lips1 and murmured the strophe of her favorite hymn of ,s4 ,francis3 8,praised be my ,lord for our sister the moon1 and for the stars1 which he has set clear and lovely in the heavens4'''0 ,the next morning ,father ,henwick came and was once more closeted with ,raymond4 ,nothing had been said about it1 but1 when the door-bell sounded1 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais glanced quickly at the clock1 and exclaimed in a tone of surprise3 8,already half-past twelve6 ,i did not think it was so late4 ,thou wilt show him up at once1 my child1 and then leave us alone for a little40 ,no further explanation was necessary4 ,franceline kissed him in silence1 placed a chair close by his pillow1 and then1 in a happy flutter1 went down to meet ,father ,henwick4 ,two days after this there was great joy at ,the ,lilies4 ,the little cottage was decked out as for a bridal4 ,franceline had stayed up late to have it all finished for the early morning2 she would do everything with her own hands4 ,the stairs were wreathed with garlands of green leaves and ferns2 every vase and cup she could find was filled with the sweet spring flowers--cowslips1 primroses1 anemones1 and wild violets--and placed in the tiny entrance and on the landing opposite ,raymond's room4 ,the room itself was transformed into a chapel4 ,at the foot of the bed stood a small table covered with ,franceline's snowiest muslin1 joyously sacrificed for the occasion4 ,lights were burning on either side of a large crucifix2 there were lights and flowers on the mantelpiece1 where she had placed her statue of the ,madonna and other precious ornaments2 the thin curtains were drawn and filled the little room with a soft golden twilight4 ,franceline was kneeling beside the bed1 reciting some litany aloud1 which ,raymond answered from a book in timid1 reverential under-tones4 ,but now a sudden hush falls upon the faintly-broken silence4 ,there is a sound of footsteps without2 a dear and awful ,presence is approaching4 ,no need to ring2 the door stands open to its widest1 and ,anglique1 kneeling on the threshold1 adores and welcomes the divine ,guest2 a little bell goes tinkling up amidst the flowers1 and ceases as it enters the illuminated room4''' 99 99 99 99 99 ,the sudden improvement in ,raymond's state was not followed by a proportionately rapid progress4 ,he still continued extremely weak1 and was not able to come down-stairs until several days later4 ,dr4 ,blink was puzzled2 he had been very sanguine when the rally took place1 and now he hardly knew what to think4 ,he was convinced from the first that the attack had been in a great measure caused by some mental shock2 but that seemed at one moment to have righted itself1 and he thought his patient was safe4 ,this was apparently a mistake4 ,the pressure may have been unexpectedly lightened1 but it was clearly not removed2 and until this was done medicine could do very little4 8,there is something on his mind10 said the doctor to ,mr4 ,langrove one morning1 on coming out from his daily visit2 8there is some trouble weighing on him1 and he will not recover until something is done toward removing it40 ,the vicar understood perfectly the drift of this remark4 ,it was an appeal from the medical man to the friend of the patient for help or light4 ,mr4 ,langrove could give neither4 ,he observed that the count had been seriously anxious about ,franceline's health2 but ,dr4 ,blink shook his head4 ,he knew how to discriminate between the effect of heartache and a pressure on the mind4 ,in this case the mind was oppressed by some secret burden1 or he was very much mistaken2 it might be some painful apprehension in the future1 or something distressing in the past2 but whatever the cause was1 past or future1 the present effect was unmistakable1 and1 unless some friend who had the full confidence of the patient could afford some relief1 the worst might still be apprehended4 ,mr4 ,langrove answered by some irrelevant expression of sympathy and regret1 but volunteered no opinion of his own4 ,he went home and sat down and wrote to ,sir ,simon ,harness4 ,this was all he could think of4 ,if ,sir ,simon could not help1 he believed no one else could4 ,it so happened that the baronet was just now absent in the ,south of ,italy1 in dutiful attendance on ,lady ,rebecca2 and as he had been called off suddenly1 and left no orders about his letters being sent after him1 those directed to his bankers lay there unopened4 ,there was another besides ,mr4 ,langrove's lying there1 which1 if it had reached him1 would have rejoiced the baronet's heart and provoked a quick response4 ,the fears which ,raymond's tardy progress raised in the mind of his medical man were not shared by ,franceline4 ,hope still triumphed over alarm1 and she felt confident that1 since the great weight on her father's mind had been removed1 his complete recovery must ultimately follow4 ,this certainty made the delay easy to bear4 ,it was wonderful how her own strength bore up4 ,she had quite lost her cough--a fact which confirmed the doctor's previous opinion that the nerves had more to do with this symptom than the lungs--she kept well1 and was altogether in better health than for some months previously4 ,her spirits raised to elation after that happy morning's episode1 continued excellent--at times as joyous as a child's4 ,the moment ,m4 de la ,bourbonais was able to get down-stairs ,anglique insisted on ,franceline going every day for a walk while the sun was shining4 ,one morning1 when he had come down and was comfortably established on the sofa in his study1 propped up so that he could see out of the window1 ,franceline said she was going to gather him a bouquet4 ,she smoothed and changed the cushions1 put another shawl over his feet1 moved the sofa a little bit nearer the window1 and then back again a little bit nearer the fire1 until1 finding there was absolutely nothing more to fuss over1 except to kiss him for the tenth time with 8,au revoir1 petit pre60 as if they were separating for a journey1 she sallied forth for her constitutional4 ,the weather was mild and beautiful2 spring was intoning the first bars of its idyl1 striking bright emerald notes from the tips of the trees1 and drawing low1 pink whispers from the blackthorn in the hedges2 the birds were beginning to tune their lutes and make ready for the great concert that was at hand4 ,franceline's heart bounded in unison with the pulse of joy and universal awakening2 she began to warble a duet with the skylark as she went along1 stopping every now and then to make a nosegay of the pink and white anemones and violets and torch-like king-cups that grew in wild luxuriance in the woods and fields4 ,dullerton was famous for its wild flowers4 ,half an hour passed quickly while thus engaged1 and then she turned homewards4 ,the doves were on the watch for her1 8sunning their milk-white bosoms on the thatch10 as she came in sight1 and swelling the sweet harmony of earth and sky with a tender1 well-contented coo4 ,but hark6 ,could that be the cuckoo that was already calling from the woods8 ,she paused with her hand on the latch to listen4 ,no3 it was only the voice of the sunshine echoing through her own happy heart4 ,she pushed open the gate and walked quickly on2 but again her step was arrested4 ,some one was coming round by the park entrance4 ,it was no doubt ,mr4 ,langrove2 no one else came that way--no one but ,sir ,simon ,harness1 and there he stood4 ,franceline had nearly uttered a cry1 when a quick sign from the baronet checked it and made her walk leisurely on without doing anything to attract attention4 ,she cast a furtive glance towards the casement1 to see if by chance her father had changed his place and come to sit by the window2 but he was still on the sofa where she had left him4 ,sir ,simon opened his arms and clasped her with a warmth of emotion that did not surprise ,franceline4 8,you heard that he was ill6 ,you are come to see him60 she exclaimed4 8,i have only heard it this minute from my people at the house4 ,why did you not write to me1 child8 ,ah6 he would not let you1 ,i suppose8 ,my poor ,raymond6 ,and now how is he8 ,can ,i see him8 ,will he see me80 8,why should he not see you1 dear ,sir ,simon80 said ,franceline1 raising her large1 soft glance to him1 full of wondering reproach4 8,of course1 of course10 said the baronet2 8but is he strong enough to see me8 ,they tell me he has been terribly shaken by this illness4 ,it might cause him a shock if he saw me too suddenly40 8,shall ,i tell him that you are expected down to-day8 ,that would break it to him10 suggested ,franceline4 8,or you might write a line and send it in first to say you were here2 would that do80 ,before ,sir ,simon could decide for either alternative1 fate1 in the shape of ,anglique1 decided for him4 ,she had seen ,franceline enter the garden1 and wondered why she loitered outside instead of coming in2 so she came out to see1 and1 on beholding ,sir ,simon1 threw up her arms with a shout of astonishment4 ,franceline cried out 8,hush60 and shook her hand at the old woman1 but it was too late2 ,raymond had seen and heard her from his sofa4 8,go in at once10 said ,sir ,simon1 much excited--8go and tell him ,i am come to kiss his feet2 to ask his forgiveness on my knees4 ,tell him ,i know everything40 ,and he pushed her gently from him4 ,franceline did not stop to ask what the strange message could mean1 but ran in1 thinking only how best she could deliver it so as to avoid too sudden a shock to her father4 ,raymond was sitting up on the sofa1 his face slightly flushed4 8,what is the matter8 ,who is there80 he cried4 8,dear father1 nothing is the matter2 only something you will be glad to hear1'''0 she began4 8,ha6 it is ,simon6 ,what has he come for8 ,what does he want80 8,he wants to embrace you2 and1 father1 he bade me say that he knows everything1 and has come to ask you to forgive him and let him kiss your feet4 ,he is waiting2 may he come in80 ,but ,raymond did not answer2 he was murmuring some words to himself1 with hands lifted reverently as in prayer1 while a smile of unearthly joy diffused itself on his whole countenance4 ,the emotion was too much for him2 he fell back exhausted on his pillow4 ,franceline thought he had fainted and screamed out for help4 ,sir ,simon was beside her in an instant4 8,raymond6 my friend1 my brother1 can you ever forgive me80 he cried1 kneeling beside ,m4 de la ,bourbonais and taking his hand in both his4 8,you know the truth1 then8 ,you got his letter80 8,whose letter8 ,i got no letter2 but ,i found the ring4 ,look at it60 ,he drew an enamelled snuff-box from his pocket1 opened it1 and held up the diamond1 that flashed in the sun like a little star4 8,thank ,heaven6 ,i shall now be justified before all men60 exclaimed ,m4 de la ,bourbonais with trembling emotion4 8,this is more than ,i dared to hope4 ,my ,god6 ,i give thee thanks for this great mercy40 ,no one spoke for a moment4 ,franceline had signed to ,anglique to leave the room1 but remained herself1 a silent spectator of the strange scene4 8,who had it8 ,how was it found80 said ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 taking the ring and examining it with an expression of mistrust1 as if it were some uncanny thing that he half expected to see melt in his fingers4 8,it has been in my possession1 locked up at the ,court1 all this time60 replied ,sir ,simon4 8,you may remember ,i used this snuff-box that night1 and sent it round the table4 ,someone dropped the ring into it unawares2 it was not opened afterwards1 and it never entered into my stupid brain to think of looking into it4 ,i went away in a great hurry next morning1 and threw the snuff-box into a safe in my room where ,i keep papers and the loose jewelry ,i have in use4 ,i came down this afternoon to get a deed out of the safe1 saw the snuff-box1 and by the merest chance opened it and found the ring40 8,mon ,dieu60 murmured ,raymond1 after hearing this simple explanation of the mistake that had very nearly cost him his life4 8,bourbonais1 can you ever forgive me80 said ,sir ,simon4 ,raymond opened his arms without speaking4 ,sir ,simon flung himself with a sob upon his breast1 and the two clung together and wept4 ,franceline felt as if even she had no right to be present2 that she was intruding in a sacred place where some mystery1 not intended for her eyes1 was being unfolded4 ,she was moving softly toward the door when her father called her back4 8,come hither1 my child2 come and embrace me4 ,i can have no happiness that thou dost not share40 8,franceline10 said ,sir ,simon1 rising from his knees and taking her hand with an expression of humility that was very touching in the grand1 white-haired gentleman1 8,i have been guilty of a great act of disloyalty towards your father4 ,i cannot tell you what it was2 perhaps he will4 ,meantime1 he has forgiven me for the sake of our long friendship1 and because his soul is too noble1 too generous1 to bear malice1 even against an unfaithful friend4 ,will you do as he has done1 and say you forgive me too80 ,his voice was full of trembling1 his eyes were still moist4 ,franceline did as he had done to her father3 she flung her arms round his neck and wept4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,a ,,sequel ,,of ,,the ,,gladstone ,,controversy4 ,,iii4 ,the keen relish which we all have for other people's sins is proverbial4 ,as those who think with us are right1 so are they virtuous who have only our own vices4 ,prodigality1 which1 to the miser's thinking1 is the worst of sins1 is1 in the eyes of the spendthrift1 merely an evidence of a generous nature4 ,men who wish to be thought gentlemen have a weakness for what are called gentlemanly vices2 but from the coarser though less depraved wickedness of the vulgar they turn with loathing4 ,this bias of our common nature is not confined in its action to individuals2 it affects classes1 nations1 races4 ,the rich are shocked by the vices of the poor1 and the poor1 in turn1 no less by those of the rich2 masters hate the sins of servants1 and are repaid in their own coin4 ,when the free-born ,briton sings1 8,england1 with all thy faults1 ,i love thee still10 he means that faults1 if only they be ,english1 are after all not so bad4 ,wrapt up in the precious bundle of our self-love are all our pet sins and weaknesses4 ,the universal hatred which existed between the nations of antiquity must be attributed in great part to the fact that their vices were unlike1 and therefore repellant4 ,the national contempt for foreigners is1 in ,christian times1 strong in proportion to the barbarism of the people by whom it is felt2 but in ,greece and ,rome such civilization as was then possible seemed to have no power over this prejudice4 ,not to be a ,greek was to have been created for vile uses1 and not to be a ,roman was to be nobody4 ,the ,french1 as seen by the ,english1 are giddy and lack dignity2 the ,english appear to ,french eyes1 sulky and wanting in good nature2 the ,turk thinks both struck with madness1 because they walk about and stretch their legs when they might sit still2 and though he is at their mercy1 yet he cannot persuade himself that they are anything but ,christian dogs4 ,the negro is quite sure the first man must have been black1 and in this he is in accord with ,mr4 ,darwin4 ,the ,north ,american ,indian will vanish from the earth through the golden portals of the western world still believing that he is the superior of the 8pale face40 ,the power of national prejudice is almost incredible4 8,our country1 right or wrong0 is1 we believe1 an ,american phrase2 but it expresses a sentiment which is almost universally held to be right and proper4 ,in international disputes men nearly always take sides with their own country1 without stopping to inquire into the merits of the quarrel1 which1 indeed1 the strong feeling that at once masters them would prevent them from being able to do4 ,they act instinctively like children who always think that in difficulties with neighbors their own parents are in the right4 ,we ,americans are certainly not paragons of virtue1 and in this centennial year it is probably wise to discuss almost anything rather than our morals2 yet we cannot but think that ,m4 ,louis ,veuillot was somewhat under the influence of national prejudice when he wrote that1 if we were sunk in the bottom of the ocean1 civilization would have lost nothing4 ,our form of government1 it is true1 does not lead us to look for salvation1 either in church or state1 from a king by divine right2 still1 he might just as well have let us alone1 especially as he is at no loss for quarrels at home4 ,nor can we think that the ,germans who have raised such a storm of indignation over the crime in ,bremerhaven1 committed1 as it is supposed1 by an ,american1 would have held the whole ,german people and their civilization responsible for the offence had they known its author to be native there and to the manner born4 ,as no passion takes hold of the human heart with such sovereign power as that of religion1 it follows that no bias of judgment is more fatal to truth than religious prejudice2 and now let us gently descend again to ,m4 ,emile de ,laveleye and his pamphlet3 8,it is agreed on all sides10 he says 7p4 #be71 8that the power of nations depends on their morality4 ,everywhere is found the maxim1 which is almost become an axiom of political science1 that where morals are corrupted the state is lost4 ,now1 it appears to be an established fact that the moral level is higher among ,protestant than among ,catholic populations4 ,religious writers confess this themselves1 and explain it by the fact that the former remain more faithful to their religion than the latter1 which explanation ,i believe to be the true one40 ,here is fairness surely4 ,the soft impeachment could not have been made in a more moderate or subdued tone4 ,catholics are notoriously more immoral than ,protestants2 but the subject is a painful one1 and ,m4 de ,laveleye does not wish to emphasize the unpleasant truth by giving proof--which1 indeed1 would be superfluous1 since ,catholics themselves1 we are assured1 admit the fact and are concerned only about its explanation2 and1 strange to say1 they have found the key to the mystery in the greater fidelity of ,protestants to their religion3 so ,m4 de ,laveleye and the ,catholics shake hands and the dispute is at an end4 ,the position of ,protestants with regard to this question is peculiar4 ,the very life of their religion is intimately associated with a fixed belief in the preternatural wickedness of popes1 priests1 nuns1 and ,catholics generally4 ,the sole justification of ,protestantism was found in the abominable corruptions of ,rome1 and its only defence is that it is a purer worship1 capable of creating a higher morality4 ,the history of the ,reformation1 as written by ,protestants1 traces its origin to an awful and heaven-inspired indignation at the sight of papal iniquity1 which resulted in a divine ,protest against sin4 ,it is this feeling1 indeed1 which is the living human magnetism in the words of ,luther1 ,calvin1 ,zwingli1 and ,knox4 ,they all felt that in so far as they protested against open and patent evil they were right1 and therefore strong4 ,leo ,x41 with ,god's eternal truth1 but encircled by all the ,graces and ,muses1 was at a disadvantage with those strong and plain-spoken men4 ,in fact1 the eternal ally of human error is human truth4 ,it is because men who are right do wrong that men who are wrong seem right2 and if men in general were fit to be priests of ,god1 there would be on earth no power to oppose the ,catholic ,church4 ,st4 ,paul had protested1 ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom had protested1 ,st4 ,peter ,damian had protested1 ,st4 ,bernard had protested1 ,st4 ,catherine of ,sienna had protested1 and yet there was no ,protestantism4 ,to protest was well and is well1 but to seek to found a religion upon a protest is madness2 and this is ,protestantism4 ,with ,protestants purity of dogma is out of the question2 and nothing1 therefore1 remains to them but purity of morals4 ,to this they must cling like drowning men to straws4 ,protestantism1 if considered from a doctrinal point of view1 is nihilism4 ,gather up the hundred sects which1 taken collectively1 are called ,protestantism1 and we will find every positive religious dogma excluded2 not even the personal existence of ,god remains4 ,mr4 ,matthew ,arnold is a true ,bible-,protestant1 who has a little sect of his own1 and all that he holds is that there is 8a ,power in us1 not ourselves1 which makes for righteousness02 and this he has discovered to be the sum and substance of all ,scripture teaching4 ,doctrinal ,protestantism is like the wrong side of a piece of tapestry with its fag-ends hanging in patches1 twisted and jumbled2 and yet they are the very substance out of which has been wrought a work of divine beauty4 ,the dogmatic weakness of ,protestantism throws its whole energy upon the moral side of religion4 ,its utter falseness1 when we accept the fact that ,christ has established a divine system of faith1 is so manifest that no impartial thinker would hesitate to give his full assent to the sentiment of ,rousseau3 8,show me that in religious matters ,i must accept authority1 and ,i shall become a ,catholic at once40 ,supposing the ,christian religion to be what it is commonly held to be by both ,catholics and ,protestants1 it necessarily follows that the ,catholic ,church is the only logical as it is the only historical ,christianity4 ,this1 we believe1 is the almost universally-received opinion of non-,christian writers in our own day1 in which1 for the first time since the ,reformation1 a considerable number of learned men who are neither ,catholic nor ,protestant have been able to view this subject dispassionately4 ,we do not mean to say that these writers prefer the church to the sects2 on the contrary1 they are partial to these because in their workings they perceive1 as they think1 the breaking-up and dissolution of the whole ,christian system4 ,protestantism is valuable in their eyes as a stage in what ,herbert ,spencer calls 8the universal religious thaw0 which is going on around us4 ,if there has been no divine revelation1 then whatever tends to weaken the claim of the church to be the depository of such revelation is good1 especially as her claim is the only one which rests upon a valid historical basis4 ,and it is because a very large number of men more than half suspect there never has been a revelation that ,protestantism meets with so much favor from the unbelieving and pagan world1 as serving the purpose of an easy stepping-stone from the strong and pronounced supernaturalism of the church to the nature-worship of ,darwin and ,spencer or the ,german ,culturists4 ,macaulay was struck and puzzled by what his keen eye could not fail to perceive to be so universal a phenomenon as to have the force of a law of history4 8,it is surely remarkable10 says this brilliant writer1 8that neither the moral revolution of the eighteenth century nor the moral counter-revolution of the nineteenth should have in any perceptible degree added to the domain of ,protestantism4 ,during the former period whatever was lost to ,catholicism was lost also to ,christianity2 during the latter whatever was regained by ,christianity in ,catholic countries was regained also by ,catholicism4 ,we should naturally have expected that many minds1 on the way from superstition to infidelity1 or on the way back from infidelity to superstition1 would have stopped at an intermediate point4 ,between the doctrines taught in the schools of the ,jesuits1 and those which were maintained at the little supper-parties of the ,baron ,holbach1 there is a vast interval in which the human mind1 it should seem1 might find for itself some resting-place more satisfactory than either of the two extremes2 and at the time of the ,reformation millions found such a resting-place4 ,whole nations then renounced popery without ceasing to believe in a ,first ,cause1 in a future life1 or in the divine authority of ,christianity4 ,in the last century1 on the contrary1 when a ,catholic renounced his belief in the ,real ,presence1 it was a thousand to one that he renounced his belief in the ,gospel too2 and when the reaction took place1 with belief in the ,gospel came back belief in the ,real ,presence4 ,we by no means venture to deduce from these phenomena any general law2 but we think it a most remarkable fact that no ,christian nation which did not adopt the principles of the ,reformation before the end of the sixteenth century should ever have adopted them4 ,catholic communities have since that time become infidel and become ,catholic again1 but none has become ,protestant40 ,there could not be a more satisfactory proof of the transitional and accidental nature of ,protestantism4 ,like all human revolutions1 it grew out of antecedent circumstances2 and these were primarily political and social and only incidentally religious4 ,the faith in the divine authority of the ,christian religion was at that time absolute1 and not at all affected by the tendency to scepticism observable among a few of the ,humanists4 ,the political power of the pope1 however1 together with his peculiar temporal relations to the ,german ,empire1 had gradually created throughout ,germany a very strong national prejudice against his authority1 which1 upon the slightest provocation1 was ready to break out into downright hatred of the ,papacy4 ,the worldly lives and ways of some of the popes had been as fuel for the conflagration which was to burst forth4 ,men1 unconsciously it may be1 grew accustomed to look upon the ,christian religion and the ,papacy as distinct and separable2 and the temper of the public mind1 while remaining reverential toward ,christ and his religion1 was embittered against his vicar4 ,when1 from amidst the social abuses and political antagonisms of ,germany1 ,luther1 in the name of ,christ1 denounced the pope1 his voice struck precisely the note for which the public ear was listening1 and1 as ,macaulay says1 whole nations renounced allegiance to the pope without giving up faith in ,god and his ,christ4 ,this was done in the excitement of revolutionary enthusiasm1 when passion and madness made deliberation impossible1 and when a thoughtful and analytical study of the constitution of the church was out of the question4 ,the ,reformers imagined that they could abolish the pope and yet save ,christianity1 just as in ,france1 two centuries and a half later1 it was thought possible to abolish ,god and yet save the principle of authority1 without which society cannot exist4 ,and1 indeed1 it is as reasonable to suppose that this world1 with its universal evidence of design and adaption of means to ends1 could have come into existence without the action of a supreme and intelligent ,being1 as to think that the system of religious truths taught by ,christ can have either unity or authority amongst men without a living centre and visible representative of both4 ,protestants1 by rejecting the primacy of the pope1 were forced to accept as fundamental to their faith a principle of so purgative and drastic a nature that1 in the general process of sloughing of religious thought which it brings on1 it is itself finally carried away into the vacuum of nihilism4 ,this became evident as soon as the attempt was made to agree upon articles of belief4 ,new heresies sprang up day after day1 and complete chaos would have ensued from the beginning had not the different states taken hold of one or other of the sects and 8established0 it1 thus1 by the aid of the temporal power1 giving to it a kind of consistency1 but at the same time depriving it of vitality4 ,thus what ,macaulay regarded as so remarkable--that no ,christian nation which did not adopt the principles of the ,reformation before the end of the sixteenth century should ever have adopted them--and he might as well have made the proposition universal1 since there was no reason why he should limit it to ,christian nations1 since it is well known that in nothing has ,protestantism given more striking proof of its impotence than in its utter failure to convert the heathen1--this1 we say1 far from surprising us1 seems so natural that we cannot understand how an observant mind should think it strange4 ,protestantism was1 in the main1 the product of the peculiar political and social condition of ,europe during the last period of the middle ages1 and to expect ,catholic nations1 or indeed individual ,catholics of any intellectual or moral character1 to become ,protestant in our day argues a total want of power to grasp this subject4 ,as well might one hope to see the pterodactyls and ichthyosauri of a past geologic era swimming in our rivers4 ,catholics there are1 indeed1 now1 as in the eighteenth century1 who become sceptics1 who abandon all belief in ,christianity1 but none who become ,protestants2 for we cannot consider such persons as ,achilli or ,edith ,o',gorman as instances of conversion of any kind4 ,a very limited acquaintance with ,catholics and ,catholic thought will suffice to convince any reflecting mind that for us there is no alternative but to accept the doctrine of the church or to renounce faith in ,christ4 ,was there ever fairer field for heresy to flourish in than that which opened up before ,old ,catholicism at its birth8 ,but it was still-born4 ,to this day its sponsors have not dared define its relation to the pope2 and until this is done it remains without character4 ,at any rate1 it does not claim to be ,protestant4 ,turning to view the present condition of ,protestantism1 we are struck by the contrast4 ,the very word 8,protestant0 is without meaning when applied to two-thirds of the non-,catholics of ,germany1 ,england1 and the ,united ,states4 ,their mental state is one of disbelief in1 or indifference to1 all forms of positive religion2 and if occasionally they are roused to some feeling against the church1 it is through an association of ideas1 traditional with them1 which places her in antagonism with their political theories and national prejudices4 ,among earnest and reflecting ,protestants who are united with one or other of the sects1 there are two opposite currents of religious thought of a strongly-marked and well-defined character4 ,those who are borne on the one are being carried farther and farther away from the historic teachings of ,christ1 and are busied in trying to dress out in ,biblical phraseology some of the various cosmic or pantheistic philosophies of the day4 ,they very generally assume that religion has nothing to do with theology1 nor1 consequently1 with doctrines and dogmas4 ,as its home is the heart1 its realm is the world of sentiment2 and so it matters not what we believe1 provided only we feel good4 ,opposed to this current1 which is bearing with it all the distinctive landmarks of the ,christian religion1 is another which is carrying men back to the church4 ,in fact1 all great minds among ,protestants who have been strongly impressed by the objective character of ,christian truth have been drawn towards the ,catholic ,church4 ,who can have failed to perceive1 for instance--to mention only the three greatest who have occupied themselves with religious questions--how ,leibnitz1 ,bacon1 and ,bishop ,butler1 in their intellectual apprehension of the ,christian system1 were1 in spite of themselves1 attracted to the church8 ,or who that is acquainted with the ,english ,catholic literature of our own day is ignorant of the divine illumination which many of the most intellectual and reverent natures from the sects of ,protestantism have found in the teachings of the one ,catholic ,church8 ,in this way1 by a process of supernatural or natural selection1 the fragments of ,protestantism are being assimilated to the church or are disappearing in the sea of unbelief in which even now they are seen only as barren islands in the wild waste of waters4 ,these considerations must be borne in mind by whoever would take a comprehensive view of the question which we propose now to discuss4 ,in the first place1 by reflecting upon them we shall find no difficulty in accounting for the marked difference in tone and character between ,catholic and ,protestant controversy1 by which no attentive observer can have failed to be struck4 ,taking for granted the existence of ,god and the divinity of ,christ1 as admitted by the earlier ,protestant sects1 the logical position of the church is unassailable1 which1 as we have already stated1 is generally conceded by impartial non-,christian thinkers4 ,as a consequence1 ,catholic controversialists1 assured of the absolute coherence of their whole system with the fundamental dogma of the divine mission of ,christ1 have been chiefly concerned with showing the logical viciousness of the essential principles of ,protestantism4 ,they have1 indeed1 not omitted to remark upon the moral unfitness of such men as ,henry ,,viii41 ,luther1 ,knox1 and ,zwingli to be the divinely-chosen agents of a reformation in the religion of ,christ2 but such observations have been incidental to the main course of the argument1 and this is alike true of our more learned discussions and of our popular controversies4 ,catholic writers--allowing for individual exceptions--have not felt that1 to show the falsity of ,protestantism1 it was necessary to denounce ,protestants or to stamp upon them any mark of infamy4 ,they have treated them as men who were wrong1 not as men who were wicked4 ,protestant controversy1 on the other hand1 presents for our consideration characteristics of a very different nature4 ,in the consciousness of their inability to settle upon a fixed creed1 which has been shown by history1 and from the necessarily feeble manner in which articles of faith could be held by them1 on account of the disagreement and conflict of opinion among themselves1 ,protestant writers were forced to treat their religion1 not as a doctrine1 but as a tendency2 and for this reason1 together with the natural hatred which men entertain for a church or government against which they have rebelled1 they were led to draw contrasts between the results of ,protestantism and ,catholicity2 so that it became customary to attribute all the enlightenment1 morality1 progress1 and liberty of the world to ,protestantism1 and to represent ,catholics as cruel1 ignorant1 corrupt1 and in every way depraved4 ,luther1 as we should naturally expect1 led the way in this style of controversy4 8,the ,papists10 he said1 8are for the most part mere gross blockheads4''' ,the pope and his crew are mere worshippers of idols and servants of the devil4''' ,pope1 cardinals1 bishops1 not a soul of them has read the ,bible2 #8tis a book unknown to them4 ,they are a pack of guzzling1 stuffing wretches1 rich1 wallowing in wealth and laziness4''' ,seeing the pope is ,antichrist1 ,i believe him to be a devil incarnate4''' ,the pope is the last blaze in the lamp which will go out and ere long be extinguished--the last instrument of the devil1 that thunders and lightens with sword and bull2''' but the ,spirit of ,god's mouth has seized upon that shameless strumpet4''' ,antichrist is the ,pope and the ,turk together4''' ,the pope is not ,god's image1 but his ape4''' ,popedom is founded on mere lies and fables4''' ,a friar is evil every way2 the preaching friars are proud buzzards2 all who serve the pope are damned2 the ,papists are devoid of shame and ,christianity40#c ,this is the style of ,protestant controversy which1 except in form1 still lingers in this nineteenth century4 ,protestant devotion1 it may be said without sarcasm or exaggeration1 consists essentially in a holy horror of popery4 ,were it possible to eliminate the ,catholic ,church from human society1 ,protestantism would at once fatally assume an attitude towards the world wholly different from that in which it now stands4 ,at present1 when attacked by evolutionistic pantheism--which means all the sophistries of the day--it takes refuge behind the historic fortress of ,christianity1 the ,catholic ,church1 and1 when encountered by the church1 it makes an alliance with cosmism or anything else4 ,were the ,catholic ,church not in existence1 it would be forced at once to build a fortress of its own2 for the ,bible is only a breastwork1 which must be in charge of a commander-in-chief if we hope to hold it for the sovereign ,lord4 ,from the beginning1 then1 ,protestants branded ,catholics with a mark of infamy2 they were idolaters1 worse than pagans1 for the most part gross blockheads1 who fall an easy prey to the designing arts of priests and monks1 who are only knaves and rogues1 whose chief aim is to carry out the fiendish purposes of the pope1 the arch-enemy1 ,antichrist1 the devil in the flesh2 and thus the church becomes the ,woman of ,babylon1 flaming in scarlet1 and alluring the nations to debauch4 ,no evidence1 therefore1 is needed to show that ,catholics are immoral1 depraved1 thoroughly corrupt4 ,to doubt it would be to question the truth of ,protestantism and to believe that something good might come out of ,nazareth4 ,in good sooth1 do not the ,catholics1 as ,m4 de ,laveleye says1 admit the fact themselves8 ,we often hear persons express surprise that intelligent and honest ,protestants should still1 after such sad experience1 be so eager to believe the 8awful disclosures0 of 8escaped nuns10 and to patronize that kind of lecture--of which1 thank ,god6 ,protestants have the monopoly--delivered to men or women only1 in which the abominations of the confessional are revealed and the general preternatural wickedness of priests1 monks1 and nuns is made fully manifest4 ,this1 to us1 we must say1 has never seemed strange4 ,the doctrine of total depravity is an article of ,protestant faith1 and1 when applied to ,catholics1 to none other have ,protestants ever clung with such unwavering firmness and perfect unanimity4 ,when disagreeing about everything else1 they have never failed to find a point of union in this4 ,even after having lived and dealt with ,catholics who are kind-hearted1 pure1 and fair-minded1 in the true ,protestant there still lurks a vague kind of suspicion that there must be some mysterious and secret diabolism in them which eludes his observation2 that after all they may be only 8as mild-mannered men as ever scuttled ship or cut a throat02 and after his reason has been fully convinced that the ,catholic ,church is the only historical ,christianity1 he is still able to remain a strong ,protestant by falling back upon the undoubted total depravity of ,papists4 ,dr4 ,newman1 in his ,apologia1 the most careful and instructive self-analysis which has been written in this century1 or probably in any other1 declares that after he had become thoroughly persuaded of the truth of the ,catholic ,church his former belief that the pope was ,antichrist still remained like a stain upon his imagination2 and yet he had never been an ultra-,protestant4 ,many a ,protestant has ceased to believe in ,christ1 without giving up his faith in the pope as ,antichrist4 ,it is not surprising1 in view of all this1 that ,protestants should have habitually held the church responsible for the evil deeds of ,catholics4 ,when quite recently the excited ,germans charged the dynamite plot of ,thomassen upon our ,american civilization1 we replied1 with perfect justice1 that such crimes are anomalies1 the guilt of which ought not to be laid upon any nation1 and all reasonable men admitted the evident good sense of our answer2 but ,protestants the world over have been unanimous in seeking to hold up the church to the execration of mankind as responsible for the ,st4 ,bartholomew massacre4 ,is ,protestantism answerable for ,cromwell's massacres at ,drogheda and ,wexford8 ,religious fanaticism1 no doubt1 had much to do in urging him to butcher idolaters and slaves of ,satan2 but we should blush for shame were we capable of thinking for a moment that such inhumanities are either produced or approved by the real spirit of the ,protestant religion4 ,we know of nothing in the ,catholic ,church which in any way corresponds with ,protestant anti-popery literature2 indeed1 we doubt whether in the whole history of literature anything so disgraceful and disreputable as this can be found1 unless1 possibly1 it be that which is professedly obscene1 but which has nowhere ever had a recognized existence2 and we question whether even this is as discreditable to human nature as the 8awful disclosures0 and 8lectures to men or women only0 of ,protestants4 ,in discussing the comparative morality of ,catholic and ,protestant nations it would be more satisfactory1 even though it should not be more conclusive1 to consider their respective virtues rather than their vices4 ,there would seem to be neither good sense nor logic in taking the individuals and classes that are least brought under religious influences of any kind1 in order to use their depravity as an argument for or against the church or ,protestantism4 ,in the apostolic body one out of twelve was a thief and traitor1 yet neither ,catholics nor ,protestants are in the habit of concluding from this that they must all have been rogues and hypocrites4 ,the amount of crime1 one would think1 is but a poor test of the amount of virtue4 ,as the greatest sinners have made the greatest saints1 so in the church depravity may co-exist with the most heroic virtue1 though1 of course1 not in the same individual4 ,our divine ,saviour plainly declares that in his church the good shall be mingled with the bad2 that the cockle shall grow with the wheat till the harvest time2 that some shall call him ,lord and ,master1 and yet do not the will of his ,father2 that even1 with regard to those who sit in the chair of ,moses--and1 let us add1 of ,peter--though their authority must ever be acknowledged1 yet are not their lives always to be imitated1 nor approved of even4 ,it is manifestly contrary to the teaching of ,christ to make the note of sanctity in his church consist in the individual holiness of each and every member4 ,he is no ,puritan1 though he is the all-holy ,god4 ,a puristic religion is essentially narrow1 self-conscious1 and unsympathetic2 it draws a line here on earth between the elect and the reprobate2 its disciples eat not with sinners1 nor enter into their abodes1 nor hold out to them the pleading hands of large-hearted charity4 ,such a faith does not grow upon men2 it does not win and convert them to ,god4 ,if1 instead of comparing the crimes1 we should consider the respective virtues of ,catholic and ,protestant nations1 we should at once be struck by the difference in their standards of morality4 ,the most practical way of determining the real standard of morality of any religion is to study the character of its saints4 ,there we find religious ideals made tangible and fully discernible4 ,here at once we perceive that there is an essential difference between the ,catholic and the ,protestant standard of morality4 ,the lives of our saints1 even when understood by ,protestants1 generally repel them4 ,they are1 in their eyes1 useless lives1 idle lives1 superstitious lives1 unnatural and inhuman4 ,we take the words of ,christ1 8,if thou wouldst be perfect1 go sell what thou hast1 give it to the poor1 and come and follow me10 in their full and complete literal meaning4 ,the highest life is to leave father and mother1 to have nor wife nor children1 nor temporal goods except what barely suffices1 and to cleave to ,christ only with all one's soul in poverty1 chastity1 and obedience4 ,now1 this life of prayer in poverty1 chastity1 and obedience is an offence to ,protestants4 ,they do not believe in perfect chastity1 they hold religious obedience to be a slavery1 and poverty1 in their eyes1 is ridiculous4 ,inasmuch as the monks tilled the earth1 transcribed books1 and taught school1 they receive a partial recognition from the ,protestant world2 but inasmuch as they were bound by religious vows they excite disgust4 ,we should say1 then1 that the distinctive trait of ,catholic morality is ascetic1 while the ,protestant is utilitarian4 ,the one primarily regards the world that is to be1 the other that which already is4 ,the one inclines us to look upon this as a worthless world to lose or win2 the other is shrewd and calculating--this is the best we have any practical experience of2 it is the part of wisdom to make the most of it4 ,the one seems to be more certain of the future life1 the other of the present4 ,it is needless to prolong the contrast1 and we shall simply confess that we have always been inclined to the opinion of those who hold that ,protestantism1 in its aims and direct tendencies1 is more favorable to what is called material progress than ,catholicism4 ,in fact1 one cannot realize the personal survival of the soul through eternity1 and at the same time be supremely interested in stocks or the price of cotton4 ,not that the church discourages efforts which have as their object the material interests of mankind2 but1 in her view1 our duties to ,god are of the first importance1 and to these all others are subordinate4 ,what doth it profit8 she is always asking1 whereas ,protestantism is busy trying to show us how very profitable and pleasant the ,reformation has made this world--and virtuous1 too1 since honesty is the best policy and enlightened self-interest the standard of morals4 ,it is the old story--,god and the world1 the supernatural and the natural1 progress from above and progress from below4 ,but we feel that it is time we should give our readers proof that we have no desire to avoid direct issue with ,m4 de ,laveleye4 ,we flatly deny1 then1 his assertion that the ,catholic nations are more immoral than the ,protestant2 and when he further affirms that ,catholic writers themselves--for his words can have no other meaning--admit this1 he lies under a mistake for which there can be no possible excuse4 ,in the statement of facts1 however1 which we propose now to give1 we make no use whatever of the testimony of ,catholics1 but rely exclusively upon the authority of ,protestants and of statistics2 and that our readers may have the benefit of observations extending over considerable time as well as space1 we will not confine ourselves to the most recent writers or statistics on the subject under discussion4 ,laing1 a ,scotch ,presbyterian and a most conscientious and observant traveller1 who wrote some thirty-five years ago1 says of the ,french3 8,they are1 ,i believe1 a more honest people than the ,british4''' ,it is a fine distinction of the ,french national character and social economy that practical morality is more generally taught through manners among and by the people themselves than in any country in ,europe40#d ,alison1 the historian1 writing about the same time1 but referring to the early part of this century1 says that the proportion of crime to the inhabitants was twelve times greater in ,prussia than in ,france4#e ,to this may be added the testimony of ,john ,stuart ,mill1 in his ,autobiography1 published since his death1 who passed a considerable portion of his life in ,france4 ,referring to his sojourn there when quite a young man1 he says3 8,having so little experience of ,english life1 and the few people ,i knew being mostly such as had public objects of a large and personally disinterested kind at heart1 ,i was ignorant of the low moral tone of what in ,england is called society3 the habit of1 not indeed professing1 but taking for granted in every mode of implication that conduct is of course always directed towards low and petty objects2 the absence of high feelings1 which manifests itself by sneering depreciation of all demonstrations of them1 and by general abstinence 7except among a few of the stricter religionists7 from professing any high principles of action at all1 except in those preordained cases in which such profession is put on as part of the costume and formalities of the occasion4 ,i could not then know or estimate the difference between this manner of existence and that of a people like the ,french1 whose faults1 if equally real1 are at all events different2 among whom sentiments which1 by comparison at least1 may be called elevated are the current coin of human intercourse1 both in books and in private life1 and1 though often evaporating in profession1 are yet kept alive in the nation at large by constant exercise and stimulated by sympathy1 so as to form a living and active part of the existence of a great number of persons1 and to be recognized and understood by all4 ,neither could ,i then appreciate the general culture of the understanding1 which results from the habitual exercise of the feelings1 and is thus carried down into the most uneducated classes of several countries on the ,continent1 in a degree not equalled in ,england among the so-called educated1 except where an unusual tenderness of conscience leads to a habitual exercise of the intellect on questions of right and wrong40#f ,this is strong testimony when we consider that it comes from an ,englishman4 ,in speaking of the elder ,austin the same writer says3 8,he had a strong distaste for the general meanness of ,english life1 the absence of enlarged thoughts and unselfish desires1 the low objects on which the faculties of all classes of the ,english are intent40#g ,mill's opinion of the ,french is confirmed by ,lecky1 who writes3 8,no other nation has so habitual and vivid a sympathy for great struggles for freedom beyond its border4 ,no other literature exhibits so expansive and cumenical a genius1 or expounds so skilfully or appreciates so generously foreign ideas4 ,in no other land would a disinterested war for the support of a suffering nationality find so large an amount of support40#h ,much has been said and written of the licentiousness of the ,french1 which may1 in part at least1 be due to the fact that they1 more than any other people1 have known how to make vice attractive by taking from it something of the repulsive coarseness which naturally belongs to it1 but must also be ascribed to the feeling that they are ,catholic1 and therefore sensual4 ,but let us examine the facts on this subject4 ,we again bring ,laing forward as a witness4 8,of all the virtues10 he says1 8that which the domestic family education of both the sexes most obviously influences--that which marks more clearly than any other the moral condition of a society1 the home state of moral and religious principles1 the efficiency of those principles in it1 and the amount of that moral restraint upon passions and impulses which it is the object of education and knowledge to attain--is undoubtedly female chastity4 ,will any traveller1 will any ,prussian1 say that this index-virtue of the moral condition of a people is not lower in ,prussia than in almost any part of ,europe80#i ,acts which in other countries would affect the respectability and happiness of a whole family for generations are in ,prussia looked upon as mere youthful indiscretions4 ,but let us take the statistics of illegitimacy1 which is a method of discussing the question made popular among ,protestants by the ,rev4 ,hobart ,seymour in his ,evenings with the ,romanists4 ,the number of illegitimate births in ,france for every hundred was1 in #aheh1 #g4h2 in the same year in ,protestant ,saxony it was #af2 in ,protestant ,prussia1 #i4c2 in ,wrtemberg 7,prot471 #af4a2 in ,iceland 7,prot47 7#ahch-dg71 #ad2 in ,denmark 7#ahee71 #aa4e2 ,scotland 7#ahga71 #aj4a2 ,hanover 7#ahee71 #i4i2 ,sweden 7#ahee71 #i4e2 ,norway 7#ahee71 #i4c4 ,catholic ,france1 then1 judged by this test1 stands higher than any ,protestant country of which we have statistical reports1 except ,england and ,wales1 where the percentage was1 in #ahei1 #f4e2 but ,england and ,wales are below other ,catholic countries1 and notably far below ,ireland4 ,the rate of illegitimacy in the kingdom of ,sardinia 7#ahbh-cg7 was #b4a2 in ,ireland 7#ahfe-ff71 #c4h2 in ,spain 7#ahei71 #e4f2 in ,tuscany1 #f2 in ,catholic ,prussia1 #f4a4 ,in ,scotland there are1 in proportion to population1 more than three times as many illegitimate births as in ,ireland2 and in ,england and ,wales there are more than twice as many1 and in ,protestant ,prussia the percentage is a third greater than in ,catholic ,prussia4#aj ,if chastity1 to use ,laing's expression1 is the index-virtue1 the question as to the comparative morality of ,protestant and ,catholic nations may be considered at an end4 ,lecky's words on the ,irish people have often been quoted1 to his own regret we believe4 8,had the ,irish peasants been less chaste10 he says1 8they would have been more prosperous4 ,had that fearful famine which in the present century desolated the land fallen upon a people who thought more of accumulating subsistence than of avoiding sin1 multitudes might now be living who perished by literal starvation on the dreary hills of ,limerick or ,skibbereen40#aa ,there is not in all ,europe a more thoroughly ,protestant country than ,sweden4 ,for three hundred years its people have been wholly withdrawn from ,catholic influences4 ,during all this time ,protestantism1 upheld by the state1 undisturbed by dissent1 with the education of the people in the hands of the clergy1 and a population almost entirely rural1 has had the fairest possible opportunity to show what it is capable of doing to elevate the moral character of a nation4 ,what is the result8 ,in #ahch ,laing visited ,sweden and made a careful study of the moral and social condition of the people2 and he declares that they are at the very bottom of the scale of ,european morality4 ,in #ahcf one person out of every #aab--women1 infants1 sick1 all included--had been accused of crime1 and one out of every #acd convicted and punished4 ,in #ahch there were born in ,stockholm #b1gad children1 of whom #a1egg were legitimate and #a1acg illegitimate1 leaving a balance of only #ddj chaste mothers out of #b1gad4 ,drunkenness1 too1 was more common there than in any other country of ,europe or of the world4 ,nearly #dj1jjj1jjj gallons of liquor were consumed in #ahej by a population of only #c1jjj1jjj1 which gives thirteen gallons of intoxicating drink to every man1 woman1 and child in the kingdom4 ,if these things could be said of any ,catholic nation1 the whole ,protestant world would stand aghast1 nor need other proof of the absolutely diabolical nature of popery4 ,compare this agricultural and pastoral population with the ,catholic ,swiss mountaineers--who to this day claim to have descended from a ,swedish stock1 and whose climate is not greatly different from that of ,sweden--and we find that the ,catholic ,swiss are as moral and sober as the ,protestant ,swedes are corrupt and besotted4 ,or compare them with the ,tyrolese1 than whom there is no more ,catholic and liberty-loving people on earth4 8,honesty may be regarded as a leading feature in the character of the ,tyrolese10 says ,alison4''' 8,in no part of the world are the domestic or conjugal duties more strictly or faithfully observed1 and in none do the parish priests exercise a stricter or more conscientious control over their flocks4''' ,perhaps the most remarkable feature in the character of the ,tyrolese is their uniform piety--a feeling which is nowhere so universally diffused as among their sequestered valleys4''' ,on ,sunday the whole people flock to church in their neatest and gayest attire2 and so great is the number who thus frequent these places of worship that it is not unfrequent to see the peasants kneeling on the turf in the church-yard where ,mass is performed1 from being unable to find a place within its walls4 ,regularly in the evening prayers are read in every family2 and the traveller who passes through the villages at the hour of twilight often sees through their latticed windows the young and the old kneeling together round their humble fire1 or is warned of his approach to human habitation by hearing their evening hymns stealing through the silence and solitude of the forest4''' ,in one great virtue the peasants in this country 7in common1 it must be owned1 with most ,catholic states7 are particularly worthy of imitation4 ,the virtue of charity1 which is too much overlooked in many ,protestant kingdoms1 is there practised to the greatest degree and by all classes of people40#ab ,with true ,protestant condescension ,alison adds3 8,debased as their religion is by the absurdities and errors of the ,catholic form of worship1 and mixed up as it is with innumerable legends and visionary tales1 it yet preserves enough of the pure spirit of its divine origin to influence in a great measure the conduct of their private lives40 ,among rural populations more than elsewhere the divine power of the ,christian religion is made manifest4 ,to the poor1 the frugal1 and the single-hearted those heavenly truths which have changed the world1 but which were first listened to and received by fishermen and shepherds1 appeal with a force and directness which the mere worldling and comfort-lover cannot even realize4 ,in the presence of nature so silent and awful1 yet so vocal1 everything inclines the heart of man to hearken to the voice of ,god4 ,mountains and rivers2 the long1 withdrawing vales and deep-sounding cataracts2 winter's snows1 and spring1 over whose heaving bosom the unseen hand weaves the tapestry that mortal fingers never made2 summer's warm breath1 and autumn1 when the strong year first feels the chill of death1 and 8tears from the depth of some divine despair rise in the heart and gather to the eyes0--all speak of the higher world which they foreshadow and symbolize4 ,but in the hurry and noise of the city1 with its extremes of wealth and poverty1 of indulgence and want1 of pride and degradation1 the pleading voice of religion is not heard at all1 or is heard only as a call from the shore is heard by men who are madly hurrying down some rapid stream4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that the easiest and surest way of getting at the relative moral influence of the ,catholic and ,protestant religions is to study their action upon rural populations4 ,we have already established on the best authority the incalculable moral elevation of the ,catholic rural populations of ,switzerland and the ,tyrol over the ,protestants of the same class in ,sweden4 ,let us now turn to ,great ,britain4 ,kay1 after having given a table of criminal statistics for ,england and ,wales for the years #ahda and #ahdg1 makes the following remarks upon the facts there presented3 8,this table well deserves study4 ,it shows that the proportional amount of crime to population calculated in two years1 #ahda and #ahdg1 was greater in both years in almost all the agricultural counties of ,england than it was in the manufacturing and mining districts4''' ,with what terrible significance do these statistics plead the cause of the poor of our rural districts6 ,notwithstanding that a town life necessarily presents so many more opportunities for1 and temptations to1 vice than a rural life2 notwithstanding that the associations of the latter are naturally so much purer and so much more moral than those of the former2 notwithstanding the wonderfully crowded state of the great manufacturing cities of ,lancashire2 notwithstanding the constant influx of ,irish1 sailors1 vagrants1 beggars1 and starving natives of agricultural districts of ,england and ,wales2 and notwithstanding the miserable state of most of the primary schools of those districts and the great ignorance of the majority of the inhabitants1 still1 in the face of all these and other equally significant facts1 the criminality of the manufacturing districts of ,lancashire is ,,less in proportion to the population than that of most of the rural districts of ,england and ,wales60#ac ,in ,scotland illegitimacy is more common in the country than in the towns and cities4 ,in #ahgj the rate of illegitimacy for the whole country was #i4d per cent41 or #a in every #aj4f2 whereas in the rural districts alone it was #aj4e1 or #a in every #i4e4 ,in #ahga it was for the whole country #aj4a1 or #a in every #i4h1 and in the rural districts #aa4b1 or #a in every #h4i4ad ,in ,england also the rate of illegitimacy is much larger in the rural districts than in the cities1 whereas in ,catholic ,france it is just the reverse4 ,in the country districts of ,england we have the following rate3 ,nottingham1 #h4i ,york1 ,north ,riding1 #h4i ,salop1 #i4h ,westmoreland1 #i4g ,norfolk1 #aj4g ,cumberland1 #aa4d ,in ,france3 ,rural districts1 #d4b ,la ,vende1 #b4b ,brittany--,cte d',or1 #a4b ,thus in the most ,catholic rural districts of ,france there are only one or two illegitimate births in every hundred4 ,this is also true of ,prussia1 whose most strongly ,catholic provinces are ,westphalia and the ,rhineland4 ,in ,westphalia there are only three and a half illegitimate births in every hundred1 and in the ,rhineland only three and a third2 but in thoroughly ,protestant ,pomerania and ,brandenburg there are ten and twelve illegitimate births in the hundred4#ae ,in ,ireland1 again1 we find the same state of things4 ,the rate of illegitimate births for all ,ireland is #c4h per cent42 but the lowest proportion is in ,connaught1 nineteen-twentieths of whose people are ,catholics1 and the greatest is in ,ulster1 half of whose population is ,protestant4 8,the sum of the whole matter10 says the ,scotsman 7,june1 #ahfi71 a leading organ of ,presbyterian ,scotland1 8is that semi-,presbyterian and semi-,scotch ,ulster is fully three times more immoral than wholly popish and wholly ,irish ,connaught--which corresponds with wonderful accuracy to the more general fact that ,scotland as a whole is three times more immoral than ,ireland as a whole40 ,there is no reason why further proof should be given of what is a manifest truth3 that rural populations--let us say1 rather1 the people--in proportion as they are ,catholic1 are also chaste2 and consequently that the ,catholic ,church1 as every man who is competent to judge must know1 is the mother of purity1 which is the soul of ,christian life1 and without which we cannot draw near to the heart of the ,saviour and supreme ,lover of men4 ,protestants1 however1 will be at no loss for arguments4 ,should the worst come to the worst1 illegitimacy1 like the gallows1 may be declared an evidence of civilization1 and then it needs must follow1 as the night the day1 that it is more common in ,protestant than in ,catholic countries4 ,let us now turn to the vice of intemperance4 8,i am sure10 says ,hill1 8that ,i am within the truth when ,i state1 as the result of minute and extensive inquiry1 that1 in four cases out of five1 when an offence is committed intoxicating drink has been one of the causes40#af ,in an attempt1 then1 to form an estimate of the relative morality of nations1 we should not omit to consider the vice of drunkenness1 which is the cause of half the crime and misery in the world4 ,were it in our power to obtain accurate statistics on this subject1 as on that of illegitimacy1 the superior sobriety of the ,catholic nations would be shown even more strikingly than their superior chastity4 ,the ,spaniards1 it is universally acknowledged1 are the soberest people in ,europe1 as the ,swedes are the most intemperate4 ,their respective geographical positions suggest at once what is often assigned as a sufficient explanation of this fact--the great difference of climate4 ,it was long supposed that the southern nations were more sensual than the northern1 because it was thought a warm climate must necessarily develop a greater violence of passion4 ,we know now1 however1 that this is not the case4 ,though climate has an undoubted influence on morality1 its action is yet so modified or controlled among ,christian and civilized nations that generalizations founded upon its supposed effects are unreliable4 ,the ,swedes and the ,scotch are intemperate1 the ,spaniards and the ,italians are sober4 ,the former are ,protestant1 the latter ,catholic2 it is therefore at once evident that religion has nothing to do with this matter1 which can only be accounted for by the difference of climate4 ,these are the tactics of our opponents3 those virtues in which the ,catholic nations excel must be attributed to natural causes2 but when some of them are found to lack the enterprise and industrial spirit of the ,english or the ,americans1 it would be altogether unreasonable to ascribe this to anything else than their religion4 ,scotch statistics show a greater amount of intemperance in summer than in winter1 which would seem to indicate that a high temperature does not tend to destroy the passion for intoxicating drink4 ,but we do not propose to enter into a discussion of causes1 which1 however1 we are perfectly willing to take up at the proper time4 ,our controversy with ,m4 de ,laveleye turns upon facts4 ,we have already cited the testimony of ,laing to show that the ,swedes1 after they had been under the exclusive influence of ,protestantism for three hundred years1 were the most drunken people in ,europe4 ,laing was in ,venice on the occasion of a festival1 when the whole population had turned out for pleasure1 and he did not see a single case of intoxication2 not a single instance1 even among the boys1 of rudeness2 and yet all were singing1 talking1 and enjoying themselves4 ,he gives the following account of a popular merry-making which he saw at ,florence3 8,it happened that the #ith of ,may was kept here as a great holiday by the lower class1 as ,may-day with us1 and they assembled in a kind of park about a mile from the city1 where booths1 tents1 and carts1 with wine and eatables for sale1 were in crowds and clusters1 as at our village wakes and race-courses4 ,the multitude from town and country round could not be less than twenty thousand people1 grouped in small parties1 dancing1 singing1 talking1 dining on the grass1 and enjoying themselves4 ,i did not see a single instance of inebriety1 ill-temper1 or unruly1 boisterous conduct2 yet the people were gay and joyous40#ag ,robert ,dale ,owen1 writing from ,naples1 said3 8,i have not seen a man even partially intoxicated since ,i have been in the city1 of #dbj1jjj inhabitants1 and they say one may live here for four years without seeing one40 ,let us now turn to ,protestant lands4 ,st4 ,cuthbert's parish1 ,edinburgh1 had in #ahfa a population somewhat exceeding #ij1jjj souls4 ,of these1 #a1iec were 8drunk and incapable10 #c1ice were 8drunk and discharged02 making in all #e1hhh1 or nearly #a in #ae4 ,in ,salford jail 7,england71 in #ahgj1 the proportion of commitments for drunkenness was1 as compared with commitments for all offences1 #cg per cent4#ah ,we have it upon the authority of the ,english government that in #ahgd no fewer than #bhe1gcj ,britons were proceeded against for being drunk and disorderly1 or drunk and not disorderly2 and1 of course1 to this must be added the probably greater number who escaped arrest4 ,mr4 ,granville1 one of the secretaries of the ,church of ,england ,society in the ,diocese of ,durham1 estimates that there is an aggregate of #gjj1jjj habitual drunkards in ,england4 8,it is a melancholy but undeniable fact10 says the ,alliance ,news10 that1 notwithstanding vast agencies of improvement1 intemperance1 crime1 pauperism1 insanity1 and brutality are more rampant than ever2 and1 if we except pauperism1 these evils have more than doubled in the last forty years40 ,we have not been able to get the statistics of drunkenness for ,ireland1 and can therefore institute no comparison between ,england and that country with regard to intemperance2#ai but we have before us the criminal statistics of both countries for #ahed1 the population of ,england and ,wales in that year being about three times as great as that of ,ireland4 ,the following table of convictions will enable us to form an estimate of the comparative honesty of the two nations3 ,robbery by persons armed1 ,england and ,wales1 #baj ,robbery by persons armed1 ,ireland1 #b ,larceny from the person1 ,england and ,wales1 #a1egj ,larceny from the person1 ,ireland1 #chi ,larceny by servants1#bj ,england and ,wales1 #b1adj ,larceny by servants1 ,ireland1 #dd ,larceny1 simple1 ,england and ,wales1 #ab1efb ,larceny1 simple1 ,ireland1 #c1cbi ,frauds and attempts to defraud1 ,england and ,wales1 #fgf ,frauds and attempts to defraud1 ,ireland1 #fb ,forgery1 ,england and ,wales1 #adi ,forgery1 ,ireland1 #d ,uttering and having in possession counterfeit coin1 ,england and ,wales1 #fgd ,uttering and having in possession counterfeit coin1 ,ireland1 #d ,on the other hand1 the following crimes are proportionately more numerous in ,ireland3 ,convictions for manslaughter in #ahed3 ,england and ,wales1 #if ,ireland1 #ej ,burglary1 ,england and ,wales1 #chd 8 ,ireland1 #bdj ,we cannot think1 however1 that these returns are reliable1 for the ,statistical ,journal of #ahfg gives the following criminal tables for ,england in #ahfe3 ,wilful murder cases tried1 #fj ,manslaughter1 #caf ,concealment of birth1 #adc --- ,total1 #eai ,and in ,ireland from #ahfe to #ahga1 a period of six years1 only #ba persons were sentenced to death1 of whom #ac were executed4 ,it is greatly to be regretted that criminal statistics give us no information upon the religious character of the persons accused or convicted of offences against the law4 ,many persons have been baptized in infancy1 and are called ,catholics1 though they have never been brought under the influence of the church4 ,in the absence of official statistics1 ,dr4 ,descuret1 who1 in his capacity of legal physician in ,paris1 had abundant opportunity to obtain data relative to this subject1 made1 about thirty years ago1 a careful study of the religious views and sentiments of ,french criminals4 ,the conclusion which he reached was that1 in every hundred persons accused of crime1 fifty are indifferentists in religion1 forty are infidels1 and the remaining ten sincere believers4 ,in a hundred suicides he found only four persons of known piety1 three of whom were women subject to melancholia1 and the other had been for some time mentally deranged4#ba #c ,the ,table-,talk of ,martin ,luther1 pp4 #bjj1 #bjf1 #bac1 et passim4 #d ,notes of a ,traveller1 pp4 #gi1 #hj4 #e ,history of ,europe1 vol4 iii4 chap4 xxvii4 #aj1 #aa4 #f ,autobiography1 pp4 #eh1 #ei4 #g ,ibid4 p4 #agg4 #h ,history of ,european ,morals1 p4 #afj4 #i ,notes of a ,traveller1 p4 #agb4 #aj ,for the full discussion of the statistics of this subject see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 vol4 ix4 pp4 #eb and #hde4 #aa ,european ,morals1 p4 #aec4 #ab ,alison's ,miscellaneous ,essays1 p4 #aai4 #ac ,kay's ,social ,condition of the ,people1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cib4 #ad ,see ,london ,statistical ,journal1 #ahgj1 #ahga4 #ae ,historische ,politische ,bltter1 #ahfg4 #af ,crime3 its ,amount1 ,causes1 and ,remedies4 ,by ,frederick ,hill1 ,barrister-at-law1 late ,inspector of ,prisons4 ,london1 p4 #fe4 #ag ,notes of a ,traveller pp4 #dah-ai4 #ah ,see ,london ,statistical ,journal1 #ahga4 #ai ,in #ahga1 #ad1eja1ihc gallons of spirits were distilled in ,scotland4 ,what proportion of this was consumed at home we do not know4 ,for the same year the number of gallons entered for home consumption in ,ireland was #e1bab1gdf4 ,the population of ,scotland is nearly three millions and a half1 and that of ,ireland about five millions and a half4 #bj ,england and ,wales1 with not quite three times the population of ,ireland1 had fifty times as many cases of dishonesty among servants1 which clearly accounts for those newspaper advertisements in which ,english housekeepers are careful to state that 8no ,irish need apply40 #ba ,la ,mdecine des ,passions1 p4 #aaf4 ,,primeval ,,germans4 ,urdeutsch 7which we have translated ,primeval ,germans7 is a historical novel1 the scene of which is laid in the ,black ,forest towards the second half of the fourth century4 ,the author1 ,conrad von ,bolanden1#bb says in his preface that he intends it to be the first of a series of three illustrating the action of ,christianity on the ,german people3 the state in which it found them1 that to which it brought them1 and that to which he says they are likely to be reduced by modern infidelity4 ,the story--which is mainly put together from facts of the biography of ,st4 ,martin1 ,bishop of ,tours1 and from descriptions of ancient ,german life drawn from ,roman and ,german historians--is interesting as the record of a time utterly gone by1 and of a state of barbarism incident to the childhood of nations4 ,very nearly the same characteristics appear in the earliest chapters of the history of all uncivilized tribes1 and a special likeness can be traced between the ,teutons of the ninth century and the ,american ,indians of the sixteenth and seventeenth4 ,sprung from widely different races1 and experiencing the effects of ,christianity in a very different manner1 there is yet a striking likeness in some of the manners and customs1 the industries1 the opinions1 and the few moral axioms of both peoples with which ,christian missionaries have made us familiar4 ,the plot of the story is slight1 and has the advantage of not being confused and complicated1 as is the case in many modern novels4 ,st4 ,martin1 yet a deacon1 is travelling to ,strassburg with his servant ,eustace 7one of the best characters in the book71 and stumbles upon a sleeping barbarian1 whom he awakens from a bad nightmare by the strains of his harp or lyre4 ,he then asks of the gigantic ,german what is his errand1 and the ,buffalo 7such names were common among the ,teutons7 tells him that he is on his return from the famous grove of ,helygenforst1 where he had been sent by ,bissula1 the only daughter of the last king of the ,suevi1 to consult an oracle on the issue of a blood-feud between the two noble families of the ,walen and the ,billing4 ,she and her youngest brother ,hermanric are the only representatives left of the former family1 her father and her eleven brothers having all fallen victims to the enmity of the ,billing4 ,st4 ,martin remonstrates with the ,german 7a freedman of the ,suevi71 and tells him that the true ,god abhors blood-feuds1 and1 availing himself of the ,german belief in one ,supreme ,god1 the ,all-,father1 whose reign is to be made manifest after the end of the world and the destruction of the gods ,odin1 ,thor1 ,freya1 ,loki1 etc41 tells ,buffalo that he is the messenger of the ,all-,father1 and will save the last of the ,walen from their danger and dilemma4 ,the ,german1 by his word and his hand 7as was also the custom later in the vowing of feudal homage71 constitutes himself the ,muntwaldo1 or protector1 of the deacon1 and they set off to the land of the ,suevi4 ,eustace1 formerly a soldier under ,martin when the latter was a centurion1 strongly objects to this arrangement1 and grimly reiterates his certainty that nothing will ever transform the hopelessly barbaric ,germans4 ,on their way the party are attacked by four ,chatti1 a tribe opposed to the ,suevi1 and ,martin forbids ,buffalo to fight in his behalf1 saying that he will willingly go with the strangers1 but in six days will not fail to visit the ,suevi4 ,buffalo goes on his way1 and the two ,romans are taken to the village of ,duke ,fraomar1 the leader of the ,chatti4 ,here follows an interesting description of the dress and domestic arrangements of the early ,german tribes4 ,the duke is not an hereditary chieftain1 but a leader chosen by the tribe for his valor and strength1 who has collected round himself a personal following or guard1 a sort of freebooter's company--the original1 perhaps1 of the roving bands of 8,free ,companions0 who played such a conspicuous part in the wars of the middle ages4 ,the dress of the freemen of the tribe consisted mostly of skins and furs1 with the head of the animal1 whether buffalo1 stag1 wolf1 or bear1 drawn like a hood over the head1 and the front paws tied under the chin or crossed on the breast4 ,the women wore long1 rather tight-fitting garments of coarse linen1 with short sleeves and bands of gaudy colors sewed round the hem2 the feet were bare4 ,both men and women wore long hair2 it was a sign of free or noble birth1 and was plentifully greased with butter1 as were also1 on some occasions1 the bodies of the warriors4 ,the children and the slaves were for the most part naked or only provided with leathern aprons4 ,the house had but one apartment1 which served all purposes3 the fire was in the middle1 while to one side were bundles of straw and skins1 the primitive beds1 and to the other a slightly-raised platform1 the primitive table and chairs4 ,the men sat or lay on this and ate off their shields1 or sometimes off wooden platters4 ,the women served them at meals and filled the drinking-horns with beer and mead4 ,besides these horns1 human skulls--those of enemies slain in battle--were used as goblets1 and these1 together with the skulls of sacred horses and the horns of stags1 adorned the walls of the dwelling4 ,there was also generally a wooden chest1 clumsily fashioned1 containing the clothes of the family4 ,the women1 children1 and slaves ate round the hearth after their lords1 and while these were gambling with dice4 ,the passion of gambling seems to have been an inveterate one1 and a man would often stake his all1 including wife1 children1 and slaves--sometimes even himself4 ,if he lost1 he was reduced to the condition of a slave4 ,the walls of the house were black and glistening with the smoke of the mighty and continuous fires1 and there is no mention of even a hole in the roof as an outlet4 ,st4 ,martin and his servant are introduced into this wild interior just after the ,duke ,fraomar has been winning house1 lands1 slaves1 cattle1 and even his wife1 from a freeman of the 8hundred40 ,the strangers are made welcome and become the guests of the duke1 which implies that henceforth their persons are sacred1 as nothing was more shameful in the eyes of the ,germans than to break their word or infringe the rights of hospitality4 ,eustace1 however1 looks ruefully on the evidences of good-will tendered him in the shape of a kind of oat-broth1 seasoned with the primitive ,german preparation of salt1 which 7,pliny is responsible for the statement7 consisted of charcoal made of oak or hazel1 impregnated when hot with the water of salt springs2 the black morsels giving the same odor to the broth with which they were mixed4 ,duke ,fraomar1 who has a promise from ,odin's oracle to help him in a foray against the neighboring ,suevi1 provided he does not attack them before the 8ninth full moon10 is rather uneasy at having these strangers1 who are under the protection of his enemies1 brought to him1 in case anything untoward should happen to them1 and the ,suevi fall upon him to avenge them1 before the charmed time4 ,the next day one of the freemen takes the saint and his servant round the settlement2 and the author here introduces an account of the old ,german division of property in a 8hundred10 or community of one hundred freemen1 each possessing the same quantity of ground1 and each obliged to render military service to the head of the tribe4 ,the agricultural economy was by no means contemptible4 ,ploughed land and land overgrown with bushes alternated in lots1 and each was cultivated during six years1 then allowed to lie fallow six more4 ,manuring was unknown1 chiefly because the animal manure was used as a safe and warm covering to the earth caves where the grain was stored in winter1 and where not seldom the owner and his family also took refuge from the cold4 ,each freeman had his stables1 his slave-huts1 and his brewery1 the latter being generally a cave in a rock furnished with one or two mighty caldrons4 ,at the end of this inspection of the 8hundred0 7such a division exists still in ,england1 though far enough in spirit from the ideal of the free ,teutons7 the strangers come upon a terrible scene of cruelty and superstition4 ,the 8journey to ,walhalla0 was the poetical title given to the immolation of aged and wealthy persons of both sexes1 who1 instead of being allowed to die a natural death1 were1 according to the ancient custom1 first killed and then burned with their possessions1 with an accompaniment of religious ceremonies4 ,a pile of wood was raised1 and the victims1 stupefied with beer1 laid thereon1 with one or two slaves who were to wait upon them in the halls of ,odin2 for the ,germans believed that no one who died a natural death went to ,walhalla1 but endured torments and shame in hell4 ,men and women1 therefore1 willingly allowed themselves to be killed1 and often committed suicide as another means of reaching ,walhalla4 ,on this occasion two old men and a woman were to be immolated4 ,a ludicrous dispute occurs here between one of the men and his son1 who grudges him two slaves as his servants in ,odin's hall1 whereupon the father announces his determination to live rather than go to the other world with so paltry a following4 ,this settles the question1 and the son gives up the second slave4 ,a great deal of drinking and a sacred chant by the priest of ,odin precede the butchery1 and the victims are each killed by one blow of 8,thor's hammer10 wielded by a freeman deputed to this office by the heathen priest4 ,the worst part follows4 ,just as the pile has been set on fire an infant is thrown on1 the child of the woman whom the duke won the night before at dice4 ,the indifference of the mother at the order for this barbarous execution seems to us rather overdrawn4 ,human nature is human nature the world over2 and if there is one feeling more obstinately ineradicable than any other1 it is the feeling of a mother for her child--or1 say1 in the very lowest possible scale of civilization1 of a female for her young4 ,even though infanticide is common among most heathen nations1 and was certainly not unknown among the early ,germans1 it is rather an exaggeration on the part of the author to represent the mother herself in this case as utterly and absolutely indifferent to the child's fate4 ,while their guide is busy drinking among the spectators of this scene1 ,martin and ,eustace penetrate the sacred grove1 round which is drawn a cord1 which no ,german would have passed with unbound hands4 ,unknowing of this custom1 the strangers enter the wood and gaze on the human skulls and skeletons1 the bloody skins and the sacred horse-skulls1 hung on the branches of the trees4 ,the priest soon discovers their presence in the holy grove1 and threatens to kill them on the spot1 but is restrained by the duke's messenger1 their guide4 ,he afterwards goes to the duke and demands that the law shall be carried out1 which1 for such a sacrilege1 decrees that the profaner of the holy grove should lose his right hand and his left foot4 ,fraomar1 thinking of his plan for attacking the ,suevi at the ninth moon1 and not before1 hesitates to consent to the priest's demand and seeks to protect his guests4 ,meanwhile1 the story goes on to follow ,buffalo to the house of the ,walen princess ,bissula1 who1 though a heathen1 has been in ,gaul and had some intercourse with the ,romans and a ,german ,christian sovereign family called the ,tribboki4 ,her dress and dwelling are described as much embellished by ,roman arts and many degrees removed from the ancient ,german simplicity4 ,but1 though outwardly less a ,german1 she is at heart an uncompromising adherent of the old customs of her fathers1 particularly of the blood-feud4 ,she lives for the sole purpose of avenging the death of her father and brothers2 and1 indeed1 her stern determination is the only circumstance of the book which can be called a 8plot40 ,withimer1 the son of the king of the ,tribboki1 is her lover and her suitor1 and comes to her house to offer himself as her husband4 ,he is a ,christian and hopes to convert her also1 but the terrible blood-feud stands between them4 ,she loves him as passionately as he loves her1 but refuses to marry him unless he will swear to take upon himself the duty of revenge against her enemies1 the ,billing4 ,this1 as a ,christian1 he cannot do1 and hence ensues a hard struggle between his love and his conscience1 in which the 8baptized heathen10 as the author calls him1 very nearly breaks down and forswears the faith4 ,bissula1 on her side1 is still more determined1 and once even attempts suicide by throwing herself in the way of a wild beast while out hunting1 saying1 as she does so1 that she can more easily give up her life than her love1 but that her honor is yet dearer to her than her love4 ,various devices are resorted to by ,katuwald1 the young chief of the ,billing1 the hostile family1 to end the blood-feud by marrying ,bissula1 with whom he is in love2 and the author now introduces the 8,thing10 or assembly of the people1 the primeval parliament4 ,this took place in a circle surrounded by trees1 on which the freemen hung their shields and helmets4 ,a rock1 sacred as a kind of tribunal1 stood in the centre1 and round this stone benches were ranged1 on which sat the representatives of the several hundreds4 ,the oracle which ,buffalo had been sent to consult had returned the answer1 8,let the ,thing judge the cause10 the priest who represented the deity having been bribed by the ,billing prince to send this answer4 ,bissula1 with her lover1 appears at the assembly2 but before their coming a lesser court of justice is held for the adjustment of local claims1 which gives us an opportunity of reviewing some curious customs of the ancient ,germans4 ,for instance1 the value of human life in the case of a slave is shown in two 8cases0 which come up for arbitration4 ,a slave--but the son of a free father1 and a freeman himself by birth--secretly marries a freewoman1 and1 on her father's discovering the connection1 the choice is given her of killing her husband with her own hand or of being herself degraded to slavery4 ,a sword and a distaff were offered her2 if she chose the former1 she was free1 but was forced to plunge it in the man's breast2 if the latter1 she became a slave4 ,there were two other possible means of settling the question3 the father had the right to kill her1 and the owner of the slave might give him his freedom4 ,in the case in point this last was the happy solution of the problem4 ,another difficulty arose in the case of damages claimed by a freeman whose neighbor's tame stag1 trained for hunting purposes1 had broken into his fields1 killed a dozen head of cattle and two slaves1 in return for which he himself had shot the stag4 ,the latter was declared by law to be of a greater value than the two slaves1 and a fixed rate of compensation was adjudged1 which completely satisfied both parties4 ,from a heathen point of view1 considering that both men and stags were 8chattels10 it cannot be wondered at that the latter were thought most valuable2 for the market was over-stocked with slaves1 who might be had any day during a foray1 while 8domestic0 stags were very hard to train1 and required to be taught some years before they could be of any use to their owners4 ,when ,bissula makes her appearance1 the gathering of the people resolves itself into a 8,thing10 and she and her enemies1 the five sons of the noble ,billing ,brenno1 take their place by the rock4 ,hermanric's absence causes some wonder and annoyance1 but ,marcomir1 the umpire1 nevertheless begins the session4 ,katuwald boldly proposes to end the feud by marrying ,bissula1 who openly and contemptuously refuses his suit1 whereupon a great tumult arises and ,hermanric rides into the circle1 a bloody head dangling at his saddle-bow4 ,he recounts his exploit--how he1 though not yet invested with a man's weapons 7as the rule was to entrust neither sword nor spear to a youth under nineteen71 forced the aged ,brenno1 who had stayed at home1 to fight him in single combat1 the ,billing armed with sword and shield1 and himself only with a club4 ,the trembling slave who follows him corroborates his story1 and ,katuwald1 already sore from ,bissula's proud refusal of his love1 looks upon the youth with a significant and angry eye1 and at last leaves the council1 having publicly asked to be told the law of compensation for carrying off another man's wife or betrothed4 ,affairs stand thus with the ,suevi1 while the story returns to ,martin in the hands of the ,chatti4 ,an assembly of the freemen of this tribe is held to discuss the question raised by the priest1 as to ,martin's punishment for invading the sacred grove4 ,this takes place the same day that ,buffalo goes in quest of his friend1 and he arrives in time to be present at the gathering4 ,duke ,fraomar is anxious to save the strangers--not for their own sakes1 but for fear of precipitating the attack on the ,suevi before the propitious time appointed by the oracle4 ,at last ,martin proposes an ordeal such as1 since the days of ,elijah1 has often been resorted to to decide rival claims to truth4 ,a few chosen representatives are to accompany him and the priest to the shrine of the heathen gods in the forest1 and the ,christian and the priest are both to call upon their gods to show themselves4 ,here follows a description of the shrine--a building of wood beneath a gigantic oak-tree4 ,within are kept 8,thor's hammer0 and 8,tyr's sword10 and the car of the goddess ,hertha1 the ,cybele of ,teutonic mythology1 or simply the ,earth-mother4 ,into this car she was at times supposed to descend1 when a yoke of cows was harnessed to it1 and it was covered with a white cloth1 and thus drawn solemnly through the 8hundred40 ,after these processions1 the car and cloth were washed by slaves in a pond1 into which the latter were afterwards thrown and drowned4 ,the statue or figure of the goddess was erected in a huge crack of the sacred tree1 and her grim1 enormous head1 with staring eyes and yawning mouth1 black with clotted blood1 crowned a clumsily-carved block1 without either arms or legs4#bc ,horse-skulls and white horse-skins 7the priest was also clad in such skins71 human skulls and skeletons1 dogs' heads and skins of wild beasts1 hung from the branches of the sacred tree1 which might have sheltered a regiment4 ,near the sacred car stood a stone altar encrusted with blood4 ,the priest carefully placed the ,christian stranger within easy reach of his arm1 and distributed the others1 the duke1 the ,sueve ,buffalo1 and the wise men of the hundred1 where they could not see his movements4 ,after his prayer1 he was preparing to swing the hammer so as to reach the saint's head1 when ,buffalo1 suspecting foul play1 stole quietly forward and called to ,martin to shift his position4 ,martin simply bade his companions1 who1 like himself1 had their hands securely bound1 rise up and lift their hands free from the cords4 ,the fastenings fell off and the heathens stood in awe1 waiting for his words4 ,this1 says the author1 is word for word from ,st4 ,martin's biographer1 ,sulpicius ,severus4 ,then came a crashing noise1 and the lightning fell on the priest1 killing him instantly1 while the mighty tree was rent in pieces and fell to the earth1 carrying in its fall the idol1 temple1 altar1 and car1 which disappeared under its burning branches4 ,with awe and terror ,fraomar and the ,chatti besought the stranger1 as a terrible magician1 to leave them and not work them any more mischief4 ,the saint sorrowfully complies1 grieving that the true ,god had not yet conquered their hearts1 though his might had been shown in such a way1 and goes his way with ,buffalo to the ,suevian settlement4 ,here he takes up his abode in a cave1 in front of which is a spring called ,odin's ,spring1 and in which the ,germans bathe their new-born children and give them names4 ,meanwhile1 ,withimer1 the ,christian1 struggles with his love1 and ,bissula1 the proud1 beautiful heathen princess1 still refuses to marry him unless he will undertake the duty of avenging her murdered father and brothers4 ,st4 ,martin reasons with both1 and at last prevails with the former to give up his love for the sake of his conscience2 but having painted the evils of ingratitude to ,god and of eternal damnation in vain1 he at last conquers the youth by reminding him that1 as a ,german1 it would be an indelible disgrace to him to forswear himself by breaking his baptismal vows4 ,bissula mourns his sudden departure1 which she attributes to a messenger having recalled him during her absence1 and turns her attention to preserving her last remaining brother from the hatred of the ,billing4 ,this she does by resorting to the charms of the ,abruna woman ,velleda1 a priestess said to be hundreds of years old1 and to possess marvellous powers1 as ,circe of old1 to change men into stones1 trees1 and animals4 ,she is1 however1 not a witch1 but the enemy of witches2 and here follows a terrible account of the cruelties and absurdities to which the belief in witches led in those times1 and1 indeed1 in all times4 ,chteaubriand's#bd beautiful ,gallic ,velleda is a very different character from this hideous old hag of the ,black ,forest4 ,though not a witch1 she has1 in ,bolanden's book1 all the conventional 8properties0 of one in the shape of a talking raven and two snakes entwined round her neck and arms4 ,she promises ,katuwald to give ,bissula a love-drink1 to turn her heart from ,withimer to himself2 and by a charm1 consisting of a piece of skin inscribed with mystic characters1 she promises to ,hermanric invulnerability against 8sword and spear40 ,st4 ,martin1 in the meanwhile1 has managed to gather an audience of children1 whom he instructs in the truths of ,christianity and teaches to behave according to ,christian morality1 not forgetting also to induce them to clothe and wash themselves regularly every day4 ,some of the parents also join his catechumens1 but the greater part still look upon him as an impious contemner of the gods and a powerful magician ,the priest of this 8hundred0 once tries to entrap him at the head of a crowd of infuriated ,germans1 but the saint mildly and logically drives him into contradictions which are evident even to his unlearned hearers4 ,on this occasion the two accounts of the creation1 the ,biblical and the ,teutonic1 are set side by side4 ,the defeated priest retires1 but only to plot further mischief2 and the scene changes to a ,german wedding1 which forms a very interesting chapter4 ,girls of an age and willing to be married usually wore several little bells in their girdle1 and it was allowed to any freeman to carry them off1 provided he afterwards loyally paid the stipulated price--two fat oxen1 a caparisoned horse1 two slaves1 a sword1 a spear1 and a shield--to the bride's father4 ,the bridegroom's dress was that usually worn by freemen on state occasions1 and of course the full complement of weapons was indispensable4 ,falk1 the bridegroom1 is represented as wearing a magnificent bear-skin1 with the head drawn over his own as a hood4 ,the bride1 besides her linen tunic or undergarment2 wore also a cloak of ,roman manufacture and of gaudy colors4 ,the whole kindred of the bridegroom accompanied him with horns1 pipes1 and a kind of cymbals to his father-in-law's house1 and the oxen1 etc41 were led by the slaves4 ,the father performed the ceremony1 and ,falk swore by 8sword and spear0 to hold his wife in all honor and truth4 ,the father put a ring on the bride's finger and bade her remember that1 although her husband would be allowed by ancient custom to take other wives if he pleased1 she herself would nevertheless be bound to the most unswerving fidelity2 and1 giving her two yoked oxen as a wedding present1 told her that as these two drew one car1 so husband and wife were bound to share and carry together the burdens of life4#be ,the shrill music of the horns and clashing together of weapons accompanied the approving hurrahs of the two families1 and ,falk now led his wife home4 ,from the door of his house hung a naked sword--the 8marriage sword0--a warning of the doom that follows the least infidelity2 and on going in the bridegroom led the bride three times round the hearth1 saying3 8,here shalt thou stay and watch as housemistress in chastity1 prudence1 and industry40 ,a free-woman of the husband's kindred then brought a bowl of water and washed the bride's feet1 after which the bride's father dipped a linden-branch in the same water and sprinkled the bed1 the domestic utensils1 and the relations of the bridegroom4 ,a wooden platter full of honey was then handed to him1 and1 as he anointed the bride's mouth with honey1 he said these words3 8,let thy mouth always speak sweet words to thy husband1 but no bitter ones40 ,after this ceremony the bride's head was wrapped in a cloth1 and she was led to the closed door of the dwelling1 and in succession to those of the stables1 the grain-store1 and the slave-huts1 each of which she struck with her right foot1 while the women showered handfuls of wheat1 oats1 barley1 and beans on her head1 during which rite the father said to her3 8,as long as thou governest thy house with industry1 so long shalt thou not lack the fruits of the earth40 ,falk now took the cloth off his wife's head and kissed her1 and all the family followed with their congratulations4 ,the expected presence of ,bissula at the banquet had led to a departure from the ordinary ,german usage1 and a table had been prepared for such as would sit at it during the bridal feast4 ,the king's daughter1 when she came1 brought a much-valued present1 one which ,german housewives of the present day rate as highly as their gigantic ancestresses of the days of old--a store of home-spun linen4 ,after the banquet1 a wild dance was performed in honor of the young couple4 ,tacitus gives an account of it3 ,the young men assembled in a crooked double line1 half of them holding naked swords and the other half spears1 held forward1 crossing each other4 ,four or five youths1 entirely naked1 now began a skilful dance1 threading their way with incredible quickness between the shining weapons4 ,the ,scotch sword-dance is thought sufficiently clever nowadays1 but what is it compared to the real danger1 and the opportunity of showing dexterity as well as courage1 which this ancient ,german custom offered8 ,this game was accompanied by the shrill blast of horns and pipes and the hoarse shouting of the excited spectators4 ,another drinking bout followed this exploit1 when1 as the day began to fade1 the priestess ,velleda made her appearance4 ,and now a natural phenomenon was added to the strange scene--a partial eclipse of the moon1 which the ,germans explained as the struggle between the moon and the giant wolf ,managarm1 a half-divine creature1 who feeds on the bodies of the dead and now and then hunts and pursues the heavenly bodies4 ,as the shadow grew less and the moon's light broke forth again1 the guests clamored and clashed their arms together1 crying out1 8,the moon wins6 the moon wins60 as if encouraging human combatants4 ,during this confusion ,katuwald1 the ,billing chief1 emboldened by the love-potion which ,velleda has given ,bissula to drink1 attempts to carry her off2 but the maiden1 strong as the women of giant growth of old ,germany ever were1 wrestles with him and overcomes him1 bearing him in her arms into the midst of the assembled guests4 ,most of the authorities quoted by ,bolanden go to confirm the facts of the extraordinary strength of the women of that time1 their stature of six and often seven feet1 and of the custom prevalent among the ,germans of teaching young girls to wrestle and throw the spear like the men4 ,the next scene of primitive life in the ,black ,forest is the doom of the adulteress1 a wretched1 guilty woman being driven naked through the 8hundred10 pursued by all the free-women1 each armed with long whips and small knives4 ,this was the common punishment decreed for such offences4 ,a human sacrifice to the gods of ,walhalla is also portrayed in vivid colors3 the ,chatti immolate a slave and two oxen as a propitiatory offering before their foray against the ,suevi2 and one more example of ,german manners and customs is afforded by the funeral of ,hermanric1 ,bissula's brother1 whom the ,billing ,katuwald has slain with an arrow4 ,this is gorgeously described3 the car1 drawn by six horses1 contained the corpse and was adorned with endless plate1 jewels1 rare stuffs1 and articles of ,roman workmanship of great value2 the horses' heads were wreathed in oak and ash garlands2 three fully caparisoned horses and eight gorgeously-arrayed slaves1 the special servants and companions of the deceased1 followed the car and were destined to be struck dead and burned with their master4 ,marcomir1 the umpire1 pronounced a funeral oration1 and the priest's deputy had lifted the sacred hammer to kill the first slave1 when a strange whirlwind began to shake the forest around the funeral pile4 ,trees were uprooted1 the wind tore and howled through the branches1 thunder and lightning added their terrors1 and the ,suevi stood rooted to the ground in awe and amazement4 ,st4 ,martin is seen in the distance advancing towards them at a miraculously quick pace1 and as he comes nearer the storm-cloud is just seen passing away1 while the sun breaks forth again4 ,the cry of 8,the sorcerer60 is raised1 but ,buffalo cries out1 8,he is no sorcerer1 but a holy man10 and1 breathless1 they all watch the saint4 ,here the author again draws on ,sulpicius ,severus for a signal miracle--nothing short of a raising from the dead4 ,st4 ,martin commands the dead ,hermanric to arise and live2 the youth starts up and clings to the saint's mantle1 while the bystanders are dumb with fear and awe4 ,he comes forth1 and1 mounting one of his horses1 seats his deliverer on another and rides away with him1 bidding his sister believe in the almighty and only ,god of the ,christians1 and telling his slaves that as they were to have followed him into ,walhalla1 so he expects them the next day at the saint's abode1 to follow him in the new way of life he has at last discovered4 ,the end is easy to see3 ,bissula becomes a ,christian1 renounces her hatred against the ,billing1 and receives baptism with hundreds of her relations and slaves1 to all the latter of whom she and her brother give their freedom and certain necessary possessions--in fact1 almost portioning out their estate between them4 ,bissula then marries ,withimer1 and they spend their lives in trying to spread the light of the ,gospel among their fellow-countrymen1 while ,hermanric follows ,st4 ,martin and becomes a monk in one of the first ,frankish monasteries4 ,among the most natural characters in the book are ,eustace and ,buffalo1 who delight the reader with their various shrewd sayings and their dog-like fidelity to ,st4 ,martin4 ,one or two curious facts have an incidental place in the story2 for instance1 the derivation of the modern ,german word for grandson--,enkel--vouched for by ,simrock1 and which is a survival of the old custom of reckoning the two nearest degrees of relationship by the two joints of the leg2 the knee signifying the son1 and the ankle the grandson4 ,a very good point is also made in ,withimer's spiritual probation1 his penance in the cave with ,st4 ,martin1 and his meekly submitting1 after a terrible struggle with his own pride and passions1 to receive a scourging from the saint1 and to cut off his golden1 flowing hair1 the outward badge of his sovereignty4 ,his victory over himself and his true humility are very beautiful4 ,in the baptism scene it is interesting to be reminded of the old formula of the questions addressed to the catechumens1 of which the following are specimens3 8,forsachis renouncest tu diabol8 ''' ,end ec and ,i for sacho allum diaboles workum works en wordum words ,thunaer ende woten ende and allein them unholdum unclean the ira genotes companions sint4''' ,gelobis tu believest thou in got alamehtigan ,almighty ,fadaer ,father80 ,we meant to have spoken more at length of the mythology of the ,teutonic races1 but have no space for the subject4 ,the authorities ,bolanden has followed are ,tacitus1 ,grimm1 and ,arnkiel4 ,concerning history1 manners1 and customs he quotes ,julius ,csar1 ,tacitus1 ,procopius1 ,strabo1 ,pliny1 ,schmidt1 ,simrock1 ,wirth1 ,heber1 ,cant1 ,ozanam1 and ,arnkiel4 ,for the traditions of ,st4 ,martin's life ,sulpicius ,severus1 his deacon1 friend1 and biographer1 is the authority4 ,we should like to give an example of the poetry of the ancient ,germans2 but as the ,nibelungenlied is accessible to every scholar and widely known even to the ordinary reading public1 no specimen of inferior war-hymns would be worth drawing attention to4 ,we will conclude by a beautiful description of the simplicity and humble appearance of a holy bishop of the fourth century1 ,justinus of ,strassburg1 and who1 as well as ,st4 ,martin1 had a high opinion of the grand 8raw material10 ready to the hand of ,christian workers1 in the brave1 truthful1 loyal1 hospitable1 even if cruel and uncivilized1 ,germans of the 8forest primeval40 ,bolanden says3 8,the simplicity of the bishop reminded one of the apostolic age4 ,he bore no outward sign of his high rank1 and his only garments were two tunics of white wool1 one long with long sleeves1 and another1 sleeveless and short1 over it1 while over all hung a cloak of ,roman make4 ,his feet were shod with sandals4 ,his black beard hung low over his breast1 while a ring of whitening hair encircled his bald head4 ,his features were thin1 as if with fasting and mortification1 his glance calm1 and his demeanor humble2 while his hands1 used to toil1 were extraordinarily strong1 for he followed the example of ,st4 ,paul1 who refused to be a burden upon any one4''' ,for precisely the most pious and holy of the bishops of the ,frankish country gave themselves to manual labor1 to give a good example to the ,franks1 who shrank from work as from a shameful occupation1''' and this1 too1 by no means to the prejudice of the vineyard of the ,lord4 ,on the contrary1 those self-denying men1 indifferent to life1 seeking no earthly honors or distinctions1 thinking only of the service of ,god1 were the pillars of the church and the most fruitful signs of her progress4 ,neither did they acknowledge the golden fetters of kings1 which hinder the working of ,christ's messengers4 ,they were free in their sacred ministry1 and ,god's protection accompanied them in their hallowed work40 ,bolanden's book has1 of course1 an arrire-pense1 which is so evident through the story that it rather spoils the mere literary value of the book1 as 8a purpose0 more or less cramps any literary production4 ,but1 as a clever contemporary says1 8,in the hot theological controversies of the present day it is hard to treat any subject1 even remotely connected with ecclesiastical history1 without betraying a #8tendency4'0 ,bolanden is outspoken enough as to his1 which has for object the present ,prussian laws against religious freedom4 ,but we think we may safely say that the first book of the series will be the most original and interesting1 illustrating as it does a period so little known and not yet become1 like the middle ages1 the hackneyed theme of every novelist1 from first to fifth rate1 of every civilized and literary ,european nationality4 #bb ,conrad von ,bolanden1 a brief sketch of whose life has already appeared in these pages1 requires no introduction to the readers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 who will know him best as the author of ,the ,progressionists1 ,angela1 ,the ,trowel or the ,cross1 etc4 #bc ,this reminds one of the ,aztec war-god ,quatzacoatl4 #bd ,les ,martyrs1 ,chteaubriand4 #be ,tacitus1 ,germania4 ,,sacerdos ,,alter ,,christus4#bf ,the priest1 8another ,christ0 is he1 ,and plights the church his marriage-vows2 ,thenceforth in every soul to see ,a daughter1 sister1 spouse4 ,then let him wear the triple cord ,of father's1 brother's1 husband's care2 ,in this partaking with his ,lord ,what angels cannot share4 ,o sweet new love6 ,o strong new wine6 ,o taste of ,pentecostal fire6 ,inebriate me1 draught divine1 ,with ,calvary's desire6 8,i thirst60 ,he cried4 ,the dregs were drained3 ,but still 8,i thirst60 his dying cry4 ,while one ungarnered soul remained1 ,the cup too soon was dry4 ,and shall not ,i be crucified8 ,what though the fiends1 when all is done1 ,make darkness round me1 and deride ,that not a soul is won8 ,god reaps from very loss a gain1 ,and darkness here is light above4 ,nor ever did and died in vain ,who did and died for love4 #ahga #bf ,st4 ,bernard4 ,,labor ,,in ,,europe ,,and ,,america4#bg ,there was a time1 not far distant1 when men thought they had found in the ,united ,states of ,america the sovereignty of labor4 ,it was the boast of its people that there were no ,american paupers4 ,the working classes looked with something like contempt upon the condition of their fellow-laborers in ,europe4 ,here was the land where every man's independence rested in his own hands and his willingness to labor4 ,no day should come when an honest day's work would not earn1 not bread alone1 but a home--an ,american home4 ,this was the time when the followers of ,boone were disclosing to wondering eyes the virgin richness of the ,ohio and ,mississippi valleys2 when1 later1 adventurous spirits led the way over the ,rocky ,mountains to a new western empire2 when1 close succeeding1 ,california opened its ,aladdin's caves1 not to the lash of kings or tyrants over toiling slaves1 but to the picks and pans of free labor4 ,yes1 here at last was found what the poets and philosophers of ,greece and ,rome had only dreamed of--the ideal commonwealth1 a golden age4 ,thus had a free republic1 established in the richest and grandest territory the sun shone on1 conquered at last the problem of ages1 and labor stood the peer of capital--nay1 aspired to be its master4 ,it was claimed not only that a particular form of government had achieved those economic results1 but that it was capable of maintaining them indefinitely4 ,politics bade defiance to political economy4 ,is this state of things true of to-day8 ,in part1 yes1 it may be answered4 ,looking at the comparative independence and comfort of the great masses of the working classes of this country1 noting that intelligent zeal for personal liberty which pervades them1 much reason for congratulation still remains4 ,but the pressure of those social conditions affecting labor in other countries is beginning to be seriously felt4 ,the reserve forces of capital are coming up4 ,the 8salad days0 of the nation are over4 ,it has grown to manhood1 and1 growing thus1 has met the harsh experiences inseparable from national as from individual life4 ,it begins to feel the burdens of maturity1 and to be harassed by its anxieties4 ,labor has met war1 its wild fever1 its deadly collapse2 labor has met debt1 the second and costlier price of war1 sucking out the life-blood after the wounds of battle have been stanched2 and1 lastly1 labor has met capital1 which1 like one of those genii described in the ,arabian tales1 rises portentous to its full strength and stature out of the smoke of war and the shadow of debt4 ,these two forces1 labor and capital--which1 to borrow an image from the ancient myths1 or ,necessitas seems to have linked together in iron bonds--mutually hostile yet inseparable co-laborers in the work of human progress1 are preparing to try their strength in the ,new ,world as they have done in the ,old4 ,the first murmurs of that contest which it was deemed republican institutions could for ever avert are plainly heard4 ,daily observation shows that the laws governing the accumulation of wealth elsewhere--increase stimulating increase in a geometrical ratio--are not suspended here4 8,the rich are growing richer1 the poor poorer40 ,any of the great daily newspapers need only to be looked at from week to week and month to month to find the growing record of strikes1 the agitation of labor1 the increase of pauperism4 ,the glory of the country1 its greatest source of prosperity1 has had in it an element of weakness4 ,that rich and wide domain1 which invited immigration1 postponed1 but has not been able eventually to stay1 the aggregation of surplus labor--especially on the two seaboards--which everywhere becomes the bond-slave of capital1 and fights its battles against free labor4 ,in a word1 politics1 the barriers of merely political pronunciamientos1 have yielded in the ,united ,states1 as elsewhere1 to those primal laws of supply and demand which govern the wages of labor4 ,we are assimilating to the economic conditions of ,europe4 ,a revolution has taken place during the course of the last quarter of a century in the industrial features of this country4 ,the flux and reflux both of labor and capital between ,america and ,europe are instant and inevitable4 ,henceforward the contest between them will be fought out on the old conditions1 little or not at all affected by political or--what is the same thing--sentimental considerations4 ,here1 then1 is a problem for the statesmen of this age widely differing from that which engaged the attention of the fathers of the ,constitution1 yet like it in this3 that the successful solution of each aims at the amelioration of the condition of mankind4 ,one was political2 the other is1 and will be1 social1 and may be regarded as a sequel to1 and complement of1 the first4 ,must we sink into the old ruts along which labor has slowly and painfully dragged its burdens for ages in ,europe8 ,is there no help for this ,sisyphus8 ,must the stone roll down the hill again1 after having mounted so near the top8 ,or is it possible that the light which the founders of this republic set up as a beacon for the political regeneration of mankind one hundred years ago may be rekindled in the same land in a succeeding age to lead the way to the regeneration of labor8 ,it is a task for the highest1 the most ,christian1 the most ,catholic statesmanship4 ,the church1 faithful to its great rle of emancipator or manumitter1 which it took up1 in advance of the age1 in the darkest eclipse of the declension of the ,roman ,empire1 and has never since abandoned1 will be found again in the van of this movement4 ,labor and capital1 which1 left to themselves1 would rend each other1 may find in its arbitrament a truce--peace--harmonious working4 ,is the hope that this republic shall be the first to utter to ,europe and the world some grand maxims in social economy1 as one hundred years ago it did in politics1 chimerical8 ,by its realization we shall be able to avert from this country the atheistic commune which is threatening to ravage ,europe1 or to meet it and defeat it should it come4 ,wise action must be the result of good information4 ,such a work1 therefore1 as this of ,dr4 ,young's on ,labor in ,europe and ,america is a valuable auxiliary to those who like to know what they have to deal with before moving in any matter4 ,it is a bulky volume of over eight hundred pages octavo of closely-printed matter2 but it is not so appalling as it looks1 the number of countries surveyed and the diversity of the conditions of labor presented making it interesting even to the general reader4 ,dr4 ,young's position as chief of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,statistics has given him exceptional advantages and facilities for obtaining information in the preparation of such a work1 and it is fair to say that he appears to have availed himself of them with great industry and ability4 ,it is1 in fact1 the work of a specialist who is devoted to his subject1 and is therefore prim facie worthy of attentive consideration4 ,nor does it fail in great part to make good its pretensions4 ,yet it has all the faults of the current works of the infant science of statistics4 ,it jams everything into columns of tabular statements1 and seeks to draw infallible averages and wide-sweeping deductions from them which cannot be always sustained on closer scrutiny4 ,observation is everywhere too limited1 the conditions of society and of individual existence and labor too minutely diversified and shifting1 to be toted up like a sum in addition by a calculating machine4 ,were we to listen to the statisticians1 however1 we would displace the ,pope and put them in his chair4 ,they would feel quite at ease there1 and the infallibility they shake their heads at in ,pio ,nono would fit them to a charm4 ,like the jailer in ,monte ,christo1 they would blot out all individuality and number every one and everything #a1 #b1 #c4 ,but man is too stubbornly self-willed ever to be made the term of an equation4 ,how different1 how inferior1 such a work as this1 for instance1 of ,dr4 ,young's--comprehensive and well digested as it truly is--to any one of his great namesake's in the last century1 ,arthur ,young1 who1 more justly than ,m4 ,adolphe ,quetelet1 deserves the title of the 8father of modern statistics40 ,one is like the ,turkey carpet that ,macaulay speaks of in his criticism on ,montgomery1 which contains indeed all the colors that are to be found in a masterpiece of painting1 but is fit only for its own uses2 the other is a picture instinct with life4 ,the old method of personal1 detailed1 and necessarily limited observation1 while it excelled in picturesqueness1 gave at the same time solid1 accurate1 special information which the hasty generalizations of the present day too often miss4 ,the latter confuse the mind by their immense array of figures4 ,again1 ,dr4 ,young has given1 we think1 a disproportionate share of attention to ,europe1 ,asia1 and even ,africa--occupying in all over seven hundred pages with his account of labor in those countries1 while he handles the subject in the ,united ,states and ,canada in just one hundred pages4 ,his explanation is that his work is intended chiefly for circulation in the ,united ,states1 but this explanation is unsatisfactory4 ,his long introductory history of labor from the remotest times1 compiled1 as it plainly is1 from the works of ,european scholars within everybody's reach1 and his view1 chiefly at second hand1 from the reports of ,american consuls1 of the state of labor in ,europe1 are manifestly inferior1 both in interest and authority1 to the copious original works of the statisticians of particular foreign countries2 while his history of ,american labor and presentation of its existing conditions1 which ought to have given its real value to his work1 are extremely meagre and superficial4 ,his own tour through the manufacturing centres of ,england and the ,continent appears from his statements to have been of too flying a nature to yield any very authoritative results4 ,but we wish it to be distinctly understood that while the plan of ,dr4 ,young's work1 and1 in some respects1 its execution1 appear to us defective1 we are by no means disposed to undervalue the great utility of what he has accomplished in thus presenting to the ,american reader in compact form a survey of the history of labor down to our own times4 ,it is only from a study of the subject in its widest aspects that an intelligent comprehension of the factors of the problems before us in ,america can be arrived at4 ,dr4 ,young begins by a review of the origin of slavery and gradual development of wage labor1 following its thread through the rise and decline of the ancient empires of ,egypt1 ,greece1 and ,rome4 ,the conquest and carrying off of alien races for the uses of manual labor1 while their conquerors followed the profession of arms1 was the most fruitful source of slavery in ancient times4 ,this species of slavery is still found in ,africa4 ,it was long ago extinguished in ,europe4 ,it was crippled in ,america by the suppression of the slave trade1 and has finally disappeared in the ,united ,states by the emancipation of the negro race4 ,on the other hand1 we have never had in this country the predial slavery which is bound to the soil and digs the ground it originally sprang from1 of which the last great example is vanishing from ,russia under the benignant edicts of ,alexander ,,ii4 ,but there is no doubt that that form would have developed itself in the ,united ,states from negro slavery if the distinction of color could have been annihilated4 ,it was already tending in that direction when the war intervened4 ,we must pass over ,dr4 ,young's account of labor under the feudal system1 but we cannot help noting the prejudice he seems to share with the vulgar against the monks4 ,to read his pages1 one would necessarily be led to infer that the clergy were among the worst oppressors of the poor2 that they ground their unhappy serfs1 and were the allies of the nobles and military commanders in keeping down the working classes4 ,that all this farrago of calumny is directly the reverse of the truth is now so universally admitted by students of those ages that it is needless to enter into the question1 nor would our space permit us to do so4 ,it will suffice to quote ,hallam1 who1 while opposed to the principles upon which monasteries are founded1 calls those of the middle ages 8green spots in the wilderness where the feeble and the persecuted could find refuge40#bh ,and again1 speaking of the devastation of immense tracts by war1 he says3 8,we owe the agricultural restoration of the great part of ,europe to the monks40#bi ,it is singular that such testimony is omitted by ,dr4 ,young4 ,it would be still more singular if it had escaped his observation4 ,his admissions are as ridiculous as his omissions4 ,in a foot-note of a single line1 which is lost in the midst of two chapters on the subject1 he says3 8,it is admitted that the abbots were most indulgent landlords40 ,this is as if a writer on the woollen manufacture of the present day should devote a hundred pages to the knitting-needles of the old women in our country towns1 and inform his readers in a one-line footnote3 8,steam machinery was also used in this age in the manufacture of woollens40 ,the monastery was as distinctively the economic feature of the civilization of the middle ages as the steam-engine is of our times4 ,each played the same part in its development4 ,it is just as easy to be blind to one as to the other4 ,passing over the period included between ,elizabeth and ,george ,,iii41 and the early days of what ,dr4 ,young aptly terms the 8era of machinery10 we come down to the consideration of the organization and prices of labor1 the rates of wages and cost of subsistence1 and the habits of the working classes in ,england at the present day4 ,these are fruitful themes1 and are treated of in detail4 ,we will endeavor to present a few items of comparison1 from the statistics given in connection with them1 with those afforded later in the case of the ,united ,states4 ,what we have said about the change that has taken place in the conditions of labor in the ,united ,states is shown by ,dr4 ,young's account of the trades-unions of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,instead of1 as formerly1 maintaining their position on a totally different and higher plane than ,european workmen1 ,american mechanics now take the law1 in many cases1 from ,english organizations4 ,for instance1 the 8,amalgamated ,society of ,engineers10 a union including machinists1 millwrights1 smiths1 and pattern-makers1 and numbering at the close of #ahgd about #de1jjj members1 had #cj branches in the ,united ,states at the end of #ahgc1 with an aggregate membership of #a1dje4 ,these branches were spread over every manufacturing city of the first or second class in the ,union4 ,five branches were established in ,canada4 ,some idea of the power of such a society1 apart from its mere roll of membership1 may be gathered from its annual statements of the account of its accumulated fund4 ,its balance on hand at the close of #ahgc amounted to #bjj1ibc #as4 #f;d4 ,its expenditure during the same year amounted to #fg1aii #ags41 #e;d41 including such items as telegrams1 banking expenses1 delegations1 grants to other trades1 parliamentary committees1 gas-stokers defence fund--disclosing1 in fact1 all the incidents of a powerful and active organization4 ,the 8,amalgamated ,society of ,carpenters and ,joiners0 has #bfe branches1 #ad of which are in the ,united ,states4 ,the membership1 however1 appears to be small in this country1 numbering only #dde men4 ,the governmental organization of societies of this class is very elaborate and centralizing in character4 ,monthly reports are received from all the branches1 including those in the ,united ,states4 ,for instance1 the monthly reports of the ,amalgamated ,carpenters' ,society for ,january1 #ahge1 from the ,united ,states1 represent the state of trade as 8bad10 8dull10 or 8slack10 with the exception of ,san ,francisco1 where it is reported 8good10 and ,newark as 8improving40 ,although no data are here given1 it is not to be doubted that this system of reports will be1 or has already been1 extended to such organizations as the 8,miners' ,national ,association10 numbering #adj1jjj1 and the ,national ,agricultural ,laborers' ,union1 numbering #fj1jjj1 thus seriously affecting the immigration not only of skilled but of agricultural labor4 ,in fact1 we are already aware that personal reports have been made by ,joseph ,arch and others1 some of them not favorable4 ,the formidable character of the trades-unions of ,great ,britain is seen by the mere statement of their aggregate membership1 which ,dr4 ,young estimates1 with all deductions1 at #hjj1jjj in ,january1 #ahge4 ,the question of strikes in ,england is too large a one to be entered into here4 ,dr4 ,young gives a brief history of the great ,preston strike of #ahcf1 of the ,nottingham1 the ,staffordshire ,colliery1 the ,pottery1 and the ,yorkshire strikes1 all of which proved unsuccessful after terrible suffering on the part of the workmen and great loss on both sides had been endured4 ,a short account is also given of the unsuccessful 8,amalgamated ,engineers'0 strike of #ahea-eb1 and the protracted engineers' strike on the ,tyne1 #ahga-gb1 for the nine hours' system1 which resulted in a compromise4 ,experience has demonstrated of strikes1 #ast1 that they are usually unsuccessful2 #b;d1 that they lessen the employer's ability to maintain even the wages paid before the strike1 by giving an advantage to his competitor in other countries which he cannot always recover2 #c;d1 that where they are fought out to the end they cause suffering and develop disease in the weak1 and in women and children1 which no wages can pay for or cure2 #dth1 that they deteriorate the character of the men engaged in them by promoting a feeling of lawlessness and desire for stimulation even among the best disposed2 #eth1 that1 even if successful1 there is a greater dead loss in money spent than is recouped by the advance gained in wages4 ,these conclusions are now beginning to be so well understood in ,england--where1 from more perfect organization1 strikes are larger and cost more to both parties than in the ,united ,states--that the chairman of the ,trades-,union ,congress of the ,united ,kingdom1 held at ,liverpool in ,january1 #ahge1 in his opening address referred to strikes as a mode of settling differences with employers which ought to be avoided by all practicable means1 and resorted to only in the most extreme cases--an opinion afterwards embodied in a resolution which was adopted by the ,congress4 ,the principle of arbitration has already been tried successfully in several important instances4 ,dr4 ,young illustrates the rates of wages in the ,united ,kingdom by tables4 ,he accompanies the tables with the explanation that 8in a very large number of occupations the hands are paid by the piece or by weight1 and the actual rate of wages would not indicate the sum an operative would take home with him at the end of the week as the price of his labor4 ,the sums stated in all these tables are therefore the average sums earned per week1 whether the labor be paid by the day or the piece40 ,the same explanation holds good for the ,united ,states4 ,of these tabular statements our space will only permit us to give two or three1 to which we shall subjoin the rates of wages in the ,united ,states in the same occupations by way of comparison4 ,the ,british pound sterling is computed at #d #hd1 and the shilling at #bd cents4 ,,wages ,,in ,,cotton-,,mills4 ,the reduction in the hours of labor and the increase in the rates of wages in ,english cotton-mills are shown in the following table3 ,statement showing the average weekly earnings of operatives in cotton-mills during the years #ahci1 #ahdi1 #ahei1 and #ahgc4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,work ,,of ,,work ,,of #fi ,,hours4 #fj ,,hours4 ,,occupation4 ,,sex4 ------------------------ #ahci4 #ahdi4 #ahei4 #ahgc4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,steam-engine tenders1 #e #gf #e #gb #g #bj #g #fh ,warehousemen1 #d #cb #d #hj #e #bh #f #bd ,carding3 ,stretchers1 ,women and girls1 #a #fh #a #hj #a #ib #b #hh ,strippers1 ,young men1 #b #fd #b #hh #c #cf #d #ef ,overlookers1 #f #jj #f #gb #f #gb #g #fh ,spinning3 ,winders on #c #hd #d #cb #d #hj #f #jj self-acting mules1 ,piecers1 ,women and young men1 #a #id #b #af #b #dj #c #hd ,overlookers1 #d #hj #e #bh #f #bd #g #bj ,reeling3 ,throttle-rulers1 ,women1 #b #af #b #bh #b #bh #c #jj ,warpers1 #e #bh #e #bh #e #eb #f #bd ,sizers1 #e #eb #e #eb #f #jj #g #bj ,doubling3 ,doublers1 ,women1 #a #fh #a #hj #b #af #c #jj ,overlookers1 #e #gf #f #jj #f #gb #g #fh ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- 8,other branches show the same ratio of advance40 ,the following statement was furnished to ,dr4 ,young by the proprietors of the cotton-mills of ,messrs4 ,shaw1 ,jardin ,co41 of ,manchester1 operating #bej1jjj spindles1 and producing yarns from ,no4 #fj to #bbj1 sewing cottons1 lace yarn1 crape yarn1 and two-fold warp yarns3 ,average wages 7per week of #ei hours7 of persons employed in #ahgb4 ,,occupation4 ,,wages4 ,carding3 ,overseer1 #aj #hi ,second hand1 #g #bf ,drawing-frame tenders1 #b #ff ,speeder-tenders1 #c #ad ,grinders1 #e #cb ,strippers1 #e #cb ,spinning3 ,overseer1 #ad #eb ,mule-spinners1 #ac #ca to #ae #gc ,mule-backside piecers1 #b #db to #c #hg ,repair-shop1 engine-room1 etc43 ,foreman or overseer1 #ad #eb ,wood and iron workers1 #g #gd ,engineer1 #i #fh ,laborers1 #e #cb ,these tables will be found on pp4 #ccj-ca4 ,now let us compare the wages there given with those paid to the same class of operatives in the ,united ,states4 ,on pages #gej-ea1 ,dr4 ,young gives a table showing the average weekly wages paid in ,american cotton-mills in various ,states in #ahfi and #ahgd4 ,we select ,rhode ,island1 for the reason that the rate of wages there appears to be a good average1 being lower than is paid in ,massachusetts and higher than in ,new ,york4 ,wages in cotton-mills 7weekly average74 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,rhode ,,island4 ,,occupation4 ---------------- #ahfi4 #ahgd4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,carding3 ,overseer1 #ag #jj #ag #jj ,picker-tenders1 #g #hj #g #gb ,railway-tenders1 #c #ej ,b#d #dg ,drawing-frame tenders1 #e #jj ,c#e #dj ,speeder-tenders1 #f #ab ,c#g #dh ,picker-boy1 #f #be ,a#d #jc ,grinders1 #i #jh #i #aj ,strippers1 #g #bf #g #ej ,spinning3 ,overseer1 #ae #fj #ag #fi ,mule-spinners1 #i #ej #aj #af ,mule-backside piecers1 #b #he ,a#b #eb ,frame-spinners1 #e #jj ,b#c #gj ,dressing3 ,overseer1 #ac #ge #ad #hj ,second hand1 #i #jj #aa #hc ,spoolers1 #e #jj ,c#d #cb ,warpers1 #e #ge ,c#f #ih ,drawers and twisters1 #e #jj ,dressers1 #aa #be #ac #aa ,weaving3 ,overseer1 #ah #cc #ah #jj ,weavers1 #h #jj ,c#g #ia ,drawing-in hands1 #g #ej ,c#g #be ,repair-shop1 engine-room1 etc43 ,foreman1 #ah #jj #ae #gi ,wood-workers1 #ae #jj #ac #eh ,iron-workers1 #ac #af #ac #fh ,engineer1 #ah #jj #ac #ga ,laborers1 #i #cc #h #ei ,overseer in cloth-room1 #ae #jj #ab #db ---------------------------------------- --------- ,a ,boys4 ,b ,females4 ,c ,part females4 ,it will appear1 therefore1 from an examination of the tables that the average weekly wages in ,rhode ,island cotton-mills 7which fairly represent those of the rest of the country7 are in most cases from a third to nearly double those paid in ,manchester4 ,but it will also be observed that1 whereas ,english wages appear to have increased steadily in every grade1 the ,american rates show a decided tendency downwards4 ,the highest skilled ,american labor holds its own with difficulty1 but in the lower grades cheaper labor has been extensively employed since #ahfi4 ,dr4 ,young's explanation must also be borne in mind in reading these tables--viz41 that the labor is frequently piece-work4 ,in some instances the ,english operatives also employ their own helpers4 ,but do these figures really represent the present rate of wages8 ,doubtless the average given is a fair one4 ,but any one whose attention was directed to the strike at the ,lonsdale ,mills1 ,r4 ,i41 ,january1 #ahge1 must have noticed that wages are in reality much lower than here given4 ,into the merits of that controversy we do not enter--we wish merely to arrive at the figures4 ,the company would appear to have done everything they could for the comfort and improvement of the condition of their hands1 and the reduction complained of probably could not be avoided in the then depressed state of the market4 ,the special correspondent of the ,new ,york ,herald of that date gives the statement of the superintendent1 who said that the weavers before the reduction were receiving fifty cents per cut 7wide goods71 and with the reduction of #aj per cent4 the price paid would be forty-five cents per cut2 or1 in other words1 they would earn about #a a day4 ,taking the statements of the operatives1 it was claimed that many of the men were making only ninety-six cents a day before the strike1 and the women sixty-five cents4 ,those figures1 therefore1 in the case of one of the largest companies1 represent labor as already reduced below ,english rates4 ,this strike also afforded an illustration of the statement1 made in the beginning of this article1 of the instant ebb and flow of labor1 as well as capital1 which now characterizes industry in the ,united ,states4 ,the operatives were about half ,english and half ,irish 7the overseers alone being ,american71 and the first movement of those who had enough money to do so was to return to ,england or ,ireland4 ,notwithstanding the readiness of operatives to strike the moment the opportunity offers--a readiness perfectly well known and appreciated by their employers--and notwithstanding also1 it may be said1 the determination of employers to regulate wages by the laws of trade1 it is nevertheless one of the most noble and encouraging features of the industrial pursuits of this age that the employers in many instances--and those generally the chief--show that they intend that their minds shall not be diverted from the purpose of improving the condition of their workmen1 both mentally and materially4 ,it is well that the mild voice of ,christian charity should still be able to make itself heard in the midst of this whir of iron machinery4 ,in the condition of no kind of labor does the ,united ,states compare more favorably with ,england and the ,continent of ,europe than in agriculture4 ,here the respective wages paid hardly admit of comparison4 ,but it is not to be lost sight of that1 wretched as the condition of the ,english agricultural laborer may appear to us1 his way of viewing things is not ours4 ,the rough1 arduous1 irregular1 exposed labor of the ,western backwoodsman1 or even farmer1 appears to him more terrible than the dull1 stated servitude1 with its beer in the present and its work-house in the future1 that shock our free thought4 ,the report of the delegates of the ,agricultural ,union was decidedly unfavorable in the case of ,canada1 where the conditions of labor do not essentially vary from those of the ,northwestern ,states4 ,this question of agricultural labor is1 however1 too vast a one to be treated of here4 ,dr4 ,young's reports are very valuable1 but take1 perhaps1 the ,american view of the question too much for granted4#cj ,,wages ,,of ,,mechanics ,,and ,,skilled ,,artisans ,,in ,,great ,,britain4 ,this branch of his subject is copiously treated by ,dr4 ,young in connection with his tour through the chief manufacturing cities of the ,united ,kingdom in #ahgb4 ,from the numerous tables presented we select one under the head of 8,skilled trades in ,london1 weekly wages in #ahga0 7page #bdb7 as being the most comprehensive4 ,the average daily wages of persons employed in the same trades in the ,united ,states in #ahgd was from #b #be for shoemakers to #c #cc for bricklayers or masons 7pp4 #gde-gdg72 or1 in other words1 from #ej per cent4 to #ajj per cent4 more than in ,england4 ,statement showing the established rates of wages obtained by members of the various trades societies of the metropolis1 in summer and winter1 compiled under the supervision of ,alsager ,hay ,hill1 ,,ll4,b4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,number ,,rate ,,of ,,wages4 ,,trades4 ,,of ------------------- ,,members4 ,sum'r ,winter ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,bakers1 -- #c #hg #e #jh ,basket-makers1 -- #c #fc #d #hd ,boat-builders1 -- #h #dg #g #bf ,bookbinders1 #gjb #g #bf #g #bf ,brass-cock finishers1 -- #h #dg #h #dg ,brass-finishers1 -- #h #dg #h #dg ,bricklayers1 #b1chf #af;,d #af;,d ,brush-makers1 #djj ,e ,e ,cabinet-makers1 #ejj #g #bf #g #bf ,cabinet-makers1 deal1 #dej #g #ii #g #ii ,carpenters1 #d1gdj #i #ad #i #ad ,carvers and gilders1 #ej #d #hd #d #hd ,coach-builders1 #be #i #fh #i #fh ,coach-makers1 #cbj #i #fh #i #fh ,coach-smiths1 #bjj #d #hd #ab #eh ,coach-trimmers and makers1 -- #f #je #f #je ,compositors1 #c1eej #d #hd #h #dg ,cork-cutters1 #ajj #g #bf #g #bf ,cordwainers1 #c1fgh ,f ,f ,curriers1 #a1ijj #h #dg #h #dg ,engineers1 #cc1eci #af;,d #af;,d #ah;,d #af;,d ,farriers1 #bbj #i #fh #ab #aj ,french polishers1 #cj #g #bf #g #bf ,hammermen1 #hj #e #ha #e #ha ,iron-founders and moulders1 #g1cgb #i #bj #i #bj ,letterpress printers1 -- #g #bf #g #bf ,painters1 house1 -- #ad;,d #ad;,d ,pianoforte makers1 #djj #af;,d #af;,d ,plasterers1 -- #ad;,d #ad;,d ,plumbers1 -- #ah;,d #ah;,d ,pressmen1 printers1 #fj #g #bf #g #bf ,skinners1 #bbe #g #bf #g #bf ,steam-engine makers1 #ajj #af;,d #af;,d #ah;,d #ah;,d ,stone-masons1 #ag1aic #i #ad #g #hb ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,d ,per hour4 ,e ,piece-work4 ,f ,uncertain4 ,,purchasing ,,power ,,of ,,wages4 ,but we cannot stop at the mere figures in dollars and cents4 ,in this connection we must consider what those wages will buy in each country--what is their purchasing power3 8,if a workman in ,birmingham0 says ,dr4 ,young1 8receive for fifty-four hours' labor #cjs41 or about #h #cc in ,united ,states currency1 and another1 of the same occupation1 in ,philadelphia earn #ab #ej1 it would be inaccurate to say that the earnings of the latter were #ej per cent4 more than those of the former4 ,the question is not what is the ,united ,states equivalent of the thirty ,british shillings1 but what is the purchasing power of the wages of the one workman in ,england and of the other in the ,united ,states8 ,in other words1 how much food1 clothing1 and shelter will the earnings of the one purchase as compared with the other80 ,for the solution of this question ,dr4 ,young enters into an elaborate analysis of the price of provisions1 clothing1 house-rent1 etc41 in each country4 ,in this we are unable to follow him4 ,but taking the amount paid for board by single men and women employed in mechanical labor in the great cities of both countries1 the average price paid by men in ,great ,britain ranges from #b #ej to #c #ej per week2 in the ,united ,states1 from #d #ej to #e #ej4 ,for women1 in manufacturing cities in ,england1 from #a #ej to #b #ej per week2 in the ,united ,states1 from #b #ej to #c #ej4 ,in the great ,american manufacturing centre1 ,philadelphia1 the average price of mechanics' board is1 for men1 #e per week2 for women1 #c4 ,but this does not mean a single room for each2 in most cases two1 in some three1 four1 and even five1 sleep in the same chamber4 ,british workmen probably eat as much meat as ,american workmen1 but they have not the same variety of dishes4 ,house-rent is cheaper in most ,english cities even than in ,philadelphia1 where great and commendable efforts have always been made to provide good and cheap houses for working-men4 ,clothing ,dr4 ,young estimates at less than half the price in ,england for the laboring classes compared with the ,united ,states2 partly from cheaper rates1 and partly from the inferior kind ,british workmen consent to wear--fustian or corduroy being the most common material4 ,we would wish to follow ,dr4 ,young1 if it were possible1 into a comparison of the rates of wages and cost of living in the great iron and steel works on the ,tyne1 at ,essen1 ,prussia1 and in ,philadelphia1 but our space is already exceeded4 ,the highest wages earned at the works of ,fried4 ,krupp1 ,essen1 which ,dr4 ,young personally visited in #ahgb1 were #a #hj for #aa hours' piece-work4 ,at the same establishment dinner 7meat and vegetables and coffee7 and lodging are supplied to unmarried men at #a #ah per week4 ,bread is an extra charge4 ,large bakeries are attached to the works4 ,in the comparison of the general rates of wages and cost of living in ,great ,britain and the ,united ,states1 so many and so great diversities exist in both countries that it is a hazardous matter to draw general conclusions4 ,stated broadly1 it would appear that the rate of wages in ,great ,britain since #ahfe has shown a steady tendency to advance1 with some fluctuations1 while the cost of living is nearly stationary2 in the ,united ,states1 within the same period of ten years1 wages have remained stationary or shown a tendency to decline1 allowing for the fluctuations caused by a depreciated currency1 while the cost of living has increased4 ,the commercial depression existing since #ahgc has affected labor in both countries1 but more sensibly in the ,united ,states4 ,the great falling off in immigration since #ahgc is a remarkable and sensitive test of the depreciation of the labor market in the ,united ,states and the simultaneous rise of wages in ,europe4 ,from the recent report of the ,new ,york ,emigration ,commissioners it appears that there were landed at ,castle ,garden during #ahge #hd1efj immigrants1 against #adj1jda for #ahgd and #bid1eha for #ahgc4 ,the falling off has been equally divided among all nationalities4 ,nor does this tell the whole story2 for the steamship companies show a very large return of laborers to ,europe during the past year4 ,it is not intended to convey the impression by these figures that ,european emigration has finally stayed its course towards these shores1 but it is evident that it has received a serious temporary check4 ,it is not the purpose of this paper to investigate what the remedy for this state of things may be4 ,but it may be stated as the conviction of the writer that a mere return to specie payments1 though beneficial1 will not do all for the country that its advocates claim4 ,something more will be required--that is1 economy1 curtailment of expenses1 national and individual--before we can reach bottom4 ,like youth sometimes1 we have temporarily outgrown our strength4 ,we have no vast deposits of wealth1 the hoardings of centuries1 to fall back upon like some ,european countries4 ,we have always lived right up to our income1 and have not yet adjusted ourselves to our sudden plunge into national debt4 ,hope has all along buoyed us up to over-production and consequent over-expenditure4 ,the supply of labor must equalize itself to the necessary1 not speculative1 work to be done before it can be established on a sound basis4 ,fresh enterprises1 promoting renewed inflation and over-production1 will lead to another collapse4 ,in the effort to recuperate1 and before a new start can be made on a safe road of prosperity 7which it is not doubted will be opened again71 those who are already poor will suffer the most1 as always has been and will be the case4 ,the ,american working classes will have eventually to abandon most of those habits of personal expense which now seem to them a matter of course1 but which ,european working-men would regard as extravagant1 and to approach nearer to the old-country standard of living4 ,we are not able to follow ,dr4 ,young in his researches into the rate of wages and cost of subsistence in the various countries of continental ,europe which he visited4 ,none of them approach so near the ,american standard as ,great ,britain4 ,in most of them labor is poorly paid and the working classes live meanly according to our notions1 yet contrive1 withal1 to enjoy a degree of comfort1 and even happiness1 which to us seems hard to understand under the circumstances4 #bg ,labor in ,europe and ,america3 ,a ,special ,report on the ,rates of ,wages1 the ,cost of ,subsistence1 and the ,condition of the ,working ,classes in ,great ,britain1 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,germany1 the other ,countries of ,europe1 and in the ,united ,states and ,british ,america4 ,by ,edward ,young1 ,ph4,d41 ,chief of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,statistics4 #ahge4 #bh ,hallam's ,middle ,ages1 ch4 ix4 part i4 #bi ,id4 ch4 ix4 part ii4 #cj #a a day for laborers was offered by public advertisement in ,february of this year1 by the superintendent of the ,centennial grounds1 and men were glad to take it4 ,how strange the spectacle in free ,america--how fruitless and disheartening the struggle it portends--when legislation is invoked at ,albany1 in the great ,state of ,new ,york1 to keep up a fictitious price of labor6 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more4 ,a ,,historical ,,romance4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,princesse ,,de ,,craon4 ,,vi4 ,there was a castle in ,yorkshire whose tall1 majestic towers commanded a view of the country for miles around1 rising far above the sombre depths of the ancient forest-trees that covered the hills on which the castle was seated4 ,a silence like the grave reigned within and around this princely habitation4 ,merry young pages no longer bounded over balustrades and the walks winding from the drawbridge4 ,the ,gothic arches no more re-echoed with the noisy clamor of the hounds nor the loud cheering of the young hunters4 ,rank weeds covered the lofty ramparts and clusters of wild flowers swung between their solitary battlements1 as though nature had struggled to conceal the eternal mourning which they seemed for ever condemned to wear4 ,a traveller approached the castle and examined with great attention the arches bearing the arms of the earls of ,northumberland4 ,he held by the bridle a beautiful horse1 covered with sweat and dust1 whose drooping head and trembling limbs attested his extreme fatigue4 8,this is certainly the place60 he exclaimed1 still looking around him4 8,i recognize the crouching lion of ,northumberland60 ,he knocked loudly and waited a long time4 ,at length the door opened and an old man appeared before him4 8,what do you want80 he demanded brusquely of the traveller4 8,if you ask hospitality1 you will not be refused2 but if you ask to see my master1 the ,earl of ,northumberland1 you cannot see him40 8,it is he whom ,i wish to see10 replied the stranger4 ,the old domestic contracted his white eyebrows4 8,that cannot be4 ,since the death of his father he sees nobody40 8,the old ,count of ,northumberland dead60 replied ,sir ,walsh 7for it was he74 8,alas6 yes1 for an entire year4 ,we buried him at ,alnwick10 answered the old servant1 wiping away a tear4 8,go to your master10 replied ,sir ,walsh10 and tell him that some one asks to see him on the part of the king4 ,i will wait for you here40 8,on the part of the king60 replied the old servant4 8,on the part of the king6 ,that will make a difference1 ,i think1 and ,i do not want you to stay here4 ,follow me40 ,after fastening the horse to one of the iron rings which were fixed in the wall of the inner court1 he led ,sir ,walsh into the castle4 ,they crossed long courts1 then entered magnificent galleries1 where they saw arranged1 between the ,gothic arches which separated the vast and deeply-embrasured windows1 the richest armorial trophies of all ages4 ,lances1 longbows1 and javelins filled up the interstices4 ,shields and bucklers1 borne in battle by the ancestors of the noble earl1 were eating away with rust1 and the festoons of spider-webs which hung from the huge antlers of stag and deer bore witness to the neglect and indifference of the master of the castle4 ,sir ,walsh1 as he passed along1 regarded all these things with an admiration mingled with astonishment4 ,he could not understand the state of abandonment in which he found a habitation that he had always heard described as being one of the most magnificent in all ,england4 ,the delicately-sculptured wainscoting1 the costly paintings1 the rich gilding of the rafters and ceilings1 were renowned among artists and considered as models which they labored to imitate4 8,how singular all this is60 he said to himself4 8,how can ,lord ,percy1 whom ,i have known at court1 so brilliant and accomplished1 content himself in a place like this1 magnificent without doubt1 but abandoned1 desolate1 especially since the death of his father8 ,and why has he not returned to court1 where his tastes and habits naturally call him80 ,while absorbed in these reflections ,sir ,walsh1 preceded by his aged conductor1 entered a large octagonal saloon1 gilded all over and pierced with crosslets on every side1 through which poured floods of brilliantly-colored light1 reflected from the stained glass with which they were ornamented4 ,the view extended very far1 and a large river1 like a broad belt of silver1 wound through the beautiful fields1 interspersed with clumps of trees that increased still more the beauty of the landscape4 ,walsh paused1 enraptured with the prospect that met his gaze1 and his conductor made a sign to him to remain there until he had informed his master of his arrival4 ,the old domestic noiselessly entered ,lord ,percy's chamber1 and paused near the door in order to observe him2 then an expression of profound sadness stole over his features and he advanced still more slowly4 ,seated in the embrasure of a large window1 and always dressed in the deepest mourning1 ,lord ,percy scarcely ever left his room4 ,surrounded by a great number of books and papers1 he appeared to be absorbed in reading1 and the messenger was quite near before he was aware of his presence4 8,my lord60 he said in a very low and gentle voice1 8there is a stranger here who wishes to speak to you40 8,you know very well that ,i receive nobody1 ,henry10 said the ,earl of ,northumberland without turning his head4 8,have you asked him his business80 8,most assuredly10 replied ,henry with a lofty and important air4 8,i know it1 too4 ,he comes here on the part of the king--of the king himself10 he repeated4 8,on the part of the king60 cried ,northumberland1 turning pale4 8,of the king6 ,what does he want with me8 ,have ,i not done enough for him8 ,is he not satisfied with having destroyed all my hopes1 all my happiness1 all my future8 ,of what consequence to him now is my existence80 ,and1 overwhelmed with the weight of his afflictions1 he folded his arms on his breast and forgot to give his servant an answer4 8,my dear son10 murmured the old man softly1 after a moment of silent attention1 8are you going now to torment yourself again1 and may be1 after all1 without any cause80 ,for he dreaded beyond expression anything that might arouse or excite what he termed his master's 8manias40 8,no1 my old foster-father1 do not be alarmed60 replied ,northumberland1 who knew very well what was passing in his mind4 8,go1 and bring in this stranger40 ,he then arose1 in a state of agitation he was unable to control4 ,henry soon returned1 bringing ,sir ,walsh4 ,on entering1 the latter was prepared to give ,northumberland a joyful surprise and fold him in his arms2 but on being suddenly ushered into his presence he recoiled in astonishment4 ,could this be the gay and brilliant young man he had known1 always cheerful1 always affable1 whose handsome face and charming manner attracted all around him8 ,dressed in the deepest mourning1 which by contrast increased the pallor of his face1 his expression anxious and haggard1 a painful constraint was observable in all his movements4 8,you do not recognize me1 ,lord ,percy10 said ,sir ,walsh at last4 8,there was a time when you called me your friend1 and ,i was proud to bear the title60 8,oh6 no1 my dear ,walsh10 replied ,northumberland1 8,i could not have forgotten you4 ,rather say you no longer recognize me2 for time has passed like a dream4 ,since you saw me last ,i have been transformed into another person4 ,but tell me1 why does the name of him who sends you come to invade my solitude8 ,what have ,i done to him to bring him here again to disturb my ashes8 ,for am ,i not already dead8 ,does this castle not strike you as being strangely like a tomb1 to which no one any more finds entrance80 8,but ,i think10 said ,sir ,walsh1 astonished at this outburst and forcing a smile1 8that some young girl1 descended from her palace of clouds to the midst of your abode1 draws around her crowds of your astonished vassals4 ,they admire her snowy robes and crown of stars40 8,no10 replied ,northumberland gloomily2 8no1 never6 ,no female inhabits this place4 ,she who ought to have ruled here will never come1 and she who did rule would not remain60 8,what do you mean by that riddle80 inquired ,walsh4 8,what6 is the ,countess of ,northumberland no longer here80 8,no1 she is no longer here10 replied ,lord ,percy4 ,and he passed his hand over his eyes1 unable to conceal the emotion all these questions excited2 for1 in spite of himself1 the sight of an old friend had agitated him to the depths of his soul4 ,man was not made for solitude2 he is a social being2 he has need of his fellow-men to love them1 or even to complain of and to them2 and for many long1 weary months no human being had knocked at his door or come to offer a word of consolation4 ,walsh regarded him with increasing solicitude2 at length1 unable to restrain his feelings1 he threw his arms around his neck4 8,my dear ,percy10 he exclaimed1 8what has happened to you8 ,you seem overwhelmed with sorrow4 ,i felt so happy in anticipation of surprising you by this visit1 and again seeing you at the head of all the young nobles of the north1 loved as you were among us1 the life of the chase and of all those sports in which you excelled6 ,alas6 my friend1 what misfortune has befallen you8 ,tell me2 for ,i swear ,i will never more leave you40 8,what misfortune has befallen me1 do you ask1 my dear old friend80 replied ,northumberland1 deeply moved4 8,yes1 you are ignorant of all4 ,and what does it matter8 ,it was irreparable4 ,but tell me the cause that brought you to me4 ,why has the king sent you hither80 8,for nothing that need give you the least uneasiness10 replied ,walsh--8a commission readily executed1 and in which you must assist me4 ,we will return to this later4 ,tell me first of yourself--of yourself alone1 my friend--and of your father40 8,my father8 ,he died in my arms more than a year ago without suffering4 ,i have done what he wished10 continued ,northumberland1 his eyes filling with tears4 8,i have nothing with which to reproach myself on that account4 ,i have obeyed him4 ,yes10 he added1 fixing his eyes on the floor1 8that is the only thought that ever comes to console me40 8,i do not understand you60 replied ,walsh4 8,speak more explicitly2 explain what you mean40 8,well1 know1 then10 replied ,northumberland in an altered voice1 and making a violent effort to control himself--8know that for a long time ,i loved ,anne ,boleyn--yes1 ,anne ,boleyn6 ,we were betrothed4 ,the day1 the hour1 for our marriage were fixed1 when the king tore her from me for ever6 ,in his jealous hatred he commanded ,cardinal ,wolsey1 to whose household ,i belonged1 to summon me before him1 and forbid me in his name dreaming1 for an instant1 of marrying her2 but on my refusing to obey he appealed to my father1 who ordered me to marry immediately a daughter of the ,earl of ,shrewsbury1 under penalty of visiting upon me all the weight of his indignation if ,i hesitated for one moment4 ,in vain ,i tried to resist2 my father was furious and threatened me with his curse4 ,i at length submitted1 and you have all assisted at the festivities of my marriage1 and1 seeing my new bride1 have pierced my heart with your congratulations and assurances of my future happiness4 ,i then left the court4 ,i brought her here2 and that young wife1 justly wounded by my melancholy1 absurd and ridiculous in her eyes1 wearied of the retired life ,i compelled her to lead1 left me very soon after my father's death and returned to her family4 ,and--shall ,i acknowledge it8--sensible of the wrong ,i have done her1 ,i am quite reconciled to being forgotten and finding myself abandoned and alone4 ,i have dismissed successively all my pages and valets1 retaining only the oldest servants belonging to my house4 ,henry1 my old foster-father1 takes entire charge and control of everything4 ,misfortune and sorrow have made me prematurely old2 ,i need the companionship of the aged1 and not of youth4 ,i love to hear around me the slow and faltering step of a man ready to sink into the grave2 he seems to hasten the hour for me4 ,his soul1 cold and subdued1 soothes and refreshes mine4 ,he never laughs2 never comes to tell me of a thousand chimerical projects1 a thousand vain hopes1 recalling those in which ,i have indulged in days past4 ,his presence alone would be sufficient to expel them6 ,and yet1 notwithstanding all this1 the sorrow that slumbers in my soul is often suddenly aroused1 more wild and insupportable than ever4 ,wearied by long vigils and sleepless nights1 ,i sometimes imagine ,i see ,queen ,catherine enter my chamber2 the reflection of her gold-embroidered robes sheds a dazzling light around her4 ,her ladies follow4 ,i hear the rustling of their heavy trains2 ,i hear them laugh and converse together about the tournament of the day before4 ,then all becomes dark6 ,anne ,boleyn turns her eyes away from me2 she is envious of the queen2 pride1 ambition1 stifle in her heart every sentiment of affection4 ,then my agony is renewed4 ,i weep1 ,i sigh1 and the shadows vanish into nothingness4 8,what happiness can any one expect to find in the honors of a usurped rank8 ,ah6 my friend1 ,i have seen1 and felt1 and suffered everything4 ,our faults are the sole cause of all our afflictions4 ,therefore1 far from feeling incensed at the injustice of men1 ,i no more recognize an enemy among them4 ,my heart goes out with deepest pity toward the suffering ones of earth1 and ,i would gladly be able to console them all40 ,saying this1 ,northumberland paused1 overcome by emotion4 8,ah60 at length replied ,walsh1 who had listened with rapt attention1 8how limited are our judgments6 ,had ,i been asked the name of the happiest mortal living1 ,i should have given yours without a moment's hesitation40 8,i know it1 and have been told it a hundred times10 replied ,northumberland earnestly4 8,many men have had their marriage relations dissolved1 their fortunes changed1 and have still borne up courageously under their misfortunes2 but with me it cannot be thus4 ,if ,anne ,boleyn had married another lord of the court--well1 ,i might have been reconciled4 ,i should at least have been spared the outrage of her dishonor2 for her dishonor is mine6 ,i had so taken her heart into my own1 united my life so entirely with hers1 in order not to suffer the slightest stain to touch it1 that there is no torture equal to that which ,i now endure4 ,every moment ,i feel1 ,i suffer2 ,i hear the whisperings of this infamous and widespread report which her foolish vanity alone prevents her from discovering around her40 8,dear ,percy10 replied ,walsh1 8you cannot imagine how much you exaggerate all this6 ,the solitude in which you live has excited you to such a degree that you almost imagine she bears the name of ,countess of ,northumberland40 8,yes60 he exclaimed excitedly1 8she bears it in my heart2 and there1 at least1 no one can dispute her right60 8,and poor ,lady ,shrewsbury80 replied ,walsh4 8,lady ,shrewsbury10 cried ,northumberland1 8is the victim1 like myself1 of compulsion6 ,never have ,i regarded her as my wife4 ,if the king had demanded my head1 ,i should not have been bound to obey2 but a father's curse is a weight that cannot be supported6 ,my obstinacy would have brought upon his tottering old age the bitterness of poverty and want4 ,no1 no2 that is my only excuse1 and ,lady ,shrewsbury herself would have forgiven me had she known my sorrow40 8,my dear ,percy10 interrupted ,walsh anxiously1 8,i am deeply grieved to find you in this condition2 your heart misleads you1 and ,i perceive the commission with which ,i am charged will be anything but agreeable4 ,however1 what can ,i do8 ,here10 he added1 unfolding a letter and a roll of written parchment1 from which hung the king's seals1 8take and read40 ,he preferred giving him the order to read rather than have the unpleasant task of verbally announcing what he now foresaw would cause him such extreme grief4 ,northumberland had no sooner glanced over it than the parchment fell from his hands4 8,who8 ,i80 he cried4 8,i go to arrest the archbishop at the very moment when all the nobility of these parts are assembled to assist at the ceremony of his installation6 ,i1 formerly of his household1 who have spent all the happiest years of my youth with him--charge me with such a commission8 ,the king wishes1 then1 to have me regarded with horror and detestation by all the inhabitants of this country6 ,know1 my friend10 continued ,percy1 fixing his flashing eyes upon ,walsh1 8that since ,wolsey came here he has made himself universally loved and cherished4 ,he is no longer the vain1 imperious man whom you knew2 adversity has entirely changed him4 ,he occupies himself only in doing good1 reconciling family differences1 and relieving the distressed4 ,and this gorgeous entry1 which causes the king so much uneasiness1 he was to have made on foot with the utmost possible simplicity4 8,for a long time ,wolsey hesitated1 entirely for fear of seeing his enemies array themselves against him2 but his clergy seemed so wounded at conduct contrary to the usage of all his predecessors that he at length consented4 ,but see how they deceive the king1 and endeavor to excite him against those who least of all merit his displeasure60 8,what shall ,i say to you1 my dear ,northumberland80 replied ,walsh4 8,when the king issues an order1 how can its execution be avoided8 ,all that you say is true beyond doubt1 but neither you nor ,i can do anything2 it only remains for us to try and accomplish this disagreeable commission with as little noise as possible40 8,ah60 replied ,northumberland1 8why has he imposed such a commission on me8 ,see if even the slightest pleasure of my life is not instantly extinguished4 ,i was rejoicing at seeing you1 and immediately ,i am made to pay for it40 ,he continued for a long time talking in this manner1 when1 ,walsh having expressed a desire to go through the castle1 ,northumberland consented4 ,they found everything in a state of extreme disorder4 ,in many places no care was taken even to open the house to admit the light of day4 ,as old ,henry successively opened to them each new hall of the immense castle1 the dust1 collected in heaps like piles of down1 arose and flew away to collect again further on in the apartment upon some more valuable piece of furniture4 ,walsh could not avoid expressing to the earl his surprise at seeing him so neglect the magnificent abode of his ancestors4 8,it is wrong10 replied ,percy1 8but ,i prize nothing any more4 ,of what consequence is it to me whether the roof that shelters me is handsome or plain8 ,when our hearts are crushed by sorrow1 we become oblivious to all outward surroundings40 99 99 99 99 99 ,when night came on1 his host retired and left him to that repose of which1 after the fatigue of his journey1 he stood so much in need4 ,northumberland ordered old ,henry to retire and leave him alone as usual2 but ,henry had decided otherwise1 and continued for a long time to come and go and pass the chamber slowly under various pretexts1 as his solicitude on account of his master was more and more increased on remarking that his habitual sadness had been redoubled since the advent of his visitor4 8,accursed stranger60 he said to himself1 8bird of ill-omen1 what has brought him here8 ,that famished maw of his would have been very well able to carry him far from the moats of our castle6 ,it is the king who sends him here2 but is not our son king of these parts80 ,and thus muttering to himself1 old ,henry walked on4 ,not being able to determine on leaving his master1 he stopped and peered through the door in order to observe ,lord ,percy4 ,the latter sat leaning on the table before him1 his eyes closed1 his head resting on his hands1 and seemingly oblivious to everything around him4 8,there he sits still1 to take a cold with this trouble60 continued ,henry4 8,however1 ,i must go and leave him40 ,and the old domestic1 still turning his palsied head to look back1 passed slowly under the heavy tapestry screen1 that fell rustling behind him4 8,he is gone10 said ,northumberland to himself--8gone1 perhaps1 for ever2 for who knows how long ,henry has yet to live8 ,what happiness to think we must die6 ,when weary with suffering1 the soul reposes with a bitter joy upon the brink of that tomb which alone can deliver her from her woes6 ,how the certainty of seeing them end sweetens the sorrows we endure6 ,here where ,i stand0 7he arose to his feet71 8beside this hearth1 each one of my sires has taken his place1 and each has successively passed away4 ,their armor hangs here empty2 their names alone remain inscribed upon them4 ,why have not ,i the courage1 then1 to endure this time of trial they call #8life1' which ,i have wished to consider the end1 but which is only a road leading to the end--a road perilous1 rough1 and wearing8 ,the shortest is the one ,i consider the best2 and he who travels over it most rapidly1 has he not found true happiness8 8,have you not sometimes seen1 in the midst of a violent storm1 a poor bird wildly struggling with winds and waves8 ,you behold it for a moment in the whirlpool1 and suddenly it disappears4 ,just so ,i have passed through the midst of the world2 ,i had hoped to shine there1 because ,i was dazzled with it4 ,to-day it becomes necessary to forget it4 ,o my soul6 ,i wish thee1 ,i command thee1 to forget40 ,at this moment a slight noise was heard4 ,northumberland started4 8,what do you want1 ,henry80 he asked1 seeing the old man standing like a shadow at the end of the apartment4 8,nothing60 he replied impatiently4 8,but truly10 said ,lord ,percy1 8why have you returned80 8,to see if you were asleep10 brusquely answered the old servant1 approaching him4 8,it was scarcely worth the trouble10 he continued1 elevating his voice1 8of harboring so carefully this new-comer1 if he must pay his reckoning in this way40 8,ah60 replied ,northumberland1 regarding his old foster-father with a suppliant expression40 ,tell me1 ,henry1 have you never known what it was to grieve for one whom you loved80 8,ay1 in sooth10 replied ,henry1 8unfortunately ,i have known it2 but we are not able to live1 like you1 in idleness1 and have hardly time to be unhappy4 ,when ,i lost my poor ,alice1 your foster-mother1 what anguish did ,i not feel in the depths of my soul6 ,well1 if ,i had stopped to think of her1 ,i should have heard immediately my name resounding through all the turrets of the castle3 #8,henry6 my lord--my lord goes hunting2 hurry6 make haste6 my lord gives a ball this evening to all the ladies of the country4' ,and away ,i had to go1 to come1 to run2 otherwise my lord your father would fly into a passion4 ,how would you find time to weep if somebody was always calling after you8 ,besides1 ,i--poor ,henry--if they had seen me sitting1 like you1 all the day in silence1 with tears in my eyes and my arms folded1 they would have laughed at me1 and the pages would have called me a fool40 8,that is true2 you are right10 replied ,northumberland in an abstracted manner4 8,you say1 then they gave balls here80 8,and superb ones1 too60 replied ,henry1 who liked1 above all things1 to talk about the old times4 8,in those days you were not here2 they educated you with ,monseigneur the ,cardinal1 our good archbishop at present40 ,on hearing these words ,northumberland became violently agitated1 and his old servant1 perceiving his countenance change and his features contract1 stopped suddenly in great alarm4 8,you are ill1 my lord80 he exclaimed4 8,no1 no10 replied ,northumberland2 8be calm4 ,leave me1 ,henry2 ,i want to be alone4 ,go to your bed--,i command you40 ,henry1 forced to leave his master1 as he went reproached himself for having spoken of the ftes the ,countess of ,northumberland had given in the castle2 he imagined it was the recollection of his mother that had so affected ,lord ,percy4 8,the archbishop6 the archbishop60 repeated ,northumberland4 8,oh6 let me banish the name1 in mercy--for a few hours1 at least6 ,he said1 ,i believe1 that they gave balls here6 ,what did he say8 ,yes1 that must be it3 my mother loved them4 ,yes10 he continued1 looking round at the large and magnificent panels of his chamber1 8here they hung garlands and baskets of flowers2 a thousand lamps reflected their brilliant colors2 delicious music floated on the perfumed air2 crowds of people of every age1 sex1 and rank eagerly gathered here4 ,time has very soon reduced them to an equality2 the sound of their footsteps is heard no more2 their voices are mute2 they have all passed away4 ,i alone still exist40 ,the entire night was spent in these reflections1 and when day began to dawn the heavy tramp of horses was heard in the courtyard1 and soon1 in the cold fog of morning1 there issued from the castle gate a troop of armed men wearing long cloth cloaks and caps4 ,it was the earl's retainers1 whom he had assembled during the night from all the surrounding country4 ,he rode in the midst of them in profound silence2 even ,sir ,walsh1 reading in his countenance the melancholy dejection under which he labored1 had simply pressed his hand without daring to address him a word4 ,as to the followers of ,northumberland1 they were astonished at this sudden departure2 they were completely ignorant of whither their master was carrying them1 having learned nothing from old ,henry himself1 to whom ,lord ,percy had deemed it inexpedient to reveal the destination1 and still less the object1 of this expedition4 ,the old man felt singularly anxious on the subject1 as he was every day becoming more and more accustomed to regard himself as the guardian and adviser of him whom he called his son4 ,therefore1 after having closed the gate of the castle upon the travellers1 he went sadly and took his station on the highest tower1 to see in what direction his master was going4 ,a few moments only he followed them with his eyes2 for1 the valley once crossed1 their route conducted them into the depths of the forest1 and the cavalcade was soon lost to view4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,vago ,,angelletto ,,che ,,cantanas ,,vai4 ,,from ,,petrarch4 ,sweet bird1 that1 singing under altered skies1 ,art mourning for thy season of delight-- ,for lo6 the cheerful months forsake thee quite1 ,and all thy sunshine into shadow dies-- ,o thou who art acquainted with unrest6 ,could thy poor wit my kindred mood divine1 ,how wouldst thou fold thy wings upon my breast1 ,and blend thy melancholy plaint with mine6 ,i know not if with thine my songs would rhyme1 ,for haply she thou mournest is not dead3 ,less kind are death and heaven unto me2 ,but the chill twilight1 and the sullen time1 ,and thinking of the sweet years and the sad1 ,move me1 wild warbler1 to discourse with thee4 ,,italian ,,commerce ,,in ,,the ,,middle ,,ages4 8,your mind is tossing on the ocean2 ,there1 where your argosies with portly sail1 ,like signiors and rich burghers of the flood1 ,or1 as it were1 the pageants of the sea1 ,do overpeer the petty traffickers1 ,that curt'sy to them1 do them reverence1 ,as they fly by them with their woven wings40 --,merchant of ,venice1 act i4 sc4 i4 ,thucydides1 in the introduction to his history1 remarks that one of the principal causes that raised some of the ,greek cities to such a high degree of prosperity and power was their engagement in mercantile pursuits4 ,all the great peoples of antiquity by whom the shores of the ,mediterranean were occupied--,phnicians1 ,carthaginians1 ,etruscans1 ,ionians of ,asia ,minor--rose to wealth and importance by the same means4 ,the ,romans alone despised it4 ,after the subversion of the ,western ,empire and the last inroads of the barbarians1 the natives of ,italy were the first to emerge from the ruins of the ancient world4 ,except religion1 they found no worthier or more potent element of civilization than commerce1 which procures1 to use the words of a celebrated writer1 what is of far greater value than mere money--8the reciprocation of the peculiar advantages of different countries02 and throughout the middle ages1 until the passage to ,india by the ,cape of ,good ,hope and the discovery of ,america1 ,italy was the most forward nation in ,christendom for wealth1 refinement of manners1 and intellectual culture4 ,italian commerce reached its greatest development between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries--that is1 between the ages when ,marco ,polo travelled to ,tartary1 ,china1 and the ,indies and ,christopher ,columbus discovered ,america4 ,in these two men1 representatives of ,venice and ,genoa1 are embodied the geniuses of trade and navigation2 and as though ,florence1 seated between the rival cities and engaged rather in reaping the fruits than in sowing the seeds of enterprise1 were destined to unite in herself the glory of both ,italian shores1 one of her citizens--,americus ,vespucius--gives his name to the ,new ,world4 ,this commerce began slowly but progressed rapidly1 and attained its noblest proportions during the fourteenth century1 when for a hundred years it spread over every sea and land then known in the eager search after riches1 bringing back to its votaries whatever luxury ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,africa produced or man's invention had evolved out of the necessities of his nature4 ,next1 it gradually fell away and almost disappeared in the sixteenth century1 leaving behind it only the cold consolation that there was no reason why it alone should be excepted from the common doom of human affairs1 which1 when they have enjoyed a certain measure of success1 must surely decline and fall4 ,when the ,goths1 ,longobards1 and ,carlovingians had conquered ,italy1 although most of the arts and sciences were lost or hidden in cloisters1 neither trade nor commerce was quite neglected2 but1 despite the dangers from pirates1 the ignorance of the sea1 and the exactions of the lawless on land1 the ,adriatic and ,mediterranean were timidly attempted by the inhabitants of the coast1 while in the interior of the country an interchange of commodities was carried on between neighboring districts at places set apart for the purpose4 ,these places were generally the large square or principal street of a town1 or under the walls of a monastery1 and the interchange took place on certain days appointed by public authority4 ,the assemblies of the people were usually held on the ,saturday1 and were at first called markets2 but afterwards the rarer and more important ones1 which were held annually and for several consecutive days1 were termed fairs1 from the ,latin word feria1 because they always took place on the feast of some saint4 ,many rights and privileges were granted at an early period to the merchants who exhibited wares at these yearly gatherings2 for without such inducements few cared to undertake a journey with a part1 or perhaps the whole1 of their earthly substance about them1 along roads and across ferries beset by robber-nobles1 who levied toll from passers-by and sometimes seized goods and persons for their own use4 ,the ,venetians began earlier to sail on distant seas1 and maintained themselves longer on the water1 than did the natives of any other parts of ,italy4 ,cassiodorus represents them in the sixth century as occupied solely in salt-works1 from which they derived their only profit2 but in course of time they issued from their lagoons to become the most industrious and venturesome traffickers in the world4 ,at the beginning of the ninth century they had already introduced into ,italy some of the delicacies of the ,east1 but drew odium on themselves for conniving with pirates and men-stealers to capture people and sell them into slavery in distant quarters of ,europe and ,asia4 ,on the opposite shore of ,italy the inhabitants of ,amalfi showed themselves the most successful navigators during the early middle ages1 trading with ,sicily and ,tarentum1 and even with ,egypt1 ,syria1 and ,constantinople4 ,their city is described by the poet-historian ,william of ,apulia1 in the eleventh century1 as the great mart for ,eastern goods1 and the enterprise of its sailors as extending to all the ports of the ,mediterranean4 ,flavio ,gioja1 a citizen of ,amalfi1 if he did not invent the mariner's compass1 as is somewhere asserted1 certainly improved it about the year #acjb1 either by its mode of suspension or by the attachment of the card to the needle itself4 ,this discovery gave such an impulse to navigation that what had been for ages hardly more than a skilful art became at once a science1 and vessels no longer crept along the shore or slipped from island to island1 but attempted 8the vasty deep0 and crossed over the ocean to the ,new ,world4 ,another rich emporium at an early period1 on the same side of ,italy1 was ,pisa4 ,the city was four or five miles from the sea1 but had a port formed by a natural bay to the southward of the old mouth of the ,arno at a place called ,calambrone4 ,the ,pisans at first traded principally with ,sicily and ,africa4 ,they fitted out expeditions against the ,saracens1#ca seized several islands in the ,mediterranean1 and with both land-troops and seamen took an important part in the first ,crusade1 being careful1 before returning from the ,east1 to establish factories at ,antioch and ,constantinople4 ,they also sent fleets to humble the ,mohammedan cities of ,northern ,africa4 ,through commercial jealousy and political reasons they became involved in bitter wars with the ,genoese for the possession of ,corsica1 and with the ,amalfitans1 who had sided against the emperor4 ,the ,pisans1 as auxiliaries of the ,emperor ,lothaire1 sent a strong squadron to ,amalfi1 which was held by the ,normans1 and1 after a rigorous blockade1 took it by storm in #aacg4 ,it was on this occasion that a copy of the long-lost ,pandects of ,justinian was found1 which is said to be the original from which all subsequent copies in ,italy were made1 thus reviving the study of ,roman law4 ,it was taken from its captors by the ,florentines in #adaa1 and is now preserved in the ,laurentian ,library at ,florence4 ,the monk ,donizo1 in his metrical life of the ,countess ,matilda1 being annoyed that the mother of the countess should have been buried in ,pisa1 describes the city somewhat contemptuously as a flourishing emporium whose port was filled with large ships and frequented by many different races of people1 even by swarthy ,moors4 ,to the north of ,pisa rose her haughty rival1 ,genoa1 surnamed the ,superb from her pride and magnificent natural position4 ,after four sanguinary wars with the ,pisans1 the ,genoese swept their fleets from the sea1 destroyed their port1 and ruined their foreign commerce4 ,the city never recovered from that blow1 and the population1 which once exceeded #ajj1jjj1 has fallen to a fifth of that number4 ,the ,genoese had at first been the allies of the ,pisans1 and united with them to drive the ,saracens out of several important islands4 ,they also ravaged the coast of ,northern ,africa in the eleventh century1 and1 taking part in the first ,crusade1 obtained settlements on the shore of ,palestine1 particularly at ,acre4 ,owing to their secure position at home and their foothold in the ,east and the islands of the ,west1 their city became one of the two great maritime powers of ,italy and the only noteworthy rival of ,venice4 ,the power of the ,genoese and ,venetians was immensely increased by the ,crusades1 and at one time so feared were they in the ,levant that they were able to draw pensions and exact tribute from the pusillanimous emperor at ,constantinople4 ,the ,venetians were especially favored by ,alexius ,comnenus1 through whom they acquired convenient establishments along the ,bosphorus and at ,durazzo in ,albania4 ,their doge was honored with the pompous title of ,protosebaste4 ,in the meanwhile intestine disturbances and wars with neighboring republics had reduced several of those cities which had lately been most flourishing1 and none could compete successfully in the fourteenth century with ,venice and ,genoa1 to which the foreign trade of ,italy was left1 and to whose marts the produce of the ,levant and the countries bordering on the lower ,mediterranean was brought1 and either there or at the great cities of the interior exchanged for domestic manufactures and the industries of ,central and ,northern ,europe4 ,the carrying trade was almost exclusively their own1 but the home or inland business was shared by many other cities--principally by ,bologna1 ,ferrara1 ,florence1 ,lucca1 and ,milan4 ,at that period the ,atlantic ocean and northern coasts of ,europe were but rarely navigated by ,italian merchants4 ,the ,venetians alone despatched annually a large fleet1 which--taking its name1 the ,flanders fleet1 from its destination--carried on an enterprising and lucrative traffic with the ,low ,countries1 and1 in connection with the ,hanseatic ,league or directly1 spread over ,england1 ,scotland1 and the nations lying on the ,north ,sea and the ,baltic1 the spices1 gums1 silks1 pearls1 diamonds1 and numerous other articles of oriental origin which they had procured from the ,levant and further ,indies4 ,the ,genoese furnished the same things to the ,french1 ,spaniards1 and ,moors of ,andalusia2 but ,portugal was served by their rivals4 ,a maritime power had risen before this time which disputed with the ,genoese and ,venetians the ascendency on the ,mediterranean4 ,this was ,barcelona1 whose sailors were among the best on the sea1 and whose merchants were largely engaged in commerce4 ,many bold encounters took place between the ,catalans and ,italians1 through jealousies of trade1 but the former finally succumbed4 ,the products of the more distant ,east reached ,italy in ,genoese and ,venetian ships1 through ,armenian merchants at ,trebizond1 and through ,arabs by way of ,alexandria and ,damascus4 ,those of the north1 so necessary for a seafaring people1 were brought from the mouth of the ,don1 the merchandise being floated down that great river in boats from the interior4 ,the ,mongols were the masters of all the region thereabouts2 but the insinuating ,italians1 aware of the interest of this branch of commerce1 played upon their barbarous pride with so much dexterity that they succeeded in making treaties with them by which they were allowed to occupy certain trading posts where the goods ordered might accumulate and their own wares be exchanged for the productions of ,russia1 ,tartary1 and ,persia4 ,the wily ,genoese had bought from a ,tartar prince1 at the beginning of the fourteenth century1 a small piece of land on the south-eastern shore of the ,crimea on which to build a factory4 ,only a few rude cabins were raised at first1 for stores and the dwellings of their agents2 but the traffic soon brought together a large population1 sumptuous palaces were erected1 a strong and lofty wall was built around1 and ,kaffa#cb became one of the most opulent colonies of the republic1 with a population at one time of #hj1jjj4 ,the rival ,venetians had their great deposit at the city of ,azov1 on the banks of the ,don1 twenty miles from its mouth4 ,they were not the proprietors1 and1 although they received numerous favors from the ,tartar governor1 they were obliged to share them with the ,genoese1 ,florentines1 and others1 who also did a flourishing business4 ,the amount of goods collected there was so immense and the value so considerable1 that when1 as sometimes happened1 a destructive fire broke out or the place was plundered1 the loss was felt as a shock to commerce throughout the whole of ,europe4 ,all along the coast of the ,black ,sea the ,italians plied a profitable trade1 and many merchants were settled at ,trebizond1 from which vantage-ground they had an important communication open with ,armenia1 whose people1 being united by religion to the ,latins1 granted them very valuable commercial privileges4 ,the ,venetians were favored above the rest4 ,they had churches1 magazines1 and inns1 coined money1 and in all matters in dispute were tried by judges chosen among their countrymen1 or rather their own fellow-citizens4 ,they could introduce their goods without paying duty1 freely traverse the kingdom1 and monopolize the exportation of camel's hair1 which was an important article of traffic4 ,the ,genoese were no less enterprising than their rivals1 and restored in the port of ,trebizond a mole that had been built by the ,roman ,emperor ,hadrian4 ,large quantities of ,india goods1 and especially spiceries1 were stored by ,italian merchants in the warehouses of ,trebizond1 ,damascus1 and ,alexandria4 ,there were several overland routes by which this merchandise was transported1 but none of them was safe1 on account of the frequent revolutions in the countries through which they ran4 ,some of the caravans that brought the commodities of ,india and ,china passed through ,balkh1 the ,baetria of the ancients and at one time the commercial centre of eastern ,asia1 then up to ,bokhara1 whence they descended the ,oxus for a distance1 touched at ,khiva1 and1 traversing the ,caspian ,sea1 ascended the river ,kour 7the ,cyrus of ,strabo1 xi4 p4 #eji7 for seventy miles to its junction with the ,aras 7the ,araxes of ,herodotus1 iv4 #dj71 from which they crossed by a journey of four or five days into the historical ,phasis at ,sharapan and down to the ,euxine4 ,another beaten track entered ,syria by the ,tigris and the ,euphrates1 and diverged towards the several ports of ,palestine and ,asia ,minor4 ,it passed through ,bagdad1 which was a great commercial emporium during the middle ages and an entrept for the commodities of eastern and western ,asia4 ,a memorial of those days when ,frank merchants1 mingling with ,persians1 ,arabs1 ,turks1 ,hindoos1 ,koords1 and ,armenians1 ransacked her splendid bazaars1 remains in our language in the word ,baldachin1 because canopies made of costly stuff interwoven with gold thread were manufactured in this city1 which was known to the ,italians as ,baldacca1 and in the adjective form ,baldacchino4 ,much trade was also done by way of the ,red ,sea1 ,cairo1 and ,alexandria4 ,in all the ports of the ,euxine and ,mediterranean the ,italians had shops and warehouses1 and every rich company kept a number of factors1 who despatched goods as they got orders and maintained the interests of their principals4 ,an officer called a consul1 who was appointed by the government at home1 resided in each of these foreign sea-ports1 to defend the rights of his countrymen1 and decide differences among themselves1 or between them and strangers4 ,consuls were recognized as official personages by the sovereign in whose territory they resided1 and were honored as public magistrates by their own people1 from whom they received certain fees for their support1 according to the quality and amount of business they were called upon to perform4 ,the maritime republics of ,italy were very fortunate in having transported the ,crusaders to the ,holy ,land in their ships1 for by this they acquired many rich establishments in the ,levant1 and it was not long before the dissolute and degraded ,greeks1 who would neither take counsel in peace nor could defend themselves in war1 became subject to the imperious will of the ,italians4 ,the ,venetians obtained in #abjd the fertile island of ,candia1 which became the centre of their extensive ,egyptian and ,asiatic trade4 ,they also had a quarter in ,constantinople1 which they surrounded by a wall1 the gates of which were guarded by their own soldiers1 and a distinct anchorage for their own vessels in the ,golden ,horn4 ,a senate and bailiff representing the doge held authority in this settlement1 and exercised jurisdiction over the minor establishments of the republic in ,roumelia4 ,the ,genoese were still more powerful at the capital1 and the ,emperor ,michael ,palologus1 who was indebted to them for his return to the throne1 had given them the beautiful suburbs of ,pera and ,galata1 on an elevated plateau1 which they made still more secure1 under the elder ,andronicus1 by a moat and triple row of walls4 ,to these places they transferred their stores and stock2 nor was it long before the churches1 palaces1 warehouses1 and public buildings of ,pera vied in magnificence with those of the metropolis itself4 ,the island of ,chios1 where gum-mastic was collected and the finest wine produced1 was another of their colonies4 ,these were all ruled by a podest annually sent from ,genoa4 ,the ,genoese and ,venetians had also factories in ,barbary1 through which they drove a brisk trade with the interior of ,africa4 ,to them more than to any others was it due that for three hundred years the commerce of ,italy was famous from the ,straits of ,gibraltar to the remotest gulf in the ,euxine4 ,the maritime strength of the ,italian republics1 especially of ,genoa and ,venice1 corresponded to their vast commercial interests and the number of colonies they were expected to enlarge and defend4 ,thus1 the ,pisans in #aaad sent an armament1 consisting of #cjj vessels of various sizes1 carrying #ce1jjj men and #ijj horses1 to the conquest of the ,balearic ,islands1 which had become a nest of ,moorish pirates4 ,a great part of these troops were mercenaries procured from all parts of the world1 and contingents drawn from their possessions in ,sardinia4 ,in #abic the ,genoese fitted out in a single month1 against the ,venetians1 #bjj galleys1 each of which bore from #bbj to #cjj combatants recruited within the continental limits of the republic2 and in the vast arsenal of ,venice during the fourteenth century #hjj men were continually at work1 and #bjj galleys1 not to count the smaller craft1 were kept ready in port for any emergency that might arise4 ,such formidable fleets were manned either by voluntary enlistments or impressment2 the hope of heavy plunder1 according to the barbarous war-system of those days1 which the church strove against but could not wholly change1 appealing to young men to serve as sailors or soldiers4 ,the furious rivalry between ,genoa and ,venice began to show itself soon after the taking of ,constantinople by the ,franks in #abdd1 each desiring to reap alone the profits of the ,levant trade4 ,after many bloody encounters a peace was patched up in #abih1 by which the latter was excluded for thirteen years from the ,black ,sea1 along whose shores the former had colonies1 forts1 and factories1 and was forbidden to send armed vessels to ,syria4 ,terms so propitious raised the pride and influence of ,genoa to the utmost2 and feared by all1 and claiming to be mistress of the seas1 she upheld the honor of her flag with extravagant solicitude4 ,in #accb she wasted the coast of ,catalonia with a force of #bjj galleys1 and inflicted great injury on the commerce of ,barcelona2 and two years later1 having captured twelve ships of the enemy1 heavily freighted with merchandise1 in the waters of ,sicily1 ,cyprus1 and ,sardinia1 with an example of ferocious cruelty which only the 8accursed greed of gold0 and a determination to exclude the ,catalans from any share in ,eastern commerce could prompt1 six hundred prisoners were hanged at a single execution4 ,she was resolved to command the seas1 and consequently the trade of the world2 but her rival1 although crippled1 was not prostrate1 and the fourth war broke out between them in #acgb for possession of the classical island of ,tenedos1 so valuable as a naval station and renowned for its wheat and excellent red wine4 ,the ,genoese actually got into the lagoons of ,venice1 vowing to reduce her to the stagnant level of the waters1 and approached so near to the city that their admiral could shout to the affrighted people on the quays1 ,delenda est ,carthago6 but by a singular freak of fortune they were themselves totally defeated1 and glad to accept the mediation of ,amadeus ,,vi41 ,duke of ,savoy4 ,it was agreed that neither party should have the island in dispute1 but that the duke should hold it at their common expense for two years and then dismantle the fortress4 ,during this war1 called the ,war of ,chioggia1 which lasted until #acha1 an unusually large number of corsairs roved the seas2 but the ,italians had long practised piracy1 and whole communities were corsairs by profession1 just as on land condottieri could be hired to sack cities and castles and desolate whole provinces4 ,the little town of ,monaco was notorious during the middle ages for its pirates1 as it still is for its ravenous land-sharks4 ,there were two sorts of corsairs4 ,some were private individuals who went to sea through lust of gain1 or because driven from their homes during the fights of faction1 and seized whatever they could4 ,these robberies and depredations marked piracy in its original form4 ,nevertheless during the twelfth1 thirteenth1 and fourteenth centuries many otherwise honorable characters1 who were often unjustly despoiled of their patrimony and driven as outcasts from their native cities1 took to this occupation not entirely from inclination1 but impelled by the brutality of their countrymen4 ,we may recall as an extenuating circumstance what that grave judge1 ,lord ,stowell1 observed 7#b ,dods4 #cgd7 of the buccaneers1 whose spirit at one time approached to that of chivalry in point of adventure1 and whose manner of life was thought to reflect no disgrace upon distinguished ,englishmen who engaged in it4 ,other corsairs were patriotic citizens who armed their ships to injure the enemy during lawful hostilities2 and although there was abuse in the system1 they were not pirates1 but privateersmen4 ,foreign nations used to buy ships from the ,italians to increase their own armaments1 or engage them to harass their opponents4 ,it is curious1 considering how completely maritime supremacy has deserted the ,mediterranean for northern seas1 to know that the poet ,chaucer was sent by ,king ,edward ,,iii4 in ,november1 #acgb1 as envoy to the republic of ,genoa to hire vessels for his navy2 and ,tytler says 7,hist4 of ,scotland1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfa7 that in the same century many of the privateers employed by the ,scots against ,england appear to have been vessels of larger dimensions and more formidable equipment than those of ,england1 probably from their being foreign built1 and furnished by the ,genoese or the ,venetians1 for the purposes both of trade and piracy4 ,it was now that the word ,jane came into the language--,chaucer and ,spenser use it--for a small coin so-called from ,janua 7,genoa74 ,it is termed in the old ,english statutes a galley half-pence4 ,the ,florentines had originally no seaboard1 and were obliged to charter ships wherever they could4 ,in #acfb1 having taken into the service of the republic ,pierin ,grimaldi of ,genoa1 with two galleys1 and hired two more vessels1 their little fleet took the island of ,giglio from the ,pisans1 and the following year1 having broken into the port of ,pisa itself1 they took away the chains that protected it and hung them as trophies on the porphyry columns of their ,baptistery4 ,the foreign commerce for which the maritime cities of ,italy1 and particularly ,genoa and ,venice1 so savagely disputed1 to the scandal of the ,christian name among the infidels1 as the old ,english traveller ,sir ,john de ,mandeville shows1 was certainly very considerable1 and a source of almost fabulous profit to those engaged in it who were fortunate in their ventures4 ,commerce was the foundation of ,italy's prosperity1 which was greater than that of any other ,european country from the twelfth to the fourteenth century4 ,the ,italian merchants got cottons1 silken goods1 brocades1 ,cashmere shawls1 spices1 rhubarb and other medicines1 amber1 indigo1 pearls1 and diamonds from ,india and ,central ,asia4 ,from ,persia there came silks1 carpets1 skins1 and manufactured articles used by the great for clothing or for the comfort of their homes4 ,tartary and ,russia furnished hemp1 canvas1 ship-timber1 tar1 wax1 caviare1 raw-hides1 and peltries4 ,from the ports of ,syria and ,asia ,minor1 and particularly from ,smyrna1 were shipped to ,italy hare-skins1 leather1 camel's hair1 valonia1 cotton stuffs1 damasks1 dried fruits1 beeswax1 drugs and electuaries1 arms1 armor1 and cutlery2 and many articles of ,asiatic luxury and magnificence found their way thence through ,italian merchants to the courts and castles of ,england1 ,scotland1 ,france1 ,germany1 and other northern nations4 ,greece sent fine wines1 raisins1 currants1 filbert-nuts1 silk1 and alum4 ,a large quantity of grain was brought into ,italy from ,egypt and the ,barbary ,states2 but the supply to the colonies in the ,levant came mostly from the ,black ,sea4 ,wool1 wax1 sheep-skins1 and morocco came from the ,moorish provinces of ,africa4 ,these were the principal imports1 and were exchanged for the products and manufactures of ,italy and the countries to the north1 for which the ,italians acted as agents4 ,the ,genoese exported immense quantities of woven fabrics from the looms of ,lombardy and ,florence1 fine linens from ,bologna1 and cloths of a coarser make from ,france1 for which a ready market was found in the ,east and among the ,italians settled in the ,archipelago and ,levant4 ,the oils of ,provence and the ,riviera of ,genoa1 soaps1 saffron1 and coral1 were also largely exported4 ,quicksilver was a valuable article in the hands of the ,venetians1 who got it from ,istria and sold it in ,spain and the ,levant2 they also extracted a great amount of salt from ,istria and ,dalmatia1 which was sold at a good profit in ,lombardy and other parts of ,italy4 ,sardinia1 ,sicily1 and ,naples also did a large foreign business2 the last city importing cargoes of delicate ,greek and ,oriental wines1 such as the famous ,cyprian1 ,malmsey1 and ,muscatel1 much of which was sent to different parts of ,italy1 and into ,england and the ,netherlands4 ,spain1 ,portugal1 and ,flanders were supplied with the products of the ,indies and ,levant principally by ,genoese and ,venetian merchants4 ,the latter especially had many privileges and fiscal exemptions in ,flanders1 and in returning from the ,north loaded their ships in ,portugal with tin1 silver bars1 wines1 and raisins2 while the former had the greater part of the trade with the ,moors of ,africa and southern ,spain1 from whom1 in return for spiceries and other ,eastern products1 they got gold1 cordovans1 and merino wool1 which were sold to advantage in ,france and ,italy4 ,the ,italians were the best cloth-weavers in ,europe in the fourteenth century1 although the ,flemings were not contemptible rivals4 ,the manufacture of cloth was industriously carried on in many of their cities2 in those of ,tuscany particularly1 the finest kind of work being done in ,lucca4 ,when this city was taken by ,uguccione della ,faggiuola1 in #acad1 the factories and goods were destroyed1 and many citizens emigrated to other parts of ,italy1 and even into ,france1 ,germany1 and ,england4 ,yet long before this ,italian operatives had introduced1 or at least improved1 the art in the northern countries4 ,crapes1 taffetas1 velvets1 silks1 camelots1 and serges were extensively made in ,italy1 the richest quality being sold at ,florence1 where the home industries seemed to centre1 and only the most skilled artisans were employed4 ,the art of weaving wool was practised by thousands of citizens1 and1 nominally at least1 by some of the noblest families of the city and contado 7commune71 since there was a law that no one could aspire to public office unless he were a member of one of the trades-corporations of the republic4 ,the citizens of ,florence were classed from #abff into twelve companies of trades or professions1 seven of which were called arti maggiori1 viz41 #a4 lawyers and attorneys2 #b4 dealers in foreign stuffs2 #c4 bankers and money-changers2 #d4 woollen manufacturers and drapers2 #e4 physicians and apothecaries2 #f4 silk manufacturers and mercers2 #g4 furriers4 ,the lower trades were called arti minori4 ,the records of these corporations are now preserved in a part of the ,uffizi palace devoted to the public archives of ,florence4 ,they range from ,a4,d4 #acjj to the end of the eighteenth century4 ,around the hall1 which was fitted up a few years ago to receive them1 are the portraits of some of the distinguished men who belonged to these guilds3 ,dante1 ,cosimo de' ,medici1 ,francesco ,guicciardini1 and others4 ,balmes gives an interesting account1 after ,capmany1 in his ,european ,civilization1 p4 #dgf1 of 8the trades-unions and other associations which1 established under the influence of the ,catholic religion1 commonly placed themselves under the patronage of some saint1 and had pious foundations for the celebration of their feasts1 and for assisting each other in their necessities40 ,although his long note refers principally to the industrial organization of the city of ,barcelona1 it is acknowledged that ,catalonia borrowed many of its customs and usages in this matter from the towns of ,italy4 ,before the middle of the fourteenth century there were over two hundred drapers' shops in ,florence1 in which from seventy to eighty thousand pieces of cloth were made every year1 to the value of #a1bjj1jjj gold florins1 and employing more than thirty thousand people4 ,the historian ,john ,villani says that the trade had been still more flourishing1 when there were three hundred shops open and one hundred thousand pieces were made yearly1 but that they were of a coarser quality and consequently did not bring as much money into the city1 although more people got work4 ,the art of dyeing cloths and other stuffs was cultivated by the ,italians during the middle ages with considerable success4 ,alum1 which is much used for this purpose1 was eagerly sought after1 and the ,genoese obtained from ,michael ,palologus1 on payment of an annual sum1 the exclusive right of extracting it from a certain mine in the ,morea that had previously been worked by ,arabs1 ,catalans1 and others4 ,the lessees began operations with a force of fifty men1 and soon built a castle to protect themselves1 and finally a town1 which was destroyed by the ,turks in #adee4 ,the ,florentines were so expert in dyeing wool that the material was sent to them for the purpose from other parts of ,italy1 and even from ,germany and the ,netherlands4 ,it was only in #aheh that an immense wooden building for stretching and drying cloth in the sun1 called ,il tiratoio della lana1 which had been used for over five hundred years1 was torn down as too liable to catch fire4 ,the cloths of ,france and other northern countries found a sale in ,florence1 not so much for home use as for exportation through the ,genoese and ,venetians4 ,an exception1 however1 must be made for a rich article called say1 manufactured in ,ireland1 and esteemed so beautiful as to be worn by the ladies of that refined city4#cc ,john ,villani1 already mentioned1 says that there was a quarter of ,florence called ,calimala1 containing twenty stores of the coarser cloths of the ,north1 of which thirty thousand pieces1 of the value of three hundred thousand gold florins1 were yearly imported4 ,florence in the middle ages had a territory extending only a few miles round its walls2 but the industry and speculative spirit of its citizens wonderfully enriched them1 and1 since 8all things obey money0 7,ecclesiastes x4 #ai71 they soon became the predominant power1 and finally the masters in ,tuscany4 ,they were money-changers1 moneylenders1 jewellers1 and goldsmiths for the whole of ,europe and no little part of the ,east4 ,the elements of a business education were given to its youth in numerous schools1 attended by some twelve hundred boys1 who were taught arithmetic and book-keeping4 ,a great deal of money circulated within the city itself1 and a large amount was necessary1 particularly before the introduction of bills of exchange1 to accommodate merchants in their visits to other countries4 ,the public mint coined annually during the fourteenth century from three hundred and fifty thousand to four hundred thousand gold florins1 and about twenty thousand pounds weight of coppers1 called danari da quattro1 or half-farthings2 and eighty private banks assisted the circulation4 ,the beautiful golden florins were first coined in the year #abeb1 bearing on one side the impression of ,st4 ,john ,baptist1 the patron1 and on the other that of a lily1 the device of the city4 ,this was considered the finest coin in the world1 and so much admired that many princes and governments began to imitate it while preserving its original name1 and consequently perpetuating the monetary renown of ,florence4 ,it was current in ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,africa4 ,the workmanship of the ,florentines was so superior that they were often called upon to conduct or superintend the coinage in foreign countries4 ,during the reign of ,king ,david ,,ii41 in the first half of the thirteenth century1 he appointed a ,florentine one of the two keepers of the exchange for all ,scotland1 and masters of the mint2 and under ,king ,robert ,,iii4 7#acij-adbd7 gold was minted for that kingdom by ,bonaccio of ,florence4#cd ,in #abgh the ,exchange at ,london was under the direction of some ,lucca merchants2 and it seems to be directly from the ,italian that we get our ,english word cash1 derived from cassa1 the chest in which ,italian merchants kept their money4 ,we may have some idea of what a money-centre ,florence was in that age from the fact that the notorious ,french adventurer1 the ,duke of ,athens1 who was elected ,lord of ,florence in #acdb1 contrived in the course of only ten months to draw four hundred thousand golden florins out of the city4 ,the ,florentines1 who had the reputation of being the smartest people in ,italy1 were extremely fond of banking in all its branches4 ,while the middle and lower orders of society were mostly engaged in mechanical occupations1 the higher classes handled the money1 and would appear to have taken lessons of the ,jews4 ,the great feudal nobles of the north1 with more land than gold1 would often ask their chaplains to reprove them with some holy text of ,scripture--,ecclesiasticus ,x4 #aj being a favorite one--when interest was demanded or mortgages were forfeited4 ,they were not by any means the only ,italians who publicly courted the queen ,regina ,pecunia2 the ancient name in ,england for a banker1 which was ,lombard1 and the street in ,london called ,lombard ,street1 preserving the memory of the ,milanese and others out of ,lombardy who took up their first residence there before the year #abgd1 and were great moneychangers and usurers4 ,the stupendous fortunes of the ,chigi1 who gave ,pope ,alexander ,,vii4 to the church and are now ,roman princes1 and before them of the ,medici family1 which became royal1 were amassed chiefly in the banking business2 but it is a popular error that the well-known sign of the pawnbrokers' three gilt balls is derived from the armorial bearings of the latter1 which their agents in ,england and other countries placed over the doors of their loan-shops4 ,the arms of the ,medici were or1 six torteaux gules except the one in chief1 which was azure charged with three fleurs-de-lis or4 ,whether these roundlets had any allusion1 as has been suggested1 to doctors' pills and the professional origin whence the family name is supposed to be derived1 we cannot determine2 but the gold pieces called bezants because coined at ,constantinople--,byzantium--and so common at an early period in ,italy that the saying ,aver buoni ,bisanzi was a proverbial expression of one who had plenty of money1 seem to have been early the distinguishing sign of money-lenders and changers1 and are the true origin of the pawnbrokers' balls4 ,the shrewdness of the ,italians in money matters did not always save them from disastrous failures and bankruptcies caused by wars1 breach of faith in persons too high to be reached1 loss of goods and bullion by fire1 piracy1 shipwreck1 and other accidents4 ,the first great failure of this kind was that of a mercantile company in #abif1 which had existed for one hundred and twenty years1 and became insolvent for #djj1jjj gold florins1 due to citizens and strangers4 ,it was felt throughout the republic of ,florence like the loss of a battle4 ,even worse was the failure of the ,bardi and ,peruzzi in #acdg4 ,they were both merchants and bankers1 and stood at the head of their class in ,italy4 ,loans to the kings of ,england and ,sicily brought them down4 ,the first owed them #ijj1jjj and the second #dej1jjj gold florins4 ,these were unavailable assets when the #eej1jjj florins they owed their fellow-citizens and others began to be called for1 and therefore they broke4 ,this downfall carried with it a large number of smaller houses1 and among them that of ,corsini1 of the since princely family of that name1 which gave ,st4 ,andrew and ,pope ,clement ,,xii4 to the church4 ,the celebrated historian ,john ,villani was a great loser by this failure1 and was even imprisoned in the ,stinche in consequence of it as an insolvent4 ,the law punished fraudulent failures very severely2 but if it could be proved that the failures resulted from unavoidable accidents1 the debtors were allowed to go free1 after surrendering all they possessed to their creditors4 ,for the convenience of customers1 the bank-offices used to be on the ground-floor of the houses--sometimes palaces--the masters living above4 ,the rate of discount on exchange was from one and one-half to two per cent41 and four per cent4 on sums advanced4 ,jacques ,savary1 in his ,parfait ,ngociant1 says that the invention of bills of exchange is due to ,french ,jews who were driven out of ,france by ,philip the ,fair in #acaf1 and took refuge in ,lombardy4 ,by means of such bills they were able to get the value of the property they had left in the hands of friends4 ,they were imitated by certain ,ghibellines who1 being exiled1 went to ,amsterdam and saved some of their goods left in ,italy4 ,in negotiating these bills and effecting the sale of goods1 persons called sensali 7brokers7 were employed4 ,no duties were levied on exports1 but imported goods had to be stored in government buildings called dogane--i4e41 custom-houses1 or1 perhaps more accurately1 bonded warehouses--from which1 although they might be hypothecated1 they could be withdrawn only after payment of a certain sum4 ,there was a chamber of commerce called ,mercanzia at ,florence1 and all the other commercial cities had their merchants' exchange for the transaction of business1 the sordid use to which they were put being often disguised by the beauties of architecture1 painting1 and sculpture4 ,thus1 the ,sala del ,cambio at ,perugia was decorated with frescoes by the celebrated ,pietro ,perugino1 assisted by his immortal pupil ,raphael of ,urbino4 ,in all seaports there were certain judges1 elected by and from among the merchants1 who composed a tribunal called ,consolato di ,mare4 ,they settled disputes between traders and ship-owners1 gave assistance in distress1 and watched over the interests of commerce4 ,the origin of such boards of trade was very ancient among the ,italians1 for as early as the year #aabi one was established at ,messina4 ,it is said that the ,pisans were the first to make laws regulating navigation1 and that their code was approved in #ajge by ,pope ,gregory ,,vii4#ce ,there was no appeal from the decisions of these admiralty courts1 and in cases of fraud or other misdemeanor the guilty party was punished by public authority4 ,sericulture began in ,italy in the fourteenth century1 and was practised with success1 especially in ,lombardy4 ,the statutes of ,modena obliged the peasants to plant a large number of mulberry-trees1 in order to promote it4 ,the wide extent of ,italian commerce and the industrial prosperity of ,italy1 which was a consequence of it1 greatly enriched her higher classes and led to the most extravagant luxury during the latter part of the middle ages4 ,nations now reckoned highly civilized1 and where the comforts of life are within the reach of all1 were then badly clothed and poorly fed4 ,the effeminacy of the wealthier ,italians during the fourteenth century1 when commerce was most extended1 caused them to despise1 amidst the delicacies of the ,east and the fruits of their own intelligence1 the rude simplicity of their more northern neighbors4 ,even the lower classes among them felt a desire for greater convenience and refinement4 ,dante1 ,boccaccio1 the chroniclers1 and other writers of this period portray or lament the ever-increasing luxury of the age1 and we can gather from them an accurate idea of the style of living and magnificence of the patricians in their provisions1 furniture1 and dress during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries4 ,nuptial entertainments and civic festivals were the occasions of most display2 and ,chaucer1 who had partaken of such1 writes probably as much from recollection as after ,petrarch1 whom he has imitated1 when he describes the preparations for ,griselda's wedding to the young ,marquis of ,saluce4 ,the women were particularly dainty1 and many sumptuary laws were enacted to restrain the excess of refinement in houses1 furniture1 and apparel4 ,a very fine sort of thin1 transparent linen1 made in ,cyprus1 was much worn by the female sex4 ,it resembled1 but was not quite so indecent as the ,coa vestis of the ancients4 ,they also carried much jewelry1 and were clothed in garments worked in silver and gold stuff4 ,their minds naturally ran on money3 8,julia4 ,what thinkest thou of the rich ,mercutio8 ,lucetta4 ,well of his wealth2 but of himself1 so1 so40 --,two ,gentlemen of ,verona1 act i4 sc4 #b4 ,the habits and head-dress of the men were often bespangled with precious stones1 and their whole attire answered to their haughty bearing1 which bespoke successful foreign ventures and a splendid style maintained at home4 ,in innumerable ways they exemplified ,dr4 ,johnson's observation3 8,with what munificence a great merchant will spend his money1 both from his having it at command and from his enlarged views by calculation of a good effect upon the whole40 ,few of them would have dared to say with ,bassanio3 8,gentle lady1 ,when ,i did first impart my love to you1 ,i freely told you all the wealth ,i had ,ran in my veins2 ,i was a gentleman40 --,merchant of ,venice1 act iii4 sc4 #b4 ,when ,shakspere uses the expression 8royal merchant0 in the play from which we have just quoted1 it is1 as ,warburton remarks1 no ranting epithet2 for several ,italian merchant families obtained principalities in the ,archipelago and elsewhere1 which their descendants enjoyed for many generations1 and others of their class made sovereign alliances4 ,for instance1 ,james1 ,king of ,cyprus1 married ,catherine ,cornaro1 daughter of a ,venetian merchant1 who gave her a dowry of #ajj1jjj golden ducats4#cf #ca ,the ,cathedral of ,pisa1 one of the most remarkable monuments of the middle ages1 owes its origin to such an expedition2 for it was built with part of the rich booty taken from the ,saracens at ,palermo in the year #ajfc4 #cb ,this city was taken from the ,genoese by the ,turks in #adgd1 but the ,christians were not all driven out4 ,the late ,father ,theiner has published an interesting letter from the ,papal ,nuncio in ,poland in #aegi1 in which he mentions having met some ,kaffa people at ,wilna and tells of their strange manner of obtaining a priest1 reminding one a little of ,michas and the ,levite in ,judges xvii4 #cc ,mc,pherson's ,annals of ,commerce1 vol4 i4 p4 #efb4 #cd ,innes1 ,scotland in the ,middle ,ages1 p4 #cji4 #ce ,muratori1 ,ant4 ,ital41 tom4 ii4 p4 #ed4 #cf ,the ducat was the great money of ,venice1 as the florin was of ,florence1 and bears in its name a proof of the more aristocratic government of the former city4 ,the first gold ducats were coined by the ,doge ,john ,dandolo in #abhj1 and are inscribed ,i#j4 ,,dandvl4 ,,dvx4 ,a ,,daughter ,,of ,,the ,,puritans4 ,rose ,standish ,howson--that was her name1 and very proud she was of it4 ,back of the ,mayflower1 she knew little about her ancestors2 but certain it was that in that well-filled vessel one of her forefathers had come to ,america1 and1 marrying a distant connection of the veritable ,standish family1 had handed this name down to all succeeding generations4 ,rose boasted1 so far as it is proper for a well-bred ,new ,england girl to boast1 that1 however it might have been outside of her own country1 here at least her lineage was most democratically noble2 she belonged--and could prove it1 too1 out of a little book compiled by her grandfather--thoroughly to the old ,puritan race4 ,in all her books the name was written in full--,rose ,standish ,howson2 and it was her unfailing source of regret that her only brother had not been called ,miles4 ,john ,howson laughed good-naturedly at his sister's foible1 but was really quite as proud as she1 though in a more passive way4 ,their home was not in ,boston4 ,let this important fact receive our prompt attention4 ,but1 since it could not be there1 it was in the next best place--an old academic town2 in which ,new ,england ,state matters little to our story4 ,there for thirty years ,rose ,howson's father had been the academy's honored principal4 ,his wife had died young1 leaving only this son and daughter4 ,john fitted for ,harvard at the academy2 ,rose went steadily through grammar-school and high-school in her native place1 then went to ,boston with hopes of at least a two years' added course of study there4 ,it resolved itself into one brilliant winter and spring of hard work and exhausting pleasure1 symphony concerts1 ,shakspere clubs1 ,parker ,fraternity lectures1 abstruse reading1 and keenly exciting conversation2 one merry ,june1 one gay class-day1 one delightful commencement1 when ,dr4 ,howson came to ,cambridge to meet old pupils and friends1 and see his son bear off the highest honors2 then they went home for vacation1 and before it was over ,dr4 ,howson sickened and died4 ,the whole town was in a fervor of excitement2 there was a funeral1 to which people came from far and near2 resolutions were passed1 and in the flush of enthusiasm ,john ,howson1 young as he was and just out of college1 was elected on trial to fill his father's place4 ,so the brother and sister still lived on in their old home1 but into it they infused a new manner of living4 ,fresh from the intellectual arena1 they sought to shape society about them into some likeness to that they loved so well1 and they found their old friends and playmates more than ready to meet them half-way4 ,a book club was started1 into which the current literature of the day was crowded1 and from which1 it was placidly affirmed1 all 8trash0 was excluded2 but ,mill was there1 and ,darwin1 and a strange mixture of ,german philosophy1 which the young men1 but more especially the young women1 read1 or fancied they read1 and about which they talked much1 after a fashion revealing more ideas than thought4 ,there were 8musicals0 too1 and a ,shakspere club1 and ,german and ,french conversations and readings1 and the second winter after ,dr4 ,howson's death there were dramatic entertainments and concerts2 and it came to pass that almost every afternoon and evening of ,rose's life was filled with some sort of intellectual work or pleasure4 ,she was a capital housekeeper1 and so her early mornings were occupied with household cares2 but1 later1 she was always ready for a walk or talk1 and her reading was done in snatches by day and by long hours of steady work late at night4 ,about religion 8experimentally0 she knew little4 ,the old meeting-house1 which the ,puritan settlers had built1 was still standing1 but it had been enlarged and made over1 though not beautified4 ,there ,rose had been accustomed to go ,sunday after ,sunday as a matter of course1 and sometimes to the ,friday evening prayer-meeting2 but she was not 8a ,christian40 ,once there had been a revival1 when she tried to be converted1 but she had failed4 ,then in ,boston she had been taken to hear preachers who were not 8orthodox0 at all2 she had almost feared them at first1 because of strange names she had heard applied to them--they had ,german tendencies1 rationalistic tendencies1 were free-thinkers4 ,but when she came under the spell of their presence and their eloquence she was fascinated4 ,they appealed to what she thought the highest faculties of her nature--her intellect1 her love for the beautiful1 her reason4 ,she missed it when she came home and she did more than miss it3 she began to doubt4 ,was old ,mr4 ,gray wiser than the cultured men she had been hearing8 ,he claimed that they were wrong2 how did he know that8 ,how could she tell that he was not mistaken8 ,in this one small town1 originally occupied by orthodox ,congregationalists only1 there were now ,orthodox ,unitarians1 ,methodists1 ,episcopalians1 ,baptists1 and ,universalists4 ,a ,roman ,catholic priest was serving there too1 in a dingy hall in a back street1 but 8society0 rarely noticed him or his work2 he and his alike were out of its pale1 anomalies1 hardly worth mentioning except with pitying wonder or idle jest and scorn4 ,what made ,mr4 ,gray superior to any or all of these in his power of discerning truth8 ,and while ,rose queried thus on ,sunday mornings1 sitting wearily in her accustomed place at the right of the pulpit1 sometimes trying to find out how to be good1 but oftener losing herself in memories of the feasts of reason she had known for so brief and bright a while1 some one came to town who was to influence her life greatly4 ,looking up suddenly from one of these reveries1 she found herself still in the meeting-house1 but opposite her was a new face1 a lady's1 thin and pale1 with searching eyes fixed upon hers1 and after service the lady came straight to her pew and held out her hand4 8,i am sure you are ,miss ,howson10 she said4 8,your friend ,grace ,roland has told me much of you4 ,i am ,ellen ,lawton40 ,rose's heart leaped up4 ,in those happy ,boston days she had often heard ,ellen ,lawton spoken of as one of the most elegant and cultured women of her time1 and she had read her writings with delight1 but she had hardly hoped to meet her4 ,it took her breath away with joy when she learned that ,miss ,lawton had come to live for a while in this quiet country place4 ,it was a season of keen delight4 ,rose had thought she knew what it was to revel in intellectual pleasure1 but it was something new to meet one so superior to herself1 yet so loving2 always ready to listen to her ideas1 to help her unfold them1 and yet so calm and tranquil4 ,miss ,lawton was an invalid1 and1 after that first ,sunday1 ,rose never saw her at church again4 ,once1 when ,rose stopped on her way thither to leave her some flowers1 ,miss ,lawton said that she was going to sit in the sunshine2 would not ,rose stay with her8 ,and when ,rose demurred1 ,miss ,lawton said gently1 8,shall we not please ,god as well in the beauty of his sunshine as in that bare and cheerless house where you know you do not like to go80 ,this was the beginning of ,rose's first knowledge of ,ellen ,lawton's so-called religious life2 they sat and talked all that morning about it4 ,with a sweet smile upon her calm face1 the invalid said quietly that she believed there might be a ,god2 she was not sure1 of course2 but if there was one1 he was kind and good1 and loved to see her happy4 ,she made life as bright and beautiful as she possibly could always2 it was given her to enjoy4 ,books and music and art and flowers were parts of her religion2 beyond this world she did not look2 what came after death she knew not and cared not2 if there was a ,god1 he was good and would be good to her2 if there was not1 the thought of annihilation did not distress her4 ,rose watched her closely after this2 she never heard an impatient word or saw a hasty movement2 the life was an exposition of what a great many people would call 8the beautiful10 and ,rose found in it more and more satisfaction for her extreme intellectual cravings4 ,one morning a servant ran in with blanched face to tell her that ,miss ,lawton was dead4 ,rose had known that heart-disease was the fatal malady which was surely sapping at her friend's life1 yet this blow fell upon her with an awful suddenness4 ,she went to the house1 where they left her to do as she would1 for she was the nearest friend ,miss ,lawton had there2 she went up to the silent room1 and shut herself in alone with the silent dead4 ,ellen ,lawton lay as they had found her2 she must have risen in the morning and dressed with her usual dainty care2 then1 perhaps feeling some acute pang of the pain to which she was subject1 she had sunk upon the couch by the window4 ,her face was1 as in life1 calm and noble2 about her lay her books that she had loved1 her rare pictures looked down upon her1 her flowers scented the room2 outside the sun shone brightly on the grand hills she had been used to watch1 finding in them food for heart and soul both1 she said4 ,none of these moved her now at all4 ,rose went close to her and looked at her1 and looked1 and looked1 as if she would waken her by the very fixedness of her gaze4 ,what was this thing lying there1 this beautiful clay1 this voiceless1 motionless1 tenantless body8 ,yesterday it spoke to her1 kissed her1 loved her2 what had changed it1 gone out of it8 ,the spirit8 ,the soul8 ,where was that soul then8 ,she knelt down trembling1 and put her hand where the heart had beat not five short hours ago4 ,there was no movement now2 and the silence in the room grew terrible4 ,where was that which yesterday she spoke with8 ,nowhere8 ,then to-morrow she herself might be nowhere and nothing4 ,suddenly there came to her a memory which she had striven for years to banish4 ,a stranger had preached at the time of that unforgotten revival2 he had painted vividly and unsparingly the torments of the lost4 ,often in the night ,rose had wakened from a dream of it1 and found herself cold with horror1 and cried out1 8,i never will believe it40 ,now like a painting she seemed to see it all again1 and through her mind rang the words with which the sermon had ended1 8,doubt on as you will1 ,o unbeliever1 ,o careless soul1 ,o faithless ,christian6 ,laugh on as you will1 forget as you will4 ,but suppose that you wake up after death and find this true6 ,what then80 ,john ,howson1 hearing the news at school1 hurried home at noon to comfort ,rose1 but she was gone4 ,he found her in that room of death1 rocking to and fro upon her knees1 her hands held out over the dead1 while she was whispering in hoarse tones3 8,ellen1 is it true8 ,tell me it is not true40 ,and no one answered4 ,john lifted her tenderly1 and she clung to him like a little child4 8,take me home60 she cried1 quivering all over4 ,she could not walk2 he had to carry her1 and all the way she clung to him as if the very touch of something that lived and loved was comfort4 8,o ,john6 ,i am so glad you are alive10 she sobbed4 8,dear ,john1 do not die1 do not die60 ,he could hardly bear to leave her for afternoon school1 and when he came home she was crouching by his arm-chair1 while ,abby1 their old servant1 sat looking at her with pitying horror4 8,you'd best do what you can for her1 ,master ,john10 she said1 8or she'll kill herself going on in this way40 8,no1 no6 not kill myself10 ,rose answered hysterically4 8,it is awful to live1 but it is worse to die40 ,john sat down near her1 and she took his hand and held it tightly4 8,i want to feel that you are here1 and warm and well10 she said4 8,o ,john6 tell me what is true40 8,what is true80 he repeated4 8,why1 ,i am1 ,i hope2 and you1 dear child40 8,oh6 no10 she exclaimed1 as if his tender lightness were unbearable4 8,is ,god true8 ,is there a ,god8 ,what comes after death80 ,he answered her honestly2 he had even less faith than she1 but his doubts did not trouble him4 ,he lived a life as upright and fair as his neighbors2 whether there was a ,god or not1 what difference did it make1 so long as he behaved himself8 ,this was ,john ,howson's creed1 if such a title could be applied to it4 ,how strong and kind he looked1 how honorable he always was6 ,why should ,rose worry1 if he did not8 ,either there was no ,god1 and what they did made no difference--they could live as they liked and get all the pleasure possible--or1 if there was a ,god1 he was too good to be ever angry with them4 ,it was a consoling belief2 she would take the comfort of it4 ,but alone at night the horror returned4 ,suppose there was a ,god who demanded something--she knew not what--from his creatures2 she could only express it by the vague term1 8to be ,christians40 ,she held her head between her hands and tried to think what that meant4 ,yes1 she must be converted1 and be sorry for all her sins1 and join the church4 ,how were people converted1 and what church should she join8 ,perhaps she had better say a prayer4 8,o ,god60 she began1 then paused4 ,her brain was reeling with the doubt whether there was any ,god at all2 and even if there were1 what was the use of prayer8 ,the next morning she went to ,mr4 ,gray4 ,with nerves unstrung by intense feeling1 she had little thought left for ordinary greetings or for ceremony4 ,the old man was jarred and hurt by what he thought her rudeness1 never dreaming that he was dealing with a soul which was fast losing all care for earthly joys or pains1 or for any earthly thing at all1 in the one absorbing fear of eternal things4 ,for forty years he had labored in this place in a calm routine1 hearing something but comprehending little of the doubts through which the world without was passing4 ,it filled him with horror to hear ,rose talk2 he had never imagined what thoughts had been working in the mind of his old friend's child4 8,what must one do to be a ,christian80 she had asked abruptly4 ,he had not expected such a question1 and looked surprised1 but he answered simply enough3 8,you must believe on the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 my child1 and come to him in repentance40 8,and where is he80 ,rose cried1 8and who is he1 and what does he want of me80 ,mr4 ,gray stared at her in amazement and sorrow4 8,my dear10 he said1 8who is he8 ,he is ,god1 and he is everywhere1 and he wants your heart40 8,how do you know that80 ,rose exclaimed4 8,tell me how you know it4 ,the old man laid his hand upon his ,bible4 8,where should ,i know it but here80 he asked4 8,but other people think differently10 ,rose said4 8,i have read it myself1 and ,i don't find what you preach4 ,the ,baptists read the ,bible1 and so do the ,methodists1 and so do the ,episcopalians1 and you cannot agree to be one4 ,how do you know the ,bible is true80 ,it was of no avail to tell her of internal evidence1 or of spiritual conviction1 or of visible effects4 ,quickly enough it became clear that ,rose ,howson had no faith left in the ,lord ,jesus ,christ as ,god4 ,she did believe as an historical fact that he had lived once upon earth1 and was man1 and possibly something more than man2 that was all4 ,to everything ,mr4 ,gray said she returned the answer1 8,how do you know it8 ,is not the ,baptist minister a ,christian8--and yet you differ4 ,is not the ,unitarian minister a scholar1 and does not he pray to ,god8--and yet you say he is mistaken40 ,and when ,mr4 ,gray reminded her of her father1 and asked how he would have felt to hear her speak thus1 she cried out that she was a woman grown1 and it was her own soul she was talking of1 and her father could not save that2 fathers made very little difference when it was heaven and hell you were thinking about4 8,all ,christians agree on the vital points10 ,mr4 ,gray said2 8at least1 all evangelical ,protestants40 8,and what about the unevangelical ,protestants and the poor ,catholics8 and who decides what are the vital points8 and why cannot you and the ,baptists commune together1 then80 ,the eager questions were poured forth1 overwhelming the listener4 ,mr4 ,gray shook his head sadly4 8,i do not think you are in a fit state to speak of such matters1 ,rose10 he said4 8,the ,lord ,jesus ,christ died for you4 ,pray to him that he will himself teach you40 ,rose stood up4 8,good-by1 ,mr4 ,gray10 she said gently4 8,i am afraid ,i have troubled you4 ,perhaps you will say a prayer for me sometimes40 8,i will indeed1 my child10 he answered her1 with a very troubled look upon his face2 8but you must pray too40 8,pray80 she repeated to herself mechanically as she went out of the room4 8,i wonder how they do it1 and what they mean by it1 and what good it ever does8 ,pray8 ,oh6 if ,i only could40 ,after this ,rose was never seen inside the old meeting-house again4 ,everybody learned that she was in some religious difficulty2 most persons never mentioned the subject to her2 some told her not to worry1 but to trust2 others that it made no manner of difference what she believed1 so long as she was sincere4 ,to the one she answered that the only belief she was sincere in was that she did not know what to believe2 to the other she made no reply4 ,but to ,john once she answered wearily3 8,if you sat here studying1 and ,i told you the house was on fire1 and you could smell it burning1 would you keep still at your books1 and trust and not worry1 because other people said it was not your house80 ,on one occasion she took up a ,protestant ,episcopal ,book of ,common ,prayer which she found in her father's library1 and1 turning its pages1 came to the ,apostles' ,creed4 ,it comforted her to read it2 she thought it must be a blessed thing to be brought up always with that impressed upon one1 and never to know anything else4 ,she had some ,protestant ,episcopal friends2 they seemed very content4 ,but1 still idly turning the leaves1 she came to the ,thirty-,nine ,articles1 and her eye lighted on the words1 8,as the ,church of ,jerusalem1 ,alexandria1 and ,antioch1 have erred2 so also the ,church of ,rome hath erred1 not only in their living and manner of ,ceremonies1 but also in matters of ,faith40 ,so then even they could not be sure and settled in their belief1 she said to herself2 for if ,rome and ,jerusalem and ,antioch had erred1 why not the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church of ,america8 ,it was the closing drop of bitterness4 ,john found her that noon in as terrible a state as on the day of ,ellen ,lawton's death4 8,rose10 he said gravely1 8for some time1 as you know1 ,i have doubted the existence of a ,god2 but ,i will tell you now that my doubts on that point are settled4 ,wherever and whatever he may be1 there surely is one2 for ,i am convinced that no one could suffer as you do without some reality to cause it40 ,the unexpected words brought a ray of comfort2 she lifted her poor pale face to his with a look of pitiful longing4 8,then1 ,john10 she said1 8don't you think he must know how dreadful the suffering is1 and that he will tell me some day where to find him80 ,the tears--a man's rare tears--sprang to ,john ,howson's eyes4 8,i surely think he will1 ,rose10 he answered2 and he stooped and kissed her with great compassion4 ,his love was the only comfort ,rose had now1 and at times she found no comfort even in that4 ,fanny ,mason came to see her in the afternoon4 ,people did not come to the house as freely as they used to come2 ,rose showed too plainly that she did not care to see them4 ,but ,fanny had been an intimate family friend always2 the affection between the two girls was more like that of relatives than of friends4 ,fanny was not at all intellectual1 had never known a shadow of doubt2 she ran in to chat and gossip1 not waiting for replies1 and brought a sense of refreshment1 or at least of change1 to ,rose's burdened mind4 8,to-morrow is ,ascension ,day10 she said4 8,the ,episcopalians are going to have service and trim their church beautifully--white lilacs and wistaria and lilies of the valley and bunches of forget-me-not4 ,it will be lovely2 wouldn't you like to see it80 8,i am tired and sick of prettiness and pettiness10 ,rose said4 8,rose ,howson6 ,what next8 ,you used to say that the beautiful satisfied you entirely40 8,i thought it did10 ,rose answered sadly4 8,but where is it8 ,all at once it failed me4 ,now ,i see a death's-head behind all40 8,rose6 ,not really80 ,rose almost smiled at ,fanny's scared face4 8,no1 ,fanny2 not literally1 at least4 ,once1 though1 ,i did really see it in the very centre of loveliness1 and ,i cannot forget40 8,i wish you could forget10 ,fanny said pityingly4 8,i wish we could be little girls once more1 ,rose40 8,no1 no60 ,rose answered1 shuddering4 8,not to live all these years over again4 ,but1 ,o ,fanny6 if ,i only could forget for ever so short a while60 ,the strained1 wild passion of her look and manner frightened ,fanny2 she tried to return to her former chatty lightness4 8,i'll tell you what you had better do10 she said1 8since you are tired of the beautiful4 ,the ,catholics are going to keep ,ascension ,day too4 ,what a queer set they are6 ,do you know that they call this the month of ,mary1 and in their hall her image is dressed in lace and flowers1 with candles burning around it all day long8 ,it is not so pretty there1 ,i assure you4 ,suppose you try that40 ,then laughing as if she had suggested the most absurd of absurdities1 ,fanny went away4 ,the dark cloud of depression which had come upon ,rose that morning1 and had lifted slightly at ,john's words1 shadowed her now more densely than ever4 ,she looked about the room which ,john's taste and hers had made so fair4 ,how everything palled upon her6 ,what good was it to try to make life as beautiful as possible1 if even in life she ceased to care for the beautiful8 ,the strong1 the true1 the lasting1 was what she needed now4 ,it seemed to her that there was no hope anywhere4 ,she fled out into the open air1 and walked fast to escape her haunting thoughts2 but there was no escape from self4 ,passing the hall where the ,catholics had services1 she saw an old woman climbing the steps1 remembered ,fanny's words1 and followed her4 8,since the beautiful fails me10 she thought with a bitter smile1 8,i will look at what is not beautiful40 ,it was a very dingy hall1 and uninviting4 ,on the side walls were poor wood-cuts representing the scenes of the ,passion4 ,on a plain white wood altar a lamp was burning4 ,near by hung a colored print of the ,saviour1 but as ,rose had never seen him portrayed before--with his ,heart exposed upon his breast1 and great blood-drops falling from it4 ,rose shrank from the sight2 it displeased her4 ,close by the altar-rail was a highly-colored and gaudily-decorated statue of the ,blessed ,virgin1 with flowers distastefully arranged about it4 ,the old woman had fallen on her knees before it1 and was praying4 ,rose wondered at her4 ,but she was strangely conscious of a peculiar quiet in the place2 it soothed her4 ,she sat down on one of the benches1 and took up a book lying there4 ,the ,key of ,heaven it was called2 a very soiled and worn book it was2 she hardly liked to touch it4 ,it opened at the ,apostles' ,creed4 8,he ascended into heaven10 she read4 ,who was 8he08 ,jesus ,christ--,god6 ,so ,catholics believed as well as ,mr4 ,gray2 in this they were agreed4 ,but1 oh6 what difference did it make8 ,god and heaven were so very far away--if indeed there were a heaven anywhere--that who on earth could tell anything about them8 ,she looked up wearily from the book2 again her eyes met the poor print of the ,sacred ,heart1 the poor statue of the holy ,mother4 ,like a flash the thought came into her mind1 8,jesus ,christ--,god--ascended into heaven1 and he had a heart like ours1 and he had a mother40 ,it was not as if she were uttering a belief--whether ,jesus ,christ was ,god she did not know2 she was not even thinking about it then4 ,but it was as if she had grasped a link in a mighty chain1 which1 if one other link could be supplied1 would solve and settle all doubt for ever4 ,over and over she said the words1 fearing to lose or forget them3 8,jesus ,christ--,god--ascended into heaven1 and he had a heart like ours1 and he had a mother40 ,if this was true1 how ,god in heaven must pity her1 how he must love her6 ,and suddenly the tears were falling on ,rose's cheeks4 ,when she had wept last she could not tell2 certainly not since ,ellen ,lawton's death1 though she had often craved the relief of tears4 ,now they fell softly and plenteously1 while she kept repeating the strange formula with a keen sense that it soothed her and she was resting2 and oh6 she had been so tired4 ,a mother1 a mother--how very sweet it must be to have a mother6 ,and a ,god with a heart like ours1 a heart that could be wounded and bleed and suffer sorely2 oh6 how one must love a ,god like that4 8,john10 she said abruptly1 when they were sitting by the study-lamp after tea1 8what are ,catholics8 ,i mean1 what do you know about them80 8,not much of anything10 he answered in some surprise1 8except as one is always coming upon them in history and the papers4 ,why80 8,what makes them different from ,protestants8 ,aren't you always coming upon them too80 8,not in the same way1 child4 ,you know that ,protestants are not so--so obtrusive40 8,but why1 ,john8 ,i want to know about them40 ,there was an animation in her manner which reminded him of old times2 he saw that she was really in earnest1 and set himself to answer her in his straightforward1 kindly way1 glad to notice any change for the better in her tone of mind4 8,i have never thought very much about them1 ,rose10 he said2 8but every general reader must come in contact with them somehow1 even if1 like me1 he has not had personal acquaintance with them in society4 ,of course you know the distinguishing features of confession and transubstantiation1 the papacy1 the worship of saints and relics1 prayer for the dead40 8,are you sure they are all wrong80 8,not at all4 ,we were brought up to think them wrong1 but ,i have never looked so deeply into the matter as to make such an assertion on my own judgment2 it never has seemed worth while4 ,however1 if you care for my opinion1 ,i will tell you what1 from all ,i have read and heard1 presents itself to my mind as the peculiar and fatal mark of ,catholicism4 ,it is its claim of absolute authority over the bodies and minds and souls of men--a claim which reached its height of tyranny in the declaration of the infallibility of the pope40 8,what does that mean1 ,john80 8,why1 that whatever the pope may say--no matter who he is1 remember1 if he is only a pope--that thing you and ,i and every one must believe to be right4 ,however1 ,i mean to be just to all sects4 ,if ,i have the idea rightly1 their exact claim is this3 that the pope1 as pope1 speaking to the whole church as the ,head of the ,church1 cannot be mistaken1 simply because ,god will not permit him to be4 ,do you understand80 ,she was sitting in the full light of the lamp4 ,he noticed the quiet1 thoughtful look upon her face2 it made him very happy to see it there4 8,john10 she said after a minute's pause1 8why should it not be80 8,what1 ,rose80 8,i mean1 if there is a ,god ,almighty1 why could he not keep a man from error in teaching1 just as easily as he could make a man in the first place80 8,really10 said ,john with an amused smile at what he thought her brightness1 8,i don't see but that he could2 that is1 if you give up the idea that we are free agents40 8,but do they say he is not generally a free agent80 ,rose asked1 like one thinking out a problem4 8,only1 when ,god wants to use him to teach the church1 he will not let him teach a lie4 ,why should not an ,almighty ,god do that8 ,o ,john6 look here40 ,she hurried to the bookcase1 brought back and opened the ,book of ,common ,prayer4 8,i believe in the ,holy ,ghost1 the ,holy ,catholic ,church10 she read4 8,then there are those who do really believe it2 who really think that now--to-day--there is a church where ,god speaks plainly and unmistakably1 and always will speak so1 and there can be no error80 8,yes1 ,rose40 ,was it only the glow of the lamplight shining upon her face8 ,did his eyes deceive him1 or was that creature1 radiant with happiness and a bloom of beauty never witnessed there before--was this his poor and fading ,rose of that very noon8 ,once in his life he had heard a child laugh who had been suddenly and entirely released from excruciating pain--a low1 sweet laugh most exquisite to hear in the sense it gave of indescribable relief4 ,such a laugh he heard now from ,rose's lips1 which he had almost feared would never so much as smile again4 8,john10 she said exultingly1 8,i have it6 ,there is a ,heavenly ,father--,god--and he made us all4 ,and there is ,jesus ,christ--,god--who ascended into heaven1 and he had a heart like ours1 and he had a mother4 ,and there is a ,holy ,ghost--,god--who is with the church1 and so she cannot lie4 ,and how those three are one1 and how the blood of ,christ saves us1 we may never be able to explain2 but1 if there is a ,god1 he will never let his church tell lies or err or make mistakes1 and whatever his church says that we ought to believe1 whether we understand it or not4 ,and only ,catholics claim an infallible voice4 ,john1 ,i am going to try it4 ,i shall speak to the priest to-morrow40 8,you are your own mistress1 ,rose10 he said gravely4 8,you can do as you please4 ,i only warn you that after that one act of your own choice1 you must give up your reason and will to another40 ,the color flashed more brightly in her cheeks4 ,he was amazed as he looked at her2 once again the fire was in her eyes1 and the brilliant intellect shone in the face that had been dulled so long4 8,i shall give up my reason and my will to ,god10 she said4 8,it is he who will speak to me1 without erring and without lying4 ,i do not expect to be as wise as my ,creator1 and ,i am sure ,i shall be none the worse for it when he who is wisdom itself teaches me4 ,it is ,god that ,i am talking about1 ,john1 and not a mere man that can make mistakes4 ,i am quite content to yield my intellect and my will to him40 ,and then1 as suddenly as it had come1 the glow faded from her face2 she was kneeling down beside him with that look of anguish in her eyes which for so many long weeks had wrung his heart with pity4 8,you know ,i have suffered10 she said1 8but1 ,john1 it is only the outside you have seen2 you can't tell what it has been within4 ,and now a great light is coming--,i am sure of it4 ,it is not the love of beauty or anything ,i used to crave4 ,it is the thing ,i need and we all need2 something stronger than we are3 something that cannot by any possibility teach us a lie2 something that cannot by any possibility err2 something plain to hear and plain to see--infallible6 ,i have not got it yet2 ,i am only on my way to it4 ,if it was in your power to stop me1 would you do it80 8,i do not understand you1 ,rose10 he answered thoughtfully1 8nor do ,i entirely follow your train of reasoning4 ,still1 ,i grant that for a temperament such as yours has of late disclosed itself to be there is comfort in what you think you see4 ,no1 ,i would not say a word to stop you1 my poor child6 ,it goes against the grain to think of one of us becoming a ,catholic2 but if anything will help you1 ,i shall bless the hand that brings relief40 ,she looked full in his face with a look of grave surprise4 8,i did not think that of you10 she said2 8you always have seemed so honest4 ,don't you know that nothing in heaven or earth can satisfy me1 unless it is the truth8 ,no shams1 no half-way things1 but something like rock that will never fail4 ,i did not think that of you1 ,john60 ,john sat alone and puzzled over her words that night4 8,i always have to puzzle things out10 he said4 8,they never come to me like a flash1 as they do to ,rose4 ,stop1 though6 ,i am wrong there4 ,she has been months in getting at it1 and they were months that almost killed her4 ,why was it80 ,plainly enough he saw at last why it was4 ,god1 the soul1 eternity--those things which are invisible--were more real to ,rose than the visible things4 ,and should they not be8 ,he knew very well that he would be stung to the quick to be told that his body--his material1 tangible1 lower nature--had the upper hand in his life4 ,no1 his reason1 his intellect--something intangible and invisible anyhow1 by whatever name you named it--was the governing power4 ,and if so1 then why should not ,one invisible and intangible be the ruler of that1 and claim from him more than a merely blameless life and an honest fame2 demand submission of his will and reason and thought8 ,john shook his head ruefully2 the idea struck home2 he did not like it1 but there it was4 ,the next day ,rose quietly laid before him her little ,catechism1 open at the very first section1 and ,john read this3 8,question4 ,who made you8 8,answer4 ,,god4 8,q4 ,why did he make you8 8,a4 ,that ,i might know him1 love him1 and serve him in this world1 and be happy with him for ever in the next4 8,q4 ,to whose likeness did he make you8 8,a4 ,to his own image and likeness4 8,q4 ,is this likeness in your body or in your soul8 8,a4 ,in my soul4 8,q4 ,in what is your soul like to ,god8 8,a4 ,because my soul is a spirit endowed with understanding and free will1 and is immortal--that is to say1 can never die4 8,q4 ,in what else is your soul like to ,god8 8,a4 ,because as in ,god there are three persons and one ,god1 so in man there is one soul and three powers4 8,q4 ,which are the three powers8 8,a4 ,will1 memory1 and understanding4 8,q4 ,which must we take most care of1 our body or our soul8 8,a4 ,of our soul4 8,q4 ,why so8 8,a4 ,because1 #8,what doth it profit a man if he gain the whole world and lose his own soul8' 8,q4 ,what must we do to save our soul8 8,a4 ,we must worship ,god by faith1 hope1 and charity2 that is1 we must believe in him1 hope in him1 and love him with all our heart4 8,q4 ,how shall we know the things which we are to believe8 8,a4 ,from the ,catholic ,church of ,god1 which he has established by innumerable miracles1 and illustrated by the lives and deaths of innumerable saints40 8,john10 said ,rose steadily1 8be honest with ,god40 99 99 99 99 99 ,professor ,howson is a name which no one hears now1 though it was once supposed that it would rank among those of ,new ,england's noblest scholars4 ,but ,john ,howson teaches still4 ,people had often said of him that he would never marry2 that his books and his sister were enough for him4 ,he never did marry2 but it was ,god and the church of ,god that satisfied him4 ,once1 in a great city1 an old friend of his collegiate days1 who had not heard of him for years1 met him face to face in his dress of a religious1 and stopped him in utter amazement4 8,john ,howson6 ,you are unmistakable1 but how is this8 ,i was told of your change1 but did not know it had gone so far4 ,are not your ,puritan ancestors groaning in their shrouds1 man1 because of such doings80 ,the priest returned a courteous answer1 and would have turned to other themes1 but his friend persisted4 ,then1 not with the old outspoken frankness as of one who feared none1 but instead1 thoughtfully and humbly as in the very fear of ,god1 there came this reply3 8,once ,i matched my mind with the mind of ,god1 and judged him1 and thought his will to be of no account4 ,it was a great sin1 and he saved me from it4 ,after that ,i could only say1 as another in like case once said1 #8,i cannot give ,god less than all4'0 8,a great sin80 his friend repeated4 8,i do not understand that40 ,he saw a shade of peculiar awe creep over the countenance before him4 8,and is it no sin10 ,john ,howson asked in a deep voice1 8to hear said in the face of ,god that there is no ,god8 to have counted your own judgment superior to his8 to have given ,god the lie8 ,one who is now of the mightiest saints thought that he did ,god service while he fought against him1 and afterward he named himself the chief of sinners4 ,but ,i did not so much as think of the service of ,god at all in matters of belief40 8,i can't see the fault in that10 his friend said wonderingly4 8,if it was murder you had on your conscience1 ,i might sympathize with you2 but this60 8,you are fresh from ,massachusetts10 said ,father ,howson1 8and it is years since ,i was there4 ,do they still count the mind as nobler than the body1 and the intellect as among their highest gifts80 8,yes10 was the proud reply4 8,some time10 returned ,father ,howson with deep meaning in his tone1 8we all shall have to learn that ,god judges sin of the mind by as terrible a judgment as sin of the body1 and that he demands his gifts with usury4 ,believe me1 it is better to forestall that judgment1 and to meet that demand here than hereafter40 ,and ,rose8 ,long since she learned to say1 8,i have loved1 ,o ,lord1 the beauty of thy house2 and the place where thy glory dwelleth40 ,long since she learned that there is ,one invisible who is fairer than any child of man1 and to him she gave the heart which a wealth of intellectual and earthly loveliness had failed to satisfy4 ,she has learned that there is a nobler ,blood than any that the world can boast2 ,his place is with the nobility of an eternal kingdom1 whose peculiar marks of honor are poverty1 and self-renunciation1 and an utter lowliness of obedience1 whereby every faculty of one's nature is brought with a glad free-will into the obedience of ,christ4 ,one day the daughter of the ,puritans heard another voice than theirs call her by that tender name3 8,hearken1 ,o daughter1 and see1 and incline thy ear3 and forget thy people and thy father's house4 ,and the ,king shall greatly desire thy beauty3 for he is thy ,lord ,god40 ,once before1 but after sore struggle and heartrending suffering1 she had heard that voice4 ,hearing it again1 she rose up joyfully and followed it1 as then1 without delay4 ,,prussia ,,and ,,the ,,church4 ,,iii4 ,we have already alluded to that feature in the recent ecclesiastical legislation of ,prussia which gives to the people the right to choose their pastors1 and we have also seen how nobly the ,catholics of ,germany have thwarted this unholy attempt to create dissension and discord in the church4 ,when it could no longer be doubted that the ,german bishops were immovable in their allegiance to the pope1 ,prussia sought1 by holding out every possible inducement to apostasy1 to create disunion between the priests and the bishops2 but in this1 too1 she met with signal defeat4 ,nothing1 therefore1 remained to be done1 but to devise measures whereby the administration of ecclesiastical affairs would be placed exclusively in the hands of the laity2 since the breaking of the bonds which unite church and state would not have as a result that weakening of ecclesiastical power which is so ardently desired4 ,this ,professor ,friedberg1 in his ,german ,empire and the ,catholic ,church1 expressly states in the following words3 8,if the government were to adhere to the plan of a total separation of church and state1 what would be the consequence8 ,would the bishops lose their authority because the state no longer recognized it8 ,would the parochial system be broken up if unsupported by the state8 ,in a word1 would the church lose any of her power8 ,it would argue an absolute want of perception and a total ignorance of ,catholic history to affirm that she would4 ,the stream which for centuries has flowed in its own channel does not run dry because its course is obstructed4 ,it only overflows and floods the country4 ,to continue the metaphor1 we must first seek with all care to draw off the waters1 and to lead them into pools and reservoirs1 where what remains will readily evaporate40 ,the ,protestants of ,prussia are opposed to the separation of church and state1 because they are well aware that in the present condition of religious opinion in ,germany the rationalists and socialists would at once get control of most of the parishes of the ,evangelical church1 if it were deprived of the support of the government2 and1 on the other hand1 both they and the infidels are persuaded that the ,catholic ,church is quite able to maintain herself1 and even to wax strong1 without any help from the temporal power4 8,one thing10 says the ,edinburgh ,review1 8the state is quite at liberty to do4 ,the state is not bound to pay or maintain churches or sects which it does not approve4 ,indeed1 if these conditions are annexed to the acceptance of state payment1 the church herself would do well to reject the terms4 ,but will ,prince ,bismarck withdraw the stipend and set the church free8 ,nothing of the kind4 ,there is no freedom of religious orders or communities in ,prussia4 ,the whole spirit of these laws is to make every form of religious belief and organization as subservient to the state as a ,prussian recruit is to the rattan of a corporal4 ,that we abhor and denounce as an intolerable oppression2 and it is only by the strangest perversion of judgment that any ,englishman can have imagined that the cause of true religious liberty was identical with the policy of ,prince ,bismarck40#cg ,to consent to a separation of church and state would be a recognition of the independent existence of the church1 which ,prussia holds to be contrary to the true theory of the constitution of human society in relation to government and religion4 ,this theory is that man exists for the state1 to which he owes his supreme and undivided allegiance2 whose duty it is to train and govern him for its own service alike in peace and war4 ,all the interests of society1 therefore1 material1 political1 educational1 and religious1 must be subjected to the state1 independently of which no organization of any kind ought to be permitted to exist4 ,and in fact the whole spirit of the recent ecclesiastical legislation of ,prussia is in perfect consonance with this theory4 ,the ,falck ,laws deny to the church the right to educate her priests1 to decide as to their fitness for the care of souls1 to appoint them to or remove them from office2 in a word1 the right to administer her own affairs1 and consequently to exist at all as an organization separate from the state4 ,it can hardly surprise us that the attempt should have been made to prove that this is in accordance with the teachings of the ,new ,testament4 8,the ,new ,testament10 says the ,british ,quarterly1 8requires that the ,christian shall be a loyal subject of the government under which he lives4 #8,let every soul be subject unto the higher powers4 ,for there is no power but of ,god2 the powers that be are ordained of ,god3 whosoever therefore resisteth the power1 resisteth the ordinance of ,god4'0#ch ,after quoting several texts from the ,epistles of ,st4 ,paul1 of the same general import1 the writer in the ,british ,quarterly continues3 8,now1 it is impossible to find in the ,new ,testament any injunctions of obedience to organized ecclesiastical power1 like those here given of obedience to the civil government4 ,it is not ecclesiastical authority1 nor a corporate ecclesiastical institution1 but the personal ,god1 and the individual conscience in its direct personal relations with ,god1 which is set over against an unrighteous demand of the civil authority in the crucial motto of ,peter1 #8,we ought to obey ,god rather than men1' and in the teaching of ,christ1 #8,render unto ,csar the things which are ,csar's1 and unto ,god the things which are ,god's4' ,of conscience as an ecclesiastical corporation1 or of conscience as an imputed or vicarious faculty1 determined and exercised by one for another1 the ethics of the ,new ,testament have no knowledge40#ci ,it is hard to realize the ignorance or the bad faith of a man who is capable of making such statements as these4 ,let us take the last words of the gospel of ,st4 ,matthew3 8,and ,jesus coming1 spoke to them1 saying3 ,all power is given to me in heaven and in earth4 ,going1 therefore1 teach ye all nations1 ''' teaching them to observe all things whatsoever ,i have commanded you2 and1 behold1 ,i am with you all days1 even to the consummation of the world40 ,here surely is an organized body of men1 receiving from ,christ himself the divine command to teach all the nations of the earth their religious faith and duties1 which necessarily carries with it the right to exact obedience4 ,but1 lest there be any room for doubt1 let us hear ,christ himself3 8,he that heareth you1 heareth me3 and he that despiseth you despiseth me4 ,and he that despiseth me1 despiseth him that sent me40#dj ,again3 8,and if he will not hear the church1 let him be to thee as the heathen and the publican4 ,amen ,i say to you1 whatsoever you shall bind upon earth1 shall be bound also in heaven3 and whatsoever you shall loose upon earth1 shall be loosed also in heaven40#da ,when ,peter and ,john were brought into court and 8charged not to speak at all1 nor teach in the name of ,jesus10 they should have submitted at once1 upon the theory that the state has the right to exact supreme and undivided allegiance2 but they appealed to their divine commission1 just as the bishops of ,germany do to-day1 and answered1 8,we cannot but speak the things which we have seen and heard40#db ,and in the council at ,jerusalem1 8an ecclesiastical corporation0 surely1 the apostles say3 8,for it hath seemed good to the ,holy ,ghost1 and to us1 to lay no further burden upon you than these necessary things02#dc plainly indicating and using their right to impose commands and exact obedience4 ,but enough of this4 ,the persecutors of the church to-day are not at all concerned about the teachings of the ,new ,testament4 ,the attempt1 however1 to make it appear that only ,catholics protest against the doctrine of absolute and undivided allegiance to the state is wholly unjustifiable4 ,there is no ,protestant sect in ,england or the ,united ,states which would submit to the intervention of the government in its spiritual life and internal discipline4 ,would the ,methodists1 or the ,baptists1 or the ,presbyterians permit the state to decide what kind of education their ministers are to receive1 or to determine whether they are capable of properly discharging their spiritual duties1 or to keep in office by force those whom the church had cast off8 ,they would go out to pray on the hillside and by the river banks rather than submit to such tyranny4 ,is not the right of revolution1 which in our day1 especially outside of the ,catholic ,church1 is held to be divine1 based upon the principle of divided allegiance8 ,practically it is impossible to distinguish between loyalty to the government and loyalty to the state2 and no man in this age thinks of questioning the right of rebellion against a tyrannical government4 ,this divided allegiance marks the radical difference between ,christian and pagan civilization4 ,before ,christ there was no divided allegiance1 because the individual was absorbed by the state1 and nothing could have wrested mankind from this bondage but a great spiritual organization such as the ,catholic ,church2 and this1 we believe1 is generally admitted by our adversaries4 ,they fail to perceive1 however1 that there is no other institution than the ,catholic ,church which has the power to prevent the state from again absorbing the individual and destroying all civil and political liberty4 ,if the church could be broken up into national establishments1 and the entire control of education handed over to the state1 the bringing all men to the servile temper which characterizes the ,russians and ,protestant ,prussians would be only a question of time4 ,many will be inclined to hold that the general freedom1 and even license1 of thought of our time would be a sufficient protection against any such danger4 ,a little reflection1 however1 will suffice to dispel this illusion4 ,no number of individuals1 unless they are organized1 can successfully oppose tyranny2 and mere speculations or opinions as to the abstract right of resistance can not stop the march of the state toward absolutism4 ,the most despotic states have often encouraged the most unbounded freedom of thought1 and we need not go beyond ,prussia for an example4 ,in no country in the world has there been more of what is called free-thinking1 nor has any government been more tolerant of wild theories and extravagant speculations2 and yet the free-thinkers and illuminati have done nothing to promote the growth of free institutions or to encourage civil or religious liberty4 ,they are without unity or organization or programme4 ,many of them to-day are the strongest supporters of ,bismarckian despotism4 ,even in #ahdh they succeeded only in getting up a mob and evaporating in wild talk4 ,the divine right of resistance to tyranny would have no sanction or efficacy if it were not kept living in the hearts of men by supernatural religion4 ,this is thoroughly understood by the advocates of absolutism1 who do not trouble themselves about doctrines of any kind1 except when they are upheld by organizations1 and for this reason all their efforts are directed to the destruction of the organic unity of the church4 ,had ,prince ,bismarck succeeded in his attempt to get the ,catholic congregations which have been deprived of their priests to elect pastors for themselves1 there would have been but another step to open schism1 which would have inevitably resulted in favor of ,old ,catholicism4 ,but1 as we have seen1 out of more than a hundred parishes1 not one has lent itself to the iniquitous designs of the enemies of the church4 ,another striking example of the perfect unanimity of thought and action which in ,prussia exists between priests and people was given last year when the so-called ,state-,catholics tried to get up a protest against the encyclical letter of the ,pope1 in which he declared that the ,may ,laws were not binding upon the consciences of ,catholics4 ,all the liberal papers of ,germany were loud in praise of this project1 which presented the fairest opportunity to ,catholic government officials to curry favor by showing their acceptance of the ,falck laws2 and yet1 in spite of every effort that was made1 only about a thousand signatures were obtained1 most of which were found outside of the eight millions of ,prussian ,catholics4 ,mr4 ,gladstone1 in his article on the 8,speeches of ,pope ,pius ,,ix410#dd says of the ,catholic clergy that they 8are more and more an army1 a police1 a caste2 further and further from the ,christian ,commons1 but nearer to one another and in closer subservience to the pope40 ,however near the ,catholic clergy may be to one another1 it certainly shows a great lack of power to see things as they are to maintain that they are losing the hold which more than any other class of men they have always had on the hearts of the people4 ,the persecution in ,germany has shown there that inseparable union of priest and people which is to-day as universal as the life of the church4 ,had there existed any seed of discord1 it certainly would have sprung up and flourished in ,prussia during the last four or five years4 ,what circumstances could have been more favorable to such development than those created by the ,old ,catholics in league with ,bismarck8 ,the unprecedented victories over ,austria and ,france had set all ,germany wild with enthusiasm4 8,deutschland ber alles1 ber alles in der ,welt10 was the refrain of every song4 ,on the other hand1 many ,catholics1 especially in ,germany1 had been prejudiced and somewhat soured by the false interpretations which were everywhere put on the dogma of papal infallibility4 ,just at this moment ,dr4 ,dllinger1 whose reputation was greater than that of any other ,german theologian1 announced his separation from the church1 and at once there gathered around him a party of dissatisfied or suspended priests and rationalistic laymen4 ,reinkens was made bishop1 and the ,emperor of ,germany publicly prayed that the 8certainly correct conviction of the ,hochwrdiger ,herr ,bischof might win ground more and more40 ,fortune smiled upon the new religion and everything seemed to promise it the brightest future4 ,what has been the result8 ,in a population of eight millions of ,catholics this sect1 with the aid of the state1 ,german enthusiasm1 and the whole liberal press1 has been able to gather only about six thousand adherents2 and they are without zeal1 without doctrinal or moral unity1 having as yet not even dared to define their position towards the ,pope4 ,dr4 ,dllinger himself has lost interest in the movement1 and its most sanguine friends have yielded to despondency4 ,old ,catholicism was1 in fact1 impossible from the beginning4 ,but two roads open before those who to-day go forth from the fold of the church3 the one leads to the ,babel and decomposition of ,protestant sectarianism1 the other to the unbelief of scientific naturalism4 ,to declare that ,christianity is lying disjointed1 in shattered fragments1 and yet to pretend that human hands1 with paste and glue1 out of these broken pieces can remake the heavenly vase once filled with ,god's spirit of faith1 hope1 and love1 is an idle fancy4 ,into this patchwork no divine life will come2 men will not believe in it1 nor will it inspire enthusiasm or the heroic courage of martyrdom4 ,therefore they who leave the church1 their native soil1 have indeed all the world before them1 and yet no place where they can find rest for their souls4 ,what the religious policy of the ,prussian ,liberals is1 ,herr von ,kirchmann1 to whom in a previous article we introduced our readers1 informs us in the following words3 8,the majority of the ,liberal representatives are highly-educated men who have fallen out with the ,christian churches1 because they no longer accept their creed1 and therefore hold as a principle that freedom of conscience for the individual is abundantly sufficient to satisfy the religious wants of the people4 ,at best1 they would consent to the existence of congregations2 any organization beyond this they consider not only unnecessary but hurtful40 ,this1 then1 is the ,liberal programme3 the individual shall have perfect freedom to believe1 as he pleases1 in ,god or the devil2 but there shall be no ecclesiastical organization1 unless a kind of congregationalism1 which1 having neither unity nor strength1 can be easily rendered harmless by being placed under police supervision4 ,these men of culture1 as ,herr von ,kirchmann says1 have fallen out with all the churches2 and they are liberal enough to be willing to do everything in their power to make it impossible that any of them should exist at all1 since without organic unity of some kind there can be no church1 as there can be no state4 ,but let us hear what ,herr von ,kirchmann has to remark upon this subject4 8,this view10 he says1 8may satisfy those who have reached the high degree of culture of the ,liberals2 but those who take it utterly ignore the religious wants of the middle and lower classes1 and fail to perceive the yearning1 inseparable from all religious feeling1 for association with persons of like sentiments1 in order1 through public worship1 to obtain the strength and contentment after which this fundamental craving of the human heart longs40 ,to the existence of this feeling1 and its yearning for the largest possible association1 the history of all ,christian peoples1 down even to the present day1 bears witness2 for this reason nowhere have men been satisfied with the freedom of the individual1 but have ever demanded a church with acknowledged rights and the privilege of free intercommunion4 8,to the dangers which would threaten society if religious associations should be broken up1 and faith left to the whim of individuals1 these highly cultivated men give no heed1 because they do not themselves feel the need of such support2 but they forget that their security1 the very possibility1 indeed1 of reaching the point at which they stand1 rests upon the power of the church over the masses2 and should they destroy this by allowing the congregations to break up into atoms1 leaving the ,christian creed to be fashioned by passion and ever-varying interests1 according to the fancy of each and every one1 nothing would remain but the brute force of the state1 which1 without the aid of the internal dispositions of the people1 cannot save society from complete dissolution40#de ,herr von ,kirchmann1 then1 adds his testimony to that of many other observers who1 though they do not believe in the divine origin and truth of the ,christian religion1 yet hold that its acceptance by the masses as a system of belief1 received on the authority of a church1 is essential to the preservation and permanence of our civilization4 ,this is a subject to which we ,americans might with great profit give our thoughts4 ,as ,emerson1 who is probably our most characteristic thinker1 has declared that he would write over the portal of the ,temple of ,philosophy ,,whim1 ,american ,protestantism seems more and more inclined to accept this as the only satisfactory1 or indeed possible1 shibboleth in religion4 ,the multiplication of sects holding conflicting creeds1 while it has weakened faith in all religious doctrines1 has helped on the natural tendency of ,protestantism to throw men back upon their own feelings or fancies for their faith4 ,this1 of course1 results in the breaking up even of congregations into atoms of individualism1 and will1 if not counteracted1 necessarily destroy our character as a ,christian people2 and for us it is needless to say ,christianity is the only possible religion4 ,our statesmen--politicians may be the more proper word--though not irreligious1 lack grasp of mind and depth of view1 else they could not fail to perceive1 however little they may sympathize with the doctrines or what they conceive to be the social tendencies of the ,catholic ,church1 that just such a strong and conservative ,christian organism as she is1 is for us an indispensable political requirement4 ,that none of the leading minds of the country should have taken this view is a sad evidence of want of intellectual power or of moral courage4 ,the most that any of them feel authorized in saying in our favor is that a country which tolerates free-love1 ,mormonism1 and the joss-house of the ,chinaman ought not1 if consistency be a virtue1 to persecute ,catholics4 ,in spite of appearances which mislead superficial observers1 we are the most secular people in the world4 ,no other people is so ready to sacrifice religious to material interests2 no other people has ever to an equal extent banished all religious instruction from its national education2 no other people has ever taken such a worldly view of its religion4 ,the supernatural in religion is lost sight of by us1 and we value it chiefly for its social and sthetic power4 ,the popular creed is that religion is something which favors republicanism1 promotes the exploitation of the material resources of the globe1 softens manners1 and makes life comfortable4 ,the proposition to tax church property shows that a large portion of the ,american people have ceased to believe in religion as a moral and social power4 ,a church is like a bank or theatre or coal-mine--something which concerns only those who have stock in it1 and has nothing whatever to do with the public welfare4 ,the school-house occupies quite other ground4 ,the country is interested in having all its citizens intelligent2 this is for the general good2 but whether they believe in ,god or the soul is a matter of profound indifference1 unless1 possibly1 to themselves1 since this can in no way affect the progress or civilization of the ,american people4 ,this is evidently the only possible philosophy for those who would tax church property4 ,the popular contempt for theology encouraged by nearly all ,protestant ministers is another evidence of the tendency to religious disintegration4 ,there is but little danger that any church will ever get a controlling influence in the national life of this country2 our peril lies in the opposite direction2 and that so few of those who think should see this is to us the saddest sign of the times2 but those who do recognize it cannot help knowing that the ,catholic ,church is the strongest bulwark against this flood-tide4 ,the social dangers of an open persecution of the ,catholic ,church are most clearly seen in ,prussia to-day4 ,since the ,german chancellor entered upon his present course of violence five bishops and fifteen thousand priests have been imprisoned or fined1 and about the same number of laymen have suffered for daring to speak unfavorably of these proceedings4 ,never before1 probably1 have the police been so generally or constantly employed in arresting men who are loved and venerated by the people1 and whose only crime is fidelity to conscience4 ,the inevitable consequence of this is that the officers of the government come to be looked upon1 not as the ministers of justice1 but as the agents of tyranny and oppression1 which must1 of course1 weaken respect for authority4 ,these coercive measures1 from the nature of things1 tend only to confirm the ,catholics in their conscientious convictions1 and the government is thereby instigated to harsher methods of dealing with this passive resistance4 ,the number of confessors of the faith increases1 the enthusiasm and devotion of the people are heightened1 and it becomes an honor and a glory to be made a victim of tyranny4 ,the feeling of disgrace which is attached to the penalties for violation of law is more efficacious in repressing crime than the suffering which is inflicted2 but this feeling is destroyed1 or rather changed1 into one of an opposite character in the minds of the people when they behold their venerated bishops and much-loved priests dragged to prison for saying ,mass or administering the sacraments4 ,no amount of reasoning1 no refinement of logic1 can ever convince them that there can be anything criminal in the performance of these sacred functions4 ,in this way the ignominy which in the public mind follows conviction for crime is wiped away1 and the sacredness of the law itself endangered4 ,this alone is sufficient to show how blind and thoughtless ,prince ,bismarck has been in making war upon the ,catholic ,church just at the moment when wise counsels would have led him to seek to add the strength of reverence and respect to the enthusiasm with which the creation of the new empire had been hailed4 ,the spoilt child of success1 wounded pride made him mad4 ,how serviceable he might have found the moral support of the ,catholic clergy ,herr von ,kirchmann has informed him4 8,i myself10 he says1 8from #ahdi to #ahff1 with the exception of some intervals1 lived in ,upper ,silesia1 a wholly ,catholic province1 and1 as the president of the ,criminal ,senate of a ,court of ,appeals1 had the fullest opportunity to study the moral and religious state of the people1 which in nothing is so truly seen as in those circumstances out of which spring offences against the law4 ,now1 although this province of more than a million of men was thoroughly ,catholic and entirely in the hands of the clergy2 although the school system was still very imperfect1 and the population1 with the exception of the landowners and the inhabitants of the large cities1 not speaking the ,german language1 was thereby deprived of culture and of intercourse with the ,german provinces1 yet can ,i unhesitatingly affirm that the moral condition of the people was in no way worse than in ,saxony or the ,margravate where formerly ,i held similar official positions4 ,the number of crimes was rather less1 the security of person and of property greater1 and the relations between the different classes of society far more peaceable and friendly than in the provinces to which ,i have just made allusion4 ,the socage and heavy taxes pressed hard upon the peasantry2 nevertheless in #ahdh insurrections against the landlords were not more frequent here than elsewhere4 ,it was unquestionably the powerful influence of the clergy which1 in spite of so many obstacles1 gave to the people their moral character1 and produced the general contentment and obedience which reflected the greatest honor upon the whole population4 ,the vice of drunkenness1 through the agency of temperance societies established solely by the priests1 had been in an almost marvellous manner rooted out from among the people1 and the general welfare made manifest progress4 ,by means of my official and political position ,i had the opportunity to make the acquaintance of a large number of the pastors and curates1 and still to-day ,i recall with pleasure my intercourse with these men1 for the most part cultivated1 but above all distinguished by their thorough gentleness of character4 ,they were firm in maintaining the rights of their church1 they were filled with the excellence of their mission1 but they never thought of thwarting the civil authorities2 on the contrary1 they found in the clergy a great and efficacious support1 so that this province needed fewer protective and executive officials than others40#df ,no enlightened and fair government has anything to fear from the influence of men who are as firm in upholding the authority of the state as they are in asserting their own liberty of conscience2 who will neither do wrong nor tamely submit to it4 ,if1 in the social1 religious1 and political crisis through which the nations of ,christendom are passing1 sound reason is ultimately to prevail and civilization is to be preserved1 the necessity of an institution like the ,catholic ,church will come to be recognized by all who are capable of serious thought4 ,the divided allegiance1 the maintenance of the supremacy of conscience1 is essential to the preservation of the principle of authority in society4 ,if it were possible to nationalize religion by placing all churches under state control1 the authority of the state would necessarily become that of brute force1 and would in consequence be deprived of its sacredness4 ,the respect of ,christian nations for the civil power is a religious sentiment2 and if the church could cease to be1 there would be a radical revolution in the attitude of the people toward the state4 ,in ,europe even now1 in consequence of the progress of unbelief1 respect for authority and the duty of obedience have been so far destroyed in the minds and hearts of the masses that government is possible only with the support of immense standing armies1 which help on the social dissolution2 and with us things would be in a still worse condition1 were it not that the vast undeveloped resources of the country draw off the energies which else would be fatal to public order4 ,our strength and security are rather in our physical surroundings than in our moral resources4 ,our greatest moral force1 during the century of our existence1 has been the universal veneration of the people for the ,constitution1 which was regarded with a kind of religious reverence2 but this element of strength is fast wasting away and will not pass over as a vital power into the second century of our life4 ,the criticisms1 the amendments1 the patchings1 which the ,constitution has been made to suffer1 have1 more than civil strife1 debased it to the common level of profane parchments and robbed it of the consecration which it had received in the hearts of the people ,the change which has taken place1 though it have something of the nature of growth and development1 is yet1 unquestionably1 more a breaking down and dissevering4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 by the reverence which she inspires for institutions1 is1 and in the future will be yet more1 the powerful ally of those who will stand by the ,constitution as our fathers made it4 ,our statesmen1 we know1 are in the habit of looking elsewhere for the means which are to give permanence to our free institutions4 ,the theory now most in favor is that universal education is the surest safeguard of liberty1 and it is upon this more than upon anything else that we1 as a people1 rely for the perpetuity of our form of government4 ,this hope1 we cannot but think1 is based upon an erroneous opinion of the necessary tendency of intellectual culture2 which is to increase the spirit of criticism1 and consequently1 by dissatisfying the mind with what is1 to direct it continually to new experiments1 with the hope of finding something better4 ,now1 though this may be well enough in the realms of speculation1 and may be a great help to the progress of science1 it most assuredly does not tend either to beget or to foster reverence for existing institutions of any kind2 and this same mental habit which has already made ,american ,protestantism so fragmentary and contradictory will beyond doubt weaken and1 unless counteracted1 destroy the unity of our political life4 ,this is a question which does not concern us alone2 with it is bound up the future of the human race4 ,if the ,american experiment of government by the people fails1 all hope of such government perishes4 ,if we allow our personal prejudices to warp our judgment in a matter so catholic and all-important1 no further evidence of our unfitness for the great mission which ,god seems to have assigned us is needed4 ,unfortunately1 we are at the mercy of politicians for whom all other questions than the present success of party have no interest1 and who therefore flatter the passions of the people instead of seeking to enlighten them2 and the insane hatred and fear of the church which the ,protestant masses have inherited from the ,old ,world prevents them from seeing what a source of strength and bond of union is her strong and firmly-knit organism in a social state like ours1 in which there are so many elements of dissolution and disintegration4 ,herr von ,kirchmann1 though1 as we have seen1 not a ,catholic nor a ,christian1 is yet too profound a statesman not to recognize the supreme social importance of the church to the modern world4 8,human society10 he says1 8cannot do without the principle of authority1 of obedience1 of respect for law1 any more than it can do without the principle of individual freedom2 and now that the family has been shoved into the background1 there remains to uphold this principle of authority only one great institution1 and that is the ,christian churches1 and1 above all1 the ,catholic ,church4 8,the ,reformation has so filled the ,evangelical ,church with the principle of self-examination and self-determination that she cannot at all take upon herself the mission of protectress of authority1 of respect for law1 as law2 which is essential to modern society4 ,she is also too far removed from the laity1 and lacks those special institutions which would enable her energetically to uphold this principle4 8,the same is true of all reform parties within the church1 and must be applied to the ,old ,catholics1 should they succeed in acquiring any importance4 ,the ,roman ,catholic ,church alone must be considered the true mother of respect for authority4 ,she does not permit the individual to decide in matters of faith and discipline2 and she most perfectly realizes the essence of religion1 which cannot proceed from the individual1 but must have its source in the commandments of ,god4 ,in the bishops1 in the councils1 in the pope1 the individual finds authorities who announce to him religious truth1 and by the administration of the sacraments bring him nearer to ,god4 ,changes in faith and worship which1 with the progress of science and of general culture1 become necessary1 are here withdrawn from the disputes of the learned and the criticism of individuals2 in the councils and in their head1 the pope1 an institution is found by which modifications may be permitted without shaking faith in the teachings of the church4 8,in the position of the priest toward the laity this relation of the individual to the church becomes most intimate1 and numerous special ordinances cultivate the spirit of obedience and respect for the commands of ecclesiastical superiors1 while they also serve the ends of ,christian charity and benevolence4 ,it ought not1 indeed1 to be denied that this repression of individual self-determination and this fostering of obedience may be carried too far1 and to some extent has1 in the ,catholic ,church1 been exaggerated1 as in civil society the cultivation of individual freedom and the repression of authority have produced an opposite excess2 but precisely through the interaction of these extremes will the true mean be obtained2 and therefore ought the state to seek in the ,catholic ,church that powerful institution which alone1 by virtue of her whole organization1 is able to ward off the dangers which threaten society from the exaggeration of the principle of individual freedom4 ,but to do this the church must be left in the possession of her constitution as it has hitherto existed1 and the state1 consequently1 should not interfere with her external power any further than its own existence demands4 ,in this respect the principle of individual freedom which pervades all modern life is so powerful an auxiliary of the state that no fear of the influence of the church need be felt1 of which a little too much is far less dangerous to society than too little4 8,these are considerations1 indeed1 which are not in harmony with the programme of modern liberalism1 and will therefore have but little weight with those who swim with the current of the time2 nevertheless1 if we look around us1 we perceive many evidences of the instinctive feeling of human society that in the ,catholic ,church may be found a protection for the harmony of social life which now no longer exists elsewhere4 ,only in this way can we explain the rapid growth of the ,catholic ,church in her strictly hierarchical constitution in ,america1 and the increasing ,catholic movement in ,england1 together with the efforts of the ,established ,church to draw nearer to the ,catholic2 and this tendency would be far more pronounced had it not to contend against historical reminiscences which in ,england are more vivid than elsewhere4 ,similar reasons influence the government of ,france to seek rather to strengthen than to weaken the power of the church2 and in this matter the unbelieving ,thiers has not acted otherwise than the religious ,mac,mahon4 8,after the principle of authority had been shaken by revolutions and an unhappy war in ,france more than in any other country1 the people knew not where to seek help1 except in the fostering of religion and the support of the ,catholic ,church4 ,like grounds prevent ,italy and ,austria from coming to an open rupture with the church2 they prefer to yield somewhat in the execution of the laws rather than suffer themselves to be deprived of her indispensable aid4 ,similar tendencies exist in the other ,german governments1 and also among the rich and powerful families of ,germany and ,prussia4 ,everywhere1 even where these families are not adherents of the ,catholic faith1 they feel that this church is a fortress against the anarchy of individual freedom which should be defended and not destroyed4 ,the members of these families are not blind to the defects of the church2 but they know that in the present age these are the least to be feared1 while her power against the self-exaltation of the individual is indispensable to modern society4 ,it is altogether a mistake to attribute this bearing of the wealthy classes of all civilized nations towards the church to selfish motives or to the cunning of priests2 these motives may1 as in all great things1 slip in in isolated cases2 but this whole movement in ,europe and ,america springs from deeper causes--from causes which lie at the very bottom of our common nature1 which can neither suffer the loss of freedom nor yet do without order and authority4 8,about every ten years we are assured that1 if only this or that is reached1 the ,catholic ,church will of herself fall to pieces4 ,never has the attempt to bring about this consummation been made with more spirit and energy than in the literature and political constitutions of the last century2 and yet this church lives still in our day1 and what she has lost in temporal sovereignty is doubly and trebly made up to her in the growing number of her children and the gradually-increasing insight into the significance of her mission for human society4 8,for this reason the present conflict with the church in ,prussia ought not to be pushed so far as to bring her power as low as the state has brought that of the ,evangelical ,church4 ,if the ,catholic ,church is to fulfil the great social mission which we have just described1 and which consists essentially in her maintaining an equilibrium between freedom and obedience1 which is indispensable to society and the state1 her external power and internal organization must not be interfered with in a way to render the accomplishment of this exalted mission impossible40#dg ,herr ,joerg1 the editor of one of the first reviews of ,germany1 has said that ,prince ,bismarck has done more to strengthen and make popular the ,catholic cause in the empire than the two hundred ,jesuits whom he has exiled could have done in half a century4 ,this1 we believe1 is coming to be generally recognized4 ,the war on the church was begun with loud boastings4 ,men of high position declared that in two years not a ,catholic would be left in ,germany4 ,the prince chancellor disdained to treat with the ,pope or the bishops1 and defiantly entered upon his course of draconic legislation to compel to his stubborn will the consciences of eight millions of ,prussian subjects4 ,he is not able to conceal his disappointment4 ,with glory enough to satisfy the most ambitious he could not rest content1 but must court defeat4 ,all his hopes have fallen to the ground4 ,the ,old ,catholics who were to have been his most powerful allies have sunk into the oblivion of contempt2 the priests whom he expected to throw off the authority of their bishops have not been found2 the uprising of the laity against their pastors has not taken place2 the bishop who was to have put himself at the head of a ,german ,catholic ,church has not appeared2 the ,falck laws have not served the purpose for which they were enacted1 nor have the numerous supplementary bills met with better success4 ,he has indeed made his victims personally most uncomfortable2 bishops and priests he has cast into dungeons1 monks and nuns he has driven forth from their homes and their country to beg the bread of exile2 laymen he has sent to jail for speaking and writing the truth2 but with all this he has not advanced one step towards the end he aims at4 ,he has not made a breach in the serried ,catholic phalanx4 ,his legislation has nearly doubled the number of ,catholic representatives in the parliament2 it has given new life and wider influence to the ,catholic press2 it has welded the union of bishops1 priests1 and people1 and bound all closer to the ,pope4 ,from their dungeons the bishops and priests come forth and are received in triumph like conquering heroes2 imprisonments and fines of ,catholic editors serve only to increase the circulation of their journals4 ,in the meantime the radicals and revolutionists are gaining strength1 crime is becoming more common1 and the laws aimed at the church are beginning to tell upon the feebler organizations of ,protestantism4 ,since the law on civil marriage has been passed comparatively few contract matrimony in the presence of the ,protestant ministers2 great numbers refuse to have their children baptized or to have the preachers assist at the burial of the dead4 ,the government has become alarmed1 and quite recently circulars have been sent to the officials charged with carrying out the law on civil marriage1 in which they are instructed to inform the contracting parties that the law does not abrogate the hitherto existing regulation concerning ecclesiastical marriage1 and that they are still bound to present themselves before the clergyman and to have their children baptized as formerly4 ,the service of the police1 we need scarcely say1 is not required to induce the ,catholics to seek the blessing of the church upon their marriage contracts or to have their children baptized4 ,the result of all this is that many wise and large-minded men1 like ,von ,hoffmann1 ,von ,gerlach1 and ,von ,kirchmann1 have lost all sympathy with the policy of ,bismarck towards the ,catholic ,church1 as well as confidence in its success4 ,they now thoroughly understand that1 were it possible to destroy the church1 this would be an irreparable misfortune for the fatherland4 ,the state needs the church more than the church the state4 ,she can live with ,hottentots and ,esquimaux1 but without her neither liberty nor culture can be permanent4 ,it must also be humiliating to ,prince ,bismarck to see with what little success those who have sought to ape him have met4 ,mr4 ,gladstone1 from faith in the chancellor1 thought to bolster up a falling party by 8expostulating0 with the ,pope1 and he has succeeded only in finding himself in the company of ,newdegate and ,whalley4 ,president ,grant has been made to believe that the ,pope is such a monstrous man that by means of him even a third term might become possible2 and he will retire to the obscurity of private life with the stigma of having sought to stir up religious strife for the furtherance of his own private interest4 #cg ,april1 #ahgd1 p4 #aie4 #ch ,romans xiii4 #a1 #b4 #ci ,the ,british ,quarterly1 ,january1 #ahge1 p4 #ag4 #dj ,luke x4 #af4 #da ,matthew xviii4 #ag1 #ah4 #db ,acts iv4 #bj4 #dc ,acts xv4 #bh4 #dd ,the ,london ,quarterly ,review1 ,january1 #ahge1 p4 #afj4 #de ,der ,culturkampf1 #bh1 #bi4 #df ,culturkampf1 pp4 #cc1 #cd4 #dg ,culturkampf pp4 #dd-dg4 ,,notre ,,dame ,,de ,,pitie4 8,was ever sorrow like1 unto my sorrow80 ,there is in the ,imperial ,library at ,paris an old copy of the gospels written on parchment1 evidently of the fourteenth or fifteenth century1 with the arms of ,colbert on the cover4 ,it once belonged to the church of ,albi4 ,at the end of the gospels is the ,planctus1 or ,complainte de ,notre ,dame in the langue d',oc--the old language of ,southern ,france--full of nave piety and charming simplicity4 ,no one could hear unmoved the touching tone of reproach and grief it breathes throughout4 ,it is in thirty-two stanzas1 the lines of which1 monotonous and melancholy1 are like the repeated tollings of a funeral bell4 ,the last words of each verse are an expression of exhausted grief--the dying away of a voice drowned in tears4''' ,it is entitled3 8,here begins the ,plaint in honor of the ,passion of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ and the sorrow of his most holy ,mother40 8,planh sobre planh6 dolor sobre dolor6 ,cel e terra an perdut lor senhor1 ,e yeu mon filh1 el solelh sa clardor2 ,jusieus lan mort an grande desonor4 ,ay filh1 tan mortal dolor60#dh ,the cry of ,ay filh6--8,alas6 my ,son0--at the end of every verse is like a sob that breaks the plaint4 ,this long wail of maternal grief1 which no translation fully renders1 was doubtless sung round many an effigy of the dead ,christ in the dim old churches of ,languedoc centuries ago1 just as the people of the ,pyrenees at this day gather around their dead to weep and improvise a dirge of sorrow4 ,we were particularly touched at coming across this ancient document2 for it seemed to echo the devotion to the ,mother of ,sorrows which we had found written all over southwestern ,france4 ,everywhere in this ,terra ,mari are churches and oratories in honor of ,notre ,dame de ,piti1 most of which are monuments of an age as sorrowful as the holy mystery they commemorate4 ,it is remarkable how popular devotion turned to the ,mater ,dolorosa in the sixteenth century1 when ,christ seemed bleeding anew in this land of altars ruined and priests slaughtered by the ,huguenots4 ,numberless are the legends of the apparitions of ,our ,lady of ,sorrows in those sad days1 which led to the erection of a great number of churches wherein she is represented holding her divine ,son taken down from the cross--one of the most affecting appeals that can be made to the human heart4 ,for the long1 sad procession of mourners who go weeping and groaning through this valley of tears--gementes et flentes in hac lacrymarum valle--constitutes the greater part of the human race4 ,the widow1 the orphan1 the friendless1 the infirm1 the needy1 and the laborer with little or no joy in life1 when they turn towards ,mary1 love to find her at the foot of the cross in mute sorrow over the inanimate form of her ,son1 or with the wheel of swords in her bleeding heart1 or some other attribute of human infirmity4 ,hence the names given to these mountain chapels by the sorrowful as a mark of their trust in this sweet type of grief3 ,notre ,dame des ,larmes1 ,notre ,dame des ,souffrances1 de la ,consolation1 de l',esprance--names which have balm in their very sound4 ,above all is the title which seems to include all other sorrows--,notre ,dame de ,piti--the most common among the perils of the mountain streams and on the broad moors of the ,landes4 ,there are innumerable ,piets1 or ,pitis1 all through this region--on the sands of the seashore below ,bayonne1 where the sailors go to pray before embarking on the perfidious waves of the ,bay of ,biscay2 in dangerous mountain passes1 as in the oratory of ,pne-,taillade beyond ,arreau2 among country groves1 as in the lone sanctuary near ,lannemezan to which the husbandman resorts to be spared the ravages of hail among his vines and wheat-fields2 in the valleys of ,bigorre2 on the ,calvary of ,betharam2 on the heights near ,pau2 and at ,goudosse1 where the poor gotreux of the mountains go to pray4 ,yes1 the shadow of this great type of sorrow extends over all the land4 ,there are several chapels of ,notre ,dame de ,piti in the ecclesiastical province of ,auch that are particularly renowned4 ,one of these is the beautiful chapel of ,notre ,dame de ,garaison1 in the ,diocese of ,tarbes1 dear to every ,catholic heart in the land1 embosomed among the hills of the ,hautes ,pyrnes like a lily in the green valley1 whose ,madonna was solemnly crowned in #ahfe1 by the authorization of ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 in the presence of forty thousand people4 ,at the very entrance is a ,piet1 melting the heart with the sight of the pale1 inanimate ,christ and ,mary's incomparable woe4 8,ay filh1 tan mortal dolor60 ,within are dim ,gothic arches1 large gilt statues of the twelve apostles1 and the holy image of the ,mre des ,douleurs1 before which we went to pray amid devout pilgrims4 ,at one side is the fountain of healing waters2 behind is a garden of roses2 and on the other side are cloisters shaded with acacias1 in the centre of which is the white ,madonna standing serene and holy in the peaceful solitude with outstretched arms1 as if calling on all3 8,dites1 dites une oraison ,a la ,vierge de ,garaison ,vous qui en ces lieux amne la souffrance1 ,bon plerins1 ,accabls de chagrins1 ,pour que vos curs s'ouvrent l'esprance4 ,dans ce sjour1 ,dites avec amour1 ,dites1 dites une oraison1 ,a la ,vierge de ,garaison60#di ,near ,gimont1 in the department of ,gers1 is ,notre ,dame de ,cahuzac1 in a pleasant valley on the left bank of a stream that bathes the walls of the church4 ,like all places of pilgrimage in this land of favored sanctuaries1 it has its old legend1 which is associated with a venerable elm1 the relic of past ages4 ,it was in the sixteenth century when a young shepherd1 leading his flock at an early hour to a distant pasture1 saw an elm in a garden by the wayside surrounded by an extraordinary light4 ,the amazed youth fell on his knees--a spontaneous act in those days when the heart turned naturally to ,god at the moment of terror--stammered a prayer1 and1 unable to turn his eyes away1 saw through the branches aflame1 but not consumed1 the wondrous form of ,our ,lady of ,pity4 ,as soon as he recovered his self-possession he ran to the ,cistercian abbey at ,gimont1 and the monks1 going to the tree1 found the sacred1 image of ,mary1 which they bore in procession to their church with songs of praise4 ,the next day it was gone1 and they found it again in the favored elm4 ,three times they bore it to their church3 three times it returned to the tree4 ,it was no use to contend with divine ,providence4 ,the garden was then purchased and an oratory built on the spot--a graceful monument of rural piety1 to which one generation after another has resorted for spiritual favors and physical aid4 ,it has its silver lamps and vessels2 its walls are hung with golden hearts1 valuable medals1 and other offerings from the grateful votary4 ,there is great devotion among ,catholics to the one leper who returned to give thanks4 ,cahuzac became renowned throughout the kingdom and attracted pilgrims of the highest distinction--lords1 bishops1 and cardinals4 ,the archbishops of ,auch1 who bore the high title of ,primate of the two ,navarres1 when they took possession of their see1 came to place themselves under the protection of ,our ,lady of ,cahuzac4 ,popes granted indulgences to the chapel1 which thousands of pilgrims came annually to win--not only peasants from the neighboring fields1 but the nobles of the land in penitential garb1 with bare feet bleeding from the roughness of the way4 ,this holy sanctuary was saved1 as it were1 by a miracle from the ,huguenots who came to lay it waste three centuries ago1 the leader being struck down1 as by an invisible hand1 at the very door1 to the consternation of his followers4 ,it was closed at the ,revolution1 but again spared2 and when better days arrived1 it was reopened to popular devotion4 ,the ,abb de ,cahuzac1 a young nobleman who had renounced the honors of the world and received holy orders at ,rome1 became chaplain of the church that bore his name4 ,he served it with zeal and affection for more than thirty years1 and at his death bequeathed a part of his fortune for its support1 leaving behind him a holy memory still dear to the people4 ,a confraternity of ,notre ,dame de ,piti was founded in this chapel by ,dom ,bidos1 abbot of ,gimont1 under the patronage of ,cardinal de ,polignac1 which became celebrated in the province and included all ranks of society4 ,men of illustrious birth1 beside the man of humblest condition1 bore the lighted torch before the revered image of ,cahuzac in the public processions4 ,the arches and walls of the church were1 under ,henry ,,iv41 covered with rich paintings1 which in time became half effaced4 ,the church has been recently restored1 and attracts great numbers of pilgrims from the neighboring departments4 ,it consists of a nave and five chapels4 ,over the main altar is the revered statue1 full of sweet1 sad grace1 at the feet of which so many have sought consolation4 ,on one of the capitals in the nave is sculptured an episode from the old ,roman du ,renard1 in which the fox takes the guise of a preacher to a barnyard auditory1 who do not perceive the store of provisions already accumulated in the hood thrown back on his shoulders4 ,this species of satire was one of the liberties of former times of which artists largely availed themselves4 ,another chapel of ,notre ,dame de ,piti is at ,sainte-,gemme1 built against the walls of an old feudal castle--a cave-like oratory of the thirteenth century1 beneath a square tower1 simple1 antique1 severe4 ,its gilt statue of the ,mother of ,sorrows and a few old frescos of the ,passion are the sole ornaments1 unless we except the arms of the old lords of ,sainte-,gemme1 carved among the arches4 ,when the castle was besieged by the ,protestants in the sixteenth century1 the chtelaine and her attendants betook themselves to the foot of the altar1 where they prayed with fervor while the lord of the place defended it against the attacks of the enemy4 ,a superhuman power seemed to aid him4 ,after a few days the siege was raised1 and he came1 with his handful of brave followers1 to ascribe the deliverance to ,our ,lady of ,pity4 ,the chapel became celebrated1 and so great at times was the affluence of the pilgrims that services were held in the court of the castle before an altar set up beneath a venerable elm4 ,every ,friday1 in the good old times1 the chaplain piously read the ,passion according to ,st4 ,john in this chapel1 and then sang on his knees the ,stabat ,mater with the verse1 8,quando corpus morietur1 ,fac ut anim donetur ,paradisi gloria10 to obtain a happy end for the dying4 ,in the middle of the sixteenth century ,dominique de ,cuilhens was appointed chaplain of ,sainte-,gemme4 ,he was born in the vicinity--in the old manor-house of ,cuilhens1 which falling into his possession in the year #aefi1 he at once drew up a will in which he founded the little hospital of ,st4 ,blaise for the poor1 and bequeathed to the needy of the parish the annual sum of forty-five livres1 which the magistrates of the place1 who were the executors1 continued to pay till #aghi4 ,in #afdh the lord of ,sainte-,gemme1 about to join the royal army in ,catalonia1 made a will1 in which1 in order to encourage morality in the town1 greatly weakened by the troubles of the times1 he gave the interest of a thousand livres1 to be distributed annually by the rector and consuls of the place to girls of irreproachable morals about to marry--a legacy regularly paid till #agib4 ,the widow of his brother1 ,marie d',antras1 in her will ordered her body to be buried in the sanctuary where the lords of ,sainte-,gemme had been buried since the ninth century1 and left extensive domains for the foundation and support of a chapel adjoining1 to be served by three chaplains1 who were to say two requiem ,masses a week for her soul1 a ,de ,profundis at the end of every ,mass1 and perform a funeral service on the anniversary of her death4 ,moreover1 the parishioners were to be summoned by the ringing of the bell every ,saturday at a late hour to join in the ,litany of the ,blessed ,virgin1 which the three chaplains were to say aloud1 adding a ,de ,profundis in her memory4 ,out of these domains were to be paid various legacies to relatives and domestics4 ,they were seized by the revolutionary government and never restored to the church4 ,the parish made an effort to save the legacy of the old lord to poor girls of good morals1 but in vain4 ,the chapel of ,our ,lady of ,pity was also closed1 and the government has never allowed it to be reopened for public worship1 except during ,passion ,week1 when ,mass is still offered at the ancient altar and many come here to pray and receive the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,there is another chapel of ,piti near ,puycasquier1 the ancient ,podium ,asterii--the height of ,astier--an old town of the middle ages4 ,this is a votive chapel called ,notre ,dame de ,gaillan1 built to commemorate the cessation of a pestilence that once raged in the neighborhood1 where on ,whitmonday a dozen parishes around still come in procession to hear ,mass1 deposit their offering1 and place under the protection of ,mary their hopes for the coming harvests4 ,it stands a short distance from the town1 hidden in a deep1 narrow valley between two streams1 in the centre of a churchyard where lie whole generations of the dead4 ,it is a long1 narrow chapel with arches of the fourteenth century1 not beautiful in style or ornament1 but dear to a grateful people1 who come here in procession on the twenty-seventh of ,april to fulfil the vow of their fathers when delivered from the plague4 ,one would think the benefit only of yesterday1 from the enthusiasm manifested when this day comes4 ,the bells ring out joyfully from the very dawn4 ,all the men1 women1 and children in the vicinity gather together1 and1 under the guidance of their cur1 proceed to ,notre ,dame de ,gaillan1 the glory of ,puycasquier1 chanting the litany as they go4 ,as soon as they reach the edge of the hill1 where they can look down on their beloved sanctuary1 they all fall on their knees and chant three times the invocation3 ,sancta ,maria1 ,mater ,pietatis1 ora pro nobis6 ,the ,libera is sung as they pass through the graves in the churchyard1 and the priest intones the ,oremus when he comes to the door1 and gives the absolution4 ,then they enter the church with the joyful ,regina cli1 ltare1 as if calling on the ,virgin of ,sorrows to rejoice over the resurrection of her ,son at a season when all nature rises to newness of life4 ,there is now a solemn pause of silent prayer4 ,at eight o'clock precisely the priest reverently takes down the miraculous ,virgin from its niche1 and places it on a kind of trestle amid a profusion of flowers beneath a rich canopy4 ,the litany is begun1 and four notables of the town carry the statue to the churchyard gate1 where it is received by four ploughmen whose privilege alone it is to carry the ,virgin on these important occasions4 ,followed by the people in procession1 accompanied by the local authorities in official array1 and frequently escorted by the national guard under arms1 they climb the heights of ,puycasquier1 winding around the hill till they arrive at the opposite side of the town1 which they enter and proceed to the church1 singing the martyrs' hymn in honor of ,,ss4 ,abdon and ,sennen1 the patrons of the parish--two noble ,persians1 martyred in the early ages1 who are honored in four country churches at about equal distances from ,auch1 devotion to whom became popular in ,france after their bodies were brought to ,soissons in the time of ,louis le ,dbonnaire4 ,the ,virgin of ,gaillan is thus borne all around the parish1 and then reinstated in her niche with acclamations4 ,among other usages peculiar to ,puycasquier which have come down from ancient times are two that are somewhat curious4 ,on ,easter ,eve1 at one o'clock in the afternoon1 the mayor and sub-mayor1 in all the majesty of their village consequence set off by their official regalia1 proceed in solemn state to the presbytery1 accompanied by all the town officers1 the bells ringing1 as is due1 at a haute vole4 ,the cur1 thus notified1 stands ready to receive them in the wide-open door4 ,he invites them to enter1 and hastens to present wine as a proof of his hospitality1 which is drunk to the peace and happiness of the people under their rule4 ,the two magistrates now pray the cur to accompany them to the church to sing the ,regina cli1 and1 placing themselves at his side1 they escort him through the crowd1 which by this time has assembled1 to the holy place1 where1 in surplice and stole and pluvial1 he intones the ,easter hymn1 which is caught up by the whole congregation4 ,the cur then places himself once more between the powers that be and proceeds to the chapel of ,gaillan1 followed by a crowd of all ages and conditions in holiday attire1 full of animation and joy1 but not immoderate in their gayety4 ,the ,libera and ,regina cli are here chanted as on the twenty-seventh of ,april1 after which they return to the parish church to sing the latter a third time at the ,virgin's altar4 ,the day of the ,resurrection thus duly announced1 the cur is conducted by the mayor to the residence of the latter1 where the table is loaded with cakes of all kinds1 especially the tourteau#ej and pate1#ea by no means unacceptable to appetites sharpened by so long a walk in the fresh mountain air4 ,there is then an exchange of ,gascon wit still more savory1 with which the festival ends4 ,another custom no less ancient and peculiar is connected with the ,mass at ,gaillan on ,st4 ,agatha's day1 which at least one member out of every family in the parish attends1 to implore a blessing on the fruits of the earth4 ,before beginning the ,holy ,sacrifice1 the cur solemnly blesses the loaves brought by his parishioners1 and after the ,mass is over they cut them in pieces1 and1 going to their fields1 bury them here and there in the ground1 setting up a little cross1 often a mere thornbush twisted into proper shape4 ,picasqu1 petito bilo1 gran clouqu--,puycasquier1 small town1 great belfry--is a proverbial expression associated with the town on account of the fine old tower1 visible all over the neighboring country4 ,it was fortunately spared when the place was ruined by the ,huguenots three centuries ago4 ,around its base are held great fairs several times a year1 the resort of all the people in the vicinity4 ,the baptistery of the parish church has a curious font of lead which is very ancient--probably more than a thousand years old1 from the style4 ,it is cylindrical in form and covered with bas-reliefs like the lead font at ,strassburg4 ,there is a swan--emblem of the purity of the soul after baptism4 ,an archer stands ready to attack it as soon as it issues from the regenerating waters1 but the arrow he lets fly so vigorously is received by a lion passant in his shoulder1 which marches resolutely on1 undisturbed by the evil adversary4 ,it is the ,lion of the tribe of ,judah1 who saves the soul by his power and bleeding wounds4 ,the votive chapel of ,notre ,dame de la ,croix1 at ,marciac1 is another pious monument of ,mary's protection during a great pestilence4 ,over the doorway is the following inscription3 ,marciacam cum dira lues subverteret urbem1 ,ipsamet hanc jussit mater sibi ,virgo dicari ,sub crucis auspiciis gnatique insignibus dem4#eb ,it is a pretty church1 with an altar of jasper and tabernacle of white marble1 over which is the ,mother of ,sorrows holding the body of the crucified ,saviour4 ,it was built at the repeated instances of a poor woman1 who was at first treated as visionary or mad1 because she asserted a divine mission for the cessation of the pestilence1 which had carried off eight hundred and four persons in a short time4 ,her persevering piety was at length rewarded by the foundation of the chapel and the deliverance of her townsmen from the plague1 which is to this day commemorated4 ,pope ,innocent ,,xi4 encouraged the devotion to ,notre ,dame de la ,croix by granting many privileges to those who went there to pray and perform some good work4 ,there is a chapel of ,notre ,dame de ,piti at ,condom called the ,pitat1 now belonging to the ,filles de ,marie1 but formerly to the ,brothers of ,st4 ,john of ,god1 who served the sick4 ,near it is a miraculous spring called the ,houn dou ,teou1 where pilgrims go to ask deliverance from their infirmities4 ,near the historic ,chteau de ,lavardens is the chapel of ,notre ,dame de ,consolation in the woods1 quiet and solitary1 surrounded by graves4 ,the pensive and the sorrowful love to come here to pray undisturbed before the simple altar of ,mary1 ,consoler of the ,afflicted4 ,it is one of the stations for the processions in ,rogation ,week4 ,it is the very place to implore peace for the soul--and to find it6 ,there is another ,notre ,dame de ,piti at ,aubiet1 an obscure village on the right bank of the ,arrats1 about twelve miles from ,auch4 ,the houses are poorly built1 the streets narrow and irregular1 with nothing remarkable but the fine tower of the ancient church4 ,it never was a place of much importance1 except in a religious point of view1 and has never recovered from its almost entire destruction by the ,huguenots in the sixteenth century4 ,in fact1 it is only noteworthy for its religious associations and picturesque situation on a hill overlooking the fertile valley of the ,arrats1 which comes from ,mauvezin on the one side1 and goes winding through a delicious country1 girt with vine-clad hills1 towards ,castelnau-,barbarens on the other4 ,though small1 the town is ancient1 and figures under the name of ,albinetum in the old legend of ,st4 ,taurin1 who was martyred some time in the fourth century in the ,bois de la ,verdale at the west of the town--a spot now marked by a cross and an old mutilated bust of the saint4 ,a graveyard is near1 where the villagers come to repose around the place watered by the blood of the holy bishop who converted their forefathers ages ago4 ,how venerable the religious traditions of a country which extend back to the first ages of ,christianity1 and how good to pray at the tombs of those who lived so near the apostolic times6 ,small as ,aubiet has always been1 it formerly had five churches--a proof of the religious spirit that animated the people2 but most of them were destroyed by the ,huguenots in the sixteenth century4 ,among these was the parish church1 in which was a chapel of the ,five ,wounds1 built and endowed by the father of ,pre de ,mongaillard1 the ,jesuit annalist of ,gascony2 and the church of ,st4 ,nicolas1 where was established a confraternity of ,blue ,penitents under the patronage of ,monsieur ,st4 ,jerome4 ,nor was the hospital connected with this church spared1 though the holy asylum of human miseries1 where there were numerous beds for the poor4 ,,ss4 ,abdon and ,sennen are venerated as the special patrons of the place4 ,pre de ,mongaillard1 who lived in the seventeenth century1 tells us that1 in his day1 the people called upon all the musicians of the country around to contribute to the pomp of the festival of these saints1 on which solemn ,mass and ,vespers were sung and a procession made through the town4 ,the day always ended with a great repast and public rejoicings4 ,these customs have been perpetuated1 more or less1 to this day4 ,the most remarkable church at ,aubiet is that of ,notre ,dame de ,piti1 which dates from the year #adii4 ,it was providentially spared by the ,huguenots and became the parish church4 ,the people1 mourning over so many ruined sanctuaries1 gathered with fresh devotion around the altar of ,our ,lady of ,pity1 with whom they were brought into closer companionship4 ,this altar is still in great repute4 ,the church has recently been repaired1 and in one of its windows is depicted ,st4 ,taurin in pontifical robes with the martyr's palm in his hand4 ,father ,mongaillard relates some curious customs connected with this church4 ,one of the altars was dedicated to ,st4 ,eutrope1 where a portion of his relics was enshrined and regarded with great veneration4 ,the people brought wine for the priest to plunge a relic of the saint therein1 and then carried it to the sick1 especially to those suffering from dropsy or violent colic1 who often found relief--a custom also common at ,marciac1 where there is a chapel to ,sent ,estropi1 crowded with people on the last of ,april4 ,this devotion is now discontinued4 ,st4 ,eutrope of ,saintes was one of the early apostles of the country4 ,notker1 a monk of ,st4 ,gall1 says he was consecrated bishop and sent into ,gaul by ,st4 ,clement1 the successor of the apostles4 ,another singular custom at ,aubiet was that of the boys of the place1 who always assembled around the high altar to hear ,mass1 and the instant the priest elevated the ,host cried repeatedly1 in a loud voice3 8,segnour ,diou1 misericordie60--,mercy1 ,o ,lord ,god6--so that their exclamations1 as discordant as they were singular1 could be heard by the passers-by1 and produced a profound impression on their minds4 ,the same father relates another practice in this church4 ,when a child was brought for baptism1 the priest poured the regenerating waters on its head three times1 and the largest bell was rung to announce the event to the whole parish and admonish the people to pray for the new lamb of ,christ's flock4 ,if a boy1 the bell was struck nine times1 very nearly as for the ,angelus2 if a girl1 six times were thought sufficient4 ,and when it sounded1 every one within hearing cried heartily3 8,god bless thee60 ,aubiet formerly had many clergy1 and religious services were conducted with a splendor scarcely to be found now in the largest cathedrals4 ,this was principally owing to a celebrated confraternity of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 which was organized in #aebf by ,cardinal ,clermont-,lodve1 archbishop of ,auch1 at the request of eighteen priests of the town1 who1 with uncovered heads and robed in their surplices1 presented themselves for the purpose before that prelate when he came to make his pastoral visit4 ,the act of foundation still exists4 ,every ,thursday a solemn ,mass was to be sung with deacon and sub-deacon in honor of ,corpus ,domini1 and on the first ,thursday of every month the ,blessed ,sacrament was to be carried in procession around the church of ,notre ,dame de ,piti4 ,this institution became very popular1 for it was an outburst of faith1 love1 and reparation2 and numerous legacies and foundations were made all through that century for its support by people of every condition4 ,one of the priests1 foremost in founding the confraternity1 was the first to show his pious liberality4 ,this was ,jehan ,jourdan1 the elder1 a venerable old man1 who1 in #afbf1 appeared before the assembled clergy of the place and begged them to accept1 out of his devotion to the ,holy ,eucharist1 the sum of two hundred and twenty crowns1 that ,mass might be offered in perpetuity at the altar of ,our ,lady of ,pity for the welfare of the donor and his relatives during their lives and the repose of their souls after death4 ,this same ,jehan1 the elder1 in his last will and testament1 likewise founded seven votive ,masses on every ,friday in the year--one in honor of ,god the ,father2 another of the ,holy ,ghost2 the third1 of the ,holy ,trinity2 the fourth1 of ,notre ,dame de ,piti2 the fifth1 of ,st4 ,joseph2 the sixth1 for the dead2 the seventh1 in honor of the ,holy ,name of ,jesus4 ,the latter was to be sung with deacon and sub-deacon4 ,all the chaplains were to assist devoutly at its celebration1 and if any one failed to attend he was obliged to pay a fine of olive-oil for the lamps4 ,no one was to be appointed chaplain unless a native of the place and doctus in music1 et non aliter4 ,another remarkable foundation is still to be seen in an old ,latin will of a notary at ,aubiet4 ,he requests to be buried before ,st4 ,peter's altar in the church of ,our ,lady of ,charity 7as it was sometimes called74 ,among his curious legacies are nine sous for nine requiem ,masses for his soul1 showing what was the customary fee in those days4 ,he also founds a solemn ,mass of requiem at ,st4 ,peter's altar every ,wednesday1 for himself and all his relatives who have died in a state of grace1 for which purpose he bequeaths various lands4 ,pierre ,lacroix1 in a will of the sixteenth century also1 leaves a certain sum for his funeral expenses4 ,six torches are to burn around his bier1 and eighty priests were invited to aid in the service4 ,they are to have bodily refreshments3 habeant refectionem corporalem4 ,on the ninth day after his death all the priests of ,aubiet are to assemble to pray for his soul4 ,they are to receive duas duplas--two doubles--but no refreshments4 ,at the end of the month the eighty priests are again to be invited1 who are to sing ,mass for his soul2 six torches1 of half a pound each1 to burn meanwhile4 ,they are to be provided with bodily refreshments4 ,at the end of the year the eighty are again to be summoned1 and this time they are to have eight liards each pro labore et pna1 but nothing to refresh the body4 ,the lord of ,beaupuy1 who during his life always had three ,masses a week celebrated1 leaves at his death a legacy of seven and a half sacks of wheat a year from his lands at ,st4 ,mzard1 with one-third of the produce of the vineyards1 to be delivered to two priests1 each of whom is to say one ,mass a week for his soul4 ,jehan ,cavar1 a man of considerable distinction at ,aubiet1 makes several rich bequests and foundations to the different chapels of the place4 ,at his funeral two wax torches of half a pound each are to burn4 ,to the attendant priests qui cantabunt he gives three doubles and no bodily refection4 ,if they do not sing1 nothing is to be given them4 ,one hundred poor are to be fed on ,good ,friday with a loaf1 wine1 and one sardine each4 ,the same obligation is imposed at ,all ,saints1 but this time there is no mention of the sardine4 ,thirty crowns are to be given to two girls of irreproachable morals at ,aubiet on the day of their marriage2 and a woollen gown1 all made1 is to be given to twelve widows or poor single women of ,mauvezin4 8,moved10 as he says1 8by the grace of ,god and love for the church of ,notre ,dame de la ,charit10 he also founds seven ,masses a week in perpetuity in the chapel of the ,blessed ,sebastian1 martyr4 ,he also founds seven other daily ,masses--one of them on ,saturday1 de lacrym ,christi1 in honor of the ,holy ,tears of ,christ4 ,for all these services he leaves numerous lands and revenues4 ,these and many other foundations1 extraordinary for a small country village1 express the reaction against the innovations of the age1 and are remarkable proofs of the deep faith and piety of the people4 ,and they are only examples of similar cases throughout the country1 the records of which it does the heart good to ponder over4 ,how pious are the formulas with which such bequests are made3 ,in remissionem peccatorum suorum--,pro remedio anim su et animarum parentum suorum1 et aliorum pro quibus deprecare tenetur1 etc4 ,everywhere they express devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin1 and to some saint in particular1 as well as to all the inhabitants of the heavenly country in general4 ,this was in accordance with the traditions of the country1 where the heart naturally turns to ,jesus in the arms of ,our ,lady of ,pity at the awful moment of death4 ,st4 ,bertrand of ,comminges1 when his end drew near1 had himself transported to the chapel of the ,virgin and breathed out his soul at the foot of her altar4 ,bernard de ,sariac1 a distinguished bishop of ,aire1 founded on his death-bed a chapel in honor of ,notre ,dame de ,piti4 ,the old lords of the country show1 by the solemnity of their last bequests1 their faith in ,mary's powerful assistance at the supreme hour of death4 ,william1 ,count of ,astarac1 in his legacy to ,notre ,dame de ,simorre in #idj1 says3 8,inspired by ,god and the hope of ,paradise1 and in order to increase my reward in the day of judgment1 ,i give the most holy ,virgin the following lands in ,astarac40 ,raymond de ,lavedan1 in #abec1 left this clause in his will3 8,i give my land to ,st4 ,mary with all it bears towards heaven and contains in its depths40 ,there are a thousand similar examples of illustrious barons of the olden times whose tombstones in the ,virgin's chapel in many instances remain an enduring testimony of their devotion to ,mary1 though the building itself is demolished4 ,the confraternity of the ,blessed ,sacrament at ,aubiet only admitted thirteen of the most notable persons of the town4 ,among other obligations1 they had to accompany the ,holy ,eucharist when carried to any of the members who were ill1 bare-headed1 wearing surplices1 and bearing lighted torches in their hands2 to assemble in like robes on the first ,thursday of every month2 to follow the divine ,host in procession2 and every ,thursday to attend a ,mass of the ,corpus ,domini under the penalty of a fine4 ,one peculiarity of this ,mass was the ,kyrie ,eleison1 which they sang with a thousand modulations3 ,,kyrie1 ,pater terne1 fontana ,deitas1 ex quo manant flumina rerum1 ,,eleison6#ec ,,kyrie1 fons co-tern lucis et claritas1 lucem formans primo dierum1 ,,eleison6#ed ,,kyrie1 fons superne1 redundant bonitas1 panem mittens de clo verum1 ,,eleison6#ee ,,christe1 lucis fons1 lux de luce prodiens2 ,dei pinguis mons1 quo pascente vivit esuriens et impletur pane vivente1 ,,eleison6#ef ,,christe1 cordium via1 vita1 veritas2 cibus mentium1 in quo sistit summa suavitas et satietas consistit1 ,,eleison6 ,,christe1 sumptio tui sacri corporis est refectio vires prbens immensi roboris1 et molesta salutis demens1 ,,eleison6 ,,kyrie1 decus amborum1 ,patris ,natique1 et duorum non duplex ,spiritus2 quo spirante lux datur morum1 ,,eleison6#eg ,,kyrie1 qui veritatis lumen es diffusum gratis1 dictus ,paraclitus1 dans solamen his desolaris1 ,,eleison6 ,,kyrie1 sana palatum1 quo gustamus panem gratum et missum clitus1 in ,marid per te formatum1 ,,eleison6#eh ,this is an example of the tropus or farcius1 so common in the middle ages1 which is a paraphrase or extension of the liturgy by inserting additional words between the important parts--as at the ,gloria in ,excelsis1 the ,sanctus1 the ,agnus ,dei1 etc4--the word farsus1 farcius1 or farcitus1 as it was differently written by the monks of the middle ages1 being derived from the ,latin farcire1 used by ,pliny the naturalist1 ,apicius1 and ,cato the agriculturist1 in the sense of filling1 distending1 enriching4 ,pope ,adrian ,,ii4 is said to have instituted these farci to be sung in monasteries on solemn festivals4 ,they were the festiv laudes of the ,romans4 ,others attribute them to the ,greek church4 ,these farci were of three kinds in ,france3 the usual liturgy being expanded by inserting additional words in ,latin2 or the text was ,greek and the paraphrase in old ,french2 or1 again1 the latter was in the vulgar tongue of ,oil and ,oc4 ,these paraphrases in the vulgar tongue became popular1 not only in ,france1 but in ,england and ,germany4 ,from them was derived the proverbial expression1 ,se farcir de ,grec et de ,latin--that is1 to have the head full4 ,these tropes or farcies of mixed ,french and ,latin are still very common in southwestern ,france1 especially in the popular ,nols1 which are often rude lines in patois alternate with ,latin1 after the following style3 ,born in a manger ,ex ,mari ,virgine1 ,on the chilly straw ,absque tegumine4 ,it is not surprising that1 with daily ,high ,masses and a perpetual round of imposing services1 the people of ,aubiet should feel the change when the place became impoverished1 the number of priests diminished1 and most of the churches destroyed at the invasion of the ,huguenots4 ,we are told that when the vicar was unable to sing ,high ,mass on the festival of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist in #afbc1 there was universal murmuring1 and the magistrates drew up a solemn protest against so unheard-of a scandal1 which document is still extant4#ei ,but the church of ,notre ,dame de ,piti1 although profaned1 was left standing4 ,the admirable confraternity of the ,blessed ,sacrament soon revived1 and with it many of the former solemnities4 ,pre de ,mongaillard tells us the ,kyrie eleison farci was still chanted in his time4 ,we find a similar confraternity of the ,blessed ,sacrament at ,touget1 another village of ,gascony1 which suffered horribly from the religious wars4 ,it was for a long time in possession of the ,huguenots1 who abolished the ,catholic religion and ruined the churches4 ,to repair these profanations the association was established1 the statutes of which are still extant in the ,gascon tongue4 ,by these we learn that there were nine chaplains in honor of the nine choirs of angels2 twelve laymen in honor of the twelve apostles2 seventy-two other lay members in memory of the seventy-two disciples 7husband and wife being counted as one72 and seven pious widows in honor of the seven ,dolors of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,they were all to be natives of the place1 but 8no ruffian1 renegade1 public usurer1 or vicious person admitted among them40 ,every ,thursday all the members were to attend ,high ,mass in the parish church1 robed in their surplices4 ,they were to accompany the ,host in solemn procession through the village1 at stated times1 tapers in hand2 sing the ,office of the ,dead before the door of any deceased member1 and attend the requiem ,mass for his soul4 ,these and various other pious obligations were encouraged by the bishop of ,lombez1 who granted certain indulgences of vray perdon1 especially on the festivals of ,st4 ,germain1 ,st4 ,george1 ,st4 ,vincent1 and ,st4 ,fritz1 whose relics were honored in the church4 ,such is the spirit of love1 sorrow1 and reparation which perfumes a few of the countless chapels of ,our ,lady of ,pity in southwestern ,france1 where so many hearts have forgotten their own grief before that of ,mary6 ,in all these sanctuaries1 wan and desolate1 she seems to plead for the nation4 ,so pleads she all over the earth4 ,every mystery of religion is perpetuated in the church4 ,christ is always crucified somewhere on the earth4 ,mary is always sorrowing over his bleeding wounds4 ,we have seen her weeping over the door of many a tabernacle in ,italy1 as if over the ,saviour wounded anew in the sacrament of his love4 ,who can turn away from the affecting appeal in this day of profanations in that unhappy land1 where the very angels of the church veil their faces before the agony of the divine ,sufferer--before ,mary's woes8''' ,around the altar sacred to her grief let us echo the ancient ,planh referred to at the beginning of this article3 8,i conceived thee without corruption2 to-day my heart is broken with grief3 thy ,nativity was exempt from all suffering2 now is the day of my travail-- 8,alas6 my ,son1 on account of thy torments6 8,when thou wert born the shepherds came singing with joy1 dancing to the sound of their pipes2 now traitorous and cruel ,jews come to seize thee with horns and cries1 staves and swords4 8,alas6 my ,son1 loving and beautiful40 ,ay filh6 amaros e bel6 #dh 8,woe on woe6 grief on grief6 ,heaven and earth have lost their lord1 and ,i my son2 the sun its clearness2 ,jews have slain him1 to their great dishonor4 ,alas6 my son1 what mortal grief60 #di ,say1 say an orison ,to the ,virgin of the ,garaison1 ,ye who in this spot solace seek from pain1 ,pilgrims so good1 ',neath sorrows bowed1 ,that your hearts may open up to hope again4 ,here while you stay1 ,say with love1 say1 ,oh6 say an orison ,to the ,virgin of the ,garaison4 #ej ,the tourteau is a round cake with a hole in the centre1 made particularly for ,palm ,sunday4 #ea ,the pate is a kind of biscuit for the ,pascal season4 #eb ,when a dire pestilence came nigh destroying the city of ,marciac1 the ,virgin ,mother herself commanded this temple to be dedicated to her under the powerful protection of the cross and of her ,son4 #ec ,o ,lord1 ,father eternal1 ,fountain of the ,deity1 whence flow all things1 have mercy6 #ed ,o ,lord1 ,fount and clearness of co-eternal light1 who didst make light on the first of days1 have mercy6 #ee ,o ,lord1 ,fount supernal1 goodness overflowing1 sending down true bread from heaven1 have mercy6 #ef ,o ,christ1 ,fountain of light1 light from light proceeding2 fruitful mount of ,god1 on which feeding the hungry liveth and is filled with living bread1 have mercy6 #eg ,o ,christ1 the way1 the life1 the truth of hearts2 the food of minds1 wherein abides the sweetest sweetness and fulness is contained1 have mercy6 ,o ,christ1 the taking of thy sacred ,body is a refreshment1 giving mighty strength1 and removing every obstacle to salvation--have mercy6 ,o ,lord1 the beauty of both1 of the ,father and the ,son1 and the spirit of each1 yet not twofold1 by whose breath the light of all right things is given1 have mercy6 #eh ,o ,lord1 who art the light of truth1 freely spread abroad1 thou who art called the ,paraclete1 giving consolation to those who are desolate1 have mercy6 ,o ,lord1 purify our taste1 that so we may enjoy the gracious bread sent down from heaven1 formed by thee in ,mary's womb--have mercy6 #ei 8,in the year #afbc1 and the #bdth of ,june1 in the town of ,aubiet in ,armagnac1 in front of the parish church of said place1 before noon1 in the reign of the most ,christian prince1 ,louis1 by the grace of ,god ,king of ,france and ,navarre1 appeared before me the undersigned royal notary1 and in presence of the witnesses whose names are hereunto affixed1 ,messrs4 ,jehan ,gaillan1 ,jehan ,la,mothe1 ,jehan ,gelotte1 and ,caillard ,mailhos1 consuls of said ,aubiet1 and ,jehan ,belloc1 syndic1 who1 speaking and addressing his words to ,m4 ,jehan ,castanet1 priest and vicar of said church of ,aubiet1 represented to him1 for want of a rector in said ,aubiet1 that from all time and all antiquity it had been the custom to celebrate in the parish church ,high ,mass with deacon and sub-deacon on solemn days like the present2 and whereas1 because there was no one to aid him in performing the office1 the divine service was omitted1 the said consuls and syndic protest against the said ,castanet1 vicar aforesaid1 etc4 8,the said ,castanet affirmed that he did everything in his power1 but had no one to aid him40 ,,the ,,eternal ,,years4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,divine ,,sequence40 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,characteristics ,,of ,,god',s ,,government--,,abundance4 ,we have adverted to the indirect government of the creation by ,god--to the government which he condescends to administer first through the primary laws which he has stamped upon the universe2 and1 secondly1 through the moral and physical activity with which he has endowed mankind4 ,we are making vast and rapid strides in this day towards discovering and unravelling these primary laws4 ,at the present moment we seem to have got ourselves somewhat into a tangle of knowledge1 which threatens to asphyxiate us with the overpowering perfume of its lavish blossoms1 like that of the exuberant growth of the tropical flora4 ,we are caught as in the meshes of a net1 and are hardly allowed time to solve one problem and satisfy ourselves with a conclusion before some new tendril of the ever-growing parasite has flung another flowering coil of verdure around us and arrested our steps once more4 ,we have come upon the time long ago predicted by the ,archangel ,michael to the prophet ,daniel3 8,plurimi transibunt1 et multiplex erit scientia40#fj ,we are dazzled and bewildered2 and some timid souls are like ostriches1 which hide their heads in the sand1 preferring not to see and know1 and hoping that their ignorance and the ignorance of the multitude generally will serve as a dam to the coming flood1 and leave us freed from a torrent of questions which1 if once they are there1 must be answered4 ,it is to be regretted that these persons cannot learn to possess their souls in patience1 and to watch calmly and intelligently the progress of this gigantic growth of science1 assured that it will all arrange and classify itself in time1 in perfect harmony with what they know to be true and enduring1 and which they so dishonor by their apprehensions4 ,however1 since this is too much to expect of many1 there is nothing for it but to allow such people to keep themselves in peace in the way that suits them best2 only not permitting them to discourage others from investigation and reverent inquiry4 ,st4 ,thomas tells us that the end of all science is contained within the end of all theology and is subservient to it4 ,theology1 therefore1 ought to command all other sciences and turn to its use those things of which they treat4 ,but we shall not arrive at this virile steadfastness until the real study of theology has become more general4 ,there is very little in our modern education or habits of thought to teach that calm gaze into the depths of the divine mysteries which imparts such strength of mental vision that the soul ceases to be dazzled by the false light of falling stars4 ,the robust vigor of the studious habits of old has ceased from among us1 and the modern mind is attenuated and enfeebled by a vast variety of subjects indifferently explored1 many of them received on trust and without inquiry1 and all smoothed down to one dead-level of superficial thought and inadequate expression4 ,not that for a moment we would imply that mere habits of study are all that is needed4 ,these habits may exist1 and do exist to a great extent2 but the silence and the solitude do not exist1 and the studies themselves have long ago ceased to be of a nature to clear the mind for the gradual1 patient1 interiorly-evolved contemplation of the eternal truths which lie at the bottom of all things4 ,the old scholastic philosophy and theology laid the only real foundation of all speculative knowledge1 and built for us1 for all future time1 that solid fabric of theological truth in the received and authorized teaching of the great doctors of the church which1 like a mighty magnet attracting to itself strong bars of iron1 will draw within its own embrace all other truth and all other science1 because 8the end of science is within the end of theology40 ,meanwhile1 if we would not find ourselves swamped in the torrent of surmises1 partial discoveries1 inverted reasonings1 and unreverential decisions1 we must go back to the spirit and method of the ages which produced the deeply metaphysical thinkers and theological writers of old4 ,the flood of events pours on1 and the concussion of each tears through our daily life and ploughs up the hours and the days in hurried disorder1 leaving no time for seed to develop in the fallow soil1 for the green blade to strengthen and the harvest to ripen4 ,modern inventions speed the latest intelligence into the innermost recesses of our homes1 and we live like people in a house without doors or windows1 open to every blast2 while the age1 whose needs seem most to call for contemplative recluses1 on the contrary stamps contemplation out of the heart of man1 and substitutes the paramount necessity for outward activity4 ,there is no solace1 there is no rest1 but in prayer4 ,there is no consolation but in cultivating thought in the hidden recesses of our minds1 and1 amid the racket of life1 to go deep down into the silent caverns of our souls and dwell in an inner solitude with thoughts of eternal truth4 ,the tendencies of the age have added a new difficulty to the treatment of many of the questions more or less inextricably mixed up with any largely philosophical views of the union of science with divine truth4 ,we have perverted our language because thought1 of which language is the clothing1 is perverted4 ,we dare not handle questions that in themselves are pure1 because we have allowed necessary words to represent unnecessary indelicacy4 ,no word that expresses a necessary fact is in itself evil2 but woe to the imagination which makes it so6 ,purity is always dignified4 ,but if you take the white roses of innocence to crown a wanton1 white roses will fall into disrepute2 and this is what we have done with language4 ,words no longer only mean the thing they represent4 ,they have been made to insinuate the foul underflow of evil fancy that corruption has poured forth4 ,how shall we cleanse the source1 that we may once more use language of strength and purity8 ,how shall we again become manly and brave1 and yet avoid the charge of being coarse and too outspoken8 ,only by going back to the noble candor of the great thinkers of old1 and by trying to see things as they are in the mind of ,god1 and not as they are in fallen man2 by looking at the laws of creation as they came from the hands of the ,creator1 before man had written his running commentary of evil and sin1 and thus defiled the glorious page4 ,there are two forms of purity4 ,the one is the purity of ignorance4 ,the intellect that knows nothing of the species cannot predicate the accidents2 and no doubt blank ignorance is better than an evil imagination4 ,but there is another and a higher purity2 it is the purity of an informed mind which1 from the sublime heights of science1 or1 better far1 from the depths of union with ,god in the all-pervading sense of his presence1 has acquired that faculty of viewing subject-matter in the abstract which leaves no association of imagination or fancy to drag it down into the lower nature and so defile it4 ,the more truly scientific a mind becomes1 the more will it inhabit those cool1 serene heights of passionless intellect4 ,but the first1 the truest1 the absolutely sure science of theology is the one royal road to the habit of mind which can1 as it were1 stand outside its lower nature and contemplate facts and truths in their essential nature1 divested of human contact or defilement2 or1 where both must be recognized1 can eliminate the law from its abuse1 and trace back the former to the bosom of the ,creator2 for 8to the pure all things are pure40 ,this seems to be the faculty which is more and more dying out amongst us4 ,it is probable that some of the hurry and absence of precision and of tenacious research which characterize the modern form of mind may be the natural result of the sudden rush of new discoveries which have taken us1 as it were1 by surprise and carried us off our feet4 ,by degrees it is probable we shall1 as a race1 accept the changes in our condition1 and shall become gradually adapted to the varied forms of life imposed upon us by the vast and multiplied combinations which every day are extending our power over the external world and opening new paths for activity and enterprise4 ,doubtless this power will increase rather than diminish1 and at the same time take less hold upon us in a revolutionary way1 and we shall lose some of that flurry and excitement which now characterize us--much in the way that the young colt of a week old starts no more than does the old mare when the engine rushes down the railway that skirts the field2 and yet when railways first began both were alike alarmed4 ,but for the present we have lost much of our original moral and intellectual dignity4 ,upon such questions as interest us we are excited and flurried4 ,those which we do not affect to understand we cannot seriously listen to2 and between the bustling activity of the first and the listless frivolity of the last it is not an easy task to bring forward old truths with new faces1 old facts with a fresh moral1 lest those who listen should persist in viewing the question from the wrong side1 and in taking scandal where no scandal was meant4 ,we have set ourselves the task of investigating the chief attributes of ,god's government of creation and its uniformity of design in complexity of action4 ,to do this we must condescend to the primary and natural law which he imposed on our world when he called it out of chaos2 and we must endeavor to explain what were the special characteristics of that law1 and what light it throws upon the attributes of ,him who gave it4 ,the three chief characteristics which we discover in the government of creation are abundance1 patience or longanimity1 and progression4 ,the first command which the ,creator uttered over the first recorded living and moving creatures of his hand was1 8,increase and multiply40 ,this was the initial law of all that we see and know in the external world2 and as no temporal law or material condition exists in ,god's creation without its spiritual intention and inner meaning1 this law is typical of what is beyond sight and belongs to the domain of faith4 ,in attempting to define that command we find it conveys an impression1 wider than the heavens and more diffused than the ambient air1 of generosity1 benevolence1 and paternity4 ,it is the law of 8our ,father who is heaven40 ,it beams upon us like the genial warmth of the noontide sun4 ,it shadows us like the stretching boughs of a large forest perfumed with the dews of earth4 ,it was spoken first to the products of the water and the denizens of the air2 and again it was spoken over the two first beings created 8after ,his own image and likeness40 ,wherever there is life1 even life in its lowest form--and so low that science hesitates to pronounce upon it as being life1 and stands uncertain how to designate evident growth without equally evident life1 like the unintelligent but absolutely accurate formation of crystals--there too the law reigns of 8increase and multiply40 ,attraction and affinity declare the law1 and carry it on1 while repulsion is but the inverse of the same2 and though1 for aught we know1 and judging by induction1 there is not one molecule added on our earth to the original chaotic matter1 and all reproductions are composed of the same elements passing through varied forms and phases1 nevertheless the same impulse governs all living things and everywhere represents the large1 lavish benevolence of the ,god of life4 ,the animal creation is the unreasoning and innocent embodiment of the natural law1 and carries out its mandates unconscious of the why and the wherefore2 whereas in fallen man the natural law has overlapped the moral law1 and the latter has become warped by the pressure of the former1 making all things discordant4 ,as abundance is one of the characteristics of the natural law1 so the modes and forms of its execution lie at the very root of all creation4 ,the ,spirit of ,god1 the brooding ,dove1 moved over the face of the waters4 ,the same image of incubation and consequently of imparted heat 7motion and heat being allied as reciprocal cause and effect71 was in the mind of the old ,egyptians when they carved a winged world amongst their mystic signs4 ,so sacred1 so holy1 so full of deep-hidden meaning was the idea as it lay from all eternity in the divine ,mind1 that it was through the four thousand historic years which preceded the birth of the ,god-,man the mode through which ,god taught the chosen people to expect the ,redeemer4 ,it became the hope of every maiden to form one link in the long chain which was to lead up to the ,messiah4 ,it sanctified all the ties of domestic life and made them less a necessity than a high moral duty4 ,so universal was the sentiment that many1 in the tenacity of their desire to carry on the holy tradition1 and too earthly to perceive the sin of doing wrong that good might come1 thrust aside the law of conscience rather than fail in what weighed upon them as an overwhelming necessity--to continue the natural line--that perhaps they1 too1 might form one of those from whose loins should spring the ,saviour of the world4 ,it was thus that a dignity was imparted to natural ties which surpassed among the ,israelites the same sentiment among the ,gentiles1 but which was but a foreshadowing of their sacred and sacramental state in the church of ,god4 8,wisdom is justified by her children02 and all that ,god has ordained must reach its ultimate perfection in his church before it can pass into another phase4 8,till heaven and earth pass1 one jot or one tittle shall not pass of the law1 till all be fulfilled40#fa ,as all things in creation are by and for him1 as all culminate in him1 so when the prophecies were accomplished1 and ,mary1 the immaculate and virgin daughter of the ,house of ,david1 had1 through the operations of the ,holy ,ghost1 become the ,mother of ,god--the law 8increase and multiply0 having thus ascended to its mystical fulfilment and ultimate development--so from henceforth did it confer a new and more holy character on natural ties by consecrating them as the type and image1 of what is spiritual4 ,the one end in view had survived through all1 despite man's ignorance1 infirmity1 and sin2 and that end once attained1 the sinless ,mother clasping to her bosom the ,infant ,god who was from all eternity in the bosom of the ,father1 from that moment all that was human had a new and divine element in it4 ,all creation1 all life1 all we have and are1 became in a special way 8holy to the ,lord40 8,know ye not that ye are the temple of ,god8 ,if any man violate the temple of ,god1 him will ,god destroy4 ,all things are yours1 the world1 or life1 or death1 or things present1 or things to come3 all are yours3 and ye are ,christ's1 and ,christ is ,god's40#fb ,through long centuries man had failed to comprehend even while he felt the underlying mystery of creation4 ,he looked on the fair fields of nature with undiscerning eyes4 ,he hardly guessed at the enigma of the outer world as leading upwards to something nobler2 and therefore he dragged the image of ,god down into the mire of his own existence4 ,he even sought the ,deity in what was below himself1 worshipping1 not men and heroes1 but beasts and creeping things2 because1 being dominated by the idea of the great and all-pervading force of the laws of life and nature1 the lower creation presented a more simple and abstract image of their potency4 ,the idea of the principle of life haunted him like a dark and perplexing riddle4 ,its magnitude weighed upon him4 ,its universality perplexed him4 ,he had not the light of truth in its plenitude to illumine the dark places of the earth4 ,he could only make guesses at the typical meaning of creation2 and as the whirr of life rushed ceaselessly around him without bringing any answer to his questionings1 it became a relief to embody the idea which obseded him in the obscurity of inarticulate being1 as affording1 if not some solution1 at least an absolutely simple and vulgar manifestation of the great fact1 until the very scarabei became sacred2 and with inverted moral sense1 in lieu of seeking for transcendent and pellucid truth in what was above him1 he dug down into the very miseries of his own degradation in his attempt to describe the incomprehensible1 and that to a degree which we cannot pollute these pages by expressing4 ,thus had man covered over with the veil of his iniquities and the thick darkness of his ignorance all the sanctities of life1 until the church of ,god revealed to him that ,christ is the head of the church1 as the husband is the head of the wife1 and placed matrimony among the sacraments2 because as a sacrament only is it holy to the ,lord1 and because1 as a sacrament1 it is typical of that highest and most divine union of ,christ with his church--that union which is her strength1 her inviolability1 her guarantee1 and her ever-enduring and indisputable infallibility4#fc ,how little did poor fallen humanity dream of the sanctity and dignity of common life until the church turned the full light of revelation on the laws of our being and taught us what those laws prefigured in the ,eternal ,mind6 ,it is not until ,st4 ,paul wrote by inspiration that astonishing chapter to the ,ephesians that the laws of being were really less awful in their hidden sanctity4 ,they were never in themselves mean1 miserable1 and degraded4 ,it is true the state of matrimony only foreshadowed a sacrament2 for under the old law there were no sacraments in the specific sense in which we now use the term in the ,catholic ,church4 ,it was holy under the old law1 and it may be said to have had a sacramental character2 and that character was the anticipation of what it was to become when it should be raised into one of the seven sacraments of the church1 and the type of ,christ as head of the church4 ,but at that time mankind was still in darkness4 ,humanity could not earlier review the expression of the mystery4 ,only the ,gospel could open their eyes to the full understanding of the sacramental principle which alone makes life holy1 and1 ,o sorrowing1 suffering hearts6 which alone to you can make it endurable4#fd ,see how the beneficent thought of ,god has touched all our common lot6 ,see what flowers blossom amid the thorns1 what gems of light sparkle in the dark ways of life1 ennobling all1 beautifying because sanctifying all1 and enabling us1 while the heavy burden of sorrow1 disappointment1 regrets1 and even ruined hope1 may seem to take all the color out of life1 and to send us back to a treadmill existence and a gray1 despairing twilight1 to realize that nothing can alter the fact that we are holy to the ,lord1 and that in our daily1 hourly lot1 as husbands1 wives1 sons1 daughters1 masters1 and servants1 we are carrying on the ceaseless weaving of that web of sacred typical life which has from all eternity been in the mind of ,god as the law of our natural being1 and in one form or another envelops1 like the husks of the sweet nut1 the gradually-ripening sanctity of those who1 even in this life1 are to touch on perfect union with their ,creator4 ,can any one seriously doubt that1 if a greater and more hallowed veneration for the laws of our natural existence became more general and more intense1 they would1 in their typical and sacramental character1 develop further heights of holiness--not as the exceptional ways of a few miraculous saints1 but as the table-land of all humanity8 ,as it was the hardness of heart in the ,israelites which compelled ,moses to give a law of divorce1 so may it not be our hardness of heart1 lessened indeed1 but not yet melted1 which leaves us so often such mere commonplace appreciation of natural ties1 and thus fails to realize in them all that they possess and can yield8 ,jesus is our father1 our brother1 our friend1 our master1 and our spouse4 ,these titles are taken from our common life4 ,but the abstract idea which these titles express by subdivision and restriction dwelt for ever in the mind of ,god as the form and fashion he would give to human life in his foreknowledge of the divine ,incarnation1 for which end solely do all things exist4 ,what further thoughts can we need to make us tender over our own duties and our own condition8 ,what a noble origin there is to all that we are apt to look upon as an encumbrance1 a failure1 a mere unfortunate accident6 ,our ties enchain us2 then let us hug our chains1 and find in wearing them 8the freedom wherewith ,christ has made us free40 ,all our life is a ,god-directed education of our souls2 and the fashion of our human life is the mould which ,god has prepared for us each as individuals1 save always where there is sin or its proximate occasion1 or where a higher vocation--that sublime infringement of the common law--comes to impel the soul to forsake all and follow the divine ,spouse4 ,then all else melts before the furnace of divine love2 the intermediate1 ordinary steps which lead others to ,god through the sanctities of common life are cleared at one bound1 and ,god puts in his claim to do what he will with his own4 ,to resume all in a few words3 all we see around us1 from the soil beneath our feet1 through the vegetable and animal worlds1 even to ourselves1 is the working out of the first law of increase and multiply4 ,consequently1 this being1 as we have already said1 the representative idea of the creation1 its sacredness lies in that very fact1 and dates not merely from the new dispensation nor from the old1 but from the ,eternal ,mind before creation was4 ,we have arrived at the facts which prove this representative idea by the aid of natural science1 of which the old spiritual writers knew next to nothing1 and who consequently1 looking at nature through the black mists of man's defilement1 sometimes took distorted views of laws and facts the exquisite harmony of which come out in the deductions of modern research1 and so establish the claim we are now making to the absolute beauty and sanctity of all the fashion of human existence as leading up by typical forms to spiritual truths4 ,the witness of this like a golden thread in the dim web of patriarchal times may be found in the fact that it was the eldest son who officiated as the priest of the family1 thus blending the natural and spiritual by making the former the basis of the latter4 ,this was the reason of the envy and malice of ,joseph's brethren4 ,he was not the first-born2 and yet it was for him that his father made the sacerdotal coat of many colors4 ,therefore did they dip the coat in the blood of a kid1 as in mockery of his sacerdotal character1 given him by his father1 but not acknowledged by his brethren4 ,little did they dream that while1 in the full exercise of their own free-will1 they gave license to their thoughts of hatred1 they were enacting as in a type the one great fact of the universe1 the world's one important history1 the tragedy of all creation1 when he who1 though in his human nature he is the younger born of ,god's children1 holds1 and for ever shall hold1 sacerdotal rank over the elder and fallen ,adam4 ,they who said1 8,see whether it be thy son's coat or not10#fe were the forefathers of those who exclaimed1 8,let ,christ the king of ,israel come down now from the cross1 that we may see and believe40#ff ,they mocked at the father who claimed to have made his younger son the priest of his house1 and their descendants declared of the great ,priest of our race that 8he ought to die because he made himself the ,son of ,god40 ,in both cases their pretensions were turned into ridicule and treated as a crime4 ,they dipped the sacerdotal coat of ,joseph in the blood of a kid2 but the great ,high-,priest they covered with his own blood1 in derision of his claim to be their ,king and their ,god4 ,and through it all1 through the good and the evil1 the adaptive government of ,god worked out his ultimate designs1 turning the wickedness of men to his own glory and hiding the secrets of his providence beneath the course of events1 the incidents of common life1 the history of a people1 of a tribe1 of a family4 ,we look back on the long-drawn-out story and understand somewhat of the underlying mystery4 ,but while it was going on it was but little even guessed at4 ,god is unchangeable1 the same for ever and ever4 ,what he did then does he not do now8--for his church1 his bride1 above all1 but also for all humanity1 all the wide universe according to its measure1 as it can bear it1 when it can receive it2 leading on by degrees so slow that to us they seem almost imperceptible1 but which widen and spread like the rings on the surface of the water when a stone has been flung into its depths4 ,our range of vision is so narrow1 and our knowledge of even the past so limited and so full of inaccuracies1 that we can do little more than guess at the manifold unrolling of the divine intentions4 ,we know enough to fill us with hope as to the ultimate destination of all creation1 and of ourselves as the children of ,god4 ,we know not the future1 save faintly as faith reveals it4 ,even of the past we know but dimly and in broken lines4 ,to one only of the children of men1 so far as the ,holy ,scripture informs us1 was the past fully and entirely made known1 so far as that was possible to a mortal man supernaturally sustained to bear it4 ,how many in the hallowed1 bold1 and rash moments of inarticulate prayer have ventured in their lesser degree to say with ,moses1 8,show me thy glory06 ,as the thought grows upon us of ,god's wonderful ways and of his unutterable love and beneficence1 we too long to know with certain knowledge something of that ,glory which the great lawgiver intuitively felt would be at once the knowledge of all and the consummation of every desire4 8,show me thy glory40 ,hear the answer3 8,thou canst not see my face3 for man shall not see me1 and live4 ,thou shalt stand upon the rock4 ,and when my glory shall pass1 ,i will set thee in a hole in the rock1 and thou shalt see my back parts3 but my face thou canst not see40#fg ,and thus ,moses saw the back parts of ,him who is from all eternity1 through the aperture of time4 ,he had revealed to him the far-off intention of creation4 ,he looked back1 in ,god1 to the time before time 8when he had not yet made the earth1 nor the rivers1 nor the poles of the world2 when ,wisdom was with him forming all things1 playing before him at all times1 playing in the world1 and whose delights were to be with the children of men40#fh ,the back parts were beheld by him1 and even this he could not have endured in his feeble flesh had not the ,eternal 8right hand protected him40 ,all that the past could teach him in the flash of one moment was then made known to him4 ,what floods of light1 knowledge1 and divine hope and expectation must that wonderful backward view have imparted to ,moses1 the man singled out of all mankind to read the past6 ,but even with the strength which knowledge such as that must have conferred upon him1 still he could not see the face of ,god and live4 ,we are using weak human words1 because they alone are given us4 ,it was the forward look of ,god which ,moses could not see and live4 ,it was the unutterable ,glory that is prepared for us in the future1 with and through ,jesus1 that not even the man who had conversed with ,god as man speaks with his fellow-man1 face to face1 could see and live4 ,its stupendous and exceeding brightness1 would have shattered his being as the flash of lightning shatters the oak2 even as our ,lord revealed to one of his chosen saints that1 could she perfectly realize his immense love for the souls of men1 that moment of intense joy would snap the frail thread of her life with its excessive ecstasy4 ,what ,moses saw he tells us not4 ,no word escapes him of that transcendent vision4 ,he neither tells us of its nature nor of its effects upon himself4 ,but who could marvel if1 having had it1 he was henceforth the meekest of men8 ,what could ever again disturb the serene patience of him who could divine so much of the future from having seen all the past8 ,and how impossible it must have been for any torments of pride to ruffle the calm serenity of one who was humbled to the very dust by the unutterably lavish and surpassing developments of love and grace and glory which his vision of the past bade him anticipate in that future which even he who had borne to see the past could not gaze upon and live6 ,as 8the end of all science is contained within the end of all theology10 so the seeing the glory of ,god would be the knowledge of all history taken in its widest and fullest meaning2 for if history could be truly written1 whether as the life of an individual1 the history of a nation or of the whole world1 it would be the unravelling of the hidden providence of ,god working through all events to his own greater glory4 ,the perfect sight is the perfect knowledge2 and that cannot be obtained save through the 8light of ,glory10 which is the beatific vision4 ,the perfect knowledge of ,god would be the knowledge of all things1 not only of all science1 but of all facts2 for all are contained in him4 ,the use of our faculties in the acquirement of knowledge or in its exercise is like the gathering up of fragments caught from the skirts of his garments as we follow slowly in his mighty footsteps2 and the closer we get to him in our patient toil1 the brighter is the lustre and the sweeter the perfume still left upon these shreds of the divine passage through the mazes of creation and the heaped-up centuries of time4 #fj ,daniel xii4 #d4 #fa ,matthew v4 #ah4 #fb #a ,cor4 iii4 #af1 #ag1 #bb1 #bc4 #fc ,ephesians v4 #bc1 #cb4 #fd ,this statement1 if its terms are taken in a strict1 theological sense1 is not correct4 ,in the sense that matrimony under the old law was holy1 and foreshadowed a sacrament1 it may be called sacramental4 ,there were no sacraments1 in the specific sense in which we now use the term in the ,catholic ,church1 before ,christ instituted them4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 #fe ,gen4 xxxvii4 #cb4 #ff ,mark xv4 #cb4 #fg ,exodus xxxiii4 #ah-bc4 #fh ,prov4 viii4 #bb-cf4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,student',s ,,hand-,,book ,,of ,,british ,,and ,,american ,,literature4 ,containing sketches1 biographical and critical1 of the most distinguished ,english authors1 from the earliest times to the present day1 with selections from their writings1 and questions adapted to the use of schools4 ,by ,rev4 ,o4 ,l4 ,jenkins1 ,a4,m41 late president of ,st4 ,charles's ,college1 ,ellicott ,city1 ,md41 and formerly president of ,st4 ,mary's ,college1 ,baltimore4 #a vol4 #afmo1 pp4 #efd4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 7,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 #ahgf4 ,this book has many excellencies4 ,the author shows himself thoroughly versed in his subject4 ,he writes with elegance1 occasionally with force1 as in the remarks on the influence of the ,protestant ,reformation on literature4 ,his taste is true and his judgment sound4 ,in fact1 judging by the work itself1 he would seem possessed of the qualities fitted to make him an admirable compiler of a literary manual4 ,the first sentence of the author's preface explains the object of the book3 8,the compiler of this work has long felt the necessity of some text book of ,british and ,american literature which1 in its general bearing1 would be free from sectarian views and influences1 and1 in the extracts1 be entirely unexceptionable in point of morality40 ,this sentence is open to misinterpretation4 ,it is plain1 however1 from the general plan of ,father ,jenkins' work1 as well as from numerous passages in it1 that he has had in view from the beginning to restore to the ,catholic ,church1 the inspirer of the highest literature1 the mother of ,christian art1 and the fosterer of the sciences1 her rightful place in ,english letters4 ,in most of the text-books used in schools her influence on thought and literature is altogether ignored and herself in too many instances derided4 ,it is clear1 then1 what the learned author meant by freeing his book from 8sectarian views40 ,while giving their lawful place to all writers1 of whatever manner of belief or no belief1 he had for his direct object the pruning out of all anti-,catholic and immoral passages1 and the insertion of established ,catholic authors who are systematically excluded from ordinary text-books4 ,no object could be better calculated to confer more lasting benefit on the minds of the young generation growing up around us1 for whom chiefly the present work is intended4 ,we open the book with eagerness1 therefore1 and turn over page after page with interest1 often with admiration1 until we come up to the present century1 when1 especially within the later half of it1 ,catholic literature in ,england and the ,united ,states has1 from a variety of causes1 received a new and remarkable impulse4 ,it is hardly too much to say that ,catholic questions are among the chief questions of the day here as well as in ,england2 they have been such for the last fifty years2 they promise to be such for at least fifty years to come2 and ,catholic writers to-day hold their own in every branch of literature4 ,after three centuries of silence1 of death almost1 the church has risen again among these peoples who went astray1 the voice of truth is heard1 and its utterances are manifold4 ,surely there is reason to expect that due notice of such awakening1 of such signs of life and hope1 be taken in a literary text-book1 which1 after all1 can only hope to make its way in ,catholic schools4 ,yet here1 in this crucial point1 ,father ,jenkins' work is singularly and lamentably defective4 ,whether or not he intended to supply the deficiency is not known to us2 but those who took up the work after his death ought to have supplied it4 ,we turn to the book1 and what do we find8 ,the only ,catholic writers of the century who are found worthy a place in this ,catholic manual are1 to take them as they occur3 ,dr4 ,lingard1 ,thomas ,moore1 ,cardinal ,wiseman1 ,dr4 ,newman1 ,aubrey de ,vere1 in ,england and ,ireland2 ,bishop ,england1 ,robert ,walsh1 and ,archbishop ,spalding1 in ,america4 ,and these are all6 ,where is ,dr4 ,brownson8 ,his name occurs in a casual note of the author's1 in the same way as the names of ,griswold1 ,cleveland1 or ,reid occur4 ,where is ,dr4 ,pise1 ,dr4 ,huntington1 ,george ,h4 ,miles1 ,dr4 ,white1 ,colonel ,meline1 ,john ,g4 ,shea1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,clarke1 ,archbishop ,hughes--they simply run off the pen--together with dozens of others1 many of whose names will not need recalling to the readers of this magazine8 ,we shrink from extending the catalogue of the absent to ,england and ,ireland4 ,writers conspicuous by their absence are by no means restricted to the ,catholic faith4 ,among strange omissions are the following3 ,southwell is in1 but not ,crashaw2 ,shakspere1 but not ,massinger1 or ,beaumont and ,fletcher2 ,addison1 but not ,steele2 all the earlier novelists are absent4 ,the dramatists of the reign of ,charles ,,ii4 are ignored4 ,goldsmith is remembered1 but ,sheridan is forgotten4 ,scott is in1 but ,burns is out4 ,moore and ,byron1 and even ,rogers1 find their place2 but ,shelley and ,keats are nowhere to be found4 ,dickens and ,thackeray are here1 but ,bulwer ,lytton is absent2 and so the list goes on4 ,the book is supposed to reach up to the present day4 ,the writers on political philosophy1 the scientists1 the theologians1 many of the writers on history known to us as living among us still and destined to live long after us1 are altogether omitted4 ,not a hint even of their existence is given4 ,the 8compiler10 as he styled himself1 says in the preface that 8whatever has relation to our common humanity1 and interests all men alike1 whether it be fictitious or real1 in poetry or in prose1 comes within the appropriate province of literature4 ,even popularized science is not excluded40 ,and he adds1 strangely enough in the light of the chief defect we have noticed3 8,if1 in the early periods1 the name of an eminent divine or scholar is introduced whose writings might seem to belong rather to the department of science than belles-lettres1 it is because he ranks among the few men of his epoch who were remarkable for intellectual vigor and general knowledge40 ,this being so1 where are the ,english1 ,irish1 and ,american ,catholic theological1 philosophical1 and polemical writers of the last half-century8 ,of course a work of this kind1 which aimed at doing justice to our ,catholic writers of the present century1 would quite overrun the limits of an ordinary text-book of ,english literature4 ,still1 the addition of two or three hundred pages devoted just to this subject is necessary to complete what in its present form is1 for the purposes for which it was intended1 quite incomplete4 ,,the ,,eden ,,of ,,labor1 ,,the ,,christian ,,utopia4 ,by ,t4 ,wharton ,collens1 author of ,humanics1 etc4 ,philadelphia3 ,h4 ,c4 ,baird1 ,industrial ,publisher1 #haj ,walnut ,street4 ,,labor ,,and ,,capital ,,in ,,england1 ,,from ,,the ,,catholic ,,point ,,of ,,view4 ,by ,c4 ,s4 ,devas1 ,b4,a41 ,lecturer on ,political ,economy at the ,catholic ,university ,college1 ,kensington4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates1 ,portman ,street4 ,these two publications may be combined in one notice4 ,they treat of the same subject1 essentially in the same spirit1 though looking at it in different lights4 ,both deal with that momentous struggle between labor and capital which has shaken the world in all ages2 both profess to find the solution of the economic problems of the day in the teachings of ,christianity as interpreted by the ,catholic ,church2 but one invokes the aid of the imagination in portraying what labor might be if all men were just and charitable2 the other confronts the actual position of labor in ,england4 ,each is equally valuable in its own way1 and both are champions of the rights of labor4 ,mr4 ,collens' work1 ,the ,eden of ,labor1 is the fruit of much thought upon the subject1 a powerful imagination1 and a feeling heart for those who labor4 ,the author pictures ,adam as founding a patriarchal empire after the fall1 in which1 under wise and equitable laws1 labor was universally rewarded by competency and happiness4 ,in the description of this antediluvian ,utopia--of its system of government and society1 of its condition and rewards of labor1 of its land tenure1 its trade1 foreign and domestic1 and its currency--the author gives himself the opportunity of promulgating his conception of the true doctrines of political economy4 ,in this he takes issue with the liberal school of political economists which recognizes ,adam ,smith as its founder4 ,he denounces its teachings as framed solely in the interest of the selfish and tyrannical employer of labor1 and as leading irresistibly to the robbery and enslavement of the over-matched laborer4 ,while admitting the truth of ,adam ,smith's law that 8labor is the true measure of exchangeable values10 the author strenuously argues that he 7,smith7 and his disciples nullify the just results of that axiom by defending the specious but unchristian doctrine of 8supply and demand10 which results in the supremacy of might over starvation1 and by losing sight of their original affirmation of the common right of all to the use of 8natural values10 which the liberal economists in the end surrender absolutely to the capitalist4 ,as a foil to his picture of the 8,eden of ,labor10 ,mr4 ,collens gives1 in his description of ,nodland1 or the empire of ,cain1 a history of the enslavement and misery of labor1 and the corruption and tyranny of the 8money lords10 consequent upon the surrender of society to purely selfish instincts1 and its abandonment of laws which ,adam had derived from his original intercourse with ,god4 ,this second part may be regarded as a satire upon our modern civilization4 ,an ingenious monogram representing ,labor1 half-starved1 drawing a miserable subsistence from the reservoir of 8,natural ,values10 which at the same time feeds the plethora of ,capital1 is prefixed to the work and fully explained by the author in the appendix4 ,philosophers from ,plato to ,sir ,thomas ,more have sought1 in their descriptions of ,utopia under different names1 to portray a commonwealth in which justice should reign and labor receive its rightful reward4 ,in following the steps of those illustrious thinkers ,mr4 ,collens has the opportunity of presenting to his readers1 with freshness of treatment and originality of plan1 his solution of the labor questions specially affecting this age4 ,the danger besetting works of this kind1 where the author is dissatisfied with the existing order of things1 and feels a strong sympathy with oppressed labor1 is that they insensibly verge towards the vindication of the theories of communism and the revolutionary rights of man4 ,we are convinced that no conclusions could be more opposed1 or even abhorrent1 to ,mr4 ,collens' mind than these4 ,his preface1 written on 8the ,feast of the ,holy ,name of ,jesus10 and the whole spirit of his work1 bespeak him a fervent ,catholic2 but1 if followed to a logical and forcible conclusion1 it would be difficult to distinguish the goal to which the doctrines embodied in the author's denunciation of the 8appropriators of natural values0 would lead from that seen at the end of ,proudhon's--8,la proprit1 c'est le vol40 ,this1 however1 is a defect inherent in all ,utopias--not of their own nature1 but from the fallen condition of man4 ,with this caution we can safely recommend ,mr4 ,collens' work as both interesting and instructive4 ,professor ,devas' pamphlet is on a more ordinary plane of authorship4 ,it is historical and practical in the sense1 as to the latter word1 of treating of the existing facts of labor in ,england and their remedies4 ,but we are not of those who would confine the meaning of the word 8practical0 solely to results immediately before us4 ,a work like that of ,mr4 ,collens1 depending largely upon the imagination and investigating first principles1 may be practical in the highest and most extensive sense1 so far as it influences the original sources of human action4 ,in his special treatment of the subject1 however1 ,professor ,devas has written a very able treatise4 ,it is a reprint of three articles originally published in the ,month1 two of them containing the substance of a paper read before the ,academia at ,westminster4 ,the first treats of labor and capital in general2 the second1 of the economic powers in manufacturing industries2 the third1 of their relative positions in agriculture4 ,in his first article ,professor ,devas discusses the question whether contracts should be left to competition or a fair rate of wages--justum pretium--fixed1 and1 if so1 how and by whom4 ,he holds a middle view between the liberal economists who will listen to nothing but the rule of 8supply and demand10 and the socialist school which denounces all competition and would have the state fix a compulsory rate4 ,he cites the ,nottingham hosiery trade as a case in point where wages are not fixed by competition1 but by tariff determined upon at a periodical meeting of masters and workmen1 in which the state of the market and all attending circumstances are mutually considered1 and suggests this example as a mode of arriving at the justum pretium in all trades4 ,in his chapter on manufacturing industries ,professor ,devas takes the bold ground of defending trades-unionism1 not in its details but in its general principles4 ,he is of opinion that the trades unions have been one of the chief agents in alleviating the condition of the working classes and raising the rate of wages in ,england during the last forty years4 ,in this latter conclusion he is supported by ,dr4 ,young in his recently published work on ,labor in ,europe and ,america4 ,in spite of the fact that the large strikes in ,england and upon the ,european ,continent have been in the majority of special cases unsuccessful1 the general result1 according to ,dr4 ,young1 has been an advance of wages during the last twenty years4 ,the effects of trades-unionism in ,europe may be likened to the flow of the tide1 which1 repulsed as to each successive wave1 yet gains slowly upon the beach4 ,this advance1 however1 is not always aided by strikes2 on the contrary1 they have frequently postponed it1 by the exhaustion of the struggle1 for many years4 ,their potential combination1 or what ,o',connell1 in a different agitation1 called 8moral force10 has been a more successful factor in obtaining justice for them4 ,,ordo ,,divini ,,officii ,,rectandi1 ,,etc41 #ahgf4 ,baltimor3 ,apud ,fratres ,lucas1 ,bibliopolas4 ,whether by the word 8rectandi0 the compiler of this guide for the clergy would imply that the principal duty devolving on them with regard to the ,office is its correction rather than its recitation1 we are unable to say4 ,we do not1 it is true1 find the verb 8recto0 in the dictionary1 but feeling confident1 from the ,ciceronian style displayed in other parts of the ,ordo1 that it must be good ,latin1 especially as it has appeared two years in succession1 presume that it must be the dictionary which is at fault1 and cannot suggest any other meaning for the word4 ,whether that is its meaning or not1 however1 it certainly well might be4 ,we do not profess to have made a thorough examination of the book4 ,it is full of misprints1 as usual1 of which the one just mentioned and the familiar 8,resurect40 are good examples4 ,whether the putting of ,st4 ,anicetus for ,st4 ,anacletus1 which was also noticed last year1 can be considered as such seems rather doubtful4 ,there are some trifling omissions which really ought to be supplied4 ,the anniversaries of the consecration of about forty of the bishops of the ,united ,states are passed by in silence4 ,for what special reason the remainder are given it is hard to imagine1 unless it be to remind those who use the ,ordo that they ought to take notice of such an anniversary and find out when it occurs2 but1 unfortunately1 it has just a contrary effect1 for every one who sees the anniversary of another diocese noticed expects to be similarly reminded of his own1 and only remembers that he has not been when the time has gone by4 ,the law according to which the feast of ,st4 ,leo varies between the #c;d and the #gth of ,july is a matter of curious speculation4 ,from its occurrence for two successive years on the #c;d we are inclined to cherish the hope that it has finally settled down upon that day4 ,why cannot we have an ,ordo that would be creditable to the compiler and the publishers1 and in which confidence could be placed8 ,more care is all that is needed4 ,this notice has been delayed till this month on account of more important matter4 ,it will probably do as much good now as if it had been published at an earlier date4 ,,sermons ,,by ,,fathers ,,of ,,the ,,society ,,of ,,jesus4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahge4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,it is somewhat rare to meet with sermons that will bear publication4 ,the circumstances attending their delivery1 the authoritative character of the priest1 the sacredness of the time and place1 tend to disarm the critical faculty and dispose the hearers to a favorable impression4 ,not so1 however1 when they are given to the world in book-form1 to be subjected to the cool criticism of the closet4 ,sermons that can stand this test are certainly worthy of praise2 and this merit1 we are happy to say1 belongs to the volume before us4 ,the selected sermons are by ,fathers ,kingdon1 ,purbrick1 ,coleridge1 ,weld1 and ,anderdon--names already familiar to many of our readers4 ,their subjects are such inexhaustible themes as the ,passion of ,our ,lord1 the ,holy ,eucharist1 ,our ,lady's ,immaculate ,conception1 etc41 treated mainly in their devotional and practical bearings4 ,they thus form a collection of spiritual reading rendered particularly attractive by many excellencies of style and expression4 ,regarded merely as sermons1 they are models in their conformity to the accepted canons of this branch of composition4 ,the subjects are clearly divided1 with an easy transition from point to point4 ,the style throughout is graceful and flowing1 and there are many passages full of eloquence--a kind of eloquence not merely ornamental but practical in its effects4 ,the secret of it lies in that warmth and earnestness which can proceed only from those who are animated by a fervid zeal for the good of souls4 ,,father ,,segneri',s ,,sentimenti2 ,,or1 ,,lights ,,in ,,prayer4 ,translated from the ,italian by ,k4 ,g4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,father ,segneri is one of the greatest of the distinguished preachers of the seventeenth century4 ,his name is frequently met in the ,italian dictionaries1 as an authority of the language4 ,his sermons are based upon the classic models of eloquence4 ,though not as exhaustive as those of the great ,french masters of sacred oratory1 they are more forcible in rhetoric and more luxuriant in style4 ,we have a great desire to see the complete works of ,father ,segneri rendered into ,english1 and those who have read the volume of his sermons1 lately put forth by the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 will doubtless welcome anything bearing his name4 ,the little book before us is made up of pious reflections found among the papers left by ,father ,segneri1 and evidently intended for his own private perusal4 ,they give us a glimpse of the tender religious1 seeking obscurity1 craving the higher gifts1 while the world applauds his brilliant and conspicuous talents4 ,this contrast is always pleasing4 ,the ,sentimenti reveal how far this holy man had advanced in virtue1 and how well founded is the reverence which has ever been felt for his sanctity4 ,,brief ,,biographies3 ,french ,political ,leaders4 ,by ,edward ,king4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,son's4 #ahgf4 ,these are bright and readable sketches of various prominent ,frenchmen of the day4 ,whether all of those whose biographies are given may be fitly designated 8political leaders0 is for the reader to satisfy himself and the future to determine4 ,mr4 ,king does not aim at profound reflection4 ,he cuts skin-deep and passes on4 ,the title of the book seems to us suggestive of something more serious than this4 ,the political leaders of ,france will influence more than ,france1 and it would be worth considering who and what are the ,french political leaders of the day4 ,of what stuff are they made8 ,whither are they tending8 ,in what do they lead8 ,is it a lead backwards or forwards8 ,mr4 ,king passes such questions by1 and contents himself with more or less interesting biographies of those whom he takes to be political leaders4 ,among them we find ,henri ,rochefort1 but fail to find ,louis ,veuillot4 ,mr4 ,king is like all non-,catholic writers--least at home when he comes across a ,catholic4 ,among his leaders ,mgr4 ,dupanloup1 the ,bishop of ,orlans1 very properly holds a place4 ,we scarcely recognize the bishop1 however1 as painted by ,mr4 ,king4 ,one sentence will suffice to show our meaning3 8,the haughty mind which sneered at the ,encyclical ,letter which ,encyclical ,letter8 and the ,syllabus became one of the most ardent defenders of illiberal measures40 ,by 8illiberal measures0 ,mr4 ,king seems to mean freedom of education in ,france1 of which ,mgr4 ,dupanloup has been a lifelong1 and recently a successful1 advocate4 8,the haughty mind which sneered at the ,encyclical ,letter and the ,syllabus0 is something new to us1 particularly as ,mgr4 ,dupanloup1 long previous to the ,council of the ,vatican1 wrote a pamphlet in defence of the ,syllabus for which he received the special thanks of the ,holy ,father4 ,it is to be hoped that all ,mr4 ,king's biographies are not equally as accurate as that of ,mgr4 ,dupanloup4 ,,five ,,lectures ,,on ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,ancient ,,rome ,,and ,,her ,,empire ,,over ,,the ,,nations1 ,,the ,,divinely-,,sent ,,pioneer ,,of ,,the ,,way ,,for ,,the ,,catholic ,,church4 ,a supplement to the student's usual course of study in ,roman history4 ,by ,rev4 ,henry ,formby1 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 ,in these lectures ,father ,formby essays the proof of what many a well-read student would at first hearing pronounce as a thesis exceedingly difficult1 if not impossible1 of demonstration--viz41 that the ,roman ,empire1 the arch-persecutor of the church of ,god1 drunk with the blood of ten millions of martyrs1 and nursing-mother of every heathen idolatry1 had1 in spite of these seeming contradictory characteristics1 a divine mission1 fulfilled especially by her universal empire and the singular part she played in the formation of the political and social life of the nations of the world4 ,the learned author signalizes among other marks of the divine providence shown in the history of the mistress of nations1 which point her out as a pioneer of the kingdom of ,christ1 the following remarkable classes of services rendered by her to the accomplishment of that work3 #a4 8,the formation of the nations of the world into a political unity of government1 in which there existed a great deal to foreshadow and prepare the minds of men for the future church2 while every eye was taught to look up to the city of ,rome1 not only as the centre of all political action1 but as supreme in religion1 as well as the fountain of all civil honor and dignity4 #b4 8,the preliminary mission of the ,roman ,empire to civilize the nations1 and to promote among them education and the cultivation of literature and the arts of life1 the care of which was to become1 in a far higher and more effective manner1 part of the mission of the future church4 #c4 8,the mission of the ,roman ,empire to inculcate and preserve among the nations the knowledge of a certain number of the doctrines and virtues forming part of the original revelation which ,noah brought with him out of the ark4 #d4 8,the advantage1 for the formation of the ,christian society1 of the firm establishment of the outward framework of good public order1 of municipal liberties1 and of the general peace of the world1 including the necessary security for life and prosperity40 ,these are weighty considerations1 and worthy of a much more extended development than the author gives in the lectures before us4 ,his thesis affirmed as probable 7and we deem it no less71 ,roman history would need to be re-written1 and by one who should be not only an historian1 but a philosopher and a ,christian4 ,the perusal of these lectures cannot fail to interest the student1 and particularly those who pretend to study the philosophy of history4 ,,popular ,,life ,,of ,,daniel ,o',,connell4 #a vol4 #afmo1 pp4 #bid4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 ,public attention in these days is being more and more turned to ,o',connell and the work he wrought4 ,no later than last year the ,holy ,father held him up as a guide to ,catholics in their conflict with powers leagued together against the church1 against ,catholic rights1 and1 as a matter of consequence1 against all right4 ,the more the great ,irish leader's life is studied1 the more evident becomes the fact that freedom1 liberty1 right1 were not to him merely national but universal claims4 ,what he demanded for his own he would have granted to all1 and in claiming his own he asked no favor2 he called for none of what are known as heroic remedies2 he appealed simply to the spirit of all sound laws and the sense of right that is in the conscience of all men4 ,it would be well if1 in future lives of him1 this great1 this greatest perhaps1 feature of ,o',connell's character were brought out in stronger relief4 ,for it is just this that makes him more than a leader of his people2 it makes him a leader of all peoples who have wrongs to right and abuses to abolish4 ,the small volume before us tells the story of ,o',connell's life in the conventional manner4 8,popular0 is on the title-page1 and there is no reason why the 8life0 should not be popular4 ,it 8has been compiled from the most authentic sources10 says the preface modestly enough1 and in this the value of the book is rated in a line4 ,it is a compilation1 and no more4 ,as a compilation there is no especial fault to be found with it4 ,on the contrary1 the various parts are stitched cleverly together1 so as to make a sufficiently interesting narrative4 ,compilations1 however1 are becoming too numerous nowadays1 and the literature in which shears and paste-pot play the chief part is growing into a school1 and a school that cannot be commended4 ,it is not encouraging to open what the reader takes to be a new book1 and find in it page after page of matter that has been writ or told a thousand times already4 ,,elmwood2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,withered ,,arm4 ,by ,katie ,l4 #a vol4 #afmo1 pp4 #bcc4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahgf4 ,the title of this story1 though sufficiently thrilling1 gives but a faint indication of the chamber of horrors that lies concealed between the pleasant-looking covers4 ,the title of the first chapter is 8,midnight10 and it begins as follows3 8,w-,h-,i-,r-,r6 groaned the old clock4 ,the sound rang throughout the immense corridor1 reverberating like the moan of a lost soul40 ,three lines lower down1 8,a wild1 unearthly yell0 breaks 8with fearful distinctness on the midnight silence40 ,chapter ,,iii4 begins3 8,silence6 ,gloom6 ,remorse6 ,anguish6 ,alone6 all alone60 and so on4 ,we spare the reader the prolonged agony4 ,the story might be called a series of paroxysms1 and1 were it only intended as a caricature of the dime novel1 would be one of the most successful that was ever written4 ,murder glares from every page1 and agony reverberates along every line4 ,there is an abundance of 8tall1 slight figures robed in white10 8ethereal oil-lamps10 8howling tempests10 8deathly faintnesses10 thrilling 8ha6 ha's60 8blue chambers10 8north-end chambers10 8awful arms10 8blood-stained hands10 poison1 murder1 despair1 agony1 death4 ,there are the usual heroes with the conventional marble brow and clustering curls around it1 and the heroines1 tall and stately1 sylph-like and sweet1 blonde or brunette1 according to order4 ,everybody is ,maud1 or ,elaine1 or ,edwin1 or ,herbert4 ,one quite misses ,enid1 ,gawain1 ,launcelot1 and ,guinevere4 ,of course there is no special quarrel with nonsense of this kind1 beyond the regret that there should be found persons not only to think and write it1 but sane persons to publish and propagate it4 ,when1 however1 we find religion dragged in to give it a kind of moral flavor--dragged in1 too1 in the most absurd and reprehensible fashion--what might be passed over as a foolish offence against good sense and good taste becomes a matter of graver moment1 to be utterly condemned as irreverent and harmful1 however unintentional the irreverence and harm may be4 ,it is necessary to be severe about this kind of literature4 ,uninstructed ,catholics who1 by whatever misfortune1 have access to paper and types1 do a world of harm1 though they themselves may be actuated by the best motives possible4 ,this book would do no more harm to sensible persons than cause a laugh1 possibly a shudder1 at its tissue of absurdities4 ,but falling into the hands of non-,catholics1 it would by many be taken as the natural outcome of ,catholic teaching1 and disgust them with everything connected with the ,catholic name4 ,the preface to the book speaks of 8the moral conveyed in the following pages10 which1 it says1 8is too obvious to need particular specification40 ,possibly2 nevertheless1 we thought it our duty to specify it above4 ,the preface adds that the book was written 8during some of the sweetest hours0 of the writer's life1 8in the midst of the most charming surroundings1 and solely for the eyes of a few friends40 ,it is to be deeply regretted1 for the writer's own sake1 that one1 at least1 of her few friends had not the courage and kindliness to deter her from 8sending forth upon its new and unexpected mission0 a book that can only bring pain to the author and pain to those who feel bound to condemn it4 ,,the ,,scholastic ,,almanac ,,for #ahgf4 ,edited by ,professor ,j4 ,a4 ,lyons1 ,notre ,dame1 ,ind4 ,chicago3 ,jansen1 ,mc,clurg ,co4 #ahgf4 ,this is modelled on the ,illustrated ,catholic ,family ,almanac1 the first of the kind published in this country1 only it is not illustrated4 ,its literary matter is very good1 and in its paper1 press-work1 etc41 it is a creditable publication4 ,,the ,,spectator 7,,selected ,,papers74 ,by ,addison and ,steele4 ,with introductory essay and biographical sketches by ,john ,habberton4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 #ahgf4 ,this is the first of a series to be made up of selections from the standard ,british essayists4 ,the present volume contains careful selections from the ,spectator4 ,those who care to see what journalism was in the days when ,addison and ,steele were journalists will welcome this series1 so well begun in the elegant volume before us4 ,it is to be feared that ,addison or ,steele would stand a poor chance of employment in the present 8advanced0 stage of journalism4 ,nevertheless1 our editorial writers would do neither themselves nor their readers much harm in trying to discover what is the special charm that lingers about the pages of these dead-and-gone magazines4 ,when they have made the discovery1 they will be in a fair way to make it worth the while of an enterprising publisher1 say a century hence1 to wade through the pages of their journals for the purpose of unearthing the author of such and such articles1 with a view to giving them again to the world4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxiii41 ,no4 #acd4--,,may1 #ahgf4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgf4 ,,the ,,root ,,of ,,our ,,present ,,evils4 ,when ,mr4 ,dickens repaid the hospitality which he had received by his extremely humorous satires of this country1 he called the attention of all ,americans to the extent to which our national vanity was likely to blind us4 ,mr4 ,chollop's opinion to the effect that 8we are the intellect and virtue of the airth1 the cream of human natur1 and the flower of moral force10 has been secretly cherished by many better men4 ,the conviction of ordinary ,americans is that our system of government is so evidently perfect1 and the course of our development so manifestly healthy1 that nothing but sheer blindness can account for any suspicion as to their future stability4 ,to those who question the success of our future we are wont to reply by a smile of genuine pity1 or by pointing to the results already achieved and the difficulties which have been surmounted4 ,we have fused the most incongruous race-mixture into one homogeneous nation4 ,we have occupied a continent1 and laid the foundations of a great empire upon a comprehensive and stable adjustment of all the functions of government4 ,we have eliminated the vast system of human slavery from which our ruin had been predicted4 ,we have overcome the most powerful assault upon the integrity of our national existence2 and any violent attempt upon our government seems at present to be both impossible of occurrence and hopeless of success4 ,it cannot be denied1 however1 that recent events have awakened in the minds of earnest and patriotic ,americans a sense of uneasiness and anxiety very different from any similar feeling in the past4 ,the professional politician sees in the corruption lately developed in ,washington simply the evidence of decay manifested by a powerful organization which has enjoyed unlimited power and survived the issues which brought it into existence4 ,he would persuade the people that a 8rotation0 is all that is necessary in order to restore things to an honest and sober condition4 ,less thoughtful men demand a return on the part of officials 8to the simplicity of our forefathers10 and applaud blindly every effort at retrenchment4 ,all observant writers and thinkers deprecate any such impossibility and are quite clear as to the folly of attempting it4 ,the ,nation1 ,march #af1 says3 8,we confess that there is to us something almost as depressing in this kind of talk as in the practice1 in which many of our newspapers indulge1 of drawing consolation for the present corruption of this republic from the reflection that the corruption of the ,english monarchy one hundred and fifty years ago was just as great2 because both one and the other have a tendency to turn people's minds away from real remedies and throw them back on quackery40 ,the feeling exhibited by this writer is not confined to himself2 and the protest which he makes against disguise and quackery is extended much further than he himself has carried it4 ,for the most part careful observers are willing to postpone the question of treatment until the public is settled as to what the malady really is4 ,we are shaken out of our customary habit of mind by witnessing the disgrace and infamy which cover our present administration4 ,everybody feels that something ought to be done4 ,but to pay particular attention to this portion of the body politic1 without examining how far the disease extends and what is its source1 is simply to run the risk of suppressing a symptom instead of curing a disorder4 ,the slightest attempt at candid observation reveals clearly that corruption is not confined to ,washington4 ,a few years ago it was supposed to be limited to a certain class of local politics2 then it was restricted to the city of ,new ,york4 ,now it is proved to extend from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 and to exist in every circle of society4 ,the suspicion which once attached to the 8ward politician0 now hangs about our representatives and senators4 ,dishonesty in commercial transactions perpetrates renewed outrages4 ,we shall soon have to establish fresh associations to insure our insurance companies and to guarantee our banks4 ,the medical profession feels called upon to issue tracts in order to guard against the physical degeneracy of the entire race4 ,to deny that there is a pronounced1 marked1 and universal decadence in morality is simply to stultify all faculties of observation and to contradict the testimony of every sense4 ,it is not necessary to repeat the list of scandals which are daily appearing1 or to appeal to the conviction1 which prevails everywhere1 that we have seen but a small portion of those which really exist4 ,it is the common sentiment that the next century will witness either a complete and radical reform of the present state of things1 or else a condition far worse than the enemies of this country have ever yet predicted4 ,startling as this conviction may appear1 the only thing which ought to surprise us is that the present disorder has not been foreseen and is not now more fully understood4 ,it would have been easy to predict the increase of wealth and the consequent increase of luxury in our midst4 ,no sane person can doubt that these sources of temptation will be greater in the future4 ,the presence of wealth1 the possibility of attaining it1 will call forth all the activity of the rising generation1 and the keenness of the struggle1 in which all are free within the limits of the law1 will tend constantly to lower the standard of honesty4 ,the strictness of party discipline1 the disgust which the mass of citizens have for attending to the details of politics1 offer the widest scope for unprincipled adventurers4 ,there are few careers in which quackery1 fraud1 and imposture cannot secure those fruits for the possession of which honesty and labor are forced to suffer and to strive4 ,it does not involve a cynical view of mankind to decide that where the occasion of sin abounds wickedness will increase and prove destructive1 unless adequate means are taken to preserve the purity of a nation4 ,this restraining influence in the history of nations hitherto has been religion1 which is supposed to furnish motives and to supply the strength and means of combating these evil tendencies1 and of defining and consolidating public morality4 ,the religion under profession of which the older portions of the republic developed was professedly ,christian and retained much of the traditional morality of the middle ages4 ,there was no particular form of ,protestantism which succeeded in impressing itself permanently upon the growing republic1 although some connection of church and state was universally recognized in the early ,state constitutions4 ,the rigid forms of ,puritanism and ,quakerism were well calculated to preserve frugality and simplicity of life as long as they could be maintained in rigidity4 ,but no system of mere forms or external restraint could suffice for the direction of a civilization which1 still in its infancy1 presents so much richness and luxuriance of growth4 ,neither the austerity of the ,roundhead nor the dignity of the ,cavalier could hope to remain as the type upon which the ,american character was to be moulded4 ,the external habiliments of the early generations were bound to disappear1 as they have disappeared4 ,but their principles--i4e41 the beliefs of ,protestantism--were to remain and to form the intellect and conscience of the ,american people4 ,however great the influence of ,southern statesmen upon our external constitution1 the ,new ,england mind has wrought most powerfully upon the popular sentiment of the country4 ,this action has been manifold4 ,the stock in trade1 to use a homely comparison1 with which ,protestantism assumed its duty of providing for the moral and intellectual necessities of the ,american people was contained in the principles of the so-called ,reformation4 ,in addition to the theory of private judgment1 which was retained1 with the utmost inconsistency1 the early religion of this country reposed upon two fundamental and mischievous errors which were inherited from the authors of the ,reformation4 ,these were the heresies of justification by faith alone and the total depravity of human nature4 ,if any proof were wanting of the strength and permanence of the religious instinct in man1 it would appear in the fact that such monstrous delusions could so long receive the assent of those who professed at the same time perfect freedom of belief4 ,these disgusting caricatures of ,christian dogma have almost lost their control over human reason1 and will remain only to demonstrate the needs of man and his weakness when acting in abnormal ways and under false traditions4 ,but the fruit which they have borne will not speedily perish4 ,after crystallizing into a system and founding institutions for perpetuating its growth1 the ,calvinism of ,new ,england assumed all the proportions and manners of an established sect4 ,the preachers were intellectually well worthy of the position which they enjoyed4 ,great eloquence1 rich thought1 and all the scholarship of which they were possessed were wasted in elaborate sermons proving1 or attempting to prove1 their dark and malignant creed4 ,a large mass of the people1 however1 not attracted by the airs of ,calvinism1 were repelled by the heavy and metaphysical style of the ,calvinistic pulpit4 ,before the separation of the colonies from the mother country ,new ,england ,calvinism had become sufficiently dry and devoid of sentiment to prepare the way for a more emotional religion4 ,thousands of eager souls drank in the enthusiasm of ,asbury1 ,coke1 and the other apostles of ,wesleyanism4 ,the founders of ,methodism in ,america1 though obliged to adopt some articles of faith as distinctive of their organization1 owed their success to the fact that1 discarding all reasoning1 they appealed to religious emotion1 and were mainly instrumental in founding that school of theology whose doctrine is that it matters little what one does or believes1 provided one feels right4 ,emotionalism has run its course and dies out in the ,hippodrome1 whither the official teachers of evangelicalism have led their congregations to receive from the ministrations of two illiterate laymen that spiritual stimulant which can no longer be obtained from educated preachers in the fashionable meeting-house4 ,while the ancient organizations of ,puritanism continued1 with more or less dilution of its original doctrines1 another movement had arisen in the very heart of ,calvinism4 ,the ,unitarian movement has proved a complete reaction against what are called the doctrines of the ,reformation4 ,it has resulted in the extinction of the religious sentiment4 ,its popular summary is to the effect1 that it makes little difference what one feels or believes1 provided he does right4 ,from the society of the ,free ,religionists back to the original shades of ,calvinism is a gloomy road for even the imagination to travel1 but no one can pass over it in fancy without perceiving the utter impossibility of persuading one who has once emerged from1 ever to return to1 the earlier darkness4 ,to continue in a creed which involved blasphemy against the goodness of ,god and the denial of all the natural sources of morality1 or to surrender one's self to religious emotion without any solid intellectual principle1 or else to place individuals in entire dependence upon their private perceptions of religious and moral truth1 and finally pass from one degree of scepticism to another--one of these three alternatives was proposed as the occupation of the ,american intellect during the most active period of national growth4 ,the ,egyptian darkness which ,calvinism brings upon any thoughtful soul was the inheritance of the religious youth of the country4 ,what virtue can exist when total depravity is daily preached8 ,what bar does it put to the passions of man to know or to believe that his salvation does not depend upon his good life8 ,what conception of the universe can he form who sees in it only the work of what a popular preacher has called an 8infinite gorilla08 ,nothing is more pathetic than the history which we have of minds whose natural goodness vainly struggled against these detestable heresies4 ,and if the religious heart of ,new ,england found in its creed nothing but discouragement1 what was the effect of that religion upon the popular mind8 ,is it not mainly to its influence that all that is repulsive and hard in the ,yankee character is to be attributed8 ,but1 on the other hand1 what has been left by the decay of emotional religion8 ,it might have been prophesied with safety that the result would be simply a reaction4 ,so far as can be observed1 it is nothing more or less4 ,the writer was not a little amused at reading lately in a ,methodist paper an editorial charging strongly against the present style of revivals1 under the heading of 8,religious ,fits40 ,the editor1 in the course of his remarks1 very bluntly asserted that religious fits are not much better than any other kind of fits--a proposition which sums up the vital weakness of ,methodism4 ,and when a whole nation or a large class is reduced to this condition1 the recovery from the fit will be attended with great disaster4 8,the religion of gush10 as it has been forcibly styled1 is fatal to morality4 ,it is an attempt to feed a starving man upon stimulants4 ,the appearance of strength which it gives is simply an additional tax upon the system4 ,emotional religion may succeed in quieting women who are secluded in domestic life1 or even the weaker sort of men who are occupied solely in teaching it2 but for the common mass1 who are daily exposed to temptation1 it is1 at most1 a salve with which the wounds inflicted upon conscience are plastered over4 ,there is nothing in it to discipline the soul before trial1 and nothing to repair its weaknesses after it has fallen4 ,with regard to the results of the naturalistic revolt against ,calvinism there is little to be said4 ,the charming writers who have given it prestige are not its product but its cause4 ,in so far as they assert the dignity of human reason against ,calvinism1 to this extent they are in harmony with our natural instincts and have tended to produce a wholesome influence4 ,but even transcendentalism is past its wane1 and will be known in the future only by its literary reputation4 ,free religion has developed no permanent constructive idea4 ,its principal effect will be to obliterate whatever of ,christianity has clung to the tradition of ,new ,england ,protestantism4 ,its mission will be accomplished when all connection between the past and present shall have been effectually broken4 ,it leaves us only a considerable amount of scientific knowledge which we should possess without it4 ,its morality staggers through the wide range extending from free love and spiritism into the undefined vacuity which it supposes to lie between these bolder theories and old-fashioned uprightness4 ,like emotional ,protestantism1 it is wholly incapable of withstanding any strain or of guiding and controlling the absolute individualism which it has created4 ,if the ,congregational pastor of ,plymouth ,church affords a sad example of the impotence of emotional pietism1 the unfortunate plaintiff in the lawsuit against him is no less a melancholy instance of the aberrations of the last phase of ,american ,protestantism4 ,there is little affectation of concealment1 on the part of thoughtful ,americans1 of the conviction that our national growth and the success of our government are subject to the universal laws according to which past empires have risen and perished4 ,it is to be hoped that the success with which we have been blessed so far will not blind our eyes to this truth4 ,we must have a solid basis of morality1 or we are doomed to fall into such a condition as will make our absolute extinction a desirable thing4 ,whence is this new life to come8 ,is there anything in ,american ,protestantism which can reverse its steady process of decay and disintegration8 ,has it any principles which can arrest for one moment the popular tendencies8 ,we are unable to see in it even a 8serviceable breakwater against errors more fundamental than its own02 quite the contrary4 ,its dogmatic front only serves to disgust those who mistake it for ,christianity4 ,protestantism never converted a nation to ,christianity or formed one4 ,it could do neither even if it had an opportunity4 ,in its latitudinarian aspect it directly fosters the present vagueness of moral convictions2 while its emotional tendency only justifies the substitution of sentiment for reason and nullifies all attempts to subject the feelings to the judgment4 ,however one may be disposed to prefer the paganism which universally pervades our era to the unlovely fanaticism of earlier times1 experience1 both past and present1 forbids the indulgence of any hope of future success springing from it4 ,it is hard to imagine what thought has been expended upon this subject by those who profess to see the way out of our present difficulties through a lavish system of public education4 ,we hear declamations on this subject which fill us with bewilderment4 ,if the public schools were able to furnish the people with sound moral instruction1 we could understand something of the enthusiasm which describes them as the sources of national morality and as the salvation of the future4 ,god knows we have no desire to cut off one ray of light2 but the present moment is not one in which to indulge in madness4 ,the sooner it is understood that our system of education is destroying the generation that is subjected to its influence1 the better4 ,it stands to reason that the great need of the hour is to save our children from its evils4 ,our public education barely succeeds in exaggerating all the moral and physical degeneracies of the day4 ,to develop the desire and capacity for action and enjoyment1 without providing means of guiding and restraining within wholesome limits the power thus produced1 is simply to court disaster4 ,we are suffering at present from aversion to hard labor and a quiet life from the unbridled desire of wealth and pleasure1 from the absence of well-defined moral sentiment4 ,the present system of education1 so vehemently applauded1 is an aggravation of all the morbid tendencies of our condition4 ,this complaint will not receive much attention coming from this source1 but it is finding universal utterance from the medical profession1 and its justice will speedily appear to the most casual observer4 ,there is nothing in paganism1 however brilliant its science or art1 that can restore the health of a race which is morally corrupt4 ,the 8positive stage of development10 as it is styled by a certain class of modern writers1 is an age of decrepitude4 ,if the analogy be true which they hold to exist between the life of man and the development of a race1 we must expect death as soon as the 8positive0 era has been attained4 ,the muscular epoch has passed4 ,the age of delusions has left the mind incapable of anything but observing facts2 the demand for artificial stimulants has exhausted the brain of the nation2 and the body politic1 though surrounded with luxury1 is moribund beyond the power of recovery4 ,while we do not fully accept the analogy of positivism1 we are convinced that neither ,protestantism nor paganism can raise the nation from the slough in which it seems about to settle4 ,nor will it be saved by the infusion of fresh blood1 as was the ancient world according to some ingenious writers4 ,the ,hun and ,vandal and ,goth would never have changed their originally savage state had they not met in the world that they destroyed an indestructible power which1 after surviving the assaults of both ,roman and barbarian1 by its subtle constructive faculty altered the face of the earth4 ,this power was ,christianity1 whose work of universal civilization was so fatally marred by the religious catastrophe of the sixteenth century4 ,now that the false ,christianity of our forefathers has developed its utter worthlessness as a guide1 it will be well to inquire whether the religious system1 which is historically identified with ,christianity1 contains any of those elements of stability so lacking in our civilization4 ,it is not to be expected that such a discussion1 even if resulting favorably to ,catholicity1 will be sufficient to convert the ,american people to its faith1 but it will greatly conduce to removing misconceptions and ignorance on the part of many of our fellow-citizens with regard to the relative merits of ,catholicity and ,protestantism4 ,no system can ever prove efficient which is unable to maintain its own integrity4 ,no intellectual movement can hope to exert any large practical influence after it has lost its unity4 ,protestantism1 having begun with a denial of the need of authority1 was soon forced to contradict itself in practice in order to preserve its existence4 ,but the principle which had given it life could not be disregarded1 and the germ of discord1 involved in the idea of a teaching body without any claim to be believed save what private conscience might be willing to concede to it1 continued to produce disintegration without end4 ,the evils of our present exaggerated individualism are universally admitted4 ,men are united upon all points except those involving moral responsibility4 ,while it is quite clear that in matters of science we are willing to trust to authority1 on the other hand1 in the more complex and easily perverted order of ideas 7involving as they do the gravest consequences71 every man is endowed with infallibility4 ,this is simply an inversion of the natural order4 ,the normal and rational order is preserved by ,catholicity4 ,with the ,catholic ,church religious truth as the basis of morality is a tradition whose bearing upon human science and politics always requires fresh application and is co-extensive with the possibility of human growth4 ,but while this application of principle is left to individual effort and furnishes the proper exercise of the intellect1 the excesses of individualism are always to be counteracted by a living authority4 ,the ability of the church to maintain her unity has been demonstrated and perfected in its operation by the storms which the last three centuries have launched against her4 ,the opposition to her1 on the contrary1 has brought about its own destruction4 ,if the absurdities of modern individualism are to be remedied1 the cure lies in an earnest consideration of the claims of ,christianity4 ,protestantism1 though a grievous calamity1 has served to settle for ever all those questions concerning the supreme source of doctrinal authority which had been raised by the intrigues of the secular power in the middle age4 ,now it is no longer possible to confuse the sentiment of obedience to authority by reference to unlawful sources4 ,the attack of modern governments upon the church tends still further to circumscribe the limits of secular power1 and to define clearly that which belongs to ,csar and that which belongs to ,god4 ,the stability and permanence of ,catholic thought are maintained in great measure by the prerogatives of the spiritual power1 which promulgates and guards the divine tradition committed to its care4 ,but the real power which that tradition exercises is its truth and its conformity with facts4 ,the divine revelation is made to reason4 ,it supposes a rational being4 ,it is accepted on rational and convincing evidence1 and becomes operative in virtue of divine grace4 ,its aim is to elevate and ennoble human nature and to heal its infirmities4 ,in fulfilling this mission it acts in harmony with ,god's other works1 always above and with reason1 but never against it4 ,it puts no obstacle in the way of human science1 which1 as the ,vatican ,council declares1 can only contradict revelation by being incomplete or by misinterpreting divine truth4 ,it encourages labor in its development of nature as a means of discipline and as furnishing the necessary condition of peace and civilization4 ,it stimulates art to search after beauty as a means of showing the necessity and embellishing the truth of heavenly doctrine4 ,it is true that the ,catholic faith does not permit the intellect to repose in any one of these occupations as its sole end4 ,in the light of divine truth science and art are united by a synthesis2 and the rest which faith forbids the soul to take in earthly pursuits is denied by its own nature4 ,the synthesis which faith provides is sought restlessly and eagerly by the mind4 ,modern thought1 which has been turned away from ,catholicity1 searches vainly for some principle of unity4 ,the faith which redeemed the ancient world and prepared the germs of that degree of civilization that has not been wholly destroyed by ,protestantism1 was in no respect like the withering1 soul-destroying horrors of ,calvinism4 ,the doctrines which supplied matter for the intense intellectual life of the middle age1 which corrected ,aristotle and piled tome after tome of the close1 serried reasoning of ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 was in accord with human reason1 vindicated the dignity and powers of man1 and stimulated him with fresh vigor in every sphere of science1 poetry1 and art4 ,scholasticism was nothing else than an effort of human reason to demonstrate the reasonableness of ,christianity4 ,the present generation is so grossly ignorant of those eight hundred years of most intense life which formed ,christendom that it is not capable of appreciating their influence and still less their character4 ,but whoever will read the promium of the ,summa ,contra ,gentiles of the 8,angel of the ,schools0 will see the difference between the constructive doctrine of the middle age and the reactionary delusions of the sixteenth century--the bitter fruit of that splendid revival of paganism4 ,protestantism1 viewed as a system of doctrine1 was simply an extravagant caricature of the supernaturalism of the ,catholic ,church4 ,as a system of morality it was nothing else than the emancipation of the passions from the restraints imposed by ,christianity4 ,having destroyed the necessary conditions of faith by denying authority1 it presented the ideas of grace and sanctification in such a distorted manner as to render sacraments unnecessary and unmeaning1 to do away with free will1 merit1 and natural goodness--in a word1 to abolish human nature4 ,wherever the heirs of the so-called ,reformers have revolted from the unnatural task of propagating their religious system they have left mankind1 not simply bewildered by the darkness whence it has emerged1 but without the heavenly guidance which genuine ,christianity provides4 ,it has robbed men of the light of heavenly doctrine1 and has furthermore stripped them of the aid of the sacramental system1 the means of the action of divine grace and of the growth of supernatural life1 without which natural virtue and natural intelligence cannot long endure in purity4 ,the present state of our people calls for what ,protestantism has not4 ,justification by faith could not save its first professor from breaking his vows and debauching another person equally bound2 nor will its influence increase by repeating his famous dictum1 ,pecca fortiter sed crede fortius4 ,the evanescence of genuine fanaticism on the part of evangelical religion is no guarantee of a better state of morals4 ,our people have got beyond simply believing and feeling2 they wish to do right1 but they are gradually coming to acknowledge that man cannot do right without knowing what he ought to do1 viz41 what is right2 and the best and wisest will confess that they do not know what they ought to do1 and that they can see nothing in the future from whence they may expect to learn4 ,whether they will be content to review the evidences of ,catholicity we know not4 ,many are doing so1 but the intense worldliness of the day is not favorable to serious thought on the part1 of the multitude4 ,should1 however1 the authority of true ,christianity be revealed to1 and accepted by1 them1 we may justly expect a development of the utmost significance in the history of the world4 ,catholicity not only preserves and restores the ,christian truth of which men have been robbed by the heresies of the ,reformation1 but it preserves1 sanctifies1 and makes fruitful the natural goodness which remains in the individual1 the race1 and the nation4 ,but above all things it applies those principles of natural justice and purity which are now so seriously jeopardized4 ,an unjust man can console himself1 when transmitting his dishonest gains to his descendants1 by reflecting that he is to be justified by faith alone4 ,this has been done to our certain knowledge1 and doubtless every ,new ,englander can recall similar cases4 ,a man who admits the injustice of his transactions can find ways of forgetting his indebtedness4 ,the fraudulent bankrupt can revel in the wealth of his wife and children4 ,even the thief who admits in the abstract the obligation of restoring that which he has stolen1 without the assistance of the confessional is too apt to cling to that which he has once acquired4 ,we want1 first1 to hear the ,catholic doctrine of the necessity of restitution in the place of maudlin denunciation of 8carnal righteousness40 ,we want to have it well understood that no amount of exalted emotion will relieve the guilty thief until he has handed over his ill-gotten goods4 ,we do not say that the neglect of this doctrine is the cause of the special cases of corruption which come before our eyes2 but we freely assert that the spread of dishonesty is due to nothing less than the ineptitude and fatuity of ,protestantism in this respect4 ,we further assert our conviction that no amount of preaching will change the present widespread disregard of the rights of property4 ,these must be enforced in the private life of each man1 backed by a supernatural principle4 ,the means which the ,catholic ,church has provided for the support and assistance of the individual conscience is the confessional4 ,this it is which has created the very sentiment of honesty that is now dying out among us for want of it4 ,antiquity did not possess this sentiment4 ,the ,greeks encouraged stealing and made a god of theft4 ,the ,romans acknowledged only the claims of hospitality and the force of law4 ,our barbarian ancestors grew and thrived upon piracy and pillage4 ,it was no abstract or speculative doctrine which overcame their savage traits and established the new sentiment which condemns successful villany2 nor will the present decay of honesty be arrested by any system which divorces it from the institution that has brought it into existence4 ,the most fatal symptom1 however1 of our lapse into paganism reveals itself in that department of morality in which the struggle is carried on with the most lawless of human passions4 ,the morality of ,protestantism offered no assistance to the individual in this conflict between reason and the excesses of that instinct which is at once the most necessary and at the same time the least governable4 ,developments such as ,mormonism and the ,oneida ,community1 the increasing frequency of divorce1 and the freedom with which the maxims of the ancient ,christian morality are questioned1 are sufficient to illustrate the decay of fixed principles of morality4 ,such results are not strange when we recall the actual conduct of the founders of ,protestantism4 ,nor is it unreasonable to expect a certain amount of laxity in an intellectual movement which constitutes each individual his own supreme judge and teacher of morals2 but the worst is that the very source of purity is thoroughly vitiated4 ,in ancient ,christianity the laws of chastity were clearly defined1 peremptory1 and plainly set before the intellect4 ,modern individualism1 having begun by denying man's responsibility and asserting his necessary depravity1 has placed the rule of virtue1 not in reason1 but in instinct4 ,the old morality was a sentiment based upon dogmatic conviction4 ,the modern ,neo-protestantism has nothing upon which to depend for its purity of life except the natural feelings of modesty and shame4 ,the very idea of attempting to subject sexual instinct to reason is scouted as an absurdity by popular writers4 ,the license taken by those whose occupation is to amuse the public every day increases in shamelessness4 ,art1 whether pictorial or dramatic1 will not listen to any suggestion of restraint1 and the natural sentiment upon which our virtue rests is constantly being weakened4 ,it is foolishly supposed that this species of disorder1 having gone to certain lengths1 will at last return to rational limits4 ,it is with some such notion that the enthusiasts1 who profess to see in popular education a panacea for all evils1 expatiate upon the future4 ,this1 however1 is mere thoughtlessness4 ,the development of the nervous temperament in the system of a nation is no remedy for this moral illness2 on the contrary1 the reverse is true4 ,the result is the most dangerous form of sensuality4 ,when an intense and excitable organism1 quick in its intellectual movements1 eager in its appreciation of beauty1 is left to follow its own instincts in the application of wealth1 we have the nearest approach to the ancient classic type of culture4 ,the recent development of ,american art is a source of universal remark4 ,here the successful artist finds golden appreciation4 ,the diva of the lyric stage1 the painter and sculptor1 meet with substantial welcome4 ,the growing taste for beauty of line is well known and acknowledged4 ,extravagance in dress is becoming a national weakness4 ,there is every indication that the next century will witness in our descendants a race more elegant in its tastes1 more intense in its enjoyment of every form of beauty1 than even the heirs of ,european refinement--a generation as unlike the ungainly type of ,brother ,jonathan as an ,athenian of the age of ,pericles was dissimilar to the rude ,pelasgic fisherman of the ,hellespont4 ,we think of ,greece most commonly in her sthetic character and influence2 but we must not forget that her immorality as recorded in history was hideously dark4 ,the product of her sensuous and overwrought knowledge and enjoyment of nature spread with her literature and art4 ,they brought death to the strong and vigorous race which had overcome the world4 ,the annals of ,suetonius and ,tacitus1 the calm records of current facts1 are too obscene to bear circulation among ordinary readers of our day4 ,the literature of their time has to be expurgated before it is fit to be perused by youthful students4 ,the crimes which are charged by the apostle in his terrible invective against the heathen culture1 which are rehearsed by ,terence and ,aristophanes1 satirized by ,juvenal1 laughed at by ,horace1 celebrated in the flowing measures of ,anacreon1 ,ovid1 and ,catullus1 and coldly set down by historians as the public acts of the cultivated classes--these frightful excesses live to-day1 with all their unnatural beastliness1 in the exquisitely-wrought marbles and frescos of ,pompeii4 ,there was never a case in which either a nation or an individual was cured of this species of corruption by increasing the sthetic faculties and amplifying the temptations of wealth4 ,but1 it is urged1 education gives the rising generation the ability to read1 and therefore puts it in the way of acquiring sound instruction4 ,let it be understood that we believe no parent has a right to deny this instruction to his children2 but we bespeak on the part of all earnest men the utmost attention to the practical issue of this theory1 in order that they may see how incomplete it is as a safeguard to the virtue of the youth now growing up4 ,what is the nature of our popular literature8 ,upon what sort of reading is the newly-acquired art exercised8 ,what is the ratio of books which furnish useful instruction to those works whose aim is solely to amuse and excite the imagination8 ,and of the latter class1 what is the proportion between the harmless and noxious publications8 ,those who receive only elementary instruction practically go to school in order to learn to read novels and the trashy and immoral periodicals whose costly illustrations and increasing number amply prove the increasing demand for them4 ,the influence of the press is necessary and indispensable1 but there is nothing in our literature which will in any degree restrain the tendencies of our civilization4 ,we wish it were possible to use language of sufficient force to express the reality of our perilous condition2 for our people have already gone far enough in this direction to excite the utmost alarm4 ,the moral corruption of ,new ,england is such as to threaten with extinction the vigorous race which originally inhabited it4 ,the medical profession of this country is so profoundly impressed with the constant decrease in the birthrate of the native stock and with its marked physical decadence1 that essays on these subjects are to be seen in every scientific periodical4 ,ten years ago ,dr4 ,storer called attention to the fact that1 as far back as #ahej1 the natural increase of the population1 or the excess of births over deaths1 was by those of foreign origin1 and that subsequently the ratio in favor of foreign parents was constantly on the increase4 8,in other words10 he says1 8it is found that1 in so far as depends upon the ,american and native element1 and in the absence of the existing immigration from abroad1 the population of our older ,states1 even allowing for the loss by emigration1 is stationary or decreasing40 ,dr4 ,storer did not hesitate to attribute this fact to the criminal destruction of human life or to the suppression of the family by those whose natural instincts ought to procure its conservation4 ,the evidences of this widespread evil are before us in every daily issue of the press4 ,the demands of pleasure1 the numerous inducements to women to find their occupation outside of domestic life1 and to shrink from the duties and cares of maternity--none of those temptations which furnish the occasion of this crime are to be met by increasing the size and beauty of our public schools or by providing the children of the poor with elegant accomplishments4 ,nor will the result be more favorable if the privilege of the elective franchise is added to the other extra-domestic responsibilities of ,american women4 ,what1 then1 is to save us when marriage1 if recognized1 has ceased to be a desirable state1 when luxury and nervous development have subjected the chastity of single life to the severest temptation1 and when our inherited morality has vanished in the process of our growth8 ,if the native ,american race is not going to die out1 it must learn from foreigners the secret of their vitality4 ,christianity has1 in the confessional1 the means of applying not only sacramental grace to the fallen and repentant1 but of securing them from further disorder4 ,dr4 ,storer has told the country very plainly that 8the different frequency of the abortions depends1 not upon a difference in social position or in fecundity1 but in the religion40 ,in other words1 the cultivated ,american is far below the ignorant immigrant in morality2 and the reason of this is that the immigrant referred to is a ,catholic and his employer is not4 ,dr4 ,storer proceeds to observe3 8,it is not1 of course1 intended to imply that ,protestantism1 as such1 in any way encourages or1 indeed1 permits the practice of inducing abortion2 its tenets are uncompromisingly hostile to all crime4 ,so great1 however1 is the popular ignorance regarding this offence that an abstract morality is here comparatively powerless40 ,this touches the fundamental truth involved in the whole discussion--8an abstract morality0 never can prove effective against any concrete evil4 ,but the doctor further expresses his conviction1 drawing the legitimate conclusion and stating the fact3 8,and there can be no doubt that the ,romish ordinance1 flanked on the one hand by the confessional and by denouncement and excommunication on the other0 7he has previously quoted from the pastoral of a ,catholic prelate71 8has saved to the world thousands of infant lives40 ,the ,american people is beginning to perceive that wealth and culture without true morality mean ruin4 ,if it does not perceive that ,protestantism is the cause of its present corruption1 it at least confesses that its inherited religion is powerless to remedy the evils of the day4 ,we cannot ask it to reject its false guide much faster than it is doing4 ,we cannot tell how soon it will be able to receive the divine truth of ,christianity4 ,it will be no pleasure to us to have the old faith vindicated by the destruction of this people4 ,we beg to be allowed to preserve our ,catholic population and to keep them pure and faithful1 at least until non-,catholics can offer something which will meet their own contingencies4 ,if this demand be persistently disregarded and our honest attempt to save ourselves be misconstrued into an assault upon others1 we will do the best we can1 at all events4 ,but1 in the meantime1 let all earnest men admit the reality of danger4 ,do not let attention be absorbed by particular manifestations of a disease which is universal4 ,the evils which threaten our life will not be removed by retrenchment of government expenses1 or by a temporary destruction of party tyranny1 or by an ostentatious simplicity in official circles1 or by 8justification by faith10 or by pietistic feeling1 or by acting out individual crotchets1 or even by sound moral doctrine in an abstract form1 but by the living truth of ,god1 taught by him through human lips1 applied by him with divine efficacy through the ministry of human hands4 ,the truth which has saved the ancient world and has produced all that is desirable in modern civilization is alone able to preserve our nation in its future growth4 ,a ,,french ,,novel4#fi ,this title will prove a disappointment to those who only associate the idea of a ,french novel with that typical production of vicious and feverish literature to which the fiction-mongers of ,france have so long accustomed us1 and whose corrupt influence has made itself felt far beyond the limits of the nation which gives it birth4 ,our present purpose is not to discuss one of those pernicious books1 but to consider one which rises as far above their level by its artistic beauty and literary merits as by the nobler tone of its morality4 ,a novel by a ,catholic writer1 impregnated from first to last with the spirit and principle of the faith1 full of noble sentiments1 and yet as amusing and as exciting as any 8naughty0 novel2 a book where all the good people1 even the holy people1 are as charming1 witty1 odd1 or fascinating as if they were anything but holy2 a book that conveys in the characters and scenes it brings before us a great moral lesson1 and which at the same time absorbs and excites us as powerfully as the cleverest novel of the sensational school1 with its inevitable murders and forgeries and double marriages--the appearance of a novel such as this is surely an event that it behoves us to examine closely as the curious literary phenomenon which it is4 ,mrs4 ,augustus ,craven's last work1 ,le ,mot de l',enigme1 which1 under the title of ,the ,veil ,withdrawn1 appeared in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world simultaneously with its issue in the ,correspondant of ,paris1 is known to most of the readers of the present article1 but we would ask them if1 when enjoying its persual1 they have sometimes stopped to consider what a genuine achievement the book was1 and how pregnant with promise for the lighter ,catholic literature of the future8 ,any book by the author of the ,rcit d'une ,sur is sure to command a wide audience in ,europe and ,america among readers of different languages and creeds2 but there are reasons why ,the ,veil ,withdrawn should meet with a specially triumphant welcome from us ,catholics1 for it is in truth a triumph over prejudices whose narrow and tyrannical rule have hitherto been fatal to ,catholic fiction4 ,the ,rcit d'une ,sur1 the peerless story that stands unrivalled amidst the literature of the world1 taught many lessons to our day1 but no one1 perhaps1 more important1 considering its possible results1 than that which it conveyed to ,catholic writers--namely1 that religion1 in its most ardent form and its most rigid application1 is compatible with the tenderest romance2 that human hearts and imaginations1 far from being chilled or fettered by the sublime truths of the faith1 are kindled and enlarged by their influence2 that human passions come into play as powerfully in souls ruled by the divine law as in those that reject and defy it1 the only difference being that to the former they are weapons used in noble warfare1 servants and auxiliaries1 whereas to the others they are tyrants that strike only to destroy4 ,the loves of ,alexandrine and ,albert revealed this secret to the world1 and this alone would have sufficed to immortalize the ,rcit4 ,no romance ever reached the skyey heights to which these lovers soared2 and yet1 while their hearts sang their sweet love-song together1 their souls were fixed on ,god1 dreaming of heaven1 where their love was to find its perfect consummation1 scorning the pitiful meed of earthly happiness1 unless it might lead them to the secure possession of the eternal bliss of which this was but the transient foretaste4 8,pour la vie1 c'est trop court60#gj was ,alexandrine's reply when ,albert asked her for the ring on which the words were graven1 ,pour la vie6 ,and such should be the motto of all love worthy of the name4 ,this pure key-note is struck and sustained with a master-hand throughout the whole story of ,the ,veil ,withdrawn1 and the success with which the principle it enunciates has been forced into the service of art is the point which we would invite ,catholic writers in all countries to consider attentively4 ,our grand mistake1 as a rule1 is to assume that ,catholic literature1 in order to be true to its mission1 must be constantly talking of holy things1 bringing forward pious maxims and practices2 that the heroes and heroines of its stories must be pious people1 or else very wicked people whose final cause is the glorification of the pious ones who are to convert them2 it must never deal openly with the great problems of life1 never grapple with its deepest mysteries1 never describe men and women as they ordinarily exist around us--human beings endowed at their birth with the fatal inheritance of ,adam1 with mighty capabilities for good and evil1 with passions and instincts that have to work out their issue to ruin or to endless victory2 souls where all the forces are clashing in deadly and desperate strife--these things are forbidden ground to the ,catholic novelist4 ,he may tread timidly on the outskirts of the battle-field1 but he must not venture into the thick of the fight2 he must not lift the veil and let us look upon the scene where this momentous combat is going forward1 where nature and grace and all the allied enemies of the human heart are wrestling and striving in fierce war4 ,these things would not be 8edifying02 they would not be fit reading for young girls2 they might put ideas into their heads and excite their imaginations4 ,and why1 we ask1 is it invariably taken for granted that ,catholic writers only write for young girls8 ,are there no ,catholic men in the world8 ,it might be urged1 with better show of reason1 that young girls are not obliged to read novels at all--stories1 yes2 but novels do not form any necessary part of their education4 ,these are intended for men and women--people who have found out the 8answer to the riddle10 learned some of the dark and painful lessons of life2 who turn to the pages of a novel to find an hour's harmless recreation1 if nothing more1 and to forget the dull round of care and vexing realities in the amusement or excitement of imaginary troubles and joys4 ,we are far from saying that the novel has no higher purpose than this2 but if it claimed no other1 this1 in itself1 is a legitimate one4 ,human nature must have relaxation4 ,the most ascetic saints sought recreation of some kind from the strain of work and contemplation4 ,still more must ordinary mortals seek it2 and as novel-reading has become one of the easiest and most popular forms of mental diversion1 it is of the highest importance that it should be of good and wholesome quality4 ,now1 a novel is neither good nor wholesome when it ignores the canons of art1 and eschews the true study of human nature1 and confines itself to pretty commonplaces and pious allusions and exemplary sentiments exchanged between namby-pamby people who are represented as in a state of society which1 practically1 has no prototype in real life1 where strong passions and conflicting interests and fierce temptations have no existence1 but where all difficulties are adjusted by a pious suggestion offered at the right moment by a friend or a book4 ,grown-up men and women will not be put off with this sort of thing1 be they ever such good ,catholics2 when they take up a novel1 they do so for interest or amusement1 and1 for lack of better1 they fall back on the real novels1 sensational or otherwise4 ,this is a lamentable state of things1 and as fatal to ,catholic writers as to their readers4 ,it is this false idea of the character and requirements of ,catholic literature which has brought it to the low ebb at which it now is among ,english-speaking ,catholics1 in spite of the growing numbers of a cultivated and intelligent audience4 ,every one recognizes the fact1 and many deplore it1 but no one has the courage to attempt the remedy4 ,it would require1 indeed1 something more than any effort of individual influence to break down the prejudices and puerile traditions that fence in the authorized field of ,catholic fiction in the present day1 and it is difficult to say which calls for strongest denunciation--the prohibition which excludes certain subjects1 or the large license given to the use of others4 ,the ,catholic novelist is forbidden to strike the deep1 vibrating chords of nature and of souls1 but he believes himself free to handle the most sacred subjects1 to preach and moralize to the top of his bent4 ,it is hard to speak of this folly as dispassionately as we should wish2 but looking at it with all possible indulgence1 is there not something in the stupid conceit and self-complacent audacity of it that may justly rouse indignation8 ,we see grave men1 who have graduated in the schools1 give up long years to the study of sacred science1 in order that they may some day be competent to speak worthily on these high themes1 that they may learn how to balance the relations of right and wrong1 and define the limits of temptation and sin1 of cause and effect2 and when1 with knowledge ripened by study and meditation1 they venture to write1 it is in a spirit of great reverence and in fear and trembling4 ,on the other hand1 we see incompetent laymen1 young ladies and young gentlemen fresh from school1 utterly inexperienced1 but well supplied with the boldness of inexperience and incompetence1 dipping a dainty pen into a silver inkstand and proceeding to discourse in a novel of pious subjects--of prayer1 and temptation1 and sacraments1 and priests and the priestly character1 and controversial subjects--as flippantly as they might discuss the merits of a new opera or a new costume4 ,and they fancy1 forsooth1 that this is doing good and giving edification6 ,they imagine that it is enough to mention sacred subjects and emit pious or quasi-pious sentiments in order to reach the human heart and strike the sursum corda on its springs6 ,one could afford to laugh at the silly delusion1 if the danger did not lie so close to the folly of it4 ,a moment's reflection and a little humility would suffice to convince these well-meaning persons of their mistake4 ,many of them might really attain their end of edifying if they had only the sense to confine themselves within the range of their powers4 ,if a beginner1 or one endowed with a delicate sense of music but limited musical ability1 should attempt to perform one of ,beethoven's glorious sonatas1 he would only irritate us by spoiling the masterpiece2 but if the same person wisely contented himself with playing some simple air1 he might afford genuine and unalloyed pleasure1 touching some chord of feeling in the listener's heart1 evoking1 mayhap1 sweet memories of childhood1 sacred and long forgotten4 ,few things provoke the disgust of an intelligent reader1 pious or not1 more than to come upon religious platitudes in a book ostensibly written to amuse2 and the prospect of meeting with this kind of thing at every page is sufficient to prejudice him against a book which bears a ,catholic name on the title-page4 ,even the name of a ,catholic publisher brands it at first sight as 8dull and silly40 ,here1 as elsewhere1 the cause and effect react upon each other1 and the puerile tone and absence of artistic treatment in the author1 by failing to gain the favor and attention of the public1 paralyzes the most energetic efforts of ,catholic publishers1 and those few ,catholic writers who can command a wider audience are unavoidably driven to the ,protestant publishers in order to secure a hearing4 ,is it too much to say that a ,catholic novelist who would successfully break through these narrow-minded and false theories1 and courageously inaugurate a new reign in ,catholic fiction1 would be conferring a great benefit on our generation8 ,we claim for ,mrs4 ,augustus ,craven the merit of having achieved this feat4 ,the mission which she began in the ,rcit d'une ,sur was successfully continued in ,fleurange1 and may be said to triumph completely in ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,her last novel is a book which appeals as strongly to the interest of the unbeliever and the heretic as of the most fervent ,catholic4 ,the moral lesson it conveys may be accepted or not1 just as the reader pleases2 it is there1 brilliantly and powerfully delivered2 but1 like so many messages broadly written on the face of nature or faintly whispered to our hearts1 we may hearken or we may close our ears to it1 as we choose2 the story still remains one of enthralling interest1 full of tenderest romance1 of fiery passion1 of picturesque description1 of sparkling repartee1 of gay and pathetic and thrilling situations4 ,with the skill of a real artist the author lifts the curtain and bids us look into the hearts of our fellow-creatures2 she touches the hidden springs1 reveals the dubious motives1 evil sometimes blending with good so closely that it requires the finest analysis to discern their true proportions1 to decompose the elements1 and show where and how far each in turn prevails4 ,the two characters who stand out from the canvas as the leading figures in the picture are brought face to face in the most terrible conflict that human hearts can know4 ,ginevra--not a child1 not a placid convent maiden suspecting no life beyond her 8narrowing nunnery walls10 but a woman with a strong1 impassioned soul--is first inebriated with the pure wine of permitted happiness2 the cup is dashed from her1 and she tries to clutch it in defiance and despair4 ,it eludes her still4 ,she beholds her happiness wrecked1 her life blighted1 at the very outset4 ,she does not take her rosary1 and1 with conventional propriety1 accept the ruin of her young life with the resigned spirit and smiling countenance of a saint2 far from it4 ,the evil that is in her starts into activity and makes a fierce fight against her cruel lot4 ,she plunges into the whirl of society1 and tries to drown her misery in such consolations as excitement and gratified vanity can give4 ,we follow her step by step in the perilous career1 now trembling at her rashness1 now rejoicing at her escape1 but never1 in the bottom of our hearts1 believing that she will prove unworthy of her nobler self4 ,let us glance over the story1 not to analyze its merits as a work of high art and moral philosophy1 but simply to review it in the light of a novel characteristic of our times and full of the stir of nineteenth-century life4 ,it opens at ,messina1 in an old palazzo1 where ,ginevra1 blossoming out in her fifteenth summer1 sits watching the sea through the half-closed window1 listening to the wave sobbing on the beach1 unconscious and dreamy1 but already vibrating to the 8low music of humanity0 that stirs the unwakened pulses of her heart4 ,she rivets our attention at the first glance as a creature whose beauty1 sensitiveness1 and dormant energy of character contain all the elements of some high romance4 ,the description of her home and its inmates forms a charming and animated picture4 ,fabrizio1 the learned and somewhat austere father2 ,bianca1 the mother1 with her tenderly brooding love2 ,livia1 the sister1 at first so misjudged1 but destined to rise to such prestige amidst them all2 ,ottavia1 the fussy1 superstitious1 devoted old nurse2 ,mario1 the sombre and jealous-tempered brother--they all come before us with the reality of living characters whom we love1 fear1 or suspect as they gradually reveal themselves4 ,the episode of the flower flung from the window in a moment of frolic and girlish vanity1 and which leaves so deep a mark on ,ginevra's life1 is cleverly introduced and prepares us for the retribution which awaits the poor child's innocent misdemeanor4 ,her life glides on peacefully in the old frescoed saloon1 where she cons her book and tends her nightingales1 until one day1 while high perched on a stool1 ministering to her singing bird1 the old majordomo flings the door wide open and in a sonorous voice announces ,sua eccellenza il ,duca di ,valenzano6 ,ginevra starts1 and so does the reader2 for he knows instinctively that this visitor is the fairy prince of the story1 destined to make the golden-haired maiden supremely happy or supremely miserable4 ,ginevra's confusion1 at being discovered by this illustrious intruder in such an awkward attitude and so childishly engaged1 is charmingly described4 ,she knows not whether to be terrified or delighted when the handsome duke goes forward and assists her to descend from her aerial standpoint4 ,but old ,don ,fabrizio knows what to feel about it1 and surveys the group in the embrasure of the window with a glance of stern displeasure4 ,this high-born client of his has nothing in common with ,don ,fabrizio's daughter1 and it is with undisguised reluctance that the proud lawyer obeys the duke's request to introduce him to the signorina4 ,and now the story is fairly afloat1 and we follow it with an interest that grows in proportion as the plot advances1 rising in dramatic power at every chapter4 ,we know that ,valenzano is not to be trusted1 that he has in him all the elements of a faithless lover and a cruel husband2 but we surrender ourselves all the same to the charm of his manner1 his genius1 his irresistible fascinations4 ,the love-making is as warm as the author dares to make it in a country where the freedom of ,anglo-,saxon courtship is unknown1 and where the course of true love runs smoothly between the contracting families on one side and the family lawyers on the other4 ,ginevra goes forth to her new life with a mixture of delight and fear that are like the foreshadowing of the flickered destiny that awaits her1 and ,livia's voice strikes like a note of painful warning in the concert of the family joy and triumph and congratulation1 when she reminds ,ginevra that 8marriage is like death0--a thing that we wait and watch for1 but never know until we have passed the gates and it is too late to turn back4 ,the description of the bridal festivities1 when she goes home to her husband's palace1 and1 worn out by the grandeur and the glare1 takes refuge alone in the quiet starlight1 and removes the circlet of glittering jewels from her brow1 that cannot bear the pressure any longer1 presents one of those pictures of life in the great ,italian world that ,mrs4 ,craven excels in depicting4 ,life has now become like an enchanted dream to ,ginevra4 ,but the first touch of the awakening reality is not long delayed4 ,one night1 when the moon was high in the blue heavens and flooding earth and sea with a mystic glory1 ,ginevra and ,lorenzo were sitting on the terrace1 listening to the water lapping on the shore1 to the nightingales trilling in the ilex groves2 the young wife1 hushed into silence by the ecstatic beauty of the scene1 laid her hand upon her husband's arm and whispered to him1 8,let us lift up our hearts in prayer for one moment1 and give thanks for all this beauty40 ,lorenzo bent on her a look of tenderest love1 and then murmured with a smile1 as if answering the poetic folly of a child1 8#8,beatrice in suso1 ed io in lei guardava4'#ga ,thine eyes are my heaven1 ,ginevra4 ,i feel no need to raise my own any higher40 ,a cold chill like the first suspicion of a great sorrow crept over the young wife4 ,but ,lorenzo quickly chased it away1 and she tries to banish the memory of it4 ,but we do not forget it4 ,slight as the incident is1 it has all the import of the first growl of the distant thunder1 the small patch of cloud1 8no bigger than a man's hand10 upon the summer sky1 that are the certain forerunners of the storm4 ,but the storm will not burst just yet1 and meantime we follow ,ginevra in her brilliant career1 first travelling here and there with her husband1 and finally enthroned as a queen in her delightful world at ,naples4 ,the first thing that makes us tremble for her is ,lorenzo's startled exclamation of anger--was it8--when he comes upon ,donna ,faustina's card amongst those that are left at the young duchess' door1 and the latter1 in surprise1 asks what it means4 ,he turns it off adroitly1 and ,ginevra dismisses it from her mind4 ,the interval that follows is bright with incident and pictures of society in ,naples and in ,paris4 ,we see ,lorenzo at work in his studio1 where ,ginevra sits to him as a model for his ,vestal1 and where his rapturous admiration of her beauty makes her recoil instinctively as from a homage unworthy of her1 too much 8of the earth earthly40 ,and yet this husband1 who is almost an unbeliever1 who smiles with indulgent fondness on his wife's ardent piety1 is glad enough that she should have religion to guard her from the perils that beset her on all sides2 he recognizes the power and utility of her faith1 and is careful not to shock it or to let her see how little he really shares it4 ,lando1 the cousin and boon companion of the duke1 now comes upon the scene1 and for a time we side with ,ginevra in her dislike and suspicion of him2 but soon we find out our mistake1 and acknowledge that1 in spite of his loose principles and wild ways1 he is kind-hearted and a stanch and loyal friend to ,ginevra4 ,he does his best to save both her and ,lorenzo1 though to the last he is unable to understand why any woman in her right mind should care so much more for her husband's love than for his fortune1 and why the ruin of the latter should be as nothing to her compared to even a passing breach in the former4 ,the scene at the concert1 where she first detects ,lorenzo at a card-table1 and it breaks upon her that her husband is a gambler1 is finely introduced1 and the conversation of ,lando with the terrified young wife is admirably drawn4 ,but we know that the real crisis in her peace and happiness has yet to come1 and we hurry on till ,donna ,faustina enters4 ,lorenzo disarms us1 and almost gains our sympathy for this evil genius of ,ginevra1 by the frankness with which he tells her story to the latter2 but the relations between all three1 as he now tries to establish them1 are radically false1 and it requires no prophetic eye to foresee how they must end4 ,what barrier have either ,faustina or ,lorenzo to stem the torrent of passion when it breaks loose--outraged love and desire of revenge on her side1 and on his the embers of a love that he fancies dead1 but which it only needs the vanity of his own undisciplined nature and the spell of her guilty passion to fan into a livelier flame than ever8 ,while the storm is rapidly rising in this direction1 ,gilbert de ,kergy crosses ,ginevra's path2 but she is yet far from suspecting that he is the messenger of fate to her1 the one who is to exercise a supreme influence in her life and call out its energies in her soul's defence with a courage that till now has never been demanded of her4 ,we know how the battle is sure to go with ,ginevra1 as we foresee the issue with ,lorenzo and ,faustina4 ,we see the force that will ensure the victory in the one case1 just as we see how the want of it must lead to slavery and surrender in the other4 ,and here again the skill and power of the author triumph and afford a striking contrast to the old system we have denounced4 ,she never moralizes1 or reminds us that ,lorenzo1 being a bad ,christian1 who never goes to ,mass or the sacraments1 is certain to fall1 and that ,ginevra1 in spite of passions that sway her heart with such relentless power1 will come safe out of it because of that restraining force which1 like a mysterious presence1 rules her even when she is unconscious of it--the author does not say these things2 she proves them by making her characters demonstrate their truth and act out their conclusions4 ,we will quote the passage where ,gilbert and ,ginevra part1 only to meet again in those sweet and tempting days at ,naples4 ,gilbert has been lecturing on his travels with an eloquence that carried away his hearers4 ,then ,ginevra says3 8,i remained seated near the mantelpiece1 and fell into a dreamy silence1 while ,diana sat down to the piano4 ,she began to execute1 with consummate art1 a nocturne of ,chopin's1 which sounded to me like the expression1 the very language1 of my own thoughts4''' ,i woke up from my reverie with a strange thrill1 and blushed to the very roots of my hair2 for in lifting my eyes ,i met those of ,gilbert fixed upon me1 and mine were full of tears4 ,i brushed them away quickly1 and muttered something about the effect ,chopin's music always had on my nerves1 and then rose and drew near to the piano1 where ,diana continued to pass her hands in rapid changes over the keys4''' ,gilbert remained silent and pensive in the place where ,i had left him1 following me with his eyes1 and perhaps trying to guess the real cause of my emotion4''' ,when the time had come for me to go1 and ,mme4 de ,kergy clasped me to her heart1 ,i no longer strove to repress my tears4''' ,gilbert gave me his arm and conducted me to my carriage without speaking4 ,as ,i was entering it1 he said in a voice that faltered slightly3 8#8,those whom you are leaving are greatly to be pitied1 madam4' 8#8,i am still more to be pitied1' ,i replied1 and my tears flowed freely4 8,he was silent for a moment1 and then he said3 8#8,as for me1 ,i have the hope of seeing you again2 for ,i shall come to ,naples1 ''' if ,i dare4' 8#8,and why should you not dare8 ,you will be received and welcomed as a friend4' 8,he made no reply1 but when he had placed me in the carriage1 and ,i held out my hand to him to say adieu1 he murmured in a low voice3 ,au revoir6'0 ,and he keeps his word4 ,he goes to ,naples and meets ,ginevra at a ball1 whither she has rushed1 half mad with despair and jealousy1 reckless of everything resolved to drown the anguish of her heart in the intoxication of gayety and the adulation of the world1 that until now she had carelessly despised4 ,it was the night after the masked ball at the ,festina1 where1 on the impulse of the moment1 she and her beautiful friend ,stella went as dominos to join in the fun and mystify their friends a little4 ,ginevra recognized ,lorenzo's stately figure the moment she entered the ball-room1 and1 terrified at finding herself alone in the crowd1 seized hold of his arm1 clinging to him in silence4 ,lorenzo1 deceived by the color of her domino1 mistakes her for ,faustina1 whom he is expecting4 ,he stoops low and whispers a tender welcome in her ear4 ,ginevra1 with a stifled cry1 starts from him and rushes frantically from the scene4 ,the next night1 with the delirium of this discovery upon her1 she goes forth in her loveliest attire to dispute the palm of beauty with the rest4 8,i had my diamonds and pearls brought out1 and ,i gave precise directions as to how ,i intended to wear them2 this done1 long before the time came ,i began my toilet and spent an endless time over it4 ,so many women seem to take pleasure in making a triumphant entry into a ball-room1 ,i said to myself1 and in being flattered and admired1 why should ,i not taste of this pleasure as well as they8 ,i am beautiful1 ,i know that--very beautiful even4 ,why should ,i not attract and indulge my vanity and coquetry like other women80 ,and she does attract1 and her vanity is satisfied to overflowing4 ,her beauty and the dazzling splendor of her jewels create a perfect furore the moment she appears4 ,she announces her intention of dancing1 and the noblest cavaliers in the room are at her feet in a moment1 quarrelling for the honor of her hand4 ,never was the triumph of a coquette more complete than ,ginevra's4 ,her youth and its instinctive love of pleasure vindicated themselves for a time1 and she enjoyed her success to the full2 but as the night wore on nobler instincts asserted themselves1 worthier voices made themselves heard above the din of this ardent and puerile vanity1 and ,ginevra feels the cold chill of remorse stealing over her2 a sense of vague misfortune takes possession of her and stills her feverish gayety like a touch of ice4 ,her last partner leads her to her seat1 and she sinks into it exhausted and miserable4 8,at the same moment10 she says1 8,i heard near me a voice well known though well-nigh forgotten--a voice at once calm1 strong1 and sweet1 but which now sounded slightly sarcastic4 #8,although ,i cannot aspire to the honor of dancing with the ,duchess de ,valenzano1 may ,i hope that she will deign to recognize me8' 8,i turned around quickly4 ,the speaker who stood there and thus addressed me was ,gilbert de ,kergy40 ,the ordinary ,french novelist had here a fine opportunity for bringing matters to a crisis between ,ginevra and ,gilbert2 but the present author uses it differently4 ,gilbert does not take advantage of the temporary madness of ,ginevra to gain influence over her and beguile her from her allegiance to ,lorenzo1 faithless and cruel as he is4 ,gilbert is far too noble for this1 and his first feeling1 on beholding his ideal in this dangerous and unworthy atmosphere1 is one of censure and poignant regret4 ,neither he nor ,ginevra is of the conventional type of defaulters2 both are good1 high-principled1 and brave2 they are both practical ,christians1 and the idea of betraying their duty to ,god and to their own honor would have revolted them had it presented itself in its naked horror4 ,but it did not4 ,the approach was gradual1 imperceptible4 ,and here we have a great truth illustrated--one which it is customary in ,catholic authors to ignore practically1 if not theoretically3 ,the possession of the faith and the practice of religion do not act as opiates on human beings1 deadening their hearts and annihilating nature1 and lifting them to a secure region where the great temptations of life cannot reach them1 or where1 if they do1 they glide off harmless as arrows glance from the steel cuirass of the soldier4 ,ginevra is pure and true as ever woman was who vowed at the altar 8that most solemn vow that a woman can utter02 she was1 moreover1 genuinely pious4 ,gilbert was the very ideal of manly chivalry and honor and goodness1 an accomplished type of the ,christian gentleman2 but neither he nor she was fireproof when the time of trial came4 ,he loved ,ginevra before he knew it2 and she1 forsaken1 humiliated1 stung in her love and her wifely pride1 is thrown into his constant companionship1 not by her seeking1 but through one of those accidents to which women of her class and circumstances are liable every day4 ,she is grateful for ,gilbert's brotherly regard1 she admires his noble life and his sentiments1 so true1 so different from those of other men2 she is grateful to him for the frank rebuke which he spoke out at the ball when she was drifting she knew not whither4 ,step by step the friendship grows to a tenderer feeling1 and at last culminates in a love whose depth and power ,ginevra does not even suspect1 so gradual has been its development4 ,we tremble for her2 but even when we see her tottering blindfold on the edge of the abyss1 we feel certain she will never take the fatal plunge4 ,all this is depicted with infinite delicacy and rare psychological skill4 ,livia now reappears upon the scene as one of the visible forces that are guarding ,ginevra along the slippery road4 ,livia is one of the most striking and carefully drawn of the subordinate characters4 ,it is worth mentioning en passant that here1 as elsewhere1 ,mrs4 ,craven breaks boldly through the time-honored traditions of the ,catholic novelist4 ,the holier and more spiritual-minded her dramatis person1 the brighter1 more sympathetic and accessible they are4 ,stella1 the heroic friend in days of sorrow1 so gifted1 so beautiful1 so untainted with the spirit of the world where she lives and moves--,stella has the high animal spirits of a school-girl1 the glad heart--le sang joyeux1 as she herself calls it--of a happy child4 ,livia1 who in her father's home was pensive almost to melancholy1 the moment she embraces the austere rule of the cloister1 spending her days in the contemplation of heavenly things1 grows as merry as a lark4 ,joy is henceforth the keynote and regulator of her life2 we have no trace of the downcast face and solemn1 mournful voice that have hitherto been characteristic of pious people in novels4 ,no one pulls long faces here1 or whines or sighs1 except it may be those who have forsaken the fountain where true joy has its spring1 to drink of the poisoned waters of this world's pleasures1 of sin1 ambition1 or folly4 ,how winning1 too1 is ,livia's tender interest in the gay life of her brilliant young sister6 ,she has not closed her heart against the actors on the world's stage outside her convent gates1 but keeps her sympathies wide open to all life and all humanity beyond them4 8#8,gina mia1 you don't tell me everything1' she says one day that ,ginevra is conversing with her through the grating4 #8,is it that you think ,i take no interest in your life now8' 8#8,it is not only that1 ,livia1 but it is difficult to talk about such trivial1 foolish things in presence of these bars and looking at you as you stand behind them4' 8#8,nay1 it is always good for me to hear you and for you to talk to me1' replied ,livia4 #8,it is true that when ,aunt ,clelia comes here with her daughters1 ,i put on a severe countenance now and then1 and tell them pretty plainly what ,i think of the world2 ''' but ,i must say that my aunt bears me no malice for it1 for she counts on my vocation to get good husbands for ,mariuccia and ,teresina4''' ,she does not look upon me as 8jettatrice0 at all now1 ,i can tell you6' 8,she laughed so merrily as she spoke that ,i could not help exclaiming with envy and surprise3 8#8,livia1 how happy you are to be so gay6'0 ,the sense of humor1 so essential to preserve the balance in true mental power1 is not wanting in this story4 ,donna ,clelia is lightly and brightly touched4 ,she is everywhere true to herself2 self-important1 silly1 and good-natured1 she and her daughters are redeemed from hopeless vulgarity as much by their navet and naturalness as by the sheer inability of the author to depict vulgarity--a fact which we notice without comment1 leaving our readers to decide whether it be a merit or a fault4 ,donna ,clelia's intense satisfaction at being able to parade 8my niece1 the duchess0 is one of those touches that throw a character into striking relief4 ,her enthusiasm for the 8view0 from the baronessa's house1 where 8not a donkey-boy1 nor a cart1 nor a horse1 nor a man1 nor a woman could pass in the narrow street but you saw them so plainly you could tell the pattern of their clothes10 gives us the measure of her artistic perceptions1 while her raptures over the situation 8with the church on one side and the new theatre on the other ''' figurateir6 so that the baronessa can let herself into the church on the right1 and through a passage into her box in the theatre on the left10 is equally characteristic of the manners and minds of the society around her4 ,the description of the splendid pageant of the ,carnival1 passing under ,donna ,clelia's balcony1 is as spirited a bit of picturesque writing as we have come upon for a long time4 ,but we hurry on through these gay and vivid scenes1 impatient for the crisis that is at hand between ,gilbert and ,ginevra4 ,nothing1 so far1 had prepared our heroine for its approach4 8,apparently10 says ,ginevra1 8and in reality1 our intercourse was precisely what it had always been2 every word he said to me might have been said before the whole world4 ,i felt1 it is true1 that he spoke to me as he did not speak to any one else1 and ,i1 on my side1 spoke to no one as ,i did to him4 ,we were seldom alone1 but every evening1 in the drawing-room or on the terrace1 he managed to converse with me for a moment or two when no one was by4 ,he did not disguise from me that these stolen moments were to him the most enjoyable of the evening1 and ,i knew they were the same to me4 ,from time to time something indefinable in his voice1 in his glance1 even in his silence1 made me shudder as at some threat of danger4 ,but as he had never swerved by so much as a word from the position he had assumed towards me--that of a friend--my slumbering conscience did not awake60 ,the awakening1 however1 came at last4 ,the immediate occasion of it was an eruption of ,vesuvius1 which is described with a dramatic power worthy1 if possible1 of the sublime and terrible subject4 ,the mountain is on fire2 the lava streams forth from a rent in its side1 and1 strong and pitiless as fate1 flows on over vineyards and villages and smiling gardens1 spreading desolation before it4 ,ginevra1 with a large party of friends1 goes out to witness the magnificent spectacle from a safe eminence4 ,she and ,gilbert are thrown together and climb to the top of a hillock overlooking the scene of the conflagration4 ,the flames rose on all sides as in some vengeful apocalypse1 high1 fantastic1 awful4 ,ginevra could not take away her eyes from the sight1 but gazed on it as on some mysterious apparition that held her spell-bound4 ,at last she exclaimed3 8#8,this is truly la citt dolente6 ,we have before our eyes a faithful picture of the last day6' 8,gilbert did not answer4 ,he was a prey to some emotion more poignant than mine1 and1 in glancing towards him in the lurid glare of the fire1 ,i was frightened by the change in his features and their strange expression4 #8,would to heaven1' he muttered at last1 #8that it were so in reality1 and that the last day were come for me6 ,yes1 ,i wish ,i could die here1 on this spot1 near you and worthy of you6' 8,in spite of the appalling scene around us1 in spite of the roar of the detonations thundering above the dull noise of the lava1 the accent of his voice struck upon my ear1 and his words made my heart leap up with an emotion mingled with terror4 8#8,you are growing giddy1' ,i said1 and my voice trembled4 #8,take care2 the effect of looking long at this is sometimes to draw one on to the abyss4' 8#8,yes1 ,donna ,ginevra1' he replied in the same strange tone1 #8you are right2 ,i am giddy and ,i am walking on to the abyss4 ,i know it4 ,i exposed myself rashly2 ,i presumed too much on my strength4' 8,the look which he fixed upon me in pronouncing these words gave them a meaning which it was impossible to misunderstand4 ,it was no longer ,gilbert who was speaking to me2 it was no longer the man to whom ,i fancied ,i had granted only the safe privileges of a friend4 ,the bandage which ,i had wilfully placed upon my eyes fell off in an instant1 and1 in the sudden emotion which followed1 the sight of the roaring flames that encircled us1 the certain peril to which one step further would lead us1 appeared to me as the exact representation of the danger to which ,i had madly exposed my honor and my soul6 ,for one moment ,i covered my face with my hands1 not daring to utter a word4 ,at last ,i said in a voice of supplication3 8#8,monsieur de ,kergy1 cease to look upon the fire that surrounds us2 lift up your head and see how1 far above this hell1 the night is calm and beautiful6'''' ,gilbert's eyes followed mine and remained for some time fixed upon the peaceful stars1 that seemed1 indeed1 as far away from the terrible convulsion of nature as from that which was agitating our souls4 ,mine felt the need of a mighty help1 and ,i murmured in a low voice1 and with a fervor which had long been absent from my prayers3 #8,o my ,god6 have pity upon me4' ,a long silence ensued1 and then ,gilbert said in a voice that was low and tremulous3 8#8,will you forgive me1 madame8 ,will you trust yourself to me to lead you from this place8' 8#8,yes1 ,i will trust you1' ,i replied4 #8,but let us make haste to leave it1 for it is dangerous4'''' 8#8,do not fear1' he said in a tone that had resumed its wonted calmness2 #8we must make haste1 but the only danger would be if you were to become frightened4 ,give me your hand4' 8,he would have taken it1 but ,i hesitated and made an involuntary movement1 as if ,i meant to descend without his help4 8#8,in the name of ,heaven1' he said quickly1 and trembling with agitation1 #8don't refuse my assistance in this extremity6 ,you cannot do without it2 you must give me your hand6' 8,his voice was now almost imperious2 ,i gave him my hand1 and1 grasping his arm firmly with the other1 we descended the hill slowly together40 ,but although this first victory is the sure guarantee of the ultimate one1 ,ginevra has a fierce battle yet to fight4 ,perhaps it will be better that our cursory notice of the story should1 however1 end here1 and that we should leave our readers to discover the sequel for themselves3 how the same strong hand which held ,ginevra safe on the brink of the precipice led her faithfully through the peril1 and brought her back1 not only to the inward peace which follows every generous renunciation1 every conquest over self1 but how it finally won back her husband's love1 crowning them both with a joy such as they had never known in the days of their early happiness4 ,the fitness of ,lorenzo's punishment1 the wreck of his fortune through one passion and the vengeance brought upon his selfish pride by the other1 is worked out with a constructive art of no mean order4 ,the minor characters and their parts are carefully finished and satisfactorily disposed of4 ,livia to the last shines like a sweet1 pure star above the horizon of ,ginevra's stormy life1 pointing onwards and upwards with faithful hand1 never too strong for pity or too far removed for sympathy1 sorrowing with those who mourn1 rejoicing with those who rejoice4 ,her interview with ,ginevra after the fearful ordeal through which the latter has passed1 when she comes like one who has been 8saved1 but through fire10 to seek consolation in the peaceful atmosphere of the convent1 rises to a high degree of power4 ,we are strongly tempted to quote the scene between ,padre ,egidio and ,ginevra1 but it is almost too sacred to be made matter of critical comment1 and would lose1 moreover1 much in effect by being detached from the complete frame1 and especially from the crucial experiences which prepared ,ginevra's soul for that touch of the divine hand which healed and strengthened and uplifted her in one instant4 ,such an episode can only be appreciated in its proper place as part of a whole which justifies and glorifies it4 ,the close of the story is full of deep pathos4 ,it is significant that this novel1 which is recognized as the herald of a new era in ,catholic literature1 should have made its appearance at the same time in ,france and in ,america4 ,may we not venture to infer from the coincidence that ,america1 in harmony with sound ,catholic teaching1 placing greater confidence in human nature1 may aid in redeeming ,catholic ,english fiction1 and prove to the world that the faith does not paralyze the imagination1 but elevates it2 leaving the novelist at liberty to deal with the deepest problems of life1 to disport himself freely in the wide realms of fancy1 nature1 and the world1 and1 guided and enlightened by the ,spirit of truth1 to grasp with a firm hand and turn to the best account all those things that come within the scope and province of art8 #fi ,le ,mot de l',enigme--,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,by ,madame ,craven4 ,translated by permission4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 #gj 8,for life1 is too short60 #ga 8,beatrice gazed upwards1 and ,i on her did gaze40 --,,dante4 ,,charitas ,,pirkheimer4#gb 8,good and evil fortune are to a brave man as his right hand and his left3 he uses either equally well40--,saying of ,s4 ,catherine of ,sienna4 ,charitas ,pirkheimer1 the eldest daughter of ,john ,pirkheimer and ,barbara ,lffelholz1 was born on the #bast of ,march1 #adff4 ,her family was a distinguished one in the annals of ,nuremberg1 her native town1 one of those old free cities of ,germany whose burghers1 as neas ,sylvius1 afterwards ,pope ,pius ,,ii41 once said1 were better lodged and more daintily fed than the kings of ,scotland4 ,among the citizens of ,nuremberg there was a kind of prescriptive aristocracy or patriciate composed of those families technically called 8,rathsfhig0--that is1 capable of being elected members of the ruling body or council of the little republic4 ,of those whose names occur again and again in this history one of the most ancient was that of the ,pirkheimer1 who1 for at least a hundred and fifty years before the birth of ,charitas1 had been celebrated for their learning1 piety1 and statesmanship4 ,upright and honorable in their private life1 as well as in the execution of their public trusts1 they were looked up to by all1 and their women no less than their men were distinguished for strength of character1 love of learning1 and solid1 enlightened piety4 ,nuremberg was at that time a centre of art and letters4 ,her youths went to ,italy and studied at the old universities of ,padua and ,bologna1 whence they brought back the prevailing enthusiasm for classical lore2 the new art of printing had found in her citizens discerning patrons2 the streets were full of the beautiful houses of the rich merchants2 churches and monasteries adorned with treasures of sacred art abounded1 as even to this day the passing tourist can see2 ,albert ,drer1 ,adam ,krafft1 and ,peter ,vischer made their native city known far and wide in the world of art2 while ,regiomontanus drew his astronomical instruments from ,nuremberg and published his works there1 and his disciple1 ,martin ,behaim1 a ,nuremberger by birth1 discovered the sea-route to the ,east ,indies4 ,literature was even more firmly established1 and ,john ,pirkheimer himself instituted a sort of academy after the model of those of the ,italian princes4 ,wilibald1 his only son and the last of his name1 continued his work and became famous as the friend or patron of nearly all the renowned men of learning of his time4 ,among these refining influences ,charitas grew up1 and early showed her enthusiasm for 8polite0 studies4 ,the historians of ,nuremberg1 ,ltzelberger and ,dr4 ,lochner1 both ,protestants1 have left high testimony of the breadth of her intellect and the great consideration in which she was held by men of all parties4 ,the latter calls her 8a gifted1 enlightened1 pious1 and prudent woman1 who has conferred lasting honor on the ,convent of ,st4 ,clare10 and who 8deserves a high degree of respect for the firmness and dignity with which she withstood the storm of the ,reformation1 which to her and her community was a sorrowful event40 ,ltzelberger1 in a lecture delivered at ,nuremberg1 said to his ,protestant audience3 8,the ,reformation was a deep grief to her pious heart1 accustomed as it was to the gentle amenities of convent life1 and1 if we would judge her aright1 we must put ourselves entirely in her circumstances4 ,but this done1 she will appear to us peculiarly worthy of respect and consideration as a gifted and conscientious opponent of the new religion4''' ,both by speech and in writing did she oppose all attempts to convert her2 and even if we differ from her1 we cannot but admire her earnest conviction1 her prudence and understanding1 and especially the patience which she added to her other virtues40 ,her father1 ,john1 was at the time of her birth a doctor of civil law 7the degree had been conferred at the ,university of ,padua71 and was shortly after called to the service of the ,bishop of ,eichstdt1 ,william of ,reichenau1 as counsellor1 in which capacity he also for some years served the ,duke of ,bavaria and the ,archduke of ,austria at their respective courts at ,munich and ,innsbrck4 ,he was also often sent as envoy and representative to other courts1 after which services he returned to his native city and died there1 a member of the council4 ,of his seven daughters only one married--,juliana1 the youngest2 the rest all took the veil4 ,charitas and ,clara were joined in a lifelong friendship in the ,convent of ,st4 ,clare in ,nuremberg4 ,by all accounts the former seems to have entered the convent at the age of twelve1 whether as a novice or a scholar we are not told4 ,the convent had existed as a ,clarist institution for two hundred years1 when some nuns of ,sflingen1 near ,ulm1 had introduced the ,franciscan rule2 but the building1 which was several centuries old1 had been tenanted before by a community of ,sisters of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen4 ,all the nuns1 with very few exceptions1 were ,nurembergers by birth and descent 7this was a condition of their admittance72 and as each generation of every illustrious family was represented by one or two members1 the convent had become peculiarly a cherished local institution1 whose welfare was closely connected with that of the town4 ,one of the council was charged with its temporal concerns1 and gifts and bequests were often made to it by the citizens4 ,it was also the school where the young girls of patrician family were mostly educated4 ,a model of strict observance and reformed rule1 it was under the spiritual direction of the barefooted ,franciscans1 who1 in the middle of the fifteenth century1 under the protection of ,pope ,eugenius ,,iv41 had1 in a time when discipline was relaxed in many of the houses of their order1 taken up their abode in ,nuremberg and put things upon the old ascetic footing ruled by the great reforming saint1 ,francis of ,assisi4 ,apollonia ,tucher was ,charitas' best and dearest friend4 ,they lived together more than fifty years1 and died within a few months of each other4 ,through her ,charitas also learnt to know and appreciate ,sixtus ,tucher1 her cousin1 the provost of ,st4 ,lawrence1 also a prominent man in those days4 ,apollonia was at that time prioress and ,charitas a teacher in the convent school4 ,the provost kept up a regular correspondence with the two nuns1 of which unfortunately one part has been lost2 but all his letters are preserved1 and were first translated into ,german by his nephew1 ,christopher ,scheurl1 and dedicated to a successor of his at ,st4 ,lawrence--,provost ,george ,behaim4 ,his advice to ,charitas and her friend was a great boon1 and now and then he would send little presents1 such as gilt lanterns for the church1 which he always accompanied by some symbolical warning4 ,among other things1 he once reminded them that the convent life alone was not enough to save their souls4 8,there is no other way to deserve the eternal ,fatherland10 he says1 8but by industriously keeping all ,god's commandments40 ,he also furnished them with books1 a ,commentary on the ,liturgical ,hymns and ,sequences1 #adid1 and #aejf1 and the ,discourse of ,st4 ,augustine on the ,siege of ,hippo4 ,this was sent apropos of a siege in #aejb which ,nuremberg suffered at the hands of the ,margrave ,casimir1 and during which three hundred brave and noted burghers1 all heads of families1 lost their lives4 ,on the occasion of her father's death1 in #aeja1 he writes to ,charitas3 8,therefore we must not sorrow when a man has deserved to return from a strange land to his own country1 from an inn to his own house1 from work to rest1 from death to life1 from time to eternity1 and especially when he has1 by a blessed exchange1 accumulated many good works2 for we are all like unto merchants sent into this pilgrimage of earth1 that with temporal goods we may buy and win eternal life40 ,this learned and holy man died at the age of forty-six1 in #aejg1 but not before he had seen his friend ,charitas chosen abbess of ,st4 ,clare4 ,she was only thirty-eight1 but her strength of character made the choice unanimous2 and if the nuns could have foreseen what a stormy time they would soon have to tide over1 they would have congratulated themselves still more on their good sense in electing her4 ,from henceforth she was the heart and soul of the convent3 the nuns looked to her for advice1 support1 and comfort2 the council saw in her a distinguished1 learned1 and enlightened countrywoman1 the example not only of her own community1 but of those in the neighborhood who followed her lead4 ,one of the first events that marked her rule was the attack of the plague which visited ,nuremberg in #aeje and laid low one of her own spiritual family4 ,she insisted upon nursing the sick nun1 notwithstanding the remonstrances of her anxious sisters1 and was rewarded by the recovery of the patient4 ,in those years of peace and prosperity the convent fully vindicated its claim to being a house of happy labor4 ,besides the instruction given to the young girls of the city1 the nuns were occupied in various artistic works1 such as illumination1 copying1 and embroidery4 ,their particular industry was the manufacture of carpets and tapestries for hangings4 ,they fulfilled orders for public and civic buildings1 as well as for private families1 and once the town council gave the imperial regalia into their hands for putting in order for the coronation of ,charles ,v4 at ,aix-la-,chapelle4 ,nuremberg had the care of these venerated garments1 and was jealous of its reputation2 so that the nuns felt a high responsibility in being allowed to handle and repair such treasures4 ,they carefully mended and re-embroidered the white dalmatic1 and lined other pieces of the imperial dress1 until they were fit to do honor to the care of the city of ,nuremberg4 ,the convent had also a library of some note for that time1 the ,scriptures and the fathers of the church forming the principal part of it4 ,charitas' favorite among the latter was ,st4 ,jerome4 ,she was solicitous concerning the daily reading of the ,scriptures1 both in ,latin and in ,german1 which was done in common as well as in private--a fact which she brought to her own defence in the evil days that followed4 ,she might truly say that she stood on evangelical ground2 for1 as she wrote to the learned but scarcely ,christian ,celtes1 she saw in ,scripture the 8field of the ,lord1 whence learning must draw the kernel from the shell1 the spirit from the letter1 oil from the rock1 and blossoms from the thorn40 ,she had much to do also to manage the temporal concerns of her house4 ,the town demanded a yearly account of her stewardship2 and in every report made by the council on her administration there is nothing but praise and recognition of her business talents4 ,she corresponded with a circle of lettered friends whom she knew through her brother ,wilibald1 and these literary friendships form one of the most interesting phases of her life4 ,conspicuous among her friends was her brother himself1 the friend of ,albert ,drer1 who has left us a portrait of him1 the correspondent of ,erasmus1 the polished man of letters1 the scholar of two ,italian universities1 for some time the head of the council of the republic1 and the leader of the ,nuremberg contingent in the war with ,switzerland 7#adii74 ,this last office he held when he was only twenty-nine1 and he afterwards became the historian of the war4 ,when the first beginnings of the ,reformation disturbed and excited all thoughtful minds in ,germany1 he looked upon them as simple moral reforms1 a renewal of ancient fervor and discipline4 ,but as the true nature of the changes heralded by ,luther broke upon him1 he separated himself from the movement and rallied to the side of the church doctrines so ruthlessly attacked4 ,he proved a great support to his sister in the days when the convent was under the ban of the triumphant ,reformers of ,nuremberg1 and his opinion of the classical studies which some of the atheistic literati would fain have exalted as the only learning fit for civilized men was clearly expressed in these words3 8,it is not my belief that ,christian knowledge is incomplete without heathen literature4 ,god forbid6 ,divine ,wisdom needs no human inventions1 and it is possible to attain to the highest point of theology without the help of ,plato and ,aristotle40 ,wilibald was accustomed to write to his sister in ,latin1 as ,sixtus ,tucher also did1 and ,charitas' style1 notwithstanding her lowly opinion of her own proficiency1 was such as to do honor to her education4 ,he often sent her presents of books--for instance1 the ,hymns of ,prudentius1 the ,christian poet1 and some writings of her favorite doctor1 ,st4 ,jerome4 ,later on he dedicated to her the works of ,fulgentius1 which he had edited4 ,both ,charitas and her sister ,clara were great admirers of ,erasmus and diligently read his ,german translation of the ,new ,testament 7in #aeaf71 as well as some works of the famous scholar ,reuchlin 7#aebj74 ,to the former ,charitas excused herself from writing 8on account of her bad ,latin10 but sent him many complimentary messages through her brother1 and both he and ,reuchlin spoke of her in high terms in their letters to ,wilibald4 ,clara also was marvellously fond of books1 and playfully told her brother that there was nothing she envied out of her convent except his library4 ,the women of the ,pirkheimer family all seem to have been distinguished for their love of art and books4 ,catherine1 ,charitas' niece1 was almost a transcript of her aunt and showed a wonderful strength of character4 ,the abbess' married nieces were earnest and generous women1 a great support to the convent in the evil days that followed2 and her sister ,sabina1 the abbess of a ,benedictine monastery on the ,danube1 was a patroness of sacred art1 the friend of ,drer1 who sent her designs for her illuminations and took great interest in the school of miniature-painting established in her community4 ,celtes was one of ,charitas' correspondents1 and dedicated to her his compilation of the works of ,roswitha1 the poet-nun of ,gandersheim in the tenth century4 ,on the occasion of his being attacked by robbers she writes him a letter of condolence1 in which1 in the style of the day1 she alludes to 8the precious treasure of true wisdom1 which is the noblest and only possession wherein consolation may be found02 but at another time she thinks it due to her conscience to speak to him of a higher wisdom1 and says3 8,your worthiness1 of which ,i am a humble follower1 will pardon me for being also a lover of your salvation1 and therefore do ,i beseech you from my heart1 not1 indeed1 to give up worldly knowledge1 but to add to it that higher one which will lift you from the writings of the heathen to the sacred books1 from the earthly to the heavenly1 from the creature to the ,creator4 ,for although no kind of knowledge or experience ordained of ,god is to be despised1 yet a virtuous life and the study of theology is to be considered above everything2 for man's mind is weak and may err1 but true faith and a good conscience can never err40 ,christopher ,scheurl1 a clever jurist and called the ,cicero of ,nuremberg1 who had learnt letters at the ,university of ,bologna1 dedicated his book on 8,the ,use of the ,mass0 7,utilitates ,miss7 to ,charitas1 and sent it to her from ,bologna1 where it was printed in #aejf1 through his uncle1 ,sixtus ,tucher4 ,in his dedication ,scheurl says that in all his life he has only known two women--the pious ,cassandra of ,venice and ,charitas of ,nuremberg--who 8for their gifts of mind and fortune1 their knowledge and high station1 their beauty and their prudence1 could be compared to ,cornelia1 the mother of the ,gracchi1 and to the daughters of ,llius and ,hortensius40 ,he praises her that1 following the example of her illustrious ancestors1 she has preferred 8the book to the wool and the pen to the spindle10 and proved her high degree of mental culture by such remarkable letters as he had seen and received4 ,albert ,drer was also often in communication with the sister of his friend ,wilibald4 ,he1 with the administrator of the convent1 ,kaspar ,ntzel1 and another companion1 had gone in #aeah to the ,reichstag at ,augsburg1 where the painter was to take the old ,emperor ,maximilian's portrait4 ,they wrote her a joint account of their doings there1 which she received in the same jesting spirit as it was written2 for she says she 8cried for laughing0 when she read it4 ,she also touches on the political questions of the day1 and playfully gives them each his lesson to learn in ,augsburg4 ,the convent administrator was to admire in the ,swabian ,confederation 8an example of strict observance02 the secretary of the council1 ,lazarus ,spengler1 was to observe 8the apostolical life in common0 of the members2 and the painter to take note of the fine buildings for which ,augsburg was famous1 in case they might some day want good designs for the rebuilding of the convent choir4 ,she also bade them not to forget the 8little gray wolf0 among the stately black and white habits of the religious of ,augsburg 7her nuns wore a gray habit71 and alluded to the three men as the captive 8sand-hares0--a name given to the burghers of ,nuremberg1 first in scorn1 but now become a mere jest4 ,charitas' mind was like a diamond of many facets2 she was no angular1 sour ascetic1 narrow in her sympathies and petrified in her prejudices1 but a genuine1 warm-hearted woman1 with as much love for innocent mirth on the one hand as for the widest researches of learning on the other4 ,with her the words of her contemporary1 ,abbot ,trithemius1 were true--8,to know is to love0--and her affection for her own family1 no less than her appreciation of the intellectual movement of the age1 is shown in her voluminous correspondence4 ,she and her brother often exchanged little simple domestic presents1 and she delighted to send him sweetmeats1 preserves1 and cakes made in the convent1 often with her own or her nieces' hands4 ,but she was not destined to end her life in these pleasant and peaceful interchanges of friendship4 ,the storm was brewing1 and the 8new learning10 or new doctrine1 as it was called1 was beginning to take formidable proportions and go far beyond the needed reforms which ,pope ,adrian ,,vi41 one of the noblest men who ever sat in the apostolic chair1 so anxiously recommended to the nuncio ,chieregati on the occasion of the ,reichstag at ,nuremberg in #aebb4 ,charitas grieved to see holy things indiscriminately attacked1 often with unworthy motives cloaked by the convenient plea of conscience and zeal for the ,gospel1 and grieved still more to hear no voice among her learned friends raised in defence of all she held dear4 ,at last1 however1 ,jerome ,emser1 licentiate of canon law at ,leipsic1 and private secretary of ,duke ,george of ,saxony1 published a masterly defence of the old faith1 and ,charitas eagerly read it through and caused it to be read aloud to the nuns during meals4 ,the sisters and the abbess of the ,convent of ,st4 ,clare at ,eger1 who had sent her ,emser's writings1 begged her to acknowledge them in a letter to the author1 which she accordingly did1 writing in fervent1 unconstrained terms and thanking him in the name of her sixty sisters and all other convents of her order4 ,but this letter fell into other hands1 and in a distorted1 mutilated shape1 and accompanied by a malicious commentary on its sentiments and motives1 was published by an enemy of ,emser and ,charitas4 ,even her brother ,wilibald1 who had not yet seen through the real motives of the ,reformers1 was vexed at her taking part in the fray1 and told her she had better have held her tongue4 ,this was the beginning of a teasing persecution of pin-pricks which gradually became serious and well-nigh insupportable as years went on4 ,her brother1 when he had fully rallied to the ,catholic party1 had left the council and could be of little practical use to his sister1 while the majority of the council were decidedly hostile4 ,the convent's administrator especially used his station and authority only to torment the poor nuns4 ,charitas at this time began to keep a diary1 of which her biographer has made good use4 ,dr4 ,lochner1 the historian of ,nuremberg1 recognizes that many evil deeds were done in the name of religion2 and as to the case of the ,convent of ,st4 ,clare1 he says that 8it was the victim of that force which at many times clothes itself in the garb of a moral and divine reform1 without being any the less mere force1 the right of the strongest40 ,in #aebd ,charitas says3 8,there came to the convent many strangers1 men and women1 but especially the latter1 to tell the nuns the new things that were being taught from the pulpit1 and to represent to them what a #8damnable' state was that of the religious life1 and how impossible it was for them to be saved in the cloister1 adding most unceremoniously that nuns were all the devil's creatures4 ,many citizens spoke threateningly of withdrawing their relatives from the convent1 whether the persons in question wished it or no40 ,as may be supposed1 these attacks made no impression on the sisters2 but the town council1 ready enough now to seize upon any pretext1 ascribed their steadfastness to the influence of their spiritual directors1 the ,franciscans1 and ordered the convent to be put under the control of the new preachers4 ,charitas immediately drew up a petition1 which was approved by the community1 in which she represented to ,kaspar ,ntzel1 the administrator1 that this was the first time for forty-five years that she had seen her sisterhood in grief1 and went on to beseech him1 as he had always been her friend and supporter in temporal matters1 so1 now that she required his help more than ever1 he would not fail her in this spiritual distress4 ,she likewise wrote to ,jerome ,ebner1 another of the highest dignitaries of the council1 whose daughter ,katharine was one of her community2 and to ,martin ,geuder1 her brother-in-law1 to whom she touchingly appealed on the ground of the innocence and evangelical character of the community4 8,i beg of you10 she says1 8do not allow yourself to be persuaded by those who untruly say that the clear word of ,god is hidden from us2 for1 by the grace of ,god1 this is not so4 ,we have the ,old and ,new ,testaments here as well as you who are out in the world2 we read it day and night1 at meals1 in the choir1 in ,latin and in ,german1 in common and in private4 ,by ,god's grace we know well the holy ,gospels and ,st4 ,paul's ,epistles1 but still ,i think he is more praiseworthy who fulfils the ,gospel's precepts in his actions than he who has them always on his lips1 but does not act up to them40 ,she continues3 8,we desire to be no burden or offence to any one2 but if any one can point out an abuse1 let him do so1 and we will gladly reform it4 ,for we acknowledge ourselves to be weak creatures1 who may go easily astray1 and who do not dare to take pleasure in good works4 ,we only ask that no one shall do us wrong and violence1 and that we shall not be forced to do that which we consider a disgrace and against our eternal salvation40 ,charitas' former petition to ,ntzel was now supplemented by a more formal petition of the convent1 addressed to the town council4 ,she protested against the violent change meditated1 and repelled the idea of submitting to spiritual directors imposed by the republic2 she asked the councillors why they should object to a few women voluntarily living in common1 and besought them not to root up a time-honored institution which was so intimately connected with the annals of their native city4 ,part of the council was decidedly in favor of less violent measures1 and by the advice of these members the intrusion of ,lutheran directors was put off for a time and affairs left to take their own course2 but the lull was but momentary4 ,people still besieged the convent1 threatening its inmates and disseminating scandalous rumors in the town1 and the poor nuns lived in daily fear of some outbreak4 ,this was in the ,advent of #aebd1 and in ,march1 #aebe1 the storm broke loose again4 ,one of those frequent and useless disputations on the subject of religion which made such a characteristic feature of the sixteenth-century movement took place at ,nuremberg at the beginning of ,march4 ,eight religious of the ,carmelite1 ,franciscan1 and ,dominican orders took the ,catholic side against seven preachers of the ,lutheran doctrines 7among them the famous ,osiander7 under the leadership of the prior of the ,augustinians at ,nuremberg4 ,the debate lasted for eleven days1 or five sessions1 without any shadow of an accommodation appearing possible1 and at the sixth session the ,catholic doctors gave in a written statement to the effect that the affair had become a discussion such as by imperial mandate was strictly forbidden1 and that1 as there was no impartial judgment to be looked for1 the presidents of the colloquium being known adherents of the new doctrines1 they thought it best to retire from the useless conflict4 ,the council1 however1 had attained its end1 and prepared an opportunity for formally introducing the new religion into the republic4 ,the convents and monasteries were ordered to give up their rule and the members to enter the world again4 ,four of the male communities did as they were bid2 the ,dominicans and ,franciscans still refused to comply4 ,the former were compelled to leave in #aedc1 and the latter stood their ground till the last brother died4 ,they were1 however1 forbidden to preach and hear confessions1 and the direction of both convents of women1 ,st4 ,clare and ,st4 ,catherine1 was taken from them4 ,the first open attack on ,st4 ,clare was made five days after the religious disputation1 on the #aith of ,march1 #aebe4 ,a deputation from the council demanded admittance into the interior of the convent1 and1 though ,charitas pleaded the 8enclosure0 and offered to gather the community at the grated window through which it was customary to speak with strangers and men1 she was forced to accede to their demand and admit the councillors into the winter refectory4 ,the two representatives began with a honeyed address1 telling the assembled nuns that1 now the light of the ,gospel was fully manifested in the city1 it were a shame that they alone should be denied the privilege of seeing it4 ,therefore a learned and distinguished preacher1 ,herr ,poliander1 of ,wrzburg1 would impart to them this knowledge1 and1 the ,franciscans being removed1 the council would provide the nuns with suitable confessors4 ,the abbess heard them out1 and then retorted that her nuns were well stored with ,gospel knowledge1 which had been clearly preached to them before1 and that the connection between their order and the ,franciscans was of long date and authorized by papal and imperial decrees1 but that1 if they were to suffer violence in this matter1 ,god and their conscience urged them to declare that it was so1 and that they protested against such violence being used4 ,the councillors said that1 since they objected to secular#gc priests as confessors1 they might choose one of the ,augustinians 7who had apostatized71 since they too were 8religious40 ,but ,charitas answered3 8,if we are to have religious1 why not leave us the ,franciscans8 ,we know and honor them and have had long experience of them2 but as to the order you name1 we also know how lax its discipline has grown40 8,nay10 said the councillors1 8you will soon not have that to complain of2 for these brothers will doff their cowls and enter into another state40 ,to which the abbess replied3 8,that is no comfort to us4 ,they could only teach us to follow their example2 and as they have taken to themselves wives1 they would have us take husbands4 ,god forbid60 ,the useless conversation was carried on some time longer1 and on ,charitas asking the reason why the council so oppressed her sisterhood1 and whether they had committed any offence1 the councillors were forced to allow that the 8council knew of no offence or abuse on their part1 but1 on the contrary1 only of honor1 diligence1 and modesty10 but that in other communities it was not always so1 and the new laws must be enforced everywhere alike4 ,the very next day ,poliander1 the ,lutheran preacher1 came for the first time to preach to the reluctant nuns1 while on the #bast of ,march the ,franciscans were allowed to pay their charges a farewell visit1 administer the sacraments1 say ,mass1 and preach4 ,this was the last time the nuns enjoyed these holy privileges2 henceforward the dying were deprived of the ,viaticum and ,extreme ,unction1 and ,mass was no longer said in the convent chapel4 ,on the #bbnd ,charitas assembled a chapter of her nuns1 which decided on presenting a second petition to the council1 and the abbess sent to ask ,kaspar ,ntzel to come in person to the convent4 ,he consented and sent her a friendly message1 but it was clear he expected submission4 ,he came and set before the community the advantages of gracefully giving way and the evil they would entail on themselves by resistance2 but ,charitas answered to the point3 that1 although he had spoken in friendly terms1 he had not mentioned the real subject of the dispute--i4e41 the question of who should be the convent's spiritual directors4 8,we see10 she said1 8that every means is being used to drive us to accept the new doctrines1 but until the whole church accepts them neither will we4 ,nothing will part us from the fellowship of the universal church nor from the vows we have vowed unto ,god40 ,she then offered to let the administrator ask each nun her opinion separately during her own absence2 but ,ntzel saw that this would be useless1 and even refused to take the petition1 whereupon the abbess read it aloud before him4 ,the gist of it was contained in the prayer that1 in the name of the ,gospel-freedom which the times had so extolled1 no violence should be done to the consciences of the nuns4 ,they begged also that if their confessor was taken from them1 at least no one should be imposed upon them in his place4 ,but it was evidently in vain1 although ,ntzel reluctantly pledged himself to represent their case to the council4 ,before he left the convent1 however1 he attempted to cajole the abbess out of her firm resistance to his wishes1 and1 taking her aside1 begged her to put her authority and influence on his side1 telling her that she might personally do much to prevent even bloodshed1 and that1 if he could only win her over1 he would think himself sure of the city and the neighborhood4 ,indeed1 many pinned their faith to her steadfastness and looked to her example for support in their own temptations4 ,but neither flattery nor threats could win her over1 nor even the hint that by her obstinacy she would confirm others in contumacy1 and bring upon her native town the vengeance of the peasants who had risen in arms against the ,catholics4 ,to this she answered calmly that it was well known that the peasants had risen because1 in the midst of this new preaching of fraternity and evangelical freedom1 they saw a way to abolish the custom of vassalage1 and meant forcibly to possess themselves of that which their richer brethren were so glibly prating of in theory4 ,as the second petition had remained without effect1 ,charitas drew up a third1 a model of clearness and logic4 ,quoting ,st4 ,paul1 she said1 8,i can do all things in ,him who is my strength10 and she again assured the council that nothing would drive the sisters out of the church4 ,this paper was signed by all the nuns4 ,she also asked through ,ntzel for a secular priest1 a holy man of the name of ,schrter1 for a confessor1 since the council was determined that the ,franciscans should no longer serve the convent2 but this prayer was also refused4 ,things grew worse and worse4 ,poliander preached vile and opprobrious sermons to the poor nuns1 upbraiding and accusing them2 and when he left ,wrzburg1 two others1 ,schleussner and ,osiander1 succeeded him and preached regularly three times a week in the chapel4 ,a sharp and degrading watch was kept over the nuns1 as the council suspected them of stopping their ears with cotton-wool or exercising other petty devices to escape the words of the distasteful sermons4 ,this continued throughout ,lent1 and the violence of the preachers inflaming the passions of the people1 the nuns lived in daily fear of seeing the latter put into execution their frequent threat of burning down the convent4 ,the serving-girls could hardly go out of the house in safety to purchase provisions1 and the friends of the nuns had to use all manner of subterfuges to be able to visit them in peace1 while every knock at the door frightened the poor women as if it heralded their doom4 ,but worse was yet to come4 ,on the #gth of ,june three of the councillors1 ,frer1 ,pfinzing1 and ,imhof1 visited the convent and laid before the nuns five propositions with which the council demanded instant compliance3 an inventory was to be taken of all the convent possessions1 a laxer rule introduced1 the religious dress laid aside1 the grated window replaced by a common one of glass1 and free permission granted to every nun to leave if she chose1 taking with her whatever dowry she had brought to the convent1 or a suitable remuneration for the services done during her stay there4 ,charitas wisely showed a disposition to yield in minor matters1 in which she knew that the council would find means at any rate to force her compliance1 but on the matter of the religious vows she stood firm1 answering3 8,in so far as my sisters owe me any personal obedience and consideration1 ,i am ready to forgive them the debt1 but ,i cannot absolve them from vows vowed unto the ,lord2 for what are we poor creatures that we should lay hands on the things that are ,god's80 ,the council allowed her four weeks to make up her mind to these changes1 and promised1 in case of compliance1 to protect the convent2 but if these conditions were resisted1 neither the house nor the nuns would be either protected or supported4 ,charitas called a chapter together and announced her determination to have nothing to do with an 8open convent10 at the same time asking the sisters' opinion on the council's proposal4 ,the nuns unanimously 7there were nearly sixty of them7 declared that they did not wish to be 8made free0 after the council's pattern of freedom2 they meant to keep to their vows and maintain their rule1 and begged the abbess not to forsake them4 ,she then swore to stand by them as long as they would stand by their vows1 and exhorted them to steadfast courage and fervent prayer4 ,her friends in the council1 seeing that their influence was too weak to help the convent1 advised her to consent to the lesser propositions1 and accordingly the inventory was quietly made and handed over to the authorities2 the grating was taken down1 and1 at ,wilibald ,pirkheimer's suggestion1 some part of the nuns' habit was dyed black and assumed only at the parlor window and in the gardens1 while in the private parts of the house the usual gray garb was worn4 ,but the nuns steadfastly refused to change the rule or to consider themselves absolved from their vows1 and1 unless they were to be forcibly ejected from the convent1 there was no possibility of carrying out these two important changes4 ,but the council was prepared for anything1 and soon even this last violent act was publicly enforced4 ,dame ,ursula ,tetzel had already tried some months before1 with the help of her brothers1 to get her daughter ,margaret1 who had been for nine years in the convent1 to leave it and come home2 but the girl herself vigorously resisted the attempt1 and ,charitas represented it to the mother as an infringement of the rights of the convent4 ,things had marched rapidly enough since then to enable ,dame ,tetzel to renew the attempt with more certainty of success2 and accordingly she1 with the wives of the two councillors1 ,ebner and ,ntzel1 who had each a daughter in the convent1 determined to take their children home at all hazards4 ,they gave the nuns a week's notice1 and on the #adth of ,june appeared with a number of their male relations in two large conveyances or wagons4 ,a great crowd had collected round the convent door1 and a considerable excitement prevailed2 the street and the churchyard were full4 ,charitas1 on her side1 had requested two of the councillors1 ,pfinzing and ,imhof1 to be present as witnesses of the disgraceful scene she foresaw4 ,the young nuns1 respectively nineteen1 twenty1 and twenty-three years old1 fell on their knees before the abbess1 weeping and entreating her not to let them be taken away4 ,they even wished to hide themselves2 but this1 of course1 ,charitas forbade and led the girls with her to the chapel where they had taken their vows4 ,she prayed and wept with them1 and hesitated taking them over the threshold into the presence of their mothers2 but the latter came into the chapel and violently upbraided their children1 who with tears piteously begged to be left alone4 ,katharine ,ebner especially spoke in eloquent tones for more than an hour1 and1 as the councillors afterwards said1 8,she spoke no word that was weak or useless1 but talked with such force and cogency that every word weighed a pound40 ,her mother stormed1 and ,held1 the brother of ,dame ,ntzel1 threatened her 8like an executioner10 but ,katharine continued speaking in her own behalf and that of her friends3 8,here will ,i stand and not move one step2 and if you employ force1 ,i will complain to ,god in heaven and every man upon earth40 ,she was rudely dragged forward1 but1 stretching her arms towards the abbess1 cried out3 8,dear mother1 do not let me be driven away from you60 ,four persons1 however1 seized hold of her1 and amid loud cries on all sides she was dragged over the threshold of the chapel1 where she and ,margaret ,tetzel fell over each other1 the latter having her foot crushed in the crowd4 ,dame ,ebner followed her daughter with angry threats1 telling her that if she did not go willingly she would fling her down the stairs and break her head on the pavement below4 ,at last poor ,charitas could stand it no longer and took refuge in her cell1 while the councillors who had witnessed the scene declared that1 had they foreseen such a sad sight1 they would not have come for a world of money1 and never again would they lend the sanction of their presence to such violent proceedings4 ,the poor young nuns were put in the wagons and driven away1 but they still cried out to the crowd that they were suffering violence and demanded to be taken back to their convent4 ,dame ,ebner got so incensed that she struck her daughter on the mouth1 and the poor girl bled all the way home4 ,there were many in the crowd who cried 8,shame60 and would gladly1 had they dared1 have attempted a rescue1 but the strong hand of the 8trained bands0 of ,nuremberg was not to be defied in vain4 ,charitas never saw her spiritual children again1 but she heard from time to time that they were still unchanged in their feelings4 ,clara ,ntzel ate nothing for four days after she was taken away1 and day and night cried to be taken back again4 ,this scene of violence made a great stir at the time and awakened much sympathy for the convent1 and at least it had this good effect3 that no more forcible abductions were attempted4 ,some time later one nun1 ,anna ,schwarz1 whose sisters had left the other convent of ,nuremberg1 ,st4 ,catherine1 left ,st4 ,clare of her own accord2 she was the only one who voluntarily gave up her vows4 ,in this case1 however1 her mother was not well pleased and by no means urged her to leave4 ,the community was now reduced to fifty-one members1 and of these none henceforward left the convent1 unless by the call of ,god to a better and more peaceful life4 ,in the following autumn ,melanchthon visited ,nuremberg1 and1 though their views now differed1 his friendship with ,pirkheimer was not weakened4 ,he inquired into the state of affairs1 and1 together with the administrator1 ,ntzel1 visited the convent and had a long conversation with the abbess4 ,she says in her diary3 8,he was more gentle and discreet in his speech than any of the new teachers ,i have met before02 and1 indeed1 she had long had the greatest esteem for the young and ripe ,greek scholar4 8,he spoke much of the new doctrines10 she continues2 8but when ,i told him that we did not place our hope in our own works1 but solely in the grace of ,god1 he replied that in that case we might be saved in the cloister quite as well as in the world4 ,indeed1 we agreed in the main on all points1 except concerning the vows1 which he holds not to be binding1 but yet strongly disapproved of the violence that had been done to the nuns to force them to give up their vows4 ,he took leave of us in a very friendly manner1 and afterwards strongly reproved the administrator and the other councillors for having forbidden the ,franciscans to celebrate divine service at ,st4 ,clare1 and having dragged the children out of the convent against their will2 indeed1 he told them that1 between themselves1 he considered that therein they had committed a grievous sin40 ,charitas dated from his visit a quieter state of things and the cessation of many petty persecutions on the part of ,kaspar ,ntzel4 ,she says of ,melanchthon in her diary3 8,i hope ,god sent this man to us at the right time2 '''0 and later in a letter she writes thus of the administrator3 8,would to ,god every one were as discreet as ,master ,philip2 we might then hope to be rid of many things that are very vexatious40 ,although the three young nuns were not restored to the convent1 their parents1 smarting under the many insinuations made against their conduct1 conveyed to the abbess1 through ,sigismund ,frer and ,leonard ,tucher1 a formal acknowledgment of their satisfaction at the 8manner in which the girls had been brought up and their health cared for02 while the two men added of their own accord that as to the girls they must tell the truth--i4e41 that if it depended upon them1 they would be back at the convent before evening4 ,kaspar ,ntzel himself said the same thing to the abbess1 thanking her for the care bestowed on his daughter's physical and moral well-being1 and acknowledging himself indebted to the convent for this favor4 ,but1 better than this1 he soon wrote a letter in which he distinctly stated that he regretted having several times 8overstepped his legitimate authority in his attempts to convert her to the new doctrines10 and promised that in future he would attend with peculiar zeal at least to the temporal concerns of the convent4 ,their possessions had1 however1 been so curtailed during these troublous times that they almost literally subsisted on alms4 ,on ,all ,souls' day1 #aebg1 the same two councillors who had witnessed the forcible taking away of the young nuns two years before1 and two other associates1 were commissioned to institute a domiciliary visitation in the convent and to speak in private with each sister1 with a view to elicit their grievances and give them a chance of speaking freely4 ,the poor nuns were very much frightened at the proposal1 but ,charitas only made this remonstrance3 8,worthy masters10 she said1 8you are somewhat vehement confessors4 ,it has pleased our rulers to abolish private confession to one man1 and now you require us poor women to confess to four men at once1 and lay open to them all our spiritual needs60 ,and as the men were rather staggered1 she continued3 8,you say many abuses among us have come to the ears of the council4 ,we should like to hear them detailed4 ,we have been driven and oppressed like worms for three years1 and would gladly1 if we could1 have hidden ourselves under a stone like worms2 but if we have offended in anything1 let it be clearly brought home to us40 ,the men looked at each other1 and one said3 8,this point is not yet settled02 while another asked helplessly3 8,what am ,i to say8 ,i do not understand the matter40 ,at last they went through the form of examining each nun alone and separately1 and got tired and left off when they had examined thirty-nine4 ,the preacher ,osiander once held a discussion with ,charitas for four hours without any result but both parties remaining stronger in their own belief2 and on another occasion1 when ,dr4 ,link1 formerly an ,augustinian1 and now preacher at the hospital1 sent her a controversial pamphlet1 she answered him in writing1 argument for argument1 and made all who saw her defence marvel at the clearness of her logic and the ease of her style4 ,he had put himself forward as an example 7doubtless because he had been1 like her1 a religious71 but she answered3 8,forgive me if ,i do not care to follow the example of any man2 our example is ,christ1 and1 even if we were to look for models among men1 it would be strange if we sought for them among living men while such men as ,st4 ,augustine1 ,st4 ,jerome1 ,st4 ,cyprian1 and others are set aside and disowned40 ,later on she again wrote to him3 8,if ,god does not inspire us with love for your new faith1 we cannot of ourselves force our hearts to it4 ,we should deceive ourselves and do violence to our conscience 7which is wrong7 if we were to listen to the threats or persuasions of men4 ,it is no luxurious life1 ,god knows1 that keeps us in our convent2 neither is it any belief that simply to have taken the veil assures salvation4 ,we do not place our hope in the conventual rule1 but in the mercy of ,god and his only ,son4 ,i hold none of my nuns back against their will2 if they choose to leave1 they are free to do so4 ,i only ask that they should not be forced to do it1 as has happened already on one occasion40 ,towards the end of #aebh came a time of negative peace for the nuns1 and1 as the 8silver wedding0 or jubilee of the abbess fell about ,christmas time1 the convent prepared itself for a modest festival in honor of this event4 ,it was the first time that an abbess had held her office for so many years1 and the celebration was looked upon with so much the more interest that no former abbess had gone through such stirring and troublous times during the period of her abbess-ship4 ,the festival was put off till ,easter1 #aebi1 and was long remembered by the nuns as one of their few red-letter days4 ,their friends from the town sent them presents of wine1 fruit1 cakes1 and preserves1 and ,pirkheimer and ,dame ,ursula ,kramer1 his neighbor1 both sent their plate to adorn the nuns' table on the occasion4 ,this pleased the simple women immensely1 and ,katharine1 ,charitas' niece1 wrote in glowing terms to her father1 giving him an account of the festivities of the day4 ,we will quote a few passages from her letter3 8,in the morning the whole community came to the mother1 each sister bearing a torch1 and the prioress put a crown upon her head and led her to the choir1 where we said the ,office for the day and then sang the ,mass as best we could4 ,then the mother took the ,blessed ,sacrament from the tabernacle and exposed it1 and the community knelt to adore it and make a spiritual communion4 ,we comforted ourselves with the words of ,st4 ,augustine3 ,crede et manducasti 7,believe1 and thou hast eaten74 ,the mother then sat by the altar1 and one by one we all went up to her and embraced her1 ''' and she had her hands full of rings1 and gave each of the sisters one as a pledge of their renewed espousals with their ,bridegroom and of their resolve to be true to him2 ''' although it has not been the custom hitherto with us1 the mother thought that1 considering these exceptionally sad years1 it would be a remembrance of the obedience and earnestness with which we have hung together through these vicissitudes4''' ,then we took the mother to table1 ''' and you1 dear father1 have proved yourself a generous host4 ,the sisters said1 #8,oh6 that ,master ,pirkheimer were here to see how we are enjoying his good gifts'2 and your plate and ,dame ,kramer's delighted us also mightily4''' ,at last1 at night1 we had a little dance4 ,the old nuns danced as well as the young ones4 ,mother ,apollonia ,tucher1 who has been fifty-seven years in the convent1 took hold of me and turned me round2 ''' and the dance was so hearty that the mother said1 #8,dear children1 spare my tables4'0 ,this was the last joyful event of ,charitas' life4 ,three months after this festival her niece ,crescentia1 ,pirkheimer's daughter1 died1 and the wicked tongues of the town took occasion to wag against the nuns1 accusing them of worrying her to death2 but ,pirkheimer himself put down these scandalous rumors by publicly thanking the community for the care bestowed on his child1 and by making a special gift to the convent in recognition of it4 ,he also singled out the sisters who had had special care of his daughter during her illness1 and sent them tokens of his gratitude2 and1 not content with this1 he left the convent fifty gulden in his will1 which they received after his death4 ,another cross befell the abbess in the loss of reason of two of her nuns--a circumstance of which her enemies did not fail to make good use2 but1 the two sisters being perfectly harmless1 except at long intervals1 no removal was necessary1 and they went about their common duties peacefully until their death4 ,in #aecj ,charitas lost her well-beloved brother ,wilibald1 which was a sad break-up to her2 but before he died he published an ,apology for the ,convent of ,st4 ,clare1 which greatly comforted1 if it did not help1 the nuns4 ,but the council contemptuously overlooked this as it had done all previous petitions4 ,two years after her brother's death the noble ,charitas ,pirkheimer followed him to a better land1 and her sister ,clara was chosen abbess in her stead4 ,her friend ,apollonia ,tucher died within a few months1 on the #aeth of ,january1 #aecc1 and the new abbess the following month1 whereupon her niece ,katharine became abbess and ruled the community for thirty years4 ,she was the last abbess but one2 for towards the end of the century the last nun died and the convent reverted to the town4#gd ,but the good fight had been fought1 and the noble defeat only brought fresh and eternal honor on the name of the ,clarist ,order2 for1 as says ,montaigne1 8,there are defeats that dispute the palm with victories10 and ,lacordaire comments thus on the saying3 8,this noble axiom applies no less to moral than to military defeats1 and we should never tire of inculcating the principle that as long as honor and conscience are safe1 so long also is fame deserved40 #gb ,charitas ,pirkheimer1 ,abbess of ,st4 ,clare at ,nuremberg4 ,by ,franz ,binder4 ,herder1 ,freiburg im ,breisgau4 ,the biographer1 ,franz ,binder1 has compiled the life of ,charitas1 which we have condensed in the present article1 from trustworthy sources1 the principal ones being the ,works of ,wilibald ,pirkheimer1 in ,latin1 published at ,frankfort in #afaj2 ,,ms4 letters of the ,pirkheimer family preserved in the town library at ,nuremberg2 ,charitas' own diary1 published at ,bamberg in #aheb2 ,dr4 ,lochner's ,biography of ,celebrated ,nurembergers1 published in #ahfa2 and other less important and shorter works in which passing reference is made to the events of ,charitas' life4 #gc ,literally lay priests1 but1 we think1 referring to seculars4 #gd ,the church of ,st4 ,clare at ,nuremberg remained for a long time closed4 ,it was then opened again and soon afterwards given over to ,protestant worship4 ,it was subsequently used for commercial purposes1 as a magazine of wares1 a market-place1 and place for local exhibitions1 and finally as a barracks4 ,in #ahed it was given back to the ,catholics of ,nuremberg as their second church4 ,in the following year its restoration was begun1 and on ,may #ac1 #aheg1 the ,church of ,st4 ,clare was publicly consecrated anew for ,catholic worship4 ,,mysteries4 8,it might have been40 ,we say it oft1 ,with aching heart1 with streaming eyes2 ,we grope with eager1 outstretched hands ,after another's slighted prize4 ,we call a life a wasted life4 ,o mourning souls6 be not too sure4 ,out of great darkness may come light1 ,and1 after evil1 hearts grow pure4 ,god only knows4 ,we leave to him ,the things that are not what we would1 ,and trust that in his own good time ,he will do that which he sees good4 ,his will be done4 ,the quivering lips ,must say it1 though with bitter tears4 ,his will6 ,it is enough1 enough ,to hush our murmurs1 soothe our fears4 ,he overrules all pain and sin1 ,makes dire disgrace work out his word4 ,poor souls1 bow down before his might ,and trust all myst'ries with the ,lord4 ,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife8 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 8,,number ,,thirteen10 8,,pius ,,vi410 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,a ,,trip ,,southward4 ,when the first overflow of emotion had subsided1 ,sir ,simon drew a chair close to the sofa and wanted to hear every detail about ,raymond's illness--what the doctor had done1 and1 if possible1 everything he had said about it at each visit4 ,when ,franceline had told the little there was to tell beyond the one terrible central fact1 it was ,sir ,simon's turn to be catechised4 ,he submitted willingly to the inquisition4 ,he went over the story of ,clide de ,winton's letter1 and all the happy consequences it had entailed--the hard-hearted ,jew sent to the right-about1 the rest of the duns quieted1 all ,sir ,simon's difficulties happily settled4 ,clide's name was openly mentioned in the course of the narrative1 and coupled with epithets of enthusiastic admiration and gratitude--he was a noble-hearted fellow1 true as steel1 generous as the sun1 delicate as a woman2 it was impossible which to admire most1 his generous conduct or the delicacy with which he had done this immense service to his father's old friend4 ,franceline said nothing while this panegyric was being sung1 but she could not hide from herself the fact that it was sounding in her ears like the sweetest music4 ,she had found out long since why ,clide's name had become a dead-letter with ,sir ,simon1 why he never even alluded to his existence in her presence2 since he now broke through this reticence1 was it not a proof that the motive of it had been removed1 and that he was free to speak of ,clide1 and she to listen1 and that consequently no barrier existed any longer between their lives8 ,the truth was that ,sir ,simon had come to the conclusion that the barrier was of no great importance to either of them by this time4 ,he was not given much to diving into the depths of human hearts1 analyzing their motives and impulses2 and he did not give other people credit for spending their lives in such unprofitable work as brooding over sentimental grievances and pining after the impossible4 ,it was evident that if ,franceline had been in love with ,clide1 she must have either died of it by this time or got over it4 ,she had not died1 ergo she had got over it4 ,there was no harm1 therefore1 in singing that fine young fellow's praises in her hearing1 and it was a great satisfaction to the baronet to be able to pour out his grateful eulogies to a sympathizing audience4 ,so they went on playing at cross purposes1 each perfectly unconscious of what was uppermost in the other's thoughts2 ,sir ,simon settling it in his own mind that ,ponsonby ,anwyll would carry the day1 now that everything else had adjusted itself so satisfactorily1 while ,franceline dreamed her own little dream1 and fancied it must be the reflection of it in her father's thoughts that filled his eyes with those gentle sunbeams as his glance met hers4 ,sir ,simon1 having emptied his budget of news1 proceeded to unfold his programme1 and was agreeably surprised to find that he was to be spared the trouble of defending it4 ,franceline was overjoyed at the prospect of seeing a new country1 and ,raymond acquiesced in everything as placid and innocently happy as an infant4 ,so it was agreed that they would start for the south without the loss of a day1 if possible4 ,anglique was called into council and ordered to begin to pack up at once4 ,to-morrow morning ,dr4 ,blink should decide what climate was best suited to ,raymond1 who was now the person to be chiefly considered4 ,meantime1 ,sir ,simon took rather an unfair advantage of the medical man by biassing the inclinations of both patients towards a certain sun-girt villa on the ,mediterranean1 where myrtle and olive groves were said to crown every hillside1 where the vine and the orange and the pomegranate grew like wild flowers elsewhere1 mirrored in the sea that is 8deeply1 darkly1 beautifully blue40 8,when did you come home--to ,england1 ,i mean80 said ,m4 de la ,bourbonais when the baronet paused in his glowing description of a ,mediterranean sunset4 8,this morning4 ,i came straight on here from ,dover4 ,the lawyer wanted that deed that led to my finding the snuff-box4 ,i must go back with it by the early train to-morrow2 it is absolutely necessary that it should be forthcoming to prove the validity of ,lady ,rebecca's marriage settlement40 8,marriage settlement60 exclaimed ,raymond and ,franceline together4 8,do you mean that she is going to be married80 8,good gracious1 no6 ,poor soul1 she's gone--gone to her great account10 said ,sir ,simon1 shaking his head with becoming solemnity4 8,she died three days ago4 ,it was a happy release1 a most merciful release6 ,she really had nothing to regret1 poor1 dear soul40 ,and her step-son heaved a dutiful sigh1 and drew his hand across his forehead with a gesture expressive of resigned sorrow4 ,raymond was in no mood to laugh1 even if the subject had been less solemn2 but he could not but remember--and ,sir ,simon knew he must remember--how often this mournful event had been devoutly invoked by both of them in days not so long gone by4 ,it was probably the recollection of this that prompted his next question4 8,how did she leave her property80 8,oh6 admirably2 nothing could be kinder or juster10 replied the baronet1 heaving the tribute of another sigh4 8,she left her #ej1jjj to me unconditionally1 chargeable merely with a life legacy for three old servants2 the jointure1 you know1 reverts to the estate4 ,so you see the duns would not have had so long to wait even if ,de ,winton had not come to the rescue4 ,she was an excellent woman4 ,of course one feels the blow1 but it really would be selfish to regret her2 she was a great sufferer1 and it was a happy release40 8,then you did not stop in ,london to ask if there were any letters at your bankers'80 8,no2 were there any80 8,there was one from me--or at least written at my request40 8,ha60 ,sir ,simon looked up1 full of curiosity4 ,franceline feared she was in the way of some explanation1 so made an excuse to leave the room about some tisane it was time for her father to take4 8,you must be more puzzled than ever now to know why ,i refused to let my pockets be examined that night10 said ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 resorting to his old trick of fixing his spectacles to hide his shyness4 8,why was it80 said ,sir ,simon1 pulling out his cigar-case1 and carefully selecting one of the choice ,havanas1 as if he had the remotest intention of lighting it2 it was only an excuse not to have to look at ,raymond4 8,you may remember that there were little pts de foie gras at dinner2 they looked like petits pains80 8,i remember it perfectly2 and excellent they were4 ,i had just got the recipe from the ,frres ,proveneaux2 it was the first time ,dorel had ever made them4 ,well80 8,franceline was1 you know1 very ill just then2 she could eat nothing4 ,i fancied these might tempt her1 so ,i slipped a couple of them into my pockets with some bonbons4 ,this was why ,i would not turn them out4 ,i was ashamed to exhibit my poverty to all those men1 especially to that stranger who had been taunting me with it2 ,i would not let him see what a poor devil ,i was1 and to what straits poverty drove me to get food for my sick child40 8,my poor ,raymond60 was all ,sir ,simon could say1 and he grasped his hand4 8,then you remember ,i came back8 ,i was rushing home when it occurred to me that ,i had done a mad thing2 so ,i threw away the pts and the bonbons1 and went back and made a fool of myself1 as you know4 ,i think ,i must have been mad4 ,i know ,i had been taking a great deal of wine to keep me up2 anyhow1 ,i did not reflect1 until ,i saw the effect of my presence1 what a preposterous act it was1 and that you should have been all fools to see any proof of my innocence in it40 8,you might have trusted me10 said ,sir ,simon reproachfully4 8,i would have believed you--,i did believe you in spite of my senses4 ,i came to the conclusion you were1 as you say1 either mad or drunk1 and had taken it unawares4 ,why didn't you write to me80 8,i did4 ,i wrote you a full account of it all2 but1 as ill-luck had it1 your letter telling me to send back the ring arrived before mine left4 ,i was so incensed at your suspecting me that ,i tore up the letter4 ,i was a fool1 of course2 but you know of old that pride is my weak point4 ,it was not until ,i was struck down by illness1 and brought face to face with death1 and with the thought that ,i was going to leave my child friendless in the world with a dishonored name1 that ,i resolved to sacrifice it1 and for her sake to write to you and ask you to take charge of her and do what you could to clear my memory from the stain that my own vanity and folly had fixed upon it4 ,father ,henwick wrote to you to this effect in my name on ,tuesday4 ,the letter is lying at your bankers'40 8,i was as much to blame as you4 ,i ought to have known you better than to mistrust you2 ,i ought to have known there must be some mistake in it10 said ,sir ,simon1 rising and going to the window4 8,i ought to have written to you to ask you for an explanation1 and so ,i was always intending to do2 but what with the excitement of ,clide's finding his--of his finding out my difficulties and so on10 he continued1 checking himself in time before the murder was out1 8and then poor1 dear ,lady ,rebecca's telegraphing for me1 ,i nearly lost my head1 and kept putting off writing from day to day1 in hopes that you would write40 8,is monsieur going to stay to tea8 ,because1 if so1 it is time ,i began the omelette10 said ,anglique1 following ,franceline into the room1 carrying a tray with something on it for ,m4 de la ,bourbonais4 ,but ,sir ,simon said he must be going that very minute4 ,how the time had flown1 and he had so many things to see to at the ,court6 ,raymond was rather exhausted when his friend left1 but he slept sounder that night than he had done for a long time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the warm southern spring had burst its green bonds and flown suddenly into the arms of summer2 it lay disporting itself in the splendor of new-clad flowers along the shores of the ,mediterranean1 laughing up at the dazzling sky like a babe smiling into its mother's face4 ,everything was fresh1 lustrous1 and dewy4 ,the sun was not too hot to be enjoyable1 the birds were not too tired to sing1 a light breeze came fluttering from the sea to cool the vines1 and died away in sighs and whispers amidst the ilex-grove that made a background to the white-washed villa where a group of three persons were sitting out on the terrace under the shade of a broad veranda4 ,i dare say you have recognized the young lady in the fleecy muslin dress4 ,the pink tint in her ivory complexion is a decided improvement2 but it has not so changed her that you could forget her4 ,she looks stronger now2 there is an energetic grace in her movements that tells of improved health2 so1 too1 does the warmer glow of the dark gold hair and the more animated glance of the eyes4 ,you see she has brought her doves with her1 and seems to have many interesting things to say to them as they perch on her head and her finger1 and utter that1 to her1 melodious chant of theirs1 but which ,sir ,simon ,harness has the bad taste to find wearisome and lugubrious4 8,could you persuade those doves of yours to cease that dismal noise just for ten minutes1 ,franceline8 ,it's working under difficulties1 trying to correct proof-sheets while they keep up that dirge40 ,franceline1 deeply offended1 carries off her darlings to the other side of the house1 without deigning any further comment than a toss of her pretty head at the speaker and a look of mild reproach at her father1 who yields a tacit consent to the insult by his silence4 ,moreover1 when ,franceline and 8those doves of hers0 are out of sight1 he breathes an audible sigh of relief and proceeds to read the contested sentence aloud again4 ,there was a good deal of arguing and bickering over it2 ,sir ,simon insisting that the epithet was too strong and should be modified1 while ,m4 de la ,bourbonais maintained that whether he applied the term 8patriot cast in the rough antique mould0 to ,mirabeau or not signified very little1 since the facts as he stated and construed them applied it far more forcibly4 ,they were squabbling over it still when1 half an hour later1 ,franceline came back1 apparently in a forgiving mood1 and expressed her wonder how people could go on quarrelling when everything around was so full of peace1 in a world where all created things were steeped in beauty and in bliss2 where life was not a struggle1 but a joy2 where nothing was needed but the will to vibrate to the pulse of love with which the great mother's breast was heaving1 to respond to the sun's wooing and the wind's wafting1 to the music of flowers and birds1 to be a voice in the choir and a grain of incense on the altar1 to live1 to love1 and to be happy4 ,what were proof-sheets worth if they could not swell the glad concert and sound their chime in the joy-bells of life8 ,they were sounding their little chime1 though1 in spite of the frequent clash of arms they gave rise to between the author and his pig-headed ,tory critic4 ,the crisp little rolls of paper were an immense superadded interest to ,raymond--and consequently to ,franceline--in their new life of golden sunshine4 ,they would come to an end soon now2 a few more bundles of proofs1 then a pause of solemn expectation1 and the great work would appear immortalized between the boards4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,found ,,at ,,last6 ,while the three inmates of the white-washed villa were watching the days go by1 and wondering if to-morrow could possibly be as happy as yesterday and to-day1 ,clide de ,winton was living a very different life in his lodgings near the asylum4 ,he had not yet been permitted to see the lady whom he believed to be his wife4 ,she had fallen ill with an attack on the lungs which had very nearly proved fatal1 and during the six weeks that it lasted it was impossible to let any one approach her except the familiar faces of the doctor and her attendant4 ,she had rallied from this illness only to return to her old delusion with a fonder intensity than ever4 ,day after day she decked herself in her faded flowers and ribbons1 and stood or knelt at her window1 stretching out her arms to the mid-day sun1 calling to him with the tenderest words of endearment1 and telling him her passionate love-tale over and over again2 then turning from this to paroxysms of despair more violent than formerly1 and which threatened at each crisis to shatter the fragile vase and send the feeble spark flying upwards4 8,and now she courted love2 now1 raving1 called on hate40 ,clide had repeatedly asked to see ,mr4 ,percival1 but the desire for an interview was evidently not mutual2 for1 although no refusal was ever sent1 the promises held out by the medical man were continually broken2 the visit of ,mr4 ,percival was always 8unexpectedly prevented0 by one cause or another4 ,stanton arrived at the conclusion that he did not wish to meet ,clide1 and that1 moreover1 he was constantly at the asylum unknown to them1 and that the only way to see him would be to lie in wait and collar him1 and make him speak out by main force1 since he would not do it otherwise4 ,mr4 de ,winton saw difficulties in the way of this summary method of proceeding1 but his valet entreated him to leave it in his hands and not trouble himself about that4 ,clide had small confidence in the diplomatic skill of his man1 but he could trust him not to do anything dangerously rash2 so he asked no questions1 but let him follow his own devices for catching ,mr4 ,percival4 ,that gentleman1 however1 proved himself a match for ,stanton4 ,he was not to be taken either by stratagem or force2 and though ,stanton dodged about the park gates1 and recruited a small police force1 amongst little boys on the lookout for a penny1 to skulk about late and early to watch the comers and goers from the asylum1 and give him timely warning1 it led to nothing but vain hopes and frequent disappointments4 ,clide was growing sick to death of the miserable business4 ,he had been more than two months now stationed at his post4 ,isabel's illness had made two-thirds of that time utterly useless to him2 but it was now a full week since the doctor had declared her convalescent1 and he seemed no nearer the solution of her identity than when he first descried her through the panel of the door4 ,he determined at last one morning to go in and speak out his mind to the medical man4 ,he told him that he insisted on an interview with ,mr4 ,percival1 or else he would take steps in the matter which might be disagreeable to all parties4 ,it was quite inexplicable1 he said1 that they should not have been able to find an opportune moment or letting him approach the patient all this time1 and the persistent obstacles that were thrown in the way of an interview with the man who called himself her guardian led him to infer that both ,mr4 ,percival and the doctor were in league to prevent her identity being tested and established4 ,the effect of this broadside was startling4 ,but although it took the doctor entirely by surprise1 it did not throw him off his guard or disturb his presence of mind4 ,he looked at the speaker for a moment in silence1 and then said in a perfectly cool and collected manner3 8,i see there is no use in playing at this game any longer4 ,i have humored you up to this1 and borne with your mania1 because ,i knew it was a mania4 ,it has been plain to me from the third time ,i saw you1 ,mr4 de ,winton1 that you were yourself the victim of a delusion and an eligible candidate for a lunatic asylum4 ,i have prevented ,mr4 ,percival from taking steps to have you confined--the law empowers us to do so when a madman threatens the security and honor of another--because ,i hoped the monomania would wear itself out with patience4 ,i find ,i have been mistaken4 ,i shall interfere no farther with ,mr4 ,percival in his legitimate desire to protect the lady who is under my care from your persistent persecution4 ,she is no more your wife than she is mine4 ,your story about her is as groundless as the ravings of a man in fever40 ,while the doctor delivered himself of this attack ,clide stared at him in stupefaction4 ,he saw the medical man's glance fixed on him with the expression of one who was versed in the art of reading the mind through that lucid and faithful interpreter--the eye4 ,but though he was both shocked and indignant1 he was not a whit frightened2 he bore the scrutiny without flinching1 without dropping his lid once4 8,you are a clever tactician1 ,i see10 he said coolly4 8,carrying the war into the enemy's country is one of the desperate strategies of a daring general1 but it is sometimes more fatal to the invader than to the invaded4 ,you have now thrown off the mask and shown me exactly what manner of man ,i have to deal with1 and ,i shall resort to other means than those ,i have hitherto employed for seeing the patient whom ,i am now absolutely and fully convinced is no other than my unhappy wife40 ,he rose1 and was leaving without further parley when the doctor cried out3 8,you can see her this moment1 if you choose--that is1 if you choose to be guilty of homicide4 ,i am prepared to state before the first men in the faculty1 and to stake my character on the assertion1 that--if she be your wife--the sight of you1 supposing that it brings recognition1 will be fatal to her life by causing the rupture of a vessel on the brain4 ,come back with any qualified witnesses you think fit1 and ,i will repeat this in their presence1 and then1 on your responsibility1 ,i will conduct you to the patient40 ,clide made no answer1 but left the house1 and was soon on his way to ,piccadilly in a cab4 ,the admiral had come to town the night before2 it was partly the desire to be able to give his uncle some definite information concerning the inmate of the mad-house that had driven him to burn his ships and have it out with the doctor4 ,the cab stopped1 and as ,clide alighted he was accosted by a friendly voice and the grip of a heavy hand on his shoulder4 8,hallo1 ,de ,winton6 ,how are you8 ,where have you turned up from80 ,it was ,ponsonby ,anwyll's voice2 he looked in the highest state of elation1 blonder and burlier than ever1 the very picture of good temper1 good digestion1 and general prosperity4 ,the sight of him jarred on ,clide2 he had naturally a vindictive feeling toward poor ,ponsonby since that random shot of ,sir ,simon's about his making ,franceline a good husband by and by4 ,he did not believe a word of it2 but it made him feel savagely to the young squire1 nevertheless4 ,how dare he behave so as to get his name coupled with hers at all8 8,i have been hanging about town for some time10 returned ,clide as stiffly as he could without being uncivil4 8,i suppose you're on leave8 ,or perhaps quartered somewhere hereabouts80 8,quartered6 ,no such luck6 ,we're vegetating in ,devonshire still1 ,i'm sorry to say2 but there'll soon be an end of it for me4 ,i mean to sell out and settle down one of these days4 ,i've come up to try and get a month's leave4 ,i think ,i'll succeed1 too1 the colonel is such an awfully good fellow2 and what do you think ,i'm going to do with it8 ,where do you think ,i'm going to spend it80 8,how should ,i know80 8,at ,nice6 ,sir ,simon ,harness has asked me over to stay at his villa there2 the ,de la ,bourbonais are there1 you know4 ,you'll be glad to hear that ,franceline has made a splendid recovery of it1 and the count has picked up wonderfully too4''' ,oh6 ,i beg a thousand pardons4 ,pray allow me6'''0 ,this was to an old lady whose umbrella he had whisked into the middle of the street with a touch of his stick1 that he kept swinging round while he held forth to ,clide4 ,when he had picked it up and dusted it1 and apologized three times over1 he went on to say3 8,why shouldn't you run over and see them all too1 eh8 ,you used to be very friendly with the count1 eh8 ,and ,sir ,simon would be enchanted to see you4 ,there's nothing he likes so much as being come down on by a friend unawares1 you know40 8,i never gratify my friends in that respect10 said ,clide freezingly2 8,i always wait to be invited4 ,are you to be a large party at the villa80 8,i don't fancy so2 but ,i really don't know4 ,the only invitations ,i know of are myself and ,roxham4 ,he's a capital fellow1 ,roxham2 ,i'm glad we are going together4 ,i wish you'd come too1 though1 eh8 ,perhaps you'll think it over and pop down on us one of these days when we least expect it8 ,have you any message for ,sir ,simon or any of them80 8,my best respects to ,m4 de la ,bourbonais and his daughter4 ,good-afternoon4 ,a pleasant journey to you60 8,wish me good-luck about the leave first60 said the good-natured1 obtuse dragoon as he strode on1 laughing4 8,the lumbering idiot6 ,how ,i should like to kick him6 ,the impudence of the lout calling her ,franceline60 ,this was ,mr4 de ,winton's soliloquy as he stood looking after ,ponsonby1 giving at the same time a pull to the bell as if the house were on fire4 ,the admiral was out4 ,cromer1 his old valet1 who had first sounded the signal about ,isabel1 happened to be at his master's for the day1 and said he believed he had gone to see ,master ,clide4 ,clide jumped back into his cab and told the man to go like the wind1 as he wanted to overtake some one4 ,his reflections on the way were none of the pleasantest4 ,what was bringing ,ponsonby ,anwyll to spend a month at ,sir ,simon's while ,m4 de la ,bourbonais and his daughter were there8 ,what but to marry ,franceline8 ,had she1 then1 so completely forgotten ,clide8 ,why not8 ,if his love for her had a tithe of the unselfishness it boasted1 he ought to be the first to rejoice at it2 to be glad that she was happy and was about to become the wife of a good and honorable and warm-hearted man whom she loved4 ,did she love him8 could she love him8--a lump of red and white clay with as much soul as a prize bull6 ,she that was such an ethereal1 lily creature--how could it be possible8 ,what could any girl see in him to love8 ,if this was an irrational and unfair estimate of ,ponsonby's outward and inward man1 it was natural enough on ,clide's part4 ,no man1 be he ever so reasonable1 is expected to do justice to the claims of any other man to be preferred by the woman he loves4 ,but ,clide was more savage with ,sir ,simon even than with ,anwyll4 ,what business had he to go meddling at making a match for ,franceline8 ,why could he not have let her alone1 and let destiny take its course--or1 to put it in a more concrete shape1 let ,clide de ,winton take his chance8 ,clide did not consider that his chance virtually had no existence whatever in ,sir ,simon's calculations4 ,he believed that ,isabel's identity was established beyond a doubt1 and that this fact1 much as he might regret it1 excluded ,clide for ever from having any part in ,franceline's destiny4 ,he believed1 moreover1 or he wished to believe--which with the sanguine ,sir ,simon meant one and the same thing--that ,clide had quite got over his passion malheureuse for ,franceline1 but1 whether he had or not1 it could not be helped2 he could not marry her1 and it was preposterous to expect that she was to remain unmarried out of consideration for his feelings4 ,here was an admirable settlement in life that presented itself1 and it was ,sir ,simon's duty1 as her self-elected guardian and her father's oldest friend1 to do all in his power to secure it to her4 ,oh6 but if ,franceline would but wait a little longer--it might be such a very little while--until ,clide was free6 8,what a pitiful thing a woman's love is compared to a man's6 ,if ,i had been in her position1 and she in mine10 he thought1 8,i would have waited a lifetime for her60 ,you see ,clide was assuming1 in spite of his oft-sighed hopes to the contrary1 that ,franceline did love him4 ,he argued the point bitterly in his mind1 accusing her and acquitting her and cursing his own fate all in the same breath1 as he rattled over the stony street4 ,but the cursing brought no relief4 ,help was nowhere at hand4 ,in the old story-books1 when a man found himself at bay with difficulties1 he called the devil to the rescue1 and the devil came4 ,these delightful legends generally represent him in spectacles and a bottle-green coat2 they may sometimes differ as to the precise color of the coat1 but they all agree that he was the most accommodating practitioner1 often volunteering his services without waiting to be asked4 ,when it came to striking a bargain1 no one was more liberal than he4 ,the man in difficulties made his own terms3 unlimited wealth1 a long life with the lady of his choice1 the sweet triumphs of revenge--one or all of these the devil would concede with the utmost generosity2 all the client had to do in return was to scratch his name to a bit of paper1 signing his soul away--a sort of post-obit bill to be presented at some period that was not always even of necessity specified4 ,if this obliging old legendary personage had appeared at this juncture to ,clide de ,winton1 ,i suspect he would have had little difficulty in striking a bargain with him4 ,to be free2 to burst at once this odious1 insufferable chain that must soon be dissolved by death2 to be able to seize the prize that was about to be snatched from him at the very moment he felt sure that a little delay would have secured it to him for ever--to obtain this ,clide would have signed away his life1 ay1 and his soul's life too1 for the asking4 ,no evil one1 it is true1 presented himself in a bottle-green coat or any other visible attire1 but one1 nevertheless1 got close enough to the distracted lover's ear to whisper a proposal audibly4 ,an invisible devil jumped into the cab with him1 and sat close to him all the way from ,piccadilly home1 and never ceased urging1 pleading2 no tongue of flesh ever spoke more distinctly3 8,you have the game in your own hands4 ,the doctor is out now4 ,you know your way to her room4 ,no one will stop you4 ,go straight up1 and walk in1 and address your wife2 you are her husband1 and have a right to do it4 ,the shock will kill her2 but what of that8 ,what is life to her that any merciful man should wish to prolong it8 ,death will be the cessation of mental and bodily anguish to her1 poor raving maniac1 and it will set you free--free to marry ,franceline4 ,you know ,franceline loves you4 ,the mercy will then be for her too2 if she marries ,ponsonby ,anwyll1 it will be only to please her father4 ,she will be miserable2 it will break her heart4 ,go and save both her and yourself40 ,when the tempter comes armed with such weapons as these1 and finds us in the mood in which ,clide was as he drove home through the noisy streets into the quiet suburb1 the issue of the struggle1 if struggle there be1 is hardly doubtful4 ,there was a struggle in this case4 ,you could see it in the feverish movements of the tempted man2 he could not sit still1 but kept shifting his limbs as we are apt to do when there is no other escape from the steady contemplation of our thoughts4 ,one moment he leaned back with his hands thrust deep into his pockets1 and stared out of the window2 the next he started forward and bent down on his knees1 as if examining closely something at his feet4 ,he took off his hat1 smoothed it with his coat-sleeve1 pushed back his hair1 and put his hat on again4 ,this physical agitation seemed to bring him no relief4 ,he drew out his pocket-book and read over attentively the memoranda of the day before--appointments at the club1 with his tailor1 books that he had dotted down for reading2 but while he perused these commonplace items the voice of the tempter kept on whispering1 louder and louder1 sweeter and sweeter4 ,the dusty cab was the temple of a vision4 ,franceline stood before him1 with her arms outstretched2 she drew nearer1 she called him by his name2 he felt her breath upon his cheek1 the soft touch of her hand in his4 ,could sin come to him in such guise as this8 ,his features for a moment were convulsed1 swayed by the terrible conflict4 ,gradually the combat ceased1 and an expression1 not of calm1 but of rigid determination1 settled on them2 the dark brows drew together1 making that black line across the forehead which gave to ,clide's face its peculiar1 strong individuality4 ,he had not accepted the tempter's arguments1 but he had accepted the issue they pointed at1 twisting reasons to his own purpose1 and adopting the sophistry of passion3 8,i will go and accost her4 ,ten to one--what do ,i say8 a hundred to one1 she is not my wife4 ,the absence of the silver tooth ought to have convinced me of that long ago4 ,it ought to have settled the non-identity from the first2 for ,percival says he never heard of such a thing4 ,as to its killing her1 supposing she be my wife1 it's all nonsense2 the fellow is in ,percival's pay1 and that's why he has fought out so against my seeing her4 ,i'll defy him once for all1 and make an end of it one way or another40 ,clide did not1 or would not1 see the palpable paradox that there was in this train of reasoning2 but deafen himself as he might by sophistry and inclination1 he could not drown the voice of conscience1 that clamored so as to make itself heard above every other4 8,has the admiral been here80 was his first question as he sprang out of the cab and rushed up-stairs4 8,yes1 sir2 him and ,mr4 ,simpson40 8,ah6 ,simpson4 ,are they long gone80 8,not above a good quarter of an hour4 ,they're not gone very far2 they're over yonder10 said ,stanton1 with a knowing jerk of his head in the direction of the asylum4 ,clide started4 8,what do you mean8 ,what are they gone to do there80 8,they're just gone to have it out with the doctor1 sir4 ,mr4 ,simpson says it's all gammon about your not being let see her4 ,he's gone over to insist on seeing her himself--him and the admiral2 and if the doctor refuses to let them up1 ,mr4 ,simpson'll set the law on him40 8,good ,god6 they will kill her4 ,they have done it already perhaps6 ,i am too late to stop them60 said ,clide1 white to the lips1 and taking a stride towards the door4 ,the room reeled round him4 ,was he going to be an accomplice in the murder of his wife8 ,he would at that moment have renounced ,franceline for ever to prevent the act that a few minutes ago he was bent on committing4 ,stanton was frightened4 8,stay you here1 ,master ,clide10 he said1 taking him by both arms and forcing him into a chair4 8,don't you take on like that4 ,i'll run across and stop #8em4 ,there an't no #8arm done2 the doctor's never in the #8ouse at this hour1 and they never #8ud let them hup without him4 ,you stay quiet while ,i run after them4 ,i'll be back in no time40 ,clide made no resistance2 he let himself drop into the chair in a kind of stupor4 ,the sudden reaction1 coming close upon the fierce mental conflict he had gone through1 acted like a blow on a drunken man2 it stunned and felled him4 8,go1 then1 and be quick1 for ,god's sake60 he muttered4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ten minutes went by1 and then fifteen1 and ,clide began to wonder what was keeping ,stanton4 ,he could bear the suspense no longer1 but took up his hat and went to see what caused the delay4 ,stanton1 meantime1 had not been amusing himself4 ,in answer to his inquiries the porter informed him that the two gentlemen he was looking for had called at the house and asked to see the doctor1 and1 on hearing that he was out and not expected home for half an hour1 had declined to come in1 but were walking about the place waiting for him4 ,stanton hesitated a moment whether he should run home at once with this reassuring news to his master1 or fetch the admiral and ,mr4 ,simpson1 and bring them back with him2 he decided for the latter and set off to look for them4 ,the grounds were spacious and thickly planted enough to admit of two persons easily getting out of sight for a few minutes2 but when ,stanton had looked all round1 walking hastily from avenue to alley1 and could see no trace of the two gentlemen1 he began to think they must have changed their minds and gone away4 ,he went on1 however1 a good way behind the house until he came on a low brick wall that he fancied must mark the limits of the premises4 ,he was about to turn back when he heard a loud1 shrill scream proceeding from the other side of the wall4 ,he ran along by it till he saw a door that was ajar1 and then1 without pausing to consider where he was going or what he was doing1 rushed in and ran on in the direction of the scream4 ,presently he heard voices raised in angry strife4 ,a few more steps brought him in presence of ,admiral de ,winton1 ,mr4 ,simpson1 and a third gentleman4 ,they were disputing violently4 ,the admiral was supporting a woman who had apparently fainted2 the stranger was expostulating and trying to take her from him2 ,mr4 ,simpson was standing between them1 speaking in loud and authoritative tones3 8,very well1 very good2 we shall see if it is as you say4 ,but we must see for ourselves2 we must find out if there was nothing in her crying out #8,clide6 ,clide6' the moment she saw this gentleman and heard his voice4 ,stand back6 ,don't lay a finger on him or on her6 ,i do know what ,i am doing--,i know better than you do4 ,stand off1 ,i tell you60 ,the stranger was1 however1 determined to make a fight for it1 and was answering in a bullying1 insolent manner when ,stanton came up4 8,i know that voice6 ,where have ,i heard it80 was the valet's first thought as the loud1 harsh tones fell on his ear4 ,there was a garden seat close at hand4 ,the admiral was carrying the fainting woman towards it4 ,stanton ran forward to help4 8,go to the house and call for proper assistance10 said ,mr4 ,simpson shortly to the stranger4 8,you know where to find it1 ,i suppose2 you know the house40 8,i know ,i sha'n't move from this while my child is at the mercy of two escaped lunatics6 ,that's what ,i know10 retorted the other savagely4 ,the words were not out of his mouth when ,stanton was at his throat1 collaring him with both hands4 8,you scoundrel6 ,i've caught you at last10 he said4 8,you villain of villains6 ,i'll do for you6 ,he's the fellow that called himself ,prendergast1 and that's master ,clide's wife60 ,all this took much less time to enact than to relate4 ,the scream which had brought ,stanton to the spot had been heard by an attendant2 there was always one on the watch in the neighborhood of the patients' garden1 and she came hurrying up in an instant4 8,who are you all1 and what are you doing here80 she cried1 casting an alarmed look at the three men and at the lifeless figure stretched on the wooden seat4 8,a couple of escaped lunatics60 shouted ,mr4 ,percival1 struggling furiously4 ,stanton was holding him by the collar1 while ,mr4 ,simpson pinioned him from behind1 the admiral standing meantime1 bent in eager scrutiny1 over the strange figure1 decked out in faded flowers and ribbons1 that lay insensible before him4 8,come here60 he said1 beckoning to the attendant2 8come and attend to this poor creature1 and leave those gentlemen to settle their business alone40 ,the woman evidently felt that this was what it most concerned her to do2 she allowed the admiral to lift the patient in his arms1 while she guided him into the house4 ,they had just entered by a back door when ,clide de ,winton walked by in search of ,stanton4 ,the porter had directed him to 8somewhere about the grounds10 and1 after looking in vain up and down the avenues1 he was going to give it up in despair when he saw the door in the garden wall1 now wide open1 and heard a voice which he recognized as ,stanton's1 8,come on6 ,you may as well give in and come quietly2 bad language and kicks will only make it worse for you1 you rascal60 ,clide was quickly on the spot1 and beheld ,stanton and ,mr4 ,simpson wrestling desperately with a man whose fury seemed a match for their united strength4 8,i've caught him1 ,master ,clide6 ,we have him tight--that rascal ,prendergast6 ,you an't he8 ,you be choked for a ---- liar60 ,clide stood for a moment confounded4 ,there was not a trait of resemblance1 as far as he could see1 between the stout1 full-bodied man with jet black hair1 and the gray-haired1 thin1 miserable-looking mortal whom he remembered as ,mr4 ,prendergast4 ,his first idea was that ,stanton had made another outrageous mistake1 as in the case of ,miss ,eliza ,jane ,honey4 8,who are you8 ,you are not the ,mr4 ,prendergast ,i knew1 are you80 he said1 addressing the stranger4 8,of course ,i am not6 ,i never saw you or this madman in my life6 ,my name is ,mathew ,percival2 my daughter is unfortunately a patient in this asylum1 and this fellow will have it that she is his wife60 8,my master's wife1 you scoundrel6 ,don't think to come over us with making believe not to understand6 ,she's ,mr4 ,clide de ,winton's wife60 said ,stanton1 taking a tighter grip1 as if he feared the prize might make a sudden dart and escape from him4 8,you are the man who called himself ,prendergast1 and whose niece1 as you then called her1 ,i married60 said ,clide4 ,the voice and the broad ,scotch accent were unmistakable1 though the speaker had made an effort to disguise them4 8,you say she is your daughter now4 ,speak the truth at once4 ,the patient in yonder house is the ,isabel ,cameron whom ,i married4 ,let him go1 ,simpson6 ,stanton1 let go your hold on him6 ,speak out now40 ,mr4 ,prendergast1 or ,percival1 looked down sullenly for a moment1 as if making up his mind how to meet this challenge2 then he looked up with the dogged1 defiant air of a man at bay who is resolved to die game4 ,he was going to speak1 when a woman1 the same attendant who had just left them1 came running up in breathless haste4 8,stanton6 ,which of you is ,stanton80 she cried4 8,it's me60 8,then go as fast as you can and fetch your master6 ,his wife is calling for him2 run quickly1 or it will be too late4 ,she is dying60 8,i am his master6 ,i am her husband6 ,take me with you60 said ,clide1 turning so white that ,stanton thought he was going to faint and made a movement to give him his arm2 but ,clide waved him away and walked on with a steady step4 ,something between a cry and an oath escaped from ,percival2 he made no attempt to follow them1 but muttered more to himself than to his companions3 8,the murder is out6 ,there is nothing more to tell4 ,she is his wife1 and ,i am the ,prendergast he knew40 ,stanton's fury had subsided in an instant1 quenched by the chill which those words of the attendant had thrown upon the group3 8,she is dying60 ,what had human passion or earthly vengeance to do now with ,isabel or ,mr4 ,prendergast8 ,in the presence of the ,great ,avenger all other vengeance was silenced4 ,the three men walked on toward the house without exchanging a word4 ,the porter let them in4 ,the doctor1 he said1 had not yet returned4 ,it did not matter2 they would wait1 not for him now1 but for ,death4 ,when ,clide entered the room1 he beheld ,admiral de ,winton seated beside the dying woman's bed2 her face was lifted toward his with a mute expression1 half of yearning1 half of fear1 while she listened to the soothing words he tried to speak to her4 ,the moment ,clide appeared her eyes turned toward him4 ,there was no mistaking the identity now2 those eyes1 so faded and dim1 were the same that had first fired his foolish heart with their dark young radiance4 ,the cheeks1 once round1 were wan and hollow1 the glossy1 ebon hair was specked with gray1 but the face was that of his long-lost wife1 the ,isabel of his boyish love4 8,you have come6''' ,you have come to say that you forgive me60 she said in faint1 low tones1 fastening a wistful1 trembling glance on him2 for ,clide did not advance at once1 but stood on the threshold1 arrested by the mournful spectacle4 8,isabel60 he exclaimed1 approaching softly1 and he knelt down and leaned over her4 ,she looked at him so long without speaking that he began to fear she did not know him after all4 ,he raised the little hand to his lips1 and then stroked it caressingly2 the action1 the touch1 seemed to strike some chord long sleeping4 8,clide1 ,clide60 she murmured1 and the tears rose and rolled in large drops down her cheeks4 ,his heart was wrung with pity2 there was no room for any other feeling4 ,if she had wronged him as deeply as he had ever feared1 he forgave it all4 ,he remembered nothing but that they had once loved each other1 that she had suffered cruelly1 and that she was dying4 8,my poor ,isabel6 ,i forgive you with all my heart1 as ,i hope to be forgiven2 so help me ,god60 ,he let his head fall on the pillow beside her and wept silently4 ,admiral de ,winton made a sign to the attendant that they had better withdraw and leave them alone2 she hesitated a moment1 and then followed him and closed the door softly behind her4 ,and so they were once more together--those two who had been joined and parted1 and reunited now for a moment only before the final parting4 ,no one disturbed them1 no eye looked behind the curtain while that last sacred interview lasted4 ,for three hours ,clide knelt by the side of his dying wife1 her hand in his1 her head resting on his breast4 ,he whispered words of tenderness and mercy to the wearied spirit2 he told her of a ,love greater than his1 and of a pardon mightier and more availing1 of which his was but the pledge and the forerunner4 ,at sunset she died4 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,,napoleon ,i4 ,,and ,,pius ,,vii4#ge ,in the ,life of ,pope ,pius ,,vii4 ,miss ,allies has given us a picture of rare beauty and deep interest4 ,we think1 however1 that the title of the book has not been well chosen4 ,it is not a biography of ,pius ,,vii41 but a history of the efforts of ,napoleon ,bonaparte to make the ,papacy an appendage and support of the vast empire which he had founded with his sword4 ,the materials for the narrative have been drawn chiefly from the ,mmoires of ,cardinal ,consalvi and the ,memorie ,storiche of ,cardinal ,pacca1 both of whom were witnesses of the facts which they relate4 ,the author is also greatly indebted to the recent work of d',haussonville1 ,l',eglise ,romaine et le ,premier ,empire4 ,the shock of the ,revolution of #aghi1 which unsettled everything in ,europe--ideas1 customs1 laws1 government--could not possibly have left the church undisturbed4 ,in ,france the goods of the clergy were declared to belong to the nation4 ,the churches were turned into temples of ,reason1 the convents converted into barracks1 the priests who remained faithful to their consciences guillotined or sent into exile4 ,the new republic1 8one and indivisible10 aspired to be also universal1 and soon the clash of arms resounded throughout ,europe4 ,napoleon1 at the head of the army of ,italy1 gained those brilliant victories which kindled in his heart the flame of an all-devouring ambition4 ,he was ordered to march upon ,rome1 and he wrote to ,cardinal ,mattei3 8,save the pope from the greatest of evils2 be persuaded that ,i need only the will in order to destroy his power40 ,pius ,,vi4 was in consequence forced to sign a treaty in which he gave up a considerable part of his territory1 and in the following year 7#agih7 the ,french republic invaded ,rome4 ,the reign of the popes was declared to be at an end2 the ,holy ,father was dragged away into captivity1 and in ,august1 #agii1 died at ,valence4 ,the following ,november the cardinals met in conclave in ,venice under the protection of ,russia1 ,england1 and ,turkey1 and elected ,barnaba ,chiaramonti1 who took the title of ,pius ,,vii41 and on the #c;d of ,july1 #ahjj1 entered ,rome amidst universal demonstrations of joy4 ,just two months before ,bonaparte had led his victorious troops across the ,alps1 and1 having triumphed over ,austria1 had a ,te ,deum sung in the cathedral of ,milan for the deliverance of ,italy from infidels and heretics--the ,turks1 namely1 and the ,english4 ,shortly afterwards he informed ,pius ,,vii4 of his wish to open negotiations for the arrangement of religious matters4 ,the ,first ,consul was preparing to assume the purple4 8,i did not usurp the crown10 he said2 8it was lying in the mire3 ,i picked it up4 ,the people placed it on my head40 ,he felt1 however1 that an empire founded upon 8blood and iron0 could not dispense with the moral support of religion4 ,he therefore determined to enter into a ,concordat with the pope4 ,this resolution1 we are bound to believe1 sprang purely from political and selfish motives4 ,whilst fortune smiled upon him ,napoleon cared for religion only so far as it served his ambitious ends4 ,to ,menon1 in ,egypt1 he wrote3 8,i thank you for the honors you have paid to our prophet40 ,in ,india he would have been for ,ali1 for ,confucius in ,china1 and in ,thibet for the ,dalai ,lama4 ,consalvi was despatched to ,paris to enter into articles of agreement with the ,first ,consul4 ,when the cardinal presented himself before ,bonaparte1 he turned abruptly upon him and said3 8,i know what brings you to ,france4 ,i wish the negotiations to begin at once4 ,i give you five days1 and1 if at the end of that time matters are not arranged1 you must return to ,rome2 for my own part1 ,i have already provided against such a contingency40 ,after many discussions the ,first ,consul declared that he was ready to ratify the ,concordat4 ,joseph ,bonaparte1 ,bernier1 and ,crtet were to sign for the ,french government1 and ,consalvi1 ,spina1 and ,caselli for the pope4 ,at the appointed hour and place they all met4 ,bernier held in his hand what he said was the ,concordat1 and1 as the cardinal claimed the right of signing first1 he attempted to get him to affix his signature without looking at the document2 but a glance showed ,consalvi that a spurious paper had been substituted1 and he refused to sign his name4 ,the ,concordat was to be proclaimed at a public dinner on the following day2 so the discussions were reopened and continued through the whole night1 but no satisfactory conclusion was reached4 ,the hour for the dinner arrived1 and when the cardinal entered the banquet-hall ,bonaparte called out to him in a mocking tone3 8,so you wish to break with me1 ,monsieur le ,cardinal8 ,well1 be it so6 ,i have no need of ,rome6 ,i have no need of the pope6 ,if ,henry ,,viii41 without the twentieth part of my power1 was able to change the religion of his subjects1 how much more able am not ,i6 ,in changing the religion of ,france ,i shall change it in all ,europe1 in all places where my power is felt4 ,when will you go80 8,after dinner10 replied the cardinal with seeming unconcern4 ,this outburst of wrath was meant to frighten ,consalvi3 ,bonaparte had really no intention of breaking so suddenly with the pope4 ,again negotiations were begun4 ,the ,concordat was signed1 and ,joseph was deputed to take it to the ,first ,consul to obtain his placet2 but the great man tore the paper into a hundred pieces4 ,finally1 however1 he yielded1 and the public exercise of religious worship was again permitted in ,france4 ,but when ,bonaparte published the ,concordat1 he added to it the 8,organic ,articles10 by which many of its provisions were practically annulled2 and he was even guilty of the falsehood of making it appear that these articles were part of the convention with ,pius ,,vii4 ,he was resolved to rule the consciences of men in the same absolute way in which he commanded his army4 ,the bishops were required to submit all their official documents to the prefects of the departments4 ,to prelates who were particularly zealous pastorals were sent1 made to order by the central bureau at ,paris4 ,a bishop was not permitted to appoint or remove a priest without ,bonaparte's permission4 ,public worship was placed under the supervision of the police4 ,on the #afth of ,may1 #ahjd1 the senate voted that ,napoleon should assume the title of emperor4 ,two months before1 with premeditation and in cold blood1 he had had the ,duc d',enghien assassinated at ,vincennes2 and this stain upon his name made him the more anxious to receive the imperial crown from the consecrated hands of the pope4 ,a middle course was not open to ,pius ,,vii4 ,he had either to accept ,napoleon's invitation or to declare himself his enemy4 ,with the understanding that the 8,organic ,articles0 should be repealed1 and that the constitutional clergy should make their retractation in his hands1 the pope set out for ,paris4 ,in his long journey he was permitted to stop but twice1 and upon his first meeting the new emperor he was treated in the most uncivil manner4 ,on the eve of the coronation ,pius ,,vii4 received a visit from ,josephine4 ,she came to unburden her heart to him4 ,the church had never blessed her marriage with ,bonaparte1 and she felt that this would probably be her last opportunity to have this matter arranged4 ,the pope declared that he would not assist at the coronation unless the marriage was first contracted according to the rite of the church4 ,the duplicity of ,napoleon had deeply wounded the ,holy ,father1 and the emperor's wrath could not shake the pope's firm resolve4 ,during the night preceding the coronation1 therefore1 ,cardinal ,fesch performed the marriage ceremony in the chapel of the ,tuileries in the presence of two witnesses4 ,when the moment for the coronation came1 ,napoleon took the crown from the altar of ,notre ,dame1 and himself placed it on his head4 ,he had given the ,holy ,father his word that there should be but one coronation2 in violation of this promise he had himself crowned a second time in the ,champ de ,mars4 ,he crammed for his interviews with the pope1 in order to astonish him by his knowledge of church history4 ,already he was pondering over the thought of keeping the ,holy ,father in ,france4 ,the archiepiscopal palace was to be fitted up for ,pius ,,vii4 and reserved exclusively for the ,pontifical ,court4 ,when this was intimated to the pope1 he replied that it had not been unforeseen2 before leaving ,rome he had signed a formal abdication1 in case he should be forcibly detained in ,france4 ,the document was in ,palermo in the hands of ,cardinal ,pignatelli2 the emperor might imprison ,barnaba ,chiaramonti1 the simple monk1 but not ,pius ,,vii41 the ,vicar of ,christ4 ,the subject was dropped4 ,the petty jealousy and dread of rival power or popularity which was so marked a feature in ,napoleon's character could not be concealed whilst the ,holy ,father remained in ,paris as an independent sovereign4 ,he was not allowed to celebrate pontifical ,mass at ,notre ,dame on ,christmas day2 and he was hurried off to ,mcon before ,easter1 and thence continued his journey back to ,rome1 having refused to assist at the ceremony of ,napoleon's coronation at ,milan as ,king of ,italy4 ,jrome ,bonaparte1 a younger brother of ,napoleon1 had married a ,protestant girl in the ,united ,states1 and the emperor1 who wished his brothers and sisters to make matrimonial alliances with the most powerful families of ,europe1 applied to the pope to annul the marriage4 ,pius ,,vii4 declared that he had no power in the case4 ,napoleon sought revenge by meddling still further with the affairs of the church in ,italy1 and by taking forcible possession of ,ancona1 a portion of the papal territory4 ,the ,holy ,father protested in a letter dated the #acth of ,november1 #ahje1 which ,napoleon did not find time to answer till ,january #g1 #ahjf4 ,in those two months he had brought to a close one of his most brilliant campaigns1 had conquered the emperors of ,austria and ,russia1 and dictated terms to all ,europe4 ,in reply to the protest of the ,holy ,father ,napoleon wrote to his ambassador at ,rome in the following style3 8,the pope has written me a most ridiculous1 a most foolish letter4 ,these people thought ,i was dead4''' ,since these idiots do not object to the possibility of a ,protestant occupying the throne of ,france1 ,i will send them a ,protestant ambassador4''' ,i will change nothing outwardly1 if people behave themselves with me2 but otherwise ,i shall reduce the pope to be bishop of ,rome4 ,really1 nothing is so wanting in sense as the court of ,rome40 ,only the ,emperor of ,russia and the ,king of ,england he declared were masters in their own states1 because they had no pope to trouble them4 ,a month later 7,february1 #ahjf7 ,pius ,,vii4 received another letter from ,napoleon4 8,your ,holiness10 he wrote1 8must profess the same regard for me in the temporal order as ,i profess for you in the spiritual order4 ,all my enemies must be your enemies4 ,that an ,englishman1 a ,russian1 a ,swede1 or a minister of the ,sardinian king should henceforth reside in ,rome or in any part of your states is entirely unfitting4 ,no vessel belonging to any of these states should enter your ports40 ,the ,holy ,father replied that he was unable to assent to demands which were opposed to the character of his divine mission1 8which owns no enmities1 not even with those who have departed from the centre of unity40 ,napoleon attributed the pope's firmness to the counsels of ,consalvi1 and he determined to drive him from office4 8,tell him10 he wrote to his ambassador1 8that but two courses remain open to him3 always to do what ,i wish or to quit the ministry40 ,he also informed the cardinal that none of his movements were unknown to him1 and that for the first compromising act he should answer with his head2 he would have him arrested in the streets of ,rome4 8,these priests10 he said1 8keep the soul for themselves and throw me the carcass40 ,all this storm of imperial rage had broken upon the ,head of the church because he had dared defend the honor of a ,protestant girl1 the daughter of a simple ,american citizen1 against the attacks of the most terrible monarch of ,europe4 ,napoleon's dream was to found a great western empire like that of ,charlemagne1 and for the accomplishment of this design he saw that the co-operation of the pope was necessary4 ,he was therefore willing to defend the pope on condition that he should become his tool and lend himself as an obedient slave to his ambitious projects4 ,but when he saw that there was no hope of bringing ,pius ,,vii4 to accept his views on this subject1 he began to govern the church after his own fashion4 ,the bishops and priests who did not conform to his wishes were thrown into prison or forced to keep silence4 ,he had his victories proclaimed from the pulpits2 he furnished pastorals and exhortations in which it was made to appear that he was the defender of the faith1 fighting against infidels and heretics2 he recommended that prayers should be said that 8our brothers1 the persecuted ,catholics of ,ireland1 might enjoy liberty of worship40 8,inform ,m4 ,robert1 a priest of ,bourges10 he wrote1 8of my displeasure4 ,he preached a very foolish sermon on the #aeth of ,august4 ,l',abb de ,coucy is a great worry to me4 ,he keeps up too great a correspondence4 ,i wish him to be arrested and put into a monastery4''' ,it is really shameful that you have not yet arrested ,m4 ,stevens4 ,people are too sleepy2 else how could a wretched priest have escaped8''' ,i see from your letter that you have caused a cur of ,la ,vende to be arrested4 ,you have acted very wisely4 ,keep him in prison40 ,all religious newspapers--save one1 the ,journal des ,curs1 whose publications were strictly supervised--were suppressed4 8,no priest10 said ,napoleon1 8should bother his head about the church except in his sermons40 ,a special ,sunday each year was set aside to commemorate the coronation and the victories of the ,grande ,arme2 and in the sermon preached on that day particular mention was to be made of those who had fallen at ,austerlitz4 ,m4 ,portalis was charged with the preparation of a new imperial catechism1 which was published in ,august1 #ahjf4 ,the children of ,france were taught that 8the honor and the service of the emperor is one and the same thing as the honor and service of ,god02 that those who were wanting in their duty to ,napoleon rendered themselves worthy of eternal damnation2 and that ,god had given the crown not only to him1 but to his family4 ,the ,french bishops submitted in silence to this orthodox imperialism4 ,the next step was to deprive the pope of his temporal power4 ,as ,pius ,,vii4 had refused to enter into the emperor's plans for the founding of a great western empire1 he was to be imprisoned4 ,napoleon had just annihilated the wonderful troops of ,frederick the ,great1 and from his palace at ,berlin he once more dictated terms to the ,holy ,father4 8,let the pope10 he wrote1 8do what ,i wish1 and he will be repaid for the past and the future40 ,all ,europe1 save ,england1 was lying helpless at the feet of the conqueror2 and that the pope should continue to defend the interests of a ,protestant country against the power of a second ,charlemagne was an impossible supposition4 ,but ,napoleon was now so great that he refused to enter into personal correspondence with ,pius ,,vii42 so he wrote to ,eugene ,beauharnais1 the ,viceroy of ,italy1 with instructions that he should communicate his letter to the pope4 8,they say10 wrote the emperor10 that they want to publish all the evil that ,i have committed against religion4 ,the idiots6 ,they ignore1 then1 that there does not exist a spot in ,italy1 ,germany1 or ,poland where ,i have not done more for religion than the pope has done evil4''' ,what does ,pius ,,vii4 mean by denouncing me to ,christendom8 ,does he imagine that their arms will fall from the hands of my soldiers8''' ,perhaps the time is not far off when1 if this meddling in my affairs does not stop1 ,i shall acknowledge the pope to be nothing more than bishop of ,rome1 holding a rank in all respects similar to my bishops4''' ,in two words1 this is the last time that ,i consent to treat with these wretched priests of ,rome40 ,the pope replied to these insults in a letter full of meekness and humility1 in which he declared that he had refused ,napoleon nothing which his conscience would permit him to grant4 ,napoleon gave orders for the occupation of ,rome by the ,french troops under ,general ,miollis2 and the army passed in through the open gates of the city on the #b;d of ,february1 #ahjh4 ,the pope was a prisoner4 ,the ,neapolitan cardinals were carried off by force2 and in ,march all who were not natives of the states of the church were ordered to leave ,rome4 ,the dethronement of the pope was proclaimed with the sound of the trumpet1 and his dominions were declared irrevocably united to the kingdom of ,italy4 ,the ,holy ,father signed the bull of excommunication1 and in the night of the #eth of ,july1 #ahji1 ,general ,radet broke into his apartments1 arrested him and ,cardinal ,pacca1 hurried them into a closed carriage1 and drove out of ,rome through the ,porta ,pia1 accompanied by a detachment of gendarmes4 ,the pope1 who was ill and weak1 was driven in great haste through ,italy to ,savona1 a fortified town near ,genoa1 where he was imprisoned4 ,europe was dumb1 the press was silent1 and people dared not even express sympathy for the ,holy ,father4 ,napoleon tried to make the world forget that there was a pope2 but he himself was often reminded of his existence4 ,many dioceses were without bishops1 and the pope refused to confirm those who had been appointed1 so long as he was deprived of his liberty4 ,the emperor had some of the highest dignitaries of the ,french church to write to the prisoner of ,savona to represent the evil consequences of this refusal2 but to no purpose4 ,all the cardinals were summoned to ,paris to grace the ,imperial ,court4 ,the ,penitentiaria and ,dataria were also removed thither4 ,napoleon sent a circular to the bishops1 ordering them 8to suppress the prayer to ,st4 ,gregory ,,vii41 and to substitute another feast for that of this saint1 whom the ,gallican ,church cannot recognize40 ,everything was 8to be organized as if no pope existed40 ,no priest was to be ordained without the emperor's permission4 8,give orders10 he wrote1 8to the prefect of the ,taro department to choose fifty of the worst priests at ,parma and fifty of the worst at ,piacenza4''' ,let them embark for ,corsica40 ,the time had now come when ,napoleon was resolved to be divorced from ,josephine4 ,he consulted the ,archbishop of ,bordeaux and his clergy on the subject4 ,their reply was unfavorable1 and he summarily dismissed them and had the vicar-general and the superior of the seminary deprived of their offices4 ,one day1 after a very silent repast with the empress1 he broached the subject to her4 ,she fell fainting to the floor2 the emperor summoned the chamberlain and had her carried to her apartments4 ,her adieu to sovereignty was effected under trying circumstances4 ,a grand reception took place at the ,tuileries on the evening of her departure4 ,she assisted at the funeral of her worldly greatness1 and the fate of ,napoleon was decided at the same moment by a few hurried words spoken by two courtiers as they were leaving the imperial presence4 ,negotiations for the marriage of ,napoleon with the ,grand ,duchess ,olga1 sister of the ,czar of ,russia1 were all but concluded4 ,that night ,m4 ,floret1 the first secretary of the ,austrian ,embassy1 whispered to ,m4 de ,smonville that the emperor might easily have the hand of ,marie ,louise of ,austria4 ,this was related to ,napoleon2 the alliance with ,russia was broken off2 and two years later came the retreat from ,moscow1 when the arms fell from his soldiers' hands4 ,but to espouse a daughter of the ,catholic house of ,austria it was necessary to obtain not only a civil but also a religious divorce from ,josephine4 ,no other authority than that of the pope1 ,cardinal ,fesch declared1 would be otherwise than 8uncertain or dangerous0 on the subject2 but to apply to the captive of ,savona would be useless4 ,napoleon therefore created an ecclesiastical tribunal for the occasion1 over which his uncle1 ,cardinal ,fesch1 was appointed to preside4 ,the emperor first attempted to make it appear that his marriage with ,josephine in #ahjd was invalid1 because it had taken place without witnesses or deed2 but the cardinal was able to show that this was not true4 ,he next alleged as a cause of illegality the absence of the parish priest2 but the faculties conferred upon ,fesch by ,pius ,,vii4 more than supplied this deficiency4 ,as a last resort ,napoleon declared that he had never consented to the religious marriage1 thus openly confessing that he had deceived ,josephine1 ,cardinal ,fesch1 and the ,holy ,father4 ,this statement1 however1 was probably an after-thought and false1 which is not surprising in an habitual liar like ,napoleon4 ,the tribunal was threatened with the anger of the emperor if it kept him waiting beyond a certain day4 ,as it had been created only to do his bidding1 his marriage with ,josephine was declared null2 but let us remark that the ,holy ,father had nothing to do with this business2 he was not even consulted1 as he had already given proof of what might be expected from him in the case of ,jrme ,bonaparte and ,miss ,paterson4 ,nearly all the cardinals were at this time living in ,paris4 ,fourteen of them gave it as their opinion that the divorce had been rightly granted2 thirteen others asserted that the tribunal was incompetent1 and that the case should have been submitted to the pope4 ,in consequence they determined not to assist at the marriage of ,napoleon and ,marie ,louise4 ,when ,cardinal ,fesch reported this to the emperor1 he got into a fit of rage4 8,bah6 they will not dare10 he exclaimed2 and when ,cardinal ,consalvi1 the leader of the thirteen1 came to a public audience at the ,tuileries eight days before the ceremony1 ,napoleon came up to him1 stopped before him1 gave him a thundering look1 and passed on without speaking a word4 ,as he entered the chapel of the ,louvre for the wedding he wore an air of triumph2 but his countenance grew dark when he perceived the thirteen were not there4 8,where are the cardinals80 he asked in an irritated tone4 8,a great number are here10 was the reply4 8,ah6 the fools2 but they are not here10 said ,napoleon with another glance at the empty seats4 8,the fools1 the fools60 ,he declared that it was his intention to cause the resignation of these individuals1 and that henceforth they were to be deprived of the ,purple4 ,in this way arose the title of ,black and ,red cardinals4 ,the property of the thirteen was seized and their income went to swell the public treasure1 whilst they were sent to different provincial towns and placed under surveillance4 ,the difficulty as to the appointment of bishops to vacant dioceses had not been settled4 ,in ,may1 #ahaj1 ,napoleon despatched two cardinals1 most favorable to his pretensions1 to ,pius ,,vii41 whom he still held a prisoner in ,savona1 to persuade the pope to confirm the bishops appointed by the emperor2 but the ,holy ,father was immovable4 ,napoleon thereupon resolved to make his own bishops and dispense with the papal confirmation4 ,cardinal ,fesch1 who had accepted the title of ,archbishop-elect of ,paris1 now refused to take possession of his see without the approval of the pope4 8,i can force you to obey me10 said ,napoleon to his uncle4 8,sire1 potius mori10 replied the cardinal4 8,ah6 ah6 potius mori--rather ,maury4 ,be it so4 ,you shall have ,maury40 ,cardinal ,maury accepted1 and in a few days his vicar-general was arrested and sent to the dungeon of ,vincennes1 where he remained till the fall of the empire4 ,about the same time ,vincennes opened its gloomy gates to ,cardinals di ,pietro and ,gabrielli4 ,this was in #ahaa4 ,pius ,,vii4 had been in prison for two years4 ,napoleon now ordered his jailers to treat him with greater severity4 ,no person was allowed to see him without the emperor's permission2 and for violating this regulation some priests from ,marseilles were thrown into a filthy dungeon4 ,all letters to and from the ,holy ,father were submitted to the inspection of the keeper of the prison4 8,it is useless for the pope to write10 said ,napoleon2 8the less he does1 the better it will be4''' ,the less that which he writes reaches its destination1 the better4''' ,i trouble myself very little as to what he may do4''' ,let him be told that it is distressing for ,christendom to own a pope so ignorant of what is due to sovereigns1 but that the state will not be disturbed1 and good will be effected without him40 ,on the #hth of ,january1 #ahaa1 experts sent from ,paris entered the episcopal palace at ,savona1 where the ,holy ,father was confined1 opened his doors and drawers1 searched his correspondence1 unsewed his clothes1 and broke open his desk1 in order to discover something that might incriminate him4 ,they even took away his breviary and the ,office of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,he was also ordered to deliver up the ,ring of the ,fisherman2 but1 justly suspecting that it would be used for fraudulent purposes1 he broke it in two and handed the pieces to ,napoleon's agent4 ,a moral terrorism reigned over the religious world in ,france and ,italy4 ,the emperor's vengeance pursued even ladies who gave alms to the ,black cardinals4 ,the cardinals1 bishops1 and priests who had spoken against his tyranny were in prison2 the rest remained silent4 ,napoleon now called a ,national ,council to devise measures for governing the church without the assistance of the pope4 ,the ,french bishops had for the most part been kept ignorant of the precise nature of the trouble between himself and ,pius ,,vii41 and he intended by this new move to impress upon the mind of the ,sovereign ,pontiff that he could nor rely upon the support of the bishops4 ,first1 however1 a deputation was sent to the pope to urge upon him the pressing necessity of conforming without further delay to the will of the emperor4 ,pius ,,vii4 was at this time in very feeble health1 and ,napoleon did not hesitate to bribe his physician1 ,dr4 ,porta1 that he might inform the members of the deputation of the most favorable opportunity to take advantage of the weak and suffering state of the ,holy ,father to wring from him the desired concessions4 ,for some days those who surrounded him were able to attest the presence of all the symptoms of madness4 8,you will have seen10 wrote his jailer to the ,minister of ,worship1 8by my last letters that the uncertainty of the pope when he is left to himself goes to the length of affecting his reason and his health4 ,at present the mental alienation has passed off40 ,still1 the bishops sent by ,napoleon to ,savona were obliged to return without the pope's signature to the document of concessions4 ,the ,national ,council was opened on the #agth of ,june1 in the ,cathedral of ,notre ,dame1 under the nominal presidency of ,cardinal ,fesch4 ,the opening discourse was delivered by ,mgr4 de ,boulogne1 ,bishop of ,troyes1 who spoke in eloquent and burning words 8of the ,supreme ,head of the episcopate1 without whom it resembles a branch separated from the tree and withered1 or a vessel tossed by the waves without rudder or steersman40 8,this see may be removed10 he said1 8but it cannot be destroyed4 ,its magnificence may be taken away1 but never its strength4 ,wherever this see shall establish itself it shall draw all others around it40 ,these words fell like burning coals in the midst of the assembly and produced great emotion4 ,the effect had not died away when the ,bishop of ,nantes arose to comply with the formality of asking each prelate whether it pleased him that the council should be opened4 8,yes10 answered the ,archbishop of ,bordeaux1 8saving the obedience due to the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 to whom ,i bind myself and whom ,i swear to obey40 ,then ,cardinal ,fesch in a loud voice read the oath as prescribed by a bull of ,pius ,,iv43 8,i acknowledge the ,holy ,catholic1 ,apostolic1 and ,roman ,church to be the mother and mistress of all other churches2 ,i promise and swear perfect obedience to the ,roman pontiff1 the successor of ,st4 ,peter1 ,prince of the ,apostles1 and ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ on earth40 ,one by one the bishops bound themselves irrevocably to the cause of ,pius ,,vii4 ,napoleon was furious and berated his uncle for 8getting up one of his scenes40 ,two laymen were appointed to be present in his name at all future meetings of the bishops4 ,some of the courtier prelates drew up a fulsome address to ,napoleon1 a kind of treatise on state theology1 which they presented to the members of the council for their signature4 ,mgr4 de ,broglie1 ,bishop of ,ghent1 declared he would never sign it4 ,another bishop proposed that 8the liberty of the pope0 should be demanded4 ,this was received with a confused murmur of applause2 but ,cardinal ,fesch1 who dreaded the wrath of his nephew1 declared that the time was inopportune for such a request4 ,napoleon1 unable longer to restrain himself1 ordered the council to put an end to its 8idle debates40 ,he gave the members eight days to devise an expedient for providing bishops for the vacant sees4 ,as a sign of his displeasure he refused to receive the council officially at the ,tuileries4 ,the bishops1 he said1 had 8acted as cowards40 ,in answer to the demand to find an expedient for providing bishops for the vacant sees without the confirmation of the pope1 the council declared that it would first be necessary to send a deputation to consult ,pius ,,vii4 ,this declaration was carried by ,fesch to his imperial nephew4 ,he was received with an outburst of anger4 ,napoleon would soon show the bishops their place4 ,when the cardinal attempted to reason with him1 he rudely stopped him3 8,what6 theology again6 ,where did you learn it8 ,be quiet2 you are an ignoramus40 ,he threatened to dissolve the council and organize a system of state religion1 but finally drew up a decree himself1 in which he falsely asserted that the pope had made the desired concessions4 ,the bishops were deceived1 and1 with two exceptions1 voted in favor of the decree4 ,a little reflection1 however1 convinced many of them of the fraud which had been practised upon them1 and they recalled their votes4 ,suddenly1 on the #aath of ,july1 ,napoleon dissolved the council4 ,the following day1 at three o'clock in the morning1 ,mgr4 de ,broglie1 ,mgr4 de ,boulogne1 and ,mgr4 ,hirn1 who had taken a prominent part in opposing the decree1 were arrested in their beds and carried off to the prison of ,vincennes4 ,in ,august five cardinals and eight bishops1 partisans of the emperor1 were sent to ,savona to make still another effort to win over ,pius ,,vii4 to ,napoleon's plans4 ,the ,holy ,father1 who was so closely guarded that no one was allowed to see him except his bribed doctor and the jailer1 was in total ignorance of all that had passed in the ,national ,council4 ,for five months1 from ,september1 #ahaa1 to ,february1 #ahab1 these cardinals and bishops used every argument and artifice to induce the pope to sign the decree of the council4 ,their efforts were successful4 ,pius ,,vii41 worn out with importunities1 feeble in body and in mind1 wrote the brief of adhesion4 ,but ,napoleon was not satisfied4 ,he was already organizing his army for the fatal ,russian campaign1 and he wrote to his ,minister of ,worship the following instructions3 8,i send you the original papal brief4 ,keep it and communicate its contents to nobody4 ,i wish to find the bishops in ,rome on my return1 to see what we can do4''' ,the truth is1 the church is experiencing a crisis40 ,his victory over ,russia was1 in his imagination1 already an accomplished fact2 he would return the undisputed sovereign of all ,europe1 would gather the bishops in ,rome1 and would give to the church1 as he had given to the state1 a ,code ,napolon4 ,on the #bdth of ,january1 #ahab1 the ,holy ,father wrote to him in the most unaffected and simple manner1 and begged to be permitted to consult disinterested counsellors and to have free communication with the faithful4 ,napoleon disdained to answer this letter1 but sent through his ,minister of ,worship the following notification to the deputation at ,savona3 8,his majesty deems that it is unfitting to his dignity to answer the letter of the pope4''' ,his majesty pities the ignorance of the pope1 and compassionates a pontiff who could have played so great a part1 but who has become the calamity of the church4''' ,his majesty understands these matters of ecclesiastical jurisdiction better than the ,holy ,father4''' ,if the pope cannot make a distinction which is simple enough to be grasped by the most uncultivated seminarian1 why does he not voluntarily descend from the papal chair and leave it to a man who is less feeble in mind and better principled than he80 ,and now1 just as he was setting out on the ,russian campaign1 he ordered that ,pius ,,vii4 should be transferred from ,savona to ,fontainebleau4 ,the ,holy ,father was unwell1 but to this no attention was paid4 ,just before reaching the ,mont ,cenis he fell dangerously ill4 ,the journey was not interrupted4 ,a bed was fitted up in the carriage and a surgeon procured1 who1 with the instruments that might be needed1 accompanied him4 ,when they reached ,fontainebleau nothing was prepared1 and the pope had to pass the first night in the porter's lodge4 ,a ,guide-book of ,paris1 published at this time1 informed the ,french that they possessed a 8papal palace0 in their capital4 ,but the end was drawing near4 ,on the #bdth of ,june1 #ahab1 ,napoleon crossed the ,niemen at the head of an army of five hundred thousand men4 ,as he reached the opposite bank his horse stumbled and fell4 ,his fatalism led him to consider this a bad omen4 ,the ,russians fled before him1 and1 after the victories of ,smolensk and ,borodino1 he rode into ,moscow on the #aeth of ,september4 ,it was silent as a desert1 and the ,kremlin1 where he took up his residence1 was like a tomb4 ,at midnight from a hundred quarters the flames burst forth1 and in the lurid light of the burning city the army began the fatal retreat4 ,the weather1 which had been fine1 suddenly grew cold2 sleet and snow and rain beat with merciless fury upon the men1 from their benumbed hands their arms fell1 and by the roadside they laid down to die4 ,on the #ahth of ,december ,napoleon arrived1 a fugitive1 in ,paris4 ,in this one campaign he had lost #bej1jjj men1 half of whom had died of cold and hunger4 ,with the beginning of the year #ahac he wrote to ,pius ,,vii4 and begged him to believe that his feelings of respect and veneration were independent of circumstances4 ,shortly afterwards he went to visit the ,holy ,father at ,fontainebleau1 and upon their first meeting for eight years he embraced him with every mark of affection4 ,the health of the pope was wretched1 and advantage was taken of his weak condition to obtain still further concessions4 ,upon the promise of ,napoleon to liberate the imprisoned cardinals1 bishops1 and priests1 ,pius ,,vii4 signed the ,concordat of ,fontainebleau--an act which he almost immediately recalled1 and which he never ceased to regret4 ,when the faithful ,pacca1 after so long a separation1 was at length admitted to his presence1 he expressed his admiration for the pope's heroic constancy4 8,but finally10 cried out the ,holy ,father in anguish1 8we have sullied our conscience4 ,those cardinals dragged me to the table and made me sign40 ,pius ,,vii4 was still held a prisoner1 and ,napoleon acted as though the ,concordat of ,fontainebleau still existed4 ,he appointed bishops1 imprisoned priests1 and drafted seminarians to fill up his decimated regiments4 ,the victories of ,lutzen and ,bautzen were more brilliant than important4 ,in ,august1 #ahac1 the ,emperor of ,austria declared against his son-in-law4 ,then came the crushing defeat of ,leipsic1 and ,napoleon was slowly driven back upon ,france1 closely followed by the allied armies4 ,orders were sent to remove ,pius ,,vii4 from ,fontainebleau1 and a few days later the war was raging at the very gates of the palace which he had so recently occupied4 ,finally1 on the #ajth of ,march1 #ahad1 when all hope was lost1 ,napoleon signed a decree which restored his dominions to the pope4 ,since his removal from ,fontainebleau ,pius ,,vii4 had been driven about through various parts of ,france1 closely guarded2 but now that he turned his face toward ,rome1 his journey assumed the appearance of a triumphal procession1 and at length1 on the #bdth of ,may1 #ahad1 the ,feast of ,our ,lady1 ,help of ,christians1 he re-entered the ,holy ,city amid the universal enthusiasm of his people4 ,just one month before1 in the palace of ,fontainebleau1 ,napoleon signed the decree which declared his empire at an end2 and1 a fallen sovereign1 he passed out in silence through the ranks of the men whom he had so often led to victory4 ,in his last meeting with ,josephine he took her hand and said3 8,josephine1 ,i have been as fortunate as any man upon earth4 ,but in this hour1 when a storm is gathering over me1 ,i have in the wide world none but you upon whom ,i can repose40 ,and in ,st4 ,helena he said to ,caulaincourt3 8,if ,i live a hundred years1 ,i shall never forget those scenes2 they are the fixed ideas of my sleepless nights4 ,i have had enough of sovereignty4 ,i want no more of it2 ,i want no more of it40 ,it is not easy to form a just estimate of the character of ,napoleon4 ,we have heard veterans who had fought at ,austerlitz and ,lutzen declare that when he rode along the line his glance did so blind the eye that they could not look upon him2 and they thought so4 ,this light of glory still enshrines his memory and dazzles us1 to prevent us from seeing him as he was4 ,no one has ever doubted his surprising strength2 his almost incredible power to bear labor1 whether of body or mind2 his wonderful intellect1 which grasped things with equal ease1 in general and in detail2 his unequalled ability to organize an army1 a nation1 or a continent2 his courage1 which rose superior to the most crushing defeat4 ,but with these great endowments he had a coarse and selfish nature4 ,he was as ready to lie as to tell the truth4 ,no act that was expedient was bad4 ,his ambitious ends sanctified all means by which they could be attained4 ,dissimulation1 deceit1 hypocrisy1 betrayal of friends1 imprisonment1 murder1 assassination1 he was ready to use indifferently as his purposes demanded4 ,without moral convictions himself1 he believed others equally devoid of them4 ,to assign conscience as a reason for anything was in his eyes pretence and hypocrisy4 ,the religious scruples of the pope and cardinals he held to be mere obstinacy and ill-will4 ,when ,pius ,,vii4 declared he had not the power to annul the marriage of ,jerome with ,miss ,patterson1 ,napoleon saw in this only a desire to take revenge for the way in which he had been insulted at the coronation4 ,after having persecuted bishops and priests1 keeping many of them in prison1 during his whole reign1 he had the impudence to declare in ,st4 ,helena that the priests were all for him as soon as he allowed them to wear violet-colored stockings4 ,he was the coarsest reviler and insulted all whom he feared or hated4 ,the pope and the cardinals were 8idiots and fools02 the republicans were 8mad dogs and brigands02 the ,king of ,prussia was 8the most complete fool of all the kings on earth02 the ,spanish ,bourbons were 8a flock of sheep02 ,de ,broglie1 the ,bishop of ,ghent1 was 8a reptile02 the priests who disapproved of the ,concordat were 8the scum of the earth02 and of the philosophers he said3 8,je les ai comme une vermine sur mes habits40 ,his conduct towards women was coarse and contemptuous4 ,they ought to know nothing and were not fit to have opinions4 ,he told ,madame de ,stal to go home and knit her stockings2 the greatest woman was she who had the most children--he wanted soldiers4 ,he did not conceal his contempt for men4 8,every year of my reign10 he said in ,st4 ,helena1 8,i saw more and more plainly that the harsher the treatment men received1 the greater was their submission and devotion4 ,my despotism then increased in proportion to my contempt for mankind40 ,from #ahjd to #ahae he sacrificed to his mad ambition not less than five millions of men4 ,several thousand ,french subjects were shot merely for desertion4 ,each principal town had its place aux fusillades4 ,the prisons of ,france were filled with his victims4 ,a more thorough tyrant than he never lived4 ,liberty of all kinds was odious to him4 ,he hated all whom he could not enslave4 ,to be free was to be his enemy4 ,while he reigned men spoke with bated breath1 the press was fettered1 and the church was in chains4 ,in his own family he was a despot2 he gave his brothers crowns1 but only on condition that they would become his slaves2 and when ,lucien thought that even royal honors might be bought at too dear a price1 he was forced to leave ,france4 ,his jealousy was surpassed only by his vanity4 8,go10 said he to his soldiers1 8kill and be killed2 the emperor beholds you40 ,he had a barbaric love of vulgar display1 and this was one of the passions which impelled him to his bloody wars4 ,no man ever had less heart4 ,if he loved any one1 it was ,josephine1 and her he sacrificed without a pang4 ,remorseless as destiny1 which was his god1 he trod out with the iron hoof of war right and life1 and where he passed there was wailing and desolation as after pestilence4 ,in his last illness on the desolate rock of ,st4 ,helena he spoke with reverence and feeling of religion4 ,from the hands of the priest sent to him by ,pius ,,vii4 he received the sacraments of the church4 ,for six years he had held in cruel confinement ,christ's vicar1 the gentlest of men2 for six years he himself pined in living death on the barren island of ,st4 ,helena4 ,it was the #eth of ,march1 #ahba1 that he died4 ,on the tomb of ,st4 ,peter ,pius ,,vii4 offered up the divine ,sacrifice for the repose of the soul of ,napoleon4 #ge ,the ,life of ,pope ,pius ,,vii4 ,by ,mary ,h4 ,allies4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahge4 ,,modern ,,english ,,poetry4 ,mr4 ,stedman1 the author of ,the ,victorian ,poets1 appears to be a painstaking and conscientious writer4 ,he has read with extraordinary industry all the poetry of the period to which his criticism is limited1 including not a little which1 if he deemed it his duty to study1 it was not worth his while to name4 ,he has brought to this study a highly1 although we think not methodically1 cultivated mind and a retentive memory4 ,he has a remarkable fluency of diction1 bordering occasionally on volubility1 and a certain fecundity of illustration2 but his words have at times a vagueness1 not to say inaptness1 of application which is not suggestive of clearness or depth of thought4 ,his work1 he will pardon us for thinking1 is rather an 8essay in0 technical than 8philosophical criticism40 ,he himself appears to be conscious of this2 for he writes in his preface3 8,if my criticism seems more technical than is usual in a work of this kind1 it is due1 ,i think1 to the fact that the technical refinement of the period has been so marked as to demand full recognition and analysis40 ,furthermore1 he informs us that he 8has no theory of poetry02 and we must own that1 in the absence of any theory of poetry1 a philosophical criticism of it seems to us to be out of the question4 ,the qualities he requires of it 8are simplicity and freshness in work of all kinds1 and1 as the basis of persistent growth and of greatness in a masterpiece1 simplicity and spontaneity1 refined by art1 exalted by imagination1 and sustained by intellectual power02 but does he understand what he means by this8 ,we do not4 ,are we to understand that the only inseparable qualities1 the only properties1 of poetry which must characterize 8work of all kinds0--by which we presume he means every real poetical production--are simplicity and freshness8 ,what does he mean by simplicity8 what by freshness8 ,does he refer these qualities to expression only8 ,if so1 what does he mean by 8simplicity not being excluded from the ,miltonic canon of poetry08 ,in the higher efforts of poetry1 he tells us1 we must still have simplicity2 but instead of freshness we are there to look for 8spontaneity40 ,are1 then1 8simplicity and spontaneity0 the basis of persistent growth 7we must own that even the meaning of this expression is hidden from us7 and of 8greatness in a masterpiece08 ,no2 it must be 8simplicity and spontaneity refined by art1 exalted by imagination1 and sustained by intellectual power40 ,but will not the simplicity1 and most assuredly the spontaneity1 disappear in the 8artistic refinement08 ,still more difficult is the idea of 8simplicity and spontaneity exalted by imagination0 being the 8basis0 of a poetical 8masterpiece40 ,poetry is the offspring of the imagination4 ,its excellence depends absolutely on the force and vigor of that intellectual power4 ,there can be no poetry in its absence4 ,and what other is imagination than intellectual power8 ,the poetic feeling we believe to be the echo of the soul to ,god in the presence of all his works4 ,it is the emotion--really rapture--which wells up within it at the contemplation of the sensible images in which he reveals portions of his beauty in every variety and combination of form1 proportion1 color1 touch1 scent1 and sound4 ,let the poet stand alone by the long margin of the sea on a still summer day4 ,what but it is that profound emotion of which he is so intensely conscious as he looks out upon the immense ocean in its still unrest1 which the blue heavens only seem to limit because his power of vision can reach no further1 and when he hears the mellow murmur of the wavelets as1 rearing themselves in graceful curves1 they fall in low whispers along the yellow sands1 as if depositing some message from infinitude1 and then rapidly withdraw8 ,what else is that indefinable transport1 resembling1 only in an infinitely inferior degree1 the ecstasy of a saint1 which holds in suspense all our faculties as1 in the languid heat of summer-tide1 we stand at the foot of craggy heights between which in distant ages some river has found for itself a channel2 and1 as we gaze into the impenetrable shade of the dense thickets which cover their sides1 hear the distant sound of falling waters1 and scent the fresh perfume of the breathing foliage1 the river flowing past us at our feet1 to be almost immediately hidden from our view by projecting headlands1 covered1 they too1 with the living darkness of foliage crowding upon foliage1 trees on trees8 ,the delightful trance into which the poetic soul is lulled by the beauty and truth of ,god speaking through even the least of his works defies analysis2 but we may say of it with some confidence that the objects that provoke it never weary of their charm4 ,and wherefore8 ,because they do not obstruct the instinct of immortality1 the yearning for infinitude1 which is a passion within the soul of the poet1 but is wholly absent from no one in whom ,god's image is not quite effaced4 ,on the contrary1 their apparent endlessness1 their want of boundary and definite outline1 suggest infinitude1 and awake the echoes of immortality from their profoundest depths1 and minister to the deep yearning of the soul for something more lovely than aught of which it has been hitherto cognizant4 ,this it is which accounts for the immense superiority of ,gothic to ,grecian architecture--a superiority so complete as to elevate it into quite another sphere of beauty4 ,the pleasure we experience at the sight of the highest efforts of a ,greek architect is almost exclusively sthetic1 sensible1 artistic4 ,it is occasioned by sharpness of outline1 grace of form1 beauty of proportion4 ,in these is the only poetry it can express2 which can never1 consequently1 mount to sublimity4 ,it can only be beautiful at best4 ,it pleases the sense1 but the soul--of the poet1 at all events--soon wearies of them4 ,but the ,gothic cathedral1 with its soaring arches interlacing one another1 its many naves1 aisles1 chapels1 and recesses1 its endless wealth of tracery and sculpture1 its clustering pinnacles and spires pointing heavenwards1 the deep shadows of its buttresses1 and its many mounting roofs--in short1 the utter absence of definiteness of outline1 and its grandeur as well as grace of form and beauty of proportion--respond1 and powerfully1 to the soul's craving for infinitude1 impatience of limitation1 and heart-yearning for the infinitely ,beautiful and ,true4 ,this poetic sense it is which causes all mere human pleasures so soon to pall upon us4 ,for it is impossible for the human soul to experience any save a transient pleasure from aught less than the infinite and eternal4 ,life itself is not a pleasure1 because we know it is passing away4 ,if we believed we should be annihilated at death1 the pain of life would be intolerable4 ,we hold1 therefore1 that this suggestiveness--which must not be confused with obscurity1 an element antagonistic to poetry--must underlie every expression of poetry1 whatever form it may take4 ,a didactic poem is a contradiction in terms1 although such a production may abound in poetical passages4 ,it reminds one of the pictures one sees sometimes in which the painter represents with great accuracy a melon or grapes1 a glass with wine in it1 knives and forks1 a loaf of bread1 a cheese sometimes1 not omitting the maggots1 or a lobster tempts his brush--in short1 anything which goes into the human mouth for bodily sustenance4 ,ordinary folk gape with wonder at the cleverness of the imitation2 but there is no one so dull as to suppose that there is in it any of the poetry of art4 ,the visible creation is the expression of the divine ,idea in it4 ,it is impossible1 consequently1 that it should not express1 in all its infinitude of forms1 modes1 color1 scent1 sound1 etc41 the truth and beauty of ,him who conceived it4 ,it would be contrary to reason to suppose that he sent it forth into objective existence as a mere toy for the amusement of his august creature1 as we throw dissolving views of grotesque figures upon a white surface for the amusement of children4 ,it was to convey to us intimations of himself1 as well as snatches of his happiness4 ,the spherical form of the unnumbered worlds2 the limited power of our visual organ1 which can only see the beginnings of things2 perpetual motion2 sound and scent1 which fail not when they are no longer within the reach of our senses2 the revolution1 in never-ending cycles1 of years1 seasons1 weeks1 and days2 renewed life never failing to come forth from rest and repose--ay1 even from death and corruption2 imaginary horizons1 vanishing distances1 light prevailing over darkness2 the thrill of awful pleasure with which the created soul of man apprehends this deep meaning of things--that spiritual instinct to which time is a pain1 eternity a rapture--in all are mirrored1 in every variety and form of grace and loveliness1 as well as of unsightliness and horror1 ,infinitude1 ,immortality1 ,god the infinitely lovable1 because he is the infinitely ,beautiful and ,true4 ,in proportion to the strength of this instinct is the excellence or inferiority of the poetic gift4 ,from this must it draw all its highest inspirations4 ,poetry is1 in fact1 its advertent expression2 and thus the poet is1 like ,god--only1 of course1 after a secondary and imitative fashion--a creator 774 ,he avails himself of some of the illimitable wealth of imagery in which ,god has expressed1 or given objective existence to1 his own one but infinitely varied idea1 and1 by fresh combinations1 throws them into really new forms or creations4 ,out of many examples that come to mind--for excellence in this is less uncommon than in the higher order of poetry1 of which the crown and lord of nature form the material--may be quoted the following creation of a midsummer noon in the ,earthly ,paradise1 by ,morris3 8,within the gardens once again they met1 ,that now the roses did well-nigh forget2 ,for hot ,july was drawing to an end1 ,and ,august came the fainting year to mend ,with fruit and grain2 so #8neath the trellises1 ,nigh blossomless1 did they lie well at ease1 ,and watched the poppies burn across the grass1 ,and o'er the bindweed's bell the brown bee pass1 ,still murmuring of his gains4 ,windless and bright ,the morn had been1 to help their dear delight2 ,but heavy clouds1 ere noon1 grew round the sun1 ,and1 half-way to the zenith1 wild and dun ,the sky grew1 and the thunder growled afar2 ,but1 ere the steely#gf clouds began their war1 ,a change there came1 and1 as by some great hand1 ,the clouds that hung in threatening o'er the land ,were drawn away2 then a light wind arose ,that shook the light stems of that flowery close1 ,and made men sigh for pleasure40 ,this brings us to another1 and an important1 point in which it is our misfortune to differ from ,mr4 ,stedman4 ,he regards poetry as an art4 ,he treats it as such throughout this work2 and as such he criticises it4 ,hence his criticism is almost exclusively technical2 hence1 too1 it exhibits frequent inconsistencies4 ,for example1 amongst the properties he assigns to the highest poetry1 which we have already quoted1 he places spontaneity4 ,by this term he means1 we presume1 a freedom from effort1 the unbidden outflow of imagination1 not the labored product of teaching and practice4 ,but this is utterly inapplicable to art1 which supposes instruction1 clumsy first efforts1 and perfection acquired only by years of toil4 ,what there is of art in poetry is limited1 or nearly so1 to its expression2 and even here the less there is of art1 and the more of what ,mr4 ,stedman means by spontaneity1 the loftier and the more genuine the poetry4 ,it is no praise but a depreciation of ,matthew ,arnold's or ,tennyson's poetry to trace the inspiration of one to ,bion and ,moschus and of the other to ,theocritus4 ,in good sooth1 he does the laureate injustice in the far-fetched examples of imitation of ,theocritus he ascribes to him4 ,it is the blemish of nearly all our modern poetry that its expression is so labored1 so technical4 ,for this it is that1 in the highest poetry1 nearly all who have tried it have failed2 none more signally than ,tennyson in ,queen ,mary4 ,one only has succeeded--,sir ,aubrey de ,vere4 ,another--whom1 because he has so foully outraged the moral sense of all mankind1 we prefer not to name until he has made reparation1 and who1 if he had not cast from him all sense of the beautiful and the true1 might have been perhaps the greatest poet of the age--is as remarkable for the originality and unstudiedness of his expression as for the brilliance and fecundity of his imagination4 ,mr4 ,stedman literally limits poetry to expression4 ,in a passage at the side of which is the marginal index1 8,what constitutes a poet10 he writes3 8,again1 the grammarian's statement is true1 that poetry is a means of expression4 ,a poet may differ from other men in having profounder emotions and clearer perceptions2 but this is not for him to assume1 nor a claim which they are swift to grant4 ,the lines1 8,oh6 many are the poets that are sown ,by nature--men endowed with highest gifts1 ,the vision and the faculty divine1 ,yet wanting the accomplishment of verse10 imply that the recognized poet is one who gives voice1 in expressive language1 to the common thought and feeling which lie deeper than ordinary speech4 ,he is the interpreter2 moreover1 he is the maker--an artist of the beautiful1 the inventor of harmonious numbers which shall be a lure and a repose40 ,it is clear from this unintelligible and self-contradicting passage that the writer has no theory of poetry4 ,yet in it he makes a very definite attempt to sketch such theory1 although he before told us that he has none4 ,what he means by it being 8a grammarian's statement0 that 8poetry is a means of expression0 we know not4 ,had he asserted that poetry is the poet's means of expression1 we could have understood him without agreeing with him2 but he identifies poetry with its expression4 ,say they must co-exist2 but they are not identical4 ,there is not a human soul without a body1 nor a leaf without the sap of the tree2 but great confusion would ensue from identifying the one with the other4 ,he goes1 however1 even further than this4 ,it seems to be his idea that no one can be a poet who does not write poetry4 ,it is true he uses the term 8recognized10 but he goes on to describe the poet as 8an artist of the beautiful1 the inventor of harmonious numbers40 ,but it is not necessary1 for any one to be a poet1 that he should be recognized as such4 ,there are those who 8want the acomplishment of verse0 through the very intensity of the poetic gift4 ,their intuitions are so profound that language sinks under the task of conveying them2 expression is overwhelmed4 ,people never write more feebly than when under the influence of strong emotion4 ,for this reason it is1 too1 that poetry may sometimes be improved by the travail of art1 the less1 however1 in proportion to the inspiration of the poet4 ,there are those1 pre-eminently ,shakspere1 in whom the expression is nearly as inspired as the poetry4 ,ingenium miser fortunatius arte ,credit1 et excludit sanos ,helicone ,potas ,democritus4 ,in more than one passage ,mr4 ,stedman approaches the truth about poetry1 as when he says that 8poets differ from other men in having profounder emotions and clearer perceptions02 and again when he writes3 8,certain effects are suggested by nature2 the poet discovers new combinations within the ground which these afford40 ,if for 8effects0 had been substituted 8conceptions of the beautiful10 it would have been very near a sufficiently accurate description of the creative power of the poet2 but he is hampered by his identification of poetry with its expression1 and so1 even here1 substitutes 8effects0--which really has no meaning in the context--for ideas4 ,poetry is the intuition of the ,beautiful and ,true as expressed in nature and in man1 not an analysis of its causes and effects4 ,not the least inspired of modern poets1 ,rossetti1 has very exquisitely sung this theory of poetry in a sonnet on 8,st4 ,luke the ,painter03 8,scarcely at once she ,art dared to rend the mist ,of devious symbols3 but soon having wist ,how sky-breadth and field-silence and this day ,are symbols also in some deeper way1 ,she looked through these to ,god1 and was ,god's priest40 ,the fault of almost all the modern ,english poets is that they are too artistic4 ,certainly their poetry cannot be blamed as carmen quod non4 ,multa dies et multa litura coercuit1 atque ,perfectum decies non castigavit ad unguem4 ,but it makes too much display of labor4 ,we admire its artistic skill1 and that is its principal attraction4 ,we feel that it is not nature which is hymning amidst so much art4 ,the result of such obvious effort betrays the handicraft of the artisan rather than the inspiration of the poet4 ,it is the ,versailles fountains instead of ,niagara4 ,it cannot be too much insisted on that poetry is not one of the fine arts4 ,the greater number of modern ,english poets1 however1 treat it as such1 as much as is possible with only the imagery of words for their material4 ,they are disciples rather of ,horace than of ,democritus4 ,there is plenty of labor and litura1 and of verse perfectum decies ad unguem2 of ingenium miser fortunatius arte but little4 ,they surpass in mountain-labor the forgotten ,lucilius1 who in versu faciendo spe caput scabunt1 vivos et rodunt ungues2 but they have too little of 8the sacred madness of the bards0 for admission into ,helicon4 ,the reason is not far to seek4 ,we notice a similar phenomenon in ,greece when religious belief was forced to retire before scepticism and the prating sophists4 ,to the sceptical temper of the age is undoubtedly owing the labor devoted to expression1 which has done all it could to reduce poetry to an art4 ,it has also occasioned a certain subjectivity1 if we may use the word--a painful mental analysis--which is fatal to poetry4 ,robert ,browning is the greatest offender in this regard4 ,so painfully intense1 in truth1 is his introspection that he pays far less attention to expression than his contemporaries4 ,cut off from the divine suggestiveness of nature by his hard materialism1 he does nothing but think2 and thinking poetically rather than syllogistically is an unamalgamation4 ,thought and expression are alike confused1 rugged1 and difficult4 ,the reader1 without even melody of rhythm to help him on1 stumbles and gropes through intricate sentences1 parentheses in parentheses1 a startling image here and there2 anon a whirring flight of poetry1 or what resembles it2 but the wings soon droop1 and the poet is on the earth again1 or lower than the earth--anywhere but soaring heavenwards4 ,he has in him the making of a poet4 ,had he the ,catholic faith1 his imagination would carry him to great heights and keep him there4 ,he might have soared nigh to ,shakspere4 ,his talent is dramatic--which is to say1 his poetic gift is of the highest order2 but nature has no divine suggestiveness to him1 the hollow shell whispers no eternity in his dull ear2 for him man has no end1 events no purpose2 and inasmuch as man has a definite end1 and a sublime one1 to which events definitely contribute1 he is not able to create men and women1 a destiny1 or destinies1 in any of which should there be a living verisimilitude4 ,a plot in which men1 women1 and children talk and act as men1 women1 and children do talk and act is out of his reach4 ,his highest effort is the dramatic poem1 in which1 however1 occur at times passages of great dramatic power1 showing what he could have done had he not been a heathen4 ,mr4 ,tennyson has been the subject of various articles in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world2 but so markedly does he contrast with ,browning1 and so noteworthy is the different bias given to the poetry of each by the materialistic spirit of the age1 that we cannot afford to pass him by here in complete silence4 ,we may look in vain in the poetry of the laureate for passages of dramatic force such as now and then light up the creaking1 groaning poetry of ,browning2 but he never grovels1 as the latter does very often indeed4 ,tennyson has strong sympathy with the one faith1 and1 as one may think1 a kind of supernatural bias in its favor1 or he too1 like the author of ,paracelsus and ,bishop ,blosegram's ,apology1 might have used his poetry as a fantastic costume for crude psychological problems and for the mind-darkness of doubt4 ,the distinguishing characteristic of his poetry is the exquisitely artistic finish of its expression4 ,every line shows signs of careful toil4 ,his genius has been without doubt hampered by it4 ,he is more artist than poet2 and1 as though conscious of this1 he seems to claim inspiration by an affectation of oracular obscurity4 ,yet not unseldom the refined simplicity of word and phrase1 the grace of imagery1 and all the artistic brilliance of choicest ornament express poetry1 although never of a very high order4 ,an elegiac poem such as ,in ,memoriam1 of nearly seven hundred quatrains1 however beautiful in expression1 has 8unreal0 on the face of it2 and that is fatal to its pretensions as a poem4 ,yet are there indications here and there of true poetic feeling4 ,painful is it1 and not without shame1 to have a difference with all the world of criticism4 ,but if we have reason1 our fellow-critics will not disdain us2 and if we have not1 we throw the blame on our theory of poetry4 ,but there is a modern poet--,rossetti--whom1 on the whole1 we must place on a higher pedestal than ,tennyson4 ,with an equal simplicity of word and phrase1 a refinement of expression not inferior1 he has the art1 if it be the result of art1 to conceal his art4 ,it is true he has all the artistic finish of ,tennyson--so much so that we cannot but feel that it is an artist who is singing to us2 but the artist disappears in the poet4 ,we must disenchant ourselves of the thrall of his poetry before we can criticise the artistic perfectness of its expression4 ,it is not only that1 as ,tennyson1 he paints scenes of nature and human doings with consummate art2 but1 true poet that he is1 he catches the very life of nature and it throbs within his verse4 ,his soul echoes to the ,beautiful and the ,true imaged in nature through all her modes and forms of color1 scent1 and sound2 he reads their meaning2 and when he reproduces them1 as ,mr4 ,stedman has it1 8in different combinations10 they are as suggestive of those ideas of ,god as the very images of nature herself4 ,take1 for example1 the eleventh song in ,the ,house of ,life--,the ,sea ,limits3 8,consider the sea's listless chime3 ,time's self it is made audible-- ,the murmur of the earth's own shell4 ,secret continuance sublime ,is the sea's end3 our sight may pass ,no furlong further4 ,since time was ,this sound hath told the lapse of time4 8,no quiet1 which is death's--it hath ,the mournfulness of ancient life ,enduring always at dull strife4 ,as the world's heart of rest and wrath ,its painful pulse is in the sands ,lost utterly1 the whole sky stands1 ,gray and not known1 along its path4 8,listen alone beside the sea1 ,listen alone among the woods2 ,those voices of twin solitudes ,shall have one sound alike to thee4 ,hark where the murmurs of thronged men ,surge and sink back and surge again-- ,still the one voice of wave and tree4 8,gather a shell from the strown beach ,and listen at its lips3 they sigh ,the same desire and mystery1 ,the echo of the whole sea's speech4 ,and all mankind is thus at heart ,not anything but what thou art3 ,and earth1 sea1 man1 are all in each40 ,this is poetry of the loftiest kind4 ,we cannot forbear quoting one more example of his 8quality40 ,it is poetry which reaches near to ,shakspere4 8,the poet of the world0 himself might have thus grandly imaged lust--with more nervous terseness1 may be2 but the structure of dramatic numbers exacts that1 and we do not yet know that ,mr4 ,rossetti is not equal to the drama4 8,like a toad within a stone ,seated while time crumbles on2 ,which sits there since the earth was cursed ,for man's transgression at the first2 ,which1 living through all centuries1 ,not once has seen the sun arise2 ,whose life1 to its cold circle charmed1 ,the earth's whole summers have not warmed2 ,which always1 whitherso the stone ,be flung1 sits there1 deaf1 blind1 alone-- ,ay1 and shall not be driven out ,till that which shuts him round about ,break at the very ,master's stroke1 ,and the dust thereof vanish as smoke1 ,and the seed of man vanish as dust3 ,even so within this world is lust40 ,thus much we have quoted in support of a criticism which will not be readily assented to by all4 ,our space does not admit of our quoting more4 ,but we refer the reader to ,the ,blessed ,damozel as a gem not to be outshone2 and1 for dramatic power joined to the loftiest poetry1 to ,a ,last ,confession4 ,next after ,rossetti1 if at all after1 comes ,william ,morris4 ,in the form and sound and bias of their numbers there is a close resemblance4 ,the imaginings of the latter flow more profusely1 perhaps because he does not tarry to spend so much care upon his art4 ,indeed1 whilst the art of ,rossetti is faultless in its way1 a seldom blemish1 like a minute blur in a diamond of the best water1 may be detected in that of ,morris1 as the word 8now0 thrice in three successive quatrains1 the word 8golden0 in five successive lines1 in a scene1 of almost tragic pathos1 of ,sir ,galahad1 a ,christmas ,mystery--the finest music he has smitten from the chords of no feeble instrument3 8,why not1 ,o twisting knight1 now he is dead80 ,but amidst so much finish and faultlessness slight fallibilities like these are1 as it were1 a relief4 ,the truth is1 the artistic spirit in both1 which 7and no wonder7 is all enamored of medival art--art in those ages of faith when she appeared in forms of beauty as sublime as faultless--is too forgetful of the living1 breathing1 moving present4 ,that they should drink in inspirations of the ,beautiful and the ,true from the forms in which that most poetic age embodied them1 is well2 but the art--the poetic expression--was natural to that epoch2 it is not natural to this4 ,if this is made too conspicuous1 as we think it is in both these poets1 there is a risk of mannerism2 and mannerism is an artistic blemish4 ,the attempt to entice men away from the turbid and muddy torrent of sounding hap-hazard words1 which1 setting in from ,johnson and ,gibbon1 has swollen into an inundation of all but sheer nonsense from the babbling tributaries of the cheap press1 to the nervous grace of simple words and simple sentences and the suggestive imagery of pure nature1 is a service to letters as well as art1 for which alone they and ,tennyson1 and all the poets of that school1 deserve to be crowned4 ,but aught by which so profoundly artistic a renaissance is needlessly dissociated from the present should have been carefully eschewed4 ,in the matter of words we do not think that such as 8japes10 8dromond10 8whatso10 the substitution of the ending 8head0 for 8hood0 in words for which universal custom has decreed the former1 and so on1 are a needed revival of the obsolete4 ,we think1 too1 that simplicity of grammatical construction has been pushed to the verge of affectation4 ,still1 it is so artistically done1 is so beautiful in itself1 and evidences such a return of leal homage from hideousness to the rightful ,beautiful and the ,true1 that it goes against us to complain4 ,it is time that the appointment of a poet-laureate should cease in ,england4 ,it is an anachronism4 ,it is almost an insult to the world of letters4 ,these are not times in which people are likely to accept the criticism of the ,british crown or of the crown's advisers as decisive of a poet's merits4 ,so1 too1 there is such a dearth of independent1 trustworthy criticism1 it has become such a follow-the-leader kind of business1 that if the crown merely caps the opinion of the contemporary public1 there is every chance of the wrong man being put in the wrong place4 ,at any rate the appointment should not be limited to one4 ,there should be 8power to add to their number40 ,we have no hesitation in assigning a higher niche to either ,rossetti or ,morris than to ,tennyson4 ,in two respects ,morris surpasses ,rossetti4 ,we have as yet from the latter no sustained efforts such as ,the ,earthly ,paradise of the former1 and the poetic fire appears to be kindled in him with less effort4 ,we are quite sure that it is in no spirit of challenge or rivalry that he takes ,tennyson's very own theme in ,the ,defence of ,guenevere1 ,king ,arthur's ,tomb1 ,sir ,galahad1 a ,christmas ,mystery1 and ,the ,chapel in ,lyoness2 but it is an involuntary expression of conscious power4 ,in all the ,idyls of the ,king there is not a passage of such vivid poetry as the following in ,the ,defence of ,guenevere3 8#8,all ,i have said is truth1 by ,christ's dear tears4' ,she would not speak another word1 but stood ,turned sideways1 listening like a man who hears 8,his brother's trumpet sounding through the wood ,of his foe's lances4 ,she leaned eagerly1 ,and gave a slight spring sometimes1 as she could 8,at last hear something really2 joyfully ,her cheek grew crimson1 as the headlong speed ,of the roan charger drew all men to see4 ,the knight who came was ,launcelot at good need40 ,the poetry of the ,idyls1 glittering and charming as it may be1 is cold and pulseless by the side of ,king ,arthur's ,tomb1 a poem which rises to the utmost height of tragic pathos4 ,the description of the remorse of ,guenevere for merely ideas of disloyalty to her kingly husband which she had permitted herself to entertain1 as well as of the satisfaction she made1 is poetry in its noblest form1 short of the drama4 ,but we should never meet throughout all the poetry of ,tennyson such blemishes as those we have already quoted1 nor such as 8,i tell myself a tale ,that will not last beyond the whitewashed wall0 --an image which is beneath the dignity of poetry1 whilst it rather dulls than quickens our idea of the fleeting nature of his tale2 or 8''' till the bell ,of her mouth on my cheek sent a delight ,through all my ways of being4'''0 ,but for a poetry so lofty and so inspiring we can well afford to pay the penalty of a few blemishes4 ,we think that he shares with ,tennyson1 to a certain extent1 the fault of obscurity--never1 as ,tennyson1 in single passages1 but in the design and end of entire pieces4 ,we cannot suppose1 for example1 that he has not a definite end and purpose in ,the ,earthly ,paradise2 but it is an immense defect that it must be very carefully studied in order even to conjecture one2 that it does not readily occur1 and still more that1 study it as one may1 he cannot feel quite sure he has conjectured rightly4 ,and we feel this very serious defect the more keenly because in several of the separate portions of that poem we are afraid to trust ourselves implicitly to the poet2 we dare not throw ourselves into his imagination1 fearful whither it is to bear us4 ,this is specially remarkable in ,cupid and ,psyche4 ,the subject startles us from the first4 ,gods and goddesses whose memory only remains as the long-passed-away images of falsehood instead of the ,beautiful and the ,true1 especially sensuous impersonations of impurity1 are a subject which is calculated to scare rather than attract us4 ,but we gain confidence as we read on4 ,had ,byron sung of it1 we should have luscious and sensuous imagery of base suggestiveness4 ,had it been the theme of a living poet1 we should have had shameless obscenity4 ,our poet transfigures it into purity itself4 ,not an unchaste image shocks the soul4 ,the whole subject is etherealized--we would say1 if we felt quite sure of its purpose1 even spiritualized4 ,as we interpret it1 the heathen myth1 although used without stint1 is1 by the inimitable genius of the poet1 stripped of all impure suggestiveness1 and is even made a vehicle of exquisite beautifulness for conveying one of the most touching revelations of the great poem of humanity4 ,psyche 7the soul7 is represented to us undergoing by the power of divine love all sorrow1 overcoming superhuman difficulties1 succored always1 when hope was well-nigh gone1 by guardian angels1 until1 8,led by the hand of ,love1 she took her way ,unto a vale beset with heavenly trees1 ,where all the gathered gods and goddesses ,abode her coming2 but when ,psyche saw ,the ,father's face1 she1 fainting with her awe1 ,had fallen1 but that ,love's arm held her up4 8,then brought the cup-bearer a golden cup ,and gently set it in her slender hand1 ,and while in dread and wonder she did stand ,the ,father's awful voice smote on her ear3 #8,drink now1 ,o beautiful6 and have no fear2 ,for with this draught shalt thou be born again1 ,and live for ever free from care and pain4' 8,then1 pale as privet1 took she heart to drink1 ,and therewithal most strange new thoughts did think1 ,and unknown feelings seized her1 and there came ,sudden remembrance1 vivid as a flame1 ,of everything that she had done on earth1 ,although it all seemed changed in weight and worth1 8,small things becoming great1 and great things small2 ,and godlike pity touched her therewithal ,for her old self1 for sons of men that die2 ,and that sweet new-born immortality ,now with full love her rested spirit fed4 ,then in that concourse did she lift her head1 ,and stood at last a very goddess there1 ,and all cried out at seeing her grown so fair40 ,this is the inspiration of true poetry4 ,nothing at all approaching it can be found throughout the poetry of ,tennyson4 ,in contrast to the soul led by divine love1 the poet depicts her sisters devoured by envy and hatred1 until1 deceiving themselves the while with the dream that they too were objects of delight to divine love1 the one having reached 8the bare cliff's rugged brow10 her end of life1 8,she cried aloud1 #8,o ,love6 receive me now1 ,who am not all unworthy to be thine4' ,and with that word her jewelled arms did shine ,outstretched beneath the moon1 and with one breath ,she sprang to meet the outstretched arms of ,death1 ,the only god that waited for her there1 ,and in a gathered moment of despair ,a hideous thing her trait'rous life did seem02 and the other 8''' rose1 and1 as she might1 ,arrayed herself alone in that still night1 ,and so stole forth1 and1 making no delay1 ,came to the rock a-nigh the dawn of day2 ,no warning there her sister's spirit gave1 ,no doubt came nigh her the doomed soul to save1 ,but with a fever burning in her blood1 ,with glittering eyes and crimson cheeks1 she stood ,one moment on the brow1 the while she cried1 #8,receive me1 ,love1 chosen to be thy bride ,from all the million women of the world6' ,then o'er the cliff her wicked limbs were hurled1 ,nor has the language of the earth a name ,for that surprise of terror and of shame40 ,can anything be grander than this imaged suicide of the evil human soul8 ,and the glowing description of ,psyche content to forget her father and her father's house1 and finding the fondest delight in sequestering herself alone with her divine ,lover1 whom she never sees1 only whose voice she hears1 is the most exquisite piece of poetic imagining to be met with anywhere4 ,but the poem deserves a criticism to itself4 ,we have here to pause4 ,we had hoped to apply similar canons of criticism to others of our modern poets4 ,we had selected ,buchanan1 ,adelaide ,procter1 ,matthew ,arnold1 ,aubrey de ,vere1 and especially his father1 whose mantle has descended on him4 ,sir ,aubrey de ,vere is the only one of the modern poets who has written a poem belonging to the highest order of poetry--,mary ,tudor1 a historical drama--which1 although at a long distance from the dramas of 8the poet of the world10 is the nearest to them that has been written since his day4 #gf ,this epithet1 to our mind1 is a blemish in a very beautiful creation4 ,in the midst of lofty and suggestive natural imagery it abruptly sinks us to a vulgar matter-of-fact struggle of men at fisticuffs armed in the product of the blacksmith's shop4 ,,on ,,the ,,first ,,occasion ,,of ,,the ,,forty ,,hours' ,,devotion ,,in ,,the ,,new ,,cathedral ,,of ,,boston4 8,no word shall be impossible with ,god40 ,o blessed bells6 ring joyfully to-day2 ,o incense clouds6 float gladly up to heaven2 ,all glory1 honor1 power1 and praise be given ,to ,him whom earth and sea and sky obey4 ,behold1 the conqueror doth assert his sway ,here where men once would fain have died unshriven1 ,proclaimed the ,holy ,faith unholy leaven1 ,and drove its followers out as ,satan's prey4 ,but now1 beneath a great cathedral's dome1 ,the ,sacred ,heart doth beat1 and men adore2 ,our ,lord hath found at last a glorious home1 ,in spite of unbelief that rages still4 8,thy kingdom come10 pray we as ne'er before1 ,whose eyes have seen his power to work his will4 ,,march1 #ahgf4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more4 ,a ,,historical ,,romance4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,princesse ,,de ,,craon4 ,,vii4 8,this is very singular60 cried ,sir ,roger ,lassels1 master of the earl's household1 as they passed the edge of the wood4 8,i had made a bet with myself that we would follow the road on the bank of the river4 ,at all events1 the expedition will not be a very long one1 since they have given me no order for provisions4 ,it is true1 however1 that our poor young lord's head is not as sound as it might be4 ,ah6 well1 in the time of the late duke things were not managed in this fashion4 ,when they were going into the country1 the duke would send for me eight days in advance4 #8,lassels1' he would say--#8my dear ,lassels1' slapping me on the shoulder1 #8above all take great care that we shall want for nothing4 ,prepare everything in advance2 because in matters of cooking1 you know1 ,i hate nothing so much as the uncertainty of the #8fortune of the pot4' ,he was right1 very right1 was the duke4 ,the duchess used always to say on seeing our wagons passing by3 #8,with ,roger ,lassels they carry everything with them4'0 ,in the meantime the first rays of the sun were not slow in dissipating the heavy mists of morning2 the air became pure and exhilarating1 and the northern pines1 which grew in great profusion in that portion of the forest1 imparted to the atmosphere a sweet1 pungent odor4 ,myriads of dewdrops1 more brilliant than diamonds1 were suspended from the points of the leaves1 which the slightest breath of air was sufficient to call down in a laughing shower4 ,creeping vines1 thickly laden with blossoms1 crossed and recrossed the road1 almost hidden by the thick verdure with which it was overgrown4 ,the birds saluted the return of day with a thousand joyous songs2 the deer and young fawns bounded beneath the heavy shade of the forest4 ,all nature wore an air of majestic beauty1 calm and tranquil2 the heart of man is alone found to remain always in a state of agitation and unrest4 8,oh6 what a beautiful shot10 cried a voice from the crowd1 on seeing a large grouse1 its wings dripping with the dew1 flying slowly above their heads4 8,take it1 then60 cried another4 8,for what purpose80 exclaimed ,northumberland4 ,sir ,walsh1 hearing the voice of ,lord ,percy1 took advantage of that moment to urge his horse beside him1 and declare the pain it caused him to see his friend so deeply depressed4 8,what could you expect80 replied ,percy4 8,all is ended with me4 ,i have renounced everything4 ,i am detached from everything earthly4 ,a single moment has dissipated all the illusions of my short and miserable life--illusions in which so many others remain for ever enveloped4 ,i believed that henceforth a word would be sufficient to answer my every thought2 to suffer alone1 while awaiting death1 which is only the beginning of life4 ,might ,i not thus believe myself to be almost shielded by evils1 since ,i was determined to endure them all8 ,one evil only ,i had not foreseen--that of being made the cause of suffering to others2 of becoming1 in the hands of an unjust and barbarous ruler1 an instrument destined to destroy my friends6 ,ah6 it is this that makes me rebel1 that bows me to the earth and surpasses everything that ,i have yet been made to suffer4 ,i go at this moment to arrest the ,archbishop of ,york--to conduct him1 doubtless1 on the road to execution2 and the day will come when those who loved him will exclaim1 while they point the finger of scorn at my abode3 #8,there lives the man who arrested the great ,wolsey1 the venerable friend who had reared and educated him in his own house6'0 8,the great ,wolsey60 replied ,walsh1 astonished4 8,yes1 great10 said ,northumberland4 8,when he will be no more1 then will they forget his faults and appreciate his great qualities4 ,he has known how to keep the lion chained1 so that you have only seen him lap2 but you will know him better if he ever gets the chance to use his teeth40 8,who is this lion80 asked ,walsh4 8,i cannot name his name10 replied ,northumberland angrily2 8he is one whose claws tear the heart and destroy the innocent2 one who is--,but never mind60 ,and he abruptly ceased speaking4 ,after riding for some time through the forest1 they at last emerged into a vast plain1 in the midst of which appeared several villages2 and very soon they found themselves near a church1 whose ringing chimes announced the beginning of the divine ,office4 8,ah60 said ,sir ,roger ,lassels to himself1 8there is to be ,mass at the chapel of ,sir ,william ,harrington40 ,at that moment the ,earl of ,northumberland turned to ,sir ,walsh4 8,if agreeable to you10 he said1 8we will stop and hear ,mass4 ,we shall1 at any rate1 arrive soon enough at ,cawood4 ,you will have an opportunity1 if you are curious1 of visiting the monuments ,sir ,william ,harrington has had erected to the memory of his parents in this chapel1 founded by him in order that prayers may every day be offered for the repose of their souls40#gg 8,i ask nothing better10 replied ,sir ,walsh4 ,they all entered the chapel1 where ,mass had already begun4 ,a great number of the inhabitants of the surrounding country were assembled1 and ,lord ,percy found himself close beside a woman1 still very young1 but whose features seemed to have been entirely changed by misery and suffering4 ,two small children knelt beside her and held to her coarse1 black woollen gown4 8,mother1 ,i am very hungry yet60 said the eldest in a voice as sweet as that of a young dove4 8,brother has eaten up all the bread40 ,and he laid his head against her shoulder4 ,the young woman looked at the child1 and her eyes filled with tears4 8,my dear child10 she replied in a low1 choking voice1 8,i have nothing more to give you2 this evening1 may be1 ,i shall find something to buy bread with4 ,if your father were living1 we would be very happy2 but1 my son1 a poor widow is cast off by all the world1 even though she is too feeble to work for bread for her children40 ,tears streamed from her eyes as she pressed the starving child close to her bosom4 ,northumberland listened to the woman's mournful complaint1 observing especially that she did not murmur2 she only wept4 ,the expression of her pale and suffering face1 as well as the feeling she had expressed of entire abandonment1 filled his soul with pity4 8,such as these10 he said to himself--8such as these indeed have a right to complain of life and its miseries4 ,i have ignored them4 ,shut up in my castle1 ,i have even forgotten the orphan4 ,of no possible service to my kind1 the earth supports me like an arid1 sterile plant4 ,cruel selfishness6 ,is it1 then1 essential for all to smile around me before ,i can think of those who are crushed by poverty and misfortune8 ,my tears1 my sighs1 my regrets1 have all been in vain1 have vanished into thin air2 there remains for me nothing but duty to my neighbor1 and that ,i have not done60 ,greatly agitated1 he remained for an instant motionless1 then1 leaning over toward the woman1 he requested her to leave the chapel for a moment4 ,surprised that any one should think of speaking to her1 she raised her eyes1 all streaming with tears1 to his face1 while astonishment was painted on her emaciated features4 ,she arose1 however1 and followed him out1 and they stopped a short distance from the chapel4 8,you weep60 said ,northumberland compassionately4 8,you are a widow1 it seems4 ,are you not able to support your children80 8,alas6 sir10 replied the young woman without hesitation1 8my husband died in a strange land while on a voyage which would have secured us a living2 and ,i1 a stranger in this country where he has left me1 and where ,i have no relations1 no friends1 to assist me1 have been brought down to extreme poverty4 ,my work has scarcely sufficed to keep us alive1 and to-day it has failed entirely40 8,poor woman60 said ,northumberland1 putting some pieces of gold in her hand1 8hereafter have no fears2 ,i will take care of you and your young children40 8,my ,god60 cried the woman1 falling on her knees--8bread1 bread for my children6 ,are you an angel sent from heaven to save us8 ,o sir6 who will thank you for me8 ,ah6 it shall be my poor children and your own6 ,may they love and bless you as ,i do this moment40 8,alas60 replied ,lord ,percy1 8,i have no children2 ,i shall never have any6 ,but you1 poor mother1 can at least rejoice in the happiness of possessing children to love and cherish you40 ,in spite of the painful recollections awakened in his soul1 when ,percy returned to the chapel his heart was overflowing with a secret and sweet consolation2 he felt that henceforth he would find brothers and friends in these unfortunates1 whose father he would replace by taking upon himself their support4 ,when the ,mass was ended1 they all remounted their horses to continue their journey4 ,they had scarcely started when they were joined by a troop of horsemen as numerous as it was brilliant1 being composed of a great number of the most distinguished gentlemen in the province1 who were proceeding to ,york to assist at the installation of their archbishop4 ,at their head rode old ,robert ,ughtred1 chief of one of the oldest ,yorkshire families1 whose valor and merit had been admired by all his contemporaries4 ,six of his sons accompanied him4 ,at his side rode ,clifton1 ,lord d',humanby1 his friend and relative2 ,thomas ,wentworth1 of ,nettlestead2 ,sir ,arthur ,ingram de ,temple1 ,lord of ,newsam2 ,walter ,vavassour2 ,john de ,hothum1 ,lord of ,cramwick and of ,bierly2 ,william ,aytoun1 ,swillington2 ,meynill1 ,lord of ,semer and ,duerteton1 together with a crowd of others4 ,they recognized with astonishment the ,earl of ,northumberland1 and eagerly approached to salute him4 ,this meeting1 but little agreeable at first1 became still less so when informed of the object of their journey4 ,percy1 however1 deemed it inexpedient to let this opportunity pass of creating for himself a sort of justification for the future4 ,on being told1 therefore1 that they would spend two days at the little village of ,cawood before going to salute the archbishop1 he assured them he would be most happy to do the same and not separate from their company2 but he was forced to go where he had been ordered1 and that it was a mission on which he proceeded with the greatest reluctance and sorrow4 ,the travellers1 astonished at his singular explanation1 looked inquiringly at each other2 but as they regarded the ,earl of ,northumberland with great deference because of his rank1 his well-known worth1 and the affection they cherished for the memory of his father1 they held their peace1 and continued their journey until within a very short distance of ,cawood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,notwithstanding the resolution taken by ,cardinal ,wolsey that the ceremony of his installation should be attended by the least possible clat1 he could not prevent the entire nobility of the province from assembling to do him honor and to express on this solemn occasion their affection and joy4 ,the little village of ,cawood and the castles around it were crowded with visitors4 ,the archbishop's courtyard was constantly filled with carts laden with game1 fruits1 and all kinds of provisions1 sent to him from every direction to assist in doing honor to the entertainment it was customary to give on these occasions4 ,wolsey felt touched to the heart by these testimonials of friendship and esteem1 in which there was no reason to suspect that self-interest mingled its destructive poison4 ,nevertheless1 he felt more than ever depressed1 and his spirit was overshadowed by dark and terrible presentiments1 in spite of all his efforts to dispel them4 ,it was the hour for the repast taken by our fathers at noon1 and ,wolsey found himself seated opposite the salt-cellar which divided the table1 and served also to designate the rank of the guests4 ,in those remote times a common expression prevailed3 8,it takes place above or below the salt40 ,the chaplains were seated around him1 quietly discussing the foundation of the cathedral of ,york4 ,some of them stated that the ,venerable ,bede alleged in his writings that it was ,edwin the ,saxon1 ,king of ,northumberland1 who1 having embraced the ,christian faith in the year #fbg1 was the first to build a wooden church1 which he afterwards rebuilt of stone4 ,but the others contended1 the monument having been pillaged and devastated by the ,danes1 then burned by the ,normans1 together with a portion of the city1 the title of founder could only be accorded to ,archbishop ,roger1 who commenced the erection of the superb edifice in #aaga1 and to his successors1 ,john of ,romagna and ,william of ,melton1 who had the honor of completing it after forty years' labor4 ,they insisted that it would assuredly be just to include among them ,robert ,percy1 ,lord of ,bolton1 who had all the wood cut employed in the construction1 and ,robert ,vavassour1 who had furnished the stone4 ,the archbishop for a long while had finished eating4 ,he had listened patiently to their lengthy discussions4 ,when he saw at last they had nearly concluded1 he arose to say grace2 but at the moment they were standing with bowed heads awaiting the act of thanksgiving1 the black velvet robe of ,dr4 ,augustine1 his physician1 became entangled in the foot of the large silver cross that was carried before the archbishop4 ,this cross was standing in one corner1 resting against the tapestry1 and the robe made it fall with its entire weight on the head of ,dr4 ,bonner1 who sat on the opposite side of the table4 ,he uttered a piercing cry4 ,they all rushed toward him4 8,what is the matter with him80 demanded the archbishop1 who had seen nothing of the accident4 8,the cross10 explained ,cavendish1 his master of the horse--8the cross1 which was leaning against the wall1 has fallen in ,dr4 ,bonner's face40 8,in his face6 ,is he bleeding80 cried ,wolsey4 8,yes10 replied several of those who surrounded the wounded man1 8but it is nothing serious2 the skin only is broken40 8,ah60 said ,wolsey1 and he stood motionless2 his head sank on his breast1 as though he had suddenly fallen into a profound reverie4 8,woe is me60 he at length exclaimed1 8woe is me60 ,and the tears coursed down his cheeks4 ,he quickly wiped them away and retired immediately to his bedroom1 where no one dared follow him without being summoned4 ,the attendants of the cardinal1 however1 were extremely apprehensive1 having remarked the sudden change in his manner and the extreme pallor which had overspread his countenance4 ,dr4 ,bonner especially earnestly insisted that ,cavendish should go to him at once4 ,he finally resolved to do so4 ,on entering the apartment he found the archbishop on his knees1 and remarked that the floor of his chamber was wet with tears4 ,wolsey made a sign for him to retire2 but the faithful servitor stood near the door and hesitated to obey him4 ,the cardinal then called him to assist him in rising to his feet1 feeling1 he said1 extremely feeble4 8,alas6 my dear lord10 said ,cavendish1 8what is it that so deeply grieves you8 and why will you withdraw from your trusty servitors1 if it is in their power to assist you80 8,i thank you1 ,cavendish10 replied the cardinal1 inclining his head1 8but listen to me4 ,my poor friend1 ,i am going to die very soon--,i have a presentiment of it2 and ,god1 in his mercy1 often sends us these warnings1 in order that we may not be surprised by death4 ,the cross of ,york has fallen3 it represents myself40 8,why think you so80 asked ,cavendish earnestly4 8,this cross fell because it was struck2 nothing could have been more natural than such an accident40 8,no6 no60 exclaimed ,wolsey1 8it was not at all natural1 but it is only too true4 ,york is overthrown6 ,augustine is my accuser2 he makes my own blood flow in making ,bonner bleed1 the master of my faculties and spiritual jurisdiction4 ,my destiny is accomplished4 ,my doom is sealed4 ,cavendish1 if you doubt it1 you will soon be convinced4 ,my shadow1 the sound of my name alone1 is sufficient to alarm them2 already ,i am no more1 and yet this remnant of life makes them tremble1 even in the midst of their triumphs4 ,it is necessary for their peace that my last breath be extinguished2 they have resolved and they will accomplish it60 8,no6 no60 cried ,cavendish1 deeply moved4 8,the king loves you2 he will defend you6 ,all love you10 he continued warmly4 8,see with what eagerness they hasten hither to give you the most earnest assurances of their devotion40 8,that is true10 replied ,wolsey1 who was becoming more calm1 and was greatly relieved by the presence of ,cavendish4 8,it is the only feeling of joy ,i have experienced in a long time2 but ,i am grieved not to have received any token of remembrance from the young ,earl of ,northumberland4 ,his intellect1 goodness1 and his many amiable qualities have always made me regard him with the greatest esteem and affection4 ,they say he loves solitude1 and ,i am well assured that he receives no visitors2 but ,i very much fear he cherishes bitter recollections of the court and ,anne ,boleyn4 ,however1 he should not take it ill that ,i have helped to prevent him from marrying such a woman60 ,whilst ,wolsey was speaking a great noise was heard in the courtyard4 ,cavendish1 at the cardinal's request1 immediately went out to ascertain the cause4 ,he had advanced but a few steps when he encountered another equerry1 coming in all haste to announce the arrival of the ,earl of ,northumberland4 ,overjoyed at hearing the name1 ,cavendish at once returned to inform the archbishop4 8,here is ,lord ,percy himself1 who also comes to congratulate your grace60 he exclaimed the instant he came in sight of ,wolsey4 8,the dear child60 cried the cardinal1 his heart overflowing with a gush of tenderness4 8,cavendish1 you are not mistaken4 ,eh8 ,ah6 ,i shall never forget him6 ,let us go and receive him1 ,cavendish40 ,he advanced with a tottering step1 and more rapidly than he was able1 toward the staircase which ,northumberland had just ascended4 ,on seeing the archbishop approaching to meet him ,lord ,percy felt his heart suddenly throb with a sensation of inexpressible wretchedness4 8,he comes to meet me60 he exclaimed4 ,he found him so much changed1 so old and worn1 that without his vestments he would scarcely have recognized him4 8,he also has found the cup of life embittered60 said ,northumberland4 8,sorrow carves deep furrows on the brow1 and with her haggard finger impresses every feature40 ,he turned anxiously to look for ,walsh1 but found he was no longer near him4 ,in the meantime ,wolsey advanced rapidly toward him1 and1 taking him in his arms1 pressed him closely to his heart4 8,you are most welcome1 my dear lord6 ,how happy ,i am to see you60 he exclaimed4 8,but why have ,i not been informed of your coming8 ,i should1 at least1 have been prepared to give you a better reception2 for you must know that what formerly required but a moment to effect ,i am now scarcely able to execute at all4 ,but you will1 ,i hope1 appreciate my good intentions2 and if ,i am ever so happy as to be re-established in my fortune1 ,i shall then be able to express more worthily the joy ,i feel at receiving you in my house40 8,i thank your lordship10 answered ,northumberland4 ,but he was unable to utter another word4 ,however1 he embraced ,wolsey1 though with great excitement of manner1 his hands trembling visibly in those of the archbishop4 8,let us go10 continued ,wolsey glancing at the followers of ,lord ,percy4 8,i am glad to see you have remembered the advice ,i gave you in your youth1 to love and take care of all your father's old domestics2 that is why1 ,i suppose1 you have brought so many of them with you40 8,yes1 ,i prefer them10 replied ,northumberland4 ,and ,wolsey went and took them each by the hand1 praising their fidelity and recommending them to love their young master as he himself had always done4 ,the more ,wolsey exerted himself to assure ,northumberland of the gratification he experienced at his coming1 the less strength ,percy felt to thank him4 ,however1 the cardinal begged to be allowed to accompany him to his bed-chamber1 where they might be alone1 except ,cavendish1 who remained near the door1 as his duty required him4 ,for a moment they sat in silence4 ,wolsey regarded ,lord ,percy with astonishment on observing the latter change color and become every instant more and more embarrassed4 ,at length1 arousing himself suddenly to a determined degree of resolution1 he approached1 and1 laying his hand gently on the arm of the archbishop1 said in a voice tremulous with emotion3 8,my lord1 ,i arrest you on the charge of high treason60 ,wolsey sat so completely stupefied that he was incapable of uttering a word2 they gazed at each other in mournful silence4 8,who has induced you to do this80 the cardinal at length exclaimed1 8and by what authority do you it80 8,my lord10 replied ,northumberland coldly1 8,i have a commission that authorizes me2 or that compels me1 rather10 he continued in a low voice4 8,where is this commission8 ,let me see it80 8,no1 my lord1 ,i cannot40 8,then10 cried ,wolsey1 8,i will not submit to your authority40 ,as he said this1 ,sir ,walsh pushed ,dr4 ,augustine1 whom he had arrested1 rudely into the apartment4 8,go in there1 traitor10 he cried2 but perceiving the cardinal1 he fell on his knees before him1 and1 removing his cap1 bowed almost to the floor4 ,wolsey turned pale on seeing ,walsh2 he at once recognized him as being an officer of the king's palace1 and knew he would not be there without an express order4 8,sir10 he exclaimed1 8rise1 ,i implore you6 ,my ,lord of ,northumberland comes to arrest me6 ,if he has a commission1 and you are with him for that purpose1 you will be pleased to let me see it40 8,my lord10 answered ,walsh1 8if it please your grace1 it is true that ,i have one2 but we cannot permit you to see it4 ,they have added to the paper on which it is written some instructions that we are bound not to make known40 8,then10 cried ,wolsey1 melting into tears1 8all is over with me6 ,they deprive me even of the means of defending myself1 and my cruel enemies behold all their schemes accomplished4 ,it is well1 sir10 continued the archbishop1 turning his back on the ,earl of ,northumberland2 8,i consent to surrender myself to you1 but not to my ,lord of ,northumberland1 who comes here only to enjoy my discomfiture4 ,as to you1 ,i know you2 your name is ,walsh1 and you are one of the officers of the king1 my master4 ,therefore ,i do not demand your commission2 his will is sufficient4 ,i am perfectly aware that the greatest peer in the realm is liable to be arrested by the lowest subject1 if such be his majesty's good pleasure4 ,this is why ,i shall obey you without delay4 ,begin1 then1 to put your orders into execution4 ,if ,i had known them1 ,i would have assisted you myself2 but1 at least1 ,i submit40 ,saying this1 the archbishop seated himself in silence2 but the tears continued to flow rapidly down his cheeks4 ,meanwhile1 ,lord ,percy felt so deeply wounded by the suspicion manifested by the archbishop1 and his believing him to be actuated by a principle of low revenge and cruelty in coming to arrest him1 that he was about to withdraw without offering him a solitary word of consolation1 as he had intended2 but a sudden feeling of compassion induced him to return and take a seat by his side4 ,wolsey was deeply moved by this4 8,my lord10 he exclaimed1 8,i swear before ,god ,i am innocent of all the crimes my enemies impute to me1 beyond doubt1 for the purpose of securing my death6 ,i have committed many errors1 ,i know2 but it has been against ,god and against myself that ,i have committed them1 and not against my king1 whom ,i have always served with an inviolable fidelity4 ,i have possessed great riches2 but ,i employed them in founding great and useful establishments4 ,i have held correspondence with foreign princes1 and have acquired great influence in their councils1 but ,i have always used it in the interests of my king and the state4 ,and now he has abandoned me to the malice of my enemies1 and does not hesitate an instant to believe all the calumnies they have heaped upon my head6 ,no1 ,i shall indulge in vain illusions no longer4 ,i go now to my death2 and it is my king who strikes the fatal blow6 ,ah60 continued ,wolsey1 transported by his feelings1 8would ,i might appear before him1 that ,i might justify myself in the face of heaven and earth6 ,then ,i should fear no man living under the sun4 ,but1 no2 it will not be thus4 ,i shall die without vindication1 in the depths of some obscure prison1 some noisome dungeon6 ,not a friend has remained faithful2 not a single voice has been raised in my defence60 8,friendship10 replied ,northumberland1 8is but a vain word1 a beautiful sound that dissolves in the air1 a shifting sand requiring the one who reposes on it always to remain on his guard1 to beware2 for one-half of the world is too frivolous and the other half too selfish for any confidence ever to be placed in them40 8,therefore you yourself feel no compassion for me80 said ,wolsey1 looking at him4 8,you are unjust60 replied ,lord ,percy4 8,god is my judge how deeply ,i have suffered in being forced before you in my present capacity4 ,but tell me1 how am ,i to arrest the destroying tempest or turn aside the falling thunderbolt8 ,have they not crushed me also80 99 99 99 99 99 ,after two long days had passed1 during which the archbishop was entirely deprived of all communication with those around him1 ,northumberland came to inform him that everything was arranged for the journey and it was time to depart4 8,alas6 where are you going to take me80 cried ,wolsey1 to whom this departure seemed the first step toward condemnation and death4 ,in that fatal moment he felt an attachment for every stone and every spot connected with the abode which1 until this time1 he had regarded as the most gloomy place of exile4 8,not to be able to die in peace60 he mournfully exclaimed4 8,where are you going to take me1 ,lord ,percy80 8,i cannot accompany you10 sadly replied ,northumberland1 who had endeavored during the preceding days to make him regard his condition with less terror2 8but ,i know that ,sir ,walsh has orders to deliver you at ,sheffield ,park1 and place you in the hands of my father-in-law1 the ,earl of ,shrewsbury2 and you need suffer no anxiety1 nor doubt but that he will gladly exert himself to have you well treated as far as depends on him4 ,to-night you will sleep at ,pomfret40 8,at the castle80 demanded ,wolsey4 8,no1 no10 replied ,lord ,percy3 8at the abbey4 ,i am certain of it4 ,i swear it6 ,i have myself sent the order for you to be received there4 ,o my father60 continued ,percy1 who felt more and more deeply grieved1 8,i must now leave you40 7,and he fell on his knees before the archbishop47 8,may ,god be with you6 ,but first give me your blessing4 ,i indeed have need of it6 ,i have never forgotten the care you bestowed on me in my childhood40 8,my dear son10 said the archbishop1 8may the ,lord ,almighty1 the ,god of ,israel and of ,jacob1 for ever bless you6 ,we shall meet no more but in him40 ,as the archbishop extended his hands and laid them on the head of ,percy1 and while he bent affectionately over him1 ,walsh entered1 followed by a number of armed men2 and the sound of smothered sighs and stifled cries was heard4 8,what is that80 exclaimed ,wolsey in alarm4 8,nothing1 my lord10 answered ,walsh in an imperious tone4 8,as you could only take four of your men with you1 ,i feared the others would make too much disturbance at your departure2 consequently1 ,i had them shut up in the chapel40 8,sir10 cried ,wolsey indignantly1 8,i will not leave this place until ,i have seen and bade farewell to all my servants4 ,you cannot have been authorized to treat me with such a degree of cruelty4 ,my ,lord ,northumberland1 since you have seized for the king's benefit the little money ,i possessed1 and have left me nothing to give them1 at least permit me to thank them for their services and mingle my tears with theirs40 8,we thought it would be painful for you to witness their grief10 replied ,northumberland1 8and wished to spare you the infliction4 ,but they shall be summoned40 ,as soon as the door of the chapel was opened they gathered in a crowd around ,wolsey1 kissing his hands and his vestments4 8,my children10 he said to them1 8weep not2 we shall meet again very soon1 ,i hope4 ,my ,lord ,northumberland1 ,i recommend them to you6 ,you will take care of them--,i feel assured of it40 ,he then hastened to depart1 feeling his courage ready to desert him4 ,at every step he took his anguish redoubled2 and when he reached the great courtyard1 he turned his eyes for a moment toward the high1 black walls of the castle he was leaving1 then glanced at the mule assigned him to ride4 ,cavendish followed with his almoner and two of his valets4 ,but a new grief awaited ,wolsey1 already overwhelmed with sorrow4 ,scarcely had they opened the outer gate of the castle1 when they perceived without a crowd of gentlemen of the province1 whom ,walsh had summoned1 in the king's name1 to come and secure the arrest of the archbishop2 because the whole country was in a state of commotion1 and more than three thousand men had gathered along the route1 in the plain1 and as far as the moats of the castle1 around which they assembled as soon as they were informed of his arrest4 ,they were powerless to oppose his departure1 but followed him for several miles1 shouting incessantly3 8,god save his grace1 and perish his enemies who have forced him from us60 ,they regarded the noblemen who surrounded him with wrathful scowls1 without reflecting that1 while feeling it necessary to obey the king1 the lords were as deeply disaffected as themselves1 and in their turn accused the ,earl of ,northumberland of having seconded ,walsh in this enterprise4 ,during the journey they unceasingly manifested the greatest regard for the archbishop1 and only left him after seeing him committed into the hands of the ,earl of ,shrewsbury1 whose castle was situated near the confines of ,yorkshire1 a short distance from the town of ,doncaster4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 #gg ,the son has now ceased to invoke in this once hallowed spot the divine mercy on the souls of his fathers2 the bells no more announce the vows nor the regrets of the heart2 the august ,sacrifice is never offered up but in the gloomy silence imposed by persecution4 ,,sennuccio ,,mio1 ,,benche ,,doglioso ,e ,,solo4 ,,from ,,petrarch4 ,my own ,sennuccio1 though bereft of thee1 ,weeping and lonely1 me this thought sustains3 ,that from this breathing tomb1 these fleshly chains1 ,thy soaring spirit nobly set thee free4 ,now the twin poles by thee discovered are1 ,the wheeling lights1 and all the starry ways3 ,thou seest our seeing falter from afar2 ,so thy delight the pain of loss allays4 ,but ,i beseech thee in that far third sphere ,greet ,franceshino and the bard divine1 ,cino1 ,guitton1 and all thy comrades there2 ,and tell my ,love1 tell her what tears are mine1 ,and what dark moods of wilder sorrow breeds ,the thought of her sweet face and saintly deeds4 ,,scanderbeg4 8,oh6 how comely it is1 and how reviving ,to the spirits of just men long oppressed1 ,when ,god into the hands of their deliverer ,puts invincible might ,to quell the mighty of the earth1 th' oppressor1 ,the brute and boist'rous force of violent men1 ,hardy and industrious to support ,tyrannic power1 but raging to pursue ,the righteous and all such as honor ,truth40 --,samson ,agonistes4 ,the ,turks1 from their first appearance upon ,european soil1 have been a danger to the peace and civilization of ,christendom4 ,when their fierce hordes crossed the ,bosporus1 bearing aloft the standard of the crescent1 it was a boast among them that the sign was but a temporary emblem of their power1 and that when she had waxed to the fulness of her orb--donec ,lun totus impleatur orbis1 as was insolently said to an ambassador of the ,west--her silvery sheen would change to the golden glory of the sun1 and blaze from an eastern sky over prostrate and ,mohammedan ,europe4 ,with one foot upon ,constantinople and the other on ,rome1#gh the colossus of ,islam would have projected an awful shadow over the ,christian world4 ,efforts tremendous and long sustained were made to lift itself up2 but this it could never do1 and it has fallen and is broken1 but in its fall covers fair provinces and crushes a multitude of unfortunate ,christians4 ,if the ,turks have ceased to be a stirring menace to the nations1 we must ascribe the curbing of their power to divine ,providence1 which brought forward at critical times a number of men mighty by the sword or through the word--,huniades1 ,matthias ,corvinus1 ,ladislas of ,hungary1 ,st4 ,john ,capistran1 ,cardinal ,julian ,cesarini1 ,scanderbeg1 ,st4 ,pius ,v41 ,don ,john of ,austria1 ,mark ,anthony ,colonna1 ,sobieski1 and others--who fought their advance towards the ,adriatic and along the ,danube4 ,as this great ,ottoman inundation rose higher and higher1 until it seemed as though the work of the church for a thousand years would be swept away in fewer days1 ,god spoke3 8,i set my bounds around it1 and made it bars and doors2 and ,i said3 ,hitherto thou shalt come1 and shalt go no further3 and here thou shalt break thy swelling waves40 7,job xxxviii47 ,in the fifteenth century several independent princelings1 called despots by the ,greeks1 were in possession of the rich and populous district of ,albania1 which stretches along the coast of the ,adriatic and ,mediterranean ,seas1 and corresponds geographically to the ,epirus of the ancients4 ,one of the noblest of these chiefs was ,john ,castriot1 who came of an ancient family in ,lower ,macedonia4 ,his wife1 ,wozava1 presented him with nine children1 and among them that ,george1 born in #adjd1 who was destined to become the defender of his persecuted race1 the ,christian ,gideon1 as he was hailed by ,pope ,paul ,,ii41 and the hero of his native country against the ,turks4 ,several omens are reported to have accompanied his birth and signified his future greatness4 ,without denying that these may have been something more than mere accidents or freaks of the imagination1 we only certify that as the child grew up he developed a strength of character and an aptitude for arms which his after-successes amply justified and the inherent nobility of his parents had prepared4 8,fortes creantur fortibus et bonis2 ''' nec imbellem feroces ,progenerant aquil cotlumbam40#gi --,horace4 ,sultan ,mohammed ,i4 had invaded ,albania in #adac1 and obliged ,john ,castriot to deliver up his four young sons to him as hostages4 ,he immediately1 and against the solemn promise made to their father1 caused them to be circumcised and educated in the ,mussulman religion4 ,george1 our hero1 was the youngest4 ,he was endowed with a prodigious memory1 and soon learned to speak the ,greek1 ,turkish1 ,arab1 ,illyrian1 and ,italian languages4 ,a handsome person1 unusual bodily strength1 and vigorous mental qualities won for him the warm affection of the next sovereign1 ,amurath ,,ii41 who changed ,george's name to ,scanderbeg--i4e41 ,beg or ,lord ,alexander--and at the early age of eighteen gave him the rank of sangiac and command of five thousand horsemen on the confines of ,anatolia4 ,his personal prowess and military skill in ,asia ,minor brought him into considerable notice1 and he was given a command in the ,european provinces of the empire4 ,this was a difficult position to be placed in2 for he had not forgotten that he was born a ,christian and had been impressed into his present service4 ,he felt a great dislike to turn his arms against co-religionists and countrymen4 ,his brothers were dead1 and now his father died in #adcb4 ,at this juncture the sultan very unjustly took possession of his hereditary dominion1 and1 sending his mother and sister ,mamisa into exile1 put a pasha over the country4 ,scanderbeg did not immediately pronounce himself against this act of treacherous spoliation1 although several ,albanian noblemen1 proud of his renown and convinced that he was not at heart attached to his new creed1 corresponded with him secretly1 urging him to come and put himself at the head of the ,christian population to free the country from the infidel4 ,the ,albanians have always been distinguished for their spirit of nationality1 and1 like the inhabitants of all mountainous regions are remarkable for independence and love of home4 ,the favorable moment to declare himself had not arrived but his plans were maturing4 ,at last1 after a great battle lost by the ,turks at ,morava on the #ajth of ,november1 #addc1 he concerted with his nephew ,hamza and a few trusty friends of ,christian origin1 forced1 like himself1 to serve the foreign tyrant1 and by a skilful ruse and very sudden irruption at the head of six hundred ,albanians1 who hastened to join him as soon as his defection was known1 he obtained possession of ,croia1 the capital of his paternal dominions4 ,the ,turkish garrison1 not so much by his orders as from an uncontrollable impulse of outraged feelings in the populace1 was put to the sword4 ,scanderbeg was just twenty-nine years old4 ,he publicly renounced ,mohammedanism and renewed his profession of the ,catholic faith4 ,the chiefs of ,albania were then invited to meet him4 ,when they came together at ,croia1 they called him their deliverer1 unanimously proclaimed him ,prince of ,epirus1 and soon collected an army of about twelve thousand men4 ,while the troops were being raised1 the civil service and revenues of the state were reorganized4 ,besides a large immediate contribution from his own countrymen1 he obtained two hundred thousand ducats from his neighbors1 the ,venetians1 and had a large source of income in the salt-mines near ,durazzo4 ,petralba was next taken1 and this success brought new accessions of men and means to prosecute the war4 ,within a month after the first blow had been struck every fortress except one was captured1 and every ,turk either killed1 a prisoner1 or in flight4 ,sfetigrad could not be surprised1 and1 leaving a force of three thousand men to watch it and cut off supplies1 ,scanderbeg retired with the rest of the army to ,croia for the winter1 and occupied himself in making an alliance with the republic of ,venice1 which held several towns along the coast of ,dalmatia1 and in preparing for the inevitable struggle the sultan would make to recover the country4 ,amurath did not dissemble his anger at the revolt of one whom he had treated1 he said1 with so much kindness and taught the use of the arms he was now turning against him4 ,being engaged at the time against the ,hungarians1 he put off revenge until the spring1 thinking that he could at any moment easily subdue the undisciplined bands of ,albania2 but when a truce was concluded and spring opened with fair weather for an imposing campaign1 he sent ,ali ,pasha in command of forty thousand men1 his orders being to crush the insurrection at a single blow4 ,scanderbeg had by this time reduced ,sfetigrad and strongly fortified and garrisoned the more important towns4 ,he now took the field with only fifteen thousand troops1 knowing that in such a country as the one he was to defend a very large force would be difficult to handle and impossible to feed4 ,his tactics were generally those of partisan warfare4 ,his little army was composed partly of cavalry from the northern1 and partly of a hardy and active infantry from the southern section of the country4 ,his object was to wear out the enemy by a stout resistance at every point1 and harass the retreats which the very vastness of the ,turkish armies would necessitate by the impossibility1 if for no other reason1 of providing for so many mouths4 ,only occasional raids were made in force upon the fertile plains of ,thessaly and ,macedonia to capture horses1 cattle1 sheep1 and to gather in grain to be stored in the fortified towns4 ,during the war of ,albanian independence1 which lasted a quarter of a century1 the ,turks always1 except towards the end1 repeated the fatal blunder of sending immense armies1 consisting in some cases of two hundred thousand men1 into a country where they could be maintained only for a single and brief campaign1 and to fight a general who was sure1 from his bravery1 skill1 and thorough knowledge of every torrent1 mountain pass1 road1 and valley1 to turn defeat into overwhelming disaster4 ,it was thus that the army of ,ali ,pasha was drawn by wily manuvres into a narrow district only ninety miles from ,croia and opening into the very heart of ,albania4 ,the upper end was very contracted1 and here ,scanderbeg drew up his main body of troops1 to the number of ten thousand1 which were posted in three divisions en chelon4 ,as soon as the enemy was well engaged in the valley three thousand horsemen1 who had been watching their slow advance1 came down at its lower end1 which had been left quite unguarded1 while fifteen hundred irregular infantry lay in ambush on either side amidst the woody acclivities4 ,as soon as the ,turks came up to the ,albanians they halted1 tried to deploy1 but could not1 repeatedly charged and swept up in heavy columns against the small but solid masses who evenly filled the gap and made it impossible to flank them4 ,the ,turks after a while began to waver and fall into still greater disorder4 ,ali ,pasha had blundered4 ,the ,albanians now took the offensive4 ,the signal-clarions sounded1 and1 while the ,turks were attacked in front1 the cavalry from the lower end of the valley charged them in the rear1 and the infantry that lay in ambush came rushing down on both sides with terrific cries and sword in hand to complete their discomfiture4 ,it was now a slaughter2 and although the battle lasted only four hours altogether1 over twenty thousand infidels were killed or wounded4 ,few prisoners--not more than two thousand--were taken4 ,the rest of the enemy1 under cover of darkness and from sheer exhaustion on the part of the victors1 escaped through the now open passage at the lower end of the valley4 ,when ,scanderbeg had entered ,croia in triumph1 he announced the victory by letters to ,pope ,eugenius ,,iv4 and several ,christian princes2 and while some of the twenty-five captured battle-flags were distributed among the confederate chiefs1 others were suspended in the principal church of the capital4 ,amurath was so alarmed by this defeat--not1 perhaps1 so much from what he had to fear on the side of the immediate victors1 but from the encouraging effects it might have in leaguing the ,christian princes against him--that he wrote a letter from ,adrianople1 offering ,scanderbeg peace on certain conditions4 ,but when these were discussed in the council at ,croia1 they were declared unjust and humiliating1 and ,scanderbeg was advised to reject every sort of condition and insist on the complete independence of ,albania4 ,the answer to this letter announced his intention of holding out to the last extremity1 and began with these valiant words3 8,from our camp near ,croia1 ,august #ab1 #adde4 ,george ,castriot1 surnamed ,scanderbeg1 soldier of ,jesus ,christ and ,prince of the ,epirotes1 to ,othman1 ,prince of the ,turks1 greeting40 ,a second army under ,fizour1 and a third and larger one under ,mustapha1 were successively defeated1 but not without considerable loss in men and damage to the country4 ,during the inroads of these fierce barbarians into ,albania they perpetrated the most horrible massacres without regard to age or sex1 and heaped the most brutal outrages upon the inhabitants4 ,the handsomest girls were seized for the seraglios of the sultan and his wealthy minions1 the prettiest boys were kept to minister to their unnatural lusts1 while youths of a maturer age or less attractive appearance were circumcised1 educated in the ,mohammedan religion1 and drafted into the ,janizaries4 ,others who were not butchered on the smoking ruins of their homes were driven in chains to the slave markets1 while many were made eunuchs and set to guard the harems of their masters in ,asia ,minor4 ,mustapha ,pasha1 although he had been defeated1 was entrusted with another army1 but with a similar result1 and even worse2 for he himself was taken prisoner4 ,twenty-five thousand golden ducats were paid for his ransom4 ,scanderbeg now made a razzia on a large scale into ,macedonia and returned laden with an immense booty of every description4 ,his fame was so solidly established by these victories that the republic of ,venice sent a magnificent embassy to compliment him and convey to him the news of his appointment as governor-general of all the ,italian possessions along the ,adriatic and in the interior1 where the important cities of ,scutari and ,alessio were situated4 ,his name was enrolled in the ,golden ,book at the head of the list of ,venetian nobles4 ,the revolt of the ,janizaries having obliged ,amurath to leave his luxurious retreat at ,magnesia and once more resume the management of public affairs1 he determined to conduct in person the war against ,scanderbeg4 ,he soon appeared at the head of a formidable army before ,sfetigrad1 which surrendered after a gallant resistance4 ,during the siege the ,turks lost in one of the assaults six thousand men4 ,satisfied1 apparently1 with this single victory1 the slothful sultan retired into ,macedonia after leaving a strong garrison in the captured fortress4 ,scanderbeg hovered on his flanks and rear1 making many prisoners and taking a large amount of stores and war material2 then1 after seeing him well out of the country1 he turned towards ,sfetigrad and sat down before it on ,september #bj1 #adde1 with eighteen thousand men1 among whom were adventurers from almost every country in ,europe1 ,germans1 ,french1 and ,italians being the most numerous4 ,for want of artillery no regular siege could be conducted1 and ,scanderbeg was repulsed with heavy loss in his attacks on the place4 ,hearing that ,amurath was preparing to return1 he hastily concentrated his available troops around ,croia1 which was provisioned for a long resistance4 ,some large1 unwieldy pieces of cannon1 directed by ,frenchmen1 added to the strength of the capital4 ,the sultan was slow in his movements1 and did not appear as soon as was expected4 ,in the meanwhile ,scanderbeg was encouraged by receiving congratulatory letters from ,pope ,nicholas ,v41 which were brought to him by two ,franciscans1 one of whom was a bishop4 ,the winter of #addi-ej had been passed by him in the saddle inspecting every fortress1 going into every part of his dominions to encourage the people and hasten the levy of troops4 ,the coming tempest was naturally expected to assail the capital2 and to make its neighborhood a howling wilderness1 the whole country around ,croia was ravaged by his order1 for a distance of from fifteen to eighteen miles1 so completely that not a house or a bridge was left standing1 and not a road passable2 every growing and living thing was either destroyed or removed4 ,the enemy could find no shelter there4 ,on ,april #ae1 #adej1 the sultan appeared before the city with an army of one hundred and sixty thousand fighting men and a host of camp-followers4 ,uranocontes commanded inside and repelled numerous assaults1 while ,scanderbeg1 with a force of five thousand picked cavalry1 hovered about the outskirts of the enemy1 inflicting considerable loss in men and stores1 but above all annoying the long line of communications by which the army drew its daily supplies4 ,amurath finally tired of the siege1 and1 being convinced that the mountains and valleys of ,epirus were not worth his time1 his trouble1 or his money while richer conquests awaited him1 charged a certain ,yousouf to leave the camp and seek ,scanderbeg1 to try and induce him to accept the single condition of an annual tribute of only ten thousand ducats4 ,after a two days' search he was found1 but instantly rejected even this almost nominal condition attached to the independence of his country4 ,knowing that he could not take ,croia by assault or maintain his army any longer in such a country1 the sultan slowly retreated and died soon afterwards at ,adrianople1 on ,february #e1 #adea4 ,he was succeeded by his son1 ,mohammed ,,ii41 who renewed his father's offer1 but with no better result4 ,the news of ,amurath's ill-success before ,croia made a great noise in ,italy1 and even beyond4 ,the kings of ,hungary and ,aragon1 and ,philip1 ,duke of ,burgundy1 sent complimentary missions to the ,albanian hero1 and presents of money and provisions4 ,king ,alphonsus of ,aragon1 who was also ,king of ,sicily and ,naples1 sent him four hundred thousand bushels of grain4 ,among other rich presents that he received from this magnificent monarch was a helmet or casque of the finest ,spanish steel1 lined on the inside with ,cordovan leather and soft silk1 and covered on the outside with the purest gold artistically chased and embossed by an ,italian jeweller and studded with precious stones4 ,scanderbeg was very proud of this really regal headgear1 and ranked it along with his famous sword1 a veritable ,excalibur1 the blade of which was of perfect ,damascus workmanship1 and the handle a blaze of ,oriental gems set with exquisite skill by a ,persian lapidary4 ,this weapon was a present from ,amurath on giving him his first command4 ,with it he killed at least two thousand ,turks in his war of independence1 and it was looked upon by his enemies with a species of superstitious awe4 ,during one of the informal truces between the ,turks and ,christians ,sultan ,mohammed begged to see the blade of which he had heard so much4 ,it was sent to him and tried by the best swordsmen of his army1 but not one of them could perform the feats that its owner had been seen to do with it2 and when it was returned1 the sultan told him this and asked the reason4 8,i sent your highness the sword10 said ,scanderbeg1 8but not the limb that wields it60 ,when he went into battle1 it was always with his right arm bare and his shoulder perfectly free4 ,he was so tall and strong that a few years later1 when he went over to ,italy to assist ,king ,ferdinand1 and had occasion to meet the commander of the enemy's troops--the famous condottire ,count ,piccinino1 whose stature1 it is true1 was small1 but still that of a grown person--he took him by the belt with one hand1 and1 slowly raising him up1 impressed a courtly kiss upon the forehead and as gently set him down again4 ,he looked so brave and handsome that even his foes applauded4 8,his haughtie helmet1 horrid all with gold1 ,both glorious brightnesse and great terrour bredd3 ,for all the crest a dragon did enfold ,with greedie pawes1 and over all did spredd ,his golden winges2 his dreadfull hideous hedd1 ,close couchd on the bever1 seemed to throw ,from flaming mouth bright sparcles fiery redd1 ,that suddeine horrour to faint hartes did show2 ,and scaly tayle was stretcht adowne his back full low40 --,spenser4 ,in ,may1 #adea1 ,scanderbeg married the ,princess ,donica1 daughter of ,arrianites ,thopia1 one of the most influential lords of ,albania1 and connected on his mother's side with the imperial family of the ,comneni4 ,he received at this time from ,king ,alphonsus five hundred arquebusiers1 the same number of expert crossbow-men1 and a few pieces of artillery with their cannoniers4 ,we have only space to mention the events of the next years3 how successive armies of ,turks were defeated2 how ,scanderbeg himself was repulsed with a loss of five thousand men in an attack on ,belgrade2 and how1 during a lull in the war1 he was invited over to ,italy by ,pope ,pius ,,ii4 to the assistance of ,king ,ferdinand1 son of his old friend ,alphonsus1 who was hard pressed by his rival1 ,john of ,anjou4 7,raynald4 ,annales ,eccl4 ad an4 #adfj1 num4 lx47 ,he contributed greatly to the victory won at ,troja on ,aug4 #ah1 #adfb1 and for his services was created ,duke of ,san ,pietro1 in the kingdom of ,naples4 ,he remained in ,italy a little over a year4 ,recalled to ,albania by the appearance of the ,turks1 he repulsed ,sultan ,mohammed from ,croia2 but his own losses and the new plans of the enemy1 which consisted in sending only small armies under experienced generals--one of whom1 ,balaban ,badera1 was an ,albanian renegade--with orders to avoid battle if possible1 but to remain in the country at all hazards1 made him feel that his cause was failing1 and that1 unless relieved from the west1 he must sooner or later succumb4 ,in this emergency he went to ,rome and appealed to the pope and cardinals to preach a new crusade4 ,the example of the broken-hearted ,pius ,,ii4 showed how fruitless it would have been for them to do so4 ,paul1 indeed1 wrote to all the ,christian princes1 but he got nothing but fair words in return4 ,the great schism had lamentably diminished the prestige of the ,papacy1 and a multitude of heretics more or less openly preluded that ,reformation which would soon divide ,christendom itself into hostile camps4 ,the pope gave him three thousand golden florins and conferred upon him the insignia of the cap and sword which is annually blessed by the pontiff on the vigil of ,christmas for presentation to the prince who has deserved best of the church4 ,scanderbeg lodged while in ,rome in a house which1 although rebuilt in #ahdc1 still retains over the door his portrait in fresco and the laudatory inscription set up soon after his death4 ,the street and an adjoining little piazza under the ,quirinal gardens have long perpetuated his name as the ,via di ,scanderbeg4 ,he left ,rome in disappointment and sorrow4 8,ah6 what though no succor advances1 ,nor ,christendom's chivalrous lances ,are stretched in our aid8 ,be the combat our own6 ,and we'll perish or conquer more proudly alone2 ,for we've sworn by our country's assaulters1 ,by the virgins they've dragged from our altars1 ,by our massacred patriots1 our children in chains1 ,by our heroes of old1 and their blood in our veins1 ,that1 living1 we shall be victorious1 ,or that1 dying1 our deaths shall be glorious40 --,campbell4 ,on his way back to ,albania he was allowed to recruit in the ,venetian territories a force of thirteen thousand men1 which he commanded in person4 ,his former little army in the field was captained by his faithful friend ,tanusios1 and after planning together the two generals attacked the ,turks around ,croia on two different points1 while a vigorous sortie was made by the besieged1 during which ,balaban1 the ,turkish commander1 was killed4 ,his death and the suddenness and vigor of the triple attack threw the enemy into confusion1 and they were completely routed4 ,we pass over other battles and victories1 by which ,scanderbeg's resources were finally exhausted4 ,the end had come4 ,during the winter of #adff-g he was making a tour of inspection1 and while in the city of ,alessio1 or ,lissa1 as it is sometimes called1 where the ambassador of ,venice and the confederate chiefs of ,albania had convened to meet him and combine for one last and desperate effort1 he was seized by a fever which proved fatal4 ,after addressing a solemn and pathetic discourse to his principal officers1 he embraced them one by one1 and gave orders to his only son ,john to cross over to his ,neapolitan fiefs with his mother1 and there wait until some favorable occasion might present itself to return and put himself at the head of his countrymen as his father had done4 ,he died during the night of ,january #ag1 #adfg1 after having received the ,viaticum and ,extreme ,unction1 and was buried in the cathedral church of ,alessio4 ,his death caused a profound sensation throughout ,europe4 ,mohammed exulted over the loss of one whom he called the sword and buckler of the ,christians1 and immediately poured his troops into ,albania2 but it was not until the year #adgh1 when ,croia surrendered on conditions which were afterwards basely violated1 that the war ended4 ,since that time the infamous ,turks have lorded it over the land made glorious in legendary lore by the son of ,achilles1 in history by ,king ,pyrrhus1 and in modern times by ,scanderbeg4 ,the presence of those barbarous ,asiatics in any part of ,europe is one of the foulest stains upon the moral sense and the politics of ,christian governments4 ,when ,alessio was captured the infidels dug up the remains of the great warrior and divided his bones among the soldiers1 to be worn in rich reliquaries as amulets of courage4 ,his countrymen still sing of him as their national hero1 and the ,turks frighten naughty children with his terrible name4 ,after ,scanderbeg's death many ,albanians emigrated to ,italy1 either in the suite of his son or independently4 ,the most remarkable colony was in ,calabria1 where as late as #aghj their descendants1 numbering about one hundred thousand1 retained the dress1 manners1 and language of their ancestors4 ,another colony1 not so numerous1 is scattered about the ,abruzzi4 ,the last lineal descendant of the hero was the ,marquis of ,sant',angelo1 who was killed at the battle of ,pavia by the hand 7as ,paulus ,jovius says7 of ,francis ,i4 ,most of the ,albanians remained ,christians until the middle of the seventeenth century1 when the majority conformed1 outwardly at least1 to the ,mohammedan religion4 ,the popes have tried hard to keep alive the ,catholic faith among the population1 and1 under the circumstances1 with considerable success4 ,pope ,clement ,,xi41 of the 7now7 princely family of ,albani which emigrated from ,albania in the sixteenth century1 and settled at ,urbino1 established a purse of four thousand scudi in #agjh for the support of three students from that country in the ,propaganda ,college4 ,the ,catholics there do not now number more than ninety thousand4 ,there are two archbishoprics1 ,antivari united with ,scutari1 and ,durazzo1 and three bishoprics1 ,alessio1 ,pulati1 and ,sappa4 ,these sees are usually filled by ,franciscans1 who1 with a few ,propagandists 7with one of whom1 now bishop of ,alessio1 we have the honor of being acquainted71 are the only missionaries in the country4 ,we conclude our article with a bibliographical notice of the subject1 because1 as ,dr4 ,johnson used to say1 a great part of knowledge consists in knowing where knowledge is to be found4 ,the original source of information upon which all subsequent writers1 whether with or without acknowledgment1 have drawn is a work by ,marino ,barlezio1 a priest of ,scutari1 who1 besides being a native of the country about which he wrote1 was an almost constant companion of ,scanderbeg and an eye-witness of most of the events which he relates4 ,he was a scholar and penned very excellent ,latin1 which greatly adds to the charm of his narrative4 ,we give the full title3 ,de ,vita et ,moribus ac ,rebus prcipu adversus ,turcas gestis ,georgii ,castrioti clarissimi ,epirotarum ,principis1 qui propter celeberrima facinora ,scanderbegus1 hoc est ,alexander ,magnus1 cognominatus fuit4 ,libri xiii4 ,it is not certain where this curious book was first published4 ,some say at ,rome as early as #aejf1 but this is extremely doubtful2 others at ,frankfort in #aecg 7in folio74 ,a ,german translation by ,pinicianus was published in #aefa in #dto1 with woodcuts2 and a ,french one1 the language of which is quaint and racy1 by ,jacques de ,lavardin1 in #aeig4 ,independent biographies have been written in ,latin by an anonymous author at ,rome in #aecg or earlier1 in folio2 in ,italian by ,t4 ,m4 ,monardo1 ,venice1 #aeia1 and almost immediately translated into ,spanish and ,portuguese2 in ,french by ,du ,poncet 7,paris1 #agji1 in #abmo71 a ,jesuit1 who took upon himself to refute the calumny of ,machiavelli and ,helvetius1 that ,christian principles and practices can never develop the qualities of a perfect soldier1 a hero4 ,other ,french biographies are those of ,chevilly 7,paris1 #agcb1 #b vols4 #abmo71 and ,camille ,paganel 7ibid4 #ahee1 #a vol4 #hvo71 which is the best we have read4 ,in ,english there is one by ,clement ,c4 ,moore1 an ,american 7,new ,york1 #ahej71 and another by ,robert ,bigsby1 an ,englishman 7,london1 #ahff72 while we have also1 from the graceful pen of ,benjamin ,disraeli1 ,the ,rise of ,iskander1 a tale founded on ,scanderbeg's revolt against the ,turks 7,london1 #ahcc74 ,a ,summarium or epitome of his life is preserved among the ,,mss4 of the ,royal ,library at ,turin2 and the ,grand ,ducal one at ,weimar treasures among its rarities a ,,ms4 parchment called ,the ,book of ,scanderbeg1 composed of three hundred and twenty-five leaves1 each of which is beautifully illustrated with figures in india-ink representing scenes from civil and military life in the fifteenth century4 ,it was a present to the ,albanian hero from ,ferdinand of ,aragon4 ,two ,latin poems have been published about him1 one by a ,german named ,kkert at ,lubec1 #afdc1 and the other by a ,french ,jesuit1 ,jean de ,bussires1 at ,lyons1 #affb1 in eight books2 finally1 one in ,italian1 called ,la ,scanderbeide1 by a lady named ,margherita ,sarrocchi1 without date or place of publication2 but it sometimes turns up in book-sales at ,rome4 ,scanderbeg's large gilt cuirass1 damaskeened with designs of ,eastern pattern1 is found in the ,belvedere collection at ,vienna4 ,it is supposed to have been one of his trophies captured in ,anatolia4 #gh ,it was a common boast of the more ambitious sultans that they would some day feed their horses at the tomb of ,st4 ,peter4 #gi ,the good and brave beget the brave2 ''' ,fierce eagles breed not harmless doves4 ,the family standard of the ,castriots1 which ,scanderbeg carried in his battles1 was a black1 double-headed eagle on a red field4 ,,the ,,church ,,and ,,liberty4 ,men are governed more by their sympathies than by reason4 ,weak arguments are strong enough when supported by prejudice which is able to withstand even the most conclusive proofs4 ,we do not pretend to say that this is wholly wrong4 ,our feelings are in general sincerer than our thoughts2 spring more truly from our real selves2 are less the product of artificial culture and more of those common principles of our nature which make the whole world akin4 ,but since in rational beings the feelings cannot be purely instinctive1 it follows that they are more or less modifiable by the action of the intellect1 which in turn is also subject to their influence4 ,prejudice1 therefore1 may be either intellectual or moral1 or the one and the other2 the most obstinate1 however1 is that which is enrooted in feeling and springs from sympathies and antipathies2 and this is usually the character of religious prejudice4 ,the tendency to make religion national1 which is a remarkable feature in the history of mankind1 together with the fact that states have always been founded and peoples welded into unity by a common faith1 has as a rule thrown upon the side of religion the whole force of national prejudice1 which1 though it does not touch the deep fountains of immortal life and of the infinite1 revealed by faith1 is yet an immense power1 more than any other aggressive and defiant4 ,as the ,catholic ,church is non-national1 it is not surprising that she should often be brought into conflict with the spirit of nationalism4 ,christ was himself opposed by this spirit2 on the one side he was attacked by the religious nationalism of the ,jews1 and on the other by that of the ,romans4 ,these enemies surrounded the early church4 ,there was the internal struggle to free herself from the bonds of ,judaism1 a purely national faith2 and there was the open battle with the ,roman ,empire for the liberty of the soul and her right to exist as a ,catholic and non-national religion4 ,heresies and schisms have invariably been successful in proportion as they have been able to rouse national prejudice against the universal church4 ,to pass over those of more ancient date1 we may safely affirm that but for this ,luther's quarrel with ,tetzel would never have given birth to ,protestantism4 ,the conflicts during the middle ages between popes and emperors and kings1 together with schisms and scandals1 had accustomed the public mind1 especially in ,germany and ,england1 to look upon the successor of ,st4 ,peter as a foreign potentate2 nor was it easy1 in the state of things which then existed1 to draw the line between his spiritual and his temporal authority4 ,he came more and more to be considered an ,italian sovereign who had usurped undue power1 and thus in ,germany and ,england ,italians grew to be both hated and despised2 and this more1 probably1 than kings and parliaments helped on the cause of ,protestantism4 ,the ,catholic faith was made to appear1 not as the religion of ,christ1 but as popery1 a foreign idolatrous superstition1 which had by artful means insinuated itself amongst the various nations of ,german blood2 and to throw off the yoke of ,italian despotism was held to be both political and religious disenthralment4 ,the specific doctrines of ,luther and the other heresiarchs had merely an incidental influence4 ,in ,england1 where the separation from the church was more complete than elsewhere1 there was the least doctrinal departure from ,catholic teaching2 which is of itself proof how little any desire for a so-called purer faith had to do with the movement4 ,the appeal to the ,scriptures was popular because it was an appeal from the pope4 ,that the ,reformation was not an intellectual revolt1 at least primarily1 there is abundant evidence in the indisputable fact that the most enlightened and learned people of that age--the ,italians--remained firm in their attachment to the old faith2 and even in ,germany1 which was comparatively rude and barbarous1 the cultivators of the new classical learning1 which had been revived in ,italy1 were for the most part repelled by the coarseness and ignorance of the preachers of ,protestantism1 who in ,england found no favor with men like ,more and ,wolsey1 scholars1 both of them1 and patrons of letters4 ,as ,protestantism did not spring from intellectual convictions1 but from passion and prejudice--national antagonisms1 which had been intensified by ages of conflict and strife1 and which became the potent allies of the ambition and rapacity of kings and princes--it is but natural that ,protestants1 continuing the traditions of their fathers1 should still be influenced in their opinions of the ,catholic ,church more by their antipathies than by reason1 and that these antipathies should invariably run with the current of national prejudice4 ,hence the objections to the church which really influence men are not religious but social4 ,a ,protestant who accepts the ,bible as the word of ,god1 and receives in the literal sense all that is there narrated1 could not with any show of reason make difficulty about believing the teachings of the church2 nor can one who trusts to himself alone for his creed feel great confidence that those who are supported by the almost unanimous consent of all ,christians for fifteen hundred years1 and of the great majority even down to the present day1 are less certain of salvation than himself4 ,but when he comes to consider the social influence of the church1 he finds it less difficult to justify his dislike of ,catholic institutions2 for in this direction he is upheld most strongly by traditional prejudice4 ,that the church fosters ignorance and immorality is to his mind axiomatic4 ,he still thinks that the darkness1 the scandals1 and crimes of the middle ages1 which he always exaggerates1 are to be ascribed to her and not to the barbarians4 ,the labors of the learned have long since shown the old ,protestant theory1 that the church sought to keep the people in ignorance1 to be not only groundless1 but the reverse to be true2 and that not less false is the charge that she encouraged immorality1 however corrupt some who have held high ecclesiastical positions may have been4 ,but as we have quite recently discussed these questions1#hj we turn to the subject of the relative influence of the church and of ,protestantism upon civil liberty4 ,discussions of this kind1 though not new1 are nevertheless full of actual interest4 ,the subject of social liberty profoundly influences the practical controversies of the age1 and bids fair to become of still more vital moment in the future4 ,the adversaries of the ,catholic ,church never feel so secure as when they attack her in the name of freedom4 ,she is supposed to be the fatal foe of all liberty1 intellectual1 religious1 and social4 ,for the present we shall put aside the controversies concerning liberty of thought and discussion1 and confine ourselves to the examination of the relation of the church to social freedom4 ,and it will be necessary1 in order to institute a comparison between her action and that of ,protestantism1 to go back to the first ages to study her early efforts in behalf of human rights4 ,those great battles for human liberty were fought1 not by ,christianity1 but by the ,christian ,church4 ,the religion of ,christ was from the beginning corporate and organized2 and it was through its organization that it exerted its influence upon individuals and upon society4 ,to understand1 therefore1 the true relation of the church to liberty1 we must study her history in the past as well as in the present4 ,in fact1 it is only in the light of the past that the present can be understood4 ,the clear perception of her spirit and action during the centuries which preceded the advent of ,protestantism will enable us to see how far and in what respect the politico-religious revolution of the sixteenth century was favorable to social freedom4 ,human society1 like the heavenly bodies1 is guided by two forces1 the natural tendencies of which are antagonistic1 but whose combined action1 when properly harmonized1 produces order4 ,authority and ,liberty are the centripetal and centrifugal forces of the social world2 but1 unlike those which govern the motions of the planets1 they are indefinitely modifiable by free human agency4 ,to regulate these two powers is the eternal political problem1 which is never solved because the factors of the equation are ever varying and consequently never known4 ,the exaggeration of the principle of authority is tyranny2 of that of liberty1 anarchy2 and the excess of the one is followed by a reaction of the other1 so that1 whichever preponderates1 the resulting evils are substantially the same4 ,tyranny is anarchical1 and anarchy is tyrannical2 and both are equally destructive of authority and liberty4 ,though authority and liberty1 as applied to human society1 are relative terms1 they presuppose the absolute1 and therefore have as their only rational basis the existence of a personal ,god2 and hence the social order is1 in its very constitutive elements1 religious4 ,in view of this fact it is not surprising that the state1 which is the symbol of secular society1 should be drawn to usurp the functions of the church1 the symbol of the spiritual order4 ,as a result of this tendency1 pre-christian history shows us a universal subordination of religion to the temporal government1 or1 what is practically the same1 the identification of the two powers2 since1 where both are united1 that which regards man's present1 visible1 and urgent wants will always preponderate4 ,the direct consequence of this was the destruction of liberty2 indirectly it also undermined authority4 ,the state was absolute1 and under the most favorable circumstances1 as in the ,grco-,roman civilization1 recognized the rights of the citizen1 but not those of man2 and even the citizen had rights only in so far as the state saw fit to grant them4 ,the logical development of the absorption of all power by the state may be seen in imperial ,rome1 in which the ruler was at once emperor1 supreme pontiff1 and ,god4 ,when the ,christian1 though willing to obey ,csar in temporal matters1 reserved to himself a whole world upon which he would permit no human authority to trespass1 he asserted1 together with the supremacy of his spiritual nature1 the principle to which modern nations owe their liberties4 ,it would indeed be difficult to exaggerate the influence of this assertion of the sovereign rights of the individual conscience4 ,it contains the principles of all rights and the essential elements of progress and civilization2 it is the necessary preamble to every declaration of human liberties2 the logical justification of all resistance to tyranny1 and of every reaction against brute force and consecrated wrong4 ,it is the impregnable stronghold of freedom1 without which the sentiment of personal independence which the barbarians brought with them into ,european life would have been powerless to found free institutions4 ,that sentiment was as strong in the ,north ,american ,indians2 in the ,tartar and ,turkish hordes which swept down from the table-lands of ,asia upon fairer and more fertile regions2 and yet with them it only subserved the cause of despotism4 ,it is1 indeed1 inherent in human nature4 ,to be self-conscious is to wish to be free and to take delight in the possession of liberty4 ,this feeling finds a sanctuary in the heart of every boy who roams the forest1 or plunges through the stream1 or beholds the eagle cleave the blue heavens4 ,it was as active in the breasts of the early ,greeks and ,romans as in the barbarians who rushed headlong upon a falling empire4 ,the love of liberty was1 in fact1 with them a sublime passion1 and yet they were unable to found free institutions because the state1 absorbing the whole man1 made itself absolute4 ,they lacked1 moreover1 that of which the barbarians were also deprived--the knowledge of the worth and dignity of human nature4 ,man1 as man1 was not honored2 to have any rights did not come of our common nature1 but of the accident of citizenship4 ,slavery was consecrated as being not only just but necessary2 and the slave was outside the pale of the law4 ,woman was degraded and infant life was not held sacred4 ,in nothing is the contrast between modern and ancient civilizations more striking than in their manner of regarding human life4 ,with us the life of the unborn child is under the protection of conscience1 of public opinion1 and of the law equally with that of the highest and noblest4 ,its value to the state1 to society1 to the world1 is not considered2 we think of it only as a creature of ,god1 endowed by him with rights which men may not violate4 ,but this doctrine is unknown to paganism4 ,in ,rome the father was free either to bring up his child or to murder it2 even the laws of ,romulus grant him this privilege1 with the nominal restriction of obtaining the consent of the nearest of kin2 but under the empire his right to kill his newly-born infant was fully recognized4 ,the abandonment of children by their parents was a universal custom1 and one of which the ,emperor ,augustus approved in the case of the infant of his niece ,julia4 ,if child-murder was not a crime1 abortion1 of course1 was no offence at all1 and was universally practised1 especially among the rich4 ,the contempt in which human life was held is seen also in the public games--in which hundreds of men were made to butcher one another merely for the amusement of the spectators--as well as in the power of life and death of the master over his slave4 ,it has been maintained quite recently that those who gave their approval and lent the countenance of their presence to these inhumanities were not therefore cruel2 that1 on the contrary1 many of them were kind-hearted and benevolent2 but this1 if we grant it1 makes our argument all the stronger1 since it proves that the system was more vicious than the men4 ,a social state which does not respect life is incompatible with liberty4 ,it would be vain to seek for the origin of our free institutions in any supposed peculiarities of our barbarous ancestors4 ,nothing short of a radical revolution of thought as to what man is could have made civil liberty possible4 ,it was necessary to re-endow the individual with absolute and inviolable rights in the presence of the state4 ,man had to be taught that he is more than the state2 that to be man is godlike1 to be a citizen is human2 but this he could not learn so long as he remained helplessly under the absolute power of the state2 nor could he1 with the conviction that the state is the highest and that he exists for it1 make any effort to break the bonds of his servitude4 ,before this could be possible he had to be received into a society distinct from1 and independent of1 the state2 he had to be made fully conscious that he is a child of ,god1 in whose sight slaves have equal rights with kings4 ,it was necessary to bring out man's personal destiny in strong contrast to the pagan view1 which took in only his social mission1 and this narrowly and imperfectly4 ,this is what the ,christian religion did3 it created a personal self-consciousness which made heroes of the commonest natures4 ,the ,roman died for his country2 the ,christian died for ,god and for his own soul's sake4 ,he was not led to brave death by the majesty of the city1 of the empire1 or by the memory of the victories which had borne his country's arms in triumph through the world1 but by his own individual faith and duty as a man with a personal and immortal destiny4 ,when the ,christian appealed from emperors and senates and armies1 from the power and force of the whole world1 to ,god1 it was the single human soul asserting itself as something above and beyond this visible universe4 ,never before had the eternal and the infinite come so near to man2 never before had he so felt his own immortal strength4 ,he was lifted up into the heaven of heavens1 stood face to face with the everlasting verities of ,god1 became a dweller in the world that is1 and the garments of space and time fell from his new-born soul4 ,he was free2 strong in the liberty with which ,christ had clothed him1 he defied all tyrannies4 8,as we have not placed our hope10 said ,justin to the ,emperor ,antoninus1 8on things which are seen1 we fear not those who take away our lives2 death being1 moreover1 unavoidable40 ,the pagan ,roman knew1 indeed1 how to die2 but his death1 though full of grandeur and dignity1 was sombre and hopeless2 he died as the victim of fate4 ,to the ,christian death came as the messenger of life2 he died as one who is certain of eternity1 as one whose soul is free and belongs to himself and ,god4 ,this sense of a personal destiny which is eternal1 of infinite responsibility1 gave to the individual a strength and independence of character for which we will seek in vain among the religions of paganism4 ,it is a feeling wholly distinct from the barbarian's dislike of restraint4 ,the love of wild and adventurous life neither fits men for the enjoyment of liberty nor predisposes them to grant it to others4 ,the more we study the history of ,christian nations1 the more profound is our conviction that without their religion they could never have won their liberties1 which even now without this divine support could not be maintained4 ,it is to our religion that we are indebted for the creation of popular free speech4 ,before ,christ gave the divine commission to the apostles1 philosophers had discoursed to their chosen disciples1 and orators had declaimed to citizens1 on the interests of the state2 but no one had spoken to the people as moral beings with duties and responsibilities which lift them into the world of the infinite and eternal4 ,there were priesthoods1 but they were mute before the people1 intent upon hiding from them all knowledge of their mysteries4 ,religious eloquence did not exist2 it first received a voice on the shores of the ,lake of ,genesareth and on the hills of ,judea1 in the preaching of ,jesus1 who remains for ever its highest exponent1 speaking as one who had authority with godlike liberty on whatever most nearly touches the dearest interests of men2 speaking chiefly to the people1 bringing back to their minds the long-forgotten truths which prove them the royal race of ,god4 ,the preaching of ,god's word with the liberty of ,heaven1 which no earthly authority might lessen1 became the great school of the human race2 it was the first popular teaching1 and like an electric thrill it ran through the earth4 ,it belongs exclusively to the religion of ,christ4 ,mahomet1 who sought to borrow it1 was able to catch only its feeble echo4 ,this free ,christian public speech is unlike all other oratory2 it possesses an incommunicable characteristic1 through which it has exercised the most beneficent influence upon the destinies of mankind4 ,it is essentially spiritual1 lifts the soul above the flesh1 and creates new ideals of life2 inspiring contempt for whatever is low and passing1 it begets enthusiasm for the divine and eternal4 ,it is a voice whose soul-thrill is love1 the boundless love of ,god and of men1 who are the children of this love1 and therefore brothers4 ,this voice cannot be bought1 it cannot be silenced4 ,currit verbum1 said ,st4 ,paul1 and again from his prison-cell3 8,but the word of ,god is not fettered40 ,on innumerable lips it is born ever anew2 and always and everywhere it is a protest against the brutality of power1 an appeal in the name of ,god1 our ,father in heaven1 in behalf of the poor1 the oppressed1 the disinherited of humanity4 ,men may still be tyrants1 may still crush the weak and sacrifice truth and justice to their lustful appetites2 but the voice of ,god1 threatening1 commanding1 rebuking1 shall be silent nevermore4 ,festus will tremble before ,paul2 at the bidding of ,ambrose ,theodosius will repent2 and before ,hildebrand the brutal ,henry will bow his head4 ,at the sound of this voice all ,europe shall rouse itself1 shall rush1 impelled by some divine instinct1 into the heart of ,asia1 to strike the mighty power which threatened to blight the budding hope of the world4 ,if we would understand the relations of the church to liberty1 we must consider the influence of this free speech1 which1 without asking the permission of king or people1 impelled by a divine necessity1 made itself heard of the whole earth4 ,over the door of his ,academy ,plato had inscribed3 8,none but geometers enter here02 over the portals of the church was written the word of ,christ3 8,come to me1 all ye who labor and are heavy laden40 8,all you10 exclaimed ,st4 ,augustine1 8who labor1 who dig the earth1 who fish in the sea1 who carry burdens1 or slowly and painfully construct the barks in which your brothers will dare the waves--all enter here1 and ,i will explain to you not only the of ,socrates1 but the most hidden of mysteries--the ,trinity40 ,this new eloquence was as large as the human race2 it was for all1 and first of all for the poor and the oppressed4 ,it was not artistic1 in the technical meaning2 it did not captivate the senses2 it was not polished4 ,there was no showy marshalling of words and phrases1 no sweet and varied modulation of voice1 no graceful and commanding gesture4 ,around the altar were gathered the slave1 the beggar1 the halt1 and the blind--the oppressed and suffering race of men4 ,if with them were found the rich and high-born1 they were there as brothers--their wealth and noble birth entered not into the church of ,christ4 ,here there was neither freeman nor slave--all were one4 ,thus in every ,christian assembly was typed the humanity which was to be when all men would be brothers and free4 ,to this new race the apostle of ,christ spoke3 8,my brothers10 he said1 or 8,my children02 and though all history and all society shrieked out against him1 his hearers felt and knew that his words were ,god's truth4 ,the heart is not deceived in love4 8,i seek not yours10 he said1 8but you2 for ,god is my witness how ,i long after you all in the heart of ,jesus ,christ4''' ,i could wish that myself were accursed1 if only my brethren be saved40 ,and then1 with the liberty which love alone can inspire1 he threatened1 rebuked1 implored1 laid bare the hidden wounds of the soul1 nor feared to become an enemy for speaking the truth4 ,to the great and rich he spoke in the plainest and strongest manner1 reminding them of their duties1 denouncing their indifference1 their cruelty1 their injustice2 and then1 in words soft as oil1 he breathed hope and courage into the hearts of those who suffer1 showing them beyond this short and delusive life the certain reward of their struggles and sorrows4 ,he taught them that the soul is the highest1 that purity is the best1 that only the clean of heart see ,god2 that man's chief worth lies in that which is common to all1 derived from ,god and for him created4 ,human life was perishing1 wastefully poured through the senses on every carnal thing4 ,no love of beauty or truth or justice was left4 ,the mind was darkened1 the heart was paralyzed4 ,the great1 strong human passions that bore the people of ,rome in triumph through the earth were dead2 everywhere1 in religion1 in art1 in manners1 was the deadly blight of materialism2 a kind of delirium hurried all men into animal indulgences fatal alike to soul and body4 ,to a race thus glued to the earth by carnal appetites came the voice of the apostle1 preaching ,christ and him crucified2 telling of the divine love that had bowed the heavens and brought down to men ,god's own ,son to suffer1 to labor1 to die for them4 ,he was poor1 he was meek and humble1 he fasted1 he prayed2 he comforted the sorrowful1 gave hope to the despairing2 he offered up his life for men4 ,such as he was those who believe in him must be4 ,to serve the lusts of the flesh1 to be heartless1 to be cruel1 to be unjust1 is to have no part with him4 ,the greed of gold and of pleasure had reduced the masses of men to slavery and beggary2 those who would follow ,god's ,son in the perfect way were to sell what they had1 to give to the poor4 ,the whole race of men was fallen1 sunk in sin2 the disciples of ,christ were bidden to separate themselves from a world which had denied ,god1 that1 having received faith1 hope1 and love through union with him1 they might bring to the dying peoples a new life4 ,the ,christian religion turned the mind's eye from the contemplation of beauty of form to the inner life of the soul2 from thoughts of power and success to principles of right and justice4 ,all the forces of society had been brought together to develop in its highest potency the passion of patriotism1 which1 bending to its purpose all the powers of individual life1 had created mighty states1 embellished them with art1 crowned them with victory1 made them eternal in literature that cannot die2 but on the altar of all this glory man had been sacrificed4 ,patriotism had failed1 hopelessly failed1 to satisfy the unutterable longings of an immortal race4 ,it was based upon false principles and perverted instincts4 ,man's end is not more fulfilled in citizenship in a great and prosperous state than in the possession of vast wealth4 ,the religion of patriotism was a low and material creed without eternal verities upon which to rest4 ,power was its divinity1 and it was therefore without mercy2 success was its justification1 and it consequently trampled upon right4 ,it is not surprising that such principles should have created states whose chief business was to prey upon the human race1 and which1 when conquest was no longer possible1 were brought to ruin by the viciousness of their essential constitutions4 ,in fact1 patriotism1 as understood by the pre-christian states1 was a denial of the principles out of which the common law of ,christendom has grown4 ,it placed the interests of the nation above those of the race1 and thereby justified all inhumanity if only it tended to the particular good of the state4 ,in contradiction of this unjust and narrow spirit1 the ,christian preacher declared that man's first duty is to ,god1 as his first aim should be to seek ,god's kingdom by purifying and developing his own moral nature4 ,he declared that man is more than the state1 as ,god is more than the world2 inspiring in another form those views of the paramount worth of the individual soul without which there could be no successful reaction against the slavery and degradation of paganism4 8,the world10 said ,tertullian1 8is the common country and republic of all men40 ,these principles gradually worked their way1 through 8the foolishness of preaching10 into the minds and hearts of the masses and became the leaven of a new society4 ,let us examine their action more specially4 ,in the church the brotherhood of the race was from the earliest day not only taught but recognized as a fact4 8,there is neither ,jew nor ,greek10 said ,st4 ,paul1 8neither bond nor free1 neither male nor female2 for you are all one in ,christ ,jesus40 ,this doctrine is stated in various places in the ,new ,testament with such emphasis as to leave no doubt of its true meaning4 ,it is equally certain1 however1 that the apostles did not proclaim the emancipation of the slaves4 8,let those who are servants under the yoke10 said the same apostle who declared that in ,christ there was neither bond nor free1 8count their masters worthy of all honor1 lest the name of the ,lord and his doctrines be blasphemed40 ,it was not the spirit of the ,christian faith to encourage visionary schemes or to awaken wild dreams of liberty2 but rather to subdue and chasten the heart1 to make men content to bear worthily the ills of life by giving to suffering a meaning and a blessing4 ,the misery of the pagan slave was extreme1 but it was also hopeless4 ,he believed himself the victim of relentless fate1 from whose power death was the only deliverance1 and he therefore rushed wildly into all excess1 giving little thought to whether he should live to see the morrow4 ,suffering for him was without meaning--a remediless evil1 a blind punishment inflicted by remorseless destiny4 ,for this reason also his wretchedness excited no pity4 ,even as late as the time of ,st4 ,ambrose the pagans were accustomed to say3 8,we care not to give to people whom the gods must have cursed1 since they have left them in sorrow and want40 ,but with the preaching of ,christ1 and him crucified1 came the divine doctrine of expiatory suffering--of suffering that purifies1 regenerates1 ennobles1 begets the unselfish temper and the heroic mood4 ,when the ,christian suffered he was but filling up the measure of the sufferings of ,christ4 ,the slave1 laboring for his master1 was not seeking to please men2 he was 8the servant of ,christ1 doing the will of ,god from the heart02 8knowing that whatsoever good any man shall do1 the same shall he receive from the ,lord1 whether he be bond or free40 ,masters in turn were taught to treat their slaves kindly and gently1 even as brothers2 8knowing that the ,lord both of them and of you is in heaven1 and with him there is no respect of persons40 ,thus1 without attempting to destroy slavery by schemes that must have been premature1 the ,christian religion changed its nature by diffusing correct notions concerning the mutual rights and duties implied in the relations of master and slave4 ,the slave as a brother in ,christ is separated by a whole world from the slave who is a tool or chattel4 ,who can read ,st4 ,paul's ,epistle to ,philemon1 written in behalf of the fugitive slave ,onesimus1 without perceiving the radical revolution which ,christianity was destined to make in regard to slavery8 8,i beseech thee for my son1 ,onesimus3 ''' receive him as my own heart2 no longer as a slave1 but as a most dear brother4 ,if he hath wronged thee in anything1 or is in thy debt1 put it to my account40 ,this is after all but the application of the teaching of ,christ3 ,i was hungry1 ,i was thirsty1 ,i was sick1 ,i was a captive1 and ye fed me1 ye gave me to drink1 ye visited me2 for inasmuch as ye have done this for the least of my brethren1 ye have done it for me4 ,in every suffering and wronged human being there is the ,christ to be honored1 to be loved1 to be served4 ,whosoever refuses to take part in this ministry places himself outside the kingdom of ,god4 ,slavery1 from the ,christian point of view1 is but one of the thousand ills entailed upon the human race by the transgression of ,adam2 it is enrooted1 not in nature1 but in sin2 and as ,christ died to destroy sin1 his religion must tend to diminish and gradually abolish its moral results4 ,the freedom of all men in ,christ which the great apostle so boldly proclaims must in time find its counterpart in the equality of all men before the law4 ,indeed1 the admission of the slave into the ,christian brotherhood logically implied the abolition of slavery4 ,it so raised the individual by giving him the knowledge of his true dignity1 and so softened the master's treatment1 that the moral elevation of the whole class was the inevitable result4 ,in this way the church made the slave worthy to be free1 and from this to liberty there is but a step4 8,we teach the slaves10 said ,origen1 8how they may beget in themselves a noble spirit1 and so become free02 and it need not surprise us1 therefore1 when ,lactantius testifies that among ,christians already in his day the difference between master and slave was but formal2 in spirit both were brothers and fellow-servants of ,christ4 ,nor is it remarkable that as evidence of this moral regeneration we should find the slaves among the early martyrs4 ,there is an example of the sentiments which ,christians entertained for their slaves in the self-reproaches of ,st4 ,paulinus in his letter to ,sulpicius ,severus3 8,he has served me10 he wrote2 8he has been my slave4 ,woe to me1 who have suffered that he who has never been a slave to sin should serve a sinner4 ,every day he washed my feet1 and1 had ,i permitted it1 would have cleansed my sandals2 eager to render every service to the body1 that he might gain dominion over the soul4 ,it is ,jesus ,christ himself whom ,i venerate in this youth2 for every faithful soul comes from ,god1 and every one who is humble of heart proceeds from the very heart of ,christ40 ,men who felt so lovingly and so deeply for their fellows could not long consent to hold them in bondage4 8,we have known10 wrote ,pope ,clement to the ,corinthians1 8many of the faithful to become bondsmen that they might ransom their brethren40 ,pagan masters1 such as ,hermes and ,chromatius1 on the occasion of their baptism gave freedom to their slaves2 and holy women1 like ,st4 ,melania1 induced their husbands to follow this example4 8,every day10 wrote ,salvian in the fifth century1 8slaves receive the right of citizenship and are permitted to carry with them whatever they have saved in the house of their master40 ,and we know1 upon the authority of ,st4 ,gregory of ,nyssa1 that these manumissions frequently took place at ,easter and other solemn festivals of the church4 ,after the conversion of ,constantine the influence of the church induced the civil authority to relax the severity of its legal enactments concerning slaves4 ,their manumission1 especially from religious motives1 was facilitated and the cruelty of masters was restrained4 ,the successors of ,constantine1 particularly ,justinian1 continued to act in the same generous spirit1 until finally1 in the sixth century1 all the harsher pagan laws were abolished1 and men who had been slaves were even admitted to holy orders4 ,this wonderful change in the policy of the ,roman state had been wrought by the pressure of ,christian influences4 ,the voices of the great preachers1 ,st4 ,chrysostom1 ,st4 ,ambrose1 ,st4 ,augustine1 never wearied in pleading the cause of the slave2 the councils of the church placed them under the protection of the ecclesiastical law2 the bishops and priests defended them against the cruelty of their masters2 and when once they were free1 the church clothed their liberty with an inviolable sanctity4 ,in other ways1 too1 religious influences were at work to destroy slavery4 ,the universal custom of the ancient pagan nations1 which deprived captives of war of their freedom1 was an unfailing source of supply to the slave markets4 ,though the church was unable at once to erase from the battle-flags of the ancient world the ,v victis1 she found means to alleviate the lot of the captive4 ,we have quoted the words of ,st4 ,clement to show that in his day already ,christians not unfrequently took upon themselves voluntary servitude in order to redeem their brethren4 ,the property of the church was considered best employed when used for the redemption of captives4 ,for this purpose the bishops were permitted to sell even the sacred vessels of the altar4 8,since our ,redeemer1 the ,creator of all things10 wrote ,pope ,st4 ,gregory1 8has vouchsafed in his goodness to become man1 in order to restore to us our first liberty by breaking1 through his divine grace1 the bonds of servitude by which we were held captive1 it is a holy deed to give to men1 by enfranchisement1 their native freedom2 for in the beginning nature made them all free1 and they have been subjected to the yoke of slavery only by the law of nations40 ,a council held at ,rome under this great pope 7,a4,d4 #eie7 decreed that slaves who wished to enter the monastic life should receive their liberty2 and so great was the number of those who availed themselves of this privilege that the masters on all sides loudly complained of it as an intolerable abuse4 ,the church of the middle ages went still further in the warfare for human liberty4 ,slavery existed among the ,germanic races which overran the ,roman ,empire and took possession of its territory2 and with them1 too1 the slave was the property of the master1 who had the right to exchange1 to sell1 or even to put him to death4 ,the struggle which had been but begun amidst the corruptions of ancient ,rome with an effete and dying race was renewed with the wild and rugged children of the forest4 ,in this great battle for the rights of man the monks came forward as the leaders4 ,in many convents it was forbidden to have slaves1 and when the wealthy took the monastic habit they were required to emancipate their slaves4 ,a council held in ,england in #haf ordained that at the death of a bishop all his ,english slaves should be given their freedom2 and at the ,council of ,armagh1 in #aagb1 all ,english slaves in ,ireland were emancipated4 ,the ,council of ,coblentz1 held in #ibb1 declares that he who sells a ,christian into slavery is guilty of murder4 ,numerous decrees of ecclesiastical synods condemned the slave-trade1 and with such efficacy that by the end of the tenth century slaves were no longer sold in the kingdom of the ,franks4 ,in the ,british ,islands this abuse was not eradicated till towards the close of the twelfth century4 ,in ,bohemia it was abolished in the tenth1 and in ,sweden in the thirteenth century4 ,the church continued to buy slaves in order to give them their liberty4 ,the right of asylum was given to those who fled from the cruelty of their masters4 ,the historical records of manumission in the middle ages1 as preserved in testamentary acts1 almost universally assign religious motives for the emancipation of slaves4 ,the efforts of the church in the first centuries of ,christianity1 and later too1 in behalf of the weak and the oppressed--woman1 the child1 and the slave--are intimately connected with the progress of civil liberty4 ,it is impossible for us1 who are the children of two thousand years of ,christian influences1 to realize the full significance of her enthusiastic devotion to the people1 poor1 suffering1 and degraded1 in an age in which no other voice than hers pleaded for them4 ,in order to do this we should be able to place ourselves in the midst of the old pagan world1 so as to contemplate the abject condition to which the masses of men had been reduced--a state so pitiable that possibly nothing short of the appearance of ,god himself1 in poverty and sorrow1 could have inspired the courage even to hope for better things4 ,the history of heathenism1 in the past as in the present1 is marked by contempt for man1 by the degradation of the multitude4 ,in this respect the civilization of ,greece and ,rome was not different from that of ,india and ,china in our own day4 ,if in ,christian nations1 after long struggles and terrible conflicts1 a better state of social existence has been brought about1 we owe it to ,christ working in and through his church4 ,to render liberty possible an intellectual and moral revolution had to take place4 ,new ideas as to what man is in himself simply1 new sentiments as to what is due him by virtue of his very nature1 new doctrines as to what all men owe to all men1 had to be preached and accepted before there could be any question of civil reform in the direction of larger and more universal liberty4 ,institutions1 laws1 constitutions are mechanical1 the surfaces of things1 social garments which1 unless they cover and protect some inner life and divine truth1 are merely useless forms4 ,liberty1 individual and social1 is inseparable from self-control1 which is born of self-denial4 ,good men cannot be made by good laws any more than by good clothes4 ,man1 of course1 is influenced1 in part educated1 by what he wears as by what he eats2 but it does not follow that the wisest course would be to hand over the children1 body and soul1 to cooks and tailors4 ,not less unreasonable is it to surrender them to politicians to be drilled and fashioned by the mechanical appliances of government4 ,liberty is of the soul2 it is from this sanctuary that it passes into the laws and customs of society4 ,men who are slaves in heart cannot be made free by legislative enactments4 ,the church of ,christ taught men how to be worthy to be free by showing them liberty's great law--self-denial2 by restoring to the soul the sovereignty of which it had been deprived since the gates of ,paradise were barred2 by clothing human nature with inviolable sacredness and inalienable rights2 by proclaiming that man1 for being simply man1 is worthy of all love and respect4 ,when ,christ came1 the slave1 without honor and without hope1 was everywhere4 ,the master was like his slave4 ,surrounded by human herds1 to whom vice in its most degrading forms had become a necessity1 he breathed in an atmosphere of corruption against whose deadly poison he was powerless to contend4 ,his life was a fever alternating between lust and blood4 ,the debauched are always cruel1 and as men sank deeper into the slough of sensual indulgence the cry for carnage grew fiercer4 ,nothing but the hacking and mangling of human bodies could rouse the senses1 deadened by the gratification of brutish passions4 ,here and there a stray voice protested1 but only in the sad tones of despair4 ,hope had fled2 the world was prostrate2 in the mephitic air of sensuous indulgence the soul was stifled2 the poor were starving and the rich were glutted2 a thousand slaves could hardly feed the stomach of ,dives2 and ,jesus ,christ took ,lazarus in his arms1 and in a voice from heaven called upon all who believed in ,god and in man to follow him in the service of outraged humanity2 and his voice was re-echoed through the earth and through the ages4 ,at its sound the despairing took heart1 the dead lived1 the poor heard the new gospel of glad tidings1 and the slave1 crushed and ignored by human society1 found citizenship and liberty in the kingdom of ,god4 #hj 8,a ,sequel of the ,gladstone ,controversy40 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,february1 ,march1 and ,april4 ,,easter ,,in ,,st4 ,,peter',s1 ,,rome1 #ahge4 ,the glorious sun of ,easter morning1 #ahge1 arose in splendor1 gilding the domes and turrets of the ,eternal ,city with burnished gold1 picturing to the mind the gates of ,paradise this day opened by the ,sun of ,righteousness4 ,the ,roman people were early astir1 though no cannon sounded from ,mount ,st4 ,angelo to usher in the great festival1 nor papal banner flung its folds to the breeze from that old citadel this bright spring day to speak to ,christians of him whom our ,lord appointed to watch over his sheep4 ,after early ,masses at the church of ,sant ,andrea delle ,fratte1 so much beloved and sought after by ,english and ,american ,catholics in ,rome as the place where ,ratisbon the ,jew received the great gift of faith1 we took our way to the ,basilica of ,st4 ,peter4 ,multitudes filled the streets1 men and women in holiday attire1 but not with the old-time life and exhilaration of a great festa4 ,loss does not sit lightly on the ,roman2 and everywhere there seemed to be something wanting to make this day what it should have been2 no grand processions1 no public solemn ,high ,mass celebrated with august ceremonies by his ,holiness1 no precious benedictions from his paternal hand4 ,a veil hung over the face of our ,easter joys2 for the ,bride of ,christ sat in sackcloth4 ,when we entered on the pavement of ,st4 ,peter's1 far-off sounds of joyous music came from the canon's chapel1 scarcely reaching the hallowed arches without2 but a wail of sadness1 a chord of grief1 ran through it all1 for wicked men had made it impossible that our ,holy ,father should present himself at the altar where he alone officiates1 lest his presence should excite tumult and bloodshed among his dear children4 ,high ,mass was being celebrated in the canon's chapel1 which contains one of the forty or more altars of ,st4 ,peter's1 and is shut off from the aisle by a glass partition4 ,crowds had pressed in among the dignitaries of the church1 and far out into the nave hundreds were uniting themselves to the ,holy ,sacrifice there offered4 ,there is perhaps no place on earth where a person can be so entirely alone among a multitude as at ,st4 ,peter's4 ,each one seems bent upon the particular purpose that brought him there4 ,the church on this day contained twelve thousand people at least 7we heard the number rated much higher71 but no noise was heard save the constant footfall on the marble pavement and the faint echo of the voices from the choir1 while of room there was no lack4 ,low ,masses were being celebrated at many of the altars1 around which gathered groups of attentive worshippers2 and when the tinkling of the small bell hung at the door of the sacristy gave notice of another ,mass1 from every quarter persons were seen moving rapidly forward following the priest to the altar where he was to celebrate4 ,many there were in that privileged place on that holy day who had come from motives of curiosity1 to see what it was all like--gazers who looked upon ,catholics with cool contempt as but a step removed from the heathen to whom they send missionaries2 the industrious sight-seeker1 the tourist1 whom no solemn function can hold more than a few minutes1 coming even on ,easter day with their red-covered #8,bdeker1' and sometimes with their opera-glasses levelled at the altar where the priest was saying ,mass1 and walking with perfect nonchalance over and among the people kneeling in devotion4 ,they spoke to each other in undertones 7intelligible to one of their own tongue71 and with visible sneers1 of the subjection and superstition of 8these ,romanists40 ,a few of them were ,americans1 while more were ,english2 but1 it is needless to say1 none of them persons of good breeding4 ,long lines of students from the various colleges in ,rome passed and repassed1 each in their distinctive color1 pausing a moment on bended knee to speak to our dear ,lord in the ,blessed ,sacrament1 then going onward toward the hundred lamps that burn continually before the tomb of the ,prince of the ,apostles1 and passing quietly out again to visit some other temple4 ,there were schools of boys and schools of girls in picturesque costumes1 charity children and children of princes1 all kneeling together before their common ,lord1 all seeking their share in his ,easter benedictions4 ,streams of people flowed in from the ,campagna1 often rough1 ragged1 unkempt--the women in their harlequin holiday clothes1 the men in goat-skin breeches and brilliant vests4 ,these1 like the others1 had come home2 for ,st4 ,peter's is a home for all1 and the poorest beggar feels that he has a right within those consecrated walls4 ,soldiers and officers in the varied uniform of the ,italian army walked about listlessly1 sometimes haughtily1 only a few bending their knee as they recognized the divine ,presence4 ,we pitied them greatly2 to be an earnest ,catholic in ,victor ,emanuel's army must be a great trial to one's faith4 ,the numerous confessionals1 for many different languages1 were the resort of wayfarers that day1 while the confessors sat quietly at their posts hour after hour listening to the tale of sin and repentance4 ,almost every ,catholic paused to touch and kiss the foot of the bronze statue of ,st4 ,peter1 worn by centuries of devout kisses4 ,the statue had this day a new attraction2 for over it was hung a gorgeous drapery of scarlet and gold4 ,we found that these rich hangings1 so graceful and beautiful1 were in mosaic from the famous workshop of the ,vatican4 ,a fine portrait of the ,holy ,father crowned the whole1 wrought from the same material1 and a very satisfactory likeness4 ,this calls to mind an incident which took place in the ,vatican ,basilica a short time before the ,easter day of which we are writing4 ,we had gone to ,st4 ,peter's for ,lenten rest and refreshment1 and1 having visited the ,chapel of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 were directing our steps to the altar of our ,blessed ,mother1 when a sacristan politely requested us to leave the church4 ,we were inclined to rebel for a moment1 till we observed the whole assembly1 priests as well as people1 moving towards the entrance2 we followed1 of course1 and the doors were closed4 ,so surprising a movement in the middle of the day was the cause of much questioning1 and it was discovered that his ,holiness wished to see the decorations put over the statue of ,st4 ,peter by his orders4 ,he could not appear before the congregation1 lest the zeal of his ,catholic children might get the better of their prudence1 and cries of ,viva il ,papa6 might bring upon innocent friends the indignation of the ,italian government1 as they had done on a former occasion4 ,this day we were to see no illuminations of the grand faade and the broad portico2 no brilliantly-lighted cupola1 visible to the furthest corner of ,rome2 none of the imposing ceremonies that have been so much sought after and admired by ,protestants4 ,these latter go away from the ,easter celebrations dissatisfied1 sometimes annoyed and angry1 that they should be deprived of the fine sights 8just for a whim of the ,pope40 ,we heard them utter these words as we passed down the massive steps leading to the piazza4 ,they seemed to forget that holy church puts not forth her beauties solely for the delectation of ,protestants who come to ,rome at ,christmas and ,easter 8to see sights40 ,they might know that when her ,head is bowed with sorrow1 all true children of the church carry the same cross1 the whole body suffering with the head4 ,there was joy tempered with much sadness in our hearts as we went from the noble basilica and wandered away to the ,coliseum1 fit emblem of the church in the ,rome of to-day4 ,ruthless hands--hands of those who would make ,rome like any modern city--have shorn this sacred spot of half its beauties2 hard hearts have stripped it of its hallowed stations and forbidden the people to pray where the martyrs shed their blood4 ,,the ,,eternal ,,years4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,divine ,,sequence40 ,,iv ,,the ,,characteristics ,,of ,,god',s ,,government--,,longanimity ,as a lavish and yet unwasteful abundance was the first condition and eminent characteristic of the creation1 so is longanimity1 or patience1 the special quality which marks the dealings of ,god with his creatures1 in the gradual and long-enduring developments of his government4 ,it is the quality to which we are most indebted1 and yet which1 as regards the history of mankind1 we value and understand the least4 ,possibly the fact of our own brevity of life1 as compared with the multitude of thoughts1 efforts1 and emotions which the immortality of our being crowds across the narrow limit of time1 leaving an impression of breathlessness and haste1 may put it almost out of our power--save as all things are possible by the grace of ,god--to raise ourselves to any approximate appreciation of ,god's long-enduring patience4 ,and this is increased in the minds of those who are zealous for ,god's glory4 ,they chafe at the outrages committed against his law2 they sicken before the long1 dreary aspect of man's incredulity and hardness of heart2 and the rise of a new heresy1 the advent of an antipope1 or the horrors of a ,french ,revolution lead them hastily to conclude1 and impatiently to wish1 that the last day may be at hand4 ,experience is a slow process4 ,at fifty a man only begins to learn the great value of life and to look back with marvel at the lavish waste of his earlier years4 ,but if to the individual the convictions resulting from experience are of slow and laborious growth1 they are still more so to the multitude4 ,consequently1 though more than eighteen hundred years have come and gone since ,st4 ,john wrote to his disciples1 8,little children1 it is the last hour10 nevertheless the pious of all shades of opinion in all ages have not been afraid to utter random guesses that the end of the world cannot be far off because of the wickedness of men4 ,it is indeed true1 as the ,holy ,ghost spoke by ,st4 ,john1 that it is the 8last hour40 ,but what does that 8last hour0 mean8 ,not surely a literal last hour or last day1 but a last epoch4 ,the epoch in the history of the cosmos before the coming of the ,redeemer--that is1 before the hypostatic union in a visible1 tangible1 and real human body of the second ,person of the ,triune ,godhead--was the first hour1 or the first epoch4 ,the period since the ,incarnation is the last hour1 or the last epoch2 because nothing mightier or greater can take place than the fact of ,god taking flesh in the womb of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,it is the consummation2 it is the one great end of all creation4 ,this last epoch will have its eras1 evolving themselves within the bosom of the ,catholic ,church1 just as the first epoch had its eras in the diverse revelations which ,god made of himself to man2 and which were1 if we may use the term without seeming to derogate from their unspeakable importance and their divine origin1 of a more desultory nature than those which are1 and shall be1 accorded to ,god's spouse1 the infallible church4 ,what is this but to say again what we are endeavoring to express in every page1 namely1 that 8,he who sitteth on the white horse went forth conquering1 that he might conquer02#ha and that ,god's work ever has been1 is now1 and ever will be a progressive work4 8,gird thy sword upon thy thigh1 ,o ,thou most mighty4 ,with thy comeliness and thy beauty set out1 proceed prosperously and reign40#hb ,when the whole of ,scripture is teeming with promises of future more glorious eras of which we now only see the germ1 developed here and there in some favored soul1 in some special corner of ,god's vast vineyard1 the church 7for the saints have always been men of the future1 in advance of their own time71 is it not a marvel to hear desponding men talking as though there were nothing better to be hoped for than the end of the world1 coming1 as they seem to expect it1 like a terrific frost which shall nip in the bud all the1 as yet1 unfulfilled promises1 and drown the wicked in a deluge of flame6 ,and this we expect and almost desire1 hoping we ourselves may be saved1 but without a second thought for ,god's beautiful earth1 which he has blessed a thousand fold by his own divine footprints on its surface2 and where he now makes his tabernacle in ten thousand churches1 waiting1 nay watching1 with that ineffable patience of his1 whose cycles of longanimity we are incapable of appreciating6 ,but it is cruel to speak harshly of a few words of discouragement falling from the lips of those who are weary with vigils waiting for new daylight4 ,only let us learn that the ,sun of ,righteousness to our perceptions1 as it were1 sets and rises again4 ,we are like children who think when the glorious golden disc has sunk beneath the horizon that it is utterly gone and is perhaps extinct1 while on the contrary the children of another hemisphere are playing in the warmth of its beams2 so we see the dark clouds of evil hiding from us the light of grace1 first in one spot1 then in another1 and we grow downcast and impatient4 ,we forget that 8not one jot or one tittle shall pass of the law till all be fulfilled02#hc and that our ,lord tells us he 8did not come to destroy either the law or the prophets1 but to fulfil them40 ,bearing this in mind1 let our readers take up the ,psalms and the ,prophets1 and study1 with a deliberate faith in the inspired words1 the promises which concern the future of the world under the tent of the church1 the place of which tent shall be enlarged that she may 8pass on to the right hand and to the left2 and inhabit the now desolate cities40#hd ,it is a want of hope--and let us ever remember that hope is a virtue1 and not a mere quality or faculty of the mind--which leads us to read the stupendously sublime promises of ,god to the whole earth in the future of the church1 as so much beautiful imagery of which a limited application manifests itself1 from time to time1 in the partial conversion of some thousands here and there over the vast face of the semi-civilized world1 while millions upon millions remain heathens1 ,hindoos1 ,jews1 and ,mussulmans4 ,we read these glorious utterances of the ,scriptures with the restrained admiration of one who1 while admiring a poem1 makes allowances for the 8fine frenzy0 of the poet4 ,we take it cum grano salis1 and forget that it is the trumpet voice of absolute truth2 and that whether or no it point to a millennium upon earth--a question left open by the church1 and so little discussed as yet by her modern theologians that we will not dwell upon it--it must mean all it says2 and1 after the fashion of ,god's gifts1 more than we can conceive4 ,this1 then1 is what the patience and longanimity of ,god is leading us to4 ,these glories1 which have exhausted the tenderest as well as the most powerful utterance of language to depict1 are the future of the church1 when the spouse of ,christ shall be the mistress of the world4 ,st4 ,paul in the ,epistle to the ,hebrews1 quoting the eighth ,psalm on the high destinies of man1 says1 8,thou hast subjected all things under his feet10 and adds1 8but we see not as yet all things subject to him40 ,nevertheless the delay gave no place for doubt that the promise should have an ultimate and complete fulfilment2 while he unfolds to us the wherefore of these sublime predictions1 the only adequate reason why the human race should be crowned with glory and honor--the one1 sole emphatic cause1 namely1 that all creation is in and for the ,incarnation2 that the ,incarnation is the basement1 and the sublime architrave and final coping-stone of the whole edifice2 that the creation is for him as entirely as it is by him1 and that man is the younger brother of his ,redeemer1 and shares in his inheritance4 ,we have already spoken of the indirect and adaptive government of ,god2 of 8the government which he condescends to administer in his world through the moral and physical activity with which he has endowed mankind40 ,we have shown that the representative law of creation is 8increase and multiply40 ,we now come to the fact that since the fall the corollary of that law is labor and toil4 ,the earth from henceforward brought forth thorns and thistles2 in other words1 on all sides obstacles and difficulties met the advancing steps of the discrowned lord of creation4 ,speaking according to the eternal decrees of ,god1 and not according to their manifestation through time1 we should say that the younger and fallen sons of ,god had to reconquer the world they were given to reign over1 as the elder ,son of ,god1 he who is from all eternity1 has1 in consequence of the same fall1 to reconquer the reign of grace in the souls of men1 step by step1 vanquishing the thorns and thistles with which our unbelief and iniquity tear and rend his bleeding feet6 ,there is ,god's work going on in the material world1 and there is ,god's work going on in the spiritual world4 ,and what we want to do is to persuade our readers not so constantly to put the two in opposition1 as though1 while the progress of grace is exclusively ,god's work1 material progress were quite as exclusively man's work--to say nothing of those who hold it to be the devil's work4 ,when the three ,persons of the ever blessed ,trinity said1 8,let us make man10 it was with the expressed intention that he should have dominion over the whole earth--8univers terr40 ,that constitution of man as the lord of creation was not annulled when man fell4 ,it is true that it became a dominion he had to contest with the beasts of the forest1 who were originally to have been his willing slaves2 with the thorns and thistles that ever since bar his passage2 and with the convulsions of nature1 to the secret harmonies of which he had lost the key2 while the angelic guardians of the cosmos could not hold intercourse with him in his degraded state1 who1 although they be 8ministering spirits10 are so in secret only1 until the time shall come for their promised mission upon earth4 ,nevertheless man was a monarch still1 though a fallen monarch4 ,or rather we should say that1 as redeemed man1 he is ,god's viceroy2 and in that character is reconquering the material world1 that as the ages roll on the church1 the spouse of ,jesus1 may 8lengthen her cords and strengthen her stakes40#he ,materialism is no necessary consequence of material progress4 ,scientific discovery1 whether as regards the solar system1 the dynamic forces1 chemical affinities1 or the properties of the world's flora1 the habits of its fauna and the uses to which all these may be put1 is--next to the development of theological truth1 of which in a certain sense1 as will one day be proved1 it is the correlative--the highest gift of ,god4 ,it is simply man's fulfilment of his second and inferior mission upon earth4 ,his first mission1 or rather his vocation1 is to save his soul from sin1 and to live in union with his ,god4 ,his second is to fill the one spot1 be it wide or narrow1 which ,god has assigned him in the creation with all the faculties of his mind and intellect4 ,it may be a very small1 a scarcely discernible spot that he occupies2 but in his degree he too has to conquer his territorial inch and govern in the creation1 though he do so but as a shepherd or a ploughman4 ,we are conscious as we write this of all that may be said in detriment of material progress1 of the luxury it leads to1 of the rapid propagation of false opinions1 evil literature1 and irreligious thought2 or of the increased facilities for the wholesale slaughter of mankind in modern warfare4 ,no wonder the pure-minded shrink in dismay from much that material progress appears to be producing in the world1 and that timid souls are led to believe that such progress not only is not ,god's work1 but 7if we may make this distinction7 is also not his intention4 ,we would entreat all such to take courage from a few considerations which will lay before them their error in principle1 and also give them a wider view of ,god's merciful designs in his own creation4 ,first1 it may be assumed that1 as the ,almighty has not abdicated his providential government of the world in favor of the powers of darkness1 therefore no great and wide-spread movement takes place amongst the children of men without its having an ultimate end for good4 ,we do not believe that evil is to win the day4 ,we utterly refuse to give credit to those who look upon the ,lord of ,hosts as vanquished in the end1 and upon the personal ,lucifer1 and the principle of evil which he embodies and represents1 as going off the field with a crowd of prisoners who will far outnumber the armies of the ,lord4 ,this desponding about the triumphs of grace is the residuum of ,protestantism4 ,it is the melancholy of sectarianism4 ,it is not in accordance with the teaching of the church2 she who is forever lifting up her eyes unto the hills from whence cometh her help4 ,the church which is built on the ,incarnation1 which is fed with the ,eucharistic ,sacrifice1 and which owns as her queen the woman 8clothed with the sun10 8terrible as an army with banners10 does not limit her hopes to a few sheep scattered in the wilderness1 but knows that the 8cattle on a thousand hills0 also belong to her ,lord and ,master4 ,we have no wish to palliate the evil which dogs the footsteps of modern progress4 ,we see that1 like the huge behemoth1 it tears down many a sacred barrier1 many a hallowed landmark1 with its gigantic strides1 and we mourn with our mother the church1 and with all the body of the faithful1 over the souls that perish in the fray4 ,but not even for this is it possible to doubt the ultimate designs of ,god's providence in making all work together for good4 ,good works through evil1 not as its instrument but as its vanquished enemy2 and material and scientific progress is so certainly a good in itself that it arises from and forms part of the development of man's original destination1 as being lord over the creation4 ,it is the necessary result of that2 consequently it is a fulfilment of ,god's will4 ,as to its fatal1 or at least deleterious1 moral effects on individuals1 or even for a time on the multitude1 this is but the weaving of the dark woof into the web of man's existence1 which is the result of man's estrangement from ,god1 but which1 neither in this nor in any other form1 will be allowed ultimately to defraud the ,almighty of his glory1 by turning a relative1 and much less a positive1 good into positive evil4 ,we see the beginning2 we do not see the end1 save by the eyes of faith1 and trust in the goodness of ,god4 ,we are looking out on the world through the small aperture of time1 our own limited time1 our own individual brief life1 and thus we see all the present evil1 and but little1 and occasionally nothing1 of the future good4 ,but surely as ,christians we are bound to believe that no waves of thought or sentiment1 and no sustained and wide-spread effort of any kind1 take possession of mankind without a special beneficial intention of ,god's providence1 and without a distinct and absolute good being their ultimate result4 ,we bow our heads to the storm of the elements2 we accept the flood and the hurricane1 and even the pestilence1 as coming by the permission of our heavenly ,father1 and as in some way working for good4 ,and shall we behold the moral and intellectual activity of man scanning the high heavens1 searching the deep bosom of the earth1 snatching from nature her most hidden secrets2 seeking the principles of life1 and the occult laws of development and progression2 shall we watch wonderingly the strange1 new1 and pathetic tenderness with which men are beginning to appreciate and investigate the whole world of creation inferior to themselves1 but holding perchance in its silent and patient existence secrets important to us--shall we behold all this1 while our hearts burn within us1 and not intimately and intently believe that ,god is carrying on his work1 while man seems only to be following his own free will in the exercise of his intellect8 ,let us be larger hearted and more trusting with our ,god2 nor for a moment suppose that the reins of government have fallen from his hands1 or that passing evil will not terminate in greater good4 ,the darkest hour is ever the one before the dawn4 ,doubtless when the eagles of ,rome sped victorious over the vast and crowded plains of the ,gaul and the ,frank there were gentle spirits left at home who1 having kept themselves pure by the undiscerned aid of the grace which our heavenly ,father never refuses to men of good will1 grieved that the corruption of ,roman luxury should infiltrate its poison into the simple lives of the semi-barbarous and valorous nations4 ,and yet1 but for these victorious eagles what would the world be now8 ,god brings good out of evil2 and though material progress is seldom a real advantage at its first advent1 yet when the moral excitement of its early possession has subsided1 when the ever living1 ever penetrating spirit of ,god has gradually1 through the poor human instruments he condescends to use1 claimed all that man can know1 do1 or acquire1 as belonging to himself in the great scheme of creation and redemption1 then1 by slow degrees perhaps1 but by sure ones1 the evil gives way to good4 ,it rests with us to hasten the appropriation of all that men call progress1 gathering into ,peter's net the large and the small fishes2 for it is all ours4 ,as children of the church1 to us alone does the world belong in the ultimate and supreme sense4 ,it is our fault if we are not more rapidly converting the raw material which is swept to our feet into increments of ,god's glory4 ,it rests with the church in her children to make what the world calls progress become a real progress4 ,there is no real progress without a fixed principle as its basis and starting point4 ,and that ,christianity alone can give2 and chiefly ,christianity in its only full and perfect form1 the ,catholic ,church4 ,by ,christianity we mean the fear and the love of ,god1 with all the pure moral results which flow therefrom4 ,the moral law is the first law1 and material progress is not a real gain until it is married to the moral law4 ,the immediate consequence of material progress is to increase wealth2 and the immediate result of increased wealth is a doubtful benefit4 ,while the wealth remains in the hands of the few1 the gulf between rich and poor is widened and animosities increased4 ,when first it percolates into the lower strata of society1 for the time it exercises thereon a demoralizing effect2 for the tendency of a vast deal of material progress1 and of its resulting modern institutions and modern customs1 is to sap real happiness1 and substitute a fictitious excitement based on wealth and luxury4 ,we are thus forever eating the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil4 ,the bitter and the sweet will grow together till ,god shall part them4 ,but the evolutions of the eternal years gradually reconquer the crude materials to the cause which must ultimately triumph2 and as the spirit of ,god moves over the face of the troubled waters the discordant social elements fall into place1 and a further degree of the real1 true1 moral progress of mankind is found to harmonize with the material progress that man was so proud to have gained1 and which when he did so was but the coarse though precious ore which waited to be purified in the crucible of the divine law4 ,is there any sane man now living who really regrets the invention of printing8 ,we have heard the project of a railroad in ,china deprecated by a zealous friend to truth4 ,it will carry our merchandise2 but will it not also carry our priests8 ,we remember when men said murders would increase because ,london was to be lit with gas6 ,do these sincere-hearted men really think that man is working out solely his own will1 and that an evil will1 in all this heavy tramp of material progress through ,god's world8 ,is not man fulfilling his destiny of conquering the world2 and when he has done his part1 albeit done too often in blind and arrogant ignorance1 will not the rightful owner of the vineyard come and claim the whole8 ,it is impossible for us to be slack in the exercise of any one virtue without the omission affecting the whole of our inner and spiritual life4 ,if we allow our hopes to sink low it is certain to affect our faith2 and if our faith1 then also our love4 ,nor should we forget that it is 8according to our faith that it shall be done unto us40 ,we are not seconding ,god's precious intentions towards us so long as we are taking a desponding1 narrow1 and unaspiring view of what are likely to be his intentions as regards the future of his creation2 and all despising of that creation1 all holding cheap the law1 the order1 the beauty1 and the uses of the material creation1 arises from an inadequate sense of the mystery of the incarnation1 of the ,verbum caro factum est which is the one sole efficient reason of all we see and of all that exists4 ,once raise the inferior questions of nature1 of science1 and of art up to that level1 and we shall find that it imparts a certain balance to all our thoughts1 and diffuses a peaceful looking forward and a calm endurance of present ills which are morally what the even pulse and the vigorous strength are physically to the man in perfect health4 ,he is as free from the excitability of fever as from the lassitude of debility2 he is a sane man4 ,there is another point from which we can view the material progress of the world with hopefulness1 as helping to work out the future in a sense favorable to the church2 and this point comes under the head of what we have called ,god's adaptive government of his creation4 ,it is the fact that the progress of civilization develops the natural characteristics of the various races of mankind1 and that the history of the church reveals how the providence of ,god makes use of the characteristics of race--as he does of everything else--for the building up and development of the church1 and of truth by her4 ,the life and death of our ,lord having been accomplished in the chosen land1 among the chosen people1 the infant church was speedily transplanted from the shadow of ,mount ,calvary to the ,city on the ,seven ,hills4 ,judea was her cradle1 but ,rome was to witness her adolescence4 ,the two leading characteristics of the ,latin race were necessary to her growth2 for the ,latins were the conquerors and the lawgivers of the world1 and the pioneers of the future4 ,she was borne on the wings of the ,roman eagles4 ,she followed in the footsteps of the victorious legions1 and as ,rome and time went on with devouring steps1 she caught the conqueror and the conquered both in her mystic net1 and reigned among the ,latin-,celtic races4 ,rome was the world's lawgiver4 ,the ,latin genius is essentially legislative and authoritative4 ,subtlety1 accuracy1 and lucidity were the necessary human elements for the outward expression of the divine truth which the church carried in her bosom2 for ,catholic theology is a certain science1 admitting of fuller developments as 8things new and old0 are brought forth from her treasured store1 but never making one step too far in advance of another throughout her rhythmical progress4 ,these human elements resided essentially in the ,latin mind2 and in the ,latin tongue1 which has ever been the language of the church1 and which1 the church having consecrated it to her own purposes1 became what we popularly call a dead language so far as concerns the shifting scenes and fluid states of man's mortal life2 she laid her hand upon it1 and it sublimated beneath her touch1 and was consecrated to her use1 beyond all changing fashion or wavering sense4 ,the dying ,roman ,empire involuntarily bequeathed it to her2 and the language of the great lawgivers of the world became that of the church1 and only on her lips is a living language to this hour4 ,the ,latin people were the fountain of law2 their code to the present day forms the common law1 or the base of the common law1 of all ,christian nations except where the retrogradations of the ,napoleonic code have been flung in the face of humanity and the church as an insult to both4 ,the principle of law1 the love of law1 lay in them as an hereditary gift4 ,thus were they as a race specially adapted to become the framers of the church's canon law1 of her discipline1 and of her glorious ritual1 each phrase of which is the crystallization of a theological truth1 a fragment from the ,rock of ,peter1 but perfect in itself and concomitant with all the rest4 ,thus also she wrote in letters of red and gold her marvellous ritual1 the least part of which embodies a symbolic act relating to the things that are eternal4 ,there is not a touch that is not significative1 there is not a line that does not seem caught from the traditions of the nine choirs of angelic ministers4 ,as full of mystery as of practicality1 beautiful1 graceful1 and complete1 it runs through all the life of the church like the veins through the living body1 and carries order and harmony through every low ,mass in the village church1 through high pontifical ceremonials and within the silent gates of cloistered orders where men and women daily and hourly enact and represent the drama of the church4 ,the same genus runs through all the component parts2 and that genus belonged to the race to whom was consigned the laying of the church's foundations1 and the raising of the edifice4 ,and thus there exists1 besides the divine integrity of the whole1 a certain human consistency which1 humanly speaking1 is the consequence of the work having been put into the hands of the race that was naturally adapted to effect it4 ,now1 as the ways of ,god are necessarily always consequent--that is1 consistent with each other1 moving in harmony and working through law--it is not a vain presumption to imagine that as he has constituted different races with different characteristics1 so it is his intention to make use of each and all in the fuller developments of his church4 8,other sheep ,i have that are not of this fold2 them also must ,i bring40 ,the words were spoken in ,jerusalem while the ,latin race was lying in the blind pride of paganism1 and the ,celtic races were only recently being hewn out of the darkness of their far-off life by the swords of the conquering nation4 ,surely it is one of those words the fulfilment of which is not complete4 ,there are other races waiting to bring into the vineyard the tools that their native genius has put into their hands4 ,as the church through the ,latin race has formed her external1 congregational1 hierarchical1 and authoritative condition1 and has crowned the whole in the last ,vatican ,council by the dogma of the infallibility1 laying thereby the keystone that locks the perfect arch1 so now the ,teutonic ,saxon races1 the people of individuality1 of complete inner life1 combined with vast exterior activity and resistless energy1 will be brought forth in ,god's providence to carry out the law of liberty which is the correlative of the law of individuality4 ,god speaks to the individual soul through his organ the church1 through her sacraments1 down to her least ceremony1 and through her authority4 ,nor have we any absolute test and security that it is his voice we hear and no delusion of our own1 except as we are in harmony with her authority4 ,all may be a mistake save what is in accordance with the one infallible voice4 ,but nevertheless it is to the individual soul that ,god speaks1 and not to the masses as such4 ,god leads each soul separately1 and individually apart1 and there is no real religion that is not the secret intercourse1 the hidden communion1 of the solitary soul1 alone with ,god4 ,every human soul has its secret with ,god1 a secret of love1 or a secret of hatred1 or of avoidance4 ,god penetrates our souls through the sacraments of the church2 but past the sacraments1 and as the result of the sacraments1 there must grow up the continued1 sustained1 and ever more and more habitual presence of ,god in the soul1 before we arrive at that state for which the church and the sacraments are but the means to an end--though a divine means4 8,we will come to him and make our abode with him40#hf ,nothing less than this is the promise of ,god1 and should be the object of man4 ,the church in her sacraments and ordinances is the one authorized and infallible way to bring about this blessed union4 ,but unless that be accomplished1 all the outward devotions that saints1 or confraternities1 that individuals or congregations1 ever devised and poured into the church's lap like handfuls of flowers1 will be to those who rest in them as fading as flowers1 and as sure to be swept away and burned when the fire shall try of what sort the work is4 ,the dying to self--not as man's restrictions can produce its outward semblance1 but as ,god's working in the soul joined to our good will can alone effect it--and the consequent union with him whose divine spirit rushes in wherever we make room for him to come1 is the one sole object of all that the church gives us and does for us2 of all the barriers she erects1 of all the gardens she plants1 of all her discipline and her ceremonial4 ,it is the only living reality4 ,it was so with the saints of all ages and nations4 ,they valued all in proportion as by its use they killed self and put the living ,god instead2 and they valued it no more4 ,low down in the soul the deep pulsation of the thought of ,god1 ruling all our actions from the least to the greatest1 this is what our dear ,lord demands of us in every communion we make2 this is what his church intends in all her teaching4 ,this alone will hasten the reign of the ,holy ,ghost1 when ,god 8will pour his spirit on all flesh1 and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy1 your old men shall dream dreams1 and your young men shall see visions40#hg ,in other words1 the gates of the supernatural world shall be thrown open1 not to a rare and scanty few1 but to all to whom 8it is given to know the mystery of the kingdom of ,god40#hh ,we seem to have wandered from our subject2 but it is not so4 ,we were writing of the future development of the church through the different characteristics of different races1 as instruments in ,god's hands in the working of his adaptive government2 and this has led us to describe the necessity of the inner life of the soul with ,god1 because the ,teutonic and ,saxon races are the people with whom the tendency to a deep inner life is a natural peculiarity4 ,they are more self-contained1 self-reliant1 reserved1 and recollected than the versatile ,latin races2 and though none of these characteristics necessarily lead to a spiritual inner life of any form--that being a free grace from ,god--they are the apt instruments for grace to make use of in producing a certain form4 ,they are1 therefore1 those to whom we may look for the next important era in the church's history2 when all the vast and complicated edifice of her hierarchy being complete she has now to expand the fuller development and deeper utterance of her inner life in individual souls2 and that no longer as an occasional glorious phenomenon of grace1 but as spread over a vast area1 as influencing whole peoples1 and as becoming the sustained life of ,christianity4 ,law and liberty in one2 the 8freedom wherewith ,christ hath made us free40 ,we were also speaking of material progress2 and these same ,teutonic ,saxon races are the races who are specially extending it throughout the world4 ,we have endeavored to show that in material progress man is achieving his secondary mission of exercising dominion over the whole creation4 ,thus we find that1 having in his wonderful providence united the two characteristics of strong individuality and vehement activity in certain races1 ,god has prepared for the future of the church1 when inner spiritual life shall be more diffused1 an era when the spirit of ,god will take possession of all that man can know1 do1 or acquire as belonging to himself1 8and through him to his church1 in the great scheme of creation and redemption40 ,and thus material progress will be assimilated to the welfare of the church2 and the stones will be turned into bread--not in the sense of the arch deceiver1 who claims all material progress as his own region1 but united with 8the word that proceedeth from the mouth of ,god02#hi the material sanctified by the spiritual1 when all shall be 8holy to the ,lord40 ,the inaccuracy of the popular1 as distinguished equally from the ,catholic and the rationalistic view of the importance of matter1 and of material progress which is the march of man's conquest over matter1 arises chiefly from the imperfect manner in which we realize the universal presence of ,god4 ,many among us can look back with a distinct recollection to the time when a mother first announced to us the great truth that ,god is everywhere4 ,with the unfailing practical sense of children1 we probably began to individualize certain familiar objects with the query was he there--in this table1 in that flower1 in my living hand1 in the pen ,i hold8 ,and the bewilderment of immensity crept over us as we tried to grasp the thought of the great universal presence4 ,as in later years theological questions opened upon us--the mysteries of our faith1 the angelic choirs1 the army of saints and martyrs1 the ,incarnation1 and the localization of the eucharistic presence in the ,blessed ,sacrament--many of us have gradually dropped the more intense sense of ,god's omnipresence4 ,it probably was more accurately felt by the ,old ,testament saints than by any1 except saints1 under the new law4 ,it is not that we have lost sight of the truth that he sees1 hears1 and knows each one of us1 always and everywhere2 but we forget that he fills all space1 and that he is in all things4 ,it is a remarkable fact that the very lowest1 the least theological and dogmatic1 of all heathen beliefs1 where all are a jargon of error1 is nevertheless the faint reflection of this truth4 ,we allude once more to the animism of the lower savage races1 which lends a spiritual presence even to inanimate and inorganic matter4 ,to them ,god is everywhere and in every thing2 so that to them no thing exists disconnected from a spiritual presence as abiding in it1 and that not in the pantheistic form of many gods1 but as all matter holding an occult spirit1 which is the same spirit in each substance4 ,but there it ends2 a blind creed1 which does not even go the length of acknowledging a personal deity or a divine providence4 ,none the less is it founded on a truth which often slips out of our consciousness1 while we are occupied with the more familiar articles of our faith4 ,let us examine how this great truth1 as we hold it in its fulness and completeness1 may be brought to bear on the question now before us of the value of the cosmos1 of the status of matter1 and of the fact that it is the indirect revelation1 even as the ,incarnation is the direct revelation of ,god--,jesus ,christ the ,god-,man being the mediator between the creature and his creator4 ,first let us bear in mind that no cause can act where it is not virtually present by its power1 even if not actually present by its matter4 ,and this law has its correlative in the spiritual world4 ,i influence you only so far as ,i touch you4 ,i shall have written in vain unless these pages touch your sight4 ,if ,i were speaking to you with my living voice ,i could only reach the hearts of those who heard me4 ,to all the rest ,i am dead2 and they are dead to me4 ,this is the moral side of the question1 as between man and man4 ,as regards the material side1 let us suppose ,i push forward a ball4 ,it is force emanating from my touch which sets it in motion2 but my force has not ceased with my direct touch4 ,it is still my force propelling it as absolutely1 though not so powerfully1 as at the moment ,i touched it2 and the ball only stops when my force is expended1 or when a counter force arrests it4 ,but whence comes my force8 ,solely from him in 8whom we live1 and move1 and are40 ,he is our motive power2 every act of ours is formed out of his force1 equally whether we are acting according to his will or against it4 ,we have said that causes can only act where they are actually or virtually present4 ,but it is a great fact in the material world that there is no such thing as material contact4 ,no matter what substance or what fluid we select1 the limpid air or the hard iron1 in all each infinitesimal molecule dwells solitary and apart1 and crush them together as we may there is still a space between4 ,now1 theology teaches us that ,god is nearer to us than we are to ourselves4 ,his divine contact with us is closer on our bodies and our souls than the molecules of our bodies are to each other4 ,the only real contact is the presence of ,god2 whether through ourselves or in the vast cosmos around us1 the action of forces is ,god making himself felt4 ,force is the contact of ,god1 the touch of the divine being on the material world4 ,he is not in us1 nor in the worlds around us1 as he is in his own essential essence1 as he is in himself2 but he is there in the effects of his concurrence1 and the moment he were to cease to be there 7were such a thing possible7 in all1 or in any one part1 the whole or the part would fall away into chaos1 quite as certainly as the ball which ,i have set in motion will cease to roll the instant my force has exhausted itself and ceases to act on the ball4 ,my force diminishes gradually2 it is a limited and a borrowed force4 ,the ball goes slower and slower2 but so long as it moves1 my force is upon it in a stronger or weaker degree4 ,but the force of the divine ,being is almighty1 is always absolute1 is always infinite1 is always under his own control2 and consequently it never fails1 it never waxes less at any one moment1 in any one direction4 ,in every act of our existence we are using ,god's force1 for him or against him4 ,the whole universe is doing the same4 ,his presence is the sole real contact2 the contact of the ,qui ,est1 of pure absolute being with his own creation4 ,and all around us we hear a vain clamor about an immutable law that governs nature1 while the great primary cause has withdrawn himself from all interference4 ,we hear of blind forces which spring from nowhere1 and hurry us on without any guide save themselves4 ,we repeat it--,law and force are not ,god2 but ,god is both law and force4 ,there is no motion without a motive power2 and there is no motive power at an actual distance from the object set in motion4 ,and thus ,god1 who is law and force1 is upon us1 within us1 around us2 and within all1 always1 and throughout space4 ,there are mutations and diversities in the exhibitions of ,god's force1 according to his divine will2 but there is never anywhere any cessation of it4 ,and there never will be2 for if there were1 he would contradict himself1 and that is impossible4 ,this1 then1 is what matter is4 ,it is the exponent of the being of ,god to the angels and to us4 ,it is not the exponent of himself to himself4 ,that is the eternal generation of the ,son in his own bosom2 the second person of the ,trinity1 the divine ,logos4 ,and the ,incarnation of the eternally-begotten ,son in the womb of the ever blessed ,virgin ,mother is the blending of this double exponent of his being2 for it is the ,word made flesh2 it is ,god clothing himself in the matter of his own creation1 and dwelling amongst men4 ,could matter be more beautiful than this8 ,can we say more in its praise8 ,and could any reflections lead us further from the notions of materialism1 or draw us nearer to ,god8 #ha ,apocalypse vi4 #b4 #hb ,psalm xliv4 #hc ,luke v4 #ah4 #hd ,see the whole of the #edth chapter of ,isaias1 as well as numerous other passages4 #he ,isaias liv4 #b4 #hf ,john xiv4 #bc4 #hg ,joel ii4 #bh4 #hh ,mark iv4 #aa4 #hi ,matt4 iv4 #c1 #d4 ,,sacred ,,epigraphy ,,and ,,the ,,invocation ,,of ,,the ,,martyrs ,,in ,,behalf ,,of ,,the ,,dead4 ,the church is once more in the ,catacombs4 ,she has not fled thither from persecution1 albeit she is suffering sorely at present2 but she has gone down there to live over again the memories of the past4 ,with the lamp of research held aloft1 she paces reverently through those dark and tortuous passage-ways where erst she lived in her saints and martyrs4 ,many a precious relic of her primitive existence is delved out of the accumulated masses of tufa and dbris1 all more or less showing forth the usages of the early times1 and she experiences no small consolation in beholding that what she was then1 in all those usages which are founded in dogma1 she is now4 ,she has not changed4 ,she is consistent throughout--the beautiful ,spouse of ,christ1 yesterday1 to-day1 and for ever4 ,every new discovery in those limitless necropolises is a vindication of the maxim of ,st4 ,augustine3 ,ecclesia orat1 ergo credit--,the church prays1 therefore she believes4 ,the chapels1 the altars1 the rude frescos1 the sarcophagi1 the very inscriptions on the tombs1 bear evidence to the great truth couched in the words of the inspired ,doctor of ,hippo4 ,to prove1 therefore1 that the church prays is identical with proving that she believes2 and what she believes must be true1 else she is no church1 not the spouse of ,christ1 but an unworthy and intruding handmaid4 ,but we are not going to dogmatize4 ,we would only show on archological authority1 that1 as the church1 in her liturgy1 at this day commends the dead and the dying to the intercessory influence of the saints1 so did she in the beginning1 when not her dogmas1 but her very existence1 was called in question2 when1 had she been a human institution1 she must have made a false step1 for then there were no critical rationalists or fribbling logicians to take her to task4 ,sophists there were many1 even in those days4 ,but they had good faith enough to acknowledge that1 if she were a church at all1 she could not err2 so they consistently confined themselves to an attack upon her existence4 ,among the many important discoveries made of late in the cemetery of ,st4 ,domitilla1 outside of the gate of ,st4 ,sebastian at ,rome1 by the illustrious ,chevalier de ,rossi 7to whose ,bulletin we are indebted for the inscriptions given below71 that of the tomb of ,veneranda1 a ,roman matron1 is not the least important1 since it constitutes a strong link in the chain of archological evidence on the antiquity of intercessory prayers for the dead4 ,the tomb lies in a chamber which branches off from one of the subterraneous galleries1 entered from the apsis of the old basilica4 ,on the wall over the sarcophagus is a fresco in a good state of preservation and of a style anterior to the ,byzantine4 ,it represents a matron in the act of praying in the garden of ,paradise1 which is symbolized by a flower plant springing up at her feet4 ,she is dressed in a loose dalmatic1 and veiled like other ,christian matrons who are represented as praying in various cemeterial pictures of the third and fourth centuries4 ,there is none of that stiffness in the style and coloring which indicates the graceless ,byzantine school1 but such an ease and elegance mark the figure as have induced ,de ,rossi to compare it with that of the 8,five ,saints0 7,st4 ,dionysias and her companions7 in the crypt of ,st4 ,eusebius in the adjoining catacombs of ,st4 ,calixtus4 ,over the right arm is the inscription1 ,,veneranda ,,det4 ,,vii4 ,,idvs ,,ianvarias4 ,on the left is the figure of a maiden1 without any veil1 dressed in a long double tunic and pallium4 ,the right hand of the figure is extended as if in the act of welcoming or receiving ,veneranda4 ,she points with the left to an open box or casket full of volumes1 a symbol of the salutary faith contained in the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,an open volume is suspended on the wall1 and on the pages are the names of the four ,evangelists4 ,beside this figure are the words ,,petronella ,m,a,r,tyr4 ,of the title of martyr applied to ,st4 ,petronilla we will say a few words presently4 ,on the whole1 the style of the fresco1 the fashion of the dress1 the form of the letters1 and the ancient laconism 8,petronella ,martyr10 without the epithet saint1 pronounce the picture to be as ancient as the middle of the fourth century4 ,the purpose of the picture is unmistakable1 being in form like many which represent some of the characters in an attitude of prayer1 while others are in the act of receiving them into heaven or inviting them to go in as they draw aside the curtains4 ,this picture1 however1 has the additional worth of declaring explicitly the names of the intercessor and the advocate4 ,the prayers used by the church from time immemorial in behalf of the dying invite the saints and martyrs to come and meet the departing soul and conduct her to a 8place of refreshment1 light1 and peace40 ,in the same manner the acclamations which we read in the epitaphs of the early ages call upon the spirits of the blessed to receive the soul of the departed4 ,here is a beautiful epitaph1 discovered in one of the cemeteries of ,rome towards the end of the last century3 ,,pavlofilio ,,merenti ,,in ,,pa ,,cem ,,te ,,svscipian ,,omnivm ,,ispiri ,,ta ,,sanctorvm4 ,the acclamation reads3 ,paulo ,filio merenti3 in pacem te suscipian7t7 omnium ispirita sanctorum--,to the worthy son ,paul3 ,may the spirits of all the saints receive thee in peace4 ,the strange plural form1 ispirita or spirita1 need not be wondered at4 ,the ,catacombs abound in similar inscriptions4 ,here are a few of the most noteworthy3 ,leopardum cum spirita sancta that is1 ,cum spiritibus sanctis acceptum--,leopard received with the blessed spirits4 ,another inscription1 bearing the date #bia1 reads3 ,refrigera cum spirita sancta--,grant him refreshment with the blessed spirits4 ,from what has been said a clue may be had to the understanding of many more or less laconic acclamations which the visitor meets with in the ,roman ,catacombs2 such as1 ,,cvm ,,sanctis--,,inter ,,sanctos4 ,they are to be taken in the sense explained above1 because they allude clearly to the soul of the departed1 and not to the body1 which is buried close to the tomb of the saint appealed to4 ,the prayers and acclamations of the faithful to the saints in behalf of the dead were not simply the outpourings of tender hearts moved by a pious fancy1 but the result of a strong belief1 confirmed by the authority of the church speaking in her liturgies4 ,in an ancient ,sacramentary of ,gaul we read1 in the ,mass of a martyr3 ,tribue 7,domine7 tuorum intercessione sanctorum martyrum caris nostris1 qui in ,christo dormiunt1 refrigerium in regione vivorum--,grant1 ,o ,lord6 through the intercession of thy holy martyrs1 to our beloved who sleep in ,christ1 refreshment in the land of the living2 and in the ,mass of ,,ss4 ,cornelius and ,cyprian3 ,beatorum martyrum1 ,cornili sic et ,cypriani ''' nos tibi ,domine commendet oratio1 ut caris nostris1 qui in ,christo dormiunt1 refrigeria terna concedas--,let the prayer of thy blessed martyrs1 ,cornelius and ,cyprian1 commend us to thee1 ,o ,lord6 that thou grant eternal refreshment to our beloved who sleep in ,christ4#ij ,in an ancient ,mass1 discovered by ,more1 express mention is made of the times of persecution--a proof that the invocation of the saints for the repose of the faithful departed was an established usage in the very earliest days of the church4 ,before the reading of the diptychs the priest prayed in these words3 ,deus1 prsta1 si quies adridat te colere1 si temptatio ingruat1 non negare--,god1 grant that if peace smile upon us1 we may continue to worship thee2 if temptation assail us1 we may not deny thee4 ,here there is an evident allusion to the intervals of peace which the early ,christians enjoyed between different persecutions4 ,after the recitation of the diptychs the priest continued3 ,sanctorum tuorum nos gloriosa merita1 ne in pna7m7 veniamus1 excusent2 defunctorum fidelium anim1 qu beatitudinem sic gaudent nobis opitulentur2 qu consolatione indigent ecclesi precibus absolvantur--,may the glorious merits of thy saints excuse us1 that we may not be brought to punishment2 may the souls of the faithful departed that enjoy blessedness assist us2 may those souls that need consolation be pardoned through the prayers of the church4 ,the distinction in this prayer between the commemoration of the living1 of the blessed1 and of those souls that have need of the prayers of the church could not be more evident4 ,the faith of the early ,christians in the efficacy of the prayers of the martyrs especially1 was the reason why they had such a strong desire1 and regarded it as a great privilege1 to be buried near the tombs of the martyrs4 ,st4 ,gregory ,nazianzen1 in his funeral epigrams1 makes frequent allusions to proximity with the tombs of the martyrs1 and takes occasion thence to apostrophize them in behalf of the dead4 ,in an epigram which he wrote on the death of his mother1 ,nonna1 whose body was laid close to the martyrs1 he says3 8,receive1 ,o martyrs6 this great victim1 this mortified flesh1 joined to your blood40 ,the words 8joined to your blood0 have a spiritual signification4 ,by her life of mortification and sacrifice she had assimilated herself to the martyrs2 but they have also a literal meaning1 and allude to the material contiguity of her tomb with that of the martyrs2 for he premises with the words1 8,her body we have placed near the martyrs40 ,the idea that the blood of the martyrs penetrated into the neighboring tombs1 and its spiritual signification1 that the merits of their sufferings1 and their intercession1 invoked by the living1 would be salutary to the dead1 are beautifully shown forth in the epigram of ,st4 ,ambrose on the tomb of his brother ,satirus1 who was buried in ,milan1 side by side with the martyr ,st4 ,victor3 8,hc meriti merces ut sacri sanguinis humor ,finitimas penetrans abluat exuvias40#ia ,this distich was quoted by the ,irish monk ,dungal1 in the eighth century1 as a powerful argument in favor of intercessory prayer1 against ,claudius of ,turin1 who was opposed to the invocation of the saints in behalf of the dead4 ,the same thought is expressed in the touching verses of ,paulinus of ,nola1 wherein he narrates the sepulture of his little child near the last resting-place of the martyrs4 ,and as the little innocent 7he died at the age of eight days7 had no short-comings of his own to atone for1 the father beseeches him1 and his cousin ,celsus1 who died at the age of eight years1 that the intercession of the martyrs1 near whose holy remains they slept1 might be turned to the benefit of their parents4 8,innocuisque pares meritis1 peccata parentum ,infantes castis vincite suffragiis40#ib ,this was in the time of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,we find him interrogated by the same ,paulinus1 who had granted permission to a widow to bury her son1 ,cynesius1 near the tomb of ,st4 ,felix of ,nola3 ,utrum prosit cuique post mortem quod corpus ejus apud sancti alicujus memoriam sepeliatur--,whether it might benefit one after death to have his body buried near the tomb of some saint4 ,the answer was ,st4 ,augustine's celebrated work entitled ,de cura pro mortuis4 ,the ultimate conclusion of the book is this3 that being buried in proximity to the tomb of the martyrs is beneficial to the dead in this much only3 that the remembrance of the place invites the living to commend them to the intercession of the martyrs whose holy remains repose near by4 ,it is in this sense that we must understand ,maximus of ,turin when he writes3 ,fratres1 veneremur eos martyres in sculo1 quos defensores habere possumus in futuro2 et sicut eis ossibus parentum nostrorum jungimur1 ita et eis fidei imitatione jungamur2 ''' sociemur illis tam religione quam corpore--,brethren1 let us venerate them the martyrs in this life1 that we may have them as our defenders in the next2 and as we are united with them through the bones of our parents1 so also let us be joined to them by imitating their faith2 let us be associated with them in religion as well as in the body4 ,nor did the archdeacon ,sabinus depart from the spirit of the church and the old fathers when he censured the indiscreet desire and the material devotion of many of the faithful1 in wishing to be buried near the tombs of the martyrs4 ,he himself chose the last place1 near the door1 in the ,church of ,st4 ,lawrence outside the walls of ,rome1 and on his tomb is the following inscription1 written at his own dictation3 8,nil juvat1 immo gravat1 tumulis hrere piorum2 ,sanctorum meritis optima vita prope est4 ,corpore non opus est1 anima tendamus ad illos1 ,qu bene salva potest corporis esse salus40#ic ,in the first part of the epitaph he alludes to the difficulty of finding a place vacant near the tombs of the martyrs1 and in the end he writes that the efficacy is not in being joined to them in body1 but in the soul1 which1 being saved1 will ensure the salvation of the body4 ,maximus1 whose words we cited above1 and who was bishop of ,turin after the year #dab1 insinuates the same when he says3 ,et sic ut eis ossibus parentum nostrorum jungimur4 ,hence we conclude that the usage of burying the dead near the bodies of the martyrs was regarded as an ancient tradition even in the fifth century4 ,it is not the fact of the material burying-place to which we would invite the reader's attention1 but to the spirit of faith in the efficacy of the martyrs' intercession4 ,the chamber which contains the tomb of ,veneranda is filled with loculi1 most of which date back as far as the year #cef4 ,a ,roman epitaph of the year #chb testifies that even at that date they were very few who obtained the privilege of being buried intra limina sanctorum--within the threshold of the saints4 ,the privilege was only granted to those whose merits during life had been eminent1 and who had signalized themselves in the service of ,god1 and especially in their charity towards the poor4 ,thus we read of a ,roman by the name of ,verus1 qui post mortem meruit in ,petri limina sancta jacere--who after his death merited that he should repose within the sacred threshold of ,peter4 ,we are far1 however1 from asserting that the formula sociatus sanctis always alludes to the proximity of a martyr's tomb4 ,very often the formula refers to the soul1 which is already supposed to be in ,paradise4 ,here is a fragment of a beautiful epitaph found in the cemetery of ,st4 ,commodilla3 ,,bivs ,,infans ,,per ,,aetatem ,,sene ,,pecca ,,edens ,,ad ,,sanctorvm ,,locvm ,,in ,,pa ,,escvt ,illustration ,the ingenious ,de ,rossi makes of this fragment the following inscription3 7,euse7bius infans per tatem sene 7sine7 pecca7to7 7acc7edens ad sanctorum locum in pa7ce7 7qui7escit--,the infant ,eusebius1 going to the place abode of the saints without sin1 because of his age1 rests in peace4 ,to remove all doubt regarding the spirit which prompted the early ,christians to desire burial near the tombs of the martyrs1 we will cite a passage from one of the homilies of ,maximus1 ,bishop of ,turin3 8,therefore the martyrs are to be honored most devoutly2 but we must venerate those especially whose relics we possess4 ,with these we have familiarity2 ''' they receive us when we go out from this body40 ,this special devotion of familiarity with the martyrs1 whose relics the faithful possessed1 as it inspired the pious trust that the spirits of the martyrs would welcome them into the realms of bliss1 so did it induce the faithful living to invoke the intercession of the martyrs for those who were already gone from this life4 ,but we have yet some of the most beautiful epigraphs to cite--those touching1 deprecatory appeals to the saint or martyr by name1 near whose tomb the remains of the departed are placed3 ,,sancte ,,lavrenti1 ,,svscepa7m7 7h7,,abeto ,,anima7m7 7ejus7#id--,st4 ,lawrence1 receive his soul6 ,in the cemetery of ,st4 ,hippolytus ,bosius read the following3 ,,refrigeri ,,tibi ,,domnvs ,,ipolitvs refriger7et7 tibi dom7i7nus ,hippolytus--,may the lord ,hippolytus refresh thee4 ,here is an invocation1 in a fragmentary state1 of ,st4 ,basilla3 ,,serenvs ,,flens ,,deprecor ,,ipse deum''',,et ,,beata7m7 ,,basilla7m7 ,,vt ,,vobis ,,pro ,m7eritis74 ,another appeal to ,st4 ,basilla may be seen in an epigraph now exposed in the ,lateran museum4 ,it is that of a bereaved father and mother who commend their departed daughter to the protection of the saint3 ,domina ,basilla1 commandamus tibi ,crescentinus et ,micina ,filia7m7 nostra7m7 ,crescen7tiam7--,st4 ,basilla1 we1 ,crescentius and ,micina1 recommend our daughter ,crescentia to thee4 ,side by side with this is the epitaph of ,aurelius ,gemelli1 a child of four years of age4 ,it was written by his mother1 of whose tender affection a more moving expression cannot be found than those four words3 ,commando ,basilla ,innocentia7m7 ,gemelli--,basilla1 ,i recommend to thee ,innocence ,gemelli4 ,she calls him not only innocent1 but innocence itself4 ,since we have mentioned the above as a specimen of the tender affection of the ,romans for their dead1 and how they gave expression to it in their epitaphs1 it may not be out of place to mention another1 to be seen to-day in the hypogeum of the ,church of ,st4 ,praxedes4 ,it is in this form3 ,sancti ,petre1 ,marcelline1 suscipite vostrum alumnum6--,sts4 ,peter and ,marcellinus1 receive your pupil4 ,the ,chevalier de ,rossi is of the opinion that this inscription belongs to the cemetery of ,st4 ,helen1 on the ,labican ,way4 ,as a sort of counterpart to it he gives another1 of the same tenderness of tone1 which he read in ,carpentras3 ,,marter ,,bavdeli ,s ,,per ,,passionis ,,die ,,dno ,,dvlcem ,,svvm ,,commendat ,,almvnvm--,martyr ,baudelius per passionis su die7m7 ,domino dulcem suum commendat alumnum--,the martyr ,baudelius1 through the day of his passion1 commends his sweet pupil to the ,lord4 ,hence we may conclude with the illustrious archologist1 whose erudition has borne us out so far1 that the custom of burying the dead near the tombs of the martyrs1 and of asking1 as it were1 their local protection for the dead1 was universal in the first five or six centuries4 ,he cites the only exception to this usage that has come within his extensive observation4 ,it is a ,greek epitaph1 in which the three divine ,persons1 the archangels ,michael and ,gabriel1 the prophets ,jeremias and ,henoch1 the ,blessed ,virgin1 and1 finally1 the sibyl are besought in behalf of the departed4 ,thus far we have appealed almost exclusively to the testimony afforded us by inscriptions discovered in the ,roman ,catacombs4 ,in conclusion we would transcribe entire two epitaphs which1 though not ,roman1 are of the greatest importance in the matter we have been treating4 ,one is the epitaph on the tomb of ,cynesius1 in the ,church of ,st4 ,felix of ,nola1 the same of whom ,paulinus wrote to ,st4 ,augustine1 asking 8whether it were efficacious to bury the dead near the tomb of the martyrs40 ,the inscription was probably dictated by ,paulinus himself4 ,we give it with the restorations3 ilium nu,n,c ,,felicis ,,habet ,,domvs ,,alma ,,beati atque ita per lo,n,g,o,s ,,svsceptvm ,,possidet ,,annos patronus pl,a,c,i,t,o ,,laetatvr ,,in ,,hospite ,,felix sic protect,v,s ,,erit ,,ivvenis ,,svb ,,ivdice ,,christo cum tuba terri,b,i,l,i,s ,,sonitv ,,concvsserit ,,orbem excitque ani,m,a,e ,,rvrsvm ,,in ,,sva ,,vasa ,,redibvnt ,felici merito ,,hic ,,sociabitvr ,,ante ,,trirvnal#ie ,here there is a thought expressed rarely to be met with in sacred epigraphy--that the martyr ,felix will1 on the day of general resurrection1 accompany his 8guest0 before the tribunal of the ,great ,judge1 and that 8the youth shall be protected before the judge1 ,christ40 ,as a general rule the patronage of the martyrs is invoked for the souls of the faithful departed as they are now4 ,we will give another epigraph in conclusion which confirms the conception we have just been speaking of4 ,it is read upon the tombstone of a priest in ,vercelli1 by name ,sarmata4 ,it is metrical1 and the illustrious ,father ,bruzzi is inclined to attribute its authorship to ,st4 ,flavian1 the poet1 who was bishop of ,vercelli about the end of the fifth century4 ,this is the ,flavian who was styled by his contemporaries the 8,damasus of ,liguria40 ,sarmata was buried in the loculi between the martyrs ,nazarius and ,victor4 ,the chronicles speak of this privilege in the following terms3 ,sedes proxima sanctis martyribus concessa est ad mercedem meritis--,the nearest place to the martyrs was given as a reward of his merits4 ,here is the epitaph3 ,,nazarivs ,,namqve ,,pariter ,,victorqve ,,beati ,,lateribvs ,,tvtvm ,,reddvnt ,,meritisq ,,coronant ,o ,,felix ,,gemino ,,mervit ,,qvi ,,martyre ,,dvci ,,ad ,,dominvm ,,meliore ,,via ,,reqviemqve ,,mereri4#if ,nazarius and ,victor are here spoken of as the ushers of ,sarmata into the presence of the ,lord--ad ,dominum--and to eternal rest4 ,in the same manner ,st4 ,petronilla is represented1 in the fresco of which we spoke in the beginning1 as introducing the matron ,veneranda into ,paradise4 ,the epigraphical1 liturgical1 and patristic testimonies hitherto quoted place in a clear and unmistakable light the deep religious significance and the topographical worth of the representation on the tomb of ,veneranda4 ,st4 ,petronilla1 the patroness of the departed1 and whose holy ashes reposed not far distant1 familiarly 7the expression of ,maximus of ,turin7 receives her into heaven1 and the painter gave expression to the holy trust of her relatives that ,st4 ,petronilla would intercede for her1 while the picture itself would invite them to pray more fervently to the saint whose holy 8memories0 7,st4 ,augustine7 were near at hand4 ,now that the signification of the picture has been fairly determined1 it may not be an unfitting conclusion to our paper to inquire into the accuracy of the title of martyr applied to ,st4 ,petronilla in this fresco4 ,in the first place1 it is certain that no other saint or martyr is alluded to but the veritable ,st4 ,petronilla whose remains reposed in the hypogeum of the basilica of ,,ss4 ,nereus and ,achilleus4 ,still1 it is also certain from the ,acts of the two martyrs1 in which mention is made of ,st4 ,petronilla1 that she was not a martyr in any sense whatever4 ,the martyrology of ,ado speaks of her thus3 8,when ,flaccus1 a knight1 desired to be united with her in marriage1 she asked for a delay of three days1 and1 together with her foster-sister1 ,felicula1 giving herself up to continual fasting and prayer1 and the divine ,mysteries being celebrated on the third day1 as soon as she had received the ,sacrament of ,christ she lay down upon her bed and gave up the ghost40 ,in other codices of her life the opening chapter is entitled1 ,de obitu ,petronill et passione ,felicul--,on the death of ,petronilla and the martyrdom of ,felicula4 ,hence there is a formal contradiction between her ,acts and this fresco4 ,without entering into a critical examination of the authenticity of the ,acts of ,nereus and ,achilleus--which1 by the way1 receive new confirmation from every fresh discovery in the cemetery--we will merely say that1 were they apocryphal1 the supposition would be that they would rather magnify her glory1 by giving her the title of martyr1 than diminish it4 ,setting aside the inscription1 the appearance of the picture confirms her ,acts4 ,she is said to have been a virgin of extraordinary beauty1 and that she belonged to a noble family4 ,the picture coincides perfectly with this belief2 for she is represented as being beautiful2 she wears her hair in plaited tresses1 wound into a knot on the top of the head1 according to the custom of virgins in those days2 while the make of her dress proclaims her as belonging to noble rank4 ,for the rest1 there is not a single authentic document which gives her the title of martyr1 but all speak of her as ,sancta ,petronilla1 or simply ,virgo ,petronilla4 ,hence there is no reason in the world why we should give credence to the inscription of the painter4 ,the title of martyr accorded to her by him does not become an inexplicable mystery to us when we recall to mind the many and obvious examples of the title of martyr being given1 especially by private individuals1 without due regard for historical facts4 ,for instance1 ,st4 ,pudentiana1 ,st4 ,cyriaca1 and others have been styled martyrs1 when we have positive evidence that they were not4 ,thus popes who lived after the persecutions--,mark1 ,julius1 and ,damasus--are called martyrs4 ,nay1 ,petronilla herself is named martyr in the ,liber ,pontificalis1 at the life of ,leo ,,iii4 7#haf71 when the history of her life1 as given by ,ado1 was universally accepted4 ,however1 if we recall to mind what has already been said on the special confidence of the primitive ,christians in the intercession of the martyrs for the dead2 if we reflect that they were regarded as the principal citizens in the kingdom of ,god1 to whom the heavens were opened1 as ,st4 ,stephen said 7martyribus patent cli71 and hence that to them was attributed1 equally with the angels1 the office of introducing departed souls into the divine ,presence1 it is easy to understand why the artist1 in portraying ,petronilla as receiving ,veneranda into ,paradise1 either believed her a martyr or deliberately wished to make her equal to one4 ,pictoribus atque poetis qua est licentia4 ,but in this matter we must not observe the material form as it is presented to us1 accurately or inaccurately as the case may be4 ,that is merely relative and secondary4 ,it is the spirit of the work which we must contemplate--that great faith in the intercessory prayers of those who had fought the good fight1 and whose happiness was complete in the ,beatific ,vision4 ,some of the epigraphs may be very inaccurate1 even exaggerated2 yet they bear1 in their way1 testimony to a sublime dogma of the church--the communion of saints1 not only for the good of the living1 but for the happy repose of the dead4 ,in fine1 they are the embodiment of the loving counsel3 8,it is a holy and a wholesome thought to pray for the dead1 that they may be loosed from their sins40 #ij ,mabillon1 ,liturgia ,gallicana vetus1 pp4 #bgh1 #bhi4 #ia ,such the reward of his merit that his sacred blood should penetrate and lave spiritually adjacent remains4 #ib ,and being alike in the merits of innocence1 children1 cover the sins of your parents by your pure ,intercession4 #ic ,it availeth nothing1 nay it oppresseth rather1 to lie near the tombs of the blessed4 ,the best life approacheth the merits of the saints4 ,in body it is not necessary2 let us cleave to them in soul1 which1 being saved1 can be the salvation of the body4 #id ,the inscription is one carried from ,rome to the museum in ,naples4 #ie ,the holy house of ,blessed ,felix now holds him1 and so possesses him for long years4 ,felix his patron is glad in his happy guest2 thus when the awful trumpet shall shake the world with its sound1 and resuscitated souls shall return to their bodies1 the youth shall be protected before ,christ1 the ,judge2 he will stand near ,felix before the tribunal4 #if ,for ,blessed ,nazarius and ,victor alike protect him at their side and crown him with merits4 ,oh6 happy he who was worthy to be led to the ,lord through a happier path by the two martyrs1 and to obtain repose4 ,,sunshine4 ,over the glad earth1 with her robe of beauty1 ,glideth the ,spring2 ,pouring out perfume from a thousand censers ,the peach-wands swing4 ,down through the sunny vista of the orchard ,tender green glows1 ,gnarled apple-boughs arrayed in robes of splendor ,pearl tint and rose4 ,out from the dead leaves and the soft green mosses1 ,like joy from pain1 ,trailing arbutus1 the sweet ,may evangel1 ,bloometh again4 ,who can remember1 in this wealth of beauty1 ,how ,april came8 ,crowned with a frost wreath on her pallid forehead1 ,and snow-star rain4 ,yet #8neath the shadow of the wing of winter ,nature's heart beat1 ,golden wine surging through each rugged column ,like dancing feet4 ,thus1 my belovd6 though upon us shadows ,coldly may fall1 ,god worketh slowly with the germs of beauty ,given to all4 ,out from the shadow of our solemn parting ,shall sweet hope spring2 ,faith1 to an altar where the fire is hallowed1 ,her gifts will bring4 ,grace hath not left thee2 it but sleeps1 belovd4 ,through wintry hours1 ,waiting the footsteps of the soul's glad spring-time ,to wake the flow'rs4 ,what though the sadness of an earthly parting ,on us be laid8 ,in the bright sunshine of the blest hereafter ,shadows shall fade4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,alzog',s ,,universal ,,church ,,history4 ,pabisch and ,byrne4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,cincinnati3 ,robert ,clarke ,co4 #ahgf4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the time included in this second volume of the great work edited by ,dr4 ,pabisch and ,father ,byrne extends from the beginning of the fourth century to the beginning of the sixteenth4 ,we have already said all that is requisite on the excellence of the work in general in our notice of the first volume4 ,at present we have no criticisms to make1 except on a very few special points4 ,a condensed summary of this kind is always liable to the fault of ambiguity in some of its general statements from the very fact of its extreme conciseness1 and thus may give occasion to false impressions on the mind of an ordinary reader4 ,there is a notable instance of this on page #bb1 where a short notice is given of the famous ,ulfila4 ,he was1 as is well known1 an ,arian4 ,the historian tells us that he 8accepted it viz41 ,christianity with simple and earnest faith1 just as he found it1 putting aside all the idle and speculative questions that distracted the religious mind of the age40 ,we are inclined to agree with the opinion1 which the author evidently intended to express1 that ,ulfila was not culpably in error respecting the faith1 and that to his simple1 untutored mind the disputes between ,catholics and ,arians were unintelligible4 ,nevertheless1 the language we have quoted1 taken in connection with a previous sentence in which the ,gothic bishop is called a 8great apostle and bishop10 and another in which it is curtly stated that the ,christianity to which the ,goths were converted 8meant simply the ,arian heresy10 is so extremely awkward and inaccurate that one would naturally understand it to imply that ,catholic faith only differed from ,arian heresy in respect to idle and speculative questions4 ,a careful and instructed reader would1 of course1 judge that ,dr4 ,alzog could not have intended such a grossly absurd and heterodox sense2 nevertheless1 his translators would have done well to add an explanatory note showing what he really did intend1 but signally failed to express in a suitable way4 ,on page #igb the author speaks of the 8pantheistic language of ,tauler40 ,in this instance he seems to have followed closely the opinion of ,dr4 ,stckl1 an author for whom we have a sincere respect1 but whose estimate of ,tauler we regard as altogether wrong4 ,we have no fault to find with the censure pronounced upon the ,theologia ,germanica1 and pass over what is said of the writings of ,master ,eckhart1 since1 although we incline to the opinion that his subjective sense was orthodox1 the objective sense of many of his propositions is pantheistic and deserved the condemnation of the ,holy ,see4 ,in regard to ,tauler1 however1 of whom the author speaks in another place in the highest terms1 ,dr4 ,alzog has made1 as it seems to us1 an inconsiderate statement by a blind following of ,stckl and other authors who condemn all the ,german mystics without discrimination4 ,we have never observed a single expression in ,tauler which has any more semblance of pantheism than the language of ,st4 ,bonaventure or any other approved mystical writer4 ,we cannot perceive any difference between the doctrine of ,tauler and that of ,st4 ,john of the ,cross1 except that the latter states more distinctly the precise theological and philosophical sense of several important propositions4 ,the learned editor-in-chief of the present translation1 ,dr4 ,pabisch1 sustains his reputation as a scholar who has a vast knowledge de omnibus rebus et quibusdam aliis1 perhaps on a par with that of ,dr4 ,alzog himself4 ,with the exception of occasional infelicities of diction of not much importance1 and the frequent use of italics1 which gives us the sensation of jouncing on a road with many ruts in it1 the style and manner of the translation1 which are chiefly due to the diligent care of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,byrne1 are satisfactory1 and the various tables at the end are extremely serviceable to the student4 ,one more volume will complete this exceedingly valuable compendium of the history of the church4 ,,burning ,,questions4 ,by ,william ,molitor4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,burning pretty briskly they have been1 these questions1 for some time past2 the fire seems to be spreading1 and not a very speedy prospect of putting it out6 ,mr4 ,molitor has a very agreeable and skilful way of handling this kind of fire4 ,a gentleman once went to lecture on nitro-glycerine4 ,proceeding coolly and with an unembarrassed air to the platform1 one of the committee who surrounded him and were pleasantly chatting on the subject of the lecture having casually asked him if he would exhibit any specimens1 he replied3 8,oh6 certainly2 my pockets are full of them40 ,several gentlemen of the committee retired to the back seats on hearing this announcement1 awaiting in fear and trembling the dreaded explosion in the safest place they could find4 ,the application of ,catholic principles to politics has long and widely been dreaded as explosive and incendiary4 ,of late politics have been brought into pretty smart collision with ,catholic principles4 ,of course it makes no particular difference whether you throw nitro-glycerine on a rock or throw a rock on nitro-glycerine4 ,an explosion has certainly resulted in ,europe which is likely to be followed by more explosions4 ,if any damage is done1 it will not be suffered by the church4 ,the anticipated destruction of ,hell ,gate by ,general ,newton next ,july is a figure of what must take place in that quarter after which a certain locality in the ,east ,river was facetiously named by our ,dutch ancestors4 ,we have said that ,mr4 ,molitor1 although in a similar position with the gentleman who lectured on nitro-glycerine1 handles his themes very agreeably and pleasantly4 ,he is not only good-tempered and humorous1 but he makes his somewhat abstruse topics quite intelligible and interesting4 ,the form adopted by the author1 who is a ,german priest of high rank in the church and of considerable note as a writer1 is that of a series of conversational discussions4 ,the interlocutors are educated men of several nationalities1 one of them an ,american1 who are passing a vacation together on the borders of ,lake ,como4 ,several little episodes and descriptions of scenery are introduced1 making a pretty and enlivening mise en scne for the talkers and their very intelligent and learned talk4 ,we have not seen the book in its original language1 which is ,german1 but the ,english translation reads well1 and the book is a masterpiece in its way1 both in respect to its matter and form4 ,the intelligent reader will already have perceived that its subject is the relation of the church to the state4 ,in substance it is a popular exposition of one part of ethics which is treated of scientifically in every ,catholic text-book or treatise on morals--such1 for instance1 as ,liberatore's ,philosophical ,prelections4 ,we cannot too strongly recommend its careful perusal to all those of our readers who wish to understand what ,catholic principles and doctrines really are1 in opposition to the popular errors condemned in the ,syllabus4 ,we are glad to see that a more extensive and formal treatise on the same topics by ,hergenrther has been translated and is advertised in the ,english papers1 although we have not yet received a copy4 ,,catechism ,,for ,,confession ,,and ,,first ,,communion4 ,by a ,priest of the ,diocese of ,springfield4 ,springfield3 ,philip ,j4 ,ryan4 #ahgf4 ,we never take up a new catechism without distrust4 ,it is easy to find objections1 real or imaginary1 to any and every abridgment of the ,christian doctrine1 and consequently there is little difficulty in coming to the conclusion that a new catechism is needed2 but it is rare that even tolerable success rewards the compilers of text-books of this kind4 ,we are of the opinion that it is not so important that we should have the best possible catechism as that one which is good should be adopted throughout the whole country4 ,many of our wisest and most learned prelates have insisted upon this point1 and in the first ,plenary ,council of ,baltimore 7#aheb7 a catechism was approved of and recommended to the clergy of the ,united ,states2 and this is still to-day1 we think1 the best to be found in this country4 ,the catechism by a priest of the ,diocese of ,springfield1 which we have carefully examined1 has not changed our opinion upon this subject4 ,it is not free from errors and inaccuracies which are of themselves sufficient to deprive it of any value as a text-book of religious instruction4 ,in the 8,act of ,hope10 p4 #d1 we come upon the following ungrammatical sentence3 8,o my ,god6 who has promised every blessing40 8,what is ,god80 is asked at the very outset1 and the answer given is3 8,god is a spirit40 ,this is no more a definition of ,god than it is of an angel or a soul4 8,what was the ,garden of ,paradise8 ,answer--,a place of pleasure40 ,this is a poor1 not to say false1 rendering of the ,scriptural phrase4 8,who is the devil8 ,answer--,one of the fallen angels40 ,is he not the prince of fallen angels8 8,who are the angels8 ,answer--,pure spirits without a body40 ,is it1 then1 possible for pure spirits to have a body8 ,hell1 we are informed1 is 8a place of eternal torments1 where there is all evil and no good40 ,this is theologically inaccurate4 ,it is impossible that a place where there is no good should exist1 since existence itself is a good4 8,what are the chief things we must believe8 ,answer--,the chief things we must believe are contained in the ,apostles' ,creed40 ,question and answer do not agree4 ,the one is what and the other is where4 8,why did he establish but one church8 ,answer--,because ,god being one1 he could have but one church40 ,to affirm that ,god's nature renders more than one church impossible is1 we think1 unwarranted4 8,can the church err8 ,answer--,she cannot40 ,the catechism approved by the ,first ,plenary ,council says3 8,she cannot err in matters of faith40 ,the priest of the ,diocese of ,springfield fails to give the four marks of the church2 and this is certainly a very grave omission4 ,he1 moreover1 says not a word about the infallibility of the pope1 which is equally inexcusable4 8,how many kinds of sin are there8 ,answer--,two kinds3 original sin and actual sin40 ,we were under the impression that the kinds of sin were very numerous4 8,what sins are mortal8 ,answer--,grievous sins40 ,and what sins1 then1 are grievous8 ,mortal sins1 we suppose4 8,is tale bearing a great sin8 ,answer--,yes2 supported by a text of ,scripture40 ,now1 we cannot think that tale-bearing is necessarily a great sin1 or even that it is generally so4 8,what is the ,eucharist made from8 ,answer--,from wheaten bread and the wine of the grape40 ,this1 in our eyes1 as a matter of taste1 if for no other reason1 is very objectionable4 ,we confess that much of what we have found fault with is not of great moment1 but in a work of this kind we have the right to demand the strictest care and accuracy4 ,we have no desire to be severe in our criticism1 and gladly bear testimony to evidences of talent in the author1 who1 with greater pains1 would have given us1 we doubt not1 a very excellent catechetical text-book4 ,,outlines ,,of ,,the ,,religion ,,and ,,philosophy ,,of ,,swedenborg4 ,by ,theophilus ,parsons4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahgf4 ,philosophy of ,swedenborg6 ,that is a desideratum which we have looked for in vain some twenty years or more4 ,we have read a considerable number of volumes of the writings of ,emanuel ,swedenborg and much that has been written on their contents1 conversed with not a few of his prominent followers1 and yet we have failed to obtain from them all a clear and philosophical statement of the doctrines which he taught4 ,here1 however1 is a volume written expressly to give to the world such a statement4 ,but1 alas6 we are again doomed to disappointment2 for nowhere do we find in it1 in precise terms1 the nature of this new revelation4 ,the nearest we come to it is in the following passage3 8,if a new revelation was to be made through him1 if it was to be made by his statement of spiritual truths1 they should be not merely new1 but so entirely distinct from all that was ever before known1 so well adapted to send the mind forward on a new path and from a new beginning1 so able to supply new motives and incentives to a new moral and affectional as well as intellectual progress1 and new instruction to guide this progress1 as to justify and authorize this large claim40 ,the first pretension made in this paragraph for the new church is 8new motives and incentives to a new moral and affectional progress40 ,neither ,swedenborg in his life nor his followers in theirs have yet made this title good4 ,nowhere have they shown the signs of a higher spiritual life or of a greater self-sacrifice4 ,when they shall have given us a ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo1 or a ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 or the heroism displayed by a ,sister of ,charity1 then1 and not till then1 will there be reason to investigate their claim of a revelation which is superior to that given by ,christ himself4 ,the next assertion in this paragraph is that this 8new revelation0 is a source of 8new intellectual progress40 ,swedenborg revolted at some of the grossest errors of ,protestantism1 and1 in repudiating them1 seems to have been entirely ignorant of ,catholic theology4 ,the author supposes ,swedenborg's opposition to the errors of ,calvinism is the cause of its decline2 seemingly1 he is unaware of its refutation centuries before ,swedenborg lived1 and the statements of the truths opposed to it1 by the ,council of ,trent4 ,what is true in ,swedenborgianism is not new1 and what is new is not true4 ,as a specimen of 8intellectual progress0 we take the very first sentence of this book3 8,a church10 the author says1 8may be defined as the collective body of those who agree together in faith and in worship40 ,this is the same as if he had said3 8,a man may be defined as the collective body of those members which agree together in physical action40 ,this is the play of ,hamlet with ,hamlet left out4 ,had ,mr4 ,parsons the true conception of the church1 this would have started the question of the mission of his master6--a point upon which his evidence would have proven very unsatisfactory4 ,again he says 8that it is of the very essence of this revelation that it is given to man's reason0 7page #bb74 ,is the author ignorant of the fact that ,christianity from the beginning made1 and has always made1 appeal to man's reason8 ,by ,christianity we mean the ,catholic1 the ,roman ,catholic1 ,church1 outside of which ,christianity never had1 and has not now1 a real1 separate existence4 ,have we to tell ,mr4 ,parsons that the ,catholic ,church has always upheld the value of human reason and defended its rights8 ,has he ever looked into any work of ,catholic theology8 ,has he ever opened the ,summa of ,st4 ,thomas1 or his volume ,contra ,gentiles8 ,does the author not know that it was ,martin ,luther who asserted against the church that 8a man becomes all the better a ,christian by throttling his reason08 ,it seems that this new revelation1 instead of being an incentive to intellectual progress1 acts upon the intellectual faculties like a poison1 leaving them without tone1 vigor1 or logical perception1 rapt in a dreamy self-sufficiency4 ,the author says 8he agrees with ,professor ,tyndall in saying that to yield to the religious sentiment reasonable satisfaction is the problem of problems at the present hour10 and adds3 8,we believe also that the system of thought and belief introduced by ,swedenborg will lead to the solution of this #8problem of problems'0 7page #cj74 ,this is equivalent to saying that the ,creator has made man for a destiny which he has carefully concealed from him these six thousand years or more6 ,the same ,creator did not fail to satisfy every appetite with its proper food1 except the highest of all--the thirst of the soul to know its true destiny and the means of attaining it4 ,this he allowed to tantalize man up to the date of this new revelation6 ,pity poor ,professor ,tyndall could not be made to see it6 ,happy ,professor ,theophilus ,parsons1 who has found it at the feet of ,emanuel ,swedenborg1 whose words1 he tells us1 8were not ,god's words1 but his own2 full1 as we believe1 of truth and wisdom1 but limited in their scope and liable to error0 7page #ca74 ,swedenborgianism is a product of a mind given to the pursuit of natural sciences1 ignorant of theology1 and transported into the dream-world--a sublimated materialism4 ,there runs through all the writings of the followers of ,swedenborg the assumption of a superior knowledge of spiritual truths1 which allies it closely to the old heresy of ,gnosticism4 ,in kind1 ,swedenborgianism does not differ from modern ,spiritism1 only it assumes an air of greater respectability4 ,,hymns4 ,by ,frederick ,william ,faber1 ,d4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co4 #ahgf4 ,the title 8,faber's ,hymns0 gleams in golden letters from the back of this handsome little volume1 8,hymns by ,frederick ,wm4 ,faber1 ,d4,d40 7in choice medival characters7 on either cover4 8,faber's ,hymns0 consequently they must be4 ,it is impossible to doubt their authenticity1 surrounded as they are by all that wealth of adornment in which our ritualistic friends delight4 ,here are the thorns1 and the hammer and nails1 and a chaste border of what may be taken at will for the passion flower or forget-me-not1 and over the title a gorgeous cross and beneath it ,i4 ,h4 ,s4 ,one would be shocked not to meet with the softest-toned paper inside--paper full almost of that 8dim religious light0 that ,milton sang4 ,he lingers over these externals1 for they are very lovely1 and very characteristic2 so lovely that a sentimental person would weep to find they are only the adornments of a wilful and systematic mutilation of the hymns of the gentle and saintly man whose name the volume bears4 ,a complete collection of ,father ,faber's ,hymns was published in ,london in #ahfa with the approval of the author and under his direct supervision4 ,he wrote a preface to it in which he complained of the liberties that had been taken with his hymns4 ,he added that 8he was only too glad that his compositions should be of any service1 and he has in no instance refused either to ,catholics or ,protestants the free use of them3 only in the case of ,protestants he has made it a title to stipulate1 wherever an opportunity has been given him1 that1 while omissions might be made1 no direct alterations should be attempted4 ,hence he wishes to say that he is not responsible for any of the ,hymns in any other form1 literary or doctrinal1 than that in which they appear in this edition40 ,that edition bore and bears the same title as the one now under notice4 ,the difference in size1 however1 between the two volumes is rather startling4 ,this difference is accounted for by the fact that in the ritualistic version fifty-eight hymns have disappeared4 ,there are one hundred and fifty in the original1 there are ninety-two in the new1 and what the editor and publishers would doubtless consider improved edition4 ,nor is the list of omissions complete even with these fifty-eight absent4 ,but1 to do what justice may be done to the ritualistic editor and publishers--we should be delighted to give the editor's name as well as the publishers'1 only that a judicious modesty has concealed it from us--we quote from the preface3 8,this book of selections from ,faber's ,hymns contains all of the ,author's latest revised edition1 except the ,hymns written for the use of ,roman ,catholics1 such as those for the festivals of the ,virgin ,mary1 ,st4 ,joseph and the ,holy ,family1 and for the ,devotions in honor of them1 and the ,hymns addressed to the ,angels and ,saints40 ,in other words1 it contains 8all of the author's latest revised edition0 with the insignificant omission of very nearly one-half4 ,how many hymns 8of the author's latest revised edition0 were not 8written for the use of ,roman ,catholics0 were an investigation worth making1 which the reader may take up at his choice4 ,leaving those points1 however1 it is to be supposed that so honest a confession amply atones for everything1 especially after ,father ,faber's permission to ,protestants to use his hymns4 ,but there was a solemn stipulation attached to that permission1 and to inquire into how far that stipulation has been observed is the purpose of the present notice4 ,from the hymn entitled 8,god10 which is only the fourth in the volume1 verses #g and #i are left out4 ,those verses have the name of ,mary in them and sing of her beauty4 ,the beauty of the angels and saints1 which is sung in the same hymn1 is allowed to pass1 but for the queen of angels and saints of course there is no room4 ,in the hymn 8,my ,father10 a few pages on1 the same thing is observable4 ,the tender conscience of the editor revolted from and consequently struck out such a verse as this3 8,mary1 herself a sea of grace1 ,hath all been drawn from ,thine2 ,and thou couldst fill a thousand more ,from out those depths divine40 ,in the rendering of the ,veni ,sancte ,spiritus the last verse1 which prays for the seven gifts of the ,holy ,ghost1 is struck out1 the editor probably objecting to those gifts for some reason of his own4 ,in 8,christmas ,night0 the pretty chorus is mutilated for the purpose of throwing out the name of ,mary4 ,the original reads3 8,all hail1 ,eternal ,child6 ,dear ,mary's little ,flower ,god hardly born an hour1 ,sweet ,babe of ,bethlehem6 ,hail ,mary's ,little ,one1 ,hail ,god's ,eternal ,son1 ,sweet ,babe of ,bethlehem1 ,sweet ,babe of ,bethlehem60 ,this the critical editor improves as follows3 8,all hail1 ,eternal ,child6 ,sweet ,babe of ,bethlehem6 ,hail ,god's ,eternal ,son1 ,sweet ,babe of ,bethlehem60 ,the fine hymn 8,the ,three ,kings0 is shortened by two verses--#d and #ab4 ,to be sure those two verses bear rather hardly on ,protestants1 but in that case1 and in many others1 why not leave the hymn out altogether8 ,in the hymn immediately following it1 8,the ,purification10 the last verse1 which claims 8all rightful worship0 for the ,mother of ,christ1 is thrown out--of course by ,father ,faber's express desire4 ,in 8,lent10 on the very next page1 verse #c1 which celebrates 8the feast of penance10 does not appear4 ,two pages on1 in that most touching of plaints1 8,jesus ,crucified10 such verses as these are found unworthy a place3 8,his mother cannot reach ,his face2 ,she stands in helplessness beside2 ,her heart is martyred with her ,son's2 ,jesus1 our ,love1 is crucified6 99 99 99 99 99 8,death came1 and ,jesus meekly bowed2 ,his failing eyes ,he strove to guide ,with mindful love to ,mary's face2 ,jesus1 our ,love1 is crucified60 ,what a starved religion it must be that cannot stomach such lines as those6 ,and what justice to ,father ,faber6 ,yet the editor allows the next hymn to open with the lines3 8,hail1 ,jesus6 hail6 who for my sake ,sweet blood from ,mary's veins didst take40 ,it is to be supposed that he could not well deny the physical fact1 though he would seem to have strong doubts about it1 for presently we find him in 8,we come to thee1 ,sweet ,saviour10 changing the last line of the chorus1 8,o blood of ,mary's son10 to 8,o blood of ,god's dear son40 ,just one-half the hymn to 8,jesus ,risen0 is thrown out1 from verses #b to #f inclusively4 ,these verses treat of the sacred humanity4 8,the ,apparition of ,jesus to ,our ,blessed ,lady10 8,the ,ascension10 and 8,pentecost10 which immediately follow1 are among those struck out1 as are also the first eight verses of 8,the ,descent of the ,holy ,ghost40 ,the reason of course is that they eulogize the ,mother of ,god4 ,for the same reason verses #ac and #ad are omitted4 ,indeed this hymn alone must have caused the pious soul of the editor much trouble2 for we find in his fourth verse 7the twelfth in the original7 the lines3 8,one moment--and the ,spirit hung ,o'er them with dread desire02 8,o'er her with dread desire0 is the original4 ,again in his sixth verse1 which in the original reads3 8,those tongues still speak within the ,church1 ,that ,fire is undecayed2 ,its well-spring was that ,upper ,room ,where ,mary sat and prayed40 ,of course ,mary cannot be tolerated in such company4 ,her name is accordingly stricken from the roll and 8the disciples0 substituted for it1 so that the last line reads3 8,where the disciples sat and prayed40 ,it is too much to look to this man for respect for the ,mother of ,god2 but at least he might have some respect for ,father ,faber1 and at the very least for the laws of rhythm4 ,it is useless to multiply instances of this kind4 ,they run through the book4 ,a few other gross liberties taken with the text cannot pass unnoticed4 ,in 8,the ,wages of ,sin0 the second verse of the author reads3 8,we gave away all things for him1 ,and in truth it was much that was given-- ,the love of the angels and saints1 ,and the chance of our getting to heaven40 ,the ,protestant editor objects to 8,the love of the angels and saints10 for which he substitutes 8,we gave away ,jesus and ,god10 a line that belongs to the third verse4 ,this third verse of course disappears1 because it sings of 8,mary and grace0 and 8prayer and confession and ,mass40 ,why the last verse of 8,conversion0 is condemned1 even by so tender a conscience as that of our editor1 it is impossible to conceive4 8,jesus1 ,mary1 love1 and peace0 sang ,father ,faber in 8,the ,work of ,grace02 8,jesus1 mercy1 love1 and peace0 sings his self-appointed editor4 ,in 8,forgiveness of ,injuries10 the very title of which might have caused him to pause1 a happy specimen of his peculiar art and animus is given4 ,father ,faber's first verse read 8,oh6 do you hear that voice from heaven-- ,forgive and you shall be forgiven8 ,no angel hath a voice like this2 ,not even ,mary's song of bliss ,from off her throne can waft to earth ,a promise of such priceless worth40 ,in the ,protestant version only the first two lines appear2 the other four are taken from the second verse2 the remainder of which1 with the rejected four of the first verse1 are thrown away altogether4 ,here an examination which might be prolonged indefinitely may as well end4 ,the reader may judge for himself whether the word 8mutilation0--a grave word to use--is misapplied in this instance4 ,selections1 of course1 may be taken from a man's works in these days1 though we should say not without permission from the author or from those empowered to grant it4 ,but that such permission should be extended to hacking a man right and left1 distorting his words1 spoiling his verses1 studiously making him say just what he does not say1 persistently making him dishonor those whom he most honors--strange indeed must be the conscience which can interpret the widest permission thus6 ,we need not refer to the glowing love of ,father ,faber for the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,it was no vague aspiration after some ideal being1 existing or not existing in a remote state4 ,it was a vital reality to him4 ,the ,blessed ,virgin was near him always4 ,to her he turned with the love and confidence of a child1 as to no imaginary mother1 at all times4 ,her name was ever on his lips1 as her love was in his heart4 ,it was natural1 then1 that all his writings1 but above all his hymns1 should bubble over with the love that was ever welling upwards from the very depths of his being4 ,yet this man1 pursued apparently by hatred of the ,mother of ,jesus1 and thinking to honor the ,son by dishonoring the ,mother1 follows her up and hunts her from the pages of one so devoted to her1 wherever it was possible to do so4 ,further comment on a man who can commit so dishonest an act1 in the name too of religion1 is unnecessary4 ,as for the publishers who can lend themselves to such unworthy work1 we leave them to their own reflections4 ,we have no desire to take this as characteristic of our ,protestant friends generally1 particularly of the ,protestant ,episcopal section of them4 ,but there is too much of such dishonest practice4 ,the ,following of ,christ2 the ,devout ,life1 by ,st4 ,francis de ,sales2 the ,memorial of a ,christian ,life1 by ,father ,lewis of ,granada2 the ,spiritual ,combat1 and all ,father ,avrillon's works1 have been tampered with in the same manner and by the same set of zealous ,christians4 ,is it too much to detect in this the old spirit that gave us what is known as the ,king ,james version of the ,bible1 and that is content to let centuries of great ,christian faith go by1 for the purpose of claiming a fancied union with that of the earlier centuries1 basing the claim on distorted extracts from the works of a few great writers8 ,,gertrude ,,mannering3 ,a ,tale of ,sacrifice4 ,by ,frances ,noble4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahge4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,one begins to grow shy of 8tales of sacrifice0 written by ,catholic authors4 ,they are so very like one another that the maxim ,ex uno disce omnes is nowhere more applicable than to them4 ,given the characters and their relations one to another1 and a very limited amount of experience will enable the reader to sketch out the story faithfully enough for himself without going to the trouble of reading the book4 ,gertrude ,mannering1 though bearing a strong family likeness to her sisters1 and beginning in the orthodox fashion--in the convent1 of course--improves upon acquaintance1 and leaves the reader with the impression that the hand which fashioned her is capable of much better work4 ,it is useless to sketch the story1 which is a short one and of simple enough construction4 ,its defects are of the usual order1 though in a less degree than ordinarily4 ,there is too much pious 8talk10 in season and out of season4 ,when will our ,catholic story-writers learn this first lesson of fiction3 that a little of such talk goes a very long way8 ,even inquiring ,protestants are not likely to be moved profoundly by the tremendous arguments of a girl of sixteen or seventeen just out of a convent1 while ,catholics yawn as soon as they appear1 and either skip the pages that contain them or close the book4 ,then1 again1 ,gerty blushes a little too often1 even for a convent girl4 ,the color rises in her cheeks more or less deeply at almost every other page4 ,one grows rather tired1 too1 of the frequent mention of 8the pale1 proud face0 of the 8haughty ,stanley0 and his 8splendid intellect40 ,these1 to be sure1 are the ordinary attributes of lady novelists' heroes1 but1 at least1 the last quality might be judiciously omitted1 unless excellent grounds are given for it4 ,a 8splendid intellect0 is no doubt a very good thing to have1 as is also a 8pale1 proud face0 in its way2 but when the 8splendid intellect0 only shows itself in rather commonplace observations1 such as persons with no pretension at all to so rare a gift would use1 the effect is not quite satisfactory4 ,one more objection we must make1 and a serious one4 ,the sacrifice around which the story turns is by no means to be commended and would have been better omitted4 ,young ladies1 even young ladies whose love has been crossed1 can easily find something far better to do with their lives than to offer them to ,god for the soul of some young gentleman whom they are particularly anxious to convert4 ,martyrdom for the faith is one thing2 but the picture of a young lady1 who cannot conscientiously marry a young infidel1 offering her life to ,god for his conversion1 is quite another thing4 ,one is tempted to ask how much the 8pale1 proud face0 and the 8splendid intellect0 of the 8haughty ,stanley0 had to do with so tremendous a sacrifice in the present instance4 ,gerty might have done him1 and herself1 and her reader much more good by living than by dying for him1 as did that practical patriot when the cause of his country seemed lost4 ,we have noticed this story at some length because the writer1 whose name meets us for the first time1 seems1 as already hinted1 to give promise of much better work4 ,lady ,hunter is a well-drawn character4 ,so1 apart from the excessive tendency to blush and 8talk pious10 is ,gerty4 ,the 8haughty ,stanley0 is rather a conventional hero1 which1 perhaps1 is only natural in days when so many young men lay claim to 8splendid intellects40 ,the scene between ,gerty and ,stanley1 where love and duty on the one side1 and love and pride on the other1 contend for mastery1 is drawn with genuine power1 while the end is indeed touching4 ,,the ,,school ,,question3 ,,catholics ,,and ,,education4 #a vol4 #hvo1 pp4 #bjj4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,the republication of the various essays on education which have from time to time appeared in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 treating this all-important subject from widely different points of view1 presenting a great variety of style and method as well as of authorship1 will1 we are confident1 be welcomed by the reading ,catholic public as especially opportune at the present moment1 when the questions here discussed enter so largely into all our social1 theological1 and political controversies4 ,though the subject of education is much talked of and written about1 it is rarely carefully examined or seriously studied4 ,we have ourselves been made to blush more than once by the ignorance on this point of even intelligent ,catholics4 ,self-respect1 one would think1 should suffice to make us acquaint ourselves with the arguments upon which our dissent from the theories of education commonly received in this country is based4 ,at the expense of very little time and labor any ordinarily intelligent ,catholic might be in a position to defend himself against the attacks of the advocates of a purely secular school system4 ,to those who feel the need of informing themselves more thoroughly on this subject we heartily commend these essays4 ,the questions with which they deal have been discussed1 not without ability and sound reason1 in pamphlets and lectures2 but before the publication of this volume we should have been unable to refer to any one book as giving a fair and satisfactory statement of ,catholic principles on the subject of education4 ,this collection supplies a want which many besides ourselves must have felt4 ,,the ,,acolyte2 ,,or1 ,a ,,christian ,,scholar4 ,a story for ,catholic youth4 ,philadelphia3 ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham ,son4 #ahgf4 ,stories for ,catholic youth1 which are at once interesting and safe1 are greatly to be desired4 ,every honest attempt to satisfy this want is consequently to be1 in a certain sense1 commended4 ,our boys1 however1 fare rather badly at the hands of writers4 ,the books written for them are1 as a class1 either slow and uninteresting or so goody-goody that a boy yawns before he has finished half a dozen pages4 ,the author of ,the ,acolyte1 though animated with the best intentions1 has fallen into the common mistake4 ,his book is too 8good40 ,his hero1 whom he evidently looks upon as the beau-ideal of a ,catholic student1 is1 it must be confessed1 rather a tiresome young person1 having a dreadful propensity to indulge in disquisitions of classroom philosophy with his young sister and others4 ,in fact1 the atmosphere of the classroom pervades the book1 and the result is not agreeable4 ,when boys read a story1 they want to be out of school4 ,there are excellent things in this book1 but such as would appear to better advantage in one of a purely spiritual character1 where they would probably find more readers1 even among boys1 than they are likely to do in their present form4 ,the volume is dedicated to the 8,acolythical ,society0 of a church in ,cincinnati4 ,if such a society exist1 we recommend it to change its name4 8,acolythical0 is a barbarism which should not be tolerated4 ,,literature ,,for ,,little ,,folks4 ,,selections ,,from ,,standard ,,authors1 ,,and ,,easy ,,lessons ,,in ,,composition4 ,by ,elizabeth ,lloyd4 ,philadelphia3 ,sower1 ,potts ,co4 #ahgf4 ,the object of this little book is to make even the 8,little ,folks0 so familiar with good ,english as habitually to speak and write it correctly4 ,they will1 it is claimed by the author1 thus acquire a knowledge of correct ,english without going through the regular but slow process of first committing the rules of syntax to memory4 ,the object is praiseworthy1 and the plan of the work seems well adapted to make it easy of accomplishment4 ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,letters4 ,a ,manual of ,correspondence1 etc4 ,by ,j4 ,willis ,westlake1 ,a4,m4 #a vol4 #afmo1 pp4 #bfd4 ,philadelphia3 ,sower1 ,potts ,co4 #ahgf4 ,this is no mere compilation in the usual style of manuals1 but an elaborate and interesting little work1 showing the proper structure1 composition1 punctuation1 formalities1 and uses of the various kinds of letters1 notes1 and cards4 ,it also contains a considerable amount of miscellaneous information about epistolography in general1 and an article on 8,roman ,catholic ,titles and ,forms10 with particular reference to this country4 ,the appearance of such a complete work of this nature is a proof of that more careful attention now paid by ,americans to the written forms and etiquette of social intercourse1 which1 whatever may be ranted about republicanism and democratic habits1 are as necessary1 or at least as desirable1 in the ,united ,states as in ,europe4 ,we would say of them1 as of the devices of heraldry1 if used at all1 they should be used correctly2 and this book will show people how to use them4 ,,explanatio ,,psalmorum4 ,studio ,f4 ,x4 ,schouppe1 ,s4,j4 ,prolegomena in ,s ,scripturam4 ,auctore ,f4 ,x4 ,schouppe1 ,s4,j4 ,bruxellis4 #ahge4 ,benziger ,brothers1 ,new ,york4 ,these two treatises from the pen of ,father ,schouppe1 the learned ,belgian ,jesuit1 who has labored so indefatigably to enrich ,catholic literature1 form part of the author's 8,course of ,sacred ,scripture10 but have been published separately in order to give them a wider circulation4 ,in the 8,explanatio ,psalmorum0 ,father ,schouppe has chosen for elucidation the psalms which are appointed to be recited in the common offices of the ,roman ,breviary and his commentaries are made with special reference to this official devotion of the priesthood4 ,each psalm is accompanied by a paraphrase2 a short but satisfactory commentary follows2 and1 finally1 the sensus liturgus is given1 showing its special appropriateness to the various offices of the ,breviary in which it is found4 ,the 8,prolegomena0 is a brief introduction to the study of ,holy ,scripture1 in which the various subjects comprised under the head of hermeneutics are discussed4 ,both these treatises are characterized by the solid learning and lucid style which distinguish all the works of ,father ,schouppe4 ,,les ,,principes ,,de ,,la ,,sagesse4 ,par ,franois de ,salazar1 ,s4,j4 ,traduits de l',espagnol4 ,gand4 ,benziger ,brothers1 ,new ,york4 ,this work of ,father ,salazar1 a ,spanish ,jesuit1 was discovered in #afbh by ,dom ,geronimo ,perez1 a doctor of the ,university of ,alcala1 who1 in his ,summa ,theologi1 speaks of it in the following terms3 8,i have read with attention all that the most weighty authors have written on subjects proper to effect the conversion of the soul2 but ,i have met with no one who has treated these matters with a force equal to that which is found in a manuscript of ,francis de ,salazar1 a religious of the ,society of ,jesus40 ,the success of the book has more than justified this estimate of ,dr4 ,perez4 ,it has passed through innumerable editions in the original ,spanish1 and has been translated into nearly all the languages of ,europe4 ,the ,french translation now before us has reached a fifteenth edition4 ,,breviarium ,,romanum1 ,,cum ,,officiis ,,sanctorum ,,novissime ,,per ,,summos ,,pontifices ,,usque ,,ad ,,hanc ,,diem ,,concessis4 ,turonibus1 #ahge4 ,benziger ,brothers1 ,new ,york and ,cincinnati4 ,this is a new and elegant edition of the ,roman ,breviary1 to which have been added the offices of ,st4 ,boniface and ,st4 ,paul of the ,cross1 the recitation of which has recently been made obligatory upon all priests by a decree of the ,holy ,father4 ,it is printed in large and clear type on delicately-tinted paper of a shade peculiarly grateful to the eye1 strongly bound in morocco1 and of convenient size4 ,we have rarely seen a finer edition of the ,breviary4 ,,pius ,,ix4 ,,and ,,his ,,times4 ,by ,thomas ,o',dwyer1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,s4 7late ,english ,physician at ,rome74 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #ahgf4 ,this volume is made up of a series of entertaining sketches of travel and letters from ,rome1 where the author resided many years1 during which he was correspondent to the ,london ,weekly ,register4 ,his letters to that journal make up the bulk of the book4 ,at a time when so much that is false issues from the capital of ,christendom and finds a welcome place in the columns of non-,catholic journals1 the letters from the same city of an observant and intelligent ,catholic would possess a special value quite apart from their intrinsic literary merit4 ,,authority ,,and ,,anarchy2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,bible ,,on ,,the ,,church4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 ,the author of this pamphlet presents the argument for the church from the ,scriptures with very considerable skill and ability4 ,,characteristics ,,from ,,the ,,writings ,,of ,,john ,,henry ,,newman4 ,being ,selections1 ,personal1 ,historical1 ,philosophical1 and ,religious1 from his ,various ,works4 ,arranged by ,william ,samuel ,lilly1 of the ,inner ,temple1 ,barrister-at-,law4 ,with the author's approval4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgf4 ,this is an ,american reprint of the ,london edition4 ,the latter has already been noticed in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,the praise given to the original edition cannot be accorded to the present volume4 ,the type is too small for general use1 and the book lacks what we characterized at the time as 8one of the best portraits of ,dr4 ,newman which we have seen40 ,,the ,,little ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,child ,,jesus3 ,a ,prayer-,book for ,his ,children4 ,by ,canon ,warmoll4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 ,this useful little book is intended for very young children4 ,it contains short prayers1 acts1 meditations1 and instructions for ,mass1 confession1 communion1 and daily conduct4 ,the meditations are admirable1 being just adapted to catch the attention of children4 ,the instructions also are excellent4 ,only here and there are to be found passages that strike us as a little too ponderous for very young children4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,publications ,,received4 ,lives of the ,saints4 ,rev4 ,f4 ,x4 ,weninger1 ,d4,d4 ,part ,,vi4 ,p4 ,o',shea4 8,messenger ,series40 ,no4 #f4 ,the ,acts of the ,early ,martyrs4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,m4 ,fastr1 ,s4,j4 ,philadelphia3 ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham ,son4 #ahgf4 ,a ,study of ,freemasonry4 ,translated from the ,french of ,monseigneur ,dupanloup1 ,bishop of ,orleans4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 ,pax ,anim3 ,a ,short ,treatise declaring how necessary the tranquillity and peace of the soul is1 and how it may be obtained4 ,by ,st4 ,peter of ,alcantara4 ,from an old ,english translation of #affe4 ,edited by ,canon ,vaughan4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 ,major ,john ,andre3 ,an ,historical ,drama in ,five ,acts4 ,by ,p4 ,leo ,haid1 ,,osb4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,cathol4 ,publication ,society4 #ahgf4 ,the ,martyrdom of ,st4 ,cecily3 ,a ,drama in ,three ,acts4 ,by the ,rev4 ,albany ,christie1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 ,christianity the ,law of the ,land4 ,a discourse delivered in the ,church of the ,saviour1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,by the ,pastor4 ,a4 ,p4 ,putnam4 ,with an ,appendix2 or1 ,voices of ,american ,history4 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,report of the ,xavier ,union of the ,city of ,new ,york4 #ahge4 ,report of the ,city ,superintendent of ,schools to the ,board of ,education of the ,city of ,new ,york1 for the ,year ending ,december #ca1 #ahge4 ,addresses at the ,inauguration of ,daniel ,c4 ,gilman1 as ,president of the ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 ,baltimore1 ,february #bb1 #ahgf4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxiii41 ,no4 #ace4--;,,june1 #ahgf4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgf4 ,,german ,,journalism4#ig ,the universal hymn of journalistic praise1 sung throughout the civilized world with hardly a discordant note1 is of itself no mean evidence of the power of the press4 8,great is journalism10 says ,carlyle4 8,is not every able editor a ruler of the world1 being a persuader of it80 ,from ,france ,m4 ,thiers declares that the liberty of the press is theoretically and practically the most necessary of all2 and was it not our own ,jefferson who solemnly affirmed that he would rather live in a country with newspapers and without a government than in a country with a government but without newspapers8 ,did not the great ,napoleon himself stand in greater awe of a newspaper than of a hundred thousand bayonets8 8,give me but the liberty of the press10 cried ,sheridan1 8and ,i will give to the minister a venal ,house of ,peers2 ,i will give him a corrupt and servile ,house of ,commons2 ,i will give him the full sway of the patronage of office2 ,i will give him the whole host of ministerial influence2 ,i will give him all the power that place can confer upon him to purchase up submission and overcome resistance2 and yet1 armed with the liberty of the press1 ,i will go forth to meet him undismayed2 ,i will attack the mighty fabric he has reared with that mightier engine2 ,i will shake down from its height corruption and bury it amidst the ruins of the abuses it was meant to shelter40 ,but we do not propose to treat our readers to a dissertation written in the style of him who declared that1 were the starry heavens deficient of one constellation1 the vacuum could not be better supplied than by the introduction of a printing-press4 ,we fully recognize1 however1 the very great power of the press which controls public opinion1 and indeed often makes it4 ,nothing is unimportant which throws light upon the constitution and workings of this 8,fourth ,estate10 into whose hands the destinies of modern nations and civilization seem to have been delivered2 and it is for this reason that we take pleasure in bringing to the notice of the readers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world the work of ,professor ,wuttke on ,german ,journalism and the ,origin of ,public ,opinion4 ,it would be difficult to find a more curious or instructive book4 ,for years connected with the press himself1 a leader of the 8great ,german party10 and the author of several valuable historical and philosophical works1 ,herr ,wuttke has brought to his present task the thoroughgoing and painstaking conscientiousness of a ,german professor4 ,he is wholly in earnest2 neither smiles nor laughs2 does not even stop to give smoothness and polish to his phrase1 but without remorse or fear invades the editorial sanctum1 and pours upon its most hidden mysteries the profane light2 holds them up before vulgar eyes1 and leaves not the suspicion of a doubt but that he is resolved to tell all he knows4 ,his courage no one can deny4 ,the enterprise to which he has devoted himself was full of perils1 none of which were hidden from him4 ,german newspapers before the revolution of #ahdh were chiefly of a literary character4 ,their columns were filled with criticisms of books1 philosophical and theological discussions1 sthetic treatises1 accounts of travel1 entertaining stories1 and theatrical notices4 ,scarcely any attention was paid to events of the day1 and least of all to those of a political character4 ,the explanation of this anomaly is simple4 ,the governments of ,germany exercised a rigorous censorship over the press1 and allowed nothing to be published which might set people to thinking about what their rulers were doing4 ,but the storm of #ahdh blew the pen from the hand of the official censor1 and opened the columns of the newspaper to all kinds of political theories and discussions4 ,the governments were at sea1 borne helpless by the popular wave which had broken them loose from their ancient moorings and was carrying them they knew not whither4 ,their official organs1 with unlimited financial support from the state1 were powerless1 because people refused to read them whilst independent journals were within their reach4 ,the revolutionary outburst was soon followed by a reaction1 partly brought on by its own excesses2 and with the aid of the military the former governments were restored4 ,restrictions were again placed upon the liberty of the press2 but so universal had the political agitation been that to think of carrying through a policy of rigorous repression was manifestly out of the question4 ,it became necessary1 therefore1 to devise some expedient by which the press might be controlled without being muzzled4 ,with this view ,von ,manteuffel1 the ,prussian minister1 established in ,berlin a 8,central ,bureau of the ,press10 which stood in intimate relations with the government and received from the 8,secret ,fund0 a yearly support of from forty to fifty thousand thalers4 ,with this money the pens of a crowd of needy scribes were bought1 who for twenty or thirty thalers a month agreed to write articles in support of the views which the director of the ,bureau should inspire4 ,the next step was to make an opening for these articles in the columns of journals in different parts of the kingdom4 ,this was not difficult1 as the contributions were well written1 by persons evidently thoroughly informed1 and were offered at a nominal price1 or even without pay4 ,on the #ith of ,march1 #ahea1 the director of the ,bureau sent a circular to 8those editors and publishers of the conservative party with whom he has not at present the honor of holding personal relations10 in which he promised1 with special reference to his connection with the ,ministry of ,state1 to send them from time to time communications concerning the real condition of political affairs1 in order to furnish them indispensable materials for the successful prosecution of their labors4 ,this assistance was to be given free of cost1 and many editors were eager to avail themselves of it without inquiring with much care into its special significance4 ,in this way the 8,central ,press-,bureau0 wove a network of lines of communication over the whole kingdom1 which1 however1 was carefully hidden from public view4 ,it also kept up constant intercourse with the representatives of ,prussia at the various ,european courts1 which enabled it to give tone to public opinion on foreign affairs as well as on matters at home4 ,through the influence of the government1 and by spending money1 the ,bureau gradually succeeded in introducing its agents into the offices of many newspapers1 and occasionally in getting entire control of this or that journal4 ,by this cunning policy the ,prussian government was able to lead the unsuspecting public by the nose4 ,whilst confiding readers throughout the land were receiving the views of their favorite journals as the honest expression of public opinion1 these newspapers were in fact only the whispering-galleries of the ,berlin ministry4 ,the editors themselves were often ignorant of the fact that the pens of their co-laborers had been bought and sold4 ,even foreign journals1 in ,england and ,france1 did not escape the meshes of the 8,press-,bureau10 but were entrapped and made to do service for ,prussia4 ,another contrivance for working up public opinion was the 8,lithographic ,correspondence-,bureau10 which is a ,french invention4 ,this is an agency for the manufacture of correspondence from all parts of the world1 at home and abroad1 which is lithographed and sent to journals that are willing to pay for it2 and nearly all of them find this the cheapest and easiest method of keeping abreast of the times4 ,as the men who found these ,bureaus are chiefly intent upon making money1 and live1 moreover1 in salutary awe of the government1 they generally find it advisable to place themselves at its disposition4 ,the correspondence-agency of ,havas-,bllier in ,paris was ,orleanistic under ,louis ,philippe1 and ,napoleonic under the ,empire4 ,in return it obtained the monopoly of 8lithographic correspondence02 so that1 during the reign of ,louis ,napoleon1 ,france received its knowledge of the foreign world through the single channel of this ,bureau1 which was carefully supervised by the government4 ,this was too excellent a device not to find ready acceptance in ,berlin1 and in the most natural way in the world the 8,lithographic ,correspondence-,bureau0 was placed alongside the 8,press-,bureau02 the journals which had already fallen under the influence of the latter yielded without resistance to the seductions of the new ally1 and thus became to a still greater extent the tools of the government4 ,in this way the 8eunuchs of the court and press0 were in position deliberately and with malice to falsify and pervert public opinion1 which soon came to mean the utterances of the herd of venal scribes in ,berlin who had sold themselves1 body and soul1 to the 8,press-,bureau40 ,one of the five sins which1 according to ,confucius1 is unpardonable1 is from under the mantle of truth to scatter broadcast lies which are hurtful to the people2 and this is the charge which ,professor ,wuttke brings against the crowd of ,german newspaper-writers4 ,telegraphy1 which was first introduced into ,germany in #ahdi1 led to further improvements in the art of manipulating the press4 ,the 8,correspondence-,bureau0 of ,havas-,bllier became a telegraphic agency and furnished despatches free of charge to the ,parisian journals1 in order to prevent the starting of a rival business2 and when1 notwithstanding1 the ,agence ,continentale was organized1 it was suppressed by ,persigny1 the ,minister of ,state1 who by this means was enabled to control the publication of telegrams in all the leading journals of ,france4 ,in ,italy the ,stefani ,agency1 at ,turin1 rendered similar services to the government of ,victor ,emanuel2 sending out the most shameless falsehoods to the four corners of the earth1 and carefully suppressing whatever the authorities wished to conceal from the public4 ,these despatches were printed in the leading journals of ,europe and ,america as coming from unsuspected sources1 when they were in fact the 8cooked0 telegrams of the secret agents of ,cavour and the ,revolution4 ,in #ahej ,reuter established his telegraphic ,agency in ,aix-la-,chapelle1 but removed it in the following year to ,berlin2 and a few months later1 when the cable between ,calais and ,dover was laid1 he made ,london the central point of his operations4 ,in ,berlin a similar business was opened by ,dr4 ,wolf1 a ,jew4 ,in #ahee he sold out to a number of capitalists1 who organized the ,continentale ,telegrafenkompagnie1 and then entered into a combination with ,reuter and ,havas1 through which they controlled the telegraphic despatches furnished to the press of all ,europe4 ,to have the latest news was a journalistic necessity2 and yet to maintain special agents in the great centres1 and to pay the high rates for sending special telegrams1 would have been too heavy a burden4 ,nothing remained1 therefore1 but to take the despatches of the ,agencies which were now in league with one another4 ,in ,prussia nearly all the telegraphic lines1 most of which were put up during the reaction after the revolution of #ahdh1 were in the hands of the government2 and this1 of itself1 was sufficient to place the ,agencies at its disposal4 ,and in point of fact1 it is no secret that in ,prussia there exists a censorship of the telegraph1 and that the government decides as to the despatches which the newspapers shall receive4 ,whoever will take the trouble to weigh this matter will see what a terrible instrument for the perversion of public opinion is thus placed in the hands of the state4 ,a despatch has always in its favor the force of first impressions4 ,when1 after days or weeks1 explanations follow1 they are passed over1 new events having already preoccupied public attention4 ,all the world reads the telegram2 comparatively few pay any attention to the later-coming corrections of inaccurate or false statements4 ,prussia1 then1 through her 8,central ,press-,bureau10 her 8,correspondence-,bureau10 and her 8,telegram-,bureau10 succeeded in getting control of the leading ,german journals1 which1 while keeping up the appearance of independence and honesty1 were either in her pay or under the influence of her agents4 ,public opinion in ,germany was at her mercy2 so that1 after she had made the most thorough preparations for the war of #ahff1 she found no difficulty in having it proclaimed throughout the fatherland that ,austria had been arming and was ready to fall upon her in order to rob her of ,silesia4 ,the newspapers even lent themselves1 when the war had begun1 to the publication of a spurious address to the army by ,benedek1 the ,austrian leader1 in which there was not one word of truth1 but in which he was made to speak in a way that could not fail to arouse the indignation of the ,prussian soldiers4 ,this forged document was circulated by the press and read by the captains to their men as soon as they had entered ,bohemia4 ,the creation of the new empire has not improved ,german journalism4 ,the 8,press-,bureau0 has enlarged the circle of its activity1 while the government has invented other means not less effective for controlling the newspapers4 8,we care not for public opinion10 said a high official in ,berlin some months ago2 8for the entire press belongs to us40 ,prussia has ,german public opinion1 in so far as it is allowed to find expression1 in her keeping4 ,after the war with ,austria the annual secret fund of the 8,press-,bureau0 was increased to #gj1jjj thalers2 but this is in reality a very inconsiderable portion of the money at its disposition4 ,the incorporation of ,hanover and ,hesse with ,prussia threw into the hands of the government very large resources4 ,from ,george of ,hanover ,king ,william exacted #ai1jjj1jjj thalers1 and from the ,prince ,elector of ,hesse property with an annual rental of #djj1jjj thalers4 ,both these sums were placed at the disposal of ,bismarck by the ,landtag1 that he might use them to defeat the 8intrigues0 of the enemies of ,prussia4 ,it was on the occasion of this grant that ,bismarck used the words which have given to the 8,press-,bureau0 fund a name which it can never lose4 8,i follow10 he said1 8malignant reptiles into their very holes1 in order to watch their doings40 ,the money which he received to carry on this dark underground business was appropriately designated by the ,berlin wits the 8,reptile-fund0 7,reptilienfond74 ,a vocabulary of slang has been invented to designate the hired scribes of the ,bureau and their operations4 ,bismarck calls them 8my swine-herds0 7meine ,sauhirten74 ,to write for the 8,press-,bureau0 is to take mud-baths 7,schlammbder nehmen72 and the writers themselves1 who are classified as 8officious10 8high-officious10 8half-officious10 and 8over-officious10 are called 8mud-bathers0 7,schlammbder71 and they devour the 8,reptile-fund40 ,the instructions issued by the directors for the preparation of articles for the different journals are styled 8wash-tickets0 7,waschzettel74 ,the directors who are not immediately connected with the ,bureau are known by the name of 8,piper0 7,pfeifer71 which1 in the jargon of ,berlin1 has a peculiar and by no means flattering signification4 ,as the buzzards fly to the carcass1 so gathered the hungry ,german scribes around the 8,reptile-fund02 but their pens were cheap and the 8,press-,bureau0 was able to feed a whole army of them1 and yet have abundant means to devote to other methods for influencing public opinion4 ,its machinations are1 of course1 conducted with the greatest secrecy4 ,all manner of blinds are used4 ,its agents assume in their articles a style of great independence1 deal largely in loud and captious epithets1 occasionally even criticise this or that measure of the government1 and ape the ways of honest and patriotic men4 ,the 8,central ,press-,bureau0 itself is pushed as far out of sight as possible2 stalking horses and scarecrows are put forward2 and the institution is made to appear as only a myth4 ,but the ,cave of olus is in ,berlin1 and the winds which are let loose there blow to and fro1 hither and yon1 through all ,germany1 starting currents in other parts of the world4 ,in this cave the old snake-worship of so many ages and peoples still exists1 and the god is the 8,reptile-fund40 ,out of this cavern are blown the double-leaded leaders which fall thick all over the land1 and always1 as if by magic1 just in the right place4 ,false reports eddy through the air2 stubborn facts are pulled and bent and beaten until they get into the proper shape4 ,the light which is permitted to fall upon them is managed as skilfully as in an art-gallery or a lady's drawing-room4 ,with the aid of the 8,reptile-fund0 the 8,press-,bureau0 found little difficulty in extending its business of buying up journals1 paying sometimes as high as a hundred thousand thalers for a single newspaper2 and where this could not be done money was freely spent to start an opposition sheet4 ,whenever a journal was found to be growing weak1 aid was proffered on condition that it should open its columns to the 8,press-,bureau02 sometimes with the understanding that one of its agents should be placed in the editorial chair4 ,so thoroughly has this system of bribery taken possession of ,prussian journalism that the court decided 7,october1 #ahgc71 in a suit against the ,germania newspaper1 that to accuse an editor of being in the pay of the 8,press-,bureau0 is not a criminal offence1 since it does not in the public estimation tend to lower his character4 ,occasionally1 in spite of the greatest care1 the secrets of the ,bureau are betrayed4 ,thus in ,february1 #ahgd1 a circular was sent to various journals1 and amongst others to the ,neue ,wormser-,zeitung1 with the offer to furnish from the capital1 first1 a tri-weekly original article on the political situation2 second1 original political and diplomatic advice from all the departments of the government1 also three times a week2 third1 a short but exhaustive parliamentary report2 fourth1 special correspondence from other capitals 7written in ,berlin72 fifth1 original accounts of foreign affairs1 drawn from the special sources of the ,bureau2 and1 sixth1 a short daily1 as well as a more lengthy weekly1 exhibit of the ,berlin ,bourse4 ,for these services nothing was demanded2 but1 that the thing might not appear too bald1 it was stated that the editor should fix his own price4 ,now1 it so happened that when this circular was received by the ,neue ,wormser-,zeitung that paper was in the hands of ,herr ,westerburg1 a ,social ,democrat1 who straightway took the public into his confidence4 ,the newly-acquired provinces of ,prussia were a favorite field for the operations of the ,berlin ,bureau4 ,general ,manteuffel1 in #ahff1 suppressed the ,schleswig-,holsteinische ,zeitung1 and handed the country over to the reptile-press4 ,in ,alsace and ,lorraine also journals were suppressed1 and others established1 by the government4 ,in these provinces the independent press has wholly disappeared1 with the exception of two tame and unimportant sheets4 ,in fact1 if we except the ,catholic and a few ,social ,democratic newspapers1 there is hardly a journal of any weight in the ,german ,empire in which the press-reptile is not found4 8,i know10 wrote to ,professor ,wuttke an author well acquainted with the circumstances--8,i know few ,german newspapers in which there is not a mud-bather40 ,for even passing services the ,bureau is ready to pay cash4 ,chaplain ,miarka1 the editor of the ,katholik1 has declared publicly that he was offered #g1ejj thalers on condition of consenting to write in a milder manner during the elections4 ,the working up of public opinion through the press extends far beyond the boundaries of the ,german ,empire4 ,the proceedings of the court in the trial of ,von ,arnim in #ahgd developed the fact that he1 whilst representing ,prussia at the ,tuileries1 had entered into relations with various journals of ,paris1 ,vienna1 and ,brussels2 and it is generally understood that #ej1jjj thalers were placed at the disposition of ,herr ,rudolf ,lindau for the purpose of manipulating the ,parisian press4 ,through these and similar means an opening for the articles of the 8,press-,bureau0 was made in ,english1 ,french1 and ,belgian newspapers2 and these articles1 which had been first written in ,german1 were translated back into ,german and published by the reptile-press as the expression of public opinion in foreign countries on ,prussian affairs4 8,i could give the names10 says ,professor ,wuttke1 8of the press-reptiles who write for the ,indpendance ,belge1 of those who take care of the ,hour1 and of others whose duty it is to furnish articles to the ,italian and ,scandinavian newspapers40#ih ,to hold the ,english in leading strings1 ,berlin had1 in #ahfi1 a ,north ,germany ,correspondence1 and then1 under the supervision of ,aegidi1 the director of the 8,press-,bureau10 a ,norddeutsche ,correspondenz1 which is still the chief source from which both ,english and ,american journals draw their information on ,german affairs4 ,the attempt made from ,berlin to buy ,katkoff's ,journal of ,moscow was defeated by the incorruptibility of the proprietor4 ,the reptile-press1 of course1 ignores and strives to hush whatever may throw light upon the dark workings and intrigues of the 8,press ,bureau02 and no better instance of its power in this respect can be given than the history of ,professor ,wuttke's book on ,german journalism4 ,its existence was not recognized by the press-reptiles2 its startling revelations were ignored or received in profound silence2 and so successful was this policy that a year after the publication of the work only three hundred copies had been sold2 and it is chiefly through the efforts of a ,catholic newspaper--the ,germania--and of ,windthorst1 a leader of the party of the ,centrum1 that it has finally been brought to public notice and has now reached a third edition4 ,in the ,german ,parliament1 on the #ahth of ,december1 #ahgd1 ,windthorst took ,professor ,wuttke's book with him to the speaker's stand1 and1 in a powerful address against any further grant of the 8,secret ,fund0 7,reptilien-fond71 made special reference to this work1 which he characterized as 8conscientious0 and full of startling revelations which leave room to suspect even worse things4 ,a year before 7,december #c1 #ahgc7 the same speaker declared in the ,prussian ,landtag that in ,germany the government had nearly succeeded in getting entire control of the press2 that the influence of the 8,reptile-fund0 was already noticeable in foreign countries1 particularly in the newspapers of ,vienna2 and that the attempt had been made to establish a 8,reptile-,bureau0 in connection with the ,london embassy2 and when this was found not to work well1 a 8,press-,bureau0 for ,england1 ,france1 and ,italy was organized in ,berlin4 ,these charges1 made in public parliamentary debate1 were allowed to pass without contradiction1 although ,aegidi1 the director of the ,central ,bureau1 was a member of the ,assembly and present during the discussion4 ,eugen ,richter1 the member for ,hagen1 brought forward other accusations of like import on the #bjth of ,january1 #ahgd4 ,we have already given an example of the uses to which the ,prussian government puts the reptile-press1 in the instance of the forged army address attributed to ,benedek1 and published throughout ,germany at the outbreak of the war with ,austria in #ahff4ii ,similar services were rendered by the 8mud-bathers0 at the time of the crisis with ,france in #ahgj4 ,a false telegram1 purporting to come from ,ems1 dated ,july #ac1 #ahgj1 in which the ,french minister1 ,count ,benedetti1 was said to have grossly insulted ,king ,william1 was eagerly taken up by the venal press and commented upon in a way which excited the greatest indignation in the minds of the ,germans against ,napoleon1 who1 they firmly believed1 was bent upon humiliating ,prussia4 ,in this way public feeling in both countries was fanned into a heat which could be cooled only by blood4 ,the account of the interview at ,ems was a fabrication1 as ,benedetti has since clearly shown2 but ,bismarck's 8swineherds0 had faithfully done their unholy work4#ajj ,when1 just at the beginning of the war1 the ,french army made an attack on ,saarbrcken1 the reptile-press spread the report that they had reduced the city to ashes2 and this infamous falsehood made a deep impression throughout ,germany4 ,a similar lie had been propagated at the commencement of the ,austrian war4 ,on the #bgth of ,june1 #ahff1 the ,prussians were driven from ,trautenau by ,general ,gablenz1 and forthwith the reptile-press raised the cry that the citizens of ,trautenau had poured from their houses hot water and boiling oil on the retreating soldiers2 and the government lent itself to the spreading of this detestable calumny by dragging off the mayor of ,trautenau1 ,dr4 ,roth1 to prison1 where he was detained in close confinement nearly three months4#aja ,there is no subject on which the organs of the 8,press-,bureau0 are more united or more eloquent than the necessity of keeping up the full strength of the standing army2 nay1 they have gone so far as to demand that the ,reichstag shall consent to take from the representatives of the people the right to legislate on military affairs during the next seven years4 ,but before taking this step1 hitherto unheard of in the history of constitutional government1 it was necessary to manipulate public opinion1 so that the members of parliament might seem to be compelled to this decision by the will of the people themselves4 ,with this view packed meetings were gotten up in various parts of the empire which the telegraph lyingly announced to the world as very numerously attended and unanimous in demanding the seven-year enactment2 but the popular gatherings which were held to protest against this violation of constitutional rights were passed over in dead silence1 and their action1 consequently1 did not become known outside of their own immediate neighborhood4 ,the reptile-press acted in full harmony with the 8,telegraph-,bureau40 ,the ,spener'sche ,zeitung1 in ,berlin1 went so far as to declare that no protests had been heard1 whereupon the ,provinzial-korrespondenz exclaimed that the movement1 which had proceeded from the depths of the nation's heart with unexpected power1 should force the ,reichstag to yield to the demand of the government4 ,as a part of the same programme1 the 8,press-,bureau0 just a year ago raised the cry that ,france was buying horses1 and that in less than three months she would declare war on ,germany4 ,on the same day and at the same hour this startling announcement was made in ,frankfort1 in ,leipzig1 in ,stuttgart1 and other cities4 ,the following day hundreds of newspapers throughout the fatherland took up the chorus and began to shout that the empire was threatened4 ,now1 all the world knows that ,france at that time was as little thinking of making war on ,germany as of tunnelling the ,atlantic ,ocean2 but this piece of journalistic legerdemain roused the ,teutonic mind to the necessity of strengthening the army and increasing the military resources of a country which was already a camp of soldiers4 ,no figure of rhetoric is more forcible than repetition1 and we may calculate with mathematical precision just how many leading articles1 all saying the same thing in fifty different localities1 are required in order to fabricate a public opinion on a given subject4 ,another trick of the reptile-press is employed to prevent the people from getting a knowledge of the speeches of the opposition in parliament4 ,the arguments of these orators are either excluded from its columns or caricatured so as to appear childish or ridiculous4 ,when1 for instance1 ,sonnemann1 the member for ,frankfort1 made an appeal in behalf of the ,alsacians1 who had themselves been reduced to dead silence1 and showed from authentic documents the pitiable condition to which that province had been brought1 the organs of the 8,press-,bureau0 declared that 8to answer such utterances would be beneath the dignity of a chancellor of the empire2 such want of political honor had no claim to pass as the honest views of an individual02 and when ,mallinckrodt placed his hand on ,lamarmora's book to prove his charges against ,bismarck1 the ,spener'sche ,zeitung announced that 8the national parties were filled with deepest disgust at the conduct of the ,centrum's faction1 and were not able to conceal their regret that ,prince ,bismarck should deign to answer these ,ultramontane brawlers1 since1 by consenting to notice the tricks of ,windthorst1 ,mallinckrodt1 and ,schorlemer1 he was giving prominence to what ought to be completely ignored02 and then closed with the phrase of ,frederick the ,great1 8,shall we play at fisticuffs with the rabble80 ,the ,norddeutsche ,allgemeine and ,national ,zeitung indulged in similar strains1 and these articles were then republished by nearly the entire ,german press4 ,when an opponent is especially troublesome the press-reptiles raise the cry that he has been bought up by foreign gold2 and in this they are probably sincere1 since it must be difficult for them to understand how any man could refuse to sell himself for a proper consideration4 ,for five years now ,bismarck's venal press has poured the full tide of its wrath upon the bishops and priests of ,germany4 ,here was a subject upon which the reptiles could distil their venom to their hearts' content4 ,what magnificent opportunities were here offered to the 8mud-bathers0 to hunt through the sewers of the centuries and to wallow in the mire of the ages2 to revive ,luther's vocabulary and refurbish the rusty weapons that for hundreds of years had lain idle and hurtless6 ,what an open field was here in which to ventilate historical calumnies1 to produce startling effects by the dramatic grouping of striking figures2 to bring out the light of the golden present by causing it to fall upon the dark and bloody background of the past6 ,and what divine occasions for indignation1 wrath1 horror1 word-painting to cause the hair to stand on end and the eyes to start6 ,here was place for withering scorn1 patriotic thunder1 lurid lightning to sear the ,jesuitic head bent upon the ruin of the new empire4 ,and with what demoniac delight the hired crew ring the changes on each popular catch-word--progress1 liberty1 culture1 free thought2 and how they foam and rage when a bishop or a priest has the 8boundless impudence0 to speak in defence of the church6 8,it has come to this10 says the ,dresdener ,volksbote 7,april #ag1 #ahgc73 8,minorities must keep silence40 8,gone10 exclaims a former ,german ,minister of ,state1--8gone is the reign of noble ideas2 the power of the love of country and of freedom2 the worth and honor of the national character6 ,money alone is loved1 and all means by which it is acquired seem natural and praiseworthy40 ,the very foundations of the moral order are attacked by this vile press4 ,the events of #ahff and #ahgj are now spoken of as 8an historical phenomenon1 which cannot be judged by the current notions of morality1 but in accordance with which these moral principles themselves must be widened and corrected40 ,this is the low and degrading philosophy to which the idolatry of success fatally leads4 ,but1 for the honor of journalism1 a portion of the ,german press has remained closed against the insidious power of the 8,reptile-fund40 ,no ,catholic newspaper has lent itself even covertly to this conspiracy against truth and liberty2 and it must be admitted1 too1 that the socialistic journals have refused the government bribes2 their circulation1 however1 which is not large1 is confined almost exclusively to the laboring classes1 and their influence is but little felt4 ,the power of the ,catholic press in ,germany is of recent growth4 ,in the early part of the present century the only periodical of any weight devoted to the defence of the interests of the church in ,germany was the ,theologische ,quartalschrift1 founded in #ahai as the organ of the ,tbingen professors4 ,twenty years later ,joseph ,grres established in ,munich the ,historisch-politischen ,bltter1 which soon caused the influence of his powerful mind to be felt throughout the fatherland1 and which1 under the editorial management of the historian ,jrg1 is still to-day one of the ablest reviews in ,germany4 ,the censorship of the press which1 prior to the revolution of #ahdh1 was maintained in all the ,german governments1 was exercised in a way that rendered ,catholic journalism impossible4 ,no sooner1 however1 had the ,parliament of ,frankfort proclaimed the liberty of the press than the ,catholics hastened to take advantage of it by creating newspapers to advocate their religious interests4 ,the bishops and priests1 in obedience to the earnest exhortations of ,pius ,,ix41 threw themselves into the work with a will2 the people followed their example2 press-unions were formed and a large number of ,catholic newspapers sprang into life4 ,bismarck's persecution of the church gave yet greater force to this movement and increased both the number and the circulation of ,catholic journals4 ,in the new ,german ,empire there are to-day two hundred and thirty newspapers devoted to the interests of the church4 ,the ,augsburger ,wochenblatt has a subscription list of thirty-two thousand2 the ,mainzer ,volksblatt1 one of thirty thousand4 ,twelve thousand copies of the ,germania 7in ,berlin7 are sold daily1 and many other ,catholic journals have a circulation of from five to ten thousand copies4 ,as this powerful ,catholic press could not be bought1 nothing remained to be done but to silence it4 ,at the close of the year #ahgb all ,prussian journals were warned1 under pain of confiscation1 not to publish the ,christmas ,allocution of ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 ,mallinckrodt1 the vigilant ,catholic leader1 raised his voice in protest against this attempt upon the liberty of the press2 but the ,reichstag was silent1 and the newspapers which had not heeded the warning were seized4 ,the ,mainzer ,journal was brought into court for having presumed to print an open letter to the emperor1 in which was found the following sentence3 8,the emperor is bound by the laws of the moral order just like the least of his subjects40 ,the government procurator 7,schn1 in ,mainz1 on the #aith of ,december1 #ahgc7 declared that the emperor is a 8sanctified0 person1 whose majesty is 8above the laws of the state10 and the bare address 8to the emperor0 is a punishable offence4 ,for republishing this open letter the editors of the ,klner ,volkszeitung and the ,mhlheimer ,anzeiger were condemned to prison for two months4 ,siegbert1 the managing editor of the ,deutscher ,reichszeitung 7,catholic71 was called upon to give the name of the writer of a certain article which he had published2 and upon his declaration that this would be a breach of honor he was thrown into prison4 ,on the #ast of ,july1 #ahgd1 a new law came into force1 by which still further restrictions were placed upon the liberty of the press2 and on the #aeth of the same month the ,minister of ,justice enjoined upon the government officials to keep sharp watch upon the newspapers4 ,within six months from this date the ,germania newspaper in ,berlin had been condemned thirty-nine times2 and there were besides twenty-four untried charges against it in court4 ,in ,january1 ,february1 ,march1 and ,april1 #ahge--;four months--one hundred and thirty-six editors were condemned either to prison or to pay a fine4 ,the most of these were ,catholics1 though some of them belonged to the democratic and socialistic press4 ,it is not necessary to say that the 8press-reptiles0 were not represented among them4 ,these editors were thrust into the cells of common criminals1 were refused books and writing material1 and were forced to live upon 8prison fare10 which many found so unpalatable that they could eat nothing but rye-bread4 ,the reptile-press alone is tolerated4 ,if a man wishes to be honest1 and has1 notwithstanding1 no desire to go to jail1 the most unwise thing which he could do would be to become a journalist in the new ,german ,empire4 ,to refuse to eat of the 8,reptile-fund0 is to condemn one's self to ,bismarck's 8prison fare0 of beans and cold water4 ,to poison the wells is not held to be lawful1 even in war2 but to taint the fountain-sources of knowledge1 and to corrupt the channels through which alone the public receives its general information1 is not thought to be unworthy of a great hero1 if we may judge from the ,prussian chancellor's popularity with ,englishmen and ,americans1 which is not diminished even by his determined efforts to crush all who refuse to sell their souls or renounce their manhood4 8,the only man10 said ,carlyle of ,bismarck--8the only man appointed by ,god to be his vicegerent here on earth in these days1 and knowing he was so appointed1 and bent with his whole soul on doing and able to do ,god's work40 ,and our great centennial celebration of the reign of popular government is to be desecrated by a colossal statue of the man who is its deadliest enemy4 ,we have not1 in this country1 wholly escaped the evil effects of the vast ,european conspiracy against truth and honor which is carried on through the agency of 8,press-,bureaus10 8,telegram-,bureaus10 8,correspondence-,bureaus10 and 8,reptile-funds40 ,one may1 for instance1 readily detect the 8trail of the serpent0 in many of the cable despatches to the ,associated ,press1 and not less evidently in the ,european correspondence of some of our leading journals4 ,is it not worthy of remark that so few of our great newspapers should have taken up the defence of the persecuted and imprisoned ,german editors8 ,the ,american press1 which can1 upon such slight compulsion1 be blatant and loud-mouthed1 has been most reserved in its treatment of ,bismarck2 has1 indeed1 hardly attempted to veil its sympathy with his despotic and arbitrary measures4 ,if this approval of tyranny went merely the length of applauding his persecution of the ,catholic ,church1 it might be explained by the desire to pander to popular ,protestant prejudice4 ,but how shall we account for it when there is question of the degradation and enslavement of the press itself2 of the violation of every principle of liberty2 and of the systematic consolidation of the most complete military despotism which the world has ever seen8 ,might it not be possible1 even1 to trace to the ,reptilien-fond the recent attempts to rekindle in the ,united ,states the flame of religious hate and fanaticism8 ,however this may be1 it is unfortunately true that money is the controlling power in ,american as in ,german journalism4 ,its influence is as discernible in the columns of our own 8independent0 press as in a genuine ,berlin 8mud-bather's0 double-leaded leader4 8,how can we help it80 said a well-known editor of ,vienna4 8,a newspaper office is a shop where publicity is bought and sold40 8,i will be frank10 said another journalist4 8,i am like a woman of the town 7,ich bin die ,hure von ,berlin73 if you wish to have this and that written1 pay your money40 ,praise and blame1 approval and condemnation1 are the articles of merchandise of the press1 and they are offered to the highest bidder4 8,when the proprietor of a journal10 says ,sacher-,mosach1 a widely-known and conscientious writer1 who was for some time connected with the ,vienna newspaper1 the ,presse1 and afterwards with the ,neue ,freie ,presse--8when the proprietor of a journal has entered into lucrative relations with a bank1 he is not content with placing his sheet at its disposition in whatever relates to financial matters2 but if the director of the bank1 as sometimes happens1 is a man of fancy who patronizes an actress who has beauty but not talent1 he will order his theatrical critic to praise this lady without stint2 and the critic will reserve all his squibs for some old comdienne who is not protected by a bank director or by any one else4 ,if a great publisher has all the works which appear in his house advertised in the journal1 the proprietor will direct his book critic to find them all admirably written1 profound1 and full of the freshest and most delightful thoughts2 and the author is just as certain to be praised in this sheet as he is to be torn to pieces by the newspapers in which his book has not been advertised4 ,the first principle of journalistic industry and of the criticism at its command is to recognize merit only when and so far as it is financially profitable to do so40#ajb ,it is far from our thought to wish to deny the vast power for good exercised by the press2 but this is its own constant theme1 and we have deemed it a more worthy1 even though a less pleasant1 task to point out at least some of the ways in which its power may be turned against the highest interests of truth and the dearest liberties of the people4 ,a thoughtful and fearless work on the influence of journalism on our ,american civilization would be a fitting contribution to the centennial literature1 and at the same time a most instructive chapter in the history of the country4 ,the only attempt of this kind which so far has been made does not rise above the dignity of a compilation1 and is without value as a philosophical discussion of the subject4 #ig ,die deutsche ,zeitschriften und die ,entstehung der ffentlichen ,meinung4 ,ein ,beitrag zur ,geschichte des ,zeitungswesens4 ,von ,heinrich ,wuttke4--,the ,german newspapers and the origin of public opinion3 a contribution to the history of journalism4 ,leipzig3 #ahge4 #ih ,die deutsche ,zeitschriften1 p4 #cji4 #ii ,this spurious document has got into many books2 e4g41 into ,hahn's ,geschichte des preussischen ,vaterlandes4 #ajj ,see ,ma ,mission en ,prusse1 by ,benedetti1 ,paris1 #ahga1 p4 #cgb et seq4 #aja ,roth1 ,achtzig ,tage in preussischen ,gefangenschaft1 p4 #ac4 #ajb ,sacher-,mosach1 ,ueber den ,werth der ,kritik1 ,leipzig1 #ahgc1 p4 #ee4 ,,some ,,forgotten ,,catholic ,,poets4 8''' ,illacrimabiles ,urgentur1 ignotique longa ,nocte carent quia vate sacro40 ,when we speak of ,catholic poets1 three of the foremost names in ,english literature come up at once--,dryden1 ,pope1 and ,moore4 ,the two latter are more eminent1 perhaps1 as poets than as ,catholics1 but of ,dryden's sincerity and steadfastness in the change of faith which 8moralized his song0 and gave a masterpiece to ,english poetry there is1 happily1 no doubt4 ,many later names are familiar to the general reader as those of ,catholics whose genius has lent lustre to our own epoch4 ,some1 like ,newman1 ,faber1 ,de ,vere1 and ,adelaide ,procter1 claim fellowship with the most famous and are known wherever ,english poetry is read4 ,others1 like ,caswall1 ,coventry ,patmore1 and ,d4 ,f4 ,mac,carthy1 are favorites of a narrower circle4 ,all are known as ,catholic poets to many by no means intimate with their works4 ,even poor ,clarence ,mangan has not been denied his place and his crust of praise on the doorsteps of the 8,victorian ,era0--he was never a very importunate suppliant3 no act of ,parliament could have made that minstrel a 8sturdye begger0--and is scarcely yet forgotten1 although he added to the 7sthetic7 crime of being a ,catholic and the weakness of being an ,irishman the unpardonable sin of living and dying in utter poverty and wretchedness4 ,our present business1 however1 is not with these or with any who1 being dead1 have friends and followers to sound their praises1 or1 living1 whose books may still be read and admired1 if only by themselves4 ,we shall take leave to introduce the reader into an obscurer company1 where he will yet1 we are assured1 find those who are not unworthy of his friendship and esteem4 ,they themselves and their memories even are ghosts2 but they will gladly take form and substance to receive our sympathetic greeting and unbosom themselves of their sorrows4 ,fate has pressed hardly on them2 they have felt the 8iniquity of oblivion02 forgetfulness has been for most of them their only mourner2 upon their trembling little rushlight of glory that each fondly hoped was to be a beacon for eternity that sardonic jester1 ,time1 has clapped his grim extinguisher and they are incontinently snuffed out4 ,posterity1 their court of last appeal1 is bribed to cast them1 and their scanty heritage of immortality is parcelled out among a younger and greedier generation4 ,instead of the trophies and mausoleums they looked to so confidently1 the monuments more lasting than brass1 they are fain to put up with a broken urn in an antiquarian's cabinet1 a half-obliterated headstone in ,sexton ,allibone's deserted graveyard4 ,we own to a weakness for neglected poets4 ,the reigning favorite of that whimsical tyrant1 ,fame1 ruffling in all the bravery of new editions and costly bindings1 worldly-minded critics may cringe to and flatter2 we shall seek him out when he is humbled and in disgrace1 very likely out at elbows and banished to the ,tomos of the bookstall or the ,siberia of the auction-room4 ,we are shy indeed of those great personages who throng the council-chambers of ,king ,apollo1 and are ill at ease in their society4 ,a bowing acquaintance with them we crave at most1 to brag of among our friends1 and1 for the rest1 are much more at home with the little poets who cool their heels in the gracious sovereign's anteroom4 ,these we can take to our bosoms and our firesides2 but imagine having ,dante every day to dinner1 leaving hope at the door as he comes scowling in1 or ,milton for ever discoursing 8man's first disobedience0 over the tea and muffins6 ,don ,juan's ,commander were a more cheerful guest4 ,it is pleasant1 we take it1 to turn aside now and then from the crowded highway where these great folks air their splendors1 and lose ourselves in the dewy woods where the lesser muses hide1 tracing some slender by-path where few have strayed4--secretum iter et fallentes semita vit4 ,the flowers that grow by the roadside may be more radiant or of rarer scent2 but what delight to explore for ourselves the shy violet hidden from other eyes1 to stumble by untrodden ways upon the freshness of secret springs1 and perhaps of a sudden to emerge in the graveyard aforesaid1 where the air is full of elegies more touching than ,gray's1 and our good sexton is at hand to wipe the dust from this or the other sunken tombstone of some world-famous bard and help us to decipher his meagre record4 ,the tombstone is the folio containing his immortal works2 it is heavier than most tombstones1 and his world-famous memory moulders quietly beneath it4 ,surely there is something pathetic in such a destiny2 something which touches a human chord4 ,we may pity the fate of many a forgotten poet whose poems we should not greatly care to read4 ,with their keen self-consciousness1 which is not vanity1 and their sensitiveness to outward impressions1 poets more than most men cling to that hollow semblance of earthly life beyond the grave1 that mirage of true immortality1 we call posthumous fame4 ,more than most they dread and shrink from the callous indifference1 the cynical disrespect1 of the mighty sans-culotte1 ,death4 ,to die is little2 but to die and be forgotten1 to vanish from the scene of one's daily walks and talks and countless cheerful activities1 as utterly and as silently as a snow-flake melts in the sea2 to be blotted out of the book of life as carelessly as a schoolboy would sponge a cipher from his slate--this jars upon us1 this makes us wince4 ,from that fate1 at least1 the poet feels himself secure2 he leaves behind him the ,beloved ,book4 ,with that faithful henchman to guard it1 the pale phantom of his fame cannot be jostled aside from the places that knew him by the hurrying1 selfish crowds4 ,it will remain1 the better part of himself1 8the heir of his invention10 but kinder than most heirs1 to jog the world's elbow from time to time and buy him a brief furlough from oblivion4 ,through that loyal interpreter he may still hold converse with his fellows1 who might ill understand the speech of that remote1 mysterious realm wherein he has been naturalized a citizen2 he will keep up a certain shadowy correspondence with the cosey firesides1 the merry gatherings1 he has left that may serve to warm and cheer him in the chilly company of ghosts2 perhaps--who knows8--may even lend him dignity and consequence among that thin fraternity4 ,he will not wholly have resigned his voice in mundane matters2 his memory1 as it were a spiritual shadow1 will continue to fall across the familiar ways2 he will have his portion still1 a place reserved for him1 in the bustling1 merry world4 ,very likely at this stage of his reflections he will whisper to himself1 ,non omnis moriar2 in his enthusiasm he may go further1 and with gay1 vain1 prattling ,herrick share immortality1 as though it were a school-boy's plum-cake1 among his friends4 ,hugging this smiling illusion1 he resigns himself to the grave1 and the daisies have not had time to bloom thereon before the ,beloved ,book1 the loyal interpreter1 the faithful henchman1 the wonder-worker of his dream1 is as dead and utterly forgotten as--well1 let us say as the promises our friend the new ,congressman made us when he expressed such friendly anxiety about our health just previous to the late election4 ,so utter1 even ludicrous1 a bouleversement of hopes so passionate--and there is nothing a poet longs for so passionately as remembrance after death1 unless it be recognition in life--may touch the sourest cynic4 ,it may be as ,milton says in his proudly conscious way3 ,si quid meremur1 sana posteritas sciet4 ,but what comfort is it to our undeserving to know that a sane posterity is justified in forgetting it8 ,good poetry1 like virtue1 is its own reward4 ,but the bad poet1 outcast of gods and men1 and of every bookseller who owns not and publishes a popular magazine2 the ,pariah of ,parnassus1 the ,ishmael of letters1 with every critic's hand against him1 haunted through life by the dim1 appalling spectre of his own badness1 helplessly prescient in lucid intervals of the quaintly cruel doom which is to consign him after death to the paper-mill1 there to be made over--heu6 fides mutatosque deos6--for the base uses of other bad poets1 his rivals--if to this martyr we cannot give consolation1 we surely need not grudge compassion4 ,the discerning reader may have gathered from these remarks that the bards we are about to usher back from endless night into his worshipful presence are not all of the first order1 or indeed of any uniform order1 of excellence4 ,they are not all ,miltons or ,shaksperes3 si quid meremur would be for some of them an idle boast1 and their posterity can hardly be convicted of insanity for having sedulously let them be4 ,but neither must we argue rashly from this neglect of them that they deserved to be neglected4 ,neglect was for a time the portion of the greatest names in ,english letters4 ,up to the middle of the last century it was practically the common lot of all the writers who came before the ,restoration4 ,literary gentlemen1 the wits of the coffee-house1 the ,aristarchuses of ,dick's or ,button's1 knew about them in a vague way as a set of queer old fellows who wrote uncouth verses in an outlandish dialect about the time of ,shakspere and ,milton4 ,the more enterprising poets stole from them2 but ,english literature as a living body knew them not4 ,they were no longer members of the guild or made free of its mysteries2 they were foreigners among their own people1 speaking a strange tongue1 shrewdly suspected of unwholesome dealings in such forbidden practices as fancy and imagination1 and on the whole best excluded from the commonwealth of letters4 ,even ,shakspere and ,milton were little more than names4 ,to the patched and periwigged taste of ,queen ,anne's and the ,georgian era they made no appeal2 the critics of the quadrille-table and the tea-gardens1 the 8pretty fellows0 of the ,wells1 voted them low and insipid4 ,milton was a wild fanatic with heterodox notions of regicide1 who wrote a dull epic which the ingenious ,mr4 ,addison saw fit to praise in his ,spectator for a novelty1 of course1 though his papers upon it were certainly far less amusing than those devoted to ,sir ,roger and his widow or the diversions of the ,amorous ,club2 while ,shakspere was a curious old playwright whom the great ,mr4 ,pope stooped to admire with qualifications1 and even to edit--with notes1 and some of whose rude productions1 notably ,king ,lear1 when polished and made presentable by the elegant ,mr4 ,tate1 were really not so bad1 though of course not for a moment to be compared to such superlative flights of genius as ,the ,distressed ,mother or ,the ,mourning ,bride4 ,does anybody nowadays read the elegant ,mr4 ,tate1 ,king ,william's laureate of pious and immortal memory8 ,besides his labors in civilizing ,king ,lear and his celebrated ,poems upon ,tea1 perhaps also upon toast1 a grateful country owed to him1 in conjunction with ,dr4 ,brady1 its rescue from ,sternhold and ,hopkins1 8arch-botchers of a psalm or prayer10 of whom we read1 with a subdued but mighty joy1 that they 8''' had great qualms ,when they translated ,david's ,psalms10 as well they might4 ,yet1 despite this notable achievement1 ,nahum 7,nahum1 ,o ,phbus6 was his name7 has long since ceased to fill the speaking trump4 ,but for his impertinences to the 8poor despised0 ,lear he would be quite forgotten4 ,he is a fly like many another preserved in ,shakspere's amber4 ,one reads with a sort of dumb rage of these essays of smirking mediocrity to 8improve on0 that colossal genius4 ,it was ,gulliver tricked out by the ,liliputians4 ,tate was not the only #8prentice hand that tried its skill at 8painting the lily40 ,cibber and ,shadwell were industrious at it1 and to this day many of us know ,shakspere's 8refined gold0 only as it comes to us electroplated from the ,cibberian crucible4 ,lord ,lansdowne prepared a ,jew of ,venice1 which was acted with a prologue by ,mr4 ,bevill ,higgins--another ,phbean title which the great trumpeter has unaccountably dropped4 ,mr4 ,higgins brings forward ,shakspere telling ,dryden3 8,these scenes in their rough native dress weremine1 ,but now1 improved1 with nobler lustre shine2 ,the first rude sketches ,shakspere's pencil drew1 ,but all the shining master-strokes are new4 ,this play1 ye critics1 shall your fury stand1 ,adorn'd and rescud by a faultless hand40 ,here are two of the shining master-strokes3 8,as who should say1 ,i am1 sir1 an oracle02 8,still quiring to the blue-eyed cherubim06 ,and this was ,pope's 8,granville the polite10 the 8,muses' glory and delight0 of ,young1 who informs us1 moreover--he had certainly a very pretty taste and boundless generosity in praising a person of quality--that1 though long may we hope brave ,talbot's blood will run ,in great descendants1 ,shakspere has but one1 ,and him my ,lord 7he begs will7 permit him not to name1 ,but in kind silence spare his rival's shame4 ,the generous reserve is vain1 however4 ,each reader will defeat his useless aim1 ,and to himself great ,agamemnon name4 ,great ,agamemnon is ,granville3 8,europe sheathed the sword ,when this great man was first saluted lord10 apparently that he might give his whole time to filling ,shakspere with shining new master-strokes like those above4 ,all this sounds ridiculous enough4 ,but even genius was bitten by the same tarantula4 ,we all know how ,johnson treated ,lycidas4 ,dryden found the rhyme in ,milton's juvenile poems 8strained and forced0 7this of ,l',allegro and ,il ,penseroso1 for example671 and confessed that ,shakspere's diction was almost as difficult to him as ,chaucer4 ,how difficult ,chaucer was much nearer his own time may be inferred from the leonine ,latin version of the ,troilus and ,cresscide which ,francis ,kinaston1 an ,oxford scholar1 published in #afce1 with the avowed object of rescuing ,chaucer 8from the neglect to which his obsolete language had condemned him by rendering him generally intelligible40 ,and ,cartwright1 8the florid and seraphicall preacher10 approves his pious labor1 telling him3 8#8,tis to your happy cares we owe that we ,read ,chaucer now without a dictionary40 ,what a commentary on the educational system of the time that in ,england such ,english as this-- 8,this ,troilus1 as he was wont to guide ,his yonge knights1 he lad hem up and doune ,in thilke large temple1 on every side ,beholding aie the ladies of the toune10 should be less generally intelligible than such ,latin as this3 8,hic ,troilus pro more 7ut solebat7 ,juveniles equites pone se sequentes ,per fani spatia ampla perducebat ,assidue urbis dominas intuentes40 ,but so it was1 and so it was to be long after4 ,in #agah ,bysshe1 in his ,art of ,poetry1 8passed by ,spenser and the poets of his age1 because their language has become so obsolete that most readers of our age have no ear for them1 and therefore ,shakspere is quoted so rarely in this collection40 ,and ,thomas ,warton says of ,pope's obligations to ,milton1 8,it is strange that ,pope1 by no means of a congenial spirit1 should be the first who copied ,comus or ,il ,penseroso4 ,but ,pope was a gleaner of the old ,english poets2 and he was here pilfering from obsolete ,english poetry without the least fear or danger of being detected40 ,pope certainly was a proficient in his own 8art of stealing wisely40 8,who now reads ,cowley80 he asks1 and answers his own question in the lines he borrowed from him4 ,what an anomalous period in our literature was this6--polished1 witty1 brilliant to the highest degree1 displaying in its own productions incomparable taste and art1 yet so incapable1 seemingly1 of 8tasting0 the great writers who had gone before it6 ,fancy a time when people went about--people of cultivation1 too--asking who was that fellow ,shakspere6 ,to us he seems as real and as large a figure in his dim perspective as the largest and most alive that swaggers in the foreground of to-day4 ,do we not feel something weird and uncanny1 something ghostly1 on opening the ,retrospective ,review so late as #ahbe1 and finding ,robert ,herrick gravely paraded as a new discovery8 ,fifty years ago that was by the dates2 as we read it seems five hundred4 ,the critic antedates by centuries his subject--like his own god ,lyus1 8ever fresh and ever young0--and is infinitely older1 quainter1 more remote from us4 ,is it our turn next to be forgotten8 ,shall we not all be asking at our next ,centennial if ,tennyson ever lived1 debating whether ,master ,farquhar was really the author of the poems attributed to ,browning1 finding ,longfellow difficult and obscure1 and wondering in our antiquarian societies if ,thackeray was a religious symbol or something to eat8 ,shall we--but if we keep on in this wise1 one thing plainly we shall not do1 and that is get back to our neglected ,catholic poets--now twice neglected4 ,let us leave our future to bury its own dead1 and betake ourselves once more to the poetic past4 ,we have seen that our ,catholic poets1 if forgotten1 were at least forgotten in good company2 in the ample recognition which came at last to the latter they did not so fully share4 ,in that ,renaissance of our early literature which marked the close of the last century1 and which1 pioneered by ,percy1 ,ritson1 ,wright1 ,nichols1 ,warton1 ,brydges1 and others1 restored to the ,elizabethan poets1 with ,chaucer and ,milton1 their 8comates in exile10 a pre-eminence from which they will scarcely be dislodged1 many of our particular friends came to the surface4 ,but most of them did not long remain there1 dropping quickly out of sight1 either from intrinsic weight or the indifference of the literary fishers who had netted them4 ,how far any such indifference may have been due to their faith we will not venture to say4 ,we should be sorry to believe that the hateful spirit of religious bigotry had invaded the muse's peaceful realm1 scaring nymph and faun from the sides of ,helicon with strange and hideous clamor4 ,for our own part1 we like a poet none the worse for being a ,protestant1 though we may like him a trifle the better for being a ,catholic4 ,we have a vague notion that all good poets ought to be ,catholics1 and a secret persuasion that some day they will be2 that the ,tennysons1 the ,holmeses1 the ,longfellows and ,lowells and ,brownings of the future will be gathered into the fold1 and only the ----s or the ----s 7the reader will kindly fill up these blank spaces with his pet poetical aversions7 be left to raise the hymns of heterodoxy on the outside in melancholy and discordant chorus1 8,their lean and flashy songs ,grating on scrannel pipes of wretched straw40 ,awaiting that blissful time1 however1 we are content to enjoy the 8music of ,apollo's lute0 as it comes to us1 without inspecting too curiously the fingers that touch it1 so long as they be clean4 ,and we are willing to believe that if our ,catholic poets have had less than their fair share of attention1 it has been their misfortune or their fault1 and not because of any sectarian cabal to crowd them from the thrones which may belong to them of right among 8the inheritors of unfulfilled renown40 ,to tell the truth1 indeed1 such of them as we find prior to the time of ,elizabeth have few claims on our regret4 ,we count1 of course1 from the ,reformation2 when all poets were ,catholics1 there was nothing peculiarly distinctive in being a ,catholic poet4 ,the ,shyp of ,folys of the ,worlde1 translated out of ,latin1 ,frenche and ,doche into ,englyshe tonge by ,alexander ,barclay1 preste1 is too well known to come fairly into our category4 ,but the ,shyp of ,folys belongs1 after all1 at least as much to ,sylvester ,brandt as to ,barclay1 and the more original works of the good monk of ,ely--his ,eglogues 7though these1 too1 were based on ,mantuanus and neas ,sylvius1 afterwards pope71 his ,figure of our ,mother ,holy ,church oppressed by the ,french ,king--even those trenchant satires1 in which he demolished ,master ,skelton1 the heretical champion1 are sufficiently forgotten to be his passport4 ,another of his translations1 ,the ,castle of ,labour1 from the ,french1 may have suggested to ,thomson his ,castle of ,indolence--to the latter bard a more congenial mansion4 ,the 8mad1 mery wit0 which won for ,heywood1 the epigrammatist1 the favor of ,henry ,,viii4 and his daughter ,mary seems vapid enough to us4 ,perhaps it was like champagne1 which must be drunk at once1 and1 being kept for a century or two1 grows flat and insipid4 ,the ,play called the four ,p's1 being a new and merry ,enterlude of a ,palmer1 ,pardoner1 ,poticary1 and ,pedlar1 would scarcely run for a hundred nights on the metropolitan stage4 ,his ,epigrams1 six hundred in ,number1 which were thought uproariously funny by his own generation1 ours finds rather dismal reading4 ,we somehow miss the snap of even that wonderful design1 his ,dialogue containing in effect the number of al the ,proverbes in the ,english tongue1 which all ,england was shaking its sides over long after ,shakspere had flung his rarest pearls at its feet4 ,heywood's great work is an allegory entitled1 ,the ,spider and the ,flie1 8wherein10 says a polite contemporary1 8he dealeth so profoundly and beyond all measure of skill that neither he himself that made it1 neither any one that readeth it1 can reach to the meaning thereof40 ,it is a sort of religious parable1 the flies representing the ,catholics1 and the spiders the ,protestants1 to whom enter presently1 dea ex machin1 ,queen ,mary with a broom4 ,heywood 8was inflexibly attached to the ,catholic cause10 and when1 the broom-wielder having gone to another sphere1 the spiders got the ascendant1 he betook himself to ,mechlin1 where he died in exile for conscience' sake4 ,therein ,chaucer could have done no better4 ,can we enroll ,sir ,thomas ,more among our tuneful company8 ,brave old ,sir ,thomas was a ,catholic certainly--a ,catholic of the ,catholics--and he wrote poetry1 too1 or what passed for such4 ,it is one of the many heinous charges brought against him by worthy ,master ,skelton in his ,pithie1 ,pleasaunt and ,profitable ,workes--his going about 8,with his poetry ,and his sophistry ,to mock and make a lie40 ,but if poetry were a crime1 and no other had been laid to his charge1 the good chancellor might have stood his trial freely on such evidence as is found in his works4 ,his ,mery ,jest1 how a ,sergeant would learn to play the ,freere1 is thought by ,ellis to have furnished the hint for ,cowper's ,john ,gilpin4 ,a ,rufull ,lamentation on the death of ,queen ,elizabeth1 ,henry ,,viii4's mother1 has touches of pathos4 ,the dying queen soliloquizes3 8,where are our castels now1 where are our towers8 ,godely ,rychemonde1 sone art thou gone from me6 ,at ,westminster that costly worke of yours1#ajc ,myne owne dere ,lorde1 now shall ,i never see6 ,almighty ,god vouchsafe to grant that ye ,for you and your children well may edify2 ,my palace byldyd is1 and lo6 now here ,i ly40 ,these1 however1 were the pastimes of his early youth1 and even so were greatly1 and doubtless justly1 esteemed in his own time for their purity and elegance of style4 ,for this reason also they are freely quoted by ,dr4 ,johnson in the preface to his dictionary4 ,more's fame does not rest on these achievements1 but on the greatness of mind which baffled the tyrant1 and 8the erudition which overthrew the fabric of false learning and civilized his country40 ,if not a poet1 he was better than a poet1 a great and good man1 and his memory not ,catholics only1 but all good men1 must ever hold in affectionate reverence4 ,surrey1 the gallant and the ill-fated1 exactly reverses our doubt about ,sir ,thomas4 ,a poet beyond question1 is he to be reckoned a ,catholic8 ,his father was1 and his son would have been had he had the courage of his opinions4 ,the former1 imprisoned at the same time with ,surrey1 8though a strong ,papist10 says ,lord ,herbert1 8pretended to ask for ,sabellicus as the most vehement detecter of the usurpations of the ,bishop of ,rome40 ,and ,surrey's sister1 the ,duchess of ,richmond1 who swore away his life1 8inclined to the ,protestants10 says ,walpole1 8and hated her brother40 ,we need not dwell upon the doubt1 however1 since ,surrey is otherwise ruled out of our small society4 ,a poet included in all the regular collections1 called by his admirers the first of ,english classics1 and by ,pope accorded the final glory of being 8the ,granville 767 of a former age10 can scarcely be held one of the neglected to whom alone our suffrages are due4 ,there1 too1 is ,nicholas ,grimoald1 also of dubious orthodoxy1 though undoubted genius4 ,nicholas was ,ridley's chaplain and suspected of being tainted with his patron's heresy1 but cleared himself by a formal recantation4 ,let us trust it was sincere4 ,grimoald's verses are often of remarkable elegance1 and to the 8strange metre0 or blank verse1 which he adopted from ,lord ,surrey1 he lent renewed grace and vigor4 8,right over stood in snow-white armour brave ,the ,memphite ,zoroas1 a cunning clerk1 ,to whom the heavens lay open as his book1 ,and in celestial bodies he could tell ,the moving1 meeting1 light1 aspect1 eclipse1 ,and influence and constellations all40 ,the eighteenth century might own these lines1 the product of the first half of the sixteenth4 ,edward ,parker1 ,lord ,morley1 was a 8rigid ,catholic0 and a prodigious author4 ,he lived to be near a hundred1 and left at least as many volumes as he had years4 ,besides translations of countless ,latin and ,greek authors from ,plutarch and ,seneca to ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas and ,erasmus1 he wrote 8several tragedies and comedies the very titles of which are lost10 and 8certain rhimes10 says ,bale with a sniff of disdain4 ,all alike are 8dark oblivion's prey10 but history has preserved the important fact that 8this lord having a quarrel for precedence with the ,lord ,dacre of ,gillesland1 he had his pretensions confirmed by ,parliament40 ,what a sermon on human ambition6 ,genius toils incessantly for a century or so1 turning off tragedies and comedies1 rhymes and commentaries1 without number1 to be its monument through all time1 and presently along comes that uncivil master of ceremonies1 that insufferable flunky1 ,fame1 kicks these immortal works without ceremony into the dust-heap1 and introduces ,genius to posterity as the person who 8had the quarrel for precedence with my ,lord ,dacre of ,gillesland40 ,no distinction here1 you see2 not even a decent observance of those pretensions which ,parliament confirmed4 ,lord ,dacre1 who never wrote1 perhaps never knew how to write1 a line1 has his name bawled as loudly to the company as the author of all these tragedies and comedies and rhymes4 ,poor ,lord ,morley6 may he rest as soundly as his books6 ,his pretensions to oblivion1 at least1 no one is likely to dispute4 ,another poet and scholar not less scurvily treated1 and to whom we have somehow taken a wonderful fancy1 was ,george ,etheridge1 a fellow of ,oxford and ,regius ,professor of ,greek there under ,mary4 ,persecuted for ,popery by ,queen ,elizabeth1 he lost his university preferments1 but 8established a private seminary at ,oxford for the instruction of ,catholic youth in the classics1 music1 and logic40 ,he also 8practised physic with much reputation10 greatly1 no doubt1 to the joy of his pupils4 ,a friend of ,leland1 the antiquarian1 his accomplishments were varied and his learning profound4 8,he was an able mathematician10 says a contemporary1 8and one of the most excellent vocal and instrumental musicians in ,england1 but he chiefly delighted in the lute and lyre2 a most elegant poet1 and a most exact composer of ,english1 ,latin1 ,greek1 and ,hebrew verses1 which he used to set to the harp with the greatest skill40 ,of all these elegant productions one only survives--a ,greek encomium1 we are sorry to say1 on that royal reprobate1 ,henry ,,viii42 and the memory of this pious scholar of the sixteenth century has suffered the slight of being confounded with the graceless dramatist of the seventeenth4 ,a cockle-shell weathers the storm that wrecks a frigate1 and a nursery rhyme has outlived ,etheridge's poetry and ,morley's erudition4 ,if widespread renown be a test of merit1 ,the ,merry ,tales of the ,madman of ,gotham must be a work of genius4 8,scholars and gentlemen0 temp4 ,henry ,,viii4 8accounted it a book full of wit and mirth10 and the scholars and babies of three centuries later approve that judgment4 ,the author of this famous poem was ,dr4 ,andrew ,borde1 or ,andreas ,perforatus1 as he preferred to call himself1 8esteemed in his time a noted poet1 a witty and ingenious person1 and an excellent physician10 serving in the latter capacity1 it is said1 to ,henry ,,viii4 ,he was the original of the stage ,merry-andrew1 8going to fairs and the like1 where he would gather a crowd1 to whom he prescribed by humorous speeches couched in such language as caused mirth and wonderfully propagated his fame40 ,he wrote1 besides the ,merry ,tales1 ,the ,mylner of ,abington1 a satire called the ,introduction of ,knowledge1 and various medical works giving curious details of the domestic life of the time4 ,many others we might catalogue who were better churchmen than poets--,william ,forrest1 ,queen ,mary's chaplain1 whose gorgeously-illuminated ,,mss4 show that he1 at least1 had a due appreciation of his ,saincted ,griseilde and his ,blessed ,joseph2 or ,richard ,stonyhurst1 who1 like ,heywood1 died in exile for his faith1 and who merits immortality for having written probably the worst translation of ,virgil ever achieved by mortal man4 ,it was in the amazing hexameter of the time1 that 8foul1 lumbering1 boisterous1 wallowing measure10 as ,nashe calls it1 which represented to ,sir ,philip ,sidney and his coterie the grace and melody of ,virgil's line4 ,the wits laughed it to death1 and we read its epitaph in ,hall's parody3 8,manhood and ,garboiles shall he chaunt with changed feet40 ,on names like these1 however1 we have not space to dwell4 ,not even neglect can sanctify them4 ,we are at the dawning of that glorious outburst of creative genius which made the ,elizabethan era a splendor to all times and lands1 and worthier subjects await us4 ,at the outset we must prepare for something like a disappointment in the scanty list of ,catholic poets which even this prolific period could furnish4 ,looking back on it1 all ,england seems to have been furiously bent on making poetry enough to last it for all years to come4 ,englishmen1 we know1 in those days did other things--circumnavigated the globe once or twice1 and conquered a continent or so--in the intervals of rhyming2 but the wonder is how they found leisure for such trifles from the absorbing business of the hour4 ,poetry1 in that electric century of song1 appears to have been the ,englishman's birthright2 ,apollo possessed the nation4 ,the judge scribbled odes upon the bench2 the soldier turned a sonnet and a battery together2 the sailor made a song as he brought his ship into action2 the bishop preached indifferently in sermons and satires--it was hard at times to tell which2 the office-seeker preferred his claims in rhyme1 and his complaints were 8married to immortal verse0--it is lucky our own age is more given to office-seeking than to poetry2 the bricklayer dropped his trowel and was a mighty dramatist2 the condemned1 like ,andr ,chnier at a later day--8the ruling passion strong in death0--strung couplets on the very steps of the scaffold4 ,even princes were smitten with the general madness1 and1 catching something of the general inspiration1 made verses which were no worse than a prince's verses ought to be1 and were often better than their laws4 ,were we poet-haters like ,carlyle1 we should have ample food for disgust in exploring that fiddling age4 ,at every step in the most unlikely corners we stumble upon the inevitable rhymer4 ,in the ,mermaid1 where we drop in for a quiet cup of canary1 and perhaps a glimpse of that rising dramatist1 ,william ,shakspere1 we find him bawling madrigals over his sack2 we overhear him muttering of 8hearts0 and 8darts0 as we take our constitutional in ,powle's ,walk2 the very boatman who wherries us across the ,thames is a ,water-,poet1 as though poets were classified like rats1 and will importune us before we land to buy one of his four-score volumes2 like black care1 ,rhyme sits behind the horseman and climbs the brazen galley4 ,we fly from him to the camp2 and there is that terrible fellow1 ,walter ,devereux1 ,earl of ,essex1 whom we heard of anon slaughtering 8vulgar ,irishry10 men1 women1 and children1 like so many rabbits--there is that martial hero1 fresh from his last battue of unarmed peasants1 simpering over the composition of 8godly and virtuous hymns40 ,we ship with ,drake for a trip to the ,azores 8to do ,god's work10 and incidentally to fill our pockets1 perhaps1 as somehow or other 8,god's work0 usually did for that pious and lucky mariner4 ,scandit ratas vitiosa naves--the rogue ,apollo is there before us4 ,we have scarce got over our sea-sickness before our ingenuous skipper will be asking our opinion of the commendatory verses which 8he hath writ10 he explains--a fine blush mantling under his bronze--8for his very good friend1 ,sir ,gervase ,peckham's ,report of the ,late ,discoveries40 ,we peep over my ,lord of ,pembroke's shoulder as he sits writing in his cabinet--it is a liberty that by virtue of his privilege a well-bred chronicler may take4 ,by his knit brows and preoccupied air it is some weighty state paper he is drafting--a minute1 perhaps1 of her majesty's revenues from fines of popish recusants1 and how the same may be increased4 8,dry those fair1 those crystal eyes10 the state paper begins1 and it is a minute of the perfections of the ,lady ,christiana ,bruce4 ,even the queen's majesty1 between hangings of priests and virginal coquettings with princely wooers1 finds time for the making of royal 8ditties passing sweet and harmonicall40 ,when next we seek her beauteous presence1 worthy ,master ,puttenham will buttonhole us in the ante-chamber and launch out into loyal praises of her 8learned1 delicate1 and noble muse40 8,of any in our time that ,i know of10 he asseverates1 8she is the most excellent poet1 easily surmounting all the rest that have written1 before or since1 for sense1 sweetness1 or subtilltie1 be it in ,ode1 ,elegie1 ,epigram1 or any other kinde of ,poeme1 ,heroick or ,lyrick40 ,master ,puttenham is known to be writing a book on the ,arte of ,poesie4 ,we think as we listen to him of another ,royal ,poet singing yonder at ,fotheringay behind prison-bars1 whose strains sound sweeter to us1 though we shall do well to hide our preference here--sweeter1 but infinitely sad3 8,o ,domine ,deus1 speravi in te6 ,o care mi ,jesu1 nunc libera me6 ,in dura catena1 in misera pna1 desidero te6 ,languendo1 gemendo1 et genuflectendo1 ,adoro1 imploro1 ut liberes me60 ,liberty is the burden of this captive's song1 and her royal sister lends a gracious ear to her prayer4 ,the headsman is already sharpening his axe to break her fetters4 ,and still another princely genius up there in ,edinburgh is so busy with his ,divine ,sonnets1 and his ,rules and ,cautelis for the fashioning of the same1 he has no time to observe that his mother is being led to death4 ,but what is a mother's life to those imperishable works8 8,how1 best of poets1 dost thou laurel wear60 roars lusty ,ben ,jonson1 brimful of sack and loyalty4 8,thou best of poets more than man dost prove10 echoes the faithful ,stirling4 ,yet1 strange as it may seem1 we can never read these superhuman productions with any comfort4 ,the ,divine ,sonnets fade1 and instead we see the gloomy stage at ,fotheringay1 the hapless but heroic victim1 the frowning earls1 the gleaming axe1 the fair head dabbled with gore4 ,let us turn to merely human geniuses4 ,in this time of inspiration1 with all ,england1 from prince to peasant1 bursting into song and three-fourths ,catholic1 we find from ,spenser to ,cowley a scant dozen1 or1 counting ,shakspere1 at most a baker's dozen1 of ,catholic poets worth naming4 ,and ,shakspere1 in spite of ,charles ,butler's ingenious theory and its spirited revival by ,mr4 ,george ,wilkes1 we can scarcely claim4 ,that great poet's religious creed1 like other important features of his life1 must no doubt remain always matter of conjecture4 ,if he was a ,catholic1 his creed was probably no more than a tradition1 strong enough to keep his pages free from the pictures of dissolute monks and nuns in which most of his contemporary playwrights delighted1 but far from the fervor which sent ,southwell to the scaffold1 or the sincerity which1 in a milder age1 made ,sherburne welcome poverty and disgrace4 ,omitting ,shakspere1 then1 our muster-roll is but short4 ,for this there were many reasons4 ,in those days there was other work for ,catholics than verse-making2 the church needed martyrs1 not minstrels1 and the blood-stained record of the ,english mission tells how intrepidly the need was met4 ,southwell and ,campian are only two of a brilliant band almost equally gifted1 equally heroic4 ,the life they led promised little for polite letters4 ,hunted like wild beasts1 in hourly danger of the most cruel and ignominious death2 sleeping1 when they slept1 in hayricks or the open fields2 studying1 when they caught a breathing-spell for study1 in caves and thickets--many of these noble youths have left behind them proofs of a genius which1 under happier auspices1 would have borne abundant fruit4 ,southwell's poems1 composed in the intervals of thirteen rackings1 reveal a spirit of uncommon force and beauty4 ,campian is known to have written at least one tragedy1 ,nectar and ,ambrosia1 performed at ,vienna before the ,emperor ,rodolph4 ,it must be remembered1 too1 that both of these dauntless missionaries were cut off in the very flower of their age1 ,southwell being thirty-two and ,campian forty when executed4 ,francis ,beaumont1 cousin and namesake of the dramatist1 was a ,jesuit and a poet4 ,so was ,jasper ,heywood1 son of the epigrammatist4 ,he translated several tragedies of ,seneca1 and is said by some to have been one of the one hundred and twenty-eight priests executed by the clement ,elizabeth4 ,he is one of ,cibber's ,poets4 ,ellis ,heywood1 his brother1 also a ,jesuit1 though he left behind him a prose work in ,italian1 is not known to have written in verse4 ,of ,crashaw1 whose fortune it was to live at a time when the storm of persecution had spent its fiercest fury1 when ,catholics were subject no longer to be murdered1 but only to be robbed--of ,crashaw1 whose 8power and opulence of invention0 ,coleridge has remarked1 another critic has said that1 with more taste and judgment10 he would have outstripped most of his contemporaries1 even ,cowley40 ,these were all priests4 ,but outside of the priesthood ,catholics found work in other directions which left little leisure for literary pursuits4 ,chidiock ,titchbourne1 whose talents and unhappy fate the elder ,disraeli has feelingly commemorated1 was one of 8an association in ,london of young ,catholic gentlemen of family who met at the house of ,mr4 ,gilbert1 in ,fetter ,lane1 and took care of ,jesuits40 ,thomas ,habington1 an associate of ,titchbourne in this enterprise1 and who1 if not a poet himself1 was at least the father of a poet1 narrowly escaped hanging for concealing in his house the ,jesuits ,garnett and ,oldcome1 accused of complicity in the ,gunpowder ,plot4 ,dymoke1 the champion of ,england1 apparently the same who translated ,il ,pastor ,fido1 won the title to a more glorious championship by dying 7#afaj7 in the ,tower1 where he had been imprisoned for his resolute refusal to conform4 ,dr4 ,lodge1 a most charming poet as well as an eminent physician1 we find in 8the list of popish recusants indicted at the sessions holden for ,london and ,middlesex1 ,february #ae1 #afjd40 ,it is of interest to note en passant that with ,dr4 ,lodge was indicted for the same cause 8,ambrose ,rookwood1 of the army40 ,twenty months later ,ambrose ,rookwood1 of the army1 expressed his opinion of this treatment by engaging in the ,gunpowder ,treason4 ,at a later period we have ,sir ,edward ,sherburne1 a scholar and poet of no mean pretensions1 resigning offices of large emolument rather than betray his faith4 ,certainly1 under the last of the ,tudors and the first of the ,stuarts a ,catholic poet may be said to have cultivated his art under difficulties4 ,the obstacles in the way of ,catholics1 then and long after1 not only for obtaining culture but the rudiments of learning1 were indeed enormous4 ,classed by legislative enactment with 8forgers1 perjurers1 and outlaws10 they were denied education for themselves or their children1 except at the cost of conscience or of ruinous penalties4 ,their liberty they held at twenty days' notice2 their lives at a moment's purchase4 ,at any hour of the day or night their houses were open to the invasion of ruffianly pursuivants1 searching ostensibly for 8,mass-books0 and other 8popish mummeries10 but prone to confound recusant jewels or broad gold pieces with the relics of superstition2 and for such robberies they had absolutely no redress4 ,in the courts of justice they found not only no protection1 but renewed oppression4 ,to use a phrase often misused1 they had really no rights which a conforming subject was bound to respect1 and their freedom1 their fortunes1 nay1 their lives1 were at the mercy of the rapacity or the malice of their ,protestant neighbors4 ,much of their time they spent in going to and from prison2 they crowded the common jails in such multitudes that many new ones had to be opened for the sole accommodation of these hardened malefactors2 and their estates were impoverished to pay for the privilege1 not of going to their own church--that was denied them in any event--but of staying away from one they could not conscientiously enter4 ,men so occupied doubtless found ample employment for their leisure without making acrostics to ,elizabeth ,regina or panegyrics on the 8best of poets40 ,yet even this untoward time and chilling air yielded blossoms of ,catholic poetry which we need not disdain to gather4 ,some of the daintiest of them have been culled by careful gleaners like ,headley and ,ellis and ,southey1 and a stray flower here and there salutes us in the more tasteful modern collections1 such as ,mr4 ,de ,vere's ,selections1 ,mr4 ,palgrave's ,golden ,treasury1 or ,mr4 ,stoddard's ,melodies and ,madrigals1 the latter a gem among its kind4 ,but the bulk of the ,catholic poetry of this period is practically unknown4 ,massinger1 luckier than any of his great rivals 7for ,shakspere was above rivalry71 still keeps the stage with a single comedy1 ,a ,new ,way to pay ,old ,debts4 ,but ,shirley1 little his inferior in dramatic ability1 is1 in spite of ,dyce's elegant edition1 utterly neglected4 ,he may be said to owe his rescue from oblivion to that one noble song in ,the ,contention of ,achilles and ,agamemnon1 8,the ,glories of our ,blood and ,state0--a song which alone is worth a library of modern ballads1 and which might be called truly ,horatian but for a moral elevation which ,horace never reached4 ,and even this song1 almost his sole slender hold on immortality1 ,shirley came near losing2 for in a spurious compilation of ,butler's posthumous works it is given to the author of ,hudibras1 and there entitled ,a ,thought upon ,death upon hearing of the ,murder of ,charles ,i41 though anything further from ,butler's style can scarcely be imagined4 ,ben ,jonson--if1 in virtue of his twelve years spent in the church and the period of his best work1 he may be considered as a ,catholic poet at all--8rare old ,ben10 in spite of his weighty thought1 his pungent humor1 his fertile fancy1 remains among the authors who are widely talked of and little read4 ,lodge again1 who may dispute with ,bishop ,hall the honor of being the earliest ,english satirist1 and who1 8though subject to a critic's marginal10 gives evidence of a glow and richness of imagination not common even in that opulent time--,lodge has no literary existence except as one of the wistful shades that flit through the ,hades of the cyclopdias4 ,sir ,william ,davenant has from ,southey the distinguished compliment that1 avoiding equally the opposite faults of too artificial and too careless a style1 he wrote in numbers which1 for precision and clearness and felicity and strength1 have never been surpassed4 ,yet who now reads ,gondibert1 or its notable preface1 which inspired ,dryden with the germ of dramatic criticism8 ,sir ,edward ,sherburne1 whom ,mr4 ,dyce calls 8an accomplished versifier10 whose translations may even now be read with pleasure1 and whose learning was above the average of his learned time1 is equally forgotten4 ,crashaw is remembered less for himself than as the friend of ,cowley1 whose monody on his death1 in ,johnson's opinion1 has 8beauties which common authors may justly think not only above their attainments1 but above their ambition40 ,southwell we think of as the martyr rather than as the poet4 ,the verses of ,sir ,aston ,cokayn and his friend ,sir ,kenelm ,digby are not1 perhaps1 of the sort which the world does not willingly let die2 yet the plays of the former are not without merit1 especially ,frappolin creduto principe1 an adaptation of the same ,italian original whence ,shakspere took the hint for his prologue to the ,taming of the ,shrew4 ,his minor poems1 too1 if they have no other merit1 throw some curious side lights on the literary history of the time4 ,the life of ,sir ,kenelm ,digby1 8of whose acquaintance10 says ,dryden1 8all his contemporaries seem to have been proud10 was itself a poem1 and certainly one more worthy of being told than that of many of the gentlemen whom ,johnson's vigorous pen has thrust into uneasy and unnatural immortality4 8,sweet ,constable1 who takes the wond'ring ear ,and lays it up in willing prisonment10 who was rated as the first sonneteer of his time1 is as little known as the pure and pensive ,habington1 the only love-poet of the reign of ,charles ,i4 whose pages are without stain4 ,the two last-named writers1 however1 we may expect to see more noticed1 both having been lately reprinted--,constable's ,diana by ,pickering1 and ,habington's ,castara being included in the admirable and wonderfully cheap series of ,english reprints edited by ,mr4 ,edward ,arber4 ,we had thought to give a few specimens of at least the more obscure of the writers last mentioned4 ,but we have already overstepped our limits and must bring this ramble to an end4 ,the reader who may be tempted for himself to loiter in these unfamiliar ways will meet with much to reward him4 8,old-fashioned poetry1 but choicely good0 he will find in abundance3 8''' rich in fit epithets1 ,blest in the lovely marriage of pure words40 #ajc ,henry ,,vii4's chapel4 ,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife8 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 8,,number ,,thirteen10 8,,pius ,,vi410 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,end4 ,the admiral telegraphed at once to ,sir ,simon1 informing him of what had happened4 ,it was no surprise1 therefore1 when1 on the morning of the funeral1 the baronet walked into ,clide's room4 ,the meeting was affectionate but sad4 ,clide had no heart to give a joyous welcome to his old friend4 ,even ,franceline for the time was forgotten4 ,the shock of the tragic death he had just witnessed had shattered his airy castles to pieces4 ,he was1 as yet1 too much under the solemn spell of that event to turn his mind to the brightness that it might have made an opening for in the future4 ,mrs4 de ,winton had come up from ,wales1 and was for taking ,clide with her to a more suitable residence than his dingy lodgings2 but he refused to stir until all was over1 and she knew1 as did all who knew ,clide1 that when he made up his mind to do or not to do a thing1 he was immovable as fate4 ,when the little band who had followed ,isabel to the grave returned1 they went by appointment to see the medical man under whose care she had spent the last months of her life4 ,mr4 ,percival1 who1 strangely enough1 had not been at the funeral1 was to be there to meet them4 ,he was in the room when they entered4 ,sir ,simon ,harness started on perceiving him4 8,mr4 ,plover6 ,i hardly expected to meet you here40 8,plover60 echoed ,clide and ,mr4 ,simpson4 8,the same1 at your service10 replied the other with cool effrontery4 ,then1 turning to ,clide1 he said3 8,can ,i see you alone8 ,what we have got to say had better be said privately40 ,clide made a gesture of assent1 and the doctor showed them into an adjoining room4 ,the outline of ,mr4 ,prendergast's confession is already known2 it is only necessary to fill it up with a few details of interest4 ,isabel was not his own niece1 but the step-niece of his wife by her first husband1 an ,italian singer1 from whom the girl inherited her gift of song4 ,she was thrown on the care of ,mr4 ,prendergast when quite a child4 ,he was a needy adventurer1 and determined to make her voice useful2 for this end he cultivated it to the highest degree4 ,but there was madness in her family4 ,just as her musical education was complete1 and she was preparing to come out on a provincial stage in ,italy1 her mind became deranged1 and he was obliged to place her in an obscure lunatic asylum near ,milan4 ,meanwhile1 he travelled as agent to a large ,london firm1 and saw a great deal of life1 chiefly in the ,west ,indies4 ,on his return he found ,isabel recovered and in splendid voice4 ,complete change and travelling were advised as the best means of strengthening her against the danger of a relapse4 ,he took her to ,america2 then followed her marriage and her flight4 ,whether the fraud that she had practised on ,clide was entirely a deliberate falsehood1 prompted by that strange cunning which is one of the characteristics of madness1 or whether it was the delusion of a disordered brain1 it signified little now to him2 it was certain that she had become fully alive to the fact that she had grossly deceived her husband1 and that discovery would ruin her4 ,rather than face it1 she fled and threw herself on her uncle for pity and protection4 ,then followed the checkered life3 now the glare of the footlights1 now the obscurity of a lunatic asylum4 ,it had been her own passionate desire to go on the stage--so ,mr4 ,prendergast said--and he had only yielded to it because he saw there was no other course open to her4 ,her terror of her husband's anger was so great that the idea of being discovered by him threw her into a state of despair which threatened to unsettle her brain beyond all chance of recovery4 ,she had caught a glimpse of him from her window at ,dieppe1 and insisted on her uncle's carrying her off that very night1 or else she would commit suicide4 ,the excitement of the stage soon brought on a return of madness4 ,prendergast locked her up and went abroad again on a commission2 fell in with ,russian ,jews on the borders of ,china1 bought valuable stones from them1 and returned to fulfil the dream of his life3 to buy a country place and live 8like a gentleman40 ,he found ,isabel again recovered1 and with her voice in greater power than ever4 ,the offer of a fabulous sum for one season from a manager who had long had his eye on the beautiful young soprano tempted her uncle2 he accepted an engagement for her at ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,a ,london milliner who knew her slightly and had business of her own there accompanied them as a sort of chaperon for ,isabel4 ,stanton had recognized her at the hotel1 and she him4 ,the rest of the story was already known to ,clide4 ,mr4 ,prendergast was very emphatic1 however1 in declaring that he never intended to keep the poor child on the stage2 this one season was so magnificently paid for that the sum1 added to his own means1 would make them both wealthy for the remainder of their lives4 8,and now ,i have made a clean breast of it2 you know everything10 he said1 bringing his narrative to a close4 8,no1 not everything10 replied ,mr4 de ,winton1 fixing a searching look on him4 8,you have not explained the motives of your own conduct throughout4 ,you changed your name twice2 you persistently avoided me2 you had recourse to unworthy subterfuges to escape detection4 ,admitting that my poor wife was1 as you say1 too frightened to trust me or to let me know what she was doing1 it was your duty to communicate with me1 and to give me at least the option of providing for her1 instead of compelling her to foster the disease that was destroying her by adopting the career of an actress4 ,what motive had you for not doing this8 ,i give you the choice of telling the truth yourself2 if you refuse1 ,i must take other means of finding it out40 ,mr4 ,prendergast hesitated4 ,there was evidently something yet to be told which he shrank from avowing2 but1 as ,clide intimated1 he must either confess it of his own accord or be driven to do so4 8,you are right10 he said4 8,i had a motive in avoiding you2 in keeping out of the way1 not only of you1 but of everybody4 ,you may have heard of a great speculation started ten years ago in ,canada1 called the ,ramason ,company80 8,i remember hearing of it2 it was a disreputable affair4 ,my uncle1 ,admiral de ,winton1 took shares in it and lost heavily by the transaction40 8,i was the man who started that company1 and ,i ruined many by inducing them to take shares in it4 ,i was obliged to keep out of the way for several years1 lest ,i should be seized and made amenable for felony4 ,about a year ago the one man who swore to bring me to the hulks for it died4 ,i don't think there is any one now who would be at the trouble of prosecuting me2 but ,i am in your power4 ,you can hand me over to the law1 if you choose2 vengeance is sweet and it is within your grasp4 ,only remember10 he cried1 with a sudden change from dogged indifference to a more appealing tone--8remember that as we judge we shall be judged2 remember that we are standing both of us by a new-made grave1 and that1 if ,i have sinned1 ,i have already eaten the bitter fruit of my misdoing4 ,i was a poor man1 struggling to live2 fighting for the bread ,i ate4 ,if ,i had been born to estates and a fortune1 ,i should have been no worse than others who have done no evil because they have never been tempted4 ,think of this1 ,mr4 de ,winton1 and for the sake of her who bore your name1 and who1 in the midst of her poor mad wanderings1 brought no dishonor on it1 be merciful60 ,there was nothing abject in the way the wretched man thus threw himself on ,clide's clemency4 ,he did not cringe or whine2 he threw down his arms and appealed to the generosity of his conqueror4 ,clide was generous1 and a generous nature is easily moved to pardon4 8,what mercy is it that you ask of me80 he answered4 8,the mercy that you need most it is in no man's power to give or to withhold4 ,you have lent yourself for years to a course of cruelty and falsehood--cruelty to the unhappy child whose friendlessness and terrible misfortune should have claimed your pity and protecting care2 falsehood to me1 whom you well-nigh led into committing a great crime and involuntarily causing the shame and ruin of another4 ,but ,i will take no vengeance on you4 ,go and ask for mercy where you have most sinned40 99 99 99 99 99 ,sir ,simon had started without an hour's delay on receiving the admiral's telegram announcing ,isabel's death4 ,if he had waited for the first post1 it would have brought him a line from ,ponsonby ,anwyll to say that he was setting off the next day1 and hoped to be at the ,villa des ,olives nearly as soon as his letter4 ,roxham would join him at ,marseilles1 and thence they would go on together4 ,so while ,simon was rushing to ,london ,ponsonby was rushing out of it2 he presented himself with ,lord ,roxham at the villa the day after his host's departure4 ,their surprise was very great when they were informed that ,sir ,simon was not there1 and that ,m4 de la ,bourbonais and his daughter were the only occupants of the house4 ,they asked to see them1 and were very cordially received1 but it was quite clear they were not expected4 ,all the explanation ,raymond could give of ,sir ,simon's extraordinary conduct was that he had received a telegram the day before which obliged him to set out for ,london immediately2 he had not entered into any explanation1 but the intelligence was apparently rather exciting than painful1 for he had gone away in very good spirits4 ,the travellers looked at each other in perplexity4 ,what were they to do8 ,to come and install themselves at the villa was impossible1 not so much on account of the host's absence as because of ,franceline's presence4 ,raymond was discussing the same difficulty in his own mind1 and was sorely puzzled as to what he was expected to do4 ,lord ,roxham came to his assistance3 8,the fact is1 we have been too precipitate2 we ought to have waited for another letter from ,harness4 ,however1 it really does not much matter as far as the journey is concerned4 ,i was on my way to these parts1 and ,anwyll is very lucky in getting a month's leave and the chance of exploring this pretty place with a cicerone like myself4 ,we shall have no difficulty1 ,i dare say1 in getting some tolerably comfortable quarters at a hotel in the town4 ,you1 count1 will perhaps kindly put us in the way of that4 ,what is the best hotel here80 ,giacomo1 the odd man and general out-door factotum1 runner-of-errands1 and finder-out-of-everything1 was called and despatched to the hotel with the gentlemen's luggage and proper instructions about their requirements4 ,this essential point once settled1 all restraint was at an end4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais felt free to allow his courtesy full play and to offer all the hospitality that he wished to the two ,englishmen4 ,he insisted on their remaining to dinner2 they had just half an hour to refresh themselves before it would be ready4 ,franceline joined her father so graciously in urging the request that they yielded a not unwilling assent4 ,raymond had never met with ,lord ,roxham or ,ponsonby since that memorable dinner at the ,court1 but he had received letters from both immediately on ,sir ,simon's return and discovery of the ring4 ,these letters were written in a frank1 manly tone that it would have been difficult to resist if ,raymond had been far more deeply incensed against the writers than he was4 ,both assured him of their unshaken esteem and their conviction all along that the mistake--for mistake they felt certain it was--would sooner or later be cleared up2 if they had given any pain by not sooner expressing this opinion to ,m4 de la ,bourbonais himself1 they sincerely regretted and apologized for it4 ,raymond had replied graciously to both1 and so the old kind feeling was restored4 ,he retained a grateful recollection1 too1 of ,ponsonby's prompt though formal salutation when ,mr4 ,charlton had passed on1 cutting him dead4 ,the evening passed pleasantly as the party sat chatting away on the terrace1 with the young ,may moon shining down on the blue waves that beat against the pebbly beach with a murmurous plash4 ,franceline had all sorts of questions to ask about ,dullerton after nearly three months' absence--a long time at her age4 ,she seemed astonished that there was nothing remarkable to tell about the place and the people during that interval1 and ,i am afraid that ,sir ,ponsonby ,anwyll drew on his imagination now and then1 rather than acknowledge the humiliating fact that he knew nothing concerning the thing he was catechised about4 ,he talked of probable plans and contemplated movements of the various persons1 as if plans and movements entered into the lives of the homespun natives of ,dullerton at all4 ,it was late when the two young men took leave1 with the promise to return early next morning for a drive by the sea4 ,sir ,simon had contrived a wonderful nondescript vehicle1 a cross between a char--banc and a wagonette1 with an awning supported by iron rods1 so as to obviate the necessity for umbrellas or parasols4 ,franceline was to do the honors of this and show them the beauties of the coast4 ,they were punctual to their appointment1 and everybody enjoyed the drive exceedingly4 ,they dined at the ,villa des ,olives again that day1 and there was more sitting out on the terrace and endless conversations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,clide1 meantime1 was waking up as from a bad dream4 ,as soon as the cloud of those few hurried days was dispelled1 he seemed suddenly to cast off the chill of awe that had fallen on him by his wife's dying-bed1 and clung to him until the grave had closed on her and shut out that chapter of his life for ever4 ,then youth vindicated itself1 the elastic spring rebounded1 and the future that yesterday was out of sight began to dawn brightly on him once more4 ,the yearning to see ,franceline1 to claim her for his own1 asserted itself with a force that was only the greater for being so long repressed4 ,but now that all obstacles were removed on his side1 it remained to be seen whether she was still free--free at heart1 and willing to be his2 it was possible--nay1 did not his better sense add probable--that the seed of love he had sown in her heart had perished there before this1 chilled by his neglect1 crushed to death by his seeming faithlessness and desertion4 ,he must know first from ,sir ,simon how matters stood between her and ,anwyll4 ,sir ,simon told him the truth4 ,he had left ,franceline heart-whole1 as far as he knew2 but here was the irrepressible ,ponsonby as good as installed under the same roof with her1 walking1 riding1 making parties by sunrise and conversations by moonlight2 passionately in love with her1 and ,raymond most anxious for the success of his suit4 ,sir ,simon had sounded him before he invited ,anwyll to ,nice4 ,was ,franceline made of different stuff from every other woman in every other country that she could remain proof to all this1 and not ignite at the contact of this faithful flame1 not yield to this unyielding perseverance8 ,sir ,simon thought not4 ,clide thought differently2 but the wish1 with him1 might too easily engender the belief4 ,strange to say1 neither he nor ,sir ,simon felt the least alarm concerning ,lord ,roxham4 ,yet there could be no doubt as to which would be pronounced the more dangerous rival of the two by any competent jury of young ladies4 ,he was far better-looking than ,ponsonby ,anwyll1 more intelligent and agreeable1 and he was the son of a peer to boot4 ,this last attraction would no doubt constitute a much less dangerous man a formidable rival in the eyes of most ,english young ladies4 ,but ,franceline de la ,bourbonais was not ,english1 nor endowed with that fine native faculty which enables a woman to look at a man through the crystallizing medium of a peerage and discern its magically beautifying power4 ,still1 considering that she did not love ,ponsonby ,anwyll when he presented himself at the ,villa des ,olives1 there is no denying that ,lord ,roxham was a rival of whom the young squire of ,rydal might justly have been afraid4 ,sir ,simon had no deeply-laid plot or counterplot in his mind when he asked him2 he did not mean to play him off against ,ponsonby1 as he had once played him off against ,clide2 he merely thought it would make it pleasanter to have him4 ,it would throw ,franceline more off her guard1 too1 perhaps4 ,he was roving about the ,pyrenees1 and he might just as well come on and spend a little while with them at ,nice4 ,clide said very little while ,sir ,simon ran on about the contents of ,franceline's letter1 and proceeded to expound his views on the possible state of affairs at the villa since he had left4 8,yes2 ,i see the danger10 he said at length3 8,anwyll has had the field so far to himself with all odds on his side2 her father1 who could make her do almost anything short of a sin to please him1 is backing him up4 ,well1 la grce de ,dieu6 ,i will start with you for ,nice by this night's mail40 99 99 99 99 99 ,it was an hour after sunrise--the sweetest hour of the day4 ,franceline was an early riser1 and seldom missed the enjoyment of a short walk by the sea in the freshness of the early morning4 ,to-day1 however1 she was not walking2 she was sitting on the beach at the foot of the garden that sloped down to the water's edge1 sitting with her milk-white hands in her lap1 without book or work1 gazing vacantly at the advancing tide and at the sunlight dancing on the waves4 ,she was tired2 she had slept badly--hardly slept at all1 indeed--and she wanted the fresh sea-breeze to revive her1 and the solitude of the silent beach to help her to come to a decision that she had spent the night vainly trying to arrive at4 ,after a while she drew a letter from her pocket1 opened it1 and spread it on her knee4 ,she had read it so often already that she might have repeated it word for word by heart2 but she read it again1 as if expecting to find some new light in it now4 ,things look different sometimes by daylight1 just as faces do1 and she had only read this letter by the light of her bedroom candle4 ,but the sunbeams did not alter one line or modify the force of one word in the four pages covered with a large1 straggling1 but bold1 legible handwriting4 ,the letter was from ,ponsonby ,anwyll1 asking her to be his wife4 ,her father had put it into her hand last evening when he kissed her and bade her good-night4 8,my child1 here is a message that ,i have been charged with for thee2 thou wilt read it alone and give me thy answer to-morrow40 ,he did not add one word as to what he hoped the answer might be1 but the sigh1 the close embrace with which he held her to him1 told ,franceline plainly enough what his longing desire was4 ,she returned his embrace in silence and carried the letter to her room4 ,she had thought over it all night2 but the night had brought her no counsel4 ,she was still hesitating1 undecided4 ,yet she must make up her mind one way or the other within a very short time--oh6 how short a time4 ,why could she not yield8 ,her father desired this marriage ardently1 and there was everything to recommend it4 ,ponsonby loved her so sincerely1 with such a humble1 honest1 manly love4 ,it was no light thing to fling away such a gift as this4 ,a faithful heart is not an offering to be cast aside as if it were a 8common thing with more behind10 to be picked up at any moment4 ,it was in all probability the turning point of her life that she was now called upon to decide2 if she let the tide go by1 it might never flow towards her again4 ,franceline would have made small account of this if she had had only herself to consider4 ,she was happy as she was1 and would gladly have renounced all hope or chance of changing her present lot2 she had no ambition1 and she did not realize the future keenly enough to forecast probabilities and take precautions against them4 ,she knew her father was an old man1 but she never let her mind dwell on the consequences of that fact4 ,if he were taken away first1 it seemed as if life must come to an end for her2 she did not want to look beyond so remote and dreaded a possibility4 ,but she knew that he looked beyond it1 during his illness especially he had said things occasionally that showed he was painfully preoccupied about her future1 about what was to become of her if he went and left her alone in the world with no one to love her or take care of her4 ,she knew that nothing could sweeten his remaining years more than to see her happily married2 that1 in fact1 such an event would1 humanly speaking1 be very likely to prolong his life4 ,this it was that kept her trembling on the verge of surrender and pleaded loudly in favor of ,ponsonby's suit4 ,why was it so hard to yield8 ,there was nothing to hinder her now4 ,if she had cared for any one else4''' ,a bright crimson suffused her cheeks2 she covered her face with her hands with an involuntary movement1 as if to hide that blush of exquisite shame from the roses that were its only witnesses4 ,but this emotion passed away and sober reflections presented themselves4 ,the idea1 once so firmly rejected as a presumptuous temptation1 that she might convert ,ponsonby by marrying him1 appealed to her suddenly with a force altogether new4 ,it would be no doubt a glorious thing to sacrifice her own personal feelings and wishes for such an object1 and it seemed to ,franceline1 as she contemplated it for the first time calmly1 that the generosity of the motive must ensure the reward of the sacrifice4 ,if she could but consult ,father ,henwick6 ,but that was impossible4 ,the distance was too great4 ,in those days railroads were few and far between4 ,it took four days for a letter to reach ,dullerton1 and as many for the answer to return2 and it was imperative that she should make up her mind at once4 ,she drew from her pocket a little book in which she had written down some striking passages from various authors1 and some words of advice that ,father ,henwick had given her from time to time4 ,the words that had sounded so sustaining when uttered spoke to her now with even a more pointed significance3 8,be sure of one thing3 so long as we are sincerely seeking to do what is right ,god will guide us to it4''' ,the danger is that sometimes we are all the time hankering after our own will when we say1 and even fancy1 that we are seeking the will of ,god40 ,then later1 in answer to some question about the mode of discerning between these two wills1 the writer said3 8,things that are not of our seeking or wishing are mostly of his ordering4''' ,obedience and circumstances are our safest guides40 ,here ,franceline closed the little book1 murmuring to herself3 8,it is quite certain that this marriage is not of my seeking--nor of my inclination2 if that be a sign1 ,i am safe in doing ,god's will in consenting to it40 ,then she remembered how she had read somewhere that ,god would send an angel from heaven rather than let a faithful soul go astray when striving to do his will4 ,no angel had come to forbid her yielding1 and the time pressed for her decision4 ,franceline buried her face in her hands1 and for the next few minutes a fierce struggle went on within her4 ,she trembled from head to foot1 her pulses beat fast1 a sharp pang shot through her whole being and seemed to tear it asunder for one moment1 then gradually recoiled upon her will1 stimulating it to a firm1 irrevocable impulse4 ,all that she had hitherto known of energy or courage was as nothing compared to what she was feeling now4 ,she looked up and pushed back her hair1 as if to see a vision more clearly4 ,a light had gathered in her eye1 a high resolve shone upon her brow4 ,the vision was vanishing1 but she saw it still3 angels were beckoning4 ,the spirit of ,renunciation pointed with golden palm-branch to that hour when every sacrifice receives its crown1 when every selfish denial is avenged4 ,she stood by her father's death-bed2 life was fading away like a dream2 the hour of real awakening was at hand4 ,conscience spoke out3 8,prove thy love10 said the clear1 stern voice1 8accept the reality which the kind will of ,heaven has appointed for you1 and cast from your heart once and for ever the vain dream that it has cherished too long4 ,make your father happy2 become the wife of this good and faithful man who loves you4 ,go forth1 immolate yourself1 and lead him to the light of truth40 ,when ,franceline rose to her feet1 ,ponsonby's cause was won4 ,she folded his letter1 and went in and sat down at once and answered it4 ,her hand did not falter2 there was no trace of reluctance or hesitation visible in her countenance4 ,as soon as the letter was finished she went down-stairs to meet her father1 and handed it to him open4 8,am ,i to read it80 8,yes1 father2 it is you who have written it10 she said1 kissing him4 ,before ,m4 de la ,bourbonais could reply1 ,anglique and the major-domo came in with the breakfast1 and kept fussing in and out of the room while it lasted2 so it was some little time before he was able to go out on the terrace and read the letter alone4 ,franceline did not wait to see its effect upon him4 ,she escaped to her room1 and sat there until he should call for her2 but instead of this ,raymond took up his straw hat and went straight out of the house4 ,she saw him walk with a quick1 buoyant step down the garden and disappear into the road4 ,he was gone with her answer to ,ponsonby1 guessing rightly that until he received it the young man would not venture to return to the villa1 and that her father was impatient to make the lover happy4 ,franceline saw him go forth bearing the fiat that decided her destiny1 that placed a stranger henceforth between them1 dividing with another the duty and the life that had hitherto been all his own4 ,oh6 if she had but loved the other as it was in her to love the man who was to be her husband4 ,a cry that was almost a shriek escaped from her1 and she threw herself upon the ground in a paroxysm of tears4 ,but this weakness was soon over2 she arose and hurried out of the house1 so as to avoid meeting ,anglique or any of the servants1 and went down to the beach4 ,the tide was in2 she seated herself in the crevice of a rock--a favorite seat1 where she was sheltered from the sun and surrounded by the beautiful blue sea on every side4 ,she had taken a book with her1 dutifully opened it where the marker was1 and then leaned her head against the side of the rock and began to dream4 ,how pleasant it would be if she could drift away in one of those white fishing-boats1 herself and her father1 to some 8fair isle of the blest0 where there is no marrying or giving in marriage1 where no winged angels come with cruel messages of duty to weak1 reluctant hearts6 ,was that steamer whose smoke was curling like a dark snake in the pure blue atmosphere bound for one of these happy isles8 ,oh6 would that she were on it and making for that haven of rest4 ,she must have sat a long time dreaming her dreams1 for the steamer was a long while out of sight and the water had risen almost to her feet1 when she heard ,anglique's voice calling her up and down the garden4 ,she did not move4 ,it was ,ponsonby come back with her father1 no doubt1 to salute her as his bride4 ,let him wait2 there was time enough4 ,anglique went on calling for some minutes1 and then ceased4 ,franceline thought she had given it up1 and was congratulating herself on the reprieve1 when she heard the sound of footsteps falling heavily on the pebbles close behind the rock4 ,there was no use resisting2 she must go to this impatient lover at once1 it seemed4 ,she rose with a weary1 resigned sigh1 and was stepping over the ledge of the rock to gain the terrace1 when1 looking up1 she beheld1 not ,anglique1 but ,clide de ,winton4 ,franceline screamed as if a sword had been driven through her heart1 fell forward1 and was caught in ,clide's arms4 8,franceline6 my darling6 my own60 he murmured1 straining her passionately to him4 ,she had not fainted2 she was only stunned4 ,rallying in an instant1 she struggled to free herself1 and looking at him with a frightened1 bewildered glance1 8,how is this8 ,what do you mean8 ,are you free80 she exclaimed4 8,should ,i dare to come to you1 to speak to you thus1 to clasp you to my heart1 if ,i were not free8 ,o ,franceline1 ,franceline6 have you known me so little all this time80 ,her head drooped upon his shoulder1 and she struggled no more2 he gathered her to his heart1 and she did not draw away her face from the warm kisses that he pressed on it4 ,anglique's voice breaking in upon this moment of rapture roused her to the remembrance of other things3 her father's errand1 the letter1 she had written engaging herself as ,ponsonby ,anwyll's wife4 8,o ,clide1 ,clide60 she cried1 putting her hand to her forehead with a look of agonized distress4 8,my darling6 what is it80 ,but ,anglique was down on them now1 and began to scold the young girl for letting her shout herself hoarse calling to her this hour past without an answer1 until she thought ,mam'selle must have fallen asleep and dropped into the sea2 that's what would happen some of these days1 and then her body would be carried off by the tide to the north pole1 and ,m4 le ,comte would die of grief1 and the only thing for ,anglique to do would be to drown herself4 ,clide tried to divert the vials of the old woman's wrath towards him1 and so cut her short in this dismal horoscopic view of the family history4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 meanwhile1 was hastening to meet them2 the sight of his smiling countenance sent a dagger through ,franceline4 ,she embraced ,sir ,simon1 hurriedly1 and then ran to her father4 8,you went with that letter80 she whispered4 8,yes1 my little one2 ,i went straight off with it40 8,ha6 ,then he knows already8 ,you have given it to him80 8,no2 unluckily1 he was not at home4 ,they had just gone out when ,i got to the hotel40 8,o father6 thank ,god6 ,then give it to me quick60 ,she flung her arms round his neck1 and kissed him with an energy that nearly sent his spectacles flying into the ,mediterranean4 8,eh1 eh8 ,what is the matter8 ,what is this80 said ,raymond1 rescuing the precious lunettes and refixing them on his nose4 8,father1 ,i will not marry him4 ,i am engaged to ,clide de ,winton60 99 99 99 99 99 ,the sun was not long risen--for the dew was still glistening on the deep-bladed grass1 and the birds were babbling in their nests as they do in the fresh dawn before men are astir to drown the delicious concert--when three figures might be seen wending towards the little gray church1 where ,father ,henwick was awaiting them4 ,they found the door open and the candles lighted on the altar1 although there was not a soul in the church but themselves4 ,i dare say you recognize the three at a glance1 though it may surprise you to see ,clide de ,winton there and at so unwonted an hour4 ,the church was beautifully arrayed in flowers and evergreens and banners of every hue4 ,for this is to be ,franceline's wedding-day1 and she has come with her fianc and her father to ask a blessing on it4 ,there was something peculiarly sweet and thrilling in the sound of the bell through the almost empty church1 and the voice of the priest reverberating in the solemn silence1 tender and tremulous as a throb that broke from his inmost heart4 ,the walk home was silent2 only1 when they entered the park1 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais stood a moment and1 looking down on the little cottage where he and his child had suffered so much and known so many happy days1 he said with an emotion which he made no effort to conceal3 8,my children1 ,god has been very good to us2 to me especially--for ,i have deserved it least4 ,i shall not live long to prove that ,i am grateful2 but you who are young--you will both of you love him and thank him for me all your lives40 ,clide's only answer was a silent pressure of the hand1 while ,franceline fell upon her father's breast and wept a few sweet tears4 99 99 99 99 99 ,yes1 the wedding-day had arrived2 the sun shone brightly1 everything was bright1 everybody seemed happy4 ,miss ,merrywig sported a splendid new gown for the occasion--pale blue silk1 with rosebuds and forget-me-nots on a broad1 white satin stripe1 most appropriate for a wedding2 and such a bargain6 ,she was entreating ,lady ,anwyll to make a guess--just one guess--at what it had cost2 but ,lady ,anwyll fought off1 declaring it would only make her envious if she knew1 and1 besides1 she wanted ,miss ,merrywig to keep her bargain as fresh as possible for another episode like the present which would be taking place soon1 she hoped1 in the neighborhood4 ,she would not say more2 it was rash to speak of these matters until everything was quite settled2 but it had long been suspected by the whole county that that sweet little ,lady ,lucy ,b---- and ,ponce were planning some mischief together4 ,then followed whisperings and squeezing of hands between the two old ladies1 which were presently interrupted by a loud1 premonitory buzz through the great ,gothic hall where the guests were fast assembling from the adjoining rooms4 ,sir ,simon appeared1 marshalling the twelve pink and white bridemaids into ranks on the broad landing at the top of the stairs4 ,down they came gliding as softly as a sunset cloud1 and stood below awaiting the bride4 ,everybody whose acquaintance you have made ever so slightly at ,dullerton is present1 ,i think--everybody except ,sir ,ponsonby ,anwyll1 who sent his good wishes and regrets by his mother1 explaining that he had not been able to get home just at present4 ,and now a murmur1 deep and prolonged1 runs through the gay crowd4 ,the bride is coming2 stately she steps down the grand oak stairs1 leaning on her father's arm4 ,to my mind1 she is the sweetest1 loveliest bride that ever 8the sun shone on40 ,but then1 to be sure1 ,i may be prejudiced4 ,i wish ,i could describe her dress to you2 but it would be very much like trying to describe the texture of a moonbeam4 ,i can only certify that it was white1 diaphanous1 and fleecy as a cloud1 and that1 in some mysterious way1 eucharista lilies floated here and there over the soft1 snowy foam4 ,the graceful head1 too1 bowed modestly under its golden weight of hair1 was crowned by the same lovely flowers1 and a cloud-like veil of gossamer tissue encircled her like a morning mist4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais looked very happy as he passed through the sympathetic groups with his clair-de-lune on his arm2 there was subdued joy on his venerable face that smoothed away all painful traces of his late illness1 and almost obliterated the lines of age and the deeper furrows of care on his thoughtful brow4 ,as to ,clide de ,winton1 everybody declared that he bore himself admirably on this most trying occasion1 presenting a model of what a bridegroom ought to be--manly1 dignified1 and simple2 he made a speech at the wedding breakfast1 and it was pronounced capital4 ,i don't think the effort proved such a very severe trial to him1 either1 as he had once expected1 for when ,mrs4 de ,winton1 who had expanded like a sunflower in cordiality that day1 asked him with an arch smile whether he found the ordeal very dreadful1 ,clide answered frankly that it was not so trying as he had anticipated1 and that1 even when the worst was said1 a wedding ceremony1 with all its fuss1 was not an unmitigated evil4 ,,thomistic ,,philosophy4#ajd ,there is some evidence of the undue conceit which the present age has of its learning and culture in the fact that the works of the great writers of the middle ages indefinitely surpass our best literary productions in intellectual acumen and in the depth and width of real philosophical science4 ,st4 ,thomas commences his ,summa ,theologica by telling us that it is to be an elementary work for the use of beginners in the study of sacred doctrine1 according as the apostle says1 ,tam parvulis in ,christo1 lac vobis potum dedi1 non escam4 ,this book for junior students1 this 8milk for babes0 of the medival times1 is nowadays somewhat strong for the mental digestion of full-grown men1 not excepting those whose minds have been carefully trained under the tuition of judicious preceptors4 ,it was no doubt the modesty of the saint which prompted him to speak in this manner of that most wonderful work4 ,had he lived in such days as ours1 so remarkable for feebleness of intellect1 so conspicuous for contemptuousness1 for self-confidence and self-sufficiency1 such language would not have been possible with him2 for he could only have used it in the bitterest sarcasm1 which is utterly foreign to his meek and gentle character4 ,since the days of the ,angelic ,doctor1 it has become necessary to dispose the minds of those who would drink of this source of science by previous instruction in the first elements of his philosophy4 ,of all the elementary philosophies of the strictly ,thomistic school1 the most universally esteemed has been that of ,father ,goudin1 who gave lectures in the ,dominican ,college of ,paris towards the end of the seventeenth century4 ,the great aim of this faithful professor of ,thomism is to be true to his master in every point1 not only in the higher principles of philosophy1 but even in the details of physics4 ,he wrote at a time when a great revolution was taking place in men's minds with regard to science1 and he saw with concern that the new doctrines would prove in their results subversive of all that was ,christian4 ,he therefore set about opposing the doctrinal novelties of ,descartes and his school by an uncompromising reassertion of the teaching of ,st4 ,thomas4 ,in the judgment of posterity ,goudin has erred somewhat1 but not so much1 certainly1 as the school which he opposed2 for the ,cartesian doctrines have proved the source of many subsequent errors1 as scepticism1 rationalism1 pantheism1 atheism4 ,the mistakes of ,goudin simply regard some of the details of physical science which1 whether correctly or erroneously explained1 tend little to the benefit of our fellow-beings1 although interesting enough to the minds of the well educated4 ,we are assured that the strictest ,thomists are not bound to adhere to the details of the physics of their master4 ,the ,angelic ,doctor1 in matters of this kind 7which1 we submit1 concern little the theologian1 or the metaphysician1 or the moralist71 adopted the prevailing opinions of the time4 ,we do not read that he ever showed much enthusiasm for natural or experimental science1 and in this respect he differed from his friend and quondam preceptor1 ,albertus ,magnus4 ,but in those fundamental questions of philosophy which are intimately connected with our moral conduct and with natural or positive religion1 and indeed in all questions where ,st4 ,thomas is bound to think for himself1 we do not find that he simply endorses the teaching of another4 ,when it is objected by knowing people that ,aquinas teaches doctrines which are exploded or puerile--as1 for instance1 that the earth is stationary1 or that the east is the right hand of the heavens--it would be well for them to reflect that these are rather the doctrines of the universally-admired ,aristotle than of his ,christian disciple4#aje ,father ,gonzales 7since created ,bishop of ,cordova7 has given to the church an excellent manual of ,thomistic doctrine4 ,at the outset1 he seeks to determine the sense of the word philosophy4 ,this is no easy matter1 as the definitions given by different authors are many and various4 ,cousin declares it to be--reflection completely emancipated and freed from the trammels of authority1 so that reason depends solely upon itself for the acquisition of truth4 ,by the subjectivists of ,germany it is defined--the ,ego as it places and offers itself by thesis and antithesis4 ,according to ,kant1 it is the necessary science of the laws and causes of spontaneous reason4 ,cicero says that philosophy is rerum divinarum et humanarum causarumque1 quibus h res continentur1 scientia2 and this is1 perhaps1 the popular notion of the word1 so that all scientific studies are included in the general term of philosophy4 ,thus we speak of the philosophy of history1 the philosophy of language1 the philosophy of manufactures1 of laws1 and so forth4 ,a writer of the name of ,mr4 ,robert ,hooke tries to impress upon his readers the vast extent of philosophy in the following curious dissertation3 8,the history of potters1 tobacco-pipe makers1 glass-grinders1 looking-glass makers or foilers1 spectacle-makers and optic-glass makers1 makers of counterfeit pearl and precious stones1 bugle-makers1 lamp-blowers1 color-makers1 color-grinders1 glass-painters1 enamellers1 varnishers1 color-sellers1 painters1 limners1 picture-drawers1 makers of babies' heads1 of little bowling stones or marbles1 fustian-makers1 music-masters1 tinsey makers and taggers2 the history of school-masters1 writing-masters1 printers1 bookbinders1 stage-players1 dancing masters and vaulters1 apothecaries1 chirurgeons1 seamsters1 butchers1 barbers1 laundresses1 and cosmetics1 etc41 etc4 7the true nature of each of which being exactly determined71 will hugely facilitate our inquiries in philosophy40 ,by most scholastics philosophy is defined as a cognitio certa et evidens4 ,these are the words of ,goudin1 and we observe that they are adopted by ,father ,lepidi in the first volume of his new work4 ,gonzales1 however1 demurs to assent to this1 for the reason that in philosophy many questions are discussed of which we have neither evidence nor certainty4 ,the objection is inserted and responded to in ,father ,lepidi's book1 and also in the works of ,goudin4 ,the proper and primary object of philosophy is certain and evident2 it treats of questions that are obscure only secondarily and consequenter4 ,nevertheless1 ,gonzales prefers to define philosophy as cognitio scientifica et rationalis ,dei1 mundi et hominis1 quo viribus naturalibus per altiores causas seu principia habetur4 ,in the latter words of the definition he is in conformity with the rest of his school1 but in the first part--that is1 in the genus of the definition--he differs from them4 ,the essence of philosophy being determined1 at least in the sense in which the author is going to treat of it1 we are next invited to decide upon a suitable division4 ,the older scholastics had divided it into four parts3 logic2 physics1 whose object was ens mobile1 or all changeable nature2 metaphysics1 which treated of being in the abstract1 and all concrete objects which transcend the powers of the senses2 and ethics4 ,some added a fifth part--namely1 mathematics4 ,goudin's definition of philosophy seems capable of embracing this science also2 however1 he disposes of it1 whether consistently or not we need not stop to inquire4 ,later ,christian writers1 who have adhered in the main to the doctrines of the scholastics1 have somewhat varied their division4 ,physics in its details is excluded from philosophy strictly so called1 while in its more universal relations it is considered as belonging to metaphysics4 ,thus the science of the laws of the world is called cosmology1 and the science of the soul1 its essence1 its faculties1 and its operations1 is called psychology4 ,cosmology and psychology1 together with theodicy or natural theology1 are the subdivisions of special metaphysics1 while the science of being is called ontology or general metaphysics4 ,however1 ,gonzales refuses to grant that psychology belongs properly to metaphysics1 because1 although the soul of which it treats is beyond the ken of the senses1 yet the operations of the soul depend upon them and are recognized by them4 ,he determines1 therefore1 that this science belongs as much to ethics and to logic as to metaphysics3 to metaphysics1 inasmuch as it treats of the essence of the soul2 to logic1 as it regards the faculties of cognition2 to ethics1 as far as it concerns the moral power4 ,later on1 when ,gonzales comes to treat of psychology ex professo1 he suggests that it should be either reduced again to physics or made a distinct and special portion of philosophy4 ,such is the unsatisfactory consideration of the question by men eminent for their science4 ,we see in the newly-issued volume of ,father ,lepidi's philosophy that in his division he leaves out altogether the words physics and metaphysics1 and proposes the following heads3 logic1 general ontology1 cosmology1 anthropology1 natural theology1 and ethics4 ,this mode of division seems to us1 with all due deference to ,bishop ,gonzales and other writers1 the most satisfactory4 ,moreover1 it is explained by ,father ,lepidi in a most logical manner1 based as it is upon two incontrovertible philosophical maxims4 ,before we leave this subject of the division1 we will mention that proposed by the late ,canon ,sanseverino in his great work1 which1 unfortunately1 was never completed4 ,he considers philosophy under a twofold aspect1 subjective and objective4 ,subjective philosophy is divided into four branches--logica1 dynamilogia1 idealogia1 and criteriologia4 ,objective philosophy has also four parts--naturalis theologia1 cosmologia1 anthropologia1 ethica4 ,we observe that he is one with ,father ,lepidi in discarding the use of those vague terms of which we have spoken4 ,father ,gonzales has published his work in three volumes1 the first of which comprises the tractates of ,logic and ,psychology4 ,in the ,logic we have noticed nothing particular to be mentioned1 excepting its completeness and the exceeding clearness with which the subjects are treated4 ,the treatise of ,psychology1 however1 has greatly interested us1 and is the best we have seen4 ,it is divided into two parts1 empiric and rational4 ,psychologia empirica treats of the powers of the soul1 and we notice in a few instances a deviation from the explicit doctrine of ,goudin4 ,for instance1 those species or representations of objects which are received in the cognitive senses1 are stated by ,gonzales to be immaterial and spiritual1 while ,goudin has said that they are material4 ,it might1 perhaps1 be suggested that these species may be called immateriales negative4 ,this epithet is allowed by the author to be applied to the anima of brutes2 and as the species we speak of belong to animal life1 they must be of the same nature4 ,cognition is a vital act1 and all vitality is above the condition of that which is merely material4 ,a very recent writer has implied that ,st4 ,thomas distinguishes immaterial and spiritual existences4 ,we do not remember to have noticed such a distinction in his works4 ,perhaps the writer makes allusion to the doctrine that some operations of material beings transcend the qualities of matter--v4g41 sensitive cognition4 ,yet these operations are not called immaterial by ,st4 ,thomas1 at least not usually4 ,this subject of cognition is well treated of by ,gonzales4 ,in another part of this treatise he endeavors to prove the necessity of an intellectus agens as distinguished from the intellectus possibilis1 the passive intellect1 the faculty of understanding4 ,in the second part of ,psychology1 the simplicity of the soul1 its spirituality and immateriality1 are clearly demonstrated4 ,its unity also is stoutly maintained1 and the opposite errors1 both ancient and modern1 are stated with admirable terseness and pertinence1 and then put aside as wanting in scientific consistency4 ,with the hypothesis of one soul1 all vital operations can be accounted for2 with that of more than one principle of life1 various phenomena could not be explained2 therefore the doctrine of one principle is to be admitted4 ,appended to the tractate of ,psychology is a special chapter on ,ideology4 ,the various systems of ,democritus1 ,plato1 ,aristotle1 ,locke1 ,leibnitz1 ,bonald1 ,malebranche1 ,gioberti1 ,kant1 ,schelling1 ,fichte1 and ,cousin are set aside one after another as insufficient or absurd4 ,then we have an exposition of the subject according to the principles of the ,angelic ,doctor2 and this portion of the work is of unusual originality1 specially interesting and instructive to many readers4 ,the reality of ideas1 as distinct intellectual representations of objects1 it first established in opposition to the doctrines of those philosophers who maintain that the understanding perceives objects without the intervention of ideas or the need of an intellectus agens4 ,the doctrine of impressed ideas as distinct from those that are expressed is insisted upon4 ,the origin of our ideas is thus explained3 ,there are four kinds of ideas1 ide primari abstractionis1 ide pure intelligibiles1 ide pure spirituales1 and idea entis1 and this division is applicable to both impressed and expressed ideas4 ,we must ask pardon for our attempt to ,anglicize the scholastic terms4 ,now1 as to expressed ideas1 all these have their origin from the passive intellect4 ,the difficulty1 therefore1 of explaining the origin of ideas regards only those which we call ide impress1 and of these only we have now to speak4 ,ideas of primary abstraction1 which refer to corporeal or sensible objects--as1 for instance1 a man1 a horse1 the sun--come from the active intellect1 which draws them out of the species contained in the imagination4 ,ideas purely intellectual--as those of substance1 cause1 effect1 good1 evil--have their origin from both the active and the passive intellect3 from the former1 because in the ideas of primary abstraction it discovers other more universal relations1 as those of good1 bad1 etc42 from the latter1 as far as it works out and develops those germs of higher knowledge imperfectly manifested by the active intellect4 ,as to purely spiritual ideas--those of ,god1 of the angels1 of our own souls--these have not all the same origin4 ,if the idea of ,god is obtained by reasoning from that which is contingent to the conclusion that a necessary being must exist1 such an idea is the product of the passive intellect1 which has worked it out of impressions previously received4 ,but if the idea of ,god be conceived as of the first cause of all things1 then it is acquired in the same way as the ideas of causes in general1 and belongs in reality to that class of ideas which are called purely intellectual4 ,the idea of an angel is acquired from the analogy of our own soul2 hence the idea expressa of our soul may become the idea impressa of an angel4 ,as to our own soul1 there is no impressed idea of it1 but its operations are sufficient for the acquisition of an expressed idea of it1 without any need of an abstraction of the active intellect4 ,as to the idea of being1 it is an abstraction of the active intellect1 but natural and spontaneous2 indeed1 it is its first perception1 as the expressed idea of being is the first conception of the passive intellect4 ,and the reason of this is1 that our intellectual faculties are reflections of the mind of ,god4 ,father ,gonzales next proceeds to explain in what sense scholastics understand the axiom of the ,stagirite1 ,nihil est in intellectu1 quin prius fuerit in sensu4 ,all ideas depend upon the senses so far forth that sensible cognition must always precede that which is intellectual1 and because all intellectual cognition requires an accompanying exercise of the imagination4 ,ideas of primary abstraction depend upon sensible representations directly and immediately2 ideas purely intellectual1 remotely and inadequately2 ideas purely spiritual1 especially of angels and of our own souls1 depend upon the senses only indirectly and occasionaliter4 ,hence the senses are never the efficient causes of our intellectual ideas2 the most that can be said is1 that they are the material causes of some of them4 ,in this sense only can we accept the maxim of the great pagan philosopher without becoming implicated in the sensism of ,locke and ,condillac4 ,gonzales next warns his students not to consider ideas as the object of intellectual knowledge2 an idea is not id ,,quod cognoscitur1 but id ,,quo cognoscitur4 ,these are the words of ,st4 ,thomas1 and it is of the greatest importance to realize the doctrine1 if we would avoid the ,charybdis of idealism as well as the ,scylla of sensism4 ,in the second volume we have the tractates of ,ontology1 ,cosmology1 and ,natural ,theology4 ,in ontology the real distinction of essence and existence is affirmed and ably advocated1 as1 indeed1 it usually is in works emanating from the ,dominican ,order4 ,we have known personally more than one professor of that order who have differed from ,gonzales and ,goudin in this point1 and who have taught their doctrines in the lecture rooms without scruple as the veritable teaching of ,st4 ,thomas4 ,our province is not to attempt to decide the question1 either on its own independent merits or according to the authority of the ,angelic ,doctor4 ,there are difficulties in the subject which seem to increase on examination4 ,father ,liberatore1 in the later editions of his ,institutiones ,philosophic1 has passed from the ranks of those who deny the real distinction to join those who teach it1 and he gives weighty reasons for doing so4 ,we do not just now remember a conversion so conspicuous in the reverse direction2 but we know of one or two such conversions1 which1 however1 have attracted little notice4 ,in the treatise of ,ontology there is an interesting dissertation on the principles of sthetics4 ,we are afraid to attempt a synopsis of it1 as it would not be appreciated4 ,gonzales' definition of beauty is worthy of a disciple of ,st4 ,thomas3 ,splendor harmonicus veri et infiniti4 ,the doctrine of ,st4 ,thomas1 according to which he explains the mystery of the unchanged appearance of the elements of the ,eucharist after consecration1 is well sustained4 ,gonzales argues that substance and accidents are really distinct in essence1 consequently the idea of their real separation involves no contradiction of terms2 and the ,protestant philosopher ,leibnitz is quoted in support of this doctrine4 ,accordingly1 after the words of consecration1 when the substance of bread and wine is converted into the substance of the body and blood of ,christ1 all the accidents remain unchanged1 both in appearance and in reality1 except that extension subsists of itself after the manner of a substance4 ,cartesians1 on the contrary1 deny that the accidents of the elements really remain1 and consider that the appearances of bread and wine are only phenomenal4 ,many modern philosophers who are scholastic in most points agree with the ,cartesians in this2 among others1 ,father ,tongiorgi1 ,s4,j4 ,this subject is worthy of the attentive study of all who believe in the doctrine of transubstantiation4 ,in the tractate of ,cosmology the different systems of pantheism are explained and disposed of1 and the doctrine of the creation of the world by a ,being supreme1 independent1 and free is demonstrated4 ,then follows a discourse upon that interesting subject1 the principles of bodies4 ,gonzales1 as a staunch ,thomist1 upholds the doctrine of matter and form1 and insists that it is the only system which is capable of satisfying the mind4 ,modern philosophers generally reject this system1 and some of them in very contemptuous language4 ,cudworth1 for instance1 calls it genus quoddam metaphysic stultiti4 ,father ,tongiorgi does not accept this doctrine1 and seems to be persuaded that his arguments in favor of chemical atomism are unanswerable and destructive of the ancient theory4 ,gonzales discusses successively the systems of the atomists and the dynamists1 and those go-betweens whom he calls atomistico-dynamists2 and they are successively dismissed as incomplete or erroneous4 ,then the old scholastic or ,aristotelian system is clearly and beautifully represented4 ,there are changes going on in nature which are observed by all4 ,substances are corrupted and substances are generated2 the corruption of one is the generation of another4 ,these changes are called substantial mutations4 ,and yet1 in spite of all these changes1 something remains ever the same4 ,when wood is turned into fire1 fire into ashes1 these into earth1 earth into vegetable or mineral substances1 there is always something that remains unaltered in its essence4 ,what is this thing8 ,it is primary matter 7materia prima74 ,what is it that makes the change when wood becomes fire1 or earth1 or a stone8 ,it is the new substantial form which succeeds the one that has departed by corruption4 ,in scholastic language1 the matter has changed its form4 ,as matter is something not knowable of itself1 and could not exist1 even by a miracle1 without being actuated or perfected by substantial forms1 it follows that its essence can be but vaguely understood4 ,for the same reason1 a scientific definition of it is not possible4 ,hence ,aristotle thought it profitable to give a negative definition of it3 ,nec quid1 nec quale1 nec quantum1 nec aliquid eorum per qu ens determinatur4 ,we have known this definition to excite the irrepressible merriment of several4 ,some people have the faculty of being able to laugh at will1 even when they understand nothing of the subject that tickles them2 and such a faculty is sometimes of great convenience4 ,gonzales defines primary matter as--realitas substantialis et incompleta1 nullum actum aut formam ex se habens1 sed qu capacitatem et potentiam habet ad universas formas substantiales4 ,he defines substantial form4 ,realitas substantialis et incompleta1 materiam primo actuans ac determinans ad constituendam simul cum ipsa substantiam complete subsistentem4 ,matter is the subject of the form2 form is the perfection or actuality of matter4 ,it is worth while to observe that ,father ,liberatore is a firm supporter of this theory4 ,to the principal objections1 so cleverly put by ,father ,tongiorgi1 against the ,peripatetic system1 ,gonzales has always a suitable rejoinder4 ,after a categoric respondeo to each one severally1 he makes some general reflections upon them all which we will try to do into ,english3 8,although no answer were forthcoming to the famous objections of ,tongiorgi1 the scholastic system would continue to hold its own in respect of the first principles of bodies4 ,our system regards chiefly bodies which are simple1 and bodies endowed with life4 ,now1 none of the arguments of the ,italian philosopher have any reference to either of these kinds of bodies4 ,consequently1 they not only do not overturn the ,peripatetic system of matter and form and of substantial generation1 but they do not even touch the question4 ,the most that can be inferred from his arguments is1 that substantial generation does not take place in respect of inanimate bodies which are compound4 ,now1 these compound bodies can be considered merely as bodies which are imperfect in unity of nature and substance1 and as such they belong to that class of bodies which were styled by the old scholastics mixta imperfecta40 ,the rest of the treatise of ,ontology is well handled1 especially that which regards the principle and manifestations of life4 ,it is here that we observed a distinction we have before mentioned4 ,the anima of the brute creation is immaterial negative and similitudinarie1 for its operations transcend the conditions of matter2 it is material positive1 because it exists and acts only in dependence on matter4 ,the tractate of ,theodicy is good1 and contains in a short compass all that is necessary for the course of the young philosopher4 ,as was to be expected of a ,dominican author1 the questions which have come to be regarded as distinctive of the schools of the order--v4g41 prmotio physica and predestination ante prvisa merita--are taught and defended with the most able of available arguments4 ,in the third volume we have first of all a treatise of ,ethics1 which is interesting and contains much that is of importance for our own days4 ,the duty of regulating our conduct according to the law of reason and of ,god1 by the commands of the church1 of our civil rulers1 of society1 is well set forth1 and the superiority of ,christian morality to all others is proved4 ,we only regret that the treatise is not longer4 ,the latter part of the third volume gives an excellent epitome of the history of philosophy4 ,this history is divided into two periods4 ,the first starts with the beginnings of philosophy and continues to the time of ,christ1 in quo instaurata sunt omnia4 ,it is subdivided into three epochs3 the first from the beginning of philosophy to its introduction into ,greece2 the second1 from that time to the days of ,socrates2 the third1 from ,socrates to ,christ4 ,the second period is from the time of ,christ to our days1 and has likewise three epochs3 the first1 from the early ages of ,christianity to the time of ,charlemagne2 the second1 from ,charlemagne to the ,renaissance of the fifteenth century2 the third1 from thence to our own time4 ,for a literary student this short history is very valuable4 ,all the systems of philosophy that can be thought of are sketched in their principal characters1 with a short notice of their originators and champions4 ,father ,gonzales does not weary his readers with a special refutation of each particular system2 this is unnecessary after having taught his principles so well in the didactic essays4 ,about fifty systems of the period before ,christ are briefly stated1 and above a hundred and fifty of those which have appeared since4 ,this short history is evidently the result of very extensive reading4 ,as a student's manual1 we know of nothing more complete than the ,philosophia ,elementaria of ,bishop ,gonzales4 ,it is an excellent course1 both for the young cleric who is preparing for the study of the scholastics1 and for the secular youth about to take his place in the world4 ,the style of writing is simple1 but by no means devoid of elegance4 ,spanish writers who have been trained in the schools of ,melchior ,cano have never been at a loss to express their thoughts in a becoming form4 ,we have heard many regrets that there was no modern text-book of philosophy of the school of ,goudin4 ,this want is now fully supplied by ,gonzales1 and it will be doubly satisfied when the rest of the volumes of ,lepidi's ,elementa ,philosophi ,christian have appeared4 ,we do not say that ,goudin will become unnecessary2 the serious student will still continue to consult him4 ,but there can be no doubt that ,gonzales' work is more adapted to the times4 ,it is also more terse1 more interesting1 more suitable to captivate the minds of youthful students4 ,we hope that what we have said may help to make ,bishop ,gonzales more known among us4 ,he has published a remarkable work in his own mother tongue1 ,estudios sobre la ,filosofia de ,santo ,tomas1 which would be productive of good if it were translated into ,english4 #ajd ,philosophia ,elementaria ad usum ,academic ac prsertim ,ecclesiastic ,juventutis4 ,opera et studio ,r4 ,p4 ,fr4 ,zephyrini ,gonzales1 ,ordinis ,prdicatorum4 ,matriti apud ,polycarpum ,lopez1 ,cava-,baja1 #ai4 ,,mdccclxviii4 ,philosophia juxta inconcussa tutissimaque ,d4 ,thom ,dogmata4 ,auctore ,p4 ,f4 ,antonio ,goudin1 ,ordinis ,prdicatorum4 ,editio novissima4 ,urbevetere3 ,prlis speraindeo pompei4 #ahei4 #aje ,the writer was talking recently with a clergyman of the ,anglican ,establishment1 who gave it as his opinion that the ,summa ,theologica was not worth studying1 8because it was based on the false decretals of ,isidore40 ,,the ,,devout ,,chapel ,,of ,,notre ,,dame ,,de ,b,,tharram4 8,tu mihi1 ,virgo parens1 in carmine suggere vires ,audacesque animos et grandibus annue coeptis40 --,pierre de la ,bastide4 ,la dvote chapelle de ,notre ,dame de ,btharram1 about ten miles from ,lourdes on the way to ,pau1 has been for eight hundred years the most renowned sanctuary in ,barn1 and1 to quote ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul1 8the second1 or at least the third1 most frequented in the kingdom40 ,founded by the ,crusaders1 endowed by kings and nobles1 favored by supernatural graces1 the favorite resort of the poor and afflicted1 sung by poets1 and its history written by learned men1 it has every claim on the interest of the pious heart4 ,we left ,lourdes one pleasant morning in ,september in advance of a large pilgrimage from ,marseilles1 that we might have an opportunity of examining the church of ,btharram at our leisure4 ,the railway runs along the valley of the ,gave1 leaving at the left the sacred grotto of ,massabielle and the fair church of the ,immaculate ,conception1 which stand in full view on the further shore4 ,we passed the forest of ,lourdes at the right1 and in fifteen minutes came to the little village of ,st4 ,p--,sanctus ,petrus de ,generoso1 as the old chronicles call it--on a bend of the river1 shut in by the mountains4 ,keeping along in sight of the clear1 green current of the ,gave1 everywhere the most wayward1 the most picturesque1 and most fascinating of rivers1 we came1 in ten minutes after leaving the narrow gorge of ,st4 ,p1 to the station of ,montaut-,btharram1 where1 away to the left1 we could see the cross on the ,calvary1 and the domes of the white oratories of the ,passion gleaming among the trees on its sides4 ,the ,devout ,chapel of ,notre ,dame de ,btharram is at the foot of the mount1 on the further bank of the ,gave1 and wholly shut out of sight4 ,a straight road leads to it from the station1 which is about half a mile distant4 ,the bridge that spans the river with a bold arch is extremely picturesque1 the sides of the arch being completely covered with ivy1 which trails to the very water and lines the steep banks4 ,nothing could be more romantic4 ,trees lean pensively over the limpid stream1 and flowers bloom along the shore4 ,the ,gave1 as the poet of ,btharram remarks1 after rushing through the broad valley with impetuous haste1 threatening to overflow the meadows with its swelling current1 suddenly slackens its speed as it approaches the chapel of the ,virgin1 and flows gently by with a murmur of softest homage4 ,opposite the bridge is a long range of monastic-looking buildings with narrow windows and thick walls1 the asylum of meditation and prayer4 ,connected therewith is the church1 which stands with its side to the river1 facing the west4 ,the front1 of ,pyrenean marble1 is adorned with white marble statues of the ,evangelists with their emblems--two each side of the mild-eyed ,virgin who stands above the open door treading the serpent beneath her feet4 ,it being early in the afternoon1 we found the church delightfully quiet4 ,there were only a few persons at prayer1 and1 having paid our vows at the altar of ,our ,lady1 we proceeded to examine the building and recall its varied history4 ,the interior of the church consists of a nave and two aisles4 ,the latter are literally lined with confessionals4 ,the clerestory walls are covered with paintings supported by gigantic caryatides amid a profusion of gilding and ornament somewhat ,spanish in character4 ,the whole effect is imposing1 and there is an impressive air of antiquity and gloom about the church1 though it was rebuilt only two centuries ago4 ,the ,madonna1 a modern production1 by ,renoir1 a pupil of ,pradier1 is over the high altar in the centre of a reredos1 rich with gilding and carving1 which extends to the very arches4 ,at the end of the right aisle is the chapel of the ,pastoure1 so called from the bas-relief depicting the legend of the shepherds who discovered the ,virgin of ,btharram4 ,the devotion to ,notre ,dame de ,btharram1 so popular all through the ,pyrenees1 is supposed to have arisen in the eleventh century--an age of simple faith1 when ,god loved to manifest the wonders of his grace4 ,the church is fondly believed by many to have been founded by the ,crusaders1 who perhaps gave it its pleasing ,oriental name4 ,gaston ,,iv41 a prince of the ,merovingian race1 noted for his devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin1 then reigned in ,barn4 ,one of the bravest warriors who went to the rescue of the ,holy ,sepulchre1 he directed the construction of the war-machines before the walls of ,jerusalem1 and was one of the first to commence the assault at the side of ,godfrey of ,bouillon4 ,we are chiefly dependent on the ancient traditions of the province for the early history of ,btharram1 as the old church was burned down by the ,huguenots4 ,one of the legends attributes the name of ,btharram to a miraculous occurrence4 ,a young girl1 who was one day gathering flowers on the banks of the ,gave1 accidentally fell into the stream and was carried away by the current4 ,she instinctively cried to the ,virgin for assistance1 who instantly appeared1 holding out a leafy branch1 by which she was drawn to the shore4 ,the girl gratefully offered her celestial protectress a beautiful branch--or1 to use the language of ,barn1 a beth arram--of gold4 8#8,youb' offri dounc ma bre arrame2 ,qu l'ab' dpalisi ss l'ata2 ,y-mey que hey bot en moun ame ,qu'aci daban bous1 ,nouste ,dame1 ,gnat beth arram que lusira40 ,that is to say1 literally3 8,i offer you1 then1 my golden bough1 ,which ,i lay on the altar divine2 ,furthermore1 in my inmost soul ,i vow1 ,in this blest place1 ,o ,mother of ,grace6 ,for ever a beautiful branch shall shine40 ,la ,bastide1 the poet-priest of ,btharram in the time of the ,fronde1 is the first writer to mention this derivation1 which furnishes him with a comparison to illustrate the mysterious effects of divine grace3 8,this name signifies1 in the language of the country1 a beau rameau--a beautiful branch--planted on the shore of the ,gave by the august ,virgin1 yielding fruit of a delicious savor that serves for the nourishment of souls40#ajf ,the old legends say a girl of the neighboring village of ,lestelle1 named ,raymonde1 predicted the erection of a church on this spot in honor of ,nouste ,dame1 but her prophecy was scoffed at1 even by her own parents4 ,not long after1 some children1 who were amusing themselves at the foot of the hill of ,btharram while tending their flocks1 saw a bright flame among the sharp rocks on the banks of the river1 in the very place where now stands the high altar of the ,devout ,chapel4 ,like the mysterious bush on ,mount ,horeb1 it burned intensely without consuming the thicket around4 ,after a moment of stupefaction the little shepherds timidly approached1 and what was their astonishment to behold in the midst of the flames a beautiful statue of the ,virgin and ,child6 ,they fell down before it in pious reverence1 and then hurried away to ,lestelle to relate the wonderful event4 ,the inhabitants ran in crowds to the place1 followed by the priest in his white surplice1 who fell on his knees amid the prostrate throng and bent his face to the ground before the marvellous image4 ,as the place was rocky and apparently unsuitable for a chapel1 the people proceeded to construct a small niche at the further end of the bridge1 to which the priest carried the statue amid the joyous shouts of the people4 ,but it was not there that ,mary chose to be honored1 and the following day the niche was discovered to be vacant1 and the miraculous ,virgin standing on the rocks where she originally appeared4 ,she was taken back1 but1 mysteriously returning again and again1 the people of ,lestelle concluded to transport her to their village church1 which they did with great pomp1 and carefully fastened her in1 that they might ascertain whether she had been moved by human agency or some higher power4 ,in spite of this precaution1 the statue was again found at dawn on the rocks of ,btharram4 ,then ,raymonde took courage once more1 and declared this was the spot the ,reyne de ,ce had chosen for her sanctuary4 ,again the people began to laugh at her revelations1 but she now spoke with authority1 and1 moved by divine inspiration1 threatened them with a terrible chastisement if they refused to obey the command4 ,and1 as if to give force to her words1 while they stood hesitating a sudden cloud appeared in the sky1 from which fell a torrent of hailstones4 ,the people cried to heaven for pardon and mercy1 and immediately vowed to erect the chapel4 ,the learned ,abb ,menjoulet of ,bayonne thinks the church of ,btharram was built in the eleventh or early in the twelfth century1 from the style of the portions still to be found here and there in the modern building4 ,it certainly existed long before the ascendancy of the ,huguenot party in ,barn1 and had been for ages regarded as the holiest spot in the land4 ,pierre de ,marca says its remote origin is lost in obscurity4 ,the distinguished ,jesuit1 ,pre ,poir1 in his ,triple ,couronne de la ,mre de ,dieu1 thinks it of a later date1 but he had never visited it in person4 ,his account was derived from a magistrate of ,pau4 ,he says the ancient pilgrims1 as soon as they came in sight of the ,devout ,chapel1 fell on their knees1 and completed their pilgrimage in this way with a lighted torch in their hands4 ,cures without number were wrought1 the divine anger stayed1 and whole armies put to flight at the intercession of the ,boune ,bierge of ,btharram4 ,the walls were hung with the crutches of the paralytic1 the chains of liberated prisoners1 and the wax limbs given by those who had been healed1 many of which offerings resisted the flames1 and were found after the destruction of the church by the emissaries of ,jeanne d',albret4 ,this princess cherished a lively resentment against the ,holy ,see on account of the alliance of ,julius ,,ii4 with ,ferdinand the ,catholic1 which she thought led to the conquest of ,navarre1 to the injury of the house of ,albret4 ,after dissimulating her sentiments for some time1 she threw off the mask and subjected the ,catholics of ,barn to a violent persecution4 ,montgomery was the agent of her vengeance1 and he was well fitted for the work4 ,it was in #aefi that1 on his destructive round through the country1 he came to the sanctuary of ,btharram1 which he laid waste4 ,the miraculous ,virgin1 however1 was saved1 and1 after being hidden for some time at ,lestelle1 was carried to ,spain1 where it became an object of veneration under the name of ,nuestra ,seora la ,gasconne4 ,during this sad time1 in which ,mary's altar lay desolate1 there were marked instances of divine manifestation4 ,by night the ruins were often seen lit up with a wonderful light1 as of many torches1 and the sound of angelic music was heard4 ,the crumbling walls preserved their miraculous virtues1 and unhappy mothers came with their sick children in the night-watches to pray among the ruins1 and returned joyfully in the morning bearing the evidence of their answered petitions with them4 ,as soon as it was safe to do so1 the inhabitants of ,lestelle1 in spite of their poverty1 hastened to restore the church of their ,bonne ,vierge1 who1 for more than half a century1 had preserved them from the contagion of heresy4 ,not a person in the place had joined the ,huguenots1 and it was the only village in ,barn where ,catholic services had been maintained4 ,leonard de ,trappes was at this time archbishop of ,auch1 the metropolitan see4 ,he was one of the most distinguished prelates of ,france1 and honored with the confidence of ,henry ,,iv4 ,a man of ardent piety1 and solicitous for the spiritual welfare of his flock1 he founded a congregation of missionaries for the wants of his diocese1 and established them at ,notre ,dame de ,garaison under the charge of ,pierre ,geoffroy1 who devoted his whole fortune to the work4 ,louis ,,xiii4 having granted permission for rebuilding the church of ,btharram1 ,geoffroy resolved to celebrate the event by a grand pilgrimage to this ancient shrine4 ,he had trained a choir of mountaineers1 whose superb voices greatly added to the solemnities of ,garaison4 ,taking these men with him1 ,geoffroy set out with six priests for ,barn1 in those days a fatiguing journey4 ,every one represented to him the danger of venturing into a country still in a state of agitation1 but1 in spite of some insults and threats on the part of the ,calvinists1 he pressed on1 joined here and there by a band of ,catholics1 who at last numbered several thousand4 ,among them were the ,baron and ,baroness de ,miossens from the ,chteau de ,coarraze1 and many nobles4 ,it was a fine spring morning when this grand procession appeared on the banks of the ,gave4 ,the valley resounded with the glad hymns of the mountaineers of ,garaison1 in which the vast multitude joined with the utmost enthusiasm4 ,the hill of ,btharram was literally covered with people from the neighboring towns1 who1 when they caught sight of the immense procession coming to reopen the church of their beloved ,virgin1 burst into tears and acclamations of joy4 ,geoffroy celebrated ,mass in the church1 and afterwards preached to five thousand people on the public square of ,lestelle4 ,this was forty-six years after the destruction of the sanctuary4 ,the niche of the ,virgin was still empty4 ,mgr4 de ,trappes resolved to supply the deficiency1 and had a new statue carved out of wood in the style of the old one1 which he took to ,btharram himself4 ,it was in ,july1 #afaf1 he set out from ,garaison with a numerous escort of priests4 ,passing through ,lourdes1 he stopped at ,st4 ,p1 whence he continued on foot1 followed by all the monks1 a vast number of priests from ,bigorre and ,barn1 all the nobility of the country1 and an innumerable crowd of people with crosses and banners1 carrying the new statue of the ,virgin and filling the air with their hymns in her honor4 ,among them was ,pierre de ,marca4 ,the archbishop set up the votive ,madonna over the high altar1 and celebrated ,mass in the presence of six thousand persons4#ajg ,he remained several days at ,btharram1 administered the sacrament of confirmation1 received several ,huguenots into the fold1 and erected an immense wooden cross on the summit of the mount1 as if he had a foresight of its future consecration to the divine ,passion4 ,he always cherished a delightful recollection of his pilgrimage1 and when he died he bequeathed to the church a silver lamp1 with a fund to supply it with oil to burn continually before the ,virgin he had given to ,btharram4 ,pierre de ,marca1 whom we find here with the ,archbishop of ,auch1 was the learned author of the ,antiquities of ,barn4 ,he was made counsellor of state under ,richelieu1 and conceived so great a devotion to ,notre ,dame de ,btharram that he became the historian of the chapel4 ,he studied its past traditions1 and recorded a vast number of miracles that occurred here1 with the names1 dates1 and other particulars1 often taken from the lips of the persons themselves1 many of whom belonged to the nobility of ,barn1 ,guienne1 and ,languedoc1 and sworn to by reliable witnesses in the presence of the chaplains and magistrates4 ,he relates that not long after the visit of ,mgr4 de ,trappes1 five villagers of ,montaut1 while eating their noontide meal on a little hillock in the valley1 struck by a noise1 as of a furious wind1 looked towards the ,mount of ,btharram1 and saw the cross planted on its summit suddenly wrenched from its place and thrown on the ground1 and then1 as if by its own might1 rise again to its former position1 crowned with a mysterious light4#ajh ,this miraculous occurrence merits the more particular attention because it led to the construction of the famous ,calvary1 which continues to attract pilgrims to this day4 ,it happened about the time ,louis ,,xiii4 re-established the ,catholic religion in ,barn1 and was1 says ,marca1 one of the causes that determined him to go in person to ,pau1 from which time he cherished a special affection for ,btharram and became one of its benefactors4 ,a month after the facts of the case were established1 the town of ,lestelle gave the hill of ,btharram to the church4 ,the bishop of the diocese now induced ,hubert ,charpentier to take charge of the ,devout ,chapel4 ,he was a licentiate of the ,sorbonne1 for some time a professor of philosophy at ,bordeaux1 then a missionary at ,notre ,dame de ,garaison1 where he distinguished himself by his zeal and eloquence in the pulpit1 and afterwards1 devoted to charitable works1 director of the city hospital at ,bordeaux4 ,he was appointed grand chaplain of ,btharram in #afba1 and had six minor chaplains given him to aid in the work4 ,the first sight of the holy sanctuary and the mountain above made a particular impression on his mind4 ,studying the traditions and features of the place1 he was struck with the miracle of the ,cross and the general resemblance of the neighborhood to the environs of ,jerusalem4 ,the mountain of ,btharram was higher than that of ,olives2 the valley at the foot more extensive than that of ,josaphat2 and the ,gave a more abundant stream than the ,cedron4 ,he conceived the idea of building a succession of oratories along the side of the hill1 in which should be depicted the principal scenes of the ,passion1 and crowning the summit with three crosses and a chapel of the ,holy ,sepulchre4 ,to every one the project seemed like a divine inspiration1 which he afterwards modestly confessed was the fact4 ,about this time an abbess of ,st4 ,clare related to him that1 when she first entered the convent at ,mont-de-,marsan1 she found an old nun of eighty years of age1 a native of the vicinity of ,btharram1 who was fond of describing the glories of the miraculous chapel before the rise of heresy in ,barn1 and said the place was called the ,holy ,land4 ,charpentier's proposition was received with so much enthusiasm that1 on ,good ,friday1 #afbc1 a ,christ on the ,cross was solemnly set up1 between the two thieves1 on the summit of the mount1 and the oratories of the ,passion were at once begun4 ,louis ,,xiii4 built the ,chapel of ,st4 ,louis1 with two cells and a gallery looking off over the beautiful valley to the gorge of ,st4 ,p4 ,to ensure the quiet solitude of ,btharram1 he forbade the building of any inn or public-house in the neighborhood1 and at his death bequeathed three thousand livres to the church4 ,marie de ,medicis and ,anne of ,austria also became its benefactors1 as well as ,louis ,,xiv41 who took pleasure in his youth in reading ,marca's ,trait des ,merveilles opres en la ,chapelle ,notre ,dame du ,calvaire de ,btharram4 ,charpentier himself gave all he possessed4 ,madame de ,gramont1 ,madame de ,lauzun1 and the ,countess de ,brienne also brought their offerings4 ,la ,bastide writes3 8,i have seen the great ones of the earth rivalling each other in the magnificence of their offerings to this august sanctuary40 ,it is time we should speak of the poet of ,btharram--,pierre de ,la ,bastide1 a native of the diocese of ,auch1 who now became associated with the labors of ,charpentier4 ,his poems are in ,latin4 ,he is a graceful writer1 with a pleasing cadence in his lines4 ,his poem on ,notre ,dame de ,btharram is at once historic and descriptive4 ,it is divided into four parts1 giving the history of the foundation1 a description of the ,calvary and surrounding region1 a rsum of the miracles in the ,devout ,chapel1 and a picture of the life of the chaplains4 ,the poem is at once brilliant1 pleasing1 and picturesque1 and of great value to all who would study the history and spirit of the place4 ,it was at ,btharram ,la ,bastide translated into ,latin verse the ,french poem of ,arnauld d',andilly on the life of ,christ1 which was such an event in the literary world when it first appeared in #afcd4 ,at that time the graver part of society thought nothing serious could be expressed in the form of ,french poetry1 and the religious held it in horror4 ,d',andilly broke loose from this prejudice1 and1 as he says in his preface1 8abandoned the illusory praises of profane love to use the charms of poesy in depicting the life of ,christ1 in order to attract pious hearts by placing before their eyes a picture of the wonderful things wrought for our redemption40#aji ,la ,bastide is not the only poet to sing the praises of ,our ,lady of the ,beautiful ,branch4 ,m4 ,bataille1 a few years since1 received from the ,archological ,society of ,barn a silver bough for his charming poetical version of the legend in the ,barnais language1 which he hung up over the altar of the ,virgin4 ,the ,calvary of ,btharram became dear to all who loved to retrace the overwhelming mysteries of the ,redemption4 ,the sorrowful way up the mount's steep sides seemed to them 8,a road where aiding angels came40 ,every station was marked by some memory of ,god's special grace4 ,it was in the dim1 shadowy oratory of the ,garden of ,olives a merchant from ,grenade-sur-,adour was delivered from the adversary of souls4 ,further on1 where ,christ was represented blindfolded1 a poor woman recovered her sight after seven years' blindness4 ,at the ,holy ,tomb where lay the sacred ,body embalmed 8,in spices from the golden shore10 the sick obtained renewed life and the grace to give out henceforth the sweet odor of piety and good works4 ,and so on4 ,the very shadow of ,christ ,suffering seemed to have power4 ,fifteen thousand pilgrims often came here in a year--a great number for a remote mountain chapel1 less accessible in former days4 ,marca relates that ,m4 de ,gassion1 a zealous ,calvinist of ,pau1 came to ,btharram to behold the superstitions he supposed practised on the mount1 but he was so touched by the devotion he witnessed that he was impelled to pray at every station1 and thank ,god he had inspired his ministers with so pious and praiseworthy a project4 ,the chaplains established a confraternity of the ,holy ,cross1 composed of laymen animated with a special love for our crucified ,lord1 which became so numerous that ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 accorded many indulgences to all who belonged to it4 ,several of its members retired wholly from secular pursuits to the solemn gloom of this ,mount of the ,passion as to 8a holy tower against the world10 that1 by self-chastening rod1 vigil1 and fast1 they might subdue the baser instincts of their nature and put on ,christ and him crucified4 ,what ineffable nights they must have spent beneath the oaks of ,btharram watching with tearful eyes the ,divine ,sufferer in the ,garden or treading with bleeding feet the rough ,way of the ,cross6 ,there were many of these hermits' cells on the shaggy sides of the mount4 ,first1 there was ,st4 ,bernard's cell1 built by the ,baron de ,poyane1 a brave soldier who was governor of ,navarrenx under ,louis ,,xiii41 who had the holy life of the ,abbot of ,clairvaux painted on its walls4 ,a little higher was ,st4 ,cyprian's cell1 the favorite retreat of ,la ,bastide1 with a little terrace and stone steps leading down to the church4 ,then came the cell of ,st4 ,francis de ,paul1 for persons of rank who wished to pass a limited time in solitude on the mount4 ,it stood below the chapel of ,st4 ,louis and commanded a lovely view of the plain of ,montaut4 ,its foundations are still to be seen supporting a pretty hanging garden4 ,st4 ,anthony's cell was encrusted among the sharp rocks that served as a foundation to the chapel of ,louis ,,xiii4--a formidable cliff1 bare in winter1 but in summer covered with vines that surpassed the most beautiful tapestry4 ,on its top was suspended the royal chapel among the verdant trees4 ,behind the church was ,st4 ,joseph's hermitage1 for a long time the only dwelling of the chaplains1 where also were lodged the infirm who came for succor to the ,virgin of ,btharram4 ,near the oratory of the ,garden of ,olives were the cells of ,st4 ,stephen1 ,st4 ,anne1 and ,st4 ,francis4 ,a little above was the votive cell of ,st4 ,roch1 built by the citizens of ,mont-de-,marsan at the time of a great plague4 ,here was a little spring which still supplies the pretty fount of ,st4 ,roch near the entrance of the church4 ,on the summit of the mountain was a small cell1 beside the chapel of the ,holy ,sepulchre1 where for more than two hundred years lived a succession of hermits who1 buried with their ,lord1 gave themselves up to a life of contemplation4 ,the last one died in #aheg4 ,louis ,,xiii41 in authorizing the ,calvary of ,btharram1 wished there were many others like it in his kingdom1 and requested ,charpentier to establish one on ,mount ,valerian1 near ,paris4 ,this holy priest1 whose soul was devoured with longing to extend the devotion to the sufferings of ,christ1 was struck with the grand idea of setting up the cross over the splendors of the capital and displaying the emblems of the ,passion in sight of the gay city1 as a constant reproach to its pleasure-loving people4 ,charpentier tore himself away from his beloved ,btharram4 ,at ,paris he was hospitably welcomed to the house of the pious ,countess de ,brienne1 who took pleasure in conversing with him on the things of eternity1 and said she had no greater enjoyment than this holy intercourse4 ,the devotion to ,calvary took root in ,paris4 ,richelieu favored the work4 ,cardinal de la ,rochefoucauld lent his aid4 ,louis ,,xiv4 authorized the consecration of the mount2 and the ,archbishop of ,paris approved of the congregation of the ,prtres du ,calvaire1 similar to that in ,barn4 ,as soon as ,charpentier arrived at ,paris1 in #afcc1 he became the object of the most flattering attentions on the part of the ,port-,royalists1 then under the direction of a priest from ,bayonne--the famous ,abb ,st4 ,cyran1 a man of an ardent1 austere nature1 who at that time seemed devoted to the revival of ,christian and ecclesiastical discipline4 ,nothing must be inferred against the orthodoxy of ,charpentier or ,la ,bastide on account of their innocent relations with ,port ,royal4 ,not the least suspicion ever rested on their orthodoxy4 ,charpentier was occupied in good works rather than controversy4 ,he died on ,mount ,valerian1 with a reputation for extraordinary sanctity1 ,december #aj1 #afej1 three years before the ,augustinus was condemned by the ,holy ,see4 ,his body was found1 without any trace of corruption1 in #ahjb4 ,his heart1 at his own request1 was sent to the church of ,notre ,dame de ,btharram1 where it is enclosed in the wall on the epistle side of the chancel4 ,the place is marked by a tablet of black marble1 on which is the inscription3 8,ici est le cur de ,hubert ,charpentier1 fondateur du ,calvaire40 ,the most distinguished chaplain of ,btharram in the eighteenth century was the ,abb ,cassiet1 for several years connected with the ,canadian mission4 ,it seemed strange in this distant mountain chapel of ,barn to come upon the traces of an old ,american missionary1 and a natural curiosity was felt to know something of his history4 ,we cannot forbear the pleasure of giving it pretty nearly as related by ,m4 l',abb ,sbie1 the cur of ,montaut1 from details given by the nephews of ,m4 ,cassiet1 now living at an advanced age in that place4 ,m4 ,pierre ,cassiet was born at ,montaut1 in the ,landes1 in #agbg4 ,he made his preparatory studies at the seminary of ,agen1 and1 feeling a strong desire to devote himself to the work of foreign missions1 entered the ,sminaire des ,missions ,etrangres at ,paris1 the superior of which was also from the diocese of ,aire4 ,he was at first destined for the mission of ,cochin ,china1 but a few days before the time fixed for his departure a missionary intended for ,canada falling ill1 it was proposed that the ,abb ,cassiet should take his place4 ,he consented and went to ,canada1 where he remained nine years1 till the country was ceded to the ,english by the treaty of ,versailles1 ,february1 #agfc4 ,at the time of his arrival the see of ,quebec was vacant1 and the diocese was governed by ,m4 de ,lalanne1 likewise a native of ,montaut1 who1 after sixteen years of useful labor1 returned to ,france and died superior of the seminary at ,dax1 about the year #agge1 beloved and honored by every one4#aaj ,in ,canada ,m4 ,cassiet had charge of the parish of ,st4 ,louis1 where the festivals of the church were celebrated with as much splendor as in ,europe4 ,he was successful in winning the confidence of his parishioners4 ,he mingled among them1 interested himself in their pursuits1 taught the natives the culture of many useful vegetables and the raising of domestic animals4 ,as there was regular commercial intercourse with ,bordeaux and ,bayonne1 he was able to procure many serviceable things from his native land4 ,when the ,english took possession of ,canada they called together all the ,french priests in the country1 wishing1 they said1 to regulate their relations with the new authorities4 ,several of them had a presentiment of evil1 among whom was ,abb ,cassiet1 who buried the sacred vessels in the ground1 packed his trunk1 and took a faithful servant with him4 ,the treaty of ,versailles stipulated the maintenance and protection of the ,catholic religion1 that the ,french priests should receive an annual salary from the ,english government1 and be allowed to continue the exercise of their ministry under the direction of the bishop of ,quebec4 ,this treaty1 according to the ,french accounts1 was kept with ,punic faith1 though the ,english deny1 or at least greatly extenuate1 the atrocious coup de main so contrary to the law of nations1 to say nothing of humanity and religion4 ,one hundred and sixty-six ,french priests assembled at ,quebec1 according to orders4 ,they were surrounded by troops1 seized1 and put on board a ship1 which was instantly ordered to set sail for ,europe4 ,nothing could exceed the inhumanity with which these martyr-priests were treated during the voyage by the brutal and fanatic ,englishmen who had charge of them4 ,anchoring at ,plymouth1 ,england1 they kept their prisoners on board for three months4 ,they did not massacre them1 but1 with the most refined barbarism1 subjected them to all the tortures of hunger and thirst4 ,their rations were reduced to an insufficient quantity to sustain life1 and the distribution of water was delayed every day1 till they were extenuated by the privation4 ,thirst killed more than hunger1 and1 when the ship at last touched at ,morlaix in ,brittany1 of the one hundred and sixty-six priests who left ,canada1 only five remained1 and these were barely alive4 ,m4 ,cassiet was of the number4 ,he had the sorrow of losing his faithful ,canadian on the way1 and was himself so low that he lost his senses and was speechless4 ,he was taken charge of by a lady at ,morlaix1 who1 for some days1 only sustained his life under horrible sufferings by infusing a few drops of honey from time to time into his mouth4 ,his health re-established in a measure1 he proceeded to ,paris to report himself at the ,missions ,etrangres1 where his condition excited general sympathy4 ,the government1 though too weak to demand satisfaction from the ,english1 promised him a pension of six hundred livres a year4 ,thence he went to ,rome1 where he was received with the respect due to his sufferings for the faith4 ,after his return to ,montaut1 finding his pension not forthcoming1 he resolved to go to ,paris again to claim it4 ,accordingly he bought one of the small horses of the ,landes for twenty crowns1 and proceeded by short stages to the capital4 ,he put up at the ,missions ,etrangres as usual1 but was disappointed to find the court at ,versailles1 as well as the ,abb de ,jarente1 who had the portfolio of benefices and pensions1 and formed part of the king's household4 ,m4 ,cassiet1 undiscouraged1 set out again the next morning on his way for ,versailles4 ,he little suspected the dramatic manner in which he was to present himself at the palace4 ,crossing a bridge1 his horse1 frightened at meeting a carriage1 took the bit between his teeth and sprang forward like lightning4 ,our cavalier lost his hat1 calotte1 whip1 and everything not secured to his person4 ,in short1 it was a repetition of the famous race of ,john ,gilpin4 ,in this way he was borne full tilt up to the palace gates4 ,m4 l',abb de ,jarente1 by some singular coincidence1 happened to be there1 and at once conceived a lively interest in the ecclesiastic who arrived at court in so queer a plight4 ,m4 ,cassiet1 as soon as his natural excitement was somewhat over1 explained the cause of his unclerical appearance1 and made known his object in coming4 ,his pension was assured2 and the ,abb de ,jarente was so taken with such a feat of horsemanship that he offered a hundred crowns for the spirited steed4 ,m4 ,cassiet1 courteous and generous by nature1 at once presented him to the minister1 refusing any return4 ,our ,abb was afterwards given a small benefice near ,montaut1 called ,las ,prabendes1 but he resigned it in favor of a young priest who subsequently became a ,carthusian at ,bordeaux4 ,he was then appointed canon of ,st4 ,girons de ,hagetmau1 but he found the life too calm and monotonous after so varied a career1 and about the year #aggb he offered his services to the community of the ,prtres du ,calvaire at ,btharram4 ,here he so distinguished himself by his piety1 zeal1 and ability that he was soon appointed superior4 ,the house became very prosperous under his rule4 ,he put to account the practical knowledge of agriculture he had gained in ,canada1 laid out gardens1 orchards1 and vineyards on the banks of the ,gave1 and in the course of a few years increased the revenues five-fold4 ,at the same time he infused a missionary spirit among the chaplains1 and much of his own zeal in winning souls to ,christ4 ,about this time the ,abb de ,jarente1 afterwards ,bishop of ,orlans1 coming to the ,pyrenees to breathe the mountain air and try the mineral waters1 visited the ,devout ,chapel of ,btharram4 ,he was delighted to find here the ,abb ,cassiet1 whom it was impossible to forget4 ,no doubt the story of the horse came up1 and the comical way in which he presented himself at ,versailles4 ,m4 de ,jarente offered ,m4 ,cassiet a benefice of six thousand livres a year without any obligation of residence or service4 ,it was declined1 though ,m4 ,cassiet no longer received his pension2 but he was finally prevailed upon to accept a small benefice of one hundred and sixty livres a year in the ,vicomt of ,orthez4 ,he was glad1 he said1 to have wherewith to shoe and clothe himself without being at any expense to his congregation4 ,his brother presented ,btharram with ten thousand livres1 on condition that the chaplains should give a mission every ten years at ,montaut4 ,the ,revolution brought mourning to this peaceful mountain chapel1 and ,m4 ,cassiet1 after trying in vain to propitiate the authorities1 became for the second time a confessor of the faith and sought refuge in ,spain4 ,somewhere in ,biscay he met the ,abb ,st4 ,marc1 a young cur from ,grenade-sur-l',adour1 also in exile1 and persuaded him to go to the ,canadian mission1 where he remained several years1 but finally died in #ahde1 at the age of ninety-one1 at ,mont-de-,marsan1 where his memory is still honored4 ,when the ,catholic religion was re-established in ,france1 the ,abb ,cassiet returned to his homestead at ,montaut1 being then too old and infirm to undertake the restoration of ,btharram4 ,of the twelve priests of ,calvary in #agic1 only two were living1 and they were advanced in years4 ,m4 ,cassiet's last days were quietly spent in his native place4 ,the bishop of ,bayonne allowed him to say ,mass in his own apartments1 on account of his infirmities4 ,he died in #ahji1 aged eighty-two years1 surrounded with the love and veneration of all1 and was buried at the foot of the cross in the public cemetery of ,montaut4 ,the church of ,notre ,dame de ,btharram was saved from destruction at the time of the ,revolution by the efforts of the mayor of the faithful town of ,lestelle2 but he was obliged to abandon the ,calvary to its fury4 ,the oratories were demolished1 the statues broken to pieces1 the paintings torn up1 and the holy ,way of the ,cross rendered a ,via ,dolorosa indeed4 ,when the sacred image of ,christ on the ,cross was overthrown1 a swarm of bees issued from the opening in the side1 and one of hornets from that of the impenitent thief4 ,an unhappy individual who had the audacity to knock off the head of the ,virgin at the chapel of the ,holy ,sepulchre became from that moment the object of divine malediction1 and some time after was beheaded4 ,the sacraments of the church were administered at ,lestelle during this sad period by ,pre ,joseph1 a ,franciscan friar1 who sought in anything but 8,franciscan weeds to pass disguised40 ,his various escapes from danger have become almost legendary4 ,wherever there was a person in danger of death or a child to be baptized1 he suddenly made his appearance1 and then as mysteriously disappeared--concealed1 no doubt1 by the good people of the village4 ,nine of the citizens purchased the hill of ,btharram1 and some others the church4 ,they were redeemed by the ecclesiastical authorities as soon as better days arrived1 and a ,petit ,sminaire was established in the residence and hospice4 ,here was educated ,bertrand ,lawrence1 the restorer of ,notre ,dame de ,garaison1 afterwards bishop of ,tarbes4 ,the devout chapel was now reopened for public devotion2 the oratories on the mount were hastily restored and once more frequented1 in spite of the rude scenes of the ,passion painted by the ,pre ,joseph4 ,in #ahbc the ,duchess of ,angoulme1 accompanied by the bishop of the diocese and a numerous procession of clergy1 came here to make the ,way of the ,cross and pray for a blessing on the royal army under the duke in ,spain4 ,the duchess presented the church with a monstrance of rich workmanship4 ,four years after her sister-in-law1 the ,duchess of ,berry1 also came to ,btharram1 and was received with the same demonstrations of joy4 ,the most noted chaplain of ,btharram in this century was a holy ,basque priest of great austerity--the ,abb ,garicots1 a genuine ,cantabrian1 to whom his fellow-priests loved to apply the words of ,sidonius ,apollinaris3 8,cantaber ante omnes hiemisque1 tusque1 famisque1 ,invictus4'''0 ,he founded the ,prtres du ,sacr ,cur1 who continue to serve the church4 ,he restored the ,calvary to its ancient beauty1 and repeopled its cells4 ,while he was superior of the house the sanctuary was visited by the ,abb de ,salinis1 a distinguished ,barnais priest1 who had inherited a special devotion to ,notre ,dame de ,btharram4 ,he afterwards received the pallium1 as archbishop of ,auch1 at her feet1 and thenceforth came here regularly to make his annual retreat4 ,it was he who sent ,alexander ,renoir1 a ,christian artist imbued with the love and spirit of the middle ages1 to design the bas-reliefs that now adorn the ,stations of the ,cross4 ,this sculptor spent five years at the work1 after passing whole days on the sacred mount looking down on the enchanting valley of the ,gave and meditating on the scenes he has so ably depicted in the first eight oratories4 ,his figures are dignified1 the faces full of character1 and the draperies graceful4 ,the ,saviour has everywhere the same superhuman expression4 ,in the ,garden of ,olives he is supported by an angel whose outspread wings surround him like a glory4 ,it is evidently by his own will he suffers himself to be sustained4 ,in the ,flagellation his face wears a wonderful expression of patience2 in the ,crowning with ,thorns1 of inexpressible suffering and divine submission4 ,he stands in all the majesty of innocence and sorrow before ,pilate1 whose thoughtful1 anxious face as he looks at him reveals the struggle within4 ,perhaps the most touching scene is when ,christ meets his ,blessed ,mother4 ,the ,virgin is kneeling with arms yearningly stretched up towards him1 with a look of ineffable tenderness and pity1 and he for an instant seems to forget the weight of the overwhelming cross in the sense of his filial love4 ,the ,crucifixion is terribly real4 ,the sacred ,body visibly palpitates with suffering2 the feet and hands quiver with agony2 the face is filled with a divine woe4 ,mary1 at the foot of the cross1 is sustained by a form of enchanting youth and beauty4 ,the fourteen oratories of the ,via ,crucis are of various styles of architecture1 and built1 with an artistic eye to effect1 on admirable points of view4 ,visible at a great distance1 they seem to sanctify the whole valley4 ,some of them are surmounted with a dome1 others with turrets4 ,the royal chapel of ,st4 ,louis1 built between two cells1 has three ,oriental domes that swell out on the tops of slender1 minaret-like towers and are extremely striking from the railway4 ,twenty-eight stone steps--a ,scala ,santa--lead up to the sixth oratory1 that of the ,ecce ,homo4 ,the seventh looks like a castle with its crenellated towers4 ,the eighth has a hexagonal tower flanked by four turrets4 ,the ninth is of the ,roman style4 ,the three crosses on the summit of the mount were cast at ,paris and exhibited with success at the ,exposition ,universelle of #ahfg4 ,in the ,doric chapel beyond is a fine painting of the ,descent from the ,cross1 saved from the revolutionists of '#ic4 ,it is intensely realistic4 ,the ,piet of ,carrara marble opposite is the work of ,m4 ,dumontet1 of ,bourges--an ex voto from the ,marquis d',angosse and his wife4 ,our ,saviour's form is of marvellous beauty4 ,the fourteenth oratory is of the ,doric style4 ,there is a touching grief in the faces of the disciples bearing the dead body of ,christ to the tomb4 ,mary stands in speechless sorrow4 ,magdalen is a prey to violent grief4 ,the top of the hill is a long plateau4 ,the ,crucifixion is at the east end1 so that the ,christ1 according to ancient tradition1 may face the west4 ,at the left is the chapel of the ,holy ,sepulchre1 where lies the holy ,abb ,garicots1 who died on the ,festival of the ,ascension1 #ahfc4 ,at the west end of the esplanade1 facing the ,crucifixion1 is the most imposing of all the chapels--that of the ,resurrection4 ,two fine towers rise on each side of the gable on which stands the rapt form of our ,saviour ascending to heaven1 the work of ,m4 ,fabisch1 the sculptor who executed the ,virgin in the grotto at ,lourdes4 ,since the admirable restoration of the hill new devotion has sprung up among the people4 ,pilgrims to the grotto of ,marie ,immacule1 in the cliff of ,massabielle1 come to end their pilgrimage by weeping with ,marie dsole on the solemn heights of ,btharram4 ,on great festivals crowds may be seen coming from all the neighboring villages in festive array1 with a joyful air1 singing psalms on the way4 ,they carry their shoes in their hands1 but put them on on their arrival at church4 ,the women carefully lift their dresses with characteristic eye to economy4 ,during ,holy ,week thousands often ascend the mount1 group after group1 chanting old ,barnais hymns of the ,passion1 the men wrapped in their mountain cloaks1 and the women veiled in their long black capuchons1 looking like ,maries at the ,sepulchre4 ,on the #bast of ,october1 #ahgj1 his ,holiness ,pius ,,ix4 granted the ,calvary of ,btharram all the indulgences attached to the ,holy ,places at ,jerusalem1 as well as special ones to all who visit the devout chapel4 ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi4 also paid his tribute of homage to ,our ,lady of ,btharram4 ,the royal family of ,france seems to consider devotion to this venerable shrine as hereditary4 ,in #ahdc the ,countess of ,chambord presented her wedding-dress and veil to the ,virgin of ,btharram2 and the ,duchess of ,angoulme1 in memory of her pilgrimage here in #ahbc1 sent the communion-veil of her mother1 the unfortunate ,marie ,antoinette4 ,the statue of ,mary by ,renoir1 over the high altar of the church1 represents her seated1 looking at the divine ,child on her knee1 who leans forward to point out the beth arram--the beautiful branch--of gold at her feet4 ,it is a statue full of grace4 ,we were once more praying at this favored altar when we heard the sound of a chant1 and1 going to the door of the church1 saw the long procession of six hundred pilgrims from ,marseilles coming with silver crosses glittering in the sun and gay banners wrought with many a holy device4 ,the priests wore their surplices and stoles4 ,the pilgrims were evidently people of very respectable condition1 and the utmost order and decorum prevailed4 ,they were singing the litany of the ,virgin1 and seemed impressed with the religious nature of the act they were performing4 ,as they entered the church the organ1 given by ,napoleon ,,iii4 and ,eugnie at their visit in #ahei1 solemnly joined in their salutation to ,mary1 and1 after a short exercise of devotion1 they began the ascent of the ,calvary4 ,we followed them up the winding path to the top of the mount1 stopping at every turn before the beautiful chapels4 ,nothing could be more solemn1 more affecting1 and at the same time more fatiguing than climbing this steep1 rough ,way of the ,cross in the hot sun and amid the dense crowd of pilgrims4 ,we went from one oratory to another1 chanting the ,stabat ,mater1 and at each station a cur from ,marseilles1 with a powerful voice1 made a short meditation on the sufferings of ,christ1 every word of which could be heard far down the hill where wound the long train4 ,he identified these sufferings with the actual crucifixion of the church3 8,to-day also there are ,pilates--sovereigns of ,europe who wash their hands of the woes they might have prevented4 ,herod has set a guard at the very door of the ,vatican4 ,rulers and learned men scoff at the church and give perfidious counsel to its members2 and ,christ is again raised on the cross in the person of his ,vicar1 whose heart is bleeding for the iniquities of the world4 ,but faithful disciples rally around him4 ,devoted women pray4 ,yes1 a sinner clings to the foot of the cross--,france1 the poor ,magdalen of nations1 wrapped in immeasurable woe1 her head buried in her hands1 bewailing her guilt1 and destined to become the invincible heroine of the church60 ,nothing could be more impressive than this long file of pilgrims slowly winding up the sad way2 the chants in the open air1 the mournful plaint of the ,virgin1 which always goes to the heart1 the stirring appeal of the priest calling on us to mourn over the divine ,sufferer4 ,the woods were odorous1 the ground purple with heather1 lovely ferns nodded1 and harebells and herb-,robert bloomed by the wayside1 giving out sweet inspirations to those who know how to find ,god in everything he has made4 ,clouds had gathered in the west by the time we reached the top of this ,mount of ,sorrows1 and the sight of the immense cross with its pale ,christ against the wild1 stormy sky was something never to be forgotten1 reminding us of ,guido ,reni's ,crucifixion in the church of ,san ,lorenzo-in-,lucina at ,rome4 ,no one could behold it without being startled4 ,it seemed to strike terror into the soul1 and we gathered around it with tearful eyes and1 let us trust1 with contrite hearts4 ,we could hardly give a glance at the superb view unrolled before us--the immense plain with the beautiful ,gave winding through it1 the ,pyrenees lost in the clouds1 white villages scattered on every side1 and ,pau on a distant height4 ,o sacred hill of ,btharram6 which has so often seen the cross overthrown and set up again in the land2 mountain of perfumes1 which so many generations have ascended on their knees with streaming eyes2 predestined land1 so beloved of ,mary that on the shore of the same river1 in the side of the same range of hills1 she has opened two marvellous sanctuaries1 how good it is to pray1 to meditate1 to hope1 on thy heights6 #ajf ,others think it one of the numerous names left in the country by the ,moors1 the ,arabic word ,beit ,haram signifying the ,sacred ,abode4 ,but the old chroniclers of ,barn1 who attribute the foundation of the church to ,gaston ,,iv41 believe the name brought from the ,holy ,land1 the ,hebrew words ,beth ,aram meaning the ,house of the ,most ,high4 #ajg ,the statue remained in its niche until #ahda1 when it was replaced by the more beautiful one of ,renoir4 ,the gilt ,virgin of ,mgr4 de ,trappes is still to be seen on the wall of the left aisle near the chapel of the ,pastoure4 #ajh ,marca enters into a long dissertation to establish the truth of this wonderful event1 which may be thus summed up3 ,there were five persons to witness it1 four of whom were still alive when he wrote4 ,they were cultivators of the soil--an innocent occupation that has often led divine ,providence to make choice of those who pursue it to publish the wonders of his grace1 as when shepherds were chosen to announce the ,nativity4 ,they were natives of ,barn1 where the people are free from any undue credulousness1 and where the ,catholic religion had been proscribed for more than forty years1 so that of course they had not been brought up with the care that would have rendered them particularly susceptible of religious impressions4 ,moreover1 they knew a statement of this kind would be sifted to the bottom by ,protestants as well as ,catholics4 ,they could have no interest in the matter1 as ,btharram belonged to ,lestelle1 with which ,montaut was often at rivalry4 ,the chaplains were absent1 and wholly ignorant of the affair4 ,and these five men were people of probity1 who swore to the truth of their statements on the ,holy ,gospels before the magistrates of ,lestelle and ,montaut4 #aji ,arnauld d',andilly was the eldest son of the ,antoine ,arnauld who1 under ,henry ,,iv41 pleaded for the ,university against the ,jesuits1 and whose twentieth and youngest child was the second ,antoine ,arnauld--the oracle of ,jansenism4 ,d',andilly is looked upon as belonging to the first generation of ,jansenists1 though he had nothing of the austerity and repulsiveness of that sect4 ,he scarcely broaches polemics4 ,he celebrates in elegant verse the praises of the ,blessed ,virgin and the prerogatives of ,st4 ,peter1 and after translating all that is grandest and sweetest in ,christian literature--such as the works of ,st4 ,augustine1 ,st4 ,john ,climacus1 ,st4 ,teresa1 etc4--reposed from his labors by tending the espaliers of ,port ,royal1 of which the beautiful and pious ,anne of ,austria always had the first fruits4 #aaj ,m4 de ,beyries1 a nephew of the ,abb de ,lalanne1 and a prominent citizen of ,montaut1 has many precious memorials of his uncle4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more4 ,a ,,historical ,,romance4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,princesse ,,de ,,craon4 ,,viii4 ,meanwhile1 a great agitation prevailed in the heart of the kingdom1 at the court1 and in every mind4 ,the new favor of the new favorite2 the discontent1 ever growing but more and more repressed1 of the queen's partisans2 the restless and shifting humor of those who in secret held fast to the new religious opinions2 the uncertainty of events1 new fears1 new hopes1 seemed to have communicated to the intriguing and ambitious of every degree a boldness and activity hitherto unknown4 ,delivered from the yoke imposed on him for so long a time by a man at once adroit and yielding1 ,henry ,,viii4 had at last encountered a vile and abject creature who would gradually encourage him to display all the natural ferocity of his character4 ,already he was no longer able to separate himself from ,cromwell1 who1 artfully flattering each one of his passions1 constantly said to him3 8,to please you1 to obey you--that is the sole end toward which all should aim1 or they should fall60 ,every day1 in consequence of their determined efforts1 new complaints against the clergy were reported to the ,house of ,commons4 ,the time had come1 they said1 to distribute among the truly poor the treasures accumulated by the priests1 and to destroy the abuses they had made of their power4 ,these accusations1 together with calumnies of a blacker character1 emanating from sources always scrupulously concealed1 were artfully disseminated among the people1 circulated from mouth to mouth1 and served wonderfully to irritate the stupid and ignorant masses2 while in the ,house of ,lords nothing was left undone to secure the influence and suffrages of the most influential members of that body4 ,confident of success in all their designs1 ,henry ,,viii4 and his favorite decided that it was time to strike the first blow2 and while the attorney-general was in receipt of the order to carry to the ,king's ,bench an accusation which included the entire clergy of the kingdom as having become amenable to the penalties attached to the ,prmunire statutes1 a measure and petition were presented to ,parliament to prohibit every bishop from paying dues to the see of ,rome2 secondly1 that for the future their body should neither promulgate nor execute any of its laws without the co-operation of the royal authority2 and1 finally1 that all those laws which had been in force until that time should be re-examined by a committee whose members would be named and chosen by the king1 in order that he might abolish them if he deemed expedient4 ,these measures at first excited universal murmurs of dissatisfaction2 but people were not slow to perceive that such expressions could not be indulged in without danger1 for it was no longer a matter of doubt that ,parliament would yield to the slightest wish of the king4 ,the fear inspired by this prince1 together with his incessant threats and menaces1 secured him the submission of those even whom avarice had not been able to corrupt4 ,henry triumphantly congratulated himself on his success4 ,the courageous firmness of one single man1 however1 sufficed to embitter all his pleasure2 for1 since the king had openly and boldly announced his intention of compelling the divorce to be granted1 no matter by what means1 ,more had scrupulously held himself aloof1 no longer appearing at court1 except when summoned by the king or when the duties of his office obliged him to be formally present4 ,this was a source of deep chagrin and displeasure to ,henry ,,viii41 and the cold and reserved manner of the lord chancellor kept him1 when in his presence1 in a state of painful restraint4 8,what60 he said to himself1 8everything goes according to my wishes1 and yet the silent reproaches of this man alone annoy me unceasingly4 ,it would be better for him to yield10 he cried in his frenzy1 8or ,i shall be compelled to force him into submission60 ,but when ,more again appeared before him1 he listened to the report of affairs which he had to submit1 no longer knowing what to say to him1 and he dared not even pronounce the name of ,anne ,boleyn in his presence4 ,this day1 however1 he had summoned ,cromwell at a very early hour1 and appeared to be in an exceedingly joyful mood2 he laughed aloud1 then1 suddenly resuming a serious expression1 he exclaimed1 slapping the head of a superb greyhound that held his black nose extended across his knees3 8,you will see1 ,cromwell1 what a good effect this will produce on the people2 because it is useless to conceal that ,more is a man of such exalted character and brilliant worth that all the eyes of my kingdom are fixed upon his conduct40 8,ah60 said ,cromwell1 whom this very just opinion of the king displeased mightily10 ,i do not believe it will be thus when your majesty has spoken40 8,yes1 yes10 replied the king2 8and that is why ,i congratulate myself on the expedient which suggested itself last night4 ,how can you imagine1 after he has read in open ,parliament the decisions of the universities in my favor1 that the people will believe he does not favor the divorce8 ,and it is most necessary to counteract by this means the effect produced by the promulgation of the papal bull40 8,bah6 that bull10 said ,cromwell1 8is no more than a scrap of waste paper4 ,the pope forbids any of the clergy from celebrating your marriage before the queen's suit is decided4 ,now1 marry ,lady ,anne to-morrow60 8,to-morrow60 exclaimed the king4 ,at that moment the curtain of scarlet silk which hung in heavy folds before the entrance of the royal apartment was drawn aside1 and ,sir ,thomas ,more appeared4 ,the king paused surprised2 his fingers were entwined among the links of the gold chain suspended around the neck of ,cromwell1 and he was familiarly patting the breast of that base-born creature1 now seated close beside him4 8,ah6 it is you1 ,sir ,thomas10 said ,henry1 affecting an air of unconcern2 8you are always most welcome here4 ,i believe this is one of your friends10 he added1 pointing to ,cromwell4 ,more made no reply2 he simply inclined his head in response to the king's salutation4 8,yes1 yes1 you understand each other very well10 continued the king1 without appearing to remark that ,more made no reply4 8,is it not so1 ,cromwell80 8,i hope so10 replied ,cromwell1 casting a furtive glance around him4 ,for he was not able to encounter the penetrating gaze of ,more1 whom he secretly feared and detested2 and from the time he believed that ,more could no longer be of use to him he had ceased to overwhelm him with visits and continual solicitations1 as he had formerly been in the habit of doing4 8,well1 good ,sir ,thomas10 continued ,henry1 always indulging in badinage1 8what would you have with us80 8,i would speak with your majesty alone for a few moments10 replied ,more4 8,a reasonable request10 answered the king2 8and you know we always grant anything you ask40 ,he made a sign to ,cromwell1 who immediately withdrew1 his heart fired with rage at the welcome always extended by the king to ,more4 8,if ever ,i come into power10 murmured he in his heart1 8,more1 thou shalt know me60 8,what1 then1 is it1 ,more80 asked the king1 and he regarded him with an impatient expression4 8,your majesty10 replied ,more1 8this morning sent me an order to present myself in the ,house of ,commons1 and carry thither the decisions of the universities4 ,up to this time ,i have been loath to speak2 but to-day1 at the moment of giving such authenticity to these documents1 ,i consider it my duty to make known to your majesty that they have been extorted by force and are far from being regular2 a great many of the signatures are wanting1 while others are counterfeit40 8,counterfeit60 exclaimed the king angrily40 ,who has told you that80 8,i am sure of it10 replied ,sir ,thomas quietly and in the calmest of tones2 8and ,i have thought it my duty to inform the king of the fact before asking his permission to retire40 8,you retire60 cried ,henry ,,viii4 8,i had already requested the ,duke of ,norfolk10 continued ,more1 8to express to your majesty how painful it was to me to quit your service and to find myself obliged to cease from fulfilling the office with which you have honored me2 but my health is so feeble as not to permit me to hold it longer40 ,and he was silent4 ,the king sat stupefied4 ,but surprise very soon changed into extreme displeasure2 for he saw perfectly well why ,more retired1 and felt that he had nothing to hope from a man so firm and as inaccessible to fear as to self-interest4 ,it was for this he dissembled and evinced none of the vexation he felt4 8,i am sorry10 he said coldly1 8that you should leave me2 because you were that one of my servants whom ,i have most esteemed and loved4 ,but1 nevertheless1 since you wish it1 ,i will not oppose your going4 ,i shall always remember the services you have rendered me1 and be assured that any request you may make shall certainly be granted40 ,more made no reply1 but the tears came into his eyes2 he loved the king sincerely1 and would have made any sacrifice to have saved him from the unhappy passion that had enchained him4 8,you weep1 ,more10 said the king4 8,if it gives you pain1 why do you leave me80 8,because ,i cannot do otherwise40 8,as you please10 replied the king curtly4 8,i force nobody to remain in my service4 ,you will one day1 perhaps1 repent this step4 ,you are rich now1 ,i suppose80 8,your majesty knows very well to the contrary10 replied ,more4 8,in losing the salary of the office ,i now resign1 ,i am not sure that ,i shall have sufficient means remaining to provide becomingly for the wants of my many children4 ,during the time ,i filled a lucrative employment at the bar1 ,i saved enough to purchase a small tract of land which ,i now own2 but when your majesty called me into your service1 ,i was naturally obliged to abandon my profession1 and since then ,i have saved nothing40 8,what60 said the king1 8you have nothing remaining from the income of your office80 8,not so much as one hundred gold crowns10 replied ,sir ,thomas4 8,more10 said the king thoughtfully1 8you are an honest man40 8,i endeavor to be so1 sire40 8,it grieves me that you leave me4 ,why approve not of my marriage80 8,because1 sire1 you may not have two wives at once40 8,begone60 said ,henry ,,viii4''' ,and ,cromwell found the king in a state of excitement impossible to describe4 8,i regret it6 ,i regret it60 he exclaimed4 8,this will work me evil6 ,a man of such integrity1 such worth6 ,no one can doubt it4 ,i have done wrong in sending him to the ,parliament2 it was plain that he would refuse me40 8,what says he80 thought ,cromwell to himself1 surprised and anxious4 8,cromwell10 said the king1 8he leaves me60 8,who80 8,more40 8,more60 cried ,cromwell1 scarcely able to conceal his delight4 8,well1 is it only that that troubles you8 ,it is a happiness rather4 ,the hypocrite unmasks himself at last2 it has been long since the happiness of his sovereign was that for which he cared the least40 8,you are mistaken1 ,cromwell2 he loved me sincerely40 8,ah60 cried ,cromwell1 8this is the way in which your majesty's goodness of heart unceasingly opposes itself to your own interests4 ,sir ,thomas ,more has never lost an occasion of sustaining the ridiculous pretensions of ,queen ,catherine4 ,i heard him myself exclaim aloud in the presence of the legates assembled to try her3 8,may the queen triumph over all her enemies60 ,would he have done this had he not presumed 7if ,i may dare to say it7 upon your majesty's weakness8 ,this is the opinion expressed to me by the illustrious ,machiavelli3 #8,it is always safer for a prince to inspire his subjects with fear than with love'2 love holds men by that very feeble link called gratitude1 while the bond of fear it is almost impossible to sunder40 8,and where has the fuller's son known ,machiavelli80 asked ,henry ,,viii4 disdainfully4 8,truly10 he continued1 with that ironical smile which was habitual with him1 and that haughty and scornful tone with which he often chose to crush those who believed they stood high in his favor1 8,i was not aware that you had studied politics under ,machiavelli40 8,i knew him in ,italy10 replied ,cromwell1 profoundly humiliated4 ,the recollection of the lowliness of his origin was a continual torment to the soul of this parvenu2 nevertheless1 without permitting the slightest emotion to appear in his countenance1 he continued the conversation4 8,we often10 he said1 8walked together in the gardens of the ,oricellari ,palace1 which ,machiavelli was in the habit of frequenting1 and where multitudes of young men of the most distinguished families of the city eagerly came to listen to the words of this celebrated man4 ,he had the kindness to notice me among them all1 and received me with particular affection4 ,he sometimes spoke successively of all the princes of ,europe2 but in mentioning the name of your majesty he could not conceal his admiration4 #8,i do not know1' he said1 #8any prince of our day who can be compared to him1 either for courage or exalted ability4'0 8,i feel flattered10 replied the king2 8for he was a man of great discernment and superior judgment40 ,and ,henry's gratified vanity brought to his features an expression of pleasure that did not escape the notice of the adroit liar4 ,there was no truth in the statement he had made to ,henry ,,viii4 of having met the ,florentine secretary1 at least in his own society1 as he wished to insinuate to the king1 but in a public drinking-house where ,machiavelli 7whose tastes were not always the most elevated or refined7 went to enjoy the amusements of the common people1 in order to be relieved of the ennui that devoured him when at his country seat and not absorbed in business4 8,these gardens of the ,oricellari ,palace have a great reputation10 said ,henry ,,viii4 carelessly1 after a considerable silence4 8,very great and very justly10 replied ,cromwell with enthusiasm1 8since they have been embellished by the famous ,alberti--he who introduced again into ,europe a taste for the pure and beautiful ,grecian architecture4 ,the celebrated ,bernard ,rucellai1 to whom they belong1 has collected there besides a great quantity of the precious fragments of antiquity--0 ,cromwell paused--he thought the king was going to speak2 but1 finding he said nothing1 he continued3 8,your majesty has seen1 in the beginning of ,machiavelli's book on the art of war1 the portrait he has drawn and his eulogies on the young ,count ,rucellai1 the same to whom he has dedicated his discourse on ,livy40 8,possibly10 said ,henry ,,viii4 ,he turned his head and slightly yawned4 ,cromwell was silent immediately and racked his brain for another subject of conversation1 regretting that the one he had already introduced had been so speedily exhausted4 99 99 99 99 99 ,after leaving the king ,sir ,thomas ,more returned to the bank of the ,thames1 wishing1 as soon as possible1 to reach his home at ,chelsea4 ,in going down to his barge1 which awaited him above ,westminster bridge1 he saw a crowd collected on the quay inspecting the boat1 which1 glittering gorgeously in the rays of the sun1 seemed in every respect worthy of the exalted rank of her illustrious owner4 ,eight rowers dressed in uniform managed her with great dexterity2 a large pavilion of purple silk protected the interior against injury from light and air2 the bottom was covered with a heavy tapestry carpet2 and the spacious seats1 capable of accommodating a large number of persons1 were supplied with rich crimson velvet cushions4 ,the exterior was not less rich1 and the ivory and little bands of gold with which the stern was encrusted gave it the appearance of being enveloped in a delicate network1 each mesh of which seemed to sparkle with gems and gold4 ,the heavens were serene and cloudless1 and a multitude of small boats1 painted green1 darted rapidly over the river1 propelled by their light sails of gleaming white4 ,it was a festival day1 and they were filled with citizens enjoying the revivifying country air1 and resting from their labors to refresh themselves on the verdant and flowery lawns of ,richmond1 ,twickenham1 or ,greenwich4 ,arrayed in their most elegant robes of worsted and silk1 the women waved their handkerchiefs or sang to amuse their children1 while groups of sailors in varied costumes representing different nations were engaged in playing boisterous games1 or1 gathering around one of their older companions1 listened eagerly to the stories he told of expeditions he had joined or shipwrecks he had escaped4 8,to-day these people are happy60 thought ,more1 saddened by the contrast presented by their joy and the interior oppression he himself experienced4 8,let me return to a life of peaceful obscurity like theirs1 find again my plain wooden boat1 take my seat on the straw matting which covers the bottom1 and row in my turn without a fear of to-morrow2 always sure of seeing my ,margaret and my other children coming along the bank to give me a joyous reception1 and hear them exclaim1 #8,here is our father6' ,but why all these apprehensions80 he continued1 passing his hand across his brow1 as if to dispel some sad and painful reflection4 8,god reigns in heaven2 and have ,i not this day experienced his divine protection8 ,the king has given me a kinder reception than ,i had hoped to receive2 he has1 at least1 not permitted his wrath to break forth in all its violence4 ,perhaps in the end it will only be more terrible2 but never mind1 the will of the ,lord be done6 ,nothing can happen on the earth without his permission4 ,i abandon myself to him2 and when man1 his creature1 casts himself into his arms1 he will not withdraw nor permit him to fall40 ,in the meantime the tide began to rise1 and the waves of the sea1 flowing into the great bed of the river1 very soon extended it to the surrounding banks4 ,carried along by the waves1 ,more's barge no longer required other care than the slight attention necessary to guide it4 ,the tired sailors rested on their oars1 while their eyes wandered over the charming borders of the ,thames4 8,my lord10 said one of the sailors1 turning towards ,sir ,thomas1 8here we are in front of ,seat-,house ,gardens4 ,we are passing the village of ,nine ,elms40 ,but ,more heard them not2 he seemed entirely absorbed in his own reflections4 ,the men were astonished1 because ordinarily he conversed with them when he was alone in the boat1 and questioned them about such subjects as interested them4 ,sir ,thomas ,more thought it was his duty as a master and a ,christian to take especial care not only of the bodies but also of the souls of his servants1 in enlightening their minds by good advice and wise exhortations4 ,consequently1 they were astonished at his silence1 and1 loving him as a father1 they were fearful some misfortune had befallen him of which they were not apprised4 8,there is the little point of ,chelsea spire10 said the pilot1 observing him with an anxious eye4 8,my lord1 here is ,chelsea10 they exclaimed all together4 8,well1 my children10 he replied1 8land me at the foot of the crossroad40 ,sir ,thomas thought1 as it was the hour for evening devotion1 his family would surely be at the parish church1 and he would take his children back in the boat with him4 ,he landed1 therefore1 and1 ordering the sailors to wait1 slowly ascended the beach by a rugged road1 beyond which he encountered a worthy old peasant woman driving a number of cows to the river4 ,on perceiving ,sir ,thomas an expression of satisfaction overspread her features1 tanned and furrowed by age and hard labor4 ,she stopped to salute him as usual4 8,my good lord10 she exclaimed1 8,i am very glad to see you4 ,we every day pray to the ,lord to preserve you4 ,since you have been in this country everything has prospered with us4 ,we have not lost a single calf nor had a bad crop since you rebuilt our barn1 which was burnt at the same time as your own2 and the other day we were talking among ourselves1 and we said that you must be very rich to be able to make so many around you happy40 8,the barn is a strong and substantial one1 at least10 said ,more1 who could not avoid smiling at the idea of his reputed wealth4 8,oh6 as to that1 yes10 replied the simple woman2 8it is of good stone1 and very much stronger and better than it was before4 ,it will outlast us all a long time40 ,having said this1 she passed on1 as she saw ,sir ,thomas wished to be detained no longer1 and the cows had wandered from the road to graze on the surrounding pasture4 8,here comes the good lord chancellor10 said the village children in a suppressed tone4 ,the crowd kneeling without on the pavement of the church1 too small to accommodate the entire congregation on festival days1 opened respectfully1 and ,sir ,thomas proceeded down the aisle of the church to his pew1 where he found all his family seated4 ,he remained standing near1 as the service was almost over1 and he did not wish to make any disturbance by opening the door of the pew2 but ,margaret soon discovered the presence of her father1 and heard his voice mingling with those of the other faithful who sang the praises of ,god4 ,her heart throbbed with joy1 and she looked around to try and get sight of him4 8,william10 she said immediately to young ,roper1 8my father is here2 give him your seat40 ,but ,sir ,thomas motioned him to sit still2 and when the devotion was ended1 and the priests had left the altar1 he approached1 and1 opening the door of the pew where ,lady ,more was seated1 presented his hand to lead her out1 and said3 8,madam1 my lord is gone40 ,this woman1 as disagreeable as she was coarse1 raised her dull eyes to her husband's face4 8,what do you mean80 she asked sharply4 ,she always received in this ungracious manner the pleasantries ,more was so fond of indulging in1 and it was customary for one of her husband's retinue to open the pew door in his absence and say3 8,madam1 my lord is gone40 8,come with me1 nevertheless10 replied ,more1 with imperturbable gentleness2 8,i will explain to you now my lord is gone40 ,lady ,more followed him1 still1 however1 murmuring between her teeth because of this unusual mode of departure2 and when they had passed through the crowd1 and ,more had returned the salutations with which all greeted him1 he called ,margaret to his side4 8,listen1 my child10 he said4 8,your mother here cannot understand how my lord can be absent4 ,explain to her that ,i have conducted him this morning to ,london1 where ,i have left him for ever2 in a word1 that ,i am no longer lord chancellor1 having resigned my office into the hands of the king4 ,do you understand now1 my good ,alice80 he added1 turning toward his wife4 ,margaret1 on hearing this explanation1 looked at her father in dismay4 ,she immediately understood there was something behind that she did not know1 and her penetrating mind was filled with alarm2 but ,lady ,more flew into an ungovernable passion4 8,what is this you say80 she cried10 and what have you done8 ,more of your scruples1 ,i warrant me4 ,that tender conscience of yours will land us all in the ashes yet4 ,is it not better to rule than to be ruled8 ,we are ten times worse off now than we have ever been before1 and here are you about to strip us of everything40 8,dear heart10 said ,sir ,thomas1 without being moved in the least1 8it would be impossible1 ,i think1 for me to strip you of your possessions2 because1 when ,i married you1 you brought me no other dowry than your virtues and the qualities of your heart4 ,of this dowry ,i hope1 indeed1 never to see you deprived by any means in the world1 much less by myself40 8,at least10 cried ,lady ,more between her sobs and tears1 8,i was beautiful and young1 and certain it is ,i might have easily found a husband more interested in his own affairs1 and who would have profited more by his learning and the favor of the king40 ,on hearing her express herself in this manner ,margaret was unable to restrain a gesture of indignation2 she idolized her father1 and could not tolerate the coarse manners and selfish motives of her step-mother4 ,this woman1 narrow of mind and filled with vanity1 had succeeded1 singularly enough1 by manuvring and flattery1 in winning the esteem of ,more at a time when1 having had the misfortune to lose his wife1 he saw with great sorrow his daughters deprived of the good example and tender care of a mother4 ,it then seemed to him he could not better replace her than by selecting a widow lady of mature age whose beauty1 if it had ever existed1 was more than faded1 and could no longer be 7so1 at least1 he supposed7 a subject of pretension or distraction4 ,but1 unfortunately1 ,lady ,more1 he found1 was one of those indifferent1 selfish beings who only feel what touches themselves1 who consider nothing but their own interests1 and fear nothing but what may deprive them of the high social position to which they have been fortunate enough to attain4 ,she could not endure1 therefore1 the thought of being deprived of the honor she was accustomed to receive as the wife of the lord chancellor4 ,she never for an instant reflected on the possible difficulties experienced by her husband1 or the reasons that might have determined him to resign his office4 ,she at once divined1 from the knowledge she possessed of his extreme scrupulousness1 that his conscience had been the first cause of this step1 and the thought only served to irritate her more1 because she insisted that such a difficulty ought to have been avoided4 ,she continued to utter the most piercing cries1 refusing to listen to anything ,more could say4 ,at length1 despairing of bringing her to reason1 he began to ridicule her on her absurd conduct4 8,my daughters10 he said1 calling ,elizabeth and ,cecilia1 8see to your mother's dress2 something has probably stung her under her garments1 causing her to cry out in this manner40 ,when the silly woman found her husband assume this tone of raillery1 she immediately became silent2 but1 full of anger and spite1 she seated herself in a corner of the boat and took no notice of anything around her4 ,margaret then took her place beside her father2 she drew close to him1 and1 seizing his hand1 pressed it to her lips1 without being able to utter a word2 her heart was full1 and her soul alone silently interrogated that of her father4 ,endowed with an extraordinary superabundance of feeling and sentiment1 ,margaret was enthusiastic in doing good1 and repelled evil1 when she encountered it1 with a degree of inflexibility amounting to severity4 ,beautiful beyond all expression1 her beauty was never for a moment made the subject of her thoughts4 ,possessed by nature of a very strong mind1 she felt unceasingly1 and endured with restless impatience1 and almost without being able to submit1 the disadvantages which weakness and conventionalities imposed upon her sex4 ,she possessed all the great qualities of her father1 but none of his bright cheerfulness and admirable resignation--fruits of the long-continued exercise of the most exemplary virtue4 ,the poor were always sure of finding in her an earnest and faithful friend2 the afflicted1 a comforter full of eloquence and sympathy2 the vain and presumptuous man1 a frigid scorn and piquant irony which concealed from him entirely the knowledge of her true character1 replete with integrity1 frankness1 and simplicity4 ,scarcely emerged from childhood1 ,margaret felt she had arrived at mature age4 ,the accuracy and loftiness of her judgment1 united to that delicacy and exquisite tact which belong naturally to some women1 rendered her worthy of becoming the most intimate and reliable friend of her father1 whose entire joy and happiness centred in her alone4 ,educated by him with extreme care1 she was familiar with all the sciences1 and several works written by her in ,greek and ,latin of great purity have come down to us from that period4 8,my daughter10 said ,more1 8why distress yourself about me1 since ,i am to remain with you80 8,father10 answered ,margaret1 fixing her beautiful dark eyes on his face1 8there is something behind all this that you have not told4 ,why conceal it from me80 8,no1 dear daughter1 nothing4 ,your father is old2 he desires to leave you no more1 to see you always1 until the ,lord shall call him to himself40 ,seeing ,margaret's eyes fill with tears1 ,sir ,thomas repented immediately of what he had said1 fearing to excite in her the nervous sensibility he had always vainly attempted to moderate4 8,father10 she answered1 8let it be as you wish2 ,i ask nothing more40 8,on the contrary1 you shall know everything1 dear child4 ,god has blessed us2 be assured of that4 ,and see how green and fresh our garden looks from here40 ,they were coming in view of their house at ,chelsea1 and soon found themselves opposite the small green gate opening1 at the end of the garden1 upon a path descending to the river4 ,one of the men1 taking a large silver whistle from his belt1 blew several shrill notes as a signal to those in the house to come and open the gate for their master4 ,nobody appeared1 however1 and the family began to feel surprised1 when at length they perceived some short and deformed creature advancing with irregular bounds1 breaking the bushes and overturning the pots of flowers that he encountered in his passage4 8,ah60 exclaimed ,sir ,thomas1 8there is my poor jester playing his pranks and spoiling all my garden40 8,henry ,pattison60 cried the children1 laughing4 8,himself10 said ,sir ,thomas4 ,at that moment the little fool1 dressed in a scarlet coat all covered with gold lace1 opened the gate1 and1 putting out his great1 flat head1 made a thousand grimaces1 accompanied by roars of laughter and savage cries1 which he endeavored to render agreeable1 in order to express the gratification he felt at the return of his master4 8,ah6 well1 what news do you bring us80 said ,more1 looking at him4 8,master10 replied the fool1 opening a mouth so wide that it might have better fitted a giant than a dwarf1 8father is sick40 8,what6 my father sick80 cried ,more1 greatly alarmed4 8,yes1 my lord10 replied the jester4 ,but ,sir ,thomas1 without awaiting his response1 rushed into the house and disappeared4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on learning the accusation brought against them in the court of king's bench1 the members of the convocation were seized with consternation1 for they understood by the very mention of ,prmunire that the king had resolved to make them feel the weight of his authority1 and to avenge himself for the opposition he had encountered in the affair of the divorce4 ,they assembled1 therefore1 in all haste1 and from the hour of prime#aaa remained deliberating in one of the upper chambers of ,westminster ,abbey4 ,after a lengthy discussion1 they had sent1 with unanimous accord1 to offer the king the sum of one hundred thousand pounds in return for the pardon they solicited1 never having doubted1 they said in their petition1 that ,cardinal ,wolsey had received the necessary letters-patent for exercising the authority of legate in the kingdom4 ,hours passed away1 and no response arrived from the king4 ,many became alarmed1 and the greatest excitement prevailed in that venerable assembly1 composed of all the archbishops1 bishops1 and abbots of the monasteries1 who formed1 by right of their ecclesiastical rank1 part of the ,house of ,lords or1 by election1 of the ,commons4 ,conspicuous in the midst of them was the learned and celebrated ,warham1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 ,primate of ,england4 ,his head1 entirely bald1 was bowed on his breast4 ,he seemed to take no part or interest in the numerous discussions which were carried on around him1 and no one knew whether a gloomy sadness had overshadowed his soul1 or if his advanced age had weakened the faculties of his mind together with those of the body4 ,the ,bishop of ,lincoln1 the king's confessor1 who sat beside him1 vainly endeavored to attract his attention4 ,further on1 arranged around him1 were the ,bishops of ,durham1 ,worcester1 ,norwich1 ,salisbury1 ,st4 ,david's1 ,hereford1 ,carlisle1 ,bath1 ,bangor1 and others2 the ,archbishop of ,armagh1 near whom was observed the mild and noble physiognomy of the ,dean of ,exeter1 young ,reginald ,pole1 born of the royal blood of the house of ,york1 and descended by ,margaret1 his mother1 from the illustrious family of ,plantagenets4 ,the king1 his relative1 had tried in every way to bring him to approve of the divorce2 but neither supplications nor reproaches1 nor the fear inspired by ,henry ,,viii41 could induce him to act contrary to the voice of his conscience4 ,later on ,henry ,,viii4 taught him1 by making the two brothers and the aged mother of ,reginald ,pole mount the scaffold1 how far the excess of his revenge could carry him4 ,already had the young ,dean of ,exeter fallen into disfavor with the king1 who closed the door of his palace against him1 at the same time that he was forced by the manifest respect of ,pole1 and the proofs he gave of his devotion1 to acknowledge secretly the integrity of his heart and the rectitude of his intentions4 ,at this moment he was talking to a man whose character was precisely the opposite of his own--the ,abbot of ,westminster1 intriguing1 active1 and ambitious1 well known to ,henry ,,viii41 whose spy he was1 and to whose will he was entirely submissive4 ,with them also conversed ,roland1 chaplain to his majesty1 and the poor secretary1 ,gardiner1 whose simplicity and small aptitude for business had been alone sufficient to make his selfish master regret the indefatigable perseverance and the strong mind of ,cardinal ,wolsey4 ,at this moment he wearied his colleagues with a lengthy recital of all the apprehensions which the violence of the king's character caused him4 ,and now a sudden commotion made itself felt throughout the hall4 ,they stood up1 they leaned forward2 the folding doors were thrown open4 8,in the name of the king60 cried the usher who guarded the entrance4 ,cromwell stood on the threshold4 ,he paused to salute the assembly4 ,they scarcely dared breathe6 8,my lords10 he said in a loud voice1 looking slowly around him1 and endeavoring to give his sardonic features an expression of benignant persuasion1 8the king1 our master1 always full of clemency and benevolence toward his unworthy subjects1 deigns to accept your gift4 ,he makes but one1 and that a very slight1 condition2 which is1 that you acknowledge him1 in the act of donation1 as the supreme and only head of the church and clergy of ,england40 ,he paused to observe1 with a malignant joy1 similar to that of the demon when he dragged the first man into sin1 the effect of these words on the assembly4 ,but a gloomy silence was the only response they gave him4 ,he again looked slowly around him1 and proceeded in a lower tone3 8,my lords1 let not this either trouble or alarm you2 the church1 our mother1 has not a child more faithful or submissive than our most gracious sovereign4 ,does he not prove himself such each day by the care he takes to choke up the seeds of heresy which the malice of the devil is trying to sow among us8 ,you also know very well1 and even better than ,i1 that he devotes his nights to writing in defence of our holy faith1 and nothing could ever induce him to deviate from it4 ,why should you feel any scruples about honoring a prince so virtuous by placing him at your head as your defender and most firm supporter8 ,remember1 moreover1 honored lords1 that he who should refuse this title to the king will be regarded by him as a traitor and disloyal subject40 ,he then seated himself in their midst1 in order to take in the words of the first who should dare raise his voice in opposition to the will of the king4 ,all the bishops sat in silent consternation4 ,several wished to speak1 but the presence of ,cromwell seemed to freeze them with terror2 for they were beginning to understand the base manuvres of this man1 and each one felt as though he was on the point of being seized by that wicked wretch1 ready to spring upon the first unhappy victim who might present himself4 ,they looked from one to another1 while a profound silence reigned among them4 ,archbishop ,warham seemed to be seized with a lively grief1 but his voice was no more audible1 and his pale lips remained silent and motionless4 ,cromwell felt his heart thrill with malicious delight2 beneath the frigid expression of a profound and calculating indifference this obscure intriguer exulted in seeing these men1 the most learned and honored in all ,england1 trembling and recoiling before him as before the genius of evil4 ,but suddenly a man whom nothing could intimidate1 a saintly man1 whose heart knew no fear except the fear of ,god1 arose in the midst of them4 ,an involuntary shudder ran through the assembly4 ,all eyes were directed alternately toward ,cromwell and him1 as though to defend the one from the malice of the other4 ,it was the ,bishop of ,rochester1 the friend of ,thomas ,more1 who was about to speak2 and all knew that no cowardly consideration of prudence could stop him4 8,my lords10 he cried1 as he stood up in their midst1 8what impious voice is this that is raised in your presence to propose to us a thing which has never been heard of since the foundation of human society8 ,what is it they wish to exact from us at this moment1 if it be not to raise ourselves to the level of ,god himself by conferring the supremacy of his church on a temporal prince1 a man who can have no possible right thereto8 ,shall we1 then1 say to-day1 as our ,lord ,jesus ,christ said to ,st4 ,peter3 #8,i give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven2 and whatsoever you shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven2 and whatsoever you shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven'8 ,and if we should have the pride and audacity to say it1 where would be our power to execute it8 ,listen10 continued the holy bishop1 inflamed with zeal1 and turning toward ,cromwell4 8,go1 and say to the king1 our master1 that he has been led into error2 that he should remember the words of the ,holy ,scriptures3 #8,as my ,father hath sent me1 so ,i send you1' and ask him if he has been ordained one of the pastors of the church2 if he has chosen her for his only spouse2 if he is an apostle1 if he is a doctor1 or if he can build up with us the body of ,christ2 and say to him1 moreover1 that even though he should possess all these qualifications1 yet1 before he could be appointed supreme head of the ,catholic ,church1 it would be necessary for her to acknowledge him as such1 and that we cannot--we1 a feeble fraction of the ,christian world--impose a chief on the universe6 ,go1 and let not the king's majesty be compromised2 for he has suggested a desire that cannot be accomplished40 ,cromwell1 subdued by the power of this exhortation1 arose and immediately withdrew4 ,the ,bishop of ,rochester1 turning toward the assembled prelates1 continued3 8,my lords1 let not the fear of men blind us4 ,let us reflect well on what they demand of us to-day2 for we are not only called on to renounce ,clement ,,vii41 but also to cast ourselves out of ,peter's bark1 only to be submerged in the waves of these countless divisions1 sects1 schisms1 and heresies which it has pleased the mind of man to invent4 ,yes1 ,i hesitate not to say to you that1 in order to give the king the title he demands1 it would be necessary to abandon all laws1 canonical and ecclesiastical1 the authority of the holy councils1 the unity of the world and of ,christian princes1 the traditions of the church1 by which we would at the same time acknowledge that we have never yet received the true faith or the veritable ,gospel of ,christ1 since we openly revolt against the immutable doctrine which it teaches1 and turn aside voluntarily and for ever from the one and only true way of salvation which it has marked out for us4 ,during the fifteen hundred and thirty years that the ,gospel has been preached throughout the world1 have we seen a single prince make such a pretension8 ,and when1 in the fourth century1 ,constantine the ,great assembled in his own palace1 in the city of ,nice1 and for the first time since the apostles1 the entire body of the universal ,church1 did he establish himself in the midst of them as their head and sovereign--he who wished1 in spite of their deference and their request1 to remain1 without guards and without the pomp befitting his rank1 in the meanest place of the hall wherein they were assembled8 #8,no1' said he1 #8,i will not sit in judgment where ,i have no authority either to absolve or to condemn4' ''' ,and who1 my lords1 were the men composing that illustrious assembly1 if not the flower of all the saintly and learned who flourished among the nations of the earth8 ,the patriarchs of ,constantinople1 of ,antioch1 of ,alexandria1 of ,jerusalem1 and of ,carthage2 the bishops of ,africa1 of ,spain1 of the ,gauls1 of the land of the ,scythians and ,persians--in a word1 of the ,east and ,west--who gathered there in crowds1 almost all had confessed the faith before tyrants1 and bore on their mutilated bodies the glorious marks of the cruel tortures they had endured rather than renounce it4 ,well1 you behold these holy pontiffs place at their head ,vincent and ,vitus1 two simple priests1 because they recognized them as the representatives of their chief1 the ,bishop of ,rome1 whose advanced age prevented him from being among them4 ,and this regulation has been invariably followed through all ages even until the present day1 and through all the storms and heresies which would have been sufficient to annihilate the church had she not been born of ,god himself4 ,far from us1 then1 be this culpable cowardice6 ,to renounce his laws is to renounce ,jesus ,christ4 ,we renounce his laws8 ,no1 my lords1 we cannot6 ,nay1 we will not4''' ,again1 what would become of this sublime doctrine1 if a temporal prince had power to make it yield to the whim of his vices and passions8 ,to-day it is1 to-morrow it is not2 it changes with him1 with his creeds1 his opinions1 and his wishes4 ,his caprices would become our only laws1 and vice and virtue be no longer but words which he would be at liberty to change at will4 ,no1 again and again no6 ,if we love our king1 we will never concede what he demands2 because it is for us to enlighten him with regard to his duties1 and1 on the contrary1 we should only be dragging him down with us in our unhappy fall40 ,a murmur of applause rose from all parts of the hall1 drowning the voice of the speaker4 ,the ,abbot of ,westminster alone maintained a silence of disapproval4 ,many1 however1 while they acknowledged the truth of what the ,bishop of ,rochester had proclaimed1 could not but reflect with dread on the terrible consequences of the king's displeasure if they openly resisted him2 while others1 with less foresight and sound judgment1 thought ,fisher's zeal carried him too far1 and that it would be possible1 without at all compromising their consciences1 to grant their prince something which would be sufficient to satisfy him4 ,among this number was the ,bishop of ,bath1 who immediately arose4 ,after rendering public testimony to the esteem and deference due the ,bishop of ,rochester1 he added that it appeared to him impossible that the king could think seriously of having himself acknowledged as the one and only head of the church 8,and1 as for me1 ,i believe10 he said1 at the conclusion of his discourse1 8this is only a snare that has been set in order to afford a pretext for punishing and despoiling us of all we possess4 ,the king is always in need of money2 his confidants have suggested this means for him to procure it1 and make him distribute the greater part of it among themselves40 8,i agree with my lord of ,bath10 cried the ,bishop of ,bangor1 8the more especially as the king knows how absurd the accusation is of offence against the ,prmunire1 since he has compromised himself by appearing before the legate in the eyes of the whole kingdom4 ,it was impossible to have acknowledged the legate's authority by an act more authentic1 and which surpassed in importance all the letters-patent that could have been demanded40 8,that is just and true10 exclaimed several voices3 8and yet1 although we may be able to prove it1 if the king presses the accusation1 we shall be most unjustly though most certainly condemned40 8,oh6 yes1 most certainly10 said ,gardiner in a low voice4 ,he was cruelly frightened1 being aware of the measures the king had taken1 in conjunction with ,cromwell1 to secure for himself the influence of the judges of the court of king's bench4 8,well1 my lords10 said the ,abbot of ,westminster1 who had used every effort to induce them to yield to the king1 8consider also if our most gracious sovereign is wrong in making this demand1 he will be responsible before ,god1 and ,i do not see in what manner we could be considered guilty4 ,in reality this title will be illusory1 since he cannot ordain the humblest priest4 ,when the ,roman emperors had themselves declared gods1 think you it ever entered the minds of the people that they were such8 ,just the same in this case3 no one will ever consider the king as head of the church40 8,that is most sure10 exclaimed several other ecclesiastics1 struck by this reasoning1 and to whom this pretension began to appear more ridiculous than criminal4 8,i assure you positively10 replied the ,abbot of ,westminster1 8that this is an absurd humor which will fall through of itself40 8,you deceive yourselves1 my lords2 you deceive yourselves10 cried the ,bishop of ,rochester4 8,when the king shall have received from us the title he demands1 it will be confirmed by ,parliament1 and afterwards he will believe himself invested with the right of deciding everything and making any innovation4 ,will there then be time left us to repent of our pusillanimous submission8 ,will you then command this supreme head to be so no longer1 and to obey after having been invested with supreme authority80 ,new tokens of assent were breaking out1 when they were suddenly interrupted by the entrance of ,cromwell1 who returned1 accompanied by ,viscount ,rochford and ,thomas ,audley4 ,with an air of the coolest effrontery he advanced to the centre of the hall and stood in the midst of the bishops4 ,he then said in a loud and arrogant tone1 pointing to the two men who followed him3 8,my lords1 here are the king's commissioners2 they come to hear your reply4 ,but the personal devotion ,i feel for the interest of our holy mother church and the safety of your reverend lordships induces me to warn you that the king has resolved to punish with all the severity of the statutes of ,prmunire those among you who shall not have signed by to-morrow the act acknowledging him as supreme head of the church40 ,on hearing these last words all grew pale and consternation seized on all hearts4 ,meanwhile1 the ,archbishop of ,canterbury seemed to be making a desperate effort2 a convulsive movement contracted the furrowed brow of the old man4 ,he fixed his eyes on ,cromwell1 and1 rising1 stood before him4 8,knave60 he exclaimed4 ,the advanced age of ,warham1 and still more his learning and the high reputation he enjoyed1 surrounded him with respect and strength2 but a secret sorrow was gnawing at his heart1 and hastening the destruction of a life that time had respected4 ,he arose fiercely1 although tottering1 to his feet4 8,my brethren10 he cried1 8my brethren6--no1 ,i am not worthy to be seated in the midst of you1 and yet you have accorded me the first place4 ,i know not if the weight of years may not have partially unsettled my reason2 but ,i have to reproach myself with having inclined to favor the king's divorce4 ,to-day ,i foresee all the evils that will fall upon my country because of the discord and heresies that will spring up and multiply among us4 ,how far1 then1 have ,i been from anticipating the fatal consequences of the opinion ,i expressed in good faith6 ,meanwhile1 ,i trust that ,god1 before whom ,i must very soon appear1 will pardon me for what ,i have done4 ,my dear brethren1 number me no more among you2 for the anguish ,i feel oppresses me to such a degree that ,i can no longer endure it6 ,alas6 why is it a man must feel his life extinguished before death has entirely benumbed his enfeebled members8 ,i vainly seek within my soul the life and strength that have abandoned it2 that energy ,i would wish to recover1 if but for a single moment1 to use it in opposing the ruin of religion1 and repairing in an open and fearless manner the scandal ,i have given4 ,but the time for action has passed for me4 ,it is to your hands1 young prelates1 that the care of the flock is committed4 ,be firm2 die rather than let it be decimated6 ,the most violent persecution is about to burst upon the ,english ,church2 yes1 but you will resist it1 even unto death6 ,death is glorious when we suffer it for ,god6 ,but1 ,o my brethren6 it is not death ,i fear for you2 it is falsehood and treachery1 the silent and hidden influence which undermines in the dark2 far more dangerous than tortures or imprisonment1 it destroys all1 even the last germ of good which might expand in the soul6 ,no1 it is not death that kills1 but sinful deeds4 ,my brethren1 pardon me all and pray for me60 ,the aged prelate1 as if exhausted by the last effort he had made1 fell back in his chair1 entirely deprived of consciousness4 ,he was immediately carried out1 but the anxiety and excitement redoubled in the assembly4 8,we are all lost60''' cried the ,abbot of ,westminster4 8,my lords1 let us obey the king1 if we would not see all our goods confiscated60 8,what60 cried the ,bishop of ,rochester1 with an indignation he was unable to restrain1 8is that the only argument you pretend to bring forward8 ,what benefit will it be to keep our houses1 our cloisters and convents--in a word1 to preserve our entire possessions--if we must sacrifice our consciences8 ,what will it profit a man to gain the whole world1 if he lose his own soul8 ,yes1 it is but too true3 we are all under the rod of the king1 we have all need of his clemency1 but he refuses it to us6 ,well1 then1 let him strike2 we shall be able to endure it60 ,electrified by these words1 and still more by the wisdom and commanding presence of him who uttered them1 the assembly arose and unanimously exclaimed3 8,no1 we will not sign it4 ,let the king do as he will4 ,go1 ,cromwell1 say to his majesty that we are all devoted to him1 but we cannot do what he asks40 ,a wrathful light gleamed in ,cromwell's eyes1 the while an ironical smile played upon his lips4 ,two ideas prevailed in the mind of this man2 the one encouraged and supported the other4 8,my lords10 he replied in a loud voice1 8just as you please4 ,the king1 your lord and master1 convokes you to-morrow at the same hour1 and you will consider the subject in a new conference40 ,he then turned on his heel and hastily withdrew4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 #aaa ,eight o'clock in the morning4 ,,dr4 ,,brownson4 ,some three or four years ago a little daughter of one of ,dr4 ,brownson's intimate friends1 who was visiting his family1 after gazing intently at him for some minutes1 exclaimed3 8,is he not just like a great lion06 ,nothing could be more graphic or accurate than this sudden and happy stroke of a child's wit4 ,we never saw ,dr4 ,brownson or read one of his great articles without thinking of the mien or the roar of a majestic lion2 we have never seen a remarkably fine old lion without thinking of ,dr4 ,brownson4 ,his physique was entirely correspondent to his intellectual and moral power1 and his great head1 crowning like a dome his massive figure1 and surrounded in old age with a mass of white hair and beard like a snowy ,alp1 made him a grand and reverend object to look at1 such as we might picture to ourselves ,zoroaster or ,plato1 ,st4 ,jerome or ,st4 ,bruno4 ,the marks of infirmity which time had imprinted upon him1 with the expression of loneliness and childlike longing for sympathy1 added a touch of the pathetic to the picture1 fitted to awaken a sentiment of compassion1 tempering to a more gentle mood the awe and admiration excited by his venerable appearance4 ,mr4 ,healey has painted a remarkably good portrait of him as he was at about the age of sixty1 in which his full maturity of strength is alone represented4 ,the most perfect one1 however1 is a mere photograph1 taken in haste and by accident by ,mr4 ,wallace1 an artist of great promise1 who died at a very early age1 leaving unfinished a marble bust of ,dr4 ,brownson which he had commenced4 ,the young artist met the doctor by chance in the studio of a photographer1 who happened at the moment to be absent4 ,asking him to sit down1 he placed him in position for a profile and took the photograph1 one of the most successful specimens of this kind of art we have ever seen1 and much superior to any other photographic likeness of ,dr4 ,brownson--indeed1 as we have said1 the best likeness which exists1 and the one above all others from which an engraver should copy4 ,the lion is dead2 his thunderous voice is for ever hushed4 ,the farewell utterance which closed his career as an editor with so much dignity and pathos was his valedictory to life and to the world4 ,it is pleasant to think that1 before he died1 a response full of veneration and affection came back to him from the organs of ,catholic opinion and feeling in ,america and ,europe1 and that he has gone to his grave in honor and peace1 where his works will be his monument1 and his repose be asked for by countless prayers offered up throughout all parts of the ,catholic ,church1 in whose battles he had been a tried warrior and valiant leader for thirty years4 ,it is not an easy task to give a perfectly just and impartial estimate of such a man and such a career4 ,the intimate relations between ,dr4 ,brownson and those who have been the chief conductors of this magazine1 together with the very active and extensive share which he had in their efforts to establish it and raise it to its present position1 impose an obligation of personal friendship and gratitude somewhat like that which affects the relatives and family friends of a great man in the memorials which they prepare for the honor and fame of one whom they regard with a veneration and affection precluding the free exercise of critical judgment4 ,on the other hand1 the difference of opinion which afterwards severed the connection between ,dr4 ,brownson and ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 and the controversy we have had with him on some important theological and philosophical questions1 may give to the expression of anything like a discriminating judgment the appearance of an adverse plea against an opposing advocate in favor of our own cause4 ,nevertheless1 as the motive of our friendship was chiefly sympathy in the great common cause of the ,catholic ,church1 which was not essentially altered by a disagreement that produced no bitterness or animosity1 we trust that our mood of mind is not influenced by any partial and personal bias1 so as to produce either exaggeration or diminution of the just claims the great deceased publicist possesses on the admiration of his fellow-men4 ,we may fail from want of capability1 but we cannot avoid making the attempt to satisfy in part the desire which all ,catholics everywhere must feel to know what those who have been near to ,dr4 ,brownson during his public life have seen1 and what they think1 of his character and his career1 more especially since his conversion4 ,dr4 ,brownson has told the world a great deal about his own history in the book which he published in #aheg1 entitled ,the ,convert4 ,the salient facts of his life are generally known to the public1 and have been summarily stated in the obituary notices of the leading newspapers1 so that we have no need to take up much of our limited space in recounting them4 ,the principal interest they possess is in their relation to the formation of his mind1 his character1 his faith1 and his opinions4 ,he was not baptized in his infancy1 but was nevertheless brought up strictly and religiously according to the old-fashioned ,puritan method1 in their simple1 humble cottage at ,royalton1 ,vermont1 by an elderly couple1 distant relatives of his family1 who adopted the fatherless boy when he was six years old4#aab ,a wonderful child he must have been1 and we can see in his brief narrative of his early years1 as in the instances of ,st4 ,thomas of ,aquin and ,chateaubriand1 though under circumstances as different as possible from theirs1 a most interesting example of ,wordsworth's aphorism1 8,the child is father of the man40 ,from the dawn of reason he was a philosopher1 never a child1 thinking1 dreaming in an ideal world1 reading the few books he could find--especially ,king ,james' ,english ,bible1 which he almost learned by heart--never playing with other children1 and enjoying very scanty advantages of schooling4 ,after his fourteenth year he lived near ,saratoga1 in ,new ,york ,state1 and worked hard for his own maintenance4 ,at nineteen we find him at an academy in the town of ,ballston--a privilege which we believe he purchased with the hard earnings of his industry4 ,at this time1 from an impulse of religious sentiment1 he sought for baptism and admission into the ,presbyterian church1 which he very soon found an uncongenial home and exchanged for another sect at the opposite pole of ,protestantism1 that of the ,universalists1 among whom he became a preacher at the age of twenty-one4 ,the subsequent period of his life until he had passed somewhat beyond his fortieth year--that is1 until #ahdd--was marked by various phases of rationalism1 and filled with active labors in preaching1 lecturing1 writing1 and editing various periodicals1 all carried on with restless energy and untiring industry4 ,he was married early in life to an amiable and intelligent lady who was a perfect wife and mother1 and after her conversion a perfect ,christian2 and the six children who lived to grow up1 five of whom were sons1 all received an excellent education4 ,the eldest son1 his namesake1 has passed his life as a teacher and farmer in a remote ,state1 living the life of a good ,catholic with the spirit of a recluse1 altogether uninterested in the great affairs of the world4 ,two others were lawyers and died young4 ,the fourth1 after passing some years with the ,jesuits1 entered the army of the ,united ,states at the breaking out of the war as a captain of artillery1 was severely wounded1 and after the close of the war was admitted to the bar1 married1 and began the practice of law at ,detroit4 ,he is known to the literary world as the translator of ,balmes' ,fundamental ,philosophy4 ,the youngest son also served gallantly as an officer of the army of the republic during the civil war1 and died on the field of battle in the flower of his youth4 ,the only daughter1 who is the wife of a most worthy and respectable gentleman1 before her marriage published several works1 and particularly the ,life of ,prince ,gallitzin1 a biography of very considerable merit4 ,all the fruits of the intellectual labors of ,dr4 ,brownson were absorbed in the support and education of his family and some dependent female relatives1 and beyond these simple means of keeping up his plain and unostentatious household1 the great and patriarchal philosopher received no pecuniary recompense from his long and severe labors in the field of literature4 ,his true profession was that of an editor and reviewer4 ,the exercise of the functions of the ,protestant ministry was not to his taste1 and five years before his conversion to the ,catholic ,church1 which took place in #ahdd1 he founded a ,review at ,boston1 which was1 with a change of title1 continued during his residence in that city1 then transferred to ,new ,york and sustained until #ahfd1 revived once more by a kind of dying effort in #ahgc1 and finally closed a few months before the end of ,dr4 ,brownson's mortal career4 ,an active part in politics was taken by ,dr4 ,brownson during several years of his earlier public career1 but his restless1 impetuous1 independent spirit made it impossible for him to remain long within the ranks of any political party4 ,until his conversion he was an agitator1 a reformer1 associating by turns with ,fanny ,wright1 ,robert ,dale ,owen1 the leaders of the working-men's party1 ,channing1 ,parker1 and the ,boston clique of world-reformers1 captivated by the theories of ,leroux and ,st4 ,simon1 and even fancying himself the providential precursor of a new ,messias who was to do away with all old things and renovate the world4 ,at last he became convinced that ,jesus ,christ founded the ,catholic ,church as the perpetual teacher1 guide1 and ruler of men and nations1 and settled himself in his only true vocation as an exponent and advocate of her doctrines and order by the means of his written works4 ,it was only as a ,catholic publicist that he became a truly great man1 and achieved a great work for which he deserves to be held in lasting remembrance4 ,to this work the last thirty years of his life were devoted with a gigantic energy1 which diminished toward the end under the influence of advancing age and enfeebled health1 but never wholly flagged until the approach of death gradually quenched and at last extinguished the vital flame of his physical existence4 ,during the last seventeen years of his life his residence was at ,elizabeth1 ,new ,jersey1 with the exception of a few months which he passed with his son1 ,henry ,f4 ,brownson1 ,esq41 of ,detroit1 in whose house he died1 and from which he was carried to his last resting-place in the ,catholic cemetery of that town4 ,his last years were filled with sufferings from severe physical infirmities1 the sudden deaths of several of his children1 above all from the death of his tenderly-loved and devoted wife1 and from the desolation and loneliness which is usually the cloud in which the setting sun of genius goes down1 especially when one survives the period of his great activity1 and finds himself1 as it were1 walking among the graves of friends and past works1 drawing always nearer to his own sepulchral resting-place4 ,his death occurred on the morning of ,easter ,monday1 ,april #ag1 #ahgf1 when he was in the middle of his seventy-third year1 and his obsequies were celebrated on the following ,wednesday4 ,from the time of his conversion he was not only a loyal but a pious and practical ,catholic1 constantly receiving the sacraments1 and making his own salvation the chief object to be attained in life4 ,there can be no doubt that he lived and died a just and good man1 full of merit1 and sure of a high place in heaven1 as well as on the scroll of honor where the names of the great men of the age are inscribed by the verdict of their fellows4 ,if we were allowed to stop here1 our task would not have any of that difficulty or delicacy which we said at the outset must necessarily belong to an effort at estimating ,dr4 ,brownson's character and career as a ,catholic publicist4 ,that he built on the true foundation as a wise master-builder1 with gold1 silver1 and precious stones1 much solid and fine work able to stand the fire and deserving a reward both on earth and in heaven1 we can affirm with conscientious fidelity to our own conviction1 and without fear of contradiction4 ,that there was no wood1 hay1 or stubble in the great mass of materials which he used in his many and extensive works we dare not assert4 ,the difficulty lies in discrimination1 and in the relative estimate of a man certainly great and good1 in comparison with other great champions of the ,catholic faith1 and with the standard of perfection4 ,it must be remembered that ,dr4 ,brownson was a self-made man1 and1 until he was past thirty1 was in circumstances most unfavorable to his intellectual culture4 ,he received in his youth only the rudiments of an education1 was associated during his early manhood with vulgar sectaries and demagogues1 engaged in a rude1 turbulent struggle for a living and a position as a religious and political leader1 as well as in a perpetual search after truth1 without adequate means of satisfying the cravings of his restless intellect and passionate heart4 ,he came into contact with intellectual and cultivated men for the first time in ,boston after he joined the ,unitarians4 ,his efforts to educate himself were certainly strenuous4 ,he acquired the ,latin1 ,french1 ,german1 and ,italian languages sufficiently well to read books written in all those languages1 and his knowledge of ,english authors was1 of course1 very wide and extensive4 ,nevertheless1 the want of a systematic education in his early youth1 and of regular1 symmetrical intellectual training1 was always a great disadvantage1 as it necessarily must be to every self-made man4 ,moreover1 the necessity of perpetually speaking and writing on the most important subjects as a teacher and guide of others1 before he had thoroughly learned what he had to teach1 made him liable to hasty and crude statements1 to inaccuracies and errors1 to changes and modifications in his views and opinions1 and to a certain tentative1 erratic course of thought4 ,he was like a great ship making its way by waring and tacking1 often changing its course1 and frequently stopping for soundings1 but on the whole making steady headway towards one definite point1 escaping many dangers1 and at last arriving on open sailing ground by the genius of its pilot1 notwithstanding insufficient charts and an unknown coast4 ,in certain favorite branches of study--as1 for instance1 in history1 the history of philosophy1 political ethics1 and ,english philology--his knowledge was not only extensive1 but extremely accurate4 ,of scholastic metaphysics and theology he had a considerable but by no means a minutely precise and complete knowledge2 and with the physical sciences he was still less acquainted4 ,in the belles-lettres he was extremely well versed1 and of works of fiction he was an omnivorous reader4 ,for a number of years before his death he was prevented by the weakness of his eyes from reading very much1 and was therefore1 in the last series of his ,review1 thrown back on his old resources4 ,on the whole1 the mass of knowledge acquired by study which is displayed in his written works is more like a grand1 complex structure1 imposing in magnitude of outline1 sublimity of design1 variety of details1 yet irregular in plan and incomplete in many of its parts1 than like a finished1 scientifically-constructed1 and elaborately-completed edifice4 ,in his calibre of mind we think ,dr4 ,brownson may be classed with those men whose capacity is only exceeded by a very small number of minds of the highest order of genius4 ,intellect1 reason1 imagination1 and memory were alike powerful faculties of his mind1 and his great weight of brain1 with a corresponding nervous and muscular strength1 made him capable of the most concentrated1 vigorous1 and sustained intellectual labor4 ,within the scope of his genius there was no work1 however colossal1 which he was not naturally capable of accomplishing4 ,his gift of language1 and ability of giving expression to his thoughts and sentiments1 whether original or borrowed1 was even greater than his power of abstraction and conception2 and his style has a magnificent1 ,doric beauty seldom surpassed1 rarely even equalled4 ,although ,dr4 ,brownson was not an orator1 and ,mr4 ,webster was not a philosopher1 there is1 nevertheless1 a striking similarity in the style of the two men1 who mutually admired each other's productions with the sympathy of cognate minds4 ,in argument1 but especially in controversial argument and philippics1 ,dr4 ,brownson wielded the hammer of ,thor4 ,his defect was in subtlety of thought1 fineness of discrimination1 completeness of induction1 and minute1 accurate analysis4 ,in the capacity of grasping a first principle and following it out on the synthetic method lay his great power4 ,whenever he had these great first principles and fundamental ideas1 either from reason or faith1 he was unrivalled in the grand and mighty exposition of the truth1 irresistible in the demolition of sophistical1 inconsequent1 and false theories and their advocates1 many of whom he laid low with the ease and force of the blow of ,richard ,cur de ,lion on the cheek of the unlucky clerk of ,companhurst4 ,humor1 wit1 and sarcasm were also at his command1 as well as serious argument2 nor were they always sparingly used1 although generally with the good-humor of a giant conscious of his strength4 ,when we consider the absolute and permanent value of ,dr4 ,brownson's writings as a contribution to ,catholic literature1 not merely in respect to their quality as the productions of a great mind1 but as to their substance2 and estimate the effective worth of his efforts as a publicist in the promotion of ,catholic truth and law1 we cannot avoid taking into view the moral characteristics of the man and of his career4 ,he was a man of great passions as well as of great intellect4 ,he lacked a wholesome1 sound moral and religious discipline during more than half his life1 and was under the influence of ideas1 associates1 circumstances1 most dangerous and injurious1 but especially hostile to the fundamental virtues of humility1 reverence for authority1 intellectual and moral self-control1 submission to a fixed1 unvarying rule of conscientious obligation4 ,after a stormy and turbulent life1 he submitted himself to the authority of the ,catholic ,church over his mind and conscience1 when he was more than forty years of age4 ,he was always true in his allegiance1 and in many respects morally heroic in the practice of the ,christian virtues4 ,his previous life was not wanting in nobility1 and in his subsequent life as a ,catholic there is a magnanimity1 a generosity1 a superiority to petty1 selfish motives and considerations1 such as wealth and popularity2 a patient endurance of toil1 privation1 and suffering2 a steady loyalty to the ,holy ,see2 a royal scorn of baseness and wrong1 and sympathy with the things which are good1 just1 true1 and honorable1 worthy of a ,catholic of the best medival type4 ,he remained1 however1 as many of the old1 heroic ,christians who were converted from heathenism did1 more or less1 the lion of the forest1 with many of the idiosyncrasies and other characteristics1 the product of his past history1 but partially subdued and modified4 ,he was sui generis1 and his works are like himself4 ,to describe him we ought to borrow1 if we may hint at such an impossible supposition1 the pen with which ,carlyle has described his heroes4 ,the pen being unattainable1 we decline the attempt4 ,a few things we must say1 in order to prepare the way for the estimate we are striving to make of his career and works4 ,dr4 ,brownson was liable to be fascinated by some great writer1 and for a time to surrender his mind almost completely to his influence with an impetuous enthusiasm which hindered calm deliberation4 ,when this first fervor had passed1 he would reconsider the matter1 and sometimes end by a severe castigation of his late master4 ,like ,st4 ,christopher1 he went in search of the strongest man to serve1 whereas those whom he successively tried and abandoned were really weaker than himself4 ,cousin1 ,leroux1 and last of all ,gioberti were those to whom he was most specially devoted1 and the influence of the last-named author was so strong over him that he never wholly freed himself from its detrimental effects4 ,in many other ways the judgment of ,dr4 ,brownson was liable to bias from prejudice1 passion1 and moods of feeling4 ,in his judgment of men1 and also of books1 he was hasty1 partial1 capricious1 swayed by accidental influences1 and variable4 ,it was the same in regard to theories1 opinions1 and doctrines which he regarded as open questions4 ,where his faith1 his conscience1 or his matured1 deliberate reason were firmly settled he was steady and immovable4 ,if he was thoroughly convinced that he had made a mistake or fallen into error1 he would retract4 ,but his old habit of roving all over the world of thought1 and the lack of the regular1 consistent intellectual and moral discipline of a systematic ,catholic culture and education1 made him restless of keeping steadily in one course of thought1 fond of novelty1 and ready to adopt or abandon ideas without due deliberation4 ,this variability and want of steady balance in his intellectual operations detracted very much from his influence as a writer1 and counteracted to a great extent the effect which his solid and weighty arguments might have otherwise produced4 ,he has himself made a frank though not a contrite acknowledgment of his one great moral fault in ,the ,convert3 8,i am no saint1 never was1 and never shall be a saint4 ,i am not and never shall be a great man2 but ,i always had1 and ,i trust ,i always shall have1 the honor of being regarded by my friends and associates as impolitic1 as rash1 imprudent1 and impracticable4 ,i was and am in my natural disposition frank1 truthful1 straightforward1 and earnest1 and therefore have had1 and ,i doubt not shall carry to the grave with me1 the reputation of being reckless1 ultra1 a well-meaning man1 perhaps an able man1 but so fond of paradoxes and extremes that he cannot be relied on1 and is more likely to injure than serve the cause he espouses40#aac ,to the last statement we must1 to a great extent1 demur4 ,it is so far true1 however1 that it was extremely difficult to act in concert with ,dr4 ,brownson1 and impossible to count with security upon his movements4 ,like the lions described so vividly by ,jules ,grard1 who would be heard by him roaring in the night at distant points within a circuit of twenty miles1 you could not foresee from what quarter the thunder of his voice would be next heard1 or calculate his range4 ,many ,catholics were alarmed at one time1 lest he should stray beyond the boundaries of the faith4 ,he had even so far lost the confidence of the hierarchy and the ,catholic public1 in the year #ahfd1 that he was unable to keep up his ,review4 ,complaints were lodged against him before one of the ,roman tribunals1 and the celebrated theologian ,cardinal ,franzelin1 then professor in the ,roman ,college1 was deputed to examine his writings4 ,the result was that they were not found worthy of censure1 and the case was dismissed with a kind admonition to be guarded in his language on one or two points1 conveyed through a well-known priest and ,roman doctor of ,new ,york1 who was at the same time directed to console him in his afflictions and encourage him to persevere in his labors4 ,like ,montalembert1 ,lacordaire1 ,de ,broglie1 and many other illustrious ,catholic priests as well as laymen1 and even a few bishops1 ,dr4 ,brownson was for a time dazzled by the specious phantom of liberalism2 but he soon freed himself from this illusion1 and no one has more thoroughly and heartily defended the decisions of the ,council of the ,vatican1 and of the ,encyclical and ,syllabus of #ahfd1 than he has done1 especially in the last series of his ,review4 ,he wavered for a time respecting the necessity of an uncompromising defence and maintenance of the temporal princedom of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 and an unfortunate expression to that effect even slipped into ,,the ,,catholic ,,world from his pen through an oversight of the editor4 ,but in this and every other respect in which he had been led astray for a time1 he never failed in a right intention2 and for all errors into which he was misled he made full and ample amends1 even far beyond what could justly have been expected4 ,in regard to some points of ,catholic doctrine he was rigoristic and exaggerated1 sometimes censuring the most orthodox theologians as lax in their interpretation of dogmas4 ,a satisfactory and systematic exposition of the complete theology of the ,catholic ,church cannot1 therefore1 be said to have been accomplished by ,dr4 ,brownson4 ,nor1 indeed1 can we award to him the meed of success in constructing a system of metaphysics4 ,that he made valuable contributions both to theology and metaphysics we are very glad to admit2 and1 moreover1 we ascribe his imperfect achievement1 not to the want of intellectual ability1 but to other causes which we have sufficiently explained already4 ,in point of fact1 the great scheme always before his mind of the synthetic exposition of faith and science1 reason and revelation1 dogma and philosophy1 was too vast even for his capacious mind and gigantic powers1 without a preparation and a possession of materials which he did not and could not have at command4 ,in our opinion1 some parts of this great work have been much better done in our own time by other men than by ,dr4 ,brownson4 ,whether any man will arise who will accomplish the complete work and produce another ,summa ,theologi1 we cannot say2 but such a man1 if he appears1 will be a second ,angelic ,doctor4 ,on this head ,dr4 ,ward1 in the ,dublin ,review1 has already written so well that we need not add anything more4 ,he has also1 in the number for ,january1 #ahgf1 while paying a most cordial and generous tribute to the genius and virtue of ,dr4 ,brownson1 pointed out in very clear1 explicit terms the great defect in his method of metaphysical reasoning4 ,this defect is traceable to the influence of ,kant1 and found expression in his perpetual criticism of the analytic method of the schoolmen1 and insistance for the substitution of a synthetic process beginning from an priori synthetic judgment4 ,dr4 ,brownson's great mistake lay in his attempting to reconstruct philosophy and theology from the foundation1 instead of applying himself to learn both from the traditional scholastic system1 which needs to be reconstructed and completed only where certain portions have been proved by real scientific discoveries to be weak or have been left unfinished4 ,but we will not weary our readers with any further remarks on such abstruse topics4 ,we have said enough to indicate to those who are familiar with them the grounds of our judgment on certain portions of ,dr4 ,brownson's writings1 and for others the requisite explanation would occupy far more space than we are at liberty to appropriate4 ,while a considerable part of these writings belonging to domestic controversy will1 in our opinion1 be forgotten except as literary curiosities1 there are others which deserve to remain as a portion of our standard ,catholic literature1 and to be studied while the ,english language itself endures4 ,we are disposed to consider the various essays on subjects belonging to the department of political ethics as the most consummate productions of the great publicist4 ,his work entitled ,the ,great ,republic is the most extensive and complete of these essays1 but there are numerous other single pieces1 making together a great collection1 to be found in various parts of his own ,review and of this magazine4 ,the articles on the controversy with ,protestants and various kinds of free-thinkers1 those on transcendentalism1 the autobiography entitled ,the ,convert1 and the whole series of articles contributed to ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 with the exception of a few of minor importance1 may be placed in the same category of excellence and permanent value4 ,the quantity of literary labor accomplished by ,dr4 ,brownson was literally astounding1 especially for our day4 ,a great part of that which he published during his fifty years of active life was necessarily ephemeral4 ,but there might be selected from his extant publications as a ,catholic reviewer a mass considerable enough to fill several volumes of the best quality of matter in the most excellent1 admirable1 and enduring form4 ,such competent judges as ,lord ,brougham1 ,cardinal ,wiseman1 ,mr4 ,webster1 ,mr4 ,ripley1 and the editors of the principal reviews in ,england1 ,france1 and ,germany1 have pronounced the highest eulogiums upon the masterpieces of ,dr4 ,brownson's pen1 either in respect to the power of thought and beauty of style which are their characteristics1 or the intrinsic value of their argument as an exposition or defence of great truths and principles4 ,the terse logic of ,tertullian1 the polemic crash of ,st4 ,jerome1 the sublime eloquence of ,bossuet1 are all to be found there in combination or alternation1 with many sweet strains of tenderness and playful flashes of humor4 ,there are numerous passages in his writings not to be surpassed by the finest portions of the works of the great masters of thought and style1 whether in the ,english or any other language1 in the present or in any past age4 ,they render certain and immortal the just and hard-earned fame of their author1 who labored not1 however1 at least not principally1 for fame and honor1 but for the love of truth1 the welfare of mankind1 and the approbation of heaven4 ,dr4 ,brownson is the most remarkable of all the converts to the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 and among the most remarkable in the group of illustrious men who have paid homage to her authority in the present age4 ,his conversion was a great event and made an epoch4 ,what the amount of good which has been and will be effected by his works may be1 it is utterly impossible to estimate2 for such things have no statistics1 no criterion of measurement1 no data for calculation4 ,the weight of his testimony and the conclusiveness of his arguments have been slightingly treated1 and represented as not worthy to be considered1 on the plea that he was capricious1 changeable1 and possessed of a kind of marvellous art1 a sort of intellectual magic1 by which he could persuade himself1 and make a plausible show of proving to others1 that any theory1 doctrine1 or scheme which took his fancy was solid truth2 somewhat as ,kant attributes an illusory power to nature1 by which all sorts of paralogisms are made to seem equally true and real to reason1 whereas they are only phenomenal forms4 ,to a great number of persons ,dr4 ,brownson was an intellectual phenomenon1 a sort of philosophical comet of the most eccentric orbit1 a prestidigitator with magical formulas1 a ,prospero having a magic wand1 a being such as the popular superstition of old represented ,albertus ,magnus4 ,that a mind which is searching for the truth which it does not possess1 and after a supreme good which it knows not except as an object of vague longing1 should wander1 is not strange4 ,it is the principle of ,protestantism1 and of the rationalistic1 sceptical philosophy which it has produced1 to be always doubting1 questioning2 8ever seeking and never coming to the knowledge of the truth10 unless by the substitution of another1 higher principle4 ,that there was a law in his mental aberrations1 a progressive movement in his eccentric orbit1 a 8method in his madness10 even in its utmost extravagance1 a careful perusal of his autobiography will show4 ,it requires intelligence and patience1 however1 to read that book4 ,his intellect was one always qurens causas altissimas4 ,when he became once convinced of the truth of the ,catholic religion1 and surrendered his mind to the supernatural light of faith1 although his faith was fides qurens intellectum1 he never changed or wavered in his belief of the grand dogmas of ,catholic ,christianity4 ,that such a mind and disposition as his could be firmly held under the dominion of authority with the full assent of the understanding and the joyful submission of the will1 is no weak proof that the authority is divine which subdued so restive a spirit4 ,pegasus in the yoke with his wings tied was an unruly1 troublesome steed2 but when ,apollo mounted on his back and cut his cords1 he was docile to his rein1 while with all the joy of liberty he flew through the air1 proud to obey such a master4 ,dr4 ,brownson's demonstration of the divine institution and authority of the church is unanswered and unanswerable4 ,it is childish trifling1 unworthy of rational men1 to ignore his arguments and escape from his logic by petty criticisms on his person4 ,reason is objective and real2 the subjective qualities of the reasoner have nothing to do with its authority4 ,several years before ,dr4 ,brownson's conversion1 the writer heard several of the professors of ,princeton express their opinion that he was the ablest and most dangerous antagonist of ,christianity in this country4 ,like ,saul of ,tarsus1 he was changed from an enemy to a champion of the cause of ,christ and his church4 ,though somewhat sudden1 his conversion was from rational conviction and the purest motives4 ,it is impossible to deprive it of its significance or deny its importance4 ,it is one of many instances proving that now1 as ever1 the ,catholic ,church has power to win and master the strongest and most fearless minds1 the most generous and disinterested hearts4 ,dr4 ,brownson was generous and disinterested4 ,he obeyed his conscience1 devoted himself to truth and justice1 served ,god and his fellow-men1 without price1 in poverty1 and with a total neglect of popularity and worldly honor1 comfort1 enjoyment1 and every sort of earthly pomp and ostentation4 ,in a merely natural point of view he was like the simple old men of the ,greek and ,roman heroic age1 and the early fathers of our degenerate commonwealth4 ,his austere figure is an example and a reproach to a frivolous1 luxurious1 sceptical1 perfidious generation4 ,what a contrast between his incorruptible integrity and unpurchasable allegiance to truth and right1 to virtue and honesty1 to order and liberty1 and the venal trafficking of our so-called statesmen1 who swindle soldiers and artisans1 rob the country and the poor1 barter and trade in votes and offices1 renounce their faith for political preferment1 bid for honors by appeals to sectarian animosity1 sell the most sacred rights and interests for their own selfish advantage1 flaunt in a vulgar magnificence which is maintained by theft1 and abscond to escape the punishment due to their felonies6 ,amid this mean crowd he stands out like ,aristides among the demagogues of ,athens2 and compared with that other brood which has settled down on the domain of the press and the lecture-hall1 the professors of atheistic materialism1 he is like ,socrates among the sophists4 ,detected swindlers1 defaulters and robbers are despised and denounced1 disgraced and punished1 if it is money and material goods which they administer fraudulently or appropriate unjustly4 ,they are the small cattle-thieves of ,waverley1 but the great lifters escape unpunished and are honored4 ,tyrants who rob their subjects of their rights or neighboring states of their possessions2 defaulters to faith1 conscience1 and ,god1 who abuse their gifts and power to debauch and degrade the minds of their fellow-men2 swindlers in the priceless goods of the soul and eternity2 the prophets of falsehood and licentiousness2 are enriched and applauded4 ,neglect1 aversion1 martyrdom1 are the portion of the genuine heroes1 sages1 patriots1 lovers and benefactors of the race2 and whatever homage they receive is extorted1 reluctant1 scanty in proportion to their worth and merit4 ,even when they are admired and praised1 their teaching is not heeded or their example followed by the fickle1 frivolous crowd4 ,morally1 when not literally1 exile and the cup of hemlock are their portion4 ,those who literally encounter death and receive the palm of martrydom are the happiest and most favored among them4 ,but these are the men who redeem the race1 and are the only lasting glory of the age in which their task of labor and suffering is fulfilled4 ,among these crusaders ,dr4 ,brownson enlisted when he abandoned the camp of infidelity and revolution to receive the cross4 ,the corps d'lite of ,catholic laymen distinguished by their eminent superiority and illustrious services to the church1 in this century1 is a confraternity even more chivalrous and honorable than the ,order of the ,temple in its purest1 brightest days4 ,grres1 ,o',connell1 ,de ,gerlache1 ,rossi1 ,lamoricire1 ,montalembert1 ,veuillot1 ,dechamps1 ,marshall1 ,ward1 ,garcia ,moreno1 ,mallinkrodt--these are names which represent a great battalion of more or less renowned warriors in the sacred cause of ,christ1 of his ,vicar1 of true religion1 science1 civilization1 and man's eternal welfare4 ,the unshaken1 loyal fidelity of ,abdiel among the innumerable hosts of revolted angels shines forth1 not with solitary lustre1 but like the splendor of the cohort seen in the vision recorded in the ,machabees3 ,peraera equites discurrentes1 auratas stolas habentes1 et aureorum splendorem armorum4 ,the ,catholic laity of the ,united ,states have furnished one illustrious champion to this band4 ,he loved the church first of all1 and next his country4 ,he deserved well of both1 for ,christian and civic virtues1 sacrifices on the altar of ,god and the battle-field of the republic1 wise and eloquent pleadings for ,catholic law in the ,christian commonwealth1 and constitutional right1 freedom1 and order in the ,american state4 ,we trust that his instructions and example will always be a light and an encouragement1 a glory and a model1 to the ,catholic laymen of the ,united ,states1 and especially to the young men of education who aspire to intellectual culture and feel the impulse to act valiantly and usefully their part as citizens of this republic and ,christian gentlemen4 #aab ,it is but a few years since the death of ,dr4 ,brownson's mother1 and his twin-sister still survives4 #aac ,the ,convert1 p4 #if ,,the ,,ascension4 8,thou art gone up on high40--,ps4 lxvii4 #ah4 ,gone up6 ,but whither8 ,to a star8 ,some orb that seems a point of light8 ,or one too infinitely far ,for our fond gaze beneath the night8 ,some fairer world1 to which our own1 ,with all its vastness1 is a grain8 ,is't there the ,god-,man sets ,his throne-- ,fit centre of a boundless reign8 ,let science coldly sweep away ,a fancied ,eden here and there ,from out the starry space1 and say #8,tis all brute matter--crude and bare ,or stern philosophy demand4 ,may not yon myriad orbs we ken ,be but a pinch of golden sand1 ,to stretch the narrow minds of men8 ,yet ,faith makes answer1 meekly bold ,narrow to me your widest lore-- ,without the blessed truth ,i hold ,that ,god is man for evermore4 ,he came to wed our life to ,his3 ,as man was born1 and died1 and rose3 ,and in ,his victor ,flesh it is ,our hopes of ,paradise repose4 ,he wore it through the sweet delay ,that kept him with ,his dear ones yet2 ,nor put it from ,him on the day ,he passed from topmost ,olivet4 ,then still ,he wears it in the skies-- ,matter in place4 ,and when the cloud ,received ,him from the gazers' eyes-- ,before their brimming hearts allowed ,that they had lost ,him--swift as thought1 ,he reached the bright ,elysian home ,his own primeval word had wrought-- ,new ,eden for the race to come4 ,,the ,,wild ,,rose ,,of ,,st4 ,,regis4 ,an earnest consideration of the 8,indian question0 must impress every lover of our country with the most serious conviction of its importance and the fearful accounting which awaits us before the solemn tribunal of the future1 if we follow the policy which has unhappily been hitherto adopted in relation to it4 ,leaving out all thought of the principles of eternal justice1 and consulting only the promotion of our temporal interests1 the course we have pursued could not have been more fatal if projected for the sole purpose of defeat and ruin4 ,how much more wisely did ,france deal with the aborigines from the start than ,england6 ,with what untiring patience did her colonial governments meet each successive savage outbreak1 subduing the ferocious foe with weapons of ,christian forbearance and clemency6 ,they waged no war of retaliation and extermination against these 8children of larger growth10 whom they found roaming through the forests of ,new ,france4 ,they made no treaties with them1 as we have done from the first1 with the sole purpose1 as it would seem1 of breaking them4 ,in their traffic with the ,indians they forced no worthless rubbish upon them at prices far exceeding the value of the very best1 and in exchange for their wares at a rate much below the half of their real worth4 ,the dealings of traders with them were not only jealously watched and guarded by every possible check to the greed for gain1 but a breach of justice and equity in those dealings was sure to meet its provided penalty4 ,france bequeathed to ,england with the cession of her ,canadian provinces1 in #agfc1 the wisest system--wisest because based upon an immutable foundation of ,christian equity--which could have been adopted in regard to her ,indian tribes2 and ,england1 though not always so scrupulously watchful of the transactions of her traders1 was sagacious enough to perceive its wisdom and to uphold and continue it1 in all its leading features1 throughout her ,american dependencies4 ,herein1 as we apprehend1 lies the secret of her success in this matter1 which contrasts so strikingly with our miserable failure--herein1 and not1 as has been asserted1 in any essential difference between these aboriginal races2 for the savage is1 after all1 much the same through all his nations and tribes1 and has a vast amount of human nature in his unsubdued bosom1 which is as easily melted by kindness as exasperated by cruelty and oppression4 ,circumstances recently brought to our notice have served to confirm and illustrate convictions we had long entertained on this subject1 and we have thought the relation of them might not prove inappropriate or without interest at this time4 ,in the autumn of #ahgd we went with a party of friends to the railroad depot at ,st4 ,albans1 ,vermont1 to take leave of a portion of our number who were about to depart for ,florida to pass the winter4 ,while we were awaiting the arrival of the train from the north our notice was attracted by a group of ,indian children who passed among the crowd assembled there1 in quest of purchasers for their toilet articles and ,indian knick-knacks4 ,an old lady of our party--whose father left ,vermont with his family early in this century1 when she was very young1 to settle in northwestern ,new ,york1 and who was now visiting the home and friends of her childhood for the first time--seemed to take a particular interest in these children4 ,calling a little girl to her1 she asked what place they were from4 8,from ,st4 ,regis10 was the reply4 8,and did you ever hear of ,margaret ,la ,lune80 she asked4 8,she is our grandmother10 they answered1 8and is in this village now40 ,at that moment a very old squaw1 dressed in a remarkably neat ,indian costume1 with a blanket of snowy whiteness thrown loosely around her aged form1 entered the room4 ,to our astonishment1 our friend no sooner saw her than she ran to her with open arms1 embraced her1 and kissed each of her wrinkled and swarthy cheeks6 ,this sudden demonstration was evidently no surprise to the ,indian woman2 for when1 after a moment of silence1 our friend asked1 8,why1 ,margaret6 how does it happen that you remember me after so many years80 she simply replied3 8,my daughter should know that our people never forget60 finishing the sentence with some expressions in her own language which fell upon our ears more like vibrations produced by the wind passing over the chords of some musical instrument1 than like any articulate utterance4 ,our amazement was not diminished when we heard our friend reply in the same tone and language4 ,before we could express our surprise the train arrived4 ,the bustle of departure and last words were hardly over when we found that the ,indian party had also gone on to ,burlington in the same train4 ,upon our return home we beset our visitor with questions as to this singular interview and the warm affection which seemed to exist between her and the old squaw4 8,i became acquainted with her1 for a brief space1 long ago1 when ,i was a little child10 she replied1 8and1 though ,i have never seen her since1 incidents occurred some years later which revived my recollections of her and fixed them in my memory40 ,when we insisted upon hearing all about it1 she related the following story of ,,the ,,wild ,,rose ,,of ,,st4 ,,regis4 ,when my father removed in #ahae to the new settlement at ,rossie1 on the western confines of ,st4 ,lawrence ,county1 ,n4 ,y41 the forests covering the territory lying on ,black ,lake1 and the borders of the ,indian ,river--which empties into that lake a few miles below ,rossie--had scarcely yet been disturbed by the axe of the settler4 ,hordes of wild beasts held almost undisputed sway over regions now occupied by cultivated farms and smiling villages4 ,a place of more weird and savage aspect than ,rossie presented1 situated on both sides of that dark stream1 can hardly be conceived4 ,rich beds of iron ore of a superior quality abounding among its rugged hills1 and extensive lead-mines1 furnished material for the operation of numerous furnaces1 which1 with the necessary habitations for their operatives1 formed the little village4 ,the largest ,indian encampment in the county was also pitched upon its border1 a short distance down the river4 ,the young squaws of the encampment mingled with the little girls of the settlement1 and often became strongly attached to them4 ,i was fascinated from the first with the manner of life in a wigwam1 and soon became a special favorite with the ,indian women4 ,they frequently persuaded my mother to let me pass day after day in their wigwams1 where ,i was carefully guarded and taught many of the simple arts in which they excel1 and1 as an unusual mark of their high regard1 instructed in some of the secrets of those arts--such as the process for dyeing the quills of the porcupine with brilliant1 unfading colors of every hue1 in which they are so skilful2 the mode of embroidering with them2 the use of the moose-hair in such embroidery1 and the manner of preparing it4 ,i entered upon these pursuits with enthusiastic ardor and diligence1 acquiring also--as a necessary consequence of this intercourse and training--with the facility of a youthful tongue1 a sufficient knowledge of their language to communicate readily with them on all ordinary matters4 ,my mother was so fully engrossed with cares attendant upon the management of a large household1 required in my father's extensive business1 that she had little time to devote to me beyond assuring herself of my safety4 ,i recall with vivid distinctness1 after the lapse of so many years1 the startled surprise1 not to say horror1 with which she met my triumphant exhibition of a superb pair of moccasins for herself1 lined with the soft1 snow-white fur of the weasel1 the work of my own hands4 ,i had dressed and dyed the skins of which they were made1 colored the brilliant quills and moose-hair profusely wrought into them1 and finally cut1 stitched1 and embroidered them1 under the direction of a pious old squaw who always watched over me during my visits to the wigwams4 ,my mother examined them in great surprise1 her countenance expressing mingled pride and pity as she exclaimed3 8,poor child6 we must send you away somewhere to school2 for ,i am afraid you will become a thorough little squaw if we keep you in this wild place among such savage companions40 ,i felt deeply wounded by the want of respect for my dear friends which her remarks implied1 and insisted warmly that the squaws were better1 more gentle1 and a great deal more pious than the civilized women of the place2 that they were never guilty of backbiting or quarrelling among themselves2 never raised their voices above the soft tones of their ordinary conversation1 but lived in peace and harmony1 saying their prayers devoutly morning and night1 and requiring their children to do the same4 ,i enumerated eagerly all the good qualities for which ,i admired them1 to which she cordially assented1 but insisted1 nevertheless1 that1 as ,i was destined to live among civilized people1 it was not desirable for me to acquire the habits and tastes of these children of the wilderness4 ,one morning not long after this occurrence1 as ,i was playing with the ,indian children near an untenanted house on the bank of the river1 they told me in their own language that we must not make much noise2 8for there was a fading flower in that house1 and the medicine-women feared it had been chilled by the breath of the destroyer40 ,i understood their meaning and asked one of them to go in with me to see the young invalid4 ,when we entered1 an elderly squaw1 the fine texture and snowy whiteness of whose blanket marked her as one of the best of her race1 was bending over the slight form of a beautiful young girl who was lying on a bed of hemlock boughs which had been prepared in one corner of the room1 and wrapping a blanket around her1 while she lavished upon her those tender epithets and pet names with which the ,indian dialects abound4 ,as she turned and saw me1 she said3 8,see1 here is the little pale-face of whom ,loiska told us1 come to see my ,rose of the woods6 ,will not the sweet flower lift its head to the sunshine of the pale-face80 ,the maiden smiled and extended her wasted hand to take mine4 ,i shuddered at its clammy coldness4 8,see1 dear mother10 she said plaintively1 8the ,white ,lily shrinks from the touch of the dews that lie upon your ,rose6 ,you must not be false to yourself or to me2 for it is an angel who whispers to the little one that these are the dews of death4 ,your best skill cannot stay them1 and they will cease only at the call of the great messenger1 who will remove your flower to the garden of that #8,mystical ,rose' whose fragrance we love so well40 8,oh6 let not my blossom say so4 ,the journey was long and the bed was hard4 ,the rays of the sun upon the water were too strong for our tender bud1 and it wilted1 but will soon revive in these pleasant shades4 ,the pale-face will procure from her mother1 who is passing kind to our people1 strengthening food and refreshment for the ,wild ,rose60 8,yes6 yes60 ,i cried1 8she will and we will not let it droop4 ,i will go directly to my mother1 and ,i know she will help you60 ,i was thrilled by their look of grateful surprise when they found ,i could understand their language1 and their softly-ejaculated benedictions followed me as ,i bounded away in quest of my mother4 ,i found her busily engaged in household matters1 and1 seizing her with irresistible energy1 literally dragged her into the presence of my new friends1 telling her what ,i knew of them by the way4 ,when we arrived she inquired tenderly as to the symptoms of the lovely invalid4 ,finding they had come from ,st4 ,regis by water1 and had brought her on a bed of boughs in their canoe to ,ogdensburg1 thence up the ,oswegatchie to ,black ,lake1 and thus far up the ,indian ,river1 she also was of the opinion that the frail child was exhausted by fatigue1 and that rest would revive her4 ,they had undertaken the journey in the hope that a change would be a benefit to her health4 ,her father came with them and was at the camp1 but the mother preferred a place where her charge could be better sheltered than in a wigwam4 ,my mother went home1 and1 gathering comfortable furniture for their room1 despatched a man with it2 then1 preparing some hot wine negus with toasted crackers1 she sent them by me to refresh the sufferer while some nourishing broth could be made ready4 ,from that time ,i forsook the wigwams and devoted myself to my ,wild ,rose2 who became so fond of me that she could scarcely consent to my leaving her for the nights4 ,each morning found me at her bedside before sunrise1 with my own breakfast as well as hers1 that we might partake of it together1 and with a profusion of fresh flowers from the abundance of my mother's flower-garden wherewith to adorn her room4 ,the ,indian children had helped me to festoon it with wreaths of ground pine and boughs1 until it was an evergreen bower in which we took great satisfaction4 ,my mother gathered from her her little history4 ,she had been betrothed to a young son of their chief1 and they were to have been married the previous fall4 ,the time for the nuptials had been appointed and her bridal dress prepared4 ,the young man was sent by his father on some business to ,montreal a few days before the time thus appointed4 ,on the way his canoe was drawn suddenly into a whirlpool in the rapids1 dashed to fragments upon the rocks1 and he perished4 ,the shock of this terrible calamity was fatal to her health1 which had never been robust4 ,from that moment she drooped1 and1 though quite calm1 even cheerful1 had been gradually wasting and sinking4 ,they improved the first mild days of spring to try the effect of a change of air and scene1 after she had received the last sacraments from their priest in preparation for the worst4 ,for a few weeks she seemed to revive1 and even walked with me once as far as my own home4 ,her appetite improved1 and she relished all that my mother's care provided for her food4 ,as ,i remember her at this distant day1 ,i know she must have been a being of superior beauty and loveliness2 but there was nothing about her which so fascinated and impressed my young heart as the spirit of piety that governed all her words and actions1 and seemed to flow from the depths of her pure soul like transparent waters from a fountain1 refreshing every one who came within their influence4 ,one warm evening in the early summer we sat together for a long time in silence and alone1 watching a beautiful sunset over the wild 8,rossie ,hills10 when her soft voice breathed in her own musical language expressions which subsequent events fixed indelibly in my memory4 8,my sweet ,lily10 she said1 8will often uplift her pale face to the smiles of the glorious sunset when the ,rose1 who loved to bask with her in their golden gleam1 will be blooming in gardens which need them not2 for the #8,sun of ,righteousness' will be their light1 and will fill them with glories unknown to earthly bowers1 and his ,blessed ,virgin ,mother will smile upon them4 ,but the incense of prayer1 like the breath of its own perfume1 will ever float from the ,rose to the throne of the ,eternal that her ,lily may be transplanted at last to a place by her side in that happy home where sighing1 and parting1 and sorrow shall cease for ever6 ,oh6 will she not strive for admittance to the garden of our ,lord here1 that she may rejoice in the light of his countenance hereafter80 ,in a voice broken by my sobs ,i promised all she asked1 and ,i doubt not her prayers helped me long afterwards in obtaining the grace to fulfil the promise4 ,the next morning ,i found her much exhausted1 and that she had passed a restless night4 ,her mother raised her in her arms while she took the broth ,i brought for her breakfast1 of which she was very fond4 ,she seemed weary1 and1 as her mother lowered her gently to the pillow1 she suddenly lifted her eyes to heaven1 while a smile of celestial rapture stole over her beautiful face1 and exclaimed1 8,pray for me1 my own mother2 for1 behold6 the bright angel is spreading his wings to bear your ,rose to the presence of her ,redeemer60--and was gone4 ,the ,indian mother and myself were alone with the lifeless form of our beloved one4 ,the change1 the shock1 was so sudden and unlooked for that ,i stood horror-struck and paralyzed1 for the first time1 before the dread messenger who had stolen the breath of my sweet ,rose4 ,the whole scene was so incomprehensible to me that ,i could not believe the tones of her dear voice were hushed for ever1 but persuaded myself that she had only fallen asleep4 ,amazed1 ,i watched the poor mother as she calmly recited the prayers for the departing spirit over her child for some time1 the only outward sign of her anguish being the tears which flowed in torrents down her cheeks1 while every line of her wan features expressed unquestioning resignation to the will of ,him who had given and taken her treasure4 ,the prayers concluded1 she tenderly closed the dear eyes1 adjusted the slender form1 folded the delicate hands over a crucifix on her breast1 and entwined the beads1 which had so seldom been laid aside by them in life1 closely around them in death4 ,when she sat down at length1 and1 opening her blanket1 extended her arms towards me1 the first glimpse of the dread reality burst upon me in a flood of crushing agony1 and1 springing to the open arms which drew me in a close embrace to her bosom1 ,i wept aloud in a paroxysm of frantic1 uncontrollable grief4 ,she fondly soothed and caressed me1 bestowing upon me those expressions of tender affection which she had been wont to pour into the ears now closed for ever1 and uttering fervent prayers to heaven that its choicest dews might descend upon the ,lily which had cheered the last hours of her sweet ,rose4 ,i was inconsolable1 and told her vehemently that1 since ,heaven had taken the ,rose1 the ,lily would go too1 and that it would never lift up its head again2 and1 indeed1 my grief was so violent as to injure my health1 and ,i was soon sent away to new scenes4 ,my mother assisted in preparing the frail form of the ,indian maiden for the grave4 ,her mother had brought with her the bridal dress of her child1 and in that they arrayed the beautiful departed for the bridal of death4 ,then1 enfolding her in a linen sheet1 they wrapped her blanket about her and gently laid her down upon the bed of boughs her father had prepared in the canoe for her removal to the graves of their kindred at ,st4 ,regis4 ,then followed the sad leave-taking and the departure4 ,the dismal forests which clothed each margin of the ,indian ,river seemed to bend over that sombre stream in reverential sympathy as the ,indian father and mother1 with their faded ,rose1 floated silently down its dark waters and out of our sight for ever6 99 99 99 99 99 ,some years had elapsed since this event1 and during the interval misfortunes had overwhelmed our family4 ,at the very time of severe reverses in his business my father was taken with a malignant fever and died4 ,my mother1 my young brother1 and myself were thus left in desolate affliction to battle with adversity as best we might4 ,our pleasant home was surrendered to creditors1 and we sought the forests of ,upper ,canada1 whither a family who had long been tenants on our farm had gone several years before4 ,they had taken up a tract of land under a government grant to settlers1 and1 when they heard of our great calamity1 wrote1 urging us to do the same1 as they could render great assistance to us if we were near them4 ,the land we took was covered with very valuable timber1 and the first object was to get a portion of it to the ,quebec market1 that its avails might pay for clearing the land and preparing our new home4 ,my brother--hitherto the pet of the family1 and in danger of being the spoiled child of fortune--set about the task with an energy that surprised every one4 ,he was greatly beloved by the ,indian hunters1 who knew my father and had received many favors from him in the days of our prosperity4 ,they assisted us in our removal1 and remained to help and encourage my brother in the lumbering business1 so new to him1 under the direction of 8,captain ,tom10 an old ,indian who was very skilful in such operations4 ,we removed late in the fall1 taking with us a supply of provisions more than sufficient for the winter1 and but little else of worldly gear4 ,when the spring opened1 thanks to our kind neighbors with their oxen1 and the good ,indians1 a quantity of lumber of various kinds had been drawn to the river bank1 and as soon as the ice went out they put it into rafts for transportation4 ,these were constructed in separate sections1 each with its rude little caboose to shelter the two men who went with it4 ,the sections were then firmly united in one long raft by means of strong withes1 in such a manner that they could be readily detached by cutting the withes1 if necessary1 in making the dangerous descent of the rapids above ,montreal4 ,a few days before they set out a vicious1 drunken ,indian called 8,malfait10 who had been loitering around all winter1 quarrelling with the men and giving no assistance1 applied to ,captain ,tom for whiskey and for permission to go down on the rafts1 both which requests were refused4 ,he went away muttering threats1 and the old ,indian feared he was meditating mischief4 ,my brother wished to go with ,captain ,tom on the forward section1 as was the custom for the one who conducted the navigation4 ,we gave a very reluctant consent1 and our parting with him was saddened by many misgivings4 ,they proceeded prosperously on their voyage as far as the 8,long ,sault10 so called1 the first dangerous rapid1 the chief difficulty in passing which1 for experienced navigators1 was to avoid being drawn1 by an almost irresistible current at one point1 into a furious maelstrom called the 8,lost ,channel10 from which few had ever escaped who once entered it4 ,they reached the head of the ,long ,sault late in the afternoon1 and anchored there for the night1 with the roar of the tumbling waters in their ears4 ,the moon was shining brightly1 and they betook themselves to rest early1 that they might start betimes in the morning4 ,very late in the night my brother was awakened from a sound sleep by the old ,indian1 who laid his hand heavily upon him and told him to keep very calm and not to struggle or make the least effort to shield himself4 8,for10 said he1 8we are entering the ,lost ,channel2 our part of the raft has been cut loose4 ,i have bound you firmly to the same stick of timber to which ,i am now binding myself4 ,we can only leave ourselves in the hands of the ,great ,spirit2 for no other arm can help us40 ,my brother was paralyzed with terror as the maddened waters seized the raft as if it had been a child's plaything1 tore the heavy timbers apart1 and bent and shivered many of them like saplings4 ,the one to which he and the ,indian were attached was often uplifted1 by the force of the raging torrent1 its full length1 to be thrown violently down and swallowed in the depths of the foaming flood4 ,the shock of these concussions soon benumbed his faculties1 and his last conscious act was to recommend his soul to the mercy of ,god1 before whose awful tribunal he supposed he was about to appear4 ,when he began to recover his senses1 it was like waking from some frightful dream4 ,he was too much bewildered to realize for some time that he was in a comfortable ,indian lodge1 with a kind old squaw in attendance upon him4 ,she would not allow him to ask any questions or agitate himself1 assuring him that all was well1 and he should know the whole at a proper time4 ,as soon as he was able to hear it she gave him the history4 ,on the day before their arrival at the ,long ,sault her son1 with a party of ,indian hunters who had been up the ,st4 ,lawrence and were returning to ,st4 ,regis1 had fallen in with ,malfait1 and1 from inquiries made by him1 suspected that he was watching1 with no good purpose1 for rafts that he expected would come down the river4 ,he suddenly disappeared1 and they did not know in what direction4 ,when her son told her the circumstance and their suspicions--for the bad character of ,malfait was well known1 and they had heard that ,captain ,tom was coming down with rafts-she set out at once with men and canoes up ,lake ,st4 ,louis to the foot of the rapids1 to give aid if it should be needed4 ,they discovered the timber to which my brother and his faithful friend were lashed1 and1 releasing them1 brought their insensible forms as speedily as possible to her lodge on the shore of that lake1 with very little hope that they would ever revive4 ,the old ,indian1 however1 soon began to show signs of life1 and1 when he was able1 recounted what had happened4 ,he had no doubt that ,malfait came in the night1 detached the raft1 and steered it into the rapids to satisfy his malice against him4 ,as soon as he was strong enough to go1 her son went with him down the river to look after the remainder of the raft1 leaving his young friend in good hands1 though still unconscious of the tender care he was receiving4 ,they found the rafts in ,lake ,st4 ,peter below ,montreal1 and her son returned4 ,she then sent him with some others to gather the timber of the wrecked raft4 ,they collected all that could be found on the shore of the lake1 to be taken when the rafts should come down next year4 8,and now1 my son10 she continued1 when she had brought the narrative to this point1 8,i am known here as ,margaret ,la ,lune1 but to your mother and sister as the mother of the ,wild ,rose of ,st4 ,regis4 ,you may have heard them speak of her1 though you were too young at the time of their acquaintance to know about it yourself4 ,it was to her care the ,great ,spirit committed you in your extremity1 that she might be allowed to make some return for their kindness to her and her sweet child1 which she has never forgotten1 and has ever since endeavored to repay by giving all the help in her power to navigators on these perilous waters4 ,it was in one of these attempts that my husband lost his life some years ago4 ,great was my joy when ,i learned from your ,indian friend that ,i had rescued one so dear to them from a grave in the rushing flood40 ,my brother remained with her until the return of ,captain ,tom4 ,he delivered the lumber to the merchant in ,quebec to whom it was consigned--who had long known the sterling qualities of the faithful old ,indian--and informed him of the situation in which he left his young employer4 ,the merchant advanced money to him to pay off the men and to bear his own and my brother's expenses home1 sending by him a statement of the balance left and subject to my brother's order4 ,the money for their expenses was all that ,captain ,tom or his ,indians could ever be persuaded to accept for their valuable services at that time and in after-years4 ,their only reply to my brother's persuasions was1 8,we remember your father4 ,he good to his ,indian brothers40 ,you may well imagine our surprise and gratitude when we heard from my brother's own lips the story of all that had befallen him1 and of the devotion of our excellent ,margaret4 ,she was absent when he went down the next year for the last time1 and he did not see her4 ,our affairs prospered beyond our expectation4 ,we brought willing hands and courageous hearts to the strife with adverse fortunes1 and1 by the blessing of ,god upon our efforts1 did not fail in time to retrieve them4 ,my mother died a few years after my marriage with a son of our former tenant1 whose sister my brother afterwards married4 ,she divided her time between the two homes1 tenderly beloved and cared for by her children and grandchildren1 and honored by all who knew her4 ,you now understand the reason for my great surprise and affectionate meeting with ,margaret at the depot1 which must have seemed strange indeed to the witnesses4 ,in our short chat ,i promised to go to pass some time with her upon my return home1 and am not without hope that ,i shall persuade her to go with me to see the children and grandchildren who have often heard of her and of the fidelity with which her people treasure up the memory of kind acts4 ,,hammond ,,on ,,the ,,nervous ,,system4#aad ,the wonderful relativity of psychology to the purely somatic phenomena comprised under the term physiology1 while not having altogether escaped the observation of earlier thinkers1 did not assume the significance it now possesses till modern science compelled mere psychicists to recognize the invaluable services this new handmaiden bestowed on their favorite pursuit4 ,it had been too much the vogue to frown down attempts at chemical explanations of vital processes as verging towards materialism1 and thus materialism was in reality strengthened1 since the opponents of modern physiology had shut their eyes to facts as stubborn and undeniable as the soul itself whose cause they were championing4 ,this antagonism was unfortunate2 for1 though of short duration1 it gave rise to the impression in the popular mind that the old science dreaded the new light1 and that recent discoveries tended rapidly to overthrow the time-honored belief in the distinct substantiality of the soul4 ,to this same arrogant rejection by pedantic orthodoxists of facts that seemingly conflicted with accepted views1 may be ascribed the sneering and triumphant manner of many scientists who fail to take account of the slowness with which men reconcile themselves to truths not hitherto suspected4 ,had1 however1 the data of modern science been at first fully considered1 it would have become evident that theories and assumptions alone ran counter to the doctrine of a spiritual soul1 and that scientific facts1 startling and numerous as they were1 did not1 when viewed by the light of a just interpretation1 conflict with any prior truth4 ,the hasty and groundless character of the assumptions which tend to materialism may be inferred from the claim not long since put forward in the ,ecole de ,mdecine at ,paris1 to the effect that the science of physiology demands in advance the rejection of any principle of activity in man not amenable to its methods and instruments of research1 on the ground that man in his totality is the true objective point of this science1 and the admission of aught in him which it cannot determine is equivalent to stating that man is more than he is4 ,according to this authority1 therefore1 the notion of a soul1 viewed as a spiritual substance1 distinct and different from the body1 hampers science and circumscribes the field of its inquiry4 ,but if the vast strides made by physiology within the last decade have been the occasion of some pernicious speculation1 and have seemed to give countenance to materialism1 this has been the case only when the science transcended its own data and soared into the region of conjecture4 ,its legitimate fruits are manifest in the flood of light it has thrown on the most intricate questions of psychology1 and the elucidation of points which1 but for it1 would have remained for ever in obscurity4 ,indeed1 it may be said to have created a new branch of psychical science1 and to have brushed away many cobwebs that clouded the psychology of the schools4 ,the volume before us represents the latest expression of the physiology and pathology of the nervous system1 and is characterized by unusual closeness of observation and accuracy of expression1 while evincing a proneness to theorize on points concerning which the author is least at home4 ,dr4 ,hammond has been a close student at the bedside and an indefatigable worker with those instruments of research which have almost built up his science1 but for all an indifferent thinker1 as we shall shortly endeavor to prove4 ,it is true that no authority is more frequently invoked1 and with good reason1 to determine questions relative to mental aberration and unusual conditions of the nervous system2 but when he abandons the ophthalmoscope1 the cephalohmometer1 the sthesiometer1 and assumes the abolla of the philosopher1 he evidently misses his rle4 ,he is undoubtedly a physiologist of the first rank and a respectable authority on minute nervous histology1 but as a theorist he is a failure4 ,accustomed to dogmatize on facts coming within the scope of the senses1 he applies the same procrustean rule of reasoning to purely intellectual processes1 and speedily flounders in a quagmire4 ,his mind has tipped the balance in the direction of material things1 and has not been able to regain its equilibrium4 ,as a repertory of interesting facts1 gleaned in the course of a long and varied experience1 his book is invaluable4 ,it bristles with information and is replete with comments which prove ,dr4 ,hammond to be an accurate1 close1 and painstaking observer1 as well as an accomplished anatomist4 ,his chapter on ,aphasia is intensely interesting1 and constitutes a valuable contribution to the theory of localized function4 ,aphasia is that inability to use language which proceeds1 not from paralysis of the labial muscles1 nor from hysteria1 nor from injury of the vocal chords 7aphonia71 but from a lesion of that portion of the brain which presides over the memory of words and the co-ordination of speech4 ,many instances are adduced in proof that this inability results from the impairment of a given portion of the cerebral substance2 and from the constant recurrence of the same effects from the same lesion the inference is drawn that a very restricted portion of the brain is concerned in connecting thoughts with words1 co-ordinating these1 and arranging them in articulate sounds4 ,authorities1 indeed1 are not agreed as to what special brain lobe this faculty is to be ascribed1 but the fact is borne out by unquestionable evidence that some portion of the anterior convolutions controls and regulates the power of speech4 ,the point of interest is that the function is localized and depends on the minute physical texture of the nerve substance through which it is carried on4 ,dr4 ,hammond justly claims the credit of having first observed that the form of aphasia called amnesic 7forgetfulness of words7 depends on some lesion of the vesicular or gray matter of the brain1 since it is unaccompanied by paralysis1 while the form called ataxic 7inability to co-ordinate articulate sounds7 is connected with the corpus striatum which presides over motion1 and so we find this latter form always associated with paralysis4 ,no summary of this chapter can do it justice1 so pregnant is it with facts and abounding with varied suggestion4 ,we would remark1 however1 that ,dr4 ,hammond has failed to call attention to the remarkable confirmation which the condition of amnesic aphasia offers in support of the inseparable connection between thought and some symbol of expression--a circumstance which ,trousseau1 in his learned work on ,clinical ,medicine1 has noted at length4 ,trousseau says3 8,a great thinker as well as a great mathematician cannot devote himself to transcendental speculations unless he uses formul and a thousand material accessories which aid his mind1 relieve his memory1 and impart greater strength to thought by giving it greater precision4 ,now1 an aphasic individual suffers from verbal amnesia so that he has lost the formul of thought40 ,this fact of aphasia curiously coincides with ,vicomte de ,bonald's theory of the divine origin of language1 which is based on the supposed impossibility of having a purely intellectual conception without an accompanying formula or word to circumscribe and differentiate it1 and that accordingly language1 in such relation1 must have been communicated4 ,it is likewise corroborative of the view taken by ,max ,mller1 who says 7,science of ,language1 #gi73 8,without speech1 no reason2 without reason1 no speech40 ,and again3 8,i therefore declare my conviction1 whether right or wrong1 as explicitly as possible1 that thought1 in one sense of the word--i4e41 in the sense of reasoning--is impossible without language40 ,the latest disclosure of science1 therefore1 so far from conflicting on this important point with the philosophy of the ,scholastics1 endorses and sustains it1 and is opposed rather to the rationalist view of the question4 ,it is in the chapter on ,insanity that ,dr4 ,hammond first betrays the crudeness and shallowness of his philosophy4 ,on page #caj he says3 8,by mind we understand a force developed by nervous action1 and especially the action of the brain40 ,and again3 8,the brain is the chief organ from which the force called mind is evolved40 ,in this definition the author is guilty of having used a term more obscure and ambiguous than the definiendium itself2 for no two scientific men agree in their view of force4 ,dr4 ,mayer1 of ,heilbronn1 says3 8,the term force conveys the idea of something unknown and hypothetical40 8,forces are indestructible1 convertible1 and imponderable objects40 ,dr4 ,bray1 in his ,anthropology1 says3 8,force is everything2 it is a noumenal integer phenomenally differentiated into the glittering universe of things40 ,faraday says3 8,what ,i mean by the term force is the cause of a physical action10 and elsewhere1 8,matter is force40 ,dr4 ,bastian1 on ,force and ,matter1 declares force to be 8a mode of motion40 ,herbert ,spencer says of it3 8,force1 as we know it1 can be regarded only as a conditioned effect of the unconditioned cause1 as the relative reality1 indicating to us an absolute reality by which it is immediately produced40 ,another writer 7,grove7 calls forces the 8affections of matter40 ,now1 the word mind conveys1 even to the most illiterate1 a precise and definite notion4 ,every one knows that it is the principle within him which thinks and underlies all intellectual processes2 but when ,dr4 ,hammond informs him that it is a 8force10 and he finds that a bewildering confusion of opinions1 expressed in the obscurest terms1 prevails concerning the nature and essence of 8force10 he finds that he has derived 8,fumum ex fulgore40 ,even the term 8evolves0 is unfortunate2 for the word occurs in a great variety of connections4 ,if force is an entity1 it cannot be evolved2 it is produced4 ,of thought1 indeed1 it might be said that it is evolved from the mind1 since it represents the latter in a state of active operation1 and has no separate entity of its own2 but mind1 being known to us as something in all respects distinct and diverse from matter1 cannot1 except by a lapse into the grossest materialism1 be said to be evolved from the brain4 ,had ,dr4 ,hammond present to his mind a definite idea when he penned the word1 he might have easily found a clearer substitute4 ,carl ,vogt knew well what meaning he intended to convey when he said3 8,just as the liver secretes bile1 so the brain secretes thought40 ,there is candor1 at least1 in this statement1 and none of that shuffling timorousness which shame-facedly glozes materialism in the formula3 8,mind is a force evolved from the brain40 ,having satisfied himself that there can be no question as to the accuracy of this definition1 our author places mind in contrast with 8forces in general0 by designating it a compound force4 ,what he means by 8forces in general0 it is hard to say2 for if mind is a force1 it possesses the generic properties which ally it with other forces1 and must therefore be one of the 8forces in general10 since that is a veritable condition of its being a force at all4 ,but this is a minor error4 ,the expression 8compound force10 used as ,dr4 ,hammond uses it1 implies a far graver mistake1 and all but stultifies its author4 ,either mind is a force 7and be it remembered the author has not enlightened us as to the sense in which we ought to understand the term71 having a special function to perform1 from which1 and from its mode of performance1 its character is inferred1 in which case it is a simple force1 no matter how great may be the number and variety of the objects on which it is expended2 or1 it is a combination of forces1 each proceeding from its proper source or principium1 and each directed to its proper object-term or class of object-terms1 in which case it is not one force merely1 however much ,dr4 ,hammond may insist upon calling it compound1 but a series of forces1 each possessed of a distinct entity and an individual identity4 ,the doctor evidently did not study the scope and import of the word when he thus loosely employed it1 else he would have perceived that whatever is compound is some one and the same thing made up of parts1 and not a collection of individuals4 ,we will now see in what manner he distributes and assigns to duty the sub-forces comprised under the general term 8compound force40 ,for aught we know1 ,dr4 ,hammond may have once been familiar with the researches of ,stewart1 ,reid1 ,brown1 and ,hamilton1 not to mention ,locke1 ,descartes1 ,leibnitz1 and ,malebranche2 but he certainly labored under some form of amnesia when he devised the following scheme of psychology3 ,he declares that the sub-forces into which the compound force called mind is divisible are fourfold1 viz43 perception1 intellect1 emotion1 and will4 ,he defines perception to be 8that part of the mind whose office it is to place the individual in relation with external objects40 ,this definition supposes that the whole mind is not concerned in the act of perception1 but that1 while one part of it is quiescent1 another may be engaged in perceiving4 ,this view of perception has the questionable merit of originality1 differing as it does from the definition given by every author from ,aristotle to ,mill1 who all regard perception as an act of the mind1 and the faculty of perceiving nothing else than the mind itself viewed with reference to its perceptive ability4 ,further on he says3 8,for the evolution of this force viz41 part of the mind the brain is in intimate relation with certain special organs1 which serve the purpose of receiving impressions of objects4 ,thus an image is formed upon the retina1 and the optic nerve transmits the excitation to its ganglion or part of the brain4 ,this at once functionates ,anglice1 acts4--,c4 ,w41 the force called perception is evolved1 and the image is perceived40 ,we have quoted this passage at some length1 not only for the purpose of exhibiting ,dr4 ,hammond's theory of perception1 but to show how admirably the argot of science serves to hide all meaning and to leave the reader dazed and disappointed4 ,no one yet1 till ,dr4 ,hammond's appearance on the psychological stage1 ventured to call a mere impression on an organ of sense perception2 indeed1 the whole difficulty consists in explaining how the mind is placed in relation with this image4 ,it was with a view to elucidate this much-vexed matter that the peripatetics invented their system concerning the origin of ideas4 ,it is all plain sailing till the image or phantasm in the sensitive faculty is reached2 so that at the point where the ,scholastics commenced their subtle and elaborate system ,dr4 ,hammond complacently dismisses the question by saying3 8,and the image is perceived40 ,what need we trouble ourselves about general concepts1 reflex universal ideas1 intelligible species1 the acting and the possible intellect1 when there is so easy a mode of emergence from the difficulty as ,dr4 ,hammond suggests8 ,no doubt he would1 like hundreds of others who do not understand ,suarez or ,st4 ,thomas1 regard the writings of these doctors on this subject as a tissue of jargon1 overloading and obscuring a question which is so plain that it needs but to be enunciated in order to be understood4 ,then the long and warm conflicts which have torn the camp of philosophy1 and separated her votaries into opposite schools1 would all be happily ended2 it would suffice to say3 8,gentlemen1 your toilsome webwork of thought is no better than the product of ,penelope's distaff2 the whole affair may be summed up in these words3 ,a ganglion functionates1 the force called perception is evolved1 and the image is perceived40 ,mirabile dictu6 ,it is not1 therefore1 necessary to discuss the question of ideal intuition to find out whether the idea is a representative and subjective form or objective and absolute2 whether we are to agree with ,reid and the school of experimental psychologists1 or do battle under the colors of ,gioberti and ,rosmini1 or the learned and lamented ,brownson8 ,all these things are no doubt beneath the consideration of the materialist's psychology4 ,but we have still more to learn concerning perception at the feet of this new ,gamaliel4 ,he says 7page #cab73 8,perception may be exercised without any superior intellectual act1 without any ideation whatever4 ,thus if the cerebrum of a pigeon be removed1 the animal is still capable of seeing and of hearing1 but it obtains no idea from those senses4 ,the mind1 with the exception of perception1 is lost60 ,perception is not1 therefore1 connected with consciousness2 for1 according to ,dr4 ,hammond1 we may hear and see without knowing it4 ,we do not deny that impressions may be made on the organs of sense without eliciting an act of consciousness1 for which reason1 indeed1 ordinary language has reserved the use of words designating the function of organs for those cases where consciousness is elicited2 for no one would dream of saying that he feels the prick of a pin or hears another speak without knowing it4 ,a cadaver can perceive as well as a living subject1 if we are to accept ,dr4 ,hammond's view2 for we know that an image may be formed and retained by the retina after death1 and this is all that is needed for perception4 ,to explain all intercurrent difficulties1 we have but to fall back on ganglia and evolution4 ,at each step of the intellectual process a convenient ganglion exists which evolves just the sort of force requisite to produce the desired result1 and thus we have a perfect system of psychology4 ,of the intellect he says3 8,in the normal condition of the brain the excitation of a sense1 and the consequent perception1 do not stop at the special ganglion of that sense1 but are transmitted to a more complex part of the brain1 where the perception is resolved into an idea40 ,thus is the brain made the sole organ of thought4 ,we have but to say1 8,a perception is resolved into an idea10 and in so many words we bound over difficulties which made ,plato1 after much deep pondering1 invent a theory of thought1 yet regarded as a matchless monument of subtlety and sublimity1 which taxed the subtle intellects of ,st4 ,augustine1 ,st4 ,thomas1 ,leibnitz1 and ,kant1 and which will1 in all probability1 continue to be an object of curious research to the end of time4 ,if a child1 beholding the changeful images of a kaleidoscope1 should1 prompted by the curiosity of youthful age1 inquire the reason of this beautiful play of colors1 surely no one would cynically answer him that one figure is resolved into another4 ,dr4 ,hammond slurs over the difficulty2 for the vexing question is1 ,how does the mind form an idea8--not1 whether a ganglion is excited and evolves force1 but how1 on the occasion of such excitation1 an idea1 which is something altogether different from the excitation1 is produced in the mind4 ,this question he not only fails to answer1 but exhibits a woeful depreciation of its scope and gravity4 ,he continues3 8,thus the image impressed upon the retina1 the perception of which has been formed by a sensory ganglion1 ultimately causes the evolution of another force by which all its attributes capable of being represented upon the retina are more or less perfectly appreciated according to the structural qualities of the ideational centre40 ,this sentence furnishes the keynote to the whole theory of material psychics1 and leads us to inquire into its growth and history4 ,when ,bichat in ,france and ,sir ,charles ,bell in ,england simultaneously discovered that a separate function was assignable to the anterior and posterior nerve-fibres projected from each intervertebral foramen2 that the anterior possess the power of causing muscular contraction1 the posterior that of giving rise to sensation1 they laid the foundation of the wonderful and beautiful though much-perverted doctrine of the localization of function4 ,the experiments of ,flourens1 ,claude ,bernard1 ,beaumont1 ,virchow1 and ,kolliker multiplied similar discoveries and enlarged the significance of ,bell's and ,bichat's conclusions4 ,to every ganglion its separate function is now sought to be assigned1 and we have already alluded to the interesting facts which ataxic and amnesic aphasia have lately developed4 ,the intimate relation thus manifested between particular portions of the brain-substance and the corresponding mental function1 aroused and quickened curiosity to find out the nature and reason of this dependence4 ,the materialist perceived in this doctrine of the localization of function a new weapon for attacking the spirituality of the soul1 and was not slow to bring it into requisition4 ,it was assumed that a reason for the difference of function in the different portions of the nervous structure would be found in the intimate texture of the nerve-tissues themselves2 and the assumption1 in so far as it is logical to suppose1 that a difference in organization can alone account for a difference in the manifestation of power1 was fair and plausible4 ,all efforts were now directed towards such discoveries in the minute histology of the nervous system as would point to a connection between special ganglia and the functions performed by them4 ,the microscope1 indeed1 brought to light many wonderful differences1 but none sufficient to justify what is1 therefore1 but a mere assumption--the conclusion that the peculiar organization of certain portions of the nervous system is as much the efficient cause of the functions with which they are connected as the sun is the cause of heat and light1 and the summer breeze of the ripple on the harvest field4 ,it was deemed unnecessary to look for an explanation of intellection and volition beyond the known or knowable properties of those portions of the nervous substance with which the processes in question are connected4 ,if1 it was argued1 certain varying states of the inner coat of minute blood-vessels fitted them to select1 some arterial blood1 and others venous blood1 and no one thought to invoke any other agency in determining the cause of the difference or of the function1 why should we admit the existence of a distinct substance in accounting for mental phenomena1 when structural differences just as palpable and obvious are at hand to explain them8 ,in a word1 not only difference of function was attributed to difference of structure1 but this latter difference was held to be the sole cause and chief origin of the function itself4 ,dazzled by the brilliancy of their discoveries1 and misled by a false analogy1 many physiologists confounded condition with cause1 and1 having perceived that the manifestations of the mind are profoundly modified by the character of the medium through which they are transmitted1 inferred that the medium generated the function4 ,this confusion of condition with cause was further aided by the current false notion of cause4 ,following ,hume and ,brown1 most modern men of science behold nothing else in the relation of cause to effect than a mere invariable antecedence and subsequence of events1 which1 of course1 nullifies the distinction proper between indispensable condition and cause4 ,with them that is cause on the occurrence of which something else invariably follows2 nor need we look for any other relation between the two4 ,this doctrine1 applied to the phenomena of the mind1 could not but lead the discoverers of localized functions to downright materialism4 ,they perceived that certain phenomena invariably proceeded in the same manner from certain portions of the nervous organism1 and that any disturbance of the latter was attended by a marked change in the character of the phenomena with which it was connected4 ,this invariability of antecedence and fluctuating difference of effect pointed unerringly1 they thought1 to structural differences in the nervous system as the efficient cause of all its functions4 ,applying this doctrine of causation to the process of intellection1 we find how logically it sustains ,dr4 ,hammond's assertion that mind is an evolution of force from a special ganglion1 since an excitation of the same ganglion is always followed by the same result--viz41 a mental apprehension4 ,the invariability of sequence is all that is needed to establish ganglion in the category of causes1 and ideation in that of effects4 ,we will now apply the same method of reasoning to a case in which the obvious distinction between cause and condition cannot fail to strike the most inattentive1 and make manifest the sophistry of materialistic physiology4 ,should we stray into a minster filled with a grand religious light1 and find chancel1 nave1 and pillar all radiant with purple and violet1 soft amber and regal red1 we would naturally look to the stained-glass window to discover the source of those warm tints and brilliant hues1 and would seek to determine what in those party-colored panes gives rise to the effects we admire4 ,we first discover in each colored glass a peculiarity of structure which especially adapts it to the emission of its proper ray1 and then note that the difference in the color of the rays depends on this same peculiarity of structure4 ,the problem is solved4 ,since a structural peculiarity in the violet pane1 for instance1 fits it for the emission of its own ray1 and so on with respect to red1 yellow1 and purple1 why need we look for any other source of those colors8 ,as we discover in each party-colored pane the cause of the difference in the color of the ray1 we mistake the cause of the difference for the cause of the ray1 and assume not only the difference of the ray to depend on the color of the transmitting medium1 but deem that medium to be itself the sole source of the light4 ,in like manner the speculative and transcendental physiologist finds in the adaptation of certain portions of the nerve-tissue to the production of specific functions a reason for referring the highest order of mental phenomena to the nervous system as their cause1 forgetting that the adaptation in question may be but a mere condition modifying the manifesting power of the substance which is the true source of the phenomena4 ,the observer who regards colored glass as the source of light1 because he has been able to trace a connection and establish a relation between the color of the ray and the minute structure of the glass1 differs in naught from theorists of ,dr4 ,hammond's stripe1 who make nervous ganglia centres or sources of ideation because of the invariable production of the latter on the occasion of some excitation in the former4 ,in both instances is committed the error of confounding condition with cause1 of mistaking the cause of a difference between two occurrences for the cause of the occurrences themselves4 ,we have dwelt at this length on ,dr4 ,hammond's theory of the ,intellect1 as it embodies an error so pernicious that the callow mind of the medical student1 awed by the authority of a name1 is likely1 on reading this chapter1 to imbibe principles which1 slowly elaborated1 will lead him in process of time to the chilling tenets of materialism4 ,the third sub-force enumerated by ,dr4 ,hammond is ,emotion1 which1 like perception and intellect1 is a force evolved on the occasion of an excitation in some other portion of the brain4 ,thus the emotions of joy1 sorrow1 hope1 and love can be excited by making an impression on this portion of the nervous substance1 just as we elicit different sounds from a piano by striking different keys in succession4 8#8,sblood6 do you think ,i am easier to be played on than a pipe80 ,yet ,dr4 ,hammond would of man make a ,hamlet's pipe1 with its ventages and stops1 to be sounded from the lowest note to the top of the compass at the pleasure of a skilled performer4 ,the physiological signs of emotion he has truthfully described1 such as blushing1 palpitation1 increase of the salivary secretion1 and other bodily changes1 the connection of which with the emotions themselves will1 we fear1 so far as there is any hope of a satisfactory explanation from physiology1 remain a dead secret for ever4 ,the fourth and last of the sub-forces evolved by the brain is ,will1 with respect to which the doctor has not much to say1 though it is easy to understand that it owes its origin1 according to him1 to the same ganglionic changes as the three preceding4 ,he has not even defined this force1 but merely says that by volition acts are performed4 ,the ordinary idea of will exhibits it as a power which the soul exercises at discretion1 even at times in the absence of any motive1 except caprice1 and often against a strong excitement of passion1 so that it can be connected with no organic changes which are necessary and subject to law4 ,this idea ,dr4 ,hammond's doctrine entirely overthrows2 for if will be the result of ganglionic excitation1 it must surely follow the latter1 and can consequently be in no manner connected with its causation4 ,whatever cause1 then1 may have produced the excitation1 it must have been necessary--i4e41 have necessarily produced volition4 ,volition1 therefore1 being the result of changes necessarily produced1 must itself be necessary1 and we then have the anomaly of necessary will1 which is a sheer contradiction4 ,there is no such thing1 therefore1 as volition1 in the true and accepted sense of the word1 and what we deem to be the free acts of the soul are brought about as necessarily as pain or pleasure when the exciting agents of those emotions are in operation4 ,it is not difficult to estimate the practical consequences of this doctrine4 ,man1 thus made to act by organic changes and the necessary determination of his nature1 not being answerable for these1 cannot be made answerable for their consequences2 so that the good and evil he performs resemble1 the former the changes which the bodily system undergoes in a state of health1 the latter the morbid changes of disease4 ,the good he does is as much the necessary outcome of his nature as the golden fruit is of the tree1 while his bad actions are as the tempest that wrecks or the breath of a pestilence4 ,this is the self-same doctrine of ,broussais dressed in the garb which the latest researches in neurological science have prepared for it1 and much more covertly and insidiously presented4 ,broussais says3 8,l'ivrogne et le gourmand sont ceux dont le cerveau obit aux irradiations des appareils digestifs2 les hommes sobres doivent leur vertu un encphale dont les stimulations propres sont suprieures celles de ces appareils0 7,irritation et ,folie1 p4 #hbc74--8,the drunkard and the glutton are those whose brain obeys the summons issued by the digestive organs2 sober men owe their virtue to the possession of a brain which rises superior to such orders40 ,surely in this1 as in countless other instances1 history continues to repeat itself4 ,the definition of ,insanity given by ,dr4 ,hammond surpasses in clearness and comprehensiveness all those which he has collected from other sources1 and is such1 we consider1 as will with difficulty be improved upon in the respects mentioned4 ,he calls it 8a manifestation of disease of the brain1 characterized by a general or partial derangement of one or more faculties of the mind1 and in which1 while consciousness is not abolished1 mental freedom is perverted1 weakened1 or destroyed40 ,this definition more closely applies to all occurring cases of insanity than any hitherto given1 though it is a pity the doctor has robbed its latter portion of all meaning by having virtually denied mental freedom in his foregoing theory of volition4 ,the remainder of the chapter on insanity is exceedingly instructive and interesting4 ,the author has clearly exhibited the difference between illusion1 hallucination1 and delusion1 nor has he permitted himself once1 in his application of the terms to individual cases1 to interchange or confound them4 ,indeed1 it is a matter of regret that so acute an observer and so diligent a collector of facts was ever tempted to betake himself beyond their legitimate domain1 and to launch himself on the troubled sea of speculation4 ,but it has been ever thus3 8,laudet diversa sequentes40 ,the great bulk of the work--and it is a volume of nearly nine hundred pages--is taken up with the discussion of those nervous diseases which1 for the most part obscure in their origin and of infrequent occurrence1 have been brought to light for the first time in this monograph1 so that the medical profession owes a deep debt of gratitude to the laborious researches of ,dr4 ,hammond in a very partially explored field4 ,to the general reader the chapter on ,hydrophobia cannot fail to prove interesting1 presenting as it does a graphic description of the symptoms which usher in this terrible disease1 and suggesting remedies which are within the reach of every one1 and are calculated to avert the awful consequences of a bite by a rabid dog1 provided they be employed without delay4 ,the interval between the reception of the wound and the outbreak of the symptoms is very variable1 but the majority of cases occur within seven months4 ,this interval is called the period of incubation1 and is usually not characterized by any other signs than a certain amount of mental depression1 often the result of a nervous apprehension of consequences4 ,the sleep especially is apt to be disturbed by such forebodings1 so that the animal which inflicted the wound is frequently dreamt of4 ,the prognosis of the disease is most discouraging1 since our author says3 8,there is no authentic instance on record of a cure of hydrophobia40 ,the post-mortem signs of disease are shrouded in obscurity2 for1 though ,dr4 ,hammond details at great length certain altered conditions of the brain and spinal cord1 as well as of the arteries supplying them1 those changes are by no means pathognomonic--i4e41 peculiar to the disease in question4 ,the point of greatest practical interest to those who have so far escaped the death-dealing fang of ,blanche1 ,tray1 or ,sweetheart is that1 should so sad an occurrence befall them1 they must hasten at once to a surgeon1 and see that1 after having tightly bound the limb above the injury1 he use the knife with an un-sparing hand1 till every part with which the teeth of the animal may have come in contact has been entirely removed4 ,cauterization1 either by fire1 or nitrate of silver1 or some of the mineral acids1 is preferred by some physicians1 and has proved quite as successful as excision4 ,a ,mr4 ,youatt employed cauterization four hundred times on persons who had been bitten by rabid animals1 and every time with success4 ,dr4 ,hammond employed cauterization seven times--four with nitrate of silver and three with the actual cautery--and always with success4 ,this proceeding should be adopted1 even though several weeks1 or even months1 may have elapsed since the infliction of the wound2 in which case1 however1 excision is deemed preferable to cauterization4 ,the importance of this knowledge to persons residing in a city overrun with mongrels is very great2 and while we hope our readers may never have occasion to put it into practice1 we would recommend them to treasure it up for an emergency which1 however sad1 is always possible4 ,following the chapter on hydrophobia are some very interesting statements concerning ,epilepsy--a disease which1 in a light form1 prevails more extensively than most people imagine4 ,the most remarkable precursory symptom to an attack of epilepsy is what is called an aura1 or breeze4 ,this usually begins in some lower part of the body and shoots towards the head4 ,it resembles at times an electric shock1 and again a sharp stab or blow4 ,the strangest aur are hallucinations of vision which lead the patient to believe he sees a rapid succession of colors4 ,the experiments of ,dr4 ,hughlings ,jackson with regard to those colored aur are full of interest4 ,he finds that a vision of red ushers in the phenomenon1 and that the whole prism is exhibited to the sight till the violet end of the spectrum is reached4 ,the approach of the aura is often felt1 and gives admonition to the patient of the speedy approach of a seizure1 so that he is thereby enabled to seek a place of security and retirement before the actual advent of an attack4 ,many interesting cases1 exhibiting the freaks and peculiarities of this strange disease1 are recorded by ,dr4 ,hammond4 ,convulsion1 tremor1 chorea or ,st4 ,vitus' dance1 and hysteria are next treated of in succession1 and much valuable information might be derived from a perusal of these chapters4 ,catalepsy1 one of the strangest of nervous disorders1 receives a due share of attention1 though much that is authoritative cannot be affirmed concerning it1 since the data of the disease are neither numerous nor reliable4 ,when the cataleptic seizure is at its height1 there is complete suspension of consciousness1 and a muscular rigidity supervenes1 which causes the limbs to retain for a long time any position1 no matter how awkward or irksome1 in which they may be placed4 ,this condition so closely simulates death that in former times mistakes were frequently made which were not discovered till life had really become extinct in the grave4 ,another strange feature of this disease is the magnetic influence a female subject exercises over her unattainted sisters during a paroxysm4 ,it has been observed that1 if one female in a ward fall into a cataleptic fit1 those immediately around her are seized in the same manner1 the attack lasting for a period of variable duration4 ,the description of these nervous maladies gradually leads to ,dr4 ,hammond's views on ,ecstasy1 which are all the more interesting as the chapter is chiefly taken up with the discussion of the wonderful and perplexing case of ,louise ,lateau4 ,the chapter should have followed the one on hydrophobia1 and been entitled ,thaumatophobia rather than ,ecstasy1 since the doctor exhibits a most contemptuous estimate of the intelligence of those who hold that there can be anything not explicable by the known laws of physiology in the most wonderful cases of ecstasia4 ,he ranks among ecstatics of a former period ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi1 ,st4 ,catherine of ,sienna1 ,st4 ,teresa1 ,joan of ,arc1 and ,madame ,guyon1 all of whom1 he says1 8exhibited manifestations of this disorder40 ,with respect to those celebrated personages there is no sort of medical testimony giving evidence of the existence of disease1 or in any way furnishing an adequate scientific explanation of the facts revealed by their historians4 ,it is as illogical and presumptuous for ,dr4 ,hammond to qualify their cases in the manner he does as it would be for a believer in the supernatural to assert the miraculous character of a mere feat of legerdemain4 ,the only difference is that ,dr4 ,hammond's disregard for the rules of evidence is applauded by the world as indicating a vigorous and healthy intelligence1 whilst the equally illogical assertor of the supernatural character of what is not proven to be such would be at once1 and with justice indeed1 put down as an imbecile and a slave to superstition4 ,the burden of proof is ever thrust on other shoulders by our author1 and never borne by his own4 ,let but ,dr4 ,warlomont devise a pathophysiological explanation of ,louise ,lateau's stigmata1 not only gratuitous from beginning to end1 but even at variance with the facts of science1 and ,dr4 ,hammond gives in a blind adhesion to his conclusions without a single inquiry into the weight of proof on the other side4 ,even ,dr4 ,warlomont acknowledged the difficulties with which ,dr4 ,lefebvre's work bristles in the way of a physiological explanation1 and it is evident1 from the intensely-labored character of his report1 that he entered into the controversy as an ex parte disputant4 ,we do not intend to reopen the discussion of this famous case1 since enough concerning it has already appeared in these pages4#aae ,it is sufficient that we note the recusant spirit of some modern scientists whenever there is question of the supernatural4 ,they will not believe1 no matter how overwhelming the evidence1 lest they be suspected of weakness1 or of bartering their intellectual freedom for the formul of an effete authority4 ,these gentlemen consult their prejudices rather than truth1 and1 provided they tickle the ears of radicals and non-believers1 they consider themselves lifted into the proud position of supreme arbiters between reason and authority4 ,dr4 ,hammond says ecstasy was 8formerly quite common among the inmates of convents40 ,we would inform him that its frequency was never greater than now1 and the widespread attention which one or two cases have attracted is proof how rare is that frequency4 ,indeed1 it has been the invariable policy of the church to discourage tendencies in this direction1 and spiritual advisers often remind their penitents that an unbidden and unwelcome guest not rarely presents himself in the garb of an angel of light4 ,it is related of ,st4 ,francis of ,sales that a nun having declared to him that the ,blessed ,virgin had appeared to her1 he inquired how much vin ordinaire she had taken that day2 and1 upon her answering1 8,one glass10 he told her to drink two the following day1 and she might have two apparitions4 ,in view of this disinclination of ecclesiastics to encourage ecstasia1 especially among women1 whose nervous system is so impressionable1 it ill becomes ,dr4 ,hammond1 having the mass of testimony at his command in support of the genuineness of the two cases to which reference is made1 to use the following language3 8,but the effort was in vain1 just as is the attempt now to convince the credulous and ignorant of the real nature of the seizures of ,louise ,lateau1 ,bernadette ,soubirous--who evoked ,our ,lady of ,lourdes--and of the hundreds of mediums1 ecstatics1 and hysterics who pervade the world40 ,the frankness with which the church authorities demanded the closest and most searching scientific investigation of the case of ,louise ,lateau1 and their expressed determination to accept its legitimate results1 should be to all reasonable men a guarantee of their good faith and of their abhorrence of impostures4 ,it is consoling to think that the intelligence of some scientific men is still unfettered1 and that1 though in the absence of a prominent member--,dr4 ,lefebvre--the friends and abettors of ,dr4 ,warlomont endeavored to spring on the ,belgian ,royal ,academy of ,medicine a resolution declaring the case of ,louise ,lateau fully explored and closed1 the ,academy refused to adopt it1 thereby admitting that so far science has failed to account for the marvellous phenomena of which this girl is the subject4 ,the inherent defect of ,dr4 ,hammond's reasoning is that it identifies cases which are merely analogous4 ,it is true that the majority of pseudo-ecstasies resembling the inspired ecstasy of holy personages are dependent on a disordered condition of the nervous system1 but this resemblance does not necessarily tend to classify the latter under the same head4 ,yet this is what ,dr4 ,hammond and his school do4 ,they seize general traits of resemblance1 shut their eyes to essential differences1 and1 finding that the greater number of cases obey throughout certain known definite laws1 they conclude that all cases do likewise4 ,history abounds with instances of disordered imagination depending on a morbid condition of the nervous system1 but in all the impartial observer can discern well-marked differences1 separating them essentially from authentic cases of true ecstasy4 ,baron von ,feuchtersleben#aaf relates many extraordinary cases of this sort4 ,herodotus 7ix4 #cc7 speaks of the ,argive women who1 under a morbid inspiration1 rushed into the woods and murdered their own children4 ,plutarch relates the story of a monomania among the ,milesian girls to hang themselves4 ,we have all read of the convulsionnaires at the tomb of ,mathieu of ,paris4 ,dr4 ,maffei describes a similar epidemic1 which received the name of 8,pschlianism0 from a religious1 fixed delusion which originated with one ,pschl4 ,these cases were usually accompanied by convulsions and terminated in suicide4 ,besides the disorders alluded to1 we read of sycanthropy among the natives of ,arcadia1 a somewhat similar aberration among the aborigines of ,brazil1 and the delusion of the ,scythians that they were women4 ,dr4 ,hammond relates a case as wonderful as any of these--viz41 that of the noted ,ler1 an inmate of the ,salptrire1 whose contortions and antics resemble the hysteria of the 8,jerkers0 in ,methodist camp-meetings4 ,the attempt to identify all occurring cases with these is a flagrant violation of the inductive method by which scientific men1 above all others1 claim that they are guided4 ,if observation and experience are to be our guides in determining the truth1 then let us admit nothing but what these criteria verify4 ,this is precisely what these gentlemen do not do2 and because they perceive a general resemblance between a group of facts1 they identify all possessing this resemblance1 and predicate thereon a general law4 ,we cannot hope for a discontinuance of this baneful and short-sighted procedure until men who profess to be votaries of science shall become truly rational1 instead of making an empty and futile boast of being rationalists4 #aad ,a ,treatise on the ,diseases of the ,nervous ,system4 ,by ,william ,a4 ,hammond1 ,m4,d41 ,professor of ,diseases of the ,mind and ,nervous ,system in the ,medical ,department of the ,university of the ,city of ,new ,york1 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahgf4 #aae ,vide ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,november1 #ahge - ,march1 #ahgf4 #aaf ,the ,principles of ,medical ,psychology4 ,by ,baron ,ernst von ,feuchtersleben1 ,m4,d41 ,sydenham ,society1 p4 #beb4 ,,the ,,eternal ,,years4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,divine ,,sequence40 ,,the ,,characteristics ,,of ,,god',s ,,government--,,progression4 ,if the preceding considerations have at all succeeded in imparting to our minds a right view of the importance of matter1 not solely in its own nature1 but in the spiritual world1 and in the developments which the spiritual world only arrives at through the medium of matter1 we shall find we hold the key to many mysteries1 and are walking at liberty in a world of marvels4 ,so far as we are able to judge1 and aided by all that science can discover1 we have every reason to believe that the act of creation is complete1 and that no more material is needed to work out the ultimate intentions of the divine ,being4 ,certain races of animals have become extinct1 and all races are modified more or less by external influences of climate and food4 ,probably many have all but changed their nature since they first sprang into being2 as they will do once more when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together4 ,but whether or no this be so1 it would be rash to imagine that new creations of hitherto unexisting fauna or flora are ever to be given to the great cosmos4 ,there is nothing to prove that such is the case2 and there is a vast amount of facts pointing to the opposite conclusion4 ,moreover1 the completeness of creation is the grander idea of the two1 and the most like the ways of ,god1 especially when we consider that the existence of matter is only as a means to an end2 and that end accomplished1 why should there be any further increase of what makes up the material world8 ,we will therefore put aside all idea of its being subject to either increase or decrease1 while we dwell upon the fact that it is subject to mutations of the most diverse and subtle nature4 ,it is true we are told there shall be new heavens and a new earth4 ,but everything1 even the preliminary fact that the 8elements will melt with heat0 and all things be dissolved1 points to renewal1 but not to extinction2 for we know practically that dissolution1 whether by heat or any other force1 is not extinction in any case1 but only change of form4 ,the new earth is to be one in which 8justice dwelleth40#aag ,but even on this earth we have evidences of the sanctification of matter by its contact with spiritual things4 ,we have it first in the relics of the saints1 to which not only a sacred memory is attached1 but actual supernatural gifts emanate from them1 because they have become holy to the ,lord2 because they had1 while still in life1 so frequently1 or rather so effectively1 come in direct contact with the ,eucharistic ,sacrifice1 with the ,body and ,blood of ,him who1 in taking flesh and feeding us thereon1 brought ,god to us and dwelt within us4 ,but the saints are rare2 and the example1 therefore1 derived from their relics is an exceptional one4 ,there are other examples of the way in which the living influence of the faith has changed mankind1 through the ages of history1 by hereditary transmission4 ,it has been remarked that while ,rome still remained pagan there nevertheless existed other sentiments1 and as it were another atmosphere1 caught from the presence of ,christianity1 even while ,christianity was ignored or persecuted4 ,the pagan spirit was essentially worldly4 ,how could it be otherwise8 ,poverty made a man ridiculous2 and ridicule is the beginning of contempt4 ,christian charity and compassion had no pagan counterpart until ,christian example gave rise to the notion that it was a wise and good thing to feed the hungry and care for the orphan4 ,long before the reign of the first ,christian emperor the pagan ,roman heart1 catching some warmth from the celestial fire which burnt unseen in the largely-extended ,christian population1 began to form institutions which faintly reproduced ,christian charity2 but this was the influence of mind over mind4 ,what is a far more remarkable fact is the gradually-developed influence of generations of ,christian ancestors over the mere natural instincts of humanity4 ,how much do we not owe to the fact that we descend from a mainly ,christian stock6 ,what sweet domestic ties1 what calm1 heaven-reflecting pools of life1 do we not enjoy--not owing to our own personal graces1 but because grace1 in a greater or less degree1 has1 though may be with grave exceptions1 presided over the rise and growth for centuries of those who have preceded us4 ,when ,st4 ,jerome wrote to the youthful daughter of his beloved penitent ,paola1 as the former was about to dedicate herself to ,god in a virgin and secluded life1 a very large and most emphatic portion of his instructions is taken up with exposing to her the difficulties she will meet with in preserving an essential virtue1 and the extreme measures she1 a maiden of seventeen1 must resort to as a guarantee against temptation4 ,to what1 save to the blessed effects of centuries of a more or less ,christian ancestry1 do we owe the blessed fact that1 whereas to any young girl now entering religion her ,christian parents and her priestly adviser would fill hours with counsels about holy poverty1 obedience1 and the conquest of her own will1 hardly one word would be breathed about any imminent peril to a virtue which she only thinks of in its highest religious sense1 because she has never even dreamt that it could practically be in danger8 ,the very flesh has been purified and chastened by centuries of grace4 ,the human instincts have been almost unconsciously raised to a higher level2 and1 evil as the world may yet be1 we habitually entertain angels unawares4 ,thus does the longanimity of ,god wait with ever-slackening step through the long ages of time1 while grace permeates slowly the few but ever-increasing willing hearts1 sanctifying soul and body equally and together2 for 8the ,lord dealeth patiently for your sake1 not willing that any should perish40 ,he deals patiently with the world for the sake of the church1 patiently with the wicked for the sake of the good1 and because the good are not good for themselves alone2 they yield a perfume of which they are not conscious1 but which attracts others to them2 and if but the ten righteous men can be found1 the city will be spared6 99 99 99 99 99 ,we often hear allusions made to the destructive work of time1 to the ruin of nations1 and the obliteration of vast and crowded cities2 and writers of the day indulge in sensational reflections upon the future fate of the peoples and homes of modern days4 ,we are all acquainted with the ,new ,zealander who is to sit amid the ruins of ,london4 ,but those who speak and write in this sense have in their minds the fate of heathen nations and pagan cities in the first hour or epoch of the world's existence1 before the accomplishment of the mystery of the ,incarnation--that is1 before ,god dwelt upon earth to reconquer by his precious blood and sweat of agony his kingdom among men4 ,but as ,christians we cannot believe that ,christian nations1 however imperfect in their ,christian practice1 will ever be cast out1 root and branch1 and the ploughshare pass over their hearths and ,his altars as over ,ninive and ,troy1 as over the ,etruscan cities and the pleasure-loving ,roman towns of southern ,italy4 ,the ten righteous are never wanting in any city where the altars of ,jesus are erected1 and where the ,mother of fair love is named with tender and reverent confidence4 ,the surging tide of evil may threaten us1 as in guilty ,paris and brutalized ,london2 but though heavy chastisements may pour down on these examples of modern vice1 yet never1 never will the dear ,conqueror who has deigned to plant his foot on the teeming city streets as his priests carry the ,blessed ,sacrament to the dying1 and who has his tabernacles of love here and there through our crowded thoroughfares1 relinquish his recovered inheritance4 ,never1 never will the lands where he has dwelt be desolate like the godless lands of old4 ,believe it1 ,o ye loving hearts6 who are burning in silent anguish over the erring and the ignorant1 who are pouring sad tears on the cruel wickedness of high places1 and on the degradation and depravity of the neglected and the forgotten4 ,heavy and sharp and terrible may be the punishment of our iniquities2 but even hell itself is less hell than it would be but for the shedding of the precious ,blood2 and no nation where his name is invoked1 no people among whom he has his part--albeit not1 alas6 the larger part--can ever perish out of sight1 out of mind1 as the huge heathen nations have gone down in utter darkness in the lapse of ages1 and hardly left a stone to proclaim1 8,i am ,babylon40 ,sweet patience of ,jesus6 sweet pity of ,mary6 we wrong you both when we forget that where you have once entered1 there you will abide2 because the few are the salvation of the many2 because1 though not every door-post and lintel bears the red cross1 yet those that do bear it plead for the rest1 and the angel of destruction stays his steps at the first and drops his avenging sword2 for his ,lord and ,master has passed that way6 99 99 99 99 99 ,we have spoken of the creation as being complete4 ,we have concluded that1 while we are incapable of measuring its extent1 and can only vainly guess at unknown worlds beyond our own system1 it will never receive one atom1 one molecule1 in addition to those of which it now consists4 ,our reason for this belief lies deep down in the very roots of theology1 which we find a better reason than any with which mere human science can furnish us1 because the end of the latter is contained within the end of the former1 as the greater contains the less4 ,we have already stated our reason--namely1 that the ultimate object of the creation was the ,incarnation1 and1 that object accomplished1 there can apparently be no need of further creation4 ,in saying this we are not presuming to limit the power of ,god or to interpret his unrevealed will4 ,we are1 with all diffidence1 formulating a supposition which approves itself to our reason4 ,the creation was the expression of the goodness of ,god1 uttered outside himself by the ,logos1 ,god the ,son4 ,but the creation1 merely as such1 merely as existence1 and man1 the lord of creation1 merely in his natural state1 were incapable of union with ,god4 ,therefore1 from the first1 man was constituted in a state of grace4 ,thus the second mission1 which is that of the ,holy ,ghost1 and which is the second in the eternal decrees1 the nunc stans of eternity1 is the first in the nunc fluens of time4 ,for the grace of ,god1 which is the ,holy ,ghost1 was given to man in measure and degree from the first moment of his being1 four thousand years before the first mission1 that of ,god the ,son1 took place in time4 ,both are continuous1 and both are progressive4 ,the mission of ,god the ,son did not cease when he ascended into heaven2 for it is continued at the ,consecration in every ,mass1 and in every tabernacle where the ,blessed ,sacrament dwells4 ,at each ,mass he comes and comes again6 ,in the ,blessed ,sacrament he remains4 ,therefore his actual presence is progressive1 in proportion to the increase of his altars where the bloodless sacrifice is offered1 and where the ,bread of ,life is reserved4 ,we are ourselves entirely persuaded 7and this opinion is in harmony with that of many modern theologians7 that the ,incarnation would equally have taken place had man never fallen4 ,it was the object of the creation4 ,man's fall called for his redemption by the death and ,passion of our ,lord1 and1 as a loving consequence1 also for the sacrifice of the ,mass4 ,but it does not follow that1 had the ,redemption not come after the ,incarnation1 because man had not fallen1 there would have been no ,blessed ,sacramental ,presence4 ,the church having nowhere defined to the contrary1 it is permitted to those whose devotion to the ,blessed ,sacrament makes the whole creation a blind mystery1 and even the ,incarnation appear incomplete without it1 to believe that the ,blessed ,sacrament would always have been1 and a sinless ,adam1 with his sinless offspring1 have held communion with the incarnate ,god through and by this divine nourishment1 even as his redeemed children do now1 only in that case without the sacrifice of the ,mass2 for where there is no sin there is no sacrifice4#aah ,this may be but a pious thought1 and we have no wish to press it upon our readers4 ,we leave it to their devotion to follow it out or not as they will4 ,all we want to prove is that1 though our ,blessed ,lord came once only1 conceived of the ,holy ,ghost1 born of the ,blessed ,virgin2 and once only was crucified1 dead1 and buried1 and rose the third day1 and ascended into heaven1 nevertheless his sacramental presence is a perpetual carrying on and carrying out of this his first mission to us1 and that thus his mission bears a progressive character4 ,he is the conqueror 8proceeding to conquer40 ,he is still sending his messengers before his face to prepare his way4 ,his priests are still going forth to all nations to preach the remission of sins1 by planting his altar1 which is his earthly throne1 in divers parts1 till the earth be filled with the knowledge of the ,lord as the covering waters of the sea4#aai ,we are looking forward to the fulfilment of that prophecy in all its plenitude2 for surely no one can allege either that this time has already come1 or that because some1 it may be several1 missionary priests have had a certain success among the heathen1 anything faintly resembling such a grand1 lavish promise as that1 has received even an approximate fulfilment4 ,still less will any one assert that such promises are vain2 and if not so1 then let us look forward1 and ever more and more forward1 to the progression of our dear ,lord's kingdom upon earth2 himself present amongst us in the ,blessed ,sacrament1 coming in that meek guise to take possession of his territories1 and all but silently planting his standard first here1 then there1 as new altars are raised to him1 and as other souls are brought beneath the sacraments--the oaths of allegiance to their new ,master4 ,we cannot disguise from ourselves that we have fallen upon evil times1 and that faith has grown dim4 ,nevertheless1 we maintain it would be difficult for any thoughtful and unprejudiced mind to deny the ever-increasing evidence that the leaven is leavening the whole mass2 still less can it be affirmed that anything has ever done this in highly-civilized countries except ,christianity4 ,the wealth and learning of the ,romans1 their vast literature1 their high art1 had no effect in producing either morality or mercy4 ,there were noble examples among them of men and women who1 we may believe1 responded to the light vouchsafed them1 whose names have come down to us2 and doubtless there were many1 utterly unknown to history1 who obeyed the dictates of their conscience1 enlightened by the divine ,spirit of whom they had never so much as heard4 ,we do not believe that anywhere1 in any age1 in any city1 however given up to iniquity1 there was nothing but eternal death reigning over poor1 fallen1 suffering humanity1 and leaving the beneficent ,creator1 the dear ,redeemer1 without a soul to love and serve him1 albeit in a blind way4 ,we believe such a condition of things to be simply impossible2 but however that may be1 whether more or less than we have dared to hope1 ,christianity was not there1 and in its absence nothing availed to produce generally even the appreciation of purity or real charity4 ,as we have said1 the ,romans were a grand law-giving nation4 ,civil rights were understood1 upheld1 and protected better than by the modern ,napoleonic code1 and far more in harmony with ,christianity1 which ultimately profited by1 and copied so largely1 the ,roman law4 ,but the law did not touch the heart or enlighten the conscience2 and while the public life of ,rome had much moral grandeur1 the private existence of man and woman alike was infamous2 and it was so in proportion to their advance in wealth and luxury4 ,we have said that only ,christianity can moralize civilized nations1 and we did so advisedly2 for a certain inoffensiveness1 and the practice of many natural virtues1 exist among nations that have not come within the range of so-called civilization4 ,where the intellectual and reasoning powers of men are undeveloped1 they retain something like the innocence of children4 ,but when man without ,christianity is raised to intellectual height1 cultivated in mind1 refined in manner1 surrounded by art1 and with advanced knowledge of physical science--when he has thus developed all his powers1 without having a corresponding force given him against the inclinations of natural concupiscence1 he is then no longer in the infancy of humanity4 ,it is mature1 and the ripe fruit tends to rottenness4 ,civilization and knowledge must go forward pari passu with divine grace to be a real benefit to mankind2 for there is no good apart from a high moral standard1 whether we consider the individual or the nation1 and no moral standard will long support itself without the concomitance of grace4 ,we are told that the great question of the day is the modus vivendi between the church and modern progress4 ,if this be so1 the church alone can discover and develop it2 because the church is the organ of the ,holy ,ghost1 and when our ,lord was about to leave this earth he promised the ,paraclete1 who would 8teach us all things40 ,therefore the church is the ultimate dispenser of all science1 no matter of what nature2 and as the reign of the ,holy ,ghost shall be more and more established in the now perfectly-defined status of her infallibility1 so will she increasingly take up unto herself1 within her own arena1 all the gifts of knowledge and science which are her essential prerogatives4 ,once more she will become the queen of nations1 the guide and pioneer of the world4 ,hers has been a long history of struggle1 and frequently of apparent defeat2 but out of it she has ever risen victorious1 though her victories are different in character from the triumphs of the world1 because they are so silent and so peaceful that they are only known by their results4 ,the first of these results is more liberty1 a widening of the cords of her tent2 for as the church defines her own nature with increased accuracy1 so by this accuracy she leaves more freedom to her children4 ,definition is also limitation2 and both exclude doubt4 ,doubt is slavery1 while certainty is liberty4 ,when our ,lord began to teach of the coming kingdom of ,god1 he did so by parables1 and to his own immediate disciples alone was an explanation vouchsafed3 8,to you it is given to know the mystery of the kingdom of ,god2 but to the rest in parables40 ,he spoke of himself as 8straitened0 until his work should be accomplished4 ,the whole history of the church has been on the same principle4 ,until certain things have been accomplished her path is hemmed in1 and the accomplishment is ever effected by the means of her enemies1 even as our salvation was by the hands of those who crucified ,jesus4 ,the rise of each heresy has produced the definition of doctrine1 and each definition has widened the horizon of our faith and flooded our life with light4 ,the war with evil has had no other result than to impart spiritual strength to the spouse of ,christ4 ,and now everything points to a great crisis1 a culminating term1 a springtide of the waters of grace2 for the long war with ,protestantism has led up to the dogma of the ,papal ,infallibility4 ,the coping-stone is laid1 and a new era is beginning1 which will be the fuller development of the individual life of the soul in the beauty of holiness and in the indwelling of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the external edifice is complete2 the interior decoration will hasten towards completion4 ,already we see the signs of those better times approaching4 ,we see them alike in the preternatural as in the supernatural world4 ,the spirits of evil are guessing at the future1 and1 as is their wont1 are anticipating the coming events by parodying the divine future action4 ,the sleepless intelligence and never-wearying enmity of ,satan pursues with relentless accuracy every development of ,god's truth in the history of the church4 ,with the fragments1 in his fallen state1 of his former untold science1 combined with his thousands of years of cumulative experience1 his one desire is to be beforehand with ,god4 ,in advance of the great divine act of the ,incarnation1 he instituted the horrors of possession1 and practised them in the pagan world on a scale he is but seldom allowed to repeat where the name of ,jesus is uttered4 ,with each phase of ,god's divine action on the world1 and of concomitant human necessities1 he changes his tactics4 ,there are but few among us who remember or realize the fact that every incident of our lives is lived in connection with three worlds--the tangible1 visible1 material world1 the world of grace1 and the world of the prince of the powers of the air4 ,the masses live 7consciously7 in the first alone2 the good and pious remember the second2 but few even of these attempt to realize the last in anything like a just proportion with its immensity1 its subtlety1 and its ubiquity4 ,nor is it our object to press the subject on their attention4 ,it is not every mind that can bear to meet the thought1 beyond the limits of the universal prayer1 8,lead us not into temptation1 but deliver us from evil40 ,but those who can bear it and can follow it out should be doubly on watch and guard in the interests of the multitudes who1 it is true1 believe in their guardian angel1 but forget their left-hand diabolic attendant4 ,it was not so in earlier times when faith was young1 among the primitive writers and the great ascetics4 ,one of the holiest of the past generation said that the cleverest work the devil had ever accomplished was the getting men to disbelieve in his existence4 ,having1 as a rule 7except among ,catholics71 established his non-existence in their minds1 the sphere of his occult action is necessarily vastly extended4 ,we do not look out for what we firmly believe is not there4 ,he is among us1 and we see him not4 ,he has studied the ,scriptures1 and he knows there will be a time when our maidens shall dream dreams and our young men see visions4 ,he guesses at the outpouring of the ,holy ,ghost1 in a more determinate and wider reign of grace1 in the future of the church2 and above all he has not forgotten1 though many of us have1 that there is the promise of yet another mission that will alter the whole face of the world1 that will follow on the ever-growing and extending reign of the ,holy ,ghost1 and that will culminate the glories of their ,queen--the mission of the angels4 ,they will come1 the bright1 swift-winged messengers1 and 8they shall gather out of his kingdom all scandals1 and those that work iniquity1 and shall cast them into the furnace of fire4 ,then shall the just shine as the sun in the kingdom of their ,father10#abj and 8the angels shall go out1 and shall separate the wicked from among the just40 ,we read these sacred words constantly1 but how far do we realize their meaning8 ,how far have we amplified the thought in our mind1 and given it form and consistency8 ,we read of the day of judgment2 but do we suppose that it will be an affair of four-and-twenty hours--the angels in the morning1 the judgment about noon1 and all the past1 present1 and future of humanity in heaven or hell by twilight8 ,it is true we are told that the awful time will come as a thief in the night1 and we are apt to explain that into being sudden2 whereas it may more properly describe the fact that the time will steal upon us1 silently and hiddenly4 ,we shall find our bright brethren1 the angels1 around us1 among us1 before we have altogether realized their approach2 just as1 gradually and by degrees1 we shall find the ,spirit illuminating the minds and hearts of the innocent and the zealous1 the 8youths and the maidens10 with divine inspirations1 first as the dawning of new light1 then as the blaze of noontide4 ,all ,god's dealings with his poor creatures have been gradual4 ,they are hidden1 but they are never sudden4 ,he always sends his angels before his face to prepare the way4 ,noe was more than a hundred years engaged in building the ark1 and there it lay1 a sign to all men1 the black timber ribs against the gray dawn and the flaming evening sky1 scanning the heavens like a musical score on which were written the notes of the awful anthem of ,god's wrath1 while the hammers of the artisans beat time through a century of vain appeal to a ,god-forgetting world4 ,the suddenness must be laid to their own door1 and in no way resulted from ,god's dealings with them4 ,the ,deluge itself took forty days to exhaust the downpouring floods of rushing waters from the opened gates of heaven4 ,the dawn is ever gradual2 the light steals upon us1 though at last the sun's broad disc springs sudden and refulgent above the gray horizon4 ,many of us1 though less guilty in our indifference1 are like ,gallio1 who 8cared for none of those things40 ,the round of our daily life suffices us1 and we neither give the time nor the trouble to come to conclusions or to arrive at definite notions even respecting the signs of the times1 which our ,lord rebuked his disciples for not discerning4 ,catholics will often talk among themselves and with those outside the church in a casual way about the spiritist manifestations which are so rife in our day1 as if it were quite an open question1 and that it were unnecessary to have any fixed opinion on the subject4 ,not only have they never realized that the church has spoken again and again1 but also they have never used their common reasoning powers to arrive at the conclusion that either spiritist manifestations1 as they are now presented to us1 form part of ,god's mode of governing his creatures1 and therefore are most precious to each of us1 and not to be treated as a trifle2 or1 as they are in fact1 the devil's guess at some of ,god's secrets1 and his anticipation of something belonging to the future destiny of man4 ,we have no intention of polluting our pages by allusion to the jejune trifling of spiritist appearances4 ,we would only ask every one solemnly and reverently to think of ,god's ways in our world1 and then1 as before him1 to declare whether or no the half-ludicrous1 partially ghastly1 and altogether jerky1 will-o'-the-wisp performances of spiritists have anything in consonance with the dignity1 the uniformity1 the plain good sense 7if this term sound not irreverent7 of ,god's dealings with his children4 ,they talk of undiscovered natural laws6 ,when did any grand1 ,god-implanted natural law begin to reveal itself by tricks and antics8 ,what are natural laws but revelations of ,god's action and divine being8 ,every one of them shows us ,god1 and leads us to ,god by simple and lucid gradation4 ,it is the travesty of his laws in which the devil delights2 and as within ourselves there are undeveloped laws which have been overlaid by original sin1 and lie within us as the butterfly lies in the chrysalis1 therefore the enemy of mankind1 who1 with far-seeing cunning1 predicates the glorious future of mankind before the final consummation of all things1 is using his knowledge to practise upon these laws to the detriment of those who lend themselves ignorantly as his instruments4 ,the fallen angels know far more accurately the secrets of our nature than we know them ourselves1 and through this knowledge they deceive the unwary4 ,still more easily they have their way with those whose reprehensible curiosity induces them to resort to dangerous experiments4 ,it is distressing to hear good1 practical ,catholics talking loosely on these matters1 as though they had little or no data on which to form a solid1 reasonable opinion1 and were unable to distinguish between natural though occult laws1 as they are brought out by divine1 supernatural influence on the saints1 and the miserable and contemptible practices of the spiritists1 the 8lo here1 lo there0 of those who prophesy false ,christs4 ,it is an old proverb that the devil can quote ,scripture1 and so1 also1 can he base his evil designs on his knowledge of ,catholic truth4 ,we believe in the possibility1 by a special permission from ,god1 of the reappearance of the departed amongst us1 and of the holy souls coming to ask for prayers1 as we read constantly in the lives of the saints2 and probably many of us have ourselves known of such incidents on creditable evidence4 ,the devil acts upon this faith as he acts upon his own knowledge of occult laws2 and blending a theoretic truth with practical error1 he weaves a mesh to catch souls1 all the while foreboding the time when the more developed mission of the ,holy ,ghost1 and the elaborating in countless hearts of that hidden holiness by which the church is 8all glorious within10 shall bring about that greater familiarity with the supernatural which is foretold as a characteristic of the latter times4 ,the early teaching of the church laid more stress on the mission of the angels than it became her habit to do in later days4 ,not that the church1 as the organ of the ,holy ,ghost1 ever gives an uncertain sound or calls back any of her divine utterances2 but1 like a watchful mother1 she holds in her own keeping such of the treasures1 new or old1 which are not adapted to the present wants of her children4 ,there came a time1 as ,christianity grew more diffused1 when the early ,christians1 not entirely weaned from the heathen practices of their forefathers1 were in danger of attempting to define the occupation and attributes of the angels beyond the limits of the church's authority4 ,they affected to have learnt the names of many1 and to decide on their position and purpose in the angelic hosts4 ,out of that arose a kind of worship and invocation of the angels which bordered on superstition and savored of the worship offered to the demons among the heathens4 ,this fell under the reprobation of the church1 and by a natural reaction left devotion to the angels at a lower ebb than what is warranted by sound doctrine4 ,then came the ,german heretics and the dawn of modern ,protestantism2 and one of the first of their efforts was to banish all belief in the interposition and ministry of the angelic host4 ,they took advantage of the errors and follies of individuals to write against the whole doctrine of angelic action2 and though among ,catholics the faith in their guardianship and aid is constant1 yet it is not now practically 7of course virtually it is the same7 what it was in earlier times4 ,but here also we have another instance of how the church brings forth from her divine armory the weapon most needed to defeat the machinations of the arch-enemy2 for it has been reserved for our day to see devotion to the angels taking a fuller extension and a more definite form than it ever before held in the history of the church's inner life4 ,in all her definitions and in all her practices there resides the spirit of prophecy4 ,they have not only reference to the present time2 they are far-seeing and far-stretching4 ,and as the definition of the ,immaculate ,conception of ,mary in our own time has led to the extension of her reign in the hearts of men1 and is preparing the way every hour for her sweet sovereignty to 8take root in an honorable people10 so does the increasing devotion to the angels who form her court harmonize therewith1 and prepare for that mission of the angels which1 however remote1 is as certain as the day of judgment4 ,oh6 what enlarged hearts do we need to take in1 however inadequately1 all that lies before us in the history of ,god's creation4 ,far distant though it be1 still is it ours1 just as the past is ours1 and the present2 for all are united in ,jesus4 ,he is the ,alpha and the ,omega1 the beginning and the end4 ,nothing shall be lost to us4 ,no treasure of the past but has tended to brighten our own brief day1 no promise of the future but what we shall reap2 for we have all things in ,him who contains all in himself1 and who gives his whole self to us4 ,let us in thought go back to ,paradise1 to our great progenitor before his fall4 ,for ,adam knew ,jesus4 ,not1 indeed1 as we know him--the rainless skies of the garden ,god had planted had formed no background to the beloved sign of our redemption2 for as the ,redeemer ,adam knew him not4 ,we have already given our reasons for believing that besides knowing ,him1 by the graces of infused science1 as the second ,person of the ,trinity1 the ,logos1 he knew of the intended ,incarnation through and by which ,jesus was to unite ,himself to us4 ,we have also dared to imagine that he foresaw the ,real ,presence as the carrying out and completion of the ,incarnation4 ,but in those days ,adam knew of no shedding of blood1 of no sacrifice of suffering4 ,the whole of that pathetic and terrible chapter1 written in red characters1 was a sealed one to our once sinless forefather4 ,but in addition to the first beautiful and tender history of the future ,incarnation there was a glorious page redolent with light and full of joy2 for ,adam looked out beyond ,jesus as the ,creator1 and ,jesus as the elder ,brother of man in the ,incarnation1 to ,jesus as the ,glorificator4 ,adam knew that the green glades and fruit-laden forests of ,paradise were not to constitute his ultimate home4 ,he aspired after the time when the ,god-,man would reward his fidelity at the close of a longer or shorter probation1 and admit him from the infancy of innocence into the resplendent manhood of accomplished and final grace4 ,then would he be like ,jesus2 for he would see him as he is6 ,thus did ,adam dwell in the contemplation of two futures--the one tender and familiar1 the other glorious and triumphant--until his own act had made the rift between the two1 and the blood-stained cross crowned the heights of ,calvary4 ,o felix culpa6 ,we dare to say it1 because our mother the church has said it4 ,and as ,adam sees that past now1 pardoned1 ransomed1 and glorified#aba with his glorified ,lord1 he beholds his children1 with each stroke of eternity's golden moments1 thronging through the gates of heaven by the ,sacrifice of the cross4 ,what must not his love in heaven be6 ,next to that of ,our ,lady surely his must be the greatest of all the multitude who have washed their robes in the blood of the ,lamb4 ,but the glory of the saints now in heaven cannot be compared with that which will follow after the second mission of our ,lord at the consummation of all things2 for that mission is a mission of glory1 even as his first was a mission of humiliation4 ,he came to us in the womb of ,mary1 in the manger at ,bethlehem1 hidden and unknown1 poor and despised2 but when the time shall be ripe for that second mission1 he will come in the glory of his ,father with the holy angels4#abb ,he will come as the glorificator of ,his own creation1 of which ,mary is the first in rank1 a hierarchy in herself1 a sealed fountain1 a garden enclosed1 a second paradise1 but where no sin has entered2 and in that second mission his saints1 as also his angels1 will take part4 ,thus we look back upon the first mission accomplished--that of the ,incarnation and ,redemption2 the second mission being accomplished--that of the ,holy ,ghost gradually developing into the reign of the ,holy ,ghost2 and we look forward to two other missions--that of his angels1 and1 finally1 that of ,his own second coming4 8,behold1 he cometh with clouds1 and every eye shall see him40#abc 8,for the ,lord himself shall come down from heaven with commandment1 and with the voice of an archangel1 and with the trumpet of ,god3 and the dead1 who are in ,christ1 shall rise first4 ,then we who are alive1 who are left1 shall be taken up together with them in the clouds1 to meet ,christ1 and so shall we be always with the ,lord4 ,wherefore comfort ye one another with these words4#abd #aag #b ,peter ii4 #aj-ac4 #aah ,the redemption was an ordinance of ,god consequent upon man's fall4 ,had ,adam never sinned1 ,jesus had never been crucified4 ,but it would seem more consonant with the boundless love of ,god for his creation to believe that the ,blessed ,sacrament formed part of his antecedent will2 and that a sinless race would have received spiritual and divine food1 and would have been thereby sanctified1 and ultimately glorified through participation in the ,body and ,blood of the ,god-,man4 ,it would have been1 as it is now1 the ,bread of ,life2 bloodless as it is now1 but also unbroken as it is not now--that is1 divested of its propitiatory character in so far as propitiation involves the idea of offence4 #aai ,isaias xi4 #i4 #abj ,matt4 xiii4 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #di4 #aba ,it is generally believed that ,adam was amongst the souls released from ,limbo when our ,lord descended thither1 and who entered heaven with him4 #abb ,mark viii4 #ch4 #abc ,apocalypse i4 #g4 #abd #a ,thess4 iv4 #ae-ag4 ,,hobbies ,,and ,,their ,,riders4 ,under the general head of hobbies we class a thousand peculiarities distinguishing men which1 if strictly viewed according to that accurate balance of mind known as sanity1 would almost justify us in calling nine out of every ten men insane on some point1 however infinitesimal4 ,every enthusiasm1 from the most exalted moral self-forgetfulness to the most ludicrous extravagance1 has been in turn called folly and ridiculed as a hobby4 ,there is in the world a tradition1 or rather a prescription1 against anything which is not decent and well-behaved moderation4 ,even ,christianity is not to be too obtrusive2 even moral reform is to wear a velvet glove4 ,no one sin1 be it ever so monstrous and preponderant over other offences in your particular time or neighborhood1 is to be singled out and fought against more than any other2 decorous generalities and pious conventionalities are by no means to be departed from2 and if your heart burns within you1 you must put a seal upon your lips and carefully prevent the zeal from infecting your weaker brethren who might thuswise be led astray4 ,a man's character is better revealed in his hobby than in anything else belonging to him4 ,oftentimes the possession of one shows him in a more lovable1 human light4 ,he must have both heart and imagination to have one4 ,the man who is wholly incapable of fostering one would be a very unpleasant1 not to say dangerous1 neighbor4 ,it is said that to have no enemies argues also that you have no friends1 and that to have no prejudices implies that you are too cold-blooded to feel enthusiasm4 ,without taking either of these sayings literally1 it is yet evident that they are built upon truth4 ,the only person who has no individual likings1 no bias1 no tastes to which he is passionately attached1 is either the heartless1 calculating1 selfish man who moves through life rather as an automaton than as a being of flesh and blood1 and generally ends by ruling his fellow-beings by fear and by wealth1 as many statesmen we read of in history1 and pettier rulers we hear of now and then in the world of business2 or the poor1 nerveless being whose mind remains all his life a blank1 and who sinks unnoticed into an obscure grave4 ,some of our friends1 especially elderly people1 are often the dearer to us for their little eccentricities1 which give a touch of piquancy to their character1 and most often reveal some amiable trait4 ,hobbies do not sit so well on the young2 for one always has an involuntary suspicion of their genuineness1 and1 even if they are genuine1 youth ought to repress any attempt at thrusting itself forward and claiming undue attention4 ,besides1 young people have yet to earn the right to occupy the attention of others otherwise than in the usual way of guidance and education1 and a peculiar turn of mind may be cherished without manifesting itself by any outward sign4 ,sterne has a delightful consciousness of the value of a hobby as an indication of character when he shows us ,uncle ,toby and ,corporal ,trim in the back-garden at ,planchy1 following step by step the course of the army of the ,allies by the help of a spade and some turf1 placed so as to represent bastions and fortifications4 ,this process the old soldiers went through over and over again1 always with renewed zest4 ,it was a hobby something like this--but too much mixed with vain-glory and the bad taste which nature has at last succeeded in hiding--that prompted the planting of ,blenheim ,park1 near ,oxford1 in such a way as to represent the positions of the regiments at the battle of ,blenheim4 ,the trees have had time to grow out of this likeness1 yet they stand in ranks and platoons which one can imagine to have looked hideous when the oaks and beeches were young saplings4 ,hobbies and collections are somehow related2 at least the mind is used to coupling them together4 ,one can hardly be a collector of anything without becoming absorbed in the collection and in the knowledge required for adding to and classifying it4 ,even if the collection have been begun with some object of instruction or benevolence1 or as a distraction from grief1 it soon grows to be a great interest of life1 and toil in its behalf becomes pleasure and relaxation4 ,but oftener still the hobby precedes the collection1 and many people who are taken for sober1 humdrum individuals1 the mere padding of society1 would in reality be fast and furious riders of hobby-horses if their means allowed them to give outward expression to their tastes4 ,a very familiar type is the collector of pictures2 and the fewer he has1 the more set he is on his hobby4 ,he gets some fine specimen of an old master 8for an old song0 7for such miraculous bargains are half the charm1 just as for many women the delight of contriving and piecing and otherwise skilfully eking out old material to look 8as good as new0 is much greater than to possess a new dress made of a roll of cloth just from the store72 and if he is cheated1 he probably never finds it out4 ,he often is1 and woe to him who1 thinking to do him a good turn1 undeceives him4 ,but whether the picture be genuine or not1 it is the source of unending delight to its owner4 ,he will discuss its points by the hour--the lights and shades1 the material of the colors1 the style of the painter2 he will 8get up0 the artist's life and history1 buy books on the subject1 pin you to your chair while he recounts how he found it1 who 8restored0 it1 how it once got injured by a fire2 and1 lastly1 he will put you into corners1 or behind cupboards and curtains1 that you may be sure to see it in the best light4 ,the hobby of the rich collector who can dignify his gathering of pictures with the name of gallery has a different way of showing itself2 it crops out in a sort of innocent ostentation1 or again an assumed indifference4 ,there are men whose hobby it is to conceal their hobby1 to ape humility and pretend to a nonchalance very far from their real feelings4 ,among collectors1 none are more voracious1 more steady-going1 and generally more happy than bibliopolists4 ,they are of all ranks and degrees1 but perhaps clergymen and college professors predominate4 ,in ,england the country squire is often an eager book-hunter4 ,books of genealogy and heraldry are favorite tidbits with him1 while clergymen often have a special mania for county histories4 ,the collectors of minor curiosities1 miscellaneous objects from all parts of the world1 are generally old maiden ladies1 who have1 as a class1 the most amiable and touching weaknesses1 such as that of the benevolent little fairy1 ,miss ,farebrother1 in ,george ,eliot's ,middlemarch1 who drops her lumps of sugar in a little basket on her lap1 that she may have them to bestow upon her friends1 the street-boys4 ,then there are collectors innumerable of stuffed beasts1 of shells1 of minerals1 of old china1 laces1 and jewelry1 of heathen idols1 of all kinds of coins1 of autographs1 of postage-stamps1 etc4 ,the autograph-hunter is a very restless and persistent individual4 ,the ,american who sent a cheese to ,queen ,victoria must have been of this species1 and the queen did not fail to reward him with a letter written with her own hand4 ,a hobby that used to be rather prevalent1 but has somewhat gone out of fashion now1 was that of collecting walking-sticks1 canes1 snuff-boxes1 and pipes4 ,apropos to this1 a story is told of an old man whose special mania was snuff as well as snuff-boxes4 ,he was a man of some standing in ,english society towards the latter end of the last century4 ,his sitting-room was fitted up with shelves like a shop1 and on these stood canisters of various kinds of snuff1 their names on labels1 and the locks and keys of fantastic and rather ingenious shape4 ,this sanctum was his delight1 and the shelves1 which ran all round the room1 were being constantly replenished with new specimens of the weed4 ,he used snuff to an enormous extent1 and willingly gave it away to his friends2 but storing it was his chief pleasure1 and he looked forward to the last variety in snuff--which his tobacconist had a standing order to send him as soon as it touched ,english soil--with the same glee with which a naturalist expects the newest kind of living ape just imported from ,africa4 ,we have never heard but of one person who made a spcialit of collecting pieces of wedding-cake2 she was an old nurse who had been in the service of a lady employed about the court of ,william ,,iv4 ,she had pieces of the wedding-cakes of all the princesses of the royal family1 including ,queen ,victoria and some of her daughters1 besides remains of the cakes of her mistress's family1 a large and ramified one1 and of those of any person of title or distinction of whom1 through her connections1 she could possibly beg these mementoes4 ,the horticultural mania1 emphatically a hobby for the rich1 is one of the most charming and desirable of hobbies2 a healthy one1 too1 as it keeps one out in the open air to a great extent1 and supplies the place of such feverish excitements as arise from an interest in politics or in the state of the funds4 ,it even takes away the possibility of interest in petty gossip2 for how is it possible to think of the success of ,mrs4 ,so-and-so's coming tea-party when your mind is anxiously engaged on the chance of a late frost ruining your camellias1 or the probable time when your ,victoria ,regia will bloom8 ,a hobby rather prevalent among women is a constant attendance at auctions4 ,they cannot resist buying little things they do not want1 because they are cheap2 and1 besides1 there is a fascination about the atmosphere of a salesroom which is not reducible to mere words4 ,it is milk-and-water gambling1 as are many other innocent-looking devices used by very worthy people to increase their stock of pretty possessions without paying full value for them4 ,very opposite to this is the hobby of petty economies1 such as untying a knot instead of cutting it1 secreting tiny bits of pencil1 keeping a strict watch over matches and candle-ends1 etc4 ,it may be a mere habit of mind1 but it often degenerates into a foolish hobby1 such as is that of keeping every scrap of cloth1 silk1 or flannel1 and carrying about this rubbish from place to place1 for the chance of its 8coming in usefully0 at some future time4 ,of course we know how many a gorgeous quilt has been evolved from these savings of years1 and how mats have been made of the coarser refuse1 and the rest sometimes thriftily sold to the paper-mill2 but these are often exceptions1 for time and deftness are wanting to many who have the instinct of saving1 and such small economies are apt to have in themselves a tendency to narrow the mind4 ,besides1 what is thrift in one case is parsimony in another2 and while one family may be praise-worthy in its attempts to 8take care of the pence10 such care would be despicable in another of easier means4 ,shall we call it a hobby to 8have one's finger in every pie08 ,some people are not happy unless they are giving their neighbors gratuitous advice1 and telling them at every turn how they would act 8if ,i were you40 ,but of this kind of interference none is so dangerous and none so fascinating as the well-meant contrivances of the born match-maker4 ,this individual is invariably a woman1 and generally a most amiable and kind creature4 ,sometimes a young matron is bitten with the mania1 and clumsily enough she sets to work extolling the delights of the honeymoon to her girl friends2 sometimes a middle-aged woman who has had experience1 and is more wary in her method1 quietly sets her snares and unluckily succeeds once in five times--unluckily1 we say2 for her one success blinds her to her four failures1 and she continues in the slippery path which1 in the end1 is almost sure to bring ruin on some special pet of hers4 ,even unmarried women are match-makers2 they will plan1 and speculate1 and contrive2 and it is lucky indeed if they are nothing more than indiscreet1 for they are handling edged tools4 ,you never find a man to be a match-maker2 and yet women will have it that men are so much more benefited by matrimony than themselves6 ,among special hobbies1 one is said to have been the property of a rich old ,englishman of the olden time1 who altered a house on purpose to suit it4 ,he could not bear the sight of a female servant1 and so angry was he at meeting one on the stairs that he sent for a mason to contrive hiding-places here and there in which an unlucky maid1 if she chanced to meet the master1 might take refuge out of his sight4 ,the whole house was full of such cunningly-placed holes1 and in this odd1 honey-combed state it passed to his next heir4 ,one or two members of a family often take upon themselves the guardianship of the family honor1 and bore every relation they have1 to the sixth and seventh degree1 about the genealogy1 intermarriages1 quarterings1 etc41 of their collective fetich4 ,they are learned in family 8trees10 know every date1 from the first mention of the name in the annals of the country to the number of goods and chattels they brought over with them in the ,mayflower2 how many shares they bought in the cow of the first settlement2 when this and that portrait was painted1 and so on4 #8,tis not the knowledge that is irksome1 but the inappropriateness and universality of its mention in the conversation of these good people1 and the unconsciousness of the narrators that they have ever spoken to you of the subject before4 ,have you ever known any one whose 8best parlor0 was their hobby--a scrupulous1 ,dutch-like reverence for immaculate cleanliness and order8 ,scarcely any hobby is more terrible to the stranger or casual visitor4 ,akin to it is the excess of punctuality by which some people make their guests wretched4 ,both grow to be a punishment to the person himself2 for he1 or oftener she1 suffers torture every time a guest comes in with snow on his boots1 or any one puts a cup of coffee on a marble table1 or leans his head on the back of an easychair4 ,half the day is employed in dusting and cleaning the sacred precincts1 and the other half in resting from the exertions thereby incurred4 ,the hobbies of writers furnish some amusing stories4 ,the historian of the queens of ,england--,miss ,agnes ,strickland1 as worthy and affectionate a woman as ever breathed--had1 it is well known1 constituted herself the champion of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots4 ,so thoroughly had she succeeded in realizing the doings of the times of ,elizabeth that she spoke on this subject as you would of an injustice that had been done your dearest friend1 and that quite recently4 ,it was as fresh in her mind as some wrong committed last week on a defenceless woman1 and she grew excited and eloquent over it1 forgetting who1 with whom1 and where she was4 ,this was very unpractical and somewhat ludicrous1 some may be inclined to say1 but it was a peculiarity that certainly made her happy1 and it was no annoyance to her listeners4 ,how much more dignified1 too1 than the too common fuming over the impertinence of the servant that was discharged last week1 or the chafing over the troublesome man who claims a 8right of way0 and threatens to bring a suit about it next month6 ,political hobbies also abound4 ,these are generally the property of old people1 the traditions of whose youth have remained proof against the enlightenment of the present4 ,there are people who boast they have never been on a railroad1 and never will be--they are common in ,europe1 at least--and people who would scorn to be photographed2 people who laugh at you if you tell them that the sun really does not go round the earth1 and rise and set morning and evening1 and who obstinately believe that dogs only go mad during the dog-days4 ,but there are those who1 with a better education and more opportunities1 are just as unprogressive4 ,such will buttonhole you and argue seriously that the ,pope is going to involve ,europe in another ,thirty-,years' ,war4 ,they seriously believe it and live in dread of it4 ,they would not hurt a fly2 but they firmly believe that1 if they got hold of a ,jesuit1 they would remorselessly run him through1 and think they had rid the country of a tiger or an alligator4 ,dr4 ,newman's ,apologia gives an amusing account of the awe and terror inspired by the dark house in a by-street where 8it was said a ,roman ,catholic lady lived all alone with her servant40 ,in ,england the ,jesuits and 8,bony0 long divided the honors of bugbear-in-chief to the ,british public4 ,to this day some amiable old ,welsh lady will assure you in a whisper that the whole country has underground 7and it is to be supposed submarine7 connection with ,rome1 and that she never goes to bed without looking underneath to see that there is no ,jesuit in disguise concealed there6 ,then there is the man who1 under the ,napoleonic rgime1 whether of the first or third emperor1 would tell you in an awestruck manner of the impossibility of putting off the evil hour any longer1 and the inevitable certainty of a ,french invasion and annexation of ,england to ,france2 the landing always to take place exactly within a few miles of his own house1 if he lived by the seaside4 ,if his house were further inland1 he would tell you he knew his village would be the first and most convenient place to halt at and plunder4 ,at one time there was in ,london a great mania for ,turkish baths4 ,a person of some note as a writer and1 we believe1 an ,m4,p4 took up the subject vigorously1 and had a ,turkish bath built adjoining his own house4 ,here he passed the greater part of his time1 combining his reading and writing with the delights of his new hobby4 ,but he had an old hobby as well1 which was the evil agency of ,russia in the politics of ,europe4 ,like the philosopher who asked but one question on the occasion of any disturbance--8,who is she80--this man acknowledged but one possible element of discord at the bottom of any diplomatic imbroglio--i4e41 ,russia4 ,a friend of his called on him one day about midday1 and1 being ushered into the hall1 heard his voice shouting from behind the door leading to the bath3 8,come in1 ,s----1 and we'll sit here a while4 ,stay to luncheon1 won't you8 ,it is only two hours to wait40 ,the friend was so amused that he took off his clothes and submitted to the novel invitation of spending the time of a morning call in a ,turkish bath4 ,of course the conversation soon fell on ,russia and its demoniacal secret agency in all the troubles of the world4 ,the man was exceptionally clever1 and these oddities of mind and behavior only made his society more charming to his friends and more piquant to his acquaintances4 ,among fixed ideas which may almost be called hobbies are certain preferences which blind us to the good done without the special adjuncts which we individually consider nearly indispensable4 ,for instance1 it is recorded--with how much truth we cannot tell--of the great architect1 ,pugin the elder1 that one day1 being in ,rome1 he went to ,benediction in a church where it is customary to say prayers in the vernacular for the conversion of ,england4 ,this was done after the service proper was over1 and ,pugin1 not recognizing the extra prayers at the end of the familiar ,benediction service1 asked a neighbor what they meant4 ,on being told he turned to a friend who was with him and said3 8,the idea of praying for the conversion of ,england in such a cope as that60 ,a clever and well-known writer for one of our leading ,catholic magazines1 who is confessedly somewhat eccentric1 is said to have been discovered one morning by a friend in a state of violent agitation1 walking up and down the breakfast-room with quick and nervous strides1 and looking like a man in passionate1 personal grief4 ,on being gently asked the cause of this emotion1 he answered vehemently3 8,i was thinking of how many souls are being eternally damned at this very moment4 ,is it not frightful to think of8 ,every minute souls are going there1 to be tormented for all eternity60 ,here was a fixed idea with which it was difficult to deal4 ,it was true1 and a thought which would do many good if they would realize it as he did--the innocent1 large-hearted man1 who did not need the idea for his own discipline--but it was decidedly an inconvenient disturbance of the domestic balance of things1 and not a pleasant appetizer for the good breakfast that was before him4 ,bores1 pure and simple1 are of a remote kindred with the riders of hobbies1 and they are of as many kinds4 ,there is the croaker1 who cherishes some pet grievance and favors every one with it2 the singer who is offended if he is not asked to perform1 and is not applauded at the end like the leading tenor of the hour2 the critic who thinks he would lose his reputation if he condescended to praise anything1 or to admire and be pleased like a common mortal2 the man 7or woman7 who sets himself up on a pedestal and assumes1 subtly but unmistakably1 that he is entirely above his neighbors or whatever people he may be with2 the man who has quarrelled with somebody1 and insists on reading you the whole correspondence2 the man who is sure always to come to see you at inopportune times1 and1 worse still1 never knows when to go away2 the amateur--a terrible species--who imagines he can paint1 or play the pianoforte or the flute1 etc41 or write poetry1 or draw plans1 or1 in short1 do anything which it requires a life-time to learn--for the greatest always think themselves still at the bottom of the ladder of knowledge2 the man who tells stories to satiety1 and expects them to be laughed at2 the man who interrupts a tte--tte1 or who is so full of some interest of his own that he insists on you sharing it when you show no inclination to listen to him2 the man who cannot take a hint1 though he is as good-natured as he is obtuse--these there are1 and many more1 who are the human mosquitoes of the world4 ,akin to hobbies1 as we said at the beginning1 are tastes1 harmless for the most part1 often sthetic1 and almost always beneficial4 ,indeed1 many a taste1 well regulated1 has become an antidote or a preservative against vice2 and1 to put it from a very low point of view1 a taste is generally far more economical than dangerous company and degrading sin4 ,the ,saturday ,review1 in an article on this subject last year1 said with truth3 8,tastes are not1 as a rule1 exorbitantly expensive2 they are certainly very much cheaper than vices4 ,a very moderate percentage of an income1 judiciously laid out1 will soon secure an excellent library4 ,it is surprising how small a sum will suffice for the purchase of every standard work worth having4 ,the most famous private libraries cost their owners nothing in comparison with the price of a few race-horses40 ,although we have somewhat disparaged amateurs as a kind of 8bores10 this was not meant to dissuade young men and women from cultivating some taste which will serve as a resource for evening hours or any otherwise unoccupied time1 and be a relaxation from necessary work1 as well as a gradual safeguard against coarse pleasures4 ,as long as such pursuits are undertaken with due modesty as to one's proficiency in them1 and not as a mere social 8accomplishment0 to be obtruded on others on all possible occasions1 they are infinitely to be commended4 ,they grow on one1 too1 and soon become the chief point of attraction in our intellectual life1 especially if our business happens to be1 as that of most persons is1 of a prosaic nature4 ,as we grow old they may develop into hobbies2 never mind1 they will still make us happy and never cause us shame4 ,on the other hand1 what will tendencies to convivial 8pleasures10 or to frivolous and objectless conversation1 or to gadding about to theatres1 balls1 and races1 come to in the end8 ,dead-,sea fruit4 ,among the minor arts which tend to occupy one's leisure pleasantly and usefully are wood-carving1 turning1 ivory-carving1 and leather-work4 ,even commoner things may be taken up4 ,we have known young men who1 during a long convalescence1 took to mending cane chairs as a mode of making their fingers useful when their brains were still too weak to be taxed4 ,basket-making1 decalcomania of the higher order--i4e41 a sort of easy glass-painting akin to decalcomania1 are all useful and possible methods of employing one's self and cultivating a pleasant domestic taste4 ,mechanics1 too1 and household carpentry we have often seen fostered in young people and become their pride1 while illumination--a really high style of art1 though a rare gift--is not so uncommon as some may think4 ,of such tastes as gardening1 reading1 embroidering1 and music we say nothing2 they are too well known4 ,such a taste generally ends in a collection1 and then the pleasure is enhanced a hundred-fold2 and1 as the ,saturday ,review says1 it really needs but a comparatively small outlay to secure a very fair collection of any kind4 ,this in its turn helps to study by giving us the means of reference or comparison4 ,and if in any family the members were seriously to look up the money really wasted--that is1 the money spent in transitory1 unhealthy pleasures1 the value of which dies in the mere excitement of the moment1 leaving no pleasant memory or useful impression behind1 and often1 on the contrary1 leading to a remorseful1 or at least an uncomfortable1 remembrance--they would find that every year there goes forth imperceptibly from the collective treasury of the home enough to beautify their lives and increase their happiness if only they would lead it into the right channels4 ,the money would not be missed1 while their pleasures would be tenfold and lasting4 ,even the very poorest of the poor spends uselessly--and alas6 often wickedly--what would make him a happy1 self-respecting man2 and1 strictly speaking1 no one can say that he cannot afford good and healthy pleasures1 for1 as a matter of fact1 he does afford bad and unhealthy1 or1 to say the least1 unsatisfactory1 ones4 ,let every one ask this question of his own experience3 ,which costs most in the long run1 a healthy pleasure1 say even an innocent hobby1 or a vicious and lowering pursuit8 ,a ,,plea ,,for ,,our ,,grandmothers4 ,that there are many flaws and deficiencies in the social structure of our bustling republic1 from its foundation in the single family to the collection of families forming general society1 cannot be denied4 ,among these none are more palpable than the failure to provide comfortable space1 suitable appointments1 and a well-defined position therein for our grandmothers4 ,their claims to consideration as a class1 existing--albeit by mere sufferance--in every city1 village1 and rural corner throughout the length and breadth of our wide domain1 seem to have been crowded out and lost in the confusion and dust upwhirled by our great social vehicle in its onward sweep toward an imaginary and unattainable ,el ,dorado4 ,no one seems to comprehend the binding obligation of those claims4 ,the force of a playful remark made by the great and good ,father ,burke to his mother--when she complained that she failed to hear his lecture because the hall was so crowded that she could not get in--8,ah6 mother dear1 wasn't that too bad8 ,just think of it6 ,why1 if it hadn't been for you1 dear1 ,i wouldn't have been there myself60 has not come home to ,americans in connection with this subject4 ,they do not pause to reflect that1 but for our grandmothers1 this great multitude now rushing so furiously toward every promising avenue to wealth and influence1 elbowing and jostling each other in their mad career1 would not have been in existence4 ,nor are the annoyances to which this class is exposed in consequence of such neglect--itself the result rather of heedlessness than design--any the less burdensome that they are mainly of so negative a character as scarcely to form the basis of a positive complaint2 nay1 so far from this that when they find voice in such utterance as the disquieting consciousness of their reality1 in spite of their unreal guise1 may force from the victims1 the moan is more apt to excite ill-concealed merriment in a listener1 by its quaint whimsicality1 than pity or sympathy4 ,yet these evils are real and constantly increasing4 ,the most serious of them are the outgrowth of modern civilization and the progressive doctrines of the last quarter of a century4 ,in this enlightened age it is not to be supposed that people must grow old1 and it is highly improper for our grandmother to insist upon submitting to conditions proper enough to humanity before it flourished in the light of 8advanced ideas10 but wholly out of place now4 ,as recently as twenty-five years ago she was1 perforce of that very submission1 an important element in the domestic and social circle4 ,she occupied a position quite independent of such prescribed rules and customs as govern other classes in society4 ,she was not expected to conform to every caprice of fashion4 ,she was permitted to dress in a manner consistent with her age1 and no one respected her the less1 or thought of indulging in sharp criticism of her style1 if it was of an obsolete date4 ,she could employ her time in suitable occupations1 and render the useful and acceptable services to the family and neighborhood for which the skill acquired by her long acquaintance with the world and its exigencies eminently fitted her2 or repose in the calm twilight of life's evening hour1 in such habiliments as best comported with her own comfort and the requirements of her gradual descent into the valley of years4 ,not so now4 ,the milliners provide her with no bonnets or caps befitting her age2 nay1 they utterly refuse to attempt1 at any price1 the construction for her of suitable head-gear4 ,such manufacture has taken its place among the 8lost arts10 and they do not wish to revive it4 ,the mantua-makers insist upon 8the demi-train1 at least10 and she must submit in the matter of the overskirt1 with its puffed abominations and puckered deformities4 ,she is allowed no ease or comfort in her costume1 but is required to assume all the grotesque discomforts invented by modern modistes for the summer-day butterflies of fashion1 at the risk1 if she refuses1 of being followed1 every time she ventures to appear among them1 with such remarks as1 8,a nice old lady8 ,oh6 yes2 but it is a pity that she will persist in making such a guy of herself1 with those old-fashioned sleeves and skirts1 and her plain white muslin caps40 ,it is curious to remark how different is the relative position of the grandfather1 at home and abroad1 from that of his female contemporary4 ,how independent he is of conventional forms in his dress and intercourse with society2 how free to go and come when he pleases1 without giving occasion for wry faces or unkind criticisms if the fashion of his coat has not been changed for half a century6 ,is he not rather regarded with increased respect on that account8 ,but the prevailing modern rule in relation to the dress of women of all ages is that it shall change in style with every change of the moon1 and1 above all1 that as much expense in material and labor shall be lavished upon its elaboration as the inventive genius of skilled artists can possibly devise4 ,and ,american women--even grandmothers--are so foolish as to bow in slavish submission to this intolerable tyranny1 which is working such widespread ruin and desolation in our country6 8,let ,fashion rule1 though the heavens fall10 say they4 ,so completely have all correct ideas pertaining to true taste in the discriminating consistency of different costumes adapted to the different periods of life been swallowed up in the all-prevailing fashion-worship1 that there is now scarcely any distinction1 save in length of skirt1 between the dress of the little girl of five and that of her grandmother1 mother1 or the young lady1 her elder sister4 ,pitiable indeed is this loss of all sense of the fitness of things for the two extremes of human life1 which should be exempted from subjection to discomforts for fashion's sake6 ,what spectacle can be more mournfully absurd than that of a pale1 wrinkled old face set in a ghastly silvered frame of the hairdresser's curls and crimps1 and surmounted1 to complete its repulsiveness1 with a bedizened hat1 the form of which can only be made barely tolerable by a beautiful young face beneath it2 or that of a form bending under the weight of years1 carrying with trembling steps a load of jewelry and such remarkable excrescences1 frills1 flounces1 and fur-belows1 as the dressmaker insists upon cumbering it withal8 ,these pitiful sights are constantly displayed in our palace-cars1 at our hotels1 boarding-houses and watering-places1 even by the aged invalids who frequent the latter for their healing influences4 ,this is all wrong6 ,there is no good sense or propriety in it4 ,the free-born ,american woman should claim immunity from such bondage1 and the right to accept with cheerful grace that rest from the petty strifes and ambitions which agitate life's noon-day to which she is entitled at its twilight-hour4 ,if she has--either by inheritance or the successful1 if not altogether honest1 speculations of her male kin--come into possession of more money than she well knows how to use1 she should set that inherent ,yankee wit1 which is her inalienable national dower1 to devise some less ridiculous1 at least1 if not more useful1 mode of disbursing it4 ,when we consider the multitudes of starving poor that throng our cities2 the necessities of widows and orphans2 the notable rarity of well-selected and amply-filled libraries among our wealthy classes1 and their very meagre patronage of the fine arts1 we discover that there is no lack of proper and elevating objects for expenditure4 ,above all1 when we reflect that the possessors of wealth must inevitably be called to a rigid account of their stewardship at last1 the thought is appalling1 and the subject1 in all its phases1 for this world and the next1 is a sad one to contemplate4 ,in pleasing contrast with the picture presented by the domestic and social attitude of the average ,american grandmothers of to-day is that which we have frequently been so favored as to witness among the most wealthy1 as well as the poorest1 classes of our faithful foreign populations2 where the grandmother1 in her comfortable though antiquated cap and costume1 was the most honored and tenderly beloved member of the household1 its arbiter in all disputes1 its wise and chosen counsellor in all doubts1 its nurse in sickness1 comforter in affliction1 and its guide to that blessed land on the confines of which her aged feet were tottering4 ,she indulged no worldly ambitions2 gave no thought to dress1 save to restrict it to the severest simplicity and neatness4 ,she filled no brilliant rle at home or in society1 nor cared for anything but to do good to all as she had opportunity4 ,she was not learned in the philosophy of books and literature2 her deficiency in such knowledge may have been so great as to excite a sneer in her ,american neighbor1 who had enjoyed the great 8advantages0 of the public-school system2 but even the youngest of her numerous grandchildren--who gathered around her chair in the most cosey corner1 of an evening1 to listen reverently to her explanations of 8,christian ,doctrine10 to join with her in recitations of the beads1 and to give rapt attention to her tales and legends of the 8dear old land0--knew that her venerable head was stored with treasures of learning more precious than all earthly lore in the sight of ,him before whom the 8wisdom of this world is foolishness10 and who has chosen the 8weak things thereof to confound the wise40 ,how will they miss her when she is gone6 ,for how many long years will 8grandmother's0 virtues and her pious instructions form the theme1 and her advice and prayers the sustaining resource1 of her children's children1 while they carefully transmit to theirs her unwritten memoirs as an invaluable legacy of precept and example6 ,,from ,,lamartine4 ,almond-bough with blossom rife1 ,pride of beauty picturing2 ,blooms like thee the flow'r of life1 ,blooms and withers in the spring4 ,missed or gathered1 prized or slighted1 ,still from wreath and fingered spray ,one by one its petals1 blighted1 ,pass1 like pleasures day by day4 ,taste we then its brief delight1 ,ere the stealthy winds go by2 ,drain the laughing chalice quite1 ,drink the perfume that must die4 ,oft is beauty like the flow'r ,gathered for a guest at morn1 ,and before the festal hour ,from his chilly temples torn4 ,one day ends3 another breaks2 ,spring and all her sweets decay2 ,every leaf the light wind takes ,whispers1 8,gather while ye may40 ,since the rose is doomed to perish-- ,perish1 pass1 nor bloom again1 ,lovers' lips her blossom cherish1 ,love her dying sweets detain4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,catholic ,,church ,,and ,,christian ,,state4 ,a ,series of ,essays on the ,relation of the ,church to the ,civil ,power4 ,translated1 with the permission of the author1 from the ,german of ,dr4 ,joseph ,hergenrther1 ,professor of ,canon ,law and ,church ,history at the ,university of ,wrzburg4 ,in two volumes4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 ,it is to be regretted that the price of this excellent work has been placed so high1 although its paper covers and generally cheap style of execution give it the appearance of a ,german rather than an ,english publication4 ,the price in ,england is one pound sterling1 which makes it necessary to sell it for eight dollars in this country1 and with a decent binding it must cost ten dollars4 ,this great cost must impede the general circulation which such a work merits and ought to obtain4 ,in respect to the value of its contents1 it is well worth the price it costs1 and ought to have a place in every public library and on the bookshelves of every ,catholic of intelligence and culture--indeed1 of every educated man who wishes to understand the questions mooted and discussed so generally at the present time in respect to the nature and mutual relations of the church and the state4 ,it is a masterly scientific treatise1 constructed with that solid learning and thoroughness of exposition which characterize the works of genuine ,german scholarship4 ,the author is one of the most eminent of the ,catholic professors of ,germany1 at home in canon law1 history and jurisprudence1 well versed in theology1 and enjoying an established reputation for sound orthodoxy in doctrine4 ,the division of his topics into separate essays1 each with its distinct sections1 makes it easier to follow his course of exposition and reasoning than it would be if they were arranged under a more strictly methodical form1 and his abundant references1 frequently accompanied by citations1 give evidence of the sources he has referred to1 as well as the means of referring1 in case of need1 to these authorities4 ,he is succinct and brief in his treatment1 yet clear and precise4 ,the subjects about which ,mr4 ,gladstone's ,expostulation have awakened controversy are treated comprehensively and in their principles1 furnishing a general defence of the ,catholic ,church1 and a refutation of the accusations of her enemies in respect to her polity1 administration1 and relations to the natural and temporal order4 ,in short1 it is a text-book or manual for instruction1 fitted to be used as a guide to those who have to teach1 as an arsenal from which those who have to write or lecture may draw their weapons of argument1 and as a standard of reference for the correct decision of the matters within its scope4 ,the private student will find it all that is requisite for his complete and accurate information on the important topics of which it treats4 ,we understand that the translation has been made by ,miss ,allies1 assisted by two other ladies1 and1 we doubt not1 under her father's supervision4 ,we have not seen the original1 but the translation seems to have been thoroughly well executed4 ,the work will undoubtedly take its place at once as a classic4 ,,histoire ,,de ,,madame ,,barat1 ,,fondatrice ,,de ,,la ,,societe ,,du ,,sacre-,c,,ur ,,de ,,jesus4 ,par ,m4 l',abb ,baunard4 ,paris3 ,poussielque ,frres1 ,rue ,cassette #bg4 #ahgf4 ,we have had the honor of receiving one of the first copies of this long-expected biography of one of the great women of this century1 and take the earliest opportunity of making the due acknowledgment4 ,this is not a book to be dismissed by a brief notice1 and we hope to make it the subject of an article in one of our future numbers1 after having given it the careful perusal which it merits4 ,it is published in two goodly volumes of fair1 large type1 averaging each six hundred octavo pages4 ,the ,abb ,baunard is already celebrated as the author of the ,life of ,st4 ,john4 ,those who read ,french easily and with pleasure will prefer1 we suppose1 to obtain the original work1 which no doubt will soon be for sale in our foreign bookstores4 ,nevertheless1 as a translation from the graceful pen of ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton is advertised as nearly or quite ready1 we are confident that the charm of the ,abb ,baunard's style will be preserved1 in so far as that is possible1 in the ,life of ,madame ,barat which is soon to appear in ,english4 ,it is already evident that this biography1 which is at the same time a history of the institute founded by the venerable lady who is its subject1 will have a worldwide circulation4 ,in our own country there are great numbers who are eagerly desiring the opportunity of perusing it4 ,we have as yet only commenced the pleasing task1 but we have gone far enough to warrant the assurance that those who are looking forward to the reading of it as a source of great benefit and pure enjoyment will not be disappointed4 ,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife8 ,by the author of ,a ,salon in ,paris before the ,war1 ,number ,thirteen1 ,pius ,,vi41 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgf4 #a vol4 #hvo4 pp4 #bib4 ,the startling question that gives a title to this story has been before the readers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for many months4 ,those who have followed out the puzzle presented to them through its monthly instalments will have found for themselves the solution of the problem1 and formed their own opinion regarding its merits or demerits4 ,the story is now published in book-form1 and adds one more to the number of admirable original works of fiction given to the ,catholic public through the pages of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,are ,you ,my ,wife8 is remarkable1 and welcome1 at least in this3 that it shakes itself loose from the mouldy traditions which seem to form the stock-in-trade of most of our ,catholic writers of ,english fiction4 ,it is a bold effort and well sustained4 ,the story is full of interest from beginning to end2 the characters clean-cut and distinct2 the incidents varying and rapid2 and the secret carefully concealed to the very last4 ,it is not1 perhaps1 of the first1 but certainly of a very good1 order of art1 and possesses this exceptional merit over its fellows1 that while the facts on which it hangs are as interesting as those in the best works of non-,catholic novelists1 the purity and moral elevation of the whole are far beyond what even the best of such writers can furnish4 ,it is needless here to sketch the plot1 which1 though woven out of natural materials1 is ingeniously intricate4 ,many of the characters are such as may be met with any day in ,england4 ,the nominal heroine is a wild1 weird creation2 the real heroine is ,franceline1 as charming a girl as ever met us in the pages of a novel or stole our hearts away in real life4 ,no wonder all the young men go wild over her2 no wonder that the old men do the same4 ,she grows up and develops under our sight the dreamy1 happy child1 until she1 and we with her1 suddenly start to find she is a woman4 ,the graceful yet powerful pen that gave us such sketches as ,a ,salon in ,paris before the ,war1 ,number ,thirteen1 and others equally good1 has not mistaken its powers--indeed1 has not1 we are convinced1 yet tried them to the full of their bent--in the present more finished and more ambitious work4 ,there is little or nothing in ,are ,you ,my ,wife8 to betray the hand of an unpractised novelist4 ,only here and there occurs a fulsomeness of detail on minor matters that were better condensed4 ,in one or two places1 though very rarely1 the conversation flags4 ,conversation is1 as a rule1 slow enough in society itself2 in a book1 when slow at all1 it becomes intolerable4 ,these are the only blemishes we find in an unusually interesting book4 ,sir ,simon ,harness1 ,ponce ,anwyll1 ,miss ,merrywig1 ,miss ,bulpit1 ,anglique1 and ,raymond are characters with whom we regret to part1 as also ,franceline and ,clide1 were they not so well provided for4 ,humor1 wit1 and imagination are plentiful throughout the book1 while the pictures of natural scenery are often unsurpassed4 ,here1 for instance1 is a picture of still life that the best of pencils or pens might be proud to own3 8,on emerging from the damp darkness after an hour with ,miss ,merrywig1 ,franceline found that the sun had climbed up to the zenith1 and was pouring down a sultry glow that made the earth smoke again4 ,there was a stile at the end of the wood1 and she sat down to rest herself under the thick shade of a sycamore4 ,the stillness of the noon was on everything4 ,a few lively linnets tried to sing2 but1 the effort being prompted solely by duty1 after a while they gave it up1 and withdrew to the coolest nooks1 and enjoyed their siesta like the lazy ones4 ,nobody stirred1 except the insects that were chirping in the grass1 and some bees that sailed from flower to flower1 buzzing and doing field-labor when everybody else was asleep or idle4 ,to the right the fields were brimful of ripening grain of every shade of gold2 the deep-orange corn was overflowing into the pale amber of the rye1 and the bearded barley was washing the hedge that walled it off from the lemon-colored wheat4 ,to the left the rich grass lands were dotted with flocks and herds4 ,in the nearest meadow some cattle were herding4 ,it was too hot to eat1 so they stood surveying the fulness of the earth with mild1 bovine gaze4 ,they might have been sphinxes1 they were so still2 not a muscle in their sleek bodies moved1 except that a tail lashed out against the flies now and then4 ,some were in the open field1 holding up their white horns to the sunlight2 others were grouped in twos and threes under a shady tree2 but the noontide hush was on them all4 ,presently a number of horses came trooping leisurely up to the pond near the stile2 the mild-eyed kine moved their slow heads after the procession1 and then1 one by one1 trooped on with it4 ,the noise of the hoofs plashing into the water1 and the loud lapping of the thirsty tongues1 were like a drink to the hot silence4 ,franceline watched them lifting their wet mouths1 all dripping1 from the pool1 and felt as if she had been drinking too4 ,there was a long1 solemn pause1 and then a sound like the blast of an organ rose up from the pond1 swelling and sweeping over the fields2 before it died away a calf in a distant paddock answered it40 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,rev4 ,,mother ,,st4 ,,joseph1 ,,foundress ,,of ,,the ,,congregation ,,of ,,sisters ,,of ,,st4 ,,joseph ,,of ,,bordeaux4 ,by l',abb ,p4 ,f4 ,lebeurier4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgf4 ,when1 in the early part of the seventeenth century1 ,st4 ,francis de ,sales founded the ,order of the ,visitation1 he placed the corporal works of mercy1 such as visiting the sick and relieving the poor1 among the duties of its members1 but he was afterwards induced to modify the original plan by making enclosure a part of the constitution of the order4 ,there was a demand1 however1 for communities of women devoted to the relief of human misery2 and among the many congregations of this kind which were founded during the life or shortly after the death of ,st4 ,francis that of the ,sisters of ,st4 ,joseph holds an important rank4 ,this order came into existence under the fostering care of ,father ,medaille1 a priest of the ,company of ,jesus1 in the year #afej1 in the diocese of ,puy1 and was soon established in many other parts of ,france4 ,after an existence of a hundred and forty years1 it was broken up and the sisters dispersed by the ,french ,revolution2 but upon the conclusion of the ,concordat between ,napoleon and ,pius ,,vii4 the religious who still survived reassembled and opened a house in ,lyons1 in #ahjg1 under the protection of ,cardinal ,fesch4 ,one of the most exemplary and useful members of the order since its restoration1 ,mother ,st4 ,joseph--in the world1 ,jane ,chanay--is made known to us in the biography whose title we have given4 ,there are few lives of which a judicious and faithful account would not be useful1 and no kind of writing is more attractive to most readers than biography4 ,it is seldom1 however1 that we meet with a religious biography with which we are altogether pleased1 and this now before us is not at all to our taste4 ,there is certainly no reason why the life of a nun should not be as full of interest as that of a woman engaged in the frivolities and vanities of the world1 and we cannot but think it is the fault of the author that ,mother ,st4 ,joseph's has not been made both instructive and entertaining4 ,the narrative is slow and interrupted1 the style heavy1 and the facts often trivial without being either amusing or edifying4 ,we have the authority of ,cardinal ,donnet for the assertion that the book is commendable for the beauty of its diction2 but this is certainly not true of the ,english translation1 which is often neither correct nor elegant4 ,take1 for instance1 the following examples3 8,other saints ''' are restored to their ,creator with not a maze to dim their lustrous brightness0 7p4 #bb74 8,when once the fire of jealousy is kindled in the soul1 nothing can satiate its ravages0 7p4 #bf74 ,we close with the following sentence1 which we commend to the attention of grammar-schools3 8,this good father having1 in the course of his missions1 met with several widows and pious young women who were desirous to retire from the world and devote themselves to the service of the salvation of their neighbor1 but were deterred for want of means to enter convents1 he formed the intention to propose to some bishop the establishment of a congregation into which those devoted women could enter and devote themselves to labor for their salvation1 and fulfil all the good works of which they were capable in the service of their neighbor0 7p4 #ff74 ,,principia ,,or ,,basis ,,of ,,social ,,science4 ,by ,r4 ,j4 ,wright4 ,second ,edition4 ,philadelphia3 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahgf4 ,the eight or ten pages of letters from various persons with which this volume is prefaced1 and in which the author receives thanks for copies of his book1 forcibly remind us of ,sheridan's formula for acknowledging the publications that were constantly sent him3 8,,dear ,,sir3 ,i have received your exquisite work1 and ,i have no doubt ,i shall be highly delighted after ,i have read it40 ,the persons1 known and unknown1 whose names are paraded here all anticipate a time when they shall be able to congratulate themselves upon having put the ,basis of ,social ,science beneath their feet4 ,mr4 ,wright is doubtless a well-meaning man2 and if good intentions could pacify a critic's irritable soul1 between him and ourselves there would be no quarrel4 ,his aim has been1 he informs us in his preface1 to write a work which1 without offending the religious1 political1 or scientific susceptibilities of any one1 would commend itself especially to 8pious young men0 and 8students for the ministry1 who really desire to be useful and to be abreast of their age on this subject02 and we are therefore prepared to find him ready to embrace with equal tenderness a ,mormon prophet1 an ,oneida free lover1 a ,french communist1 and a ,catholic monk4 ,mr4 ,wright's sweetness and piety are as offensive to us as the caress of a ,yahoo was to ,dean ,swift4 ,these attempts to reconcile the antagonisms1 incompatibilities1 and contradictions of the age1 by besmearing them all with honey1 are worse than absurd2 they add to the confusion and weaken the power to apprehend truth4 ,the self-imposed task of the author of this volume is one which the greatest mind now living could not perform in a satisfactory manner4 ,of all sciences1 the social is1 if it may as yet be called a science1 the most difficult1 the most involved and uncertain2 in its idea it is a synthesis of all knowledges1 and no one who has not gathered into his own mind the intellectual achievements of the whole race should attempt to construct a philosophy of social science4 ,the importance of the study of sociology we fully admit1 and gladly welcome even the humblest efforts to increase our knowledge of this subject2 but when those who ought to remain in the ranks seek to take command1 they become disorganizers4 ,had ,mr4 ,wright been modest1 he might have been useful2 having attempted too much1 he has failed to accomplish anything4 ,in fact1 he has not the first requisite of an author--a knowledge of the language in which he writes4 ,his style is barbarous and tumultuary1 often ungrammatical4 ,it must1 however1 be striking and emphatic1 if we are to judge from the number of words printed in italics and majuscules4 ,and his thought is like his style--incoherent1 crude1 and embryotic4 ,he has read ,comte1 ,fourier1 ,mill1 ,herbert ,spencer1 and ,appleton's ,cyclopdia1 and with their aid and the help of a certain 8,theory of the ,six ,units0 he has sought to develop an ideal of human society not more impossible than ,plato's ,republic or more visionary than ,more's ,utopia4 ,the keynote to his system is the 8,theory of the ,six ,units40 ,the six units are the ,individual1 the ,family1 the ,social ,circle1 the ,precinct1 the ,nation1 and ,mankind4 ,it seems to have been his acquaintance with certain other 8singular sixes0 that led him to a belief in six1 and but six1 social units4 ,in the first place1 8the figure which gives the maximum amount of internal content with the minimum amount of external surface of similar bodies joined together is a ,,hexagon40 ,again3 8,in developed civilization there are six great classes of society02 but it is only in some future work that the author will tell us about these six great classes4 ,and just here we wish to find fault with ,mr4 ,wright for a habit he has of adroitly arousing our curiosity1 and then1 as we are beginning to imagine we are about to learn something1 coolly dropping us with the remark that the matter 8will be portrayed in another book40 ,he sometimes1 too1 seems to take a wicked delight in puzzling his readers1 as in the following sentence3 8,all affairs1 when they become ordinary1 are apt to become matters of business2 and business matters are--well1 we need not say what40 ,but to return to the 8sixes40 ,there are six fundamental motors of human passions4 ,there are six infinities--namely1 deific spirit1 soul spirit1 matter1 space1 duration1 diversity4 ,there are six organs of sense 7the old notion that there were but five is exploded7--sensation1 temperature1 taste1 smell1 hearing1 sight4 ,there are six crystallizations--monometric1 dimetric1 trimetric1 monoclinic1 triclinic1 and hexagonal4 ,there are six religious societies--,adam1 ,adam and ,eve1 ,patriarchy1 ,israel in ,egypt1 ,israel in ,palestine1 the ,christian ,church4 ,it follows as a matter of course that there must be six social units2 and in fact1 if it were worth while1 we could prove that there must be ten or twenty4 ,there is no unit in which ,mr4 ,wright so much delights as the ,precinct4 ,the real cause of the ,american civil war he has discovered to have been a neglect of ,precinct by both the ,north and the ,south2 and it is quite probable1 we think1 there is no social or political problem which may not ultimately be solved in the same felicitous and satisfactory manner4 ,genius is manifested--at least this is1 we believe1 the opinion of ,mr4 ,emerson--quite as strikingly in quotation as in original composition1 and we respectfully call the attention of the philosopher of ,concord to ,mr4 ,wright as a confirmatory example of this law of mind4 ,many a household will find food for thought in the following citation3 8,family miffs are a grand institution for giving needful repose and after-exhilaration to overtasked affection40 ,and this other will be interesting to politicians3 8,it is to the criminal propensities of man that we owe civilization40 8,alas60 sighs our pious philosopher1 8that the ,radicals cannot make a better basis for civilization than the foregoing crime-begetting one40 ,from ,wells1 the phrenologist1 ,mr4 ,wright gets the following quotation1 which almost makes us repent of what we have written3 8,as a class the theologians have the best heads in the world40 ,,cantata ,,catholica4 ,b4 ,h4 ,f4 ,hellebusch4 ,benziger ,bros4 ,this is a collection of music for the 8,asperges10 8,vidi ,aquam10 several ,gregorian ,masses1 the ,gregorian ,requiem1 the ,preface1 the ,pater ,noster1 ,responses1 ,vespers1 the ,antiphons of the ,blessed ,virgin1 8,o ,salutaris10 and 8,tantum ,ergo10 besides a large number of pieces intended to be used at ,benediction and at various other times4 ,the ,gregorian chants for the 8,asperges10 8,vidi ,aquam10 and the ,masses are harmonized by ,dr4 ,f4 ,witt4 ,we cannot say that we admire the peculiar 8drone bass0 which ,dr4 ,witt uses so extensively1 and the harmonies are1 to our ears1 crude1 and sometimes even barbarous1 and as a general rule are not in accordance with the mode4 ,we also noticed some ear-splitting fifths1 used without any excuse whatever4 ,the ,requiem is very incomplete2 five verses only of the 8,dies ,ir0 are given1 and the ,gradual and ,tract are entirely omitted4 ,mr4 ,hellebusch remarks in his preface that 8the ,preface and ,pater ,noster should only be accompanied when required by the officiating clergyman and after rehearsal40 ,in looking in the book for the reason for this remark1 we find that to accompany the simple melody of the 8,preface of ,trinity0 one hundred and ninety sharps1 flats1 and naturals are required2 and in the accompaniment of the words 8socia exultatione concelebrant10 in the 8,common ,preface10 we find twenty4 ,the melody of the 8,preface0 has also been altered by sharpening 8do0 all through4 ,over eight pages are devoted to ,responses1 exclusive of the ,responses for the ,preface and ,pater ,noster4 ,in that portion of the book devoted to ,vespers are some grave errors4 ,on page #ajc is a note which informs us that 8the ,psalms can be chanted to any of the following authentic or simplified ,vesper tones40 ,we have yet to learn which are the eight authentic tones1 and we were not aware that authentic and simplified meant one and the same thing4 ,the eight ,psalm-tunes are given with their various endings1 and with the ,second1 ,fourth1 ,fifth1 and ,sixth1 or 8,final by words of one syllable40 ,we suppose 8mediation0 is meant2 but then the ,sixth tone has no different mediation for words of one syllable1 and the rule for ,hebrew proper names is not given at all4 ,in the ,fifth tone the 8si0 is improperly marked flat4 ,the pointing of the ,psalms is very bad2 we have 8spirtui1 spiriti1 vidt1 sict1 mot10 etc4 ,in the latter part of the book1 however1 the pieces are selected with good taste1 and musically1 although not practically1 well arranged4 ,the book has been made up in too great a hurry4 ,,asperges ,,me4 ,,mass ,,in ,f4 ,,missa ,,de ,,angelis4 ,c4 ,p4 ,morrison1 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,the 8,asperges0 is chiefly remarkable for some very clumsy and incorrect modulations and the utter absence of any kind of melody and design4 ,the 8,mass in ,f0 is an easy setting of the ,ordinary of the ,mass combined with a nauseating adaptation of ,english words for the use1 we suppose1 of the 8separated brethren0 who like this kind of music4 ,we looked for and found the close on the words 8,filius ,patris10 with a new movement for the 8,qui tollis10 and the inevitable ,,resurrectionem mor ''' tu ''' o ''' rum4 ,the ,c clef is placed at the beginning of the tenor part1 and the notes are incorrectly written1 as if in the ,g clef1 an octave higher4 ,the composer ought to know that the ,c clef is of as much importance as either the ,g or ,f clef1 and not a purely fanciful character to be used or not at the option of the writer4 ,the harmony of the 8,missa de ,angelis0 is entirely modern1 full of chromatic passages1 dissonances1 etc41 which ,mr4 ,morrison again ought to know are not allowed in harmonies for ,gregorian chant4 ,,all ,,around ,,the ,,moon4 ,from the ,french of ,jules ,verne4 ,freely translated by ,edw4 ,roth4 ,with a ,map of the ,moon constructed and engraved for this edition1 and also with an ,appendix containing the famous ,moon ,hoax1 by ,r4 ,adams ,locke4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 ,no4 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahgf4 ,it is not often the case that translations are1 like the present one1 an improvement on the original1 especially when the original work is such an admirable one as that from which this translation is made4 ,we noticed the first part1 published under the title of ,the ,baltimore ,gun ,club1 some time ago1 favorably1 and have been even more pleased with this sequel4 ,mr4 ,roth calls the book a free translation1 but this term hardly conveys the idea of the adaptation which he has really made of the text4 ,verne certainly intended1 when he laid the scene in ,america1 to make the characters1 incidents1 and conversation thoroughly ,american1 and he succeeded as well as could have been expected2 but the task was one simply impossible for a foreigner1 and any translation at all approaching to literal exactness1 no matter by whom made1 would have been sure to have shared the defects of the text4 ,mr4 ,roth1 therefore1 to carry out the author's idea1 had practically to rewrite the book in such a way as to preserve the genius of the conception while altering the details in a way which required an ability like that of the author himself4 ,besides having made the book really an ,american one1 he has added to its scientific merit by a fuller explanation of the problem which is the nucleus of the story4 ,the 8,moon ,hoax10 which is appended1 was probably the most successful and the best contrived of all the scientific canards which have ever appeared4 ,it was written more than forty years ago1 but its memory has not yet died out1 and it was so cleverly done as to be well worthy of this reprint4 ,the book is illustrated by twenty-four cuts1 besides the map of the moon mentioned in the title4 ,it would really have been better without the rather clap-trap additional about the ,centennial at its close1 but this makes it all the more ,american1 and may be excusable under the circumstances4 ,,the ,,wyndham ,,family3 ,a ,story of ,modern ,life4 ,by the author of ,mount ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the best of motives and any quantity of the most pious reflections have combined to make of these two volumes a remarkably dull story4 ,this is to be regretted2 for those who can overcome the repugnance of wading through page after page of what1 with the best will in the world we can only call dreary writing1 will find much sound sense on the conduct of the family and what are called 8the exigencies0 of modern society4 ,the author has attempted a bold feat--to paint the 8heroics0 of the kitchen1 or1 as they are called in the story1 8the glory of service40 ,that there may be1 that there is often1 glory in service there can be no doubt4 ,this is the power of ,christianity4 ,that a cook may be1 and indeed often is1 a model of self-sacrifice1 or at least a source of great self-sacrifice in others1 he would be a rash man who should undertake to deny4 ,the author of ,the ,wyndham ,family would reverse the old saying that 8,god sends the food1 but the devil sends the cook40 ,to be sure1 the particular cook here held up to view turns out to be quite a superior character1 and this makes one of the surprises of the story4 ,the experiment1 however1 can scarcely be considered a happy one4 ,were the two volumes condensed into one2 were the atmosphere of the kitchen a little less obtrusive2 were the girls in the story made to talk like girls1 and not like what on this side would be called by some 8school marms02 were there only a little more of the relief afforded by such a character as 8,uncle ,sanders10 ,the ,wyndham ,family might have been not only what it now is1 a vehicle for highly moral reflections1 but a popular and interesting story4 ,it is strange that ,england1 which has done so much in reviving ,catholic ,english letters within the last century1 and which is so high in the higher walks of literature1 should1 with a very few exceptions1 continue to furnish about the poorest specimens of ,catholic stories that the world has ever seen4 ,indeed1 a kind of 8goody-goody0 school has grown up there which holds its own with exasperating persistency4 ,the sooner that school is broken up the better4 ,there surely might be found a happy medium between the 8penny dreadful10 or the fleshly school of fiction1 and that which reads like a very weak dilution of the penny catechism4 ,,thirty-,,fourth ,,annual ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,board ,,of ,,education ,,of ,,the ,,city ,,and ,,county ,,of ,,new ,,york ,,for ,,the ,,year ,,ending ,,december #ca1 #ahge4 ,apart from the mass of interesting statistics contained in this report1 the comprehensive style adopted by the compiler of presenting facts and figures deserves special mention4 ,we have been interested in the development of the law compelling children to attend school1 but fail to find satisfactory information regarding its workings in the report of the ,superintendent of ,truancy4 ,an increase of #g1fad in the daily average attendance is claimed by him4 ,these figures do not agree with the facts stated on pp4 #ab and #bac1 and in addition the attendance of #ahgd shows an increase of #ae1jid over #ahgc4 ,after a year's trial the superintendent comes to the conclusion that the law1 as it now stands1 is a failure1 and recommends the enactment of other laws1 and the erection of new institutions to enforce the present law1 of which he says3 8,instances of opposition on the part of the parents to the law1 or the efforts of the agents1 are extremely rare2 but rather do they regard them as welcome visitors and valuable auxiliaries1 their authority and suasion being earnestly solicited for the reformation of the child0 7p4 #dbd74 ,,flaminia1 and other stories2 ,,lucas ,,garcia1 and other stories2 ,,perico ,,the ,,sad1 and other stories2 ,,robert1 ,,or ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,a ,,good ,,mother2 ,,the ,,crucifix ,,of ,,baden1 and other stories2 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,marcel1 and other tales4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgf4 ,these are all excellent stories1 choice flowers of fiction culled from ,french1 ,spanish1 ,italian1 ,german1 and ,english gardens1 while those of native growth are not forgotten4 ,they are reprints from ,,the ,,catholic ,,world2 and how admirably fitted they are to meet a general want the reader may judge for himself by glancing at this month's ,bulletin1 which presents the verdict of the ,catholic press on them4 ,nothing is more needed nowadays than good popular ,catholic literature1 stories1 perhaps1 more than anything else4 ,we accordingly welcome the republication in book form of stories which were universally well received as they appeared in the columns of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 and only hope that the series may be continued4 ,,episodes ,,of ,,the ,,paris ,,commune ,,in #ahga4 ,translated from the ,french by the ,lady ,blanche ,murphy4 ,benziger ,brothers1 ,new ,york1 ,cincinnati1 and ,st4 ,louis4 #ahgf4 ,this is a little volume of very readable sketches1 relating the persecutions and sufferings of the various brotherhoods of ,paris during the brief reign of the ,commune in #ahga4 ,their schools were closed1 their houses invaded1 and the brothers who had not succeeded in escaping to some safe hiding-place were arrested and thrown into prison4 ,the services of the ,christian ,brothers as ambulance nurses during the war were known to the whole country2 but the ,commune ruthlessly drove them from the bedsides of the wounded and dying soldiers4 8,down with the ,black-gowns60 was the cry4 8,death to the ,brothers6 ,let them go join ,darboy40 8,the watchword of the ,revolution10 said ,raoul ,rigault to ,m4 ,cotte1 the writer of one of these sketches1 and late director of the press ambulances of ,longchamps--8the watchword of the ,revolution is death to religion1 to ritual1 to priests60 ,and he added3 8,as long as there is left in the land one man who dares pronounce the name of ,god all our labor will have been in vain1 and we shall not be able to lay down the sword and the rifle40 ,the style of the translation is easy and simple1 and these ,episodes will very fittingly occupy a place in 8,the ,catholic ,premium-,book ,library40 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,a ,,vocation3 ,,how ,,it ,,came ,,about1 ,,and ,,what ,,became ,,of ,,it4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgf4 ,this is really the story of two vocations--of one in the world1 and of another in1 but not of1 the world4 ,it is one of those pure1 graceful1 yet interesting tales which are only too few4 ,the translation1 from the ,french1 is well done4 ,parents and those who have charge of children will find this book not only highly entertaining but of real utility4 ,,the ,,episcopal ,,succession ,,in ,,england1 ,,scotland1 ,,and ,,ireland1 ,a4,d4 #adjj ,,to #ahge4 ,with appointments to monasteries and extracts from consistorial acts taken from ,,mss4 in public and private libraries in ,rome1 ,florence1 ,bologna1 ,ravenna1 and ,paris4 ,by ,w4 ,mazire ,brady4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,rome3 ,tipografia della ,pace4 #ahgf4 ,this collection of curious documents relates to the ,catholic succession4 ,it is of great utility to the searcher into ecclesiastical antiquities4 ,the author has consulted archives and searched out old records with much diligence1 and gathered together a number of curious items of information of great value and interest to the antiquarian student4 ,the most interesting of these is the account of ,dr4 ,goldwell1 ,bishop of ,st4 ,asaph1 the last of the old line of ,catholic succession in ,england1 a prelate whose learning and sanctity make him worthy to close the series which ,st4 ,augustine began4 ,,boston ,,to ,,washington4 ,a ,pocket ,guide to the ,great ,eastern ,cities and the ,centennial ,exhibition1 with ,maps4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 #ahgf4 ,the title of this work will give the reader but a poor idea of its value compared with other guides1 which are mere advertising sheets4 ,this book is neat in every way--in its paper1 in its printing1 in its illustrations1 and in its binding--and contains a great amount of interesting and correct information about the cities of ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 and ,washington1 and will prove a valuable guide to the traveller1 whether native or foreign4 ,,voyages ,,dans ,l',,amerique ,,septentrionale4 ,par ,l4 ,r4 ,pre ,p4 ,j4 ,de ,smet1 ,s4 ,j4 ,bruxelles3 ,benziger ,bros42 ,new ,york4 ,this is a ,french edition of ,father ,de ,smet's travels as an ,indian missionary in the ,rocky ,mountains and in ,oregon4 ,this celebrated ,jesuit1 besides being a zealous apostle1 was also a keen observer of men and customs1 and his descriptions of ,indian life1 with which no man was more familiar1 are both entertaining and instructive4 ,a biography of ,father ,de ,smet has been recently published in ,belgium1 an ,english translation of which would1 we think1 be welcomed by ,american ,catholics4 ,,note ,,to ,,the ,,article ,,on 8,,thomistic ,,philosophy40 ,those who read carefully the philosophical articles which appear from time to time in our pages will notice that different1 and even contradictory1 opinions on some points are to be met with occasionally4 ,it seems proper to explain1 therefore1 that the editor1 and those who assist him in supervising the conduct of the magazine1 while professing a general adhesion to the doctrine of ,st4 ,thomas1 allow a considerable latitude in the expression of individual opinion by the different writers who contribute articles2 and do not necessarily imply1 in their approbation of pieces for publication1 that they concur in every respect with the statements and arguments contained in them4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxiii41 ,no4 #acf4--;,,july1 #ahgf4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgf4 ,,sonnet4 ,,the ,,centenary ,,of ,,american ,,liberty4 ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,a century of sunrises hath bowed ,its fulgent forehead #8neath the ocean-floor ,since first upon the ,west's astonished shore1 ,like some huge ,alp forth-struggling through the cloud ,a new-born nation stood1 to ,freedom vowed3 ,within that time how many an ,empire hoar ,and young ,republic1 flushed with wealth and war1 ,alike have changed the ermine for the shroud6 ,o 8sprung from earth's first blood10 ,o tempest-nursed6 ,for thee what ,fates8 ,i know not4 ,this ,i know ,the ,soul's great freedom-gift1 of gifts the first-- ,thou first on man in fulness didst bestow3 ,hunted elsewhere1 ,god's ,church with thee found rest3-- ,thy future's ,hope is she--that queenly ,guest4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,church ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states1 #aggf-ahgf4 ,the social conditions of life which have been developed in the ,european colonies of ,north ,america1 though to a certain extent the result of the physical surroundings of the early settlers1 are chiefly the freer growth of principles which had been active1 for centuries1 in the ,christian nations of the ,old ,world4 ,the elements of society here1 unhindered by custom1 law1 or privilege1 grouped themselves quickly and spontaneously into the forms to which they were tending in ,europe also1 but slowly and through conflict and struggle4 ,the great and most significant fact1 that it was found impossible in the ,new ,world to create privileged classes1 clearly pointed in the direction in which ,european civilization was moving4 ,another fact not less noteworthy is the failure of every attempt to establish religion in this country4 ,though there is but little to please the fancy or fire the imagination in ,american character or institutions1 it is nevertheless to this country that the eyes of the thoughtful and observant from every part of the world are turned4 ,the ,catholicity of ,christian civilization has generalized political problems and social movements4 ,civilization1 like religion1 has ceased to be national2 and the bearing of a people's life upon the welfare of the human race has come to be of greater moment than its effect upon the national character4 ,it is to this that the universal interest which centres in the ,united ,states must be attributed4 ,we are a commonplace and mediocre people2 practical1 without high ideals1 lofty aspirations1 or excellent standards of worth and character4 ,in philosophy1 in science1 in literature1 in art1 in culture1 we are inferior to the nations of ,europe4 ,no mind transcendentally great has appeared among us2 not one who is heir to all the ages and citizen of the world4 ,our ablest thinkers are merely the disciples of some foreign master4 ,our most gifted poets belong to the careful kind1 who with effort and the file give polish and smoothness1 but not the mens divinior1 to their verse2 and who1 when they attempt a loftier flight1 grow dull and monotonous as a ,western prairie or ,rocky ,mountain table-land4 ,our most popular heroes--,washington and ,lincoln--are but common men1 and the higher is he who is least the product of our democratic institutions4 ,our commercial enterprise and mechanical achievements are worthy of admiration1 but not so far above those of other nations as to attract special attention4 ,if to-day1 then1 the ,american people draw the eyes of the whole world upon themselves1 it is not because they have performed marvellous deeds1 opened up new realms of thought1 or created higher types of character1 but because their social and political condition is that to which ,europe1 whether for good or evil1 seems to be irresistibly tending4 ,beyond doubt1 the tendency of modern civilization is to give to the people greater power and a larger sphere of action4 ,every attempt to arrest this movement but serves to make its force the more manifest4 ,this spirit of the age is seen in the general spread of education1 in the widening of the popular suffrage1 in the separation of church and state1 and in the dying out of aristocracies4 ,we simply note facts1 without stopping to examine principles or to weigh consequences4 ,those who resist a revolution are persuaded that it will work nothing but evil1 while those who help it on hope from it every good2 and the event most generally shows both to have been in error4 ,our present purpose does not lead us to speculate as to the manner in which the general welfare is to be affected by the great social transformations by which the character of civilized nations is being so profoundly modified2 but we will suppose that the reign of aristocracies and of privilege is past1 and that in the future the people are to govern2 and we ask1 ,what will be the influence of the new society upon the old faith8 ,the essential life of the ,catholic ,church is independent of her worldly condition2 and though we are bound to believe that she is to remain amongst men until the end1 we are yet not forbidden to hold that at times she may to human eyes seem almost to have ceased to be2 that as in the past ,christ was entombed1 the deletum nomen ,christianum was proclaimed1 in the future also the heavens may grow dark1 ,god's countenance seemingly be withdrawn1 and the voice of despair cry out that all have bent the knee to ,baal4 8,but yet the ,son of ,man1 when he cometh1 shall he find1 think you1 faith on earth80 ,we may hope1 we may despond2 let us1 then1 dispassionately consider the facts4 ,first1 we will put aside the assumption that it is possible to organize this modern society so as to crush the church by persecution or violence4 ,in a social state1 which can be strong only by being just1 attempts of this kind1 if successful1 would inevitably lead to anarchy and chaos1 out of which the church would again come forth with or before the civil order4 ,we cannot1 then1 look forward to a prolonged and open conflict between the church and the civilized governments of the world without giving up all hope in the permanency and effectiveness of the social phase upon which we have entered4 ,in the end the ,european states1 like the ,american1 must be convinced that1 if they would live1 they must also let live2 since a modus vivendi between church and state is absolutely essential to the permanence of society as now constituted4 ,the question1 then1 is narrowed to the free and peaceable life of the church in contact with the popular governments which are already constituted or are struggling for existence2 and it is in their bearing upon this all-important subject that the world-wide significance of the lessons to be learned from a careful study of the history of the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states becomes apparent4 ,for a hundred years this church has lived in the new society1 and all the circumstances of her position have been admirably suited to test her power to meet the difficulties offered by a democratic social organization4 ,the problem to be solved was whether or not a vigorous but yet orderly and obedient ,catholic faith and life could flourish in this country1 where what are called the principles of modern civilization have found their most complete expression4 ,if we would understand the history of our country1 we must not lose sight of the religious character of the men by whom it was explored and colonized4 ,religious zeal led the ,puritans to ,new ,england1 the ,catholics to ,maryland1 and the ,quakers to ,pennsylvania2 and among the ,spaniards and the ,french there were many who1 like ,columbus and ,champlain1 deemed the salvation of a soul of greater moment than the conquest of an empire4 ,we might1 indeed1 without going beyond our present subject1 speak of the heroic and gentle lives of the apostolic men who1 from ,maine to ,california1 from ,florida to the ,northern ,lakes1 toiled among the ,indians1 and not in vain1 that they might win them from savage ways and lift them up to higher modes of life4 ,the ,catholics of the ,united ,states can never forget that the labors of these men belong to the history of the church on this continent2 that the lives they offered up1 the blood they shed1 plead for us before ,god2 and that if their work is disappearing1 it sinks into the grave only with the dying race which they more than all others have loved and served4 ,but in this age men are little inclined to dwell upon memories1 however glorious4 ,we live in the present and in the future1 and1 in spite of much cheap sentiment and wordy philanthropy1 we have but weak sympathy with decaying races4 ,we are interested in what is or is to be1 not in what has been2 and perhaps it is well that this is so4 ,we have but feeble power to think or act or love1 and it should not be wasted4 ,if ,americans to-day are busy with thoughts of a hundred years ago1 it is not that they love those old times and their simple ways1 but that by contrast they may1 in boastful self-complacency1 glory in the present4 ,they look back1 not to regret the fast-receding shore1 but to congratulate themselves that they have left it already so far behind4 ,it is enough1 then1 to have alluded to the labors of the ,catholic missionaries among the ,north ,american ,indians1 since those labors have had and can have but small influence upon the history of the church in the ,united ,states4 ,to understand this history we need only study that of the ,europeans and their descendants on this continent4 ,the early colonists of the present territory of the ,united ,states were as unlike in their religious as in their national characters4 ,english ,puritans founded the colonies of ,new ,england2 ,new ,york was settled by the ,dutch2 ,delaware and ,new ,jersey by the ,dutch and the ,swedes2 ,pennsylvania by ,quakers from ,england1 who were followed by a ,german colony4 ,virginia was the home of the ,english who adhered to the ,established ,church of the mother country1 and ,north ,carolina became the refuge of the ,nonconformists from ,virginia2 in ,south ,carolina a considerable number of ,huguenots found an asylum2 and in ,maryland the first settlers were chiefly ,english ,catholics4 ,nearly all these colonies owed their foundation to the religious troubles of ,europe4 ,the ,puritans1 the ,catholics1 and the ,quakers were more eager to find a home in which they could freely worship ,god than to amass wealth4 ,the religious spirit of ,new ,england1 whose influence in this country1 before and since the ,revolution1 has been preponderant1 was as narrow and proscriptive as it was intense1 and a gloomy fanaticism lay at the basis of its entire political and social system4 ,the ,puritan colonies were not so much bodies politic as churches in the wilderness4 ,to the commission appointed to draw up a body of laws to serve as a declaration of rights1 ,cotton ,mather declared that ,god's people should be governed by no other laws than those which ,he himself had given to ,moses2 and one of the first acts of the ,massachusetts colony was the expulsion of ,john and ,samuel ,browne with their followers1 because they refused to conform to the religious practices of the ,pilgrims4 ,if dissenting ,protestants were not tolerated in ,new ,england1 ,catholics certainly could not hope for mercy2 and1 in fact1 they were denied religious liberty even in ,rhode ,island1 which had been founded by the victims of ,puritan persecution as a refuge for the oppressed and a protest against fanaticism4 ,though ,mr4 ,bancroft1 whose partisan zeal1 whenever there is question of ,new ,england1 is unmistakable1 denies that this unjust discrimination was the act of the people of ,rhode ,island1 it served1 at any rate1 so effectually to exclude ,catholics that when the war of independence broke out not one was to be found within the limits of the colony4 ,puritanism1 more than any other form of ,protestantism1 drew its very life from a hatred of all that is ,catholic4 ,the office and authority of bishops1 the repetition of the ,lord's ,prayer1 the sign of the cross1 the chant of the psalms1 the observance of saints' days1 the use of musical instruments in church1 and the vestments worn by the ministers of religion were all odious to the ,puritans because they were associated with ,catholic worship2 and in their eyes the chief crime of the ,church of ,england was that she still retained some of the doctrines and usages of that of ,rome4 ,religion and freedom1 though their conception of both was partial and false1 were the predominant passions of the ,puritans2 and since they looked upon the ,catholic ,church as the fatal enemy alike of religion and of freedom1 their fanaticism1 not less than their enthusiastic love of independence1 filled them with the deepest hatred for ,catholics4 ,they had the virtues and the vices of the lower and more ignorant classes of ,englishmen1 from which for the most part they had sprung4 ,if they were frugal1 content with little1 ready to bear hardship and to suffer want1 not easily cast down1 they were also narrow1 superstitious1 angular1 and unlovely2 and these characteristics were hardened by a cold1 gloomy1 and unsympathetic religious faith4 ,the credulity which led them to hang witches made them ready to believe in the diabolism of priests2 while the narrowness of their intellectual range rendered them incapable of perceiving the grandeur and excellence of an organization which alone1 in the history of the world1 has become universal without becoming weak1 and which1 if it be considered as only human1 is still man's most wonderful work4 ,with the sthetic beauty of the ,catholic religion they could have no sympathy1 since they were deprived of the sense by which alone it can be appreciated4 ,though they fasted1 appointed days of thanksgiving1 and1 through a false asceticism1 changed the ,lord's day into the ,jewish ,sabbath1 the fasts and saints' days of ,catholics were in their eyes the superstitions of idolaters2 and while they assumed the right to declare what is true ,christian doctrine and to enforce its acceptance1 they indignantly rejected the spiritual authority of the church1 though historically traceable to ,christ's commission to the apostles4 ,the measures1 therefore1 which the colonies of ,new ,england took to prevent the establishment of the ,catholic ,church on their soil1 were merely the expression of the horror and dread of what they conceived its influence and tendency to be4 ,in #afca1 just eleven years after the landing of the ,mayflower1 ,sir ,christopher ,gardiner1 on mere suspicion of being a papist1 was seized and sent out of the ,colony of ,massachusetts ,bay1 and in the same year the ,general ,court wrote a letter denouncing the minister at ,watertown for giving expression to the opinion that the ,church of ,rome is a true church4 ,three years later ,roger ,williams1 whose tolerant temper has been an exhaustless theme of praise1 joined with the ,puritans in declaring the cross a 8relic of ,antichrist1 a popish symbol savoring of superstition and not to be countenanced by ,christian men02 and1 in proof of the sincerity of their zeal1 these godly men cut the cross from out the ,english flag4 ,priests were forbidden1 under pain of imprisonment and even death1 to enter the colonies2 and the neighboring ,catholic settlements of ,canada were regarded with sentiments of such bigoted hatred as to blind the ,puritans to their own most evident political and commercial interests4 ,so unrelenting was their fanaticism that one of the grievances which they most strongly urged against ,george ,,iii4 was that he tolerated popery in ,canada4 ,in the ,new ,england colonies1 down to #aggf1 the ,catholic ,church had no existence1 and the same may be said of the other colonies1 with the exception of ,maryland and of a few families scattered through parts of ,pennsylvania4 ,in ,maryland itself1 where the principles of religious liberty1 which now form a part of the organic law of the land1 had been first proclaimed by the ,catholic colonists1 the persecution of the church early became an important feature in the colonial legislation4 ,in successive enactments the ,catholics were forbidden to teach school1 to hold civil office1 and to have public worship2 and were1 moreover1 taxed for the support of the ,established ,church4 ,the religious character of ,virginia1 though less intense and earnest than that of ,new ,england1 can hardly be said to have been less anti-,catholic2 and it is therefore not surprising that we should find the cruel penal code of the mother country in full vigor in this colony4 ,it would have been difficult to find anywhere communities more thoroughly ,protestant than the thirteen ,british colonies one hundred years ago4 ,the little body of ,catholics in ,maryland1 in all about #be1jjj1 who1 in spite of persecution1 had retained their faith1 had sunk into a kind of religious apathy2 and as their public worship had long been forbidden and they were not permitted to have schools1 to indifference was added ignorance of the doctrines of the church4 ,a few priests1 once members of the suppressed ,society of ,jesus1 lingered amongst them1 though they generally found it necessary to live upon their own lands or with their kindred1 and with difficulty kept alive the flickering flame of faith4 ,without religious energy1 zeal1 or organization1 the ,maryland ,catholics were gradually being absorbed into mere worldliness or into the more vigorous ,protestant sects2 and1 in fact1 many of the descendants of the original settlers had already lost the faith4 ,in this way the character of the old ,catholic colony had been wholly changed2 so that ,maryland surpassed all the other colonies in the odious proscriptiveness of her legislation1 levying the same tax for the introduction into her territory of a ,catholic ,irishman as for the importation of a ,negro slave4 ,the existence of the ,catholic families there1 and of the small and scattered settlements in ,pennsylvania1 if recognized at all by the general public1 was looked upon as an anomaly1 an anachronism1 which1 from the nature of things1 must soon disappear4 ,there is no exaggeration1 then1 in saying that the ,revolution found the ,british provinces of ,north ,america thoroughly ,protestant1 with a hatred of the church which nothing but the general contempt for ,catholics tended to mitigate2 while the seeming failure of the ,catholic settlement in ,maryland1 one hundred and fifty years after the landing of ,lord ,baltimore1 gave no promise of a brighter future for the faith4 ,in the presence of the impending conflict with ,england political questions became supreme1 and the ,convention of #aggd1 in its appeal to the country1 entreated all classes of citizens to put away religious disputes and animosities1 which could only withhold them from uniting in the defence of their common rights and liberties4 ,though this appeal was probably meant to smooth the way for a more cordial union between ,new ,england and the ,southern colonies1 which were even then as unlike as ,puritan and ,cavalier1 it was also an evidence of the public feeling1 showing that with the ,american people religious questions were fast coming to be merely of secondary importance4 ,at any rate it was responded to cheerfully and generously by the ,catholics1 who1 without stopping to think of the wrongs they had suffered1 threw themselves heartily into the contest for national independence4 ,the signer of the ,declaration who risked most was a ,catholic1 and a ,catholic priest was a member of the delegation sent to ,canada to bring about an alliance1 or at least to secure the neutrality of that province4 ,the conduct of the ,catholics in the war made1 no doubt1 a favorable impression1 and the very important aid given to the ,american cause by ,catholic ,france had still further influence in softening the asperities of ,protestant prejudice2 but1 unless we are mistaken1 we must seek elsewhere for the explanation of the clause of the federal ,constitution which provides that 8no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the ,united ,states02 as well as of the ,first ,amendment1 to the effect that 8,congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof40 ,these provisions were merely a part of a general policy1 which restricted as far as possible the functions of the federal government1 and left to the several ,states as much of their separate sovereignty as was consistent with the existence of the national ,union4 ,this is evident from the fact that the federal ,constitution placed no restriction upon the legislation of the different ,states in matters of religion1 leaving them free to pursue the intolerant and persecuting policy of the colonial era2 and1 indeed1 laws for the support of public worship lingered in ,connecticut till #ahaf and in ,massachusetts till #ahcc1 and anti-,catholic religious tests were introduced into several of the ,state constitutions4 ,in ,new ,york1 as late as #ahjf1 a test-oath excluded ,catholics from office2 and in ,north ,carolina1 down to #ahcf1 only those who were willing to swear to belief in the truth of ,protestantism were permitted to hope for political preferment4 ,new ,jersey erased the anti-,catholic clause from her constitution only in #ahdd2 and even to-day1 unless we err1 the written law of ,new ,hampshire retains the test-oath4 ,the provision which denied to the general government all right of interference in religious matters was a political necessity4 ,any attempt to introduce into ,congress religious discussions would have necessarily rent asunder the still feeble bands by which ,new ,england and the ,southern ,states were held together4 ,the reasons of policy which forbade the federal government to meddle with slavery applied with ten-fold force to questions of religion4 ,the ,first ,amendment to the ,constitution1 of which we ,americans are so fond of boasting1 cannot1 then1 be interpreted as the proclamation of the principle of toleration or of the separation of church and state2 it is merely the expression of the will of the confederating ,states to retain their pre-existing rights of control over religion1 which1 indeed1 they could not have delegated to the general government without imperilling the very existence of the ,union4 ,nearly all the leading statesmen of that day recognized the necessity of some kind of union of church and state1 and their views were embodied in the different ,state constitutions4 ,the year before the first battle of the ,revolution no less than eighteen ,baptists were confined in one jail in ,massachusetts for refusing to pay ministerial rates2 and yet ,john ,adams declared 8that a change in the solar system might be expected as soon as a change in the ecclesiastical system of ,massachusetts02 and at a much later period ,judge ,story was able to affirm that 8it yet remained a problem to be solved in human affairs whether any free government can be permanent where the public worship of ,god and the support of religion constitute no part of the policy or duty of the state40 ,there is no foundation1 we think1 for the opinion which we have sometimes heard expressed1 that the ,first ,amendment to the ,constitution was intended as an act of tardy justice to the ,catholics of the ,united ,states1 in gratitude for their conduct during the war and for the aid of ,catholic ,france4 ,it in fact made no change in the position of the ,catholics1 whom it left to the mercy of the different ,states1 precisely as they had been in the colonial era4 ,various causes were1 however1 at work which1 by modifying the attitude of the ,states towards religion1 tended also to give greater freedom to the ,catholic ,church4 ,the first of these was the rise of what may be called the secular theory of government1 whose great exponent1 ,thomas ,jefferson1 had received his political opinions from the ,french philosophers of the eighteenth century4 ,the state1 according to this theory1 is a purely political organism1 and is not in any way concerned with religion2 and this soon came to be the prevailing sentiment in the ,democratic party1 whose acknowledged leader ,jefferson was1 which may explain why the great mass of the ,catholics in this country have always voted with this party4 ,another cause that tended to bring about a separation of church and state was the rapidly-increasing number of sects1 which rendered religious legislation more and more difficult1 especially as several of these were opposed to any recognition of religion by the civil power4 ,and to this we may add the growing religious indifference which caused large numbers of ,americans to fall away from1 or to be brought up outside of1 all ecclesiastical organization4 ,the desire1 too1 to encourage immigration--which sprang from interested motives1 and also from a feeling1 very powerful in the ,united ,states half a century ago1 that this country is the refuge of all who are oppressed by the ,european tyrannies--predisposed ,americans to look favorably upon the largest toleration of religious belief and practice4 ,there is no question1 then1 but the ,catholics of this country owe the freedom which they now enjoy to the operation of general laws1 the necessary results of given social conditions1 and not at all to the good-will or tolerant temper of ,american ,protestants4 ,let us1 however1 be grateful for the boon1 whencesoever derived4 ,at the close of the war which secured our national independence and created the republic the ,catholic ,church found herself1 for all practical purposes1 unfettered and free to enter upon a field which to her1 we may say1 was new4 ,at that time there were in the whole country not more than forty thousand ,catholics and twenty-five priests4 ,in all the land there was not a convent or a religious community4 ,there was not a ,catholic school2 there was no bishop2 the sacraments of confirmation and of ,holy ,orders had never been administered4 ,the church was without organization1 having for several years had no intercourse with its immediate head1 the vicar-apostolic of ,london2 it was without property1 with the exception of some land in ,maryland1 which1 through a variety of contrivances1 had been saved from the rapacity of the colonial persecutors2 and1 surrounded by a bigoted ,protestant population1 ignorant of all the ,catholic glories of the past1 it was also without honor4 ,but faith and hope1 which with liberty ought to make all things possible1 had not fled1 and soon the budding promise of the future harvest lifted its timid head beneath the genial sun of a brighter heaven4 ,the priests of ,maryland and ,pennsylvania addressed a letter to ,pius ,,vi41 praying him to appoint a prefect-apostolic to preside over the church in the ,united ,states2 and as the ,holy ,see was already deliberating upon a step of this kind1 ,father ,carroll was made superior of the ,american clergy1 with power to administer the sacrament of confirmation4 ,this was in #aghd4 ,the priests1 who at this time1 for fear of wounding ,protestant susceptibilities1 thought it inexpedient to ask for a bishop1 were now1 after longer deliberation1 persuaded that in this they had erred1 and they therefore named a committee to present a petition to ,rome1 praying for the erection of an episcopal see in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,holy ,father having signified his willingness to accede to this proposition1 and it having been ascertained1 too1 that the government of this country would make no objection1 they at once fixed upon ,baltimore as the most suitable location for the new see1 and presented the name of ,father ,carroll as the most worthy to be its first occupant4 ,the papal bulls were dated ,november #f1 #aghi1 and upon their reception ,father ,carroll sailed for ,england1 where he was consecrated on the #aeth of ,august1 the ,feast of the ,assumption1 #agij4 ,events were just then taking place in ,france which were of great moment to the young church on the other side of the ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,the ,french ,revolution was getting ready to guillotine priests and to turn churches into barracks2 and ,m4 ,emery1 the ,superior-,general of the ,order of ,saint ,sulpice1 who was as far-seeing as he was fearless1 entered into correspondence with ,bishop ,carroll1 in ,england1 with a view to open an ecclesiastical seminary in the ,united ,states4 ,the offer was gladly accepted1 and the year following 7#agia7 ,m4 ,nagot organized the ,theological ,seminary of ,baltimore1 and in the same year the first ,catholic college in the ,united ,states was opened at ,georgetown1 in the ,district of ,columbia4 ,in #agij ,father ,charles ,neale brought from ,antwerp a community of ,carmelite nuns1 who established themselves near ,port ,tobacco1 in ,southern ,maryland4 ,this was the first convent of religious women founded in the ,united ,states1 the house of ,ursuline nuns in ,new ,orleans having come into existence while ,louisiana was still a ,french colony4 ,a few years later a number of religious ladies adopted the rule of the ,order of the ,visitation and organized a convent in ,georgetown2 and in #ahji ,mother ,seton founded near ,emmittsburg1 in ,maryland1 the first community of ,sisters of ,charity in this country1 just one year after ,father ,dubois1 the future ,bishop of ,new ,york1 had opened ,mt4 ,st4 ,mary's ,college4 ,in #ahje ,bishop ,carroll reorganized the ,society of ,jesus1 and in #ahjf the ,dominicans founded their first convent in the ,united ,states1 at ,st4 ,rose1 in ,kentucky4 ,two years later episcopal sees were established at ,new ,york1 ,boston1 ,philadelphia1 and ,bardstown1 with an archiepiscopal centre at ,baltimore4 ,in this way the church was preparing1 as far as the slender means at her command would permit1 to receive and care for the vast multitudes of ,catholics who began to seek refuge in the ,united ,states from the persecutions and oppressions of the ,british and other ,european governments4 ,but her resources were not equal to the urgency and magnitude of the occasion1 and her history1 during the half-century immediately following the close of the ,revolutionary war1 though full of examples of courage1 zeal1 and energy1 shows her in the throes of a struggle which1 whether it were for life or death1 seemed doubtful4 ,like an invading army1 her children poured in a ceaseless stream into the enemy's country1 and1 arrived upon the scene of action1 they found themselves without leaders1 without provisions1 without means of defence or weapons of heavenly warfare4 ,far from their spiritual guides1 in a strange land1 without churches or schools1 the very air of this new world seemed fatal to the faith of the early ,catholic immigrants2 and when1 yielding to the rigors of the climate or the hardships of frontier life1 they died in great numbers1 their orphan children fell into the hands of ,protestants and were lost to the church4 ,their descendants to-day are scattered from ,maine to ,florida1 from ,new ,york to ,california4 ,bishop ,england1 though inclined to exaggerate the losses of the church in this country1 was certainly not mistaken in holding that during the period of which we speak1 though there was an increase of congregations1 there was yet a great falling away of ,catholics from the faith in the ,united ,states4 ,unfortunately1 the want of priests and churches cannot with truth be said to have been the greatest evil1 especially in the early years of the organization of the hierarchy4 ,a spirit of insubordination existed both in the clergy and the laity4 8,every day10 wrote ,bishop ,carroll1 8furnishes me with new reflections1 and almost every day produces new events to alarm my conscience and excite fresh solicitude at the prospect before me4 ,you cannot conceive the trouble which ,i suffer already1 and the still greater which ,i foresee from the medley of clerical characters1 coming from different quarters and of various educations1 and seeking employment here4 ,i cannot avoid employing some of them1 and soon they begin to create disturbances40 ,there were troubles and scandals in nearly all the larger cities1 which in some instances were fomented by the priests themselves4 ,the trustee system was a fruitful cause of disturbance1 threatening at times to bring the greatest evils upon the church2 especially as there seemed to be reason to fear lest the dissensions between the clergy and the laity might serve as a pretext for the intermeddling of the civil authority in ecclesiastical affairs4 ,except in the two or three colleges of which we have spoken1 there was no ,catholic education to be had2 and for a long time the few elementary schools which were opened were of a very wretched kind4 ,indeed1 we may say that it is only within the last quarter of a century that many of the bishops and priests of this country have come to realize the all-importance of ,catholic education4 ,another unavoidable evil was the mingling of various nationalities in the same church1 giving rise to jealousies1 and frequently to dissensions2 and to this we may add that the very people to whom above all others the church in this country is indebted for its progress met with peculiar difficulties in the fulfilment of their ,god-given mission4 ,this fact did not escape the keen eye of the first bishop of ,charleston4 8,england10 he says1 8has unfortunately too well succeeded in linking contumely to their name the ,irish in all her colonies2 and though the ,united ,states have cast away the yoke under which she held them1 many other causes have combined to continue against the ,irish ,catholic more or less to the present day the sneer of the supercilious1 the contempt of the conceited1 and the dull prosing of those who imagine themselves wise4 ,that which more than a century of fashion has made habitual is not to be overcome in a year2 and to any ,irish ,catholic who has dwelt in this country during one-fourth of the period of my sojourn it will be painfully evident that1 although the evil is slowly diminishing1 its influence is not confined to the ,american nor to the anti-,catholic4 ,when a race is once degraded1 however unjustly1 it is a weakness of our nature that1 however we may be identified with them upon some points1 we are desirous of showing that the similitude is not complete4 ,you may be an ,irishman1 but not a ,catholic3 you may be ,catholics1 but not ,irish4 ,it is clear you are not an ,irish ,catholic in either case6 ,but when the great majority of ,catholics in the ,united ,states were either ,irish or of ,irish descent1 the force of the prejudice against the ,irish ,catholic bore against the ,catholic religion1 and the influence of this prejudice has been far more mischievous than is generally believed40#abe ,we must not omit to add that many of the early missionaries spoke ,english very imperfectly and were but little acquainted with the habits and customs of the people among whom they were called to labor2 while the five or six bishops of the country1 separated by great distances from their priests1 rarely saw them1 and consequently were in a great measure unable to control or direct them in the exercise of the sacred ministry4 ,the ,french missionaries1 who in their own country had seen the most frightful crimes committed in the name of liberty and of republicanism1 found it difficult to sympathize heartily with our democratic institutions2 and from ,ireland very few priests came1 because the ,french ,revolution had broken up the ,continental ,irish seminaries from which she drew her own supplies4 ,the purchase of ,louisiana from ,france in #ahjc added little or nothing to the strength of the church in the ,united ,states1 since1 owing to the wretched ,french ecclesiastical colonial policy1 which did not permit the appointment of bishops1 the ,catholic population of that province1 a large portion of whom were negro slaves1 had been almost wholly neglected4 ,what the state of the church was in ,florida at the time of its cession to the ,united ,states may be inferred from the fact that in the whole province there was but one efficient priest1 who at once withdrew to ,cuba1 and afterwards to ,ireland1 his native country4 ,in the early years of the present century ,protestant feeling in this country was much more earnest and self-confident than at present--in the simple days of camp-meetings and jerking revivals and childlike faith in the pope as ,antichrist1 and in priests and nuns as ,satan's chosen agents2 when the preachers had the whole world of anti-popery commonplace wherein to disport themselves without fear of contradiction4 ,the universal feeling of pity for those who doubted the supreme wisdom of our political institutions was bestowed with not less boundless liberality upon all who failed to perceive that ,american ,protestantism was the fine essence and final outcome of all that is best and purest in religion4 ,catholic opinion1 on the other hand1 was feeble1 unorganized1 and thrown back upon itself by the overwhelming force of a public sentiment strong1 fresh1 and defiant4 ,we were1 moreover1 still under the ban of ,english literature that for three hundred years had been busy travestying the history and doctrines of the church1 to defend which was made a crime4 ,there were but few ,catholic books1 and those to be had generally failed to catch the phases of religious thought through which ,american ,protestants were passing4 ,it was more than thirty years after the erection of the see of ,baltimore that the ,charleston ,miscellany1 which ,archbishop ,hughes called the first really ,catholic newspaper ever published in this country1 was founded2 and fifty years after the consecration of ,bishop ,carroll there were but six ,catholic journals in the ,united ,states4 ,much else might be said in illustration of the difficulties with which the church has had to contend1 and of the obstacles which she has had to overcome1 in order to win the position which she now occupies in the great ,american republic4 ,enough1 however1 has been said to show that it would be difficult to imagine surroundings which1 while allowing her freedom of action1 would be better suited to test her strength and vitality4 ,the #aeth of next ,august eighty-six years will have passed since the consecration of ,bishop ,carroll1 and to this period the organized efforts of the church to secure a position in this country are confined4 ,the work then begun has not for a moment been intermitted4 ,in the midst of losses1 defeats1 persecutions1 anxieties1 doubts1 revilings1 calumnies1 the struggle has been still carried on4 ,each year with its sorrows brought also its joys4 ,the progress1 if at times imperceptible1 was yet real4 ,when in the early synods and councils of ,baltimore were gathered the strong and true-hearted bishops and priests who have now gone to their rest1 there was doubtless more of sadness than of exultation in their words as they spoke of their scattered and poorly-provided flocks1 of the want of priests1 of churches1 of schools1 of asylums1 of the hardships of missionary life1 and of labors that seemed in vain4 ,still1 they sowed in faith1 knowing that ,god it is who gives the increase4 ,like weary travellers who seem to make no headway1 by looking back they saw how much they had advanced4 ,new churches were built1 new congregations were formed1 new dioceses were organized4 ,on some mountain-side or in deep wooded vale a cloister1 a convent1 a college1 a seminary arose1 one hardly knew how1 and yet another and another1 until these retreats of learning and virtue dotted the land4 ,the elements of discord and disturbance within the church grew less and less active1 the relations between priest and people became more intimate and cordial1 the tone of ,catholic feeling improved1 ecclesiastical discipline was strengthened1 and the self-respect of the ,catholic body increased4 ,the danger1 which at one time may have seemed imminent1 of the estrangement of the laity from the clergy1 disappeared little by little1 and to-day in no country in the world are priest and people more strongly united than here4 ,with the more thorough organization of dioceses and congregations parochial schools became practicable1 and the great progress made in ,catholic elementary education is one of the most significant and reassuring facts connected with the history of the church in the ,united ,states4 ,the number of pupils in our parochial schools was1 in #ahgc1 #chj1jjj1 and to-day it is probably not much short of half a million1 which1 however1 is even less than half of the ,catholic school population of the entire country4 ,but the work of building schools is still progressing1 and the conviction of the indispensable necessity of religious education is growing with both priests and people2 so that we may confidently hope that the time is not very remote when in this country ,catholic children will be brought up only in ,catholic schools4 ,by establishing protectories1 industrial schools1 and asylums we are growing year after year better able to provide for our orphan children4 ,the want of priests1 which has hitherto been one of the chief obstacles to the progress of the church1 is now felt only in exceptional cases or in new or thinly-settled dioceses4 ,a hundred years ago there were not more than twenty-five priests in the ,united ,states2 in #ahjj there were supposed to be forty2 in #ahcj the number had risen to two hundred and thirty-two1 and in #ahdh to eight hundred and ninety4 ,in ten years1 from #ahfb to #ahgb1 the number of priests was more than doubled1 having grown from two thousand three hundred and seventeen to four thousand eight hundred and nine4 ,the lack of vocations to the priesthood among native ,americans was formerly a subject of anxiety and also of frequent discussion among ,catholics in this country2 but now it is generally admitted1 we think1 that if proper care is taken in the education and training of our youths1 a sufficient number of them will be found willing to devote themselves to the holy ministry4 ,in #ahge there were1 according to the official statistics of the various dioceses1 five thousand and seventy-four priests1 twelve hundred and seventy-three ecclesiastical students1 and six thousand five hundred and twenty-eight churches and chapels in the ,united ,states4 ,there were also1 at the same time1 thirty-three theological seminaries1 sixty-three colleges1 five hundred and fifty-seven academies and select schools1 sixteen hundred and forty-five parochial schools1 two hundred and fourteen asylums1 and ninety-six hospitals under the authority and control of the ,catholic hierarchy of this country4 ,one hundred years ago there was not a ,catholic ecclesiastical student1 or theological seminary1 or college1 or academy1 or parochial school1 or asylum1 or hospital from ,maine to ,georgia4 ,father ,badin1 the first person who ever received ,holy ,orders in the ,united ,states1 was ordained in the old cathedral of ,baltimore on the #beth of ,may1 #agic1 just eighty-three years ago4 ,it is now eighty-six years since ,bishop ,carroll was consecrated1 and down to #ahjh he remained the only ,catholic bishop in the ,american ,church1 whose hierarchy is composed at present of one cardinal1 ten archbishops1 forty-six bishops1 and eight vicars-apostolic4 ,in #agij there was not a convent in the ,united ,states2 in #ahjj there were but two2 to-day there are more than three hundred and fifty for women1 and there are probably one hundred and thirty for men4 ,we may be permitted to refer also to the increase of the wealth of the church in this country1 especially since this seems to be the cause of great uneasiness to the faithful and unselfish representatives of the sovereign people4 ,the value of the property owned by the church in this country1 as given in the census reports1 was1 in #ahej1 #i1bef1geh2 in #ahfj1 #bf1ggd1aai2 and in #ahgj1 #fj1ihe1efe4 ,the ratio of increase from #ahej to #ahfj was #ahi per cent41 and from #ahfj to #ahgj #abh per cent42 while the aggregate wealth of the whole country during these same periods increased in the former decade only #abe per cent4 and in the latter only #hf per cent4 ,in #ahej the value of the church property of the ,baptists1 the ,episcopalians1 the ,methodists1 and the ,presbyterians was greater than that of the ,catholics1 but in #ahgj we had taken the second rank in point of wealth1 and to-day we think there is no doubt but that we hold the first4 8,whatever causes10 says ,mr4 ,abbott1 in his recent article on ,the ,catholic ,peril in ,america1 8may have contributed to this significant result1 it is certain that among the chief of them must be reckoned exemption from just taxation1 extraordinary shrewdness of financial management1 and fraudulent collusion with dishonest politicians40 ,those who know more of the history of the church in this country than can be learned from statistical reports1 or articles in reviews1 or cyclopdias are aware that there are no possessions in the ,united ,states more honestly acquired1 or bought with money more hardly earned1 than those of the ,catholic ,church2 and that her present wealth1 instead of being due to special financial shrewdness1 has in many instances been got in spite of great and frequent financial blundering2 while the bishops and priests of ,america1 with here and there an exception1 have neither had nor sought to have any political influence1 nor would they1 if disposed to meddle with partisan politics1 meet with any encouragement from the ,catholic people4 ,their position with regard to the question of education is the result of purely conscientious and religious motives2 and while claiming for ,catholics the right to give to their children the benefit of religious training1 they have everywhere and repeatedly given the most convincing proofs of their sincere desire to concede to all others the fullest liberty in this as in other matters2 and though they cannot approve of that feature in the common-school system which excludes all teaching of doctrinal religion1 they have never thought of pretending that those to whom it does commend itself should not be permitted to try the experiment of a purely secular education1 provided they respect in others the freedom of conscience which is now a part of the organic law of the land4 ,with very few exceptions1 ,catholics have1 throughout the whole country1 been rigidly excluded from all the higher political offices2 though now1 unfortunately1 this can hardly be considered a grievance1 since the general corruption and unworthiness of public life have caused the more respectable class of ,american citizens to shrink from the coarseness and vulgarity of our partisan contests4 ,on the other hand1 those nominal ,catholics who acquire influence in what are called 8ward politics0 are generally very much like other politicians1 eager to serve ,god and the country whenever it puts money in their purse4 ,what political reasons may have determined the great body of ,catholic voters in this country to prefer the ,democratic to the ,whig1 and later to the ,republican1 party1 we know not2 but we are very sure that nothing could be more unfounded than to imagine that the welfare or progress of the church can in any way be connected with the success of ,democratic partisanism4 ,as a religious body we have nothing to hope from either or any party4 ,we ask nothing but the liberty which with us is considered the inalienable heritage of all ,christian believers2 and for the rest1 we know that a politician doing a good deed is more to be shunned than an enemy plotting evil4 ,the property of the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states has not been exempted from taxation1 except under general laws which applied equally to that of all other religious denominations2 and though we can imagine nothing more barbarous1 more hurtful to the progress of the national architecture and to the general sthetic culture of the people1 than a change in the policy which has hitherto prevailed1 not in this country alone1 but in all the civilized states of the world2 nevertheless1 if those who hold that religion has no social value succeed in revolutionizing legislation on this subject1 the ,catholics will not be less prepared than their neighbors to abide the issue4 ,a more interesting study than the wealth of the church is the growth of the ,catholic population in the ,united ,states1 though1 in the absence of reliable or complete statistics on this subject1 we are not able to give an entirely satisfactory or exact statement of the facts4 ,the 8number of sittings10 to use the phrase of the official reports1 given in the ,united ,states ,census1 is of scarcely any assistance in determining the religious statistics of the country4 ,the number of ,protestant church sittings1 for instance1 was in #ahgj #ai1fgd1edh1 whereas the membership of all the ,protestant sects of the country was only about #g1jjj1jjj2 and it is well known that1 while in most ,protestant churches many seats are usually unoccupied during religious service1 in the ,catholic churches the same seat is frequently filled by three1 or four1 or even five different persons1 who take it in succession at the various ,masses4 ,ninety-one years ago ,father ,carroll set down the ,catholic population of the ,united ,states at twenty-five thousand1 and he may have fallen short of the real number by about ten thousand4 ,in #ahjh1 when episcopal sees were placed at ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 and ,bardstown1 the ,catholic population had increased to about one hundred and fifty thousand4 ,in #ahcb ,bishop ,england estimated the ,catholics of the ,united ,states at half a million2 but in #ahcf1 after having given the subject greater attention1 he thought there could not be less than a million and a quarter4 ,both these estimates1 however1 were mere surmises2 for ,bishop ,england1 who always exaggerated the losses of the church in this country1 not finding it possible to get the data for a well-founded opinion as to the ,catholic population1 was left to conjecture or to arguments based upon premises which1 to say the least1 were themselves unproven4 ,the editors of the ,metropolitan ,catholic ,almanac for #ahdh1 basing their calculations upon the very satisfactory returns which they had received from the thirty dioceses then existing in the ,united ,states1 set down our ,catholic population at #a1aij1gjj1 and this is probably the nearest approach which we can make to the number of ,catholics in this country at the time the great ,irish famine gave a new impulse to emigration to ,america4 ,from #ahdh down to the present day the increase of the ,catholic population has been very rapid1 it having risen in a period of twenty-eight years from a little over a million to nearly seven millions4 ,the third revised edition of ,schem's ,statistics of the ,world for #ahge gives #f1jjj1jjj as the ,catholic population of the ,united ,states1 and the ,american ,annual ,cyclopdia for #ahge reckons it as more than #f1jjj1jjj2 and from a careful consideration of the data1 which1 however1 are still imperfect1 we think it is at present probably not less than #g1jjj1jjj4 ,this remarkable growth of the church here during the last thirty years must be attributed to various causes1 by far the most important of which is beyond all doubt the vast immigration from ,ireland2 to which1 indeed1 we must also chiefly ascribe the progress of the church during this century in all other countries throughout the world in which the ,english language is spoken4 ,no other people could have done for the ,catholic faith in the ,united ,states what the ,irish people have done4 ,their unalterable attachment to their priests1 their deep ,catholic instincts1 which no combination of circumstances has ever been able to bring into conflict with their love of country2 the unworldly and spiritual temper of the national character2 their indifference to ridicule and contempt2 and their unfailing generosity--all fitted them for the work which was to be done here1 and enabled them1 in spite of the strong prejudices against their race which ,americans had inherited from ,england1 to accomplish what would not have been accomplished by ,italian1 ,french1 or ,german ,catholics4 ,another cause of the more rapid growth of the church during the last quarter of a century may be found in the more thorough organization of dioceses1 congregations1 and schools1 by which we are better able to shield our people from unhealthy influences1 and thus year after year to diminish our losses2 while the increasing number of converts to the faith helps to swell the ,catholic ranks4 ,of #bb1bji persons who were confirmed in the diocese of ,baltimore from #ahfd to #ahfh1 #b1geb1 or more than #ab per cent41 were converts2 and our converts are generally from the more intelligent classes of ,americans4 ,the efforts to arrest the progress of the church1 which now for nearly half a century have assumed a kind of periodicity1 may be placed among the causes which have added to her strength4 ,these attempts are made in open violation of the religious and political principles which are the special boast of all ,americans1 and the only arguments which can be adduced to justify them are drawn from fear or hatred4 ,whenever we have been made the victims of lawlessness or fraud1 as in the burning of the ,charlestown convent and the churches of ,philadelphia1 or in the spreading 8,awful ,disclosures0 throughout the land1 the sympathies of generous and honest men have been attracted to us4 ,and when ,protestant bigotry has made an alliance with a political party in order to compass our ruin1 it has merely succeeded in forcing the opposing party to take up throughout the whole country the defence of the ,catholics4 ,thus during the brief day of the 8,know-nothing0 conspiracy large numbers of ,protestants1 for the first time since the ,reformation1 were led to examine into the history of the church1 with a view to defend her against the traditional objections of ,protestantism itself4 ,in fact1 in a country which looks with equally tolerant complacency upon every form of belief or unbelief from ,atheism to ,voudooism1 from the ,joss-,house of the ,chinaman to the ,mormon ,tabernacle and breeding caravansary of free-love1 to imagine that there can be either decent or reasonable motives for exciting to persecution of the ,catholic ,church is sheer madness2 nor can we think it less absurd to suppose that the good sense and justice of the ,american people will allow them to commit themselves to a policy as inconsistent as it would be outrageous4 ,however this may be1 there can be no doubt but the repeated and unprovoked attacks made upon the ,catholics of the ,united ,states by fanatics and demagogues have helped to increase their union and earnestness2 and this leads us away from the growth of the church in her external organization to the consideration of the development of her spiritual and intellectual life4 ,and here we are at once struck by the similarity between her progress and that of the country itself1 which has been diffusive at the expense of concentration and thoroughness4 ,nevertheless1 no attentive observer can fail to be struck by the intense and earnest religious spirit by which the great body of the ,catholics of the ,united ,states are animated1 as well as the readiness with which they co-operate with their priests in promoting the interests of religion4 ,nowhere do we find greater eagerness for instruction in the truths of the faith1 or greater willingness to make sacrifices in order to give to the young a religious education1 than among the ,catholics of this country4 ,our priests are1 as a body1 laborious1 self-sacrificing1 and disinterested1 and are honestly struggling to make themselves worthy of the great mission which ,god has given them in ,america4 ,our position in this country hitherto has turned the thoughts of our best minds to polemical and controversial writing1 which1 though useful and even necessary1 has only a temporary value1 since it is addressed primarily to objections and phases of belief which owe their special significance to transitory conditions of society and opinion4 ,controversies between ,catholics and ,protestants which forty years ago attracted general attention and produced considerable impression1 would now pass unnoticed2 for the simple reason that ,americans1 in the confusion of sects and religious opinions1 have come to realize that ,protestantism has no doctrinal basis1 and is left to trust exclusively to religious sentiment4 ,dogmatic ,protestantism is of the past1 and the most popular preachers are those who appeal most skilfully to the religious instincts without requiring the acceptance of any religious beliefs4 ,most of our best writers have been men whose arduous labors left them but little time for study or literary composition1 and their works frequently bear the marks of hasty performance2 but they will nevertheless not suffer from comparison with the religious writings of ,american ,protestants4 ,the ablest man who has devoted himself to the discussion of religion and philosophy1 or probably any other subject1 in the ,united ,states during the last hundred years is ,dr4 ,brownson1 all of whose best thoughts have been given to the elucidation of ,catholic truth2 and though there was something wanting to make him either a great philosopher or a great theologian1 or even a perfect master of style1 we know of no other ,american of whom this may not also be justly said2 unless1 perhaps1 we may consider ,prescott1 ,hawthorne1 or ,irving worthy of the last of these titles4 ,and though we ,catholics have no man who is able to take up the pen which has just fallen from the hand of ,dr4 ,brownson1 none who have the power which once belonged to ,england and ,hughes1 we are in this not more unfortunate than our country1 which no longer finds men like ,adams or ,jefferson to represent not unworthily its supreme dignity2 nor any like ,webster1 ,clay1 or ,calhoun1 whose minds were as lofty as their honor was pure1 to lend the authority of wisdom and eloquence to the deliberations of a great people4 ,during the hundred years of our independent life the external development of the church1 like that of the nation1 has been so rapid that all individual energies have to a greater or less degree been drawn to help on this growth4 ,another century1 bringing other circumstances1 with them will bring the opportunity and the duty of other work4 ,a more thorough organization must be given to our educational system2 ,catholic universities mast be created which in time will grow to be intellectual centres in which the best minds of the church in this country may receive the culture and training that will enable them to work in harmony for the furtherance of ,catholic ends2 a more vigorous and independent press1 one not weakened by want or depraved by human respect or regard for persons1 must be brought into existence4 ,we must prepare ourselves to enter more fully into the public life of the country2 to throw the light of ,catholic thought upon each new phase of opinion or belief as it rises2 to grapple more effectively with the great moral evils which threaten at once the life of the nation and of the church4 ,all this and much else we have to do1 if our ,god-given mission is to be fulfilled4 ,and now we will crave the indulgence of our readers while we conclude with a brief reference to what we conceive to be the office which the ,catholic ,church is destined to fulfil in behalf of the ,american state and civilization4 ,de ,tocqueville1 in his thoughtful and singularly judicious treatise on ,american institutions1 makes the following very just remarks3 8,i think the ,catholic religion has been falsely looked upon as the enemy of democracy4 ,on the contrary1 ,catholicism1 among the various sects of ,christians1 seems to me to be one of the most favorable to the equality of social conditions4 ,the religious community in the ,catholic ,church is composed of but two elements--the priest and the people4 ,the priest alone is lifted above his flock1 and all below him are equals4 ,in matters of doctrine the ,catholic faith places all human capacities upon the same level2 it subjects the wise and the ignorant1 the man of genius and the vulgar crowd1 to the details of the same creed2 it imposes the same observances upon the rich and the poor2 it inflicts the same austerities upon the powerful and the weak2 it enters into no compromise with mortal man1 but reducing the whole human race to the same standard1 it confounds all the distinctions of society at the foot of the same altar1 even as they are confounded in the sight of ,god4 ,if ,catholicism predisposes the faithful to obedience1 it certainly does not prepare them for inequality2 but the contrary may be said of ,protestantism1 which generally tends to make men independent more than to render them equal4''' ,but no sooner is the priesthood entirely separated from the government1 as is the case in the ,united ,states1 than it is found that no class of men are naturally more disposed than the ,catholics to transfuse the doctrine of the equality of conditions into political institutions0#abf ,the generous sentiments which two centuries and a half ago led the ,catholics of ,maryland to become the pioneers of religious liberty in the ,new ,world1 are still warm in the hearts of the ,catholic people of the ,united ,states4 ,we have even here been the victims of persecution1 and it is not impossible that similar trials may await us in the future2 but we have the most profound conviction that1 even though we should grow to be nine-tenths of the population of this country1 we shall never prove false to the principle of religious liberty1 which1 to the ,catholics of the ,united ,states1 at least1 is sacred and inviolable4 ,for our own part1 we should turn with unutterable loathing from the man who could think that any other course could ever be either just or honorable4 ,the ,catholics of this republic are deeply impressed with the inviolability of the rights of the individual4 ,we believe that the man is more than the citizen2 that when the state tramples upon the ,god-given liberty of the most wretched beggar1 the consciences of all are violated2 that it is its duty to govern as little as possible1 and rather to suffer a greater good to go undone than to do even a slight wrong in order to accomplish it4 ,for this reason we believe that when the state assumed the right to control education1 it took the first step away from the true ,american and ,christian theory of government back towards the old pagan doctrine of state-absolutism4 ,though we uphold the rights of the individual1 we are not the less strong in our advocacy of the claims of authority4 ,in fact1 the almost unbounded individual liberty which our ,american social and political order allows would fatally lead to anarchy1 if not checked by some great and sacred authority2 and this safeguard can be found only in the ,catholic ,church1 which is the greatest school of respect the world has ever seen4 ,the church1 by her power to inspire faith1 reverence1 and obedience1 will introduce into our national life and character elements of refinement and culture which will temper the harshness and recklessness of our republican manners4 ,by her conservative and unitive force she will weld into stronger union the heterogeneous populations and widely-separated parts of our vast country4 ,the ,catholics were the only religious body in the ,united ,states not torn asunder by sectional strife during our civil war1 and we are persuaded that1 as our numbers grow and our influence increases1 we are destined to become more and more the strong bond to hold in indissoluble union the great ,american family of ,states4 ,the divisions and dissensions of ,protestantism have a tendency to prepare the public mind to contemplate without alarm or indignation like divisions and dissensions in the state2 and all who love the country and desire that it remain one and united for ages must look with pleasure upon the growth of a religion which1 while maintaining the unity of its own world-wide kingdom1 inspires those who are guided by its teachings with a horror of political dissensions and divisions4 #abe ,bishop ,england's works1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bcc4 #abf ,democracy in ,america1 vol4 i4 p4 #cje4 ,a ,,frenchman',s ,,view ,,of ,,it4#abg ,m4 ,claudio ,jannet has recently sent forth from the little town of ,aix1 in ,provence1 a work on the ,united ,states of the present day which may be both interesting and profitable to ,american readers4 ,it does not appear that ,m4 ,jannet has visited the country whose moral1 social1 and political condition he sets himself to describe4 ,his information has been gathered from books1 pamphlets1 and periodicals2 his conclusions are the result of deliberation rather than the hasty observations of a tourist1 and they are all the more valuable because they are not distorted by the usual blunders and prejudices which obstruct the vision of the average ,frenchman in ,america4 ,the ,european traveller1 particularly the ,french traveller1 finds many things in our country to shock his prejudices and offend his tastes4 ,the discomforts of the journey1 the harshness of the climate1 the extravagance of living1 the imperfections of our domestic economy1 the general crudeness of our new and incomplete civilization1 the press and hurry of business1 the lack of sthetic culture1 the vulgarity of popular amusements--all these things put him out of the humor to be just4 ,he dislikes the surface aspects of ,american life1 and1 with the best disposition in the world1 he commonly fails to see what lies underneath4 ,he fills his note-book with dyspeptic comments1 and when he goes home he writes a volume of blunders1 and all the ,americans who read it laugh at it4 ,take1 however1 a conscientious ,frenchman of sober and reflective turn of mind1 shut him up in his own study1 supply him with an abundance of the right kind of ,american books and newspapers1 let him ponder over his subject at leisure in the midst of his accustomed comforts1 and the chances are that he will write a very good essay on the condition of this country1 and tell a great many wholesome truths which we ourselves hardly suspect4 ,m4 ,jannet's book has been evolved in this way4 ,his industry in the collection of materials seems to have been remarkable2 and if his judgment has not always kept pace with it1 the instances in which he has been misled are fewer than we should have expected4 ,for most of his mistakes he can show the excuse of an ,american authority4 ,it does not become us1 therefore1 to find too much fault with him4 ,we are rather disposed to overlook errors in the statement of particular facts1 and consider the really valuable and novel points in his essay1 with the moral which he wishes us to draw from it4 ,we shall find in what he says abundant food for reflection1 even when we believe him to be wrong4 ,he sets out with an attempt to show that the spirit of revolution has been waging incessant war for nearly a hundred years upon 8the work of ,washington10 and that the ,constitution1 as it was devised by the wise and conservative party represented by our first ,president1 has been almost torn to shreds1 and is destined to destruction by the aggressions of radicalism4 ,m4 ,jannet's references to 8the school of ,washington0 seem rather odd to an ,american reader4 ,we doubt whether there ever was a distinct political school to which that name could be properly applied2 and it is not at all clear that there have been two well-defined and antagonistic political principles in conflict since the very foundation of the government1 as ,ormuzd and ,ahriman1 the spirit of good and the spirit of evil1 waged perpetual warfare1 in the ,zoroastrian system1 for the dominion of the world4 ,the philosophical historian is fond of tracing in the revolutions of states and the development of political theories the steady growth of some fixed principle of action4 ,but it is a specious philosophy which takes no account of accidents4 ,m4 ,jannet has made the mistake of going too deep1 and overlooking what lies right on the surface4 ,he sees the spirit of radicalism1 fostered by the influx of communistic and infidel immigrants from ,europe1 attacking the conservative safeguards originally established in our federal and ,state constitutions1 assailing the rights of the ,states1 extending the suffrage1 sweeping the country into the vortex of uncontrolled democracy4 8,popular sovereignty0 is the watchword of this radical movement4 8,the doctrine of popular sovereignty10 says ,m4 ,jannet1 8is based upon the idea that man is independent1 and that consequently there can be no authority over him except with his own consent4 ,this principle established1 there can no longer be any question of limiting the suffrage by conditions of capacity1 of fitness1 or of the representation of interests1 since sovereignty is an attribute of the voter in his quality as a man4 ,the exclusion of women and minors from the polls is only an abuse1 a relic of old prejudices4 ,thus the most advanced party already places female suffrage at the head of its programme1 and perhaps it will some day be established in the ,united ,states4 ,the people1 being sovereign by nature1 cannot be checked in its will by any custom1 any tradition1 any respect for acquired rights4 ,whatever it wills is just and reasonable by the mere fact that it so wills4 ,there can be no permanent constitution for the country2 the constitution can be only what the people wills1 or is thought to will1 for the time being40 ,about the year #ahej1 according to our author1 the heresy of 8popular sovereignty10 otherwise the religion of revolution1 obtained full headway1 and the radical party1 making skilful use of the anti-slavery sentiment which had hitherto been cultivated only by a small band of eccentric philanthropists1 captured the masses of well-meaning1 unreflecting voters4 ,liberty and emancipation were their watchwords2 but their real purpose was only the supremacy of the mob4 ,slavery was the abuse which they pretended to attack1 but they only feigned a horror for it in order to win over the small but zealous party of sincere abolitionists2 their actual object was to abolish the federal ,union with its limited powers1 and set up a unitary democracy based upon the despotism of universal suffrage4 8,from the day when this party came into power by the election of ,lincoln10 says ,m4 ,jannet1 8nothing remained for the ,south but to take up arms to protect its rights against the projects already disclosed40 ,and he adds that the radical movement towards pure democracy 8alone can explain the unheard-of ferocity with which the ,northern armies fought1 and the odious persecution which followed their triumph1 and which still lasts1 ten years afterwards40 ,thus the anti-slavery agitation was only an incident--and1 indeed1 ,m4 ,jannet seems not to regard it as a very important one--in the long1 uninterrupted1 deplorable decline of ,america from a moderately conservative federal republic to the despotism of an ignorant1 centralized democracy4 ,it can hardly be necessary to point out to ,american readers the serious mistake in ,m4 ,jannet's theory4 ,it is useless to look beyond slavery for an explanation of the changes wrought within the past fifteen years in the character of the ,american government4 ,mr4 ,seward was right when he declared that there was an irrepressible conflict between slavery and freedom4 ,it had been gathering force for years when it broke into war in #ahfa2 it had been the original cause of nearly all the encroachments upon the rights of the ,states which preceded the ,rebellion1 and it had made the very words 8,state rights0 odious to a vast majority of the ,northern people4 ,the plain truth is that the only ,state right which the conservative and aristocratic party cared about maintaining was the right to hold human beings in bondage1 and buy and sell them like cattle4 ,they chose to identify a political theory with a hateful social institution1 and it was only natural that1 when the end came1 theory and institution should go down together4 ,the evil influence of slavery1 however1 has survived the extinction of slavery itself4 ,we must not forget that the active men of #ahgf were boys in the exciting period just before the war1 and their political creed took shape at a time when the doctrine of ,state rights was the defence of the slave-driver and the secessionist1 and the federal power was the safeguard of freedom and union4 ,the ideas impressed upon them during the years of conflict have remained during the years of peace1 and have affected in a most serious manner the fortunes of the country during the period of reconstruction4 ,for four years1 so crowded with great historical changes that they may be counted as equivalent to nearly a whole generation of uneventful peace1 the nation was taught by the necessity of war to believe that the reserved rights of the ,states must yield to the paramount necessity of preserving the ,union1 and ultimately of destroying slavery for the sake of union4 ,it would be unfair to say that the letter of the ,constitution fell into contempt1 but there was a general agreement that constitutions1 to be worth anything1 must be elastic instruments1 stretched to cover unforeseen emergencies4 ,naturally1 when the war was over we did not return at once to the old ideas4 ,in the provisions for saving the fruits of the contest1 guarding against fresh attempts at disunion1 and protecting the emancipated race in its newly-acquired liberties1 the despotic and absolute spirit of the war still prevailed4 ,the federal government which had put down the rebellion was called upon to secure its victory4 ,so for the next ten years we saw a constant assumption at ,washington of powers which no ,congress or ,president would have dreamed of asserting a generation ago4 ,the 8reconstructed ,states0 became little more than vassal provinces1 practically ruled at the seat of the federal government4 ,in some cases1 even after the military governors had disappeared and the ,states had been restored to representation in ,congress1 and nominally to their full powers of self-administration1 we have seen soldiers sent from ,washington to decide local election contests1 legislatures dispersed at the point of the federal bayonet1 and the verdict of the ballot rudely set aside by the ,president's despotic order4 ,the general course of legislation for the ,southern ,states at ,washington was inspired by the belief that the whole ,confederacy was a hot-bed of insurrection and crime4 ,special laws were enacted to prevent the 8rebel element0 from acquiring that predominance in the ,southern communities which naturally belonged to it1 and to lift up the negroes to a political power to which they were not entitled by their numbers1 and for which they were not qualified by character or education4 ,the control of elections was taken away from the ,states by the ,enforcement laws1 and the ordinary police duties of preserving the peace were usurped by federal appointees under a strained interpretation of the statutes4 ,an incident reported in ,alabama during the political campaign of #ahgd illustrates the extreme length to which federal interference was carried1 and the ingenuity with which it was employed for merely partisan purposes4 ,a ,republican politician had been murdered in ,august of that year1 and the perpetrators of the deed had not been discovered4 ,the guilt was charged1 however1 upon several active ,democrats1 and just before the election they were arrested by a federal marshal and committed for trial4 ,of course there was no law which gave the federal authorities cognizance of murder1 and no indictment for that offence could be found in a federal court2 but it was desirable that the arrests should be made for political effect1 and the accused were consequently indicted under a clause of the ,enforcement law for 8conspiracy to prevent a citizen from voting 8--a conspiracy to prevent his voting in ,november by killing him in ,august6 ,the arrest served its purpose1 and it is hardly necessary to say that the case never was tried4 ,but of late the progress of the country towards centralization has been sensibly checked4 ,the abuses of the past few years have been followed by a popular reaction4 ,the temper of the ,south is better understood4 ,the ,north begins to see the dangers of the course it has been following1 and at the same time to feel ashamed of its injustice4 ,and more than all else1 the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states1 in two able decisions1 sweeps away a great mass of the most mischievous ,enforcement legislation1 and redefines the almost obliterated boundaries of ,state and federal authority4 ,the judgment of the court in the ,grant ,parish and ,kentucky cases marks an era in our constitutional history4 ,it neutralizes a great deal of the evil consequences of the war period1 and can hardly fail of a most salutary effect upon future legislation4 ,when he has read it1 even ,m4 ,jannet1 perhaps1 will take a more cheerful view of our condition4 ,but let us leave the historical part of ,m4 ,jannet's book1 and look at the picture which he draws of our actual condition4 ,we do not purpose to criticise it4 ,we shall let our readers correct errors for themselves1 as they can easily do1 while we content ourselves with showing them how the political and social aspects of our country impress an intelligent foreign student4 ,m4 ,jannet is deceived sometimes2 he takes too seriously the satire of 8the ,american humorist ,edgar ,po10 and the mixture of sarcasm and burlesque which he cites from 8,the gilded age by ,mark ,twain and ,dudley02 but upon the whole he tells the sober truth4 ,he gives a pretty exact account of our electoral system1 and especially of our system of nominations1 which practically prevents the people from voting for anybody except the favorites of a little knot of professional politicians assembled in a committee or ward meeting4 ,as political struggles in the ,united ,states1 he says1 are not for the triumph of principles1 but only for the possession of power1 politics has naturally become debased1 high-minded citizens have insensibly become disgusted with it1 and at the same time the rising flood of universal suffrage has driven the wealthy classes out of political life4 ,between #ahbd and #ahdj the party organizations were definitively settled1 and since then politics has been the exclusive appanage of politicians by profession4 ,m4 ,jannet gives a very unpleasant sketch of this class of persons1 and describes the machinery of manipulating conventions and setting up candidates with considerable minuteness and accuracy4 ,nor is it possible for us to read without mortification his account of the manner in which the professional politicians carry on the government3 8,such institutions leave the nation completely disarmed against corruption4 ,no one1 either in the executive or the legislative branch1 has any interest in stopping it4 ,we shall even see that1 under the political customs of the country1 the representatives of power in every grade have a manifest interest in tolerating it4''' ,before the presidential election the politicians who manage the conventions of the party make careful bargains with their candidate for the distribution of the offices4 ,the ,president1 when he desires a re-election1 has here in the same manner a powerful motive of action2 all the federal employees fight for him with ardor and by every possible means1 for the retention of their places depends upon his triumph4 ,it is easy to see how party spirit is inflamed by the prospect of so much booty in case of success4 ,the evils of this system have become more striking as the number of federal employees has increased4 ,given the prevalence of dishonesty and love of money1 it is evident that office-holders who can retain their places only a few years must make use of the time to enrich themselves4''' ,but corruption is not confined to the employees1 properly speaking2 it extends in a large measure even to the representatives of the nation4 ,the ,president nominates his cabinet1 subject to the confirmation of the ,senate4 ,but in the party conventions the ,president's choice is fixed in advance4 ,arrangements of the same kind are made with the senators2 for their approval is necessary for a thousand federal appointments1 and naturally for the most important4 ,the result of this state of things is that the ,senate which1 by the ,constitution is a directing political body without whose co-operation it is impossible for the ,president to carry on the government1 becomes a theatre of incessant intrigue and corruption40 ,we prefer not to follow ,m4 ,jannet in his brief recital of the ,crdit ,mobilier scandal1 the ,fremont affair1 the ,pacific ,mail bribery1 the operations of the ,tweed and ,erie ,rings1 the boldness of the lobby1 the power of the railway corporations in politics1 the pressure of enormous debts and taxes as the inevitable consequence of legislative venality1 and the degradation of the judicial office4 ,it is a horrible account1 but it is not exaggerated4 ,for all his statements--save1 of course1 some mistakes of secondary importance--,m4 ,jannet can show good ,american authority4 ,in the face of all this disorder and corruption the best citizens1 disgusted with political life1 hold themselves every year more and more strictly aloof from it4 8,men of property1 merchants1 and manufacturers are injured by the mismanagement of affairs1 and deplore it2 but each one finds it for his individual advantage not to lose his time in trying to correct public evils4 ,the country is still rich enough to bear the waste and rascality of a government which calls itself popular4''' ,even in these days there are certain influences of religion1 race1 or locality which sometimes bring honest and capable men into the local political assemblies2 but the ruling trait of ,american democracy is nevertheless the ostracism of the upper classes and of eminent men4 ,the consequence is that these classes become more and more dissatisfied with democratic institutions1 and cast wistful eyes towards the constitutional government1 in reality more free than theirs1 which ,great ,britain and her colonies enjoy4 ,from ,de ,tocqueville and ,ampre to ,duvergier de ,hauranne and ,hepworth ,dixon1 all observers have been struck by this sentiment1 not in general openly expressed1 but sufficiently shown by the considerable number of distinguished ,americans who pass the greater part of their lives out of the country40 ,in this there is just a modicum of truth--less now1 perhaps1 than there was when it was written2 for there is to-day an unmistakable tendency among our best citizens to resume that share in the management of public affairs from which they have too long suffered themselves to be excluded4 ,but ,m4 ,jannet follows ,hepworth ,dixon in his stupendously absurd remarks on the 8moral emigration0 of the best men of ,america1 and finds it a proof of distaste for democratic institutions that ,washington ,irving should have rambled about the ,alhambra1 ,bancroft accepted the mission to ,england1 and ,hawthorne the consulate at ,liverpool2 that ,motley should have read the archives of the ,dutch ,republic at the ,hague1 ,power and ,story studied among the monuments of ,italy1 and ,longfellow amused himself with the 8,golden ,legend0 when he might have found so many heroic subjects at home6 ,we are astonished that ,m4 ,jannet1 who has certainly read a great many ,american books1 should not have perceived the dense ignorance which distinguishes this particular portion of ,dixon's ,new ,america perhaps above the rest of the book4 ,m4 ,jannet has only to pause and reflect for a moment1 and he will not accuse ,diedrich ,knickerbocker and the author of the ,life of ,washington and ,rip van ,winkle of neglecting his own country to lounge in ,granada1 nor blame the poet of ,cambridge because he rhymed the 8,golden ,legend0 as well as the story of ,evangeline and ,miles ,standish4 ,hawthorne too1 the most thoroughly national of ,american romancers1 and ,bancroft1 who has spent a lifetime in the study of ,american history6 ,is it also to ,mr4 ,hepworth ,dixon that ,m4 ,jannet is indebted for the discovery stated in the following passage8 8,americans1 even those who at heart are most disgusted with democracy1 have a passionate love of their country1 and look upon themselves as the first nation of the world4 ,this patriotism1 despite its exaggerations1 is a great power for the country4 ,without precisely desiring the establishment of a constitutional monarchy1 many enlightened ,americans aspire to a stronger and more stable government under a republican form4 ,i have been struck1 in the intercourse that ,i have had with many of them1 by the secret admiration with which the rule of ,napoleon ,,iii4 in its day inspired them4 ,this rule1 democratic in its origin1 revolutionary in its principle1 but favorable to the preservation of material order and the acquisition of wealth1 agreed very well with their desire for additional security1 and at the same time with their lack of principles4 ,sentiments of this kind--and they are wide-spread--are one of the greatest dangers that threaten ,american society40 ,of course the corruption which disgraces politics appears likewise in the private life of the people4 ,the constant aim of the ,yankee1 says ,m4 ,jannet1 is to make money4 8,the love of money seizes the young man from the time of his adolescence1 and does not let the old man allow repose to the evening of his life4 ,except in the old slave ,states1 there is no class of people of leisure in ,america4 ,from top to bottom of the ladder1 all society is a prey to devouring activity4 ,its economical results are considerable2 the rapid growth of the nation and its prodigious development in all the arts of material well-being are the fruits of this ardent labor which knows no rest4 ,if the ,americans love money1 it is not for the sake of mere acquisition1 but in order that they may give themselves up to the enjoyment of luxuries and launch into new speculations4 ,harpagon is a type which does not exist among them4 ,indeed1 they generally lack those habits of patient economy which constitute the strength and the virtue of our old races of peasants and bourgeois4 ,their readiness to spend and their generosity in case of need equal their appetite for gain4 ,one who fails to take account of this characteristic restlessness of ,american life will get but an imperfect idea of the private habits and public institutions of the people4 ,in no country are #8honors' more eagerly sought after or is democratic vanity more freely indulged2 but it must be confessed that #8honor' is interpreted among ,americans1 or at least among ,yankees1 in quite a different sense from that which is accepted in ,europe4 ,no man plumes himself upon disinterestedness4 ,magistrates1 generals1 statesmen1 accept subscriptions of jingling dollars as testimonials of public esteem4 ,it is alike in dollars that they pay1 among the ,yankees1 for injuries and insults4 ,this universal thirst for gold has perhaps the good effect of softening political asperities1 at least so long as a boundless field remains open for work and speculation4 ,the unbridled love of money1 in fact1 lowers all men to the same level1 and stifles alike fierce fanaticisms and generous passions4 ,the same ardor in the pursuit of wealth soon scatters the family4 ,aged parents1 home1 or the paternal acres1 nothing can restrain those who are ruled by this passion alone4 ,there is no attempt1 as there is with us1 to conceal the love of money4 #8,the almighty dollar6' cry the ,americans with admiration4 ,a new-comer is presented to them4 #8,how much is this man worth8' they ask1 instead of inquiring1 as we should do1 about his antecedents and his merit4 ,everything is overlooked for a rich man1 and1 except in a few chosen circles1 a bankruptcy counts for nothing when fortune smiles again4 ,nowhere is merit valued without money4 ,hence the inferiority of ,american literature and art2 hence the commercial customs that prevail in professions which we style liberal4 ,physicians1 counsellors at-law1 even ministers of the ,gospel 7we speak1 be it understood1 only of the ,protestant sects71 advertise as freely as the commonest working-man4 ,poverty is held in contempt to a degree of which our older society1 formed in the school of ,catholicity and chivalry1 can have no idea4 ,in spite of universal suffrage and absolute political equality1 there is no country in which so great a gulf has been placed between the rich and the poor4 ,this superficially democratic society would not live in peace two days1 if it were not that the poor man can raise himself with a little trouble to comfort1 if not to fortune4 ,but when the natural riches of the country become less abundant and the demand for labor abates1 will not these hard social customs become a cause of formidable antagonism8 ,distant as this future may still appear1 the question is one which no serious observer can well avoid asking4 8,the pursuit of wealth is the main-spring of material progress1 but when it is carried to an extreme it misses the very object of its pursuit4 ,the excessive love of money has developed in the ,united ,states a financial dishonesty which stains the national character and causes a great loss of the public property4 ,who has not heard of the great fires which so often destroy entire quarters of the large cities8 ,they are often kindled by individuals who wish to conceal their bankruptcy or to get the amount of their insurance4 ,these crimes affect a multitude of innocent persons and cause an increase in the rates of insurance2 in short1 it is the nation at large which pays for such frauds by an increase in the cost of all its products4 ,it is the same thing with failures4 ,they entail no dishonor1 as they do in ,france2 that is why they are so many4''' 8,the causes of this perversion of the moral sense are complex4 ,amid the almost infinite subdivision of ,protestant sects there is no longer any religious teaching which addresses itself with authority to the mass of the nation4 ,we do not take sufficient account of what ,catholicism is doing in our country to maintain the fundamental ideas of morality even among men who during their lives remain strangers to its practices4 ,the corruption of the public authorities and the inefficient administration of justice have also a great influence4''' ,moreover1 we must take into consideration the very mixed character of the population4 ,even the native ,americans are incessantly in motion4 ,they transfer themselves from one end of the country to the other for the slightest of reasons1 and thus they escape the salutary control of local opinion which1 among stable populations1 is one of the most powerful moral influences4 ,the establishment of joint-stock companies for financial and commercial enterprises--an innovation which dates from about fifty years ago--has done a great deal to weaken the sentiment of responsibility4''' ,if certain companies are honestly administered1 a great number are made the occasion of shameless frauds4 ,we see audacious speculators buying up a majority of the stock in order to make secret issues of new shares4 ,this operation is called #8stock-watering4' ,it is estimated that between ,july #a1 #ahfg1 and ,may #a1 #ahfi1 twenty-eight railway companies increased their capital from #bhg1jjj1jjj to #djj1jjj1jjj4 ,these shares only serve for stock-gambling1 and woe to those who have them left on their hands6 #8,it would appear1' says an ,american writer1 #8that the railroad speculators have three objects in view3 ,first1 to get as much as possible of the public lands2 experience has proved that the more they ask the more they will obtain1 and that the ease with which ,congress is induced to favor their projects is proportioned to the liberality with which they distribute funds for corruption4 ,secondly1 to raise in ,europe as large a loan as possible1 no matter at what rates4 ,thirdly1 when they have got all the land and all the money they can1 and have attracted all the immigration from ,germany they can hope for1 they sell the railroad1 at whatever loss to the bondholders1 and make a little ring of members of the company its sole proprietors6' ,the great number of these immoral speculations1 the adventurous character of commerce1 and the senseless luxury in which all business men indulge bring on periodically grave financial crises of which ,europe feels only the after effects4 ,malversation is common even in institutions which have the best reasons to be free from it4 ,enormous defalcations are daily committed in the administration of charitable works1 neutralizing in a great measure the generosity with which the ,americans have endowed them40 ,alas6 it is impossible to deny that these statements are substantially true4 ,the discoveries of corruption in public life which have recently produced so much political excitement surprise nobody who has studied ,american society4 ,this is a 8representative0 democracy2 and though certain well-understood causes1 which it would be out of place to discuss here1 have long been at work driving the highest class of our citizens out of public employment1 it is undeniable that as a general rule the morality of men in office is about on a level with that of the voters who put them there4 ,when peculation and swindling become common in commerce1 and a man who makes money is always treated with respect until he goes to the penitentiary1 it is almost inevitable that there should be bribery in the cabinet and conspiracy in the antechambers of the ,white ,house4 ,the stream cannot rise higher than its source4 ,but if we wish to understand the real condition of the ,american people1 we must study it in the nurseries of all public virtue--the home1 the school1 and the church4 ,with the first of these the woman question has a most intimate connection4 ,de ,tocqueville said that ,americans did not praise women much1 but daily showed their respect for them4 ,now1 says ,m4 ,jannet1 things have sadly changed4 ,we have ceased to respect women1 and we are always talking about their rights4 ,there is a considerable party among us which not only insists upon the right of women to vote and hold office1 but would make of them lawyers1 physicians1 and ministers of the ,gospel1 and give them the direction of industrial and commercial enterprises precisely as if they were men4 ,m4 ,jannet confesses that ,american women1 on the whole1 show very little eagerness to play the new rle which the modern social reformers have created for them2 but the agitation1 if it produces no practical results1 has a very unhappy influence upon the female mind1 and a bad effect upon female education4 ,how fearfully the family relation has been impaired in ,america all intelligent observers know4 ,the laxity and confusion of the marriage laws2 the shocking frequency of divorce2 the publicity given to scandalous and indecent investigations2 the prevalence of the crime of infanticide1 against which the press1 the pulpit1 and the medical profession have long exclaimed in horror2 the growing inability or unwillingness of ,american women to bear the burden of maternity2 the rapid decay of the ,american element in the population through the excessive proportion of deaths to births2 the breaking up of homes2 the license allowed to the young of both sexes--all these things are the appalling symptoms of a deep-seated social disorder4 ,we have been in the habit of making it a reproach to the ,french that there is no word in their language which expresses the ,american and ,english idea of home2 but it may be questioned whether1 retaining the word1 we are not in danger of losing the reality4 ,in the cities1 at all events1 there has been within the last quarter of a century a lamentable change in domestic life4 ,fashionable society has broken up the family gatherings around the evening lamp4 ,the mother no longer lives in the midst of her children2 she spends her days in shopping1 visiting1 and receiving1 and her nights in the ball-room4 ,children are educated by hired nurses1 and before they are full grown emancipate themselves from the control of parents whom they have never been taught to respect and obey4 8,at home10 in the jargon of the day1 has become a travesty of its original meaning2 it designates the exhibition of a domestic interior from which all the characteristics of home life are rigorously excluded4 ,architects are forgetting the meaning of home1 and in the fashionable house of the period the domestic virtues could hardly find a lodgment4 ,the hotel and the boarding-house are driving out of existence those model homes which were once the glory of ,america4 ,what else could we expect8 ,it is the woman who gives character to the household1 and the tendency of our time is to remove woman from the fireside and set her upon the platform4 ,that there is nothing in the ,american school system to supply the defects of ,american home education no ,catholic will need to be assured4 ,the whole system rests upon the principle that the school-teacher has nothing to do with the cultivation of the moral nature of his pupil4 ,his duty is limited to the atlas1 the copy-book1 and the multiplication-table4 ,the pretext upon which this rule has been adopted1 says ,m4 ,jannet1 is respect for all religious beliefs1 but its real end is to create a generation without any positive religious belief whatever4 ,zealous ,christians even among ,protestants are not deceived by it4 ,a report upon the state of schools in ,pennsylvania in #ahfd says3 8,the importance1 not to say the absolute necessity1 of religious education becomes day by day more apparent4 ,if we wish to maintain our institutions1 it is essential to raise the standard of character and to revive among our people the spirit of ,christianity4 ,the generation which will soon succeed us should not only be skilful of hand1 stout of heart1 and enlightened in mind1 but it must learn also to love ,god and man and practise duty40 ,but unfortunately1 continues ,m4 ,jannet1 such remonstrances have proved unavailing1 and the 8unsectarian0 system is now permanently established--a sad result for which the ,protestant clergy is in great part to blame4 ,nearly all of them approve the system1 in the belief that ,sunday-schools will be sufficient for religious instruction2 but 8true ,christians point out that this separation of the two branches of education tends to make religion regarded as something foreign to the practical affairs of life40 ,our author shows how steadily the godless theory of education has gained acceptance2 he perceives the growing disposition to enforce it by the authority of the federal government1 and make it obligatory upon the ,states to provide irreligious schools1 and upon the people to use them4 ,in the progress of this destructive tendency he traces the influence of ,german ideas1 political1 pseudo-philosophical1 socialistic1 and atheistic1 in which lies one of the greatest dangers of the republic4 8,two things strike us in these new currents of opinion3 on the one hand1 their opposition to the old bases of ,anglo-,saxon ideas and liberties under which the ,united ,states lived until about #ahej2 on the other1 their identity with the principles disseminated in ,europe by the revolutionists4 ,it is impossible for an impartial observer not to recognize here the effect of one and the same cause acting in accordance with a well defined aim4 ,this cause1 this agent1 let us say at once1 is ,freemasonry4 ,it is easy to judge of the real purpose which it has in view by studying it in the ,united ,states4 ,there the conflicts and passions of the ,old ,world have no place2 what ,freemasonry seeks to accomplish is the destruction of all positive religion and of every principle of authority in man's political and social relations40 ,protestantism1 far from checking these disastrous tendencies1 has allowed itself to increase them2 and even if it had the will to constitute itself the defender of the state and the family1 it is torn by intestine divisions and driving rapidly towards disintegration4 ,yet ,m4 ,jannet does not quite give us up for lost4 8,the crisis which is now passing over the country and checking its material prosperity may be the signal for a reform1 in forcing honest men to recognize the vices of their institutions and the corruption of their manners40 ,there are four influences which he hopes may combine to save us4 ,these are1 #a1 the wisdom and energy of the people of the ,south1 who1 after ten years of persevering efforts1 have at last begun to recover the direction of their local affairs1 and to clear away 8the ruins caused by the war and the domination of the ,radicals40 #b4 ,the success obtained by the ,democrats1 or rather the ,conservatives1 in the elections of ,november1 #ahgd1 and ,april1 #ahge--;a success that will put an end to the despotism with which the ,radicals have cursed the country for fifteen years4 ,we give these two points for what they are worth2 of course we do not believe that there is any such fundamental difference between the people of the ,north and the people of the ,south1 the people who call themselves ,republicans and the people who call themselves ,democrats1 as ,m4 ,jannet imagines4 #c4 ,the great number of ,american families who1 in the midst of corruption and disorder1 have faithfully preserved the virtues and domestic habits which lie at the foundation of all prosperous society4 #d4 ,lastly and chiefly1 the marvellous progress of the ,catholic ,church4 ,we make no comment upon this portion of his essay1 but we end our review with a few lines from his closing paragraph which it will do us ,americans1 at the beginning of our new century1 no harm to take to heart3 8,in all countries1 in all times1 under the most diverse historical and economical conditions1 the moral laws which govern human society are unchanging and inevitable4 ,founded upon the decalogue1 nay1 upon the very nature of ,god1 the distinction between good and evil knows no mutation4 ,everywhere men are prosperous or unfortunate1 according as they keep the divine law or break it40 #abg ,les ,etats-,unis ,contemporains1 ou les ,murs1 les ,institutions et les ,ides depuis la ,guerre de la ,scession4 ,par ,claudio ,jannet4 ,paris3 ,e4 ,plon et ,cie4 #ahgf4 ,,letters ,,of ,a ,,young ,,irishwoman ,,to ,,her ,,sister4 7,,from ,,the ,,french47 ,,orleans1 ,january1 #ahfg4 ,i hasten to tell you1 my darling sister1 of our happy arrival in the city of ,joan of ,arc4 ,it was cold during this long journey1 but ,i was so silkenly enveloped inside the elegant coup which was ,ren's ,new ,year's gift to me that ,i did not feel it4 ,ah6 qu'un autre vous-mme est une douce chose6--8,how sweet it is to have a second self60 ,you know how often ,i used to say this at the ,sacred ,heart1 and with what questioning eyes our ,parisian companions were wont to regard the daughters of ,erin4 ,our impassioned fondness for one another surprised them1 and we said that doubtless in ,france people did not know how to love4 ,dearest1 we have now learnt that the country of our adoption is as warm as our native land4 ,what kind hearts have we not found here6 ,i am glad1 therefore1 to remain here for the winter2 besides1 with ,ren ,i cannot grow weary anywhere4 ,why1 darling ,kate1 are you not with us8 ,prepare yourself for frequent letters1 as ,i have the mania of a scribbling friendship1 to the astonishment of my mother-in-law4 ,true1 my writing-desk accompanies me everywhere1 and before all other pleasures ,i prefer that of conversing with you4 ,our home is delightful for comfort and elegance4 ,we--that is1 ,ren and ,i--occupy the second story4 ,our house is in the ,rue ,jeanne d',arc1 and ,i have only to go to the window to see the beautiful cathedral1 which ,i do not fail to visit often1 there to pray in union with my ,kate4 ,a tout seigneur tout honneur4#abh ,let us1 then1 speak first of this marvel of stone2 of this ,gothic pile whose lofty towers excite the admiration of the artist4 ,dearest1 shall ,i tell you8 ,i felt myself more at home there than in any other church4 ,i am not going to describe either the rich chapels or the splendid windows4 ,in these first visits to ,sainte-,croix my heart melted with joy at the thought that ,i am a ,catholic4 8,well1 my little ,irlandaise1 and so you are enthusiastic about ,orleans10 said ,ren softly to me1 on observing the flush upon my cheeks4 ,i have been shown also the statue of ,joan of ,arc in the ,place du ,martroi4 ,this1 however1 ,i do not admire2 it is not the young shepherdess of my dreams1 but a robust maiden of vigorous mould on horseback4 ,but the bas-reliefs6''' ,these are magnificent1 sublime6 ,what memories6 ,what a history6--put to death upon the soil of this same ,france which she had saved4 ,my blood boils when ,i think of the cruelty of ,england4 ,we are quite a large colony here4 ,i must introduce you1 ,miss ,kate1 into this family circle4 ,you scarcely know my mother-in-law1 having only had an occasional glimpse of her amid the solemnities of my marriage1 and when you were thinking only of your ,georgina4 ,we orphans were all in all to each other--we who were then on the point of being separated4 ,dear1 dear ,kate6 my alter ego1 my idol1 who1 wholly possessed by the highest love1 have willed to consecrate your youth and future to the service of our ,lord in the persons of his poor2 and now there are you in your coarse habit1 while ,georgina the worldly is adorning herself with the jewels which became you so well6 ,my mother-in-law1 who is kindness itself to me1 is a person of exceeding dignity2 quite a medival chtelaine1 with the noble bearing of the heroines of ,walter ,scott4 ,her piety is fervent1 and1 her sons tell me1 just a little austere4 ,ah6 dearest1 what a blessing is such a mother as this4 ,the breath of the present age has not passed over her dwelling2 her children believe and worship2 and ,i seem to behold in her a ,christian of the early centuries or a ,blanche of ,castile4 ,my four sisters-in-law are very kind to the last comer1 your ,georgina4 ,you saw my brothers in ,paris4#abi ,mme4 ,adrien is a ,belgian1 lively and graceful1 and as proud of her 8jewels0 as the ,cornelia of antiquity4 ,she has three sons1 who are pupils of the ,jesuit ,fathers in the ,rue des ,postes1 and whom we shall only see during the vacations4 ,her daughter ,hlne1 a superb blonde1 worthy of inspiring a ,raphael1 has just completed her education at the ,benedictines of ----4 ,mme4 ,raoul was born of a ,french family on the other side of the ,rhine4 ,her two daughters1 ,thrse and ,madeleine1 are my delight4 ,i sometimes go and look at them sleeping1 and then go to sleep myself to dream of angels4 ,picture to yourself these twins1 the one small and fair1 the other tall1 slender1 with a pale complexion and brown curls2 gayly bearing the light burden of their ten years1 and alike in one thing only--the voice2 and thus they often amuse themselves in taking us by surprise and making us guess which of the two is speaking4 ,mme4 ,paul has four treasures3 the dauphin1 ,arthur1 and demoiselles ,margurite1 ,alix1 and ,jeanne1 the pretty one who arrived last--all this little population1 young1 fresh1 smiling1 chattering1 and roguish4 ,mme4 douard1 the most sympathetic of all1 the most ,french1 and the most attractive1 who has been married three years1 is rich in the sweetest little cherub that could flatter maternal pride4 ,adieu1 dearest2 this is only a sign of life4 ,i am tired with the expeditions of the day1 and ,ren reminds me that it is late4 ,be happy1 my ,kate1 and help me to bless ,god for my happiness2 ,i am so afraid of being ungrateful4 ,,your ,,georgina4 ,,january1 #ahfg4 ,booksellers are abundant here1 my dear2 and ,ren1 who knows my weakness1 daily brings me something new4 ,i have just read ,mme4 ,rosly1 by ,mlle4 ,monniot1 a name dear to our youth4 ,how much ,i should like to know this authoress6 ,the mind capable of such conceptions must be a personification of virtue and devotedness4 ,the thought occurred to me of writing to her4 ,dear busy one1 you will not even open this book2 and yet how much it would please you1 it is so beautiful6 ,what pleasure it gave me there to find ,margaret again1 become a sister of ,bon-,secours6#acj ,i visited yesterday two churches1 ,st4 ,paul and ,recouvrance1 both newly restored4 ,there are fine windows at ,st4 ,paul's1 but the colors are too vivid for my taste4 ,to the right is a chapel nearly dark1 and a black ,virgin held in great veneration--,notre-,dame des ,miracles4 ,i shall often return thither4 ,i prayed there with all my heart for you1 for our friends1 for our own ,ireland4 ,recouvrance is a charming church1 close upon the ,loire4 7,did ,i tell you of my transport on seeing the beautiful river about which ,i had written volumes in the upper classes87 ,the altar is surmounted by sculptures--,mary and ,joseph finding ,jesus in the midst of the doctors4 ,this sanctuary is a casket4 ,around the side aisles are delicious little chapels1 with frescoes by ,hippolyte ,lazerges4 ,i will mention those of the baptistery--,moses striking the rock1 and the ,samaritan at ,jacob's well4 ,the ,samaritan is admirably fine in form and expression4 ,i stayed long before it--this fair page of ,scripture made to live1 as it were2 the ,saviour teaching the truth to this sinful woman6 ,here are the most beautiful confessionals that can be seen1 with exquisite little paintings--the father of the prodigal welcoming his son1 and the good ,shepherd recovering his sheep from among the thorns4 ,your letter has just reached me4 ,thanks1 ,kate6 ,how sweet and good a thing it is to be so loved6 ,fain would ,i shed around me some little of the happiness with which ,i am flooded4 ,my mother-in-law is so kind as to let me share in her works of charity1 and my good ,ren accompanies me into the abodes of the poor4 ,oh6 in these low streets what miseries there are1 what repulsive infirmities6 ,these poor quarters remind me of ,london4 ,in the evening we pay visits4 ,orleanese society appears to me much less frivolous than that of ,paris4 ,i felt very shy at the prospect of all these introductions1 but they came about in the most natural way in the world4 ,our family party is so united1 so animated1 that we have no need to seek amusement from without4 ,at ten o'clock ,grandmother gives the signal for us to separate4 ,ren and ,i prolong the evening by reading together4 ,with regard to ,ren1 ,i am full of remorse for having--quite inadvertently1 however--neglected to enclose in my last letter the one which he had written to you1 and which you must since have received4 ,oh6 how excellent he is1 this brother of yours2 and how proud of him ,i am--so intellectual1 so distinguished1 so handsome1 and1 what is far better and worth all the rest1 so pious6 ,every morning we go together to ,mass at ,sainte-,croix4 ,the ,masses of communion are said in an expiatory chapel before the image of the ,mother of ,sorrows4 ,from an artistic point of view this chapel is an anachronism--a ,greek marble in a ,gothic church4 ,but what peace reigns there1 what recollection2 and one can pray there so well6 ,orleans seems to me empty in the absence of its great bishop1 now in ,rome4 ,do you remember our enthusiastic exclamations while reading his excellent work on education8 ,i am impatient to be presented to him1 to speak to him of ,ireland--of this people which he has justly called 8a people of martyrs and apostles40#aca ,have read the ,souvenirs d'une ,institutrice1 by ,mme4 ,bourdon4 ,that isolation1 those struggles against penury1 that life so troubled and stormy1 made a hymn of thanksgiving gush out of my heart to ,him whose providence has ordained for me so different a destiny4 8,o fortune60 said the ,solitary of ,cayla1 8what suffering dost thou not cause when thou art adverse60 ,dear ,kate1 with all my heart ,i pity the poor1 especially the mothers4 ,ren made a discovery yesterday--a young married couple in utter distress1 owing to the illness of the husband4 ,the young mother is wholly occupied in the attendance necessary to the sick man and to her new-born son1 who might be well named ,benoni1 the poor darling6 ,it does not possess even a cradle4 ,how ,i wept while listening to the story of their last three months6 ,we sent the doctor to them1 and ,i felt the pleasure of a child in myself choosing whatever ,i thought needful for this family4 ,mary and ,joseph must have been thus at ,bethlehem4 ,the poor woman had sold her furniture bit by bit1 not venturing to beg or speak to any one of her troubles2 and yer the charities here are admirably organized4 ,lucy 7,mme4 douard7 is coming with us to-morrow on a pilgrimage to ,clry2 ,i shall pray there for my ,kate1 and for all whom we love4 ,i go the round of the churches with ,lucy2 ,ren carves1 paints1 or writes1 and we have music together4 ,my mother-in-law has given me a beautiful piano1 one of ,pleyel's4 ,our brothers have excellent voices4 ,lucy and ,i play splendid pieces of ,mendelssohn1 ,mozart1 and ,beethoven4 ,what concerts1 what harmonies1 what an enchanted life6 ,from eight o'clock in the evening until ten we work for churches or the poor4 ,don't be uneasy1 dear ,kate1 with regard to what you call the unsettled1 aimless life of the world2 my hours and minutes are regulated with a mathematical precision4 ,ren loves order above everything1 and my mother-in-law's hobby is punctuality4 ,your ,georgina1 who is not over-exact and a bit of a loiterer1 is making rapid strides to attain to the perfection of her lord and master1 who is good and lovable a thousand times over1 and never scolds4 ,do you remember our old mistress ,annah1 who invariably used to say upon quitting us1 8,my husband will scold10 at which we always laughed1 little giddy ones that we were8 ,i bow before your gravity1 and kiss you a hundred and a hundred times4 ,,february1 #ahfg4 ,i am just come from ,st4 ,pierre du ,martroi1 where the ,pre ,minjard has been preaching a sermon in behalf of the ,society of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul--an institution shown by the eloquent orator to be a source of comfort to sorrows otherwise inconsolable1 and also a preservative against a social danger4 ,what a picture he drew of atheistic poverty--poverty without ,god6 ,what eloquence6 ,what a soul of fire6 ,at last1 under this austere ,dominican habit1 ,i have beheld a man of genius4 ,thought makes this manly countenance its abode1 and here dwells intellect in its plenitude4 ,his eyes sparkle at times with a lightning flash almost dazzling4 ,ah6 dear ,kate1 what an absorbing discourse4 ,how exactly like yourself it is to be so interested in ,benoni and his family6 ,i scarcely venture to go there1 the poor woman so overwhelms me with her thanks4 ,in vain ,i tell her again and again that she is my sister1 and that in giving her a little from my abundance ,i have done nothing more than my strict1 rigorous1 obligatory duty4 ,she receives me as if ,i were an angel from ,paradise4 ,the young man is recovering his health1 and the child his roses4 ,thanks to my good ,ren1 who is really the most generous of men1 ,i have installed them in a commodious and airy apartment where everything is bright with sunshine4 ,this morning the ,god of the ,eucharist entered this truly sanctified dwelling4 ,this little household is so religious1 resigned1 and thankful to a kind ,providence that ,god must take pleasure in it as in a temple4 ,our pilgrimage was charming4 ,lucy consecrated her baby to ,our ,blessed ,lady2 and how happy the little love appeared to be about it6 ,the church of ,clry is of ,gothic architecture1 sufficiently remarkable1 but how dilapidated1 poor1 and bare6 ,i noticed a clock and a ,christ which must be as old as the time of ,louis ,,xi42 a magnificent ,way of the ,cross2 beautiful antique carving in a small chapel which is quite in a ruinous state4 ,the black ,virgin is ,notre-,dame de ,clry1 who shared with ,notre-,dame d',embrun the affection and the eccentric devotion of the son of ,marie d',anjou1 in whose mind they represented two distinct persons2 and were invoked 7,o blasphemy67 almost as witnesses of the atrocities and revengeful deeds of the sombre lord of ,plessis-lez-,tours4 ,the black ,virgin is over the high altar4 ,i had a couple of tapers placed before this miraculous image1 one for my ,kate's intentions and one for my own4 ,the tomb of ,louis ,,xi4 and of ,charlotte of ,savoy is in the nave4 ,by the side of the pulpit is a monument of black marble2 four colonnades of white marble support the upper portion1 also of the same material1 upon which the ,king of ,france is kneeling1 his hand joined and his face turned towards the altar of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,his countenance has not by any means the wily and cruel expression given to him in the portraits of the time4 ,at the four corners are four angels facing the spectators4 ,on the way home we visited the ,church of ,st4 ,fiacre4 ,the road is animated in spite of the season2 there1 too1 is the river1 the beautiful river1 the river so eminently ,french4 ,besides1 must not even the dullest landscape appear radiant when one is twenty years old1 with a husband whom one adores1 a golden future in prospect1 and heaven itself in the heart8 ,kate dearest1 ,i am faithful to my daily ,te ,deum2 it is the only hymn that can express what ,i feel4 ,my mother-in-law gave a large dinner-party in the evening4 ,i made myself resplendent ''' in simplicity6 ,this1 at least1 is the encomium bestowed on me by ,ren1 who pretends that ,i was very much admired4 ,i would not say this to any one but my sister4 ,great names were represented there2 some of the greatest in ,france--names of chivalrous associations4 ,how happily inspired was ,mother ,st4 ,athanasius in making us read the chronicles of the middle ages6 ,it is to my having done so that ,i am indebted for the most gracious smiles of two honorable dowagers to whom ,i spoke of the glorious and historical deeds of their ancestors4 ,edward sang with me ,le fil de la ,vierge2#acb and altogether la petite ,irlandaise found the evening too short and the company too amiable4 ,these kind brothers and sisters never weary of bringing me forward1 placing me in the light1 and making everybody love me2 my mother-in-law calls me her lily1 her heath-flower1 her violet2 and the children are wild about ,aunt ,georgina4 ,dear ,kate1 how ravishingly fair is the dawn of my existence as a young wife6 ,a fortunate meeting1 dearie--namely1 with ,margaret ,w----1 the beautiful ,englishwoman1 who is1 she says1 en passage here4 ,i was at ,ste4 ,croix1 lost in my thanksgiving after communion1 when a rustling of silk and lace reminded me that ,i was still on earth1 and a musical voice with a slight ,english accent said in my ear3 8,c'est bien vous8--,is it really you1 ,georgina80 ,i raised my head and recognized our friend4 ,we came out together4 ,margaret has since paid me a visit1 and my mother-in-law asked her to spare a whole day to ,georgina4 ,all the family is won by the grace and lively wit of la belle ,anglaise4 ,she is on her wedding tour2 her husband is very agreeable--an accomplished gentleman1 with the manners and bearing 7if you please7 of a peer of ,england4 ,lady ,margaret told us about her presentation at court4 ,queen ,victoria is very fond of her4 ,in the evening twilight#acc we found ourselves alone together2 then1 looking straight into my eyes1 ,margaret asked me3 8,are you truly and perfectly happy1 ,georgina80 ,you may guess what was my answer4 8,so much the better2 so much the better10 sighed the lofty lady2 and then1 blushing and with a full and beating heart1 she confided to me her grief--her husband does not love her6 ,and yet he had seemed to me full of thoughtful attention to her4 8,ah6 dear ,georgina1 if you only knew what ,i suffer4 ,i love ,lord ,william passionately4 ,i believed in his love1 and now ,i know that my large fortune tempted his mother1 who1 by dint of entreaties1 persuaded him to marry me1 when he really loved his cousin1 a poor and pretty orphan1 who was1 moreover1 well deserving of his affection40 ,i did not know what to say to her4 ,was she seeking consolation8 ,i cannot tell4 ,she was lofty and proud until this intimate confidence4 ,i took her hand1 and with the utmost tenderness expressed my sympathy1 assuring her that no one could see her without loving her1 and that there could be no doubt that ,lord ,william returned her affection4 ,she burst into tears and kissed me twenty times4 ,had ,i convinced her8 ,in the evening ,i watched the ,english peer attentively2 his amiability was perfect4 ,i managed skilfully to bring out the talents of ,margaret1 who sang and played the loveliest things1 and with such an expression6''' ,pray for this heart1 dear ,kate4 ,ah6 how true it is that a serpent hides among the flowers4 ,who would not envy the happiness of this young bride1 endowed with all the good things of this world1 and of an aristocratic beauty really incomparable8 ,on returning from ,italy ,margaret will visit ,switzerland4 ,we have agreed that she is to write to me1 and that we will do impossibilities to meet again4 ,ren complained of my being melancholy after the departure of 8the ,english40 ,i could not confide to him the secret of my friend4 8,dear ,georgina1 has this fine bird of passage inspired you with her wandering propensities80 8,you know very well1 ,ren1 that with you ,i desire nothing40 8,smile1 then1 my lady1 or ,i shall think you are ill2 come1 sing me #8,the ,lake1' to shake off your gloom40#acd ,my eyes will no longer stay open1 dear sister2 my tender affection to you4 ,,february #ag1 #ahfg4 ,a heavenly day1 dear ,kate2 all fragrant with holy friendship1 and1 still better1 with divine love4 ,pre ,minjard preached a charity sermon at ,ste4 ,croix on behalf of the schools in the ,east4 ,we went en chur1#ace as the twins say4 ,what incomparable eloquence6 ,nothing so captivates me as the art of language4 ,i was fascinated1 and as if hanging on the lips of this son of ,lacordaire4 ,he took for his text1 8,we must rescue ,christ4 ,christ is in danger40 ,in a sustained and always admirable style he showed us ,christ1 in peril in the ,gospel1 by false criticism2 in peril in tradition1 by false science2 in peril in the church teaching1 by false politics2 in peril in the church taught1 by false literature--all this is a social danger4 ,oh6 what beautiful things1 what sublime thoughts2 ,i could have wished the sermon never to end1 and felt myself living a life of intelligence in a higher region than ,i had ever dreamed of before4 ,here is one among other beauties3 8,in our hours of poetry and youth have we not all dreamed of the ,east1 with its clearer sun1 its balmier breezes1 its holier memories8''' ,such is1 in fact1 the incomparable favor that ,christ has granted us in leaving in our hands the destiny of his name and his works40 ,would that ,i could transcribe to you this living harmony1 this austere teaching1 ardent and true6 ,how splendidly he brought before us the ancient memories of that ,east from which everything we have has come to us2 the grand and ,christian souvenirs also of the ,crusades1 and of those ages of faith when men were capable of a passionate ardor for the beautiful and the good6 ,never had ,i imagined such rapidity of thought1 such facility of elocution1 such magnificence of language4 ,the few words of allusion to ,mgr4 ,dupanloup were of exquisite delicacy3 8,and ,i say this with so much the more freedom because he to whom my eulogies would be addressed is not present40 ,what a picture1 too1 he drew of the debasement of our souls if we no more had ,jesus ,christ6 ,a walk yesterday in the ,jardin des ,plantes4 ,our ,english parks are naturalized in ,france1 except in the official gardens--flat and monotonous squares4 ,a fine view from the top of the rising ground and the sky of ,france with ,ren--all this ,i found superb4 ,the twins were with us1 amusing themselves with a violet1 and at every step uttering exclamations of joy4 ,thrse takes the airs of a duchess1 and thus gets called by no other name--a custom which does not seem to displease her4 ,as for ,mad1 so small and fragile1 ,i have named her ,picciola4 ,my nieces are already pious1 and delight to take me into the churches2 we have seen five--the ,visitation1 the ,sacr-,cur1 the ,presentation1 the ,bon-,pasteur1 and the ,sainte-,enfance4 ,great sensation at home3 my mother expects her elder sister1 la tante solennelle--the solemn aunt--as the dauphin1 ,arthur1 has whispered to me4 ,everybody makes up a countenance and a toilet suitable to the occasion2 even the babies put on serious faces4 ,these preparations make me afraid4 ,i whisper to you that the least cloud frightens me2 our sky is always so clear4 ,my mother-in-law1 kind and maternal as she is to me1 nevertheless intimidates me greatly4 ,ren is going away to-morrow on business1 and this first separation causes me more pain than ,i am willing to confess4 ,i long so much to say to him3 8,take me with you40 ,i feel it would be unreasonable4 ,he is going to travel eighty leagues in a few days1 and does not wish to expose me to this fatigue1 though it seems to me that with him nothing could be difficult4 ,what will you say1 dear ,kate1 to your ,georgina8--that you no longer recognize her great courage1 and that inability to bear the least contrariety is not the mark of a ,christian2 that ,i ought rather to thank ,providence for sending me the opportunity of gaining a little merit4 ,dear little preacher6 the heart that loves does not reason1 and ,ren is my universe4 ,but ,i promise you to accept this light trial4 ,send your good angel to the traveller1 darling ,kate4 ,evening4--,i set out to-morrow with the dawn6 ,ren read in my eyes that ,i was fretting1 and altered his itinerary2 ,i am radiant1 and looking forward to a thousand delights4 ,love your ,georgina4 ,let us pray together for our green ,erin1 so worthy of our love4 ,i have always in my heart the hope of its resurrection4 ,,march #f1 #ahfg4 ,shall ,i tell you about my journey1 dearest ,kate8 ,we made a halt in ,brittany1 the land of true poets1 where we are to pass the summer4 ,as we walked over the barren heaths we shut our eyes and evoked the old memories of ,armorica1 while the mild image of ,guy de ,bretagne and of ,isabelle aux ,blanches ,mains#acf mingled in our imaginations with the shades of the martyrs4 ,dear ,kate1 ,i enjoyed this excursion immensely4 ,the farther ,i go1 the more ,i realize the happiness which ,god has allotted me in giving me for guide1 adviser1 and support this dear and gentle ,ren1 so truly the brother of my heart4 ,we have been reading together the life of ,saint ,elizabeth by ,m4 de ,montalembert4 ,the 8dear saint0 of ,protestant ,germany was wont to call her husband by the sweet name of brother1 and this we thought so suave1 so charming1 and angelic that we agreed to call each other brother and sister when we are alone4 ,oh6 what a heavenly thing is ,christian love4 ,that which ,i first of all admired in ,ren1 even when he was to me merely a stranger1 was his recollectedness in church4 ,he has often said to me--and with what earnestness6--8,georgina1 let ,jesus be all in all to us40 ,it is to your prayers1 my darling ,kate1 that ,i owe this happy destiny4 ,what a surprise6 ,my ,aunt de ,k---- was not expected before the end of the week2 but this morning1 on returning from my visits among the poor1 ,ren left me at the house door1 and ,i hastened as usual into the drawing-room to say good-morning to the dear little ones who daily welcome me with shouts of joy4 ,on entering ,i beheld an unknown face2 it was the solemn aunt4 ,a sudden blush mounted even to my forehead4 ,my mother-in-law introduced me2 while ,i lost myself in reverences1 my aunt bestowed on me a half-inclination of the head--so cold6 looking at me all the time with so searching an eye that ,i was almost out of countenance4 ,fortunately1 the door was again thrown open very wide1 and a footman in full livery announced ,mme4 ,edouard1 ,m4 ,gaston 7this is the pretty baby71 and in succession ,m4 et ,mme4 ,adrien1 ,m4 et ,mme4 ,raoul1 ,m4 et ,mme4 ,paul4 ,all were richly dressed4 ,i hid myself as well as ,i could behind ,lucy's fauteuil to keep my shabby toilet out of sight1 and then took advantage of the entrance of the children to make my escape before the entry of ,ren4 ,the solemnity of the djener nearly sent me to sleep4 ,at eight o'clock in the evening ,mme4 de ,k---- retired to her room1 alleging that she was fatigued with her journey2 you may judge whether any one tried to detain her4 ,then we began to dress ourselves up1 and exchanged silence for joyous dances and merry laughter4 ,duchesse was a 8golden fairy10 superb with her lofty air2 there is a touch of my solemn aunt about her4 ,picciola was charming in her ribbon-decked costume of a shepherdess4 ,your ,georgina was dressed en ,svign2 the sparkling ,lucy as a soubrette of the time of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,a few intimate friends joined us about nine o'clock4 ,the brilliant chords of the piano troubled not the repose of ,mme4 de ,k----1 who was purposely lodged far from the noise4 ,our songs1 our dances1 and lively follies went on till one o'clock2 and as ,i am not tired1 and1 besides1 make a point of sending you news of us before mortifying ,lent shall have proclaimed a truce to our delights1 with ,ren's permission ,i relate to you these little events4 ,dear ,kate1 my letters will no longer speak of anything but sanctity4 ,i kiss you with all my heart4 ,my brother1 who is beginning to read me a chapter of the ,imitation1 tells you how much he is devoted to you in ,him whose love is the bond of our souls4 ,,march #aj4 ,my dearest ,kate1 do not be anxious if ,i tell you that ,i am going to keep all the fasting days of ,lent4 ,the good doctor gives me permission to do so1 in spite of my eighteen years1 on condition that in case of the slightest fatigue ,i give it up4 ,this is understood4 ,m4 l',abb ,charles ,perraud1 of the ,oratory1 is preaching the ,lent at ,sainte-,croix4 ,what a congregation6 ,it was a compact crowd4 ,the text was1 8,man does not live by bread alone40 ,in order to please your love of sacrifice ,i will not send you another note during all these forty days2 but as ,i have not yet made any vow to renounce the most legitimate gratifications of the heart1 ,i shall keep a journal with great regularity1 to send you after ,easter4 ,i am reading again ,rob ,roy with ,ren2 this is for our secular reading1 but for the spiritual we have the ,conferences of ,fathers ,lacordaire and ,de ,ravignan4 #abth4--,was at the sermon3 8,enter into your heart40 ,the orator spoke of recollectedness1 inviting us to enter into our heart1 promising that by so doing we should find light1 joy and virtue2 these were the three points of his discourse4 ,we take interminable walks with ,isabelle 7,mme4 ,raoul7 and her children4 ,i am working a magnificent chasuble which ,i wish to present to our cur in ,brittany4 ,ren reads to us the ,revue du ,monde ,catholique and the ,union4 ,these gentlemen do not go to the club1 but occupy themselves1 according to their respective tastes1 in painting1 carving1 illuminating1 and creating surprises for us4 ,my solemn aunt took her departure this morning1 and all that is cold1 heavy and pompous went with her4 ,i have not told you that ,hlne and ,i are the best of friends4 ,we are of the same age2 she has always had an especial liking for ,ren1 and she also entrusts me with her confidences4 ,dear ,kate1 this good young heart has likewise been wounded by the divine ,hand1 and she who is the idol of her family desires to leave us1 that she may give herself wholly to ,god4 ,the poor mother knows nothing1 but she has a presentiment of this secret 7at the same time sweet and distressing71 and strives to dissuade her daughter from her purpose4 ,hlne wishes to be a ,carmelite4 ,she has her grandmother's energy and greatness of soul1 and nothing can shake her resolution4 ,thus there will be a separation under this happy roof2 the singing-bird is about to spread her wings and fly away to other skies4 ,since my pretty niece opened her heart to me ,i have become quite thoughtful4 ,if it should so happen that ,god required of me a similar sacrifice2 and if1 after giving up my sister to him1 ,i must also give him a child of my own6''' ,but ,i put aside this apprehension4 ,sufficient for the day is the evil thereof4 #adth4--8,bear ,god in your heart and glorify him in your bodies40 ,this sermon has deeply impressed me2 how ,i love the ,catholic doctrine respecting the body of man6 ,i love to communicate by the side of ,ren4 ,hlne followed us this morning2 in returning from the altar ,i involuntarily looked at her1 and was struck by the air of ecstatic joy and profound happiness which shone on her countenance4 ,kate1 she is truly called6 ,adrien dotes upon his daughter4 ,each one of the family feels the charm of her bright and cheerful piety1 which makes her admirable even in the smallest things2 she is grandmother's right hand1 who feels herself living over again in this fair child4''' ,how we are going to suffer6 #afth4--,a long walk with all the darlings1 which made me miss a sermon of the ,abb ,bougaud1 whom ,i so much want to hear4 ,visited two churches4 ,orleans is full of them1 and reminds me of the towns in ,italy1 where one comes upon them at every step4 ,i have had some letters from ,ireland1 from our friends in ,dublin4 ,lizzie asks me if1 like her1 ,i have a 8dear1 sweet home02 she is enchanted with her position4 ,ellen1 the lively ,ellen1 gently rallies me on my love for ,france1 and reminds me of ,petrarch3 ,non e questa la patria6 ,how she misjudges my feelings if she thinks that my happiness could make me forgetful of ,ireland6 #bast4--,sermon on the love of our neighbor4 ,i have no trouble in loving this dear neighbor of mine4 ,duchesse allows herself to rally her aunt on what she calls her love of everybody6 ,happily for this lofty little person1 ,berthe 7,mme4 ,raoul7 wages unflinching war against the slightest tendency to pride1 and the uncles surpass one another in teasing her out of it4 ,my room is all perfumed with the sweet fragrance of violets4 ,ren has brought me home splendid ones from his morning's ramble4 ,i delight in my bouquets like a child with a plaything2 it is long since ,i have had any flowers1 and ,i love these balmy things1 which the poetic ,margaret calls the 8beauties of nature1 queens of solitude1 and daughters of the sun40 #beth4--,the weather was fine2 ,ren had the horses put in1 and we set out together1 delighted to be alone4 ,as we were coming down the ,rue ,royale ,i caught sight of ,hlne and her father1 lost in admiration before some fine engravings4 8,shall we take them with us80 ,i said to ,ren2 and a minute afterwards the future ,carmelite was giving us her impressions of the day4 ,how charming she is6 ,and all this beauty is going to conceal itself under the austere bandeau and thick veil4''' ,we went to the ,chapelle ,saint-,mesmin1 where ,monseigneur has his college and his summer residence4 ,the pure air1 the perfumes of the spring1 the evening calm1 gave me an inexpressible feeling of enjoyment4 ,for a moment ,i forgot this earth1 and in the isolation of thought went back to my childhood2 saw our beloved home1 and our so lamented mother watching us at play4 ,why is she not with us still8 ,she would have been so proud of ,ren4 8,what are you thinking of10 asked ,hlne1 8looking in this way up to heaven like the picture of the ,mignon of ,ary ,scheffer80 8,she is dreaming of ,ireland10 replied my brother1 who had understood me4 #cast4--,sermon on the intellectual life3 8,lord1 give me understanding and ,i shall live40 ,my mother-in-law was rather unwell2 ,i passed the day in her room4 ,the whole flight of doves1 profiting by this fine ,sunday1 went out to flutter in the bright sunshine4 ,hlne presented her grandmother with a bunch of double violets2 she took them with a smile1 and then delicately placed them in my hair1 saying as she did so3 8,darling ,violet1 receive your sisters40 ,i kissed her hand--that soft1 white hand which reminds me of my mother's4 ,april #b4--8;,blessed are the pure in heart1 for they shall see ,god40 ,the days succeed each other1 but are not much alike1 it is said1 immutability not belonging to this earth4 ,that which always resembles itself is my union with ,ren4 ,he is no sooner absent than something within me suffers2 as soon as he returns my heart overflows with joy4 ,lucy asked me1 8,are you never sad80 8,never60 8,happy sister60 she rejoined2 8as for me1 ,i weep sometimes when baby suffers2 then ,i feel as if all was lost--as if ,i must die4 ,edward calls this exaggeration40 8,dear ,lucy1 the ,holy ,ghost has said1 #8,if you are glad of heart1 sing3 if sorrowful1 pray4' ,pray1 then1 so that you may never be sad4 ,god is so good that we ought to serve him with a joyful heart40 #gth4--,played some splendid duets with ,hlne1 who has remarkable power4 ,sermon on the supernatural life3 8,if you eat not the flesh of the ,son of man and drink his blood1 you have no life in you40 ,the ,pre ,perraud was the intimate friend of the gentle ,abb ,perreyve--8this delightful apparition10 said ,m4 de ,montalembert1 8which1 after an interval of thirty years1 has made me seem to see again ,lacordaire as he appeared before the court of the peers of ,france1 young1 eloquent1 intrepid1 gentle and frank1 austere and charming1 but above all ardent and tender1 endowed with that spring of fascination1 that key of hearts1 which is found so rarely here below4 ,in him one saw again that noble and sympathetic look which no one who had once received it could ever forget--that eye1 questioning and candid as that of a child40 ,i am reading again1 with ,ren1 ,quentin ,durward and ,charles the ,bold4 ,i am translating into ,english ,les ,enfants d'douard for ,lucy1 who says she likes ,english better than anything1 and wishes to teach it to her son4 ,edward 7ours7 pretends that ,i possess all the qualifications for a good professor4 ,they will spoil me1 these kind brothers4 #abth4--,way of the ,cross1 of the ,friday4 ,i love this devotion4 ,even the dauphin1 ,arthur1 begs to go to it2 he has a taste for music1 and the pretty voices of the children of the choir fascinate him4 ,i have to-day been absorbed in a delightful book for which ,i am indebted to the obliging kindness of ,adrien4 ,it is the letters of ,silvio ,pellico1 translated by ,m4 ,latour4 ,what an admirable man ,silvio is6 ,do you recollect the ,mmoires d',andryane8 ,silvio speaks of this book1 and deeply regrets that his friend1 the ,frenchman1 did not use more reserve in his confidences to the public1 as there were still prisoners in the ,spielberg4 #adth4--,copied a beautiful letter of ,mgr4 le ,comte de ,chambord1 our king1 as duchesse proudly says4 ,mgr4 ,dupanloup is at ,orleans2 this evening he appeared in the pulpit4 ,i was there2 for1 although the sermon was for men only1 ,i like so much to witness this fine spectacle of the nave quite filled with men4 ,i know of nothing more solemn and imposing than the ,miserere chanted by this multitude of deep and powerful male voices1 accompanied by the rich tones of the great organ4 ,my heart beat2 for ,i was about to listen to the great orator4 ,alas6 after the invocation ,monseigneur left the pulpit1 and was replaced by the ,pre ,perraud4 ,he took for his text the words of the prophet ,isaias3 8,watchman1 what of the night8 ,watchman1 what of the night8 ,and the watchman answered3 ,the morning cometh1 and also the night3 if you seek1 seek3 return1 come40#acg ,m4 ,bougaud preaches the retreat for ladies2 we are entering upon the week that is indeed holy4 #aeth4--,dear ,kate1 ,i am in a state of enthusiasm4 ,m4 ,bougaud is quite what his ,sainte ,chantal had led me to anticipate3 an ardent soul1 a heart of fire1 his style unique1 rich1 picturesque1 poetic1 incisive1 penetrating2 the priestly heart which knows all the feelings1 the aspirations1 and the needs of souls4 8,who are you1 and what say you of yourselves80 ,it was admirably fine4 ,he described to us the three wounds1 the three martyrdoms1 or the three honors of man in this world31 in the mind1 the thirst for infinite illumination2 in the heart1 a keen and incessant hunger after affections2 and in the whole being1 the craving for eternity4 ,it is from eternity that we are descended1 and thither we must ascend again4 ,i warmly expressed my admiration to ,ren and ,edouard1 who were waiting for me4 ,my sisters were detained at home by their maternal cares1 but it is settled that to-morrow we are to go in choir4 #afth4--,sermon on the duties of mothers3 8,three things constitute a great soul1 a soul strong and invincible3 a horror of sin1 a contempt for all that passes away1 and the love of ,god40 ,oh6 if it were granted me to have a child1 what happiness it would be to me to develop in him these three things4 #agth4--,i have not been to the sermon1 dear ,kate ''' ,a letter from ,fanny ,w---- has informed me of the sudden death of our dear ,mary4 ,i have been weeping all day1 thinking of the despair of her poor mother4 ,there had been nothing to prepare her for this thunderclap4 ,mary appeared to have entirely recovered from the fall she had last year1 of which the only remaining effect was an excessive paleness--8a paleness which rendered her so attractive that no one saw in it any alarming symptom4 ,the eve of her death she was speaking of you1 of ,kate1 the chosen one of her heart4 ,our vigil was prolonged to a later hour than usual2 ,i make use of the word vigil1 because ,mary loved it4 ,we spoke of the great subjects of interest about which she was so enthusiastic--of the church1 of ,ireland1 and of ,poland1 that other martyr2 and ,mary said to us3 #8,how the saints must implore the ,lord for their brethren upon earth6' ,dear soul6 she also implores him now4 ,comfort us1 darling ,georgina40 ,i have written4 ,i have tried to comfort these two hearts1 so stricken by death--that wound which is incurable here below4 ,may ,god be their help6 ,dear ,kate1 you will not hear of this loss for eight days to come1 in the midst of the ,catholic alleluia2 but it is indeed alleluia that one ought to sing over this early tomb4 ,happy are they whom ,god calls to himself6 ,ren has been reading to me this evening some chapters on the sufferings of ,jesus ,christ1 by ,father ,thomas of ,jesus4 ,truly1 the ,calvary of ,lady ,w---- is the sudden departure of her angelic child2 and who can console a mother8 ,fanny is saddened on account of their isolation1 although1 with the marvellous intuition of pure souls1 she feels that death separates bodies only4 8,she is always present to me10 she writes4 ,a world of memories revived within me upon reading these pages1 bedewed with many tears4 ,how warmly this family is attached to us6 #ahth4--,i could write a volume upon this ,holy ,thursday1 the ,thursday par excellence4 ,at seven o'clock ,i was in the ,black ,chapel with ,ren2 and we did not leave ,ste4 ,croix until past eleven4 ,what a service1 dear ,kate6 ,the ,catholic worship is nowhere more magnificently celebrated4 ,to adorn this vast temple1 ,monseigneur is having admirable ,stations of the ,cross sculptured in the walls themselves2 the sculptor requires a year for each station1 of which the earlier ones are now open to the pious curiosity of the public4 ,before one o'clock ,i set out with ,ren1 ,hlne1 and the twins for the visits to the churches--a veritable steeplechase4 ,duchesse had laid a wager with ,arthur that she would see fifteen2 and as she was bent upon gaining it1 she so prettily pressed me to show her 8some more0 that we still went on and on4 ,we had afterwards a time of repose2 a sermon from that true orator1 ,m4 ,bougaud3 8,whensoever you shall do these things1 do them in remembrance of me40 ,our ,lord has left us a remembrance4 ,what is this remembrance1 and with what feelings ought we to regard it8 ,what eloquence6 ,how well he depicted this remembrance1 and also how thorough an insight he possesses of the heart6 ,what happy similitudes and figures6 ,how he feels and how he loves6 ,it is plain that the love of ,god predominates all else in this soul4 8,when ,i was young ,i took offence at ,bossuet for saying that friendships pass away with years2 but now ,i am offended with him no more3 he saw clearly2 he saw only too well40 8,when ,i glance over the globe ,i am greatly moved4 ,i see ,ireland dying of famine2 ,poland groaning forth her last sigh of agony2 ,germany1 who has not yet stanched the bleeding wounds inflicted by her fratricidal wars2 ,italy1 binding up her wounds in the sun like a poor stricken ,samaritan2 ,france1 who perhaps in a few months' time will be covered with blood--all the nations shattered and expiring4''' 8,dear ,kate1 ,i wept as ,i listened to this enumeration2 for ,i thought of ,mary1 who died almost while speaking of the martyr-nations4 ,with regard to what ,m4 ,bougaud said about the love of ,god1 my pen is powerless to express it4 ,we are come back this evening from ,ste4 ,croix4 ,never did ,i see anything more imposing4 ,the cathedral was full4 ,the singing of the ,stabat was something admirable4 ,we were in the transept1 and before us this mass of men like a moving sea1 a profusion of lights1 numerous clergy1 the grand voice of the organ1 and in the tribune the children of the choir1 with the voices of angels4 ,i was transported4 ,a good day1 upon the whole1 although ,i should have preferred to all this agitation a few hours of solitude at the feet of ,jesus4 ,it is late2 ,ren is waiting for me for the holy hour4 ,good-night1 dear ,kate2 let us love ,jesus more and more4 #aith4--,this morning ,i hastened with ,hlne to make the ,way of the ,cross before there was a crowd4 ,the service was very fine4 ,monseigneur was present2 he seemed to me to be in great suffering4 ,i was at the sermon preached by ,m4 ,bougaud on the ,passion4 ,what attractive eloquence6 ,what love for the divine ,crucified ,one6 ,the preacher showed us the ,passion as the true ,sacrifice in which are united the three parts of the sacrifices of antiquity3 oblation1 immolation1 and communion4 ,he portrayed the august ,victim1 his beauty1 his courage1 and his love2 and in accents of the most touching pathos he retraced for us the great tragedy of the cross4 ,how he has understood and experienced the ,saviour's love6 ,speech is inadequate to express his lofty enthusiasm1 accompanied as it is by a heart and an imagination enkindled with such fervor4 ,on a day like this one does not know how to quit the church4 ,we were there again this evening for the sermon of the ,pre ,perraud3 8,he was bruised for our sins40 ,this young preacher was truly eloquent2 he too believes and loves1 and the love of ,god is a flame which is marvellous in its inspiration4 ,he pointed out to us in the ,passion of ,jesus ,christ a great teaching3 hatred of sin2 a sure hope2 the mercy of the ,lord4 ,kate dearest1 this is the first ,good ,friday that ,i have ever spent away from you6 #bjth4--,heard three ,masses with ,ren2 his ardent piety is a help to my tepidity4 ,this is the vigil par excellence1 the last of the holy forty days4 ,m4 ,bougaud's concluding sermon has been worthy of the preceding ones2 it was taken from the words of ,st4 ,augustine1 spoken on the same day1 in the year #chg1 when ,st4 ,ambrose gave holy baptism to this son of so many tears3 8,i believe in ,god2 ,i believe in ,jesus ,christ2 ,i believe in the church40 ,to listen to ,m4 ,bougaud is a royal treat2 ,i hung1 as it were1 on his lips1 drinking in that eloquence which is indeed the two-edged sword spoken of in ,scripture4 8,god is the place of souls4 ,a place is that which bears1 which supports40 ,how ably he developed this great proposition6 8,jesus ,christ is the only veritable source of love1 devotedness1 immolation1 and sacrifice4 ,all in the present age that is vile1 or despicable1 or impious will never be able to effect anything against the church2 while all it has that is beautiful1 noble1 refined1 great1 and excellent will never be able to effect anything but by the church2 these ,i call the two axioms of the intelligence and love of the church4 ,the distinctive and immortal sign which characterizes the church1 and which belongs to her alone1 is not science1 eloquence1 or genius2 it is devotedness1 immolation1 sacrifice40 ,and speaking of the love of ,god1 of ,jesus ,christ1 and of the church1 the characteristic of living souls1 he said3 8,it is needful to awaken in souls this threefold love40 ,it was beautiful1 sublime2 but a discourse like this cannot be reproduced by lips profane4 ,this evening we had no regular sermon1 owing to the fatigue of the preacher4 ,he contented himself with thanking his male auditors for their assiduous and willing attention 7the ,abb ,bougaud thanked us also1 with a charm peculiarly his own71 gave a rsum of the principal features of the plan he has been following in this course of instruction1 and1 after saying a few words on the subject of the ,paschal ,communion1 ended by inviting to it those who have not yet responded to the call of their ,saviour1 entreating them to be among the workmen who came at the eleventh hour4 ,o ,lord ,jesus6 draw all souls unto thee2 reveal to them the incomparable sweetness of thy service4 ,dear ,kate1 ,i am told so much of the beauties of the ,procession of the ,resurrection that ,i have decided to go to it4 ,marianne promises to wake me4 ,do you remember the good ,duchess ,elizabeth giving orders for her foot to be pulled in the night by one of her attendants1 and of the pleasing trait of the ,landgrave8 ,to-morrow ,i shall have this volume put into the post2 read in every line the unalterable affection of your ,georgina4 ,i do not mention ,ren1 our hearts having been melted into one alone4 ,alleluia1 dear sister of my soul6 ,when will the ,catholic alleluia be sung in all the universe8 ,who can ever have made the title of papist a term of reproach8 ,may ,england herself one day become papist and receive the pardon of ,ireland6 ,o my country6 how devotedly ,i love her4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 #abh 8,to every noble1 all honor0 7proverb74 #abi ,mmes4 de ,t---- were detained in ,brittany at the time of ,georgina's marriage4 ,the birth of ,jeanne1 ,mme4 ,paul's fourth child1 took place the same day4 #acj ,our ,lady of ,good ,help4 #aca ,sermon preached at ,st4 ,roch1 #ahfa4 #acb 8,the ,virgin's ,thread10 the poetic and popular name in ,france for the gossamer4 #acc ,l'entre chien et loup4 #acd ,dsassombrir4 #ace ,in choir--in a body2 a whole party4 #acf ,the white-handed ,isabelle4 #acg ,is4 xxi4 #aa4 ,,the ,,typical ,,men ,,of ,,america4 ,the commemoration of the birth of ,american independence one hundred years ago1 which is now engaging the attention of our entire community1 and exciting a lively interest in every quarter of the civilized world1 while it affords us an excellent opportunity for the display of the most tangible evidences of great national prosperity and progress in arts1 sciences1 and industrial pursuits1 will not be without its salutary influence on the thousands of intelligent foreigners who this year1 for the first time1 may visit our shores4 ,whether these strangers come to us merely to gratify their curiosity1 or1 actuated by a laudable spirit of investigation1 to study our laws1 institutions1 and peculiar systems of labor1 a personal inspection of our social and political condition will doubtless have the effect of removing many latent prejudices and false conceptions from their minds which have been planted and fostered there by ignorant journalists and hostile critics4 ,and if1 instead of confining their observations to the things to be seen in the grand ,exhibition at ,philadelphia1 or even to the seaboard cities1 with their fleets of shipping1 gigantic warehouses1 and immense factories1 they should penetrate into the interior1 they will behold a condition of society unequalled in any country or age4 ,there1 in the near and far ,west1 the observant traveller will find millions of happy homesteads1 wherein the laborious husbandman can repose in the twilight of his useful existence1 conscious that the fertile soil upon which he has spent the best years of his manhood1 and the roof-tree that covers him1 are absolutely his own1 subject to no earthly authority but the law which he and his fellows have devised for their mutual happiness and protection4 ,but while these advances in material as well as political greatness are naturally subjects of honest pride with the people of this country1 they likewise give rise to grave reflections1 and instinctively suggest the question3 ,has our progress in the higher aims of life1 in civilization1 morality1 and religion1 kept pace with our extraordinary increase in wealth1 population1 political power1 and material development8 ,we have no desire to throw a passing shadow over the festive spirit of this centennial year by dwelling too emphatically on individual and national faults--faults which1 though more apparent in our popular system of government than in the more secretive polity of other nations1 are nevertheless common to all--but we are obliged in candor to admit that the grosser pursuits of life1 the desire to possess the perishable things of the world1 have occupied much more the attention of the busy brains and restless physical energy of our population1 than the cultivation of solid mental gifts and the practice of public and private virtues4 ,much1 of course1 may be urged in palliation of this undue tendency to materialism4 ,possessing a fertile1 unsettled country of vast dimensions and inexhaustible agricultural and mineral wealth1 it was not unnatural that the new-born energies of our young republic should be directed to the attainment of personal independence1 by the cultivation and exploration of the almost illimitable public domain of which we became the owners by right of conquest or purchase4 ,but is it not now time to pause on the threshold of our second century of existence1 and enquire whether1 in this headlong pursuit of material success1 we have not almost lost sight of the great and sole end for which man was created1 and the means by which his destiny in this world and the next is to be accomplished8 ,has not our test of human usefulness been an incomplete one1 and our standard of mental and moral excellence far too low8 ,in nature1 it is said1 everything is great or little by comparison4 ,if the same rule be applied to the conduct and achievements of the men of the present day1 as contrasted with those of a past age1 we fear it would be found that1 while we are willing to honor the virtues of our ancestors and eager to claim a share of their glory1 we have lamentably failed in following their brilliant example1 and much more so in improving on their plans and methods of benefiting mankind4 ,and yet examples worthy of imitation are not wanting in the short but eventful pages of our history4 ,we need not go back to remote antiquity for them1 or even search through tomes of medival chronicles for what is so plentifully supplied us in modern records--models of moral purity1 unsullied reputation1 unselfish ambition1 and perfect manhood4 ,take1 for instance1 those two illustrious men whose names are most inseparably connected with ,american history--,christopher ,columbus1 the discoverer of the ,new ,world1 and ,george ,washington1 the central figure in that group of patriots and statesmen who founded the only really free republic that now exists or ever had an existence4 ,from the day he left his father's house in ,genoa1 at the early age of fifteen1 till1 spent by toil and worn down by disease1 he expired in ,valladolid1 the great discoverer pursued one unvarying course with a tenacity of purpose and a strength of will that were truly heroic4 ,but ,columbus was more than a hero3 he was a ,christian in the highest sense1 a ,catholic thoroughly imbued with the doctrines of the church1 and as jealous of her honor and authority as the most loving son could be of the reputation of his earthly mother4 ,during nearly half a century of constant study1 adventure1 grand successes1 and disheartening changes of fortune1 the experienced seaman1 erudite astronomer1 and close observer of natural phenomena exemplified in his whole career1 with singular consistency1 all the supernatural virtues with which ,god is sometimes pleased to endow his creatures4 ,to a mind well disciplined and stored with all the human knowledge of his age were added a profound faith2 deep-seated reverence for authority2 a sincere love1 not only for friends and relatives1 but for all mankind2 and an implicit reliance on the beneficence and justice of divine ,providence that no terror could shake and no reverse lessen in the slightest degree4 ,a careful examination of the career of ,columbus leads to the conviction that his chief object and ultimate aim from the beginning1 what in after-life became more apparent1 was to rescue the ,holy ,sepulchre from the polluting grasp of the infidel1 and to bring the light of ,christianity to races of men who were in darkness2 all other efforts1 though consistent with this grand scheme1 were subordinate and auxiliary to it4 ,actuated by an ambition less exalted or an enthusiasm less aborbing1 he could never have attained that glorious success which1 though partial1 has linked his name to immortality4 ,neither was this crusader a theorist or a religious fanatic1 but1 on the contrary1 one of the most practical and calculating of men4 ,though thoroughly satisfied with the feasibility of his plans and confident in the rectitude of his motives1 he neglected no opportunity of qualifying himself for the noble task upon which he had set his heart4 ,while others attempted to reach ,asia by slow and uncertain coasting along the western shores of ,africa1 he proposed to launch boldly out on the unknown and trackless deep1 and1 by taking a direct course westward1 to reach the remotest parts of the ,east1 where was situated1 it was reported1 the great ,christian empire of ,kublai ,khan1 the land of gold and precious stones1 a tithe of which would be sufficient to initiate and sustain a new and more successful crusade against the ,mohammedans4 ,with this end constantly in view1 ,columbus carefully studied every work on cosmogony and the physical sciences within his reach1 accurately noted down each new discovery in navigation1 and was never tired of consulting old mariners on their experience and observations4 ,even the writings of learned churchmen were placed under contribution4 8,he fortified himself10 says one of his biographers1 8by references to ,st4 ,isidore1 ,beda1 ,st4 ,ambrose1 and ,duns ,scotus40 ,he also became a practical sailor1 and grew as familiar with the frozen seas of ,iceland and the torrid heats of the ,african coast as with the bays and inlets of his native ,italy4 8,i have been seeking out the secrets of nature for forty years10 he tells us1 8and wherever ship has sailed1 there have ,i voyaged40 ,having at length1 by study and personal observation1 accumulated a large and varied stock of scientific knowledge1 the future discoverer retired with his family to the remote island of ,porto ,santo1 the advanced outpost of ,african discovery4 ,there for several years he devoted his leisure to the patient collation and arrangement of his authorities1 till he was able to reduce a mass of crude philosophical speculations and ill-digested cosmical theories to an elaborate system1 which1 if not altogether borne out by subsequent investigation1 was in the main correct1 and far in advance of the intelligence of the fifteenth century4 ,his plans thus thoroughly matured1 ,columbus considered that the time had arrived to put them into execution4 ,he had already submitted certain proposals to ,portugal1 but they were rejected by a body called the ,geographical ,council1 who1 while they treated with seeming contempt the scheme of the astute ,italian1 had the unparalleled meanness to appropriate and attempt to use secretly the results of his long years of toil and study4 ,armed with letters of recommendation1 he now appeared before the court of ,spain1 and1 with the earnestness and lucidity of a mind thoroughly convinced by long and patient analysis1 he explained to ,ferdinand and ,isabella his great project of crossing the ,atlantic and adding to their dual crown1 not only a new continent1 but the everlasting glory of having been the means of bringing into the bosom of the church millions of human beings4 ,though engaged in the desperate war which ended in the final overthrow of ,moslem power in ,spain1 the ,catholic sovereigns gave the daring adventurer a kind reception1 and referred his proposition to a junta of cosmographers for consideration4 ,the members of that body1 however1 seem to have been as incapable of understanding the merits of the questions submitted for their deliberation as they were of appreciating the high resolve and mental comprehensiveness of their originator4 ,after five tedious years1 during which ,columbus1 with anxious steps but unfaltering courage1 followed the court from place to place as the exigencies of the war required1 the junta reported that his plans were 8vain and impossible40 ,disgusted1 but not disheartened1 ,columbus retired to the small port of ,palos1 where1 in the society of a few learned men1 clerical and lay1 he forgot for a while his disappointment1 but not his darling project4 ,through the interference of friends negotiations with the ,spanish court were renewed1 and again broken off on account of the conditions demanded by ,columbus being considered exorbitant4 ,he did not think so1 however1 and the result proved that he did not overrate the value of his services4 ,abandoning all hope of co-operation from ,spain1 the gifted ,italian was about to pass the ,pyrenees1 and was actually on his way to the ,french frontier1 when a courier was despatched to recall him to court4 ,the remonstrance of influential friends1 and the fear of yielding to a rival the profits as well as the political prestige which were sure to follow the success of ,columbus' projects1 at last overcame the caution of ,ferdinand2 while a strong sympathy with the daring designs of the gifted adventurer1 and an ardent desire for the propagation of the faith1 made ,isabella an active advocate of his interests4 ,at ,santa ,f1 on the #agth of ,april1 #adib1 the agreement between ,columbus and the ,catholic sovereigns was signed1 whereby he became admiral and viceroy of all the seas and countries he might discover2 a sharer1 to the extent of one-tenth1 in all the profits accruing from the trade with such foreign possessions2 and1 by virtue of his contribution of one-eighth of the expenses of the voyage1 a proportionate part of the gains which might result from it4 ,these conditions1 which had previously been looked upon as inadmissible1 but which were now willingly allowed1 furnish the key to the character of ,columbus4 ,few men of that age cared less for titles1 power1 or wealth than he2 but these means were necessary1 he considered1 for the accomplishment of his grand ulterior design--the ,christian possession of ,palestine4 ,he had studied human nature thoroughly1 and knew that no great movement1 social or political1 could ever command the confidence and sympathy of the world unless directed by leaders of approved position and sustained by liberal expenditures of money4 ,so far1 then1 his wish was gratified4 ,ferdinand1 the cautious1 had yielded a reluctant consent to the fitting out of the expedition on satisfactory terms1 and ,isabella1 his consort1 the noblest woman that ever graced a throne1 pawned her jewels to procure funds for its proper equipment4 ,amid the congratulations of his sanguine friends and the prayers of the populace1 ,columbus1 with his fleet of three frail boats and scanty crews1 8after they had all confessed and received the sacraments10 set sail from ,palos on the memorable #c;d of ,august1 #adib4 ,once out of sight of land1 on the boundless ocean where keel of ship had never ploughed before1 naught around him but a gloomy waste of waters1 naught above him save the sun and stars1 no friend to consult1 no familiar voice to whisper hope or combat despair1 with a crew both ignorant and superstitious1 he held on his prearranged course1 self-reliant1 watchful1 and dauntless4 ,night succeeded day1 and light followed darkness1 in dreary succession1 yet still no land appeared4 ,appalled by imaginary dangers and sick from hope deferred1 his men1 whose hearts were never wholly in their work1 first began to murmur1 then broke out into open reproaches1 and finally threatened to throw their captain into the sea4 ,it was amid such trying circumstances that the true character of the man became manifest in all its magnificent proportions4 ,calm alike in sunshine and storm1 his hand constantly on the tiller and his eye directed to the west1 he heeded little the rumbling of mutinous discontent beneath his feet1 nor for a moment did he allow himself to doubt that ,god in his own good time would conduct him safely to the haven of his hopes4 ,in the dark watches of the night1 when the waves ran highest and the heavens were obscured as with a pall1 he felt that he had that within his soul beckoning him on1 more brilliant in its coruscations than the starry cross that illumines the southern hemisphere1 as unerring in its guidance as the beacon which of old led the children of ,israel through the pathless desert--implicit belief in the sublimity of his mission1 and an entire reliance on the mercy of his ,creator1 in whose hands he felt himself an humble instrument for the accomplishment of noble ends4 ,nor were his confidence and humility long unrewarded4 ,after eight weeks of constant watching and unspeakable anxiety1 land was at length discovered1 the first glimpse of the ,new ,world presented to ,european eyes2 and scarcely had the anchor of the ,santa ,maria become embedded in the sands of ,san ,salvador1 than her brave commander and his now repentant followers hastened ashore to plant the sacred emblem of our salvation1 and1 weeping and prostrate on that heathen soil1 to pour forth their thanksgiving to the ,almighty4 ,the honors which were showered upon ,columbus on his return to ,spain after this great event were in strange contrast to the neglect1 treachery1 and injustice of which he was afterwards the victim4 ,three times again did he cross and recross the ,atlantic1 making on each occasion new and important discoveries4 ,but ignorance1 venality1 and envy of his fair fame and spotless honor conspired to raise up against him a host of powerful enemies1 who at last stripped him of his hard-earned rewards1 and would1 had it been possible1 have robbed him even of the glory of having been the discoverer of ,america4 ,however1 he bore his trials with fortitude as he had worn his great honors with meekness1 seldom retorting on his enemies1 and but once1 as far as we are aware1 condescending to complain of the rank ingratitude of a country to which he had given a whole continent4 ,this occurred during his fourth voyage1 in a despatch to the king1 in which he says3 8,wearied and sighing1 ,i fell into a slumber1 when ,i heard a piteous voice saying to me3 #8,o fool6 and slow to believe and serve thy ,god1 who is the ,god of all4 ,what did he more for ,moses1 or for his servant ,david1 than he has done for thee8 ,from the time of thy birth he has ever had thee under his peculiar care4 ,when he saw thee of a fitting age1 he made thy name to resound marvellously throughout the earth1 and thou wert obeyed in many lands1 and didst acquire honorable fame among ,christians4 ,of the gates of the ocean sea1 shut up with mighty chains1 he delivered to thee the keys2 the ,indies1 those wealthy regions of the world1 he gave thee for thine own1 and empowered thee to dispose of them to others according to thy pleasure4 ,what did he more for the great people of ,israel when he led them forth from ,egypt8 or for ,david1 whom from being a shepherd he made a king in ,judea8 ,turn to him1 then1 and acknowledge thine error2 his mercy is infinite4 ,he has many and vast inheritances yet in reserve4 ,fear not to seek them4 ,thine age shall be no impediment to any great undertaking4 ,abraham was above a hundred years when he begat ,isaac2 and was ,sara youthful8 ,thou urgest despondingly for succor4 ,answer6 ,who hath afflicted thee so much and so many times--,god or the world8 ,the privileges and promises which ,god hath made to thee he hath never broken2 neither hath he said1 after having received thy services1 that his meaning was different1 and to be understood in a different sense4 ,he fulfils all that he promises1 and with increase4 ,such is his custom4 ,i have shown thee what thy ,creator hath done for thee1 and what he doeth for all4 ,the present is the reward of the toils and perils thou hast endured in serving others4'0 ,whether ,columbus had a vision1 which is not improbable1 or that he adopted this metaphorical style of complaint to avoid giving offence to ,ferdinand1 it is equally characteristic of the depth of his religious feelings and the depth of his gratitude to the ,almighty4 ,but remonstrance1 no matter how just or how delicately urged1 had little effect on the court of ,spain4 ,he was soon after recalled1 to end his days in comparative want and obscurity4 ,it was not apparently in the designs of ,providence that ,columbus should have succeeded in his primary object--the delivery of ,jerusalem--but his half-success1 the demonstration of the rotundity of the earth and the discovery of our hemisphere1 were productive of more benefit to humanity than the complete victories of most other great benefactors of mankind4 ,while he has handed down to all ages an imperishable name1 he has also left an example to posterity--and particularly to us ,americans1 who owe him so much gratitude and reverence--that far outweighs in importance his contributions to science and his efforts to aggrandize his adopted country4 ,he has proved in his own person that a soul filled with deep and intense devotion to the ,creator1 and a will conformable in all things to his laws1 are alone capable of leading human beings to the achievement of true and lasting greatness4 ,equally salutary1 though different in degree and purpose1 is the lesson taught us by the life and labors of ,george ,washington1 who may be considered as having been in the natural what ,columbus was in the supernatural order--a noble specimen of humanity2 a lover and benefactor of his kind4 ,as ,americans1 we cannot study too diligently the character of him who was properly called the ,father of his ,country4 ,no other among our ,revolutionary ancestors embodied in himself so many of those civic virtues which constitute the perfect citizen4 ,like most men who have played prominent parts on the world's stage1 ,washington was born with strong passions and an imperious disposition2 but careful self-culture early changed his powerful impulses into tenacity of purpose and strength of will1 while his natural exclusiveness gave him afterwards that dignity of word and action which is absolutely necessary for those who are called upon to command4 ,as general of the army and president of the infant republic1 he had men around him of more brilliancy1 larger experience1 and greater mental attainments2 but he alone possessed in a superior degree that well-balanced organization and intuitive wisdom to which all could pay the homage of obedience4 ,washington's mind1 however1 was neither synthetical nor originating4 ,he was more a man of ability than of genius4 ,he never could have initiated a revolution1 though once begun1 as experience has proved1 he was admirably adapted to carry it out successfully4 ,in a monarchy1 he might have been a loyal1 chivalrous subject2 under a wise1 conservative government1 he would have been the first to oppose innovation2 under all circumstances1 he could not have failed to be a high-toned1 accomplished1 and honorable gentleman4 ,we are not surprised that our ,protestant fellow-citizens love to point with commendable pride to the example of their great and good co-religionist1 though ,protestantism1 particularly that professed in his day1 and by his family and associates1 had little to do with the formation of his character or the regulation of his public actions2 but as ,catholics we yield to none in admiration and affection for the noblest citizen of our common country4 ,we can never forget that when our numbers were 8few and faint1 but fearless still10 when ,puritan fanaticism and ,anglican superciliousness endeavored to underrate our services1 malign our motives1 and misrepresent our doctrines1 ,george ,washington1 rising superior to the narrow1 petty bigotry of his generation1 was the first to give a hearty and candid recognition to our claims as good and faithful citizens4 ,his words to ,bishop ,carroll and the other representatives of the ,catholics of the ,revolution are indelibly impressed on the memory of the millions of ,catholics among us who feel1 and are proud to acknowledge1 that to him and his associates they are mainly indebted for the civil and religious liberty they now so freely enjoy4 8,as mankind become more liberal10 he wrote1 8they will be more apt to allow that all those who conduct themselves as worthy members of the community are equally entitled to the protection of civil government4 ,i hope ever to see ,america among the foremost nations in examples of justice and liberality4 ,and ,i presume that your fellow-citizens will not forget the patriotic part which you took in the accomplishment of their ,revolution and the establishment of their government1 or the important assistance which they received from a nation in which the ,roman ,catholic faith is professed40 ,though a sincere ,christian1 ,washington cannot be said to have been a religious man4 ,the cold formalities of ,episcopalianism to which he was accustomed could not touch his heart nor inspire his soul with great and glowing emotions2 but this was more the fault of the system in which he was reared than of himself4 ,the motives of his actions seem to have been principally based on a refined sense of honor1 on his comprehension of the requirements of the natural law1 which in his regard was usually in conformity with the teachings of the church4 ,he was just1 honest1 truthful1 and manly2 faithful in his social relations and moderate in his ambition4 ,had he possessed some of the glorious enthusiasm of ,columbus1 great as he was1 he might have been still greater2 and had the discoverer united to his other wonderful qualities the worldly wisdom of ,washington1 his star might not have descended amid the darkness and disappointment which clouded the last years of his eventful life4 ,taking the character of the two greatest personages1 we find in their collective lives the development of the highest qualities which human nature is capable of exhibiting4 ,as such1 we desire to hold them up for imitation to the youth of this country1 who in a short time will take the place of the present generation in the conduct of our civil and domestic affairs4 ,that those men were of different races and peculiar national tendencies does not prevent the blending of their characters into one harmonious whole4 ,the greatest nations of ancient and modern times1 those which have developed the most equitable and stable systems of government1 with the greatest liberty and the highest civilization1 have been formed upon the union of various tribes1 clans1 and families1 having many radically different tendencies and special characteristics4 ,in what one people may be deficient another may have a superabundance2 and the volatile and supersensitive nature of one race is counteracted by the sedateness and stolidity of others less imaginative4 ,as the river ,nile1 flowing from different sources1 bears in its course the riches of the soils of a hundred climes1 and empties them all into the lap of ,egypt1 so families of men1 gifted by their ,creator with various qualities of heart and mind1 collect together1 each with its contribution1 to form a lasting and magnificent commonwealth4 ,this is as true of religious as of political society4 ,the church1 guided by a divine instinct1 finds employment and turns to account the genius of all her children1 no matter how peculiar or dissimilar their attributes4 ,she welcomes and perfects the organizing power of the ,latin races1 and the fire and enthusiasm of the ,celtic1 equally with the solidity of the ,germanic and the imagination of the ,orientals4 ,unity in diversity1 authority with liberty1 are essentials and correlative in the science of good government1 whether it be that of a republic or of the universal church4 ,who knows but that the nation now in process of forming in the bosom of our republic1 from the various races of ,europe1 with ampler natural capacities quickened into greater activity by the political character of its institutions1 is destined1 in the order of events1 to give to ,christianity an expression more adequate and more in accordance with its universal spirit and divine origin8 ,the church of ,christ has no reverses in the movement of her divine mission1 and she has turned to account each race according to its gifts in the ,old ,world from her beginning4 ,may not all these1 in their best energies combined in the ,new1 be called to realize the highest type of the ,christian character8 ,do not the leading traits of ,columbus and ,washington point out to us the ideal ,christian1 the union of the most exalted faith with the thoroughest manhood8 ,for as ,christ was perfect ,god and perfect man in one personality1 so is he who unites the most exalted faith with the most thorough manhood in one personality the complete ,christian4 ,is not this ideal ,christian the glorious promise of the future of this ,new ,world8 ,protestantism1 which has been the religion of the vast majority of our countrymen1 is gradually losing its hold upon their convictions4 ,the religion alone which can claim the attention of all mankind is the ,catholic4 ,it alone has all the notes of truth1 both inward and outward1 in its favor4 ,unsupported by religious convictions1 no nation can realize its true destiny4 ,unity of religious conviction1 and the virtues necessary to uphold its institutions1 are more necessary to a republic like ours than to any other form of political government4 ,the principles and views of human nature on which our republic is based are sustained by the doctrines of ,christianity taught by the ,catholic ,church4 ,gradually the church and the republic are approaching each other1 and with this nearer approach there springs up reciprocal appreciation and sympathy4 ,fanatics on one hand1 and infidels on the other1 may warn1 may threat1 and may attempt to keep them apart by conspiracy and persecution1 but in vain2 for ,god1 in whose providence they are destined to be united1 will not be frustrated by the puny efforts of his enemies to keep them asunder4 ,out of this divine wedlock will spring forth children whose lives will be of the highest type of ,christian manhood1 and whose civilization will be the most glorious development of ,god's kingdom on earth4 ,,catholics ,,in ,,the ,,american ,,revolution4 ,the moment of ,england's triumph in the last century was the dawn of ,american independence4 ,when ,england1 aided by her colonies1 had at last wrested ,canada from ,france1 and1 forcing that weakened power to relinquish ,louisiana to ,spain1 had restored ,havana to the ,catholic sovereign only at the price of ,florida1 her sway seemed secure over all ,north ,america from the icy ocean to the ,gulf of ,mexico1 from the shores of the ,atlantic to the ,mississippi4 ,but her very success had aroused questions and created wants which were not to be answered or solved until her mighty ,american power was shattered4 ,while ,spain and ,france kept colonies in leading-strings1 ,england allowed her ,american provinces to thrive by her utter neglect of them4 ,monarchs granted charters liberally1 and with that their interest seemed to vanish1 until it was discovered that offices could be found there for court favorites4 ,but the people had virtually constituted governments of their own2 had their own treasury1 made their own laws1 waged their wars with the ,indian1 carried on trade1 unaided and almost unrecognized by the mother country4 ,the final struggle with ,france had at last awakened ,england to the importance1 wealth1 and strength of the ,american colonies4 ,it appeared to embarrassed ,english statesmen that the depleted coffers of the national treasury might be greatly aided by taxing these prosperous communities4 ,the ,americans1 paying readily taxes where they could control their disbursement1 refused to accept new burdens and to pay the mother country for the honor of being governed4 ,the relation of colonies to the mother country2 the question of right in the latter to tax the former2 the bounds and just limits on either side1 involved new and undiscussed points4 ,they now became the subject of debate in ,parliament1 in colonial assemblies1 in every town gathering1 and at every fireside in the ,american colonies4 ,the people were all ,british subjects1 proud of ,england and her past2 a large majority were devoted to the ,protestant religion and the house of ,hanover1 and sought to remain in adherence to both while retaining all the rights they claimed as ,englishmen4 ,a small body of ,catholics existed in the country4 ,what their position was on the great questions at issue can be briefly told4 ,they were of many races and nationalities4 ,no other church then or now could show such varieties1 blended together by a common faith4 ,maryland1 settled by a ,catholic proprietor1 with colonists largely ,catholic1 and for a time predominantly so1 contained some thousands of native-born ,catholics of ,english1 and to some extent of ,irish1 origin1 proud of their early ,maryland record1 of the noble character of the charter1 and of the nobly tolerant character of the early laws and practice of the land of ,mary4 ,in ,pennsylvania a smaller ,catholic body existed1 more scattered1 by no means so compact or so influential as their ,maryland brethren--settlers coming singly during the eighteenth century mainly1 or descendants of such emigrants1 some of whom had been sent across the ,atlantic as bondmen by ,england1 others coming as redemptioners1 others again as colonists of means and position4 ,they were not only of ,english1 ,irish1 and ,scotch origin1 but also of the ,german race1 with a few from ,france and other ,catholic states4 ,new ,jersey and ,new ,york had still fewer ,catholics than ,pennsylvania4 ,in the other colonies1 from ,new ,hampshire to ,georgia1 they existed only as individuals lost in the general body of the people4 ,but all along the coast were scattered by the cruel hand of ,english domination the unfortunate ,acadians1 who had been ruthlessly torn from their ,nova ,scotian villages and farms1 deprived of all they had on earth--home and property and kindred4 ,with naught left them but their faith1 these ,acadians formed little groups of dejected ,catholics in many a part1 not even their noble courage amid unmerited suffering exciting sympathy or kindly encouragement from the colonists4 ,florida had a remnant of its old ,spanish population1 with no hopes for the future from the ,protestant power to which the fortunes of war and the vicissitudes of affairs had made them subjects4 ,there were besides in that old ,catholic colony some ,italians and ,minorcans1 brought over with ,greeks under ,turnbull's project of colonization4 ,maine had her ,indians1 of old steady foes of ,new ,england1 now at peace1 submitting to the new order of things1 thoroughly ,catholic from the teaching of their early missionaries4 ,new ,york had ,catholic ,indians on her northern frontier4 ,the ,catholic ,wyandots clustered around the pure streams and springs of ,sandusky4 ,further west1 from ,detroit to the mouth of the ,ohio1 from ,vincennes to ,lake ,superior1 were little communities of ,canadian ,french1 all ,catholics1 with priests and churches1 surrounded by ,indian tribes among all which missionaries had labored1 and not in vain4 ,some tribes were completely ,catholic2 others could show some1 and most of them many1 who had risen from the paganism of the red men to the faith of ,christ4 ,such was the ,catholic body--colonists who could date back their origin to the foundation of ,maryland or ,acadia1 ,florida or ,canada1 ,indians of various tribes1 new-comers from ,england1 ,germany1 or ,ireland4 ,there were1 too1 though few1 converts1 or descendants of converts1 who1 belonging to the ,protestant emigration1 had been led by ,god's grace to see the truth1 and who resolutely shared the odium and bondage of an oppressed and unpopular church4 ,the questions at issue between the colonies and the mother country were readily answered by the ,catholics of every class4 ,catholic theologians nowhere but in the ,gallican circles of ,france had learned to talk of the divine right of kings4 ,the truest1 plainest doctrines of the rights of the people found their exposition in the works of ,catholic divines4 ,by a natural instinct they sided with those who claimed for these new communities in the western world the right of self-government4 ,catholics1 of whatever race or origin1 were on this point unanimous4 ,evidence meets us on every side4 ,duch1 an ,episcopal clergyman1 will mention ,father ,harding1 the pastor of the ,catholics in ,philadelphia1 for 8his known attachment to ,british liberty0--they had not yet begun to talk of ,american liberty4 ,indian1 ,french1 and ,acadian1 bound by no tie to ,england1 could brook no subjection to a distant and oppressive power4 ,the ,irish and ,scotch ,catholics1 with old wrongs and a lingering ,jacobite dislike to the house of ,hanover1 required no labored arguments to draw them to the side of the popular movement4 ,all these elements excited distrust in ,england4 ,even a hundred years before in the councils of ,britain fears had been expressed that the ,maryland ,catholics1 if they gained strength1 would one day attempt to set up their independence2 and the event justified the fear4 ,if they did not originate the movement1 they went heartily into it4 ,the ,english government had begun in ,canada its usual course of harassing and grinding down its ,catholic subjects1 putting the thousands of ,canadians completely at the mercy of the few ,english adventurers or office-holders who entered the province1 giving three hundred and sixty ,protestant sutlers and camp-followers the rights of citizenship and all the offices in ,canada1 while disfranchising the real people of the province1 the one hundred and fifty thousand ,canadian ,catholics4 ,how such a system works we have seen1 unhappily1 in our own day and country4 ,but with the growing discontent in her old colonies1 caused by the attempts of ,parliament to tax the settlers indirectly1 where they dared not openly1 ,england saw that she must take some decisive step to make the ,canadians contented subjects1 or be prepared to lose her dear-bought conquest as soon as any war should break out in which she herself might be involved4 ,instead of keeping the treaty of ,paris as she had kept that of ,limerick1 ,england for once resolved to be honest and fulfil her agreement4 ,it was a moment when the thinking men among the ,american leaders should have won the ,canadians as allies to their hopes and cause2 but they took counsel of bigotry1 allowed ,england to retrace her false steps1 and by tardy justice secure the support of the ,canadians4 ,the ,quebec act of #aggd organized ,canada1 including in its extent the ,french communities in the ,west4 ,learning a lesson from ,lord ,baltimore and ,catholic ,maryland1 8the nation which would not so much as legally recognize the existence of a ,catholic in ,ireland1 now from political considerations recognized on the ,st4 ,lawrence the free exercise of the religion of the ,church of ,rome1 and confirmed to the clergy of that church their rights and dues40 ,just and reasonable as the act was1 solid in policy1 and1 by introducing the ,english criminal law and forms of government1 gradually preparing the people for an assimilation in form to the other ,british colonies1 this ,quebec act1 from the simple fact that it tolerated ,catholics1 excited strong denunciation on both sides of the ,atlantic4 ,the city of ,london addressed the king before he signed the bill1 petitioning that he should refrain from doing so4 8,the ,roman ,catholic religion1 which is known to be idolatrous and bloody1 is established by this bill10 say these wiseacres1 imploring ,george ,,iii41 as the guardian of the laws1 liberty1 and religion of his people1 and as the great bulwark of the ,protestant faith1 not to give his royal assent4 ,in ,america1 when the news came of its passage1 the debates as to their wrongs1 as to the right of ,parliament to pass stamp acts or levy duties on imports1 to maintain an army or quarter soldiers on the colonists1 seemed to be forgotten in their horror of this act of toleration4 ,in ,new ,york the flag with the union and stripes was run up1 bearing bold and clear on a white stripe the words1 8,no ,popery40 ,the ,congress of #aggd1 though it numbered some of the clearest heads in the colonies1 completely lost sight of the vital importance of ,canada territorially1 and of the advantage of securing as friends a community of #aej1jjj whose military ability had been shown on a hundred battle-fields4 ,addressing the people of ,great ,britain1 this ,congress says3 8,by another act the ,dominion of ,canada is to be so extended1 modelled1 and governed as that1 by being disunited from us1 detached from our interests by civil as well as religious prejudices2 that by their numbers swelling with ,catholic emigrants from ,europe1 and by their devotion to administration so friendly to their religion1 they might become formidable to us1 and on occasion be fit instruments in the hands of power to reduce the ancient free ,protestant colonies to the same slavery with themselves40 8,nor can we suppress our astonishment that a ,british parliament should ever consent to establish in that country a religion that has deluged your island in blood1 and dispersed impiety1 bigotry1 persecution1 murder1 and rebellion through every part of the world40 ,this address1 the work of the intense bigot ,john ,jay1 and of the furious storm of bigotry evoked in ,new ,england and ,new ,york1 was most disastrous in its results to the ,american cause4 ,canada was not so delighted with her past experience of ,english rule or so confident of the future as to accept unhesitatingly the favors accorded by the ,quebec act4 ,she had from the first sought to ally herself with the neighboring ,english colonies1 and to avoid ,european complications4 ,when she proposed the alliance1 they declined4 ,she would now have met their proposal warmly2 but when this address was circulated in ,canada1 it defeated the later and wiser effort of ,congress to win that province through ,franklin1 ,chase1 and the ,carrolls4 ,it made the expeditions against the ,british forces there1 at first so certain of success by ,canadian aid1 result in defeat and disgrace4 ,in ,new ,york a little colony of ,scotch ,catholics1 who would gladly have paid off the score of ,culloden1 took alarm at the hatred shown their faith1 and fled with their clergyman to ,canada to give strength to our foe1 when they wished to be of us and with us4 ,in the ,west it enabled ,british officers to make ,detroit a centre from which they exerted an influence over the ,western tribes that lasted down into the present century1 and which ,jay's treaty--a tardy endeavor to undo his mischief of #aggd--;did not succeed in checking4 ,pamphlets1 attacking or defending the ,quebec act1 appeared on both sides of the ,atlantic4 ,in the ,english interest it was shown that the treaty of ,paris already guaranteed their religion to the ,canadians1 and that the rights of their clergy were included in this4 ,it was shown that to insist on ,england's establishing the state church in ,canada would justify her in doing the same in ,new ,england4 8,an ,englishman's ,answer0 to the address of ,congress rather maliciously turned ,jay's bombast on men like himself by saying3 8,if the actions of the different sects in religion are inquired into1 we shall find1 by turning over the sad historic page1 that it was the ---- sect 7,i forget what they call them2 ,i mean the sect which is still most numerous in ,new ,england1 and not the sect which they so much despise7 that in the last century deluged our island in blood2 that even shed the blood of the sovereign1 and dispersed impiety1 bigotry1 superstition1 hypocrisy1 persecution1 murder1 and rebellion through every part of the empire40 ,one who later in life became a ,catholic1 speaking of the effect of this bill in ,new ,england1 says3 8,we were all ready to swear that this same ,george1 by granting the ,quebec bill1 had thereby become a traitor1 had broke his coronation oath1 was secretly a papist10 etc4 8,the real fears of popery in ,new ,england had its influence40 8,the common word then was3 #8,no king1 no popery4'0 ,but though ,canada was thus alienated1 and some ,catholics at the ,north frightened away1 in ,pennsylvania1 ,maryland1 and the ,french ,west the fanaticism was justly regarded as a mere temporary affair1 the last outburst of a bigotry that could not live and thrive on the soil4 ,providence was shaping all things wisely2 but we cannot be surprised at the wonder some soon felt4 8,now1 what must appear very singular10 says the writer above quoted1 8is that the two parties naturally so opposite to each other should become1 even at the outset1 united in opposing the efforts of the mother country4 ,and now we find the ,new ,england people and the ,catholics of the ,southern ,states fighting side by side1 though stimulated by extremely different motives3 the one acting through fear lest the king of ,england should succeed in establishing among us the ,catholic religion2 the other equally fearful lest his bitterness against the ,catholic faith should increase till they were either destroyed or driven to the mountains and waste places of the wilderness40 ,such was the position of the ,catholics as the rapid tide of events was bearing all on to a crisis4 ,the ,catholics in ,maryland and ,pennsylvania were outspoken in their devotion to the cause of the colonies4 ,in ,maryland ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton1 trained abroad in the schools of ,france and the law-courts of ,england1 with all the learning of the ,english barrister widened and deepened by a knowledge of the civil law of the ,continent1 grappled in controversy the veteran ,dulany of ,maryland4 ,in vain the ,tory advocate attempted1 by sneers and jibes at the proscribed position of the foreign-trained ,catholic1 to evade the logic of his arguments4 ,the eloquence and learning of ,carroll triumphed1 and he stood before his countrymen disenthralled4 ,there1 at least1 it was decided by the public mind that ,catholics were to enjoy all the rights of their fellow-citizens1 and that citizens like ,carroll were worthy of their highest honors4 8,the benign aurora of the coming republic10 says ,bancroft1 8lighted the ,catholic to the recovery of his rightful political equality in the land which a ,catholic proprietary had set apart for religious freedom40 ,in #agge ,charles ,carroll was a member of the first ,committee of ,observation and a delegate to the ,provincial ,convention of ,maryland1 the first ,catholic in any public office since the days of ,james ,,ii4 8,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton1 the great representative of his fellow-believers1 and already an acknowledged leader of the patriots1 sat in the ,maryland ,convention as the delegate of a ,protestant constituency1 and bore an honorable share in its proceedings40 ,when the news of ,lexington rang through the land1 borne from town to town by couriers on panting steeds1 regiments were organized in all the colonies4 ,catholics stepped forward to shoulder their rifles and firelocks4 ,few aspired to commissions1 from which they had hitherto been excluded in the militia and troops raised for actual service1 but the rank and file showed ,catholics1 many of them men of intelligence and fair education1 eager to meet all perils and to prove on the field of battle that they were worthy of citizenship in all its privileges4 ,ere long1 however1 ,catholics by ability and talent won rank in the army and navy of the young republic4 ,we ,catholics have been so neglectful of our history that no steps were ever taken to form a complete roll of those glorious heroes of the faith who took part in the ,revolutionary struggle4 ,the few great names survive--,moylan1 ,burke1 ,barry1 ,vigo1 ,orono1 ,louis1 ,landais2 here and there the journal of a ,catholic soldier like ,mc,curtin has been printed2 but in our shameful neglect of the past we have done nothing to compile a roll that we can point to with pride4 ,when hostilities began1 it became evident that ,canada must be gained4 ,expeditions were fitted out to reduce the ,british posts4 ,the ,canadians evinced a friendly disposition1 giving ready assistance by men1 carriages1 and provisions to an extent that surprised the ,americans4 ,whole parishes even offered to join in reducing ,quebec and lowering the hated flag of ,england from the ,castle of ,st4 ,louis1 where the lilies had floated for nearly two centuries4 ,but the bigotry that inspired some of our leaders was too strong in many of the subordinates to permit them to reason4 ,they treated these ,catholic ,canadians as enemies1 ill-used and dragooned them so that almost the whole country was ready to unite in repulsing them4 ,then came ,montgomery's disaster1 and the friends of ,america in ,canada dwindled to a few priests3 ,la ,valiniere1 ,carpentier1 the ex-,jesuits ,huguet and ,floquet1 and the ,canadians who enlisted in ,livingston's1 ,hazen's1 and ,duggan's corps1 under ,guillot1 ,loseau1 ,aller1 ,basad1 ,menard1 and other ,catholic officers4 ,then ,congress awoke to its error4 ,as that strategic province was slipping from the hands of the confederated colonies1 as ,hazen's letters came urging common sense1 ,congress appointed a commission with an address to the ,canadian people to endeavor even then to win them4 ,benjamin ,franklin was selected with two gentlemen from ,catholic ,maryland--,samuel ,chase and ,charles ,carroll4 ,to increase their influence1 ,congress requested the ,rev4 ,john ,carroll to accompany them1 hoping that the presence of a ,catholic priest and a ,catholic layman1 both educated in ,france and acquainted with the ,french character1 would effect more than any argument that could be brought to bear on the ,canadians4 ,they hastened to do their utmost1 but eloquence and zeal failed4 ,the ,canadians distrusted the new order of things in ,america2 the hostility shown in the first address of ,congress seemed too well supported by the acts of ,americans in ,canada4 ,they turned a deaf ear to the words of the ,carrolls1 and adhered to ,england4 ,canada was thus lost to us4 ,taking our stand among the nations of the earth1 we could not hope to include that province1 but must ever have it on our flank in the hands of ,england4 ,this fault was beyond redemption4 ,but the recent war with ,pontiac was now recalled4 ,men remembered how the ,indian tribes of the ,west1 organized by the mastermind of that chief1 had swept away almost in an instant every fort and military post from the ,mississippi to the ,alleghanies1 and marked out the frontier by a line of blazing houses and villages from ,lake ,erie to ,florida4 ,what might these same ,western hordes do in the hands of ,england1 directed1 supplied1 and organized for their fell work by ,british officers6 ,the ,mohawks and other ,iroquois of ,new ,york had retired to the ,english lines1 and people shuddered at what was to come upon them there4 ,the ,catholic ,indians in ,maine had been won to our side by a wise policy4 ,washington wrote to the tribe in #agge1 and deputies from all the tribes from the ,penobscot to ,gasp met the ,massachusetts ,council at ,watertown4 ,ambrose ,var1 the chief of the ,st4 ,john's ,indians1 ,orono of ,penobscot1 came with words that showed the reverent ,christian4 ,of old they had been enemies2 they were glad to become friends3 they would stand beside the colonists4 ,eminently ,catholic1 every tribe asked for a priest2 and ,massachusetts promised to do her best to obtain ,french priests for her ,catholic allies4 ,throughout the war these ,catholic ,indians served us well1 and ,orono1 who bore a ,continental commission1 lived to see priests restored to his village and religion flourishing4 ,brave and consistent1 he never entered the churches of the ,protestant denominations1 though often urged to do so4 ,he practised his duties faithfully as a ,catholic1 and replied3 8,we know our religion and love it2 we know nothing of yours40 ,maine acknowledges his worth by naming a town after this grand old ,catholic4 ,but the ,west6 ,men shuddered to think of it4 ,the conquest of ,canada by a course of toleration and equality to ,catholics would have made all the ,indian tribes ours4 ,the ,abnakis had been won by a promise to them as ,catholics2 the ,protestant and heathen ,mohawks were on the side of ,england1 though the ,catholics of the same race in ,canada were friendly4 ,if the ,indians in the ,west could be won to neutrality even1 no sacrifice would be too great4 ,little as ,american statesmen knew it1 they had friends there4 ,and if the ,united ,states at the peace secured the ,northwest and extended her bounds to the ,mississippi1 it was due to the ,very ,rev4 ,peter ,gibault1 the ,catholic priest of ,vincennes and ,kaskaskia1 and to his sturdy adherent1 the ,italian ,colonel ,vigo4 ,entirely ignorant of what the feeling there might be1 ,col4 ,george ,rogers ,clark submitted to the legislature of ,virginia1 whose backwoods settlement1 ,kentucky1 was immediately menaced1 a plan for reducing the ,english posts in the ,northwest4 ,jefferson warmly encouraged the dangerous project1 on which so much depended4 ,clark1 with his handful of men1 struck through the wilderness for the old ,french post of ,kaskaskia4 ,he appeared before it on the #dth of ,july1 #aggh4 ,but the people were not enemies4 ,their pastor had studied the questions at issue1 and1 as ,clark tells us1 8was rather prejudiced in favor of us40 ,the people told the ,american commander they were convinced that the cause was one which they ought to espouse1 and that they should be happy to convince him of their zeal4 ,when ,father ,gibault asked whether he was at liberty to perform his duty in his church1 ,clark told him that he had nothing to do with churches1 except to defend them from insult2 that1 by the laws of the state1 his religion had as great privileges as any other4 ,the first ,fourth of ,july celebration at ,kaskaskia was a hearty one4 ,the streets were strewn with flowers and hung with flags1 and all gave themselves up to joy4 ,but ,clark's work was not done4 ,the ,english lay in force at ,vincennes4 ,father ,gibault and ,colonel ,vigo1 who had been in the ,spanish service1 but came over to throw in his fortunes with us1 urged ,clark to move at once on ,vincennes4 ,it seemed to him rash1 but ,father ,gibault showed how it could be taken4 ,he went on himself with ,dr4 ,lefont1 won every ,french hamlet to the cause1 and conciliated the ,indians wherever he could reach them4 ,vigo1 on a similar excursion1 was captured by ,british ,indians and carried a prisoner to ,hamilton1 the ,english commander at ,vincennes1 but that officer felt that he could not detain a ,spanish subject1 and was compelled by the ,french to release him4 ,when ,clark1 in ,february1 appeared with his half-starved men1 including ,captain ,charlevoix's company of ,kaskaskia ,catholics1 before ,vincennes1 and demanded its surrender with as bold a front as though he had ten thousand men at his back1 the ,english wavered1 and one resolute attack compelled them to surrender at discretion4 ,what is now ,indiana and ,illinois1 ,wisconsin and ,upper ,michigan1 was won to the ,united ,states4 ,to hold it and supply the ,indians required means4 ,clark issued paper money in the name of ,virginia1 and the patriotic ,colonel ,vigo and ,father ,gibault exhausted all their resources to redeem this paper and maintain its credit1 although the hope of their ever being repaid for their sacrifice was slight1 and1 slight as it might have been1 was never realized4#ach ,their generous sacrifice enabled ,clark to retain his conquest1 as the spontaneous adhesion of his allies to the cause had enabled him to effect it4 ,the securing of the old ,french posts ,vincennes1 ,fort ,chartres1 and others in the ,west which the ,english had occupied1 together with the friendship of the ,french population1 secured all the ,indians in that part1 and relieved the frontiers of half their danger4 ,well does ,judge ,law remark3 8,next to ,clark and ,vigo1 the ,united ,states are more indebted to ,father ,gibault for the accession of the ,states comprised in what was the original ,northwestern ,territory than to any other man40 ,those ,western ,catholics did good service in many an expedition1 and in #aghj ,la ,balm1 with a force raised in the ,illinois settlements and ,vincennes1 undertook to capture ,detroit1 the headquarters of the ,english atrocities4 ,he perished with nearly all his little ,catholic force where ,fort ,wayne stands1 leaving many a family in mourning4 ,the first bugle-blast of ,america for battle in the name of freedom seemed to wake a response in many ,catholic hearts in ,europe4 ,officers came over from ,france to offer their swords1 the experience they had acquired1 and the training they had developed in the campaigns of the great commanders of the time4 ,among the names are several that have the ring of the old ,irish brigade4 ,dugan1 ,arundel1 ,de ,saint ,aulaire1 ,vibert1 ,col4 ,dubois1 ,de ,kermorvan1 ,lieut4-,col4 de ,franchessen1 ,st4 ,martin1 ,vermonet1 ,dorr1 ,pelissier1 ,malmady1 ,mauduit1 ,rochefermoy1 ,de la ,neuville1 ,armand1 ,fleury1 ,conway1 ,lafayette1 ,du ,portail1 ,gouvion1 ,du ,coudray1 ,pulaski1 ,roger1 ,dorset1 ,gimat1 ,brice1 and others1 rendered signal service1 especially as engineers and chiefs of staff1 where skill and military knowledge were most required4 ,around ,lafayette popular enthusiasm gathered1 but he was not alone4 ,numbers of these ,catholic officers served gallantly at various points during the war1 aiding materially in laying out works and planning operations1 as well as by gallantly doing their duty in the field1 sharing gayly the sufferings and privations of the men of '#gf4 ,some who came to serve in the ranks or as officers rendered other service to the country4 danus ,burke1 of ,galway1 a pupil of ,st4 ,omer's1 like the ,carrolls1 came out to serve as a soldier1 represented ,south ,carolina in the ,continental ,congress1 and was for some time chief-justice of his adopted ,state4 ,p4 ,s4 ,duponceau1 who came over as aide to ,baron ,steuben in #aggg1 became the founder of ,american ethnology and linguistics4 ,his labors in law1 science1 and ,american history will not soon be forgotten4 ,meanwhile1 ,catholics were swelling the ranks1 and1 like ,moylan1 rising to fame and position4 ,the ,american navy had her first commodore in the ,catholic ,barry1 who had kept the flag waving undimmed on the seas from #aggf1 and in #agha engaged and took the two ,english vessels1 ,atlanta and ,trepassay2 and on other occasions handled his majesty's vessels so roughly that ,general ,howe endeavored to win him by offers of money and high naval rank to desert the cause4 ,besides ,catholics born1 who served in army or navy1 in legislative or executive1 there were also men who took part in the great struggle whose closing years found them humble and devoted adherents of the ,catholic ,church4 ,prominent among these was ,thomas ,sims ,lee1 ,governor of ,maryland from #aggi to the close of the war4 ,he did much to contribute to the glorious result1 represented his ,state in the later ,continental ,congress and in the ,constitutional ,convention1 as ,daniel ,carroll1 brother of the archbishop1 also did4 ,governor ,lee1 after becoming a ,catholic1 was reelected governor1 and lived to an honored old age4 ,daniel ,barber1 who bore his musket in the ,connecticut line1 became a ,catholic1 and his son1 daughter-in-law1 and their children all devoted themselves to a religious life1 a family of predilection4 ,in ,europe the ,catholic states1 ,france and ,spain1 watched the progress of ,american affairs with deepest interest4 ,at the very outset ,vergennes1 the able minister of ,france1 sent an agent to study the people and report the state of affairs4 ,the clear-headed statesmen saw that ,america would become independent4 ,in ,may1 #aggf1 ,louis ,,xvi4 announced to the ,catholic monarch that he intended to send indirectly two hundred thousand dollars4 ,the ,king of ,spain sent a similar sum to ,paris4 ,this solid aid1 the first sinews of war from these two ,catholic sovereigns1 was but an earnest of good-will4 ,in ,france the sentiment in favor of the ,american cause overbore the cautious policy of the king1 the amiable ,louis ,,xvi4 ,he granted the aid already mentioned1 and induced the ,king of ,spain to join in the act2 he permitted officers to leave ,france in order to join the ,american armies2 he encouraged commerce with the revolting colonies by exempting from duties the ships which bore across the ocean the various goods needed by the army and the people4 ,the enthusiasm excited by ,lafayette1 who first heard of the ,american cause from the lips of an ,english prince1 soon broke down all the walls of caution4 ,an arrangement was made by which material of war from the government armories and arsenals was sent out1 nominally from a mercantile house4 ,a year after the ,declaration of ,independence1 ,france1 which had opened her ports to ,american privateers and courteously avoided all ,english complaints1 resolved to take a decisive step--not only to acknowledge the independence of the ,united ,states1 but to support it4 ,marie ,antoinette sympathized deeply with this country1 and won the king to give his full support to our cause4 ,on the #fth of ,february1 #aggh1 ,catholic ,france signed the treaty with the ,united ,states1 and thus a great power in ,europe set the example to others in recognizing us as one of the nations of the earth4 ,america had a ,catholic godmother4 ,amid the miseries of ,valley ,forge ,washington issued a general order3 8,it having pleased the ,almighty ,ruler of the universe to defend the cause of the ,united ,american ,states1 and finally to raise us up a powerful friend among the princes of the earth1 to establish our liberty and independence upon a lasting foundation1 it becomes us to set apart a day for gratefully acknowledging the divine goodness and celebrating the important event1 which we owe to his divine interposition40 ,france now openly took part in the war1 and in ,july1 #aggh1 a ,french fleet under d',estaing appeared on our coasts1 neutralizing the advantage which ,england had over us by her naval superiority4 ,the ocean was no longer hers to send her army from point to point on the coast4 ,this fleet engaged ,lord ,howe near ,newport1 and co-operated with ,sullivan in operations against the ,english in ,rhode ,island4 ,after cruising in the ,west ,indies it again reappeared on our coast to join ,lincoln in a brave but unsuccessful attack on ,savannah1 in which fell the gallant ,pulaski1 who some years before had asked the blessing of the pope's nuncio on himself and his gallant force in the sanctuary of ,our ,lady of ,czenstochowa1 before his long defence of that convent fortress against overwhelming ,russian forces4 ,in ,july1 #aghj1 another fleet1 commanded by the ,chevalier de ,ternay1 entered the harbor of ,newport1 bringing a ,french army commanded by an experienced general1 ,john ,baptiste de ,vimeur1 ,count de ,rochambeau4 ,an army of ,catholics with ,catholic chaplains1 observing the glorious ritual of the church with all solemnity1 was hailed with joy in ,new ,england4 ,the discipline of that army1 the courteous manners of officers and privates1 won all hearts4 ,what that army effected is too well known to be chronicled here in detail4 ,when ,lafayette had cornered ,cornwallis in ,yorktown1 ,washington and ,rochambeau marched down1 the fleet of the ,count de ,grasse defeated ,admiral ,graves off the capes of ,virginia1 and1 transporting the allied armies down1 joined with them in compelling ,cornwallis to surrender his whole force2 and old ,st4 ,joseph's ,church1 in ,philadelphia1 soon rang with the grand ,te ,deum chanted in thanksgiving at a ,mass offered up in presence of the victorious generals4 ,none question the aid given us by ,catholic ,france4 ,several who came as volunteers1 or in the army or fleet1 remained in the ,united ,states4 ,one officer who had served nobly in the field laid aside his sword and returned to labor during the rest of his life for the well-being of ,america as a devoted ,catholic priest4 ,but ,france was not the only ,catholic friend of our cause4 ,spain had1 as we have seen1 at an early period in the war1 sent a liberal gift of money4 ,she opened her ports to our privateers1 and refused to give up ,captain ,lee1 of ,marblehead1 whom ,england demanded4 ,she went further2 for when intelligence came of the ,declaration of ,independence1 she gave him supplies and repaired his ship4 ,she subsequently sent cargoes of supplies to us from ,bilbao1 and put at the disposal of the ,united ,states ammunition and supplies at ,new ,orleans4 ,when an ,american envoy reached ,madrid1 she sent blankets for ten regiments and made a gift of #aej1jjj through our representative4 ,when the gallant young ,count ,bernardo de ,galvez1 whose name is commemorated in ,galveston1 was made governor of ,louisiana1 he at once tendered his services to us2 he forwarded promptly the clothing and military stores in ,new ,orleans2 and when the ,english seized an ,american schooner on the ,louisiana lakes1 he confiscated all ,english vessels in reprisal4 ,spain had not formally recognized the ,united ,states4 ,she offered her mediation to ,george ,,iii41 and on its refusal by that monarch1 for that and other causes she declared war against ,england4 ,galvez moved at once4 ,he besieged the ,english at ,baton ,rouge1 and1 after a long and stubborn resistance1 compelled it to surrender in ,september1 #aghj2 he swept the waters of ,english vessels1 and then1 with the co-operation of a ,spanish fleet under ,admiral ,solano and de ,monteil1 laid siege to the ancient town of ,pensacola4 ,the forts were held by garrisons of ,english troops1 ,hessians1 and northern ,tories1 well supplied and ready to meet the arms of the ,catholic king4 ,the resistance of the ,british governor1 ,campbell1 was stout and brave2 but ,pensacola fell1 and ,british power on our southern frontier was crushed1 and neutralized4 ,spain gave one of the greatest blows to ,england in the war1 next in importance to the overthrow of ,burgoyne and ,cornwallis4 ,on the ,northwest1 too1 where ,english influence over the ,indians was so detrimental1 ,spain checked it by the reduction of ,english posts that had been the centre of the operations of the savage foe4 ,america was not slow in showing her sense of gratitude to ,catholic ,spain4 ,robert ,morris wrote to ,galvez3 8,i am directed by the ,united ,states to express to your excellency the grateful sense they entertain of your early efforts in their favor4 ,those generous efforts gave them so favorable an impression of your character and that of your nation that they have not ceased to wish for a more intimate connection with your country40 ,galvez made the connection more intimate by marrying a lady of ,new ,orleans1 who in time presided in ,mexico as wife of the ,viceroy of ,new ,spain4 ,but it was not only by the operations on land that the country of ,isabella the ,catholic aided our cause4 ,before she declared war against ,england1 her navy had been increased and equipped1 so that her fleets co-operated ably with those of ,france in checking ,english power and lowering ,english supremacy on the ocean4 ,yet a greater service than that of brave men on land or sea was rendered by her diplomacy4 ,russia had been almost won by ,england2 her fleet was expected to give its aid to the ,british navy in reasserting her old position2 but ,spain1 while still neutral1 proposed an armed neutrality1 and urged it with such skill and address that she detached ,russia from ,england1 and arrayed her virtually as an opponent where she had been counted upon with all certainty as an ally4 ,spain really thus banded all ,continental ,europe against ,england1 and then1 by declaring war herself1 led ,holland to join us openly4 ,nor were ,france and ,spain our only ,catholic friends4 ,the ,abb ,niccoli1 minister of ,tuscany at the court of ,france1 was a zealous abettor of the cause of ,america4 ,in ,germany the ,hessians1 sent over here to do the work of ,english oppression1 were all raised in ,protestant states1 while history records the fact that the ,catholic princes of the empire discouraged the disgraceful raising of ,german troops to be used in crushing a free people2 and this remonstrance and opposition of the ,catholic princes put a stop to the ,german aid which had been rendered to our opponent4 ,never was there such harmonious ,catholic action as that in favor of ,american independence a hundred years ago4 ,the ,catholics in the country were all ,whigs2 the ,catholics of ,canada were favorable1 ready to become our fellow-citizens2 ,france and ,spain aided our cause with money and supplies1 by taking part in the war1 and by making a ,continental combination against ,england2 ,catholic ,italy and ,catholic ,germany exerted themselves in our favor4 ,catholics did their duty in the legislature and in the council-hall1 in the army and in the navy2 ,catholics held for us our northeastern frontier1 and gave us the ,northwest2 ,catholic officers helped to raise our armies to the grade of ,european science2 a ,catholic commander made our navy triumph on the sea4 ,catholic ,france helped to weaken the ,english at ,newport1 ,savannah1 and ,charleston2 crippled ,england's naval power in the ,west ,indies1 and off the capes of ,virginia utterly defeated them2 then with her army aided ,washington to strike the crowning blow at ,cornwallis in ,yorktown4 ,catholic ,spain aided us on the western frontier by capturing ,british posts1 and under ,galvez reduced the ,british and ,tories at ,baton ,rouge and ,pensacola4 ,and1 on the other hand1 there is no ,catholic's name in all the lists of ,tories4 ,washington uttered no words of flattery1 no mere commonplaces of courtesy1 but what he felt and knew to be the truth1 when1 in reply to the ,catholic address1 he said3 8,i presume that your fellow-citizens will not forget the patriotic part which you took in the accomplishment of their ,revolution and the establishment of their government1 or the important assistance which they received from a nation in which the ,roman ,catholic faith is professed40 #ach 8,father ,gibault1 but especially ,vigo1 had on hand at the close of the campaign more than #bj1jjj of this worthless trash 7the only funds1 however which ,clark had in his military chest71 and not one dollar of which was ever redeemed40 ,,the ,,irish ,,home-,,rule ,,movement4#aci ,what is the real nature of the new political movement or organization in ,ireland which emblazons on its banner the device 8,home ,rule08 ,beyond all question it has attained to national dimensions4 ,it has concentrated upon itself more of the attention and interest1 hopes and sympathies1 of the ,irish people than any political endeavor on the same field of action for many years4 ,more than this1 it seems to have succeeded in exacting a tribute to its power and authority which no previous movement received from the adverse ministers1 publicists1 and people of ,england4 ,these1 while they combat it1 deal with it as 8,ireland40 ,it makes propositions1 exacts terms1 directs assaults1 assents to arrangements on behalf of and in the name of the ,irish people2 and1 as we have indicated1 the singular part of the case is that not only is its action ratified and applauded by them1 but its authority so to act in their name is virtually recognized by the government4 ,in the ,house of ,commons it takes charge of ,irish affairs2 has almost an ,irish 7volunteer7 ministry1 certainly an organized party not inferior1 if not superior1 in discipline to that of the 8government0 or 8opposition40 ,we hear of its 8whips10 its councils1 its special division-lists1 its assignment of particular duties1 motions1 or bills to particular individuals2 and1 lastly1 we hear of it boldly challenging the ,disraelian hosts1 fighting them in debate throughout a set field-day1 and1 despite the actual government majority of forty-eight and working majority of seventy1 running the ministerialists to within barely thirteen votes4 ,in all this there is much that is new in the history of ,irish politics2 and it were impossible that it should not intensely interest1 if not affect1 the ,catholic millions of ,america1 bound1 as most of them are1 to ,ireland by the sacred ties of faith and kindred and nationality4 ,what1 then1 is ,home ,rule8 ,is it ,fenianism1 8veiled0 or unveiled8 ,is it ,repeal8 ,is it less than repeal1 or more than repeal8 ,is it a surrender or a compromise of the ,irish national demand2 or is it1 as its advocates claim1 the substance of that demand shaped and adjusted according to the circumstances1 requirements1 and necessities of the present time8 ,with the fall of the ,young ,ireland party1 and the disastrous collapse of their meditated rather than attempted insurrection in #ahdh1 there seemed to foes and friends an end of national movements in ,ireland for the balance of the century4 ,it is almost a law of defeats that the vanquished are separated into two or three well-defined parties or sections3 those whom the blow has intensified and more embittered in their opposition2 those whom it wholly overawes1 who thereafter consider they have done enough for honor1 and retire entirely from the field2 and1 lastly1 those who recognize1 if they do not accept1 the defeat2 who admit the impossibility of further operations on a position so advanced1 fall back upon some line which they imagine they can hold1 and1 squaring round there1 offer battle with whatever of strength and resources survive to them4 ,this is just what resulted in ,ireland in #ahdh-di4 ,the ,young ,ireland movement of #ahdh was never national in dimensions or acceptance4 ,o',connell's movement was1 from #ahdb to #ahdd2 but from that date forward1 though there were two or three rival movements or parties1 having for their leaders respectively ,o',connell1 ,smith ,o',brien1 and ,john ,mitchel1 no one of them had the nation at its back4 ,the ,young ,irelanders led away from ,o',connell the youth1 talent1 enthusiasm1 and1 to a large extent1 though not entirely1 the resolute earnestness and honesty of the old ,repeal party4 ,it is a very common but a very great fallacy that they broke away on a 8war policy0 from the grand old man whose fading intellect was but too sadly indicated in the absurd conduct that drove the young men from his side4 ,they had no 8war0 policy or design any more than he had 7in the sense of a war attack on ,england71 until they caught up one in the blaze and whirl of revolutionary intoxication scattered through ,europe by the startling events of ,february1 #ahdh1 in ,paris4 ,they seceded from ,o',connell on this point1#adj because they would not subscribe to the celebrated test resolutions 7called 8,peace ,resolutions07 declaring that under no circumstances was it or would it be lawful to take up arms for the recovery of national rights4 ,spurning such a declaration1 but solemnly declaring they contemplated no application of its converse assertion in their political designs for ,ireland1 the seceders set up the 8,irish ,confederation40 ,but the magic of ,o',connell's name1 and indeed the force of a loving gratitude1 held the masses of the people and the bulk of the clergy in the old organization4 ,the ,confederates were in many places decidedly 8unpopular10#ada especially when1 the ,uncrowned ,monarch having died mournfully in exile1 his following in ,conciliation ,hall raised the cry that the ,young ,irelanders 8killed ,o',connell40 ,soon afterwards the seceders were themselves rent by a secession4 ,the bolder spirits1 led by ,john ,mitchel and ,devin ,rielly1 demanded that the ,confederation1 in place of disclaiming any idea of an armed struggle against ,england1 should avowedly prepare the people for such a resort4 ,the new secession was as weak in numbers1 relatively towards the ,confederation1 as the original seceders were towards the ,repeal ,association4 ,the three parties made bitter war upon one another4 ,a really national movement there was no more4 ,suddenly ,paris rose against ,louis ,philippe1 and throughout ,europe1 in capital after capital1 barricades went up and thrones came down4 ,ireland caught the flame4 ,the ,mitchel party suddenly found themselves masters of the situation4 ,the ,confederation leaders--,o',brien1 ,duffy1 ,dillon1 ,o',gorman1 ,meagher1 and ,doheny--not only found their platform abandoned1 but eventually1 though not without some hesitation and misgiving1 they themselves abandoned it too1 and threw themselves into the scheme for an armed struggle in the ensuing summer or autumn4 ,it was thought1 perhaps1 that although this might not reunite the ,o',connellites and the ,young ,irelanders1 it would surely reunite the recently-divided sections of the ,o',brien following2 but it did so only ostensibly or partially4 ,there were two schools of insurrectionists in the now insurrectionary party3 ,mitchel and ,rielly declared that ,o',brien and ,duffy wanted a 8rosewater revolution02 ,o',brien and ,duffy declared the others were 8,reds10 who wanted a jacquerie4 ,the refusal of the leaders to make the rescue of ,mitchel the occasion and signal for a rising1 led to bitter and scarcely disguised recrimination2 and when1 a couple of months later1 they themselves1 caught unawares and unprepared by the government1 sought to effect a rising1 the result was utter and complete failure4 ,the call had no real power or authority behind it4 ,the men who issued it had not the mandate of the nation in any sense of the word4 ,they were at the moment the fraction of a fraction4 ,they had against them the bulk of the ,repeal millions and the ,catholic clergy2 not against them in any combative sense1 but in a decided disapproval of their insurrection4 ,some1 and only some1 of the large cities became thoroughly imbued with and ready to carry through the revolutionary determination--an impress which ,cork has ever since retained2 but beyond the traditional vague though deep-rooted feeling of the ,irish peasantry against the hateful rule of ,england1 the rural population1 and even the majority of the cities and towns1 had scarcely any participation in 8the ,forty-,eight movement40 ,when1 therefore1 all was over1 and the 8,men of '#dh10 admittedly the flower of ,ireland's intellect and patriotism1 were fugitives or 8felons0--some seeking and receiving asylum and hospitality in ,america1 others eating their hearts in the hulks of ,bermuda or the dungeons of ,tasmania--a dismal reaction set in in ,ireland4 ,the results above referred to as incidental to defeats as a rule were plainly apparent4 ,of the millions who1 from #ahda to #ahdh1 whether as ,repealers1 ,o',connellites1 ,confederates1 ,mitchelites1 ,old ,irelanders1 or ,young ,irelanders1 partook in an effort to make ,ireland a self-governed or else totally independent nation1 probably one-half in #ahdi resigned1 as they thought1 for ever1 all further hope or effort in that direction4 ,of the remainder1 a numerically small party--chiefly1 though not all1 men who had belonged to ,john ,mitchel's section of the ,young ,irelanders--became only the more exasperated by a defeat in which they felt that their policy had not had even a chance of trying what was in it2 a defeat1 too1 that left the vanquished not one incident to solace their pride and shield them from humiliation and ignoble ridicule4 ,chafing with rage and indignation1 they beheld the rest of what remained at all visible of the national party effecting that retrograde movement alluded to in a foregoing page4 ,of all the brilliant leaders of ,young ,ireland1 ,gavan ,duffy alone now remained to face on ,irish soil the terrible problem1 8,what next80 ,openly proclaiming that the revolutionary position could not be held1 he ordered a retreat all along the line4 ,halting for a while on an attempt to revive the original ,irish ,confederation policy--an attempt which he had to abandon for want of support--he at length succeeded in rallying what could be called a political party on a struggle for 8,tenant ,right40 ,it raised in no way the 8national0 question4 ,it gathered ,presbyterians of the north and ,catholics of the south1 repealers and anti-repealers1 in an organization to force ,parliament to pass a bill preventing the eviction of tenant-farmers unless for non-payment of rent2 preventing also arbitrary increasing of rent that might squeeze out the farmer in another way4 8,come1 now1 this is something practical and sensible10 said matter-of-fact non-repealers and half-hearted nationalists4 8,why1 it is craven surrender and sheer dishonor60 cried the irreconcilable section of the '#dh men4 ,a band of thirty or forty members of ,parliament were returned at the instance of the ,tenant ,league to work out its programme4 ,they were mostly corrupt and dishonest men1 who merely shouted the new shibboleth for their own purposes4 ,were the people thoroughly in earnest1 and did they possess any really free voting power 7there was no vote by ballot then71 all this could be cured2 but as things stood1 the parliamentary band broke up in the first three months of their existence4 ,the ,english minister bought up its noisiest leaders1 of whom ,keogh 7now a judge7 and ,sadleir are perhaps most widely remembered4 ,in some cases the constituencies1 priests and people1 condoned their treason1 duped into believing it was not treason at all1 but 8a great thing to have ,catholics on the bench40 ,in other places the efforts of priests and people to oppose the re-election of the traitors were vain2 free election amongst 8tenants at will0 being almost unknown without the ballot4 ,the tenants' cause was lost4 ,thus ruin1 in its own way as complete and disastrous as that which overtook the insurrectionary attempt of #ahdh1 now overthrew the experiment of a great popular campaign based on constitutional and parliamentary principles4 ,not only was there now no movement for nationality in ,ireland2 there was not an ,irish movement of any kind or for any ,irish purpose at all1 great or little4 ,it was ,pacata ,hibernia as in the days of ,carew and ,st4 ,leger4 ,now came the turn for the unchanged and exasperated section of the '#dh war party4 ,few in numbers1 and scattered wide apart1 they had hissed forth scorn and execration on ,duffy's parliamentary experiment as a departure from the revolutionary faith4 ,if he in #ahdi answered to their invectives by pointing to the fiasco of the year before1 they now taunted him with the collapse of #ahec4 ,not more than two or three of the '#dh men of any prominence1 however1 took up this actually hostile attitude4 ,most of them--,o',brien1 ,dillon1 ,meagher1 ,o',gorman1 and even ,martin--more or less expressly approved the recent endeavor as the best thing practicable under the circumstances in ,ireland4 ,now1 however1 the men who believed in war and nothing but war1 in total separation and nothing short of separation1 would take their turn4 ,the ,fenian movement thus arose4 ,if neither of the sections or subsections of the ,irish nationalists in #ahdh could be said to have succeeded in rallying or representing the full force1 or even a considerable proportion1 of ,irish patriotism1 this new venture was certainly not more fortunate in that respect4 ,outside its ranks1 obstinately refusing to believe in its policy1 remained the bulk of the millions who had followed ,o',connell or ,smith ,o',brien4 ,yet the ,fenians worked with an energy worthy of admiration--except where the movement degenerated into an intolerance that forbade any other national opinions save those of its leaders to be advanced4 ,in truth1 their influence on ,irish politics was very mixed in its merits4 ,in some places it was a rude and vaunting rowdyism that called itself ,fenianism2 in others an honest1 manly1 self-sacrificing spirit of patriotism marked the men who were its confessors and martyrs4 ,if in their fall they drew down upon ,ireland severities worse than anything known since #agih1 it is only fair1 on the other hand1 to credit in a large degree to the sensations aroused by their trials the great awakening of public opinion on the ,irish question which set in all over ,england at the time4 ,and now once more the board was clear4 ,england had won the game2 not a pawn remained untaken on the ,irish side4 ,not an ,irish association1 or society1 or 8agitation10 or demand of any kind challenged ,britannia's peace of mind4 ,once more it was a spectacle of the lash and the triangle2 state-trials1 informers1 and prosecutors2 the convict-ship and the hulk2 the chain-gangs at ,portland and ,chatham4 8,who will show us any light80 exclaims one of the ,young ,ireland bards in a well-known and beautiful poem4 ,such might well have been the exclamation of ,ireland in #ahfg4 ,was this to be the weary cycle of ,irish effort1 for ever and for ever8 ,was armed effort hopeless1 and peaceful effort vain8 ,was there no alternative for ,irishmen but to become 8,west-,britons10 or else dash their brains out against a dungeon wall8 ,could no one devise a way whereby to give scope and vent to the ,irish passion for national existence1 to give a field to ,irish devotion and patriotism1 which would be consonant with the spirit of manhood1 without calling for these hecatombs of victims8 ,suddenly a new element of consideration presented itself2 new1 indeed1 and rather startling4 ,it was ,irish ,protestantism offering the hand of reconciliation to ,ireland4 ,the ,tory party had come into power in the course of the ,fenian prosecutions1 and had carried on the work in a spirit which ,cromwell himself would approve4 ,they really held office1 not because they had an effective majority in the ,house of ,commons1 but because the liberals were broken up and divided1 unable to agree on a policy4 ,to turn to his own account the 8,fenian scare0 was ,mr4 ,gladstone's brilliant idea4 ,to make a dash on the ,irish ,church establishment would rally all the mutinous fractions of liberalism1 on the principle of 8hit him1 he has no friends40 ,it would gratify all ,england as a sort of conscience-salve for the recent dragonnades and coercion laws4 ,yes2 this was the card with which to beat ,disraeli4 ,true1 ,mr4 ,gladstone had only a few years before put down his foot and declared that never1 8no1 never10 could1 would1 or should that ,irish ,church be disestablished or interfered with in any way4 ,what was he to say now to cover this flank movement1 made for purely party purposes8 ,in all ,britain there is no brain more subtle1 none more fertile of strategic resource1 than that of ,w4 ,e4 ,gladstone4 ,he put it all on ,fenianism4 ,he had changed his mind1 not because he was out of office with a weak and broken party1 and wanted to get back with a strong and united one1 but because he had opened his eyes to ,fenianism6 ,he never hit on a more successful idea4 ,on the cry of 8,down with the ,irish ,church60 he was swept into office at the head of the most powerful majority commanded by any minister since ,peel in #ahda4 ,it must not be thought that ,mr4 ,gladstone was insincere1 or meant anything but service to ,ireland 7while also serving his party7 by this move4 ,he has the faculty of intensely persuading himself into a fervid conscientiousness on any subject he likes1 whether it be ,free ,trade1 ,church ,establishment1 ,church ,disestablishment1 or ,vaticanism4 ,the ,irish ,protestants had an unanswerable case against ,england--that is1 as between them and her--on this matter of disestablishment4 ,it was1 on her part towards them1 an open1 palpable1 and flagitious breach of faith--breach of formal treaty in fact4 ,the articles of the ,union in #ahjj expressly covenanted that the maintenance of the ,irish ,church establishment was to be one of the cardinal1 fundamental1 essential1 and everlasting conditions of the deed4 ,mr4 ,gladstone snapped his fingers at such considerations4 8,mind1 you thereby repeal and annul the ,union10 cried ,irish conservatives4 8,we will kick another crown into the ,boyne10 said ,parson ,flanagan at an ,orange meeting4 8,we have held by this bargain with you with uneasy consciences10 said and wrote numbers of sincere ,irish ,protestants2 8break it1 and we break with you1 and become ,irishmen first and before everything40 ,it was rightly judged by thoughtful observers that1 though noisy braggarts of the ,parson ,flanagan class would not only let the crown alone1 but would cringe all the more closely by ,england's side even when the church was swept away1 there was much of sober earnestness and honest resolve in what hundreds of ,protestant laymen 7and even clergymen7 spoke upon this issue4 ,yes1 though the bulk of ,irish ,protestants would prove unequal to so rapid a political conversion1 even under provocation so strong1 there would still be a considerable movement of their numbers towards1 if not into1 the ,irish camp4 ,time1 moreover1 and prudent and conciliatory action on the part of their ,catholic countrymen1 would be always increasing that rapprochement4 ,and so in the very chaos and disruption and upheaval of political elements and parties in ,ireland from #ahfh to #ahgj there was1 as by a mysterious design of ,providence1 a way made for events and transformations and combinations which otherwise would have been nigh impossible4 ,the church was disestablished2 ,irish ,protestants were struck with amazement and indignation4 ,england had broken with them2 they would unite with ,ireland4 ,but1 alas6 no2 this was1 it seemed1 impossible4 ,they could never be 8,fenians40 ,no doubt they1 after all1 treasured in their ,protestant hearts the memory1 the words1 and1 in a way1 the principles of their great coreligionists1 ,grattan and ,flood1 ,curran and ,charlemont4 ,in this direction they could go2 but towards separation--towards an 8,irish republic10 towards disloyalty to the crown--they would not1 could not1 turn their faces4 ,these men belonged in large part to a class1 or to classes1 never since #aghb seen joining a national movement in any great numbers4 ,they were men of high position2 large landed proprietors1 bankers1 merchants1 8deputy-lieutenants0 of counties1 baronets1 a few of them peers1 many of them dignitaries of the ,protestant church1 some of them fellows of ,trinity ,college4 ,such men had vast property at stake in the country4 ,they saw a thousand reasons why ,irishmen alone should regulate ,irish affairs1 but they would hold by a copartnership with ,scotland and ,england in the empire at large4 ,this1 however1 they concluded1 was not what the bulk of their countrymen was looking for2 and so it almost seemed as if they would turn back and relapse into mere ,west-britonism as a lesser evil for them than a course of 8rebellion0 and 8sedition40 ,at this juncture there appeared upon the scene a man whose name seems destined to be writ large on the records of a memorable era in ,irish history--,isaac ,butt4 ,when1 on ,friday evening1 the #aeth of ,september1 #ahfe1 the ,british government seized the leading members of the ,fenian ,society and flung them into ,richmond jail1 it became a consideration of some difficulty with the prisoners and their friends how and by whom they should be defended4 ,in one sense they had plenty of counsel to choose from4 ,such occasions are great opportunities for briefless advocates to strike in1 like ambitious authors of unacted plays who nobly offer them to be performed on ,thanksgiving day or for some popular public charity4 ,no doubt the prisoners could have had attorneys and lawyers of this stamp easily enough2 but it was not every man whom they would trust equally for his ability and his honesty4 ,besides1 there was the money difficulty4 ,the crown was about to fight them in a costly law duel4 ,to retain men of the front rank at the bar would cost thousands of pounds2 to retain men of inferior position would be worse than useless4 ,could there be found amongst the leaders of the ,irish bar even one man bold enough and generous enough to undertake the desperate task and protracted labor of defending these men1 leaving the question of fee or remuneration to the chance of funds being forthcoming8 ,what of the great advocates of the state trials of #ahdc and #ahdh8 ,holmes--clarum et venerabile nomen--dead6 ,shiel--gone too2 ,whiteside--on the bench2 ,o',hagan--also a judge2 ,sir ,colman ,o',loghlen--a crown prosecutor2 ,butt--yes1 ,butt1 even then in the front rank1 the most skilful1 the boldest1 the most eloquent1 and most generous of them all--he is just the man6 ,where is ,butt8 ,where1 indeed8 ,he had to be searched and sought for1 so utterly and sadly had a great figure silently disappeared from the forum4 ,thirty years before ,isaac ,butt was the young hope of ,protestant conservatism1 the idol of its salons4 ,he had barely passed his majority when he was elected to the professorship of ,political ,economy in ,trinity ,college2 and1 at an age when such honors were unprecedented1 was elevated to a 8silk-gown10 as ,queen's ,counsellor at the bar4 ,yet there was always about young ,butt an intense ,irishism2 he was a high-spirited ,protestant1 a chivalrous conservative2 but even in that early time the eagle eye of ,o',connell detected in him an ,irish heart and a love of the principles of liberty that would yet1 so he prophesied1 lead ,butt into the ranks of the ,irish people4 ,the ,english ,tory leaders enticed him over to ,london1 and sent him into ,parliament for one of their boroughs--,harwich4 ,they made much of him--and were his ruin4 ,in the whirl of parliamentary life1 in the fascination of ,london society1 he abandoned his professional business and fell into debt difficulty1 and dissipation4 ,had he been less independent and less self-willed1 he would no doubt have been richly placed by his ministerial friends4 ,somehow or another he and they drew apart as he went sullenly and recklessly downward4 ,in #ahfd he had almost dropped out of sight1 having just previously ceased to sit in ,parliament4 ,to the solicitation to undertake the defence of the ,fenian prisoners he responded by giving them1 it may be said1 three whole years of his professional life4 ,he flung himself into that fight for the men in the dock with the devotion1 the enthusiasm1 the desperate energy of a man striving for life itself4 ,his genius and ability1 conspicuous before1 shone out more than ever4 ,he was admittedly the first lawyer of his day2 and now not only the crown counsel but the judges on the bench felt they were dealing with their master4 ,of money he took no thought4 ,indeed1 in the best and worst days of his fortunes he gave it little heed4 ,he has been known in the depth of his difficulties to hand back a special fee of a hundred guineas which he knew a poor client could not spare1 and the same day pay his hotel bill with a check doomed never to be cashed4 ,the incident is unfortunately only too typical of one phase of his nature4 ,three or four years immersed in such labors--one protracted series of state trials--dealing in the most painfully realistic way with the problem of ,ireland's destiny1 could not fail to have a profound effect on a man like ,butt4 ,meantime1 he grew into immense popularity4 ,his bold appeals for the prisoners1 which soon came to be the sentiments of the man rather than the pleadings of the advocate1 were read with avidity in every peasant's cottage and workman's home4 ,the ,fenians1 broken and defeated as an organization1 yet still ramifying throughout the country1 looked to him with the utmost gratitude and confidence4 ,under his presidency and guidance a society called the ,amnesty ,association was established for the purpose of obtaining the royal clemency for at least some of the ,fenian convicts4 ,a series of mass-meetings under its auspices were held throughout the island1 and were the largest assemblages seen in ,ireland since the ,repeal meetings of ,tara and ,mullaghmast4 ,in fine1 ,mr4 ,butt found himself a popular leader1 at the head of at all events the pro-,fenian section of ,irish political elements1 and daily becoming a power in the country4 ,the resentful ,protestants1 just now half-minded to hoist the national flag1 were many of them ,butt's old comrades1 college-chums1 and political associates4 ,he noted their critical position1 and forthwith turned all his exertions1 in private as well as in public1 to lead them onward to the people1 and to prevent them from relapsing into the character of an ,english garrison4 ,in his public speeches he poured forth to them the most impassioned appeals4 ,in private he sought out man by man of the most important and influential among them4 8,banish hesitation and fear10 he cried4 8,act boldly and promptly now1 and you will save ,ireland from revolutionary violence on the one side1 and from alien misgovernment on the other4 ,you1 like myself1 have been early trained to mistrust the ,catholic multitude1 but when you come to know them you will admire them4 ,they are not anarchists1 nor would they be revolutionists if men like you would but do your duty and lead them--that is1 honestly and faithfully and capably lead them--in the struggle for constitutional liberty40 ,the ,protestants listened1 almost persuaded2 but some sinister whisper now and again of the terrors of a 8,catholic ascendency0 in an ,irish parliament--a reminder that ,irish ,catholics would vote for a nominee of their clergy right or wrong1 and consequently that if the ,irish ,protestant minority threw off the yoke of ,england1 they should bear the yoke of ,rome--seemed to drive them1 scared1 from the portals of nationality4 ,about this time1 the beginning of #ahgj1 ,mr4 ,gladstone raised to the peerage ,colonel ,fulke ,greville ,nugent1 ,m4,p4 for ,longford ,county4 ,he was a respectable and fairly popular 8liberal0 in politics1 was a good landlord1 and1 though a ,protestant1 kindly and generous to the ,catholic clergy and people around him4 ,he had held his seat by and from the priests2 for ,longford ,county1 from the days when it heroically won its independence a generation before1 had been virtually in the gift of the ,catholic clergy4 ,this vacancy occurred in the very fever of the ,amnesty excitement4 ,a few months before ,mr4 ,gladstone had rather harshly refused the appeal for ,amnesty2 and ,tipperary made answer and commentary thereon by electing to ,parliament one of the ,fenian convicts1 at the moment a prisoner in ,chatham4 ,it was proposed to imitate this course in ,longford1 but a more worthy resolve was taken3 ,john ,martin of ,rostrevor--8,honest ,john ,martin0--one of the purest1 most heroic1 and lovable of ,irish patriots1 was put in nomination1 although at the moment he was travelling in ,america and unaware of the proceedings4 ,but the clergy had at a private conference committed themselves to the son of their late member--a brainless young officer in the army4 ,neither party would withdraw their man2 and out of this arose a conflict as fierce1 bitter1 and relentless as if the parties to it had been ancient and implacable foes instead of lifelong and loving friends4 ,altar denunciations of the most terrible kind were hurled at the men who dared to 8oppose their clergy0 by advocating ,john ,martin4 ,platform denunciations were hurled at the men who dared to go 8against ,ireland0 by preferring to a stainless and devoted patriot a brainless little fop who had not a political idea in his head or a spark of ,irish patriotism in his heart4 ,ireland1 and ,england too1 looked on in intense amazement and curiosity4 ,here was a great problem brought to a critical test4 ,the old story of the anti-,catholic ,english press1 that ,irish ,catholics would slavishly 8vote black white at the ordering of their priests10 was about to be proved true or put to shame4 ,the ,longford clergy defeated ,john ,martin and carried their man1 but he was subsequently unseated on petition4 ,the experiment otherwise1 however1 was decisive4 ,for ,john ,martin1 a ,presbyterian ,protestant1 a ,catholic people fought their own clergy as vehemently as they and those clergy had ever fought the ,tory landlords4 ,it was an exceptional and painful incident1 but at the moment one of vast importance1 which proudly vindicated both priests and people from a damaging calumny4#adb ,there was no misunderstanding all this4 ,no ,irish ,protestant1 patriotically inclined1 could any longer be scared by the bugbear of 8,catholic intolerance40 ,the time at last had come for the step they meditated4 ,the moment had arrived also for some attempt to answer the aspirations of ,ireland4 ,and 8the ,hour had brought the ,man40 ,on the night of ,thursday1 the #aith of ,may1 #ahgj1 there were quietly assembled in the ,bilton ,hotel1 ,upper ,sackville ,street1 ,dublin--the most exclusive and aristocratic of the quasi-private hotels in that city--a strange gathering4 ,such men had never met to confer or act together before4 ,it was a 8private conference of ,irish gentlemen to consider the state of ,ireland40 ,but looking around the room1 one might think the millennium at hand1 when the wolf would lie down with the lamb and the lion slumber with the fawn4 ,men who were ,tories1 nay1 ,orangemen2 men who were 8ultra-montanes10 men who had been ,repealers1 men who were ,whigs1 men who had been rebels2 ,protestants1 ,catholics1 ,presbyterians1 ,quakers1 ,fenians1 anti-,fenians1 knights1 high sheriffs1 aristocrats1 democrats--a strange array1 about fifty in all4#adc ,soberly and earnestly and long they discussed and debated and deliberated4 ,the men seemed thoroughly to realize the gravity of what they were about4 ,they did not claim any representative character whatever2 they spoke each man for himself4 ,the questions they had proposed to discuss dealt merely with 8absenteeism and the consequent loss of trade and national prosperity10 and 8the advantages of a royal residence in ,ireland in a political and financial point of view40 ,but in the very first moments of discussion even the new converts to nationality took up bolder ground4 ,lord ,mayor ,purdon1 a ,protestant ,conservative1 a man universally respected in ,dublin2 ,sir ,william ,wilde 7husband of the ,young ,ireland poetess 8,speranza071 an archologist of ,european fame2 the ,hon4 ,capt4 ,king-,harman2 and the ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,galbraith1 fellow of ,trinity ,college1 one of the most distinguished mathematicians of the age1 were amongst the men of conservative politics who came especially to the front4 ,the nationalists1 both 8extreme0 and 8moderate10 interfered but little in the discussions1 looking on greatly astonished at all they heard and saw2 but their part of the case was well handled by the man who was really the guiding spirit of the scene1 and who eventually rose and in a brief speech of thrilling power proposed3 8,that it is the opinion of this meeting that the true remedy for the evils of ,ireland is the establishment of an ,irish parliament with full control over our domestic affairs40 ,a dozen men rose to second this resolution of ,mr4 ,butt1 which was carried in the meeting not only without a dissentient voice1 but with enthusiasm4 ,considering the composition of the assemblage1 this was one of the most startling incidents in ,irish politics for half a century4 ,having appointed a committee to report resolutions to a future meeting1 the assembly adjourned4 ,this was the birth of the ,home-,rule movement4 ,the course of procedure adopted1 following upon the above events1 was one quite unique in ,irish politics4 ,usually the promoters in such cases would hold a meeting as 8we the people of ,ireland0 and begin to act and speak in the name of the country4 ,not only was this line of conduct eschewed1 it was expressty repudiated1 by the semi-private society or association which at first grew out of the ,bilton ,hotel meeting4 ,it was only four months afterwards 7#ast of ,sept41 #ahgj7 that they ventured to assume public form or shape as a political organization4 ,during all this interval they announced themselves simply as a number of ,irishmen associated together in an endeavor to ascertain the feeling of the country upon the subject of national autonomy4 ,they had themselves arrived at certain general conclusions or resolutions 7hereafter to be noticed71 but they declared they could not arrogate to themselves any right or authority to speak for the nation at large4 ,when at length they broke ground and took the field publicly as the 8,irish ,home ,government ,association10 they still disclaimed the right to assume the authoritative functions or tone of a great national organization4#add ,that would come at the right time1 if the country thought well of calling forth such a body2 but this was at best a sort of 8precursor society0 projecting certain views1 and submitting them to public examination by the people1 with the avowed intention on the part of these 8precursors0 of some day1 if they found encouragement for their course1 calling on the country to pass its deliberate and decisive verdict upon those views1 so that ,ireland1 the nation1 might speak1 and1 speaking1 command obedience from all loyal and faithful sons4 ,this was all ,butt's sagacity4 ,festina lente was the motto that befitted work so grave and momentous as an effort to lift ,ireland up and bid her hope and strive once more4 ,there was need of this deliberation and caution4 ,the experiment of bringing together such elements as he gathered around this new venture was a hazardous one4 ,there were prejudices to be allayed1 objections to be removed1 antipathies to be conquered4 ,notoriously there were men who wanted not to go very far on a road so new to them1 and whom a very little bit indeed of self-government would satisfy4 ,just as notoriously were there men who wanted to go a great deal further than they could get the rest of their countrymen to join them in attempting4 ,these two sections--the ,protestant loyalists and the ,fenian secessionists--were the most widely opposed4 ,then there were men of the 8,old ,ireland0 school and men of the 8,young ,ireland0 school--men who objected to 8repeal0 as worthless without the addition of a separate and responsible ,irish administration2 and men who objected to repeal as dangerous without stronger guarantees against conflict and separation of the kingdoms4 ,it was expected that the greatest difficulty would be with the 7,irish7 ,fenians2 but this was not so4 ,mainly through ,mr4 ,butt's great influence with them1 but partly because adversity had taught them useful lessons1 they either came into the new scheme or else declared for a friendly neutrality4 ,not that any of them did so in the sense of recanting their ,fenian principles4 ,they expressly reserved their own convictions1 but announced their determination to give a fair trial and a friendly aid to an honest endeavor in the direction proposed4 ,some of their body1 absent in ,america1 disapproved of this resolve1 and bitterly decried the idea of letting any patriotic scheme but their own find tolerance1 much less favor1 from their ranks4 ,in ,england1 however--i4e41 among the ,irish in ,england--where the wreck and disorganization that had broken up ,irish ,fenianism had had little effect1 and where for several years past there had resided whatever of strength and authority remained of that body1 the proposals of ,mr4 ,butt were taken up heartily1 and even enthusiastically1 by them4 ,a much more formidable work it was found to be to assure the men of large property that this was not an embryo scheme for rebellion and revolution2 to persuade the ,catholic clergy that it was not either a cloak for ,fenianism or a snare of ,orangeism2 and to convince the ,protestants that it was not a trap laid for them by ,cardinal ,cullen and the ,jesuits4 ,and now what was the scheme or plan or 8platform0 put forward after such deliberation1 inquiry1 negotiation1 and investigation8 ,what specifically has been the ,irish national demand as put forth to the world in #ahgj1 solemnly ratified in a great ,national ,conference in #ahgc1 and unmistakably and triumphantly endorsed at the general elections of ,february1 #ahgd8 ,substantially the old demand and declaration on the basis of which ,ireland has been ready enough any time for the last two hundred and fifty years to compromise with the ,english connection--equality in a copartnership1 but no subjugation2 the national autonomy of ,ireland secured2 the right of ,ireland to legislate for and control her own affairs established4 ,the ,irish ,confederate government of #afdb1 the free ,irish parliament of #afij1 the free ,irish parliament of #aghb1 and the decree of the ,irish millions organized in the ,repeal movement of #ahdc formulated just that programme--modified somewhat1 no doubt1 each time1 it might be1 according to the requirements of the period2 but still1 as the student of authentic historical documents will discover1 it was on all those memorable occasions in substance the same4 ,the ,catholic ,confederation at ,kilkenny in the seventeenth century1 and the ,protestant convention at ,dungannon in the eighteenth1 spoke in almost identical tones as to ,ireland's position under the triple crown of ,scotland1 ,england1 and ,ireland4 ,it was very much as if ,virginia in #ahfe said3 8,i have fought you long and bravely2 recognize and secure to me the fulness of state rights1 and ,i will loyally cast in my lot as a member of the ,united ,states40 ,how closely the founders of the new ,irish movement kept on the old lines may be seen from the subjoined 8platform0 laid down by the 8,home ,government ,association0 in #ahgj3 8,,home ,,government ,,association4 8,,general ,,principles4 8,i4--,this association is formed for the purpose of obtaining for ,ireland the right of self-government by means of a national parliament4 8,,ii4--,it is hereby declared1 as the essential principle of this association1 that the objects1 and ,,the ,,only ,,objects1 contemplated by its organization are3 8,to obtain for our country the right and privilege of managing our own affairs1 by a parliament assembled in ,ireland1 composed of her majesty the sovereign1 and her successors1 and the ,lords and ,commons of ,ireland3 8,to secure for that parliament1 under a federal arrangement1 the right of legislating for and regulating all matters relating to the internal affairs of ,ireland1 and control over ,irish resources and revenues1 subject to the obligation of contributing our just proportion of the imperial expenditure3 8,to leave to an imperial parliament the power of dealing with all questions affecting the imperial crown and government1 legislation regarding the colonies and other dependencies of the crown1 the relations of the ,united ,empire with foreign states1 and all matters appertaining to the defence and the stability of the empire at large4 8,to attain such an adjustment of the relations between the two countries1 without any interference with the prerogatives of the crown1 or any disturbances of the principles of the constitution4 8,,iii4--,the association invites the co-operation of all ,irishmen who are willing to join in seeking for ,ireland a federal arrangement based upon these general principles4 8,,iv4--,the association will endeavor to forward the object it has in view1 by using all legitimate means of influencing public sentiment1 both in ,ireland and ,great ,britain1 by taking all opportunities of instructing and informing public opinion1 and by seeking to unite ,irishmen of all creeds and classes in one national movement1 in support of the great national object hereby contemplated4 8,v4--,it is declared to be an essential principle of the association that1 while every member is understood by joining it to concur in its general object and plan of action1 no person so joining is committed to any political opinion1 except the advisability of seeking for ,ireland the amount of self-government contemplated in the objects of the association40 ,though rather diffidently and unostentatiously projected1 the new movement was hailed with general approbation4 ,yet it had for some time hanging on either flank very bitter though not very numerous assailants4 ,the ultra-tories1 led by the ,dublin ,daily ,express1 shrieked fiercely at the ,protestant conservatives that they had entered the camp of ,fenianism and ,romanism2 the ultra-whigs1 led by the ,dublin ,evening ,post1 howled wildly at the ,catholics that they were the tools of ,orangemen who shammed ,home ,rule merely to spite ,mr4 ,gladstone for disestablishing the ,protestant ,church4 ,there can be no doubt this latter idea had long a deterrent effect on the ,catholic bishops and clergy2 they thought the new movement too like a ,protestant revenge on an ,english minister whom they regarded as a benefactor4 8,the newly-born patriotism of these ,tory-nationalists will soon vanish10 they said 7not without show of reason72 8wait until they have driven ,mr4 ,gladstone from office1 and got ,disraeli back again--they will then draw off quick enough from ,home ,rule40 8,very likely10 answered the ,catholic ,home-,rulers2 8we are quite prepared to find a large percentage of these men fall off1 but enough of them will remain faithful and true to make the movement a success2 and especially the ,protestant youth of the country henceforth will be ours40 ,time--at all events such time as has since elapsed--has quite vindicated this view4 ,meantime the country was pronouncing gradually but decisively on the movement4 ,within the first six months the following corporations1 town commissions1 and boards of guardians passed formal votes endorsing its principles3 ,cork 7,municipal ,council74 ,limerick 8 8 ,athlone 7,town ,commission74 ,ballinasloe 8 8 ,clones 8 8 ,dungarvan 8 8 ,galway 8 8 ,kingstown 8 8 ,longford 8 8 ,nenagh 8 8 ,new ,ross 8 8 ,mullingar 8 8 ,queenstown 8 8 ,tuam 8 8 ,dublin 7,board of ,guardians74 ,cork 8 8 ,drogheda 8 8 ,galway 8 8 ,kilkenny 8 8 ,kilmallock 8 8 ,millstreet 8 8 ,limerick ,farmers' ,club ,cork 8 8 ,mallow 8 8 ,this was barely a few months' work as to the pronouncement of popularly-elected public bodies4 ,a number of public meetings in various parts of the country1 attended by tens of thousands of the people1 gave a further stamp of approval and a cheer of welcome to the movement4 ,the mode of electing the governing body or council of the association was peculiar4 ,in place of the usual mode--proposing the list at the annual public meeting1 and passing it there and then--the members of the council were elected by ballot-papers2 each member of the association1 no matter where resident1 receiving his paper and exercising his vote as well as if he lived on the spot in ,dublin4 ,much curiosity existed to see the result of this secret ballot-vote in a large body so mixed in religious class and 7in a sense7 political opinions4 ,two-thirds or three-fourths of the voters would be ,catholics--was it not a grievous peril that by any chance they might ballot in a nearly exclusively ,catholic council1 and thus sow misgiving and mistrust amongst the ,protestants8 ,but never yet have the ,catholics of ,ireland1 in private or in public1 failed to refute by a noble tolerance the evil suspicions of their foes4 ,the very first council thus elected 7under circumstances1 too1 that precluded concert or arrangement as to either general or particular result7 turned out to be composed of thirty-two ,catholics and twenty-nine ,protestants2 and two ,protestants headed the poll6#ade ,the announcement had a profound effect1 not only in cementing and solidifying the new union of parties and creeds within the organization1 but also in spreading its principles abroad4 ,a good idea of the varied classes composing the governing body thus elected may be gathered from the following analysis of the ,home-,rule ,council for #ahgb3 ,catholic clergy1 #e ,protestant clergy1 #d 7,the late7 ,lord ,mayor1 #a ,aldermen1 #g ,deputy lieutenants1 #c ,doctors of medicine1 #c ,knights1 #c ,justices of the peace1 #d ,lieutenant-,colonel1 #a ,members of ,parliament1 #e ,queen's counsel1 #a ,solicitors1 #b ,town councillors1 #c ,the ,british ,liberal party1 who at first pooh-poohed the 8,home-,rule craze10 at length began to take alarm2 for without the ,irish vote that party could neither attain to nor retain office4 ,they warned the ,catholic hierarchy to discourage this mischievous business4 ,it was at best 8inopportune02 it would arrest ,mr4 ,gladstone's beneficent design of settling the ,catholic university education question2 and would only 8play the ,tory game40 ,liberalism was not going to die easily4 ,things came to a crisis in the ,kerry election of #ahgb4 ,on the death that year of ,lord ,kenmare1 his son1 ,viscount ,castlerosse1 then ,catholic-whig-liberal member for ,kerry1 attained to the earldom1 and thus created a vacancy in the parliamentary representation4 ,by a compact between the great landlords of the county1 ,whig and ,tory1 thirty years previously1 it was agreed to 8halve0 the county between themselves3 one ,protestant ,tory member from the great house of ,herbert of ,muckross1 and one ,catholic ,whig from the noble house of ,kenmare--an 8alliance offensive and defensive0 against all third parties or popular intruders being thus established4 ,on this occasion the new ,earl of ,kenmare nominated as his successor in the family seat his first cousin1 ,mr4 ,james ,a4 ,dease1 an estimable ,catholic gentleman acceptable to the people in every way but one3 he was not a ,home-,ruler4 ,although the ,catholic bishop1 ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,moriarty1 joined the county landlords in nominating ,mr4 ,dease1 the bulk of the ,catholic clergy1 and the people almost unanimously1 revolted1 and1 amidst a shout of derision at such a 8hopeless0 attempt1 hoisted the flag of ,home ,rule4 ,they1 ,catholics almost to a man1 chose out as their candidate a young ,protestant ,kerryman barely home from ,oxford ,university--,roland ,blennerhassett1 of ,kells4 ,he was a ,home-,ruler1 and much loved even as a boy by the ,celtic peasantry of that wild ,iveragh that breaks the first roll of the ,atlantic billows on the stormy ,kerry coast4 ,ireland and ,england held breath and watched the struggle as a tacitly-admitted test combat4 8,who spills the foremost foeman's life1 ,his party conquers in the strife40 ,such an election-struggle probably had not stirred ,ireland since that of ,clare in #ahbi4 ,it resulted in an overwhelming victory for ,home ,rule4 ,deserted by every influence of power that should have aided and befriended them 7save their ever-faithful priests1 who1 in nearly every parish1 marched to the poll at the head of their people7--the frieze-coats of 8,o',connell's county10 rising in their might1 tore down the territorial domination that had ruled them for thirty years1 and struck a blow that decided the fortunes of the ,home-,rule movement4 ,barely less important 7and only less important because of some peculiar features in the ,kerry struggle7 was another election being fought out in ,galway ,county at the same moment4 ,that county1 about a year previously1 had elected unopposed1 on ,home-,rule principles1 a man the value of whose accession to the national ranks it would be almost impossible to overestimate4 ,this was ,mitchell ,henry1 of ,kylemore ,castle1 near relative by descent of that ,patrick ,henry illustrious in ,american annals4 ,not because of his large wealth--he is said to have succeeded on his father's death to a fortune of over a million pounds sterling--but for his high character1 his great ability and thoroughly ,irish spirit1 he was a man of great influence1 and his espousal of ,home ,rule was quite an event4 ,now1 however1 another election1 this time contested1 fiercely contested1 had arisen2 the candidates being ,colonel ,trench1 son of ,lord ,clancarthy1 ,whig and ,tory landlord nominee1 and ,captain ,john ,philip ,nolan1 ,home-,rule candidate1 under the auspices of the great 8,prelate of the ,west10 the world-famed ,archbishop of ,tuam4 ,for years the grand old man had not interfered in an election or emerged from the sorrowful reticence into which he retired after the ruin of the ,tenant ,league4 ,but ,ireland was up for the old cause1 and 8,john of ,tuam10 ,o',connell's stoutest ally in the campaign for ,repeal1 was out under the old flag4 ,not to let his name and his influence be discredited in his old age was as much the point of battle1 certainly the point of honor1 on the part of the people1 as to return the ,home-,ruler4 ,the struggle was one of those desperate and merciless encounters between landlord tyranny on the one side and conscience in the poor man's breast on the other1 which used to make ,irish elections as deadly and disastrous as armed conflicts in the field4 ,happily1 it was the last of its class ever to be seen in ,ireland2 for the ,ballot ,act1 passed a year after1 closed for ever the era of vote-coercion4 ,captain ,nolan was triumphantly returned4 ,the famous 8,galway ,election ,petition10 in which ,judge ,keogh so distinguished himself1 unseated him 7for a time7 soon after2 but ,kerry and ,galway struck and won together that week in ,february1 #ahgb2 and the one blaze of bonfires on the hill-tops of all the western counties1 the following ,saturday night1 celebrated the double victory for the national cause4 ,in the course of the next succeeding year every election vacancy in ,ireland but one resulted in the return of a ,home-,ruler1 ,mr4 ,butt himself being among the number4 ,there was now no longer any question as to the magnitude of the dimensions to which the movement had attained4 8,home ,rule0 had become a watchword throughout the land2 a salutation of good-will on the road-sides2 a signal-shout on the hills4 ,to this had grown the work begun almost in fear and trembling that night at the ,bilton ,hotel in #ahgj4 ,the hour could be no longer delayed for convening the whole ,irish nation in solemn council to make formal and authoritative pronouncement upon the movement1 its principles1 and its programme4 ,in the end of the summer of #ahgc it was accordingly decided that in the following ,november an ,aggregate ,conference of ,delegates from every county in ,ireland should be convened in the historic ,round ,room of the ,rotunda1 memorable as the meeting-place of the ,irish ,volunteer ,convention more than three-quarters of a century before4 ,but the history of that important event fitly belongs to another chapter of such a record as this4 ,the point now arrived at closes the first stage of the ,home-,rule movement--from #ahgj to #ahgc4 ,the second three years--from #ahgc to #ahgf--will exhibit it in a new light1 with the mandate of a nation as its authority1 and a powerful parliamentary party as its army of operation4 #aci ,the above article is from the pen of ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,sullivan1 ,m4,p4 for ,louth1 editor of the ,dublin ,nation1 and one of the leaders in the national movement for ,home ,rule in ,ireland4 ,the movement is one of great importance and significance4 ,it has many enemies4 ,it has been and continues to be much misrepresented4 ,for these reasons we open our pages to one of its ablest and most eloquent exponents to give its history to our readers4 ,mr4 ,sullivan will resume and close the subject in the next number of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 #adj ,there were certain other issues1 chiefly as to alleged profligacy of financial expenditure1 and as to audit and publication of accounts1 etc41 which need not be considered here4 #ada ,their meetings in ,dublin were constantly 8mobbed0 for some time4 #adb ,not many months later the climax was capped by the triumphant return of ,mr4 ,martin for ,meath1 probably the most ,catholic constituency in ,ireland2 the candidate whom he defeated 7in a stiff but thoroughly good-humored contest7 being the son of ,lord ,fingal1 one of the best and most popular of the ,irish ,catholic nobility4 #adc ,as this assembly has become in a degree historical1 it may be interesting to give the following list 7never before published7 of those who attended it1 and others added by vote thereat to make up a ,committee on ,resolutions4 ,in nearly every case an indication of the political and religious opinions of the parties is now added4 ,the list includes some of the largest merchants in ,dublin3 ,the ,rt4 ,hon4 ,edward ,purdon1 ,lord ,mayor1 ,mansion ,house1 ,protestant ,conservative4 ,sir ,john ,barrington1 ex-,lord ,mayor1 ,d4,l41 ,great ,britain ,street1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,e4 ,h4 ,kinahan1 ,j4,p41 ex-,high ,sheriff1 ,merrion ,square1 ,tory4 ,james ,v4 ,mackey1 ,j4,p41 ,beresford ,place1 ,orangeman4 ,james ,w4 ,mackey1 ex-,lord ,mayor1 ,j4,p41 #dj ,westmoreland ,street1 ,catholic ,liberal4 ,sir ,william ,wilde1 ,merrion ,square1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4,i41 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,james ,martin1 ,j4,p41 ex-,high ,sheriff1 ,north ,wall1 ,cath4 ,lib4 ,cornelius ,denehy1 ,t4,c41 ,j4,p41 ,mountjoy ,square1 ,cath4 ,lib4 ,w4 ,l4 ,erson1 ,j4,p41 ,great ,charles ,street1 ,or4 ,rev4 ,joseph ,e4 ,galbraith1 ,f4,t4,c4,d41 ,trinity ,college1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,isaac ,butt1 ,q4,c41 ,eccles ,street1 ,prot4 ,nationalist4 ,r4 ,b4 ,butt1 ,eccles ,street1 ,prot4 ,nat4 ,r4 ,w4 ,boyle1 ,banker1 ,college ,green1 ,tory4 ,william ,campbell1 #bf ,gardiner's ,place1 ,cath4 ,lib4 ,william ,daniel1 ,mary ,street1 ,cath4 ,lib4 ,william ,deaker1 ,p4,l4,g41 ,eden ,quay1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,alderman ,gregg1 ,sackville ,street1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,alderman ,hamilton1 ,frederick ,street1 ,cath4 ,repealer4 ,w4 ,w4 ,harris1 ,,ll4,d41 ex-,high ,sheriff of the ,county ,armagh1 ,eccles ,street1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,edward ,m4 ,hodson1 ,capel ,street1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,w4 ,h4 ,kerr1 ,capel ,street1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,major ,knox1 ,d4,l41 ,fitzwilliam ,square 7proprietor of ,irish ,times71 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,graham ,lemon1 ,town ,commissioner of ,clontarf1 ,yew ,park1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,j4 ,f4 ,lombard1 ,j4,p41 ,south ,hill1 ,cath4 ,repealer4 ,w4 ,p4 ,j4 ,mc,dermott1 ,great ,britain ,street1 ,cath4 ,rep4 ,alexander ,mc,neale1 #ajd ,gardiner ,street1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,w4 ,maher1 ,t4,c41 ,p4,l4,g41 ,clontarf1 ,cath4 ,rep4 ,alderman ,manning1 ,j4,p41 ,grafton ,street1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,john ,martin1 ,kilbroney1 8,forty-eight0 ,nationalist1 ,presbyterian4 ,dr4 ,maunsell1 ,parliament ,street 7editor of ,evening ,mail71 ,tory4 ,george ,moyers1 ,richmond ,street1 ,or4 ,j4 ,nolan1 ,sackville ,street 7,secretary ,fenian ,amnesty ,association71 ,cath4 ,nat4 ,james ,o',connor1 ,abbey ,street 7late of ,irish ,people71 ,cath4 ,fenian4 ,anthony ,o',neill1 ,t4,c41 ,north ,strand1 ,cath4 ,rep4 ,thomas ,ryan1 ,great ,brunswick ,street1 ,cath4 ,nat4 ,j4 ,h4 ,sawyer1 ,m4,d41 ,stephen's ,green1 ,prot4 ,nat4 ,james ,reilly1 ,p4,l4,g41 ,pill ,lane1 ,cath4 ,nat4 ,alderman ,plunket1 ,james' ,street1 ,cath4 ,nat4 ,rep4 ,the ,venerable ,archdeacon ,goold1 ,d4,d41 ,m4,b41 ,protestant ,tory--son of ,goold of '#hb4 ,a4 ,m4 ,sullivan1 ,t4,c41 ,p4,l4,g41 ,abbey ,street1 ,cath4 ,nat4 ,rep4 ,peter ,talty1 ,henry ,street1 ,cath4 ,rep4 ,william ,shaw1 ,m4,p41 ,beaumont1 ,cork 7,president of ,munster ,bank71 ,prot4 ,lib4 ,captain ,edward ,r4 ,king-,harman1 ,j4,p41 ,creevaghmore1 ,county of ,longford1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,hon4 ,lawrence ,harman ,king-,harman1 ,d4 ,l41 ,newcastle1 ,county of ,longford1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,george ,austin1 ,town ,commissioner of ,clontarf1 ,winstonville1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,dr4 ,barry ,rathmines1 ,cath4 ,lib4 ,george ,beatty1 ,henrietta ,street1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,joseph ,begg1 ,capel ,street1 ,cath4 ,nat4 7,treasurer of ,fenian ,amnesty ,association74 ,robert ,callow1 ,alderman1 ,westland ,row4 ,edward ,carrigan1 ,bachelor's ,walk1 ,cath4 ,lib4 ,charles ,connolly1 ,rogerson's ,quay1 ,cath4 ,lib4 ,d4 ,b4 ,cronin1 ,nassau ,street1 ,cath4 ,fenian4 ,john ,wallis1 ,t4 ,c41 ,bachelor's ,walk1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,p4 ,walsh1 ,merrion ,row1 ,cath4 ,nat4 ,john ,webster1 ,monkstown1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,george ,f4 ,shaw1 ,f4,t4,c4,d41 ,trinity ,college1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,p4 ,j4 ,smith1 ,dalkey1 ,cath4 ,nat4 ,repealer4 ,george ,e4 ,stephens1 ,blackhall ,place1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,henry ,h4 ,stewart1 ,m4,d41 ,eccles ,street1 ,prot4 ,cons4 ,l4 ,j4 ,o',shea1 ,j4,p41 ,margaret ,place1 ,cath4 ,rep4 ,alfred ,webb1 ,abbey ,street1 ,nat41 8,quaker40 #add 8,this association has never proposed to itself the position and duties of such a great popular organization as must eventually take up and carry out to the victorious end the national question4 ,it has rather proposed to itself the less ambitious though not less arduous task of preparing the ground for such a comprehensive organization40--,first ,report of the ,irish ,home ,government ,association4 ,dublin3 ,falconer1 ,upper ,sackville ,street4 #ahga4 #ade ,every year nearly the same five or six men have been returned at the head of the paper2 ,isaac ,butt always first1 next to him either ,o',neill ,daunt or ,john ,martin2 the others almost invariably being ,rev4 ,professor ,galbraith1 ,a4 ,m4 ,sullivan1 ,j4 ,p4 ,ronayne1 and ,mitchell ,henry4--,mr4 ,ronayne1 we regret to say1 died while this article was in our hands4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more ,a ,,historical ,,romance4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,princesse ,,de ,,craon ,,ix4 ,after the king had declared that he no longer wished her to assume any authority in the household1 the queen secluded herself entirely in the most retired portion of the palace4 ,in default of happiness1 she at least found forgetfulness there2 for it was no longer thought necessary to watch over her4 ,her rival1 on the contrary1 glorying in the light of the king's favor and of her own youth and beauty1 spent her days in festivity and enjoyment4 ,she allowed herself to be carried away by the flattery of the throng of courtiers who followed in her train and servilely implored a glance from the eye1 a smile or a word from her whom they had so quickly abandoned but a short time before4 ,for several days1 however1 the tumult of these ftes1 the sound of music and dancing1 had not entered to wound the heart of ,catherine in her seclusion4 ,she was seated near the fire1 and turning in her hands some worsted stuff intended to make a garment for a poor child4 ,the heavy folds of the curtains hung motionless1 the light flame of the waxen tapers burning near her had not wavered1 and yet ,catherine started nervously and trembled4 ,the anguish of mind she had so long endured had1 so to speak1 worn away the mortal covering and brought her soul in direct contact with exterior objects2 she saw that which possessed no corporeal shape1 she heard that which had no sound4 ,some person unknown has entered her apartments2 her beautiful eyes are turned towards the door4 ,very soon1 in fact1 the curtains roll on their golden rings4 ,a man enters4 ,he advances a step and pauses4 ,it is ,norris1 the favorite attendant of ,henry ,,viii4 8,what wouldst thou80 asked the queen with that sweet but imposing majesty of manner so natural to her that she could not lay it aside4 8,madam--the king--madam60 ,and the unfortunate man hesitated1 trembling in every limb4 ,a mist passed over ,catherine's eyes4 8,madam10 he was at last able to articulate1 8the king1 my lord1 sends me to tell you that before daybreak to-morrow morning he wishes you to be ready to leave the palace40 ,the queen turned pale4''' 8,has your majesty any command to give me80 said ,norris after a moment's silence4 8,the king shall be obeyed10 replied the queen coldly1 and she made a sign for him to withdraw4 ,he bowed and hastily left the apartment4 ,catherine remained mute with grief and astonishment4 8,i have1 then1 still more to suffer60 she cried at length1 falling on her knees4 8,he drives me from his presence--he1 my own husband4 ,he will not even permit me to breathe in the most remote corner of his palace6''' ,ah6 well4 ,yes1 ,i will fly from this house of malediction1 whose hearthstone has been soiled by infamy1 and may ,i never enter it again60 ,but1 alas6 ,catherine had as yet spoken for herself alone4 ,suddenly the mother's heart asserted its supremacy2 she arose hastily1 seized one of the lights near her1 and1 passing rapidly through several apartments1 she at length paused1 panting for breath4 8,no one60 she exclaimed1 looking wildly around her1 8no one has been near these apartments to disturb her rest4 ,the most profound silence reigns40 ,and in her turn she feared to awaken her daughter4 ,softly approaching the bed on which reposed the little ,mary1 she drew aside with her royal hand the heavy curtain of purple and gold4 ,the child was sleeping profoundly2 her head rested on one of the delicate arms2 her long1 golden hair1 loosened from all confinement1 hung over her lovely neck and shoulders1 and down on her light muslin nightdress4 ,she had thrown off the bedclothing that covered her4 ,the blood1 pure and calm1 circulated gently through the transparent veins4 ,she seemed as happy1 as tranquil1 as her mother was agitated and miserable4 ,catherine1 in an agony inexpressible1 regarded her sleeping child1 her hand nervously clenching the curtain she was holding back4 8,sleep on1 my daughter1 sleep60 she murmured4 8,mayst thou never know the weary vigils and bitter anguish of suffering6 ,but what do ,i say8 ,does he not involve thee in the unjust proscription of thy mother8 ,the hatred he bears towards her1 will he not extend it to thee8 ,art thou not the very link that must be broken80 ,and ,catherine1 in despair1 drew back like a stranger in this apartment she must leave before the dawn of the morning4''' ,again she returned to the couch of her child4 ,she bent over her2 her lips almost touched her forehead4 ,then a gloomy courage took possession of her soul4 8,why torture myself thus10 she cried1 8since thou art still left to me8 ,though all forget me1 though the earth open beneath me1 ,i will never more be separated from thee4 ,thou shalt be my joy1 my life1 my hope2 thou shalt become my sole1 my only friend6 ,one day1 yes1 one day thou wilt understand thy mother4 ,let him cast thee far away from him--ah6 what matters it8 ,i open my heart to thee6 ,the earth is vast2 she will welcome her unfortunate children4 ,and when1 worn down by sorrow1 ,i shall be ready to yield up my life1 my hand will still be raised to bless thee1 and my eyes will be fixed upon thine4 ,it shall be thou who wilt close these eyes before ,i descend into the night of the grave1 and thy tears will bedew my last resting-place4 ,then wilt thou be courageous1 and in thy turn learn how to vanquish and defy evil fortune40 ,thus spoke the unhappy queen4 ,she arose and again fell on her knees4 ,but the hour strikes--that hour she had desired1 hoped1 waited for1 as a moment of happiness1 of hope and consolation4 ,it now strikes1 clashing1 resounding through the silent chambers of her stricken heart1 only to awaken a new and fearful sorrow4 ,still1 she hesitates not2 she again embraces the child1 then tears herself away--flies4 ,she hastens eagerly on--,catherine has disappeared4''' 99 99 99 99 99 ,on being informed of the clergy's refusal the king fell into a furious rage4 ,for three days the bishops were shut up in ,westminster4 ,the royal commissioners went to and fro continually from the king's palace to the assembly2 but the deliberations were conducted with so much secrecy that nothing was known of them outside4 ,meanwhile1 night came on1 and the most profound silence reigned throughout the long cloisters of the abbey4 ,the pale rays of the moon alone illuminated the splendid arches4 ,the sanctuary was deserted1 and the red flicker of a lamp suspended in the immense vault showed no larger than a luminous point set in space4 ,a woman covered with a long veil stood within the sacred place1 leaning against the iron railing1 apparently absorbed in prayer4 ,but no1 she was not praying2 the human soul must be calm and resigned before it can truly lift itself up towards ,god4 ,burning tears streamed from her eyes in torrents upon the stone pavement beneath her feet2 she started at the slightest creaking of the wooden stalls surrounding the choir1 and her attentive ear caught even the least breath of air4 ,anon footsteps were heard4 8,st4 ,catherine1 pray for us10 said a dear and well-known voice4 8,amen10 responded the queen2 and she advanced towards two men who were approaching4 8,more60 she exclaimed1 8,more6 you have abandoned me1 then80 8,never1 madam60 8,well1 then10 she cried1 seizing his hand1 8abandon me now6 ,cease1 cease to sacrifice yourself for me6 ,know that you have no longer a queen2 the banished ,catherine leaves to-morrow the palace of her cruel husband4 ,no place of refuge is offered her2 she is left to choose some obscure corner of the earth where she will be at liberty to die4 ,but he is mistaken6 ,i will never leave the soil of ,england--no1 never60 she cried4 8,i will never look again upon my own happy land4 #8,woman1' they would say to me1 #8you have deserted your children2 you have not known how to die in the land over which you ought to reign2 has the ,spanish blood1 then1 ceased to flow in your veins8' ,no1 never60 ,on hearing her speak thus ,more stood transfixed with astonishment and sorrow4 8,they have dared60 he said at last1 8they have dared1 ,rochester60 8,yes10 replied the queen1 8they have dared6 ,but1 ,rochester1 speak2 the time is short2 every moment is precious4 ,what has passed in the assembly80 8,where shall ,i find words to tell you1 madam80 replied the good and venerable old man4 8,parliament has been won over2 your friends1 powerless1 have been made to tremble for their own lives2 threats of death pass from mouth to mouth4 ,i myself have scarcely been able to escape their criminal attempts on my life2 a dish on my table was poisoned1 and several of my people have died from eating of it4 ,consternation reigns secretly in every heart4 ,the clergy are threatened on all sides2 the people are exasperated by a thousand calumnies1 the sources of which remain scrupulously concealed4 ,the soil of old ,england seems about to be shaken to its foundations4 ,vice stalks forth with head erect1 while the virtuous man flies in terror4 ,there is time yet1 madam4 ,save yourself6 ,save us all6 ,renounce an alliance so fatal for you2 abandon this prince who no longer puts any restraint upon his passions--he is not worthy of you2 and let the house of the ,lord become your retreat and be your refuge60 8,what sayest thou80 replied ,catherine4 8,was it for cowardly advice like this ,i called you to me1 ,rochester8 ,and my daughter--what kingdom and what father would you give her80 8,god1 madam1 and the justice of her cause60 cried the afflicted old bishop4 8,then you have yielded80 said the queen4 8,yes10 replied ,rochester1 8we have recoiled before our worst fears2 we have made a pact with falsehood1 since we can no longer believe in the veracity of the king4 ,he has summoned before him in turn each one of the most influential members of the conference4 ,he has sworn to them1 in the presence of ,god himself1 that he desired in naught to usurp the authority of the spiritual head of the church2 that naught could ever change him from being the faithful and obedient child of the church he is2 that he hated heresy1 and that his sole desire was to prevent it spreading in his kingdom--in a word1 that he wished to live and die in the ,catholic faith1 in the faith of his fathers1 and that he only asked of them a title that would give him honor and prove the confidence they had in their prince and the love they bore toward their lawful sovereign4 ,now1 madam1 what shall ,i say to you8 ,he has been so far successful in convincing them that they have carried the majority of votes4 ,we have granted him everything--with this restriction1 however3 that we acceded to his demand only so far as the law of ,god would permit4 ,but1 alas6 discouragement and dissensions have entered among us1 and the choice of men by whom the king surrounds himself is sufficient evidence of the road he is resolved to follow4 ,thomas ,audley replaces ,more1 and ,cranmer1 that base intriguer1 is installed in the place of the learned and immortal ,warham40 8,great heaven60 said the queen1 8that vile tool of ,anne ,boleyn primate of ,england8 ,then all is lost to faith1 hope1 the future1 succor--all60 ,meanwhile1 a strange disturbance was heard1 and all at once a door leading to the interior of the abbey was opened4 ,a number of the king's guard appeared1 armed and bearing torches4 ,the queen1 terrified1 hurriedly retired with ,more and ,rochester within the shadow of a chapel where for centuries had reposed the ashes of the old ,saxon kings4 ,the tombs1 on which they were represented in sculpture the size of life1 lying at full length1 their hands crossed on their breasts1 the head and feet resting on pillows of stone1 cast deep shadows all around them4 ,these shadows1 fortunately1 concealed the queen1 ,rochester1 and ,more entirely from observation1 while they could see distinctly all that took place in the choir4 ,the monks1 marching in two lines1 defiled two by two and took their places in the stalls1 while the guards stationed themselves at the different openings4 ,the gleam of the torches lighted up everything4 ,soon was seen to enter the ,abbot of ,westminster1 who preceded three men richly dressed and enveloped in cloaks4 ,they all three seated themselves in large velvet arm-chairs2 but one of them sat in the loftiest and most richly adorned of all4 ,in a word1 it was plain that a tribunal was constituted1 but that it waited the presence of the accused in order to give judgment4 ,he tarried not long4 ,the door again opened1 and they beheld a young woman enter whose countenance was very pale4 ,she walked between two guards1 and her dress was that of a religious4 8,what60 said ,sir ,thomas in a stifled tone4 8,why1 that is the ,holy ,maid of ,kent6 ,i believe she has her hands bound4 ,no1 it is her veil4 ,what a strange matter6 ,poor young girl6 ,the rumor of her predictions must have reached the king's ears4 ,i have so constantly warned her not to meddle in affairs of state60 murmured ,more4 8,can it be she80 cried the queen and ,rochester in the same breath4 8,more1 are you sure of it80 8,quite sure10 he answered4 8,i remember perfectly her pale and suffering countenance40 ,in the meantime they made the young girl seat herself on a stool in the midst of the assembly1 and the ,abbot of ,westminster began to interrogate her4 8,what is your name80 he asked in a very loud tone of voice4 ,she neither moved nor replied4 8,i conjure you1 my sister1 to answer me10 he added more solemnly still4 8,what is your name80 8,elizabeth ,barton10 she answered1 fixing on him a lingering look of surprise and astonishment4 8,where were you born80 8,in ,aldington1 in the county of ,kent10 answered she very distinctly4 8,what is your age80 8,twenty-three years40 8,why did you become a religious80 continued the abbot4 8,i am not a religious2 ,i have assumed this habit in order to do penance and take care of the poor40 8,who has persuaded you to do this80 8,myself40 8,but do you not pretend to have revelations from heaven1 and have you not told the assembled people of extraordinary things which are hidden in the future80 8,yes1 my lord10 she replied2 and her eyes began to gleam with a singular light4 8,well6 repeat what you have said10 interrupted he who was seated in the loftiest chair1 rising abruptly to his feet4 8,repeat what you have said10 he continued4 ,and the long1 flame-colored plume that shaded his large hat seemed to tremble with impatience1 like the head which it covered4 ,at the sound of that voice1 so imperious and bearing the expression of a soul so deeply agitated1 the ,holy ,maid of ,kent seemed stricken with horror4 ,she arose and stood in the midst of the assembly1 and1 turning toward the speaker1 extended her hand4 8,o ,king ,henry60 she cried1 8think not to conceal yourself from my eyes4 ,i know you2 ,i know with what power you are invested2 and now you would have me tell you what ,i have said and teach you what ,i have learned4 ,well1 then1 ''' yes1 ''' king1 ''' but mortal like myself1 ''' tremble1 recoil with horror and dismay1 at sight of the black hypocrisy with which you have enveloped your heart4 ,look well2 fix your eyes on the infamous vices that have eaten out the last sentiment of virtue ,god had implanted there4''' ,your crimes have multiplied like the sands which roll with the waves in the depths of the sea2 you will inundate the steps of your throne with the blood of the noblest and purest4 ,heresy1 introduced by you into this land1 will multiply under a thousand different forms2 everywhere with truth will be banished true charity4 ,the years of your reign will witness the birth of more calamities than the rain of heaven will cause flowers to grow4 ,the woman you desire will dishonor your bed and perish on the scaffold which your own hands will have erected2 and your daughter1 the child you this day reject1 shall reign4 ,yes6 she shall reign10 she cried1 8in spite of all your efforts4 ,then your bones1 eaten by worms1 shall be buried under the stones of the sepulchre2 but your execrable memory shall live among men1 and your name--this name of ,henry ,,viii41 stamped with the ineffaceable seal of blood--will carry down to ages most remote the horrible memory of a monster6''' ,i have spoken60#adf ,who could describe the effect produced by these last words on the spectators8 ,whiter than the linen robe which enveloped his form1 the ,abbot of ,westminster was seized with terror4 ,it was he who had persuaded the king to summon this woman1 in order1 he said1 to undeceive the people1 who believed in her1 and pacify in this way the credulous and superstitious masses4 ,a prolonged silence reigned throughout that vast temple2 who should dare to speak8 ,cromwell alone turned towards the king4 ,he encountered his fixed and furious gaze1 which plainly said3 8,woe to those who have deceived me60 ,he was not at all disconcerted by it4 8,be calm1 sire10 he said in a low voice1 8be calm2 nothing is lost yet40 ,henry made no reply1 but ,cromwell needed no answer4 8,my dear sister10 he said in a gentle and honeyed tone1 8who has instructed you to say these things80 ,and he saw ,henry ,,viii4 convulsively clench his fists4 8,no one10 answered she in a sweet1 sonorous voice4 8,no one6 ,that is hard to believe10 he replied in a tone almost of derision4''' 8,you have1 at least1 repeated all this to several others4''' ,that the king1 your lord1 may believe you to be sincere1 you should hide nothing from him4 ,have you not written to ,cardinal ,wolsey80 8,without doubt10 she replied1 8,i have informed him of what ,i ought to have let him know1 ''' because that was my duty4 ,sir ,thomas ,more1 the lord chancellor1 can bear witness that ,i tell you the truth40 8,ah6 ,sir ,thomas too10 replied with emphasis the odious ,cromwell2 and he dwelt especially on the name of this just man4 8,sir ,thomas ,more6 ,it is very well1 my dear sister4 ,we verily believe thee40 ,the anxiety that seized on the invisible spectators of the chapel may be imagined4 ,the queen was entirely absorbed with the thought of her daughter2 but on hearing the terrible indiscretion of this foolish or inspired woman she with difficulty stifled a cry of terror4 8,more has written to you1 then80 continued ,cromwell1 whose ingenuity was never at fault4 8,yes1 to recommend himself to my prayers1 but not on this subject40 8,but you have spoken with him many times10 replied ,cromwell in a confident tone1 although he really knew nothing about it4 8,once only10 she answered1 8in the house of the ,carthusians at ,richmond1 where ,i saw him with ,masters ,beering1 ,risby1 and my ,lord ,rochester4''' ,but they advised me not to speak of these things1 and to keep my revelations secret40 8,they were only the more criminal10 replied ,cromwell2 8because it was their duty to have unfolded the wicked designs of which you are guilty toward his royal majesty40 ,at the word 8guilty0 she raised her head and fixed her black and piercing eyes upon ,cromwell4 8,guilty60 she exclaimed4 8,it is a crime1 then1 to speak the truth80 ,she said no more1 but took her seat without awaiting permission4 ,in the meantime the king1 thanks to ,cromwell1 had time to recover from the astonishment that had seized him1 and to hide from the monks the humiliation which he could hardly wait to avenge2 for1 not disdaining himself to subdue this feeble enemy whom they had represented as unable to speak in his presence1 he had believed1 on the faith of his confidants1 it was worth while to summon the ,holy ,maid of ,kent before him1 in order to show that she was worthy of no confidence4 ,now the most furious thoughts were at strife within him4 ,how had she recognized him8 ,had the queen's friends instructed her8''' ,but she would not name them4 ,what a story this would make throughout the kingdom6 ,and his hardened heart could not cease being troubled4 ,cromwell1 despite the joy he felt at having made her name ,more and the ,bishop of ,rochester1 was at a loss how to close with dignity this disagreeable scene4 ,the monks opened their office-books and pretended to be reading2 the woman remained seated on her stool and said nothing more2 the guards waited some signal1 which no one gave4 ,the king decided the question1 which was becoming every moment more and more embarrassing4 8,it is well10 he said2 8we have had enough of it2 ,i am satisfied40 ,he arose abruptly4 ,all followed him2 the guards threw open the doors1 extinguished the lights1 led away the ,holy ,maid of ,kent1 and the monks slowly retired into the abbey4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the hours of night rapidly succeeded each other2 already a whitish circle began to rise and extend over the horizon4 ,nevertheless1 all were wrapped in sleep in the plain and beneath the shadow of the woods4 ,the industrious husbandman still rested his weary limbs on his rude couch2 the dog which guarded his thatched cottage had ceased to howl2 and even the invalid found1 at the approach of day1 a moment of repose4 ,but idleness1 always so prolonged in the palaces of kings1 seemed to have been banished from the palace of ,whitehall4 ,lights were seen glancing to and fro athwart the large windows2 hurried footsteps were heard running up and down the marble stairways2 whilst a coach with several horses attached1 slowly drove around a distant courtyard4 ,anne ,boleyn herself was already occupied with the arrangement of her attire4 ,she was seated upon soft cushions of velvet before a toilet table of ebony and gold4 ,a young girl named ,anne ,savage1 whom she preferred above all her maids because of her uninterrupted cheerfulness1 her merry chat1 and her expertness in the arts of the toilet1 perfumed the long and beautiful hair which she was arranging with extreme care on the brow of her mistress1 while the latter was searching in a casket she held in her lap for the jewels she wished to adorn her ears and add to her coiffure4 8,there is nothing at all in this box60 cried ,boleyn1 tossing over pell-mell the most magnificent jewelry4''' 8,these emeralds are so trying to the face6 ,these pearls injure the complexion6 ,anne1 go bring me something else4 ,all these are frightful ,i tell you6''' ,but what is that8 ,i hear a noise1 ''' a cry4''' ,listen4''' ,no1 ''' it is in the king's apartments4'''0 8,i hear nothing10 replied ,anne ,savage after a moment's silence1 during which she had not breathed4 8,ah6 yes1 ,i hear it10 replied ,anne ,boleyn2 8,i suspect the cause of it1 too4''' ,but ,i do not want to think about this4''' ,however1 it is a bad omen4'''0 ,and as ,lady ,boleyn was very superstitious1 and her conscience far from easy1 she let the casket fall at her feet1 and1 bowing her head on her bosom1 seemed to be absorbed in deep reflection4 ,anne ,savage tried to complete the coiffure as she sat in that position1 but she failed in her task4 8,if my lady cannot hold up her head10 at last cried the maid impatiently1 8it will be impossible for me to arrange her head-dress properly40 ,this admonition recalled ,anne ,boleyn to herself2 she immediately raised her head and began carefully to scrutinize herself in the mirror placed before her4 ,well pleased with her appearance1 she arranged two or three hair-pins ornamented with pearls strung like the beads of a rosary1 and drew down a little the net-work of gold that fell below her cap and confined her tresses4 ,with this improvement she arose1 in order to choose from among the dresses she had caused to be brought and laid out on all the furniture in the room4 8,this blue1 ''' or rather this lilac10 she murmured2 8no1 these embroideries are heavy and ugly4 ,i will try this white4''' ,i would have liked a rose-color2 here is one4 ,really1 there is nothing here that pleases me4''' ,it is true10 she continued spitefully1 8any of these ought to be good enough for one who is going to be married in a garret60 8,in a garret60 interrupted the maid4 8,what6 is it not in the chapel my lady is to be given away80 8,no10 replied ,lady ,boleyn1 reddening4 8,the king has changed everything since yesterday evening4 ,he has had an altar put up in one of the upper rooms of the palace4 ,you alone are to carry my train1 and ,norris and ,heneage will serve as witnesses4 ,these are the honors which he deigns to accord the ,queen of ,england4''' ,ah6 my dear ,anne1 ,i am very miserable10 added ,lady ,anne1 almost ready to burst into tears4 8,in a garret60 repeated ,savage1 and she stood as if stupefied4 8,in a garret6 ,o my lady6 how can you suffer this8''' ,well1 now do you not think ,i was right in telling you that you would do wrong to marry the king1 and abandon so cruelly ,lord ,percy1 ,earl of ,northumberland1 and lord of ,i know not how many boroughs8 ,he would not have believed himself obliged to marry you in the garret of ,northumberland ,castle6 ,he loved you so much2 he was so proud of you6 ,many a time has he said to me3 #8,anne1 you are a good girl2 you have the same name as your mistress4 ,you shall never leave my wife2 ,i will give you a marriage portion and an honest man for a husband4' ,besides1 madam10 continued ,anne ,savage in a grave1 sententious manner1 8,i can never forget that my grandfather1 who was very learned and respected by all the parish1 used to say to me as ,i would sit by his side to sew3 #8,remember well1 my little ,anne1 never to marry a man who is above you in wealth or rank2 otherwise you will not be happy1 because love flies away very quickly1 and reproaches follow4'0 8,ah6 my dear ,anne1 do not recall anew my regrets10 cried ,lady ,boleyn1 with tears in her eyes4 8,i have never ceased to love ,percy2 ''' and when ,i compare the violence and haughty manner of the king with the gentleness and virtues of ,percy1 ,i am miserable for having listened to my ambition4 ,oh6 how severely ,i am punished4 ,henry considers me overwhelmed with honor by his loving me6 ,submissive to all his caprices1 ,i am for ever fearful of losing his favor2 while ,percy1 happy in the sole hope of marrying me1 always thanked me for every smile or word that ,i addressed him4 ,anne1 do you believe that he has entirely forgotten me80 she asked suddenly4 8,truly1 my lady1 ,i wot not2 ,i only know by my cousin ,savage that he no longer receives any one in his fair castle at ,york4''' ,but be it as it may1 how1 my lady1 could it profit you to-day80 8,nay1 as thou sayest1 naught1 my poor ,anne10 replied ,lady ,boleyn2 but as she spoke she could not restrain her tears4 ,she recalled to mind all that she had done to induce the king to marry her2 that1 since she had been able to attain an end so difficult1 she certainly ought to feel satisfied2 and yet1 in spite of these considerations1 she found herself overwhelmed with regrets for the past and fears for the future4 ,she reflected that ,henry had conducted himself so cruelly toward the queen1 if ever she ceased to please him she would have everything to fear2 and the happiness of that brilliant picture of thrones and honors which she had always dwelt on with such ardent longings seemed to vanish at the very moment when she saw it about to be realized4 ,but ,anne ,savage could not conceive what should afflict her on this point4 8,why10 she exclaimed1 8should you torture yourself in this way8 ,it is too late to think of bringing him back1 since he is already married4 ,besides1 it is very strange2 for you have told me a hundred times that you loved nobody but the king40 8,you are right10 replied ,lady ,boleyn2 8that is true4 ,i did love him1 and ,i love him still2 but ,i feel that it is impossible to love very long a person whom one cannot respect40 8,better to have thought of that sooner10 murmured the maid2 but she took care not to say so aloud4 ,absorbed as she was in her sorrow1 ,lady ,boleyn did not forget the care of her toilet1 and1 to assist in drying her tears1 she turned the ,venetian mirror in every direction in order to survey herself2 but she was by no means satisfied with the ensemble nor the details it presented to her4 8,see60 she cried1 8how badly these sleeves fit2 and these heavy plaits around my waist4 ,in sooth1 never was ,i so badly dressed4 ,this white satin robe with silver flowers is frightful4''' ,besides1 ,i wanted a rose-colored dress1 ''' but of a color that is not here4 ,they leave me with naught indeed4 ,this may not be borne4 ,go1 bid all my women enter2 ,i would know what they think of me40 ,anne ,savage ran to open the door4 ,scarcely had she opened it4''' ,but let us leave the frivolous and coquettish ,boleyn to adorn with so much care that form which the dust of the tomb has long since claimed1 and follow rather this man1 all flushed1 out of breath1 and hurried1 who eagerly mounts the stairs in search of the king4 ,the guards are standing near the doors2 the mats on which they passed the night are still lying on the floor in the lower hall of the palace2 they rub their half-opened eyes1 still bewildered with sleep4 ,they offer the usual salutations to ,norris1 who advances1 and whom they recognize2 but he passes through their midst without seeming to perceive them1 and enters abruptly the apartment of the king4 ,henry ,,viii41 leaning against one of the windows1 his face pressed close to the glass1 was gazing eagerly out to behold all he had been able to see of ,catherine's departure2 but1 hearing the door open1 he turned quickly around1 withdrew from the window1 and1 going to the far end of the apartment1 took his seat4 8,well1 good ,norris10 he said1 looking attentively at him1 8what a sad air you wear6 ,it was1 then1 very difficult to get ,catherine off8 ,i had foreseen it all1 however40 8,your majesty had foreseen it all1 and yet methinks you have chosen not to be by the while40 8,what1 then1 has happed80 8,naught1 of great moment--no1 in sooth1 naught but what should have been4 ,but ,i vow my heart was bruised sore when the queen's grief brake forth4 ,nothing loath was she to go2 but when she saw the ,princess ,mary was not let go with her1 and the door of the coach closed1 she fain would have cast herself without4 ,then she uttered cries the most heartrending1 and1 stretching out her arms towards us1 besought us to let her return and once more embrace her daughter4 ,the princess1 seeing the despair of her mother1 with sobs and cries begged to follow her4 ,at length1 there being no way to prevent the queen from descending1 she clasped her a thousand times in her arms4 ,she then wrote something on a scrap of paper ,i have here1 and bade me deliver it to your majesty1 which ,i promised to do4 ,she entreated all present to beg you to have compassion on her and send the ,princess ,mary to her2 that she asked but this one favor1 and then she would consent to do all that you wished4 ,it was necessary to carry her to the coach2 for she fell fainting while embracing her daughter for the last time40 8,always these fainting fits of hers10 replied the king angrily2 8yet will she say it is ,i who have slain her4 ,come1 let us see the paper60 ,norris presented it4 ,the king opened it and read the following words which the queen had written in a trembling hand3 8,,sire3 ,what have ,i done to you that you treat me thus8 ,you banish me from your palace and condemn me to exile4 ,alas6 to this ,i had submitted2 but why have you the cruelty to separate me from the only good of mine that is left in all the world8 ,you know well that never have ,i gainsaid wish of yours2 but is it in my power not to be your lawful wife8 ,i conjure you1 then1 to have compassion on me6 ,give me back my daughter2 give her to me1 and ,i will weep no more the lot you have cast for me4 ,become a stranger in the land over which you reign1 at least permit to die in peace an unfortunate woman whom you have deprived of her rank1 her country1 and her friends4 ,leave me my daughter to console the last days of a life that is almost ended4 ,what can you hope or fear from her8 ,since you cast her out from your arms1 leave me the happiness to take her to mine4 ,i am her mother2 ,i have brought her into the world in sorrow2 ,i have nourished her from my own bosom--she is mine2 and1 since it is your will to deprive her of a father1 do not1 at least1 tear her from the arms of her unhappy mother40 ,this letter1 still all wet with tears1 produced a painful impression on the mind of ,henry4 8,this fellow will assuredly find me of the cruelest10 he said to himself4 8,it is well1 it is well10 he added in a loud voice4 8,it is a request that she makes to me2 we will see to it later on4 ,everything is ready1 ,norris80 he added immediately4 8,yes1 sire2 your orders have been executed with the greatest exactness4 ,heneage and ,lady ,berkley are below2 they await your majesty40 8,is ,dr4 ,roland also there80 demanded the king4 8,yes1 sire2 he has been there more than an hour40 8,well1 go and seek ,lady ,boleyn40 ,norris immediately descended4 ,he found all the doors of ,lady ,boleyn's apartments open1 and in the distance heard exclamations mingling1 and unceasingly repeated4 8,oh6 how lovely is my lady4 ,never did she look more fair60 they cried4 8,how handsomely my lady's hair is dressed1 and what beautiful hair it is6 ,what a sweet complexion1 what a charming figure6 ,there is not a woman in all the kingdom who is my lady's equal60 ,hearing this concert of praise1 ,anne ,boleyn began to take courage4 8,no1 no10 she said with an air of disdain2 8,i am very badly dressed to-day40 ,as she said these words ,norris entered and announced to ,lady ,boleyn that the king awaited her4 ,she followed him at once1 accompanied by ,anne ,savage2 the other women stood in astonishment1 and were very curious to know why this favor was shown to their companion1 while the jealousy with which they already regarded her was still further increased4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 #adf ,see ,sanders on the ,holy ,maid of ,kent4 ,,the ,,transcendental ,,movement ,,in ,,new ,,england4#adg ,this volume reads pleasantly4 ,there is attached to it a peculiar interest1 and something of the charm of a romance1 for those who have had some knowledge of the transcendental movement in ,new ,england1 and acquaintance with its leaders4 ,the author has evidently written his account with feelings of sympathy and friendship1 which he acknowledges1 and these have led him to bring out all the good points of the movement1 while its shortcomings1 exaggerations1 and absurdities are scarcely1 if at all1 hinted at4 ,the style is clear and smooth1 the narrative never falters2 the writer has contrived to throw a certain halo around the leaders of transcendentalism1 and succeeded in presenting in his book a series of ideal portraits calculated to impose somewhat upon strangers4 ,the impression which the work leaves on the mind of the reader is as if he had been listening to the conversation of a member of a mutual admiration society4 ,octavius ,brooks ,frothingham is not a 8central thinker10 his knowledge of the subject of which he treats is very limited1 and his religious insight is null4 ,transcendentalism requires a differently-equipped man to be its historian4 ,there is1 somehow1 a narrowness of structure and a peculiar twist in the faculties of the ,new ,england mind--perhaps a constitutional inheritance--which renders it inapt to conceive first principles and grasp universal truths2 and although transcendentalism was an effort to rise above this condition1 it nevertheless carried with it in its flight all these defects4 ,our author has not written a history1 but an interesting sketch which will be useful1 no doubt1 to some future historian4 ,to write a history1 especially of a philosophical and religious movement such as transcendentalism pretended to be1 and really was1 requires more than an acquaintance with persons and facts4 ,one must comprehend its real origin1 and have mastered and become familiar with his subject4 ,this is a task which ,mr4 ,frothingham has not accomplished4 ,every heresy segregates its adherents from the straight line of the true progress of the human race1 all deviations from which are1 in the nature of things1 either transitory or fatal4 ,they live1 for the greater part1 outside of the cumulated wisdom and the broad stream of the continuous life of humanity4 ,when the heresy has almost exhausted its derived life--for no heresy has a source of life in itself--and the symptoms of its approaching death begin to appear1 the intelligent and sincere who are born in it at this stage of its career are the first to seek to regain the unbroken unity of truth4 ,this is reached by two distinct and equally legitimate ways4 ,the first class gains the knowledge of the whole body of the originally revealed truth1 from which its heresy cut it off1 by tracing the truths retained by the sect to their logical connection with other no less important truths equally contained in the same divine revelation4 ,the second class falls back upon the essential truths of natural reason2 and as all supernatural truth finds its support in natural truth1 it follows that the denial of any of the former involves a denial of the latter4 ,heresy always involves a mutilation of man's natural reason4 ,once the integral natural basis recovered1 the repudiation of heresy as contrary to reason follows logically4 ,but the experience of the human race1 that of the transcendentalists included1 shows plainly that nature does not suffice nature2 and this class1 at this moment1 starts out to find a religion consonant with the dictates of reason1 satisfactory to all their spiritual necessities1 and adequate to their whole nature4 ,they ask1 and rightly1 for a religion which shall find its fast foundations in the human breast4 ,this appeal can only be answered1 and is only met1 by the revelation given to the world in the beginning by the ,author of man1 completed in the ,incarnation1 and existing in its entirety and in unbroken historical continuity in the ,catholic ,church alone4 ,this dialectical law has governed the course of all heresies1 from which they could not by any possibility escape2 the same law has governed the history of ,protestantism on its native soil1 in ,germany1 as well as in old ,england1 in ,new ,england1 and wherever it has obtained a foothold4 ,our business at present is with those of the second class1 under which head come our ,new ,england transcendentalists2 and what is not a little amusing is the simplicity with which they proclaim to the world1 in this nineteenth century of the ,christian era1 the truths of natural reason1 as though these were new and original discoveries6 ,they appear to fancy that the petty sect to which they formerly adhered1 and their dreary experience of its rule1 have been the sad lot of the whole human race6 ,it is as if a body of men had been led astray into a cavern where the direct rays of the sun never penetrated1 and1 after the lapse of some generations1 their descendants approach its mouth1 breathe the fresh air1 behold the orb of light1 the mountains1 the rivers1 and the whole earth covered with trees1 flowers1 and verdure4 ,for the first time this glorious world1 in all its wonderful beauty1 bursts upon their view1 and1 in the candor of their souls1 they flatter themselves that they alone are privileged with this vision1 and knowledge1 and enjoyment6 ,their language--but1 be it understood1 in their sober moods--affects those whose mental sight has not been obscured by heresy2 somewhat like the speech of children when first the light of reason dawns in their souls4 ,for the transcendental movement in ,new ,england was nothing else1 in its first instance1 than the earnest and righteous protest of our native reason in convalescence against a false ,christianity for its denial or neglect of rational truths4 ,mr4 ,frothingham tells us that 8he was once a pure transcendentalist10 and that perhaps 8his ardor may have cooled40 ,we protest1 and as a disinterested party assure him that he writes with all the glow of youth1 and in his volume he has furnished a pretty cabinet-picture1 in couleur du rose1 of transcendentalism in ,new ,england1 without betraying even so much as the least sign of a suspicion of its true place in the history either of philosophy or religion4 ,in seeking for the 8distinct origin0 and the place in history of the transcendental movement in ,new ,england1 he goes back to ,immanuel ,kant1 born at ,knigsberg1 in ,prussia1 ,april #bb1 #agbd1 and finds it1 as he supposes1 in ,kant's famous ,critique of ,pure ,reason1 published in #agga4 ,after mentioning some of the disciples of ,kant1 we are taken to the philosophers of ,france--,cousin1 ,constant1 ,jouffroy2 then we are next transported across the ,channel to old ,england1 and entertained with ,coleridge1 ,carlyle1 and ,wordsworth2 finally we are landed in ,new ,england and are told3 8,with some truth it may be said that there never was such a thing as transcendentalism out of ,new ,england4 ,in ,germany and ,france there was a transcendental philosophy1 held by cultivated men1 taught in schools1 and professed by many thoughtful and earnest people2 but it never affected society in its organized institutions or practical interests4 ,in old ,england this philosophy influenced poetry and art1 but left the daily existence of men and women untouched4 ,but in ,new ,england the ideas entertained by foreign thinkers took root in the native soil and blossomed out in every form of social life4 ,the philosophy assumed its full proportions1 produced fruit according to its kind1 created a new social order for itself1 or rather showed what sort of social order it would create under favoring conditions4 ,its new heavens and new earth were made visible1 if but for a moment1 and in a wintry season0 7p4 #ajc74 ,the contact with the productions of the foreign philosophers as well as religious and literary writers whom ,mr4 ,frothingham mentions undoubtedly stimulated and strengthened the transcendental movement in ,new ,england2 but it did not originate it4 ,the movement was the spontaneous growth of the ,new ,england mind1 in accordance with the law which we have stated1 aided by the peculiar influence of our political institutions1 as will be shown further on4 ,its real authors were ,channing1 ,alcott1 and ,emerson1 who were neither affected at their start nor afterward--or if at all1 but slightly--by foreign or extraneous influences4 ,moreover1 the ,kantian philosophy afforded no logical foothold for the defence of the movement in ,new ,england4 ,were our ,new ,englander1 who still clings to his early faith in transcendental ideas1 to present himself to the philosophical offspring of ,kant1 he would no more pass muster than his old orthodox ,protestant antagonist of the exclusive traditional school4 ,the logical descendants of ,kant are1 in the region of philosophy1 to use an ,americanism1 played out1 and those who still keep up an existence will be found in the ranks of positivism1 materialism1 and blank atheism4 ,the idea of ,god1 the immortality of the soul1 the liberty of the will1 the creation of the world--these and all such ideas the descendants of ,kant have politely conducted to the frontiers of philosophy1 and dismissed each and every one1 but not before courteously thanking them for their provisional services4 ,our ,new ,englander would appear to their eyes as a babe still in swaddling-clothes1 or as a child learning to read by amusing itself with the pictures of old ,mother ,goose stories4 ,whatever hankering ,mr4 ,frothingham and some few others may have after their first love of transcendental ideas--and those in ,new ,england with whom they are most in sympathy1 one and all are moving in the same direction--they are only in the initial stage of the process of evolution of the ,kantian germ-cell1 the product of ,protestant protoplasm1 and will end eventually in the same logical issues as their less sentimental ,german1 ,french1 and ,english confrres4 ,to give us a right history of transcendentalism1 ,mr4 ,frothingham must enlarge the horizon of his mental vision1 and include within its scope a stretch of time which elapsed before his ancestors were led off by heresy into the cavern of obscurity4 ,he will find a historical no less than a 8dialectical basis0 for its ideas or primary truths1 and other truths of natural reason of which he has not yet made the discovery1 in the writings of ,clement of ,alexandria1 in ,augustine1 in ,vincent of ,lerens1 in ,anselm1 and above all in ,thomas of ,aquinas1 whose pages contain all the truths1 but purified from the admixture of error1 of the pagan philosophers1 as also of those who had preceded him in ,christian philosophy--men whose natural gifts1 as well as devotion to truth1 were comparable1 to say the least1 with ,immanuel ,kant and his ,french1 or ,english1 or ,american disciples4 ,those profound thinkers maintained and demonstrated the truth of the great ideas which ,kant1 according to his own showing1 neither dared affirm nor deny1 and which the transcendentalists held for the most part by openly contemning logic and by submissively accepting the humiliating charge of being 8sentimentalists40 ,what those great men taught from the beginning has been always taught1 even to our day1 by all sound ,catholic teachers in philosophy4 ,so jealous has the supreme authority of the church been in this matter of upholding the value of the natural powers of human reason against those who would exalt tradition at its expense it has required1 if they would teach philosophy in the name of the church1 as a test of their orthodoxy1 a subscription to the following proposition3 8,reason can with certitude demonstrate the existence of ,god1 the spirituality of the soul1 and the liberty of man40 ,had the author of the volume which we are briefly reviewing read the ,summa of ,st4 ,thomas1 or only the chapters which treat of these subjects1 and understood them--which is not1 we hope1 asking too much from an advanced thinker of our enlightened age1 inasmuch as ,st4 ,thomas wrote this work in the 8dark ages0 for mere tyros--he would have gained a stand-point from which he might have done what he tells us in his preface was 8the one purpose of his book--to define the fundamental ideas of philosophy1 to trace them to their historical and speculative sources1 and to show whither they tended0 7p4 viii47 ,such a work would have been more creditable to his learning1 more worthy of his intellectual effort1 more satisfactory to intelligent readers1 and one of permanent value4 ,we commend to ,octavius ,brooks ,frothingham the perusal and study of ,st4 ,thomas' ,summa--above all1 his work ,contra ,gentiles1 which is a defence of ,christianity on the basis of human reason against the attacks of those who do not admit of its divine revelation2 or if these be not within his reach1 to take up any one of the modern works on philosophy taught in ,catholic colleges or seminaries to our young men4 ,after all1 perhaps1 the task might prove an ungracious one2 for it would not be flattering to the genius of originality1 on which our transcendentalists pride themselves1 to discover that these utterances concerning the value of human reason1 the dignity of the soul1 and the worth of man--barring occasional extravagant expressions attributable to the heat of youth--were but echoes of the voice of the ,catholic ,church of all ages1 of the traditional teachings of her philosophers1 especially of the ,jesuitical school2 all of which1 be it said between ourselves1 has been confirmed by the sacred decrees of the recent ,vatican ,council6 ,still1 passing this act of humiliation on their part1 it would have afforded them what our author says their system 8lacked10 and for which he has had recourse--in our opinion in vain--to the great ,german systems3 namely1 a 8dialectical basis40 ,he would have found in ,catholic philosophy solid grounds to sustain every truth which the transcendentalists so enthusiastically proclaimed in speech1 in poetry1 and prose1 and which truths1 in their practical aspect1 not a few made noble and heroic sacrifices to realize4 ,to have secured such a basis would not have been a small gain1 when one considers that these primary truths of reason are the sources from which religion1 morals1 political government1 and human society draw their vitality1 strength1 and stability4 ,not a small service to humanity is it to make clear these imperishable foundations1 to render them intelligible to all1 and transmit them to posterity with increased life and strength4 ,it is well that this noble task of philosophy did not depend on the efforts of the transcendentalists2 for ,mr4 ,frothingham sadly informs us in his preface that 8as a form of mental philosophy transcendentalism may have had its day2 at any rate it is no longer in the ascendant1 and at present is manifestly on the decline1 being suppressed by the philosophy of experience1 which1 under different names1 is taking possession of the speculative world0 7p4 vii47 ,who knows what might have been the precious fruits of all the high aspiration and powerful earnestness which were underlying this movement1 if1 instead of seeking for a 8dialectical basis of the great ,german systems10 its leaders had cast aside their prejudices1 and found that ,catholic philosophy which had interpreted the divine oracles of the soul from age to age1 consonant with man's original and everlasting convictions1 and sustaining his loftiest and noblest hopes8 ,but with the best will in the world to look favorably on the practical results of the transcendental movement1 and our sincere appreciation of its leaders--both of which1 the issues and the men1 are described from chapter vii4 to xv41 which latter concludes the volume--in spite of these dispositions of ours1 our sympathy for so much praiseworthy effort1 and our respect for so many highly-gifted men1 in reading these chapters a feeling of sadness creeps over us1 and we cannot help exclaiming with the poet ,sterling3 8,o wasted strength6 ,o light and calm ,and better hopes so vainly given6 ,like rain upon the herbless sea1 ,poured down by too benignant heaven-- ,we see not stars unfixed by winds1 ,or lost in aimless thunder-peals1 ,but man's large soul1 the star supreme1 ,in guideless whirl how oft it reels60 ,but this is not to be wondered at2 for although these men had arrived at the perception of certain great truths1 they held them by no strong intellectual grasp1 and finally they escaped them1 and their intellectual fabric1 like the house built upon sand1 when the storm came and the winds blew1 great was the fall thereof4 ,this was the history of ,brook ,farm and ,fruitlands1 communities in which the two wings of transcendentalism attempted to reduce their ideas into practice4 ,here let us remark it would have increased the interest of the volume if its author had given to his readers the programme of ,brook ,farm1 8,the ,idea of ,jesus of ,society10 together with its constitutions4 ,it is short1 interesting1 and burning with earnestness4 ,there is scarcely any account of the singular enterprise of the group of idealists at ,fruitlands1 and the name of ,henry ,thoreau1 one of the notables among transcendentalists1 is barely mentioned1 while to his life at ,walden ,pond there is not even an allusion4 ,true1 these experiments were1 like ,brook ,farm1 unsuccessful1 but they were not without interest and significance1 and worthy of a place in what claims to be a history of the movement that gave rise to them2 at least space enough might have been afforded them for a suitable epitaph4 ,we will now redeem our promise of showing how the influence of our political institutions aided in producing what goes by the name of transcendentalism4 ,but before doing this1 we must settle what transcendentalism is2 for our author appears to make a distinction between idealism and transcendentalism in ,new ,england4 ,here is what he says3 8,there was idealism in ,new ,england prior to the introduction of transcendentalism4 ,idealism is of no clime or age4 ,it has its proportion of disciples in every period and in the apparently most uncongenial countries2 a full proportion might have been looked for in ,new ,england4 ,but when ,emerson appeared1 the name of idealism was legion4 ,he alone was competent to form a school1 and as soon as he rose1 the scholars trooped about him4 ,by sheer force of genius ,emerson anticipated the results of the transcendental philosophy1 defined its axioms1 and ran out their inferences to the end4 ,without help from abroad1 or with such help only as none but he could use1 he might have domesticated in ,massachusetts an idealism as heroic as ,fichte's1 as beautiful as ,schelling's1 but it would have lacked the dialectical basis of the great ,german systems0 7p4 #aae74 ,if we seize the meaning of this passage1 it is admitted that previous to the knowledge of the ,german systems ,mr4 ,emerson had already defined the axioms1 run out their inferences to the end1 and anticipated the results of the ,german transcendental philosophy4 ,but this is all that any system of philosophy pretends to accomplish2 and therefore1 by his own showing1 the distinction between idealism and transcendentalism is a distinction without a difference4 ,mr4 ,frothingham1 however1 tells us on the same page that 8transcendentalism1 properly so-called1 was imported in foreign packages02 and ,mr4 ,frothingham ought to know1 for he was once1 he tells us1 8a pure transcendentalist02 and on pages #abh and #acf he criticises ,mr4 ,emerson1 who identifies idealism and transcendentalism4 ,with the genius and greatness of the prince of the transcendentalists before his eyes1 our author1 as is proper1 employs the following condescending language3 8,it is audacious to criticise ,mr4 ,emerson on a point like this2 but candor compels the remark that the above description does less than justice to the definiteness of the transcendental movement4 ,it was something more than a reaction against formalism and tradition1 though it took that form4 ,it was more than a reaction against ,puritan orthodoxy1 though in part it was that4 ,it was in a very small degree due to study of the ancient pantheists1 of ,plato and the ,alexandrians1 of ,plutarch1 ,seneca1 and ,epictetus1 though one or two of the leaders had drunk deeply from these sources4 ,transcendentalism was a distinct philosophical system0 7p4 #acf74 ,so far so good4 ,here is the place1 if the author knows what he is talking about1 to give us in clear terms the definition of transcendentalism4 ,but what does he8 ,does he satisfy our anticipations8 ,mr4 ,emerson1 be it understood1 does not know what transcendentalism is6 ,well1 hear our author1 who thinks he does4 ,he continues3 8,practically it was an assertion of the inalienable worth of man2 theoretically it was an assertion of the immanence of divinity in instinct1 the transference of supernatural attributes to the natural constitution of mankind4''' ,through all was the belief in the living ,god in the soul1 faith in immediate inspiration1 in boundless possibility1 and in unimaginable good0 7p4 #acg74 ,ordinarily when writers attempt to give a definition1 or convey information of a 8distinct philosophical system10 they give one to understand its first principles or axioms1 its precise method1 and its important conclusions1 and particularly wherein it differs in these respects from other systems of philosophy4 ,this is what ,mr4 ,frothingham in the passage last quoted has led us to expect2 but instead of this he gives to the reader mere 8assertions0 and 8beliefs40 ,and these assertions and beliefs every one knows who has heard ,dr4 ,channing1 or ,mr4 ,emerson1 or ,mr4 ,alcott1 or who has a slight acquaintance with their writings1 to have been the sources of inspiration in their speech1 which appear on almost every page they have written6 ,proof is needless2 for there is no one who will venture a contradiction on this point4 ,the men who were most influenced by the study of the philosophers abroad were neither the originators nor leaders of the so-called transcendental movement in ,new ,england--,brownson1 ,parker1 and ,william ,channing4 ,mr4 ,frothingham1 we submit1 has not made out his case1 and has given too much credit where it was not due1 while robbing others of their just merit1 whatever that may be4 ,if 8transcendentalism was a distinct philosophical system10 nowhere in his book has this been shown4 ,transcendentalism1 accepting the author's statement as to its true character1 was never a philosophical system in ,new ,england2 and had its early disciples been content to cultivate the seeds sown by its true leaders1 instead of making the futile attempt to transfer to our clime exotics from ,germany which would not take root and grow in our soil1 we should have had1 in place of a dreary waste1 stately trees whose wholesome and delicious fruits would now refresh us4 ,and now for our reasons why it was native to the soil from which it sprang4 ,if we analyze the political system of our country1 we will find at its base the maxim1 8,man is capable of self-government40 ,the ,american system exhibits a greater trust in the natural capacities and the inherent worth of man than any other form of political government now upon this earth4 ,hence all the great political trusts are made elective2 hence also our recourse to short periods of election and the great extension among us of the elective franchise4 ,the genius and whole drift of the current of our political life runs in this direction4 ,now1 what does this maxim mean1 that 8,man is capable of self-government08 ,it means that man is endowed by his ,creator with reason to know what is right1 true1 and good4 ,it means that man possesses free-will and can follow the right1 true1 and good4 ,these powers constitute man a responsible being4 ,it supposes that man as he is now born is in possession of all his natural rights1 and the primal tendencies of his native faculties are in accordance with the great end of his existence1 and his nature is essentially good4 ,but such views of human nature are in direct opposition to the fundamental doctrines of ,puritanism and orthodox ,protestantism4 ,these taught and teach that man is born totally depraved1 that his nature is essentially corrupt1 and all his actions1 springing from his nature1 nothing but evil4 ,now1 the political influence of our ,american institutions stimulated the assertion of man's natural rights1 his noble gift of liberty1 and his inalienable worth1 while the religion peculiar to ,new ,england preached precisely the contrary4 ,in the long run1 the ballot-box beat the pulpit2 for the former exerted its influence six days in the week1 while the latter had for its share only the ,sabbath4 ,in other words1 the inevitable tendency of our ,american political system is to efface from the minds of our people all the distinctive dogmas of the orthodox ,protestant views of ,christianity by placing them on a platform in accordance with man's natural capacities1 his native dignity1 and with right and honorable views of ,god4 ,herein lies the true genesis of ,unitarianism and its cogenitor1 the transcendental movement in ,new ,england4 ,dr4 ,channing was right in discarding the attempt to introduce the worse than idle speculation of the ,german and ,french philosophical systems in ,new ,england4 8,he considered10 so says his biographer1 8pretensions to absolute science quite premature2 saw more boastfulness than wisdom in ancient and modern schemes of philosophy2 and was not a little amused at the complacent confidence with which quite evidently fallible theorists assumed to stand at the centre1 and to scan and depict the panorama of existence40 8,the transcendentalists10 he tells ,james ,martineau in #ahda1 8in identifying themselves a good deal with ,cousin's crude system1 have lost the life of an original movement40 ,in this last sentence ,dr4 ,channing not only anticipated history but also uttered a prophecy4 ,but how about a philosophy whose mission it is to maintain all the great truths for which he so eloquently and manfully fought8 ,how about a conception of ,christianity which places itself in evident relations with human nature and the history of the universe8--a religion which finds its sanctuary in man's soul1 and aims at the elevation of his finite reason to its archetype and its transformation into the ,infinite ,reason8 ,unitarianism in ,new ,england owes its existence to the supposition that ,calvinism is a true and genuine interpretation of ,christianity4 8,total depravity10 8election10 8reprobation10 8atonement10 etc41 followed1 it was fancied1 each other logically1 and there was no denying one without the denial of all4 ,and as it was supposed that these doctrines found their support in the divinity of ,christ1 and in order to bring to ruin the superstructure they aimed at upsetting its base by the denial of the divinity of ,christ4 ,they had grown to detest so heartily the 8five points0 of ,calvinism that they preferred rather to be pagans than suckled in such a creed4 ,is it probable1 is it reasonable to suppose that our ,new ,englanders1 who have a strong vein of earnest religious feeling in their nature1 would have gone across the ocean to find a support for the great truths which they were so enthusiastic in affirming among the will-o'-the-wisps of the realms of thought1 when at their very doors was 8the church which has revealed more completely man to himself1 taken possession of his inclinations1 of his lasting and universal convictions1 laid bare to the light those ancient foundations1 has cleansed them from every stain1 from every alien mixture1 and honored them by recognizing their impress of the ,divinity80 ,but ,mr4 ,frothingham tells us3 8,the religion of ,new ,england was ,protestant and of the most intellectual type4 ,romanism had no hold on the thinking people of ,boston4 ,none besides the ,irish laboring and menial classes were ,catholics1 and their religion was regarded as the lowest form of ceremonial superstition0 7p4 #ajg72 and almost in the same breath he informs his readers that 8the ,unitarians of ,new ,england were good scholars1 accomplished men of letters1 humane in sentiment and sincere and moral in intention0 7p4 #aaj74 ,is ,octavius ,brooks ,frothingham acquainted with all 8the ceremonial superstitions0 upon this earth1 and does he honestly believe that the ,catholic religion is 8the lowest form0 of them all8 ,or--what is the same thing--does he think that the 8good scholars and accomplished men of letters0 of ,new ,england thought so8 ,perhaps such was his received impression1 but that it was common to this class of men we stoutly deny4 ,no one stood higher among them than ,dr4 ,channing1 and his estimate of the ,catholic religion was certainly not the same as ,mr4 ,frothingham's4 ,it would be difficult to find in a non-,catholic writer a higher appreciation of her services to humanity1 and more eloquent descriptions of certain aspects of the ,catholic ,church1 than may be found in his writings4 ,mr4 ,frothingham ought to know this1 and only the limits of our article hinder us from citing several of these4 ,is he aware that ,president ,john ,adams headed the subscription-list to build the first ,catholic church in ,boston4 ,our author1 by his prejudices1 his lack of insight1 and limited information1 does injustice to the ,new ,england people1 depreciates the intelligence and honesty of the leaders in ,unitarianism1 and fails to grasp the deep significance of the transcendental movement4 ,he does injustice to the people of ,boston especially1 who1 when they heard of the death of the saintly ,bishop ,cheverus1 tolled the bells of the churches of their city to show in what veneration they held his memory2 and if he was not of the age to have listened1 he must have read the eloquent and appreciative eulogium preached by ,dr4 ,channing on this great and good man4 ,and ,bishop ,cheverus was the guide and teacher of the religion of the ,irish people of ,boston6 ,mr4 ,frothingham will not attempt to make a distinction between the 8,catholic religion0 and 8the religion of the ,irish menial and laboring classes0--a subterfuge of which no man of intelligence and integrity would be guilty4 ,the ,irish people--be it said to their glory--have from the beginning of their conversion to ,christianity kept the pure light of ,catholic faith unsullied by any admixture of heresy1 and have remained firm in their obedience to the divine authority of the holy church1 in spite of the tyranny1 of the bitterest persecution of its enemies1 and all their efforts of bribery or any worldly inducements which they might hold out4 ,when our searchers after true religion shall have exhausted by their long and weary studies ,zoroaster1 ,pythagoras1 ,svenalis1 ,plato1 ,epictetus1 ,brahma1 ,buddha1 ,confucius1 ,mahomet1 and any other notable inventor of philosophy or religion2 when they have gathered up all the truths scattered among the different heresies in religion since the ,christian era1 the end of all their labors will only make this truth the plainer3 that the ,catholic ,church resumes the authority of all religions from the beginning of the world1 affirms the traditions and convictions of the whole human race1 and unites1 co-ordinates1 and binds together all the scattered truths contained in every religious system in an absolute1 universal1 divine synthesis4 #adg ,transcendentalism in ,new ,england4 ,a ,history4 ,by ,octavius ,brooks ,frothingham4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 #ahgf4 ,,charles ,,carroll ,,of ,,carrollton4#adh ,illustration ,charles ,carroll's is a household name in the ,american family--the name of a man marked among his peers for a purity of character on which a ,christian mind loves to dwell3 integer vit scelerique purus6 ,his independence was so noble and sublime1 yet so toned with homeliness withal1 that of him it was said he walked the streets of his regenerated country with brow erect and mien expanded1 because he was sans peur et sans reproche1 a preux chevalier--the idol in the family sanctuary4 ,he alone of the great founders chosen by the angel of this land was destined to witness1 beyond the span of days usually allotted to man1 the unparalleled prosperity and unequalled development of the resources of a virgin country4 ,such was the well-earned reward of a career marked by the purest disinterestedness in motives1 justice in the choice of means1 and humblest dependence on the assistance of the ,lord ,god of nations4 ,on the anniversary of that day when the covenant that saved mankind was announced by an archangel from the highest heavens1 and ratified on earth by the assent of the lowly maid of ,jesse1 the ,ark and the ,dove moored on the ,american waters of the ,potomac4 ,a stalwart band of men who were to herald--and they alone of all the ,pilgrims--the great covenant of true liberty leaped on shore and planted the standard of salvation4 ,they planted the cross on a new land to be added to ,mary's dowry4 ,truer men were never hailed by an uncivilized people--men who had learned how to fulfil their destinies in the schools of ,bethlehem and of ,golgotha4 ,the ,catholic student of ,american history feels his heart glowing with sentiments of the holiest pride1 as1 reverting to the twenty-fifth day of ,march1 #afcb1 he reads that the ,catholic pilgrim alone1 with his descendants after him1 has held steadfastly and without swerving1 even to this day1 to the true dictates of that moral and religious economy whereby man can secure his happiness and moral independence here1 with a never-wavering certainty of thereby securing a claim to an everlasting welfare hereafter4 ,cardinal ,mc,closkey to-day represents and enacts these very same principles and laws among and to the millions of ,catholics in ,america1 which the humble ,jesuit missionary ,andrew ,white proclaimed among and to the tribes of the ,potomac two hundred and forty-three years ago--nay1 the same principles and laws which were1 by the ,lord's mandate1 proclaimed by ,peter and the apostles when for the first time they announced their mission to the throngs gathered in the city of ,david4 ,we love to dwell on these facts4 ,the child who was christened in his mother's arms in ,jerusalem on the day after ,pentecost became endowed with the same heavenly prerogatives as the ,indian babe regenerated in the laver of redemption by ,father ,white sixteen ages later or by any priest of the church on this very day6 ,in very deed1 the indelible marks and divine perfections of the heavenly court are mirrored and reflected by the city of ,god on earth4 ,that same and one ,christ who reigned1 with his laws1 in the church of ,jerusalem1 and a thousand years after in ,vineland of ,north ,america1 reigns and rules to-day1 with the same laws1 from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific4 ,meanwhile1 where is the church of the ,puritans8 ,where are her antecedents8 ,has any of her aspirations been fulfilled8 ,is there any mark of benediction left by her professors8 ,the past of ,charles ,carroll clusters around his life in manifold benedictions2 his name is borne aloft on the waters of that grand stream over which the bark of ,peter has triumphantly glided for eighteen centuries1 and will continue its triumphant course to the consummation of the world4 ,such is the perpetuity of faith6 ,a half-century had hardly passed away since the landing of the ,pilgrims when ,daniel ,carroll1 the grandsire of our ,charles1 came to ,america 7,a4,d4 #afhj74 ,he was an ,irishman1 of that prodigious stock which1 in the wonderful ways of ,providence1 being transplanted on our shores1 was on some future day to give to ,america most energetic and determined laborers in the rearing of our independence4 ,surely did the orator of ,concord1 amid the festivities of the last ,centennial1 prove himself miserably ignorant of what his sires owed to the ,irish#adi of ,pennsylvania4 ,for let it be recorded for the hundredth time3 but for those men our cause would have been lost1 in the straits to which the public weal was brought4 ,they came to the rescue1 and ,george ,washington took good heart and went on to victory4 ,daniel was born in ,littemourna1 ,king's ,county1 ,ireland4 ,during the reign of ,james ,,ii4 he held responsible offices4 ,lord ,baltimore was his patron1 and by his favor1 close application1 sterling honesty1 and persevering industry he became the owner of large estates1 and the family prospered and increased in wealth1 although not in social or political position1 during the second and third generations4#aej ,daniel ,carroll rose very high in the estimation of the colony1 and was chosen to offices of important and delicate trust4 ,so great was his renown for spotless integrity1 extraordinary ability1 and love of the public weal that when ,protestant bigotry obtained the upper hand1 and1 in the language of ,mc,mahon1 the non-,catholic historian of ,maryland1 8in a colony which was established by ,catholics1 and grew up to power and happiness under the government of a ,catholic1 the ,catholic inhabitant became the only victim of religious intolerance10 he was exempted from the opprobrious and hateful disqualifications inflicted upon his coreligionists by the penal code--an exemption1 at first sight1 of doubtful honor1 were it not for the exceptional nature and circumstances of the case4 ,it entailed not the least compromise on the part of the recipient1 who accepted it without hindrance to an open profession of his faith2 moreover1 it enabled him to shelter less favored colonists in the enjoyment of rights most dear to their hearts and indispensable to their happiness4 ,charles ,carroll1 the father of the signer1 was born in #agjb4 ,he was a high-spirited man1 but he had no chances to display his talents1 nor field on which to exert his energies4 ,he chafed under the wrong and ingratitude with which the children of mother church were harried in the 8,land of the ,sanctuary0 which they had opened to the oppressed of all climes4 ,alluding to the legislation of the ,maryland colony in #afdi1 ,chancellor ,kent says3 8,the ,catholic planters of ,maryland won for their adopted country the distinguished praise of being the first of ,american ,states in which toleration was established by law4 ,and while the ,puritans were persecuting their ,protestant brethren in ,new ,england1 and ,episcopalians retorting the same severity on the ,puritans in ,virginia1 the ,catholics1 against whom the others were combined1 formed in ,maryland a sanctuary where all might worship and none might oppress1 and where even ,protestants sought refuge from ,protestant intolerance40 ,but ,protestant intolerance demolished the sanctuary1 the handiwork of noble and loving ,catholic hands4 ,in accord with the wish of many1 ,mr4 ,carroll entertained the idea of seeking freedom of action1 liberty of conscience1 and equality of rights under another sky4 ,thus1 in one of his journeys to ,europe1 he applied to the ,french minister for the purchase of a tract of land in ,louisiana4 ,the project was far advanced1 when the minister growing alarmed at the vast purchase which it was their wish to make on the ,arkansas ,river1 the negotiations were 7providentially87 broken off4 ,the project1 viewed in the light of succeeding events1 may appear1 as it was then by many deemed1 injudicious4 ,yet great praise is due to ,charles ,carroll1 ,sr41 for his taking the lead in the movement at a time when1 as ,mr4 ,latrobe observes1 8the disqualifications and oppressions to which ,catholics were subjected amounted to persecution4 ,roman ,catholic priests were prohibited from the administration of public worship4 ,the council granted orders to take children from the pernicious contact of ,catholic parents2 ,catholic laymen were deprived of the right of suffrage2 and the lands of ,catholics were assessed double when the exigencies of the province required additional supplies40''' ,nay1 more3 a ,catholic was levelled to the condition of a pariah or a helot--he was not even allowed to walk with his fellow-citizen before the ,state-house4 ,things were carried to a point beyond endurance4 ,no wonder the ,catholics of ,maryland felt relief even in the thought of fleeing from home4 ,and yet1 with these facts1 admitted by all ,american historians1 staring him in the face1 the ,british ex-premier has dared to flaunt a lie in the face of the whole world6 ,charles ,carroll1 ,sr41 died at a patriarchal age1 more than four-score years4 ,like ,simeon of old1 he had long waited for the consolations of ,israel1 for the day when the spouse of ,christ would cast aside the slave's garb1 and1 emerging from ,american catacombs1 come forth in the radiant panoply of freedom and celestial splendor4 ,he himself never had faltered in this hope4 ,he always felt that ,mary's land would not be forsaken by her in whose name it was first held4 ,he saw his country free1 and he rejoiced4 ,he witnessed around him the beneficent results accruing from the influences of mother church4 ,he raised his hand to bless ,god1 to bless his kin1 to bless the land4 ,but how shall we portray the emotions of his heart when no more in hiding-places1 but in full noon-day1 openly and freely1 he saw the clean ,sacrifice offered by the priests of the ,most ,high8 ,and when the form of his beloved son knelt before him for a last blessing1 how with the father's benedictions must have mingled feelings of pride and gratitude because even by the untiring labors of that son had the blessings of liberty to church and state been won6 ,it was the writer's good-fortune1 a great many years ago1 to seek for rest in what1 among ,catholic ,marylanders1 was formerly known as the 8,jesuit ,tusculum40 ,in a secluded nook in ,cecil ,county1 on the ,eastern ,shore1 lies embosomed within dense thickets and shady lanes the ,bohemia ,manor1 a dependency of ,georgetown ,college4 ,when the ,catholic youth of ,maryland were debarred the privilege of collegiate training in their native schools1 the members of the ,company of ,jesus had1 at a very early period1 opened there a boarding-school1 especially for such of the ,american boys as would afterwards1 like their persecuted peers in ,england1 seek for a sound education and a thorough ,christian training at the well-known academies of ,belgium and ,france4 ,wandering through those woods1 rowing over the meandering streams whose soft murmurings give life to the silent homes of the crane and gentle game1 the youthful forms of the ,carrolls and ,brents1 ,dorseys and ,darnells1 haunted the imagination and brought one back to those days of fervent ,catholic spirit1 pure hearts1 and high-minded youths who waxed in years and strength under the saintly training of ,hudson and ,manners1 ,farmer and ,molineux4 ,to the care of experienced1 learned1 and saintly ,jesuits was entrusted the training of that part of the ,lord's vineyard which1 amid persecution and manifold dangers1 mirrored the days of primitive ,christianity4 ,young ,charles ,carroll1 who was born in #agcg1 was sent thither to drink the first pure waters of secular learning and ,christian training4 ,at one time well-nigh twoscore of the sons of the more fortunate colonists were there united with him at the ,tusculum of the ,company of ,jesus4 ,but a day of separation dawned4 ,charles was in his eleventh year when not the swift steamship of our time but a laggard craft was to convey him to distant shores4 ,he was accompanied in his journey by his cousin1 ,john ,carroll1 with whom many years after he accomplished a most delicate and important mission at the command of the government4 ,thus he added to the ties and sympathies of blood a link of such friendships as are so apt to knit in college life and ever after congenial souls and hearts beating in unison4 ,true1 when the day arrived on which each was to enter an avenue of life that would lead to the career for which each was fitted by nature1 they chose different gates1 but came forth on the great drama of life to be the leaders of two generations1 one in the church1 the other in the state4 ,charles ,carroll with unerring finger points to the ,catholic layman the resources which he should improve for the perfect execution of his part2 ,john ,carroll has represented him who is the infallible guide of the church1 becoming at the same time the model of bishop and priest1 the pride and the joy of the anointed minister of that same church in the ,united ,states4 ,six years did young ,carroll spend at ,st4 ,omer's1 in ,french ,flanders1 in the study of the classics of ancient and modern times under ,jesuit tuition2 thence he passed to ,rheims2 and lastly he entered the college of ,louis le ,grand in ,paris4 ,in the two last places he applied himself1 under the guidance of learned ,jesuits1 to the study of logic and metaphysics1 mathematics and natural sciences4 ,when at ,louis le ,grand the elder ,charles crossed the ocean a third time to feast his eyes and gladden his doating heart on the son who had waxed in years as well as in grace4 ,he found the promising boy grown into a manly youth1 and bade him say farewell to the charms of a life whose days glided on in unruffled peace1 breathing in an atmosphere of religion and science4 ,his intercourse there was with men whose aspirations were to the greatest glory of ,god1 whose conversation was in heaven4 ,these men1 so noble1 so learned1 so perfect1 had entwined the hearts of their pupils with their own4 ,in #ageg ,charles ,carroll removed to ,london to enter upon the study of law4 ,admitted to the ,inner ,temple1 an inmate1 or at least a frequenter1 of those halls wherein surely the ,holy ,ghost did not hold an undisputed sway1 the noble-minded and pure-souled ,maryland youth must have felt the change to the quick4 ,what a contrast to the simplicity of his western home at the paternal manor1 the sweet influences and innocent life at the ,bohemian ,tusculum1 and in the blessed halls of ,bruges and ,st4 ,omer's6 ,at the ,temple he spent the five years requisite in order to be called to the bar2 but he remained in ,europe until #agfd1 when he again set sail for his western home4 ,a great change had meanwhile come over the moral atmosphere of his native ,state4 ,whilst bickerings about religion were growing distasteful1 a rumbling noise of threatened disasters in the distance drew the hearts of the colonists together4 ,indistinct and sombre figures of enemies lurking around the premises counselled measures of internal peace1 equal distribution of civil rights1 and a unity of sentiments and aims as the only hope of averting ruin and of conquering a powerful foe4 ,ties of friendship were strengthened1 measures of concerted action were discussed1 whilst religious questions were laid aside1 and arrogant claims of superior rights on the part of non-,catholics forgotten1 in the presence of an impending danger2 the more so because it was felt that there was a party brooding in their midst which was in accord with the enemy outside4 ,when the boy left the land of his birth1 and the prow of the ship that bore him ploughed the waters of the ,atlantic1 his soul expanded with a heretofore unexperienced sentiment of liberty2 for only then did he begin to feel that freely under the canopy of heaven he could practise his religion without let or hindrance1 without the sneers or intermeddling of his neighbors4 ,add to this the anticipated enjoyment of the liberty in wait for him on the eastern lands of ,catholic faith4 ,yet the prospective and future return to the land of bondage must from time to time have thrown shadows of sadness over the gushing and joyful youth at school4 ,but now comes a truce to religious dissensions and family quarrels2 a victory is gained3 the church is free1 her shackles broken4 ,catholic and non-,catholic worship at the altar of their choice freely and publicly4 ,they are all children of the same political family1 members of the same moral body6 ,but the liberties of the colonies are crushed by the mother country1 and ,charles ,carroll lands on these shores only in time to be one of the mourners at the funeral of liberty4 ,his countrymen had been galled with bitterness by the contempt1 insolence1 and arrogance of the ,british soldiery1 and felt a contempt for the martinet leaders of the ,braddock defeat1 while at the same time a feeling of superiority was engendered in their heart by the warlike qualities displayed by rank and file under the leadership of him who was already first in the hearts of his peers4 ,they chafed at being made the hewers of wood and drawers of water to ,british indolence2 they felt the sanctuary of their homes desecrated by the writs of assistance2 their inmost souls were moved with indignation at being ordered to sacrifice their hard-earned comforts1 their very subsistence1 to the pleasure of a ribald soldiery4 ,such things could not be endured by the sons of liberty4 ,and thus it happened that ,charles ,carroll was not welcomed with the cheers of a hearty greeting2 he only heard the groans1 the smothered curses1 the oaths of vengeance deep and resolute1 uttered by his oppressed fellow-colonists4 ,his soul was fired with wrath and zeal2 but a wrath subdued by self-control1 a zeal swayed by prudence4 ,his was a self-possession that was never thrown off its guard4 ,he seemed ever to be on the alert against surprises--a foe more fatal to armies than cannon and shot4 ,during the excitement of the ,stamp ,act ,charles ,carroll1 who had returned from the ,continent 8a finished scholar and an accomplished gentleman10 was at first a silent but careful and discerning observer4 ,he studied the tendency of events1 and the moral elements on which these events should work some remarkable development4 ,cautious but firm1 he gradually entered the lists1 and then in the struggles which seemed so unequal he fought heart and soul with that noble galaxy of ,maryland patriots who1 bold and undismayed1 opposed an unbroken front to those first encroachments which were even countenanced by interested parties in the colony4 ,but for a prompt resistance a breach would have been opened for such inroads into the domain of our liberties as would break down its ramparts1 overwhelm our defenders1 and enslave the people4 ,it is not necessary for us here to relate how the obnoxious law was repealed--a tardy and unwilling act of atonement 78an act of empty justice10 as ,mc,sherry well defines it72 yet its revocation was hailed by the colonies with great rejoicings as the harbinger of a better rule and the dawn of a day of just polity in the home government4 ,surely1 the rulers in the mother country had felt the temper of her children abroad2 they loved her fondly as long as she proved herself a mother2 woe were she to forget the ties of love and harshly deal with them6 ,charles ,carroll was neither blinded nor hoodwinked by this sporadic token of motherly justice4 ,those years of residence in ,england were not lost to him4 ,he well knew the temper of the ,british lion1 his arrogance and his treachery4 ,sooner or later another paroxysm of exigencies would come over him2 they must be met1 cost what it may4 8,wicked is the only word which ,i can apply to the government of your colonies4 ,you seem to regard them as mere material mines from whence the mother country is to extract the precious ore for her own luxury and splendor40#aea ,the victory gained and the danger averted for the nonce1 ,mr4 ,carroll devoted himself to promoting the welfare of the colony4 ,in fact1 whilst a short period of comparative peace lasted outside the colonies1 ,maryland was not free from internal disturbance4 ,two sources of disquietude were then opened--the ,proclamation and the ,vestry ,act4 ,nor was the colony less annoyed by the unfaithfulness of leading merchants in ,baltimore1 who1 goaded by thirst of money and not prompted by feelings of love for their country1 had slackened in their opposition to the encroachment of the government at home4 ,they only followed in the wake of ,new ,york and ,philadelphia1 and even of ,boston4 ,the love of lucre and the diseased tastes of what was then called the quality allowed the merchants of those cities to fall away from the compact entered upon with the sister colonies4 ,to advance their interests and to satisfy a portion of the community1 they forsook their principles and paid the hated tributes for proscribed commodities4 ,but outside ,baltimore the people in the counties remained firm and unshaken in their patriotism4 ,charles ,carroll was young in years1 but ripe in judgment4 ,the future statesman lost no opportunities4 ,it was of the utmost importance that he should thoroughly know the habits of his fellow-citizens and their calibre1 whether he looked upon them as a distinct colony or in their relations to the other provinces2 what were the materials and the resources of the whole country2 what guarantees could be drawn from the past for the welfare of the future2 how far or within what bounds should the liberties of the colonies be restrained2 what security for the rights of conscience2 were the rights of each colony to be paramount over the exigencies of the whole family of provinces8''' ,to a mind well stored with the choicest theoretical lore it became an easy matter to trace its course and clearly see the way ahead4 ,thus prepared1 he grappled with ,charles ,dulany1 the champion of those who opposed the people's claims and remonstrances4 ,dulany was his senior by many years1 had grown up identified with the selfish interests of office-holders and of the established clergy1 himself high in the councils of the government1 whilst his opponent had just arrived from a long sojourn abroad1 and was a 8papist0 enthralled and disfranchised4 ,the main point of dispute turned on the rights of the government of the colony to tax the people arbitrarily for the payment of officers and the support of the clergy4 ,the history of the ,proclamation1 drawn up by ,dulany himself1 and the burial thereof amid a most solemn pageant by the freemen of ,annapolis on the #adth of ,may1 #afgc1 are too well known to require detailing here4 ,it is enough to say that by general acclamation the people acknowledged ,charles ,carroll as their champion4 ,he could not be selected as a delegate1 enthralled as he was1 but in public meetings held in ,frederick1 ,baltimore1 and ,annapolis they unanimously voted and formally tendered him the thanks of the people4 ,mr4 ,carroll entered the lists veiled under the name of ,first ,citizen1 whilst ,dulany met him in combat as ,antilon--an unnecessary disguise1 for he was too well known1 being the patriot 8who10 says ,mc,sherry1 8had long stood the leading mind of ,maryland40 ,the war was carried on in the columns of the ,maryland ,gazette1 and ,mr4 ,carroll sustained his character of 8finished scholar and accomplished gentleman40 ,never did he swerve from the high tone of a writer who was conscious of his own powers4 ,assailed with offensive names by his adversaries1 he never descended to their level4 ,when the real name of the ,first ,citizen was yet unknown1 the excitement created by his articles1 written in a style ready and incisive1 and withal most graceful1 was enhanced by and received a keener zest from the stimulus of curiosity4 ,wonderful was the avidity with which they were sought and read4 ,these articles fed the public spirit1 inspired the people with courage1 and shaped the course to be pursued not only by the colonists of ,maryland1 but even in sister colonies4 ,the articles by ,first ,citizen were held in so much esteem that ,joseph ,galloway1 when speaker in the ,pennsylvania ,assembly1 would copy them with his own hand1 on the loan from a fortunate subscriber1 and send them to ,benjamin ,franklin4 ,thus the popular party triumphed4 ,the party of oppression1 with the established clergy at their back1 was discomfited4 ,hammond and ,paca were elected4 ,maryland was saved1 and her saviour was ,charles ,carroll4 ,amid these controversies arose a young man1 spirited1 wealthy1 and highly educated1 who threw himself headlong into the struggle1 and1 growing with its trials1 became renowned in its darkest hours1 and honored and cherished in its glorious success0 7,mc,sherry1 p4 #agj74 ,that young man1 only seven-and-twenty1 was already a renowned statesman4 ,a distinguished non-,catholic historian remarks that ,charles ,carroll brought to play on whatever he undertook 8a decided character1 stern integrity1 and clear judgment40 ,truly1 the star of his name had reached the meridian of its course already4 ,there it became fixed4 ,his countrymen were guided by it during the dark days of the most perilous events1 through battles and storms1 dissensions and heart-burnings1 the exuberancy of victories and the dejection of defeats4 ,thirty years1 the best of his life1 his whole manhood1 a long manhood--for he grew old only when others cease to live--he devoted to the welfare of his country4 ,the life of ,charles ,carroll becomes at this period so entwined and blended with the history of the country that our article would swell into a portly volume were we to undertake a narrative of the details of his public career4 ,we have endeavored to give a faithful portrait of the character of a man who is the pride of the secular history of the ,catholic ,church in ,america4 ,it has been our aim to give a key to open the inmost recesses of that soul the noblest of the noble1 that heart the purest of the pure1 that mind greatest among the great4 ,therefore we shall only hint at the events of his public life1 omnia qu tractaturi sumus1 narratione delibabimus1 as ,quintilian would teach us4 ,as foreseen1 the ,british lion awoke from his apparent lethargy1 and with a roar and a spring he bounded anew4 ,stung to the quick at being1 even only once1 foiled in his endeavors to saddle on the colonies unjust burdens1 he made renewed attempts1 and the tax on the 8detestable weed0 was revived4 ,the people arose in their indignation1 and gave vent to it in the hazardous but successful festivities of the famous ,boston ,tea ,party4 ,massachusetts was disfranchised4 ,indeed1 it was the vent of a petty spite4 ,not the ,bay ,state alone1 but all the colonies1 would soon disfranchise themselves1 all in a body1 and in a way of their own4 ,but ,massachusetts had given the example1 and ,maryland followed close in the wake4 ,the latter even improved on the act of the former2 for what had been achieved in the ,boston ,bay under disguise the citizens of ,maryland consummated at ,annapolis openly and undisguised4 ,and yet brave ,maryland had intestine troubles that engrossed her attention--troubles which were aggravated even by the fact that the abettors thereof were interested in carrying out the measures of the home government4 ,but there shone above them the guiding star--,charles ,carroll led them to victory4 ,undaunted and uncompromising1 ,mr4 ,carroll looked coming events in the face2 and when ,mr4 ,chase indulged in the hope that there would be no more trouble1 for 8had they not written down their adversaries80 he would not thus flatter himself with illusions of enduring peace4 ,to other means they would have yet to resort4 8,what other means have we to resort to80 asked the other4 8,the bayonet10 calmly rejoined ,charles ,carroll4 ,and so firm was his conviction that they should resort to arms that he held his opinion against many at home and abroad4 ,his reply to the ,hon4 ,mr4 ,graves1 ,m4,p41 who averred that six thousand soldiers would easily march from one end of the colonies to the other1 is too characteristic of the statesman not to copy it here3 8,so they may1 but they will be masters of the spot only on which they encamp4 ,they will find naught but enemies before and around them4 ,if we are beaten on the plains1 we will retreat to our mountains and defy them4 ,our resources will increase with our difficulties4 ,necessity will force us to exertion1 until1 tired of combating in vain against a spirit which victory after victory cannot subdue1 your armies will evacuate our soil1 and your country retire1 a great loser by the contest4 ,no1 sir2 we have made up our minds to abide the issue of the approaching struggle1 and1 though much blood may be spilt1 we have no doubt of our ultimate success40 ,in these few lines the spirit1 the gallantry1 the tactics1 the greatness of our armies from ,lexington to ,yorktown are both eloquently and accurately described4 ,and when a second cargo of the 8detestable weed0 entered the waters of ,maryland1 the friends of ,mr4 ,stewart1 a leading merchant in the colony1 to whom the brig ,peggy ,stewart belonged1 and to whom the cargo was consigned1 appealed to ,charles ,carroll for advice and protection4 ,the ,first ,citizen was ever consistent4 ,was not the importation an offence against the law8 ,was not the majesty of the people insulted8 ,to export the tea to the ,west ,indies or back to ,europe was no adequate reparation--what if ,mr4 ,stewart was a friend of his8''' 8,gentlemen1 set fire to the vessel1 and burn her with her cargo to the water's edge60 ,with sails set and colors flying1 she floated1 a sheet of fire1 amid the shouts of the people on shore4 ,besides the powerful promptings of a heart burning with love of country1 ,charles ,carroll felt moved to deeds of heroism and self-defence by motives of equal1 if not superior1 importance4 ,he became1 nay1 he seemed to feel that he was1 in the hands of ,providence1 the chosen champion to assert ,catholic rights and liberty--ay1 might we not look upon him as the ,o',connell of ,america in the eighteenth century8 ,it can be proved beyond all doubt that the ,catholics of the colonies placed great trust in him4 ,surely he became their representative4 ,there was power in his name4 ,he had become a leading genius1 inspiring with wise resolves1 and determination to carry them out1 those valiant men of his faith who had clustered around the ,father of his ,country1 or were admitted to the councils of the nation1 or formed part of the rank and file in the ,american army1 or had it in their power to swell with generous hands the national resources4 ,this power of ,mr4 ,carroll was felt even outside the pale of his own church4 ,the case of the ,peggy ,stewart is one to the point4 ,another and far more important illustration of his power is the following3 ,thomas ,conway1 a meteor of sinister forebodings1 with his plots of disaster and ruin1 has defiled a very short page of ,american history4 ,yet1 brief as his career was in this country1 it worked mischief4 8,conway's ,cabal0 is well known4 ,it is well known how the despicable adventurer was bribed into a conspiracy against ,washington in favor of an unpopular superior officer4 ,charles ,carroll was a member of the ,board of ,war4 ,in that board there was a party covertly yet powerfully at work to displace the commander-in-chief in favor of ,horatio ,gates4 ,mr4 ,carroll1 as usual1 always on his guard1 watched his opportunity4 ,he was approached cautiously and warily1 even before a vote was taken4 ,then calmly and stoutly1 yet with that rock-like firmness of his that had become proverbial1 he said3 8,remove ,general ,washington1 and ,i'll withdraw40 ,words were those pregnant with weighty consequences4 ,carroll was at the head1 he was the representative of the ,catholics4 ,maryland went with him2 the ,catholics of ,pennsylvania1 nine-tenths of the whole population1 an element of great power1 indispensable to success1 were with him4 ,the colonies needed the aid of ,catholic ,france sadly4 ,what if ,charles ,carroll withdrew to ,carrollton8 ,what if he recrossed the ocean8 ,george ,washington was not removed2 and under ,god's favor was not ,george ,washington the chosen leader1 the appointed conqueror1 the ,moses of his day1 the ,josue of his people8 ,who was there to take his place as the first over those fierce legions of sturdy and resolute assertors of a nation's life8 ,we must be allowed here to transfer to these columns1 in words far more eloquent and true than we could ever command1 both the source and the development of the ideas to which the deeds of those two men in the infancy of the nation has given rise in our mind4 ,in a dialogue between himself and a mysterious apparition on the threshold of that ,temple whose entrance was forbidden to the ,emperor ,theodosius1 ,frederick ,faber1 yet an ,anglican1 thus addresses his companion3 8,do you not think that we should be in a more healthy state if there were a greater indifference to politics amongst us80 8,no10 replied he2 8,i know of no indifference which is healthy1 except indifference to money4 ,the church has a great duty to perform in politics4 ,it is to menace1 to thwart1 to interfere4 ,the ,catholic statesman is a sort of priest4 ,he does out in public the secular work of the retired and praying priesthood2 and he must not be deserted by those spiritual men whom he is arduously1 wearily1 and through evil report conscientiously representing40 ,could modern publicist ever utter words more squarely tallying with the circumstances of our own times8 ,we have followed our hero only to the performance of his first acts in the great drama in which the ,ruler of nations had appointed him to bear such important parts4 ,charles ,carroll1 in his adjuncts and circumstances1 as regards both his cast of religion and politics1 stood alone among his peers4 ,much he had to destroy ere he could build4 ,but he addressed himself to his work with well-appointed tools1 a clear mind1 a steady hand1 a glowing heart1 and an immovable reliance in ,him who hath said that 8unless the ,lord build the house1 they labor in vain that build it2 unless the ,lord keep the city1 he watcheth in vain that keepeth it0 7,ps4 cxxvi47 ,thus appointed1 he never faltered4 ,on1 on he advanced1 step after step2 stretching forth himself to those things that were before him1 he pressed towards the mark1 until he had received the prize4 ,more than onescore years and ten he labored as man never did labor for the well-being of his country4 ,when he had reached the sixty-fourth year of his life1 and only then1 he rested2 he unbuckled his armor and laid it down1 to enjoy the blessings which his own heart and mind had drawn on ,america4 ,how beautifully were his talents apportioned1 in equal distribution--thirty years of study in the best schools of ,europe2 thirty years of the most faithful service in the greatest work that it ever was the lot of man to be engaged in2 thirty years of unruffled peace in the bosom of his family1 in the home of his youth1 which became the ,mecca of the people1 as a writer calls it--a shrine of wisdom and goodness6 ,there 8the patriarch of the nation0 taught two generations2 he laid before their appreciative minds the principles and inspired their grateful hearts with those sentiments of ,christian polity of which he himself was such a shining ornament and faithful embodiment4 ,we well remember how1 in days long passed away1 old men who had known him in the days of his manhood were wont to speak of him2 how that heart1 so noble and so pure1 fondly watched the healthy growth of that tree of liberty to plant which he himself had lent a strong hand4 ,these men would tell how the ripe and veteran statesman felt as much zest in the enjoyment of surrounding events as when1 a boy and a youth1 he applied himself to literary studies1 or pursued the more arduous acquisition of scientific lore in the halls of philosophy or in those of law and jurisprudence4 ,his was an equanimity of character seldom witnessed in man4 ,and that placid1 calm bearing which made his countenance the mirror of a soul preserved in patience and perfect in self-control never forsook him to the very last hours of his life4 ,a very old member of the ,company of ,jesus1 a professor and superior of the ,georgetown ,university1 has more than once related1 within hearing of the writer1 that the appearance of ,charles ,carroll riding into the college enclosure1 on a docile and yet lively pony1 when the great patriot had already overstepped the fourscore years of life1 conveyed the impression of a youthful and innocent old age1 so full of charm and gravity1 pensiveness and gayety1 authority and condescension1 that it was felt indeed1 but could not be described4 ,it was the reflection of a past without reproach1 and of a future without fear4 ,his very carriage1 the manner of his conversation1 were an embodiment of his last words3 8,in the practice of the ,catholic religion the happiness of my life was established60 ,holy words6 ,sublime expression of the hopes of ,christianity6 ,may the example of such a man never fail1 and be for ever the mould in which the young ,american spirit should be cast6 ,providence seems to have granted him so long an existence because he was the purest of the ,revolutionary patriots1 and he wished his example to last the longest6 ,after his death no page was ever written to vindicate his character or plead in behalf of one single shortcoming6 ,no word of merciful forgiveness was heard at his grave4 ,his peers1 his descendants1 had naught to forgive4 ,with one voice of acclamation from one end of the country to the other1 amid wreaths of unspotted lilies and fragrant roses1 his name was emblazoned on the fair escutcheon of the ,american nation as the name of ,,the ,,christian ,,knight ,,without ,,fear ,,and ,,without ,,reproach4 ,on the shield of this untrammelled and free ,american ,church let two names for ever be emblazoned with undying fame--,john and ,charles ,carroll2 one the father of his clergy1 the other the leader of his people2 ,john ,carroll1 the first vicar-apostolic1 the first ,american bishop2 ,charles ,carroll1 a signer of our ,magna ,charta1 the assertor and defender of those rights which shall for ever be the palladium of religious freedom4 ,could a line of conduct be laid before us in more unmistakable words and surer meaning8 ,not by the ties of blood alone were those two souls knit to one another1 like ,david and ,jonathan of yore2 but inspired with love of country1 and deep1 holy1 unswerving affection for the church1 they fully appreciated the resources1 moral and physical1 which with proper culture would make of this land a favorite portion of the mystical ,vineyard and the asylum for the oppressed4 ,john within the sacred enclosure of ,god's tabernacle1 ,charles in the halls of legislation1 they worked in different departments1 yet with one accord1 the former to give the great garden fit husbandmen1 and provide it with every appurtenance in nurseries of virtue and learning2 the latter to lead the instincts born with a people1 purified by trials and trained to justice1 into a current which1 swelling in its course within the bounds of ,christian discipline1 would1 the one directing1 strengthening1 hallowing the other1 run to endless days in great majesty and overwhelming power4 ,charles outlived the archbishop by many years1 and witnessed the triumphs of the ,redeemer's spouse to the achievement of which his great kinsman had devoted the resources of his extraordinary mind1 the most tender and inviolate affections of his exuberant heart1 and the untiring exertions of a long apostleship4 ,and here we feel as if we may lay down our pen and look upon our task as accomplished4 ,we have endeavored to be the faithful limner of a character noblest among the noble1 the pride and the guide of our ,catholic laity in the ,american ,church4 ,how grand that figure loometh in the galaxy of our greatest men6 ,great and grand1 pure1 unselfish1 guileless1 wise1 loving1 he stands on a pedestal of imperishable renown1 religion blended with wisdom1 charity with prudence1 firmness with condescension6''' ,when shall we look upon his like again8 ,yea1 the memory of his deeds is fresh1 and his many virtues as a ,christian and as a statesman are even mirrored in the lives of many noble1 devoted1 valiant followers--bright examples of true patriotism and golden righteousness to our rising youth1 on whose stern vigor1 unfaltering courage1 and sterling virtues mother church will lean for comfort and defence--a youth called1 may be1 to fight even fiercer battles than our great ancestor1 their shining model1 had to meet2 battles that will need stout hearts1 level minds1 souls prompt in bold resolves4 ,but the ,god of yesterday is the ,god of to-day2 and with ,charles ,carroll in the van our gallant youth will advance to the battle1 sure also of the victory4 #adh ,the medal of which the above is an engraving gives its own history4 ,it was struck1 we are informed at the expense of the ,carroll family4 ,it was suggested long since that if the fiftieth anniversary of ,american ,independence was so befittingly honored by thin tribute of love and heartfelt gratitude of a whole nation to the only survivor of the signers1 and he a ,catholic1 it would be dulce et decorum for the ,catholics of these ,united ,states to restrike it for distribution1 and as a lively reminder on the dawn of the hundredth anniversary4 ,nor would it be a difficult or costly undertaking4 ,we are told the die is still preserved1 although not at the mint4 ,the only alteration should occur in the legend of the reverse1 thus3 d4 ,nov4 #ad1 #ahcb1 t4 #ih4 ,the exergue should read3 ,july ,,iv4 ,,mdccclxxvi4 #adi 8,we enter upon the second century of the republic with responsibilities which neither our fathers nor the men of fifty years ago could possibly foresee40 ,again3 8,this enormous influx of strangers has added an immense ignorance and entire unfamiliarity with republican ideas and habits to the voting class40 ,and3 8,it has introduced powerful and organized influences not friendly to the republican principle of freedom of thought and action10 etc4--,geo4 ,w4 ,curtis1 ,,ll4,d41 of ,new ,york1 oration before the town authorities of ,concord1 ,mass41 ,april #ai1 #ahge4 ,printed by permission4 ,the ,new ,england ,historical and ,genealogical ,register1 vol4 xxix41 ,october1 #ahge4--,strange that ,mr4 ,curtis should have forgotten the foreign influx among the signers6 ,yet ,thornton was born in ,ireland2 ,smith also1 ,taylor also2 ,lewis in ,wales2 ,witherspoon near ,edinburgh2 ,morris in ,lancashire1 ,england2 ,wilson in ,scotland2 ,gwinnett in ,england4 ,strange that of fifty-nine signers so many should be strangers1 besides those who were born of foreigners6 ,and strange that the most refined and elegant civilians ,george ,washington associated with in ,philadelphia were ,irishmen4 ,and was not that a strange influx of ,nesbitt saving ,washington's army from starvation8 ,and what of the #be1jjj that ,barclay gave1 and the #ej1jjj given by ,mc,clenaghan1 etc41 etc48--an influx in infinitum4 ,the influx worked well a hundred years ago2 fear not1 it will work well even now1 but keep demagogues and false patriots aside4 ,yet on what side are most of them to be found8 #aej ,hence sprung the qualification added to the name of ,daniel's grandson4 ,when ,charles1 as one of the members delegated by the ,state of ,maryland to attend the ,convention in ,philadelphia1 advanced on the #b;d of ,august1 #aggf1 to the secretary's desk to sign his name to the ,declaration1 allusion was made to the great wealth of the ,maryland delegate1 who would thereby jeopardize it all4 8,but10 remarked a bystander 8it will be hard to identify2 are there not several ,charles ,carrolls80 8,ah6 yes10 rejoined the signer2 and dipping the pen anew in that famous ink-stand1 with that noble grace of person so peculiar to him1 he bent over the parchment once more1 and added1 of ,carrollton4 ,surely ,carrollton was the only manor of that name1 and our ,charles was the only master thereof4 ,hence the qualification which has since become useless--,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton4 ,in our days the great ,american family knows only one ,charles ,carroll4 #aea ,a supernatural interlocutor in ,father ,faber's ,sights and ,thoughts4 ,london3 ,rivingtons1 #ahdb1 p4 #aha4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,sunday ,,and ,,puritan ,,sabbath4 8,mamma1 what kind of a place is heaven80 inquired a boy1 after a two hours' ,sunday session in a parlor corner1 with the ,bible for mental aliment4 8,why1 my child1 heaven is one perpetual ,sabbath60 8,well1 ma6 won't they let me go out sometimes1 just to play80 ,absurd as was his mode of expressing it1 the boy was right as to the fundamental idea2 and though he could not have given the steps by which he reached the conclusion1 yet he judged well that the ,almighty1 when sending us into this world1 did not decree that we should be perpetually miserable in it4 ,the enforced performance of what was intended for a devotional exercise was1 in his case1 beginning to bear its legitimate and inevitable fruits of irksomeness at the outset1 wearisomeness while it lasts1 and loathsomeness at the end4 ,all who claim the name of ,christians observe1 with greater or less strictness1 one day in seven as a day of rest and worship2 the devotional exercises conjoined therewith1 emanating from the authority of the church in the case of ,catholics1 and from the varying taste and fancy of the sect1 congregation1 or even1 it would seem1 of the individual1 among non-,catholics4 ,we propose in this article to inquire into the origin of the ,catholic usage regarding the ,sunday2 the grounds and mode of its observance among ,protestants2 the difference between the sectarian modes of keeping it and that enjoined by the church4 ,and as about every religious practice where variance exists there must be a right and a wrong--a method of observance consistent with authority and reason1 and one either less so or entirely incongruous therewith--we shall try to find 7apart from the authority of the church1 which1 though ample for us1 would be of little avail for outsiders7 on which side right reason is1 and to show the absurdity of wrong custom in the matter4 ,the church tells us simply what the law of nature informs us of1 the existence of ,god the ,creator1 and of our duty of worshipping him2 but the time when all other things must be abandoned for this special purpose is subject to another law--the ceremonial--and as under the ,mosaic dispensation that law was only a shadow of future good1 to be laid aside when the true ,light should descend upon earth1 so the ,jewish ,sabbath1 which was clearly established in the third commandment of the ,decalogue1 is no longer to be held sacred1 but the first day of the week1 which was consecrated by the resurrection of ,jesus ,christ and the descent of the ,holy ,ghost1 is by her ordered to be kept holy2 and she enjoins on all her children at least to hear ,mass devoutly and to abstain from servile labor on that day4 ,having to provide1 however1 for all sorts and conditions of men1 the church adds that reasons of necessity or transcendent charity will excuse us from either obligation4 ,and this is all that our holy mother enjoins on the subject4 ,as ,catholics we accept and celebrate the ,sunday wholly on her authority2 and1 fortiori1 we are not bound to any further observance of it than she dictates4 ,while it is clear from ,holy ,scripture that the apostles did meet with each other and with the early converts to ,christianity twice on the ,dominica or ,lord's day1 yet there is nothing to show that it was even habitual with them to convene on that day2 still less is there anything1 either in the form of precept or exhortation1 in the entire ,new ,testament1 that would manifest the fact of any change in the ceremonial law of ,moses on the subject4 ,there is no announcement whatever either of the abrogation of the ,sabbath of the ,jews or of the establishment of ,sunday instead2 so that1 had we but the ,scripture to refer to1 we should grope in the dark both as to the obligation itself and the mode of its fulfilment4 ,but when we come to the fathers of the ,church1 the very earliest of them indicate distinctly that the ,christians of their day did habitually meet together on the first day of the week 7called by them 1 or ,dominica74 ,as we go on we find them frequently enjoin1 both expressly and by clear implication1 the obligation resting upon all ,christians of meeting together on that day for participation in the ,holy ,mysteries4 ,later still we find them affirm this duty as of apostolic institution4 ,to give a single example of many1 ,st4 ,saturninus1 before suffering martyrdom at ,abitina1 in ,africa1 in the year #cjd1 under ,diocletian1 for celebrating ,mass on ,sunday1 exclaims1 in presence of his judges3 8,the obligation of the ,sunday is indispensable2 it is not lawful for us to omit the duty of that day60 ,from the earliest ,christian records to the present day there is no break1 no link wanting4 ,historians have clearly shown the practice of the faithful1 and councils have firmly enjoined and reiterated it4 ,so much for the origin and history of ,sunday worship in the ,church4 ,it is1 of course1 one of the cardinal principles of ,protestantism--in fact1 its sole raison d'tre--that 8the ,bible is the only rule of faith and practice02 that everything therein commanded should be performed literally2 and that whatever has no clear and direct warrant of ,scripture is purely of man's device1 and1 by consequence1 of no authority whatsoever4 ,all very fine1 in words2 but when we examine how the doctrine works in point of fact1 we shall find an amazingly great discrepancy between the expressed faith and the actual1 tangible practice4 ,there has certainly been no considerable drain upon the reservoirs of our large cities in carrying out the injunction that 8if ye wash not one another's feet1 ye have no part in me40 ,it is not1 so far as we are informed1 peculiarly characteristic of any sect of ,protestants1 when 8smitten on one cheek10 immediately to 8turn the other0 for a repetition of the blow4 ,no special alacrity has ever been shown1 even by the straitest sects1 in eager obedience to the command1 8,from him that borroweth from thee1 turn not thou away02 and so far are they from obeying the absolute injunction of the ,apostle ,james to 8call in the priests of the church to the sick10 and to 8anoint them with oil in the name of the ,lord10 that they rave and rage against ,catholics for doing so1 and affirm it to be a superstitious observance4 ,if ,st4 ,paul ever expressed himself clearly on any point1 he certainly does so most unmistakably when he says that 8it is a shame for a woman to speak in the church02 yet the sectarian world is now very largely supplied with 8reverend0 ladies1 widowed1 married1 and maiden1 who evangelize with great acceptance1 and even officiate as regular pastors to various congregations throughout the country4 ,it would seem1 therefore1 that the cardinal principle aforesaid must have either disappeared or some ingenious mode have been discovered by which it works only when wanted1 to be set aside whenever its admission would run counter to the whim which may happen to be in vogue4 ,now1 the only texts of the ,new ,testament that mention the ,sunday in such way that it would be possible to draw from them any inference in regard to its observance are ,acts xx4 #g and #a ,cor4 xvi4 #a1 neither of which declares the abolition of the ancient ,sabbath or enjoins the observance of ,sunday4 ,but notwithstanding this fact1 ,protestants at large have accepted our ,sunday1 whether on tradition1 which they reject2 or on the authority of the church1 which they despise2 or1 finally1 of their own good pleasure--certainly not on ,scripture1 since it is not instituted therein4 ,it is hardly worth while1 owing to their paucity1 to mention as exceptions the ,sabbatarians1 who maintain that ,christians have no authorization for changing the divine institution of the ,jewish ,sabbath1 and who consequently observe ,saturday4 ,luther does not pretend any divine authority for the change1 but takes for granted that 8mankind needs a rest of one day1 at least1 in seven2 and the first day1 or ,sunday1 having prescription in its favor1 ought not lightly to be changed40 ,he says elsewhere that 8if any man sets up its observance on a ,jewish foundation1 then ,i order you to labor on it1 to ride or dance on it1 or to do anything whatever on it that shall remove its infringements on ,christian liberty40 ,the ,augsburg ,confession pointedly says3 8,those who judge that in place of the ,sabbath the ,lord's day was instituted1 as a day necessarily to be observed1 do very grossly err40 ,calvin says in his ,institutes3 8,it matters not what day we celebrate1 so that we meet together for the desirable weekly worship2 there is no absolute precept02 and he adds that the sticklers for ,sunday are 8thrice worse in their crass and carnal view of religion than the ,jews whom ,isaias 7ch4 i4 #ac7 denounced40 ,the doctrine of the ,english ,reformers on the subject is most concisely and strikingly put by ,tyndale1 who1 in his ,answer to ,sir ,thomas ,more1 thus speaks3 8,as for the ,sabbath1 we be lords over the ,sabbath1 and may yet change it into ,monday1 or into any other day1 ass we see need1 or may make every tenth day holy day1 only ass we see cause why4 ,we may make two every week1 if it were expedient and one not enough to teach the people4 ,neither was there any cause to change it from ,saturday1 but to put a difference between ourselves and the ,jews2 neither need we any holy day at all1 if the people might be taught without it40 ,even in ,scotland ,john ,knox1 who attached himself to the innovators with a bigoted zeal1 did not pretend to find any ,gospel warrant for what he was pleased to call the ,sabbath2 and ,dr4 ,hessey candidly acknowledges that the strained sabbatarianism of ,scotland is by no means to be attributed to him or his coadjutors1 mentioning at the same time that ,knox1 when on a visit to ,calvin at ,geneva1 found that eminent ,reformer occupied1 on the ,sunday of his arrival1 at a game of bowls6 ,if1 then1 it be plain that the arch-innovators are not responsible for that peculiarly unlovely1 rigid1 and ultra-,judaic observance of the ,sunday 7the traces of which1 growing fainter year by year1 are yet plainly discernible in the laws1 institutions1 habits1 and manners of the ,english-speaking portion of the ,protestant world71 whence did it originate8 ,why are the ideas of ,english-speaking ,protestants so widely different from those of their brethren1 and even of their own founders1 on this subject8 ,fuller 7in whose pages much quaint and nave information about the history of those transition days is to be found7 tells us that the ,puritans1 8who first began to be called by that name about #aefd10 and who dissented from the church of ,king ,henry on the ground that the ,reformation had not gone 8far enough10 were1 like all other renegades1 anxious to distinguish themselves by hostility at every point to the camp they had abandoned4 ,they preached that to throw bowls on the ,sabbath 8were as great sin as to kill a man02 to make a feast or wedding dinner on that day 8were as vile sin as for a father to cut the throat of his son with a knife02 and that to ring more bells than one 8were mickle sin as is murder40 ,of this brood was ,vincent ,bownde1 whose great work on the ,observance of the ,sabbath first appeared in #aeie2 and to this book1 which began the polemical controversy on the subject1 is due the rabid sabbatarianism of the ,english ,puritans during the remainder of the reign of ,elizabeth and the dynasty of the ,stuarts4 ,the ,scottish ,calvinists eagerly seized the cry1 and from both sects 7their influence1 pertinacity1 and numbers being much greater than those of the ,anglican ,establishment1 which was itself1 of necessity1 largely tinctured by their practice71 through our own hard-headed but harder-hearted ,puritans of ,new ,england1 who practised this unmitigating observance of the day with the same zeal of enforcement that they displayed in many other grimly ludicrous things1 we of this age and country are still to a great extent under the sway of an intolerant and enforced sabbatarianism which the spread of intelligence and liberality is gradually wearing away1 but which1 after all1 dies very hard4 ,just as no enmity is so envenomed1 no hatred so intense1 so in like manner no distinctive practice or usage disappears so slowly1 as those originally engendered by religious faction4 ,it was clear that no ,scriptural authority existed for the abrogation of the ,jewish ,sabbath1 and equally evident that the denial of the authority of the church destroyed for ever all ecclesiastical sanction for ,sunday4 ,there remained1 consequently1 no possible authorization for it but to insist that the mere meeting together of the apostles on that day 7which1 so far as anything to the contrary can be shown from ,scripture1 might have been accidental7 constituted sufficient warrant2 and next to regulate the observance of the day by the practice of the ,jews with regard to the ,sabbath4 ,this ,bownde did without hesitation4 ,his book1 gratifying as it did at once the malignity of the ,puritans against the church1 their envy of the established sect1 and their own exclusiveness1 became exceedingly popular1 was largely read and quoted1 and its influence remains to the present day4 ,here in the ,united ,states we yet retain traces of it in our laws2 as1 indeed1 we still do of that other intolerance by which ,catholics were1 in former days1 not allowed to hold civil office4 ,in some of the ,new ,england ,states ,sunday 7or ,sabbath1 as they wrong-headedly insist on calling it7 begins at sunset on ,saturday2 but in most of them it legally begins at twelve o'clock on ,saturday night1 lasting twenty-four hours4 ,in some ,states contracts made on that day are void2 but generally they are binding1 if good in other respects4 ,of course the name ,sunday is the ,anglo-,saxon ,sunnan-dg1 equivalent to the ,roman dies solis1 so called in both tongues from its being anciently devoted to the worship of the sun4 ,sabbath is the ,hebrew noun shabbth 7rest7 from the verb shbath 7to rest74 ,to ourselves and those who think with us that the state1 in legislating about matters of religion1 whether doctrinal or merely of exterior observance1 is overstepping her proper limits--nay1 who go further1 and insist that government was no more instituted to educate our children than to feed and clothe them2 that there is not an assignable ground for the former which would not be even more conclusive for the latter--it follows that all such legislation1 from that of ,cromwell's ,puritans and the ,six ,sessions of ,scotland1 down through the ,blue ,laws of ,connecticut1 to the last municipal regulation that allows no concert on ,sunday unless it be a 8sacred0 one1 and no procession accompanied by a band of music on that day1 seems1 what it really is1 an absurdity and a monstrosity1 a relic of odious strifes and bitter hates2 and we would be glad1 in common1 we think1 with sensible and tolerant men of all creeds1 to see our statute-books rid of its remotest traces4 ,in speaking of any religious practice enjoined by the ,catholic ,church we have this advantage3 viz41 that what it is at one place or time it is in all places and at all times4 ,the practice1 then1 of ,catholics1 in accordance with the church teachings above stated1 is to hear ,mass on ,sunday1 and1 except in cases of necessity1 to abstain from servile labor4 ,most ,catholics also attend ,vespers on that day1 though there be no absolute obligation4 ,we take no extreme cases1 either of the very pious on the one side who for their souls' sake may be said to make a ,sunday of every day in the week1 or of those on the other hand whose religion sits so lightly upon them that it is sometimes difficult to tell whether1 beyond a feeble claim to the name of ,catholic1 they have any religion at all4 ,among the #bjj1jjj1jjj ,catholics of the world are to be found many of both descriptions4 ,we speak1 however1 of the average4 ,among these1 ,mass and ,vespers being over1 there will be found no strait-lacedness2 no tone peculiar to a ,sunday1 put on for that day1 and not observable on other days2 no hesitation in conversing about sublunary affairs of all kinds that can and may engage the attention during the week4 ,should a concert-hall be open1 as in ,europe is often the case1 the ,catholic hesitates not to go there1 providing it be one to which he would go on any day--i4e41 if it be a proper place for himself or family under any circumstances4 ,he converses on business or for pleasure with his friends in the public gardens1 at the cafs2 with his family he visits other families with whom they may be intimate4 ,he does not hesitate to write a business letter1 to view a lot which he thinks of purchasing1 or to take the railway train on that day4 ,it is needless to go further4 ,he has complied with the command of the church1 and1 not being a law unto himself spiritually1 he invents for himself no obligations superadded to those of the church1 which1 in accordance with the commands of ,scripture1 he believes himself bound to hear4 ,in speaking of ,protestant doctrine or practice we are1 of course1 more at a loss to speak definitely than when we lay down ,catholic usage2 since the former rarely remains the same on any single point1 even within the same sect1 for an ordinary generation of man4 ,why1 fifty years ago ,christmas was an abomination1 8a rag of popery10 to all but the ,anglicans4 ,the sign of the cross was 8the mark of the beast40 ,an organ in a meeting-house was 8a seeking out of their own inventions40 ,of the least approach to a liturgical observance1 were it but the repetition of the ,creed1 it was said3 8,in vain do they worship me1 teaching for doctrines the commandments of men40 ,now nearly all the sects make a feint of some sort of service or observance of the ,christmas season2 the cross is displayed within and without many church buildings2 not merely organs but string and brass bands fill the choirs of ,protestant fashionable churches2 they may nearly all be heard falsely repeat1 ,sunday after ,sunday1 that they 8believe in the holy ,catholic ,church02 and the prophet who should now foretell their changes in another half-century would run the risk of being mobbed in the public streets4 ,we give the doctrinal teaching of the ,presbyterians on ,sunday and its observance1 or at least of so many of the different religious bodies going under that name as still subscribe to1 and say they deduce their doctrines from the ,bible via the ,westminster ,confession of ,faith4 ,it was formerly1 and is to some extent still1 the most generally received teaching on the subject of observing the ,sabbath among ,english-speaking ,protestants1 who seem to have had a monopoly of spiritual information and an exclusive enlightenment on this whole matter4 ,how much the bitter hatred existing between ,roundhead and ,cavalier had to do with the firm hold the said observance took on ,puritans and their descendants is not to the present purpose to inquire4 ,in response to the question1 8,how is the ,sabbath to be sanctified80 we have this answer3 8,the ,sabbath is to be sanctified by a holy resting all that day1 even from such worldly employments and recreations as are lawful on other days2 and spending the whole time in public and private exercises of ,god's worship1 except so much as may be taken up in works of necessity and mercy40 ,what was meant by this is sufficiently indicated by the legislation effected both before and subsequent to the meeting of the 8,assembly of ,divines40 ,we are assured by excellent authorities that in ,england1 some twenty years after the appearance of ,bownde's book1 people 8dared not1 for fear of breaking the ,sabbath1 kindle a fire1 or dress meat1 or visit their neighbors2 nor sit at their own door nor walk abroad2 nor even talk with each other1 save and it were of godly matters40 ,in #afdc the ,long ,parliament enacted laws 8for the more thorough observance of the ,sabbath10 and caused to be burnt by the hangman ,james ,i4's ,book of ,sports4 ,in the next year the ,court of ,six ,sessions forbade in ,scotland all walking in the streets on the ,sabbath after the noonday sermon2 and soldiers patrolled the streets1 arresting both old and young whom they should find outside their houses and not on the way to or from church4 ,the gates of ,edinburgh were ordered to be shut from ten ,p4,m4 of ,saturday till four ,a4,m4 of ,monday2 and the case is on record of a widow who had to pay a fine of two merks for having 8had a roast at the fire during sermon time40 ,it is told of an ,english lady of rank in our own day that1 having procured some ,dorking fowl1 she some time after asked the servant who attended to them whether they were laying many eggs2 to which the latter replied with great earnestness3 8,indeed1 my lady1 they lay every day1 not excepting even the blessed ,sabbath60 ,nor is the puritanic feeling still existing to a considerable extent among some few of the sectaries in ,scotland badly illustrated by ,sandie's remark when he saw a hare skipping along the road as the people were gathering for sermon3 8,ay6 yon beast kens weel eneuch it's the ,sabbath day60 ,and the countryman passing on his way to 8meeting10 who1 when asked by a tourist the name of a picturesque ruin in the vicinity1 answered3 8,it's no the day to be speerin' sic like things10 gives the reader an idea of certain peculiarities 7formerly quite prevalent among ,protestants1 and still too common for the comfort of those who have many of the straiter sort for neighbors7 which1 we believe1 are gradually but surely fading out before the progress of intelligence and with the wave of superstition and intolerance4 ,for it must be borne in mind that the same ,westminster ,confession1 relying too on ,scripture1 insists on the right and power of the civil magistrate circa sacra1 contends that 8he beareth not the sword in vain10 and that kings should be 8nursing fathers0 and queens 8nursing mothers0 to the church4 ,we will do our modern ,presbyterians the charity to believe that in subscribing to this instrument1 they do so with some 8mental reservation02 otherwise the cry against union of church and state that we so frequently hear from them would 7when taken in connection with their former antecedents as a sect and their present professed standards7 be quite unintelligible4 ,now1 of the mode of keeping ,sunday followed by ,protestants in ,continental ,europe we need not speak1 nor of the practice of ,anglicans in the same regard1 save in so far as the latter have 7principally through the lower or evangelical division of their body7 been modified and influenced by its former subjection and present proximity to the ,puritan element of the ,english population4 ,in the countries of ,europe claimed as ,protestant1 and as a very natural as well as logical result of the indifferentism taught by the so-called fathers of reform1 ,luther and ,calvin1 it is difficult for the tourist to discern in ,prussia1 ,holland1 ,denmark1 ,sweden1 or ,norway1 save by the greater number of people at the theatres1 concerts1 and exhibitions1 in the beer-gardens1 taverns1 and other places of resort1 whether the day be ,sunday or not4 ,some1 of course1 attend church on that day1 it being almost the only day of the week on which such service is ever held4 ,geneva and the non-,catholic cantons of ,switzerland may be passed with the same description1 which completely exhausts ,protestant ,continental territory in ,europe4 ,nor of the mode of observing ,sunday inculcated by the ,anglicans in ,england can we say that it is at all overdone or puritanical4 ,they have1 at least1 escaped the dismal parody of asceticism which distinguishes such of their ,scotch neighbors as have any trace of the ancient practice left4#aeb ,let us glance a moment at the laws of our ,puritan friends of ,new ,england1 that we may get an idea of bigotry run mad1 and of the deductions that may be drawn from ,vincent ,bownde's book and the teachings of the ,westminster divines4 8,having themselves10 as ,washington ,irving well observes10 served a regular apprenticeship in the school of persecution1 it behoved them to show that they were proficients in the art40 ,the ,puritans of ,massachusetts thus legislate in regard to the 8,sabbath0 in the 8,plymouth ,code03 8,this court1 taking notice of the great abuse and many misdemeanors committed by divers persons profaning the ,sabbath1 or ,lord's day1 to the great dishonor of ,god1 reproach of religion1 and grief of spirit of ,god's people1 do therefore order that whosoever shall profane the ,lord's day by doing unnecessary servile work1 by unnecessary travelling1 or by sports or recreations1 he or they that so trespass shall forfeit1 for every such default1 forty shillings1 or be publicly whipped2 but if it clearly appear that the sin was proudly1 presumptuously1 and with a high hand committed1 against the known command and authority of the ,blessed ,god1 such a person1 therein despising and reproaching the ,lord1 ,,shall ,,be ,,put ,,to ,,death1 or grievously punished1 at the discretion of the court40 ,in support of the same wretched ,sabbath superstition the colonies of ,hartford and ,new ,haven issue the following edicts3 #ba4 8,no one shall run on the ,sabbath day1 or walk in his garden or elsewhere1 except reverently to and from meeting40 #bb4 8,no one shall travel1 cook victuals1 make beds1 sweep house1 cut hair1 or shave on the ,sabbath day40 #bc4 8,no woman shall kiss her child on the ,sabbath or fasting day40 ,omitting1 for very shame's sake1 to say anything of ,no4 #ch of ,governor ,eaton's code1 the reader will perceive in the above quotations to what absurd results logical consistency drives the fanatic when he becomes so by cutting adrift from the safe moorings of ,god's church and trusts his salvation to the puny cockboat of private judgment4 ,these ,puritans had disclaimed the title of the church which originated the ,sunday2 they would not1 like ,cranmer1 accept it as 8a mere appointment of the magistrates02 so there was nothing left for them but to slur over the utter vagueness of its mention in the ,new ,testament1 and refer the whole observance back to ,moses and the ,third ,commandment4 ,in doing this why were they not consistent throughout8 ,why did they not let their lands rest in the seventh year8 ,why not observe the year of ,jubilee ordered by the sanction of the same ,lawgiver8 ,as before stated1 ,protestant practice1 like the doctrines from which it emanates1 is ,proteus-like in form and phase2 nor is the method followed in the observance of ,sunday any exception to the general rule4 ,but1 upon the whole1 the offspring of ,knox1 the descendants of ,bownde1 and the adherents of the straiter sects stand up more strenuously and make a stouter fight 7not in argument1 but by sheer persistence7 for the rigorous keeping of the 8,sabbath0 than they have found it convenient to do for many doctrines and usages which1 logically speaking1 were of far more importance to ,protestantism as a system4 ,our outward and visible life in the ,united ,states1 in ,canada1 and in the ,british ,isles is to this day1 in this one matter1 largely tinctured and deeply infected with the plague of stupid and superstitious keeping of the ,sunday1 begun in factious opposition to the ,english state establishment1 propagated by the work of ,bownde1 eagerly appropriated by ,andrew ,melville and the ,scottish politico-religious agitators of his day1 and transmitted to us through the ,rump ,parliament and the ,puritans of ,new ,england4 ,the 8able and godly0 ministers of these latter1 who1 in the words of ,mr4 ,oliver1 8derided the sign of the cross1 but saw magic in a broomstick10 though their descendants have recoiled from the teachings of their childhood into ,unitarianism or infidelity2 though not one-half the adult population of ,new ,england now belongs to any ,christian sect2 and though of all bodies of men that ever existed under a guise of religion in the face of day they were the most inconsistent1 the most bigoted1 the most superstitious1 the most intolerant1 and the most relentlessly persecuting1 are yet often forced upon our admiration4 ,it has somehow become the fashion to laud these bigots to the heavens in annual palavers of ,new ,england ,societies1 ,plymouth ,rock orators1 ,fourth of ,july and other spread-eagle speakers2 and though their other doctrines and practices have vanished1 leaving on their chosen ground scarce a trace behind1 yet we are reminded of their spirit and quondam influence by the shackles of legal enactment in regard to ,sunday observance2 by the tumult that rises from certain classes of ,protestants as silent custom or outspoken enactment from time to time sweeps out of existence some one or other of the trammels with which ,puritanism1 in its day of power1 enthralled us4 ,with what persistent zeal do they not agitate in the newspapers and petition authorities1 municipal1 ,state1 and federal1 against the running of the horse-cars1 the rail-cars1 and the mail steamers on the ,sabbath6 ,how terrible1 in their eyes1 are the ,sunday excursions of the laboring people of our large cities6 ,how clearly do they not perceive that liberty is a good thing only so long as everybody thinks and acts exactly as they do6 ,did they not prove that we lost the day on a famous occasion during the civil war by delivering battle on ,sunday8 ,how insanely anxious are they not to have the ,almighty 7their ,almighty1 that is to say7 in some way constitutionally harnessed to the already hard-racked instrument which consolidates the government of these ,states6 ,it is true that these men are the ttes montes of fanaticism of this sort1 and we are far from affirming that a majority of their co-religionists go with them4 ,indeed1 we know1 from daily observation1 that in many of the sects there exists but little of the spirit indicated1 and that what remains is fast disappearing4 ,but there exists enough of the embers to render walking amid them very annoying1 and1 with the assistance of a good breeze from the preachers1 these embers may easily1 and on small provocation1 be fanned into a flame6 ,has not fanaticism displayed an unexpected vigor in connection with the question of opening our great ,centennial ,exposition on the only day on which the industrious poor can have the chance of seeing it without manifest injury to their temporal interests8 ,our ,protestant friend of the stricter sort awakes on the ,sunday morning1 bethinks himself of the day1 dresses 7having shaved himself provisorily on ,saturday night71 schools his countenance into the most malignantly orthodox cast1 takes in hand the ,bible1 ,baxter's ,call1 or ,boston's ,fourfold ,state1 and descends to the parlor2 that is1 he would descend but that he hears one of his boys whistling in an adjoining room1 who must at once be reproved therefor1 to be more fully punished next day4 8,to ,banbury came ,i1 ,o profane one6 ,there ,i saw a ,puritane one ,hanging of his cat on ,monday ,for killing of a rat on ,sunday40 ,having thus effectually 8borne testimony0 and quenched the spirits of the juvenile members of the family1 who1 fully knowing what ,sunday means to them1 have learned experimentally that 8,stone walls do not a prison make1 ,nor iron bars a cage10 he sits down gazing at his book1 fancying1 in some vague way1 that he is doing ,god service 7though how or to what end would seem indistinct1 since1 according to his most cherished doctrine1 there is no merit whatever in good works74 ,he hears with disgust the bell of the irreligious milkman1 sees the unsanctified horse-car pass his door1 the irreverent baker make his round1 and notes the profane newsboy cry the ,sunday papers4 ,this last is the most afflictive dispensation of all1 and the one against which he has most vainly and frequently petitioned1 never thinking that1 even on his own grounds1 the real gravamen is in the papers of ,monday morning1 the work for which must necessarily be done on ,sunday4 ,breakfast comes at length--eaten in solemn silence--the children being 8hard up0 for an apposite moral or religious observation1 and fearful lest1 should they say anything1 it might be something mundane4 ,nor can the mother help them to diminish the gloom of the occasion1 having been herself furtively engaged in eking out the shortcomings of the servant in preparing the meal1 and painfully aware that1 according to the family scheme of orthodoxy1 she has not been sanctifying the ,sabbath4 ,family worship 7on this day longer in the prayer than usual7 adds in no way to the general cheerfulness4 ,each boy and girl1 supplied with a ,sunday-school book of the stereotyped pattern and contents1 and given to understand the enormity of even the desire to take a walk on that day1 longs in the inmost heart that the day were over4 ,church time comes1 when1 with a warning that they will be expected to answer on the text1 the sermon1 and an admonition against drowsiness1 all are trooped off to meeting1 the parents bringing up the rear4 ,then ensues an hour and a half of dreary listening to what most of them cannot1 by the remotest possibility1 comprehend4 ,more than likely some of them may have been overcome by sleep2 in which case even the negative pleasure of apathy is taken away1 and its place supplied by a fearful looking-for of judgment1 either by rebuke or castigation4 ,the dinner is1 in want of hilarity1 a repetition of the breakfast2 for no secular idea may be expressed1 and the spirit does not move the younger branches1 in any special degree1 to an interest in the rather languid remarks of the paterfamilias upon the theological tendencies of the sermon2 said observations being delivered in his ,sunday tone1 compared with which a gush of tears would be exhilarating4 ,books are retaken2 no cheerful game or romp among the children2 no free play or interchange of ideas between the parents4 ,to write a letter would be a crying sin for the father4 ,it is a heinous fault when his mind spontaneously wanders to that note of his due on ,wednesday next2 and although the mother had the interesting and enlivening lucubrations of ,edwards on the ,will in her hands1 yet there is much reason to believe that the washing of to-morrow has more than once intervened to prove ,edwards in the right2 not to mention the occasion on which she caught herself recalling the trimmings of ,mrs4 ,x--#8s bonnet in the front pew4 ,no visit from1 none to1 any family of their acquaintance2 either would be a sin against the sanctity of the ,sabbath6 ,we need not visit the ,sunday-school1 to which the superstitious folly of the parents1 fear of their fellow church-members1 the ,mrs4 ,grundyism of sects1 or an unfounded belief that something valuable is learned there compels the parents to send their children4 ,probably most of our readers know how these things are managed2 what is the causa causativa of a ,sunday-school superintendent2 what is the calibre of the young men who teach1 and the object which takes them there4 ,we all1 of course1 know and recognize the high moral aims as well as the literary and theological ability of the misses who form the grand staff of instructors in those institutions6 ,but we must not be diverted from our sabbatarian ,sunday4 ,then follows a dreary tea1 meeting and sermonizing again1 from which two of the children1 having gone hopelessly asleep soon after the exordium1 are brought home in a dazed state1 nor does a protracted bout of family worship much assist in arousing them therefrom2 and then to bed6 ,we suppose the father to be honest4 ,many such men are4 ,we doubt not but many of the ,puritans were sincere1 and slit the ears of the ,quakers with the serenity of good men engaged in the performance of a virtuous action4 ,but let us put the question squarely to reasonable men3 ,will it be a matter of surprise if this man's children1 when they grow up1 loathe and abhor all religion1 thinking it all of a piece with that in which they were brought up--if they turn out1 in short1 what the descendants of the ,puritans have become8 ,why1 the writer is acquainted with a school1 kept by a well-meaning man1 in which1 by tedious ,bible-reading1 hymn-singing1 and long-winded prayers at the school opening and closing1 the teacher is unwittingly the cause of more of what he would consider sacrilege1 in an hour1 than is heard of profanity among all the hackmen of ,new ,york on the longest day of the year2 and his great object1 which is to bring up ,presbyterians1 is thereby rendered as utterly futile as though he were an ingenious man doing his utmost to make infidels of them4 ,curiously enough1 people of this kind 7we refer to the strict keeping of ,sunday7 are never satisfied with the liberty they enjoy 7and which nobody wishes to curtail7 of observing the day just as rigorously as they may desire4 ,not at all4 ,there is no happiness or ease of spirit for them until by legal pains and penalties they can force you1 me1 and all their neighbors to their own peculiar way of thinking and acting4 ,this was well illustrated by the ,scotchman who1 in telling how pious a people he had got among1 said3 8,last ,sabbath1 joost as the kirk was skailin'1 there was a drover chiel comin' alang the road1 whustlin' an' lookin' as happy as gin it was the middle o' the week4 ,weel1 sir1 oor lads is a ,god-fearin' set o' lads1 an' they wur joost comin' oot o' kirk4 ,od6 they yokit on him1 an' amaist kilt him40 ,this is1 after all1 the point of the matter4 ,we neither can1 by right1 ought to have1 nor have we any objection to any observance of the ,sunday1 however rigid or however much 7to our mind7 it may seem strained1 overdone1 and even ludicrous4 ,that is the affair of the man himself1 and should lie between his own conscience and his ,creator1 where we have no right to interfere4 ,but we all want and have a right to the same privilege for own conviction1 or want of conviction1 that we cheerfully accord to him4 ,now1 this such people as he never will accord to us so long as they can possibly prevent it4 ,they never have done so in the history of the world1 and1 taking experience for our guide1 we have no reason to suppose that they ever will4 ,they prate largely of liberty of conscience1 but that phrase means in their mouth liberty to think as you please1 so long as you think with them4 ,though he is my neighbor1 may not my daughter play the piano on ,sunday on account of his tender conscience8 ,must ,i not1 because he fancies the ,sunday thereby desecrated1 practise the flute8 ,i do not attempt to interfere with his drone of family worship2 why should he be eternally petitioning to stop the delivery of my letters1 or to prevent my going down-town in the horse-cars on that day8 ,i insist that he has as much as he is called on to do in attending to the affairs of his own conscience2 that the contract is quite as much as he can conveniently and creditably get through with and ,i object 7,i think with reason7 to giving up mine to his charge4 ,i want a keg of beer in my cellar1 or1 it may be1 a basket of champagne4 ,because he is virtuous1 shall there be no more cakes and ale8 ,shall his being scandalized because ,i think proper to take a walk on ,sunday confine me all that day to the house8 ,must his scruples of conscience prevent myself and family from entertaining our friends on ,sunday8 ,in short1 must ,i always be on tenterhooks to know how his conscience regards every act of mine on that day8 ,it would seem1 though1 as if that were just what my neighbor and his atrabilious friends have been aiming at4 ,for1 now that ,i think of it1 they have been since ever ,i remember the self-same people1 who have all along got up meetings1 been active in urging petitions1 and done their utmost to thwart every convenience or facility that for the past twenty-five years has been contrived for public accommodation on ,sunday4 ,on further reflection1 they are the identical individuals who have publicly and privately been marplots in every matter in our vicinage1 during the same length of time1 which did not fully recognize their little ,ebenezer or ,bethel as its fount and origin2 and though they are possibly not to be convinced1 yet it is highly important for these people and all their class to learn once for all that the days of ,puritanism are gone1 and that nowadays every man is responsible for his own acts to his ,creator1 and not to ,mr4 ,jones next door1 nor to the congregation with which he worships4 ,we do not wish ,mr4 ,j---- to read his letters on ,sunday1 nor will we force him to patronize the street-car on that or any other day2 but we want him and his friends to cease from making laws that interfere with our freedom1 while thrusting upon them nothing which1 willy nilly1 they are bound to accept4 ,thus it will be seen that our objection is not to our friends of the various illiberal 8schemes of salvation0 as individuals1 nor to their practice of a peculiar and1 to us1 by no means an alluring primness of speech and gait on ,sunday2 but to their unwillingness to allow us1 who see things differently1 to follow our own convictions1 and to their manifest determination that we shall1 in the event of their ever having the power1 be forced to adapt ourselves to their views and practices4 ,this overbearing spirit seems to be inseparable from their pharisaic practice and its resultant prejudices1 so that our dislike to both is well founded4 ,as to the sanctification of the ,lord's day1 they have an indisputable right to celebrate it just as austerely as may best suit them1 though we think them grossly and foolishly wrong therein4 ,they may call the day ,sabbath1 if they please1 though we know that word to signify ,saturday1 and nothing else4 ,but in return for this 7not concession1 for it is their right7 we wish to suggest mildly that we also have certain inalienable rights2 that among these1 according to a highly-respectable and much-lauded document of which we sometimes hear1 8are life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness02 and we modestly venture the additional suggestion that the municipal and other laws which already exist1 and those which these people would fain enact1 touching an enforced observance of the ,sunday after their fashion1 interfere largely with our just liberty and militate strongly against our chances of success in the pursuit of happiness4 ,finally1 which method of observing the day seems the more in accord with right reason8 ,and here we wish the ,protestant to lay aside a moment1 if he can1 the prejudice engendered by the tyranny of early education1 surrounding usage1 and personal habit4 ,our having been accustomed from early youth to a specific article of diet1 clothing1 or to a habit of any kind1 physical or mental1 does not necessarily make an entirely different usage wrong or the direct reverse sinful4 ,if it be a command of ,god that ,sunday shall be observed after the fashion of the ancient ,jews with their ,sabbath1 we have nothing to say1 except that even then we object to its observance being made a matter of legal enactment4 ,no man was ever yet driven to the ,almighty by fear of temporal pains and penalties2 nor is any worship acceptable to our ,creator unless it be a free-will offering of the heart4 ,but when ,protestants admit with us that the ,mosaic dispensation is past and the type done away with in the fulness of that which it prefigured1 we certainly cannot consider the law of the ,pentateuch any more binding upon us in this respect than in regard to the rite of circumcision1 the usage of polygamy1 or the obligation of a brother to marry his deceased brother's wife4 ,but there is1 in the ,new ,testament1 no warrant at all for the change of the day1 much less any rule for its special observance2 and consequently1 on ,protestant principles1 any day in the week--indeed1 any one in ten days1 a fortnight1 or a month--would answer the purposes of religion equally well2 and as there is no ,scriptural command1 the mode of observance is purely of human invention4 ,we of course do not speak here of the ,sunday1 or of any one day in seven1 employed 7apart from religious purposes7 solely for the purpose of recruiting the jaded physical energies of him who toils on the other six days in the week4 ,the necessity for a periodical suspension of toil and labor depends on physical laws to which no reference is now made2 and as the turmoil of trade and the competition of labor go on increasing1 the necessity for the regular recurrence of a day of rest becomes more and more evident4 ,the laboring classes are too numerous and too deeply interested in the preservation of the stated holiday for it ever to die out4 ,in this view of the question--the purely physical one--the mode of observance would be simply a matter of discretion and utility1 and would not come within the purview of the civil law at all2 though the actual appointment of the day might1 for the sake of uniformity and for many other reasons1 very properly be considered as pertaining to government4 ,we1 however1 speak of the day as a divine or an ecclesiastical institution1 in which light its observance will depend upon the direct word of ,god or command of his church2 but in no case will the civil law have any right to interfere either by dictum or permission4 ,but even supposing1 for argument's sake1 what we by no means admit--viz41 that the ,sunday should be observed in accord with the prescriptions of the ,pentateuch--we do not see how it follows that innocent and healthful recreation should be denied on that day1 either to the young1 for whom it is absolutely necessary1 or to the middle-aged and the old1 to whom it is at least desirable4 ,there is a great and palpable distinction between recreation and labor4 ,the latter is forbidden on the ,sabbath in the ,decalogue2 but does the former stand in the same case8 ,the words are3 8,on it thou shalt not do any work40 ,it does not say3 8,on it thou shalt take no recreation1 nor shalt thou play40 ,it is one thing to say to the hod-carrier or the navvy that he shall not mount the ladder with the heaped hod or ply the mattock and spade2 and it is another and quite a different thing to say to either that he shall not take a walk in the suburbs1 go with his family on an aquatic or rural excursion1 or visit the 8,exhibition buildings0 on a ,sunday4 ,it is against such superstitious abuses1 which had1 in course of time1 grown up on the authority of the sophistical ,rabbins touching the ,sabbath1 that our ,saviour so frequently and pointedly protests2 and against the same or similar illiberal practices we now protest4 ,we ,catholics say that the ,sunday is like other holidays of obligation1 of the same enactment1 and on the some footing with them--i4e41 they are all instituted by command of the church4 ,now1 with the ,sunday1 as well as with the other church festivals of obligation1 comes the duty of hearing ,mass and refraining from servile labor2 but the law of the church ceases at that point1 and 8where there is no law there is no transgression40 ,the ,catholic believes the other days ordered by the church to be observed just as binding as ,sunday2 but it never enters his head to attempt to coerce ,protestants either into the same belief or observance4 ,his ,protestant friend says to him in effect3 8,i have a very tender conscience touching the observance of this day4 ,your cheerfulness interferes with my devotional feelings2 your ,sunday recreations1 walks1 visits1 and travel scandalize me1 and offer a bad example to my rising family4 ,on last ,sunday morning yourself and family rode out in the horse-cars to the park2 in the afternoon you entertained a houseful of visitors1 during which time you1 with the flute1 accompanied your daughter on the piano4 ,the ,sunday previous you took the train for an adjoining city4 ,the ,sunday papers are frequently taken at your house4 ,you write1 post1 receive1 and read letters as unconcernedly on the ,lord's day as though it were the middle of the week4 ,when we had the power you would have been firstly fined1 then whipped1 and for stubborn persistence put to death for this2 but in these degenerate days all ,i can do is to put every legal and social obstruction in your way that our decaying numbers but ever persistent determination will enable us to do4 ,alas for the days that are gone60 ,now1 with the parents on either side we have little to do4 ,the mind of the ,catholic is made up2 his conscience is informed from the precepts and instructions of the church2 and we have no desire to change his views or practice in the premises4 ,and1 in the case of his opponent1 there are few tasks so hopelessly wanting in results as that of convincing a man against his will2 as that of trying to surmount religious prejudice in the adult4 ,but we put it to fair reason1 to common sense1 to the community 7which has a manifest interest that its members shall be under the influence of some religion1 and not utter infidels71 to answer3 ,in which of the two families exists the stronger likelihood that the children will grow up stanch and ardent believers in religion8 ,will any one tell us that it will be in that in which a dark1 overshadowing pall1 under the name of piety1 was made 8to press the life from out young hearts02 in which every thoughtless1 merry1 or exuberant word or act of theirs was represented as sin 8deserving ,god's wrath and curse for ever02 in which no memory of youth connected with religion can be other than sombre1 dismal1 and remorseful8 ,or will it be in the ,catholic family1 where the child is taught1 not merely in words1 but in fact1 that 8my yoke is easy and my burden is light02 where1 as he grows up1 religious observance constantly appeals to him as a privilege1 not as an infliction2 where cheerfulness1 mirth1 and jollity are by no means considered hostile to1 but rather the concomitants of1 true religion2 and where no day of the week is definitely consecrated to unnatural gloom and false 7because enforced1 and consequently hypocritical7 devotion8 ,the answer is plain4 ,statistics of the result1 with children brought up under each set of influences1 bear us triumphantly out2 and1 in fine1 thankful as we are for the daily and yearly decrease in numbers and influence of those who maintain this rigorous observance of the ,sunday1 we shall be still better pleased1 and it will be a happy day for this and the other ,english-speaking peoples among whom they ever existed1 when the quibbling1 narrow-minded1 and sophistical principles and practices represented by such persons shall have been entirely stamped out beneath the onward march of tolerance and ,christian charity4 #aeb ,not having had an opportunity of extensive travel in ,scotland1 we cannot speak of anything but ,edinburgh and ,glasgow2 but on the few ,sundays that we passed there1 if there was any more specific and noticeable observance of the day than by more copious drinking1 we failed to see it4 ,,the ,,eternal ,,years4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,divine ,,sequence40 ,,consummation4 ,we have spoken of the way in which the arch-enemy1 the seducer of ,god's children1 is aping the mysteries of the still hidden future1 according as his subtlety and his enmity direct him4 ,but while his rage and cunning are devising new deceits for those who are not enlightened by divine truth1 or who have hid their light under a bushel1 our attention is called in a special manner to her whose office it is1 and ever has been1 to crush his head4 ,whenever and wherever the deceits of men and devils are putting out the light and wrapping the soul of man in darkness1 there does the ,virgin ,mother come more openly and more directly to counteract the fatal influence4 ,it has been reserved for the cold1 matter-of-fact1 utilitarian last half of the nineteenth century to see awakened in the multitude the simple and romantic faith in pilgrimages and in the childlike1 pathetic histories of ,mary's appearances upon earth that lent such charm to the ages of faith4 ,if the enemy of mankind seems to have more power allowed to him in the evil days on which we have fallen1 so the ,mother of fair love1 from whose pure hands the divine odyle streams1 is deigning to speak to children and childlike souls1 showing herself to be the great channel of special graces1 the medium of divine communications1 and the sure refuge against ,satan's acted prophecy and pantomime of ,god's loving intentions4 8,we will come to him1 and dwell with him0--and ,mary is the precursor and the channel now as she was then to his first coming1 when he took flesh in her womb4 ,the promise to the individual soul is the promise to the church3 and vice versa4 ,the revelation of ,god in the church is also the life of ,god in the soul--the two are bound up in one4 ,the life of the church is the guarantee of the life of the soul2 it is the only sure foundation of such life2 and the golden house1 the domus aurea1 of that life is devotion to the divine ,mother4 ,for as her presence1 her sweet virginal life1 was the necessary preliminary to the first coming of ,christ1 so will the ,son of ,god not appear on his glorious second mission till ,mary has come in the hearts of her people as an army with banners2 all her prerogatives known and worshipped1 all her position1 flowing from her rights as the mother of the ,god-man1 acknowledged and understood1 and her court of angels following in her mystic footsteps upon earth1 even as the bees follow their queen wherever she may choose to alight2 and so preceding the second coming of our dearest ,lord and ushering in the new glories of the kingdom of ,god upon earth4 ,the ,holy ,ghost could only be sent by ,jesus glorified4 ,the sacrifice of the cross needed to be accomplished and the precious blood shed1 before the promised ,paraclete could come4 ,and thus between the one stupendous event and the other there lies an epoch of forty days1 when he had not yet ascended into heaven1 and when therefore his risen glory was in a measure incomplete4 ,at the beginning of that dread time1 full of the deepest mystery1 of which we but imperfectly comprehend the meaning1 he was seen first by ,mary ,magdalene in the garden4 ,and as she fell at his feet with extended hands1 he said1 8,touch me not40 ,we have probably all of us at some time meditated sadly on those repelling words4 ,time was when she might touch those blessed feet1 not with her hands only but with her lips4 ,does he love her less now that her repentance is complete1 and her salvation accomplished8 ,do not her rapid thoughts go back in one rush to the time when she sat at his feet unrebuked1 whiling away the contemplative hours as she listened to his words and heard him say she had chosen 8the better part08 ,does she not with a pang of wounded love recall the moment when she wiped the precious ointment with her hair from the feet she had bathed with it and with her tears8 ,but now he says1 8,touch me not60 ,yes1 there is a change4 ,but1 ,o loving heart6 it is not a change of loss but of gain4 ,it is true there is an interim in which our beloved ,lord is shrouded from us in too much glory for our human sense4 ,the cradle-time of his sweet infancy is past1 the grace of his youth1 the glory of his manhood1 and all the bitter-sweet ignominies of his cross4 ,he has passed somewhat beyond our ken4 ,he is risen1 but not yet ascended4 ,the first ,mass#aec had not then been offered4 ,the bloody sacrifice was over2 the ,eucharistic ,sacrifice had not been celebrated by mere priestly hands1 only by his own divine hands on ,holy ,thursday4 ,until ,mass had once been said1 there was something as it were incomplete in the condition of the church4 ,the next touch1 the only touch possible for us 7save by a special command to ,st4 ,thomas and his faltering disciples71 was in the ,blessed ,sacrament4#aed ,now we touch him daily1 and fear no rebuke4 ,jesus is ascended1 and the ,paraclete has come1 and is ever coming more and more2 and as the ,holy ,dove sheds the light of his wings upon the church and speaks through her utterance1 so the privileges and the status of ,mary are more revealed and more developed4 ,we know more of our queen1 and we are learning more of her court1 and when both have taken their place in the hearts of men and have prepared for the reign of the ,holy ,ghost1 when the angels have accomplished their mission1 the far-off glories of which are hardly dawning on us1 then will he make us know all that lies hidden in the deep mystery of his second coming1 and ,god and man and angels will be united in the sweet bonds of ,jesus1 and through the mediation of her who is clothed with the sun1 with the moon beneath her feet1 and a crown of twelve stars on her virgin head4 ,this is the divine progression1 and this is leading to the divine consummation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our task is drawing to a close4 ,it has been our endeavor to encircle the whole creation with the chain of faith1 and to bind each to all in endless links of the divine love4 ,we have dared to glance back before time into the bosom of eternity4 ,we have beheld time1 as it appears to our human ken1 in a manner detach itself from eternity1 and seem to become an entity--which indeed it is in a certain sense4 ,we have marvelled at its slow-flowing course and its distant results1 as compared with our own rapidity of thought and grasp of imagination4 ,and we have seen that time is patient because it is the offspring of eternity1 and because it is the mode and vehicle of ,god's revelation of himself to us4 ,god is patient because he is almighty and omniscient4 ,for a little space we have strained our endeavors to look upon the flowing stream as ,god sees it1 and not as we break it up into moments and hours4 ,our motive for doing this has been to realize so far as is possible the continuousness of ,god's action with the indivisibility of his being as he is in himself1 and to prove that this indivisibility and intrinsic unchangeableness lie at the root of all his manifestations of himself through the nunc fluens of time4 ,wherever we have fancied a contradiction to exist1 or even a disparity1 the error has lain in our partial vision and not in any shadow of change in the great ,god4 ,he meant always what he means now1 but mankind could not always equally bear that meaning4 ,therefore1 as pitying his creation1 he has condescended in past ages to pour the divine waters of revelation in diverse colored vessels2 so that at one time the limpid liquid seemed to us of a different hue from what it assumed subsequently1 until at last the waters of life were held in the crystal vases of the church1 pure and white as they4 ,we perceive and understand that the ,god of ,abraham1 of ,isaac1 and of ,jacob is the same ,god as our ,god of ,bethlehem and ,calvary4 ,and the unity of ,god's nature becomes ever more and more obvious to us as we study the characteristics of his government4 ,at no period and in no place has the loving ,creator forgotten the work of his own hands4 ,and lest we could not find him1 he has adapted the light he poured upon us to the weakness of our sight4 ,in the unity of ,god and in his unchangeableness we find our own link to the past1 and discover how we are the inheritors of former ages and the heirs of the years to come4 ,we have indicated 7we could do no more7 the great fact that all is because ,god is2 that he has and can have no other end than himself2 and that it is exactly in that great truth that lies all our hope and all our salvation4 ,for he is absolute goodness as certainly and as necessarily as he is absolute being4 ,this being so1 it is impossible for us to wish anything that he has made not to be4 ,dreadful as is the thought of hell1 we could not wish hell were not--we cannot wish evil to exist4 ,but we find it there1 and we are silent because he has permitted it4 ,we hate it1 because1 though he permits it1 he hates it4 ,but we see how it grows out of the free will of men and angels2 and that1 as all merit lies in deliberate choice1 there could be no choice if virtue were a necessity4 ,evil is not1 like good1 an original and universal principle4 ,it is the negation of that2 and required1 to give it an actual existence1 the free power of deliberate selection1 like that of the devils when they fell4 ,we see as we read the history of the world1 in the light thrown by the knowledge of ,god1 that evil works greater good4 ,and as we can see this in part1 we believe that it exists in the whole1 though our perception is limited4 ,we know that good must triumph in the end4 ,if we thought otherwise1 we should make the devil stronger than ,god1 and the scheme of redemption a comparative failure4 ,as we enumerate all these things1 what is the result we arrive at except one of illimitable joy and confidence--exultation beyond all expression in the might and majesty of our ,god--a hopefulness that exceeds language--a courage too large for a narrow heart1 and a boundless1 passionate yearning towards all living souls1 that they may learn how great a ,god is our ,god1 and how good and grand a thing it is to be alive and to serve him8 ,we can only measure life with any accuracy by the amount of thought which has filled it--that is1 by the quantity of our intellectual and spiritual powers which we have been able to bring to the small aperture in the camera obscura by which to contemplate the ever-flowing eternity that lies beyond1 and cut it up into the sections we call time4 ,another example will show us how plastic is the nature of time4 ,take the life of an animal4 ,we are inclined to give the largest possible and reasonable importance to the brute creation4 ,it is an open question in which we see great seeds of future development1 all tending to increased glory to the ,creator and to further elucidation of creative love4 ,nevertheless it is obvious that brutes perceive only1 or chiefly1 by moments4 ,there is1 as compared with ourselves1 little or no sequence in their perceptions4 ,there is no cumulative knowledge4 ,they are without deliberate reflection1 even where they are not without perceptions of relations and circumstances1 past or future4 ,consequently1 they are more rigorously subjected to time than ourselves4 ,therefore1 when we deprive an animal of life we deprive him of a remainder of time that is equal to little more than no time1 in proportion to the degree in which his power of filling time with perception is less than our own4#aee ,all we have said tends to prove that time has in itself only a relative existence2 it is a form or phase of our own being4#aef ,it is an aspect of eternity2 the aspect which is consistent with our present condition4 ,from the way in which we have seen that ,god has made use of different races to work for the establishment and development of his church1 we have opened a glorious vista of hope in the future1 and we have rejoiced over the work to be done1 and the laborers who at the eleventh hour shall be called into the vineyard1 until even the fragments that remain shall be gathered up1 so that nothing may be lost4 ,we have dared to maintain1 against all those who cavil at the evil days on which we have fallen1 that ,christianity has infiltrated its influence in regions where it is blasphemed1 or1 as in the past ,roman ,empire1 where it was denied4 ,we have endeavored to impress on our readers the importance1 and in a certain sense the sacredness1 of matter1 as the vehicle of ,god's demonstration of himself4 ,for1 as ,fnelon says1 8,god has established the general laws of nature 7which involve all the laws of matter7 to hide under the veil of the regulated and uniform course of nature his perpetual operation from the eyes of proud and corrupt men1 while on the other hand he gives to pure and docile souls something which they may admire in all his works40 ,in proportion as we honor ,god's laws1 so should we honor the means of their manifestation1 the substance through and in which they work1 and without which they would fall back into the abstract and have no existence outside ,god himself4 ,we say in proportion1 because the manifestation is second to the principle manifested1 and the modus operandi is inferior to him who employs it4 ,we have as much difficulty in conceiving of ,god apart from his operations as we have in realizing eternity apart from time4 ,and therefore is all honor due to the vast creation whereby we see the evidence of things not seen1 and everything becomes to us 8holy to the ,lord40 ,it is for this reason that the true and intelligent love of nature is essentially the offspring of the ,christian faith4 ,the ancients cannot be said to have had it in any degree beyond a remote possibility in their intellectual nature4 ,to them nature was a weird enchantress1 hiding her terrible secrets with a jealous care4 ,the silence and solitude of the forests and the mountains were full of a sense of horror4 ,the separate trees held a lamenting and imprisoned spirit2 the gay1 sparkling streams were a transmuted nymph1 which1 like the perfumed shrubs and flowers1 told some tale of the anger of the gods and their swift revenge4 ,all that was inanimate inspired sadness4 ,and when their pastoral tales rose into cheerfulness1 it was that the lowing herds and bleating sheep formed a part4 ,the sounds and motion of at least animal life were essential4 ,the solitudes of nature were simply awful and terrific2 for nature was then only a mystery to unredeemed humanity4 ,she held deep secrets in her bosom1 but the curse had set its seal upon them all1 and she waited in long mournful silence for the hour when the human feet of the ,creator should press her varied fields1 and by his thrilling touch break the iron bars of her captivity1 and teach her to tell of him in the whispered music of her thousand voices4 ,in truth1 her secrets were his1 nor dared she break silence until he had come to set free the mystery of love for which she was created and instituted4 ,but when ,love himself had walked the earth1 and mingled his tears--ay1 and his precious blood--with the dews of his own creation1 then the dark melancholy of nature grew into sweet pathos1 and her solitudes were filled with secrets of his presence4 ,but what was then hidden from the pagan world could hardly be so to the first father of our race1 he who out of the vast stores of his infused science named all created beings4 ,when ,adam saw the corn growing bright in thick array1 and the vine bending down with purple fruit1 surely he understood1 as in a prophecy1 the great symbol of the bread of life and of the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,the body and blood of the ,incarnate ,god1 albeit unbroken and unshed1 must have been present to his ardent expectation as he beheld their antitype in the garden of ,paradise4 ,the rose with her mystic bosom deep enfolded must ever have awakened some passing thought of the ,rosa mystica4 ,and when to sad ,eve1 after her exile beyond the gates guarded by the flaming sword of the cherubim1 the rose appeared bearing thorns among her five or seven leaved foliage1 she guessed at the sacred crown and the divine wounds of the ,god-man1 and at the sevenfold desolation of the mother who bore him4 ,and what to us are the bright autumn hedgerow leaves dabbed with blood1 not red now but tawny8 ,are they not tokens that he has trod that way and left the traces of his past glorious passion--past1 because that blood was shed once for all1 but still and for ever remaining2 while the scarlet poppy takes up the theme1 and in every corn-field1 on barren tracks1 and meeting the way-worn traveller by the road's dusty side1 reminds him that the sacrifice is renewed hour by hour the wide world over1 fresh and life-giving as ever8 ,can the rich woodlands fail to bring before us the thought of him who gathered from the forests of his own creation the wood for his own cross8 ,can we sit beneath the dappled sunshine of the flickering boughs without remembering how it dared to lay its quick vibrating touch upon his sacred head1 as he walked amid the olive groves of ,gethsemane1 but withdrew itself1 and gave place to the cold moon before the scene of his great agony8 ,surely these shadows are full of uncreated light2 and from time to time the church retrims her lamps of dogmatic theology1 and each time the light streams further down into the still1 dim1 uncertain regions of natural science1 another precious secret is revealed1 another ancient doubt dispelled2 and matter and natural laws prove themselves each more and more to be the depositories of divine truth and the faithful creatures of the omnipresent ,creator4 ,while acknowledging the force of law1 we have denied that law can have an independent existence apart from a self-existing1 self-conscious lawgiver1 of whom it is the exponent4 ,we have asserted the same as regards force1 which is but another name for law1 or1 rather1 which is law in posse4 ,and we have stated that as science proves the absence of all direct contact in the material world1 the world of atoms1 so the only real contact is that of spirit on matter1 of the divine ,creator on his own creation4 ,for he is nearer to us than we are to ourselves4 ,all forces1 all active powers1 emanate from ,god4 ,they are the evidences to us of his existence4 ,they could as little exist without him as a shadow can exist without light4 ,they are one in their nature1 though they are diverse in their effects1 because they are ,god's constant touch on his own creation4 ,he exists formally in all space and beyond all space4 ,and everywhere he is the same3 the immutable and absolute ,ens4 ,in his touch on his creation he gives rise to the active forces which virtually declare his being1 and which are extended throughout space1 but under a million varied degrees of being and a million varied forms4 ,they are virtually everywhere equally4 ,but their manifestation in mind and degree is as diverse as all that exists in the vast cosmos1 inside and outside of which ,god is1 infinite and entire4 ,we have not enlarged upon this theme as we might have done4 ,we have only pointed out to our readers how ,god's touch on his creation is the only absolute contact that exists1 and that science goes to prove the absence of all other1 that is1 of all material contact4 ,we have abstained from trying to demonstrate how this truth sweeps away a hundred doubts respecting ,god's ways towards man1 and a thousand difficulties that might prove stumbling-blocks to our faith4 ,we have desired no more than to put the thought1 nay1 we might say the fact1 before them1 and leave them to work out all its corollaries in love and devotion4 ,we are not writing for sceptics but for those who believe1 and would fain believe yet more surely1 giving a reason for the faith that is in them1 and dwelling in prayer on thoughts which reveal more of ,god's character to the soul4 ,we are to be perfect as our heavenly ,father is perfect4 ,that is1 in our measure and degree1 we are to aim at a faint reflection of the harmony1 the proportion1 the justice of ,god4 ,to do this1 and to aim at doing it1 we need to form in our own minds an accurate though but a limited view of the character of ,god4 ,and to effect this1 we must as it were look at his character all round--for which purpose the past1 the present1 and the future are all-important to us2 and we have to view him as he reveals himself to us in his creation1 in his government1 and in his promises4 ,we have ventured to maintain that the whole of his creation is with a view to his ,incarnation2 that the ,incarnation of the ,second ,person of the ,blessed ,trinity is enhanced by his glorious passion and most precious death working our redemption2 that it is glorified by his resurrection and ascension2 and only completed in his sacramental presence2 that as this sacramental presence is the one great fact virtually enclosing in itself all the others1 as it is the coping-stone of the great mystery of the ,incarnation1 its lowest depth and greatest height1 so is it the link that rivets the creation to the ,god-man1 and the keystone to all the science of matter and dynamic force4 ,for it is the divine epitome of all the laws that govern both1 the reason of their being1 and the last exponent of their rootedness in ,god4 ,it completes the circle within whose bounds lies the entire cosmos as a globe environed by the serpent4 ,it is the golden ring with which the divine ,spouse has wedded himself to his church and to all the world1 if they but know it4 ,words fail us4 ,we cannot say enough2 for these are thoughts too deep for words1 and which seem to be rather darkened than expressed by language4 ,and1 like all that is greatest1 they come to us from that which seems most simple and most hidden of all--a silken-curtained ,tabernacle2 and behind the little closed door lies all2 every secret has its solution within the round white limits of the ,host1 for that ,host is the great ultimatum of the creation1 and the absolute consummation of ,god's giving himself to man1 while the latter is in the condition of viator4 ,we have entreated our readers not to be deluded by the dimness of the present times1 but by prayer and solitary thought to strain their spiritual vision to behold the brightness of the future which is coming upon us like the rays of the sun behind a mist2 the reign of the ,holy ,ghost--the enlargement of the church's border1 and the spreading of the cords of her tent2 the devotion to the ,mother of ,god taking root in an honorable people2 and thus1 through the mediation of her who is the first among all created beings1 bringing the whole outer world nearer to the spiritual world4 ,this1 and the future mission1 may be a very distant one1 of her messengers the angels1 are all certain because they are written1 and even now the signs of the times indicate their advent4 ,in whatever form they may come1 whatever may be the details filling up the wonderful picture of the future1 whatever1 in short1 may be the literal working-out of the wonderful promises of the ,gospel1 one thing at least is certain3 they mean peace to men of good-will4 ,we may be quite unable to define or explain them2 we are waiting for the hour when the church shall teach us more4 ,but we cannot exaggerate their importance1 nor can we deny that our blessed ,lord has left a rebuke on those who make no attempt to discern the signs of the times4 ,there are souls among his special servants who are the men of the future4 ,they are those who are called to stand on the watch-towers of prayer1 and to hear the cry1 8,watchman1 what of the night80 ,the time of figs was not yet4 ,nevertheless1 he in his eternal justice cursed the fig-tree that yielded him no fruit1 when he deigned to look up among the broad1 scented leaves of its knotted branches4 ,there are souls who are called to bear fruit out of season as well as in season1 and woe to them if they fail in their higher and exceptional spiritual vocation4 ,they are to be beforehand with time2 they are to be1 though in a silent1 hidden way1 the spiritual heralds of the future1 the harbingers of ,god's coming spring1 the pioneers of prayer4 ,they are the human messengers that are to prepare his way before him1 in those never-ceasing conquests which multiply in proportion as our hearts are ready to receive him4 ,they are to live1 as all the great saints have done1 in advance of their age4 ,st4 ,francis was centuries before his time in the refinements of his exquisitely spiritualized nature2 ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul was the same in the creations of his charity2 and ,st4 ,francis of ,sales like ,st4 ,philip ,neri in the blending of deep piety with the exigencies of modern life4 ,the nearer we approach to the consummation1 the more numerous will become the watchers of the night1 the souls that are looking out for a new dawn1 and who meanwhile are leading an inner life in advance of the present4 ,god alone can know them1 and those on whom he has bestowed the gift1 though but partially1 of the discernment of spirits4 ,to others they will appear as men walking in a dream1 visionary and unpractical4 ,it matters not to them4 ,even here they have in a measure their great reward1 for they can say1 with their divine ,master1 8,i have meat to eat which you know not40 ,we are often tempted to complain that we have fallen upon evil times4 ,the past seems to us to have been more full of heroism1 the future we believe will be richer in knowledge4 ,we have slid into a period of prosaic piety mingled with many doubts4 ,without pausing to argue how much of this is false1 we would remark that the present is an epoch which may yield a larger amount of merit to those who know how to profit by it than perhaps any other--we may make a rich harvest of faith and hope4 ,and we must bear in mind that both these are virtues that will ultimately be swallowed up in the greater and crowning virtue of perfect charity4 ,when we see1 there will be an end of faith2 when we know1 hope will expire in certainty4 8,there remain now faith1 hope1 and charity2 but the greatest of these is charity40 ,in proportion to the extension of our knowledge1 the area of our blind faith is diminished4 8,because thou hast seen me1 thou hast believed4 ,blessed are they that have not seen1 and yet have believed40 ,there is a special grace attending these twilight days1 when a larger demand is made upon our faith4 ,the light will gradually increase unto the perfect day--not only the real absolute perfect day of heaven1 but in a measure here upon earth4 ,the merit of faith will be less1 when the angels are obviously carrying out their mission upon earth1 than it is now1 when the good lies so hidden1 and the evil is so rampant and open4 ,we are foolish not more truly to value the advantages of our own time1 and to rejoice that we are called upon to have a greater and a stronger faith than may be possible in those who will1 as it were1 put their hand into the wounded side where beats the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus4 ,whatever has an appearance of discouragement about it is in fact a fresh demand from ,god upon our larger faith and deeper trust4 ,it is as if he said to us1 8,you are my friends1 and therefore ,i can count upon you40 ,we should make haste to lay up a larger harvest of meritorious faith from every doubt that falls across our path and every cloud that veils the sunshine1 and by this very act we shall hasten the dawn and bring on the joyous fruition of our prayer4 8,thy kingdom come1 thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven0--for surely this prayer is intended to be granted in a far greater degree than anything the world has ever seen from the creation to the present hour4 ,remember who taught us that prayer2 and remember the centuries that it has been breathed by all the church of ,god from infancy to age4 ,it is not a poetic phrase4 ,it is not a hyperbole4 ,it is ,god's word1 expressive of ,god's will and ,god's intention2 and1 therefore1 has he made it the universal petition of all his children4 ,it is the epitome of all he demands in every separate soul1 until the many units have become a large multitude of the faithful1 greater than any man can number4 ,it is the strenuousness of our faith which will give a greater distinctness1 a more delineated and chiselled clearness1 to our convictions1 and even to our opinions4 ,at present they hang loose on too many of us1 and flap about in the high wind of the world's contempt and impudent indifference1 blinding our sight and hindering our steps4 ,a firmer1 steadier faith will gather tight across our bosom all our outstanding notions and ideas1 bringing them into subjection to the faith which teaches us to see all things as ,god sees them--that is1 according to our degree1 but in the same light that he sees them1 which is the light of eternity and of his own being4 ,he has bidden us open our mouth wide that he may fill it4 ,can1 we1 then hope too largely or too earnestly8 ,can we assign any limits to the grace of sanctification in its continuous progression1 or to the advance of love in the ever-enduring reign of the ,holy ,ghost8 ,the ,god towards whom we are being so sweetly drawn is infinite1 and though each individual must reach his own appointed measure and degree1 yet who can dare put a limit even in thought to the plenitude of that future8 ,but for our great and exceeding hope1 how barren would our present life appear6 ,like ,rachel1 the church cries incessantly to her ,lord1 8,give me children1 or ,i die40 ,let us repeat the prayer1 and re-echo in every act of our lives the passionate desire for the spread of truth and the increase of light2 for it is hardly less difficult to guess at the beautiful and glorious future which ,god reserves for his cherished creations--the garment that he has woven for his only-begotten ,son--than it is to form an opinion of the possible glorious future of some souls as compared with others4 ,and is this all8 ,have we by any unguarded expression left on our reader's mind a notion that we are anticipating the perfectibility of mankind upon earth1 the absence of evil1 and a sort of pious utopia1 as the sum and substance of our expectations--a deifying of the system of nature1 a glorification in some distant future of all the natural laws1 as ultimate and final1 and which1 because of the beauty of creation1 are to content us and be in some form or other our higher destiny8 ,not so4 ,the end is not in that1 neither is it here4 ,were ,satan bound now1 as one day he will be1 we still should as now carry about with us the concupiscence which has tainted the nature of every human being1 save only the ,mother of ,god4 ,alas6 we need no devil to prompt us to sin1 for we carry an enemy within us4 ,even mortal sin can be committed without his assistance2 and we are but too apt to paint him blacker by thrusting upon him a responsibility which is too often all our own4 ,we believe in no absolutely sinless existence this side the gates of death1 except that of the ,god-man and his immaculate ,mother4 ,but this we do believe1 that 8wisdom is justified by her children10#aeg and we venture to anticipate that all that is holy1 beautiful1 and fitting in nature will shine with a renewed glory upon earth as the dawn grows to the perfect day1 before the temporal gives place to the eternal1 and the ,son of ,man shall have delivered up the kingdom to the ,father4 8,and when all things shall be subdued unto him1 then the ,son also himself shall be subject unto him that put all things under him1 that ,god may be all in all40#aeh ,we have borne the image of the earthly1 we must also bear the image of the heavenly--when ,god shall be all in all1 when we shall have ascended by the ladder of the sacred humanity to the mystery of the ,holy ,trinity1 when we shall look on the ,triune ,god and be satisfied4 ,before the immensity of that thought there falls a veil of light more impenetrable than the thickest darkness4 ,we cease to think4 ,our whole being becomes as it were detached from our human consciousness1 and for one moment1 one awful1 never-to-be-forgotten moment1 we hang over the abyss which is the eternity and the infinity of ,god4 ,towards that we yearn1 for it is our last end4 ,even the immaculate heart of ,mary2 even the unutterable endearments of the sacred humanity2 even that which in its mystery and its hiddenness is the nearest approach to the undivided thought of ,god--the ,blessed ,eucharist--become to us but parts of a whole which must be ours1 if we are to be content4 ,the cosmos rolls away from our sight like a scorched parchment before that living heat4 ,the history of ,bethlehem and ,calvary are manifestations limited in themselves1 and indicative of more4 ,the ,blessed ,paraclete1 whose personality we perhaps sometimes find it hard to individualize 7though we do not say with the ,ephesian disciples that 8we have not so much as heard whether there be a ,holy ,ghost071 becomes in our thoughts a more intense and absolute idea1 less vague than in the past1 and how inscrutably attractive6 ,we have reached the thought of the ,holy ,ghost through ,jesus4 ,and now we seem to sink into the bosom of the ,father through the ,holy ,ghost2 and1 in a way too deep for words1 to be conscious of ourselves only through our perception of the great ,god1 and to have lost everything save the immensity and the unity1 the eternal being and the eternal love1 of the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost--the three ,persons we have dimly known on earth2 and the one ,god1 whom we shall only fully know in heaven1 when we shall have entered on the eternal years4 ,,the ,,end4 #aec ,by this is meant the first ,mass celebrated by a mere man4 #aed ,with ever-yearning love he calls us in the dear ,sacrament of the ,altar and before the doors of his tabernacle that we may touch not only his sacred feet as ,mary ,magdalene pressed them to her lips1 but his whole self1 his humanity and his divinity in one4 #aee ,in other words1 there is a more imperfect being than ours4 ,though whether its imperfection is to exclude all idea of their having a future fuller development1 whereby and in which they will be indemnified for their sinless share in guilty man's punishment1 is still an open question4 #aef ,time is the measure of successive existence in created and finite beings4 ,as a finite spirit cannot escape from this limit of successive existence1 any more than a body can escape from the limit of locality and finite movement in space1 it is evident that this statement is not correct in a literal and strictly metaphysical sense4 ,eternal existence is the entire possession of life which is illimitable in such a perfect manner that all succession in duration is excluded4 ,it is possible only in ,god1 who is alone most pure and perfect act1 and therefore is at once all he can be1 without change or movement4 ,the created spirit must ever live by a perpetual movement or increase in its duration1 because it is on every side finite4 ,it is impossible1 therefore1 that time should cease while creatures continue to exist4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 #aeg ,matt4 xi4 #ai4 #aeh #a ,cor4 xv4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,glories ,,of ,,the ,,sacred ,,heart4 ,by ,henry ,edward1 ,cardinal ,archbishop of ,westminster4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgf4 ,republished by special permission of his ,eminence4 ,there are many excellent works on the ,devotion to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus4 ,the new one whose title is given above is not a mere repetition in a new form of the substance of any of these preceding treatises4 ,it is different from all of them1 and quite peculiar in its scope1 as well as in its style1 as might be expected from its eminent author4 ,its basis is strictly theological4 ,with his usual and characteristic accuracy of doctrine and lucidity of style1 the cardinal makes an exposition of the mystery of the ,incarnation and its consequences1 especially in respect to the deification and adoration of the sacred humanity of ,jesus ,christ4 ,the special cultus of the ,sacred ,heart is explained in its relation to the deified humanity1 to the ,blessed ,sacrament1 to the sanctification of men1 and to the eternal glory of the elect4 ,this is a book to enlighten the mind of a sincere and devout reader1 and1 through the illumination of the understanding1 to awaken a solid1 rational1 and ardent devotion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we have received the following books1 but in consequence of the unusually crowded state of our columns must defer notice of them until later4 ,,terra ,,incognita2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,convents ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,kingdom4 ,by ,john ,nicholas ,murphy4 ,popular ,edition4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,,souvenirs ,,of ,,notre ,,dame3 ,a ,collection of ,poems and ,dramas4 ,by ,mrs4 ,mary ,t4 ,monroe4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,,julian ,,the ,,apostate1 ,,and ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,mercia3 ,historical ,dramas4 ,by the late ,sir ,aubrey de ,vere4 ,london3 ,pickering4 ,,margaret ,,roper2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,chancellor ,,and ,,his ,,daughter4 ,by ,agnes ,m4 ,stewart4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 ,,real ,,life4 ,by ,mathilde ,froment4 ,translated from the ,french by ,miss ,newlin4 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 ,,the ,,wise ,,nun ,,of ,,eastonmere1 and other ,tales4 ,by ,miss ,taylor4 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 ,,saint ,,elizabeth1 ,,the ,,lily ,,of ,,portugal2 ,,saint ,,elizabeth1 ,,the ,,matron ,,of ,,israel2 ,,saint ,,elizabeth1 ,,the ,,queen ,,of ,,hungary4 ,by the author of 8,life in the ,cloister40 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 ,,meditations ,,and ,,considerations ,,for ,a ,,retreat ,,of ,,one ,,day ,,in ,,each ,,month4 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 ,,bertha3 ,a ,historical ,romance4 ,by ,conrad von ,bolanden4 ,translated by ,s4 ,b4 ,a4 ,harper4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 ,,the ,,new ,,month ,,of ,,the ,,sacred ,,heart ,,of ,,jesus4 ,from the original ,french4 ,b4 ,s4 ,p4 ,philadelphia3 ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham's ,son4 ,,science ,,and ,,religion4 ,a ,lecture delivered at ,leeds1 ,england4 ,by ,cardinal ,wiseman4 ,st4 ,louis3 ,patrick ,fox4 ,,little ,,catechism ,,of ,,the ,,infallibility ,,of ,,the ,,sovereign ,,pontiff4 ,new ,york3 ,benziger ,bros4 ,,spiritualism ,,and ,,nervous ,,derangement4 ,by ,william ,a4 ,hammond1 ,m4 ,d4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,,the ,,physical ,,basis ,,of ,,immortality4 ,by ,antoinette ,brown ,blackwell4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,,clarel3 ,a ,poem and ,pilgrimage in the ,holy ,land4 ,by ,herman ,melville4 ,two vols4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,,the ,,greeks ,,and ,,the ,,persians4 ,by the ,rev4 ,g4 ,w4 ,cox1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,the ,,stuarts ,,and ,,western ,,europe4 ,by the ,rev4 ,e4 ,hale1 ,m4,a4 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 ,,the ,,age ,,of ,,elizabeth4 ,by ,mandell ,creighton1 ,m4,a4 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 ,,the ,,life1 ,,letters1 ,,and ,,table-,,talk ,,of ,,benjamin ,,robert ,,haydon4 ,edited by ,richard ,henry ,stoddard4 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 ,,poems4 ,by ,christina ,g4 ,rossetti4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,bros4 ,,revolutionary ,,times4 ,by ,edward ,abbott4 ,roberts ,bros4 ,,achsah3 ,a ,new ,england ,study4 ,by ,rev4 ,peter ,pennot4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 ,a ,,question ,,of ,,honor4 ,by ,christian ,reid4 ,new ,york3 ,appleton ,co4 ,,spirit ,,invocations4 ,compiled by ,allen ,putnam1 ,m4,a4 ,boston3 ,colby ,rich4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the next number of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world will be begun a new serial entitled 8,six ,sunny ,months10 by the author of ,the ,house of ,yorke1 ,grapes and ,thorns1 etc4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxiii41 ,no4 #acg4--;,,august1 #ahgf4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgf4 ,,the ,,next ,,phase ,,of ,,catholicity ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,the history of the universal church1 replete as it is with miraculous conversions and great moral revolutions1 presents no parallel to the growth and spread of the ,catholic faith in this republic2 and if we be allowed to forecast the future by the light of the past1 we may without presumption predict for ,catholicity a career of usefulness and glory1 an influence far-reaching and all-pervading1 on ,american soil1 hitherto unequalled1 even in the most triumphant days of our holy and venerable mother4 ,in the early ages of ,christianity whole tribes and nations were won over bodily to the ,gospel1 not alone by the superhuman efforts of a comparatively small number of apostolic men1 but incidentally by the attractions of the purer and higher order of civilization which everywhere followed their footsteps and resulted naturally from their teachings4 ,the primitive missionaries were reformers of manners and governments1 advocates of mercy and equity1 promoters of peace1 industry1 and education1 as well as expounders of divine law4 ,they indeed realized the fabled power of ,orpheus1 and tamed the brute passions of paganism by the harmony of their lives and the melody of their doctrines4 ,far different have been the circumstances which surrounded the first permanent introduction of ,catholicity into what is now the ,united ,states4 ,though we can dwell with commendable pride on the devotion and self-sacrifice which characterized the ,spanish and ,french ,dominicans1 ,franciscans1 and ,jesuits in their arduous labors among the aborigines2 and recall with deep gratitude the beneficent and indefatigable exertions of the zealous pioneers of our present hierarchy and priesthood1 we cannot help feeling that we have had no national inheritance in the merits of those extraordinary men of the ,old ,world1 those confessors and martyrs1 whose names shine forth with such resplendent lustre in the calendar of the saints of ,god4 ,we look in vain1 also1 for any great name1 distinguished for political power or intellectual supremacy1 among the humble immigrants who first raised the standard of the cross in the hostile atmosphere of colonial ,protestantism4 ,as in the crumbling yet still luxurious ,roman ,empire1 the foundations of our infant church were laid on what1 in a worldly sense1 may be called the lowest class in the social scale1 the poor1 the simple1 the neglected and despised4 ,wealth1 fashion1 and self-interest were opposed to it4 ,a people shrewd1 intelligent1 and in their own way religious1 were in possession of the country1 and had neither the will nor the disposition to yield one jot to the professors of a faith which they had been taught to regard as debasing and idolatrous4 ,only a hundred years ago the ,catholics of the ,united ,colonies consisted of a few isolated groups1 principally in ,maryland and ,pennsylvania1 without influence1 authority1 or legal recognition4 ,in the aggregate they counted about one in every thousand of the population1 and1 save some descendants of the original ,maryland settlers1 and a few private gentlemen who afterwards rose to eminence in the ,revolutionary ,war1 they were alike devoid of wealth and social standing4 ,still1 this very obscurity was their safeguard and defence4 ,though soon declared free by the fundamental law of the new confederacy1 public opinion1 or rather popular prejudice1 was against them1 and for many years after the achievement of our independence their numbers increased with more steadiness than rapidity4 ,recruits came from all quarters4 ,attracted by the guarantees presented by the ,constitution1 ,catholics of various nationalities hastened to place themselves under its protecting gis4 ,the hurricane of revolution which swept over ,france and the greater part of ,europe1 and reached even the ,west ,indies1 drove many pious priests and exemplary laymen to our shores4 ,on the north the ,french ,canadian crossed the frontier1 while as our southern boundaries were enlarged so as to embrace the valley of the ,lower ,mississippi1 the inhabitants of that large region1 who were nearly all of one faith1 helped materially to swell the ,catholic population of the ,union4 ,at that period ,ireland had not begun to pour in her myriads1 but a small1 steady stream of emigrants was setting in from other ports as soon as it was ascertained that the new nation of the west had discarded the penal code of ,england when it had thrown off her authority4 ,in #ahaj the ,catholics within the limits of the ,united ,states were estimated at upwards of one hundred and fifty thousand1 and the clergy numbered eighty1 or double the number reported in #ahjj4 ,twenty years afterwards the laity had increased to #dej1jjj and the clergy to #bcb4 ,the hierarchy1 which only dated from #aghi1 at this time reckoned thirteen bishops4 ,from #ahcj may be dated the extraordinary growth in numbers1 influence1 and activity of the ,catholic ,church in this country4 ,the tide of ,european immigration1 which has flowed on with undiminished volume till within a year or two1 then fairly began4 ,between that year and #ahdj over #cjj1jjj arrivals were reported from ,ireland1 #eh1jjj from ,france1 ,spain1 and other ,catholic countries1 and #aej1jjj from ,germany1 a strong minority of whom may also be credited to the church4 ,all these accessions1 added to the native-born and already adopted element1 brought the ,catholic strength in the latter year to over one million1 and swelled the ranks of the priesthood to #dhb1 or one for every #b1jjj souls4 ,satisfactory as were these results1 the next decade was destined to witness an advance much more magnificent as to numerical strength1 and infinitely more salutary when we reflect on the quarter from which some of that strength was drawn4 ,the ,oxford movement1 as it was called1 had already spread consternation among the ,anglicans4 ,many of the ablest and most erudite scholars of ,oxford ,university1 wearied and dissatisfied with the contradictions and pretensions of ,english ,protestantism1 had sought peace and rest in the bosom of the church4 ,their writings and example produced a profound sensation wherever the ,english language was spoken1 and nowhere a more decided one than in this country4 ,men who had formerly exhibited nothing but contempt or indifference for ,catholicity1 and some even who had displayed a marked hostility to the faith1 eagerly read the works of such thinkers as ,newman1 and1 as a consequence1 guided by ,providence1 abandoned their favorite heretical notions and became reconciled to the church4 ,this spirit of investigation and submission pervaded all classes1 particularly the more studious1 conscientious1 and influential4 ,judges1 journalists1 artists1 authors1 physicians1 ministers1 and doctors of divinity openly declared their adhesion to the ,catholic faith1 and arrayed themselves beside the contemned and obscure ,irish immigrant and his children4 ,many of the ablest publicists of to-day1 not a few of the most energetic of the clergy1 and at least one illustrious member of the hierarchy are the fruits of this sympathetic movement which had its origin in the cloisters of the once ,catholic university4 ,another cause which helped to swell the ,catholic census about the same time was the annexation of ,texas1 which eventually led to the acquisition of ,new ,mexico and ,california4 ,the population of those ,territories could have scarcely numbered less than two hundred thousand1 nearly all of whom were ,catholics4 ,by a strange coincidence the sons of the ,puritans1 who claimed the land and the fulness thereof as theirs1 were brought into the same fold and under the same jurisdiction simultaneously with the native ,mexican1 whose ancestors were ,catholics before the keel of the ,mayflower was laid4 ,german immigration1 also1 had assumed large proportions4 ,from #ahdj to #ahej the arrivals were #ddj1jjj1 of whom it may be safely said one-fourth1 or #aaj1jjj1 were ,catholics4 ,this stalwart element sought what was then considered the far ,west-,ohio1 ,wisconsin1 ,iowa1 and the ,territories--where to-day we find them and their descendants among the most devoted children of the church4 ,but all these influences combined did not equal in effect that produced by the tremendous exodus of the ,irish people--a spontaneous movement of population unexampled in modern times4 ,though immigration from ,ireland had steadily increased from the beginning of the century1 it was only during the latter half of the decade of #ahdj-ej that it assumed its phenomenal proportions4 ,notwithstanding its political servitude1 that remarkable island in #ahde presented the spectacle of a population as happy1 moral1 and law-abiding as any in ,christendom4 ,her people had increased from year to year in a ratio unknown to less virtuous and more pampered lands4 ,the voice of her great leader could at any time call together hundreds of thousands of her enthusiastic sons to listen to the story of their wrongs or to descant on the near approach of legislative independence1 and dismiss them to their homes with the promptitude of a general and the authority of a parent4 ,father ,mathew1 of blessed memory1 had exorcised the demon of intemperance1 and counted his followers by millions4 ,agrarian crime and faction fights1 those twin children of misgovernment1 were almost unknown1 and the soil1 as if in unison with the general spirit of peace and harmony1 never put forth such an abundance of agricultural wealth4 ,in one night1 it may be said1 a blight came over all those fond hopes and bright anticipations4 ,the food upon which three-fourths of the people mainly subsisted was destroyed1 and ,famine1 gaunt and lean1 suddenly usurped the place of generous abundance4 ,the destruction of the potato crop of ,ireland in #ahdf-g-h was undoubtedly the act of an inscrutable ,providence2 the misery1 suffering1 and wholesale sacrifice of human life which followed were the work of man4 ,at the worst times of the famine there was always more than enough cattle and grain in the country to feed the entire population4 ,under a wise or just government a sufficiency of these would have been retained to supply the primary wants of the people2 as it was1 they were exported and sold in foreign markets to satisfy that most insensate and insatiable of all human beings1 the ,irish landlord4 ,appalled by the suddenness and extent of the calamity1 the peasantry at first stood mute1 and before assistance could reach them many hundreds had actually lain down and died of starvation4 ,then1 when public and private charity was exhausted2 when pestilence was superadded to want1 and all earthly succor seemed to have failed2 when nothing but death or the poorhouse threatened even the best of the middle class1 the people1 with1 it would appear1 one accord1 resolved to give up home and kindred1 rushed like a broken and routed army to the nearest sea-ports1 and abandoned a country apparently doomed to destruction4 ,many crossed to ,england and ,scotland1 others fled even to the ,antipodes1 but the great mass looked to the ,united ,states as their haven of refuge4 ,thenceforth every day witnessed the arrival of crowded immigrant ships in our harbors1 while the streets of our large cities were literally thronged with swarms of strange and emaciated figures4 ,from #ahdj to #ahej over one million ,irish immigrants arrived in the ,united ,states1 one-fourth of whom landed at ,new ,york during the last three years of that period4 ,never were a people less prepared to encounter the difficulties and dangers which necessarily beset strangers coming into a strange land and among a community so different from themselves in manners1 habits1 and methods of living4 ,unlike the ,germans and other ,europeans1 who had had leisure and means to organize emigration1 the ,irish of that memorable epoch acted without concert and without forethought4 ,they had fled precipitately from worse than death1 and brought with them little save the imperishable jewel of their faith4 ,fortunately1 this proved to be for them even better than worldly store2 it was their bond of unity and best solace in the hour of trial and disappointment which awaits most of those who come among us with exaggerated ideas of the wealth and resources of this country4 ,numbers of those helpless strangers paused upon the threshold of their new home1 and helped materially to swell the already overcrowded population of the large towns and cities2 but very many1 the majority perhaps1 sought the manufacturing villages of ,new ,england1 the mineral regions of ,pennsylvania1 and the ,western prairies4 ,then began in earnest the labors of the resident priesthood1 which1 though reinforced by numbers of their brethren from abroad1 were still hardly equal to the herculean task of providing for the spiritual wants of so vast a mass of people scattered in every direction4 ,some means1 however1 had to be found to reach and minister to those faithful though helpless outcasts2 some roof under which the holy sacrifice of the ,mass might be occasionally offered up and the essential sacraments of the church administered4 ,the churches already built scarcely sufficed for the ,catholics settled in the country1 yet here was a new congregation arriving in every ship4 ,in the large centres of population the difficulty was not so great2 for with the increase of priests the number of ,masses said in each church was multiplied1 while the sick and the penitent seldom went unattended or unshriven4 ,in the smaller towns and remote settlements the case was far different4 ,private houses1 8shanties10 barns1 ball-rooms1 court-houses1 lecture-halls1 markets1 and even sectarian meeting-houses were brought into requisition4 ,yet1 with all these appliances1 there were hundreds of small1 isolated congregations who seldom were enabled to hear ,mass oftener than once a month1 and in many cases less often1 one priest having to attend four or five such missions in rotation4 ,but the clergy had other and scarcely less sacred duties to perform4 ,such heterogeneous masses of humanity huddled together for weeks in the foul holds of rotten emigrant vessels1 where was germinated the seeds of disease sown by famine and pestilence1 could not but bring infection to our shores4 ,from ,gros ,isle in the ,st4 ,lawrence1 and along the ,atlantic seaboard to ,new ,orleans1 the deadly ship-fever polluted the atmosphere1 and hundreds who1 flying from starvation1 had braved the dangers of the ocean1 found that they had endured those hardships only to die within sight of the promised land4 ,one prelate and several heroic priests fell victims to the dire pestilence1 but others were found equally zealous1 not only to soothe the last moments of the dying with the consolations of religion1 but to comfort and care for the helpless survivors4 ,at the beginning of the second half of the century we find the ,catholic population of the country estimated at two and a quarter millions1 the clergy at eighteen hundred1 or one to every thirteen hundred of the laity1 while the number of dioceses had increased to thirty-three4 ,had immigration entirely ceased at that time1 and the growth of the ,catholic population been limited to its natural increase1 the labors of the priesthood in ministering to the spiritual wants of so large and scattered a body would have more than taxed the energies of a less devoted class of men2 while the pecuniary resources of the laity1 always so generously expended in the building of churches and asylums1 could have to a certain extent borne the unusual draft on their means which the exigencies of the times demanded4 ,but it did not cease4 ,on the contrary1 it continued for many years with augmented volume4 ,the causes which had impelled such vast multitudes to renounce home and country for ever were still active4 ,from #ahej to #ahfj the immigration from ,europe was reported as follows3 ,from ,germany1 #iej1jjj2 ,catholic1 #bcg1jjjaei ,from ,france and other ,catholic countries1 #aje1jjj2 ,catholic1 #gh1gej ,from ,ireland1 #a1jhh1jjj2 #i_/aj ,catholic1 #igi1bjj --------- ,total in ten years1 #a1bid1iej ,thus another million and a quarter were added to the church in ,america1 making a grand total at the end of this decade of four and a half millions of souls under the charge of #b1bce priests1 or one for every #b1jjj persons4 ,thus we see that1 though the priesthood had received an accession of #dce members in ten years1 the labors of each individual had been almost doubled4 ,incredible as these figures may seem1 the next decade showed little diminution in amount4 ,from #ahfj to #ahgj the ,catholic immigration1 calculating on the above basis1 may be set down as follows3 ,from ,germany1 #bfh1jjj 8 ,france1 etc41 #ea1jjj 8 ,ireland1 #hda1jjj -------- ,total in ten years1 #a1afj1jjj ,if to this reinforcement be added those who have come among us since #ahgj1 we find that the past fifteen years have increased the ,catholic census by about one and a half millions from abroad1 and materially helped to bring it up to what1 on the best authority1 it is said to be in this year of grace1 #ahgf--seven millions1 or about one-sixth of the entire population4 ,fortunately for the interests of religion1 the increase in the number of priests kept pace with the wonderful augmentation of the laity4 ,in #aghe there was one priest to every #a1jjj laymen2 in #ahjh1 one to every #a1ejj2 in #ahcj1 one to every #a1ijj2 in #ahdj1 one to #b1jjj2 #ahej1 one to #a1bjj2 #ahfj1 one to #b1jjj2 and in #ahge1 one to every #a1cjj1 or #e1jgd priests of all ranks4 ,yet1 numerous as had been the accessions to the priesthood in those years1 the duties and responsibilities of the clerical order increased in greater proportion4 ,the millions of strangers who had sought homes among us1 while they preserved their faith and brought with them the grand moral lessons learned in the ,old ,world1 could not bring their churches1 schools1 and asylums4 ,these had to be provided here1 and the ,american priest thus became from necessity a builder and a financier1 as well as a teacher and instructor of his people4 ,when the abnormal ,irish immigration began in #ahdg1 we had but #hab churches1 several of which were small frame buildings1 hastily constructed and totally inadequate to the wants even of those who erected them4 ,many of those have since been pulled down1 reconstructed1 or rebuilt1 and replaced by substantial brick or stone edifices4 ,this in itself was a work of considerable merit2 but when we reflect that since then no less than four thousand three hundred new churches have been added to this number1 we are lost in astonishment at the magnitude of the work performed in so short a space of time4 ,nor are those modern buildings generally of that rude and fragile class which were so common fifty years ago1 but1 on the contrary1 most of them are excellent specimens of solid masonry and architectural skill4 ,the noble cathedrals especially which adorn ,baltimore1 ,albany1 ,buffalo1 ,philadelphia1 ,pittsburg1 ,cincinnati1 ,boston1 and other sees1 are models of design1 durability1 and grandeur of which any country or age might be proud4 ,the same may be said1 but with greater emphasis1 of the ,cathedral of ,st4 ,patrick now nearly completed in ,new ,york--that grand epic in marble1 from the tall spire of which the glittering emblem of our salvation is destined at no far distant day to shine down upon a million faithful followers of the cross4 ,thus it may be well said that the past quarter of a century was the era of church-building as well as of increase4 ,but the vast energy so displayed was not employed solely in one direction4 ,while thousands of temples have arisen to the honor and glory of ,god1 his afflicted creatures1 the sick1 unfortunate1 and helpless2 the foundling infant and decrepit grandsire2 the orphan bereft of its natural protectors1 and the worse than orphaned--the pariah of her sex--all have been cared for1 fed1 clothed1 consoled1 and housed4 ,eighty-seven hospitals and two hundred and twenty asylums of various kinds attest the practical charity and active benevolence of the ,catholics of ,america4 ,it was formerly said that the ,catholic ,church could not prosper under a free government2 that it needed the help of kingcraft and despotic laws to enforce its decrees and sustain its authority4 ,we have proved the fallacy of this calumny pretty thoroughly--so conclusively1 indeed1 as to excite real or pretended alarm among bigots of all sects and of no sect at all4 ,no people are more at home and thrive better in all respects in this land of liberty than ,catholics4 ,it has also been asserted that we are the enemies of enlightenment4 ,our hundreds of convents and academies1 and thousands of parochial schools1 might be considered a sufficient answer to this falsehood4 ,but1 in the providence of ,god1 the time has come when we are called upon to take a further step and demonstrate that in the domain of the highest intellectual studies we are a match for the best of our opponents4 ,we have no means of ascertaining the exact number of schoolhouses which have been built during this period2 probably one thousand would not be too high an estimate1 and we are inclined to think that there are even more4 ,in the large cities most of the churches have a building for educational purposes attached2 in the rural districts the basement is generally used4 ,there are also a number of what are called charity schools1 generally under the charge of some of the teaching orders1 of which ,new ,york alone boasts twenty-four1 erected at a cost of four million dollars4 ,there are six hundred and forty academies and select schools for females1 with an average attendance of sixty thousand pupils1 for whose accommodation1 as well as for the nuns and sisters who watch over them1 an equal number of buildings1 some very extensive and costly1 have been provided4 ,though our seminaries and colleges do not show a proportionate ratio of increase1 either in numbers or attendance1 the result1 if taken by itself1 is highly satisfactory4 ,in the last century only two of them existed in the ,united ,states2 up to #ahej ten more were added2 in #ahgd we had eighteen theological seminaries1 attended by #a1cge students1 and sixty-eight colleges with over ten thousand pupils and about six hundred professors and teachers4 ,with all this it must be confessed that1 as far as human knowledge is concerned1 the ,catholics of the ,united ,states are as a body behind their non-,catholic fellow-citizens4 ,we acknowledge this inferiority1 and can satisfactorily account for it4 ,under the peculiar difficulties of our position it became a matter of primary necessity that our co-religionists should first have churches wherein to worship ,god1 asylums and hospitals to shelter and succor the weak and afflicted1 and free schools for the training of the children of the poor1 whose faith and morals were endangered by the plan of instruction pursued in the schools of the state4 ,but now that all these wants have been supplied as far as practicable1 and that we may safely confide to posterity the task of completing the work already so far advanced1 our next duty plainly is to provide for the generation growing up around us facilities for a higher and more thorough system of education than has yet been attempted in our colleges and academies1 equal in all respects1 if not superior1 to that so liberally afforded by the sectarian and secular seats of learning which so plentifully besprinkle the land4 ,remembering what has been already wrought by the zeal and unswerving perseverance of the ,catholic body in other directions in the past1 we should look forward with undiminished courage and confidence to the future4 ,if with a disorganized1 unsettled people like ours1 generally poor in the world's goods1 and with never-ending personal demands on their limited resources1 we have been able to build and maintain so many churches1 institutions1 convents1 and schools in so short a time1 what may not be expected from the same class1 now that they are regularly domiciled1 and a portion1 at least1 of the wealth that ever rewards industry and application is fast becoming theirs8 ,what is wanted in the first instance1 in order to give tone and direction to the young ,catholic mind1 is a ,catholic national university1 one on a scale comprehensive enough to include the study of all branches of secular knowledge--law1 physics1 medicine1 languages1 art1 science1 literature1 and political economy4 ,such an institution1 properly founded and conducted1 would find no lack of public patronage4 ,we are satisfied that ,american parents1 whether the descendants of the old ,catholic settlers or those who have embraced the faith in later years1 instead of sending their sons to ,yale or ,harvard1 to ,france or ,germany1 would much prefer to have them educated at home in a university where their religion would be neither a scoff nor an obstacle in the way of their preferment1 and where they would grow up ,american citizens1 in fact as well as in name4 ,the ,german element1 also1 which constitutes so large a portion of the ,catholics of the ,west1 would find in it an adequate substitute for those celebrated homes of learning they left behind in ,fatherland1 and1 under its fostering care1 would continue to develop that spirit of profound thought and critical investigation so characteristic of the ,teutonic genius4 ,but the ,irish and their descendants1 who will long continue to form the majority of the ,catholic population of this republic1 would derive most benefit from such an establishment4 ,that subtle ,celtic intellect1 so acute yet so versatile2 fully capable of grappling with the most difficult problems of human existence and social responsibility1 yet so replete with poetry1 romance1 and enthusiasm2 so long repressed1 yet never dimmed1 would1 we feel assured1 spring into life and activity beyond the conception of most men1 were such an opportunity presented4 ,in the three centuries following the conversion of the ,irish their schools were unsurpassed throughout ,christendom in extent1 numbers1 and attendance4 ,the whole island1 in fact1 seemed to be turned into one vast reservoir of learning1 from which flowed perennial streams of ,christian knowledge over the then sterile wastes of semi-civilized ,europe4 ,the number of missionaries and teachers which ,ireland produced in that most brilliant epoch of her history is almost incredible1 and her zeal and energy in the dissemination of ,catholic doctrine1 even in the most remote parts of the ,continent1 became proverbial4 ,civil wars1 long1 bloody1 and desolating1 destroyed her institutions and scattered her libraries1 while penal laws of preternatural ingenuity and cruelty completed the work of desolation by denying her even the commonest rudiments of instruction4 ,but as she kept the faith pure and undefiled throughout the long night of slavery1 so she has preserved the moral tone and vigor of thought which ever follow a strict observance of the divine code4 ,one generation alone1 removed from the barriers and devices of the oppressor1 has been enough to show that1 in mind as well as in body1 the ,irish race is at least the equal of even the most favored nations of the globe4 ,in the strength of pure religious conviction lies the greatness of a people4 ,perhaps now is the most fitting time for the beginning of a work such as we have endeavored briefly to intimate4 ,from all appearances the flood of immigration which1 for twenty or thirty years1 has flowed so steadily yet strongly1 is fast receding into its former narrow channels4 ,we shall have still1 we trust1 many foreign ,catholics coming among us each year to help to develop the resources of our immense country1 and to find peace and freedom under our ,constitution2 but we need not expect1 during this century at least1 such an influx as was precipitated upon us by the dreadful ,irish famine4 ,the ,catholic population henceforth will present a more stable and homogeneous character1 and will have more leisure to devote a portion of its wealth and energy to purposes other than erecting buildings and providing for the necessities of homeless and churchless millions4 ,churches and charitable institutions will1 of course1 continue to be built to meet the wants of our ever-increasing numbers1 but their augmentation1 being the result of a normal growth1 will be more gradual and natural4 ,we will1 in other words1 have more time to devote to education and the cultivation of the refinements and accomplishments of life1 without in any wise neglecting the primary duties of ,christians4 ,we have had our epochs of immigration and church-building1 of extraordinary growth in popular education and incredible effort to supply the wants of the poor and friendless4 ,we are now entering upon an era of mental culture1 higher1 more elaborate1 and more general in its application than it was possible1 or even desirable1 to initiate amid the distractions and occupations of the busy past4 ,but1 ardent as is our desire to see such an important step taken in a direction which we feel would lead to certain success1 we only look on it as a means to definite and ennobling ends1 and not as the end itself4 ,mere mental training1 dissociated from moral tuition and habits of manly thought and action1 would be worse than useless2 it would be dangerous alike to the student1 to society1 and to the cause of morality and religion4 ,to develop the intellect merely at the expense of those greater attributes of the soul in the proper cultivation of which consists the real ostensible difference between man and the brute creation1 would be to multiply infinitely the number of educated imbeciles of which the world has already too many4 ,it cannot be denied that the object of all education ought to be truth1 a knowledge of ,god and of his works1 that in the study of them we may learn to love and worship his holy name4 ,though the custodians of the divine gift of ,pentecost are few1 as children of the church we may all become sharers in the ineffable benefaction conferred on the apostles4 ,truth is one and indivisible1 ,it is found not only in the doctrines and discipline of the church1 but in every department of life--in every pursuit1 study1 and calling incidental to the existence of accountable beings4 ,the nearer we come to the apprehension of this truth1 the more we are disposed to seek and treasure it when found1 no matter in what sphere of life our lot may be cast4 ,unfortunately for religion and civilization1 the last three centuries have been remarkable more for confusion of ideas on this important subject1 and utter perversion of the natural laws1 than any other period in the whole ,christian era4 ,the war engendered by the ,protestant ,reformation1 the atheistic philosophy of the ,encyclopedists1 the destructive dogmas of the secret societies1 and1 in our own day1 the gross materialism of the new school of scientists1 have so clouded and bewildered1 so perverted and debased1 the human understanding that the world has come to look upon mere brilliancy of diction1 novelty of opinion1 and audacity of assertion as the highest evidences of intellectual superiority4 ,modern ,europe1 from end to end1 is the victim of this lamentable delusion1 and our own otherwise favored country is rapidly falling under its malign influence4 ,shall this foul plague be allowed to enshroud us all1 and blight with its deadly breath the future of our young republic8 ,if such is to be the case1 we may read our fate in the past decadence of the most enlightened nations of the ,old ,world4 ,from the outbreak of the ,protestant ,reformation they have gone steadily1 almost blindly downwards1 until1 as to-day we see1 they have ended in blank infidelity4 ,the favored intellectual lights of the last three centuries in ,protestant ,europe have been men without faith and without conscience1 who1 with the help of ,protestant governments1 have sapped and undermined and utterly destroyed even the remnants of the faith in ,christianity and a divine ,creator of this world that still lingered here and there about the old homes of ,christian learning2 and literature may be said to have been given over to the service of the enemies of ,christ and of his church4 ,if we contemplate the condition of modern art1 we witness degeneracy almost as lamentable4 ,men wonder that no great sculptors and painters have arisen since the ,italian1 ,spanish1 and ,flemish schools of the middle ages ceased to exist4 ,since then we have had artists who draw as well as1 and who understood anatomy better than1 the best of the old masters2 but the inspiration1 the spirit that made the figure on the canvas seem to live1 is wanting4 ,the best of our modern painters are but copyists of nature1 of landscape1 man1 or animals4 ,they display no creative power2 they are incapable of producing anything original1 anything like the least of those historic pieces1 those almost superhuman groups1 which illustrate in a thousand varieties the incidents in the earthly career of our ,redeemer and his holy ,mother4 ,why8 ,because the mind must first be able to conceive in all its integrity and beauty what the hand is designed to execute4 ,no matter how exact the eye or how deft the touch1 if the imagination be not purified by religion and guided by truth1 it is vain to attempt to represent on canvas or in marble pure1 exalted types of excellence of which we are incapable of forming within ourselves more than an indefinite conception4 ,it is thus that the ,reformers in ,england1 ,germany1 and the north of ,europe1 and the ,revolutionists in ,france and the southern part of the ,continent1 conspired to paralyze1 what they could not wholly annihilate1 that splendid fabric of ,christian thought and genius reared by the church after many centuries of toil and anxiety4 ,in this hemisphere we have suffered from the same malign causes1 but our affection is more accidental and sympathetic than chronic4 ,there is nothing in the mental condition of this new and cosmopolitan people to discourage or repel the efforts of those who would earnestly strive after a higher1 purer1 and more ,christian mental development4 ,but such efforts1 to be successful1 must be made within the bosom of the church4 ,the ,protestant sects are incapable of any combined movement in that direction2 for they have neither unity of action or thought1 nor a common standard by which to measure mental excellence and moral soundness4 ,clearly the change must originate in the ,catholic body4 ,when we assert this we are well aware of the magnitude of the work to be accomplished and the apparent paucity of the laborers to execute it4 ,but our confidence in the future is sustained by experience4 ,whoever would have said at the beginning of this century that this hundredth year of our independence would find the ,catholics of the ,united ,states counted by millions1 and their priests1 churches1 and schools by thousands1 would have been looked upon as a dreamer or a rash enthusiast4 ,who shall say what the beginning of the next century may not be destined to usher in8 ,as the church is the divinely-commissioned teacher of the world1 we desire to see our young ,catholic men1 the flower of her children1 whether they be destined for the liberal professions or otherwise1 sent forth into society armed at all points1 prepared not only to sustain and defend the faith that is in them1 but to demonstrate in their own persons and by their individual conduct how infinitely superior is secular knowledge even when based on eternal truth1 to the vague theories and absurd speculations of those who foolishly seek to fathom the designs and comprehend the laws of ,god while denying the very existence of the ,creator of all things4 ,any system of education which falls short of this would be worse than none at all4 ,to confer a degree on a student1 and allow him to enter the world with the clat of a university course to give his opinions a certain intellectual character1 without qualifying him to uphold the honor of his ,alma ,mater and the integrity of his creed1 would of course be an act of egregious folly4 ,as well might we uniform a soldier and send him into action without arms1 or entrust our lives and liberties to the keeping of a statesman of whose loyalty and fidelity we were not fully assured4 ,years ago it was confidently asserted by a prominent dissenting minister of this city that the ,united ,states would eventually become the battle-field upon which the contest for permanent supremacy between ,protestantism and ,catholicity would be waged4 ,we agreed with his views then1 and everything that has happened in the religious world since confirms the sagacity of the remark4 ,we desire nothing better than that this struggle1 if it have to come1 shall take place here1 where both parties are equally free and well matched1 though each has peculiar advantages not enjoyed by the other4 ,the sects1 on their side1 have numbers1 wealth1 social position1 political influence1 and possession not only of the public schools and institutions of the state1 but of all the old colleges and universities4 ,on the other hand1 the church in ,america has all the energy1 hopefulness1 and enthusiasm of youth united to the mature judgment of advanced years2 thorough unanimity2 and1 above and beyond all1 a creed and a doctrine founded on eternal truth1 fortified by tradition1 upheld by divine assistance1 and guarded by an infallible authority4 ,the impending conflict will not be one of arms nor of words1 but of works and brains2 and as the superiority of our opponents is material1 not spiritual1 it is not difficult to foresee to which side victory would incline4 ,since rebellion against ,god's law first raised its crest at ,worms in #aeba1 the church has never had so favorable an opportunity of exposing the hollowness1 rottenness1 and insincerity of the leaders of dissent in all its forms as that presented in this country and generation4 ,in older nations where ,protestantism still flourishes it is as the mere tool of the state1 the plaything of royalty1 without the support of which it could not subsist4 ,supposing the ,british ,parliament1 in the plenitude of its power1 should disestablish the ,anglican ,church1 confiscate its property1 and imprison its prelates1 as ,bismarck has done to the ,catholics of ,germany2 how long would that luxurious ,establishment remain in existence8 ,the same may be said of ,lutheranism in ,prussia and ,calvinism in other parts of ,europe4 ,they are of the earth1 earthy1 and require the aid of the temporal arm to protect them against their more logical though more destructive offshoots1 the free-thinkers and revolutionists4 ,here1 on the contrary1 though the sects have through their politico-religious combinations an undue influence in public affairs1 they have no appreciable direct state patronage1 and must stand or fall by their own merits4 ,now1 it is well known and pretty generally acknowledged that sooner or later the ,catholic ,church has always suffered from its connection with the state1 even when the alliance seemed to be more than favorable to her4 ,from the very nature of her organization she cannot long be made an instrument of despotism or of selfish ambition4 ,in non-,catholic countries she has generally been persecuted and proscribed3 in others she has been as often the victim of impertinent interference and injudicious patronage on the part of temporal rulers4 ,in none has she been free to carry out her divine mission2 and1 sad to relate but true nevertheless1 on all the broad and fair earth the only spot where the church of ,christ may be said to be unshackled and disenthralled is this young republic of the ,west4 ,this fact is in itself a great gain for us in view of the opposition we may expect in the time to come2 but there are others which1 though less apparent1 are well worthy of consideration4 ,few persons who have not devoted special attention to the matter can form an estimate of the radical change which has been taking place1 gradually but surely1 in the ,american mind regarding ,catholicity4 ,fifty years ago there were hundreds of towns and villages where the professors of our faith1 few and obscure1 were looked upon with downright contempt1 while a ,catholic priest1 because unknown1 was regarded as little less than a monster of iniquity4 ,this gross prejudice1 the result more of ignorance than badness of heart1 was stimulated and fostered by local ministers and itinerant preachers1 who1 having neither fixed principles in religion nor definite notions of right and wrong upon which to descant1 have been too much in the habit of entertaining their hearers with denunciations of the church and her priesthood4 ,in nearly all those places where formerly so little was known about our faith are now to be found substantial churches1 large and respectable congregations1 zealous and respected priests1 and perhaps one or more educational and charitable institutions4 ,the rural ,american1 who1 with all his deficiencies1 is usually a fair-minded and reflective man1 being thus brought face to face with the things he had been taught to loath1 begins to feel the mists of prejudice lifted from his judgment1 and ends by respecting the devotion and unaffected piety of those he lately contemned4 ,many other causes have likewise contributed to this desirable revolution in popular feeling1 such as the annual visit of so many of our wealthy and influential citizens to ,europe1 where the ancient splendor of the church may be seen in all its perfection2 while the conduct of the dissenting ministers1 their perpetual quarrels among themselves1 and the open disregard shown by them in so many instances for public decency1 have disgusted many of their most attached followers1 and set them groping after truth and spiritual rest in the direction of the church4 ,it may now be justly said that bigotry of the former malignant type which affected all classes can at present only be found among the lowest and most ignorant1 and that ,protestants of a higher grade in society1 convinced of their errors1 have gracefully abandoned them4 ,so far have they advanced in charity that they are now willing to admit that ,catholics may be good citizens1 agreeable neighbors1 and honest dealers2 but still they cannot be persuaded but that mentally1 if not morally1 they are inferior in natural capacity and acquired information to their own co-religionists4 ,there only remains one thing more to be done to make persons who think thus sincere friends and possible allies1 and that is to demonstrate to their satisfaction that there is nothing in the teachings or practices of our religion tending to dwarf the intellect or weaken the understanding2 but1 on the contrary1 that the more closely we assimilate human knowledge to the revealed law of ,god as expounded by the church1 and the more we are governed by the rules which she has laid down for our mental conduct1 the better qualified we become to stand in the front rank of the highest social and intellectual movements of the age4 ,this accomplished1 as we fondly hope it soon will be1 the future destiny of our half-converted brethren lies in the hands of a power superior to that of man4 ,every indication of the popular desire for such an educational establishment as we have foreshadowed points out the present as the most propitious time for its foundation4 ,by and by it may be too late4 ,the national character of our people1 though not yet definitely formed1 is fast crystallizing1 and whatever impress is made on it now will be defined and permanent4 ,we do not aim to distort or subdue the intellect of our young men1 but to captivate and to cultivate it by holding up for its ambition the noblest of careers--the pursuit of virtue and the study of the great truths of religion and of nature4 ,we would make1 if we could1 the ,catholic laymen of the next generation1 each in his own sphere1 leaders in a new crusade against error1 not through the use of force or legal compulsion1 but by the greater purity of their lives and the superiority of their genius4 ,herein lies the great future of the ,catholic layman4 ,never before did such a career open before him4 ,his sires of past ages met the infidel with sword and spear and the weapons of the flesh1 and beat him back from the then hallowed soil of ,christendom4 ,to-day he faces a subtler1 fiercer1 and more resolute infidel than the ,turk4 ,as the flower of the ,turkish hordes was composed of the janissaries1 the perverted children of ,christian parents1 so to-day the standard-bearers of infidelity are the lost children of the cross4 ,the weapons with which this new crusade is to be fought out are the moral and intellectual forces4 ,every portion of the civilized world is a battle-field4 ,all must not be left to the pulpit1 the confessional1 the priest4 ,the layman moves where the priest never penetrates1 where the confessional is unknown1 the pulpit mocked4 ,let him bear his faith with him1 and its influence will tell4 ,let his wit be keener1 his temper cooler1 his knowledge wider and deeper than that of his foe1 and infidelity1 that brawls to-day with braggart tongue1 will soon learn1 if not to repent1 at least to dread an encounter where there can be no doubt as to the issue4 ,we cannot have a healthy ,catholic literature and a correct standard of public taste without lay aid any more than we can fill our colleges1 schools of art and science1 conservatories and gymnasiums1 without such cordial assistance4 ,catholic laymen have to a great extent the destiny of their children and of the church in ,america in their keeping2 and as their responsibility is heavy1 so will be their reward or condemnation signal1 according as they use or abuse the trust reposed in them by an all-wise ,providence4 ,so far they have shown every indication of a willingness to make all possible sacrifices for the education of their children1 and a reasonable desire to encourage ,catholic literature1 much more so than those can appreciate who do not know our country and the peculiar difficulties we have had to overcome4 ,some of our foreign contemporaries1 in ,england especially1 are in the habit once in a while of drawing pleasing distinctions between the state of ,catholic literature abroad and in this country4 ,in this comparison we naturally appear to no very great advantage4 ,we are frequently reminded of the lamentable condition of things that compels us to draw on foreign sources for our literary stores1 while it is hinted that it is almost time we looked to ourselves for intellectual support4 ,all this1 of course1 we take placidly enough1 while thoroughly understanding the spirit that gives rise to it4 ,we are proud to concede the superiority of the great body of ,english and other ,catholic writers who have done such service to the church and conferred such honor on the ,catholic name4 ,still1 we do not feel so utterly hopeless of future success in this line1 nor even despondent as to the degree of success to which we have already attained4 ,and considering the means at our disposal1 glancing back at the century behind us and its fruits1 the #be1jjj swelled to #g1jjj1jjj1 the solitary bishop to a great hierarchy1 the few scattered priests to a valiant army1 the little out-of-the-way chapels to a multitude of massive churches and towering cathedrals1 the communities of religious of both sexes1 the asylums for the waifs and strays1 the deserted and sorrowing1 the maimed1 the halt1 and the blind of the world--glancing at all this1 we are in a fair position to say to literary critics3 ,gentlemen1 thus far our hands have been pretty full4 ,we grant you all the culture you please2 may it increase a hundred-fold6 ,we have not had much time to sit down and study4 ,from the beginning we have been in the thick of a fierce fight4 ,peace is at last coming2 the smoke of battle is clearing away2 the heavens are opening and smiling above us4 ,our dead are buried2 our wounded are gathered in2 the prisoners taken from us are being sullenly but surely returned2 our frontier is guarded and respected4 ,now we turn to the arts of peace4 ,all that has been accomplished thus far has been done without any abundance of fine writing4 ,this has been mainly the work of our faithful ,catholic laity under the guidance of a loyal clergy and episcopacy4 ,to that same laity we look for greater triumphs to come4 ,as a people we have no long line of princes and statesmen to defend1 no schism to apologize for1 no national outrages against ,god's church to explain away or palliate4 ,we have every confidence in the ,catholics of this country to accomplish1 under ,providence1 whatever they undertake for the benefit of religion and the spread of ,christian enlightenment4 ,the future of ,america is for us4 ,while the professors of the sectarian creeds1 in their efforts to force on the public and on each other their peculiar views1 have reached their climax and are descending into the depths of nihilism and refined paganism1 the church in this republic enjoys the pristine vigor of youth and an unexampled unanimity both in spirit and in action4 ,in her organization there is a vast amount of latent force yet undeveloped1 a mine of intellectual wealth that awaits but the master hand of the explorer to bring it to the surface4 ,great indeed will be the reward1 high the fame1 of him who will help us to utilize this unsuspected and unused treasure4 #aei ,the figures showing the gross immigration are taken from official returns1 mainly from the ,reports of the ,bureau of ,statistics on the ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,u4,s42 the ,reports of the ,commissioners of ,emigration1 ,new ,york2 and ,thom's ,irish ,almanac and ,official ,directory1 ,dublin4 ,the approximate number of ,catholics is our own calculation4 ,though the population of ,germany is more than one-third ,catholic1 we consider it safer to set down the proportion of ,catholic emigrants from that country at one-fourth of the whole4 ,when the famine began in ,ireland1 ninety-two per cent4 of the population was ,catholic2 and as it was from this portion that our immigration has since been principally drawn1 ninety per cent4 is not considered too much to credit to ,catholicity4 ,,the ,,life ,,and ,,work ,,of ,,madame ,,barat4#afj ,madeleine-,louise-,sophie ,barat was born on the #abth of ,december1 #aggi1 in the little village of ,joigny1 in ,burgundy4 ,her father was a cooper and the owner of a small vineyard1 a very worthy and sensible man and an excellent ,christian4 ,her mother was remarkably intelligent and quite well educated1 far superior in personal character to her humble station1 very religious1 and endowed with an exquisite sensibility of temperament1 controlled by a solid virtue which made her worthy to be the mother of two such children as her son ,louis and her daughter ,sophie4 ,the birth of ,sophie1 who was the youngest of her three children1 was hastened1 and her own life endangered1 by the fright which she suffered from a fire very near her house during the night of the #abth of ,december4 ,the little ,sophie was so frail and feeble at her birth that her baptism was hurried as much as possible1 and the tenure of her life was very fragile during infancy4 ,as a child she was diminutive and delicate1 but precocious1 quick-witted1 and very playful4 ,the parish priest used to put her upon a stool at catechism1 that the little fairy might be better seen and heard2 and at her first communion she was rejected by the vicar as too small to know what she was about to do1 but triumphantly vindicated in a thorough examination by ,m4 le ,cur1 and allowed to receive the most ,holy ,sacrament4 ,she was then ten years old1 and it was the dreadful year #aghi4 ,until this time she had been her mother's constant companion in the vineyard1 occupied with light work and play1 and learning by intuition1 without much effort of study4 ,at this time her brother ,louis1 an ecclesiastical student eleven years older than herself1 was obliged to remain at home for a time1 and1 being very much struck with the noble and charming qualities which he discerned in his little sister1 he devoted himself with singular veneration1 assiduity1 and tenderness to the work of her education4 ,this episode in the history of two great servants of ,god1 one of whom was an apostle1 the other the ,st4 ,teresa of her century1 is unique in its beauty4 ,the vocation of the sister dated from her infancy1 and was announced in prophetic dreams1 which she related with childish navet like the little ,joseph1 foretelling that she was destined to be a great queen4 ,when ,sophie was eight years old1 ,suzanne ,geoffroy--who was then twenty-six1 and who entered the ,society of the ,sacred ,heart twenty-one years afterwards1 in which she held the offices of superior at ,niort and ,lyons1 and of assistant general--was seeking her vocation4 ,her director told her to wait for the institution of a new order whose future foundress was still occupied in taking care of her dolls4 ,louis ,barat divined obscurely the extraordinary designs of ,almighty ,god in regard to his little sister1 and1 faithful to the divine impulse1 he made the education and formation of her mind and character the principal work of the next ten years of his life--a work certainly the best and most advantageous to the church of all the good works of a career full of apostolic labors4 ,he was a poet1 a mathematician1 well versed in several languages and in natural science1 very kind and loving to his little sister1 but inflexibly strict in his discipline1 and in some things too severe1 especially in his spiritual direction4 ,in a small attic chamber of his father's cottage he established the novitiate and school composed of little ,sophie ,barat as novice and scholar1 with brother ,louis as the master4 ,the preparatory studies were soon absolved by his apt pupil1 and succeeded by a course of higher instruction1 embracing ,latin1 ,greek1 ,italian1 and ,spanish4 ,sophie was particularly enchanted with ,virgil1 and even able to translate and appreciate ,homer4 ,the mother grumbled at this seemingly useless education1 but the uneducated father was delighted1 and the will of ,louis made the law for the household4 ,during seventeen months he was in the prisons of ,paris1 saved from the guillotine only by the connivance of his former schoolmaster1 who was a clerk in the prison department1 and released by the fall of ,robespierre4 ,sophie went on bravely by herself during this time1 and continued her life of study and prayer in the attic1 consoling her father and mother1 who idolized her1 during those dreadful days1 and persevered in the same course after her brother's release and ordination1 under his direction1 until she was sixteen4 ,at this period her brother1 who had taken up his abode in ,paris1 determined to take his sister to live with himself and complete her education4 ,father1 mother1 and daughter alike resisted this determination1 until the stronger will of the young priest overcame1 with some delay and difficulty1 their opposition1 and the weeping little ,sophie was carried off in the coach to ,paris1 to live in the humble house of ,father ,louis1 and1 in conjunction with her domestic labors1 to study the sciences1 the ,holy ,scriptures in the ,latin ,vulgate1 and the fathers and doctors of the church4 ,she had several companions1 and the little group was thus formed and trained1 not only in knowledge but in the most austere religious virtues and practices1 under the hand of their kind but stern master1 for more than four years4 ,during the vintage ,sophie was allowed to take a short vacation at home1 of which she availed herself gladly2 for she was still a gay and playful girl1 submitting with cheerful courage to her brother's severe discipline1 yet not without a conflict or without some secret tears4 ,she was a timid little creature1 and the injudicious severity of her brother's direction made her scrupulous4 ,often she was afraid to receive communion2 but she was obedient1 and when her brother would call her from the altar of their little chapel1 saying1 8,come here1 ,sophie1 and receive communion10 she would go up trembling and do as she was bidden4 ,her great desire was to become a lay sister among the ,carmelites1 and her companions were also waiting the opportunity to enter some religious order4 ,father ,barat did not doubt her religious vocation1 but he wanted to find out more precisely how it could be fulfilled4 ,her divine ,spouse was himself preparing her for the exalted destination of a foundress and spiritual mother in his church2 and when she had attained her twentieth year1 this vocation was made known to her and accepted with a docility like that of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary to the angel's message4 ,the history of the origin of the ,society of the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus requires us to go back some years and relate some events which prepared the way for it4 ,four young priests1 ,lonor and ,xavier de ,tournly1 ,pierre ,charles ,leblanc1 and ,charles de ,broglie1 had formed a society under the name of the ,sacred ,heart1 intended as a nucleus for the re-establishment of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,the superior was ,father ,lonor de ,tournly1 a young man of angelic sanctity1 and a favorite pupil of the saintly ,sulpician1 ,m4 l',abb ,emery4 ,this young priest received an inspiration to form a congregation of women specially devoted to the propagation of the devotion of the ,sacred ,heart and the higher education of girls4 ,the first woman selected by him as the foundress of the new society was the ,princess de ,cond1 under whom a small community was formed at ,vienna1 but soon dispersed by the departure of the princess to join the ,trappistines4 ,soon after ,father de ,tournly died1 having scarcely attained his thirtieth year1 leaving in his last moments the care of carrying out his project to ,father ,varin4 ,joseph ,varin d',ainville was a young man of good family1 who1 after passing some time in a seminary1 had left it to join the army of the ,prince de ,cond1 with whom he made several campaigns4 ,he had been won back to his first vocation through the prayers of his mother1 offered for this purpose on the eve of ascending the scaffold at ,paris1 and the influence of his former companions1 the four young fathers of the ,sacred ,heart above named4 ,on the very day of the prayer offered by his heroic mother he was determined to return back to the ecclesiastical life on receiving communion at ,vanloo1 in ,belgium1 when he had met his four saintly friends1 whose society he immediately joined4 ,having been elected superior of the society after the death of ,father de ,tournly in #agig1 ,father ,varin was persuaded to merge it in another society formed by a certain ,father ,passanari under the title of the ,fathers of the ,holy ,faith1 which was also intended as a nucleus for the revival of the ,order of ,jesuits4 ,the ,archduchess ,maria ,anna1 sister of the ,emperor of ,germany1 was selected to form in ,rome1 under the direction of ,father ,passanari1 a society of religious women according to the plan of ,de ,tournly1 and she went there for that purpose1 accompanied by two of her maids of honor1 ,leopoldina and ,louisa ,naudet4 ,early in the year #ahjj ,father ,varin returned to ,paris with some companions1 and ,father ,barat was received into his society4 ,in this way he became acquainted with ,sophie1 and her direction was confided to him1 to her great spiritual solace and advantage2 for he guided her with suavity and prudence in a way which gave her heart liberty to expand1 and infused into it that generosity and confidence which became the characteristic traits of her piety1 and were transmitted as a precious legacy by her to her daughters in religion4 ,as soon as ,father ,varin had learned the secrets of the interior life of his precious disciple1 and had determined her vocation to the same work which had been already begun in ,rome by the three ladies above mentioned1 three others were admitted to share with her in the formation of the little ,society of the ,sacred ,heart4 ,one of these was ,mlle4 ,octavie ,bailly1 another was ,mlle4 ,loquet1 the third was a pious servant-girl named ,margurite1 who became the first lay sister of the society4 ,on the #bast of ,november1 the ,feast of ,our ,lady's ,presentation1 the little chapel was decorated in a modest and simple way4 ,father ,varin said ,mass4 ,after the ,elevation the four aspirants pronounced the act of consecration to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus1 and afterwards they received communion4 ,this was the true inauguration of the ,society of the ,ladies of the ,sacred ,heart1 for the attempt made at ,rome by the archduchess proved a failure2 the intriguing1 ambitious character of ,father ,passanari was detected1 and ,father ,varin renounced all connection with him and his projects4 ,these events occurred1 however1 at a later period1 and for some time yet to come the little community in ,france remained affiliated to the mother-house in ,rome4 ,the first house of the ,ladies of the ,sacred ,heart1 the one which has always been called the cradle of the society1 was founded at ,amiens one year after the consecration of the postulants in the little chapel of the ,rue ,touraine4 ,a college was established in that city by the ,fathers of the ,holy ,faith1 and a visit which ,father ,varin made there early in the year #ahja1 for the purpose of giving a mission and preparing for the opening of the college1 led to an arrangement with some zealous priests and pious ladies of ,amiens for transferring a small school of young ladies to the care of ,sophie ,barat and her companions4 ,two of these ladies of ,amiens1 ,mlle4 ,genevive ,deshayes and ,mlle4 ,henriette ,grosier1 joined the community1 of which ,mlle4 ,loquet was appointed the superior4 ,this lady proved to be entirely unfit for her position1 and after some months returned to her former useful and pious life in ,paris4 ,mlle4 ,bailly1 after waiting for a considerable time to test her vocation1 at length followed her first attraction and left her dear friend ,sophie for the ,carmelites4 ,sophie ,barat1 with the consent of her companions1 was appointed by ,father ,varin to the office of superior1 much to her own surprise and terror1 for she was the youngest and the most humble of her sisters2 and from this moment until her death1 in the year #ahfe1 she continued to be the ,reverend ,mother of the ,society of the ,ladies of the ,sacred ,heart1 through all its periods of successive development and extension4 ,it was on the #bast of ,december1 #ahjb1 soon after her twenty-third birthday1 that she was definitively placed in this her true position1 for which divine ,providence had so wonderfully prepared her4 ,she had been admitted to make the simple vows of religion on the #gth of ,june preceding1 in company with ,madame ,deshayes4 ,the community and school increased and prospered1 and on the ,feast of ,st4 ,michael the ,archangel1 ,sept4 #bi1 #ahjd1 they were installed in their permanent residence1 one of the former houses of the ,oratory of ,cardinal de ,berulle4 ,the community at this date comprised twelve members1 including postulants4 ,their names were ,madeleine-,sophie ,barat1 ,genevive ,deshayes1 ,henriette ,grosier1 ,rosalie-,margurite ,debrosse1 ,marie du ,terrail1 ,catharine-,emilie de ,charbonnel1 ,adle ,bardot1 ,felicit ,desmarquest1 ,henriette ,ducis1 ,thrse ,duchtel1 ,madame ,baudemont1 and ,madame ,coppina4 ,the two last-mentioned ladies afterwards brought the society into a crisis of the gravest peril1 and finally withdrew from it1 as we shall see later4 ,of the others1 ,mesdames ,deshayes1 ,grosier1 de ,charbonnel1 ,desmarquest1 and ,ducis were among the most eminent and efficient of the first set of co-workers with the holy foundress herself in the formation and government of the society and its great schools and novitiates4 ,the final rupture with ,father ,passanari had already been effected1 and ,madame ,barat was therefore the sole head of the society1 under the direction of ,father ,varin4 ,twelve years elapsed before the constitutions of the society were drawn up and adopted1 and during this period the first foundations were made1 a most dangerous and well-nigh fatal crisis was safely passed1 the spirit and methods of the new institute were definitely formed2 thus laying the basis for the subsequent increase and perfection of the vast edifice of religion and instruction whose corner-stone was laid by the humble and gracious little maiden of ,joigny in the depths of her own pure and capacious heart4 ,st4 ,john of the ,cross says that 8,god bestows on the founder such gifts and graces as shall be proportionate to the succession of the order1 as the first fruits of the ,spirit40 ,the whole subsequent history of the ,society of the ,sacred ,heart shows that this was fulfilled in the person of ,sophie ,barat4 ,after the second foundation had been made in an old convent of the ,visitation at ,grenoble1 ,madame ,baudemont was made superior at ,amiens1 and the first council was held for the election of a superior-general4 ,madame ,barat was elected by a bare majority of one2 for a party had already been formed under sinister influences which was working against her and in opposition to ,father ,varin1 and seeking to change altogether the spirit of the new institute4 ,from this time until the year #ahaf ,madame ,barat was merely a superior in name and by courtesy at ,amiens1 and she was chiefly employed in founding new houses1 forming the young communities1 and acquiring sanctity by the exercise of patience and humility4 ,the new foundations were at ,poitiers1 ,cuignires1 ,niort1 and ,dooresele near ,ghent2 and of course the society received a great number of new subjects1 some of whom became its most distinguished members--as1 for instance1 ,madame ,duchesne1 the pioneer of the mission to ,america1 ,madame de ,gramont d',aster and her two daughters1 ,madame ,thrse ,maillucheau1 ,madame ,bigeu1 ,madame ,prvost1 ,madame ,giraud1 and the angelic counterpart of ,st4 ,aloysius1 ,madame ,aloysia ,jouve4 ,we must not pass over in silence the benediction given on two occasions by the august pontiff ,pius ,,vii4 to ,madame ,barat and her daughters4 ,at ,lyons she had a long conversation with him1 in which she explained to his great satisfaction the nature and objects of her holy work1 and she also received from his hands ,holy ,communion4 ,at ,grenoble all the community and pupils received his benediction1 and of these pupils eleven1 upon whose heads his trembling hands were observed to rest with a certain special insistance1 received the grace of a religious vocation4 ,another incident which deserves mention is the last visit of ,madame ,barat to her father4 ,the strict rules of a later period not having been as yet enacted1 she never failed1 when passing near ,joigny on her visitations1 to stay for a short time with her parents1 often taking with her some of the ladies of her society who were of noble or wealthy families1 that she might testify before them how much she honored and loved the father and mother to whom she owed so great a debt of gratitude4 ,on her annual fte she used to send them the bouquets which were presented to her4 ,during her father's last illness she came expressly to see and assist him in preparing for death1 and1 though obliged to bid him adieu before he had departed this life1 she left him consoled and fortified by her last acts of filial affection1 and he peacefully expired soon after her departure from ,joigny1 on the #beth of ,june #ahji4 ,at the first council the spirit of disunion already alluded to prevented ,father ,varin and ,madame ,barat from undertaking the work of preparing constitutions for the society4 ,a brief and simple programme of a rule was drawn up and approved by the bishops under whose jurisdiction the houses were placed1 and ,madame ,barat became herself the living rule and model1 on which her subjects and novices were formed4 ,father ,varin had resigned his office of superior when ,madame ,barat was formally elected by the council of professed members their superior-general4 ,another ecclesiastic of very different spirit1 who was the confessor of the community and the school at ,amiens1 ,m4 l',abb de ,st4 ,estve1 was ambitious of the honor and influence which justly belonged to ,father ,varin4 ,he obtained a complete dominion at ,amiens by means of ,madame de ,baudemont1 a former ,clarissine1 who was gained over by his adroit flattery and artful encouragement of the love of sway and pre-eminence which her commanding talents1 her former conventual experience1 and her mature age1 together with the advantage of her position as local superior1 entrusted to her against ,father ,varin's advice1 gave a too favorable opportunity of development4 ,m4 de ,st4 ,estve arrogated to himself the title of founder of the society1 and planned an entire reconstitution of the same under the bizarre title of ,apostolines1 and with a set of rules which would have made an essential alteration of the institute established by ,father ,varin4 ,all the other houses besides ,amiens were in dismay and alarm4 ,madame ,penaranda1 a lady of ,spanish extraction1 descended from the family of ,st4 ,francis ,borgia1 who was superior at ,ghent1 separated her house from the society by the authority of the bishop of the diocese4 ,she returned1 however1 some years later1 with seventeen of her companions1 to the ,society of the ,sacred ,heart4 ,in the meantime the ,society of ,jesus had been re-established and the ,society of the ,fathers of the ,holy ,faith was dissolved1 most of its members entering the ,jesuit ,order as novices4 ,father de ,clorivire was provincial in ,france1 and ,madame ,barat1 encouraged by the advice and sympathy of wise and holy men1 waited patiently and meekly for the time of her liberation from the schemes of a plausible and designing enemy who had crept under a false guise into her fold4 ,this was accomplished through a most singular act of criminal and audacious folly on the part of ,m4 de ,st4 ,estve4 ,having gone to ,rome as secretary to the ,french ,legation1 in order to further his intrigue by false representations at the ,papal ,court1 he was led by his insane ambition1 in default of any other means of success1 to forge a letter from the provincial of the ,jesuits of ,italy to ,madame ,barat1 instructing her to submit herself to the new arrangements of ,m4 de ,st4 ,estve1 which he declared had been approved by the ,holy ,see4 ,in this crisis ,madame ,barat submitted with perfect obedience to what she supposed was an order from the supreme authority in the church1 and counselled her daughters to imitate her example4 ,very soon the imposture was discovered4 ,mesdames de ,baudemont1 de ,sambucy1 and ,coppina left the society and went to join another in ,rome1 and the rest of the disaffected members of the community at ,amiens1 although not immediately pacified1 made no serious opposition to ,madame ,barat1 and not long after were so completely reconciled to her that all trace of disunion vanished4 ,there being now no obstacle in the way of forming the constitutions1 a council was summoned to meet in ,paris1 at a suitable place provided by ,madame de ,gramont d',aster1 and its issue was most successful4 ,it assembled on the ,feast of ,all ,saints1 #ahae1 and in the chapel which was used for the occasion was placed the statue of ,our ,lady before which ,st4 ,francis de ,sales1 when a young student1 had been delivered from the terrible temptation to despair which is related in his biography4 ,it was composed of the ,reverend ,mothers ,barat1 ,desmarquest1 ,deshayes1 ,bigeu1 ,duchesne1 ,geoffroy1 ,giraud1 ,girard1 and ,eugnie de ,gramont4 ,father de ,clorivire presided over it1 and ,fathers ,varin and ,druilhet1 previously appointed by him to draw up the constitutions1 were present to read1 explain1 and propose them to the discussion and vote of the council4 ,the whole work was completed in six weeks4 ,the ,reverend ,mothers ,bigeu1 de ,charbonnel1 ,grosier1 ,desmarquest1 ,geoffroy1 and ,eugnie de ,gramont were elected as the six members of the permanent council of the superior-general1 arrangements were made for establishing a general novitiate in ,paris1 the society was placed under the government of the ,archbishop of ,rheims as ecclesiastical superior1 who delegated his functions to the ,abb ,pereau1 a solemn ceremony closed the sessions on the #afth of ,december1 and early in ,january the reverend mothers returned to their respective residences4 ,the constitutions were received with unanimous contentment in all the houses1 including ,amiens1 approved by the bishops in whose dioceses these houses existed1 and1 finally1 a letter of congratulation1 expressed in the most kind and paternal terms1 was received from his ,holiness ,pope ,pius ,,vii4 ,from this period the authority of ,madame ,barat was fully established and recognized1 harmony and peace reigned within the society1 and a new era of extension began which has continued to the present time4 ,the society with its constitutions was solemnly approved by ,leo ,,xii4 in a brief dated ,december #bb1 #ahbf1 which was received at ,paris in ,february1 #ahbg1 during a session of the council4 ,by the authority of the ,holy ,see an additional vow of stability was prescribed for the professed1 and the dispensation from this vow reserved to the pope4 ,the rules were made more strict in several respects1 and a cardinal protector was substituted for the ecclesiastical superior4 ,the royal approbation for ,france was at this time also solicited1 and granted by ,charles ,x41 then reigning4 ,in #ahci another effort was made to give a still greater perfection to the statutes and to provide for the more efficacious government of the institute1 now become too great for the immediate government of the superior-general1 by a division into provinces under provincial superiors4 ,at this time the society passed through another dangerous crisis1 and for four years was in a disturbed state which gave great anxiety to the ,rev4 ,mother ,barat1 diminished seriously her influence over her subjects1 and even occasioned a menace of suppression in ,france to be intimated by the government4 ,the cause of this trouble was an effort made by a number of persons both within and without the society to transfer the residence of the superior-general to ,rome1 and to modify the rules in a way to make the society as far as possible a complete counterpart of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,in #ahdc this difficulty was finally settled by the authority of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 who annulled all the acts and decrees which had been passed in the councils of the society looking towards innovation1 and determined that the residence of the superior-general should not be removed from ,france4 ,happily1 not a house1 or even a single member1 was separated from the society by this disturbance1 and when it passed by the venerable and holy foundress was more revered and loved than ever before1 and her gentle but strong sway over the vast family which she governed was confirmed for ever1 never again to suffer diminution4 ,some of the proposed changes were1 however1 absolutely necessary for the order and well-being of the society1 and were provided for in the year #ahej by ,pius ,,ix41 who decreed the establishment of provinces under the name of vicariates1 each one to be governed by the superior of its mother-house with the rank and title of superior-vicar1 subject to the supreme authority of the superior-general4 ,at the close of ,madame ,barat's administration1 which ended only with her life1 on ,ascension ,thursday1 #ahfe1 there were fifteen vicariates4 ,since then the number has been increased4 ,there are three in the ,united ,states1 one in ,british ,america1 one in ,spanish ,america2 and in these five vicariates there are about eleven hundred religious of the first and second profession1 including lay sisters4 ,the number of houses in various parts of the world is about one hundred1 and the total number of members four thousand4 ,madame ,barat herself founded one hundred and fifteen houses1 and many others have been established since her death4 ,but of these some have been suppressed in ,italy and ,germany1 and others were given up or transferred by the superiors of the order4 ,madame ,gotz1 who was vicar-general to ,madame ,barat during the last year of her life1 succeeded her as superior-general1 and was succeeded after her own death1 in #ahgd1 by ,madame ,lehon1 the present superior-general4 ,our limits will not permit even a succinct narrative of the events which filled up the half-century during which ,madame ,barat governed the ,society of the ,sacred ,heart1 from the memorable council of #ahae until #ahfe4 ,we cannot omit1 however1 some brief notice of the foundation of the ,american mission and the ladies who were sent over to establish it4 ,the first ,american colony was composed of three ladies and two lay sisters3 ,madame ,duchesne1 ,madame ,aud1 ,madame ,berthold1 ,sister ,catharine ,lamarre1 and ,sister ,margurite ,manteau4 ,madame ,philippine ,duchesne was a native of ,grenoble1 where she received an accomplished education1 first at the ,visitation convent of ,sainte-,marie-d'en-,haut1 and afterwards under private tutors in the same class with her cousins1 ,augustin and ,casimir ,prier4 ,at the age of eighteen she entered the ,visitation convent as a novice1 but was prevented by the suppression of the religious orders in ,france from making her vows4 ,during the dark days of the ,revolution her conduct was that of a heroine4 ,after the end of the ,reign of ,terror she rented the ancient convent above mentioned1 and for several years maintained there an asylum for religious women with a small boarding-school for girls1 waiting for an opportunity to establish a regular religious house4 ,her desire was accomplished when ,madame ,barat accepted the offer which was made to her to receive ,madame ,duchesne and her companions into the ,society of the ,sacred ,heart1 and to found the second house of her society in the old monastery of ,ste4-,marie-d'en-,haut4 ,madame ,duchesne had felt an impulse for the arduous vocation of a missionary since the time when she was eight years old1 and this desire had continually increased1 notwithstanding the apparent improbability of its ever finding scope within the limits of her vocation4 ,she was about forty-eight years of age when she was entrusted with the ,american mission1 and lived for thirty-four years in this country1 leaving after her the reputation of exalted and really apostolic sanctity4 ,madame ,eugnie ,aud had been much fascinated by the gay world in her early youth1 and her conversion was remarkable4 ,returning one evening from a soire1 as she went before a mirror in her boudoir1 she saw there1 instead of her own graceful and richly-attired figure1 the face of ,jesus ,christ as represented in the ,ecce ,homo4 ,from that moment she renounced her worldly life1 and soon entered the novitiate at ,grenoble as a postulant4 ,even there1 her historian relates1 8on souriait de ses manires mondaines1 de ses belles salutations1 de ses trois toilettes par jour6 ,mme sous le voile de novice qu'elle portait maintenant1 elle laissait voir encore1 pas sans complaisance1 l'lgance de sa taille et les avantages de sa personne4 ,on ne tardera pas voir ce que cette me de jeune fille change en me d'aptre tait capable d'entreprendre pour ,dieu et le prochain40 ,this great change was wrought in her soul during a retreat given by ,pre ,roger on the opening of the general novitiate at ,paris during ,november1 #ahaf4 ,when called to join ,madame ,duchesne two years later1 she was twenty-four years of age1 and1 after a long period of service in the ,united ,states1 was finally elected an assistant general and recalled to ,france4 ,madame ,octavie ,berthold was the daughter of an infidel philosopher who had been ,voltaire's secretary4 ,she was herself educated as a ,protestant1 was converted to the faith when about twenty years of age1 and soon after entered the novitiate at ,grenoble4 ,she volunteered for the ,american mission1 animated by a desire to prove her gratitude to our ,lord for the grace of conversion1 and was at this time about thirty years of age4 8,caractre sympathique1 cur profondment devoue1 intelligence orne1 spcialement verse dans la connaissance des langues trangres1 ,mme ,octavie tait fort aime au pensionnat de ,paris40 ,mgr4 ,dubourg1 ,bishop of ,new ,orleans1 was the prelate who introduced the ,ladies of the ,sacred ,heart into the ,united ,states4 ,it was during the year #ahag that the arrangements were completed at ,paris4 ,on the #bast of ,march1 #ahah1 the five religious above mentioned embarked at ,bordeaux on the ,rebecca1 and on the #bith of ,may1 which was that year the ,feast of the ,sacred ,heart1 they landed at ,new ,orleans1 where they were received as the guests of the ,ursulines in their magnificent convent4 ,their own first residence at ,st4 ,charles1 in the present diocese of ,st4 ,louis1 was as different as possible from this noble religious house1 and from those which have since that time been founded by the successors of these first colonists4 ,madame ,duchesne1 in her visions of missionary and apostolic life1 never dreamed of those religious houses1 novitiates1 and pensionates1 rivalling the splendid establishments of ,europe1 which we now see at ,st4 ,louis1 ,manhattanville1 ,kenwood1 and ,eden ,hall4 ,her aspirations were entirely for labor among the ,indians and negroes1 and1 to a considerable extent1 they were satisfied4 ,she began with the most arduous and self-sacrificing labors upon the roughest and most untilled soil of ,bishop ,dubourg's diocese1 and one of her last acts was to go on a mission among the ,pottawattomies1 from which she was only taken by the force of ,archbishop ,kenrick's authority a little before her death4 ,the present flourishing condition of the two vicariates of ,new ,orleans and ,st4 ,louis is well known to all our readers4 ,the foundation at ,new ,york was due to the enlightened zeal of the late illustrious ,archbishop ,hughes1 although the first idea originated in the mind of ,madame ,barat many years before4 ,in the year #ahdj the celebrated ,russian convert1 ,madame ,elizabeth ,gallitzin1 a cousin of ,prince ,gallitzin the priest of ,loretto1 and assistant general for ,america to ,madame ,barat1 was sent over to establish this foundation and to make a general visitation1 in the course of which she died suddenly of yellow fever at ,st4 ,michel1 on the #adth of ,november1 #ahdb4 ,the first residence in ,new ,york was the present convent of the ,sisters of ,mercy in ,houston ,street1 from which it was removed1 first to ,astoria1 and afterwards to the ,lorillard estate in ,manhattanville1 where is now the centre of an extensive vicariate comprising eight houses in the ,states of ,new ,york1 ,rhode ,island1 ,ohio1 and ,michigan1 about five hundred religious1 a novitiate containing at this moment forty-eight novices exclusive of postulants1 and flourishing schools both for the education of young ladies and the instruction of the children of those parishes which are adjacent to the several convents4 ,it is not necessary to describe for the benefit of our ,american readers with more detail the history and present condition of the ,society of the ,sacred ,heart in this country4 ,our ,european readers would no doubt be interested by such a history2 but1 besides the imperative reason of a want of space in the present article1 there is another which imposes on us the obligation of reserve in respect to works accomplished by the living1 to whom has been transmitted the humility as well as the other virtues of their holy foundress4 ,there is one venerable lady especially1 now withdrawn from the sphere of her long and active administration to a higher position in the society1 who is remembered with too much gratitude by her children1 and honor by all classes of ,catholics in her native land1 to require from our pen more than the expression of a wish and prayer1 on the part of thousands whose hearts will echo our words as they read them1 that she may resemble the holy mother who loved her and all her ,american children so tenderly1 as 8sa plus chre famille10 in length of days1 and in the peace which closed her last evening4 ,we have already alluded briefly to the blessed departure of ,madame ,barat from the scene of labor to the glory which awaits the saints1 in the eighty-sixth year of her age and the sixty-sixth of her religious life1 on the ,feast of the ,ascension1 #ahfe4 ,the narrative of a few salient events in her life1 and of the principal facts in the history of the foundation of the ,sacred ,heart1 which we have thought best to present1 meagre as it is1 in lieu of more general observations on her character and that of her great works1 for the benefit of those who cannot1 at least for the present1 peruse the history of ,m4 ,baunard1 leaves us but little room for any such remarks4 ,the character of this saintly woman must be studied in the details of her private and public life1 and in the expression she has given to her interior spirit in the extracts from her vast correspondence published by her biographer4 ,no one could ever take her portrait2 and we are assured by one who knew her long and intimately that the one placed in front of the second volume of her life is not at all satisfactory4 ,how can we describe1 then1 such a delicate1 hidden1 retiring1 subtile essence as the soul of ,sophie ,barat in a few words1 or give name to that which fascinated every one1 from the little nephew ,louis ,dusaussoy to ,frayssinous1 ,montalembert1 and ,gregory ,,xvi48 ,extreme gentleness and modesty1 which1 with the continual increase of grace1 become the most perfect and admirable humility1 were the basis of her natural character and of her acquired sanctity4 ,in the beginning her modesty was attended by an excessive timidity1 so that ,father ,varin gave her the name of 8trembleuse perpetuelle40 ,this was supplanted by that generous1 affectionate confidence in ,god which shone out so luminously in the great trials of her career4 ,in all things1 and always1 ,madame ,barat was exquisitely feminine4 ,she conquered and ruled by love1 and this sway extended over all1 from the smallest children to the most energetic1 commanding1 impetuous1 and able of the highly-born1 accomplished1 and in every sense remarkable women who were under her government in the society1 to women of the world1 to old men and young men1 to servants1 the poor1 fierce soldiers and revolutionists1 and even to irrational creatures4 ,with this feminine delicacy and gentleness there was a virile force and administrative ability1 a firmness and intrepidity1 which made her capable of everything and afraid of nothing4 ,her writings display a fire of eloquence which may be truly called apostolic1 and would be admired in the mouth of an apostolic preacher4 ,besides the great labors that she accomplished in the foundation and visitation of her numerous houses1 and in the government of her vast society1 ,madame ,barat went through several most severe and dangerous illnesses1 beginning with one which threatened her life in the first years at ,amiens2 and was frequently brought1 to all appearance1 to the very gates of death4 ,besides these sufferings1 and the great privations which were often endured during the first period of new foundations1 she practised austerities and penances of great severity1 to the utmost limit permitted by obedience to her directors4 ,with her wonderful activity she united the spirit of a contemplative2 and there are not wanting many evidences of supernatural gifts of an extraordinary kind1 or proofs of her power with ,god after her death4 ,mgr4 ,parisis has publicly declared that her life was one of the great events of this century1 and comparable to those of ,st4 ,dominic1 ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi1 ,st4 ,catharine of ,siena1 and ,st4 ,teresa4 ,there is but one1 universal sentiment in respect of her sanctity1 and one1 unanimous desire that the seal of canonization may be placed upon it by the successor of ,st4 ,peter4 ,a prayer under her invocation has been already sanctioned by ,pius ,,ix41 and the cause of her beatification has been introduced1 the issue of which we await1 in the hope that we may one day be permitted and commanded to honor the modest little ,sophie ,barat of ,joigny--who went away weeping in the coach to ,paris at sixteen to found one of the greatest orders of the world--under the most beautiful and appropriate title of ,sancta ,sophia4 ,when we consider the work of ,madame ,barat as distinct from her personal history1 we observe some peculiar and remarkable features marking its rise and growth4 ,it came forth from the fiery1 bloody baptism of the ,french ,revolution as a work of regeneration and restoration4 ,many of its first members had been through an experience of danger1 suffering1 and heroic adventure which had given them an intrepidity of character proof against every kind of trial4 ,the stamp thus given to the society at the outset was that of generous loyalty to the ,holy ,see1 and uncompromising hostility to the spirit and maxims of the ,revolution4 ,another fact worthy of notice is that so many small communities1 private institutes for education1 and persons living a very devout and zealous life in the world1 were scattered about the territory over which the destructive tornado of revolution had passed1 ready to be incorporated into the ,society of the ,sacred ,heart1 and furnishing the means of a rapid growth and extension4 ,new orders are not absolutely new creations4 ,they spring from those previously existing1 and are affiliated with each other more or less closely1 notwithstanding their differences4 ,many of the first members of the ,society of the ,sacred ,heart had been previously inclined to the orders of ,mt4 ,carmel and the ,visitation4 ,the spirit of the ,carmelite ,order was largely inherited by the new society1 and from the ,order of the ,visitation the special devotion to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus was received by the same transmission of mystic life4 ,the organization was produced by the engrafting of the principles of the constitutions of ,st4 ,ignatius on the new and vigorous stock4 ,from this blending and composition sprang forth the new essence with its own special notes1 its original force1 and its distinct sphere of operation4 ,cardinal ,racanati thus expresses his judgment of its excellence3 8,my duty has obliged me to read the constitutions of almost all ancient and modern orders4 ,all are beautiful1 admirable1 marked with the signet of ,god4 ,but this one appears to me to excel among all the others1 because it contains the essence of religious perfection1 and is at the same time a masterpiece of unity4 ,the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus is at once the pivot around which everything moves1 and the end in which everything results40 ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi4 said that the ,rule of the ,sacred ,heart was in every part the work of ,god4 ,although not an exact counterpart of the ,society of ,jesus1 the ,society of the ,sacred ,heart is nevertheless1 in its government and method of discipline1 modelled after a similar type1 with equally efficacious means for producing in its subjects1 in a manner proportionate to their feminine character1 all the highest religious virtues of the mixed state of action and contemplation4 ,the only important differences between the ,society of the ,sacred ,heart and the older orders of women are the absence of the interior cloister and of the solemn vows4 ,the first1 which is obviously an advantage considering the nature of the occupations in which the ,ladies of the ,sacred ,heart are engaged1 is compensated for by the extreme strictness of the rules governing their conduct in regard to intercourse with the world1 and the obligation of going at a moment's warning to any house1 in any part of the world1 where they may be ordered by the superiors4 ,in respect to the second1 as the final vows can only be dispensed by the pope1 the completeness and sacredness of the oblation for life are not diminished1 but only a prudent provision for extraordinary cases secured by the wisdom of the ,holy ,see1 which is beneficial both to the order and its individual members4 ,in respect to poverty1 self-denial1 regularity1 and all that belongs to the beautiful order of conventual life1 the written rule of the ,sacred ,heart1 which is actually observed in practice1 is not behind those of the more ancient orders4 ,in respect to the extent and strictness of the law of obedience1 it is pre-eminent among all1 and its admirable organization may justly be compared to that acknowledged masterpiece of religious polity1 the ,institute of ,st4 ,ignatius4 ,the more humble occupations to which so many admirable religious women in various orders and congregations devote themselves form an integral part of the active duties of the society4 ,a large portion of its members are lay sisters1 and a great number of the religious of the choir are engaged in the instruction of poor children or domestic duties which have no exterior clat4 ,the specific work of the society is of course the education of young ladies1 with the ulterior end of diffusing and sustaining ,catholic principles and ,catholic piety1 through the instrumentality of the lves of the ,sacred ,heart1 among the higher classes of society4 ,there cannot be a nobler work than this1 or a more truly apostolic vocation1 within the sphere to which woman is limited by the law of ,god1 human nature1 and the constitution of ,christian society4 ,what an immense power has been exerted by the daughters of ,madame ,barat in this way as the auxiliaries of the hierarchy and the sacerdotal order in the church1 is best proved by the persecutions they have sustained from the anti-,catholic party in ,europe1 and the fear they have inspired in the bosoms of tyrannical statesmen like ,prince ,bismarck1 who tremble with apprehension before the banner of the ,sacred ,heart1 though followed only by a troop of modest virgins4 ,it is after all not strange4 ,the women of the revolution are more terrible than furies led on by ,alecto and ,tisiphone4 ,why should not the virgins of the ,catholic army resemble their ,queen1 who is 8terrible as an army set in array08 ,it is with great regret that we abstain from setting forth the enlightened1 sound1 and thoroughly ,christian ideas of ,madame ,barat1 and the various councils over which she presided1 in respect to the education of ,catholic girls in our age4 ,we are obliged also to omit noticing the charming sketches given in the book before us of the first pupils of the ,sacred ,heart1 and the noble part which so many of them played afterwards in the world4 ,we must close with a few words on the merit of the ,abb ,baunard's work1 and an expression of gratitude to the distinguished ecclesiastic who has furnished us so much pleasure and edification at a cost of such very great labor to himself4 ,he has been fortunate in his subject and the wealth of authentic materials furnished him for fulfilling his honorable and arduous task4 ,his illustrious subject has been fortunate in her biographer4 ,the ,history of ,madame ,barat deserves to be ranked with ,mother ,chauguy's ,life of ,st4 ,frances de ,chantal and ,m4 ,hamon's ,life of ,st4 ,francis de ,sales4 ,we trust that an abridged life by a competent hand may furnish those who cannot afford so costly a book1 or read one so large1 with the means of knowing the character and history of the ,teresa of our century4 ,there are also materials for other histories and biographies of great interest and utility in the rich1 varied contents of this most admirable and charming work1 which we hope may not be neglected4 #afj ,histoire de ,madame ,barat1 ,fondatrice de la ,socit du ,sacr-,cur de ,jsus4 ,par ,m4 l',abb ,baunard1 ,aumonier du ,lyce d',orleans1 ,docteur en ,thologie1 ,docteur es ,lettres4 ,paris3 ,poussielgue ,frres4 #ahgf4 ,,six ,,sunny ,,months4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke10 8,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns10 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,i4 8,,citt ,,vecchia60 ,a comfortable family party came ,romeward one ,may morning from ,turin4 ,they had the railway carriage quite to themselves1 and occupied it fully4 ,mr4 ,vane lay stretched at length on the front seat1 with a travelling-bag and two shawls under his head4 ,it was his first visit to ,italy1 consequently his first approach to ,rome1 but he declined his daughters' invitation to look out4 ,he would prefer1 he said1 to admire the country when he should feel more in the mood4 8,besides10 he said1 8to look at scenery when one is going through it behind a locomotive irritates both the eyes and the temper4 ,if you wish to see a near object1 no sooner have you fixed your eyes upon it than it is whisked out of sight1 and your pupils contract with a snap2 if a distant one1 the moment you perceive that it is worth seeing1 some sharp bit of foreground starts up and enters like a bramble between your eyelids4 ,it's a ,sancho ,panza feast1 and ,i'll none of it4 ,you children can look out and tantalize your tempers1 if it please you40 8,oh6 thank you10 his daughter ,isabel said dryly1 availing herself of the permission4 ,presently she addressed him again3 8,papa1 if ,i could find a fault in you1 it would be that you are such a very unreasonably reasonable man4 ,you have always so many arguments in favor of every proposition you lay down1 there isn't a handle left to take it up by40 8,thank you60 the gentleman echoed4 ,and then there was silence for a little while--a silence of tongues2 but1 with a ceaseless whirr and buzz1 the flying train was casting the north behind1 and plunging into the south like a bee into a flower4 ,mr4 ,vane's two daughters1 twenty and twenty-two years of age1 sat opposite him1 each at a window1 ,isabel moving frequently1 glancing here and there1 and speaking whenever the spirit was stirred2 ,bianca1 the younger1 seeming to be in a trance4 ,these two girls were as unlike in appearance as it is possible for two persons to be who have many points of resemblance4 ,both had fine dark eyes1 dark hair1 complexions of a clear1 pale olive1 and features sufficiently regular4 ,bianca was a trifle taller and finer in shape1 and her manner had a gentle dignity1 while her sister's was lively and positive4 ,bianca's mouth was fuller1 sweeter1 and more silent1 and her voice softer4 ,she had a more penetrating mind than most persons were aware of1 and thought and observed more than she said4 ,isabel caught quickly at the surfaces of things1 and had a clever way of weaving other people's ideas into her talk that sometimes made her appear brilliant4 ,it might be said that the impressions of the elder were cameo1 those of the younger intaglio4 ,for the rest1 let their story speak for them4 ,the father was a large1 leisurely1 middle-aged gentleman1 whom critical people like to call indolent4 ,he certainly had1 as his elder daughter intimated1 the faculty of finding a great many excellent reasons why he should not exert himself unnecessarily1 and it is probable that he might never have been brought to the pitch of a trans-atlantic voyage but for ,miss ,isabel's politic arguments in urging the matter4 8,in ,europe one can be so quiet10 she said4 8,one can live there without being tormented by the idea that one should be doing something for somebody4 ,it isn't considered necessary to have a mission4 ,everything happens half an hour or so after time1 and everybody goes to sleep in the middle of the day--in the middle of the street1 too1 if they like4 ,i've heard people say that it's just delicious the way the clergy take their promenade there4 ,two of them will walk slowly along a few minutes1 then stop and carry on their conversation a little while1 as if they were in the ,elysian ,fields1 then resume their walk1 and so on1 walking and pausing1 in the most delightfully leisurely way4 ,fancy that in ,new ,york6 ,why1 our idea of walking is to get one foot before the other as quickly as we can4 ,going out1 we see only the spot we start from and the spot we arrive at1 and we shoot from the one to the other as if we wore percussion-caps on our heads4 ,marion says that ,italy is the fabled lotos1 and that all the dust and dirt people talk so about is nothing but pollen40 ,mr4 ,vane1 who in ,america felt himself like a drone in the midst of bees1 could not resist this charming picture1 and we accordingly find him in the land of the lotos4 8,bianca10 her sister said presently1 8do you remember the ,goldsmith's history of ,rome we studied at school8 ,i've forgotten every bit of it but the title1 and an impression of great uncomfortable doings1 and haranguing and attitudinizing1 and killing4 ,i recollect it was always a wonder to me when ,i found there were people enough left to begin a new chapter with4 ,now we are going to see the places4 ,how glad ,i am we shall not see any of the tremendous people60 ,she put her head out of the window and added3 8,i don't find that the country looks any better than ,massachusetts4 ,but1 for all that1 ,i am enchanted to be here4 ,how ,i have longed to come60 8,indeed60 her father said1 staring a little4 8,why1 then1 did you not let us come six months ago1 instead of clinging to ,london and ,paris80 ,she smiled indulgently on him4 8,perhaps you've forgotten how1 when ,i was a child1 and when ,i had mince-pie for dinner1 ,i used to slyly pick out the large raisins and put them under the edge of my plate to eat afterward4 ,i recollect your finding me out once1 and asking me if ,i didn't like raisins1 and ,i was in terror lest you were going to take them away from me4 ,i've been doing the same thing now--saving the best for the last4 ,i wished to dispose of everything else first1 so that1 when ,i return to ,america1 ,i can shut my eyes in ,rome1 and not open them again till they see the shores of the ,new ,world4 ,and1 between ourselves1 papa1 isn't it a dreadfully new world8 ,i wouldn't own it to a foreigner1 of course2 but you're such a dear1 stanch old ,yankee60 ,and she leaned forward and gave him an affectionate pinch in the cheek4 ,the younger sister turned quickly at that4 8,o ,bell6 don't turn traitor10 she exclaimed4 8,newness is not a disadvantage always4 ,when the world was new the ,creator praised it1 but there is no record of his ever having praised it after40 ,mr4 ,vane looked at his younger daughter with a wistful1 lingering smile4 ,he always looked attentively at ,bianca when she spoke4 ,isabel lifted her hands in wonder4 8,well1 really1 she is playing patriot6 ,who have ,i heard say that her body was born in ,america1 but her soul in ,italy8 ,who have ,i heard say that the children of ,israel were not ,egyptians1 though they were born by the ,nile80 ,bianca smiled to herself softly1 and looked out of the window as she answered3 8,i am not playing patriot4 ,the feeling was always in my mind1 hanging there silent like a bell in its tower2 and now and then it rang4 ,it always rang when struck40 8,that's my darling60 her father exclaimed4 8,keep your sweet-toned patriotism in its bell-tower4 ,i don't like the sort that is always firing india-crackers under everybody's nose4 ,by the way10 he added after a while1 rousing again1 rather unaccountably1 8what an absurdity it is in us1 this coming to ,rome in ,may6 ,to-day is the second of the month4 ,we should have come in ,december4 ,i wonder ,i allowed myself to be so persuaded4 ,i have a mind to go back at once40 ,his elder daughter regarded him tranquilly4 8,don't excite yourself unnecessarily1 papa10 she said2 8we are behind a coachman who never turns back4 ,by the time we reach ,rome you will be as contented as a lamb4 ,do not you perceive something beautiful in our coming at this season1 with the orange-flowers and the jasmines8 ,we do not arrive1 we simply bloom4 ,even dear old papa will put on a film of tender green over his sombreness1 like a patriarchal spruce-tree2 and as to ,bianca and me--0 ,she sang3 8,two half-open roses on one twig grew1 ,sweet is the summer4 ,a nightingale sang there the whole night through ,sweet is the summer40 8,here we are6 ,what a comfort that we have not to go to a hotel nor search for lodgings6 ,it is very nice to have a friend to prepare everything40 ,in fact1 a friend of the family1 resident in ,rome1 who had written and received a score or so of letters on the subject of this journey1 was waiting outside the barrier at that moment4 ,they saw her a little apart from the crowd1 looking for them as they gave up their tickets2 then a servant took their packages1 and they were cordially welcomed to ,rome4 ,this lady has so long been accustomed to hearing herself announced by the maid-servants of the friends she visits as the 8,signora ,ottant'-otto10 from the number of her house1 that she will not be displeased if we continue the title4 ,a carriage was called1 and in a few minutes they had reached the home prepared for their reception4 ,it was an old-fashioned ,roman house1 situated on a high slope of the ,viminal where it meets the ,esquiline in a scarcely perceptible dent4 ,the portone1 entrance1 and stairs were palatial in size1 the latter having broad landings lighted by double windows in the middle of each story2 and instead of a mere passage or small waiting-room1 the door of the apartment opened at once into a noble sala4 ,large chambers surrounded this sala1 and a backward-extending wing held smaller rooms and a kitchen4 ,all this part of the house looked into a garden1 where orange-trees stood with their sprinkle of fragrant snow1 and jasmines reared their solid cones of flowery gold1 perfuming every breeze that entered4 ,beyond the garden extended an orchard and vineyard1 hiding all that part of the city except the long roof and faade of the church of ,st4 ,catherine of ,siena1 and the grand old tower that ,vittoria ,colonna built her convent walls about4 ,these looked over the rich verdure1 standing out dark and massive against the clear western sky4 8,the front rooms are town1 the back rooms country10 the ,signora said4 8,in the front rooms we have the #8dim1 religious light' that ,italians love2 here are silence1 except for the birds1 sunshine1 and flowers40 ,the front drawing-rooms were conventional1 but the sala and dining-room had a character quite new to the travellers4 ,the uncovered brick floors1 freshly sprinkled and swept2 the faded old screens of green silk or embroidered satin1 set in carved frames2 the tarnished gilt chairs with scarlet velvet cushions2 the large sofas1 and tables1 and cases of drawers1 all finely carved2 the walls almost entirely covered with old oil-paintings of every size1 some without frames1 some so dim that amid the haze of faded color a face would look forth1 or an arm be thrust out as from a cloud--all these made up a picture very different from the rich1 toned-down freshness of their ,new ,england home1 where they trod on velvet1 and would no more have admitted a chair of scarlet and gold than they would have allowed a curtain to hang after the sun had made a streak in it4 ,the girls were enchanted4 8,how delightfully dingy everything is60 ,isabel cried4 8,it's like grandmother's beautiful cashmere shawl that is a hundred years old40 ,and then the travellers were good enough to say that they were hungry1 and would not be displeased if luncheon should be very prompt at the hour of noon4 8,after this1 you see1 we shall sail right into your track without a break10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,your hours suit me perfectly2 and whether it should be luncheon or dinner at noon does not make the least difference to me at this season4 ,in cold weather ,i like a late dinner40 8,i think you will find the early dinner pleasanter in summer10 the ,signora said2 8that is1 if you rise early4 ,you will soon learn1 if you have not learned already1 to give up the heavy ,american breakfast1 and so will be hungry by noon4 ,that gives you the fresh of the morning free1 with little digestive work to dull your activity1 and the lovely evenings from five to eight or nine4 ,if you wish to go out romancing by moonlight1 the supper is just enough to content1 without clogging4 ,the next best plan is1 coffee on waking1 breakfast at ten1 and dinner at four or five after your nap4 ,i have tried all ways1 and settled on the first for this country4 ,of course it wouldn't answer for our indoor1 chilly life at the other side of the world40 8,i do not like a four or five o'clock dinner10 ,mr4 ,vane said with decision4 8,it is neither one thing nor the other2 and ,i hate to go from the bed to the dinner-table40 ,it was the ,signora's first house-keeping for any one but herself1 and she was full of a pleasant anxiety4 ,what solemn conferences she had with the donna1 what explanations1 what charges she gave6 ,and how learned she became in matters to which before she had not given a thought6 ,in such a dark and narrow street1 in a dingy little shop1 was to be found the best chocolate in ,rome4 ,in such another place1 where you would least expect1 they sold coffee of unimpeachable excellence1 which1 of course1 one had roasted and ground in one's own house4 ,another journey was made for tea4 ,she became an object of terror to sellers of meat and vegetables1 and fruit-venders trembled before her4 ,to witness the scorn with which she rejected apricots that had not the precise cloudless sunset tint1 peaches that were of a vulgar red and green complexion or too pale in hue1 mandarins not sufficiently loose of skin and flattened at the poles1 and grapes and figs that could not answer in the affirmative at least six stern questions1 one would have supposed that she must have been accustomed to such fruits as grew in the ,garden of ,eden4 ,as to wine1 the story of its getting was an admirable illustration of moral pulley-power4 ,a friend's friend's1 etc41 friend had two friends who owned vineyards and made wine1 and one was famous for his white and another for his red4 ,the first power in this machinery was a semi-weekly cup of tea which a certain respectable1 antique bachelor had taken regularly with the ,signora time out of mind1 and1 losing which1 his life would have been quite disjointed4 ,the flavor of the tea did not1 of course1 extend beyond him1 but it influenced certain favors in his power to grant1 which1 in turn1 moved the next wheel2 and so on1 quite in order1 till a way was made from certain cool grottos1 where the hoarded wines sparkled to themselves in the dark1 to the small dinner-table where our friends in the old ,roman house sat and sipped liquid rubies or sunshine for an absurdly small price considering the result4 8,but you are giving us too much of your time10 the ,vanes expostulated4 8,we cannot permit you to turn housekeeper for us4 ,how will you be able to write80 ,for the ,signora ,ottant'-otto was an authoress4 8,in the first flush of seeing you ,i could not content myself to write a line10 she said2 8and by the time ,i shall have become calm my machinery will be in working order4 ,after that nothing will be necessary but an occasional warning word or glance40 ,this conversation did not1 however1 take place till the end of the first week4 ,the first day the house-keeping seemed to have arranged itself without human intervention4 ,as they seated themselves at the luncheon-table the soft boom of the gun from ,st4 ,angelo proclaimed the hour of noon1 and immediately another booming1 as soft1 but more musical1 came from the near campanile of the ,liberian basilica1 where the great bell struck the ,angelus1 followed by all the bells in the tower in a festa ringing4 8,that is ,maria ,assunta and her four ladies of honor10 the ,signora said1 with all the pride of a proprietor4 8,i may as well tell you that they and the church they belong to are my one weakness in ,rome4 ,i have been up the campanile to visit those bells1 have read their inscriptions and touched their embossed sides1 even while they were being rung4 ,an ,italian boy who was with me exclaimed when ,i put my hand to the ringing rim of the great bell3 #8,e un peccato6 ,ha fatto tacere ,maria ,santissima6'0 ,they smiled and listened4 ,it pleased them to know what the ,signora liked and how she liked4 8,i remember the first time ,i saw that church10 she said1 pleased to go on4 8,it was my first ,christmas in ,rome1 and1 after having heard a ,mass at ,aurora1 ,i went out alone later1 to lose myself and see what ,i would come to4 ,i wandered into the long street that is now so familiar1 and saw the tip of a campanile peeping at me over the hill in front like a beckoning finger4 ,i followed1 and presently knew where ,i must be1 though ,i had carefully refrained from reading descriptions of anything4 ,the morning was fresh and clear1 but inside the church was quite dim1 except that the round window high up the eastern end of the nave was thrust through by a long bar of sunshine that looked as though it might make a hole for itself out the other end1 it was so live and solid4 ,i recollected pictures ,i had seen of the ,jewish tabernacle1 with the two bars by which it was carried1 or lifted1 and ,i said to myself1 ,suppose another gold bar should be put in1 and the whole church1 and all who are in it1 carried off over hill and dale1 and through the air to some ,promised ,land fairer than ,italy4 ,there was a man up outside who seemed to be afraid of such a catastrophe2 for he was struggling to draw together the two halves of a red curtain over the window4 ,it was not easy to do--,i presume he was resisted--but finally everything was shut out but a blush4 ,all that upper end of the nave was rosy1 and pink reflections ran along the inner sides of the two rows of white columns1 like ripples in water1 and faded at the grand altar they had strained to reach4 ,you could fancy they sighed with contentment when they did reach it4 ,the sacristy-bell rang for a ,mass beginning just as ,i entered1 and ,i took that as an indication that ,i was to go no further till ,i had heard it4 ,so ,i knelt close to the door in a little nook by the tribune4 ,the priest stopped at the altar in the very farthest corner4 ,i could see him between the columns1 and so far away that ,i could hardly know when he knelt or rose4 ,when the ,mass was over1 ,i seated myself where the bases of two columns before the ,borghese ,chapel form a grand marble throne1 and there ,i stayed the whole forenoon40 8,nothing strikes me more in ,catholic churches10 ,mr4 ,vane said1 8than to see a worshipper attending to the service from some far nook or corner1 with a crowd of people walking about between him and the altar4 ,you do not seem to think it necessary to be near the priest or hear what he is saying4 ,that is one great difference between you and ,protestants4 ,what their minister says is all4 ,though1 to be sure10 he added1 8one wouldn't always know what the priest were saying1 if one were close to him40 8,it isn't necessary as long as we know what he is doing10 the ,signora replied rather quickly4 8,besides1 ,catholics1 even uneducated ones1 do know very nearly the words he is speaking1 without hearing them4 ,it is a mistake constantly made by ,protestants to think that ,catholics do not understand1 because they themselves do not4 ,they forget that there is little variety in the service1 and that in all essential parts one ,mass is like all other ,masses4 ,an intelligent ,catholic1 whether he can read or not1 can tell you just what the priest is doing as far off as he can see him1 and knows just what prayers he should offer at the moment4 ,as for the priest or his assistant not speaking distinctly1 they often do1 oftener than not2 and when they do not1 it is not strange4 ,the same words1 repeated over and over again1 even when repeated with the whole heart1 have a tendency to become indistinct1 and to drop the consonants and keep only the vowels4 ,the torso of sound is all right40 8,like the foot of your bronze ,st4 ,peter1 worn smooth with oft-repeated1 fervent kisses10 the gentleman said1 with a gravity that hid a smile40 ,you may say that it has only the vowel shape of a foot1 the consonant angles quite kissed away40 ,the ,signora lifted her head a little1 and immediately changed the subject4 ,decidedly1 she thought1 it would be necessary to correct ,mr4 ,vane's conversation4 ,but it would not be pleasant to do so the first day4 ,they lingered at the table nearly an hour1 talking over old times and friends1 and who were dead and who were married2 till presently1 it having got buzzed about among the select number of flies in the room that there was fruit at hand1 they reminded the company to retire4 8,tea at five and supper at nine10 was the ,signora's parting reminder4 8,and now1 a pleasant rest to you60 ,,chapter ,,ii4 8,,ay ,,de ,,mi1 ,,alhama60 ,those who knew little or nothing of ,mr4 ,vane usually fancied that they knew him perfectly1 and were in the habit of describing him with epigrammatic brevity3 ,a kind1 honorable man1 indolent of mind and body1 very tolerant1 has no strong convictions1 and seems1 not so much to live1 as to be waiting to live1 and waiting quite comfortably--as if a fish out of water should find itself for a few days in wine and water4 ,those who knew him best hesitated to describe him2 but all agreed that he was kind and honorable4 ,we will not attempt any dissection of his character4 ,twenty-three years before we find him in ,rome he married a beautiful girl born in ,new ,orleans of ,spanish parents4 ,he had long admired her1 but had been kept at a distance by her coldness2 and when1 quite suddenly1 she consented to be his wife1 he could scarcely have told if his delight were greater than his surprise4 8,i do not love you10 she said with gentle calmness1 8but ,i esteem you1 and am prepared to do my duty as a wife4 ,i should have preferred not to marry2 but my parents desire that ,i should1 and1 as ,i am their only child1 ,i do not think it right to oppose their wishes40 ,it was scarcely an explanation to satisfy even an accepted lover1 and ,mr4 ,vane could not help asking if there were any one whom she preferred to him4 ,the answer was not prompt in coming1 and was given with great reserve1 though the lady showed neither confusion nor unwillingness to give it4 ,she thought gravely for a minute before speaking1 her fair1 quiet face all the time open to his study4 8,i have never had a lover10 she said then1 8and ,i have never wished to marry any one4 ,i have nothing to confess nor to repent of in this regard40 ,with this he had been obliged to content himself4 ,what unacknowledged maiden preference1 untouched by passion1 her words might have concealed1 if any such had been1 he could not ask and he never knew2 but gentle1 faithful1 prompt in every duty1 and sincerely desirous to render him happy as she was1 he always felt that there was an inner chamber in her heart where he had never penetrated1 and which she had even closed to her own eyes4 ,there was no appearance of concealment or conscious reserve1 no hidden pain1 but only a something wanting1 as if some delicate spring in her soul had been broken4 ,he had hoped to make her forget whatever shadow of regret her life might have known1 and to restore her to an elastic joyousness more suited to her age2 and1 in the earlier months of their married life1 finding his efforts vain1 he had broken out in some slight reproaches now and then4 ,but the blush of pain and alarm1 the anxious inquiries1 8,in what have ,i failed80 8,what have ,i done to displease you80 and the gayety she strove to assume for his pleasure1 made him regret his impatience4 ,tacitly he allowed her to renounce an affectation which was the first she had ever stooped to1 and1 as time passed on1 they settled into a friendly and undemonstrative intercourse4 ,isabel seemed to have drawn her disposition from this lively surface of her mother's briefly-troubled life2 but the younger showed something of that quiet melancholy which had succeeded4 ,mrs4 ,vane died when ,bianca was but six years old1 and her husband had never manifested any disposition to marry again1 seeming to be satisfied with the society of his children4 ,in religion the daughters followed their mother1 who had been a ,catholic4 ,the father was still ,protestant4 8,poor papa60 ,isabel said when speaking to a friend on the subject1 8he never will be persuaded to study theology4 ,the only way to attract him to a religion would be by the excellence of its professors2 and he protests that he sees no difference in people in general1 that he has no doubt the ,chinese have amiable qualities1 and that1 if he lived among the ,turks1 he should probably become very fond of them4 ,what can one do with such a man8 ,bring out all your hard little arguments and lay them down before him1 showing how perfectly they fit into the most beautiful mosaic for your side1 and he listens with the greatest attention1 then mixes them all up1 and rearranges them into an entirely different pattern for the opposite side1 and ends by declaring that both are true as far as they go4 ,you see1 he has spent his life with two excellent women1 one ,protestant and the other ,catholic--his mother and our mamma--and that has spoiled him for conversion4 ,i've often wished that dear grand-mamma had been the least bit of a vixen1 or had even taken snuff in her old age2 but she never did a thing to spoil the beautiful white halo about her1 and died at last as she had lived4 ,mamma went as the moon goes1 waning1 growing dimmer every day1 till you see it like a little silver cloud in the sky1 and then it is gone4 ,but grand-mamma seemed to look up suddenly1 and smile1 and disappear1 as if some one she thought the world of1 and hadn't seen for a long time1 had come and called her out of the room for a minute40 8,you ask what you are to do with such a man as your father10 her friend said4 8,i answer1 you can let him alone1 and ,i strongly advise you to do so4 ,he is quite capable of thinking and observing without being teased4 ,he leaves you free2 do the same by him40 8,i suppose ,i must10 the girl sighed unwillingly4 ,bianca1 who remembered her mother only as the little silver cloud fading in the sky1 had also her pretty tribute to pay to the grandmother1 who had not been many years dead4 8,of course we wished her to be a ,catholic10 she said2 8but no one could know her and doubt that she was good4 ,she did not believe our dogmas because she did not understand them1 but she never spoke an uncharitable word of us4 ,indeed1 ,i used to think that unconsciously she believed everything4 ,her religion was like a rose-bush on which only one rose bloomed out1 and that rose was ,christ4 ,all the rest were just buds with the smallest pink tips showing4 ,she was so dazzled and wondering over her wonderful one rose that she could not think of the others4 ,what a blossoming out there will be when she reaches heaven1 if she is not there already60 ,while we have been giving this little history1 casa ,ottant'-otto has been as tranquil as if it were mid-night instead of mid-day4 ,the rooms were perfectly dark1 except where a chink in the shutter or a loose hasp let in here and there a light too small to be called a ray1 which made a pale glow in one spot1 showing like a blotch on the darkness4 ,not a sound was heard within1 and scarcely a sound from without2 for1 early as it was in the season1 the street had its quiet hour1 and the birds1 the only noisy people on the garden side1 would no more have thought of singing at noon than of remaining silent in the morning4 ,but1 as the afternoon wore on1 something stirred on a red cushion in a corner of the dining-room4 ,it was a black cat1 called1 from its color1 the abate4 ,this member of the family rose1 stretched himself slowly1 first one side1 then the other1 opened his mouth in a portentous yawn1 and seemed to utter an inquiring 8,mew60 but1 what with sleepiness1 warmth1 and languor1 the sound was very nearly inaudible4 ,looking about1 he saw ,adriano1 the man-servant1 asleep in an arm-chair1 his head1 in a little scarlet cap with a tassel1 dropped on one shoulder1 his arms hanging down over the arms of the chair4 ,wakened1 perhaps1 by the glance1 the man opened his eyes1 gathered up his head and arms1 and began1 in turn1 to stretch himself out of sleep1 giving an audible yawn instead of a 8,mew40 ,the abate then exerted himself so far as to saunter to the threshold of the door looking into the kitchen4 ,annunciata1 who had placed her chair in a corner of the room in such a manner that the walls supported her while she slept1 was just stretching out one foot to pick up the sandal that had dropped off during her nap4 ,all this the cat saw1 doubtless4 ,it was too dark for any one else to see4 ,presently ,adriano opened a half shutter in the dining-room1 admitting a faint light2 then1 passing1 with slip-shod feet1 into the sala1 threw the windows wide open4 ,instantly all the bright out-doors1 which had been waiting to enter--sunshine1 perfume1 and west wind--rushed in together1 lit the gilding in a new glitter1 reddened the velvet again1 whitened the curtains and set them blowing about1 roused a hundred little winking mischiefs in the carvings1 and almost brought a smile into the many pictured faces on the walls that had been waiting so long in the dark with their eyes wide open4 ,after a little interval1 the ,signora came out of her room2 then ,isabel's bright face appeared4 8,i didn't believe ,i should sleep a wink on this first day10 she said2 8but ,i have slept the whole time4 ,one becomes accustomed to everything4 ,but where can ,bianca be8 ,i'm not at all sure she did right to go out alone1 and at this hour4 ,that girl does the most extraordinary things sometimes1 quiet as she seems4 ,i sometimes think1 ,signora1 that ,bianca has great force of will40 ,uttering this last remark1 the young woman looked at her friend as if she expected an astonished denial4 ,the ,signora1 on the contrary1 replied with a rather significant smile3 8,only #8sometimes1' my dear8 ,if your sister had a motive worthy1 her will would be strong enough to oppose the whole world40 8,bianca60 cried ,isabel in astonishment4 8,why1 she is the softest creature alive40 ,the ,signora was arranging tea-cups on a table drawn up before one of the large sofas1 and waited until her hands were free of them before replying1 as she wished to speak with emphasis4 8,do you think10 she said then1 8that it is only the positive1 opinionated women who have firmness of character8 ,my experience is that your women who are constantly driving and directing people in small things can almost always be themselves driven in great things1 while those who do not like to make a fuss about trifles will stand their ground when it comes to a matter of importance4 ,if the truth could be known1 ,i believe it would be found that the world's heroines of action and of suffering have been those same soft creatures in ordinary circumstances4 ,and here's the child now40 ,in fact1 the entrance-door opened at that moment from without1 and ,bianca ,vane came in with cheeks as red as roses4 ,she had begged the ,signora's permission to go out instead of going to bed1 promising to go no farther than ,santa ,maria ,maggiore1 which was but five minutes' walk from the house4 ,isabel looked at her sister very gravely while she stood pulling the great key out of the lock1 smiling to herself1 and tugging away with the softest1 prettiest hands in the world4 ,the elder sister had been accustomed to be called1 and to consider herself1 the stronger of the two1 and she was not altogether certain now that the ,signora had not been jesting4 ,the great ,italian key1 large enough for a prison1 was got out of the lock1 the door shut1 half by the wind and half by the lady1 with a force that made its three little bells and its two immense iron bolts rattle and ring1 and ,bianca went straight to the ,signora and kissed her--a somewhat unusual demonstration4 8,i've been so happy60 she whispered close to the cheek her lips had touched4 8,how beautiful it is6 ,you must let me have a #8weakness' for your church and its bells1 and all that belongs to it40 ,a nod and glance of intelligence were exchanged between the two1 and the girl went to take off her bonnet4 ,mr4 ,vane appeared at the same moment1 looking as if he had enjoyed a most satisfying nap1 and tea was prepared4 ,the ,signora and the two girls occupied the long red sofa1 over which1 on the wall1 a stately ,penelope1 seated among her maidens1 laid aside her often-ravelled web1 and earnestly regarded the ,ulysses whom she had not yet recognized1 but could not remove her eyes from4 ,at the other side of the table1 opposite them1 a high-backed1 ample chair had been placed for the gentleman of the family1 who seemed to feel himself very much at home4 8,has my little girl been asleep80 he asked1 looking at his younger daughter4 8,well1 no1 papa10 was the reply1 8but she has been dreaming40 ,no more questions were asked then4 ,mr4 ,vane was looking at the picture opposite him1 which had a very pleasant suggestion of perils and journeys over1 and happy reunion after long separation4 ,suddenly his glance dropped to the lady beneath1 went back to the picture1 and a second time sought the ,signora's face4 8,why10 he said1 8that ,penelope looks as though you had sat for her to a not very good artist40 ,the ,signora gave him his tea4 8,i assure you10 she said1 8that ,i never posed for that nor any other ,penelope during the whole course of my life4 ,the character doesn't suit me40 ,mr4 ,vane took his cup1 and studied over this little speech while he slowly stirred in his tea two cubes of sugar4 ,he had been quite correct in his remark4 ,the two faces were strikingly alike--fine in their oval shape1 with dark-blue eyes1 and a hint of yellow in the thick flaxen hair4 ,presently he looked up4 8,i can't guess10 he said4 ,the lady laughed4 8,when it is so plain8 ,well1 in the first place1 ,i am not so industrious2 in the next place1 ,i shouldn't have let ,ulysses go away without me2 in the third place1 ,i haven't the suitors2 and1 in the fourth place1 if ,i had had them1 ,i should have kept them in better order4 ,i think the places are all taken4 ,and now1 ,bianca has for a long time had something on her mind to say4 ,you have the floor1 my dear40 8,oh6 it's nothing10 ,bianca said2 8only if you are done talking about ,penelope1 ,i should like to give you all a piece of advice40 ,the company were unanimously anxious to hear4 ,gentle suggestions they often heard from this young lady2 but it was perhaps the first time they had ever heard her propose deliberately to give advice to any one1 and still less to a company of elders4 8,my advice is this10 she said3 8whenever any of you take your first walk in a strange city1 look at the house you live in before you go away from it1 and see how it is made1 and what number it is1 and make sure of the name of the street2 otherwise1 though you may find every place you do not want1 you may never find your own house again4 ,that's all ,i have to say40 8,excellent advice60 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,but may ,i ask what made you think of it just now80 8,first let me tell you a little story10 said ,bianca4 8,once upon a time a young woman ,i know went to live in a strange city where they spoke a language she did not understand4 ,the very first day1 almost the first hour1 she went out for a walk1 and went alone2 but her mind was so full of the place she was going to that she took no note of the place she was leaving4 ,no matter what a nice time she had before she started to return2 that doesn't belong to the story1 which is entirely tragical4 ,her troubles began when she thought that in two minutes she would be at her own door4 ,come to think about it1 she had no idea where her own door was1 in which of three or four radiating streets it was to be found1 or what the number of it was1 nor how it looked4 ,so she wandered up and down1 and to and fro1 in the hot sun1 and passed her home without recognizing it any more than the ,signora's portrait up there recognizes her husband2 and at last1 when she was just ready to cry1 and to believe that the house and everybody in it had been bewitched and whisked off to some other continent1 and that she had to go blowing about for ever in that lost way1 what do you think happened80 ,the story-teller had reason to be gratified by the expression of intense interest with which her audience waited for the catastrophe4 8,well10 she continued1 8this poor wanderer happened to glance up a house-front as she was passing1 and she saw out of a window a hand laid on the frame--just the hand of some one who stood inside4 ,it was very handsome and white1 and on one finger of it was a ring that she recognized4 ,and then the tears of sorrow that she was about to shed changed to tears of joy1 and she said3 #8,o darling hand of my papa1 with my own good-for-nothing cameo face on it--'0 ,and ,bianca finished her story by flying up out of her chair1 and rushing to hang on her father's shoulder1 and kiss the hand that had found her4 8,you don't mean to say that you have been out wandering about ,rome all alone60 ,mr4 ,vane exclaimed1 reddening4 8,i only went up to the ,liberian basilica10 she said2 8and it was an absurd thing in me1 getting lost4 ,you didn't imagine ,i was going properly to sleep my first day in ,rome1 did you8 ,you might as well have put a flame to bed1 and told it to shut its eyes40 ,as she spoke1 a dash of clear crimson stained her cheeks1 as if the juice of a ripe pomegranate had been flung over them1 and her head was raised quickly and with an air that was almost defiant1 though unconsciously so4 ,the ,signora had seen this gesture and blush once or twice before1 and thought she understood the meaning of them2 how the impassioned and enthusiastic nature hidden under that pensive softness and silence resented now and then the languid indifference of the father and the superficial positiveness of the sister1 and proudly asserted its own claim to an individual and untrammelled existence4 ,mr4 ,vane dropped his eyes1 and an expression of pain passed momentarily over his face4 ,he also had seen the look before--seen it in his wife's face as well as in his daughter's4 8,i do not mean to shut you up1 my dear10 he said gravely4 8,i only wish that you should come to no harm4 ,if you like to go about freely1 the ,signora can1 perhaps1 recommend a good1 trusty servant1 who will protect you without being intrusive40 ,she did not say a word1 only leaned close to him1 and laid her cheek1 still glowing red1 on his hair4 ,he smiled1 and spoke more lightly4 8,but ,i should like to have you go with me sometimes1 and kindle my fuel with your fires40 ,she embraced him silently and went back to her seat4 ,the ,signora smiled into her teacup over this little scene1 in which nothing had pleased her more than the sweet readiness of the father to be reconciled1 and his quick comprehension of the meaning of his daughter's mute caress4 8,he has certainly great delicacy and sensitiveness10 she thought4 8,i wonder if ,bianca and he may not be very much alike60 8,the chief danger in walking out in ,rome10 she said1 8is from the public carriages4 ,the traditions are evidently all in favor of those who drive1 not of those who walk1 and pedestrians have no rights which quadrupeds and the bipeds who drive them are bound to respect4 ,for the rest1 ,i have gone about a good deal alone1 and have had no more annoyance than ,i should have had in any other large city in the world4 ,of course young ,italian women have not so much liberty as we take2 but all sensible and honest people here understand that foreigners do not cross land and sea1 and come to the most famous city in the world1 in order to shut themselves up in houses2 and1 moreover1 that it may well be inconvenient sometimes to find an escort4 ,i told ,bianca that she could go up to the church as well as not1 but must go no further4 ,it was stupid of me not to warn her of losing her way back4 ,and10 she added1 with a sudden change1 8it was still more stupid of me not to recollect the difference between ,american and ,italian bread4 ,you poor child60 ,for she had caught sight of ,isabel getting quite red in the face over a roll she was trying to break4 8,they do bake their bread so hard here and in ,france10 the girl sighed1 giving up the attempt in despair4 8,in ,paris ,i could throw our rolls all about the room without injuring anything but the furniture4 ,i didn't make the smallest dent in the bread40 ,the ,signora promised them the most ,american of bread for the future1 but added3 8,i have become so accustomed to this hard baking that ,i had forgotten all about the difference4 ,in time you will come to prefer it1 and to find that the lighter baking will taste raw to you4 ,indeed1 you will adopt a good many ,italian customs in regard to eating1 which1 so far as concerns health1 ,i think they understand better than any other nation4 ,their prohibitions you must certainly attend to1 however unreasonable they may seem to you2 but you are not obliged to eat what they like4 ,the first year ,i came here ,i broke a tooth trying to eat a piece of cake they brought me on ,christmas ,eve4 ,they said it was their custom to eat it at that season1 and ,i obeyed dutifully4 ,it is dark1 a caricature of our fruit-cake1 and seems to be made of nuts and raisins1 held together by a tough1 dry paste4 ,it was like a piece out of a badly-macadamized street4 ,fortunately1 ,i broke only one tooth1 and that saved my stomach2 for ,i do not know what would have become of me if ,i had swallowed the stuff40 ,mr4 ,vane gave a significant 8,ahem60 8,i should have supposed10 he remarked1 8that any one who had swallowed the ,infalli--0 8,papa60 cried ,isabel1 making a peremptory gesture to silence him4 8--bility--0 he pursued calmly4 8,o papa60 said ,bianca1 with soft entreaty4 ,he winced1 but finished--8ought to be able to digest anything that ,rome can offer40 ,the two girls looked at the ,signora4 ,they knew her rather better than their father did4 ,she was folding her napkin up very carefully1 and considering4 ,after a minute1 still smoothing the damask folds1 she spoke4 8,i have always thought it wrong to ridicule even a false religion4 ,when ,i think that on the poor crumbling mythologies of the world the souls of men have tried to climb to such a heaven as they had glimpses of1 or were capable of imagining1 their mistakes become to me sad1 or terrible--anything but laughable4 ,one doesn't laugh at sight of a rotten plank that broke in the hands of a drowning man4 ,and if falsehood1 when human prayers have been breathed on it1 and human tears shed on it1 and human hearts have clung to it1 believing it to be truth1 is something no longer to be ridiculed1 how much more should we treat the truth seriously6 ,the dogma of ,infallibility was the anchor the church dropped when she saw the storm coming1 and it is probable that before we shall have peace again we may hang for a time on that one rope4 ,nothing in revelation is more serious to me40 ,she rose1 without giving any opportunity for reply1 and without looking at any one4 8,if you like1 we will prepare for a drive10 she added1 and left the room quietly4 ,but in spite of the calmness with which she spoke the ,signora was much agitated1 and scarcely refrained from tears when she was alone4 ,to give such a reproof was only less difficult than to suffer an affront to the church to pass unreproved2 and it was with a little nervousness that she went out to meet her guest again4 ,he was in the drawing-room alone1 evidently waiting for her1 and the first glance in his face entirely reassured her1 so sweet and untroubled was his expression4 8,i am like a great rough elephant who has stepped on the kind lady who was feeding him with sugarplums10 he said1 and offered his hand to her with a confidence in her good-will which was almost more pleasing than her confidence in his4 ,and so ended their first and last quarrel4 ,the girls1 who came presently1 with a little timidity1 beamed when they saw the two standing by a window and watching the work going on across the street4 ,all the space there had once been a palace-garden1 but now nearly every flowery thing had disappeared1 and in their place the foundations of a large building were being laid in a superbly solid way4 ,wide walls of stone1 on which three men could walk abreast1 had in some places risen a few feet above the outer level1 their bases sunk ten feet1 perhaps1 below the deep cellar bottom1 and the trenches for founding the partition-walls were being dug in the same manner4 ,they could see1 too1 the beginning of the grand stone arches which were to support the floors4 ,an ,italian would have passed all this without notice2 but to one accustomed to the flimsy style of ,american architecture the sight was refreshing4 ,in the centre of the space the building was to occupy still remained a fountain-basin from which the water had been drawn away1 exposing a circle of beautiful round arches of gray stone4 ,under these arches the workmen were accustomed to take refuge when a shower came up1 crouching there contentedly1 and looking out at the bright drops as they fell1 like swallows out of a row of nests under the barn-eaves4 8,i have wondered whether there ever before was a house on this spot10 the ,signora said4 8,if there were1 a garden has bloomed over it for centuries1 as1 perhaps1 at some future time1 another garden will cover the ruins of this work of to-day4 ,a few months ago some flowers still lingered here1 but they were trampled or dug away1 till at last only one red poppy was left at the edge of the cellar-wall4 ,i watched it day after day1 blazing there like a heart on fire4 ,every morning ,i looked out ,i feared to miss it2 but there it clung among trampling feet of men and beasts1 with stone-work being built almost over it1 and every sort of destruction threatening1 but never falling4 ,when nearly a week had passed1 ,i could bear it no longer4 ,if at that time ,i had seen a foot set upon1 or a rock crushing1 the flower1 ,i should have cried out as though ,i were myself being crushed4 ,i sent ,adriano out to get it for me1 and pressed it carefully in the prettiest book ,i have--the brave little blossom6 ,here it is1 see6 ,the thin petals are like faded blood-stains1 but the seed-vessel in the centre is firm1 and precisely like a little marble urn with a mossy vine wreathing its base and running up one side4 ,in that urn repose the dust and the hope of a long line of scarlet poppies40 ,the gentleman listened indulgently to the ,signora's story1 and watched her with interest as she put the relic carefully away4 ,and then they went down to the carriage that was waiting for them1 and drove through the long street that stretches over hill and valley from the ,esquiline to the ,pincio1 so that one looks1 as through a telescope1 from the sunny brow of the former to the campanile where ,maria ,assunta and her maidens 8,sprinkle with holy sounds the air1 as the priest with the hyssop ,sprinkles the congregation1 and scatters blessings upon them40 ,some one has said of this street that it is like a boa-constrictor after it has swallowed an ox and stretched itself out to digest him1 and the ,quirinal ,hill is the ox4 ,all the world was out that evening1 and even the most insensible promenader spared a glance for the sky4 ,it was ,roman form with ,gothic colors1 the round arch of the heavens a pale1 pure gold1 bright1 yet tender as a flower1 and against that background1 less like a city than like an embossed picture1 ,rome1 with its great cupola1 its crowded beauties of architecture1 its pines and its cypresses4 ,of the personages1 more or less distinguished1 in the circle of carriages behind them1 the new-comers took but little note4 ,the old papal picture1 with its cardinals' coaches and its prelates' costumes1 was effaced1 and there was nothing in the human part of the scene more striking than the last ,paris fashions--as if some tyro with his coarse brush should paint over a ,titian4 ,if one should seek for royalty in that crowd1 he would not find the angelic old king1 clothed in white1 as if already among the blest1 beaming on all the faces turned toward him1 and giving benediction right and left as he went4 ,in place of that might be seen to pass a brutal face1 with the color of one half-strangled1 with upturned nose and curled-up moustache1 and with eyes whose glances no respectable woman would encounter4 ,the ,roman people used to say1 8,when the pope comes out1 the sun comes out02 but no such shining proverb was suggested by this dark and forbidding face4 ,the ,signora1 looking with her friends1 seemed herself to behold ,rome for the first time1 and to see in swift contrast both present and past4 ,was it past1 indeed1 and for ever1 that dominion of centuries1 around which had gathered a glory so unique8 ,she stretched her hands out involuntarily1 and sighed in the song of the vanquished ,moors3 8,ay de mi1 ,alhama60 ,mr4 ,vane turned to her rather suddenly4 8,i have great confidence in your sincerity10 he said1 8and ,i believe that you who know the truth need not fear4 ,now1 setting aside the questions of the right of the church to possess ,rome1 and the need she has of it as a base of operations1 and the fact that the great functions are no longer performed1 tell me1 do you really regret the old time80 8,you are setting aside a great deal10 she said smilingly2 8but ,i answer you yes with all my heart4 ,rome has lost in every way4 ,there seems no longer in the world a place for tired people to come to4 ,all is hurry1 and fret1 and fuss2 and comfort is gone4 ,has it ever occurred to you to think that many people1 especially in progressive countries1 inflict an immense deal of discomfort on themselves and others in striving for what they call the comforts of life1 losing with one hand what they gain with the other8 ,the contented spirit is gone1 the quiet1 the patience1 the simplicity1 the charity4 ,poverty was never before unpitied in ,rome1 and now the poor not only beg1 they starve4 ,they never starved in the old time4 ,i would not undervalue the improvements of modern science--,i am proud of them2 but they are not all1 nor the greatest1 glories of life4 ,such of them as suited the place would have come in gently and gradually1 without disturbing anything4 ,they have been brought in at the point of the bayonet1 and the bayonet-point has been left in them4 ,we still feel it4 ,i sometimes pity these progressionists1 who are often1 no doubt1 sincere in their hopes and aspirations1 as well as immensely conceited at the same time4 ,they feel the pains of life for themselves and for others1 and they fancy that they have found a new solution for the problem that the church solved centuries ago1 and that they can have heaven let down to them1 instead of having the trouble of climbing to it4 ,it's a pitiful thing to dedicate one's life to a great mistake4 ,yes1 ,rome is spoilt1 looking at it from a philanthropic as well as from an artistic and a religious point of view40 8,it was here ,lucullus gave his famous supper10 ,isabel said1 glancing back at the gardens4 8,was that what is called the most costly supper ever given8 ,i forget40 ,bianca clasped the ,signora's arm and whispered against her shoulder3 8,we know a costlier one1 don't we80 8,speak1 darling60 was the answering whisper4 8,where the ,host gave himself1 and made the feast eternal40 ,after a few minutes they looked round to find the drive almost deserted1 and1 entering their carriage1 drove slowly homeward1 making a few little turns in the neighborhood to familiarize the new-comers with the location of the house4 ,the ,ave ,maria was ringing from all the belfries1 great and small1 from storied campanile1 and little arches set against the sky2 workmen and workwomen were going homeward1 and windows were everywhere being shut on the beautiful twilight1 whose air the ,italians so fear4 ,they went up to the sala1 and1 albeit with a sigh1 shut out the west with its crescent now triumphant1 and all the sweetness of orange and jasmine flowers1 and all the twitter of subsiding birds4 8,i think10 the ,signora said1 8that the ,roman past wishes1 to monopolize the ,roman nights1 and that the unhealthy air we fear is nothing but the breath of ghosts who do not desire our company out of doors4 ,but it's a pity1 besides being very disagreeable of them40 ,annunciata brought in a lamp1 and said 8,buona sera60 in setting it down4 8,they always wish you buona sera when they bring the lamp1 and felice or felicissima notte when they leave you for the night10 the ,signora said4 8,impatient as ,i am with them sometimes1 they constantly conciliate me by some pretty custom4 ,i followed one of these customs this morning--a beautiful one1 too4 ,it is this3 ,when a priest says his first ,mass1 any one who will may follow him to the sacristy1 and kiss his hand in the palm and at the back4 ,isn't it beautiful8 ,a young priest from one of the colleges said his first ,mass in the ,borghese chapel this morning4 ,an elder priest1 whom they call in such cases the padrino or god-father1 stood by him1 and two young fellow-students served the ,mass1 one of them receiving ,holy ,communion4 ,when it was over1 ,i begged and received permission to kiss the sacred hand that had just consecrated and touched the ,holy ,eucharist for the first time40 ,they were a little tired that evening1 and separated very soon after supper4 ,the father went to his room1 ,isabel to hers1 and1 after their doors had closed1 the ,signora stole to ,bianca's to give her one good-night kiss1 and found her just kneeling by her bedside4 ,the girl gave a tearful smile over her shoulder1 but did not rise4 8,felicissima notte60 said her friend1 and1 embracing1 left her to the care of the angels4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,irish ,,home-,,rule ,,movement4 ,,ii4 ,whatever the ultimate fate and fortunes of the ,irish ,home-,rule movement may be1 it must be conceded that the projectors of no other political endeavor witnessed in ,ireland for a century past took greater pains than did its founders to constitute the undertaking as the work1 not of a party or a section or a class1 but of the whole nation4 ,for three years1 from #ahgj to #ahgc1 the organization had existed in the precursory or preliminary character described in the last number of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,signs which could not be misread had1 with increasing frequency and force1 proclaimed that even already it might well1 without presumption1 adopt a more authoritative tone2 but to the men who guided its counsels1 these things spoke only of the moment come at last for submitting their work to formal ratification or rejection by the country4 ,in what manner1 or by what means1 could the opinions of the ,irish people best be collected or ascertained for such a purpose8 ,by the formal and regular1 open1 public1 and free election of parochial1 baronial1 or county delegates to a national convention1 of course4 ,but there is a law which forbids such a proceeding in ,ireland4 ,delegates may be elected1 and may sit1 deliberate1 vote1 and act1 in convention assembled1 in ,england1 ,scotland1 or ,wales2 but if such a proceeding were attempted in ,ireland the parties would be liable to imprisonment4#afa ,a formal election of delegates to a national convention being therefore impracticable1 what course would be deemed next best8 ,only by indirect means could the results which such a convention would directly supply be replaced4 ,the votes of the parliamentary representatives would have been an excellent test of the public feeling1 had those representatives been elected by such free choice as the present system of vote by ballot secures in ,ireland4 ,but in #ahgc it was only at desperate cost the ,irish constituencies could venture to exercise the franchise as conscience dictated4 ,the votes of municipal representatives1 and other popularly elected public bodies1 would come next in importance1 yet these were amenable to a similar objection2 although1 as a matter of fact1 a vast proportion 7probably a large majority7 of those representatives1 even in #ahgc1 would vote a protest against the rule of the ,english ,parliament4 ,summoning classes1 as classes1 to sit in ,dublin as a national council was not to be listened to4 ,for a long period these were the questions1 the perplexing problems1 which1 adjourned from meeting to meeting1 occupied the ,home ,government ,council4 ,at length they decided that there was nothing for it but to convene by a great ,national ,requisition1 which should be a sort of plbiscite or declaration in itself1 an aggregate conference of delegates or 8deputations0 from every county in ,ireland4 ,it was urged by some that the requisition should be an 8open0 one--merely calling upon the conference to discuss the ,irish situation2 but this view gave way before the advantage of making the requisition itself a more or less decisive pronouncement from the thousands of influential and patriotic ,irishmen who could not1 from one reason or another1 be actually present in ,dublin4 ,the form of the document was1 in fact1 decided only after consultation with at least a few of the most prominent men in each of the various sections of national politicians3 ,repealers1 ,conservative ,nationalists1 8,forty-eight-men10 ,o',connellites1 ,mitchelites1 ,fenians1 ,liberals1 etc4 ,the well-known veteran ,repealer1 ,o',neill ,daunt1 proceeded to ,tuam specially charged to seek the counsel and co-operation of the great man whose name alone it was felt would be equivalent to national approval--the illustrious ,dr4 ,mc,hale1 8,archbishop of the ,west40 ,if any one living could be fairly assumed to speak as ,o',connell himself would speak if now alive1 8,john ,mc,hale0 was the man4 ,he was the old ,repeal cause personified4#afb ,mr4 ,daunt returned to ,dublin bearing the news that not only did the archbishop approve1 but that he would himself head the requisition4 ,the announcement was hailed with cheers1 like the tidings of some great victory4 ,a few days later1 accordingly1 the following form of requisition was circulated for signature3 8,we1 the undersigned1 feel bound to declare our conviction that it is necessary to the peace and prosperity of ,ireland1 and would be conducive to the strength and stability of the ,united ,kingdom1 that the right of domestic legislation on all ,irish affairs should be restored to our country2 and that it is desirable that ,irishmen should unite to obtain that restoration upon the following principles3 8,to obtain for our country the right and privilege of managing our own affairs1 by a ,parliament assembled in ,ireland1 composed of ,her ,majesty the ,sovereign1 and the lords and commons of ,ireland4 8,to secure for that ,parliament1 under a federal arrangement1 the right of legislating for and regulating all matters relating to the internal affairs of ,ireland1 and control over ,irish resources and revenues1 subject to the obligation of contributing our just proportion of the imperial expenditure4 8,to leave to an ,imperial ,parliament the power of dealing with all questions affecting the imperial crown and government1 legislation regarding the colonies and other dependencies of the crown1 the relation of the united empire with foreign states1 and all matters appertaining to the defence and the stability of the empire at large4 8,to obtain such an adjustment of the relations between the two countries without any interference with the prerogatives of the crown1 or any disturbance of the principles of the constitution4 8,and we hereby invite a conference1 to be held at such time and place as may be found generally most convenient1 of all those favorable to the above principles1 to consider the best and most expedient means of carrying them into practical effect40 ,it was expected that probably between five and ten thousand signatures might be obtained to this document among the influential political classes in ,ireland1 rendering it the largest and most notable array of the kind ever seen in the country4 ,in a few weeks1 however1 nearly twenty-five thousand names of what may truly be called 8representative men0 were appended to it6 ,only those who were in ,ireland at the time can know what a sensation was created by the appearance of the leading ,dublin newspapers one day with four or five pages of each devoted to what could be after all only a portion of this monster requisition4 ,not only was every county represented1 nearly every barony had sent its best and worthiest men4 ,although most amazement was at the time created by the array of what was termed 8men of position10 the promoters of the movement valued even more the names of certain men in middle and humble life1 town traders1 tenant-farmers1 artisans1 and others1 who were well known to be the men in each locality most trusted by their own class4 ,of magistrates1 members of ,parliament1 peers 7a few71 bishops1 clergymen 7,protestant as well as ,catholic71 mayors1 sheriffs1 municipal representatives1 town-commissioners1 poor-law guardians1 there were altogether literally thousands4 ,so general a mingling of classes and creeds and political sections had never before been known 7on a scale of such magnitude7 in ,ireland4 ,yet no effort had been made to collect signatures after the fashion of petition-signing4 ,the object was to seek a half-dozen names of really representative men from each district1 and these were applied for through the post-office4 ,in nearly every case the document1 when returned signed by a score or two1 was accompanied by a letter stating that as many thousands of signatures from that district would have been forwarded if necessary4 ,tuesday1 the #ahth of ,november1 #ahgc1 was the date publicly fixed for the conference1 which was convened 8to meet from day to day until its proceedings are concluded40 ,as the day approached1 the most intense interest and curiosity were excited by the event1 not merely in ,dublin and throughout ,ireland1 but all over ,great ,britain4 ,the great circular hall of the ,rotunda was transformed into the semblance of a legislative chamber1 the attendant suite of apartments being converted into division lobbies1#afc dining-rooms1 writing-rooms1 etc41 while the handsome gallery which sweeps around the hall was set apart for spectators4 ,the ,english newspapers seemed much troubled by all this4 ,they did not like that ,ireland should in any shape or form take to 8playing at parliament10 as they sneeringly expressed it2 and this conference affair was vividly1 dangerously suggestive to the 8too imaginative0 ,irish4 ,there was1 however1 they declared1 one consolation for them3 out of evil would come good2 this same conference would effectually cure the ,irish of any desire for a native parliament1 and show the world how unfit were ,hibernians for a separate legislature4 ,because 7so declared and prophesied the ,english papers from day to day7 before the conference would be three hours in session1 there would be a 8,donnybrook row02 fists would be flourished and heads broken2 ,old ,irelanders and ,young ,irelanders1 ,repealers and ,federalists1 ,fenians and ,home-,rulers1 would1 it was declared1 8fly at one another's throats40 ,at least a dozen ,english editors simultaneously hit upon the witty joke about 8the ,kilkenny cats40 ,this sort of 8prophesying0 went on with such suspicious energy1 as the day neared for the meeting of the conference1 that it began to be surmised the government party was meditating an attempt to verify it4 ,signs were not wanting that wily and dexterous1 as well as pecuniary1 efforts were being made to incite dissent and disturbance4 ,admittance to the conference was obtainable by any one who had signed the requisition1 on recording his name and address2 and it was quite practicable for a few government emissaries1 by pretending to be very 8advanced0 ,nationalists1 uncompromising ,repealers or anti-tory ,catholics1 to get up flourishing disputations and 8rows40 ,indeed1 anxiety1 if not apprehension1 on this score seemed to prevail to some degree on the eve of the #ahth4 ,would there be 8splits10 would there be discord and turbulence and impossibility of reconcilement1 or would there be order and decorum1 earnest debate1 but harmonious spirit and action8 ,all felt that the event at hand was one of critical importance to ,ireland4 ,for four days--the #ahth1 #aith1 #bjth1 and #bast of ,november1 #ahgc--the conference continued in session1 sitting each day at eleven o'clock in the morning1 and adjourning at six o'clock in the afternoon4 ,the number of 8delegates0 was #idg2afd and the daily attendance at each sitting averaged about six hundred4 ,fortunately1 an authentic record was taken of the composition of the assembly2 and it is only on glancing over the names and addresses of those nine hundred gentlemen that a full conception of its character can be formed4 ,one of the most notable features in the scene1 one that called forth much public comment as an indication of the deep public interest felt in the proceedings1 was the crowded gallery of ladies and gentlemen who1 having succeeded in obtaining admission-cards1 day by day sat out the debates1 listening with eager attention to all that went forward4 ,the pressure for these admission-cards increased each day1 and at the final sitting1 on the #bast1 it was found impossible to seat the hundreds of visitors who filled the avenues to the gallery4 ,there was much speculation as to who would be selected as chairman of the convention4 ,the choice when made known called forth universal approbation4 ,it was ,mr4 ,william ,shaw1 ,member of ,parliament for the borough of ,bandon1#afe a ,protestant gentleman of the highest position and reputation1 a banker 7president of the ,munster ,bank71 a man of large wealth1 of grave and undemonstrative manner1 but of great depth and quiet force of character4 ,he was one of the last men in ,ireland who would answer the description of an 8,irish agitator0 as ,english artists draw the sketch4 ,he was one who had everything to lose and nothing to gain by 8revolution10 yet he had early joined the movement for ,irish self-government1 declaring that he did so as a business man having a large stake in the prosperity of the country1 and because he saw that the present system was only the 8pretence of a government0 for ,ireland4 ,naturally the chief event of the first day's sitting was ,mr4 ,butt's great speech or opening statement on the whole case4 ,it was a masterly review of the question of ,irish legislative independence1 and a powerful vindication of the federal adjustment now under consideration4 ,he went minutely and historically into every fact and circumstance and every element of consideration1 making his address rather a great argument than an oratorical display4 ,at the close1 however1 when he came to tell how he himself had been led into this movement--how it began1 how it had grown1 till now he surrendered it into their keeping--his voice trembled with emotion4 8,state trials were not new to me10 he exclaimed3 8,twenty years before ,i stood near ,smith ,o',brien when he braved the sentence of death which the law pronounced upon him4 ,i saw ,meagher meet the same1 and ,i then asked myself this3 #8,surely the state is out of joint1 surely all our social system is unhinged1 when men like ,o',brien and ,meagher are condemned to a traitor's doom8' ,years passed away1 and once more ,i stood by men who had dared the desperate enterprise of freeing their country by revolt4''' ,i heard their words of devotion to their country as with firm step and unyielding heart they left the dock1 and went down the dark passage that led them to the place where all hope closed upon them1 and ,i asked myself again3 #8,is there no way to arrest this8 ,are our best and bravest spirits ever to be carried away under this system of constantly-resisted oppression and constantly-defeated revolt8 ,can we find no means by which the national quarrel that has led to all these terrible results may be set right8' ,i believe1 in my conscience1 we have found it4 ,i believe that ,england has now the opportunity of adjusting the quarrel of centuries4 ,let me say it--,i do so proudly--that ,i was one of those who did something in this cause4 ,over a torn and distracted country--a country agitated by dissension1 weakened by distrust--we raised the banner on which we emblazoned the magic words1 #8,home ,rule4' ,we raised it with feeble hand4 ,tremblingly1 with hesitation1 almost stealthily1 we unfurled that banner to the breeze4 ,but wherever the legend we had emblazoned on its folds was seen the heart of the people moved to its words1 and the soul of the nation felt their power and their spell4 ,those words were passed from man to man along the valley and the hillside4 ,everywhere men1 even those who had been despairing1 turned to that banner with confidence and hope4 ,thus far we have borne it4 ,it is for you now to bear it on with more energy1 with more strength1 and with renewed vigor4 ,we hand it over to you in this gathering of the nation4 ,but1 oh6 let no unholy hands approach it4 ,let no one come to the help of our country1 #8,or dare to lay his hand upon the ark ,of her magnificent and awful cause' who is not prepared never1 never to desert that banner till it flies proudly over the portals of that #8old house at home'--that old house which is associated with memories of great ,irishmen1 and has been the scene of many glorious triumphs4 ,even while the blaze of those glories is at this moment throwing its splendor over the memory of us all1 ,i believe in my soul that the parliament of regenerated ,ireland will achieve triumphs more glorious1 more lasting1 more sanctified and holy1 than any by which her old parliament illumined the annals of our country and our race4 ,as his last words died away the assemblage1 rising as one man1 burst into cheers long protracted1 and it was only after several minutes that order was restored4 ,mr4 ,butt had spoken to a complete series of resolutions1 which he now submitted to the conference2 he concluded by formally moving the first of them3 8,i4 ,that1 as the basis of the proceedings of this conference1 we declare our conviction that it is essentially necessary to the peace and prosperity of ,ireland that the right of domestic legislation on all ,irish affairs should be restored to our country40 ,it was seconded by ,mr4 ,joseph ,p4 ,ronayne1 ,m4,p4 for ,cork ,city1 a man as honest and as just as ,aristides2 an 8advanced ,nationalist10 one in whose honor1 sincerity1 and earnestness ,fenians and non-,fenians alike implicitly confided4 8,i did not take part10 he said1 8in public life for the last twenty years1 and ,i hesitated a long time before joining the ,home-,rule movement4 ,i was a simple ,repealer1 when simple ,repeal was the form in which ,ireland demanded the restitution of her nationality4 ,i was a rebel in '#dh40 ,after this manly avowal of his position ,mr4 ,ronayne closed a brief but forcible speech as follows3 8,i have no quarrel with the ,english people2 their sins against ,ireland are sins of ignorance1 not of intention4 ,our quarrel is with the government1 and against the system which has prevailed ever since ,england claimed possession of this country4 ,the measure of ,mr4 ,butt will solve the difficulties of the situation4 ,i think we will maintain what is the sentiment of the ,irish people--what they contended for with ,england when ,england and ,ireland were ,catholic1 as well as when ,england and ,ireland were ,protestant and ,catholic--that is1 the nationality of ,ireland4 ,and ,i see no way but that proposed by ,mr4 ,butt by which this great end can be obtained1 consistently with the maintenance of friendly relations between the two countries40 ,a still more important announcement1 from what is called the 8,nationalist0 as well as the ,repeal point of view1 was made by the next speaker1 ,mr4 ,john ,martin1 ,m4,p41 who moved the second resolution4 ,he1 too1 avowed himself by preference a ,repealer1 and every one knew he had been a martyr1 prisoner1 and exile for his share in the events of '#dh4 ,but in language strong1 clear1 and decisive he gave his approval to the ,home-,rule scheme3 8,because ,i believe that this measure of home government1 this new arrangement of the relations between the two countries1 will operate sufficiently for the interests--for all the interests--of the ,irish people2 because ,i think1 if carried into effect according to the principles enunciated in these resolutions1 it will be honorable to the ,irish nation1 it will be consistent with the dignity of the ,irish nation1 and it will be safe for all its interests2 and also because1 as to so much of the rights and prerogatives of the ,irish nation as are by this scheme of ,home ,rule to be left under the jurisdiction of an imperial parliament1 in which we shall be represented1 ,i consider that those are only the same rights and attributes that1 under the old system1 were practically left together to the control of the ,english ,parliament and the ,english ,privy ,council and ministry40 ,the full report of the proceedings at this conference1 compiled from the daily newspapers and published by the ,home-,rule ,league1 is one of the most interesting publications of a political character issued in ,ireland for many years4 ,the speakers exhibited marked ability1 and they represented every phase of ,irish national opinion4 ,there was very earnest debate2 amendments were moved and discussed2 points were raised1 contested1 decided4 ,but the great fact that astounded the outside public1 and utterly confounded the prophetic ,english journalists1 was that1 warm1 protracted1 and severe as were some of the discussions1 free and full interchange of opinion in every instance sufficed to bring about conviction1 and settled every issue without resort to a poll of votes4 ,every resolution was carried unanimously1#aff and on no question1 from first to last1 was there need to take a division4 8,it is not like ,ireland at all10 said an astonished critic4 8,what on earth has become of our traditional contentiousness and discord80 ,the following were the principal resolutions of the conference1 besides the first1 already quoted above3 ,moved by ,mr4 ,john ,martin1 ,m4,p4 7,meath71 and seconded by ,mr4 ,roland ,ponsonby ,blennerhassett1 ,m4,p4 7,kerry73 8,that1 solemnly reasserting the inalienable right of the ,irish people to self-government1 we declare that the time1 in our opinion1 has come when a combined and energetic effort should be made to obtain the restoration of that right40 ,moved by the ,mayor of ,cork 7,mr4 ,john ,daly71 seconded by the ,hon4 ,charles ,french1 ,m4,p4 7,roscommon1 brother of ,lord de ,freyne73 8,that1 in accordance with the ancient and constitutional rights of the ,irish nation1 we claim the privilege of managing our own affairs by a parliament assembled in ,ireland1 and composed of the sovereign1 the lords1 and the commons of ,ireland40 ,moved by the ,rev4 ,joseph ,a4 ,galbraith1 ,f4,t4,c4,d41 ,trinity ,college1#afg and seconded by the ,rev4 ,thomas ,o',shea1 ,p4,p4 7the celebrated 8,father ,tom ,o',shea10 of the ,tenant ,league73 8,that1 in claiming these rights and privileges for our country1 we adopt the principle of a federal arrangement1 which would secure to the ,irish parliament the right of legislating for1 and regulating all matters relating to1 the internal affairs of ,ireland1 while leaving to the imperial ,parliament the power of dealing with all questions affecting the imperial crown and government1 legislation regarding the colonies and other dependencies of the crown1 the relations of the empire with foreign states1 and all matters appertaining to the defence and stability of the empire at large1 as well as the power of granting and providing the supplies necessary for imperial purposes40 ,moved by ,sir ,joseph ,neale ,mc,kenna1 and seconded by ,mr4 ,mc,carthy ,downing1 ,m4,p4 7,cork ,county73 8,that such an arrangement does not involve any change in the existing constitution of the imperial ,parliament or any interference with the prerogatives of the crown or disturbance of the principles of the constitution40 ,moved by ,sir ,john ,gray1 ,m4,p4 7,kilkenny71 and seconded by ,mr4 ,d4 ,m4 ,o',conor1 ,m4,p4 7,roscommon1 brother of the ,o',conor ,don73 8,that1 to secure to the ,irish people the advantages of constitutional government1 it is essential that there should be in ,ireland an administration of ,irish affairs1 controlled1 according to constitutional principles1 by the ,irish parliament1 and conducted by ministers constitutionally responsible to that ,parliament40 ,moved by ,mr4 ,mitchell ,henry1 ,m4,p4 7,galway71 and seconded by ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,o',neill ,daunt1 ,kilcaskan ,castle1 ,county ,cork3 8,that1 in the opinion of this conference1 a federal arrangement1 based upon these principles1 would consolidate the strength and maintain the integrity of the empire1 and add to the dignity and power of the imperial crown40 ,moved by ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,redmond1 ,m4,p4 7,wexford71 and seconded by ,mr4 ,edmond ,dease1 ,m4,p4 7,queen's ,county73 8,that1 while we believe that in an ,irish parliament the rights and liberties of all classes of our countrymen would find their best and surest protection1 we are willing that there should be incorporated in the federal constitution articles supplying the amplest guarantees that no change shall be made by that parliament in the present settlement of property in ,ireland1 and that no legislation shall be adopted to establish any religious ascendency in ,ireland1 or to subject any person to disabilities on account of his religious opinions40 ,moved by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,doran1 ,t4,c4 7,queenstown71 and seconded by ,mr4 ,john ,o',connor ,power 7,tuam73 8,that this conference cannot separate without calling on the ,irish constituencies at the next general election to return men earnestly and truly devoted to the great cause which this conference has been called to promote1 and who1 in any emergency that may arise1 will be ready to take counsel with a great national conference1 to be called in such a manner as to represent the opinions and feelings of the ,irish nation2 and that1 with a view of rendering members of ,parliament and their constituencies more in accord on all questions affecting the welfare of the country1 it is recommended by this conference that at the close of each session of ,parliament the representatives should render to their constituents an account of their stewardship40 ,moved by ,mr4 ,george ,l4 ,bryan1 ,m4,p4 7,kilkenny71 and seconded by ,mr4 ,p4 ,callan1 ,m4,p4 7,dundalk73 8,that1 in order to carry these objects into practical effect1 an association be now formed1 to be called #8,the ,irish ,home-,rule ,league1' of which the essential and fundamental principles shall be those declared in the resolutions adopted at this conference1 and of which the object1 and only object1 shall be to obtain for ,ireland1 by peaceable and constitutional means1 the self-government claimed in these resolutions40 ,the remaining resolutions dealt with the constitution of the new organization thus founded1 and decreed an appeal 8to the ,irish race all over the world0 for funds to assist them in the great struggle now entered upon4 ,thus was established the 8,irish ,home-,rule ,league0 which to-day holds so prominent a position in ,ireland4 ,american readers1 familiar enough with ,o',connell's demand for ,repeal1 will naturally be anxious to learn in what precisely does the above programme differ from that of the great ,liberator4 ,o',connell1 who had himself seen the ,irish ,parliament1 and1 young as he was1 sought to resist its overthrow1 grew into life with the simple idea of undoing the evil which yesterday had wrought2 in other words1 restoring the state of things which existed before the 8,union40 ,this was known as 8simple ,repeal0--,repeal and nothing more4 ,such a demand1 arising almost on the instant1 or out of the evil act complained of1 was quite natural2 but when time had elapsed1 and when serious changes and alterations in the circumstances and relations of the countries had come about1 men had to perceive that simple ,repeal would land them1 in some respects1 in an antiquated and impossible state of things4 ,thus in the ,irish ,parliament no ,catholic could sit1 while the act of #ahbi admitted ,catholics to the imperial ,parliament4 ,again1 the franchise and the 8pocket0 constituencies that had returned the ,irish ,house of ,commons could not be restored without throwing the country into the hands of a ,protestant minority4 ,numerous other absurdities and anomalies--things which existed in #agii1 but that would be quite out of all sense in #ahdd--might be pointed out4 ,o',connell saw this1 but relied upon the hope of obtaining not only simple ,repeal1 but also such improvements as the lapse of time had rendered necessary2 and he relied further on the necessity which there would be for ,ireland and ,england1 after ,repeal1 agreeing upon some scheme for the joint government of the countries2 in other words1 some shape or degree of federalism4 ,but the great blot upon the old system was that1 although under it ,ireland had a totally separate legislature and exchequer1 she never had 7or under it had the right to have7 a separate responsible administration or cabinet4 ,the cabinet or administration that ruled ,ireland was formed by1 and solely responsible to1 the ,english ,parliament4 ,the ,irish ,parliament had not the right or power to remove a minister2 was not able1 no matter by what majority1 to displace even an administration actually conspiring against ,irish liberties4 ,without a separate ,irish administration1 responsible to the ,irish ,parliament1 removable by its vote1 and liable to its impeachment1 it may be said that the legislative independence of ,ireland was a frail possession4 ,events showed this to be so4 ,the ,home-,rule scheme has been concisely described by some of its advocates as offering beforehand the arrangements between the two countries which under the ,repeal plan would have to be laid down afterwards4 ,instead of first simply severing the ,union1 and then going to work to reconstruct everything1 the ,home-,rulers project their reconstruction beforehand1 and claim that one advantage of this is in a large degree to allay alarms and avert hostility4 ,their plan proposes to secure for ,ireland the great advantage of a separate responsible ,irish ministry2 offering1 in exchange for this1 to give up to the imperial executive such powers as the ,states in ,america give to the ,washington ,congress and executive1 as distinguished from the powers and functions reserved to the ,state legislatures and governments4 ,in fine1 the ,home-,rule scheme has been borrowed largely1 though not altogether1 from the ,united ,states of ,america3 ,ireland to rule and legislate1 finally and supremely1 on all domestic affairs2 all affairs common to ,england1 ,ireland1 and ,scotland to be ruled and legislated for by an administration and parliament in which all three will be represented4 ,there are1 no doubt1 in ,america many patriotic ,irishmen who think this far too little for ,ireland to demand2 who contend she should seek nothing less than total separation and independence2 the price1 undisguisedly1 being civil war with its lottery of risks and chances4 ,however this may be1 the ,irish people1 if ever their voice has been heard for a century1 on the #ahth of ,november1 #ahgc1 solemnly and publicly spoke for themselves1 and their demand so formulated is now before the world4 ,there can be no doubt--it is now very well known--that the proceedings at the ,irish ,national ,conference1 especially the unanimity1 power1 and influence there displayed1 had been keenly watched by the ,london government4 ,mr4 ,gladstone had been losing ground in the ,english by-elections for a year past2 but as long as there was a hope of the ,irish ,liberal vote remaining he had no need to fear yet awhile4 ,the conference1 however1 was read by him as a declaration of war4 ,the ,home-,rule leaders themselves realized the critical state of affairs2 they were confident ,mr4 ,gladstone would dissolve ,parliament and strike at them in the approaching summer2 and accordingly they set themselves to prepare for the conflict4 ,the 8,christmas holidays0 intervening1 it was the first or second week in ,january before the newly-formed ,home-,rule ,league had fully constituted itself and elected its council4 ,its leaders1 however1 scenting danger1 went quickly to work1 and arranged for beginning in ,february a thorough organization of the constituencies4 ,in ,february6 ,they were dealing with a man who had no idea of giving his adversaries six months1 or even six weeks1 to prepare4 ,they were doomed to be taken unawares and nearly swept off their feet by a surprise as sudden and complete as the springing of a mine4 ,on the morning of ,saturday1 ,january #bd1 #ahgd1 the people of the ,british ,islands woke to find ,parliament dissolved4 ,no surprise could be more complete2 for ,parliament had stood summoned for the first week in ,february4 ,at midnight on the #bc;d ,mr4 ,gladstone sprang this grand surprise on his foes1 ,english ,conservative and ,irish ,home-,ruler1 hoping to overwhelm both by the secrecy and suddenness of the attack4 ,and for a while it quite seemed as if he had correctly calculated and would succeed4 ,the wildest confusion and dismay prevailed4 ,there was no time to do anything but simply rush out and fight helter-skelter4 ,in ,ireland the first momentary feeling seemed to be one almost of despair4 8,oh6 had we but even another month40 ,yet no cowardly despair2 only the first gasp of a brave people taken at utter disadvantage4 ,for the ,home-,rule leaders it was a moment of almost sad and certainly oppressive responsibility and anxiety4 ,they knew how little allowance would be made for the mere dexterity whereby they had been thus outwitted1 if they should lose the campaign1 as it seemed to many they must4 ,but not a moment did they waste in sighing for what might have been4 ,there was an instantaneous rush to the council-rooms1 and before the tidings from ,london were twenty-four hours old there had begun what may be called a three weeks' sitting en permanence of the ,home-,rule executive4 ,it is almost literally true that it sat night and day throughout that time1 receiving and forwarding despatches from and to all parts of the country1 by telegraph1 by mail1 and by special messenger4 ,the ,home-,rulers had always held forth as an object which they could achieve1 or were determined to achieve1 in fair time1 and after necessary preparations1 the conquest of some seventy seats out of the ,irish one hundred and three4 ,to secure even thirty just now in this rush was deemed a daring hope4 ,but it seemed as if enthusiasm and popular indignation at the ,gladstonian coup compensated for lack of preparation or organization4 ,it was a great national uprising4 ,north1 south1 east1 and west the constituencies themselves set the ,home-,rule flag flying4 ,ireland was aflame4 ,this was the first general election under the free and fearless voting of the ballot4#afh ,no more complaints by voters of 8coercion0 or 8intimidation0 by 8landlord0 or 8clergy0 or 8mob40 ,neither bullying nor bribing would any more be of use4 ,at last1 for the first time1 the mind of the elector himself would prevail1 and the constituencies of ,ireland were free to pass a verdict on the ,act of ,union4 ,one drawback1 however1 threatened to baffle their purpose4 ,candidates6 ,where were trustworthy candidates to be found8 ,the ,home-,rule council had gone upon the plan of refusing to provide or recommend candidates1 thinking to force upon the constituencies themselves the responsibility of such selection4 8,we will set up no candidate-factory here in ,dublin10 they said2 8it might lead to intrigue4 ,we'll keep clear of it2 let each county and borough choose for itself40 ,but this had to be given up4 ,the cry from the constituencies showed its folly3 8,candidates1 candidates6 ,for the love of ,god send us a candidate1 and we'll sweep this county for ,home-,rule40 ,as a matter of fact1 owing to the dearth of suitable candidates1 no less than a dozen seats had to be let go by default without any contest at all2 while in as many more cases converts from mere liberalism to ,home ,rule1 whose sincerity was hardly acceptable1 had1 from the same cause1 to be let pass in 8on good behavior40 ,there was1 there could be1 but little of general plan over the whole field2 it was fight all round1 the whole island being simultaneously engaged4 ,this was ,mr4 ,gladstone's able generalship3 to prevent the ,home-,rule leaders from being able to concentrate their resources on one place at a time4 ,nevertheless1 they were his inferiors neither in ability nor in strategy1 as the event proved4 ,upon the vantage points which he deemed most precious they delivered their heaviest fire1 and in no case unsuccessfully4#afi ,the contests that1 each in some peculiar way1 most forcibly demonstrated the determination of the people1 their intense devotion to the ,home-,rule cause1 were3 ,cavan1 an ,ulster county1 where for the first time since the reign of ,james ,,ii4 a ,catholic 7one of two ,home-,rulers7 was returned2 ,louth1 where the utmost power of the government was concentrated1 all in vain1 to secure ,mr4 ,fortescue's seat2 ,drogheda1 where ,mr4 ,whitworth1 a princely benefactor to the town1 and an estimable ,protestant gentleman1 was rejected because he was not a ,home-,ruler2 ,wexford1 where the son of ,sir ,james ,power1 a munificent patron of ,catholic charities1 was rejected by priests and people for the same reason2 ,limerick ,county1 where a young ,whig ,catholic squire1 whose hoisting of ,home ,rule was disbelieved in by the electors1 received only about one vote to eight cast for a more trustworthy man chosen from the ranks of the people1 although the former gentleman was believed in and strenuously supported by the ,catholic clergy2 and ,kildare1 where the son of the ,duke of ,leinster1 who owned nearly every acre in the county1 was utterly routed6 ,at length the last gun was fired1 the last seat had been lost and won1 and as the smoke of battle lifted from the scene men gazed eagerly to see how the campaign had gone4 ,the ,home-,rulers had triumphed all along the line6 ,strictly speaking1 they failed as to one1 and only one1 of the seats which they contested--namely1 ,tralee1 where the ,o',donoghue 7a former ,national leader1 now an anti-,home-,ruler7 succeeded against them by three votes4 ,they had returned sixty#agj men pledged to their programme1 in the late ,parliament the ,irish representation stood #ee ,liberals1 #ch ,conservatives1 and #aj ,home-,rulers4 ,it now stood #ab ,liberals1 #ca ,conservatives1 and #fj ,home-,rulers4 ,the national party thus outnumbered all others1 ,whig and ,tory1 combined2 and1 for the first time since the ,union1 that measure stood condemned by a majority of the parliamentary representatives of the ,irish nation4 ,not in ,ireland alone was ,mr4 ,gladstone overwhelmed by defeat1 his clever stroke of the midnight dissolution notwithstanding4 ,the ,english elections also went bodily against him4 ,in the middle of the fight he resigned1 and the minister who met the new ,parliament with the seals of office in his hand and the smile of victory on his countenance was ,benjamin ,disraeli1 the ,conservative leader4 ,there was considerable uneasiness in ,england when the ,irish elections were found to be going for the ,home-,rulers1 until it turned out that the ,disraeli party had a hundred majority on the ,british vote4 8,the empire is saved10 gasped the alarmed ,englishmen2 8we were lost if such a ,home-,rule phalanx found parties nearly equal in the ,house of ,commons4 ,they would hold the balance of power and dictate terms4 ,let us give thanks for so providential a ,tory majority40 ,there was much writing in the ,english newspapers in this strain4 ,they took it for granted that the ,home-,rulers were 8balked0 or checkmated1 for a time at least1 by this unexpected ,tory preponderance4 ,it cost them over a year to find out that no one rejoiced more than did the ,home-,rule leaders in secret over this same state of things2 that it was a crowning advantage to the ,home-,rulers as a party to have the ,liberals in opposition for four or five years4 ,returning a number of men as ,home-,rulers did not necessarily constitute them a political party4 ,neither would a resolution on their part so to act altogether carry out such a purpose4 ,the discipline1 the unity1 the homogeneity1 which constitute the real power of a party come not by mere resolving2 they may begin by resolution1 but they grow by custom and practice4 ,men behind the scenes in the ,home-,rule councils knew that serious uneasiness prevailed amongst the leaders lest their ranks might be broken up or shaken by the prospect or reality of a return of the ,liberals to power too soon--i4e41 before they1 the ,home-,rulers1 had had time to settle down or solidify into a thoroughly compact body1 and before discipline and habit had accustomed them to move and act together4 ,four or five years training in opposition was the opportunity they most wanted and desired4 ,from a dozen to a score of their rank and file were men who had been ,gladstonian ,liberals1 and whose fealty would be doubtful if in #ahge the disestablisher of the ,irish ,church called upon them to follow him rather than ,mr4 ,butt4 ,these men would at that time have felt themselves 8,liberals first1 and ,home-,rulers after40 ,even in any case1 and as it is1 there are six or seven of these former ,liberals among the ,home-,rule fifty-nine who are looked upon as certain to 8cross the house0 with their former chief whenever he returns to office4 ,in #ahge these men would have carried a dozen lukewarm waverers along with them2 in #ahgg they will not carry one1 and their own action1 discounted beforehand1 will disconcert or surprise no one1 and will merely cause them to lose their seats on the first opportunity afterwards4 ,quickly following upon the general election1 the members returned on ,home-,rule principles assembled in ,dublin1 #c;d of ,march1 #ahgd 7the ,council ,chamber of the city hall being lent to them for that purpose by the municipal authorities71 and1 without a dissentient voice1 passed a series of resolutions constituting themselves a separate and distinct political party for parliamentary purposes4 ,whigs and ,tories1 ,trojans and ,tyrians1 were henceforth to be alike to them4 ,the next step was to elect a sort of 8cabinet0 of nine members1 called the ,parliamentary ,committee1 to act as an executive2 while the appointment of two of their body most trusted for vigilance1 tact1 and fidelity1 to act as 8whips10#aga completed the formal organization of the ,home-,rule members as a party4 ,not an hour too soon had they perfected their arrangements4 ,the new ,parliament1 after a technical opening a fortnight previously1 assembled for the real despatch of business on ,thursday1 the #aith of ,march1 #ahgd1 and next day 7on the debate on the ,queen's speech71 in the very first hour of their parliamentary life1 the ,home-,rulers found themselves in the thick of battle4 ,mr4 ,butt had taken the field at once with an amendment raising the ,irish question4 ,the house was full of curiosity to hear 8the ,irish ,home-,rulers0 and see what they were like4 ,it was struck with their combative audacity4 ,it frankly confessed they stood fire 8like men10 and that they acquitted themselves on the whole with astonishing ability4 ,from that night forward the ,british ,house of ,commons realized that it had for the first time a 8third party0 within its walls4 ,how utterly opposed this is to ,englishmen's ideas of things proper or possible will be gathered from the fact that they construct or seat the chamber for two1 and only two1 parties2 and that they even still make a great struggle to have it regarded as a 8constitutional theory0 that there must be two1 and can be no more than two1 parties in the house--namely1 8,her ,majesty's ,government0 and 8,her ,majesty's ,opposition40 ,american legislative chambers1 as well as ,french1 ,german1 ,italian1 ,austrian1 are constructed and seated in a semicircle or amphitheatre4 ,the ,british1 on the contrary1 is an oblong hall or short parallelogram1 divided right and left by a wide central avenue running its full length from the entrance door to the 8table of the ,house0 fronting the speaker's chair4 ,there are1 therefore1 no middle seats2 everyone must sit on one side or another--with the ministerialists or ,tories on the right of the chair1 or with the opposition or ,liberals on the left4 ,half-way up the floor there runs 7right and left to each side of the chamber71 at right angles to the wide central avenue above referred to1 a narrow passage often mentioned in newspaper reports as 8the gangway40 8,above the gangway0 7or nearest the chair7 on each side sit respectively the thick and thin followers of the present or late ministry4 8,below the gangway0 7or farthest from the chair7 sit on each side men who would occupy some section of the middle seats1 if the house possessed any--the right and left centres1 so to speak4 ,the ,home-,rulers sit in a compact body 8below the gangway0 on the opposition side4 ,in their third session public opinion has now pretty well gauged and measured the ability and resources of the ,home-,rule party4 ,in their first campaign1 #ahgd1 though much praised because they were infinitely better in every respect than most people expected1 they exhibited plentifully the faults and shortcomings of 8raw levies40 ,their formal debate on ,home ,rule1 on the #cjth of ,june and #b;d of ,july1 was utterly wanting in system and management1 and would have been a failure had not the anti-,home-,rule side of the discussion been incontestably much worse handled4 ,but never1 probably1 in parliamentary history has another body of men learned so quickly1 and so rapidly attained a high position1 as they have done4 ,by the concurrent testimony of their adversaries themselves the ,home-,rule members are the best disciplined and best guided and1 in proportion to their numbers1 the most able and powerful party in the ,british ,house of ,commons4 ,in order to have a complete and accurate conception of all that relates to the ,irish ,home-,rule movement1 there remains only to be considered the policy or line of action on which its leaders propose to operate4 ,how do they expect to carry ,home ,rule8 ,at no time have the criticisms of the ,english press on the subject of ,home ,rule exhibited anything but the shallowest intelligence2 and many of the ,home-,rule victories have been won because of the stolid ignorance prevailing in the ,english camp4 ,the ,english journalists disliking the ,irish government1 believe and proclaim to their readers only what accords with their prejudices2 and accordingly upon them has fallen the fate of the general who refuses to reconnoitre the enemy and accurately estimate his strength4 ,on this subject the ,british journalist will have it that he 8knows all about it10 and has no need to investigate things seriously4 ,from the first hour of the ,home-,rule movement he has declared it to be 8breaking up10 8failing10 8going down the hill40 ,it has been so constantly going down that hill in his story that one never can find out when or how it got up there1 or whether there is any bottom to the declivity which it can ever reach in such a rapid and persistent downward motion4 ,on no feature of the ,home-,rule question has there been more affectation of knowing all about it1 and more complacent dogmatism as to its inevitable fate1 than this of the ,home-,rule plan of action4 ,the way these people look at the matter explains their consolatory conclusions4 ,they view the ,home-,rulers simply as sixty members in a house of six hundred and fifty-eight4 8,six hundred to sixty--surely it is absurd6 ,are the ,irish demented1 to think their sixty will convert our six hundred80 ,this mistake of viewing ,mr4 ,butt and ,home ,rule just as they view ,sir ,wilfrid ,lawson and prohibition is just where the ,english show their unpardonable and fatuous want of intelligence4 ,indeed1 others besides ,english commentators fall into this error4 ,they imagine the ,home-,rulers contemplate working ,home ,rule through the ,house of ,commons by bringing in a 8,bill0 and having an annual 8vote0 upon it1 as if it were the ,permissive bill1 or the ,woman's ,suffrage1 or the ,game ,law ,bill4 ,the ,home-,rulers laugh heartily over all this sort of criticism4 ,they dream of nothing of the kind4 ,there is another way of looking at the ,home-,rule party and the ,home-,rule question in the ,house of ,commons4 ,six hundred men can indeed very easily vote down sixty1 and make short work of their opposition2 always supposing these latter to be units from places wide apart1 representing scattered interests or speculative opinions4 ,the ,house of ,commons deals every year1 session after session1 with several such sixties and seventies and eighties and nineties4 ,but it would be a woful apology for 8statesmanship0 to regard the ,home-,rule sixty in this light4 ,in their case the government have to do1 not with sixty of their own general body of ,british members1 but with the ,irish representation4 ,the question is not with sixty members of the ,house1 but with ,ireland4 ,in any crisis of the empire1 as the ,english ,chancellor of the ,exchequer said recently about the ,british representatives on the ,suez ,canal ,board1 8their votes would be weighed1 not counted40 ,the purpose of the ,home-,rulers1 for the present at all events1 is much less with the ,house of ,commons than with the country2 they operate on the country through that house4 ,they want to get ,ireland into their hands2 and even already they have very substantially done so4 ,they want to convince and conciliate and enlist the ,english democracy2 and they have very largely succeeded4 ,with this key to their movements1 the supreme ability and wisdom which they have displayed will be better recognized4 ,they have taken the whole of the public affairs of ,ireland into their charge4 ,they have taken every public interest in the country under their protection4 ,whoever wants anything done or attended to1 whether he be ,catholic1 ,protestant1 or dissenter1 now looks to the ,home-,rulers1 and to them alone4 ,not the humblest peasant in the land but feels that1 if a petty village tyrant has wronged him1 the ,irish party in the ,house of ,commons will 8know the reason why40 ,they have seized upon every subject deeply affecting the people as a whole1 or important classes among them1 and showered bills dealing with these subjects on the table of the ,house of ,commons4 ,the distracted premier knows what is beneath all this2 he detects the master-hand of ,isaac ,butt in this deep strategy4 ,these are not sham bills1 merely to take up time4 ,they are genuine bills1 ably and carefully drawn1 and every one of them dealing with a really important and pressing matter for ,ireland4 ,every one of them hits a blot2 they are nearly all such bills as our ,irish ,parliament would pass4 ,some of the subjects 7such as the 8,fisheries ,bill07 are popular with very nearly all classes in ,ireland2 then there are the ,university ,education ,bill1 the ,land-,tenure ,bill1 the ,grand ,jury ,bill1 the ,municipal ,privileges ,bill1 the ,franchise ,hill1 the ,registration ,bill1 besides a host of others4 ,suppose the government give way1 and accept one2 there is a shout of triumph in ,ireland3 8,the ,home-,rulers have forced their hand60 and a cry of dismay and rage from the irreconcilable ,orangemen3 8,the government have succumbed to the ,jesuits60 ,suppose they resist and vote down the bill2 matters are worse4 ,the ,irish people are inflamed1 and even ministerialists sulk and say3 8,this is bad policy2 #8tis playing the ,home-,rule game40 ,suppose1 again1 ,mr4 ,disraeli adopts a middle course and says3 8,this is an excellent bill in many respects1 but really we have not time to consider it this year40 ,a louder shout than ever greets such a statement3 8,there is no room for ,irish business4 ,then let us transact it here at home40 ,it is a matter of notoriety that there is growing up among ,englishmen1 within and without the ,house of ,commons1 a feeling that1 even apart from all political considerations1 something must be done to lighten the work1 and remit to other assemblies a large portion of the legislative business now attempted there4 ,the house is breaking down under the load laid upon or undertaken by it4 ,so would ,congress1 if1 in addition to its own functions1 it attempted to do the work of the ,state legislatures besides4 ,there are hundreds1 it may be said thousands1 of influential ,english politicians who1 seeing this1 regard as simply inevitable something in the direction of the ,home-,rule scheme1 only1 of course 8not so extreme10 as they call it4 ,nothing but the bugbear of 8dismembering the empire0 prevents an ,english cry for lightening the ship4 ,the ,home-,rulers watch all this1 and take very good care that the load which the house prefers to retain shall press heavily on it4 ,not that they pursue or contemplate a policy of mere obstruction1 which many persons1 friends and foes1 thought they would4 ,mr4 ,butt has again and again repudiated this4 ,he knows that such a course would only put the house on its mettle1 and would defeat his scheme of silently sapping the convictions of the more fairly disposed ,englishmen4 ,he knows that the present system cannot last many years4 ,he knows that the ,english people1 once their convictions are affected1 soon give way before public exigency4 ,to affect those convictions and to create that exigency is the ,home-,rule policy4 ,it is all very well1 while the skies are clear and tranquil1 for ,english ministers1 past and present1 to bluster greatly about the impossibility of entertaining the ,irish demand4 ,it is all very well1 while the present ,tory majority is so strong1 for both parties to protest their hostility to ,home-,rule4 ,opinions change wondrously in these cases4 ,when the ,disraelian majority has in the course of nature dropped down to forty1 thirty1 twenty1 and ten2 when the ,liberal leaders find they can attain to office with the ,home-,rule vote1 and cannot retain office without it1 they will--offer ,home ,rule8 ,no4 ,offer palliatives--good places for ,home-,rulers1 and 8good measures0 for ,ireland8 ,probably4 ,but when these offers are found to be vain2 are found to strengthen the power and intensify the resolution of the ,home-,rule party1 the transformation which ,england went through on so many great questions--,catholic ,emancipation1 ,church ,disestablishment1 etc4 7each in its day just as solemnly sworn to be 8impossible07--will begin to set in2 and--all the more loudly if such a moment should happen to synchronize with deadlock in the legislature1 peril abroad1 and popular resentment at home--from ,england itself will arise the cry that 8,ireland must be fairly dealt with40 ,at such a moment a ,british minister will easily be found to 8discover10 as it were most fortunately1 that 8the question has hitherto been misunderstood10 and that it is ,england's interest not less than ,ireland's to have it satisfactorily adjusted4 ,for it is not with ,ireland alone ,british ministers will have to settle4 ,although no reference has previously been made here to the fact1 the strongest arm of the ,home-,rule party is in ,england itself4 ,within the past thirty years there has grown up there1 silently and unnoticed1 a new political power--hundreds of thousands of ,irishmen who1 having settled in the large labor marts1 have grown to citizenship1 power1 and influence4 ,from ,bristol to ,dundee there is not a large city that has not now on its electoral roll ,irish voters whose action can decide the fate of candidates4 ,coincidently with the establishment of the 8,home ,government ,association0 in ,ireland there arose in ,england1 as a co-operative but independent organization1 the 8,home-,rule ,confederation of ,great ,britain40 ,this body has organized the ,irish vote all over ,england and ,scotland1 and holds virtually in its hands all the vast centres of political thought and action4 ,reflecting their sentiments and their influence1 ,dundee1 ,newcastle1 ,durham1 ,tynemouth1 ,cardiff1 and more than a dozen other important ,english and ,scotch constituencies returned ,english friends of ,home ,rule to ,parliament4 ,it was not the mere matter of so many votes that lent such value to this fact2 it was the incentive which it gave to the growing feeling 7amongst the ,english working-classes especially7 that the ,irish question was one to be sympathized with4 ,an event which occurred in ,england barely a few weeks ago was1 however1 beyond all precedent in the sensation which it created4 ,this was the recent ,manchester election4 ,a week previously in ,burnley it was found impossible to return any but a ,home-,rule ,liberal1 and such a man accordingly headed the poll4 ,in ,manchester ,mr4 ,jacob ,bright 7son of ,mr4 ,john ,bright7 was the ,liberal1 and a ,mr4 ,powell the ,conservative1 candidate4 ,it became clear that the ,irish vote would decide the issue4 ,one morning the news was flashed through ,england that both candidates1 ,liberal and ,conservative1 had undertaken to vote for ,mr4 ,butt's motion on ,home ,rule6 ,what6 ,manchester1 the political capital of ,england1 gone for ,home ,rule8 ,it was even so1 and ,mr4 ,bright1 being preferred of the two1 was triumphantly returned by the ,irish ,home-,rule vote4 ,all this means that on ,english ground ,ireland now has hostages--hostages of security that no daring act of armed violence shall be attempted against her2 hostages of friendship1 too1 as well as of safety2 centres of a propagandism1 of conciliation2 citadels of political power4 ,the growth of feeling in ,england in favor of the concession of ,ireland's national autonomy is simply incontestable4 ,it may well be that1 as many ,irish politicians declare1 8the battle of ,home ,rule for ,ireland will be fought and won on ,british soil40 ,and this is how ,ireland stands in #ahgf--;erect1 powerful1 resolute1 united4 ,what the future may have in store for her1 victory or defeat1 is beyond human ken4 ,this effort too may fail1 as many a gallant endeavor in her behalf has failed before4 ,all that can be said is that so far it has progressed with a success unparalleled in ,irish political annals2 that it is wisely guided1 boldly animated1 faithfully upheld4 ,much depends on her own children1 at home and in foreign lands2 on their devotion1 their prudence1 their courage1 their perseverance4 ,may this new dawn of unity1 of concord of conciliation herald the day they have so long hoped to see6 ,and thou1 ,o mighty ,lord6 whose ways ,are far above our feeble minds ,to understand1 ,sustain us in these doubtful days1 ,and render light the chain that binds ,our fallen land6 ,look down upon our dreary state ,and1 through the ages that may still ,roll sadly on1 ,watch thou o'er hapless ,erin's fate1 ,and shield at least from darker ill ,the blood of ,conn4 #afa ,this odious law1 known as the 8,irish ,convention ,act10 was passed by the ,irish ,parliament in order to forbid the ,volunteers and other friends of ,parliamentary ,reform from 8overawing the legislature40 ,its repeal has been steadily resisted by the ,british ,parliament1 which finds the restriction now as invaluable as the ,irish people find it oppressive4 #afb ,some time previously he had publicly said that ,repeal he understood1 but the new programme he did not4 ,since that time1 however1 he gave ample proof that he had come to understand it clearly4 ,the clergy of his diocese1 the archbishop himself in one instance presiding at their meeting1 had sent in their formal adhesion1 accompanied by large contributions of money1 to the association4 #afc ,almost incredible as it may seem to some readers1 this was the only portion of the arrangements never once required4 ,throughout the four days of protracted and earnest debate1 as will be detailed further on1 no occasion arose for taking a division4 #afd ,list of ,conference ,ticket-holders--names and addresses--,national ,conference1 ,november1 #ahgc4 ,dublin3 ,home-,rule ,league ,publications4 #ahgd4 #afe ,since elected 7#ahgd7 for the county of ,cork1 along with ,mr4 ,mc,carthy ,downing4 ,he had been at one time a ,protestant dissenting minister4 #aff ,there was one dissentient to one of the resolutions--a gentleman named ,thomas ,mooney1 late of ,california and other places4 #afg ,it is impossible to treat of the ,irish ,home-,rule movement without a special reference to this reverend gentleman1 who is one of the most prominent figures in the group of ,home-,rule leaders4 ,he is a man of ,european reputation in science1 and of the most upright and noble character4 ,he is greatly loved and universally respected4 ,scarcely has ,mr4 ,butt himself been more instrumental in the success of the movement2 and there are now few names in ,ireland more popular than that of 8,professor ,galbraith40 #afh ,the ballot-voting in ,ireland under the act of #ahgc1 unlike that in ,america1 is strictly secret3 there being no 8ticket0 to be seen by outsiders4 ,only on entering the booth1 where the few persons necessarily present are sworn to secrecy1 the voter receives a paper on which the names of the candidates are printed4 ,in a secret compartment of the booth the voter marks a cross alongside the name of the man for whom he wishes to vote1 folds up the paper so as to conceal the mark which he has made1 brings it forward1 and drops it through a slit into a sealed box4 ,he then quits the booth1 and no one1 inside or outside 7but himself71 knows for whom he has voted4 #afi ,the defeat of his ,irish cabinet minister and former chief secretary1 the ,right ,hon ,chichester ,fortescue1 in ,louth ,county1 was generally regarded as the crushing blow of the whole campaign1 as ,mr4 ,fortescue was ,mr4 ,gladstone's official representative in ,ireland4 ,he was deemed invulnerable in ,louth1 having sat for it twenty-seven years1 and being brother of ,lord ,claremont1 one of the largest and best landlords in the county4 ,the government laughed to scorn the idea of disturbing him4 ,the ,home-,rulers selected for this critical fight ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,sullivan1 editor of the ,nation4 ,it was a desperate struggle3 but not only was the ,home-,ruler returned at the head of the poll1 but he polled two to one against the cabinet minister4 #agj ,one of them1 in ,leitrim1 subsequently lost his return1 though in a majority1 by a stupid mistake of one of his agents4 #aga ,it may be doubted whether there is any man amongst the ,home-,rule members better entitled than their senior 8whip10 ,captain ,j4 ,p4 ,nolan1 to be ranked as next to ,mr4 ,butt himself in importance and in service4 ,on him it rests to keep the party on the alert2 to note and advise with his chief upon every move of the enemy2 to have his own men always 8on hand10 so that they may never be caught napping2 to keep his colleagues informed by circular 7or 8whip07 of all forthcoming bills or motions of importance2 and finally1 to act as 8teller0 or counter on a division4 ,in fact1 if ,mr4 ,butt is the head or brain of the ,home-,rule party1 ,captain ,nolan is its right hand4 ,he belongs to an old ,catholic family1 the ,o',nolans of ,leix1 who in #afde were put upon allotments beyond the ,shannon in return for their estates in fertile ,leix1 which were handed over to ,cromwell's troopers4 ,captain ,nolan is a man of considerable literary ability4 ,he is a captain in the ,royal ,artillery and as a scientific and practical artillerist stands in the highest repute4 ,he is the inventor of 8,nolan's ,range-finder10 adopted in the ,russian1 ,french1 and ,austrian armies4 ,,the ,,valley ,,of ,,the ,,aude ,the ,aude is a rambling1 capricious river of ancient ,languedoc that rises on the confines of ,spain1 among the oriental ,pyrenees1 five thousand feet above the level of the sea4 ,at first1 imprisoned and half-stifled among the narrow gorges of the mountains1 its waters1 clear and sparkling1 rush noisily and impetuously along1 struggling for room2 but as soon as they find space in the sunny valleys they slacken their speed as if to enjoy the very verdure they create2 they grow turbid1 sometimes the current dwindles away to a mere thread among poor barren hills1 and again at the first storm spreads wide its course through the rich vine-bordered plain4 ,at ,carcassonne it becomes languid1 and1 turned eastward by the ,montagne ,noire1 passes along beneath the sombre line of the oaks1 beeches1 and chestnuts that cover the mountains1 and when1 after being fed by thirty-six tributaries1 it falls wearily into the sea a little above ,narbonne1 it is no longer the limpid1 dashing stream we met in the mountains1 but troubled in its waters and indolent in flow4 ,we came first upon the ,aude at ,carcassonne1 where it takes a bend towards the sea--the ,ville-basse1 a thriving town in the plain that dates from the time of ,st4 ,louis2 the old fortified city on the height above1 historic1 legendary1 and picturesque4 ,and ancient too1 for it was1 according to some ambitious writers1 founded by the fugitive ,trojans1 or1 what is better still1 by one of the grandsons of ,noe1 and prosperous in the time of the ,pharaos4 ,be that as it may1 it was in the possession of the ,romans before the coming of ,csar4 ,in the fifth century after ,christ it fell into the hands of the ,visigoths1 who are said to have brought hither from the sack of ,rome jewelled utensils that came from the palace of ,king ,solomon and the vessels of gold that belonged to the ,temple of ,jerusalem1 carried away by ,titus and ,vespasian4 ,these treasures were long believed hidden in a deep well still to be seen in the upper city1 but during a dry season a few years ago it was explored without any discovery to confirm the tradition4 ,they were probably taken to ,spain1 or carried to ,ravenna by ,theodoric the ,great1 to whom several of the towers of ,carcassonne are attributed4 ,there are two walls around the old city3 the inner ones1 with their circular towers of the time of the ,visigoths2 the outer1 with fortified gateways that date at least from the time of ,louis ,,ix4 ,and then there is a venerable quadrangular castle1 with five towers and a moat that bears the marks of many a hard assault1 but now serves chiefly to give a picturesque look and a pleasing air of antiquity to the landscape4 ,the square tower next the ,aude1 if not all five1 is said to have bowed down before the great ,emperor of the ,west4 ,but we are anticipating4 ,after the ,ostrogoths came the ,saracens1 flushed with victory1 from ,spain1 and they had possession of ,carcassonne when ,charlemagne came into ,gaule ,narbonnaise and laid siege to the city1 determined to drive them beyond the ,pyrenees4 ,the delightful old traditions of that day1 which are so much better than history1 say it then bore the name of ,atax4 ,according to them1 the emperor remained beneath the walls five long years without the slightest success1 notwithstanding the valor of his peerless knights4 ,so astonishing a resistance was solely owing to ,dame ,carcas1 a mere woman1 and a ,moor at that1 who not only possessed remarkable courage1 but was shrewd to the last degree1 as we are prepared to show4 ,of course1 after a five years' siege the provisions had dwindled away to a very low ebb1 and the inhabitants had naturally diminished in proportion4 ,in fact1 everybody was at length dead in the city except stout ,dame ,carcas1 who seemed to have lived on her wits4 ,this wonderful woman was not discouraged4 ,she acted on the principle of the inscription over the gates of ,busyrane--8,be bold1 be bold1 and evermore be bold40 ,she garnished the walls with effigies in armor--mere scarecrows--and1 making the round of the rampart1 she kept up such a hail of arrows on the enemy1 as if she had the arms of ,briareus1 that they marvelled1 as well they might1 at the resources of so well-supplied and vigilant a garrison4 ,wishing to convince ,charlemagne that there was no possibility of his reducing the city by famine1 she gorged her very last pig with her last bushel of wheat1 and threw it over the ramparts4 ,it was naturally dashed to pieces1 and its internal economy fully displayed1 as shrewd ,dame ,carcas intended4 ,the besiegers1 astonished to see the very lowest of animals fed on the purest of wheat1 now supposed the supplies quite inexhaustible1 and ,charlemagne1 as sensible as he was great1 at once raised the siege4 ,not without regret1 however1 and1 as he turned back to take a last look at the walls before which he had spent in vain so much time and labor1 wondrous to relate1 one of the mighty towers of the ,goths bowed down before him in reverence1 and never regained its perpendicular1 as may be seen to this day by any one who goes to ,carcassonne4 ,dame ,carcas1 you may be sure1 was on the lookout4 ,satisfied with having got the better of the mighty emperor1 she called him back1 opened the ponderous gates1 and acknowledged his sovereignty4 ,charlemagne1 full of admiration at her courage and wit1 determined the city should be called after her4 ,hence the name of ,carcassonne4 ,it is a pity any doubt should be cast over so pleasing a tradition1 but some do say1 let us hope without proof1 that it bore this name in the time of the ,romans4 ,we do not feel obliged to believe it4 ,people who are historically as well as religiously 8convinced against their will1 are of the same opinion still40 ,we stick to the ,middle ,ages1 when the tradition was so fully credited that a bas-relief1 a kind of emblazonry1 of the bust of an ,amazon was placed over the principal gate of the city1 with the words below3 ,carcas sum--,i am ,carcas4 ,according to a popular legend1 ,charlemagne besieged ,carcassonne twice4 ,the second time it was defended by ,anchises1 ,king of the ,saracens1 who was aided by ,satan himself and an efficient corps of ,african sorcerers4 ,however1 the demons were routed1 and the pious emperor set up a fortress of the faith1 known to us as the cathedral of ,st4 ,nazaire1 which is in the southeast corner of the city1 built into the very walls forming a part of the old fortifications4 ,this church is still the jewel of the place4 ,the crypt alone is of the ,carlovingian age4 ,the nave and aisles of the upper church are of the eleventh century1 in the ,roman style1 grave and sombre1 with small windows1 massive pillars1 and thick walls capable of resisting the enemy4 ,these were blessed by ,pope ,urban ,,ii4 in #ajif4 ,the present choir was built in ,st4 ,louis' time1 and forms a striking contrast to the heavy gloomy nave1 for it is of the pointed style1 light and elegant1 with seven stained glass windows of wonderful beauty1 and so close together as to leave no wall4 ,the arches seem to rest on the eight colonnettes that frame the windows4 ,in one of them may be read the whole legend of ,,ss4 ,nazarius and ,celsus1 celebrated in ,italian art4 ,titian has painted them in armor in a beautiful altarpiece of the church that bears their name at ,brescia4 ,st4 ,saturnin1 however1 the apostle of ,toulouse1 first announced the faith in this region4 ,st4 ,nazaire is reputed to have arrived soon after4 ,his mother was a ,roman matron converted by ,st4 ,peter1 and he himself was baptized by the apostle1 who commissioned him to preach the ,gospel4 ,at ,milan he exhorted and comforted ,,ss4 ,gervasius and ,protasius in prison1 and was beaten with staves by order of the governor4 ,celsus was his spiritual child and co-laborer4 ,at ,genoa they were cast into the sea1 which refused to drown them1 and they walked back over the angry billows to land4 ,after their apostolic journey to ,southern ,gaul1 they were beheaded at ,milan just without the ,porta ,romana1 where a beautiful church still stands to perpetuate their memory4 ,but it is inferior to ,st4 ,nazaire of ,carcassonne1 which is at once antique and poetic4 ,what deep shadows in its venerable aisles6 ,what rainbow lights in its jewelled windows6 ,the rose of the north transept is composed of twelve lobes1 in six of which blue predominates2 in the other six1 green--very beautiful in the sunset light4 ,in the window of the south transept the lobes are in two rows1 so disposed that green is under cramoisie1 and cramoisie under green1 producing quite a magical effect4 ,north of the cathedral1 just beyond its ruined cloister1 is a donjon of the thirteenth century1 called the ,tour de l',evque1 which contains a well1 an oven1 and everything necessary to sustain a regular siege4 ,here1 through the vines1 figs1 and almond-trees1 is the best view of the church1 with its time-stained turrets1 its buttressed walls1 and the fine tracery of its windows4 ,the old city is before us with its towers and antique walls1 on which every storm that has swept over ,southern ,france has left its trace4 ,simon de ,montfort scaled them early in the thirteenth century4 ,in the fourteenth1 they braved the ,black ,prince1 who contented himself with feasting on the well-stocked larders of the ,basse ,ville and drinking its rich wines1 and afterwards setting fire to the place4 ,in the sixteenth century the city was invaded by the ,huguenots1 who tore a statue of the ,blessed ,virgin from its niche and dragged it through the streets1 which so enraged the ,catholics that they rose in their fury and slaughtered all the offenders on whom they could lay hands4 ,then they carried the statue back to its place in solemn procession4 ,and1 when a royal edict of #aefb assigned the ,calvinists a meeting-house just out of the city1 the people barred the gates against the returning assembly1 and drove them into the very ,aude4 ,but let us leave these historic details1 and1 turning back into the pleasanter paths of old romance1 follow the ,emperor ,charlemagne along the valley of the ,aude4 ,a little south of the direct road from ,carcassonne to ,narbonne1 we come to the village of ,la ,grasse1 of a thousand souls1 in a deep valley of the ,orbieu1 surrounded by the rocky heights of the ,corbires4 ,this village grew up around a celebrated ,benedictine ,abbey that flourished here for more than a thousand years--one of the most important in ,occitania4 ,its foundation is so remote that it has become the theme of many popular traditions4 ,these are embodied in an old romance1 said to have been written by ,philomne1 secretary of ,charlemagne1 by the emperor's order1 and under his inspection1 and translated in the thirteenth century by ,william of ,padua1 a monk of ,la ,grasse4 ,charlemagne had just taken ,carcassonne1 where five towers bowed down before him4 ,he founded several churches1 such as ,st4 ,nazaire and ,st4 ,saturnin1 and appointed ,roger1 a clerk of noble family1 bishop of the place4 ,then he marched towards ,narbonne1 which was in possession of the ,saracens1 intending to besiege it4 ,he had with him ,pope ,leo ,,iii41 most of the cardinals1 the patriarch of ,jerusalem1 ,turpin1 archbishop of ,reims1 and an infinite number of other prelates1 abbots1 and priests1 together with ,roland1 ,oliver1 ,oger the ,dane1 ,solomon of ,britanny1 and ,count ,florestan his brother1 and other famous paladins1 with dukes1 counts1 and barons too many to enumerate4 ,while traversing the valley of the ,orbieu1 one of the principal tributaries of the ,aude1 ,archbishop ,turpin came across seven hermits1 viz41 ,thomas of ,rouen1 ,richard of ,pavia1 ,robert ,prince of ,hungary1 ,germain of ,scotland1 ,alayran of ,flanders1 ,philip of ,cologne1 and ,bartholomew1 son of the ,king of ,egypt1 who1 after completing their studies at ,paris1 left the world in search of ,christ and were led by angels to this solitary valley1 where they built an oratory in honor of ,st4 ,mary the ,virgin4 ,here they had lived for twenty years on herbs1 roots1 and wild fruit1 and the people1 in view of their thin1 wasted aspect1 as well as the arid country1 called the place of their retreat the ,valle ,maigre4 ,when ,archbishop ,turpin brought the emperor and ,pope ,leo ,,iii4 to see these holy eremites1 they shed an abundance of tears and rendered thanks unto ,god4 ,charlemagne resolved to erect a superb abbey in the place of their modest oratory1 and so well did he endow it that the monks he established here were soon able to fertilize the wild valley to such a degree that its name1 at the suggestion of ,turpin and the ,earl of ,flanders1 was appropriately changed to that of ,la ,valle ,grasse4 ,during the erection of this monastery a series of combats took place between the ,moors and the ,christians1 each one more marvellous than the other4 ,first1 ,matrandus1 ,king of ,narbonne1 suddenly came upon the encampment of the valley with a numerous army1 but he was defeated by ,charlemagne and pursued to the point where the ,niel empties into the ,orbieu4 ,there he heard the sound of a mighty horn4 ,it was the olifant of ,roland1 who was coming to his aid4 ,he made the ,saracens bite the dust by thousands1 and ,matrandus had barely time to take refuge in ,narbonne and close the gates behind him4 ,then an enemy far more redoubtable made his appearance4 ,it was ,marcilion1 ,king of all ,spain1 accompanied by sixteen other kings1 with seven hundred thousand men4 ,charlemagne had two hundred and forty thousand4 ,the battle lasted five days4 ,at length the ,saracens were vanquished4 ,five hundred thousand of their number were slain1 together with the sixteen kings1 whereas the ,christians only lost thirty-seven thousand1 among whom1 however1 were five bishops1 fourteen abbots1 seven counts1 eight hundred barons1 and the ,abbot of ,st4 ,denis1 who1 as he was breathing his last1 besought the emperor to complete the abbey and bury him in it4 ,his wishes were not disregarded4 ,the abbey was completed4 ,a church was built4 ,in the church were many chapels1 and in each chapel ,archbishop ,turpin1 accompanied by many bishops and abbots1 solemnly deposited sacred relics4 ,it was now time to consider the appointment of the abbot1 and while they were discussing the subject ,marcilion reappeared1 this time with only three hundred thousand horsemen1 but ,roland drove them before him into ,roussillon1 where he slew more than one hundred and seventy thousand men4 ,then took place a fresh battle with ,matrandus1 and ,roland1 in a hand-to-hand encounter with ,tamise1 brother of the ,king of ,narbonne1 clove him in two like an acorn with ,durandal1 his unerring sword4 ,in vain did the kings of ,catalonia league together to avenge the death of ,tamise4 ,they slaughtered1 it is true1 the seven holy hermits1 who1 weary of the tumult in the valley of the ,orbieu1 had imprudently betaken themselves to another solitude1 but they were repulsed by the abbot of ,la ,grasse and his sixty monks with considerable loss4 ,and yet they would rather1 they said1 have demolished the abbey than taken ten cities4 ,several battles ensued beneath the walls of ,narbonne before ,charlemagne took that city1 and after1 in the course of which ,roland clove in two ,borrel de la ,combe2 ,oliver clove in two ,justeamundus1 the brother-in-law of ,matrandus2 and ,charlemagne himself performed the like exploit on ,almanzor1 ,king of ,cordova4 ,durandal1 ,hauteclair1 ,joyeuse1 and other famous swords mowed down the ,saracens like ripe grain1 cutting off heads and arms and legs1 and causing such torrents of blood to flow that the infidels finally renounced all hostilities against the abbey of ,la ,grasse4 ,during the night before the consecration of the abbatial church was to be made by the ,pope1 the ,divine ,redeemer1 so runs the legend1 himself vouchsafed to come down from heaven in person1 accompanied by a multitude of angels1 to consecrate the edifice4 ,the following morning1 when the ,pope and ,charlemagne and ,archbishop ,turpin saw the marks of divine consecration1 they1 as well as ,roland and ,oliver and the rest1 shed tears of joy1 and blessed ,god1 and1 while still weeping1 took leave of the monks1 begging to be remembered in their daily orisons4 ,charlemagne now departed for ,spain1 to carry war in his turn into the country of the infidel1 and with what prodigies of valor is known to all men4 ,the memory of his passage through the valley of the ,aude has never been effaced from the popular mind4 ,the name of ,roland1 too1 echoes all through this region1 like the horn he won from the giant ,jatmund4 ,not far from ,la ,grasse is a cliff that still bears his name4 ,it was here the great paladin1 when weary of hewing in pieces the ,saracens1 used to come to take breath and whet his sword4 ,the iron ring to which he fastened his steed ,brigliadoro is still in its place1 and no hand in these degenerate days is strong enough to wrench it from the rock4 ,the people of this region1 great lovers of the marvellous1 tell how he used to gallop over the ,montagne ,noire on so fiery a steed that its feet shook the very mountains beneath them and left their imprint on the rocks1 as may be seen to this day on the old road between ,ilhes and ,lastours4 ,and a little higher up is a dolmen that bears the marks of his sword and the print of his hands4 ,this dolmen is on a slight eminence near a little stream4 ,the table is in the form of a disc about seven feet in diameter and one foot thick4 ,it must weigh several hundred tons1 and would require a great number of men of ordinary strength to place it on its present supports4 ,the people say ,roland1 by way of amusement in his moments of leisure1 hewed out this rock with his sword1 and then used it as a quoit1 which he threw with careless ease from ,la ,valdous to ,narbonne1 and from ,narbonne back to ,la ,valdous4 ,the prints of his mighty fingers are still clearly perceptible4 ,it was he who set this light plaything up on its huge pillars1 and not the ,druids1 and to this day it is called the ,palet de ,roland4 ,near by is a mysterious hole called ,roland's tomb1 where the people insist he was buried1 according to his express wish that he might repose in the place of his innocent amusements4 ,there are many of these ,celtic monuments in this vicinity1 the object of great conjecture among archologists4 ,the popular imagination is not so embarrassed1 as we have seen4 ,a legend is generally attached to them1 often picturesque and dramatic4 ,at ,carnac1 every one knows1 it was ,st4 ,corneille who changed his pagan pursuers into monumental rocks by the petrifying influence of his wrathful visage4 ,on the banks of the ,lamouse1 a little creek in this region1 is a tall colossus of a rock called the peulvan1 that stands quite solitary on a little hill4 ,it is1 or was1 fifteen feet high1 a yard and a half broad1 and not more than half a yard thick4 ,the people say it descends to an inaccessible depth in the earth4 ,if we may believe them1 forty years ago it was no taller than a man1 but it has grown higher and higher every year from some magic subterranean influence4 ,people who live among lofty mountains and dark forests1 by noisy streams and waterfalls1 or even on the borders of peaceful1 dormant lakes whose mists fill the valleys and shroud the neighboring hills1 are apt to be imaginative and dreamy4 ,here fairies and ,undines have their origin4 ,here ,white ,ladies1 such as ,scott has described in the valley of ,glendearg1 come forth in floating vapory robes to flit about the melancholy vales and fade away with the dawn4 ,such is the legend of ,lake ,puivert1 according to which ,reine ,blanche1 a princess of ,aragon1 issues every evening from her ancestral towers1 and descends into the valley to breathe the freshness of the air4 ,this legendary queen was no fair young princess who had become an untimely victim to melancholy--8sweetest melancholy0--but a dethroned queen1 so infirm and decrepit as to have lost the very use of her limbs1 and had come to end her days in the old manor-house of ,puivert1 where she had been born4 ,a crowd of servants surrounded her day and night1 attentive to her slightest caprice4 ,every evening at set of sun a herald ascended to the battlements of the tower to proclaim the coming forth of ,lady ,blanche4 ,no sooner had the echoes of his horn died away than she appeared at the principal gate1 borne on a litter by four stout men4 ,if the weather was calm and the sky clear1 she was taken to a huge block of marble that rose out of the edge of the lake1 where she loved to breathe the freshness of the night air and the resinous odor of the old pines that grew on the mountain above4 ,two pages in purple waved great fans to keep off the insects4 ,there was nothing to disturb the delicious solitude but the swallows that skimmed over the surface of the lake and the murmuring rivulets that came down from the hills1 and here she would remain in silent reverie till the light faded completely away1 when she was borne back to her tower by the light of torches4 ,it frequently happened1 however1 that the lake was so swollen by storms that her marble throne was entirely submerged4 ,then she went to the chapel of ,our ,lady of ,bon-,secours to pray the wrath of the threatening waters might be stayed4 ,one day she conceived the idea of piercing an immense rock that closed the entrance to the valley1 hoping by this means to let off the surplus waters and keep the lake always at the same level1 but1 alas6 at the very moment when she thought her wishes were to be crowned with success1 the pressure of the waters against the weakened base of the rock overthrew it1 and1 rushing through the narrow gorge1 overwhelmed serfs1 pages1 and ,la ,reine ,blanche herself4 ,such is the legendary cause assigned for the rupture of ,lake ,puivert in #abgi1 which destroyed the neighboring town of ,mirepoix4 ,the feudal manor-house1 so well known in the history of the country1 escaped1 being on an elevation4 ,it is still haunted by the troubled spirit of ,queen ,blanche1 who1 in misty white garments1 may be seen at nightfall flitting about the low valley1 wringing her pale hands over the ruin she caused4 ,nor is this ,queen of ,aragon the only ,white ,lady of the land4 ,the old people of ,limoux tell of women in white who once a year come forth by night from a crystal palace in the bowels of the neighboring hill of ,taich1 and go to the fountain of ,las ,encantados--the fairies--where with a golden spatula they beat their linen1 after the fashion of the country1 till the dawn of day4 ,these ghostly laundresses are not confined to the valley of the ,aude4 ,in ,brittany and ,normandy they likewise haunt many regions1 but they beat their linen with an iron hand1 which they do not hesitate to apply to the ear of the curious intruder4 ,on the side of a steep hill that descends to the ,rebenty1 another branch of the ,aude1 are three narrow arches to the cave of ,las ,encantados--the grotto of the fairies--where1 in the depths1 the noise of the turbulent stream is repeated by subterranean echoes1 and changed1 now into a soft harmonious murmur and now into a solemn roar1 giving the effect of an organ in a cathedral4 ,nothing could be more impressive by night than this mysterious music1 which the people formerly ascribed to some weird influence4 ,but to return to the royal foundation of ,la ,valle ,grasse4 ,that this abbey was really founded under the patronage of ,charlemagne is proved by a charter of the year #ggh1 still preserved in the prefecture at ,carcassonne1 signed with his own imperial monogram4 ,according to this1 the name of the first abbot was ,nimphridius2 and the house appears to have been so well endowed that it held lands and livings and seigneuries1 not only throughout the province1 but on the other side of the ,pyrenees4 ,louis le ,dbonnaire took it under his special protection1 together with three cells dependent thereon1 to wit3 ,st4 ,cucufat on the banks of the ,aude1 ,st4 ,pierre on the ,clamoux1 and ,la ,palme on the seashore4 ,in fact1 favor towards it seemed hereditary in the ,carlovingian race4 ,louis ,,ix4 kept up the tradition1 and when in ,palestine wrote to his mother and the snchal of ,carcassonne1 recommending the abbey of ,la ,grasse to their protection4 ,the kings of ,aragon1 too1 respected its extensive domains in their realm4 ,the grateful abbey never forgot its illustrious founder4 ,every morning at the conventual ,mass the bread and wine were offered by the lord abbot1 or his representative1 at the ,offertory1 for the repose of ,charlemagne's soul1 till authorized to render him the cultus due to a saint1 from which time the twenty-eighth of ,january was kept in his honor as a festival of the first class4 ,it is one of the traditions of this monastery that1 when ,pope ,leo ,,iii4 was about to dedicate the church1 he received a supernatural warning that it had been miraculously consecrated1 and on approaching the altar he discovered the marks of the divine hand1 which remained visible till the end of the fourteenth century1 when the greater part of the church was consumed by fire4 ,it was then rebuilt in a style corresponding to the wealth of the abbey1 with numerous chapels1 a choir with rare carvings1 and a silver retablo with twelve silver statues in the niches1 all plated with pure gold4 ,the monastic buildings were surrounded by fortified walls of vast circuit4 ,they were grouped around an immense cloister1 the arcades of which were supported by marble columns4 ,on the east side were the church1 dormitories1 infirmary1 and rooms for visitors4 ,at the north were the abbot's spacious residence1 the granary1 bakery1 stables1 etc4 ,south and west were the chapterhouse1 the large refectory1 and houses appropriated to the aged monks4 ,a hospital1 where the poor were fed and sick strangers received gratuitous care1 was further off1 near the principal gate4 ,there was an extensive park1 with avenues of chestnut-trees1 watered by the ,orbieu1 which also turned the grist-mills1 oil-mills1 and cloth-mills4 ,the water was also brought into the abbey4 ,the library now forms part of the public library of ,carcassonne4 ,the abbey of ,la ,grasse was immediately dependent on the ,holy ,see1 in acknowledgment of which it paid an annual tribute of five gold florins4 ,and the ,bishop of ,carcassonne1 and the ,archbishop of ,narbonne1 though the primate1 were obliged to recognize its independence of their jurisdiction before they could obtain admittance to the abbey4 ,the abbot from the time of ,abbot ,nicolas ,roger1 the uncle of ,pope ,clement ,,vi41 had the right of wearing pontifical vestments4 ,he held legal jurisdiction over eighty-three towns1 besides which1 three other abbeys1 three monasteries1 twenty-four priories1 and sixty-seven parish churches were dependent on the house of ,la ,grasse4 ,this great abbey was suppressed in #agij1 after existing over a thousand years1 and before long was transformed into barracks and manufactories4 ,the church became a melancholy ruin1 with its columns lying among the tall grass1 the capitals covered with lichens1 bushes growing in among the crumbling walls1 and here and there scattered mutilated escutcheons of the old lords of the land and the very bones from their sepulchres4 ,but the town of ,la ,grasse1 that sprang up under the mild sway of the old abbots1 is still queen of the lower ,corbires by its population and historic interest4 ,it is noted for its blanquette--a sparkling white wine1 which rivals that of ,limoux4 ,as to the battles in the valley of the ,orbieu1 it is more certain that the ,saracens1 on their way to attack ,carcassonne1 were met by ,william1 ,duke of ,aquitaine1 in this valley1 where1 though defeated1 he performed prodigies of valor1 and made the followers of ,mahound buy their victory dearly4 ,they soon withdrew into ,spain1 carrying with them rich spoils from ,narbonne1 among which were seven statues of silver1 long famous in ,andalusia1 and many marble columns1 still to be seen in the famous mosque of ,cordova1 on which they forced the vast number of prisoners they carried with them to labor4 ,nor was the abbey of ,la ,grasse the only famous monastery of this region4 ,there was the ,cistercian abbey of ,fonfroide1 founded in the twelfth century by ,ermengarde1 ,vicomtesse of ,narbonne1 to whom ,pierre ,roger1 the troubadour1 gave the mystic name of ,tort n'avez1 and so well known from the permanent ,court of ,love she held in her gay capital4 ,this abbey at one time contained two hundred monks1 who were great agriculturists1 and understood drainage and all the improvements we regard as modern4 ,they brought vast tracts of land under cultivation1 and1 by their industry and economy1 became wealthy and powerful4 ,in #acda1 this abbey had nineteen thousand two hundred and thirty-four animals1 including sheep1 cattle1 mules1 swine1 etc4 ,among the celebrated monks of ,fonfroide was ,peter of ,castelnau1 whom the ,holy ,see appointed one of the legates to suppress the heresy of the ,albigenses1 and who acquired so melancholy a celebrity by his conflicts with ,count ,raymond of ,toulouse and his tragical end4 ,another member1 eminent for his knowledge and piety1 of this house was ,arnaud de ,novelli1 uncle of ,pope ,benedict ,,xii4 ,he was made cardinal by ,pope ,clement ,v41 and sent as one of the legates to ,england to make peace between ,edward ,,ii4 and his barons4 ,he died in #acag1 and lies buried under the high altar of the abbey church4 ,pope ,benedict ,,xii4 himself was a monk at ,fonfroide1 and succeeded his uncle as abbot of the house4 ,as pope1 he is specially celebrated for the part he took among the theologians of the day in discussing the question of the immediate state of the righteous after death1 and the decretal which he finally issued in #acee--;,benedictus ,dominus in sanctis suis--in which he declares that the souls of the justified1 on leaving their bodies1 are at once admitted to behold the ,divine ,essence face to face without intermediary2 that by this vision they are rendered truly happy1 and in enjoyment of everlasting repose2 whereas those who die in the state of mortal sin descend immediately into hell4 ,the abbey of ,fonfroide1 after seven hundred years' existence1 was closed in #agij1 but1 more fortunate than ,la ,grasse1 it is now inhabited by ,bernardins1 who seem to have inherited the virtues and spirit of the early ,cistercians4 ,the tombs of the old vicomtes of ,narbonne1 who were mostly buried here1 are no longer to be seen4 ,william ,,ii41 by an act of ,may #be1 #adbd1 ordered his remains to be taken to ,fonfroide1 wherever he might die4 ,he left two thousand livres for his tomb1 which was to be of stone and magnificently adorned1 and an annuity of twenty-five livres as a foundation for a daily ,mass for the repose of his soul4 ,he was killed by the ,english at the battle of ,verneuil1 the following ,august2 his body was fastened to a gibbet1 and had to be ransomed before it could be brought to ,fonfroide4 ,another noted abbey of the country was that of ,st4 ,hilaire1 built over the tomb of its patron saint--not ,st4 ,hilary of ,arles1 who walked all the way to ,rome in the dead of winter1 but the first bishop of ,carcassonne1 who never walked anywhere1 dead or alive--at least1 out of his own diocese4 ,this abbey was built in the good old days of ,charlemagne1 who seems to have never missed an opportunity of building a church or endowing a monastery--if we are to believe all the traditions of ,france--and of course endowed this one4 ,however1 ,roger ,i41 ,count of ,carcassonne1 enriched it still more4 ,he never went into battle without invoking ,st4 ,hilaire1 and to him he ascribed the success of his arms4 ,in his gratitude1 he had the body of the saint exhumed and placed in a beautiful tomb of sculptured marble1 and promised to furnish the twelve monks--all there were at that time--with suitable clothing during the remainder of his life1 which says very little in favor of ,charlemagne's endowment4 ,the abbey ultimately became very prosperous1 and1 among other possessions1 owned the most of ,limoux4 ,it lost its importance1 however1 in the sixteenth century1 and was finally secularized4 ,in one of the rooms may still be seen the names of its fifty abbots4 ,the beautiful cloister of the fourteenth century is well preserved1 and the tomb of ,st4 ,hilaire1 with its sculptures of the tenth century1 representing the legend of ,st4 ,saturnin1 still serves as the altar of the church4 ,the abbey stands in a bend of the ,lauquet1 that has escaped from the ,aude1 with its little village around it1 among low hills covered with excellent vineyards4 ,here blow alternately the ,cers and the ,marin1 the only two winds known in the valley of the ,aude1 shut in as it is between the ,montagne ,noire on the north and the ,corbires on the south4 ,these winds blow with alternate violence1 like two great guns1 the greater part of the year1 and when one dies away the other generally takes up the blast4 ,the very trees are planted with reference to them4 ,people who would live according to the ,delphic principle of 8not too much of anything10 should not come to the valley of the ,aude4 ,the ,cers increases in violence as it approaches the sea1 where it seems to put on the very airs of the great planet ,jupiter itself1 noted for the violence of its winds2 whereas the ,marin waits till it gets away from the sound of 8the jawing wave0 before it ventures to come out in its full strength4 ,however1 as people often take pride in displaying their very infirmities1 as if desirous of being noted for something1 so the inhabitants of this valley boast of their winds4 ,they did the same in the days of ,seneca the philosopher1 who says that though the ,circius1 or ,cers1 overthrew the very buildings1 the people of ,gaul still praised it1 and thought they were indebted to it for the salubrity of their climate4 ,perhaps they acted on the principle of ,augustus ,csar1 who erected an altar to propitiate the ,circius when he was in ,gaul1 so much did he dread it4 ,the canal of ,languedoc passes through the valley of the ,aude4 ,of course the grand idea of uniting the two seas could have originated with no less a person than ,charlemagne himself4 ,francis the ,first also agitated the question4 ,the principle on which canals are constructed was known in the ,middle ,ages4 ,that universal genius1 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 was the first to make a practical application of it4 ,in spite of this1 the canal of ,languedoc required a century and a half of profound study on the part of men of talent before it was decided on4 ,the difficulty of its construction can hardly be realized in these days4 ,it was not till the time of ,louis ,,xiv4 the work was undertaken by ,m4 de ,riquet1 who brought down waters from the ,montagne ,noire to feed the basins in the valley of the ,aude4 ,the whole canal was built in seventeen years1 and cost about seventeen millions of livres4 ,he did not live to see it opened4 ,that satisfaction was reserved for his sons4 ,the people awaited the day with impatience1 and when it was opened1 ,may #ae1 #afha1 there was one great outburst of joy and admiration all the way from the ,garonne to the ,mediterranean4 ,the intendant of the province1 and all the capitouls of ,toulouse1 assembled in the morning in the cathedral of that city4 ,the archbishop officiated4 ,nor was ,m4 ,riquet forgotten amid the thanksgiving4 ,his sons were present4 ,and at the close of ,mass1 the archbishop turned and said3 ,brethren1 let us pray for the repose of the soul of ,pierre ,paul de ,riquet4 ,every head bent a few moments in silent prayer for the benefactor of the country4 ,a richly carpeted bark1 from which floated the national colors1 had been prepared4 ,the ,abbot of ,st4 ,jernin solemnly blessed the waters of the canal1 and the dignitaries set out amid the applause of the multitude1 followed by two other barks filled with musicians4 ,at ,castelnaudary1 ,cardinal de ,bonzi1 with several other prelates and lords1 joined them in a magnificent galley1 amid the noise of cannon and the peal of trumpets1 followed by twenty barks full of merchandise4 ,it was not till ,may #bd this flotilla arrived at ,bziers1 where it was hailed1 as all along the way1 with salutes and cries of joy4 ,these demonstrations were warranted by the immense benefit of the canal to the country1 and though now in a great measure superseded by the railway1 it is still of the greatest utility4 ,before the ,aude reaches ,carcassonne1 it flows directly through the pretty1 industrious town of ,limoux1 where the shores are connected by an old ,roman bridge4 ,four hills enclose the charming valley1 on the sides of which grow the vines that yield the blanquette of ,limoux1 which is famous in the wine market4 ,on one of these hills stands a rural chapel held in great veneration by the people around--that of ,notre ,dame de ,marceille1 one of the most frequented places of pilgrimage in southern ,france1 which has been sung by poets1 studied by archologists1 and sketched by artists4 ,nothing could be lovelier than its situation4 ,from the plateau around the chapel you look down on the ,flacian valley1 watered by the ,aude4 ,to the west are the walls of ,limoux in the midst of its vineyards and manufactories4 ,further off are bare cliffs and wooded hills1 while on the very edge of the horizon rise1 like an army of giants1 the summits of the ,pyrenees1 almost always covered with snow or shrouded in mist4 ,what a variety of temperature and products this landscape embraces--the cold mountain summit and the heat of the plain1 verdant heights and naked rocks1 the frowning hills and joyous valleys1 gloomy forests of pines and frolicsome vines1 fresh meadows and fields of golden grain6 ,through all this flows the ,aude1 past old legendary castles now in ruins1 along marvellous grottoes a sibyl might envy1 its current spanned by bridges with their tutelar ,madonnas1 but not disdaining to turn the wheels of the petty industries below us1 though it has its source amid impassable gulfs among yonder peaks lost in the clouds4 ,a paved rampe leads up the hillside to ,notre ,dame de ,marceille1 more than six hundred feet long1 which the pilgrims ascend on their knees1 praying as they go4 ,half-way up1 they stop to rest beside a trickling fountain and drink of the water that falls drop by drop4 ,on the arch above is the inscription in letters of gold3 8,mille mali species ,virgo levavit aqua40#agb ,the present church dates from #adhh1 but a sanctuary is known to have existed here as early as #ajaa4 ,from age to age it has been the object of ever increasing veneration among the people4 ,it belonged at one time to the abbey of ,st4 ,hilaire1 but in #abjg passed into the hands of the ,dominicans of ,prouilhe4 ,you enter by a porch1 which is supported by slender columns that give it an air of elegance4 ,on the front is inscribed3 8,stay1 traveller3 adore ,god1 invoke ,mary40 ,and on the sides3 8,o ,jesus1 we have merited thy wrath4 ,efface from our hearts every stain of sin1 that they may be rendered worthy to become thy dwelling-place60 8,spotless ,maid1 ,virgin ,mother1 on whom the ,almighty lavishes the gifts of his love1 with him1 with thee1 bring us by thy prayers to dwell for ever in the celestial abode40 ,another fountain near the porch bears also its inscription3 ,hic putens fons signatus4 ,parit unda salutem4 ,aeger junge fidem4 ,sic bibe1 sarnus eris4 ,during the cholera of #ahee more than sixty thousand pilgrims flocked to this chapel in the space of three weeks4 ,all the priests of the diocese come here annually to celebrate the mysteries of religion1 especially in the month of ,september when it is most frequented4 ,then the holy hill is covered by the ascending pilgrims1 the chapel is illuminated1 the bells are rung1 and group after group from different villages enter to pray and sing their pious hymns1 which have a certain wild flavor that is delightful4 ,their varied attitudes and costumes1 the rude melody of their voices1 the numerous bas-reliefs and paintings on the walls1 the altar of the ,virgin hung with ex-votos1 and the robes of the ,madonna herself1 overloaded with ornaments of gold and silver which sparkle in the countless tapers1 make up a picture one is never weary of studying4 ,it was on descending from this consecrated hill we stopped to look back at the sanctuary whence streamed still the soul-stirring hymns4 ,a group was gathered about the archway of the fountain4 ,the base was aflush with the vines4 ,from ,limoux came the sound of earthly cares4 ,harvests covered the plain4 ,the heavens aglow crowned all4 ,it was here we took leave of the ,valley of the ,aude4 #agb ,by this water the ,virgin has cured a thousand ills4 ,,free ,,translation ,,of ,a ,,chorus ,,in ,,the 8,,hecuba0 ,,of ,,euripides4 ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,thou of the ten years' war6 ,city of marble palaces--no more ,hard by the mountains art thou throned a ,queen1 ,beside the sounding shore4 ,where is thy crown of olives ever-green8 ,how is thy regal head with anguish bowed6 ,ah6 woe is me1 enveloped in a cloud ,of leaguering foemen are thy smoking walls1 ,blood-stained and desolate thy halls4 ,in the deep hush of night ,fate fell upon us ''' in the hour of joy2 ,in the first flush of our triumphant might1 ,glory1 and ,victory4 ,the bowl was circling1 and the festive floor ,with wild flowers sprinkled o'er4 ,we wove the mazy dance in choral bands1 ,with eyes responsive and united hands ,and thrilling melodies4 ,my husband on the bed1 ,warrior out-worn1 was lying2 and his breast ,filled with the dewy rest3 ,for thou1 ,o raven-plumed power1 ,wert o'er him waving thy ,lethean wings1 ,flinging thy poppied odors o'er ,his languid breast and eyes2 ,all grateful rites complete1 and pious sacrifice4 ,but ,i my ringlets dark 7,a young and happy bride7 ,was braiding1 not unconscious of my charms1 ,before the mirror wide3 ,now for the first time freed from war's alarms ,to lay me by his side ,whose breast was filled with dreams of peace3--but hush6 ,a long and piercing cry ,comes ringing thro' the sky1 ,a sound of struggling men and clashing arms4 ,with robe unbound--with hair ,streaming upon the air2 ,zoneless as ,spartan maid1 ,pallas1 to thee2 ,o ,virgin ,deity6 ,i rush in tearless agony--,i bear ,the maids' and matrons' prayer4 ,in vain--ah6 what availed ,those wild embraces or that mute despair8 ,ah6 what availed8 ,these eyes1 these eyes beheld ,the husband slaughtered on the household hearth ,in sight of all his gods2 but when the wave ,with its unheeding rave1 ,was bearing me from thee1 my place of birth1 ,as from mine eye down sank high tower and gate1 ,ruined and desolate4''' ,at last my agony ,burst forth into one long and fainting cry-- ,i fell upon my face--,i knew myself a slave4 ,,letters ,,of ,a ,,young ,,irishwoman ,,to ,,her ,,sister 7,,from ,,the ,,french47 ,,april #bb4 ,yesterday was the day which the ,lord hath made1 the day of happiness and of rejoicing in ,god4 ,rose at half-past three1 and was at ,ste4 ,croix before the time4 ,kneeling by ,ren1 my heart overflowing with felicity1 ,i enjoyed during those too rapid moments all the delights of the ,christian life4 ,the procession and ,benediction were magnificent2 everything that has relation to worship1 here possesses a unique and impressive solemnity4 ,heard two ,masses1 and then that of the ,paschal ,communion of the men4 ,i love this spectacle--these long files of communicants1 so eloquent a protest against the impieties of the age6 ,was present at ,high ,mass4 ,dear ,kate6 congratulate your ,georgina3 taking all together1 ,i spent nine hours yesterday in church4 ,but my day was much less sanctified in reality than in appearance2 ,i am so easily distracted4 ,the music transported and the crowds bewildered me4 ,monseigneur officiated pontifically at the ,high ,mass1 after which we had the ,papal ,benediction4 ,the sermon pleased me much4 8,when ,christ shall be glorified1 you also shall be glorified with him40 ,it was sweet and comforting to hear1 and ,i was greatly touched4 8,the measure of your sufferings here below is the measure of the happiness which ,god has in store for you4 ,our body will be glorified by the absence of all suffering2 our understanding1 by the ,beatific ,vision2 our heart1 by the possession of every possible happiness and felicity2 our will1 by the accomplishment of its desires4 ,god will to all eternity do the will of his saints40 ,then the ,benediction1 the procession chanting the ,laudate ,pueri and the ,in exitu ,isral1 the hymn of deliverance--what splendor6 ,o festival of ,easter6 so solemn and so beautiful1 how dear thou art to me4 ,and so ,lent is over1 and1 to indemnify me for my long fast1 here is a letter from my ,kate4 ,i read it on my knees1 like a prayer1 and afterwards aloud to the assembled family 7except1 of course1 the private details74 ,it is settled that we are all to be present when you take the veil4 ,kate dearest6 my elder sister1 my second mother1 who have imparted to me so much of your own soul1 the blessed thought of you follows me at every step4 ,mme4 de ,t---- has made splendid presents to all her children4 ,i like this fraternal custom4 ,we had been secretly preparing the prettiest surprises imaginable1 and in the morning saluted each other as they do in ,poland3 8,christ is risen60 ,ren has presented me with two beautiful volumes1 a novelty1 a marvel--the ,rcit d'une ,sur1 by ,mrs4 ,craven1 ne de la ,ferronays4 ,call to your remembrance one of our loveliest days in ,italy1 at the ,palazzo ,borghese1 where this family long remained2 we have often spoken of it since4 ,this is such attractive reading that it costs me a great effort to tear myself from the book4 ,the weather is glorious2 we take long walks through gardens full of lilacs in blossom4 ,o spring6 the renewal1 the awakening of nature1 how sweet and fair it is1 and with what joy ,i have hailed its coming6 ,the children are not to be kept within the house any longer2 they are caged birds prettily fluttering their wings against the bars until they are free in the fields4#agc ,little whisperings are made to ,aunt ,georgina to receive into her coup these darling nightingales4 ,excursions are to be the order of the week4 ,our poor have largely shared in our ,paschal rejoicings4 ,i took ,picciola with me to see ,benoni4 ,what a festival it was to her kind heart6 ,she had laden herself with playthings1 cakes1 and bonbons1 and1 in a spirit of heroic sacrifice1 with a pretty cage which she sat great store by1 in which sang two canaries4 ,the joy of the poor family was surpassed by the sweet child's delight4 ,i watched her with admiration as she went to and fro in the lowly abode1 warbling with the brother of the little ,jesus1 as she calls the darling4 ,what a sunbeam in this dwelling6 ,i wish ,madeleine were my daughter4 ,kate dearest1 pray that my wishes may be realized4 ,i am writing to you in my room1 near the open window4 ,a delicious perfume of lilac fills the air2 ,i love nothing in the world so much as children and flowers4 ,lately ,i have frequently made ,alix play4 ,my sister-in-law ,johanna has had a severe cold1 and ,i have laid claim to her pretty family during their recreations4 ,marguerite1 the eldest of the little girls1 is not more than eight years old1 and is always called ,lady ,sensible1 which makes her cheeks glow with pleasure4 ,alix is four2 she is fresh as a rose of ,may4 ,i love to press my lips against her pure forehead1 and imbue myself with the soft innocence which exhales from this young soul4 ,with her deep-blue eyes1 her thick1 fair hair1 and her angel-look1 ,alix is really charming1 and it seems to me that if she were mine ,i should have floods of tenderness to shed upon her4 ,monseigneur is about to leave for ,rome4 ,i shall be presented to him before his departure4 ,au revoir1 dear ,kate6 ,may ,god protect us6 ,when shall ,i see ,ireland again8 ,when shall ,i return to the land from whence my ancestors1 those sons of a royal race1 were banished8 ,the faith is worth more than a throne4 ,,april #bi4 ,ren has undertaken to give you an account of my presentation1 dearest ,kate1 so ,i need not say anything about it4 ,nothing is spoken of here but the dead and dying4 ,mme4 de ,st4 ,m---- has lost her two little girls in two days2 it makes one tremble4 ,i have sent ,fanny your letter of ,wednesday2 it seemed as if ,i should profane your holy pages by transcribing them4 ,our friends wrote to me yesterday2 you ought to have read their letters before ,i did4 ,lady ,w---- tells me that she shall treasure like a relic the consolations of ,kate4 ,dearest1 you say well that this world could not be fit for our sweet ,mary2 but your aspirations after eternity alarm your earthly ,georgina4 ,live to love me1 to be my guardian angel6 ,you will not read ,le ,rcit d'une ,sur1 dear1 busy one8 ,this book contains beauties of the highest order2 it is like the expression of the splendor of the beautiful4 ,how those hearts loved1 and how much they suffered6 ,but love like theirs must give strength to bear such sufferings4 ,how can ,i describe to you these incomparable volumes8 ,your faithful memory has well recalled to you all the personages2 imagine1 then1 the mutual outpourings of those great souls1 the marriage of ,albert and ,alexandrine1 so closely followed by so much heart-rending anguish2 that family1 so numerous and so united1 and which appeared to have so many titles to happiness1 seeing death descend upon their happy home1 gradually destroying and pitilessly mowing down those fair lives4 ,albert first of all--the gentle1 tender1 pious1 poetic ,albert--dying on the #bith of ,june1 #ahcf1 after two years of married life and four years of the most pure and sanctified love2 then the ,count de la ,ferronays1 that noble figure1 that grand character1 a soul of antiquity moulded in a ,christian heart1 who died at ,rome on the #agth of ,january1 #ahdb1 and obtained immediately a miraculous conversion--an endless consolation for those who wept for him2 ,eugnie1 so saintly1 so detached from the world1 the most loving and devoted of sisters1 died next1 far from all her own people1 at ,palermo1 whose mild climate had failed to restore strength to that fading flower2 a year after1 at ,brussels1 on the #ajth of ,february1 the pure and beautiful ,olga2 in #ahdh1 on the #ith of ,february1 ,alexandrine1 the most attractive heroine of this narrative1 the inconsolable widow1 mounting to such heights in the love of ,god that she would have refused to live over again the happiness of her union with ,albert--an exceptionally saintly soul1 full of heroic devotion1 since she offered her life to ,god--who accepted the offering--for that of the ,pre de ,ravignan2 and1 lastly1 ,mme4 de la ,ferronays1 the mother1 the wife who had been1 as it were1 on the cross for so many years1 and always serene1 always generous1 dying in the arms of her ,pauline on the #adth of ,november1 #ahdh1 the same year as her daughter-in-law4 ,by the side of these souls who have passed away figure several personages of the time3 ,m4 de ,montalembert1 the intimate friend of ,albert1 and the ever-faithful friend of ,alexandrine1 whom he called his 8sister02 ,m4 ,gerbet1 the author of ,l',esquisse de ,rome ,chrtienne2#agd ,pre ,lacordaire1 ,mme4 ,swetchine1 ,pre de ,ravignan1 ,confalonieri1 the learned ,m4 ,rio--all this related by a sister1 ,mrs4 ,craven1 of whom ,mme4 ---- spoke to us so much4 ,remark these two thoughts from ,st4 ,augustine3 one1 the motto1 is1 8,we never lose those whom we love in him whom we can never lose02 the other1 written by ,albert in his journal and several times underlined3 8,all which ends is not long40 ,there is also this other1 of ,alexandrine's3 8,i do not believe that affections are injurious to affections4 ,our soul is made in the image of ,god1 and in her power of loving she possesses something of the infinite40 ,what a family6--an assembly of chosen souls1 all of them winning and sympathetic1 all knowing how to love as those souls only know who love ,god above all things4 ,i should like to know ,mrs4 ,craven4 ,i pity and admire her3 ,i pity her for having seen all those die whom she so loved1 for having witnessed the departure of souls so intimately united that they were as if melted into one alone2 ,i admire her for having had the power of retracing so many memories at the same time sweet and distressing1 and which at every page must have renewed her grief4 ,is not ,albert's offering of his life for the conversion of ,alexandrine the most admirable type of ,christian love8 ,we are going to eternize ourselves at ,orleans1 dear ,kate4 ,my mother-in-law finds the ,rue ,jeanne d',arc very agreeable2 the children attend some of the cours4#age ,we are not too far from the capital2 all say in chorus1 ,it is good to be here6 ,when ,i say all1 ,i except the gentlemen1 who1 in their hearts1 prefer the country1 but do not say a word to that effect4 ,a letter from ,margaret1 charmed to be at ,rome1 8that fatherland of sorrow40 ,amid the ruins of the queen of cities she walks with her immense disappointment4 ,oh6 what trial4 ,no woman better deserves to be loved4 ,do you remember ,mre ,athanase saying of ,margaret3 8,beautiful as ,eve in ,paradise1 attractive as ,rachel1 a musician like ,miriam the sister of ,moses1 she is also learned as ,anna ,comnena1 and a poetess like ,marie de ,france08 ,i answered3 8,may ,i be the good ,samaritan to this wounded soul60 ,duchesse is much afflicted2 a new frock quite untakable1 as she says1 is the cause4 ,on ,marguerite's gravely asking1 8,is not ,thrse going out again8 what misfortune has happened to her80 ,arthur replied3 8,lady ,sensible1 look well at ,thrse2 there is a wrinkle on her forehead4 ,she has lost ''' her toilette40 ,and the giddy boy twirled ,marguerite round and round1 who cannot understand1 serious little thing that she is1 how any one should be in trouble for so small a matter4 ,this reminds me of the following verses1 copied by ,hlne in her journal3 8,un frais cottage anglais1 voil sa ,thbade ,et si son front de nacre est marqu d'une rid1 ,ce n'est pas1 croyez moi1 qu'elle songe la mort2 ,pour craindre quelque chose1 elle est trop esprit fort4 ,mais c'est que de ,paris une robe attendue1 ,arrive chiffonne et de taches perdue40#agf ,a thousand kisses to my ,kate4 ,,may #c4 ,o month of graces and of heavenly favors1 how ,i welcome your return6 ,to-day1 my beloved ,kate1 ,ren and ,i have piously celebrated the anniversary of your birth4 ,may ,god bless you1 my very dear one1 and may he bless all that you do6 ,oh6 how many times have ,i thanked ,god that he has granted me to receive the love that ,joseph had for ,benjamin4 ,kate1 ,i am too happy4 ,ask our ,lord that ,i may not lose the fragrance of these days of peace and gladness2 that ,i may not be an unprofitable servant2 that ,i may do good1 much good2 that ,i may labor for the salvation of souls4 ,o souls1 souls6 ,you know how1 when a child1 ,i cried when ,i found that ,i could not be a missionary4 ,i wanted to be one of the laborers among the whitening harvests4 ,i have kept my desire1 and ,ren shares my aspirations4 ,adrien1 who heard us yesterday talking together1 called out3 8,quick1 quick6 a professor of ,hindostani and ,chinese for these two apostles40 ,my mother-in-law was very much amused by this sally1 and the conversation became general4 ,a good work has come out of it3 there were in the house only four associates of the ,propagation of the ,faith1 and now there are thirty1 and ,i am chief of the dizaines1 or sets of ten1 by unanimous vote4 ,it is not to ,asiatic idolaters that ,i am desirous of preaching the ,gospel1 but1 wherever my duty shall place me1 to those who are ignorant of it2 and by way of a beginning ,i have this winter been teaching the catechism to three little children1 beggars by profession4 ,i shall continue the same thing in ,brittany4 ,dearest1 can ,i do too much for ,him who overwhelms me with such magnificent profusion8 ,the opening of the month of ,mary has been very beautiful2 the altar splendidly lighted2 lovely hymns4 ,noted an enchanting voice of a young girl1 which caused me some distractions4''' ,kate1 where is our dear oratory in ,ireland1 and my place close to yours8 ,my country1 my country6 ,some one has said1 ,our country is the place where we love4 ,the true country and fatherland of the ,christian is heaven4 ,ren speaks like an angel of the love of heaven1 and this1 too1 makes me afraid4 ,oh6 how well ,i understand the saying of ,eugnie de ,gurin1 #8,the heart so longs to immortalize what it loves'--that is to say1 the heart would fain have no separation1 but life or death with the object of its love4 ,dear ,kate1 to whom ,i owe my happiness1 may this day be always blest6 ,i leave you now1 as my mother-in-law sends ,picciola to request my company4 8,if10 says the gentle little ambassadress1 8it is to ,madame ,kate that you are writing1 tell her especially that ,i love her with all my heart2 and let me put a kiss upon the page40 ,by the side of this sweet1 pure kiss ,i place my tender messages1 or rather ours1 loving you as we both do4 ,,may #f4 ,the spiritual enjoyments of this fairest of months are infinitely sweet to me1 my sister4 ,i had minutely described your oratory to ,lucy and ,hlne1 and these two affectionate girls have prepared me a heartfelt enjoyment4 ,in a small1 unoccupied drawing-room ,i found all my souvenirs of ,ireland1 ''' all ''' excepting only your dear presence1 my devoted ,kate4 ,tell me how it is that so many hearts agree together in strewing with flowers the path of your ,georgina4 ,the ,odeurs de ,paris1 by ,louis ,veuillot1 is much spoken of4 ,this book is a sequel to the ,parfum de ,rome--a sort of set-off or contrast between the unseemliness of ,babylon and the beauties of ,sion4 ,i wanted to read it1 but ,adrien dissuaded me1 and ,ren read me the preface1 which contains some remarkable thoughts4 ,the modern ,juvenal says of ,paris3 8,a city without a past1 full of minds without memories1 of hearts without tears1 of souls without love02 and elsewhere3 8,to paint ,paris1 ,rousseau discovered the suitable expression of #8a desert of men4'0 ,there is also a touching complaint respecting the continual confusion and1 as it were1 overturning of this city1 which ,gabourd calls the city of the ,sovereign ,people3 8,who will dwell in the paternal house8 ,who will find again the roof which sheltered his earliest years8'''0 ,read the ,souvenirs of ,mme4 ,rcamier1 and ,marie-,thrse1 by ,nettement4 ,the latter is written with a royalist and ,christian enthusiasm which delighted me4 ,my mother-in-law is passionately fond of poetry1 and has selected me as reader4 ,i am gradually becoming her pet bird2 she is so kind and good in her continual solicitude for her youngest daughter6 ,master ,arthur1 l'enfant terrible1 confided to ,picciola that ,i was grandmamma's spoiled child4 ,the fact is that1 having my time more free than my sisters-in-law1 who are absorbed by their maternal cares1 ,i can occupy myself more in anything which may please ,mme4 de ,t----1 whose innate refinement knows how to appreciate the smallest attentions4 ,then1 yesterday my mother-in-law sent me a nice little packet1 carefully sealed2 guess what ,i found in it8 ,a ,shakspere and a ,lamartine1 bound with my monogram1 and a choice little volume by ,marie ,jenna1 a name which pleases me4 ,this is full of heavenly poetry4 ,there are pieces which are worth their weight in gold1 if gold could pay for this delicious efflorescence of the poet's soul4 ,how ,i love ,lamartine when he says3 8,moi-mme1 plein des biens dont l'opulence abonde1 ,que j'changerais volontiers ,cet or dont la fortune avec ddain m'inonde ,pour une heure du temps o je n'avais au monde ,que ma vigne et que mon figuier6 ,pour ces songes divins qui chantaient en mon me ,et que nul or ne peut payer60#agg ,ah6 yes2 no happiness is worth the happiness of loving and praising ,god4 ,hlne waited for the month of ,mary to reveal her beautiful vocation to her mother--this choice of heaven which will necessarily be at the same time the glory and the martyrdom of our hearts4 ,none of the austerities of her future life will take by surprise the newly-chosen one2 she has prepared herself for everything4 ,it is on the #ajth1 four days hence1 that she will speak4''' ,help us with your prayers1 my dearest ,kate6''' ,i am hastening off with ,ren to ,sainte ,croix4 ,a thousand loving messages4 ,,may #i4 ,the evening of the day before yesterday was a beautiful triumph3 the festival of ,joan of ,arc had begun4 ,all day long the belfry resounded2 a touching and patriotic as well as ,christian idea seemed1 as it were1 to call back the past to life2 and in the evening a large crowd followed in the torch-light procession1 which was beautiful to see from the memories which are attached to it4 ,with more than four centuries between1 these souvenirs are still living with an imperishable life4 ,o pure and fair ,joan of ,arc6 my chosen heroine1 how ,i love the fidelity of ,orleans to thy dear memory6 ,scarcely had the cortge reached the cathedral when ''' but let me transcribe for you the description of these splendors by a more skilful hand than mine--by the pencil of an artist1 and an artist of genius4 ,this is what was spoken by ,mgr4 ,mermillod1 on the #hth of ,may1 #ahfc3 8,yesterday evening1 gentlemen1 under the vaulted roof of your basilica1 ,i followed your priests and your pontiff1 who were proceeding towards the portico4 ,the interior of your church was in silence and obscurity2 one little light alone was gleaming before the tabernacle1 announcing the ,master's presence4 ,when ,i reached the threshold1 tears filled my eyes1 while my heart beat with an indescribable emotion4 ,i had before me1 in an incomparable scene1 a vision of your history1 of your heroic splendors1 of your providential destinies4 ,you1 gentlemen1 were there1 ranged in this place2 your children1 your wives1 your aged men1 the great ones and the lowly ones of your city1 were present at this solemn assembly4 ,suddenly the clarions sound1 bands of inspiriting music fill the air1 drums beat1 the artillery thunders1 the bells fling into space their triumphant clangor1 and the choir of ,levites raises on high the hymn of victory4 ,the standard of ,joan of ,arc is advancing1 borne by the magistrates of the city1 hailed by all the united voices of the army and the church4 ,is not this the most eloquent address1 the most moving panegyric1 the living incarnation of an undying remembrance8''' ,your cathedral becomes radiant2 these grand1 sculptured masses light up with sparkling brightness1 pennons1 armorial bearings1 and banners glitter like stars4 ,your bishop descends the steps1 the first magistrate advances1 and each gives the other the kiss of peace3 ,i there beheld an apparition of religion and our country4 8,the pontiff invokes the name of the ,lord1 the multitude answers2 soldiers1 priests1 and people bend the knee2 the benediction falls upon these souls4''' ,my gaze mounted from earth towards heaven1 and it seemed as if ,i could perceive above the towers of your basilica forms more luminous than earthly fires1 the ancient witnesses and workers of the greatness of your ,france--,ste4 ,genevive1 ,ste4 ,clotilde1 ,st4 ,rmy1 ,st4 ,michael1 ,ste4 ,catherine1 ,ste4 ,margaret1 ,joan of ,arc2 your own saints1 ,st4 ,aignan and ,st4 ,euvertus1 blessing you by the hand of their worthy successor4 ,clergy and people intoned the psalm of thanksgiving3 #8,praise the ,lord1 ye peoples3 praise him1 ,o ye nations6 for ,god hath remembered his goodness2 he hath confirmed his loving-kindness towards us4 ,the truth of the ,lord endureth for ever4 ,praise the ,lord4' 8,i seemed to hear the stones of your cathedral1 the ramparts of your city1 your own souls1 the saints of heaven1 the past1 the present1 all your centuries1 unite in one immense acclamation1 and repeat the song of gladness3 #8,glory to the ,father1 who is strength2 glory to the ,son1 who is sacrifice2 glory to the ,holy ,spirit1 who is light2 glory to ,god1 who made worlds for himself1 the church for eternity2 ,france for the church1 and ,joan of ,arc for ,france6'0 ,dear ,kate1 what can ,i say to you after this8 ,who would venture to speak after ,mgr4 ,mermillod1 8write after ,chteaubriand1 or paint after ,raphael08 ,yesterday the town was rejoicing2 it was the anniversary of the deliverance4 ,was present at the panegyric by ,m4 l',abb ,freppel1 professor of sacred eloquence at the ,sorbonne4 ,he asks for the canonization of ,joan of ,arc4 ,his text was a sentence out of the ,book of the ,machabees4 ,divisions3 #a4 ,the life of ,joan of ,arc was marked by all the virtues which characterize sanctity4 #b4 ,she uttered prophecies and performed miracles4 ,it was very fine and elevated4 ,there was an imposing assemblage4 ,at half-past twelve we went out and hurried to the hotel to see the procession pass by4 ,what a cortge6 ,all the parishes1 each headed by its banner2 the court1 the authorities1 the troops1 the corporations1 and ,i know not what4 ,it was indeed a day of excitement4 ,dearest ,kate1 in the midst of this encombrement#agh ,i thought of you4 ,our drawing-rooms were overflowing with people2 from time to time ,i went noiselessly away to ,hlne1 whom a headache excused from appearing1 and we spoke of ,god and the sweetness of his service4 ,i am so fond of these conversations4 ,in the evening1 ,month of ,mary3 ,i would not dispense myself from this for anything in the world4 ,i am going to read ,sainte ,ccile1 by ,dom ,guranger4 ,letter from ,lizzy1 who announces a most joyful piece of news3 all the ,m----s are abjuring ,protestantism4 8,make haste and sing the hymn of ,st4 ,ambrose and ,st4 ,augustine2 ,ellen consents to say the ,ltatus2 it is ,mary who has obtained this miracle40 ,when ,i told you1 dear ,kate1 that one ought to sing alleluia over her tomb1 it was truly a prophetic saying4 ,what consolation for ,fanny and her mother6 ,i am sending to the post2 ,i wish not to delay your happiness4 ,,may #aa4 ,to write to my ,kate is the condition sine qu non of my existence4 ,a beautiful sermon yesterday by ,m4 ,baunard1 a young and eloquent curate of ,sainte ,croix1 on visits and conversations1 8in which the ,christian ought always to have three charming companions--,charity1 ,humility1 and ,piety40 ,went to the museum with ,ren and ,adrien1 the most learned and agreeable of ciceroni4 ,i was captivated by the hall of zology1 and that of botany also4 ,to-morrow ,hlne will have with her mother the conversation which ,i dread4 ,ren proposed to his niece to select this day1 which will recall to ,gertrude 7,mme4 ,adrien7 a remarkable favor due to the protection of ,our ,lady of ,deliverance4 ,pray for all these hearts which are about to suffer1 dear ,kate4 ,we set out for ,paris on the #ast of ,june2 my mother has taken an entire house there4 ,we are going to breathe the burning atmosphere of the capital1 as ,paul says1 wiping his forehead2 and your ,georgina adds3 ,we are going to see ,kate4 ,all the beauties of the much-vaunted ,exposition would affect me little if you were not in ,paris1 dear sister of my soul4 ,what gladness to embrace you1 to speak to you6 ,this paper irritates me2 it answers me nothing4 ,it is you1 you that ,i need2 ,i thirst for your presence4 ,and then a new separation1 a new rending away--you will take the veil1 and be no more of this world4 ,kate1 ,i want not to think of it4 ,could you to-morrow have several ,masses said at ,notre ,dame des ,victoires8 ,hlne begs that you will2 there she is1 near my bureau1 leaning her pretty1 pensive head against an arm-chair4 ,ah6 we understand each other so well2 ,i love her so much1 and am scarcely older than she is4 ,i was mistaken as to her age2 she is not yet eighteen1 and was like a sister given me by ,god to console me for having my ,kate no longer2 and she also is now to go away4 ,may all the angels of ,paradise be with you1 and may they be to-morrow with ,hlne6 ,,may #ac4 ,thanks1 dear ,kate6 ,the heavenly spirits were almost visible in our home during the eventful day4 ,adrien and ,gertrude received1 with a profound faith1 the confidences of ,hlne1 and ,i know not whether to admire most the heroism of the parents or that of the young virgin4 ,her father's grief is inexpressible2 he had formed the brightest projects for the future of his daughter4 ,she was his especial darling2 ''' but he is a ,christian of the ancient days1 and says with ,job3 8,the ,lord gave and the ,lord taketh away '''0 ,gertrude is like ,mary at the foot of the cross1 mute and immovable1 with death in the heart1 and yet happy at the divine choice4 ,adrien undertakes to prepare his mother2 ''' it is for her that ,i fear most4 8,this is my ,calvary10 said ,hlne to me this morning4 8,to see them suffer through me6 ,and ,i cannot hesitate6'''0 ,i have read ,sainte ,ccile1 and ,i made ,gertrude read it1 who thanked me with a smile that went to my heart4 ,ren is afflicted4 8,this10 he says1 8is the first bird that leaves the nest1 to reenter it no more4 ,there will be from this time a great void in our runions1 a source of distress to my brother--a subject we shall fear to touch upon4 ,georgina1 you were saying that we had not a single shadow in our sky60 ,alas6 ,i feel only too keenly how painful it is1 but also how happy ,hlne will be6 ,thanks for having made me understand this1 dear ,kate4 ,gertrude1 the wounded eagle1 takes refuge with me to speak about her daughter4 ,good-by for a short time1 carissima sorella4 ,,may #ae4 ,a splendid benediction yesterday1 on account of the ,perpetual ,adoration4 ,the sanctuary was enkindled with light4 ,behind the altar1 a cathedral of lighted tapers--yes1 dear1 the towers of ,sainte ,croix in miniature2 all around it pyramids of lights1 clusters of flowers with long1 luminous stems1 lustres hanging at an infinite height1 the arches and smaller arcades1 etc41 illuminated4 ,an ,o ,salutaris and a ,regina ,cli were sung that seemed to carry one away4 ,i stood on the earth1 but my heart was in heaven2 and near to me ,ren1 absorbed in ,god1 brothers and sisters1 ,hlne1 ,thrse1 ,madeleine1 and grandmother1 who was in tears4''' ,how touched ,i was6 ,adrien had spoken4''' ,it was a thunder-clap6 ,and the choir chanted the glories of the ,king of ,virgins1 and all those beloved countenances beamed with fervor1 as we bent our heads beneath the benediction of the ,almighty6''' ,this morning ,mme4 de ,t---- asked for ,hlne4 ,their conversation lasted two hours4 ,after djeuner#agi my mother said1 smiling3 8,it is decided we have a ,carmelite60 ,the children opened their eyes in wonder4 ,lucie began to sob2 ,picciola1 pale and trembling1 kissed the happy ,hlne a hundred and a hundred times over4 ,the sacrifice is1 as it were1 accomplished4 ,johanna1 the dear ,creole1 is astonished at the promptitude of this decision4 ,the babies will no more be persuaded to leave the side of the tall cousin 8who did not know that she was so much loved10 she says4 ,this morning she received a long1 beautiful letter from an intimate friend inviting her to a marriage4 ,it is impossible to refuse2 this will be the last worldly festivity at which that sweet face1 made to delight the angels1 will be seen4 ,the word marriage made ,mme4 de ,t---- start1 and she afterwards said to me3 8,i had planned a brilliant earthly alliance for ,hlne2 how much there is of human and material within us that ,i should still regret it when a divine alliance is secured to her6 ,here1 ,georgina1 read me again the chapter on abandonment to ,god40 ,i read1 and1 seeing her meditative afterwards1 ,i opened a book of ,ozanam which ,lucy lent me4 ,i will give you the ,christian theory of marriage from this great mind1 who too soon disappeared from a world that wondered at his works3 8,in marriage there is more than a contract2 above all1 there is a sacrifice1 or rather two sacrifices3 the woman sacrifices that which ,god has given her of irreparable1 that which causes the solicitude of her mother--her first beauty1 often her health1 and that power of loving which women only once possess2 the man on his part sacrifices the liberty of his youth1 the incomparable years which will return no more1 the power of devoting himself for her whom he loves which is only to be found at the beginning of his life1 and the effort of a first love to make himself a lot both sweet and glorious4 ,that is what a man can do but once1 between the age of twenty and thirty years1 a little sooner or a little later1 perhaps never6 ,therefore is it that ,i speak of ,christian marriage as a double sacrifice4 ,there are two cups3 in one is found beauty1 modesty1 and innocence2 in the other1 love intact1 devotedness1 the immortal consecration of the man to her who is weaker than himself1 whom yesterday he knew not1 and with whom to-day he finds himself happy to spend his days2 and it is needful that these cups should be equally full if the union is to be happy and deserving of the blessing of ,heaven40 ,is not this an admirable page8 ,while reading it ,i thought of ,albert and ,alexandrine1 those two immortal types of ,christian marriage4 ,what a life was theirs1 what happiness1 so short but perfect1 and which made the poor widow say1 8,i have memories of happiness which seem to me as if they could not be surpassed06 ,good-night1 dearest ,kate6 ,,may #bj4 ,the house is transformed into a convent1 dear ,kate2 so1 at least1 ,arthur declares1 finding in this fact an excellent reason for ,hlne's being detained in it4 ,since her departure has been seriously thought of1 every one is wanting to have the enjoyment of her company1 and she is literally torn away first by one and then by another2 and if you could see her lending herself with her bright smile to all the exactions of this affection1 tyrannical as it has become6 ,we took a long excursion yesterday into the open country1 among the wheat2 the rustling of the ears of corn1 the charm of the sunny solitude1 the verdure with its soft lights and shadows1 all the renewal of the spring1 the beauty of the landscape1 which showed in the far distance the fine towers of the cathedral--all this smiled upon us2 and yet sadly1 like an adieu1 we shall return1 we shall look again next year upon this same picture1 but without ,hlne4''' ,why is she so engaging1 so sympathetic8 ,letter from ,margaret1 who will be at ,paris in ,june4 ,what joy1 dear ,kate6 ,it seems to me that our friend is more tranquil2 she describes like a poet her enthusiasm for ,italy and for the ,pope4 ,at ,florence she met with our poor mistress ,annah1 who had some trouble to recognize in this brilliant lady the pale little girl of former times4 ,annah is giving ,english lessons4 ,lord ,william1 seeing ,margaret's affectionate demonstrations1 proposed to her to secure the independence of the aged mistress1 which he has done1 to the great satisfaction of the two persons interested4 ,i like that1 and am convinced that ,margaret deceives herself4 ,another happiness1 darling ,kate3 here is your letter1 in the joyful hands of ,picciola1 who recognizes your handwriting4 ,five days without saying a word to you6 ,ren sends you quite a volume4 ,love always your ,georgina4 ,,may #bf4 ,was present at the ordination4 ,what an imposing ceremony6 ,i had never seen one1 and ,i followed all the details with the greatest interest4 ,sixty young men giving themselves to ,god1 devoting themselves to a life of sacrifice6 ,i prayed for and envied them3 how much good will they not be able to do6 ,what life is so full as that of a holy priest8 ,that which most moved me was the moment when priests1 deacons1 and subdeacons fell prostrate2 then the imposition of hands1 the ,mass said by all these voices1 which must have trembled with emotion and with happiness1 the kiss of peace1 the communion1 and1 lastly1 the ,te ,deum1 that heavenly song4 ,oh6 that all these souls to-day consecrated to the ,lord may one day sing the ,sanctus and ,hosanna before the throne of the ,lamb4 ,on arriving yesterday at ,sainte ,croix 7the weather was splendid7 ,i saw myriads of swallows joyously flying about and warbling among the towers4 ,ren began to hum1 8,oh6 that ,i had wings1 to fly away to ,god40 ,you dear swallows who have made your nests on the roof of the temple of the ,lord1 in the bell-turrets1 and among the towers2 ye swallows1 my sisters1 as said the ,seraph of ,assisi1 you who fly so high1 have you seen heaven8 ,you who in sweet warblings sing the praises of the ,eternal1 have you touched with your wing the portals of the celestial ,eden8 ,sing1 and cease not1 ,o gentle swallows6 who know not what it is to offend ,god4 ,gertrude has confided to me that for some time past she had divined ,hlne1 and1 as she treats me entirely as a sister1 she has given me the journal to read which she wrote whilst her daughter was at the convent4 ,observe this passage3 8,my beloved girl is seventeen years old to-day2 her father and ,i have duly observed this anniversary as a festival4 ,poor dear child6 ,what will be thy will for her1 my ,god8 ,one of these pure creatures1 seraphs left upon earth to sanctify it1 whose life is spent beneath thy watchful eye1 in the shade of the sanctuary8 ''' ,o my ,god6 ,once ,i thought not that it would be possible for me to live far from her1 no more to rest my gaze on her fresh countenance1 so bright and open4 ,thou hadst1 ,o ,lord6 united us so closely that it seemed as if my soul had passed into hers4 ,sweet angel1 return to spread your white wings over the maternal nest6 ,oh6 ,i fear lest you should be the first of all to leave it2 but if you leave us for ,god1 may you be blessed1 my well-beloved60 ,o ye mothers6 who may sound the depths of your sorrows8 ,happy as mothers are in their enchanted life of love and innocence1 yet they are also martyrs1 and who knows whether the gall in their chalice does not absorb the honey8 ,beloved1 in a few days ,i shall embrace you4 ,,may #bi4 ,god be praised1 who is about to bring us together again1 dear sister of my soul6 ,it is settled that we are to return on the #ast of ,july1 once more to salute ,orleans4 ,hlne will at this date enter the novitiate at ----4 ,the town is beginning to lose its inhabitants4 ,hlne and ,i traverse it in all directions to have another look at its curiosities3 the fine old houses richly and deeply sculptured1 historic dwellings1 which remain standing after their inmates have disappeared4 ,we are shown the house of ,joan of ,arc1 of ,francis ,i41 of ,agnes ,sorel1 of ,diana of ,poitiers--names with very dissimilar associations4 ,one more visit to ,benoni1 a pilgrimage to ,our ,lady of ,miracles1 a halt at my bookseller's1 and my preparations will be ended4 ,wrote to ,sister ,louise4 ,i like to return to her twice in the year1 to pay her this tribute of the heart with my tenderest affection4 ,what a fine nature--an ideal6 ,a soul whom the world never touched who had no sooner finished her education than she gave herself to ,god1 sacrificing even her last vacations4 ,a nature so poetic1 so rich and pure1 that ,god reserved it for himself1 and at the same time so charming and devoted that she spent herself wholly in affection upon those around her4 ,thus have ,i known and loved her1 like an apparition from another world4 ,good-by for the present1 dear ,kate4 ,ren1 my so dear and gentle ,ren1 is more happy because of my happiness than ,i am myself--happiness moistened with tears1 the tears of sacrifice4 8,what matters it where one weeps1 or wherefore1 since tears buy heaven80 ,hlne has given me a share of her heritage--a paralytic old woman whose succoring angel she has been4 ,every morning she went to the lowly room of the poor invalid1 whom she dressed1 and then with her patrician hands she made the bed1 swept the room1 and prepared the repast4 ,after this she read to her out of some pious book1 conversed with her a few minutes1 and on leaving called a little girl of ten years old1 who was charged to keep the poor woman company4 ,i shall continue ,hlne's work4''' ,in summer it is a neighbor who1 for a slight remuneration1 does all that is necessary2 but ,mariette1 the femme de chambre1 who is often employed to carry little comforts to the invalid1 said to me with tears3 8,nothing replaces mademoiselle1 and the old woman says1 #8,summer is winter to me1 for it takes away my sunshine6'0 ,what praise1 ,kate1 is it not8 ,can you not understand how ,gertrude may well be proud of the treasure which is about to be taken from her8 ,cannot you understand also how much ,i sympathize with her8--for my heart is bleeding from the same wound4 ,be happy1 beloved ,kate2 we shall meet again where there are no separations to be feared1 in our true fatherland4 ,,may #ca4 ,our departure is postponed2 my mother being unwell1 enough so to keep her bed1 and the doctor does not yet know what to say about her4 ,pray for us1 my sister4 ,ren fears inflammation of the lungs4 ,mme4 de ,t----1 who is very austere with herself1 never complains until the last extremity4 ,o my sweet ,mother in heaven6 your beloved month is drawing to its close1 and these lines are the last which ,i shall trace before the latest hours of ,may have fallen into eternity4 ,oh6 ,i entreat you1 you who are all-powerful with the ,heart of your ,divine ,son1 ,our ,lady of the ,sacred ,heart1 hear our prayers6 ,a thousand kisses1 dear ,kate4 ,,june #c4 ,a mucous fever has declared itself2 the danger is imminent2 we are scarcely alive4 ,never was mother more adored4 ,she has been delirious2 her wanderings were those of a saint4 ,god1 the angels1 her dear ones1 both living and dead1 pass in turn before her mind2 when she recovers her sense of the reality1 she finds the most consoling and heavenly words wherewith to comfort us4 ,her room1 now haunted by the shadow of death1 is become our universe1 and we fraternally share amongst us the sorrowful sweetness of attending upon this beloved sick one4 ,all our poor are in prayer2 two tapers are continually burning before the black ,virgin4 ,thanks1 beloved6 ,i have read your letter to my mother1 who said to me3 ,dear ,georgina1 ,i am happy to possess the affection of your good sister4 ,i feel myself in reality your mother4'''0 ,to tell you ,ren's distress would be impossible2 as for me1 ,i have in the depth of my heart an unconquerable confidence ,god will spare her to us6 ,,june #d4 ,she is as ill as she can be4 ,ren proposed to make a vow4 ,kneeling all together around this dying bed1 with one voice and one heart we have promised to go to ,notre ,dame de la ,salette4 ,now we wait4''' ,unite your vows to ours1 we love her so much6 ,oh6 if you could see her1 so weakened1 and with only a breath of life1 and yet in possession of all her presence of mind1 all her attentive solicitude1 thinking of everything and everybody1 pressing me to take a little rest6 ,this scene reminds me of my mother1 her peaceful death1 whilst she commended us to the ,father of orphans4 ,will not ,god spare her to us8 ,one cannot lose a mother twice6 ,picciola has assembled all the babies for a perpetual ,rosary4 ,tears choke me2 and yet ,i still have hope4 ,she has received the ,holy ,viaticum1 and ,extreme ,unction2 it seems as if she were already in heaven4 ,,june #e4 ,always the same hopeless state2 extreme weakness1 and no life left but in the look1 which beams with love4 ,we are all here1 more silent than shadows1 starting at the slightest sound4 ,i did not know that ,i loved so strongly this mother worthy of my ,ren4 ,yesterday evening1 seeing me leaning over her bed1 she made a supreme effort to say to me3 8,you will comfort him60 ,o my ,god1 my ,god6 can it be that mourning is about to darken our youth1 and that this first year of marriage should contain so great a sorrow8 ,,june #g4 ,nothing but a breath1 ''' yet ,i hope still4 ,something tells me that she must live4 ,,june #i4 ,yes1 dearest1 she will live2 let us thank ,god4 ,a reaction has taken place2 it is now a resurrection4 ,how happy ,i am6 ,you would scarcely recognize ,ren1 so greatly is he altered2 but he smiles now1 recovering with our beloved sufferer4 ,your letter of yesterday brought balm to my heart2 and an hour afterwards the good doctor assured us that all danger was over1 though the recovery will be very gradual4 ,and so this beautiful and glorious ,feast of ,pentecost finds us all radiant4 ,my mother has insisted on sending us to the services1 but the others could not refuse to let me remain4 8,grandmother and ,aunt ,georgina are ,ruth and ,noemi10 observed ,arthur4 ,my mother heard him1 and sighed at the thought of her dear ones dead2 and now having cheered1 comforted1 and attended to her1 ,i see that she has sunk into a quiet sleep1 and so begin to write to you4 ,my darling ,kate1 a ,te ,deum6 ,they are returned4 ,i went to the door with my finger on my lips1 and now ,i am alone again4''' ,no1 ,ren is by me1 light as a sylph1 and together we watch the blessed slumber which will not be the last4 ,kate1 ,i am going to pray with my brother1 who invites me to do so1 and at the same time sends his love to you4 ,,june #aa4 ,what a new and delightful aspect everything has regained6 ,we are now longing to accomplish our vow4 ,why are you not here1 my sweet one1 at my side1 by this beloved invalid1 who so touchingly thanks me for having made my sister love her8 ,you recollect her handsome countenance1 so admirable and harmonious in its lines and contours2 it has become fearfully pale and thin1 but what we were dreading was so terrible that we rejoice without troubling ourselves about anything4 ,i am writing to you by the side of the reclining chair on which my mother is at this moment reposing2 ,i do not leave her1 but have made myself her shadow4 ,ren is gone to the flower-market2 since the harbingers of summer have made their appearance my room has never been wanting in decorations and perfumes4 ,oh6 this intimate life together1 the quiet chats in the evenings1 the reading1 all this richness of youth and happiness--how fair is earth with all these things6 ,picciola enters2 my pretty fairy whispers in my ear that she would very much like to look at grandmamma asleep4 ,she is now kneeling at her feet1 saying her ,rosary with the fervor of an angel4 ,a well-known step1 although it makes itself arial in order not to disturb this restoring sleep3 it is ,ren6 ,he smiles and retires3 he knows that ,i am writing to ,kate4 ,dear sister of my soul1 my better self1 it is to your prayers that we are indebted for this cure6 ,lucy is anxious4 ,the pretty baby is cutting his teeth2 he cries and screams1 so they are obliged to keep him at a distance from ,mme4 de ,t----#8s rooms2 and ,lucy is not fond of solitude4 ,hlne is impatient to know you4 ,how useful she has made herself to every one during these sad days6 ,kate1 dearest1 may ,god be our guard4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 #agc 8,jusqu' ce qu'ils aient la cl des champs0--the key of the fields4 #agd ,sketch of ,christian ,rome4 #age ,courses of instruction on various subjects4 #agf 8,an ,english cottage is her hermitage2 ,and if a wrinkle marks her pearly brow1 #8,tis not1 believe me1 that she thinks on death-- ,she's too strong-minded to have fear of aught-- ,but that1 from ,paris1 an expected dress ,crumpled arrives1 and spoiled with grievous stains40 #agg ,as for myself1 abounding in the good things with which opulence overflows1 how willingly would ,i exchange this gold which fortune disdainfully lavishes upon me for one hour of the time when ,i had nothing in the world but my vine and my fig-tree--for those divine dreams which sang within my soul1 and for which no gold can pay40 #agh ,the obstructions or impediments attendant upon crowding together4 #agi ,djeuner1 late breakfast1 is taken about eleven or twelve o'clock4 ,the early breakfast is simply a cup of coffee or chocolate4 ,,was ,,miles ,,standish ,a ,,catholic8 ,in the quaint old town of ,leyden1 somewhere in the year #afai1 an ,english soldier1 who had seen service on the battle-fields of the ,continent1 came in contact with a little community of men of his own country1 hard-working1 unhappy people1 who had left ,england to enjoy greater freedom in the practice of their religious ideas than they could expect at home4 ,but if the people of the ,united ,provinces harmonized with them in doctrinal standards and principles1 their lives and practice were far from unison with the ,english refugees1 and these last were planning a settlement beyond the ,atlantic4 ,the soldier did not share their religious views4 ,he did not join the church at ,leyden or swell the number of the worshippers in the church of the ,beguines1 which1 on the principle of religious liberty as they understood it1 the ,dutch had wrested from the ,sisters to give to the strangers4 ,but1 how or why no one knows1 the hot-tempered1 good-hearted soldier contracted a strong friendship for ,robinson1 the pastor of the ,english flock1 and that sturdy upholder of ,puritan views seems to have entertained a warm affection for the soldier4 ,when the ,mayflower1 after breasting the waves of the ,atlantic1 neared at last the shore on which the colony proposed to begin a settlement in midwinter1 daring in the worst season of the year what many had failed to effect with all the advantages of the balmiest spring1 a compact for civil government was drawn up and signed by the chief men of the expedition4 ,on the list is the name of ,miles ,standish4 ,he landed with them2 became their military leader2 his exploits as an ,indian fighter are known to all the children in our schools4 ,he is the type of those who from the beginning of the seventeenth century have done battle with the red man4 ,he died at last1 at a ripe old age1 in the colony he helped to found1 but died without joining the church established by the pilgrims of ,plymouth ,rock1 though conformity was as a rule required from all4 ,new ,england historians and scholars seem puzzled to account for the fact of his never having joined the church4 ,his life was beyond reproach4 ,he brought from his experience of camp and garrison no habits to shock the sober1 rigid men with whom his career was cast4 ,it could not be1 they admit1 that the ,pilgrims found any objection to his admission4 ,he evidently never sought it4 ,he was no hypocrite to seek admission as a church-member like ,captain ,underhill1 whose life set morality at defiance1 or like ,mayor ,gibbons1 whose questionable dealings with pirates show his unworthiness4 ,contrasted with these men1 ,standish stands out as a noble1 consistent figure4 ,as ,dr4 ,ellis remarks3 8,of the two captains in the early ,indian warfare1 and in the straits of dangerous enterprise1 the uncovenanted ,standish is to be preferred40 ,he is comparing him with ,underhill2 the comparison will still hold good in regard to ,gibbons or ,patrick4 ,some years since1 the writer threw out in our ,american ,notes and ,queries the suggestion that ,miles ,standish1 the military hero of the ,mayflower1 of the ,pilgrims1 and of ,plymouth ,rock1 was a ,catholic4 ,a correspondent1 using the initials ,j4 ,w4 ,t41 which seem to denote an historical scholar of no mean repute in ,new ,england1 one who has shown real research and sound judgment1 lost all self-command at the suggestion1 and raved in this style3 8,if ,miles ,standish was a ,roman ,catholic1 he was also a hypocrite2 till proof of the latter1 he must be considered what the ,pilgrims believed him to be--and never before doubted--a ,protestant and an honest man4 ,miles ,standish was not the man to sail under false colors4 ,he was bold1 brave1 impetuous1 open as the day1 and not double-faced4 ,his memory should have been safe from insult40 ,no distinct assertions are made1 and the grave historical scholar forgot to cite authorities4 ,the language infers that the ,pilgrims believed ,standish to be a ,protestant1 and that he professed to be one4 ,but there is no evidence at all to sustain this4 ,the late ,s4 ,g4 ,drake1 whose acquaintance with the sources of ,new ,england history was certainly very great1 expressly says on this point3 8,i do not remember ever having seen it stated that he belonged to any church10 and no one has ever cited an authority that connects him with any ,protestant church4 ,governor ,hutchinson1 in his ,history of ,massachusetts 7vol4 ii41 p4 #daa71 says3 8,it seems ,standish was not of their church at first1 and ,mr4 ,hubbard says he had more of his education in the school of ,mars than in the school of ,christ4 ,he acquired1 however1 the esteem of the whole colony40 ,baylies1 in his ,history of ,plymouth1 says3 8,what induced him to connect himself with the ,pilgrims does not appear4 ,he took up his residence among them at ,leyden1 but never joined the church0 7part ii41 p4 #ba74 ,palfrey1 the author of the ,history of ,new ,england1 with all the researches of the present century1 says of ,standish3 8,he was not a member of the ,leyden ,church1 nor subsequently of that of ,plymouth1 but appears to have been induced to join the emigrants by personal good-will1 or by love of adventure1 while to them his military knowledge and habits rendered his companionship of great value0 7vol4 i41 p4 #afa74 ,later on in the same work1 ,palfrey reiterates the assertion3 8,standish was no religious enthusiast4 ,he never professed to care for1 or so much as to understand1 the system of doctrine of his friends1 though he paid it all respect as being theirs4 ,he never was a member of their church0 7vol4 ii41 p4 #djg-h74 ,at the laying of the corner-stone of the ,standish monument on ,captain's ,hill1 ,duxbury1 ,oct4 #g1 #ahgb1 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,ellis1 endeavoring as a clergyman on that day to say all that could be said1 makes him only a sort of 8proselyte of the gate10 but admits distinctly that 8he was not a man of #8professions1' nor1 so far as we know1 of #8confessions4' ,he was never #8sealed' or #8covenanted4' ,we are at a loss for the explanation of this fact1 considering the standard and the expectations of his associates40#ahj ,on the same occasion1 ,charles ,deane1 who certainly did not speak without examination of his subject1 said3 8,he was not a member of ,plymouth ,church1 and there are strong suspicions that the doctrine of the perseverance of the saints had not taken strong hold of him40#aha ,it was not that ,standish preferred the platform of ,massachusetts ,bay4 ,he went to ,boston1 but never seemed to harmonize with them or relish their system of management4 ,he was no adherent of ,mrs4 ,hutchinson1 ,roger ,williams1 or the ,baptists2 no one ever claimed him as a disciple of ,fox2 no treasured ,book of ,common ,prayer or any other proof of adherence to the ,church of ,england has been preserved to justify ,episcopalians in claiming him4 ,where1 then1 is his ,protestantism8 ,he certainly avowed himself a member of no ,protestant denomination whatever1 and made no professions of the kind2 so that1 if he really was a ,catholic1 there can be no charge of hypocrisy1 for there is not the slightest tittle of evidence that he ever pretended to be a ,protestant4 ,he was an extremely valuable man to the little community at ,plymouth1 and rendered important services4 ,at that time1 to have proclaimed himself a ,catholic would have compelled the ,pilgrims to exclude him1 and exposed himself to annoyance when visiting other colonies or ,england4 ,that the leaders knew him to be a ,catholic1 too firm in his faith to be shaken1 would explain much that seems now inexplicable to ,new ,england writers4 ,the question1 then1 comes up1 whether there is any direct ground for supposing the famous ,captain of the ,pilgrims to be a ,catholic4 ,in his will1 he left to his eldest son1 ,alexander1 8all my lands as heir aparent1 by lawfull decent1 in ,ormistock1 ,boscouge1 ,wrightington1 ,maudsly1 ,newburrow1 ,crawston1 and in the ,isle of ,man1 and given to me as right heir by lawfull decent1 but sereptuously detained from me1 my grandfather being a second or younger brother from the house of ,standish of ,standish40#ahb ,this gives a clue to his family1 and another is found in the name of the town which he planted--,duxbury4 ,some of the earlier writers of this century made a fanciful derivation for this4 ,duxbury1 according to them1 was from ,dux1 captain2 that ,duxbury meant ,captain's town1 and was an allusion to his position in the colony4#ahc ,but turning to ,english authorities1 we find at once in ,lancashire an ancient family of ,standish1 of which there are two branches1 ,standish of ,standish ,hall1 and ,standish of ,duxbury4 ,their arms--three silver plates on a field azure--meet you on tombs and on the churches erected by them centuries ago4 ,when the young king ,richard ,,ii4 rode out to meet ,wat ,tyler at the head of his rebels1 ,john ,standish was one of the king's esquires--the very one who slew ,tyler4 ,a ,sir ,john ,standish won fame by his prowess at ,agincourt1 and the name occurs frequently during the ,french wars of ,henry ,v4 and ,henry ,,vi4 ,when the eighth ,king ,henry sought a divorce from his faithful wife1 ,queen ,catharine1 ,henry ,standish1 a ,franciscan1 ,bishop of ,st4 ,asaph's 7#aeai-aece71 a most learned man1 assisted the unhappy queen throughout the shameful trial4 ,after the change of religion1 the ,standish family adhered to the old faith1 one of them writing vigorously in its defence2 and down to this day they are reckoned among the ,catholic families of ,england4 ,standish ,hall1 the seat of the elder branch1 is close to ,wigan1 twenty miles northeast of ,liverpool2 and ,duxbury ,hall1 the seat of the younger branch1 is only two miles distant from ,standish ,hall4 ,there have been frequent litigations between the two branches1 and in one of these1 doubtless1 the immediate ancestor of the ,plymouth soldier lost the property alluded to in his will4 ,the family remained ,catholic1 and after the fall of ,james ,,ii4 was among his sturdy adherents4 ,the famous ,lancashire plot1 formed in #afib with the object of replacing ,james on the throne of ,england1 was hatched in ,standish ,hall4 ,the wrong of which the gallant soldier of ,plymouth complained was one that he could have had redressed promptly1 even if not in accordance with the rules of justice4 ,had he appeared as a ,protestant claimant for the broad acres of an old ,catholic house1 courts and juries would have bent law and fact to place him in possession4 ,how the feeling operates we have seen by instances in our own day4 ,the feeling in favor of the ,tichborne claimant in ,england was deeply imbued with the desire to place the heritage of an old and well-known ,catholic family in the hands of one who was to all intents and purposes a ,protestant--one whose ,catholicity1 if he ever had any1 had completely vanished in a brutalizing ,australian life4 ,in the claim of ,earl ,talbot1 a ,protestant1 to the earldom of ,shrewsbury1 so long identified with the ,catholic cause1 we see what slight evidence1 or show of evidence1 satisfied the ,house of ,peers4 ,had the circumstances been reversed1 a ,catholic claiming a ,protestant peerage1 the doubts of the tribunal would have required tenfold proof1 and the investigation lasted a generation4 ,miles ,standish1 by his own avowal1 belonged to an ancient ,catholic family1 which has clung to the faith to this day4 ,he evidently scorned to change his religion to enable him to recover what he deemed his just rights4 ,such seems to be a position that solves all difficulties4 ,among the old ,catholic families of the ,british ,isles1 after the change of religion was completed1 and the line of distinction between ,protestant and ,catholic sharply drawn1 it became a matter of honor and pride to adhere1 during the evil days of the penal laws and the butchery of the clergy1 to the faith so heroically retained4 ,here and there1 one who gave the reins to his wild passions1 some man sunk in vice like ,mervyn1 ,lord ,audley1 or the ,duke of ,norfolk at the close of the last century1 would conform to the state church1 though every decent ,protestant shrank from contact with them2 or some nobleman deprived of his estates1 like ,lord ,baltimore1 would renounce his faith to recover a province like ,maryland1 wrongfully detained from him2 or1 like ,lord ,dunboyne1 give up the faith1 even after teaching it for years as an honored priest1 in order to live as seemed to become his title2 or1 led by ambition1 to rise at court like ,waldegrave2 but for one to join a body of dissenters there is on record scarcely an example4 ,descendants of old ,catholic families emigrating to ,america1 like the ,dongans1 ,townleys1 and others1 fell away2 but in the ,old ,world a sense of honor made them cling to the oppressed faith when to desert it seemed to imply cowardice or vice4 ,the opening words of ,moore's ,travels of an ,irish ,gentleman in ,search of ,religion embody this feeling4 ,as a necessary consequence1 the conversion of one of the members of an ancient ,catholic house by the ,protestant party was a triumph1 and the new-comer was well rewarded4 ,the conversion of one of the ,standishes would have found mention somewhere among the events of the day1 and there would be some trace of office or rank bestowed on the man who at last conformed4 ,yet the county annals of ,lancashire and the memoirs of the time chronicle no such defection on the part of ,miles ,standish1 and it is equally evident that no post was bestowed upon him as a reward4 ,that ,miles ,standish was one who1 turning his thoughts to the great religious questions then rife1 fell into doubts as to the solidity of the claims of the ,catholic ,church1 and with all zeal and fervor embraced some form of ,protestantism1 is a theory too wild for consideration4 ,the whole mass of ,pilgrim testimony establishes the fact that he was one who took no interest in the religious systems of ,protestantism2 that he was utterly devoid of any such enthusiasm in them as would mark a convert from conviction4 ,from what we know of his origin1 the presumption is strong that he was and always remained a ,catholic1 and we cannot shield his memory from insult except by adopting this presumption4 ,neither a life of vicious indulgence nor ambitious hopes1 and certainly no conviction1 led him to renounce the religion of his family and embrace ,protestantism4 ,let us1 then1 gather what is known of the life of this ,catholic soldier of early ,new ,england annals4 ,he was born about #aehd1 at ,duxbury1 in ,lancashire1 ,england1 as is supposed1 from the fact that he preserved the name in the town he established2 but was1 as he claims in his will1 great-grandson of a second or younger brother of the house of ,standish of ,standish4 ,this is a well-known ,catholic house in ,lancashire1 known as early as the reign of ,edward ,i41 the elder branch of two in that county1 the other being the ,standishes of ,duxbury4 ,with this last he claims no connection1 although the inference is probable that he was born at that place4 ,as his just inheritance at ,standish was1 he asserts1 surreptitiously detained from him1 it may be that his father1 unjustly deprived of his patrimony1 took refuge at ,duxbury under the protection of the other branch4 ,both branches were ,catholic1 ,john ,standish being a distinguished writer against the ,reformation4 ,a ,robert ,standish figures in ,parliament in #afed2 ,captain ,thomas ,standish1 of the ,duxbury house1 was killed at ,manchester fighting bravely for the king4 ,the ,standishes of ,duxbury1 as their genealogy shows1 intermarried with the old ,catholic houses of ,howard and ,townley4 ,richard ,standish was made a baronet after the ,restoration1 in #afgf4 ,the estates to which he asserts his rights lay1 as expressed in the will1 in ,ormistock1 ,bouscouge1 ,wrightington1 ,maudsley1 ,newburrow1 ,cranston1 and in the ,isle of ,man4 ,the latest history of ,lancashire1 by ,baines1 unfortunately gives no detailed pedigree of the house of ,standish of ,standish1 that of ,duxbury being given to some extent1 though not in the line of descent of the younger sons4 ,as1 however1 he does not claim at all to have belonged to the ,duxbury branch1 it is useless to look there for him4 ,standish ,hall1 the seat of the branch from which he was descended1 8is a large brick house1 irregular in form1 to which is attached an ancient ,catholic chapel1 still used for that purpose0 7,baines1 ,hist4 ,lancashire1 iii41 p4 #eje74 ,standish forms a parish in the ,hundred of ,leyland4 8,the extensive and fertile township of ,duxbury1 at the northern extremity of the parish of ,standish1 stands on the banks of the ,yarrow1 by which the township and parish is divided from the parish of ,chorley0 7,ib41 p4 #eag74 ,ormistock is evidently ,ormskirk1 an adjoining parish1 in which ,baines mentions that there are two ,catholic chapels 7iv41 p4 #bdd74 ,in the ,buscouge of the ,plymouth record we easily recognize ,burscough1 where once flourished a famous priory1 suppressed by ,henry ,,viii4 ,the ,lancashire historian notes that there was formerly a ,catholic chapel at ,burscough ,hall 7iv41 p4 #bef74 ,of the next place mentioned in ,standish's will1 ,baines says3 8,adjoining ,wrightington ,hall stands a small ,catholic chapel for the use of the family0 7iii41 p4 #dha72 ,mawdsley or ,mawdesley is an extensive flat and fertile township between ,croston and ,wrightington 7iii41 p4 #djd72 ,newbury and ,croston are in the same ,hundred 7iii41 #aga1 #cia-e74 ,he was thus of ,catholic stock1 and born and brought up amid families where the old faith is still cherished to this day4 ,almost every place mentioned in his will is linked with ,catholic life in his time and the present4 ,of his early life not a tradition or trace has been preserved4 ,in that day the younger men of ,catholic families constantly went abroad to gain an education and to seek service in the ,continental armies1 many too to study for the priesthood1 and return to ,england1 unawed by the terrible fate that awaited them if they fell into the hands of the myrmidons of ,english law4 ,that ,miles ,standish should have sought service abroad is therefore natural4 ,ignoring his ,catholic origin1 ,new ,england writers have sought to explain his military career on the ,continent4 ,all seem to assume that he served in the ,low ,countries4 ,baylies1 in his ,history of ,plymouth 7part ii41 p4 #ba71 says explicitly that 8he served as an officer in the armies of ,queen ,elizabeth in the ,low ,countries1 when commanded by her favorite1 the ,earl of ,leicester40 ,captain ,wyman1 at the laying of the corner-stone in #ahgb1 goes further3 8,in early life he was trained to the hardships and trials of war1 having been commissioned at the age of twenty a lieutenant in the army serving in the ,low ,countries against the armies of the ,inquisition40 ,the ,rev4 ,g4 ,e4 ,ellis and ,charles ,deane on the same occasion limit themselves to the assertion that he served in the ,low ,countries 7pp4 #ba1 #bd74 ,palfrey is less positive1 as he was writing history1 not pronouncing eulogies4 8,the #8cautionary towns' of the ,netherlands had been garrisoned by ,british regiments for thirty years1 and ,miles ,standish had probably been employed on this service0 7,history of ,new ,england1 i41 p4 #afa74 8,probably while serving in an ,english regiment in the ,netherlands he fell in with the company of ,english peasants0 7ii41 pp4 #djg-h74 ,there seems to be no really authentic foundation for all this theory4 ,standish died in #afef1 aged #gb1 and must have been born1 according to this1 in #aehd4 ,leicester was sent to the ,low ,countries with eleven thousand men in #aehe-g2 but we can scarcely believe that this precocious scion of a ,catholic house served as an officer in this campaign when only one year old1 or three at the most4 ,the assertion that the ,catholic soldier was commissioned a lieutenant at the age of twenty1 that is1 in #afjd1 when ,james was ruining the ,catholic families by extorting all the arrears of fines1 and producing the spirit of exasperation which culminated in the ,gunpowder ,plot1 can scarcely find any support in sober history4 ,the armies of the ,inquisition which ,james was fighting in #afjd elude research4 ,savage1 in his ,genealogical ,dictionary1 though on what authority we know not1 says that ,standish had been at ,leyden some years before #afbj4 ,all that is positively known is that he had seen military service on the ,continent1 and was living in ,leyden with his wife ,rose when the followers of ,robinson proposed to emigrate4 ,a strong friendship1 not based on harmony of religious views1 existed between ,miles ,standish and the pastor of the exiles4 ,writing subsequently to ,plymouth after receiving tidings of ,standish's first ,indian fight1 ,robinson says3 8,let me be bould to exhorte you seriously to consider ye dispossition of your ,captaine1 whom ,i love1 and am persuaded ye ,lord in great mercie and for much good hath sent you him1 if you use him aright4 ,he is a man humble and meek amongst you2 and towards all in ordinarie course40#ahd ,this strong feeling of personal friendship was reciprocal4 ,in his will ,standish writes3 8,further1 my will is that ,marrye ,robenson1 whom ,i tenderly love for her grandfather's sacke1 shall have three pounds in som thing to goe forward for her two yeares after my decease40 ,whether he had served in the ,spanish armies or the ,dutch1 or in ,english garrison1 he was to all appearance simply a resident of ,leyden when this friendship grew up4 ,it evidently led to the proposal or offer to accompany those of ,robinson's flock who were to venture to make the first attempt at colonization in ,north ,america4 ,his wife ,rose1 of whom we know only her name1 agreed evidently to join him in the voyage4 ,true wife of a brave man1 she was ready to face all danger and to share all hardships with him4 ,nothing is recorded from which to glean whether she was some fair ,english girl from his own ,lancashire1 or some one whom he won on the ,continent4 ,her name1 her faith1 and her country are alike unknown4 ,we know that they embarked together at ,delft ,haven1 and formed part of the memorable body on the ,mayflower4 ,among them ,miles ,standish was a man of importance4 ,when the compact for their government in ,america was drawn up1 he signed it1 and the place of his signature shows the esteem in which he was held and his recognized position among them4 ,that document is purely a civil one1 and contains nothing that could not be signed by the strictest ,catholic4 ,reaching in ,november the poorest1 sandy part of the coast1 the little colony had a fearful career of hardship4 ,standish was one of the pioneers in exploring the land4 ,after they landed at ,plymouth ,rock in ,december1 he saw his companions sink under their hardships and breathe their last4 ,though his own rugged health triumphed over everything1 his wife ,rose sank beneath the unwonted trials1 and died on the #bith day of ,january1 #afba1 leaving him alone in the diminishing body of settlers1 without a tie to bind him to them or the settlement which they had undertaken4 ,but he was not one to falter or easily give up4 ,during that winter of terrible suffering so heroically borne he was one of the six or seven who were untouched by disease1 and his care and devotion to the sick and afflicted are mentioned with gratitude4 ,when spring at last gladdened them1 and they resolutely set about the labors of building1 cultivating1 and otherwise preparing for a permanent residence1 ,miles ,standish had been made the first military commander of the colony1 and1 as we may infer from some statements1 he turned his engineering skill to a peaceful channel1 laying out the lines of the new town and surveying the plots taken up by the settlers4 ,the first military organization of ,plymouth dates from ,february1 #afba4 ,it was not formidable in numbers1 but it was necessary to make it as imposing as possible4 ,standish felt all this4 ,he threw up defensive works1 a little fort on the hill above the dwellings mounted with five guns1 and prepared to make the ,indians respect the power of the settlers4 ,as the best linguist1 he was sent out to meet the deputations of ,indians who came to observe the new-comers2 and he was constantly sent to explore the country or test the feelings of the natives4 ,it was doubtless a specimen of ,standish's style of correspondence with them that we find recorded in ,governor ,bradford's reply to arrows hid in a snake-skin which ,canonicus sent to the settlement4 ,the snake-skin filled with powder and ball was an answer which announced to the savages that ,standish was ready to meet them4 ,the settlements of ,weston's lawless people near them increased ill-feeling among the ,indians1 and apparently gave them a poor opinion of the courage and power of the ,plymouth settlements4 ,standish in his excursions soon became aware of this1 and felt convinced that a general conspiracy against the colonists was on foot4 ,an attempt on his own life at ,manomet1 now ,sandwich1 confirmed this belief4 ,a minister named ,lyford1 who came over1 sought to have him superseded in office1 declaring that he looked like a silly boy4 ,and outside the little community of ,plymouth slighting views prevailed of this offshoot of a fighting race4 ,from his slight frame1 the ,weston people at ,wessagusset 7now ,weymouth7 seem to have given ,standish the nickname of ,captain ,shrimp1 and the ,indians had taken up the slighting tone and openly braved him4 ,feeling that the danger was imminent1 ,standish went in ,march1 #afbc1 to ,wessagusset with eight men1 to suppress the plot by striking a blow that would convince the ,indians of his prowess and of the force of the colony4 ,he found the warrior who had attempted to take his life1 and when the ,indian taunted ,standish1 he with two of his men attacked the ,indian party without firearms1 and after a desperate struggle ,standish despatched his antagonist with his own weapon wrested from his hand1 and the whole band was cut off4 ,this encounter established ,standish's reputation4 ,the ,weston colony broke up1 and an ascendency was soon acquired over the ,indians4 ,it was on receipt of the intelligence of this first collision with the natives that ,robinson1 after deploring the fact that they had not converted some ,indians before killing any1 expressed his affection to ,standish1 and urged the leaders of the colony not to molest him1 as though there were some ground1 which he did not care to express1 why he anticipated that in some way their military leader might not be altogether at ease in the place4 ,but ,standish seems to have had no idea of abandoning his associates4 ,the ship ,anne1 bearing the third body of emigrants1 had among the number a young woman named ,barbara1 whom he subsequently married1 and thus formed new ties in the land4 ,he is said first to have sought the hand of ,priscilla ,mullins1 but1 having sent ,alden to open the matter for him1 found that he had acted unwisely1 as the lady bade ,alden speak for himself4 ,longfellow bases on this incident his 8,courtship of ,miles ,standish40 ,he was elected one of the governor's assistants1 and for nineteen years held that responsible position4 ,de ,rasiere leaves us a pen-picture of the colony assembling by beat of drum at ,standish's door1 8each with his musket or firelock4 ,they had their cloaks on1 and placed themselves in order three abreast1 and were led by a sergeant4 ,behind came the governor in a long robe2 beside him on the right hand came the preacher with his cloak on1 and on the left hand the captain1 with his side-arms and cloak on1 and with a small cane in his hand2 and so they march in good order1 and each sets his arms down near him4 ,thus they are constantly on their guard night and day40 ,this military organization was ,standish's work4 ,but his labors were not confined to organizing the colony for military purposes1 or maintaining peace with ,indian neighbors or troublesome white neighbors4 ,in #afbe1 he was despatched to ,england to obtain a supply of goods1 and learn what terms could be made to obtain a release from the ,english merchants who had advanced money as partners in the undertaking4 ,he reached ,london to find it ravaged by the plague4 ,he negotiated with some advantage for the colony with the ,english partners1 and in spite of the disordered condition of affairs he obtained advances1 and brought over some goods for trading1 and other most needful commodities as he knew requisite for their use4 ,he heard1 however1 of the death of his old friend ,robinson at ,leyden1 and was the bearer of that sad intelligence to the colony4 ,we next find him as a trader4 ,to put the settlement on a better financial footing1 after releasing themselves through his exertions from the ,london partners1 ,standish1 with seven other settlers1 in ,july1 #afbg1 entered into an agreement with the colony to farm its trade for a term of six years4 ,they assumed the debts of the colony1 and agreed to bring over certain goods annually1 in consideration of a small payment in corn or tobacco from each colonist4 ,they put up a house on the ,kennebec1 and made it the centre of a prosperous trade4 ,in #afcj1 leaving ,plymouth1 he crossed to the north side of the harbor1 and took up his residence on a spot still called ,captain's ,hill1 where his house has stood till our day1 and the spring remains as kerbed with stone in his time4 ,this place1 probably after his birth-place in ,england1 he called ,duxbury1 a name it still retains4 ,we find him reducing ,morton2 marching to defend the ,pokanokets1 allies of ,plymouth1 against the ,narragansetts2 going to ,boston to maintain his colony's rights to the ,kennebec trade after a collision there with a ,boston trader2 sent in #afce to recover ,penobscot from the ,french2 commanding the ,plymouth quota in the ,pequot war2 engaged against the ,narragansetts in #afea1 against the ,mohawks and their allies in ,new ,york2 and finally1 in #afec1 when very old1 appointed to command the troops which ,plymouth raised in anticipation of hostilities with the ,dutch of ,new ,netherland4 ,this was his last public service4 ,he died in his house at ,duxbury1 ,october #c1 #afef1 leaving several sons1 and his widow ,barbara4 ,his descendants at the present time must be many4 8,nature endowing him with valor1 quickness of apprehension1 and good judgment1 had qualified him for business or war4 ,of his other peculiarities1 nothing has been recorded except that he was of small stature and of hasty temper4 ,he had no ambition except to do for his friends whatever from time to time they thought fit to charge him with--whether it was to frighten the ,narragansett or ,massachusetts natives1 to forage for provisions1 or to hold a rod over disorderly ,english neighbors1 or to treat with merchants on the ,london exchange4 ,in the misery of the early settlement especially1 the reader does not fail to reflect what relief must have been afforded by reliance on a guardian so vigilant and manful0 7,palfrey74 ,on the #gth of ,october1 #ahgb1 the ,standish ,monument ,association1 incorporated by the ,state of ,massachusetts1 laid the corner-stone of a monument to this ,catholic soldier1 a round tower1 to be surmounted by a bronze figure of the first captain of ,plymouth colony4 ,the ,ancient and ,honorable ,artillery ,company of ,boston were there1 ,freemasons1 ,odd ,fellows1 ,good ,templars1 military delegations1 the governor1 magistrates1 ,protestant clergymen1 and citizens2 but there is no record that any bishop or clergyman of the faith professed by the ,standishes of ,standish assisted at the ceremony4 ,the ,catholic element was ignored4 ,it should have been safe from insult4 ,but it may be asked1 how can we claim ,miles ,standish as a ,catholic8 ,he was of a known ,catholic family1 then1 since1 and now ,catholic4 ,though associated with ,robinson's flock1 he never became a member of their church in ,leyden1 ,plymouth1 or ,duxbury4 ,his ,catholic convictions give the simplest reason for this1 which one of the ,new ,england historians regards as 8an anomaly in human nature0 7,baylies74 ,if amid all the temptations from the associations around him he thus persistently declined to connect himself even nominally with the ,protestant ,church1 it shows that he still clung to that of his family4 ,but why should a ,catholic thus isolate himself from all the ministrations of the church1 and throw himself into a ,protestant community8 ,deprived of the heritage he claimed1 he had to seek his fortune elsewhere4 ,in ,england1 the number of ,catholics in proportion to the population was less than in ,holland2 but he probably found life more congenial with these countrymen of another faith than with men of the same faith but of another country4 ,circumstances1 too1 control our paths in life4 ,catholics count in this country by millions1 yet there is many a ,catholic thrown almost entirely into ,protestant circles4 ,but ,standish1 it may be said1 married out of the church1 and allowed his children to be brought up as ,protestants4 ,so did ,gerard1 one of the founders of ,maryland1 although there were priests in the colony and no ,protestant minister2 so did ,matthew ,carey2 so did ,chief-,justice ,taney--yet all are regarded as ,catholics1 though we regret their indifference to the salvation of their children4 ,it will not do on these grounds to deny his ,catholicity4 ,there was not1 so far as we know1 a single apostate ,catholic in the community at ,plymouth1 not one who1 having tasted the pure ,gospel1 known the divinely given faith and the divinely instituted worship1 turned to wallow in the mire of man-made creeds and worship devised by shallow men4 ,standish cannot be accused of being in league with known apostates4 ,yet even had he been guilty of such a step1 we cannot judge him too harshly1 for even in our days one may address a notorious and scandalous apostate in terms of eloquent welcome1 and yet be deemed ,catholic enough to lecture before pre-eminently ,catholic bodies1 and address the young graduates of our literary institutions as one fit to guide their future career4 ,but1 it may be said1 he must have lived in utter neglect of his duties as a ,catholic4 ,who can tell this8 ,like ,le ,baron1 the ,french surgeon wrecked and captured on the coast1 he may have clung to the faith to the end1 performed his devotions as he might1 and died with the crucifix over his heart4 ,the opportunities for approaching the sacraments from time to time were given him1 and his position gave him greater ease in embracing those opportunities4 ,the trading-houses of ,plymouth in ,maine stood near similar ,french posts1 where ,capuchins and ,recollects were maintained4 ,the report of ,mgr4 ,urban ,cerri and the ,french colonial documents show that1 for the benefit of ,catholics in ,new ,england1 ,english-speaking priests were sent to those points and maintained in ,canada on the frontiers4 ,who can say that ,standish1 who was frequently in ,maine on colonial matters and for trade1 meeting these priests and speaking ,french1 for his powers as a linguist are mentioned1 did not avail himself of the opportunity of hearing ,mass and approaching the sacraments4 ,it is not likely that when he did he went with a file of soldiers and a drum-beating1 or that he made a special report to the ,plymouth government4 ,it would be a fact of which evidence would not be heralded4 ,in his last days1 #afea1 ,father ,druillettes visited ,boston and ,plymouth with his ,plymouth friend ,winslow1 where he must have met the aged ,standish4 ,his library1 it may be urged1 as shown by the inventory1 contains no ,catholic works1 and several devotional and doctrinal works of the ,puritan school4 ,as his wife was a ,protestant1 we may well suppose this part of the family library to have been her reading4 ,surely1 when all ,new ,england authorities concur in admitting 8that he never cherished any strong impressions of their religion10 or took any interest in it1 we may put down ,rogers' ,seaven ,treatises1 ,wilcock's works1 ,burrough's ,christian ,contentment1 ,davenport's ,apology1 and the ,comentary on ,james ,ball ,catterkesmer1 as her reading and not his2 while we readily recognize the soldier's taste in ,cser's ,comentaryes1 ,banft's ,artillery1 the ,history of the ,world1 ,turkish ,history1 ,chronicle of ,england1 ,ye ,history of ,queen ,elizabeth1 ,the ,state of ,europe1 the ,garmon 7,german7 ,history1 and ,homer's ,iliad4 ,the whole case is now before the reader4 ,miles ,standish has been always classed as a ,protestant1 but there is certainly grave doubt on the point4 ,he never renounced the ,catholic faith in which he was undoubtedly born2 and therefore1 we ,catholics have some claim to his name and fame4 ,no descendant of his1 to the writer's knowledge1 is now a ,catholic1 but some have been in our day pupils of ,catholic institutions4 ,these will1 we trust1 follow up our labors1 and bring from the records of the past more conclusive evidence of the lifelong ,catholicity of ,miles ,standish4 #ahj ,historical ,magazine1 ,april1 #ahgc1 p4 #bea4 #aha ,standish ,monument1 ,boston1 #ahgc1 pp4 #ba1 #be4 #ahb ,hist4 ,mag41 ,march1 #ahga1 pp4 #bgc1 #bgd4 #ahc ,howe's ,massachusetts ,collections4 #ahd ,bradford's ,history4 ,,vittoria ,,colonna ,lived in court-- ,which rare it is to do--most praised1 most loved1 ,a sample to the youngest1 to the more mature ,a glass that feated them1 and to the graver ,a child that guided dotards4 --,cymbeline4 ,twelve miles from ,rome1 on an almost isolated knoll of the ,alban range of hills1 more than thirteen hundred feet above the sea1 which glimmers in the distance beyond the ,campagna1 rises the picturesque1 medival town of ,marino4 ,many quiet ,romans spend the villeggiatura there1 to enjoy its pure air and the shady promenades and beautiful views around it2 but few foreigners do more than visit1 on the way1 a classical spot1 a deep and wooded glen at the foot of the hill1 where the representatives of the ,latin tribes used to meet for deliberation on public matters down to the year #cdj ,b4,c41 and which is noted for the tragic end of ,turnus ,herdonius1 an influential chief of the league1 who was treacherously accused1 condemned1 and drowned1 at the request of ,tarquin the ,proud1 in the clear pool of water--called by ,livy caput aqu ,ferentin--which wells up so innocently from under a moss-covered rock overspread by an ancient1 crooked beech-tree at the head of the little valley4 ,we do not intend to sketch the history of ,marino or describe its local monuments1 however interesting1 but will simply remark that during the middle ages it passed successively from the ,counts of ,tusculum to the ,frangipanis1 the ,orsinis1 and1 under ,pope ,martin ,v41 to the ,colonnas1 in whose favor it was erected into a dukedom in #adbd4 ,the large baronial palace of the sixteenth century which stands in the middle of the town is full of curiosities and ancestral portraits of this powerful family1 although the rarer and more interesting ones have long since been removed to the princely headquarters near the ,santi ,apostoli1 in ,rome4 ,the stone-work and towers which still surround ,marino and add so much to its feudal aspect1 were raised in the year #adhj1 and the ruins of the castle1 with its battlements and proud armorial signs upon the walls1 are on the most precipitous side of the town1 overlooking the noisy little stream of ,aqua ,ferentina4 ,it was in this castle--which1 having been made by the ,colonnas their principal stronghold in that part of the ,roman ,states1 was then in the pride of all its freshness and strength of portals1 merlons1 and machicolations--that a daughter was born in the year #adij to ,don ,fabrizio ,colonna and his wife1 the ,lady ,agnes of ,montefeltro4 ,as soon as possible she was held up at a window to be seen by her father's retainers and saluted with the discharge of artillery1 peal of trumpets1 and shouts of men-at-arms4 ,this infant was ,vittoria ,colonna1 who became one of the most celebrated women of the sixteenth century1 and who is even remembered in ,italy to this day for her learning1 her poetry1 beauty1 conjugal affection1 piety1 and sorrows2 and yet1 strange as it may seem1 although hardly singular--for illustrious names of the same period have fallen into a like obscurity--no date more precise than that of the year can be assigned to her birth2 and certainly one of the benefits derived by biographers from the reforms which followed the ,council of ,trent is the better keeping of baptismal registers1 by means of which--in countries1 at least1 where the church was not persecuted nor war made on parochial books--sometimes the very hour1 often the day of the week1 always that of the month1 of an individual's birth may be found4 ,vittoria was the eldest1 and only female1 of six children4 ,her father was not only a great nobleman of the ,states of the ,church1 but the possessor of many ,neapolitan fiefs2 and soon after ,charles ,,viii4 of ,france1 who had attempted the conquest of the kingdom of ,naples1 began to experience an evil turn of fortune1 ,don ,fabrizio was detached from his service by ,ferdinand of ,spain1 who succeeded in driving the ,french out of the southern part of ,italy4 ,most of his life was spent in courts and camps1 and but little time was passed in his castles1 whither he went either to enjoy the chase or when called by domestic concerns1 such as this one that gave a daughter to his house4 ,her mother was a child of ,frederic1 ,duke of ,urbino1 head of an illustrious family which for three centuries had ranked among the lesser independent princes of ,italy4 ,some of ,vittoria's ancestors of this line had figured in a conspicuous manner in history1 especially as patrons of letters1 and during a certain period the court of ,urbino was the most refined and intellectual of the ,italian peninsula4 ,she felt its influence through her accomplished mother2 but her father's family was also remarkable for an hereditary genius and aptitude in every branch of learning2 and a long list could be made of men of erudition1 and of writers more or less distinguished1 belonging to the ,colonna lineage1 at the head of which would stand gidius ,romanus1 or ,giles of ,rome1 ,general of the ,augustinians1 and for his profound knowledge surnamed ,doctor fundatissimus1 whose work1 ,de ,regimine ,principum1 composed for his pupil1 ,philip the ,fair of ,france1 was the model in its general subject and didactic form1 but without the immoral maxims1 of ,macchiavelli's treatise1 ,del ,principe4 ,according to the custom among the great in that age1 ,vittoria1 while a mere child1 being only four years of age1 was affianced to one not much older than herself4 ,this was ,ferdinand ,francesco d',avalos4 ,his noble family1 of ,catalan origin1 had come over to ,italy with the ,spanish invaders in #addb1 and risen to considerable importance2 ,don ,alonzo1 son of ,inigo1 who accompanied ,alphonsus ,i4 in his expedition and died at ,naples1 having been created ,marquis of ,pescara1 a fortified town of the ,abruzzi at the mouth of a river that empties itself into the ,adriatic4 ,this very honorable betrothal was made at the suggestion of ,king ,ferdinand1 who hoped in this way to attach ,fabrizio more strongly to himself4 ,except this affair1 hardly anything is known of ,vittoria's early years1 nor who were her instructors2 but1 judging from subsequent events1 she must have been surrounded by whatever advantages wealth1 social influence1 and political position could procure2 and the literary ardor which marked the fifteenth century having passed from colleges and universities into the ranks of private life1 her education was such as to ensure her the highest mental culture1 united with every accomplishment befitting her station4 ,at the age of five she was transferred to the tutelage of her future husband's family and placed in care of her sister-in-law1 the ,duchess of ,francavila1 who was castellan for the king of the fortress and island of ,ischia1 at the entrance of the ,bay of ,naples4 ,this important charge could only have been entrusted to a woman of superior talents1 and justifies the praises which ,vittoria has given in several sonnets to the 8magnanimous ,costanza10 as she delights to call her4 ,the duchess loved study1 and cultivated the society of the learned1 being herself well acquainted with ,latin1 ,spanish1 and ,italian1 in which last language she wrote a work on the misfortunes and trials of the world--,degli ,infortuni e ,travagli del ,mondo4 ,it was in the midst of enchanting scenery1 of the fame of martial deeds1 and of an elegant conversation that ,vittoria's youthful happiness was passed4 ,she grew up beautiful in person1 lovely in mind1 and adorned with every grace of manners4 ,she was tall and of an easy carriage1 the blood in her veins forming over her white skin a delicate cerulean tracery1 while her face was set in a mass of auburn hair which has been sung--such a color being rare in ,italy--by some of the best writers of her day4 ,of her personal appearance1 those who have mentioned it can never say enough4 ,that her charms were not the poetical exaggerations of devoted admirers we know from several sources1 and particularly from the very sober prose of a curious diary#ahe kept by a certain ,giuliano ,casseri who had occasion to see ,vittoria at ,naples4 ,she was considered by all--except1 of course1 by her own sex--the handsomest woman of the age3 ,her ivory forehead1 full of bounty brave1 ,like a broad table did itself dispread1 ,for ,love his lofty triumphs to engrave1 ,and write the battles of his great godhead3 ,all good and honor might therein be read2 ,for there their dwelling was4 ,and1 when she spake ,sweet words1 like dropping honey1 she did shed2 ,and #8twixt the pearls and rubies softly brake ,a silver sound that heavenly music seemed to make4 --,spenser4 ,after a few years passed in this family1 ,vittoria returned to ,marino to prepare for her marriage1 which took place at ,ischia in #aejg1 with all the pomp and splendor that the two great families and their numerous friends could command4 ,the list of marriage gifts and the names of the personages who witnessed the matrimonial contract are interesting--apart from the subjects themselves--for the light they throw upon high society in ,italy at a period when it easily surpassed1 in the means of luxurious living and all the amenities of social intercourse1 that of any other country in ,europe4 ,the ,avalos family1 like that of ,colonna and ,montefeltro1 was famous for its attention to classical literature and its patronage of learned men4 ,tiraboschi1 in his ,history of ,italian ,literature1 says of this young ,marquis of ,pescara that he was no less a diligent student himself than a munificent patron of learning in others4 ,tall1 naturally of romantic ardor1 he had moved among men who always inspired him with a taste for the profession of arms1 and he rose to be one of the greatest captains of his age4 ,the first three years of their married life were spent very happily either at ,ischia or at ,naples4 ,their affection was mutual and tender4 ,they had ratified the choice of their parents1 and their marriage was one of those which are said to be made in heaven4 ,in fact1 between her betrothal and final engagement1 when the brilliant qualities of her mind and the exquisite beauty of her features began to be the talk and admiration of every one1 several great offers had been made to her father in hopes of detaching his daughter from ,avalos1 and among these suitors were the ,dukes of ,savoy and ,braganza4 ,but while a malicious pen has told us that the reason they were not accepted is that one was too old and the other too far away1 the gentle maiden herself assures us that she remained firm to the first love from the purest sentiment of devotion3 ,a pena arean gli spiriti intiera vita1 ,quando il mio cor proscrisse agni altro oggetto4 ,in #aeab1 when war broke out with ,france1 the young ,marquis of ,pescara was summoned to serve his king1 and accompanied his wife's father1 who was ,grand ,constable of ,naples1 her uncle1 the renowned ,prospero ,colonna1 and her five gallant brothers to the scene of action4 ,vittoria1 meanwhile1 remained at ,ischia2 but before many months had passed she had cause of grief far heavier than that of separation--her husband was wounded and a prisoner4 ,it was at the battle of ,ravenna 7#aath of ,april1 #aeab71 which has been so tersely described by ,macaulay as one of those tremendous days in which human folly and wickedness compress the whole devastation of a famine or a plague1 that ,fabrizio1 who commanded the ,spanish vanguard1 and ,pescara1 who was master of the horse1 surrendered their swords4 ,the latter was carried to ,milan and placed in the fortress of ,porta ,gobbia4 ,when the news was brought to ,ischia1 ,vittoria and ,costanza gave way to their grief1 but with a dignified moderation becoming their lofty ideals of sacrifice and duty1 and without any of that wild emotion so common to the tender sentiment in the sex4 ,the illustrious prisoner consoled himself during confinement by composing for his wife a ,dialogue on ,love4 ,his captivity did not last long1 and he was liberated after paying a heavy ransom4 ,he then returned to his beloved home1 where he was welcomed by all classes as a veritable hero1 and a little of the fast-fading glamour of chivalry showed itself among the ,italians in the attention which was directed to his scarred face1 so much so that one of his fair admirers1 the ,duchess of ,milan1 exclaimed that she too would like to be a man1 if only to receive a wound across the cheek1 and see how it would add to a fine appearance4 ,all this is very ridiculous1 but that it had a hold upon certain minds at this age1 and may therefore be noted1 is shown from many other circumstances of the same kind2 for instance1 the delight of ,francis of ,guise in being surnamed ,le ,balafr1 from a severe cut received at the siege of ,bologna1 in #aede4 ,when ,pescara was again called 7in #aeac7 to join the forces collected in ,lombardy against the ,french1 his wife returned to ,ischia1 where she continued a diligent course of reading4 ,besides studying the classics1 she cultivated ,italian poetry1 from which her fame1 in our day at least1 has chiefly arisen1 and in her graceful verses displayed a charm and musical rhythm not equalled since the strains of ,petrarch's muse were heard4 ,her husband sometimes came to see her1 but his visits from the camp could not be frequent1 and most of the time she was left alone in the midst of the little court at ,ischia1 consumed by that species of domestic grief so poignant to a loving heart when the marital union has not been blessed by issue4 ,vittoria mentions this particular sorrow1 this absence of maternal joy1 in a very touching sonnet 7,no4 #bb74 ,finally1 despairing of children of her own1 she prevailed upon her husband in #aeae to adopt as his son and heir his young cousin1 the ,marquis del ,vasto4 ,in #aeba we find ,vittoria at home4 ,the year before she lost her father1 whom ,italians delight to mention as having lived a life full of grandeur and glory2 but more impartial writers dispute the intaminatis fulget honoribus1 and assert that his desertion of the losing for the winning party1 when he passed over from ,charles to ,ferdinand1 was done without principle1 and merely to save his ,neapolitan fiefs4 ,he was a great friend of ,macchiavelli1 and the well-known contempt and hatred of this political fiend for what he was pleased to call the barbarous domination of the foreigner probably influenced him to think that it mattered little whether he served ,frenchman or ,spaniard1 since neither had a right to or deserved his services4 ,it was to him that the subtle ,florentine addressed his seven books on the ,art of ,war4 ,his wife1 the lovely and pious ,agnes1 survived him only two years1 dying after a pilgrimage to ,our ,lady of ,loretto4 ,one of ,vittoria's most beautiful sonnets is on her mother4 ,pescara1 being again called to arms1 hurried to the north of ,italy1 and after the battle of ,sessia behaved with exquisite courtesy towards the wounded and expiring ,bayard4 ,at the battle of ,pavia1 on ,feb4 #bd1 #aebe1 ,pescara was grievously wounded4 ,although he greatly contributed by his skill and valor to the fortunes of that day1 he could not conceal his disappointment at not being more generously rewarded by the emperor1 and was soon afterwards approached by ,morone1 the experienced minister of the ,duke of ,milan1 with an offer of the kingdom of ,naples for himself if he would join a league which was being formed among the ,italian princes to free ,italy of foreign rulers1 whether ,french1 ,spanish1 or ,german4 ,historians differ in their accounts of his conduct in this delicate affair4 ,writers in the imperial interest from that time to this assert that he indignantly rejected the proposal1 which involved both treachery and ingratitude--even although he had not received the full measure of his merits--and ,sandoval says that he showed himself among those double-dealing ,italians 8verdadero ,espaol1 ,castellano viejo40 ,certain it is that ,pescara used to consider himself more a ,spaniard than an ,italian1 was prouder of his ,spanish blood than of his ,neapolitan title1 and often regretted that he was not born in the land of his ancestors4 ,on the other hand1 ,italian writers say that he fully committed himself1 and was perfectly willing to abandon and turn against his sovereign1 but that at the last moment he quailed1 and basely betrayed his companions to the vengeance of the emperor1 for which reason the rancorous ,guicciardini 7xvi4 #ahi7 calls him1 with almost incredible insolence1 8,capitano altiero1 insidioso1 maligno1 senz' alcuna sincerit40 ,more moderate historians say that he was merely dazzled by the prospect of a crown1 perhaps even entertained the proposition1 and would probably have thrown himself into the movement but for the protest and heroic abnegation of his wife4 ,the truth seems to be1 as ,gregorovius remarks1 that national antipathy has biassed the judgment of ,italian writers4 ,immediately after the battle of ,pavia1 ,charles ,v4 wrote a most flattering autograph letter to ,vittoria4 ,her answer from ,ischia1 ,may #a1 #aebe1 is written in a fair hand1 and preserved among the papers of the ,gonzaga ,archives at ,mantua4 ,pescara received three wounds1 and lay for some months suffering from their effects1 which he imprudently aggravated by copious draughts of ice-water4 ,he was too weak to travel1 and1 growing worse1 sent a hasty messenger to his wife to come to ,milan and receive his last breath4 ,she started immediately1 but was met at ,viterbo by the fatal intelligence that he had died on ,nov4 #be4ahf ,his funeral took place on the #cjth1 and the body was afterwards transported to ,naples and buried in the church of ,st4 ,dominic4 ,paulus ,jovius1 a contemporary1 wrote his life--,vita ,ferdinandi ,davali ,pescarii--in elegant ,latin4 ,a literary memorial of ,spanish domination in another extremity of ,europe1 and of the days when1 the great school of war being transferred from classical ,italy to the ,netherlands1 the gests of illustrious soldiers were eagerly studied by military men--although1 as a rule1 no longer in the learned language of ,csar's ,commentaries--is preserved to us in the ,historia del fortissimo y prudentissimo ,capitan ,don ,hernando de ,avalos1 ,marques de ,pescara1 published at ,antwerp in #aegj4 ,vittoria's first impulse1 following this shock1 was to take the religious habit1 but she was prudently dissuaded by the learned ,sadolet1 ,bishop of ,carpentras1 who was then in ,rome1 from a measure which would seem to proceed rather from overwhelming grief than mature deliberation4 ,she did1 however1 retire for a time to the convent of ,san ,silvestro in ,capite1 which was closely connected with the fortunes of the ,colonna family4 ,it was during this pious retreat that she began that ,in ,memoriam to her dead husband which we will mention a little further on4 ,the first seven years of her widowhood were passed in inconsolable grief4 ,she resided at different periods either with her father's family at ,rome1 ,marino1 or in some other of their castles1 or at ,naples and ,ischia with the relatives of her late husband4 ,being still in the prime of life1 in the bloom of beauty1 and well provided for by ,pescara's will1 her hand was sought in marriage by several distinguished suitors2 but she turned a deaf ear to all proposals of this kind1 vowing that her first love still reigned supreme4 ,amor le faci spense ove l'accese4#ahg 7,love lit his torch1 and quenched it in the flame47 ,when the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 was in ,rome in #aecf1 he made a ceremonious visit1 the more honorable as his stay was so short in the ,eternal ,city1 to the widow of his faithful general4 ,in #aecg she made a tour among several cities in northern ,italy1 and was everywhere received with the greatest distinction4 ,we find her with the ,ducal ,estes at ,ferrara1 with the celebrated ,veronica ,gambara#ahh at ,bologna1 and with the erudite ,ghiberto1 ,bishop of ,verona4 ,from a letter of ,pietro ,aretino it appears that she was bent about this period on making a pilgrimage to ,jerusalem1 but was dissuaded by her adopted son and husband's heir1 ,del ,vastro1 who feared that her health would very seriously suffer4 ,during this time1 also1 she assisted ,bernardo ,tasso 7father of the poet71 who acknowledges the benefit he received from her religious sentiments4 ,in #aech she was back again in ,rome1 and one of the most interesting episodes of her life--her friendship with ,michael ,angelo--was then begun4 ,the austere artist1 who was sixty-four years old1 felt animated by a fervent but chaste affection1 such as he had never before experienced4 ,it brought him the poet's crown to add to his other crowns of painter1 architect1 and sculptor2 for it is chiefly upon his sonnets to ,vittoria that his literary reputation rests4 ,the few years of this sacred friendship were the happiest in his life2 and it is no small part of our heroine's reputation to have inspired in this wonderful man a muse so chaste and powerful4 ,his poetic addresses to her1 though marked1 says ,harford1 by the highest admiration of her mind and heart1 are throughout expressive of the most reverential respect4 ,they gratefully acknowledge her condescending courtesy1 and the beneficial influence of her piety and wisdom upon his own opinions1 fluctuating between vice and virtue1 but he never presumes even to refer to her personal attractions4 ,it was only after her death1 and then but in a single sonnet1 that he relaxed in a slight degree his habitual reserve and sang of her earthly beauty4 ,but the strain is still elevated far above the expressions of carnal love1 and describes a celestial countenance not unworthy of the ,beatrice of ,dante4 ,how highly she was esteemed by all classes is shown1 among many other sources1 from the words of an unprejudiced foreigner then in ,rome1 the ,spanish artist d',olanda1 who says in his journal that she is one of the noblest and most famous women in ,italy and in the whole world2 beautiful1 chaste1 a ,latin scholar2 adorned with every grace that can redound to a woman's praise2 devoting herself since her husband's death to thoughts of ,christ and to study2 supporting the needy2 a model of genuine piety4 ,from a letter of ,cardinal ,pole1 dated ,april #b1 #aeda1 we learn that she visited ,ratisbon1 but neither the motives nor any details of this long journey have been discovered2 only it is known that she was received with honor by the emperor and by the citizens4 ,her fame1 then1 had already passed the ,alps4 ,on her return from ,germany she rested for a while in the convent of ,san ,paolo at ,orvieto1 whence she wrote to ,cardinal ,pole1 expressing how much delight she found in the rules and society of the sisters1 whom she calls 8a company of angels40 ,it was while in this holy place that the apostate ,ochino sent her a letter1 in which he tried to explain and apologize for his conduct2 but she indignantly forwarded it to ,cervini at ,rome1 to be lodged with the ecclesiastical authorities1 as it was unbecoming in her to receive any communication from such a reprobate4 ,with fine womanly tact she had long before discovered the weak points in the character of this gifted but miserable man1 consumed by pride and lust1 and1 after hearing him preach1 she used often1 as though struck by some vague apprehension of a hidden conflict in that eloquent soul1 pray for his final perseverance4 ,and yet it is from her intercourse with several persons--,valdez1 ,ochhino1 ,vermigli 7,peter ,martyr71 and some others1 who afterwards became heretics1 that her ,english biographers especially have striven to make her out a ,protestant6 ,there is not one sentence in her voluminous writings which can be honestly made to bear an uncatholic sense4 ,but we perceive everywhere a love of the church1 a respect for the pope--whom she styles1 in the most orthodox language1 8the ,vicar of ,christ0--an admiration for celibacy and the religious life1#ahi and1 finally1 a tender devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary4 ,if this be ,protestantism1 ,protestants are welcome to it2 and ,god grant they may make the most of it6 ,cardinal ,pole1 who was many years her junior1 used to honor her as his mother1 and assiduously cultivated her friendship4 ,she left him a legacy of #aj1jjj scudi in her will1 but he made it over to her niece4 ,at ,viterbo she displayed a lively interest in all matters of education1 and took the greatest pleasure in teaching the pupils entrusted to the religious community of ,st4 ,catherine4 ,vittoria returned to ,rome at the beginning of the year #aedg1 and retired to the palace of ,julian ,cesarini1 who was married to ,julia ,colonna4 ,while here she fell very ill1 and1 feeling her end approach1 she was filled with the pious sentiments of one of her own sonnets1 composed but a short time before1 and which will show her constant preparation for death and serve as a specimen of her style4 ,the translation is by ,harford3 8,would that a voice impressive might repeat1 ,in holiest accents to my inmost soul1 ,the name of ,jesus2 and my words and works ,attest true faith in him1 and ardent hope2 ,the soul elect1 which feels within itself ,the seeds divine of this celestial love1 ,hears1 sees1 attends on ,jesus2 grace from him ,illumes1 expands1 fires1 purifies the mind2 ,the habit bright of thus invoking him ,exalts our nature so that it appeals ,daily to him for its immortal food4 ,in the last conflict with our ancient foe4 ,so dire to nature1 armed with ,faith alone1 ,the heart1 from usage long1 on him will call40 --,sonnet #bi4 ,she died towards the end of ,february1 #aedg--the exact date is not known--in the odor of sanctity1 as one of her ,italian biographers says4 ,by her will she made ,ascanio ,colonna her heir1 left one thousand scudi to each of the four convents in which she had so often lived1 provided for all her servants1 and disposed of a large sum in charity1 besides making other pious bequests4 ,her signature to this instrument is in ,latin1 in these words3 ,ita testavi ego ,vitoria ,columna4 ,strange it is1 perhaps1 but yet a worthy ending of a life of humility and mortification1 even in the midst of the glories of the world1 that no monument is raised over her remains4 ,in fact1 her body cannot be identified2 for having requested to be buried in the religious habit of the nuns of ,sant',anna de' ,funari1 and in their midst1 it was committed to the common vault of the community1 where it lies undistinguished from the others that repose there4 ,her poetry may be classified into a series composed during her husband's life and the first years of her widowhood1 and another written when she had devoted herself to a stricter manner of living4 ,the former is taken up with conjugal love1 descriptions of nature1 and miscellaneous subjects2 the latter is exclusively given up to religious ideas3 one is the profane1 the other the sacred1 series4 ,as an example of the lofty energy with which her mind poured its whole current of feeling into the channel of ,christian devotion1 we present her #bhth sonnet in ,harford's translation3 8,deaf would ,i be to earthly sounds1 to greet1 ,with thoughts intent and fixed on things above1 ,the high1 angelic strains1 the accents sweet1 ,in which true peace accords with perfect love2 ,each living instrument the breath that plays ,upon its strings from chord to chord conveys1 ,and to one end so perfectly they move ,that nothing jars the eternal harmony ,love melts each voice1 ,love lifts its accents high1 ,love beats the time1 presides o'er ev'ry string2 ,th' angelic orchestra one signal sways4 ,the sound becomes more sweet the more it strays ,through varying changes1 in harmonious maze2 ,he who the song inspired prompts all who sing40 ,as an impartial critic we must confess that1 however refined the language1 beautiful the sentiments1 and learned the imagery1 there is too much classical grandiloquence in her love-songs to permit us to forget the head that composed1 and allow us to think only of the heart that inspired1 them4 ,when ,pescara went forth on his first military expedition1 she described her grief in a long rhymed letter of thirty-seven stanzas1 in which all that is heroic in ancient ,greece and ,rome is summoned to witness her disconsolate state4 ,the opening address--,eccelso ,mio ,signore6 7,my high-engendered ,lord67--while it shows the reverential homage which the wife in those days was expected to offer to her husband1 and which1 with all its formalism1 was better than the disrespectful familiarity of a later age1 is the prelude to a style altogether too much like that of the eccentric ,margaret1 ,duchess of ,newcastle1 whose biography of her husband--her ,julius ,csar1 her thrice noble1 high1 and puissant ,prince1 as she used to call him--is the acme of connubial admiration4 ,after the death of ,pescara1 ,vittoria depicted her own grief and his great1 good qualities in a flow of verses full of beauty1 dignity1 and pathos4 ,upwards of one hundred sonnets are devoted to his memory4 ,trollope1 with the conceit of his class1 calls these touching expressions of sorrow 8the tuneful wailings of a young widow as lovely as inconsolable1 as irreproachable as noble02 but the more generous feelings and1 doubtless1 the ,catholic instincts of her ,french biographer discover in this exquisite threnody a form of prayer to ,god for peace to the living and eternal rest to the dead4 ,after seven years of widowhood a great change took place in her nature4 ,she gave herself up entirely to higher influences2 and the difference of style is remarkable between her worldly and her religious poems4 ,the first are1 as we have said1 devoted to the love of a mortal object2 the second to a divine dilection4 ,this series is entitled ,rime ,spirituali4 ,she begins it3 8,since a chaste love my soul has long detained ,in fond idolatry of earthly fame1 ,now to the ,lord1 who only can supply ,the remedy1 ,i turn '''0 --,sonnet #a4 ,and again we observe in the following production her resolve to abandon pagan allusions and confine her poetry to sublimer subjects3 8,me it becomes not henceforth to invoke ,or ,delos or ,parnassus2 other springs1 ,far other mountain-tops1 ,i now frequent1 ,where human steps1 unaided1 cannot mount40 ,all writers on ,italian poetry are agreed that for delicacy and grace of style ,vittoria ranks next to ,petrarch4 ,several medals and portraits have perpetuated her features at different periods of life4 ,of the former1 two were made while her husband was living--both heads being represented--and two during her widowhood4 ,a most beautiful medal was struck at ,rome in #ahdj on occasion of the marriage of ,prince ,torlonia to ,donna ,teresa ,colonna1 but the face is more or less ideal4 ,several portraits were painted during her lifetime1 but it is difficult to trace them all4 ,some are lost1 and others are doubtful originals4 ,the thoroughly genuine one 7say the ,romans7 is that in the ,colonna ,gallery4 ,it is a fine type of chaste and patrician beauty4 ,it was taken when she was about eighteen2 although how it can in this case 7and it certainly represents her still in her teens7 be ascribed to ,muziano1 as it is by ,mrs4 ,roscoe1 we cannot understand1 because this artist was born only in #aebh1 when ,vittoria was already thirty-eight years old4 ,the fact is that the artist is unknown2 but there should be some acuteness even in conjecture4 ,although it would be highly flattering to the vanity of her race1 and of the ,romans in general1 to believe that her portrait was sketched by ,michael ,angelo and painted by ,sebastiano del ,piombo1 they reject with horror the celebrated picture by their hands in the ,tribune at ,florence in which others see her face and figure4 ,the best judges1 however1 call it simply 8,a ,lady1 #aeab02 and our ideal of ,vittoria revolts from the voluptuous features and disgusting pectoral development of this portrait2 but if it were possible to determine it in her favor 787 we should have to exclaim3 8,appena si pu dir1 quest furosa40 ,all writers on ,italian literature mention our heroine at considerable length2 but of separate biographies the principal ones are the following3 ,gio4 ,batt4 ,rota1 ,rime e ,vita di ,d4 ,vittoria ,colonna1 ,marchesana di ,pescara1 #a vol4 #hvo1 #agfj2 ,isabella ,teotochi ,albizzi1 ,ritratti1 etc41 ,pisa1 #ahbf 7#dth ed41 copy in ,astor ,library72 ,john ,s4 ,harford1 ,life of ,michael ,angelo ,buonarotti ''' with ,memoirs of ''' ,vittoria ,colonna1 #b vols41 ,london1 #aheg 7,astor ,library72 ,cav4 ,p4 ,e4 ,visconti1 ,vita di ,vittoria ,colonna1 ,rome1 #ahdj2 ,le ,fvre ,deumier published a memoir of her in ,french in #ahef2 ,t4 ,a4 ,trollope1 ,a ,decade of ,italian ,women2 ,mrs4 ,henry ,roscoe1 ,vittoria ,colonna1 #a vol41 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,in #ahdd the ,accademia degli ,arcadi at ,rome decreed to have a bust of ,vittoria made and placed in the museum of the ,capitol4 ,it was inaugurated with great pomp on ,may #ab1 #ahde2 and thirty-two poems in ,latin and ,italian were written to celebrate the event1 and afterwards collected into a volume and published4 ,the following is the simple inscription beneath the bust3 ,a4 ,vittoria ,colonna4 ,n4,,mccccxc4 ,m4,,mdxlvii4 ,teresa4 ,colonna4 ,principessa4 ,romana4 ,pose4 ,,mdcccxlv4 #ahe ,published only in #aghe4 #ahf ,philippe ,macquer1 in his esteemed work1 ,abrg ,chronologique de l',histoire d',espagne et de ,portugal 7#agei-fe71 #b vols4 #hvo1 says that there is ground for believing that he was poisoned by his enemies1 which we think is very likely to have been the case4 #ahg #ahth ,sonnet4 #ahh ,one of the most distinguished females of the age1 and for love of letters and literary success ranking next to ,vittoria4 ,she was born in #adhe2 her father1 the ,count ,gianfrancesco ,gambara of ,brescia2 her mother1 ,alda ,pia of ,carpi2 her husband was ,ghiberto1 ,lord of ,correggio4 ,she died in #aeej4 #ahi ,writing to ,michael ,angelo from the convent of ,st4 ,catherine at ,viterbo1 as late as #aedc1 she calls the nuns1 her companions1 8the spouses of ,christ40 ,,allies' ,,formation ,,of ,,christendom#aij ,the appearance of the third part of ,mr4 ,allies' great work offers an occasion for expressing the interest with which we have regarded it since the publication of the first volume in #ahfe4 ,the author is well known on both sides of the ,atlantic1 and the present work has been noticed from time to time in this magazine4 ,it consists of a series of historical lectures grouping and classifying the leading features of that wonderful movement which began shortly after the foundation of the ,roman ,empire1 and has survived its downfall more than a thousand years4 ,mr4 ,allies proposes to examine minutely and accurately into these facts4 ,those who are familiar with his other works will fully appreciate his ability to cope with his present task1 while the need of a calm and studious presentation of this period of history is sufficiently evident4 ,the religious movement of the sixteenth century boasts1 and not without reason1 of having been a radical departure from the spirit of the age which preceded it4 ,it broke with the past2 first1 in regard to particular questions1 concerning which it took issue with existing belief4 ,but the separation which ensued in the religious sphere soon extended to the whole range of man's spiritual faculties4 ,the followers of the new prophets were associated together in communities and nations1 and became entirely estranged from the ancient system4 ,this isolation was bound to produce in a short time wide divergence of sentiment1 and an ever-increasing estrangement from the past4 ,americans going abroad find themselves constantly misinterpreting and being misunderstood by foreigners4 ,we live in another era1 and under circumstances so different that it is only by earnest and thoughtful preparation that we can qualify ourselves to judge of other nations4 ,any person who will pause for a moment will realize the difficulty of conceiving what the present state of the world would have been had the movement towards a high material development1 which preceded ,protestantism1 been conducted under ,catholic auspices alone4 ,of course1 such a conception is impossible to the common ignorant ,protestant2 but even enlightened minds outside the ,catholic ,church must acknowledge that it is not easy to acquire a full sympathy with the intellectual epoch which preceded ,protestantism4 ,wherever the new religion became dominant1 a thorough break was effected between past and present4 ,the ,american freeman resembles his ,english great-grandfather far more closely than the ,protestant of the seventeenth resembles the ,catholic of the fifteenth century4 ,the ,french communist still speaks the language in which the feudal tenant addressed the seigneur of the last century2 but it would be rash to affirm his capacity to understand the sentiments of his peasant grandfather4 ,the change wrought by the sixteenth century extends throughout the world1 and affects the deepest1 most powerful1 and most mysterious range of sentiment4 ,this change occurred just as the literature of modern times had begun to take shape and form4 ,everything has borne the stamp either of its action or of the reaction against it4 ,it was a veritable ,lethe2 and those who passed through it forgot the images1 expressions1 and thoughts of preceding generations4 ,the results of this tendency were entirely overlooked by the partisans of ,luther and ,calvin4 ,but the most superficial student of history nowadays perceives in them irrefragable proof of two things3 first1 that the movement of the sixteenth century was something altogether new in the world2 and1 secondly1 that it was completely subversive of the entire order which preceded it4 ,to deny either of these propositions is to bid defiance to truth and farewell to reason4 ,and whereas ,catholics have been abused for predicting these facts1 there are not wanting ,protestants who glory in acknowledging them1 now that they can no longer be controverted4 ,however1 we do not wish to bring them forward in our condemnation of ,protestantism1 but simply to illustrate another fact which is equally true4 ,protestantism1 amongst other evils1 has brought a spirit of scepticism into historical research which is one of the most ghastly symptoms of its present stage of dissolution4 ,we do not mean a spirit which demands proof1 but a spirit which no amount of proof can satisfy--which denies facts unquestionably true1 and endeavors to cast discredit upon the most authentic records4 ,it is not hard to perceive the cause or to trace the development of this spirit4 ,the cause is that ,protestantism was in every sense a break in history4 ,it was an abnormal and morbid occurrence4 ,the consequences of its denial--its protest--extended into every order of truth4 ,but nowhere was their influence more fatal than in the domain of history4 ,it lost the thread of sacred history by denying the authority of the ,roman ,church4 ,but the isolated position into which it was thrown soon rendered it unfit to interpret any tradition4 ,in fact1 it had no tradition2 it was obliged to make one in accordance with its own needs4 ,at first its doubts were all directed against the ,papacy1 because the ,papacy was irreconcilable with its existence4 ,then the histories of the saints were condemned1 because ,protestantism had nothing of the kind to show4 ,but the irreverent critic of the claims of the ,sovereign ,pontiff at last attacked the ,scripture1 which was thrown to him as bearing its own credentials4 ,far worse than this--the ,bible having been destroyed1 the sacred person of the ,author of ,christianity has been exposed for dissection4 ,nothing is deemed too blasphemous either to deny or assert of him4 ,but now that he has been judged by the high-priests of the new religion1 and condemned as an impostor1 something has to be done with that vast system which civilized the world and endured for sixteen centuries1 on the theory that ,christ was what he proclaimed himself to be--the ,lord of all things1 and that his revelation was true4 ,after practically demonstrating that ,protestantism is a denial of ,christianity1 we might expect the age to pause in its career of denial4 ,this1 however1 at present seems to be expecting too much4 ,having denied the authority which ,christ has commissioned1 the revolution soon came to deny ,christ4 ,having denied him1 it has proceeded to deny him from whom ,jesus was sent4 ,it only remains to deny every other fact which conflicts with the negative theory4 ,it is1 therefore1 considered necessary to express doubt with regard to every historical fact connected with ,christianity4 ,a notable instance of this is before our eyes in ,mr4 ,hare's ,walks in ,rome1 a book quite free from the more offensive forms of ,protestant vulgarity4 ,mr4 ,hare has spent many years in ,rome1 and learned from its antiquarians the history of its secular traditions4 ,he knows that the scene of ,st4 ,peter's imprisonment is as well attested as any other which he describes in his work4 ,in the course of his remarks on the ,mamertine ,prison1 he says3 8,it was by this staircase that ,cicero came forth and announced the execution of the ,catiline conspirators to the people in the ,forum by the single word ,viverunt--#8they have ceased to live6' ,close to the exit of these stairs the ,emperor ,vitellius was murdered40 ,he discusses the age of the structure1 and cites ,ampre to prove it to be the oldest building in ,rome4 ,the author further says3 8,it is described by ,livy and by ,sallust1 who depicts its horrors in his account of the execution of the ,catiline conspirators4 ,the spot is shown to which these victims were attached and strangled in turn4 ,in this dungeon1 at an earlier period1 ,appius ,claudius and ,oppius the decemvirs committed suicide 7,b4,c4 #ddi74 ,here ,jugurtha1 king of ,mauritania1 was starved to death by ,marius4 ,here ,julius ,csar1 during his triumph for the conquest of ,gaul1 caused his gallant enemy ,vercingetorix to be put to death4 ,here ,sejanus1 the friend and minister of ,tiberius1 disgraced too late1 was executed for the murder of ,drusus1 son of the emperor1 and for an intrigue with his daughter-in-law ,livilla4 ,here1 also1 ,simon ,bar ,givras1 the last defender of ,jerusalem1 suffered during the triumph of ,titus40 ,thus far the writer is dealing with facts of pagan tradition1 which has been dead for centuries4 ,observe the change of tone when he comes to facts of the living ,christian tradition--facts which he is evidently inclined to believe1 but which must not be spoken of with the confidence appropriate to pagan narrative3 8,the spot is more interesting to the ,christian world as the prison of ,,ss ,peter and ,paul1 who are said to have been bound for nine months to a pillar1 which is shown here40 ,a little further on3 8,it is hence that the ,roman ,catholic ,church believes that ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul addressed their farewells to the ,christian world0 7pp4 #id-if74 ,the testimony of the ,egyptian hieroglyphs is unquestioned4 ,the most fabulous antiquity is readily admitted for ,indian and ,chinese history4 ,it is gratuitously assumed that the time of stone implements was not coincident with the use of metals in other nations1 though the contrary may be witnessed on our own frontiers4 ,if human remains are found along with those of extinct animals1 it is assumed that they died together4 ,no demand upon belief is too great unless it be in connection with ,christianity4 ,this tendency is to make men imagine that the era of our ,saviour's advent was purely mythical1 and that the events of his time are as obscure as those of the siege of ,troy4 ,we think that we have accounted for the existence of this tendency in the nature of ,protestantism1 as developed in ,strauss and the 8more advanced0 ,german speculators4 ,but after having created this artificial cloud in history1 the same parties seek to give the impression that ,christianity was but a natural development out of the union of ,eastern with ,western thought4 ,having endeavored to reduce it to a myth by denying or questioning history1 the process is reversed1 and history is appealed to in order to prove that ,christianity was a purely natural phenomenon which can be readily explained4 ,it is1 according to these rash theorists1 a syncretism of the best thoughts of ,egypt1 ,india1 and ,greece1 produced principally by the agency of the ,alexandrian schools4 ,this explanation is mainly satisfactory to them because it would explain the rise and establishment of ,christianity without a miracle4#aia ,the hypothesis was eagerly embraced for this reason4 ,just so ,strauss leaped for joy at the hypothesis of ,darwin1 because it professed to account for the existence of men without creation4 ,but just as ,darwin1 while able to produce both specimens and remains of man and ape1 could never find the intermediate animal1 or even any trace of him1 so this forged account of the origin of ,christianity breaks down in the very fact which is necessary to give it even the semblance of value1 viz41 the warrant of historical facts4 ,in order still further to misrepresent the origin of ,christianity1 it is necessary to observe the testimony of history as to the moral condition of the pagan world4 ,tacitus and ,suetonius are pagan authors1 therefore it will not do to impeach their writings in the same manner as the ,gospels and the ,christian ,fathers4 ,being heathens1 their works are certainly genuine1 and they are to be held as truthful men--a presumption to which the ,evangelists and ,fathers are in no way entitled4 ,but we notice the tendency to overlook the frightful picture presented by these historians1 and the attempt1 by a judicious comparison of the best specimens of paganism with the worst scandals or most austere characters of church history1 to draw conclusions injurious to ,christianity4 ,this whole process of doubting the records1 misstating the origin1 and denying the real nature of early ,christianity1 is a fraud which will not bear scrutiny2 it is maintained by men who avow their willingness to accept any hypothesis which conflicts with the ancient faith1 and to lend the prestige of their talents to any effort against it4 ,the historical warfare has been vigorously carried on in ,germany by both sides4 ,the movement has penetrated into the ,english universities4 ,its echoes have been heard in our own midst1 in the utterances of certain writers who1 being possessed by the spirit of snobbishness1 cleave to outlandish modes of thought because of their foreign or novel character4 ,mr4 ,allies' work is a thoughtful and profound exposition of facts1 and brushes away the cobwebs with which hostile criticism has sought to envelop the history of ,christianity4 ,the author does not aim at a connected narrative4 ,the chapters of his work are lectures1 each one of which is an essay1 complete in itself4 ,the reader is presumed to be acquainted with the general outlines of history1 and the author directs his efforts to answer such questions as naturally arise with regard to the introduction of ,christianity and the foundation of that order which appeared under the title of ,christendom in the ,middle ,age4 ,accordingly1 after giving his idea of the philosophy of history1 ,mr4 ,allies draws a graphic picture of the state of the ,roman world4 ,the civil polity of the ,augustan age1 the majesty of the ,pax ,romana1 appear in their splendid proportions4 ,the reader is brought face to face with all that is known of that epoch4 ,its ideas of manhood and morality are set forth from the testimony of eye-witnesses4 ,then follows a sketch of the work to be accomplished by ,christianity1 entitled the ,new ,creation of ,individual ,man4 ,this is succeeded by a series of lectures viewing the results which were to be expected from the influence of ,christianity upon human character4 ,here we find also the testimony of eye-witnesses of the growth of the new religion1 and an instructive comparison between ,cicero and ,st4 ,augustine1 illustrative of two most important ages of history4 ,the fifth lecture of this first volume is on the ,new ,creation of the ,primary ,relation between ,man and ,woman2 and the seventh lecture deals with an equally ,christian doctrine1 viz41 the ,creation of the ,virginal ,life4 ,a recent ,german writer1 laboring under a delusion not uncommon in his country1 doubts whether the improved morality which appeared after the introduction of ,christianity was really due to that religion or to the ,german race4 ,this characteristic doubt is left undecided by the writer1 but will probably soon be settled adversely to ,christianity by some more adventurous ,teuton4 ,the public1 for whose benefit these speculations are likely to be extended1 will do well to read a little history1 and will not find ,mr4 ,allies' chapters amiss4 ,the second volume1 which appeared in #ahfi1 treats of the developments of that spiritual society which sprang into existence with the original ideas of ,christianity and from the same source4 ,the peculiar characteristics are traced of that hierarchical order which1 after three centuries of bloody persecution1 came forth from its hiding-place in perfect organization1 to receive at once the homage of ,constantine and to become the guide of civilization and the supreme ruler of nations for more than a thousand years4 ,the position of the church at the time of ,constantine was that of complete victory4 ,the portent in the sky which appeared to that emperor was not more miraculous than the spectacle afforded by ,christianity4 ,starting from a distant point in an obscure race1 without means1 without facilities of communication1 it had not only revolutionized the pagan world but it had maintained its own unity as a corporate body in the face of wholesale treason from within1 and intense intellectual opposition1 accompanied with three centuries of proscription1 from without4 ,three centuries ago another movement started in our modern world4 ,it had all the prestige of the civilization which germinated along with it4 ,it has had the support of the civil power4 ,it has had the best blood and most vigorous races to work for it4 ,no earthly element of success has been refused to it4 ,what is the result8 ,where is its unity8 ,the very idea is abandoned4 ,where are its original convictions8 ,not one remains4 ,what is its present influence8 ,it has none4 ,what is its prospect in the future8 ,entire destruction4 ,nothing is better calculated to give us a correct idea of the difference between ,protestantism and ,christianity than this sort of a comparison4 ,such1 however1 is not ,mr4 ,allies' design4 ,he aims1 in his second volume1 to show that ,christianity had a definite theory and constructive spirit with regard to society4 ,as he contrasts in his first volume the pagan notion of individual man with the ,christian ideal1 and shows a creative power in the latter producing results undreamed of in the heathen character1 so the author traces1 in his second volume1 the social ideas brought in by ,christianity4 ,the unity of the church1 as taught and described by the fathers1 was an idea no less remarkable in its marvellous working than in its utter novelty4 ,this conception was based on the fundamental principle of ,christianity1 that its divine ,founder had authorized a corporate body to teach the world those truths which he came to bring1 and that the power of ,god was pledged to the infallibility of his church4 ,this doctrine is the only constructive idea that has ever been broached with regard to society4 ,protestantism was a direct assault upon the very nature of ,christianity1 and is to be held responsible for the absence of this idea in modern civilization4 ,mr4 ,allies develops the history of this ,christian idea with great accuracy1 filling out his comparison between ,christian and pagan thinkers in all departments of thought1 and establishing the claims of the new faith to be a creation fresh from the ,author of all things1 and not a development out of the putrescent civilization of the ancient world4 ,that ,christianity produced a type of character wholly distinct and peculiar1 is a fact of which there can be no doubt on the part of those who have the slightest disposition to consult authentic records4 ,that it possessed a vitality and organizing power of which there is no other instance1 is equally certain4 ,but we often hear the sayings of ,epictetus1 ,marcus ,aurelius1 and the later ,stoics quoted1 as exhibiting a tone of thought almost equal to that of ,christianity1 and by the enemies of religion vaunted as something far above the morality of the ,gospel4 ,no reader of ,plutarch can escape the impression of his gentle and refined philosophy4 ,though full of grievous errors1 it has a flavor of truth1 a respect for purity1 and an appreciation of virtue which are not to be found in the earlier historians4 ,the great error of those who would make ,christianity a development of heathen thought is simply1 then1 mistaking the cause for the effect4 ,a great change was undoubtedly to be expected from the blending of ,greek and ,roman speculation with the ,jewish and ,egyptian religions4 ,this change actually took place4 ,but its product was acted upon by ,christianity1 and did not become a factor of the new religion4 ,mr4 ,allies gives us the summary of ancient philosophy1 which he traces down to its contact with ,christian truth4 ,we are able to see the vanity of that false reading of history which seeks to represent ,christianity as a mendicant receiving crumbs from ,plato1 ,pythagoras1 ,philo1 and the ,stoics4 ,we perceive from their writings and the tone of their disciples the barrenness and emptiness of ,attic thought1 up to the time when it received the few corrections and additions from ,christian doctrine which enabled it to appear for a short time as a rival of heavenly truth4 ,the author goes with laborious scrutiny through that labyrinth of error which is included under the title of ,neo-,platonism4 ,outside the ,catholic ,church1 few scholars have read even the principal works of ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas4 ,charles ,sumner was said to possess them2 ,disraeli the elder and ,george ,eliot refer to them4 ,but the former never showed that he understood their contents1 and the last-named writers show that they have not4 ,although such a study is absolutely necessary towards acquiring a correct knowledge of the intellectual life of the ,middle ,age1 it is rarely undertaken by non-,catholics4 ,to study the remains of ,neo-,platonism is a task of equal subtlety1 and yet nothing is more common than to hear shallow speculators on history affirm that ,christianity was greatly affected by the ,alexandrian school4 ,but the difference is no less marked when we come to find out what the views of the leading ,neo-,platonist actually were4 ,this 8distracted chaos of hallucinations0 was the highest effort of paganism4 ,it was an attempt to reconcile and weld together all the elements of the old world1 as a barrier to the new and irresistible power which was everywhere gaining ground4 ,it was the development which was to have been expected4 ,it was the fusion of ,east and ,west to which ,christianity has been credited4 ,but1 instead of acting upon1 it was radically affected by1 ,christianity2 and1 instead of bringing forth ,christianity1 it was the deadliest foe of the ,gospel4 ,it is from this old armory of ,alexandria that modern error draws and refurbishes the clumsy weapons which dropped thirteen centuries ago from the hands of the first opponents of ,christianity4 ,it is a good place to go for this sort of bric--brac4 ,it contains a sum of all the aberrations of the human intellect4 ,here1 stripped of its modern garb1 we find the cosmic sentimentalism of ,strauss4 ,here the absolute being of the ,german pantheists stares us in the face4 ,here1 from ,iamblichus and ,porphyry1 we hear the same mournful and unhealthy drivel which is printed and sewed up in gilt morocco by enterprising and philanthropic publishers of the present day4 ,on rising from the perusal of ,mr4 ,allies' third volume1 we see clearly the end of that wonderful and brilliant ,hellenism which1 while ever occupied 8either in telling or in hearing something new10 slighted the real truth which had come into the world1 and served but as a pit to its own pride4 ,too much praise cannot be given to ,mr4 ,allies for the labor bestowed upon his history of the actual development of the philosophy of ,greece in the ,roman ,empire4 ,he has traced each school of thought from year to year1 and reproduced a correct summary of its beliefs4 ,the ,neo-,stoic philosophy1 which is especially vaunted by the enemies of ,christianity1 is studiously delineated4 ,the points of agreement and difference are clearly noted between its four great chiefs--,seneca1 ,musonius1 ,epictetus1 and ,marcus ,aurelius4 ,the analogies and contrasts between the developed ,stoic school and the ,christian teachers who were its contemporaries1 are also brought into relief4 ,in order to portray the effect of the ,neo-,pythagorean doctrines and the revived ,platonism1 the author gives a complete analysis of that most singular and interesting character1 ,philo the ,jew--singular1 in that he was the only one of the ancient ,hebrew race who became a great philosopher2 interesting1 because he shows us the precise difference between ,platonism and ,jewish belief1 and the immeasurable superiority of the unreasoning ,jew1 who believed only that which he had received by tradition1 over the highest flight of heathen genius unaided by revelation4 ,the lecture on ,philo closes with a summary of the interval between his time and ,plutarch's1 and the change during that epoch from the old ,roman world of ,cicero1 together with the cause of this change4 ,following this1 another lecture presents the state of the pagan intellect and the common standing ground of philosophy1 from the accession of ,nero to that of ,severus4 ,towards the close of his reign1 under the auspices of the ,empress ,julia and from the labors of ,philostratus1 came forth the new gospel of paganism in the life of ,apollonius of ,thyana4 ,this work1 upon the strength of which modern infidels have sought to attribute a mythical origin to the ,gospels1 was a counterfeit of the truth1 in which paganism sought to construct an ideal teacher1 to oppose to that ,master who was now beginning to be known throughout the world4 ,this sketch of ,apollonius of ,thyana is very complete1 and shows a new phase of thought yet more strikingly affected by that hated and persecuted power which was daily growing in the midst of the ,roman world4 ,having completed his study of pagan belief and sentiments as far as the reign of ,severus1 the author is fully prepared for the difficult and thankless task of reviewing the struggle between ,neo-,platonism1 as represented by ,iamblichus1 ,porphyry1 and ,plotinus1 and their followers1 against divine truth4 ,the third volume closes with a graphic summary of the intellectual results from ,claudius to ,constantine1 and a comparative glance at the relative power of the old order and the new to reconstruct a society in stable and harmonious proportions4 ,with this lecture1 which seems to foreshadow the contents of a fourth volume1 ,mr4 ,allies' work stops for the present4 ,its publication in parts has placed it at a great disadvantage1 inasmuch as ten years have passed since the first volume appeared4 ,it may seem premature to review a work not yet complete1 but enough has been published to establish the claim of the author to a most useful and successful contribution to the needs of the time4 ,he has grown into his task1 and has accumulated both facts and reflections4 ,there is little reason to fear that the remaining volume will not be equal to the three which have preceded it4 ,the style is unpretending1 and the whole work extremely modest4 ,in this respect1 it will not meet the approval of those who prefer rhetoric to exact truthfulness4 ,historical works must be plentifully illustrated1 either by the engraver or the imagination of the author1 to make them popular nowadays4 ,but the intelligent reader who will take pains to examine carefully ,mr4 ,allies' volumes will be well repaid1 and the author himself can rest in the conviction that he has written a solid and useful book1 which deserves a place in every library4 #aij ,the ,formation of ,christendom4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,allies4 ,part ,third4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green1 ,reader ,dyer4 #ahge4 #aia ,it is also necessary on account of its vagueness1 and eminently fits in or rather mixes with the confusion of mind which is so marked a characteristic in this school of speculators4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more4 ,a ,,historical ,,romance4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,princesse ,,de ,,craon4 ,x4 ,in that portion of the attic of ,whitehall ,castle looking toward the west they had1 according to the king's orders1 erected an altar in order to celebrate ,mass4 ,three persons had assembled there1 and were reflecting on the singularity of the hour and the choice of the place where they found themselves called by this religious ceremony4 ,lady ,berkley1 seated upon a high cane chair1 had carefully gathered about her feet the long train of her silk dress1 to avoid having it sweep over the floor covered with dust1 and she observed with great attention the old tapestries1 which had been nailed all around the altar in order to conceal as far as possible the unsightly appearance of the rafters of the roof4 ,heneage1 with his arms crossed1 not far from her1 waited1 having nothing to do1 while ,dr4 ,roland ,lee1 invested with the pontifical vestments1 kneeled on the step of the altar1 inwardly grieved at this new whim of the king1 which he found as inconvenient as disrespectful2 but being very pious1 he endeavored to pray to ,god and occupy himself only with the holy sacrifice he was going to offer up4 ,they had waited very nearly an hour in this position1 when ,norris entered with a light in his hand4 8,the king10 he said in a loud voice4 ,the assistants immediately arose to their feet1 and the king appeared1 followed by ,lady ,boleyn1 with ,anne ,savage carrying her train1 gleaming with embroidery4 ,on entering she cast a glance upon the surroundings of this improvised chapel1 and she was far from finding them to her liking4 ,but ,henry ,,viii4 gave her no time for reflection2 he placed two chairs in front of the altar1 and1 putting himself in one1 he made a sign to her to kneel upon the other2 then1 having called ,sir ,roland1 he announced to him that he had to proceed with the marriage4 ,although he had presaged nothing good from the singular preparations he had seen made in this attic chapel1 yet poor ,dr4 ,lee was far from anticipating such an order as he now received2 he found himself in a horrible state of perplexity1 and stood without making any reply4 8,come60 said the king after a moment's silence1 8commence the prayers40 ,but ,roland turned toward him1 and still continued to stand on the step of the altar2 he said with a great deal of dignity3 8,no1 your majesty cannot marry1 the ecclesiastical authorities not having yet decided4'''0 8,what say you1 ,roland80 interrupted the king brusquely4 8,god alone has power to judge the conscience of princes1 and mine has decided that ,i should marry4 ,go on and do what ,i command you now40 8,sire10 replied ,roland1 who feared that his days were numbered1 8your majesty has all power over my poor body1 and ,i am your very unworthy and very devoted subject2 but ,i cannot solemnize your marriage without having proof that you are at liberty to contract it40 ,henry bit his lower lip4 8,roland60 he said4 8,sire10 replied the other1 as if he thought the king had called him4 8,the imbecile60 exclaimed ,henry ,,viii4 to himself2 but he saw it would be better to dissimulate4 8,roland10 he replied1 with an inflection of voice as different as his new intention1 8do you think ,i would command you to do anything wrong8 ,i have received from ,rome the bulls of our ,holy ,father1 who recognizes the nullity of my marriage with ,catherine1 the wife of my brother1 and permits me to select for my spouse any other unmarried woman in my kingdom4 ,however1 in order to avoid scandal1 he bound me to do it secretly40 8,then ,i have nothing to say10 replied ,roland ,lee1 relieved of an immense weight2 8but your majesty will1 of course1 first show me the proofs40 8,obstinacy60 thought the king4 8,how1 ,sir ,roland10 he cried1 assuming an air of extreme mortification1 8the word of your king1 then1 is no longer sufficient8 ,is it necessary for me to go and bring you a thing which ,i affirm to have in my possession8 ,roland10 he added in a severe tone1 8until now your conscience alone has spoken1 therefore ,i have not been offended2 but take care that1 instead of commending your course1 ,i no longer see in you other than an incredulous obstinacy4 ,i pledge you my royal word on the truth of what ,i have stated4''' ,but add not a word more40 ,roland dared not reply1 and1 unable to believe the king would dare to prevaricate in that manner before such a number of witnesses1 he began1 although much disturbed1 to say the ,mass4''' ,but the quiet solemnity of prayer influences the most obdurate heart3 man is so insignificant in the presence of ,god4 ,henry felt more and more troubled4 ,queen ,catherine's letter1 ,norris' description of her departure1 the scene of the previous evening1 passed one after another before his eyes and continued to torture his memory4 ,the words of the holy daughter of ,kent1 8,the woman you wish to marry will dishonor your couch and perish on the scaffold10 arose unconsciously to his lips1 and aroused in his soul a gloomy jealousy4 ,he cast a glance upon ,anne ,boleyn2 their eyes met1 and the miserable woman was terror-stricken at the expression of fury that gleamed from his eyes4 ,then he looked around him4 ,the sun had arisen1 and brought into bold relief the old and faded tapestries surrounding the altar4 8,is this place worthy of me80 he thought to himself4 8,is it thus ,i have prayed with ,thomas ,more8--that quiet1 peace1 order1 and respect8''' ,there one is happy2 here they are consumed1 devoured by remorse6 ,happiness of the just1 ,i execrate thee1 because ,i have not been able to attain thee60''' ,thus all that was good excited his envy2 even ,catherine1 whom he had driven from the door of his palace a wanderer on the earth1 seemed to him happier than himself4 ,but it was still worse when the venerable priest1 turning towards him1 began the ancient and solemn rites of marriage between the children of ,god1 and came to these words3 8,you1 ,henry of ,lancaster1 do confess1 acknowledge1 and swear before ,god1 and in presence of his holy church1 that you now take for your wife and legitimate spouse ,anne ,boleyn1 here present40 8,ah60 said the king mentally1 8hell would be better than the life that ,i lead40 ,he trembled1 and answered in a loud voice3 8,yes60 8,you promise to keep to her faithfully in all things1 as a faithful husband should his wife1 according to the commandment of ,god80 8,yes10 he answered again4 8,and you1 ,anne ,boleyn1 you also confess1 acknowledge1 and swear before ,god1 and in presence of his holy church1 that you now take for your husband and legitimate spouse ,henry of ,lancaster1 here present40 8,yes10 stammered ,anne ,boleyn1 who had no relatives1 no friends around her--no one except two valets and a femme de chambre4 8,you promise to keep to him faithfully in all things1 as a faithful wife should her husband1 according to the commandment of ,god80 8,yes10 she answered more distinctly4 ,then the priest took the nuptial ring1 and1 placing it in the hand of the king1 made a sign to give it to his wife4 ,henry ,,viii41 leaning toward ,anne ,boleyn1 gave it to her1 seeming scarcely conscious that he did so4 ,the sight of this ring recalled the one he had given ,catherine on a former and similar occasion1 the sanctity of the engagements he had contracted with her1 the love he then bore her1 her youth1 her sincerity1 her charms1 her virtues1 the tranquillity of his own conscience2 now1 he had dissipated all these blessings--dissipated them wilfully and through his own fault2 he felt himself despised and despicable4 ,his legitimate wife driven forth and discarded1 while he took another by means of a disgraceful falsehood which must be very soon discovered4 ,he no longer had children2 he had renounced at the same time all the rights of a man1 a father1 a husband1 in order to recommence1 at his age1 a new career1 already branded with disgraceful recollections and shameful regrets4 8,may the ,god of ,abraham1 the ,god of ,isaac1 and the ,god of ,jacob unite you1 and may he shower his benedictions upon you6 ,i now pronounce you man and wife1 in the name of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost10 said the priest1 making the sign of the cross over them4 8,amen60 responded the assistants4 8,no benedictions6 ,don't talk to me about benedictions1 wretches60 replied ,henry in a stifled voice4 8,it is truly just and reasonable10 continued the priest1 ascending the steps of the altar and extending his hands towards heaven1 8it is right and salutary1 that we return thee thanks at all times and in all places1 ,o ,lord1 most holy ,father1 ,almighty ,god eternal1 who by thy power hast created the universe out of nothing2 who in the beginning of the world1 after having made man in thine image1 gave him1 to be his inseparable companion1 the woman whom thou hast formed from thyself1 in order to teach him that he is never permitted to put asunder those whom thou hast united in the sacrament thou hast instituted4 ,o ,god6 thou who hast consecrated marriage by so excellent a mystery that the nuptial alliance is the figure of the sacred union of ,jesus ,christ and his church2 ,o ,god6 by whom the woman is united to the man1 and who givest to this intimate union thy blessing1 the only one which has not been taken away1 neither by the punishment of original sin nor the sentence of the ,deluge2 ,o ,god6 thou who alone hast dominion over the hearts of men1 and who knowest and governest all things by thy providence1 insomuch that no man can put asunder those whom thou hast joined together--0 8,when shall ,i get out of this place80 murmured ,henry ,,viii4 8,nor injure those whom thou hast blessed--unite1 we pray thee1 the souls of these thy servants1 who belong to thee1 and pour into their hearts a sincere friendship1 to the end that they may become one in thee1 as thou art the only true and all-powerful ,god4 ,regard with a favorable eye thy servant1 who1 before being united to her spouse1 implores your protection4 ,grant that her yoke may be a yoke of love and peace2 grant that1 chaste and faithful1 she may follow the example of the holy women of old2 that she render herself amiable to her husband1 like ,rachel2 that she may be wise as ,rebecca2 that she may enjoy a long life1 and be faithful like ,sara2 that the author of prevarication may find nothing in her that proceeds from him2 that she may abide firm in thy law and in the observance of thy commandments2 that1 at last1 being attached only to her husband1 she defile not the marriage-bed by any illicit connection40 8,do you understand what the priest advises you80 said ,henry ,,viii41 angrily regarding ,anne ,boleyn1 and speaking almost loud enough for her to hear him4 8,that1 in order to sustain her weakness1 she may fortify herself by an exact and well-regulated life2 that she may conduct herself with such proper modesty as will ensure respect2 that she inform herself of her duties in the heavenly doctrines of ,jesus ,christ2 that she may obtain from thee a happy fecundity2 that she may lead a life pure and irreproachable--0 8,i will not suffer her to do otherwise10 thought the king4 8,that at length she may arrive at the rest of the saints in the kingdom of heaven4 ,grant1 ,lord1 that they may both live to behold their children's children until the third and fourth generation1 and attain a happy old age1 through ,jesus ,christ our ,lord1 thy ,son1 who liveth and reigneth with thee in the unity of the ,holy ,ghost1 world without end40 8,amen60 responded the assistants4 8,it is over at last10 said the king1 rising precipitately4 ,he motioned ,anne ,boleyn to follow him2 but she made no reply1 and he saw that she was weeping1 and had put her hands over her eyes to conceal her tears4 ,he then left her1 and immediately went out4 ,,xi4 ,on returning to his apartments1 the king found in his cabinet ,cromwell and ,cranmer1 who1 pompously invested with the garb of his new episcopal dignity1 came with ,cromwell to thank the king for having conferred on him this exalted position4 ,the sight of these two intriguers produced a disagreeable impression on ,henry4 ,he was very wearied already by the scene through which he had just passed1 and longed to be alone4 ,instead of that1 he found himself face to face with two new instruments of torture4 ,cromwell regarded the king attentively1 and was astonished at the expression of dissatisfaction visible on every feature of his face4 8,what does he want now80 mentally inquired this unprincipled man4 8,have we not procured the accomplishment of all his desires8 ,is he not now the very legitimate spouse of the brilliant ,anne ,boleyn1 ,marchioness of ,pembroke80 ,but he thought it advisable under existing circumstances to let the king speak first1 and contented himself with a profound salutation4 8,what more do you want of me80 asked the king very brusquely4 8,he is not very approachable this morning10 thought ,cromwell2 8but never mind1 he will not escape us for all that40 8,we come10 replied ,cromwell1 8to congratulate your majesty on the clemency and magnanimity you displayed yesterday evening towards that daughter of ,kent2 and ,dr4 ,cranmer has come to lay at your feet the assurance of his gratitude and his entire devotion40 8,yes10 replied the king1 happy to attribute his anger to something he could confess2 8you are clever men1 and richly deserve to be driven from my presence for having risked compromising me with that fool to whom you have made me listen6 ,i am beginning to get tired of your fooleries2 ,sir ,cromwell1 understand that well60 ,and he emphasized the last words with a marked intention and an expression of anger and scorn4 8,the marriage has not improved matters much1 it would seem10 said ,cromwell to himself2 but he considered it proper to display a little dignity4 8,i understand10 he replied immediately1 8that your majesty may have at first taken some offence at the insolent audacity of that woman of ,kent2 but ,i am astonished that you should be so unjust as to think ill of your servants on account of it1 and especially since nothing could have been more fortunate in putting us on the track of the infamous intrigues of the queen and her partisans40 8,infamous intrigues6 infamous intrigues60 cried the king4 8,that is a word which may be very readily applied1 and often it is not to those who most deserve it40 ,an angry flush mounted to ,cromwell's pale visage2 he felt that it was time to calm the storm about to burst upon him4 8,i implore your majesty to believe10 he replied in an extremely mortified tone1 8that ,i advance nothing without proof2 and ,i ask now what he will say when he shall know that the queen1 ,thomas ,more1 and the ,bishop of ,rochester1 concealed in the church1 assisted with us at the examination of the holy daughter of ,kent1 in order to assure themselves that their instrument resounded loudly in the ears of your majesty40 8,what do you say1 ,cromwell8 ,the queen was in the ,abbey last night8 ,and how did she gain admittance there8 ,what6 she has heard all8 ,she has enjoyed my humiliation8 ,why have ,i not known it8 ,i would have punished her audacity and wickedness on the spot2 but ,i will surely have my revenge40 8,sire10 replied ,cromwell1 8the queen is but a woman1 and you should pardon her4 ,the real culprits are the ,bishop of ,rochester and ,more1 whose ingratitude toward your majesty exceeds all conception4 ,the queen's partisans laud ,more above the clouds1 and publish it abroad that he has retired from your majesty's service because his conscience would no longer permit him to remain there4 ,it is time to put an end to such excesses1 and the honor of your majesty requires that they shall no longer go unpunished40 ,cromwell intended by this discourse to excite the king's wrath and at the same time strike at his ruling passions--pride1 and the fear of losing his authority4 ,thus he held him in his hands1 and changed him from one to the other1 like a piece of soft wax melted before a hot fire4 8,yes10 cried the king1 8yes1 ,i swear it1 ,i will chastise them6 ,the whole world shall learn what it is to try to resist me60 ,he was nearly stifled with rage1 which entirely transported him and rendered him incapable of reflection4 8,you will assist me1 ,cromwell10 he cried1 8you will assist me6 ,i shall have need of you to help me tame this insolent clergy1 who will raise a loud howl when they hear ,i have banished ,catherine and married ,anne ,boleyn without their participation40 8,he is caught10 thought ,cromwell4 8,poor fish6 you have too many vices to hope to escape my nets6 ,i am very happy to see10 he replied with a satisfied air1 8that your majesty has not been cast down or discouraged by the trifling difficulties you have until the present encountered4 ,it is time your courage got the better of your generosity1 and that you should throw off the yoke which has been so long imposed on you40 8,yes1 that is just what ,i want60 cried the king2 8but it is a very difficult question to deal with40 8,not the least in the world10 replied ,cromwell2 8let your majesty continue as you have begun1 and you will very soon see every obstacle fall before you4 ,not long since they declared your marriage was impossible2 to-day it is accomplished4''' ,the clergy will not recognize it6''' ,make ,parliament proclaim it2 then demand of them the oath of fidelity to the new queen1 to her children1 and to the supreme head of the church2 because we must not lose sight10 continued ,cromwell1 8of the fact that there is no longer any necessity for discretion now2 after the injury done to the ,sovereign ,pontiff of the church1 there remains no other way to proceed than to cast off his authority at once and substitute another in his place40 8,softly1 softly10 said the king2 8unless the necessity be forced upon me1 ,i do not wish to go to such an extremity40 8,this is not an extremity10 replied ,cromwell1 who had the plan already perfectly arranged1 and enjoyed in advance all the ecclesiastical benefits he counted on appropriating to himself2 8it is a decisive victory1 simple and easy to carry out4 ,is it not1 ,cranmer80 8,i think so10 said ,cranmer1 who had taken the habit of a bishop only that he might be better able to serve his ambition and avidity4 8,softly10 continued the king1 with an air of importance2 8it is very evident that neither of you are statesmen1 and that you are not experienced in such matters1 nor acquainted with their difficulties40 8,i think1 however1 ,i know very well how to manage my own10 said ,cromwell under his breath4 8,we know quite as much about it as some others10 thought ,cranmer4 8,it will first be necessary10 continued ,henry1 8to see if there will be no means of arranging it otherwise4 ,it is possible that ,catherine may submit1 that she may ask to become a religieuse1 that they may decide at ,rome that it is not necessary to enforce the law so urgently in my case4 ,at any rate1 ,i wish to try them10 he added in a determined voice1 8by demanding1 as is customary1 ,cranmer's bulls of the pope4 ,afterward--ah6 well1 we will see40 8,then1 sire10 replied ,cromwell1 8consider well that1 by this act of submission1 you destroy all the terror you have inspired1 and that if ,cranmer holds his rank and powers as ,archbishop-,primate of ,england from any other than yourself1 he will be obliged to publicly acknowledge the supremacy of the ,bishop of ,rome1 and to take from him1 as usual1 the oath of fidelity40 8,oh60 hurriedly interrupted ,cranmer1 who feared that this remark of ,cromwell would make the king hesitate1 and retard his installation1 8this oath is only a simple formality1 ''' an ancient usage4''' ,nothing could prevent me later from taking another to the king in the form and tenor adopted40 8,ah6 well2 yes1 still--0 said ,cromwell1 whose talent above all consisted in never finding1 nor letting the king find1 any difficulty in following his advice4 8,these honest individuals60 thought the king2 8an oath weighs no more on their conscience than a gnat on the back of a swallow40 ,with this remark his patience was exhausted with them4 8,well1 it is all right10 he said2 8we will return to this subject after the council4 ,go now2 ,i need rest2 but keep an eye on ,thomas ,more and the ,bishop of ,rochester10 he added1 turning toward ,cromwell4 ,they then had to retire1 and leave the king by himself1 a prey to his own reflections4 8,they are gone at last60 cried ,henry1 throwing himself into a fauteuil4 8,i am rid of them6 ,these are1 then1 the agents of hell with whom hereafter ,i must manage the affairs of my kingdom40 ,and he angrily pushed from under his feet a footstool1 which was hurled against a chair they called the 8queen's chair10 because she had shown a preference for it4 ,henry recollected it2 he arose abruptly1 and changed his position in order to avoid seeing the vacant chair1 that annoyed him4 8,always ,catherine10 he cried2 8nothing but ,catherine6 ,i cannot take a step without being reminded of her6 ,so much trouble1 and only to make myself so wretched6''' ,that doll-baby1 ,anne ,boleyn1 was weeping6''' ,a weak creature1 and with no energy6''' ,she is not equal to the position to which ,i have elevated her4 ,to weep the day that ,i married her1 when for her ,i have torn myself from the arms of the clergy1 the people1 the pope1 and the emperor6''' ,i shall not be happy with this woman2''' she wearies me already6''' ,it will be necessary to make all this known before the coronation2 ''' otherwise there will be no time to recede4''' ,to acknowledge that ,i have done wrong ''' it is impossible4''' ,more1 could you1 then1 have been right8 ,shall ,i always be more unhappy in following my own will than in conquering it8''' ,that wretch6 always calm1 always contented4''' ,i see him now1 down in his obscurity1 seated quietly in his cabinet1 working1 loving ,god1 not fearing death1 ''' smiling at poverty and all the circumstances of life1 which1 as he says1 have no power to annoy him4''' ,and ,i--,i roll here on these velvet cushions1 with remorse in my heart1 despair in my soul2 and why1 when ,i have obtained the object ,i wanted8''' ,hell has already begun for me6''' ,if it is so1 ,i should not1 at least1 be ashamed to acknowledge it6''' ,march on60 ,the king1 rising then precipitately1 left his cabinet1 and ordered preparations for a grand hunting party1 and for the assembling of the ladies for a ball and supper in the evening4 ,,xii4 ,whilst they were dancing at court1 and sought1 in dissipation of mind1 to drown remorse of heart1 a few leagues distant one of the victims of ,henry ,,viii4 lay on his death-bed1 rapidly approaching his end4 ,the night before some travellers had knocked at the gate of ,leicester ,abbey4 ,it was opened1 and the ,archbishop of ,york had alighted from his mule1 on which he was no longer able to sustain himself4 ,he was carried by the good monks to a chamber1 and laid in bed1 where he still remained confined and nigh unto death4 ,all was gloom around this bed2 two wax lights only burned on a table at the extremity of the room1 whilst several monks were on their knees praying for the dying4 ,not a sound disturbed the silence around them save the slight noise made by the rosary as they turned it in their hands1 and the labored respiration of the sick man4 8,monsieur ,kingston10 he suddenly cried in a broken voice1 8,i conjure you1 say to the king that ,i have never betrayed him1 that my enemies have misrepresented me1 that ,i have always been faithful to him6''' ,tell him this1 ,i conjure you6--ah6 tell him this40 ,but ,sir ,william ,kingston1 lieutenant of the ,tower1 had left the room and returned to the lower hall among his guards1 with whom he had been sent1 by order of the king1 to seek his prisoner at the castle of the ,count of ,shrewsbury1 and bring him to the ,tower4 ,fatigued by the journey1 some of them were stretched on the floor1 while others slept on their arms1 leaning against the wall1 as if death still required them to guard their prey4 ,wolsey receiving no reply1 turned himself over with a groan1 and saw the shadow of a man standing near his bed4 8,who is that80 he asked4 8,it is ,i10 replied ,cavendish1 still remaining behind the curtain1 and who endeavored in silence to conceal his tears4 8,how are you now80 said ,wolsey4 8,well1 my dear lord1 if your grace was well also10 responded the faithful servant4 8,ah6 my dear friend10 replied the cardinal1 8as for me1 ,i am very sick4 ,i am rapidly approaching my end2 but what most distresses me is to have nothing to leave you1 and not to be able to assure you of a subsistence40 8,do not trouble yourself about that10 said this devoted servant1 who approached and took the trembling hand of the dying man2 8in a few days you will be better1 and we shall not lose you40 8,what time is it80 said ,wolsey4 8,midnight40 8,midnight60 replied the archbishop4 8,how short the time is6 ,before eight o'clock ,i shall have to leave this world4 ,god calls me to himself1 and ,i can remain no longer with you4 ,monsieur ,vincent10 he continued after a moment's silence--8,monsieur ,vincent1 say to the king that it was my intention to have left him all my property2 but he has himself deprived me of that pleasure1 since they have seized1 by his orders1 everything that ,i possessed40 ,on hearing his name called1 ,monsieur ,vincent hurried to the bedside2 but at these last words he shook his head in token of incredulity and impatience4 ,he was an employ of the king's treasury1 and his heart was as hard as the coin he had charge of4 ,having learned that ,wolsey was very sick when he left the castle of the ,count of ,shrewsbury1 and fearing he might die on the road1 the king had despatched this man in all haste to secure the money and valuables he supposed ,wolsey might have concealed among his friends4 8,i have told you the truth10 replied the archbishop1 who remarked his movement4 8,i have nothing left in ,london1 and but for the assistance of ,monsieur ,arundel ,i should have died of starvation at ,asher4 ,i implore you1 then1 that the king may have compassion on my poor servants1 and allow them the wages now due them40 8,we will see1 my lord10 said the dissatisfied scribe1 who was waiting for an avowal which he had continued to solicit1 without any consideration1 ever since his arrival2 8we will see4 ,but the treasury is so very much impoverished at this time6''' ,however1 we will do what we can4 ,we will ask the king1 if it is convenient40 8,monsieur ,vincent1 ,i implore you60 replied the cardinal4 8,master ,vincent10 said ,cavendish1 8,i beg you to leave the room2 your presence annoys and excites him4 ,have mercy1 then1 and leave him in peace40 ,the scribe hesitated1 but he did not go2 he returned to the corner of the chamber and began to write as before4 ,cavendish followed him with a look of indignation4 ,it seemed very hard that his master could not even be permitted to die without this avaricious surveillance4 8,cavendish10 asked the archbishop immediately1 8do you think she will come80 8,they expect her every moment1 my dear lord10 he replied2 8she will remain three days here40 8,o ,cavendish60 8,my dear master60 ,and he fell on his knees by the bed4 ,he bathed with tears the hand of the archbishop1 which he held in his own4 8,she will not see me1 my son6 ,she will not forgive me60 8,ah6 my dear1 my beloved lord40 ,he could say no more1 being entirely overcome by grief4 8,remember1 my son1 remember10 continued ,wolsey1 8that it was my infernal policy that persuaded the king of the possibility of his divorce6 ,is that she8 ,i hear a noise4 ,my ,god6 ,i am dying4 ,spare me1 that ,i may ask her forgiveness2 yes1 her forgiveness1 even as ,god has forgiven me4 ,o my ,god60 he cried suddenly1 fixing his eyes on a crucifix he had made them hang on the wall in front of him10 had ,i only served thee as faithfully as ,i have served this prince in whom ,i have placed all my hopes and centred all my affections6 ,weak mortal like myself1 what had he to offer me that ,i should attach myself to him8 ,vain splendor of an ephemeral power1 where have you led me8 ,o man1 crowned with a diadem6 cast a glance upon the bed of a dying man1 and reflect4 ,why have ,i not despised your favors and the gifts you have offered me8 ,how fatal they have proved to me6 ,to-day1 solitary and alone1 ,i must appear before my ,god1 with hands empty and void of all those virtues and merits which you have prevented me from acquiring4 ,why have ,i not come here in my youth1 among these humble monks1 and learned to extinguish the pride that has governed my entire life8 ,listen1 all you who are here present6 ,come and behold my emaciated limbs2 see the flesh that covered them already destroyed by the breath of death1 that has struck them6 ,and my tongue that now speaks to you1 and which was thought capable of dictating the decrees of conquerors1 will soon be silenced for ever40 ,but exhausted by so violent an effort1 he sank into a state of insensibility4 ,seized with terror1 the monks gathered around his bed1 recalling the power and clat with which the name of ,wolsey was surrounded1 and which had so many times resounded even through the most remote walls of their solitude4''' ,yes1 it was she--it was indeed ,queen ,catherine4 ,she had reached this monastery1 where she intended remaining several days before deciding on the place of her retreat4 ,henry ,,viii41 in order to entirely prove that she had become to him an object of perfect indifference1 had not even offered her an asylum4 8,she is free10 he said2 8let her do what she pleases4 ,that is the widow of my brother1 the ,princess ,dowager of ,wales4 ,hereafter she must bear no other name40 ,however1 they had opened all the gates1 and the father abbot1 preceded by the cross and followed by all his religieux carrying lighted torches1 went before the queen and conducted her into the chapter-hall1 which had been prepared for her reception4 ,there she found carpets1 cushions1 an arm-chair covered with velvet1 and everything the good monks could imagine would be agreeable and testify their devotion4 ,catherine felt touched to the heart by these testimonials of respect and affection4 ,she seated herself a moment in order to thank them2 then1 rising with that calm and majestic dignity which so eminently characterized her1 she said3 8,good fathers1 it is no more your queen whom you receive in your midst2 it is a fugitive woman1 an outraged mother1 separated from all that she holds most dear in the world4 ,do not treat me1 then1 with so much honor4 ,i have more need of your tears and prayers than of your respect and homage40 8,alas6 madam10 replied the father abbot1 8life is very short1 and the judgments of ,god are inscrutable4 ,you come beneath the shadow of this sanctuary to seek an asylum1 while the first author of all your woes1 a man of whom you have had great cause to complain1 has sought here a refuge to die40 8,what60 said the queen4 8,venerable father1 explain yourself60 8,yesterday1 madam10 replied the abbot1 8the ,archbishop of ,york arrived here in a dying condition4 ,he was accompanied by ,cavendish1 his servant1 and the lieutenant of the ,tower1 who is conducting him to ,london1 there to be tried on the charge of high treason40 8,he here60 cried the queen1 overwhelmed with astonishment4 ,and ,catherine1 a ,spaniard and a mother1 felt the hatred she had borne ,wolsey revive in her soul with extreme violence4 ,the feeling she had vainly sought to extinguish rekindled with renewed strength every time she received a new outrage1 or when the name and conduct of the minister who had sacrificed her to his political views and interests was brought to her recollection4 ,a sudden tremor seized her4 8,wolsey here60 she repeated4 8,no matter where ,i go1 this man follows me6''' ,here60 she said again4 8,yes1 madam10 replied the father abbot1 8here1 dying1 but more worthy of pity than hatred2 he weeps1 he bemoans his past life1 he implores ,god's mercy4 ,it is sufficient to see him to be touched with compassion4 ,for two days we have watched him by turns2 he has not ceased to pray ,god1 and ,i know that to see you will be a great consolation to him40 8,see him80 replied the queen4 8,no6 oh6 no1 never4 ,god forgive him the injury he has done me2 but ,i will never see him40 8,will ,queen ,catherine forget the charity of ,jesus ,christ80 replied the father abbot in a severe tone4 8,can that virtue be more than a vain appearance which is stranded by coming in contact with a resentment1 just1 perhaps1 but none the less criminal8''' ,i conjure you1 madam10 he continued1 falling on his knees before the queen1 8refuse not to see him4 ,already1 without doubt1 he knows that you are here4 ,he desires to see you and ask your forgiveness4 ,all of our brothers ask it with him40 ,catherine remained silent1 but she advanced a step forward1 which the father accepted as a mute consent2 and passing immediately before her1 he conducted her into the chamber where ,wolsey was lying4 ,she advanced to the middle of the room1 and was struck by the spectacle presented to her view4 ,cavendish supported the dying man in his arms1 and wiped the cold sweat from his face1 now as white as the sheet on which he lay4 ,a convulsive movement agitated occasionally his extended limbs1 and it was from that alone they saw that life was not yet extinct4 ,catherine approached at once1 and remained standing in silence1 in the face of this enemy1 heretofore so powerful and so formidable4 ,she made no movement1 and her eyes only were fixed on the dying4 8,and ,i too will die60 she said in her heart4 8,the day will come when ,i shall cease to suffer4 ,o material life which envelops me6 cease also to burden my soul1 and let it flee into eternity4 ,let me find a refuge even in the bosom of the tomb40 99 99 99 99 99 8,my daughter1 my daughter60 she suddenly cried1 as though beside herself2 8give her back to me1 you who have torn her from my arms60 ,a shudder passed over the form of ,wolsey2 he had heard that voice4 ,it seemed as though a burning fire had touched him4 ,he rose up in his bed1 and1 gazing at the queen with wildly staring eyes1 8,your daughter1 madam60 he cried1 8your daughter6''' ,alas6 it is ,i who have done all4 ,you accuse me1 and yet1 as ,god is my judge1 ,i threw myself at the feet of the king1 and tried to turn him from his evil intention2 but it was too late1 and ,i had not foreseen the fatal consequences of a policy which ,i believed would be advantageous and beneficial4 ,alas6 how differently ,i regard it at this terrible hour4 ,pardon me6 pardon me6''' ,i conjure you1 that ,i may not bear to the foot of the throne of the ,sovereign ,judge the fearful weight of the malediction of the widow and the orphan60 ,and he stretched towards her his hands1 which he was no longer able to raise4 8,may ,god forgive you10 responded the queen1 8may ,god forgive you6 ,but what can there be in common between you and me1 unless it is suffering8 ,you will soon be delivered from your woes2 but ,i--,i must live60 8,ah60 cried ,woolsey with expressions of the most profound wretchedness1 8you hear it1 brothers1 already the voice of ,god punishes me by the mouth of this woman4 ,and thus10 he continued1 fixing his terrified gaze on the queen1 8,i die at enmity with you1 and you will not have compassion on the condition to which ,i am reduced6 ,how can one human being call down upon another without trembling the vengeance of the ,most ,high8 ,are we not all formed of the same flesh and blood8 ,are you not horror-stricken at the thought of the judgments ,i must suffer and the account ,i must render80 ,catherine felt her blood congealed by the frightful eloquence of this expiring man--this man whom but a moment separated from death and eternity4 ,at the thought of the nothingness of all created humanity1 she felt the hatred she had borne ,wolsey entirely effaced4 8,your reasoning enlightens me60 she cried4 8,who are we that we should wish to be revenged84 ,weak and blind1 should we precipitate ourselves into the bottomless pit8 ,we have received an injury1 and shall we inflict one in return8 ,who are we1 and what is our duty80 ,she then advanced toward him1 and1 taking in her own the hands of her enemy1 she said3 8,i forgive you1 ,i forgive you from the most profound depths of my heart4''' ,may ,god1 the sovereign ,creator of all things1 bless you1 and blot out from the awful book of his justice your slightest fault6 ,may he open to you the mansions of eternal bliss6 ,then remember me1 and ask of him that my eyes also may soon be closed to the light of that day which you have rendered insupportable4 ,tell him that ,i want to die1 and beg him to recall to himself the soul that he has given me2 say that my eyes are weary with tears1 and my heart worn with suffering2 that sorrow has multiplied my days1 and that ,i have lived during the night1 keeping tearful vigils2 that ,i have only enjoyed the blessings of life long enough to regret them2 that ,i am ready1 that ,i listen1 ,i wait to hear his voice1 in order that ,i may arise and depart40 ,wolsey drank in with avidity all of her words1 and his eyes followed every movement of the queen's lips2 but suddenly the fire of his burning glance was extinguished1 his head fell forward on his breast--he had ceased to breathe6''' ,what pen can describe1 what pencil portray1 the terrible and solemn moment when a man is called to leave for ever the world that gave him birth--the moment when those who1 having surrounded him with the most constant care1 loving words1 and affectionate attentions1 fall prostrate around the silent couch1 which now contains no more than the despoiled and lifeless clay which a beloved and cherished being seems to have cast aside like a soiled garment8 ,let the cold sceptic come1 and1 passing through that throng of afflicted friends1 let him place his hand on the heart that has ceased to beat1 and then turn and dare still to tell them that man has been created to die1 and nothing more remains of him after death6''' ,it is easy in the intoxication of joy1 amid the false glare of vanity and of worldly dissipations1 to put our trust in falsehood and array ourselves against the truth2 but the day and the hour will come when she will appear clothed in dazzling robes of light1 and the splendor of her irradiated countenance will strike with terror and annihilation the last one of her wretched and presumptuous enemies4 ,,some ,,odd ,,ideas4 8,our intelligence10 says the celebrated ,montaigne1 8is a kind of vagabond instrument1 daring and dangerous1 to which it is difficult to associate order or appoint limits4 ,it is a hurtful weapon to its owner himself1 if he does not know how to use it discreetly40 ,no one can doubt the truth of this observation who has ever studied the workings of his own individual mind with some little attention4 ,and even when we cannot perceive the beam in our own eye1 how very evident is the straw in our neighbor's6 ,though unsuspecting of the bee in our own bonnet1 how quickly we hear it buzzing in his6 ,a specimen of some of the extravagant vagaries of human wit may perhaps interest and amuse4 ,to begin at the beginning3 thinkers have endeavored to imagine what was going on before the ,creation4 ,in the seventeenth century1 a mystic writer composed a work on the occupations of ,god before the creation of the universe6 ,nearly all of it is incomprehensible1 but a few sentences will give an idea of its style3 8,to ask what ,god was doing before the ,creation is an impertinence1 a puerility4''' ,it is certain that the eternal ,god who made this earth by the power of his word had no need of the world and all the creatures it contains--he had lived and reigned before ,time began1 happy and contented in the paradise of his essence and in the essence of himself4''' ,he was contemplating his only ,son1 not made1 not created1 but begotten from all eternity2 in the eternal ,word he contemplated the archetype1 the world of the world1 angels1 souls1 and all things4 ,in conclusion1 we may say that ,god1 before the creation of the world1 did something and did nothing4'''0 ,singular problems1 most daringly resolved1 have been presented respecting the epoch of the ,creation4 ,chevreau1 in his ,histoire du ,monde1 #afhf1 tells us that1 according to some writers1 the earth was created in the spring2 according to others1 equally good authorities1 on a ,friday1 the #fth of ,september1 at four o'clock in the afternoon6 ,a learned ,italian of the last century1 ,monsignor ,baiardi1 in the course of a conversation with the ,abb ,barthlemy1 mentioned that he was about writing an abridgment of universal history1 and that he intended to commence his work with the solution of one of the most important problems of astronomy and history4 ,his desire was to determine the exact spot in the firmament in which ,god had placed the sun when he made the earth4 8,and10 says ,barthlemy1 8he had just discovered it1 and showed it to me on a globe40 ,our common father has been the subject of an infinite number of curious suppositions1 not to say crack-brained fancies4 ,the ,talmudists1 for instance1 have constructed the following programme of ,adam's first day of life3 ,in the first hour1 the ,creator kneaded the clay of which man was made1 and moulded the outlines of his form4 ,in the second hour1 ,adam was perfected and capable of action4 ,in the fourth hour1 ,god called to him1 and commanded him to give names to the beasts1 birds1 and fishes4 ,in the seventh hour1 the marriage of our first parents took place4 ,in the tenth hour1 ,adam sinned4 ,in the twelfth hour1 the penalty of labor began4 ,james ,salien1 a ,jesuit of the seventeenth century1 tells us in his ,annales ,ecclesiastici that1 8while man was being created1 the divine hands1 ambrosial face1 and admirable arms of his ,creator were visible to him40 ,the ,arabs have a tradition that ,adam1 when first created1 stretched from one extremity of the earth to the other4 ,but after he had sinned1 ,god pressed him down with his almighty hand1 and thus diminished his height to nine hundred cubits4 ,the ,creator1 it is added1 did this at the request of the angels1 who regarded the gigantic mortal with strange fear4 ,according to ,moreri1 ,adam possessed a profound knowledge of all the sciences1 especially of astrology1 many secrets of which he taught to his children1 besides engraving two tables of observations on the movements of the planets4 ,all the learned doctors of the ,middle ,ages are agreed in ascribing the possession of immense science to ,adam4 ,the angels themselves1 they say1 were inferior to him in knowledge2 and they relate as proof of this that ,god1 having heard them speak of man with contempt1 determined to confound them by asking them what were the names of certain beasts which he called into his presence at that moment4 ,the angels could not answer2 man1 summoned to the task1 gave each animal its due appellation without hesitation4 ,adam1 being thus endowed with unlimited knowledge1 would have been culpable towards his posterity if he had left none of it behind him4 ,we are accordingly told that he composed two works1 one upon the ,creation1 the other upon the ,divinity4 ,having been present1 we may almost say1 at the first1 and conversed familiarly with the second1 he was able to tell us something interesting about both1 and it is our misfortune that the two works have been lost4 ,it is1 however1 said that they survived the ,deluge1 for a ,mahometan author relates that ,abraham1 being in the country of the ,sabeans1 opened ,adam's chest1 and found in it not only our progenitor's writings but also those of ,seth4 ,opinions are various concerning the form the tempter assumed to deceive poor ,eve4 ,it has been asserted that ,sammal1 the prince of devils1 came to her mounted on a serpent as large in girth as a camel2 and then again it is said that ,satan borrowed the form of the serpent1 and made it more seductive by the addition of a sweet maiden's face6 ,this tradition has been adopted by poets and painters4 ,as the name of the forbidden fruit is not mentioned in the ,book of ,genesis1 conjecture has had full scope4 ,northern nations believe that it was an apple2 southern people that it was a fig or citron4 ,rabbi ,salomon thinks that ,moses concealed the name of the fruit purposely1 fearing that1 if it were known1 nobody would ever eat of it4 ,according to ,st4 ,jerome1 ,adam was buried in ,hebron2 other learned authors say on ,calvary2 either assertion is difficult of verification1 for both ,hebron and ,calvary only date from the ,deluge4 8,barcepha alleges10 says ,bayle1 8that a highly esteemed ,syrian doctor had said that ,noe dwelt in ,judea2 that he planted in the plains of ,sodom the cedar-trees with which he afterwards built the ark2 and that he carried ,adam's bones into the ark with him4 ,when he came out of the ark1 he divided these bones among his three sons2 the skull fell to the share of ,sem1 and when the descendants of ,sem took possession of ,judea1 they buried it in the very spot where the tomb of ,adam had once been situated40 ,the reader will doubtless feel that ,barcepha's allegation settles the question6 ,in #afae1 a shoemaker of ,amiens published a treatise entitled ,de ,calceo ,antiquo4 ,in this history of shoes1 the writer begins at the beginning of the world1 and gravely informs us that ,adam made the first pair from the prepared skins of beasts1 the secret of tanning having been taught him by ,god himself6 ,in the last century1 ,henrion1 a ,french ,orientalist1 and a member of the ,institute of ,france1 conceived the idea of composing an exhaustive work on the weights and measures of the ancients1 and presented a specimen of his labors to the ,academy of ,inscriptions1 to which he belonged4 ,it was a kind of chronological scale of the differences in man's stature from the epoch of ,adam's creation to the time of our ,saviour4 ,adam1 he stated1 measured one hundred and twenty-three feet1 nine inches2 ,eve1 one hundred and eighteen feet1 nine and three-quarter inches2 ,noe1 one hundred and three feet2 ,abraham1 twenty-seven feet2 ,moses1 thirteen feet2 ,hercules1 ten feet2 ,alexander1 six feet2 ,julius ,csar1 five feet4 ,he remarked upon this scale that 8though men are no longer measured by their stature1 if ,providence had not deigned to suspend such an extraordinarily rapid rate of diminution1 we1 at this day1 should scarcely dare to class ourselves1 with respect to our size1 among the large insects of our globe60 ,towards the middle of the seventeenth century1 an attempt was made to wrest from ,adam the honor of being the first man4 ,isaac de la ,peyrre pulished a work in #afee1 entitled ,pradamit1 seu ,exercitatio super versibus #ab1 #ac1 #ad ,capitis ,v4 ,epistol ,b4 ,pauli ad ,romanos1 in which he endeavors to prove that there were two creations of men--the first on the sixth day1 when ,god created man1 male and female2 which1 he asserts1 means men and women in all parts of the earth1 progenitors of the ,gentiles4 ,the second creation1 he says1 did not take place until some time after1 when ,god made ,adam to be the father of the ,jews4 ,those who adopted this idea were called ,preadamites4 ,la ,peyrre lived to abjure his opinions at the feet of ,pope ,alexander ,,vi4 ,such are a few of the many odd ideas upon the ,creation and the first man which human wit1 that 8dangerous instrument0 when not kept within due limits1 has been continually devising ever since the beginning of history4 ,the logic of the nineteenth century rejects them all2 nevertheless1 while we laugh at the extraordinary suppositions of our ancestors1 it is pleasant to observe that1 even in the most extravagant about our common father1 the sentiment of the first man's innate nobleness is always present4 ,adam always shines forth greater and grander than his sons--stronger1 both physically and mentally4 ,the old fathers of the church1 nay1 even the pedants of the ,middle ,ages1 adhered to the ,scripture text1 and believed that in the 8looks divine0 of the first human pair 8,the image of their glorious ,maker shone1 ,truth1 wisdom1 sanctitude1 severe and pure40 ,is it not curious that the queerest crank of all concerning ,adam--that which strives to prove that he was an ourang-outang--should have been reserved for our own days of culture1 of philosophical research and science8 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,spiritualism ,,and ,,allied ,,causes ,,and ,,conditions ,,of ,,nervous ,,derangement4 ,by ,william ,a4 ,hammond1 ,m4,d4 #hvo1 pp4 #cff4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 #ahgf4 ,it is evident1 from the appearance of this work so speedily after the publication of a larger volume on ,diseases of the ,nervous ,system1 that ,dr4 ,hammond has contracted the cacothes scribendi in its worst shape4 ,he is not easy unless the pen is in his hand1 and so delightful must be to him the sensation of a calamus currens that1 we fear1 he pauses not to reflect over the fate of the cyclical writer of old whose long-continued parlurient efforts resulted in the production of a ridiculously small animal4 ,for all that1 he must be quite jealous of his reputation as a strong-minded and rational man1 since he has undertaken the vindication of reason1 even at the expense of reasoning4 ,we give him credit indeed for research1 but of that doubtful sort which delights in jumbling together facts gathered from the most opposite sources-- ,rudis indigestaque moles-- in order that a boastful parade of erudition might impart weight to his otherwise feather-light conclusions4 ,a certain lack of method in the handling of his subject is what first impresses the reader of ,dr4 ,hammond's latest lucubration1 and stamps the writer as illogical in the last degree4 ,so-called spiritual manifestations are by him included in the same category as the pious acts of the saints1 who doubtless would reject with horror the fantasies of ,katie ,king and the friponnerie of ,home4 ,under the head of 8curing mediums0 we read of cures wrought by some obscure personage called ,st4 ,sauveur1 which1 if true1 we are willing to accept1 but which1 like all unauthenticated cases of the sort1 we are free to admit or disallow as the weight of evidence justifies4 ,but1 we ask1 what relevancy to the heading of this chapter can possess the case of a woman laying an egg1 or of another giving birth to two rabbits8 ,if any such there be1 we confess our inability to discover it2 for certainly in those cases there is no question of curing4 ,neither can we perceive what induced the author to adopt ,kerdac's absurd division of spiritual agents into 8physical mediums10 8seeing and auditive mediums10 and 8curing mediums10 since clearly the first caption covers the whole ground4 ,this is a sin against that canon of method which forbids one branch of a division to overlap another4 ,then the doctor never can discriminate between essential differences and accidental resemblances2 and if a so-called medium should1 by slight of hand or electro-magnetism1 produce phenomena resembling the miraculous achievements of the saints1 pop they both go into the same category of frauds or victims to a hallucination4 ,he never dreams as being within the range of possible things that personal sanctity on the one hand has any power which does not belong on the other to deception or mental imbecility4 ,it is refreshing to see how he gets these things mixed together1 and with what complacent readiness he relegates all believers in the supernatural to the regions of blind ignorance and grovelling superstition1 while he calmly stands on the undimmed hill-tops1 or sublimely soars through the placid atmosphere of pure reason4 ,dr4 ,hammond rejects priori the possibility of an occurrence not due to the operation of natural agents1 and hence he is necessitated constantly to indicate or suggest an explanation of what is most marvellous and obscure4 ,this1 of course1 is a very difficult procedure1 and hence we need not be surprised at the following ingenious1 if not entirely logical1 scheme he has devised for making straight paths that are crooked1 and smooth those that are rough4 ,whenever he has in hand the consideration of a general principle1 he illustrates it by reference to a case which the common tenets of science can readily elucidate4 ,this elucidation he deems amply sufficient to establish the principle1 and then he tacks on1 as to be accounted for in the same manner1 a mass of cases of every shade and degree of intricacy1 often having no relation to the principle by the light of which he pretends to judge them1 or to the case he adduces in illustration of the principle4 ,the chapter on somnambulism will serve as an example of this sort of paralogism4 ,he divides this exceptional condition of consciousness into natural and artificial4 ,somnambulism produces two typical instances of both4 ,in the one case a young lady rises in her sleep1 dresses herself1 goes into the parlor1 lights the gas1 and intently gazes on the picture of her deceased mother4 ,sulphurous fumes are disengaged under her nose1 quinine is placed on her tongue1 the corners of her eyes are touched by a lead-pencil1 and still she remained motionless and insensible4 ,the same person soon after acquired the power of placing herself in the somnambulic state by concentrating her attention on a passage of a philosophical treatise4 ,these cases are1 we will grant for sake of reasoning1 explicable on the principle of automatism1 but what1 we ask1 does the case of ,st4 ,rose of ,lima possess in common with these1 or how can the principle of automatism be made to apply to her case8 ,this saintly personage dwelt in a climate where mosquitoes were numerous and vicious1 yet she enjoyed entire immunity from their sting1 while worshipping in a little arbor built by her own hands2 and this1 she averred1 was done in consequence of a pact by virtue of which the blood-thirsty little insects agreed to strike their notes in praise of the divine ,being4 ,either the statement of ,grres and its verification in the bull canonizing ,st4 ,rose must be rejected in toto1 or admitted without any slipshod attempt at explanation as that which ,dr4 ,hammond offers4 ,he pretends that if such a thing did happen1 it must be in consequence of the saint's hypnotizing the mosquitoes1 and thus obtaining control over them4 ,but is it possible that hypnotized mosquitoes would continue to drone out their peculiar music even to a livelier measure than usual1 or would ferociously attack all other persons except ,st4 ,rose8--for1 as ,dr4 ,hammond facetiously787 remarks1 she was not filial enough to include her mother in the bargain4 ,we have here1 then1 a case which differs essentially from that of the somnambulic lady mentioned1 and one that stubbornly refuses to be accounted for in the same manner4 ,the somnambulic young lady exhibited a condition strikingly abnormal2 there was complete loss of sensibility and power to observe what was taking place around her1 while the mosquitoes became more tuneful than ever1 and followed the natural bent of their instinct towards all but the little saint1 who made them join her in singing the praises of their mutual ,creator4 ,yet ,dr4 ,hammond would have us believe either that the story is untrue or that the mosquitoes were hypnotized4 ,and this is his mode of conducting warfare against the supernatural3 ,doctus iter melius4 ,the blunt scepticism of ,paine or ,hobbes is more tolerable than this skim-milk reasoning4 ,he does not hesitate even to intimate that the prophet ,daniel possessed this mesmeric power1 and thus escaped the fangs of the enraged and hungry lions into whose den he was cast4 ,the same inconsequence of reasoning may be traced in the conclusion drawn from the experiments of ,kircher and ,czermak2 ,kircher having noticed that a hen with tied legs ceased to struggle1 when a chalk-line was drawn before its eyes1 in the belief that the line was the string which tied it1 and that so long as the line remained all efforts at self-deliverance were useless4 ,the good ,father ,kircher sought no further explanation of the phenomenon till ,czermak1 in #ahgc1 proved that a true state of hypnotism or artificial somnambulism had been induced4 ,to place the matter beyond doubt1 he modified and repeated the experiment1 so that now we cannot but accept this explanation1 and say of ,kircher's merely3 8,si non e vero e ben trovato40 ,this hypnotic condition of the lower animals once allowed1 ,dr4 ,hammond rushes to the conclusion that therein is to be sought and found the only true solution of the control which at times the saints of the church exercised over them4 ,this is certainly the most perverse logic that can be conceived of4 ,as well might we infer from the fact that certain characteristic features attend death by strangulation1 and that these have been scientifically studied1 therefore all animals died this death1 and so reject as apocryphal all circumstances pointing to another possible mode of exit from life's cares4 ,the reasoning is entirely parallel to ,dr4 ,hammond's when he says that ,czermak having demonstrated the hypnosis of hens and craw-fish1 and himself a similar condition in dogs and rabbits1 therefore whatever we read or hear of in reference to a completely different state of things we must equally set down to hypnosis as the cause4 ,it is on this account he scouts the notion of bees depositing their honey on the lips of ,st4 ,dominic1 ,st4 ,ambrose1 and ,st4 ,isidore1 or of following them into the desert and obeying their commands4 ,if1 indeed1 we accept the lamp which science kindly furnishes1 and1 enlightened by its light1 call those miraculous occurrences the effect of hypnosis1 we may perchance escape the charge of credulity4 ,in this last sentence we confess to have fallen into an error which1 however1 we will not correct for the sake of the salutary reflection it has stirred up within us4 ,we said3 8,unless we accept the lamp which science kindly furnishes10 etc41 thereby seeming to intimate that we are enemies to science1 whereas nothing could be farther from our purpose4 ,true science is founded on the eternal principles of truth1 and1 itself shining out with ,god's holy light1 can never go astray4 ,but there is a pseudo-science1 a spurious affair1 which has donned the garb of truth and assumed its name1 and which men1 calling it science1 wonder and are amazed that science and religion so often find themselves in antagonism4 ,if men were always careful to discriminate between what is founded on unquestionable facts on the one hand1 and the airy hypotheses of highly imaginative scientists on the other1 and not bestow the dignified appellative of science on these latter1 they would not be so easily captivated by the gilded sophistries of ,draper1 or allured by the glitter of ,hammond's showy erudition4 ,this en passant4 ,in speaking of the cures said to have been accomplished by ,st4 ,sauveur1 ,dr4 ,hammond makes this striking and pregnant remark3 8,if ,st4 ,sauveur had really been the great healer he is said to have been1 we should find his doings recorded in a thousand contemporaneous volumes1 and every school-boy would have them at his tongue's end4 ,neither do facts go begging for believers1 nor will they remain concealed in obscure books40 ,now1 these two sentences fairly teem with fallacies4 ,in the first place1 the alleged performances of ,st4 ,sauveur are by no means regarded as authoritatively established or widely known1 as ,dr4 ,hammond himself subsequently indicates2 how1 then1 even if true1 could they have found their way into a thousand contemporaneous volumes8 ,besides1 the age in which ,st4 ,sauveur lived differed in this respect from ours3 that the recital of even the most marvellous occurrences spread very slowly1 and never very widely2 how1 then1 even if true1 could the exploits of ,st4 ,sauveur have ever obtained much notoriety at the time8 ,and chief of all1 there is that inherent spirit of scepticism in every man which prompts him1 often in the face of the most positive evidence1 to reject whatever is stated to have taken place in derogation of physical law1 or else to assign a purely physical reason for it4 ,it is this sceptical tendency which will ever stand in the way of the ready and universal acceptance of supernatural events1 however well attested1 and1 in this respect1 essentially distinguishes them from facts of the natural order4 ,it is the operation of this tendency which has driven ,dr4 ,hammond himself into his illogical position1 and will leave him there till he subordinates this prejudiced feeling to the higher promptings of his intellect4 ,long before him ,voltaire gave expression to this sentiment when he declared that he would more willingly believe that the whole city of ,paris had been deceived1 or had conspired to deceive1 than he would that a single dead man had risen from the grave4 ,herein lies the whole philosophy of ,dr4 ,hammond's position1 if philosophy it can be called4 ,he sets out with the conviction that a supernatural occurrence is impossible1 and he is consequently determined to reject all testimony of whatsoever sort1 no matter how weighty1 and which he would readily allow in scientific affairs1 which goes to support their authenticity4 ,historical testimony is of no avail1 the good sense and discrimination of individuals goes for naught1 when weighed against the flimsiest and shallowest so-called scientific explanations4 ,whenever a saint either performed a miracle or was himself the subject of a miraculous affection1 ,dr4 ,hammond concludes that he was epileptic or cataleptic1 or suffering from some derangement of the nervous centres4 ,of ,st4 ,teresa he remarks3 8,the organization of ,st4 ,teresa was such as to allow of her imagining anything as reality2 and the hallucination of being lifted up1 as ,i shall show hereafter1 is one of the most common experienced by ecstatics40 ,he thus places the saint in the light of a feeble-minded woman1 of weak judgment and puny intellect1 whereas all writers agree that in the various reforms she introduced into her religious community she exhibited the rarest good sense1 moderation1 and vigor of mind4 ,the same remark is applicable to ,st4 ,thomas of ,villanova4 ,but enough4 ,rational criticism should be expended on other subjects4 ,the savant who compares ,bernadette of ,soubirous to the monks of ,mount ,athos1 who go into ecstasy by placing their thoughts on ,god and their eyes on their navel1 cannot expect much dignified criticism4 ,the book is calculated to produce an unfavorable impression against the church in the minds of sciolists and those who are apt to be influenced by the authority of a name4 ,we have already expressed our views on ,dr4 ,hammond's psychological attainments1 and this present volume1 so far from inducing us to alter them1 rather inclines us to think that our strictures were unduly lenient4 ,the comments which our ,june article elicited from the press go far to show that the intelligent portion of the community will not accept as genuine science a mere jingling ,greek nomenclature--e ,grco fonte parce detorta--and that1 ,draper and ,hammond to the contrary1 commonsense is not yet so rare as but yet to be common4 ,the style of the book is good1 the ,english pure1 and the description graphic4 ,it is well adapted1 consequently1 for popular reading1 and will no doubt have a wide circulation--tant pis4 ,,german ,,political ,,leaders4 ,by ,herbert ,tuttle4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 #ahgf4 ,if ,mr4 ,tuttle were one of the hired scribes of the ,berlin ,press ,bureau1 we should have looked for just such a book as he has written4 ,a genuine 8mud-bather0 could not have shown himself either a more unfair partisan or a more flippant and inaccurate narrator4 ,had the book appeared on its own merits1 and not as one of a series of biographies1 edited under the supervision of ,thomas ,wentworth ,higginson1 we should have passed it by like any other piece of book-making2 for it is merely a catch-penny performance1 and was most probably never meant to be anything else4 ,this volume is of itself sufficient to show how utterly worthless is the claim put forth by ,putnam's ,sons that the whole series is to be made reliable in every statement of fact4 ,bismarck1 we are told1 was a youth of very tender nature1 and is even yet a devout and pious ,christian4 8,his domestic tastes were always strong2 his longing for a wife and household of his own would seem to have been very acute1 till in #ahdg it was satisfied by his marriage with ,joanna von ,putkammer40 ,the truth is1 ,bismarck was a wild and reckless youth1 who distinguished himself at the university by fighting some twenty-five duels and by taking the lead in the boisterous and riotous debauches habitual with so many ,german students4 ,as a young man he continued this mode of life on his paternal estates1 where he was known as ,der ,tolle ,bismarck--,mad ,bismarck4 ,his favorite drink at this time was a mixture of porter and champagne4 ,his letters to his sister show that the 8acute longing for a wife0 is only in the imagination of ,mr4 ,tuttle4 8,his whole career10 says this writer1 8previous to entering the ,prussian ministry1 was one of study and preparation1 ''' at the university he was a profound and philosophical student of history1 particularly that of his own country40 ,he never took a degree1 and he was a profound and philosophical student of nothing except fencing1 boxing1 and hunting4 ,mr4 ,tuttle does not even quote correctly the sayings of ,bismarck1 which are known to every newspaper reader4 ,bismarck said3 8,germany must be made with blood and iron02 and ,mr4 ,tuttle makes him say3 8,the battles of this generation are to be fought out with iron and blood40 ,the sketch of ,dr4 ,falk is a still sorrier performance4 ,in an attempt to sum up the relations of the church and the state in ,prussia from #ahag to #ahfb1 he says3 8,accordingly the ,catholics made grave advances along the whole line of social1 educational1 and political interests4''' ,the church1 or the ecclesiastical element1 wielded paramount authority in the public councils0 7p4 #bi74 ,nothing could be more false1 nor would one who knows anything of ,prussian history commit himself to a statement which can be excused from malice only by being supposed to proceed from gross ignorance4 ,we might cite fifty passages from this book in which bitter and vulgar prejudice against the ,catholic ,church has led the author into palpable and unpardonable blunders4 ,dr4 ,krementz is the 8obstinate and disobedient bishop of ,ermeland40 8,the complaints of the ,ultramontanes are both extravagant and absurd40 ,the leaders of the ,catholic party 8as the servants of an infallible spiritual master1 were apparently placed above those restraints of moderation1 courtesy1 and truthfulness which apply in secular matters4''' ,they led their hearers into tortuous mazes of sophistry1 they wrapped the subject in clouds of paltry fallacies1 at the command of bishops whose gospel is light40 ,dr4 ,falk's courage 8has stood the ordeal required of every statesman who excites the hatred and exposes himself to the vengeance of the pupils of the ,jesuit ,mariana4 ,he has been threatened with assassination quite as often as the emperor and ,bismarck40 ,the fact that a book written by an ,american1 for ,americans1 and published by a leading ,american house1 should evince the most thorough and earnest sympathy with the relentless persecution of the ,catholic ,church in ,germany1 throws a very unpleasant light upon our much-talked-of love of fair play and religious liberty4 ,the will to make martyrs and confessors of the bishops and priests of the ,united ,states is not wanting to ,mr4 ,tuttle or ,mr4 ,higginson1 if the language of this book may be taken as an evidence of their real sentiments4 ,the only ,catholic leader whose biography is given in this volume is ,lewis ,windthorst1 and this is the character which he receives3 8,he would be the most daring and consistent of sceptics if his interests had not made him the most faithful of believers4 ,even his religious professions spring from one form of unbelief4 ,to be a free-thinker requires the exercise of faith in human reason and in most of the results of human inquiry1 while by espousing the ,catholic religion he proclaimed his disbelief in all positive and uninspired knowledge4 ,he doubts everything that is true and believes only what is doubtful40 ,since he cannot deny the ability of ,windthorst1 he makes him a hypocrite2 and then1 suddenly forgetting what he has just said1 he supposes ,windthorst to be a sincere believer only to declare him a fool4 ,we must repeat it4 ,if ,mr4 ,tuttle1 during the four years which he has passed in ,berlin1 had been a pensioner of the 8reptile fund10 he could not have written more unworthily4 ,,faith ,,and ,,modern ,,thought4 ,by ,ransom ,b4 ,welch1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor in ,union ,college4 ,with introduction by ,tayler ,lewis1 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 #ahgf4 ,contrary to the intention of the author1 the title of his work is absurdly tautological1 when interpreted by its contents4 ,the impression conveyed by the title page would lead us to expect1 did in point of fact lead us to expect1 at least an orderly and careful analysis of the subjects chosen4 ,in this we have been disappointed1 not by the good-will with which the author labors1 but by his want of success4 ,the work is composed of six chapters which might have been published independently of one another4 ,of these the first is valuable as an aggressive demonstration of the materialistic and irrational tendency of certain modern professors4 ,the fifth and1 perhaps1 the sixth possess a similar value2 while the rest of the book1 although fairly written1 is comparatively worthless4 ,the author is manifestly devoted to ,christianity2 his mind is sensitive to the repulsive features of modern heathenism2 he seeks to defend the nobler order of ideas4 ,but the trouble is that his brief is not full4 ,he does not know his case4 ,his theological speculations are crude even to rawness1 and the point d'appui of his structure is not only vague and inconsistent1 but is shored up with declamation which serves to impart an additional appearance of insecurity to that which is already feeble4 ,it is rather ludicrous to behold an evangelical ,protestant1 at this late day1 endeavoring to undo the whole work of the ,reformation1 by trying to make faith appear reasonable1 or by seeking other grounds for it than his own interior inspiration4 ,nevertheless1 this is a step in the right direction4 ,the writer claims to be a searcher after truth4 ,if so1 we can scarcely imagine that he will rest satisfied with his present work4 ,the faith which gave to ,christianity its organization1 and which converted the ancient world1 is no such vague chimera as the shadowy and subjective persuasion to which the author clings4 ,the pious wish and conviction to which ,dr4 ,welch adheres may serve to occupy and quiet his own active mind2 but it is less than impotent to compel the assent of others4 ,dr4 ,welch seeks to call attention to the ideas contained in the ,bible4 ,he must have sense enough to perceive that this very attempt is something beyond his ability1 and implies a living power having the right and capacity to speak for the ,bible4 ,men will not listen to ,dr4 ,welch in his well-meant endeavor to obtain a hearing4 ,the inconsequent and abortive assumption on the part of the author of that duty which used to be accomplished by the teaching church1 and which belongs to her or else to nobody1 and the futile effort to give a coherent account of how he gets from a conviction of the necessity of revelation to belief in evangelical ,protestantism1 will nullify that part of the work which is good and render it merely another stumbling-block in the way of thoughtful men4 ,we trust that it will do as little harm as possible1 and that the author will eventually find some other occupation more congenial to his vigorous and reverent spirit than his present task of attempting to hold himself and others in unstable equilibrium4 ,,achsah3 ,a ,,new ,,england ,,life-,,study4 ,by ,rev4 ,peter ,pennot4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 #ahgf4 ,this is a capital story1 or 8study10 as the author very rightly calls it1 of ,new ,england life4 ,the character are all sui generis1 such as only a small1 narrow1 sufficiently well-to-do ,new ,england town could produce1 while one of them1 ,deacon ,manlius ,sterne1 is a creation4 ,never have we seen that peculiar union of service of ,god and service of ,mammon1 which ,christ pronounced to be impossible1 so admirably portrayed as in this typical ,new ,england deacon1 who himself would be the first to quote our ,lord's words condemning such service to a business rival1 but who at the same time could very easy satisfy his own conscience on the matter1 and find what he would consider a religious way out of the difficulty4 ,god's religion looks a very small and mean affair among these ,new ,england ,christians4 ,this very book1 we take it1 is a revolt against the sham and littleness of such a life4 ,the writer seems possessed of the best intentions1 though not of the profoundest knowledge of ,christianity4 ,his reflections1 for instance1 on the death of ,dr4 ,steinboldt are a little out of place in a ,christian's mouth4 ,thus1 he apostrophizes death3 8,sent of ,god1 to rich and poor alike1 to kings and emperors and peasants1 to all nations and peoples1 this good physician comes to fulfil ,christ's crowning promise of rest to all who are #8weary and heavy laden4'0 ,to which we say1 all very well2 only that in the present instance 8this good physician0 happens to come in the form of suicide to a murderer1 who1 to add to his delinquencies1 was a quack4 ,it was a mistake of the author1 too1 to make one of his characters1 an excellent ,catholic apparently1 attend ,protestant service on the ,sunday1 instead of going to the ,catholic chapel in the town and hearing ,mass4 ,however1 he is evidently very favorably inclined towards ,catholics1 so we will not quarrel with him on so palpable a slip4 8,it has pleased ,god to give us no very clear idea of the great future1 and so we speculate and wonder and dream1 each after the fashion of his own heart2 and one is quite as likely to be right as another4 ,thank ,god that he has elevated the mysteries of life and death above the realms of human reason1 and left each to aspire to the future of his own imagination1 to long for the heaven of his own desires40 ,this sounds to us little above the ,turk's dream of ,paradise1 who1 by the bye1 according to our author1 8is quite as likely to be right0 as the ,christian4 ,all this is a mistake4 ,our ,lord has left us something far more definite to long for than the heaven of our own imagination and desires4 ,again3 8,madame ,wandl1 though a #8bigoted ,catholic1' was more charitable than these free and enlightened ,dickeyvillians1 and1 when the two talked together on matters of religious faith1 it was the harmonious meeting of two extremes of belief1 one elevating the humanity of ,christ to the level of godliness1 the other reducing the character of ,god to the level of a perfect and idealized humanity4 ,those who read this page will instantly decide which was right1 but out of every ten1 five will decide in one way and five in another2 and as for me the author1 ,i don't propose to create a majority one way or the other by throwing myself into the balance1 but shall rest contented if ,i can preach ,christ's gospel of love acceptably and intelligently to my people0 7pp4 #bbb1 #bbc74 ,it seems to us very plain from this and other passages that the ,rev4 ,peter ,pennot is far from having made up his mind as to who ,christ is4 ,he tells us practically1 in the passage just quoted1 that he will not say that ,christ is at once true ,god and perfect man4 ,until he satisfies himself on this point1 it is to be feared that his preaching of ,christ's gospel of love will not bear much fruit4 ,it is one thing to preach the ,gospel of the ,son of ,god1 another to preach the gospel of a being about whom we entertain great doubts4 ,we have been led aside by such points as these from the main story4 ,the author writes so earnestly and honestly that we cannot but look upon his uncertainty with regret4 ,for the rest1 ,achsah is as enjoyable a story as we have read for many a day4 ,the author seems to us to have all the gifts of a novelist4 ,he has wit1 humor1 pathos1 and an unforced sarcasm that is very telling4 ,his story runs along without a halt4 ,there is a pleasant1 innocent love-plot1 and some highly sensational matter is introduced in a very unsensational manner4 ,,meditations ,,and ,,considerations ,,for ,a ,,retreat ,,of ,,one ,,day ,,in ,,each ,,month4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahgf4 ,this little book has been composed for the benefit of those who have or wish to have the most excellent practice of putting aside one day in the month for a religious retreat4 ,whatever cultivates in us the habit of serious reflection upon the affairs of the soul is of inestimable value1 since without some practice of meditation and self-examination it is almost impossible to lead a religious life2 and we know of nothing better adapted to create in us this reflective character of mind than what is called the monthly retreat4 ,this devotion is general in religious communities1 but it may also be easily followed by persons in the world without interfering with the daily routine of life enough to attract the attention of any one4 ,the collection of meditations before us will1 we hope1 encourage many to make proof of the efficacy of the monthly retreat4 ,we would suggest1 however1 that in another edition an introduction be added1 giving explanations concerning the nature and practice of this devotion1 pointing out how persons engaged in worldly occupations may most easily perform these monthly exercises4 ,,science ,,and ,,religion3 ,a ,lecture ,delivered at ,leeds1 ,england4 ,by ,cardinal ,wiseman4 ,st4 ,louis3 ,patrick ,fox1 #aj ,south ,fifth ,street4 #ahgf4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this lecture is one of the ablest and most interesting lectures of the late ,cardinal ,wiseman4 ,it proves in a conclusive and at the same time most agreeable manner that 8science has nowhere flourished more1 or originated more sublime or useful discoveries1 than where it has been pursued under the influence of the ,catholic religion40 ,in demonstrating this truth1 the eminent writer has given a great number of facts not generally known to the reading public1 which prove the deep indebtedness of science to ,catholic ,italy for many of its most valuable truths and discoveries4 ,the publisher has done his part in a praiseworthy manner4 ,,revolutionary ,,times3 ,sketches of our ,country1 its ,people and their ,ways1 one hundred years ago4 ,by ,edward ,abbott4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahgf4 ,this is a very interesting and tastefully printed volume of two hundred pages1 containing a great many items of interest with regard to the habits and customs of our ,american forefathers in the beginning of our national history1 a glance at the state of literature1 the press1 and education1 with many entertaining sketches of the 8worthies0 of that period4 ,from the chapter on 8,political ,geography0 we cull the following extract1 which gives an idea of the style of the work3 8,the colonization of the ,west was yet a dream of the ,anglo-,americans1 the designs of ,france and ,spain standing in the way of its fulfilment4 ,the present great ,state of ,ohio had not a white settlement4 ,st4 ,louis was a ,spanish town4 ,what is now ,indiana had but a single settlement1 that at ,vincennes4 ,detroit was a far-distant outpost sheltering a few hundred pioneers4 ,this whole region was an unbroken waste1 saving at these few scattered points1 which were in large measure military and trading stations4 ,over all the ,indian had free range4 ,adventurers were exploring the lakes and the rivers1 and currents of emigration were only slowly setting in2 and on the #ith of ,october1 #aggf1 three months after the ,declaration of ,independence1 two ,franciscan monks1 indefatigable missionaries of the ,roman ,church1 took possession of the ,pacific coast by the founding of their mission of ,san ,francisco1 the germ of the modern city of that name40 ,,the ,,new ,,month ,,of ,,the ,,sacred ,,heart ,,of ,,jesus4 ,from the original ,french4 ,by ,s4 ,p4 ,philadelphia3 ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham ,son1 #bi ,south ,tenth ,street4 #ahgf4 ,this neat and beautiful little manual cannot but be of service to every lover of the ,sacred ,heart1 especially at this season of the year4 ,this month is prolonged into thirty-three days1 corresponding with the thirty-three years of our ,saviour's life upon earth1 and is furnished with appropriate meditations and pious practices1 calculated to inspire devotion and excite the love of ,christians towards the ,heart of their ,divine ,lord4 ,it is sufficient to say of this little work what the venerable ,archbishop of ,cincinnati says of it in his recommendation--that 8it is perfectly free from all blemish on the score of faith1 morals1 and piety40 ,truly1 a high commendation4 ,,notiones ,,theologic ,,circa ,,sextum ,,decalogi ,,pr,,ceptum4 ,auctore ,d4 ,craisson4 ,parisiis3 ,benziger ,bros42 ,new ,york3 ,the same4 ,a certain remnant of ,jansenistic rigorism among the ,french clergy is assigned by the author of this treatise as one of the reasons which induced him to write on the subjects indicated by the title of his book4 ,in the work itself we have failed to discover anything of importance which may not be found in almost any text-book of moral theology4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxiii41 ,no4 #ach4--,,september1 #ahgf4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgf4 ,,the ,,rise ,,of ,,religious ,,liberty ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,the ,constitution of the ,united ,states has these provisions3 8,no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the ,united ,states40--,,art4 ,,vi4 8,congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion1 or prohibiting the free exercise thereof40--,,first ,,amendment4 ,it is thus the case that1 as originally framed1 the ,constitution simply provided that 8no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the ,united ,states10 but did not1 in terms1 prohibit ,congress from erecting a state religion or interfering with the free exercise of religion otherwise than as regards office4 ,the ,first ,amendment was therefore adopted1 in order that1 as amended1 the ,constitution should forbid ,congress from intermeddling in any way whatever with religious matters2 and it has hence passed into the general understanding that the government of the ,united ,states has no religious character or powers whatsoever1 but is purely a secular organization1 contrived and devised for purely secular ends4 ,as stated in the eleventh article of the treaty of ,jan4 #c1 #agig1 between the ,united ,states and ,tripoli1 8the government of the ,united ,states of ,america is not in any sense founded on the ,christian religion0 7,rev4 ,stats4 ,u4 ,s41 8,treaties10 p4 #gef74 ,it being thus the case that religious liberty1 as we now understand it1 did not spring full-orbed and complete into existence in the ,united ,states1 it may be of interest to trace the stages of its development4 ,the provision that 8,congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion0 owes its immediate origin to the representations of the conventions of a number of the ,states upon adopting the ,constitution of the ,united ,states 7#a ,stats4 #ig71 such ,states being ,new ,hampshire1 ,new ,york1 and ,virginia 7#d ,journ4 ,cong41 #aghb-h1 ,app4 pp4 #eb1 #ec1 #ee74 ,back of these representations lay a first cause which can only be understood by a reference to the condition of the colonies at the outbreak of the ,revolution4 ,from ,a ,view of the ,constitution of the ,british ,colonies in ,north ,america and the ,west ,indies1 at the time the ,civil ,war broke out on the ,continent of ,america--a work published in ,london in #aghc by ,anthony ,stokes 7a loyalist ,welshman1 who1 as a barrister in the ,british ,west ,indies from #agfb to #agfi1 and the royal ,chief-,justice of ,georgia from #agfi to #aghc1 had peculiar opportunities of becoming conversant with his topic7--we learn that the ,church of ,england was established by law in most of the colonies in #aggf4 ,the ,view says3 8,the clergy in ,america do not receive tithes1 but in most of the colonies before the civil war 7except the ,new ,england provinces1 where the ,independents had the upper hand7 an ,act of ,assembly was made to divide the colony into parishes1 and to establish religious worship therein according to the rites and ceremonies of the ,church of ,england2 and also to raise a yearly salary for the support of each parochial minister0 7p4 #aii74 ,with the exception of ,south ,carolina1 our author does not specify by name the colonies in which this system obtained1 but from other sources we have that information4 ,the charter of ,new ,hampshire provided 8that liberty of conscience shall be allowed to all ,protestants1 and that such especially as shall be conformable to the rites of the ,church of ,england shall be particularly countenanced and encouraged10 which substantial establishment existed in that colony up to the ,revolution 7,town of ,pawlet v4 ,clark1 #i ,cr4 #bib74 ,the first constitution of ,new ,york1 that of ,april #bj1 #aggg1 recognizes a like establishment by providing for the abrogation of 8all such parts of the common and statute law1 and acts of ,assembly1 as establish any denomination of ,christians or their ministers40 ,dr4 ,david ,ramsay1 the contemporary historian of the ,revolution1 says3 8,in ,connecticut all persons were obliged to contribute to the support of the church as well as the commonwealth4''' ,the ,congregational churches were adopted and established by law0 7#a ,hist4 ,u4 ,s41 p4 #aej72 also3 8,the ,church of ,england was incorporated simultaneously with the first settlement of ,virginia1 and in the lapse of time it also became the established religion of ,maryland4 ,in both these provinces1 long before the ,american ,revolution1 that church possessed a legal pre-eminence1 and was maintained at the expense not only of its own members but of all other denominations0 7id4 p4 #bbj74 ,as to the establishment of the ,church of ,england in ,virginia1 see also ,terrett v4 ,taylor1 #i ,cr4 #dc4 ,from art4 #cd of the first constitution of ,north ,carolina1 that of ,dec4 #ah1 #aggf1 which inhibits taxation 8for the purchase of any glebe1 or the building of any house of worship1 or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry10 it is inferrible that a like establishment existed in that colony4 ,in ,south ,carolina ,chief-,justice ,stokes mentions the ,church of ,england as established by law 7,view1 p4 #aii71 and the constitution of that ,state of ,march #ai1 #aggh1 secured 8the churches1 chapels1 parsonages1 glebes1 and all other property now belonging to any societies of the ,church of ,england1 or any other religious societies0 7art4 #ch74 ,in ,georgia the ,church of ,england was established by colonial statute of ,march #ae1 #ageh 7,watkins' ,dig4 #eb74 ,in ,massachusetts a colonial statute of #agaf established a compulsory religious establishment which remained up to the framing of the ,state constitution in #aghj1 the ,assembly providing all towns declining to do so for themselves with 8a minister qualified as by law is provided0--namely1 8an able1 learned1 orthodox minister1 of good conversation0--and imposing taxes for his support 7,chalmers' ,colonial ,opinions1 p4 #di2 ,i ,ramsay1 ,hist4 ,u4 ,s41 p4 #aej74 ,from the foregoing it will be gathered that at the outbreak of the ,american ,revolution some form of church establishment ordained by law was familiar to the people of ,massachusetts1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,new ,york1 ,maryland1 ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,south ,carolina1 and ,georgia4 8,in ,rhode ,island1 ,pennsylvania1 ,delaware1 and ,new ,jersey there never was any established religion0 7,i ,ramsay1 ,hist4 ,u4 ,s41 p4 #bcb74 ,one of the incidents of the religious establishments in the colonies where they existed was that the clergy thereunder were governmental appointees4 ,in ,massachusetts1 under the act of #agaf1 the ,assembly settled ministers in the unprovided towns2 in ,maryland the proprietary had the advowsons 7,chalm4 ,col4 ,op41 #db72 and in the provincial establishments or king's governments1 as ,new ,hampshire1 ,new ,york1 ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,south ,carolina1 and ,georgia1 the royal governor had the right of collation or appointment 7,stokes' ,view1 p4 #aii74 ,another incident was the church rates or taxes1 above referred to4 ,at the outbreak of the ,revolution1 then1 two-thirds of the colonies were face to face with a religion established or favored by law2 with a clergy appointed by government2 and a general taxation to uphold one and maintain the other4 ,the dissatisfaction thus engendered is best evidenced by the care which the people of the colonies1 then ,states1 took1 in framing their constitutions1 to forbid the continuance of such a system where it then existed1 or to prevent its adoption where it was not as yet known4 ,the ,new ,jersey constitution of ,july #b1 #aggf1 provided 8that there shall be no establishment of any one religious sect in this province in preference to another0 7art4 #ai72 8nor shall any person within this colony ever be obliged to pay tithes1 taxes1 or any other rates for the purposes of building or repairing any church or churches1 place or places of worship1 or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry1 contrary to what he believes to be right or has deliberately and voluntarily engaged himself to perform0 7art4 #ah72 and so sacred were these provisions deemed that an oath was prescribed for all members of the legislature1 engaging them never to assent to any law1 vote1 or proceeding to annul1 repeal1 or alter any part or parts thereof 7art4 #bc74 ,the ,virginia constitution of ,july #e1 #aggf1 declares 8that religion1 or the duty which we owe to our ,creator1 and the manner of discharging it1 can be directed only by reason and conviction1 not by force and violence2 and therefore all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion1 according to the dictates of conscience1 and that it is the mutual duty of all to practise ,christian forbearance1 love1 and charity toward each other0 7art4 #af72 and while this does not in terms equal the ,new ,jersey provisions ante1 the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states has construed it as equipollent1 saying in ,terrett v4 ,taylor1 #i ,cr4 #dc3 8,consistent with the constitution of ,virginia1 the legislature could not create or continue a religious establishment which should have exclusive rights and prerogatives1 or compel the citizens to worship under a stipulated form or discipline1 or to pay taxes to those whose creed they could not conscientiously believe40 ,the constitution of ,delaware of ,sept4 #bj1 #aggf1 provides3 8,no man shall1 or ought to1 be compelled to attend any religious worship1 to contribute to the erection or support of any place of worship1 or to the maintenance of any ministry1 against his free-will and consent4''' ,nor shall a preference be given by law to any religious societies1 denomination1 or modes of worship0 7art4 #a1 #a74 ,the ,north ,carolina constitution of ,dec4 #ah1 #aggf1 provides 8that there shall be no establishment of any one religious church or denomination in this ,state in preference to any other2 neither shall any person1 on any pretence whatsoever1 be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith or judgment1 nor be obliged to pay for the purchase of any glebe1 or the building of any house of worship1 or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry1 contrary to what he believes right or has voluntarily and personally engaged to perform0 7art4 #cd74 ,the ,georgia constitution of ,feb4 #e1 #aggg1 says3 8,all persons whatever shall have the free exercise of their religion1 provided it be not repugnant to the peace and safety of the ,state2 and shall not1 unless by consent1 support any teacher or teachers1 except those of their own profession0 7art4 #ef74 ,the ,new ,york constitution of ,april #bj1 #aggg1 abrogates 8all such parts of the common and statute law1 and acts of ,assembly1 as establish any denomination of ,christians or their ministers40 ,the early constitutions of ,maryland1 ,south ,carolina1 and ,massachusetts enunciated substantially the same principles as the other organic laws above set forth1 but did not entirely destroy the connection of church and state4 ,the ,maryland constitution of ,aug4 #ad1 #aggf1 says3 8,nor ought any person to be compelled to frequent1 or maintain1 or contribute1 unless on contract1 to maintain any particular place of worship or any particular ministry3 7yet the legislature may1 in their discretion1 lay a general and equal tax for the support of the ,christian religion2 leaving to each individual the power of appointing the payment over of the money collected from him to the support of any particular place of worship1 or minister1 or for the poor of his own denomination1 or the poor in general of any particular county740 ,the ,south ,carolina constitution of ,march #ai1 #aggh1 says3 8,no person shall by law be obliged to pay towards the maintenance and support of a religious worship that he does not freely join in or has not voluntarily engaged to support0 7art4 #ch71 but in the same article ordains that 8the ,christian ,protestant religion shall be deemed1 and is hereby constituted and declared to be1 the established religion of this ,state10 extending this description to 8all denominations of ,christian ,protestants in this ,state40 ,the ,massachusetts constitution of ,march #b1 #aghj1 says3 8,no subordination of any sect or denomination to another shall ever be established by law0 7part i4 art4 #c71 but allowed taxation to support 8public ,protestant teachers of piety1 religion1 and morality in all cases where such provision shall not be made voluntarily0 7id471 with this qualification1 however3 that 8all moneys paid by the subject to the support of public worship and of the public teachers aforesaid shall1 if he require it1 be uniformly applied to the support of the public teacher or teachers of his own religious sect or denomination1 provided there be any1 on whose instruction he attends2 otherwise it may be paid towards the support of the teacher or teachers of the parish or precinct in which the said moneys are raised0 7id47 ,if we state correctly--as we have not those documents by us--the ,new ,hampshire constitution of ,june #b1 #aghd1 provided that 8no person of any one particular religious sect or denomination shall ever be compelled to pay towards the support of the teacher or teachers of another persuasion1 sect1 or denomination1 ''' and no subordination of any one sect or denomination to another shall ever be established by law0 7part i4 art4 #f71 but that1 subject to these provisions1 the legislature might authorize local taxation to support 8public ,protestant teachers of piety1 religion1 and morality0 7id472 and the ,pennsylvania constitution of ,sept4 #bh1 #aggf1 provided 8that no man can1 of right1 be compelled to attend1 erect1 or support any place of worship or to maintain any ministry against his consent1 ''' and that no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious establishments or modes of worship40 ,in ,connecticut and ,rhode ,island the royal charter continued the fundamental law until #ahah in the former and #ahdb in the latter ,state2 but1 lest it may be thought that in these ,states no opposition to an established church was manifested1 it is proper to remark that1 upon ratifying the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 the ,rhode ,island ,convention suggested as a highly desirable amendment 8that no particular religious sect or society ought to be favored or established by law in preference to others0 7#a ,elliot ,deb4 #ccd72 and in the ,connecticut ,convention ,oliver ,wolcott1 in urging the ratification of that instrument1 refers to an inclination in that assemblage to favor a like amendment1 and says3 8,knowledge and liberty are so prevalent in this country that ,i do not believe that the ,united ,states would ever be disposed to establish one religious sect1 and lay all others under legal disabilities4 ,but as we know not what may take place hereafter1 and any such test would be exceedingly injurious to the rights of free citizens1 ,i cannot think it altogether superfluous to have added a clause which secures us from the possibility of such oppression0 7#b ,elliot ,deb4 #bjb74 ,we may thus say that1 upon becoming ,states1 the ,american colonies declared with one voice that no religious establishment should possess a legal pre-eminence in their several jurisdictions4 ,in the ,federal ,convention ,charles ,pinckney proposed to make it a part of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states that 8the legislature of the ,united ,states shall pass no law on the subject of religion0 7,journ41 ,may #bi71 and thus apply to the general government the rule previously adopted by the ,states1 which proposition failed4 ,mr4 ,pinckney then submitted this proposition3 8,no religious test or qualification shall ever be annexed to any oath of office under the authority of the ,united ,states0 7,journ41 ,aug4 #bj71 which was unanimously adopted 7,journ41 ,aug4 #cj71 ,mr4 ,madison giving us this much of the debate3 8,mr4 ,pinckney moved to add3 #8,but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the authority of the ,united ,states4' ,mr4 ,sherman thought it unnecessary1 the prevailing liberality being a sufficient security against such tests4 ,mr4 ,gouverneur ,morris and ,gen4 ,pinckney approved the motion4 ,the motion was agreed to1 nem4 con40 7#e ,elliot ,deb4 #dih74 ,upon the final revision the words 8the authority of0 were struck out 7,journ41 ,sept4 #ab74 ,when the ,constitution was submitted for ratification1 considerable uneasiness was manifested at the failure of ,mr4 ,pinckney's resolution that 8the legislature of the ,united ,states shall pass no law on the subject of religion10 and upon ratifying the instrument the ,new ,hampshire1 ,new ,york1 and ,virginia ,conventions urged the adoption of an amendment to that effect4 ,the ,north ,carolina ,convention1 while declining to ratify at its first session1 assigned the same emendation as desirable1 as did also the ,rhode ,island ,convention upon ratifying2 though1 as the ,first ,amendment had then been proposed by ,congress and was before the people1 the action of ,rhode ,island was not one of the causes leading to its submission4 ,the ,new ,hampshire ,convention recommended this amendment3 8,that ,congress shall make no laws touching religion or to infringe the rights of conscience0 7#d ,journ4 ,cong41 #aghb-h1 ,app4 p4 #eb74 ,the ,new ,york ,convention3 8,that no religious sect or society ought to be favored or established by law in preference to others0 7id4 p4 #ee74 ,the ,virginia 7id4 p4 #ec71 ,north ,carolina 7id4 p4 #fj71 and ,rhode ,island 7#a ,elliot ,deb4 #ccd7 ,conventions severally proposed 8that no particular religious sect or society ought to be favored or established by law in preference to others40 ,in the ,maryland ,convention it was suggested as a desirable amendment 8that there be no national religion established by law02 but1 that body concluding to ratify the ,constitution without proposing amendments at that time1 no final action was had on the proposition 7#b ,elliot ,deb4 p4 #eec72 and thereupon the change was made4 ,thus it became a part of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states that 8,congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion40 ,in many1 perhaps we may say most1 other particulars the ,constitution was1 when framed1 an experiment1 but in this the fathers of the republic had the lamp of experience to illuminate their path4 ,while a myth to us1 an established church had been a substantial reality to them1 and their verdict thereupon was1 that upon every ground of justice1 interest1 and harmony no religious sect or society ought ever to be favored or established by law in preference to others in these ,united ,states4 ,the second clause of the ,first ,amendment1 that ,congress shall make no law prohibiting the free exercise of religion1 is substantially included in the other provisions cited at the opening of this paper1 and need not be here specifically considered4 ,it is a casus omissus provision which speaks for itself4 ,the provision that 8no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the ,united ,states0 opens1 however1 another field of inquiry4 ,at the outbreak of the ,american ,revolution the colonists were deeply imbued with the intolerant spirit of their ,english ancestors as respects ,roman ,catholics1 infidels1 and ,jews1 and naturally impressed those feelings on their earlier governmental declarations and institutions4 ,as the struggle progressed this aversion wore away1 and on the final settlement of the present ,american system of polity we find the fathers of the republic formally renouncing their original prepossessions in favor of religious tests4 ,so far as regards ,jews and infidels1 the citations now to be given will need no special comment2 but as respects ,roman ,catholics1 it is proper to premise that the ancestral antipathy of the colonists to those of that faith had been particularly sharpened by the old ,french war1 closing by the peace of #agfc4 ,in #agje the following questions were propounded to the ,attorney-,general ,northey3 8,whether the laws of ,england against ,romish priests are in force in the plantations1 and whether her majesty may not direct ,jesuits or ,romish priests to be turned out of ,maryland80 ,in reply he first takes up #bg ,eliz41 c4 #b1 making it high treason for any ,british-born ,romish priest to come into1 be1 or remain in any part of the royal dominions1 and says3 8,it is plain that law extended to all the dominions the queen had when it was made2 but some doubt hath been made whether it extendeth to dominions acquired after1 as the plantations have been40 ,he next considers ,,ii ,william ,,iii41 c4 #d1 subjecting any popish bishop or priest who shall exercise any ecclesiastical function in any part of the ,british dominions to perpetual imprisonment1 and says3 8,i am of opinion this law extends to the plantations1 they being dominions belonging to the realm of ,england1 and extends to all priests1 foreigners as well as natives40 ,lastly1 he says3 8,as to the question whether her majesty may not direct ,jesuits or ,romish priests to be turned out of ,maryland1 ,i am of opinion1 if the ,jesuits or priests be aliens1 not made denizens or naturalized1 her majesty may1 by law1 compel them to depart ,maryland2 if they be her majesty's natural-born subjects1 they cannot be banished from her majesty's dominions1 but may be proceeded against on the last before-mentioned law0 7,chalm4 ,colonial ,op41 #db74 ,and that this was the accepted state of the crown law as late as ,may #bi1 #agge1 appears from an address of that date of the ,american ,congress to the inhabitants of ,canada1 wherein they are asked to make common cause with the other colonies1 and told3 8,the enjoyment of your very religion on the present system depends on a legislature in which you have no share and over which you have no control1 and your priests are exposed to expulsion1 banishment1 and ruin whenever their wealth and possessions furnish sufficient temptation0 7#a ,journ4 ,cong41 p4 #ge1 ,way ,gideon ed41 ,washington1 #ahbc74 ,it was also the case that a number of the royal charters under which the colonists had been accustomed to live denied religious liberty to ,roman ,catholics4 ,the charter of ,new ,hampshire provided 8that liberty of conscience shall be allowed to all ,protestants0 7,town of ,pawlet v4 ,clark1 #i ,cr4 #bib72 that of ,massachusetts read3 8,for the greater ease and encouragement of our living subjects1 inhabiting our said province or territory of ,massachusetts ,bay1 and of such as shall come to inhabit there1 we do1 by these presents1 for us1 our heirs and successors1 grant1 establish1 and ordain that for ever hereafter there shall be a liberty of conscience allowed in the worship of ,god to all ,christians 7except papists7 inhabiting1 or which shall inhabit or be resident within1 our said province or territory0 7,chalm4 ,col4 ,op41 #dh74 ,the charter of ,georgia1 as of force up to #ageb1 ordains3 8,there shall be a liberty of conscience allowed in the worship of ,god to all persons inhabiting1 or which shall inhabit or be resident within1 our said province1 and that all such persons1 except papists1 shall have a free exercise of religion0 7,white's ,hist4 ,coll4 ,ga41 p4 #i74 ,the charter of ,rhode ,island--which recites that it was granted the petitioners therefor because 8they have freely declared that it is much on their hearts 7if they be permitted7 to hold forth a lively experiment that a most flourishing civil state may stand and best be maintained1 and that among our ,english subjects1 with a full liberty in religious concernments02 and ordains 8that all and every person and persons may1 from time to time1 and at all times hereafter1 freely and fully have and enjoy his own and their judgments and consciences1 in matters of religious concernments1 throughout the tract of land hereafter mentioned1 they behaving themselves peaceably and quietly1 and not using this liberty to licentiousness and profaneness1 nor to the civil injury or outward disturbance of others2 any law1 statute1 or clause therein contained1 or to be contained1 usage1 or custom of this realm1 to the contrary hereof in any wise notwithstanding10 and which1 to us1 seems to guarantee absolute freedom of conscience--was interpreted by the colonial government as excepting ,roman ,catholics1 ,dr4 ,ramsay saying3 8,since the date of the charter the form of the government has suffered very little alteration4 ,an act was passed1 in #affc1 declaring that all men of competent estates and good conduct1 who professed ,christianity1 with the exception of ,roman ,catholics1 should be admitted freemen0 7#a ,hist4 ,u4 ,s41 p4 #aef74 ,with this much we come to the ,continental ,congress which met at ,philadelphia ,sept4 #e1 #aggd1 to consider the relations of the colonies to the parent state4 ,it at once became apparent that one prime grievance alleged against the crown was the act of ,parliament 7#ad ,geo4 ,,iii41 c4 #hc71 passed early in that year1 respecting the boundaries and government of the ,province of ,quebec1 as ,canada was called after its cession to ,england by the peace of #agfc1 which extended the limits of that province southward to the ,ohio1 westward to the ,mississippi1 and northward to the boundary of the ,hudson's ,bay ,company2 qualified ,roman ,catholics to sit in the provincial council2 applied the ,french laws1 dispensing with juries to civil cases1 and the ,english practice to criminal2 and secured the ,catholic clergy their estates and full liberty in their religion4 ,massachusetts was particularly indignant at this statute1 and the ,congress had scarcely organized before the following resolution was presented with others from ,suffolk ,county in that ,state3 8#aj4 ,that the late act of ,parliament for establishing the ,roman ,catholic religion and the ,french laws in that extensive country now called ,quebec is dangerous in an extreme degree to the ,protestant religion and to the civil rights and liberties of all ,america2 and therefore1 as men and ,protestant ,christians1 we are indispensably obliged to take all proper measures for our security0 7#a ,journ4 ,cong41 p4 #aa74 ,on the #ajth of ,october ,congress1 having considered 8the rights and grievances of these colonies10 8,resolved1 ,n4 ,c4 ,d41 ,that the following acts of ,parliament are infringements and violations of the rights of the colonists2 and that the repeal of them is essentially necessary in order to restore harmony between ,great ,britain and the ,american colonies1 viz41 ''' the act for establishing the ,roman ,catholic religion in the province of ,quebec1 abolishing the equitable system of ,english laws1 and erecting a tyranny there1 to the great danger 7from so total a dissimilarity of religion1 law1 and government7 of the neighboring ,british colonies1 by the assistance of whose blood and treasure the said country was conquered from ,france4''' ,to these grievous acts and measures ,americans cannot submit0 7id4 pp4 #bj-bb74 ,the main work of the ,congress of #aggd was the famous 8,continental ,association10 which is1 in brief1 a solemn engagement on the part of the colonies to break off commercial relations with ,great ,britain until such time as divers obnoxious acts of ,parliament were repealed4 ,it opens by arraigning the ,british ministry for adopting a system of administration 8evidently calculated for enslaving these colonies10 and proceeds to specify among other instruments to this end 8an act for extending the province of ,quebec1 so as to border on the ,western frontiers of these colonies1 establishing an arbitrary government therein1 and discouraging the settlement of ,british subjects in that wide-extended country1 thus1 by the influence of civil principles and ancient prejudices1 to dispose the inhabitants to act with hostility against the free ,protestant colonies whenever a wicked ministry shall choose to direct them0 7id4 p4 #bc74 ,the ,congress also resolved upon addresses to the people of ,great ,britain1 to the inhabitants of the colonies represented in the ,congress1 to the king1 and to the people of ,canada4 ,that to the people of ,great ,britain says3 8,know that we think the legislature of ,great ,britain is not authorized by the ,constitution to establish a religion1 fraught with sanguinary and impious tenets1 or to erect an arbitrary form of government in any quarter of the globe0 7id4 p4 #bg74 ,it then charges that at the close of the ,french war a plan of enslaving the colonies was concerted 8under the auspices of a minister of principles1 and of a family unfriendly to the ,protestant cause and inimical to liberty10 and says3 8,now mark the progression of the ministerial plan for enslaving us4''' ,by another act the ,dominion of ,canada is to be so extended1 modelled1 and governed as that1 by being disunited from us1 detached from our interest1 by civil as well as religious prejudices1 that by their numbers daily swelling with ,catholic emigrants from ,europe1 and by their devotion to administration so friendly to their religion1 they might become formidable to us1 and1 on occasion1 be fit instruments in the hands of power to reduce the ancient1 free1 ,protestant colonies to the same state of slavery with themselves4 ,this was evidently the object of the act2 and in this view1 being extremely dangerous to our liberty and quiet1 we cannot forbear complaining of it as hostile to ,british ,america4''' ,nor can we suppress our astonishment that a ,british ,parliament should ever consent to establish in that country a religion that has deluged your island in blood1 and dispersed impiety1 bigotry1 persecution1 and murder through every part of the world0 7id4 p4 #cj74 ,the memorial to the colonists also refers to the ,quebec act1 8by which act the ,roman ,catholic religion1 instead of being tolerated1 as stipulated by the treaty of peace1 is established10 and says3 8,the authors of this arbitrary arrangement flatter themselves that the inhabitants1 deprived of liberty1 and artfully provoked against those of another religion1 will be proper instruments for assisting in the oppression of such as differ from them in modes of government and faith0 7id4 p4 #cg74 ,to reassure the colonists1 it concludes3 8,the people of ,england will soon have an opportunity of declaring their sentiments concerning our cause4 ,in their piety1 generosity1 and good sense we repose high confidence1 and cannot1 upon a review of past events1 be persuaded that they1 the defenders of true religion and the asserters of the rights of mankind1 will take part against their affectionate ,protestant brethren in the colonies1 in favor of our open and their own secret enemies1 whose intrigues for several years past have been wholly exercised in sapping the foundations of civil and religious liberty0 7id4 p4 #ch74 ,the petition to the king represents as one of the obstacles to a restoration of harmony between the colonists and the crown the act 8for extending the limits of ,quebec1 abolishing the ,english and restoring the ,french laws1 whereby great numbers of ,british ,frenchmen sic are subjected to the latter1 and establishing an absolute government and the ,roman ,catholic religion throughout those vast regions that border on the westerly and northerly boundaries of the free ,protestant ,english settlements0 7id4 p4 #dg72 reminds the monarch that 8we were born the heirs of freedom1 and ever enjoyed our right under the auspices of your royal ancestors1 whose family was seated on the ,british throne to rescue and secure a pious and gallant nation from the popery and despotism of a superstitious and inexorable tyrant02 and adjures him 8for the honor of ,almighty ,god1 whose pure religion our enemies are undermining10 and 8as the loving father of your whole people1 connected by the same bonds of law1 loyalty1 faith1 and blood10 to withstand the ministerial plan 7id4 p4 #di74 ,the terrific arraignment of the ,roman ,catholic religion made in these various state papers will show to what an extent the colonists were unfavorably disposed toward that faith at the inception of the ,revolutionary struggle4 ,the fourth and last address1 however1 adopted remains to be noticed1 and in this appears the first indication of that spirit of universal religious liberty and toleration which afterwards became one of the main animating impulses of the ,american system of government4 ,the ,journal1 unfortunately1 does not disclose the name of the wise and just man who drew up this document1 but the internal evidence points to ,john ,dickinson of ,pennsylvania1 who afterwards prepared the ,articles of ,confederation 7#a ,secret ,journ41 p4 #bij74 ,oct4 #ba1 ,thomas ,cushing of ,massachusetts1 ,richard ,henry ,lee of ,virginia1 and ,mr4 ,dickinson were appointed a committee to prepare an address to the inhabitants of ,quebec1 and1 as adopted1 this urges the ,canadians to make common cause with the other colonists1 setting before them their rights as ,british subjects1 and saying3 8,what is offered to you by the late act of ,parliament in their place8 ,liberty of conscience in your religion8 ,no4 ,god gave it to you2 and the temporal powers with which you have been and are connected firmly stipulated for your enjoyment of it4 ,if laws1 divine and human1 could secure it against the despotic caprices of wicked men1 it was secured before0 7#a ,journ41 p4 #db74 ,the address then imagines the president1 ,montesquieu1 urging his countrymen to unite with the ,english colonists1 and concludes3 8,we are too well acquainted with the liberality of sentiment distinguishing your nation to imagine that difference of religion will prejudice you against a hearty amity with us4 ,you know that the transcendent nature of freedom elevates those who unite in her cause above all such low-minded infirmities4 ,the ,swiss cantons furnish a memorable proof of this truth4 ,their union is composed of ,roman ,catholic and ,protestant states1 living in the utmost concord and peace with one another1 and thereby enabled1 ever since they bravely vindicated their freedom1 to defy and defeat every tyrant that has invaded them0 7id4 p4 #dd74 ,may #aj1 #agge1 another ,congress met4 ,blood had been shed2 it was seen the sword must decide the event2 and from this time the ,american ,congress may be said to have remained in permanent session until the government under the ,constitution was inaugurated4 ,may #bf1 #agge1 ,john ,jay1 ,samuel ,adams1 and ,silas ,deane were appointed a committee to draught a letter to the people of ,canada1 which1 as adopted1 urged them to unite with the other colonists1 declaring 8the fate of the ,protestant and ,catholic colonies to be strongly linked together02 and adding3 8,the enjoyment of your very religion1 on the present system1 depends on a legislature in which you have no share and over which you have no control2 and your priests are exposed to expulsion1 banishment1 and ruin whenever their wealth and possessions furnish sufficient temptation0 7id4 p4 #ge74 ,this failing1 ,congress came closer by directing ,robert ,livingston1 ,robert ,treat ,paine1 and ,j4 ,langdon1 ,nov4 #h1 #agge1 to proceed to ,canada1 and there use their utmost efforts to procure the assistance of the ,canadians in ,gen4 ,schuyler's operations1 and to induce them to enter into a union with the other colonies1 the instructions mentioning as one inducement to be held out3 8,and you may and are hereby empowered farther to declare that we hold sacred the rights of conscience1 and shall never molest them in the free enjoyment of their religion0 7id4 p4 #agj74 ,this also failing1 a third effort was made to the same end by appointing ,benjamin ,franklin1 ,samuel ,chase1 and ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton--the latter not a member of ,congress at the time1 but selected as a ,roman ,catholic 7#b ,ramsay ,hist4 ,u4 ,s41 p4 #fe7--;commissioners to ,canada1 ,may #bj1 #aggf1 instructing them3 8,you are farther to declare that we hold sacred the rights of conscience1 and may promise to the whole people1 solemnly in our name1 the free and undisturbed exercise of their religion2 and1 to the clergy1 the full1 perfect1 and peaceable possession and enjoyment of all their estates2 that the government of everything relating to their religion and clergy shall be left entirely in the hands of the good people of that province and such legislature as they shall constitute2 provided1 however1 that all other denominations of ,christians be equally entitled to hold offices1 and enjoy civil privileges and the free exercise of their religion1 and be totally exempt from the payment of any tithes or taxes for the support of any religion0 7#a ,journ41 p4 #bij74 ,this failed in turn1 but the fathers were long loath to relinquish their hopes of the accession of ,canada4 ,the ,articles of ,confederation provided that 8,canada1 acceding to this confederation1 and joining in the measures of the ,united ,states1 shall be admitted into and entitled to all the advantages of this ,union2 but no other colony shall be admitted into the same1 unless such admission be agreed to by nine ,states0 7art4 #aa72 and guaranteed that each ,state should be protected in its religion by the common strength of all 7art4 #c74 ,it is further memorable that the ,king of ,france co-operated with the ,americans in the attempt to secure the accession of ,canada to the ,union1 and that in accordance with the royal instructions the ,count d',estaing published an address on the #bhth of ,october1 #aggh1 in his majesty's name1 to the ,canadian ,french1 adjuring them by every tie of lineage and religion to make common cause with the ,united ,states4 ,the priests1 in particular1 were besought to use their influence to this end1 and reminded that they might become a power in a new government1 and not be dependent on 8sovereigns whom force has imposed on them1 and whose political indulgence will be lessened proportionally as those sovereigns shall have less to fear0 7#b ,pitk4 ,u4 ,s41 p4 #fh74 ,this1 however1 like all the invitations of the ,american ,congress1 was in vain4 ,the contemporary fact was--and no doubt the ,british crown officers took care to have it well known throughout ,canada--that while ,england was enacting laws to exempt the ,canadians from her anti-,catholic statutes1 and to indulge them with full liberty of conscience in their ancestral ,catholic faith1 the ,american ,congress was solemnly resolving and declaring 8that we think the legislature of ,great ,britain is not authorized by the constitution to establish a religion fraught with sanguinary and impious tenets in any quarter of the globe40 8,nor can we suppress our astonishment that a ,british ,parliament should ever consent to establish in that country a religion that has deluged ,england in blood1 and dispersed impiety1 bigotry1 persecution1 murder1 and rebellion throughout every part of the world40 ,so sharp a contrast had a powerful effect on the sixty-five thousand ,roman ,catholics who then inhabited ,canada1 according to ,stokes 7,view1 p4 #cj71 and is1 in all human probability1 the reason why that extensive country is not a part of the ,united ,states to-day4 ,that invaluable contemporary authority1 ,dr4 ,ramsay1 assures us that the predilections of the ,canadian masses were in favor of a union with the other colonies1 but 8the legal privileges which the ,roman ,catholic clergy enjoyed made them averse to a change1 lest they should be endangered by a more intimate connection with their ,protestant neighbors40 ,the founders of the republic seem early to have perceived the mistake of yielding to what they termed in their first overture to ,canada 8the low-minded infirmity0 of religious prejudice1 and the severe recoil of that error in this case had much to do with their subsequent prohibition of religious tests4 ,recurring now to the ,states1 we find a religious test prescribed as a qualification to office in a number of the early constitutions4 ,the ,new ,jersey constitution of ,july #b1 #aggf1 provides 8that no ,protestant inhabitant of this colony shall be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles2 but that all persons professing a belief in the faith of any ,protestant sect1 who shall demean themselves peaceably under the government as hereby established1 shall be capable of being elected into any office of profit1 or trust1 or being a member of either branch of the legislature1 and shall fully and freely enjoy every privilege and immunity enjoyed by others their fellow-subjects0 7art4 #ai74 ,the ,north ,carolina constitution of ,december #ah1 #aggf1 says 8that no person who shall deny the being of ,god1 or the truth of the ,protestant religion1 or the divine authority of either the ,old or ,new ,testaments1 or who shall hold religious principles incompatible with the freedom and safety of the ,state1 shall be capable of holding any office or place of trust or profit in the civil department within this ,state0 7art4 #cb74 ,the ,georgia constitution of ,february #e1 #aggg1 says that the members of the legislature 8shall be of the ,protestant religion0 7art4 #f74 ,the ,south ,carolina constitution of ,march #ai1 #aggh1 provides for 8a governor and commander-in-chief1 a lieutenant-governor1 both to continue two years1 and a privy council--all of the ,protestant religion0 7art4 #c72 that 8no person shall be eligible to sit in the ,house of ,representatives unless he be of the ,protestant religion0 7art4 #ac72 and 8that all denominations of ,christian ,protestants in this ,state demeaning themselves peaceably and faithfully shall enjoy equal religious and civil privileges0 7art4 #ch74 ,in this ,state the governor was sworn 8to the utmost of his power to maintain and defend the laws of ,god1 the ,protestant religion1 and the liberties of ,america0 7,grimke's ,laws ,so4 ,ca41 #big74 ,the ,delaware constitution of ,september #aa1 #aggf1 provided the following oath to be taken by all members of the legislature3 8,i1 ,a4 ,b41 do profess faith in ,god the ,father1 and in ,jesus ,christ his only ,son1 and in the ,holy ,ghost2 and ,i do acknowledge the ,holy ,scriptures of the ,old and ,new ,testament to be given by divine inspiration0 7art4 #bb74 ,the ,maryland constitution of ,august #ad1 #aggf1 provided that 8a declaration of a belief in the ,christian religion0 7,bill of ,rights1 art4 #ce7 should be a qualification to office2 and 8that every person1 appointed to any office of profit or trust shall1 before he enters on the execution thereof1 ''' subscribe a declaration of his belief in the ,christian religion0 7,const41 art4 #ee74 ,the ,new ,hampshire constitution of ,january #e1 #aggf1 while not expressly prescribing a religious test1 is understood by the provision continuing the body of the colonial law in force to have required all members of the legislature to be of the ,protestant religion4 ,the spirit occasioning the above tests was remarkably manifested in the convention framing the ,new ,york constitution of ,april #bj1 #aggg4 ,an article granting 8to all mankind the free exercise of religious profession and worship0 being under consideration1 ,john ,jay1 afterwards the first ,chief-,justice of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states1 moved to add the following3 8,except the professors of the religion of the ,church of ,rome1 who ought not to hold lands in1 or be admitted to a participation of the civil rights enjoyed by the members of1 this ,state until such time as the said professors shall appear in the ,supreme ,court of the ,state1 and there most solemnly swear that they verily believe in their consciences that no pope1 priest1 or foreign authority on earth has power to absolve the subjects of this ,state from their allegiance to the same2 and1 farther1 that they renounce and believe to be false and wicked the dangerous and damnable doctrine that the pope1 or any other earthly authority1 has power to absolve men from sins described in and prohibited by the holy ,gospel of ,jesus ,christ1 and particularly that no pope1 priest1 or foreign authority on earth has power to absolve them from the obligation of this oath10 which was lost--yeas1 #aj2 nays1 #ai2 one county divided 7,sparks' ,life of ,gouverneur ,morris1 vol4 i41 p4 #abd74 ,the ,pennsylvania constitution of ,september #bh1 #aggf1 required members of the ,general ,assembly and civil officers to sign 8a declaration of belief in one ,god1 the creator and governor of the world1 the rewarder of the good and the punisher of the wicked10 and also to make 8an acknowledgment that the ,scriptures of the ,old and ,new ,testament are given by divine inspiration0 7,stokes' ,view1 p4 #ha74 ,it will thus appear that the early constitutions of ,new ,jersey1 ,north ,carolina1 ,georgia1 ,south ,carolina1 and ,new ,hampshire made a profession of ,protestantism1 and those of ,maryland1 ,delaware1 and ,pennsylvania made a belief in ,christianity1 a qualification for office2 and so the fundamental law of those ,states remained until after the ratification of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,in #aghg the ,federal ,convention met1 and1 as has already been stated1 while declining to make it a part of the ,constitution that 8the legislature of the ,united ,states shall pass no law on the subject of religion10 did insert in that instrument the provision that 8no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the ,united ,states40 ,or1 in other words1 the ,federal ,constitution did not inhibit ,congress from creating a religious establishment1 but did forbid it to prescribe a religious test as a qualification to office2 while1 per contra1 the ,state constitutions1 while prohibiting such an establishment1 admitted such tests4 ,we have seen how the ,states conformed the ,federal ,constitution to their own in the article of the inhibition of an established church1 and are now to inquire how the ,state constitutions modelled themselves upon the ,constitution of the ,united ,states so far as respects the prohibition of religious qualifications for office4 ,when the ,federal ,constitution was proposed for ratification to the ,state conventions1 considerable opposition was manifested in some of those bodies to this prohibition4 ,it was alleged that1 as the ,constitution stood1 the ,pope of ,rome might become ,president of the ,united ,states1 and there was even a pamphlet published to sustain that objection 7#d ,elliot ,deb41 p4 #aie74 ,in the ,north ,carolina ,convention1 in particular1 a hot debate occurred4 ,mr4 ,abbott said3 8,the exclusion of religious tests is by many thought dangerous and impolitic4 ,they suppose that if there be no religious test required1 pagans1 deists1 and ,mahometans might obtain offices among us1 and that the senators and representatives might all be pagans0 7id4 p4 #aib74 ,mr4 ,iredell referred to the deplorable results of religious tests in all ages1 and said3 8,america has set an example to mankind to think more modestly and reasonably--that a man may be of different religious sentiments from our own without being a bad member of society4''' ,but it is objected that the people of ,america may1 perhaps1 choose representatives who have no religion at all1 and that pagans and ,mahometans may be admitted into offices4 ,but how is it possible to exclude any set of men without taking away that principle of religious freedom which we ourselves so warmly contend for8''' ,i met1 by accident1 with a pamphlet this morning in which the author states as a very serious danger that the ,pope of ,rome might be elected ,president4 ,i confess this never struck me before2 and if the author had read all the qualifications of a ,president1 perhaps his fears might have been quieted4 ,no man but a native or who has resided fourteen years in ,america can be chosen ,president4 ,i know not all the qualifications for pope1 but ,i believe he must be taken from the college of cardinals2 and probably there are many previous steps necessary before he arrives at this dignity4 ,a native of ,america must have very singular good fortune who1 after residing fourteen years in his own country1 should go to ,europe1 enter into ,romish orders1 obtain the promotion of cardinal1 afterwards that of pope1 and at length be so much in the confidence of his own country as to be elected ,president4 ,it would be still more extraordinary if he should give up his popedom for our presidency4 ,sir1 it is impossible to treat such idle fears with any degree of gravity4''' ,this country has already had the honor of setting an example of civil freedom1 and ,i trust it will likewise have the honor of teaching the rest of the world the way to religious freedom also4 ,god grant both may be perpetuated to the end of time60 7id4 p4 #aic et seq47 ,gov4 ,johnston said3 8,when ,i heard there were apprehensions that the ,pope of ,rome could be the ,president of the ,united ,states1 ,i was greatly astonished4 ,it might as well be said that the ,king of ,england or ,france or the ,grand ,turk could be chosen to that office4 ,it would have been as good an argument4''' ,it is apprehended that ,jews1 ,mahometans1 pagans1 etc41 may be elected to high offices under the government of the ,united ,states4 ,those who are ,mahometans1 or any others who are not professors of the ,christian religion1 can never be elected to the office of ,president or other high office but in one of two cases3 ,first1 if the people of ,america lay aside the ,christian religion altogether1 it may happen4 ,should this unfortunately take place1 the people will choose such men as think as they do themselves4 ,another case is1 if any persons of such descriptions should1 notwithstanding their religion1 acquire the confidence and esteem of the people of ,america by their good conduct and practice of virtue1 they may be chosen0 7id4 p4 #aih74 ,mr4 ,caldwell said3 8,there was an invitation for ,jews and pagans of every kind to come among us4 ,at some future period this might endanger the character of the ,united ,states4''' ,i think that in a political view those gentlemen who formed this ,constitution should not have given this invitation to ,jews and heathens0 7id4 p4 #aii74 ,mr4 ,spencer said3 8,religious tests have been the foundation of persecutions in all countries4 ,persons who are conscientious will not take the oath required by religious tests1 and will therefore be excluded from offices1 though equally capable of discharging them as any member of society0 7id4 p4 #bjj74 ,mr4 ,spaight1 who had been in the ,federal ,convention1 said3 8,no test is required4 ,all men of equal capacity and integrity are equally eligible to offices4 ,temporal violence may make mankind wicked1 but never religious4 ,a test would enable the prevailing sect to persecute the rest0 7id4 p4 #bjh74 ,mr4 ,wilson 8wished that the ,constitution had excluded popish priests from office0 7id4 p4 #bab74 ,mr4 ,lancaster said3 8,as to a religious test1 had the article which excludes it provided none but what had been in the ,states heretofore1 ,i would not have objected to it4''' ,for my part1 in reviewing the qualifications necessary for a ,president1 ,i did not suppose that the pope could occupy the ,president's chair4 ,but let us remember that we form a government for millions not yet in existence4 ,i have not the art of divination4 ,in the course of four or five hundred years ,i do not know how it will work4 ,this is most certain3 that papists may occupy that chair1 and ,mahometans may take it4 ,i see nothing against it4 ,there is a disqualification1 ,i believe1 in every ,state in the ,union2 it ought to be so in this system0 7id4 p4 #bae74 ,in the ,massachusetts ,convention there was considerable debate on the same clause4 ,mr4 ,singletary 8thought we were giving up all our privileges1 as there was no provision that men in power should have any religion2 and though he hoped to see ,christians1 yet1 by the ,constitution1 a papist or an infidel was as eligible as they0 7#b ,elliot ,deb41 p4 #dd74 ,several members of the convention urging that the provision 8was a departure from the principles of our forefathers1 who came here for the preservation of their religion2 and that it would admit deists1 atheists1 etc41 into the general government10 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,shute said3 8,to establish a religious test as a qualification for offices in the proposed ,federal ,constitution1 it appears to me1 sir1 would be attended with injurious consequences to some individuals1 and with no advantage to the whole4''' ,in this great and extensive empire there is and will be a great variety of sentiments in religion among its inhabitants4 ,upon the plan of a religious test the question1 ,i think1 must be1 ,who shall be excluded from national trusts8 ,whatever answer bigotry may suggest1 the dictates of candor and equity1 ,i conceive1 will be1 ,none4 ,far from limiting my charity and confidence to men of my own denomination in religion1 ,i suppose and ,i believe1 sir1 that there are worthy characters among men of every denomination--among the ,quakers1 the ,baptists1 the ,church of ,england1 the papists1 and even among those who have no other guide in the way to virtue and heaven than the dictates of natural religion4 ,i must therefore think1 sir1 that the proposed plan of government in this particular is wisely constructed2 that as all have an equal claim to the blessings of the government under which they live and which they support1 so none should be excluded from them for being of any particular denomination in religion4 ,the presumption is that the eyes of the people will be upon the faithful in the land2 and1 from a regard of their own safety1 they will choose for their rulers men of known abilities1 of known probity1 of good moral characters4 ,the ,apostle ,peter tells us that ,god is no respecter of persons1 but in every nation he that feareth him and worketh righteousness is acceptable to him4 ,and ,i know of no reason why men of such a character1 in a community of whatever denomination in religion1 cteris paribus1 with other suitable qualifications1 should not be acceptable to the people1 and why they may not be employed by them with safety and advantage in the important offices of government4 ,the exclusion of a religious test in the proposed ,constitution1 therefore1 clearly appears to me1 sir1 to be in favor of its adoption0 7id4 p4 #aah74 ,these utterances form so excellent a commentary on the last clause of the sixth article of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states that it is to be regretted that we know no more of their admirable and sagacious author than that he was the ,rev4 ,daniel ,shute1 of ,hingham1 in ,suffolk ,county1 and voted on what the original journal calls 8the decision of the grand question0 in favor of ratifying the ,constitution2 as did also his colleague1 ,major-,general ,benjamin ,lincoln4 ,recurring to the debate1 ,col4 ,jones 8thought that the rulers ought to believe in ,god or ,christ1 and that1 however a test may be prostituted in ,england1 yet he thought1 if our public men were to be of those who had a good standing in the church1 it would be happy for the ,united ,states0 7id4 p4 #aai74 ,major ,lusk 8passed to the article dispensing with the qualification of a religious test1 and concluded by saying that he shuddered at the idea that ,roman ,catholics1 papists1 and pagans might be introduced into office1 and that popery and the ,inquisition may be established in ,america0 7id4 p4 #adh74 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,backus said3 8,i now beg leave to offer a few thoughts upon some points in the ,constitution proposed to us1 and ,i shall begin with the exclusion of any religious test4 ,many appear to be much concerned about it2 but nothing is more evident1 both in reason and the ,holy ,scriptures1 than that religion is ever a matter between ,god and individuals2 and therefore no man or men can impose any religious test without invading the essential prerogatives of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,ministers first assumed this power under the ,christian name1 and then ,constantine approved of the practice when he adopted the profession of ,christianity as an engine of state policy4 ,and let the history of all nations be searched from that day to this1 and it will appear that the imposing of religious tests hath been the greatest engine of tyranny in the world4 ,and ,i rejoice to see so many gentlemen who are now giving in their rights of conscience in this great and important matter4 ,some serious minds discover a concern lest1 if all religious tests should be excluded1 the ,congress would hereafter establish popery or some other tyrannical way of worship2 but it is most certain that no such way of worship can be established without any religious test0 7id4 p4 #adi74 ,in the ,conventions of ,virginia 7#c ,elliot ,deb41 p4 #bjd71 and ,connecticut 7#b ib4 p4 #bjb71 and in the ,south ,carolina ,legislature 7#a id4 p4 #cab71 the same clause was discussed1 but more briefly1 and after the final ratification of the ,constitution the principle of the provision seems to have been universally conceded as correct4 ,the ,georgia constitution of ,may #f1 #aghi1 the first new ,state constitution adopted after the inauguration of the government under the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 omitted the qualification that members of the ,general ,assembly should be of the ,protestant religion2 the ,south ,carolina constitution of ,june #c1 #agij1 the next adopted1 omitted the same test1 as also all the former provisions making the ,protestant religion the ,state faith1 and provided that 8the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship1 without discrimination or preference1 shall for ever1 hereafter1 be allowed within this ,state to all mankind0 7art4 #h1 sec4 #a71 and from this time forward it may be taken as the case that as fast as the ,states remodelled their constitutions of the ,revolutionary era the religious-test provisions were formally omitted1 and in the interim passed sub silentio4 ,the immediate cause of this universal abrogation of religious qualifications for office was1 as we have seen1 the sixth article of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 but beyond this were some potent operative causes4 ,the loss of ,canada was one4 ,dr4 ,ramsay1 who tells us that he had access to all the official papers of the ,united ,states up to #aghf1 when he ceased to be a member of the ,congress under the ,confederation 7pref4 #b ,hist4 ,u4 ,s471 says3 8,the province was evacuated with great reluctance4 ,the ,americans were not only mortified at the disappointment of their favorite scheme of annexing it as a fourteenth link in the chain of their ,confederacy1 but apprehended the most serious consequences from the ascendency of the ,british power in that quarter0 7id4 p4 #ga74 ,it was felt too late that the indiscreet utterances of the ,congress of #aggd respecting the ,roman ,catholic religion had led to this loss4 ,another operative cause was the yearning desire of the early statesmen of the ,united ,states to invite and secure foreign immigration4 ,as early as the address of ,congress of ,oct4 #ba1 #aggd1 it was noticed that the population of ,canada was 8daily swelling with ,catholic emigrants from ,europe02 and after the peace of #aghc showed that ,canada was to remain a ,british possession1 it was seen that to impress an anti-,catholic character on the government of the ,united ,states would tend to build up that province at the expense of the ,united ,states1 and that only by proffering religious as well as civil liberty could this country hope to divert that emigration to its own shores4 ,some of the ,states had already suffered1 when colonies1 from legalizing inequalities in religion1 and that1 too1 had no doubt its weight2 ,ramsay telling us that the legal pre-eminence of the ,episcopal ,church1 and its maintenance at the expense not only of its own members but of all other denominations in ,virginia and ,maryland1 8deterred great numbers1 especially of the ,presbyterian denomination1 who had emigrated from ,ireland1 from settling within the limits of these governments0 7#a ,hist4 ,u4 ,s41 p4 #bbj74 ,another cause operating in favor of a removal of religious tests to office was the eminent services rendered the ,states in the establishment of their independence by two ,catholic powers1 ,france and ,spain4 ,it is currently supposed that it was not until after the ,americans1 by their capture of ,burgoyne at ,saratoga in #aggg1 had demonstrated their power that they received efficient assistance from those nations2 but the contrary is the case4 ,before the ,declaration of ,independence ,silas ,deane was sent to ,france for assistance1 and contemporaneous with the ,declaration large supplies of money and arms were furnished by that power4 ,arms1 clothing1 and ammunition for #be1jjj men and #ajj field-pieces were asked by ,congress1 and the response of his ,christian majesty was #b1jjj1jjj livres in money and small arms1 #bjj field-pieces1 the best in the royal arsenals1 a credit for #a1jjj1jjj livres with the clothier-general of the ,french forces1 and the services of ,monsieur ,coudray1 the best military engineer in the royal army1 and as many of his officers as were needed 7#a ,pitk4 ,hist4 ,u4 ,s41 pp4 #chg1 #ejj74 ,spain also assisted the ,americans with #a1jjj1jjj livres as early as ,may1 #aggf 7id4 p4 #daa74 ,still another #a1jjj1jjj livres were added by ,france before the treaty of #aggh2 and to appreciate fully the various pecuniary aids given by this power to the ,united ,states during the struggle1 the reader may well consult the treaties with that power of #aghb and #aghc 7,rev4 ,stats41 8,treaties10 pp4 #bad-i74 ,prior to #aggh some #c1jjj1jjj livres were advanced1 and from that time to #aghb some #ah1jjj1jjj more were granted and an endorsement given to ,holland for #aj1jjj1jjj in addition4 ,in #aghc a further grant of #f1jjj1jjj livres was made1 making #cg1jjj1jjj in all4 ,all expenses of commissions1 negotiations1 etc41 were borne by ,france and made a present to the ,united ,states1 as also all the interest accrued during the entire war on the debt1 and the total principal of the sums forwarded in #aggf1 for all of which benefactions the most lively acknowledgments were made by the ,united ,states in the treaties referred to above4 ,nor were ,french fleets and armies wanting4 ,in ,july1 #aggh1 a ,french squadron of twelve line-of-battle ships and four frigates reached the ,united ,states under ,count d',estaing 7#b ,ramsay ,hist4 ,u4 ,s41 p4 #beh74 ,in #aggi the same commander appeared off the ,georgia coast with #bj ships of the line and #aa frigates1 and some #c1ejj ,french troops1 infantry and artillery2 and at this time occurred the bloody assault on the ,british entrenchments at ,savannah1 where ,gen4 ,lincoln1 at the head of #fjj ,continentals1 and d',estaing at the head of the ,french infantry1 charged side by side1 #bjj of the ,americans and #fcg of the ,french being left on the field4 ,in ,july1 #aghj1 still another ,french fleet arrived at ,rhode ,island with #f1jjj troops 7#b ,pitk4 #aag74 ,in #agha ,count de ,grasse arrived with #bh ships of the line and #c1bjj ,french troops under the ,marquis de ,st4 ,simon 7#b ,ramsay1 p4 #dbg74 ,in #aghb a ,french fleet of #cd ships of the line1 having on board #e1ejj1 rendezvoused in the ,west ,indies to draw off the ,british by an attack on ,jamaica1 and here sustained an appalling defeat at the hands of ,admiral ,rodney4 ,the ,french troops were so crowded on the vessels that in one ship alone #djj men were killed1 and the total slaughter amounted to thousands 7id4 p4 #e74 ,in the same year we find #g1jjj ,french regulars at ,yorktown2 and from the contemporary accounts the ,french engineers and artillery were eminently instrumental in forcing the surrender of ,cornwallis1 particularly ,major-,general du ,portail1 ,brigadier-,general ,launcy1 ,col4 ,gouvion1 and ,capt4 ,rochefontaine1 who were thanked and promoted by ,congress and warmly commended to their sovereign 7id4 p4 #dch2 #d ,journ4 #bij74 ,nor was ,spain backward in her efforts4 ,before the ,declaration of ,independence she sent the ,americans #a1jjj1jjj livres 7#a ,pitk4 #daa74 ,in #aggg she forwarded several cargoes of naval stores1 cordage1 sail-cloth1 anchors1 etc41 from ,bilboa 7id4 p4 #ebh74 ,in #aggi she declared war against ,great ,britain1 and carried on a campaign in ,florida with such vigor as to drive out the ,british from that province4 ,in #aghj an immense ,spanish armament appeared in the ,west ,indies to co-operate with the ,french in creating a diversion in that quarter1 the combined fleet numbering thirty-six ships of the line1 crowded with troops 7#b ,ramsay1 #cgd74 ,in #aghb a grander attempt was made in the same field1 the combined ,french and ,spanish navies numbering sixty ships of the line1 with an immense number of frigates and smaller armed vessels1 and conveying thousands of land forces4 ,the first attempt failed by the appearance of a mortal disease which decimated the ,spanish troops1 and the latter by the bloody defeat of the ,french by ,admiral ,rodney4 ,in the course of the war the ,spanish navy received a terrible blow at ,cape ,st4 ,vincent1 though the ,spanish admiral1 ,don ,juan de ,langara1 fought till his flag-ship was a mere wreck and his fleet was sunk or taken4 ,one vessel in particular1 the ,san ,domingo1 of #gj guns and carrying #fjj men1 blew up1 and all on board perished 7id4 p4 #cgb74 ,to sustain ,american independence1 in short1 ,french and ,spanish blood was poured out like water4 ,the arms1 the gold1 the ships1 the armies of the two great ,catholic powers were given in unstinted measure to the ,united ,states1 and on the establishment of the present polity of the republic it would have been disgraceful beyond measure to have fixed therein a stigma on the faith of those friends in time of need4 ,in answering the congratulations of the ,catholic clergy and laity on his first accession to the presidency1 ,gen4 ,washington said3 8,i presume that your fellow-citizens will not forget the patriotic part which you took in the accomplishment of their ,revolution and the establishment of their government1 or the important assistance which they received from a nation in which the ,roman ,catholic faith is professed0 7,cath4 ,al41 #ahgf1 p4 #fc74 ,possibly1 also1 the demeanor of the ,french troops may have removed many misapprehensions and prejudices against their religion4 ,madison1 who was an eye-witness of their march through ,philadelphia1 where ,congress was then in session1 in #aghb1 en route to ,yorktown1 highly applauds their regularity and decency of conduct in his letters of that date 7,mad4 ,papers72 and speaking on the same subject ,dr4 ,ramsay1 also then in ,congress1 says3 8,the ,french troops marched at the same time and for the same place4 ,in the course of this summer they passed through all the extensive settlements which lie between ,newport and ,yorktown4 ,it seldom1 if ever1 happened before that an army led through a foreign country1 at so great a distance from their own1 among a people of different principles1 customs1 language1 and religion1 behaved with so much regularity4 ,in their march to ,yorktown they had to pass through #ejj miles of a country abounding in fruit1 and at a time when the most delicious productions of nature growing on and near the public highways presented both opportunity and temptation to gratify their appetites4 ,yet so complete was their discipline that in this long march scarce an instance could be produced of a peach or an apple being taken without the consent of the inhabitants0 7#b ,hist4 ,u4 ,s41 p4 #dcd74 ,allies of this character were in high favor with the ,american people1 and most gratefully remembered at the time of the final settlement of civil government in the ,united ,states1 not to speak of the influence of the ,continental soldiery1 who1 no doubt1 bore in mind their brethren in arms at ,savannah and ,yorktown1 and recalled ,washington's general order whereby the black cockade of the ,american army was mounted with a white relief in honor of ,catholic ,france 7#b ,ramsay1 p4 #ceh74 ,to conclude1 then1 the provisions of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states bearing on religion are not mere ill-considered generalities1 but positive convictions based upon long and sore experience4 ,the prohibition of a national religion or of any governmental interference with spiritual persuasions owes its origin to the actual existence in former days of church establishments1 the hierophants wherein were appointees of the political power1 and the expenses whereof were compulsorily borne by those of other creeds4 ,and the inhibition of religious tests for office arises out of the fact that the history of this country demonstrates it equally impolitic1 ungrateful1 and dishonest to require such qualifications in these ,united ,states4 ,,assisi4 8,st4 ,francis be my speed60 ,think of being taken into ,umbria1 preternatural ,umbria1 where every olive-sandalled mountain is full of mysterious influences1 and every leaf and flower of the smiling valleys seem to breathe out some sweet old ,franciscan legend1 by a steam-engine bearing the name of ,fulton6 ,it was hard4 ,not but we have the highest respect for--nay1 a certain pride in--that great inventor2 still it seemed a positive grievance to find anything modern in what was to us a world of poetry and medival tradition4 ,we wished1 if not to gird ourselves humbly with the cord like ,dante1 at least to put ourselves in harmony with one of the most delicious regions in the world1 where at every step the lover of the classic1 of art1 or of the higher mystic lore finds so much to suit his turn4 ,the name of ,fulton sounds well along the ,hudson1 but to hear the shriek of an engine awaken the echoes of the ,apennines1 and see it go plunging insensibly through the very heart of poetical ,umbria1 along the shores of 8reedy ,thrasimene10 through 8the defiles fatal to ,roman rashness10 was a blow difficult to recover from4 ,it required the overpowering influences of this enchanting region1 as every one will believe1 to restore our equanimity4 ,umbria is a mountainous region of the ,ecclesiastical ,states that gradually ascends from the ,tiber toward the ,apennines1 now called the ,duchy of ,spoleto4 ,it is full of sweet1 sunny valleys enclosed among majestic mountains1 with a range of temperature that produces great variety of vegetation1 from the pine and the oak to the orange and aloe1 the olive and the vine4 ,its cliffs are crowned with sanctuaries which are resonant night and day with prayer and psalmody1 or old towns1 each with the remembrance of some saint whose shrine it guards with jealous care1 or some artist or poet whose works have made it renowned1 or some venerable classical recollection that clings to it like the vine which gives so much grace and freshness to the landscape4 ,there is ,spoleto1 whose gates closed against ,hannibal2 ,arezzo1 where ,petrarch was born2 ,cortona1 with its 8diadem of towers0 and its legend of ,st4 ,margaret2 ,perugia dolente1 which ,totila only took after a seven years' siege1 and which ,charlemagne placed under the sweet yoke of the ,papacy2 ,montefalco1 like a falcon's nest on the crest of the mountain1 famous for its virgin saint and its frescos of ,benozzo ,gozzoli2 and picturesque ,marni1 where the ,blessed ,lucy when a child played with the ,christorello4 ,we pass ,orvieto1 with its wonderful proofs of past cultivation2 the lake of ,bolsena1 with its isle where a queen died of hunger1 and its shores verdant with the glorious pines sung by ,virgil1 at the foot of which ,leo ,x41 when a guest at the ,farnese villa1 used to gather around him the artists and poets of the day1 to indulge in intellectual converse till 8the azure gloom of an ,italian night0 gathered around them with hues that spoke of heaven4 ,but over all hovers especially the grand memory of ,st4 ,francis1 with which the whole of this beautiful region is embalmed4 ,along its valleys and mountain paths he used to go with ,fra ,pacifico1 the poet laureate of ,frederick ,,ii41 singing their hymns of praise1 calling themselves ,god's minstrels1 who desired no other reward from those who gathered around them but the sincere repentance of their sins4 ,there is the lake of ,perugia1 where he spent forty days alone on an island among the sad olives1 fasting in imitation of our ,saviour1 in continual communion with ,god and the angels--a spot now marked by a convent whose foundations are washed by the waters of the lake4 ,there is the blue lake of ,rieti1 to which1 in his compassion for ,god's creatures1 he restored the fish alive1 with the four ,franciscan convents on the hills that enclose it4 ,there is ,gubbio1 with the legend of the fierce wolf he tamed1 to which the people erected a statue--an unquestionable proof of its truth4 ,there is the 8,hard ,rock #8,twixt ,arno and the ,tiber10 where 8,he from ,christ ,took the last signet which his limbs two years ,did carry40 ,above all1 there is ,assisi with his tomb1 one of the most glorious in the world after that of ,christ1 around which centred all the poetry and art of the thirteenth century4 ,we caught our first glimpse of it at ,spello--,spello on its spur of red limestone--where we were shown the house of ,propertius1 8the poet of delicate pleasures10 in full sight of ,assisi1 where was born one who sang of a higher love4 ,assisi stands on an eminence overlooking the whole country around1 and we could not take our eyes off it all the way from ,spello1 till1 glancing towards the valley below1 we saw the towers and dome of ,santa ,maria degli ,angeli1 which encloses the sacred ,porziuncula4 ,we were now in the very 8land of wonder1 of miracle1 and mysterious influences10 the first glimpse of which one can never forget4 ,think of a railway station close by the ,porziuncula6 ,we went directly there on descending from the cars4 ,st4 ,mary of the ,angels is a vast church that stands almost solitary in the plain4 ,it is modern also1 and out of keeping with the venerable traditions of the place1 which was a disappointment4 ,the old church was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in #ahed4 ,the present one is of noble proportions1 however1 and has been compared to the garments of a queen that now clothe the humble sanctuary of the ,porziuncula which stands beneath the dome1 the first thing to strike the eye on entering the church4 ,we hastened towards it at once1 to pray where ,st4 ,francis so often wept and prayed1 and where so many generations since have wept1 and prayed1 and found grace before ,god4 ,it was here ,picca1 his mother1 often came to pray before he was born1 and where his birth was announced by mysterious songs attributed to the angels4 ,st4 ,francis loved this spot above all places in the world2 for it was here he was called to embrace the sublime folly of the cross1 and where he laid the foundations of the seraphic order4 ,it was here1 in the year #abbb1 he beheld ,christ and his holy ,mother surrounded by a multitude of angels1 and prayed that all who should henceforth visit this chapel with hearts purified by contrition and confession might obtain full pardon and indulgence for all their sins4 ,this was the origin of the celebrated indulgence of the ,porziuncula1 which the grave ,bourdaloue regarded as one of the most authentic in the church1 because granted directly by ,christ himself4 ,the treasures of the church were not dealt out so generously in those days as now1 and thousands came hither from all parts of ,christendom1 in the middle ages1 to gain this wonderful indulgence4 ,when ,st4 ,bernardine of ,siena came in the fourteenth century1 he found two hundred thousand pilgrims encamped in the valley around4 ,st4 ,bridget spent the whole night of one #ast of ,august praying in the ,porziuncula2 and still1 when the great day of the ,perdono comes 7it lasts from the ,vespers of the #ast of ,august till the ,vespers of the following day71 thousands flock down from the mountains and come up from the extremity of southern ,italy4 ,the highway is lined with booths where eatables and religious objects are sold4 ,processions come with chants and prayer4 ,the great bell of ,predicazione1 originally cast for ,fra ,elias1 is heard all over the valley from the ,sagro ,convento1 announcing the indulgence4 ,when the church doors open1 an overwhelming crowd pours in with cries1 and invocations1 and vivas for the ,madonna and ,st4 ,francis with true ,italian exuberance of devotion4 ,the ,porziuncula has wisely been left in its primitive simplicity1 with the exception of the front1 on which ,overbeck1 in #ahcj1 painted the above-mentioned vision to ,st4 ,francis with true pre-,raphaelite simplicity4 ,the remainder is just as it was in the time of the saint2 only its rough walls have been polished by the kisses of pilgrims1 and hung with pious offerings4 ,lamps burn continually therein as if it were a shrine4 ,back of the ,porziuncula is the low1 dark cell ,st4 ,francis inhabited1 and where he ended his days4 ,it was here1 while he was dying1 two of the friars sang his ,hymn of the ,sun1 which breathes so fully his love for everything created4 ,and when they ceased1 he himself took up the strain1 to sing the sweetness of death1 which he called his 8sister1 terrible and beautiful10 in the spirit of ,job1 who said to corruption3 ,thou art my father2 to the worm3 ,thou art my mother and my sister4 ,then we were taken into the recess where ,st4 ,francis so often chastised his body1 which he regarded as his beast of burden that it behoved him to beat daily and to lead around with a halter4 ,when dying1 he is said to have begged pardon of this old companion of the way for inflicting so many stripes on it for the good of his soul4 ,there is also the ,cappella delle ,rose with the ,spineto--a little court once filled with coarse brambles1 but now aflush with roses4 ,here ,st4 ,francis1 being tempted to renounce a life in which he was consumed with watchings and prayers1 for his only reply threw himself among the thorns1 which1 tinged with his blood1 were immediately changed into roses4 ,they bloom here still1 but without thorns1 and their petals are stained as with blood4 ,if transplanted elsewhere1 the stains are said to fade away and the thorns to come forth again4 ,it was twelve of these roses1 six red and six white1 the saint bore with him into the ,porziuncula when the great ,perdono of the #b;d of ,august was granted--roses that for ever will embalm the church1 and that have been immortalized by artists all over ,italy and ,spain4 ,the immense convent of ,observantine friars adjoining is now solitary and desolate4 ,the ,italian government has turned the inmates out of this cradle of their order1 with the exception of two or three1 who are left as guardians of the church4 ,the hundreds of poor1 once fed at their gates in time of need1 now take revenge on the passing traveller1 and fasten themselves on him with pertinacious grasp4 ,but who can refuse a dole where ,st4 ,francis has made ,poverty for ever glorious8 ,from ,st4 ,mary of the ,angels we went winding up the hill to ,assisi4 ,its base is clothed with the olive1 the vine1 and the fig1 but its sides are as nude and destitute as the ,bride of ,st4 ,francis4 ,above1 on the right1 rises the tall campanile of ,santa ,chiara over the tomb of ,st4 ,clare4 ,at the left is the fortress-like edifice of the ,sagro ,convento on the ,hill of ,paradise1 once known as the ,colle d',inferno1 where ,st4 ,francis desired to be buried among malefactors4 ,this monastery against the mountain side stands on a long line of double arches that seem hewn out of the very cliff4 ,it is one of the most imposing and most interesting monuments in ,italy1 and astonishes the eye by its bold1 massive1 and picturesque appearance1 quite in harmony with the old medival city4 ,it has been called the ,sagro ,convento ever since its consecration by ,pope ,innocent ,,iv4 in #abdc--the ,sacred ,convent1 par excellence4 ,santa ,chiara and this convent of ,st4 ,francis seem like two strongholds at the extremities of the town to protect it from danger4 ,between them it rises in terraces1 crowned by a ruined old citadel of feudal times4 ,the declining sun lighted up its domes1 and towers1 and venerable gray walls as we ascended1 and made it seem to our enraptured eyes a seraphic city indeed4 ,half way up the hill we came to the ,spedalicchio--the ancient ',spital where ,st4 ,francis so often came to take care of the lepers4 ,it was here1 as he was borne on a litter to the ,porziuncula by the friars1 a few days before his death1 he begged them to stop and turn him around1 not to take a last look at the city he loved--for the eyes that had wept so many tears were now blind--but to bless it with uplifted hands1 in solemn1 tender words that have been graven over one of the gates3 ,benedicta tu civitas a ,domino1 quia per te mult anim salvabuntur1 et in te multi servi ,altissimi habitabunt1 et de te multi eligentur ad regnum ternum4--,a city blessed of the ,lord art thou1 because by thee many souls shall be saved1 and in thee shall dwell many servants of the ,most ,high1 and from thee many shall be chosen to reign for ever and ever6 ,with what emotion one enters its gates6''' ,we drove through old1 narrow1 ascending streets1 silent and monastic1 named after the saints2 past old rock-built houses of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries1 with the holy names of ,jesus and ,mary over nearly every door2 flower-pots with pinks and gillyflowers in all the windows1 even the poorest1 or on ledges1 or set in rings projecting from the walls2 and women spinning under the old archways like ,st4 ,clare1 who1 we are told1 even when wasted and enfeebled by her austerities1 sat up in bed and span linen of marvellous fineness4 ,our hotel was close to the ,sagro ,convento1 and1 though extremely fatigued1 we at once hastened to the church1 not to examine its treasures of art1 but to pray and find repose of heart overburdened by the flood of memories that come over one in such a place as ,assisi4 ,then we returned to our room1 and sat at the window looking off at the setting sun and golden sky1 and the shining dome of ,st4 ,mary of the ,angels1 and the broad plain where was held the famous ,chapter of ,mats in ,st4 ,francis' time1 with its narrow river winding through it4 ,it was like the page of a beautiful poem laid open before us4 ,st4 ,francis loved these hills clothed with the pale olive1 this valley covered with harvests and the vine1 the free air and azure heavens1 the running stream1 a fine prospect2 and we sat long after the rich1 glorious convent bells rang out the ,ave ,maria1 gazing at the fair scene before us4 ,purple shadows began to creep up the rugged sides of the hill1 the golden light faded away in the wrest1 the dome over the ,porziuncula grew dim1 and the valley was covered with the rising mists4 ,it was time to close the window4 ,we spent most of the following day in the church4 ,it is the very inflorescence of ,christian art1 a great epic poem in honor of ,st4 ,francis4 ,a pope laid the corner-stone4 ,all ,christendom sent its offerings4 ,the most celebrated architects and painters of the time lent the aid of their genius4 ,one would think it had grown out of the hill against which it is built4 ,its azure vaults starred with gold1 its ribbed arches that bend low like the boughs of a gloomy forest1 the delicacy of its carvings1 its marble pavement1 its windows with their jewelled panes1 and above all its walls covered with mystic paintings that read like the very poetry of religion1 need almost the tongue of angels to describe them4 ,m4 ,taine says3 8,no one1 till he has seen this unrivalled edifice1 can have any idea of the art and genius of the middle ages4 ,taken in connection with ,dante and the ,fioretti of ,st4 ,francis1 it is the masterpiece of mystic ,christianity40 ,it was the first ,gothic church erected in ,italy4#aib ,it is built in the form of a cross1 in memory of the mysterious crucifixion of ,st4 ,francis4 ,its walls are of white marble1 in honor of the ,immaculate ,virgin2 and there are twelve towers of red marble1 in memory of the blood shed by the ,holy ,apostles4 ,it consists of two churches1 one above the other1 and a crypt beneath1 where lies the body of ,st4 ,francis4 ,the upper church is entered from a grassy terrace on the top of the ,hill of ,paradise4 ,the lower one opens at the side into an immense court surrounded by an arcade4 ,this under church1 with its low ,byzantine arches1 full of the mysterious gloom and solemnity so favorable to pensive contemplation and prayer1 has often been supposed typical of the self-abasement and mortified life of ,st4 ,francis4 ,its delicious chapels1 with their struggling light1 are well calculated to excite sadness1 penitence1 and tears4 ,the crypt beneath1 with its horrible darkness1 its damp walls and death-like stillness1 and its one tomb in the centre awaiting the ,resurrection1 is a veritable limbo2 while the upper church1 with its lofty1 graceful1 upspringing arches1 all light and joy1 is symbolic of the transfigured soul of the seraphic ,francis in the beatitude of eternal glory4 ,but how can we go peering around this museum of ,christian art1 as if in a picture-gallery8 ,it would be positively wicked4 ,the knee instinctively bends before the saintly forms that people the twilight solemnity of the lower church4 ,it was thus we gazed up at ,giotto's matchless frescos of the three monastic virtues on the arches over the high altar1 which stands directly above the tomb of ,st4 ,francis--,poverty1 ,chastity1 and ,obedience--fit crown indeed for that 8meek man of ,god40 ,we remember seeing them during the ,forty ,hours' ,devotion1 when the candles lit them up wondrously2 the figures came out in startling relief2 the angels seemed actually hovering over the divine ,host below4 ,the most celebrated of these paintings is the ,spozalizio sung by ,dante--the mystic espousals of ,st4 ,francis with ,poverty1 the lady of his choice4 8,a ,dame to whom none openeth pleasure's gate ,more than to death1 was1 #8gainst his father's will1 ,his stripling choice3 and he did make her his ,before the spiritual court by nuptial bonds40 ,this was not an original conception of ,giotto's or ,dante's4 ,they only gave a more artistic expression to the popular belief4 ,there was not a cottage in ,umbria that did not believe in these espousals of ,st4 ,francis with ,lady ,poverty1 who had1 says the ,divine ,poet1 lived more than a thousand years bereft of her first bridegroom1 ,christ2 and it was from the lips of the poor and lowly they gathered the significant allegory4 ,it was also before their time ,st4 ,bonaventura wrote3 8,st4 ,francis1 journeying to ,siena in the broad plain between ,campiglia and ,san ,quirico1 was encountered by three maidens in poor raiment1 exactly resembling each other in age and appearance1 who saluted him with the words3 #8,welcome1 ,lady ,poverty1' and suddenly disappeared4 ,the brethren not irrationally concluded that this apparition imported some mystery pertaining to ,st4 ,francis1 and that by the three poor maidens were signified ,poverty1 ,chastity1 and ,obedience1 the sum and beauty of evangelical perfection1 all of which shone with equal and consummate lustre in the man of ,god1 though he made the privilege of poverty his chief glory40 ,dante with all his pride1 and ,giotto with his repugnance to poverty1 even when consecrated by religion1 chose one of the most democratic of subjects when they depicted these sacred espousals of ,st4 ,francis2 for it was the people he identified himself with in this union4 ,he wedded for better and worse the sorrows and misery1 the misfortunes and groans1 of ,italy1#aic and when dying1 8,to his brotherhood1 ,as their just heritage1 he gave in charge ,his dearest ,lady1 and enjoined their love ,and faith to her40 ,the church teaches that the poor are ,christ's suffering members2 that it is he who is hungered and athirst in the sick and destitute2 to him is every alms given4 ,st4 ,francis gave his whole being to ,poverty thus identified with ,christ--a bride chosen only by a few elect souls in these days of luxury and self-indulgence1 but in whom the ,christian philosophers of the middle ages found an infinite charm4 ,plato represents ,love with bare feet and tattered1 disordered garments1 to signify the forgetfulness of self that gives all and reserves nothing4 ,it is in this sense the choice of evangelical poverty is one of the highest expressions of love to ,god in the ,catholic ,church4 8,o hidden riches6 ,o prolific good60 exclaims ,dante4 ,and no one ever understood its value more than ,st4 ,francis1 the glorioso poverello di ,christo1 who was1 says ,bossuet1 8perhaps the most desperate lover of poverty ever known in the church40 8,o ,lord ,jesus60 cries ,st4 ,francis1 8show me the ways of thy dear ,poverty4''' ,take pity on me and my lady ,poverty whom ,i love with so much ardor4 ,without her ,i can find no peace4 ,and it is thou1 ,o my ,god6 who hast inspired this great love4 ,she is seated in the dust of the highway1 and her friends pass her by with contempt4 ,thou seest the abasement of this queen1 ,o ,lord ,jesus6 who didst descend from heaven to make her thy spouse1 and through her to beget children worthy of thee1 who art perfect4 ,she was in the humility of thy ,mother's womb4 ,she was at the manger4 ,she had her part in the great combat thou didst fight for our redemption4 ,in thy ,passion she alone did not abandon thee4 ,mary1 thy ,mother1 remained at the foot of the cross1 but ,poverty ascended it with thee4#aid ,she clung more closely than ever to thy breast4 ,it was she who lovingly prepared the rude nails that pierced thy hands and feet2 she who didst present thee with gall when thou wast suffering from thirst4''' ,thou didst die in her loving embrace4''' ,and even then this faithful spouse did not forsake thee4 ,she had thy body buried in the grave of another4 ,she wrapped thy cold limbs in the tomb1 and with her thou didst come forth glorious4 ,therefore thou hast crowned her in heaven1 and chosen her to mark thy elect with the sign of redemption4 ,oh6 who would not choose ,lady ,poverty above all other brides8 ,o ,jesus6 who for our sakes didst become poor1 the grace ,i beg of thee is the privilege of sharing thy poverty4 ,i ardently desire to be enriched with this treasure4 ,i pray thee that ,i and mine may never possess anything in the world of our own1 for the glory of thy name1 but that we may only subsist1 during this miserable life1 on that which is given us in alms40 ,how foreign this seems to the spirit of our age2 and yet it is the science of the cross1 of which we need an infusion to counterbalance the general worship of ,mammon4 ,coleridge seems to have caught a glimpse of the beauty and dignity of poverty when he wrote3 8,it is a noble doctrine that teaches how slight a thing is ,poverty2 what riches1 nay1 treasures untold1 a man may possess in the midst of it1 if he does but seek them aright2 how much of the fiend's apparent bulk is but a fog vapor of the sickly and sophisticated mind4 ,it is a noble endeavor that would bring men to tread the fear of this phantom under their firm feet1 and dare to be poor60 ,giotto represents ,st4 ,francis receiving his bride from the hands of ,christ himself4 ,her head is crowned with roses and light1 but her feet are bleeding from the thorns of the rough way4 ,her cheeks are hollow and pale1 but her eyes are full of fire4 ,her garments are worn and in tatters1 but she is beautiful with modesty and love4 ,hers is the tempered spiritual beauty of one who has been chastened by misfortune1 but there is nothing of the degradation of human passion4 ,it is the poverty of country life1 free1 modest1 unabashed1 but ennobled by an expression that religion alone can give4 ,worldlings attack her with blows1 and a dog1 that last friend of the poor1 is barking at her with fury4 ,angels1 beaming with joy and admiration1 encircle these mysterious nuptials4 ,below1 in one corner1 are the vices of the times personified--the rapacity of the nobility1 and the greed of monks who have become unmindful of their obligations4 ,at the left is the youthful ,francis sharing his mantle with a beggar1 while an angel above is ascending with the garment to heaven4 ,the central figure in the painting is the radiant form of ,him who took upon himself the likeness of the poor1 on whose condition he now confers fresh dignity by perpetuating a love of poverty in the person of ,francis and his order4 ,over all are angels of sacrifice offering to ,god the riches that have been abandoned for the love of him4 ,philosophy1 poetry1 and religion are all in this wonderful allegory1 which has shone here nearly six hundred years as a memorial and a perpetual admonition to the followers of ,st4 ,francis4 ,chastity is represented under the veiled form of a maiden who has taken refuge in the tower of a fortress1 defended by a triple wall1 and guarded by ,innocence and ,fortitude4 ,she is kneeling in the attitude of prayer1 while angels bring her a crown and a palm4 ,before the castle gates are depicted the divine means of purifying the human soul3 ,baptism1 with the cardinal virtues in attendance1 and an angel bearing the robe of innocence2 ,penance1 in her hood and garb of serge1 or1 as some say1 ,st4 ,francis receiving new members into his fold1 among whom may be seen ,dante in the habit of the ,third ,order2 and angels of ,expiation consigning unseemly vices to the purifying flames of a yawning gulf4 ,sancta ,obedientia1 the least pleasing of these paintings1 is represented by the monastic yoke placed on the shoulders of a novice4 ,prudence and ,humility are at his side2 the former1 entrenched behind a barrier with mirror and compass1 has two faces1 one examining the past and the other considering the future4 ,humility is bearing a torch4 ,the old ,adam of the human heart1 under the form of a centaur1 is put to flight by these virtues4#aie ,in the midst of these three priceless jewels is represented ,st4 ,francis radiant with holiness1 in a rich deacon's dress1 on a throne of gold1 and surrounded by angels who hymn his praise4 ,never was mortal more glorified on earth than the humble ,st4 ,francis1 out of whose tomb has grown this richest flower of medival art4 ,on the wall of the left transept is a sublime painting of the ,crucifixion by ,pietro ,cavallini--one of the most important monuments of the school of ,giotto1 who was one of the first to soften the representations of the awful sufferings of ,christ by an expression of divine resignation and beauty of form4 ,the ,byzantine type of the twelfth century1 still scrupulously adhered to1 was repulsive and expressive only of the lowest stage of human suffering1 as all know who have seen the green1 livid figures of ,christ on the cross by ,margaritone1 who died of grief at seeing his standard of excellence set aside and despised4 ,cavallini1 whose piety was so fervent that he was regarded as a saint1 had scruples1 however1 about condemning as an artist what he had knelt before in prayer1 though he widely departed from the old school4 ,nothing could be more beautiful or pathetic than the angels in this picture1 who are weeping and wringing their hands with anguish around the dying ,saviour4''' ,among the figures below is ,walter de ,brienne1 ,duke of ,athens1 then 7in #acdb7 at the head of the ,florentine republic1 for whom this picture was painted4 ,he is on horseback with a jewelled cap1 clothed in rich robes1 and1 strange to say1 with a nimbus around his head1 which seems to have been a symbol of power as well as sanctity in those days4 ,it was one of ,cavallini's ,christs#aif that spoke to ,st4 ,bridget at ,st4 ,paul's without the walls of ,rome2 and he was the architect of the shrine of ,edward the ,confessor at ,westminster ,abbey4 ,at the foot of the altar beneath the ,crucifixion is buried ,mary of ,savoy1 granddaughter of ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain1 a member of the ,third ,order of ,st4 ,francis1 who often came here to venerate his tomb and seek counsel of ,st4 ,joseph of ,copertino1 then an inmate of the ,sagro ,convento4 ,all the chapels of this lower church are famous for their frescos by noted artists4 ,simone ,memmi1 the friend of ,petrarch1 and painter of ,laura1 has covered one with the life of ,st4 ,martin1 who1 like ,st4 ,francis after him1 divided his cloak with a beggar1 remaining for ever a symbol of the divine words3 ,i was naked and ye clothed me4 ,the ,maddalena ,chapel is covered with the legend of the 8,redeemed ,magdalene1 ,and that ,egyptian penitent whose tears ,fretted the rock1 and moistened round her cave ,the thirsty desert10 by ,puccio ,capana1 who became so attached to ,assisi that he settled there for life4 ,the melancholy ,giottino adorned the chapel of ,st4 ,nicholas with his usual harmony of color4 ,on the arches of the chapel of ,st4 ,louis of ,france a ,franciscan tertiary1 ,adone ,doni1 painted the beautiful ,sibyls which ,raphael admired and imitated at ,santa ,maria della ,pace in ,rome4 ,taddeo ,gaddi1 the godson and favorite pupil of ,giotto1 has also left here many touching and beautiful paintings4 ,in fact1 all the renowned artists of the day seemed to vie with each other in adorning this monument to the memory of ,st4 ,francis1 and some of their works were offerings of love and gratitude4 ,to the artistic eye they are models worthy of study1 but to us pilgrims so many visions of beauty and holiness4 ,in the sacristy is the most authentic portrait of ,st4 ,francis in existence1 by ,giunta ,pisano--a lank1 wasted form that by no means reflects the charm the saint most certainly had to attract so many disciples around him1 to say nothing of his power over the beasts of the earth and the birds of the air4 ,two marble staircases lead down to the sepulchral chamber where lies the body of ,st4 ,francis4 ,this crypt1 or third church1 as it is sometimes called1 is of recent construction1 and1 though not in harmony with the upper churches1 is a prodigious achievement1 dug as it is out of the rock on which the whole edifice rests4 ,it is of the ,doric order1 and in the form of a ,greek cross1 and lined with precious marbles4 ,it is dark and tomb-like1 being lighted only by lamps around the bronze shrine1 which stands in the very centre4 ,the body of ,st4 ,francis had lain nearly six hundred years in the heart of the mountain1 shrouded in a mystery that had given rise to many popular legends4 ,when brought here in #abcj1 it was still flexible as when he was alive1 and the mysterious stigmata distinctly visible4 ,this was four years after his death4 ,it was then shown to the people in its cypress coffin1 amid the flourish of trumpets and the shouts of the multitude1 and put on a magnificent car drawn by oxen which were covered with purple draperies sent by the ,emperor of ,constantinople1 and escorted by a long procession of friars with palms and torches in their hands1 chanting hymns composed by ,pope ,gregory ,,ix4 himself4 ,legates1 bishops1 and a multitude of clergy followed4 ,but the car was guarded by the magistrates of ,assisi1 and so fearful were the people lest the body of their saint should be taken from them that1 when it arrived at the ,colle d',inferno1 they would not allow the clergy to take possession of it1 but buried it themselves in the very bowels of the earth4 ,hence a certain mystery that always hung over the tomb4 ,it is related that the third night after his burial the mountain was shaken by an earthquake and surrounded by an unearthly light4 ,the friars1 hastening to the place where they knew their patriarch lay hidden1 found the rock rent asunder and the saint standing on his tomb with transfigured face and eyes raised to heaven4 ,gregory ,,ix4 is said to have come to witness the prodigy1 and left this inscription on the wall3 ,ante obitum mortuus2 post obitum vivens--,before his death1 dead2 after death1 living4 ,it became a popular belief that this body1 which bore the impress of the ,passion of ,christ1 would never see corruption1 and that he would remain thus1 ever living and praying1 in the depths of his inaccessible tomb4 ,in #ahah ,pius ,,vii4 authorized the ,franciscans to search for the body of their founder4 ,after continued excavations in the rock for fifty-two days1 or rather nights 7for they worked in the silence and secrecy of the night71 they came to an iron grate that protected the narrow recess where lay the saint4 ,it was then the crypt was constructed to receive the sacred body4 ,the same old grate is before the present shrine1 and the sacristan thrust his torch through the bars1 that we might catch a glimpse of the remains of one 8,whose marvellous life deservedly were sung ,in heights empyreal40 ,around this glorious tomb all the ,franciscans of ,assisi1 before they were suppressed by the present ,italian government1 used to gather every ,saturday at the vesper hour1 to chant1 with lighted tapers in hand1 the ,psalm ,voce mea ad ,dominum clamavi1 sung by ,st4 ,francis when he was dying4 ,it has been set to music by one of the friars in a grand air known as the ,transito because it celebrates the transit of the saint to a higher life4 ,this became one of the attractions of the place which kings and princes considered it a favor to hear1 but of course it is no longer sung4 ,let us hope that this forced suspension is only transitory4 ,at the door of the crypt are the statues of ,pius ,,vii41 in whose pontificate it was constructed1 and ,pius ,,ix41 a member of the ,third ,order1 who has surrounded it with twelve bas-reliefs representing the life of the saint4 ,a long flight of stone steps leads from the lower court to the terrace before the upper church1 which is grassy and starred with daisies4 ,this church is as lofty and brilliant with light as the other is gloomy and low-browed4 ,cimabue and ,giotto adorned its walls with paintings that are now sadly defaced1 but they have a fascination no modern artist can inspire1 and we linger over them as over the remembrance of some half-forgotten dream1 hoping to catch a clearer view before they fade for ever away4 ,above are scenes from the ,holy ,scriptures--a glorious ,biblia ,pauperum1 indeed1 it must have been when fresh from the artist's hands2 and this is especially the church of the people1 as the lower one is that of the friars4 ,below is the wondrous life of ,st4 ,francis1 a poem in twenty-eight cantos1 by ,giotto1 the painter of ,st4 ,francis par excellence1 who never seemed weary of his favorite subject4 ,there are over one hundred stalls in the choir1 delicately carved by ,sanseverino1 with curious intarsia-work representing the popes1 doctors1 and saints of the ,franciscan ,order4 ,the beautiful lancet windows of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries are 8suffused with lessons sweet of heavenly lore10 glorious in color1 which gives marvellous hues to ,cimabue's angels who hover in the arches with 8varied plume and changeful vest40 ,the lower church is that of poor mortals who struggle with earth and grope for the light4 ,this one depicts the glory of the saints1 and is a symbol of ,paradise4 ,connected with the church is the ,sagro ,convento1 which is entered by an arched passage lined with portraits of distinguished ,franciscans4 ,there are four large cloisters1 now solitary but for the ascetic forms painted on their walls1 and the silent tombs of the dead friars4 ,long corridors1 lined with saints of the ,order1 lead to the narrow cells intended for the living4 ,two refectories were shown us1 one large enough to contain two hundred and fifty persons1 with ,silentium in great letters on the wall over the fine ,cenacolo by ,solimena4 ,opposite the latter is a ,crucifixion by ,adone ,doni1 with ,jerusalem and ,assisi in the background1 and ,,ss4 ,francis and ,clare at the foot of the cross4 ,narrow tables extended around the room1 with seats against the wall on which the ,benedicite is carved4 ,but the most striking feature of this vast monastery is the immense gallery on the western side1 like an arcade on the brink of a precipice1 with a torrent in the depths below4 ,this was constructed by ,sixtus ,,iv41 whose statue is at one end4 ,it affords a grand view over the whole ,umbrian valley4 ,montefalco1 ,spello1 and ,perugia are in full sight2 below is the ,porziuncula2 in the distance the purple ,apennines1 with the glorious ,italian sky over all4 ,one needs no better book of devotion than this page of nature4 ,on the other side of the monastery the windows look down on the garden of the friars with charming walks on the side of the mountain amid olives and cypresses4 ,it was not till the second morning we began to explore ,assisi4 ,what queer old lanes1 up and down hill1 we passed along1 the walls covered with moss and ferns out of which green lizards darted6 ,the streets were grassy and noiseless1 being mostly inaccessible to carriages4 ,coats-of-arms are sculptured over many of the massive old portals1 accompanied1 perhaps1 with some religious symbol4 ,on one was ,viva ,gesu e ,maria6 ,another had ,ubi ,deus ibi pax4 ,every few moments we came to a lovely fresco of the ,madonna--too beautiful a flower to bloom on the rough highways of life4 ,everything was old and quaint1 and in harmony with the traditions of the place2 everything redolent of the middle ages and of the memory of ,st4 ,francis4 ,assisi is full of monuments that perpetuate some incident of his life4 ,there is ,san ,francesco il ,piccolo--,little ,st4 ,francis--an oratory on the site of the stable where he was born1 with the inscription3 ,hoc oratorium fuit bovis et asini stabulum ,in quo natus est ,franciscus mundi speculum2 --,this chapel was the stable of an ox and ass1 wherein was born ,francis1 the mirror of the world4#aig ,the ,chiesa ,nuova--the ,new ,church1 but over two hundred and sixty years old--was built by ,philip ,,iii4 of ,spain on the site of the house of ,pietro ,bernardone1 the father of ,st4 ,francis1 and has always been under the protection of the ,spanish crown4 ,it is in the form of a ,greek cross1 with five domes in memory of the five mystic wounds of the saint4 ,over the entrance are graven the arms of ,spain4 ,a flock of white pigeons was around the door4 ,a young friar with mild1 pleasant eyes came forward in his brown habit to show us the church4 ,some portions of the original house of ,bernardone have been preserved2 among others1 a low1 round arch with an old door held together by iron clamps4 ,and at the left is the low cell in which ,st4 ,francis was confined three days by his father for selling some of his goods to repair ,san ,damiano4 ,in it is a statue of the saint1 kneeling with folded hands1 before which we found flowers and a burning lamp4 ,around the central dome are statues of celebrated ,franciscans3 ,st4 ,louis of ,toulouse1 ,st4 ,clare1 ,st4 ,diego1 and ,st4 ,elizabeth of ,hungary4 ,in the presbytery is shown ,st4 ,francis' chamber4 ,in the bishop's palace is the room where ,st4 ,francis stripped off his garments in the presence of his father1 and the bishop covered him with his mantle4 ,it contains a painting of the scene4 ,there is an oratory where once dwelt ,bernard de ,quintavalle1 the first disciple of ,francis4 ,here he saw the saint upon his knees all night1 weeping and exclaiming1 ,deus meus et omnia--,my ,god and my all6 and conceived such a veneration for him that he 8,did bare his feet1 and in pursuit of peace1 ,so heavenly1 ran1 yet deemed his footing slow40 ,the church of ,st4 ,nicholas is where they consulted the ,gospel to know what manner of life they should lead4 ,on our way to all these places1 so touching to the heart of a ,catholic1 we passed the theatre named for ,metastasio1 who was enrolled among the citizens of ,assisi1 and whose father was a native of the place4 ,we visited likewise the portico of the temple of ,minerva1 now a church1 which is one of the finest specimens of ,greek art in ,italy4 ,goethe stopped at ,assisi on purpose to visit it1 but1 like our own ,hawthorne after him1 passed by the marvels of art around the tomb of ,st4 ,francis4 ,it must not be supposed that all this while we have forgotten ,st4 ,clare1 the moon in the heavens of the ,franciscan ,order1 of which ,st4 ,francis is the sun1 as ,lope de ,vega1 the celebrated ,spanish poet1 and1 by the way1 a ,franciscan tertiary1 says3 8,cielo es vuestra religion ,y como sol haveis sido1 ,quereis que haya luna ,clara ,mas que su mismo appellido40 ,we now went to visit her shrine1 which is in the church of ,santa ,chiara1 on the very edge of the hill at the western extremity of ,assisi4 ,the so-called piazza in front is rather a broad terrace from which one looks directly down on the tops of the olives below4 ,the church is of the purest ,gothic style of the thirteenth century1 with enormous flying buttresses to preserve it from earthquakes4 ,its lofty campanile with open arches is one of the prominent features of ,assisi4 ,adjoining is the monastery of ,clarists1 that looks more like a castle with ramparts and battlements4 ,we entered the sculptured portal between two lions growling over their cubs1 and found ourselves in a great church without aisles1 almost without ornament1 cold1 severe1 and deserted4 ,it was once nearly covered with paintings1 of which only a few remain4 ,over the main altar are encircled some of the celebrated virgin saints who early gave their souls to heaven3 ,agnes1 ,cecilia1 ,catherine1 ,lucy1 ,clare--a ,corona ,virginum indeed1 full of delicacy and expression1 painted by ,giottino4 ,in a side chapel is an interesting old picture of ,st4 ,clare1 said to have been painted by ,cimabue thirty years after her death4 ,it represents her with noble but delicate features1 a fair complexion and smiling lips1 and majestic in form4 ,in fact1 she was of uncommon stature4 ,the body of her sister ,agnes is in a tomb over the altar4 ,this church was first known as ,st4 ,george's1 but took the name of ,st4 ,clare after her body was brought here for burial4 ,here the canonization of ,st4 ,francis took place4 ,through a grate that looks into the nuns' chapel1 we saw by the light of a candle the old ,byzantine crucifix--of the tenth century1 at least--which spoke to ,francis at ,san ,damiano3 ,vade1 ,francisce1 et repara domum meam qu labitur4 ,it is painted on wood1 with the ,maries and ,st4 ,john at the foot1 and angels hovering over the arms of the cross4 ,a broad staircase leads down from the nave to the subterranean chapel recently constructed for the shrine of ,st4 ,clare4 ,her sacred remains1 by the permission of ,pius ,,ix41 were1 in #ahej1 taken out of the narrow recess in the rock where they had lain five hundred and ninety years4 ,all the bones were found perfect4 ,one hand was on her breast1 the other at her side with the remains of some fragrant flowers4 ,on her head was a wreath of laurel1 the leaves still green and flexible2 and scattered around her were leaves of wild thyme4 ,these remains were borne solemnly through the city she and ,st4 ,francis have made so illustrious4 ,children strewed the way before them with flowers and green leaves1 after the fashion of ,italy1 and young maidens followed with lilies in their hands4 ,in this manner they were taken to the ,sagro ,convento1 stopping at six convents on the way1 and brought back at night by the light of torches4 ,they are now in a beautiful ,gothic chapel1 partly due to the liberality of ,pius ,,ix4 ,two nuns in gray showed us the shrine4 ,st4 ,clare lies on a rich marble couch1 with a lily in her hand1 and the rules of her rigid order on her breast1 surrounded by lamps4 ,we also saw some of the long1 fair hair cut off at the ,porziuncula1 and some of the fine linen she spun with her own hands4 ,passing through an old gateway a little beyond ,santa ,chiara1 we left the city and strolled leisurely down the long1 steep side of the mountain1 along a charming road lined with hedges and groves of olive-trees4 ,the fields were bright with poppies1 the trees melodious with birds1 and the burning sun of ,italy as intense as the soul of ,st4 ,francis1 who must often have trod the same path4 ,at length we came to a ,madonna in a niche1 at the corner of a group of buildings1 with a few faded flowers before her1 and1 in a minute more1 to an old church and monastery that looked as if they needed again the restoring hand of ,st4 ,francis4 ,this is ,san ,damiano1 homely and simple1 but like a bird's nest on the mountain-side1 half hid among olives which1 gnarled and twisted and split asunder1 looked as old as the convent itself4 ,it seemed a fit dove-cot for the gentle ,clare and her companions1 whom ,st4 ,francis established here in quietness and solitude4 ,a small court leads to the church1 before which is a portico with a fresco of ,st4 ,clare repulsing the ,saracens4 ,these ,saracens were in the employ of ,frederick ,,ii4 ,on their way to attack ,assisi1 ravaging the country as they went1 they came to ,san ,damiano1 and scaled the convent walls in the night4 ,the poor nuns1 in their terror1 took refuge around the bed of ,st4 ,clare1 who1 though ill1 rose by the aid of two sisters1 and1 taking the ,blessed ,sacrament in her hands1 she went forth on the balcony1 chanting in a loud voice3 8,thou hast rebuked the heathen1 thou hast destroyed the wicked1 thou hast put out their name for ever and ever60 ,this unexpected apparition in the darkness of night1 amid the light that streamed around the uplifted ,host1 so terrified the infidel band that they took immediate flight4 ,all ,assisi resounded with hymns of joy4 ,but a few days after they returned anew1 vowing to take the city4 ,then ,clare and her companions covered their heads with ashes1 and1 prostrating themselves before the altar1 wept and prayed till the enemy was dispersed by the valiant citizens4 ,this was on the #bb;d of ,june1 #abcd1 on which day the inhabitants of ,assisi vowed an annual pilgrimage to ,san ,damiano in gratitude for their deliverance4 ,everything in this convent has been left in its primitive simplicity4 ,the bell is merely suspended from the wall4 ,the rafters are bare4 ,the buildings are of unpolished stone4 ,everything bears the impress of the evangelical poverty its inmates embraced4 ,but nature supplies what is lacking in art4 ,the site is delicious4 ,the view from the terrace is lovely1 with the dear ,porziuncula in the distance1 and the fertile valley radiant in the sun4 ,several steps lead down into the little1 sombre church1 which is only lighted by two small windows4 ,there are some old frescos on the wall1 a few votive offerings falling to pieces1 tarnished wooden candlesticks on the altars1 and faded flowers1 as if fresh ones would be out of keeping4 ,in an oratory at the right is a miraculous crucifix1 carved out of wood by a ,franciscan friar in the sixteenth century4 ,the head is said to have been finished by an angel while the artist slept1 and1 in fact1 has a wonderful expression1 which changes with different points of view4 ,on the steps of the altar beneath sat a child with olive complexion and coal-black eyes1 eating a crust4 ,she looked as if she might have been left behind by the ,saracens4 ,not another soul was in the church4 ,she had doubtless strayed in from a neighboring house with the usual liberty of the free-and-easy ,italians1 who have nothing of the awe of northern nations in the house of ,god4 ,on the left side of the church are several objects that belonged to ,st4 ,clare--a bell with too sharp a sound for so sweet a saint1 her breviary1 and the ivory ciborium1 curiously carved1 with which she repulsed the infidel host4 ,going through the chancel1 we came to the choir of the first ,clarists1 precisely as it was in the thirteenth century--small1 dim1 and of extreme simplicity4 ,the pavement is of brick4 ,the stalls are plain wooden seats1 now worm-eaten1 which turn back on wooden pivots4 ,there is only one narrow window with little panes set in lead4 ,the decayed door turns on a wooden bar inserted in grooves4 ,old lecterns stand in the centre1 and the list of ,st4 ,clare's first companions1 who sang here the divine praises1 hangs on the wall4 ,in one corner is the recess where the wall gave way to hide ,st4 ,francis from the fury of his father4 ,the saint is here painted in the red ,tuscan vest of the time1 such as we see in pictures of ,dante4 ,by this time the guardian of the church had arrived1 and he took us into the refectory1 which is gloomy and time-stained1 with low ,gothic arches1 once frescoed4 ,there are two windows with leaded panes1 and worm-eaten tables around the blackened walls1 with the place in one corner occupied by ,st4 ,clare4 ,at one end is painted the miracle of the loaves1 now half effaced2 for it was here ,pope ,innocent ,,iv41 who had come to visit the saint1 commanded her to bless the frugal repast4 ,confused1 she knelt down and made the sign of the cross over the table1 which was miraculously imprinted on each of the loaves4 ,then we went up the brick stairs1 through narrow passages1 past the small cell of ,sister ,agnes1 with its one little window looking down into an old cloister with a well in the centre1 and came to ,st4 ,clare's oratory1 where she performed her devotions when too infirm to descend to the choir4 ,close by is the room where she died1 poor and simple1 unpainted beams overhead1 and the pavement of brick4 ,the lover of art finds nothing here to please the eye1 but to the religious soul there is a world of moral beauty4 ,here ,pope ,innocent ,,iv4 came to see her on her death-bed4 8,know1 ,o my soul60 she exclaimed as she was dying1 8thou hast a good viaticum to go with thee1 an excellent guide to show thee the way4 ,fear not4 ,be tranquil1 for ,he who created thee1 and has always watched over thee with the tender love of a mother for her child1 now comes with his sanctifying grace4 ,blessed be thou1 ,o ,lord6 because thou hast created me40 ,one of the nuns asked to whom she was speaking so lovingly4 8,dear daughter10 replied she1 8,i am talking to my blessed soul40 ,then turning to another sister1 she said3 8,seest thou not1 my daughter1 the ,king of ,glory whom ,i behold80 ,and their eyes being opened1 they saw a great company of celestial virgins clothed in white coming down out of heaven with the ,queen of all saints at their head4 ,and her soul at once departed to join them4 ,the death of ,st4 ,clare is the subject of one of ,murillo's masterpieces1 a picture that resumes1 as ,m4 ,nettement says1 all the hopes and fears of ,italy4 ,the earth is wrapped in darkness4 ,the sick-chamber1 with its inmates1 is veiled in obscurity4 ,but the heavenly ,jerusalem opens1 dispersing the gloom and lighting up with its splendor the face of the dying nun1 which beams like a star on everything around her4 ,such is the church1 threatened on the one hand by the thick darkness of the world1 but cheered on the other by a never-failing light from heaven like a great hope4 ,ave1 ,mater humilis1 ,ancilla ,crucifixi1 ,clara1 virgo nobilis1 ,discipula ,francisci1 ,ad clestem gloriam ,fac nos proficisci4 ,amen ,a steep mountain-path through the woods leads north of ,assisi to the ,eremo delle ,carcere1 composed of a cluster of houses among the ilex-trees1 and five or six cells hollowed in the cliffs1 to which ,st4 ,francis and his first disciples used to retire when they wished to give themselves up to the bliss of uninterrupted contemplation4 ,no place could be more favorable for such a purpose4 ,the wooded mountain1 the wild ravine1 the profound silence1 the solitary paths1 the sky of ,italy--and ,god4 ,what more did they need8 ,there is the cave of ,st4 ,francis with the crucifix1 carved with skill and expression1 which he used to carry with him in his evangelical rounds1 and the couch of stone on which he took his slight repose4 ,near by is the evergreen oak where the birds1 who once received his blessing1 still sing the praises of ,god4 ,a place is pointed out where the demon who had tempted him cast himself despairingly into the abyss2 and below is the ,fosco delle ,carcere1 where flowed the turbulent stream which so disturbed the hermits in their devotions that ,st4 ,francis prayed its course might be stayed2 and for six hundred years it has only flowed before some special disaster to the land4 ,as may be supposed1 it has not failed1 as we were assured1 to flow in abundance ever since the day ,victor ,emanuel set his foot in the ,pontifical ,states4 ,every branch of the ,franciscan ,order has a house at ,assisi1 but most of these communities have been dispersed by the ,italian government4 ,people are at liberty to dress in purple and fine linen1 and indulge in every earthly pleasure2 but to do penance1 to put on sandals and a brown habit1 and 8clothe one's self in good ,st4 ,francis' girdle10 is quite another affair4 ,besides1 the ,franciscans are traditionally the friends of the people1 and the influence they once exerted against the ,german emperors who oppressed ,italy may not be forgotten4 ,frederick the ,second's ministers said the ,minor ,friars were a more formidable obstacle to encounter than a large army4 ,the tertiaries of the middle ages exercised great influence in the moral and political world4 ,they created institutions of mutual credit in the thirteenth century4 ,at the voice of ,st4 ,rose1 who belonged to the third order1 ,viterbo rose up against ,frederick ,,ii4 ,this branch of the seraphic order embraced all classes of society4 ,one hundred and thirty-four emperors1 queens1 and princesses are said to have belonged to it1 among whom were ,louis ,,ix4 of ,france1 the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 of ,germany1 ,maria ,theresa of ,austria1 etc4 ,christopher ,columbus1 ,raphael1 and ,michael ,angelo were also tertiaries4 ,princes assumed the cord on their arms1 like ,francis ,i41 ,duke of ,brittany1 who added the motto3 ,plus qu'autre1 as if he1 more than any one1 revered the saint whose name he bore4 ,giotto has painted a ,franciscan ascending to heaven by means of his girdle1 and ,lope de ,vega makes use of the same image in his ode to ,st4 ,francis3 8,vuestra cordon es la escala ,de ,jacob1 pues hemos visto ,por los nudos de sus passos ,subir sobre el cielo empireo ,no gigantes1 sino humildes40#aih #aib ,the upper church is of the ,gothic style2 the lower one1 ,lombard2 and the crypt1 ,grecian4 #aic ,ozanam4 #aid ,dante's actual words3 8,with ,christ she mounted on the cross1 ,when ,mary stayed beneath40 #aie ,in this allegory we have followed1 in part the interpretation of ,m4 ,ozanam4 #aif ,this is carved4 #aig ,several other saints have had the happiness of being born in a stable1 as ,st4 ,joseph de ,copertino and ,st4 ,camillo de ,lellis2 the latter from a pious wish of his mother that he might come into the world like the ,son of ,god4 #aih ,your cord is the ladder of ,jacob2 we have seen not the mighty1 but the lowly of heart1 mount up by its knots to the empyreal heaven4 ,,six ,,sunny ,,months4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke10 8,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns10 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,a ,,little ,,plot4 ,the next morning the girls set their possessions in order1 brought out the few books they had thought worth while to take with them1 and the little ornaments they had bought by the way1 and scattered them about the rooms4 ,among these objects was a large and populous photograph-book1 which ,isabel displayed to the ,signora1 introducing the strangers to her1 and recalling to her memory the friends whose faces had changed beyond her recognition4 8,this is ,louis ,marion10 she said2 8and ,i shouldn't be surprised if we were to see him here before long4 ,we must introduce him to you--that is1 if he should call on us4 ,he used to be a great friend of ours1 but1 for some reason or other1 he grew a little cool before we left1 and didn't even come to say good-by4 ,i never could understand what was the matter4 ,may be it wasn't anything2 and we were in such a bustle of preparation and taking leave of everybody that there was no chance to ask for explanations40 ,the ,signora looked with interest at this picture2 for the person1 though a stranger1 had been much in her mind of late4 ,his looks pleased her4 ,it was a good face1 not too handsome1 but with fine eyes1 and an appearance of strength softened here and there by some delicate finish4 ,she had hoped most decidedly that he would come1 and a letter which she had received that morning made her desire his coming more than before4 8,i have no patience with ,isabel ,vane10 the writer declared energetically4 8,she is so wrapped up in herself1 and so insensitive1 that delicacy is quite thrown away on her4 ,she is one of those persons who think no one can talk except those who will interrupt and talk loudly1 and so1 with the greatest apparent unconsciousness1 she monopolizes all the attention of their friends1 and sets ,bianca aside as if she were a nobody4 ,it never occurs to her that a gentleman may admire her sister2 and yet ,bianca is very much admired1 in an odd1 provoking kind of way4 ,most people1 you know1 attend to the loudest talker2 and in the presence of ,isabel her sister was sometimes almost neglected1 even by those who were constantly thinking of her4 ,anybody with two eyes could see that ,louis ,marion liked her1 and ,i am sure she thought he did1 and that there was a sort of tacit understanding between them4 ,they didn't talk much together1 but ,i've seen them manage to be near each other1 and where they could hear each other's voices1 and one of them never left the company without glancing back and receiving a glance in return4 ,at length1 ,i don't know how it came about1 but ,isabel seemed to take his attentions to herself1 and may be she said something about him to ,bianca4 ,then a coldness grew up between her and ,marion1 and a thousand little complications helped it on1 and he began to absent himself from the house1 and ,bianca pretended not to see him unless he came to speak to her1 and so they separated1 and all in consequence of the stupid conceit of a girl whom ,i could shake with a good will40 ,we need not quote the letter further1 though the writer1 in the fulness of her heart1 added several pages of amplifications on the theme1 all which the ,signora had read and re-read4 ,bianca was arranging books on the table when the photograph-book was opened4 ,she continued her employment a few minutes2 but when they approached the page where ,louis ,marion's picture was she turned away1 and when his name was mentioned she was leaning out of the window1 much interested apparently1 in something going on in the street4 8,whose photographs are these80 the ,signora asked4 8,oh6 they are all family friends10 was the reply4 8,i might say they are mine1 for ,i asked for the most of them4 ,neither papa nor ,bianca would have thought of it4 ,but they belong to the firm40 ,the ,signora prided herself on being a rather exceptionally honest and straightforward woman2 but at this moment a very complicated little plot was forming itself in her mind4 ,she could guess with how tender an interest ,bianca might regard this photograph1 but how impossible it might be for her to show anything but the utmost indifference to it1 and how1 sometimes1 it might be a pleasure to contemplate it when she would not venture to do so4 ,she could guess that it had been really given for her sake1 though she had not been the one to ask for it1 and what faint bloom of a downcast smile the gentleman might have seen in her face when it was put in its place4 8,it is a darkish face1 and the least in the world too small for the place10 the ,signora said2 8and so is this one next it40 ,a word of cool depreciation is enough to take the lustre from a star with most people1 and ,miss ,isabel ,vane was no exception4 ,if one abuses a person's friends or ridicules their possessions1 they may be stirred to anger2 but that dispassionate1 slighting way gives the deadliest of shocks to friendship4 8,it scarcely does him justice10 the young lady owned2 8and1 as you say1 the photographs are a little too small for their places4 ,i must ask ,marion for another when he comes1 if he should come4 ,the other ,i do not care about4 ,he was simply put in to fill up4 ,i must buy four more to put in these vacant places40 8,stay60 the ,signora said4 8,i have some which are worth more than merely to fill the vacant places2 they will adorn the book40 ,she brought from her room a little box of card-photographs1 and began to select from them4 8,here is the ,holy ,father on his knees before what seems to be the statue of ,st4 ,joseph holding the ,child2 and here are four cardinals and a patriarch4 ,see how well they fit in6 ,do you mind my taking these two out80 8,oh6 no40 ,isabel was too much pleased with these notable additions to her gallery to care for the two indifferent acquaintances who made room for them4 ,but as the ,signora carelessly1 and quite as a matter of course1 tossed the two cards into the box where their substitutes had been1 she saw that ,bianca had turned from the window and was regarding them4 ,even in the half glance she cast she could know that the turning had been sudden1 and that the girl's head was held very high4 ,the ,signora rose4 8,well1 children1 if we are going to ,santa ,croce we must start in an hour4 ,it is a great festa there1 and ,i think there will be a crowd4 ,didn't ,bianca promise to braid my hair in a wonderful new way8 ,i remembered it this morning1 and have only given my locks a twist about the comb1 and they are on the point of falling about my shoulders in the most romantic manner40 ,she would not seem to see the faint shade of disturbance with which ,bianca followed her from the room4 ,she well knew that in seeming to slight the one that tender heart held dear she had chilled the heart toward herself2 but that was not to last long1 neither the pain nor the displeasure4 ,she slipped a white dressing-sack on1 seated herself before the long mirror1 and shook her hair down4 8,now1 my dear1 make me as beautiful as you like10 she said2 and1 taking the box of photographs she had brought with her on her lap1 began to turn them over4 8,you had better take charge of these10 she remarked1 laying the two at the top aside before beginning her survey of the others4 ,bianca said nothing1 but her hands1 combing out the long1 fair locks1 were a little unsteady1 and her face blushed in the mirror1 a swift1 startled blush4 8,three strands1 my dear10 the ,signora said4 8,i never fancied a braid of any other sort for the hair4 ,more than three strands always seems to me like a market-basket on the head of a market-woman4 ,i always thought very elaborate hair-dressing vulgar and unbecoming4 ,i like the way yours is done this morning40 ,bianca's hair was in a few large satin-smooth curls tied back with a ribbon of so fresh a green as to be almost gold1 and the ,signora knew that1 after a careful brushing1 five minutes had accomplished all the rest4 ,there were no curl-papers nor hot irons2 it was only to brush the tress about the pretty fore-finger1 and it dropped in glossy coil on coil4 8,many people do not like curls10 ,bianca said4 8,but it seems a pity to straighten out and braid curly hair4 ,i think nature meant such hair to have its own way1 just like vine tendrils1 though the use may not be so evident40 ,she spoke with a certain quietness1 not cold1 yet not cordial1 and kept her eyes fixed on the braid her skilful fingers were weaving rapidly4 ,the ,signora took up the photographs she had laid aside1 glanced at one1 and dropped it1 then looked at the other for some time in silence4 8,what fine1 earnest eyes he has60 she said at length4 8,there is even something reproachful in their expression1 as if he were looking at one who had doubted him4 ,i do not doubt you1 sir4 ,on the contrary1 ,i am disposed to have the utmost confidence in you4 ,moreover1 ,i shall be happy to see you in ,rome40 ,she laid the photograph carefully on the other1 and1 closing her eyes1 resigned herself entirely to the care of her pretty handmaiden4 ,there was silence for a few minutes while the braids were being finished2 then she felt a soft hand slip down each cheek with a caressing touch4 8,open your eyes1 carissima mia10 said a voice as soft1 8and tell me how these are to be arranged4 ,will you have them looped or in a crown80 ,the thin ice was quite melted2 and when the hair-dressing was finished1 ,bianca went off to her own room1 bearing the treasure that had been put into her possession in such an artful manner4 8,it makes me feel very twisted to act in such a crooked way2 but if it is a crooked it isn't a dark way4 ,and the dear child is so happy60 the ,signora thought4 ,a shower was passing to the south when our party came out of the church at noon1 and the sun was so veiled that they sent their carriage on1 and walked from ,santa ,croce to ,st4 ,john ,lateran4 ,they could see a pearly stream of water pouring down far away from a dark spot in the sky to a dark spot on the earth2 but the clouds over their heads were as tender and delicate as the shadows of maidenhair ferns about a fountain4 ,they lingered till every one had passed them1 and1 when they came to the last mulberry-tree of the beautiful avenue1 there was left only a contadino lounging on the stone bench there4 ,he was a spectacle of faded rags and superb contentment1 and seemed to have neither desire nor intention to leave the place for hours2 but when he saw them look longingly at the seat1 he rose1 saluted them with an indescribably shabby hat1 in which were stuck three fresh roses1 and relinquished the bench to them4 ,bianca sighed with delight as she glanced about1 but said nothing4 ,the others seemed disposed to talk4 8,i heard this morning1 ,signora1 what made me understand your admiration for the ,italian language10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,while you three were in the church ,i went outside the door1 and presently1 as ,i stood there1 ,i heard two men talking behind me4 ,of course ,i did not understand a word they said1 but ,i listened attentively4 ,i never heard such exquisite spoken sounds in my life4 ,the questions and replies made me think of the beautiful incised wreaths and sprigs on your candelabra4 ,there wasn't a syllable blurred1 as we constantly hear in our own language2 but ,i am sure every word was pronounced perfectly4 ,when the two seemed to be going1 ,i looked round and saw two ,capuchin monks with bare ankles1 and robes faded out to a dull brick-color40 8,those same faded robes may cover very accomplished men10 the ,signora said4 8,some of them are fine preachers4 ,i wish we had more preaching in ,rome4 ,one very seldom hears a sermon4 ,the first one ,i heard made the same impression on me1 as to the language1 that the talk of these monks has made on you4 ,i did not understand1 but ,i was charmed4 ,it reminded me of--,landor1 wasn't it8 writing of ,porson3 8#8,so voluble1 so eloquent1 ,you little heeded what he meant4' ,that was in ,st4 ,philip ,neri's ,church40 8,dulness is inexcusable in a ,catholic preacher in any language10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,if they should not have much talent of their own1 they have such a wealth to draw from--all the beautiful legends and customs1 and the grand old authors1 and the lives of the saints4 ,a dull ,protestant preacher has the ,bible1 it is true2 but1 as a rule1 ,i find that only the eloquent ones use that source of wealth freely1 or know how to use it4 ,one of the most eloquent ,catholic preachers ,i ever heard used to make his strongest hits by simply refraining from speech4 ,i recollect one sermon of his where he spoke of ,st4 ,augustine1 whom ,i thought he was going to describe1 but whom he made appear more brilliant by not describing4 #8,his genius1' he began1 then stopped1 seemed to search for words1 at last threw his head back and clasped his hands4 #8,oh6 the genius of ,st4 ,augustine1' he exclaimed4 ,of course the tribute was more splendid than the most rolling period could have been4 ,nearly all his effective climaxes were like that--noble words breaking up into silence1 like a ,roman arch into a ,gothic40 8,you will have to renounce your ,gothic1 ,bianca10 the ,signora said2 8at least1 while you are in ,rome4 ,you won't even want to see it here1 and you may lose your taste for it as church architecture4 ,i sometimes think ,i have1 though ,i was once enthusiastic about it4 ,now the single column or the massive pier1 with the round arch above1 seems to me the perfect expression of a perfect and serene faith4 ,it is a following of the sky-shape4 ,the complications and subtilty of the ,gothic are more like the searching for truth of an aspiring and dissatisfied soul4 ,when ,i go from under the noble arches and cupolas of ,santa ,maria ,maggiore to the church of ,st4 ,alphonsus ,liguori1 just beyond it1 ,i receive an impression of fretfulness and unrest40 8,i should be sorry to give up ,notre ,dame de ,paris and the two churches at ,rouen10 ,bianca murmured half absently1 her soft1 bright eyes gathering in all the beauty within their ken4 ,isabel was differently employed4 ,she was busy noting facts in a little plethoric book with yellow covers and an elastic strap that she always carried in her pocket4 8,do you know how long and how wide this open space between the two basilicas is80 she asked of the ,signora1 holding her lead-pencil suspended4 8,oh6 it is long enough for a nice walk1 you see1 and broad enough to see everything at the other side without bumping your eyes4 ,that is the city wall opposite1 you know40 8,i'd like to know how many acres there are10 ,isabel said to herself4 8,i believe ,i could measure it by my eyes4 ,let me see6 ,it's a foot to that stone4 ,five and a half feet make a rod1 pole1 or perch4 ,five and a half that distance would go to the next tree4 ,a rod1 then1 from me to the tree4 ,now for a rood6 ,sixteen and a half--no6 ,how ,i do forget6 ,three barley-corns make one inch1 twelve inches make a foot1 five and a half feet make a rod1 pole1 or perch1 sixteen and a half rods1 poles1 or--bah6 that isn't it4 ,signora1 will you be so good as to tell me how many rods make a rood8--that is1 if it is rods that they make roods of4 ,i used to know it1 but there's a hitch somewhere40 8,how should ,i know1 my dear80 asked the ,signora with mild surprise4 8,oh6 don't measure things1 ,bell60 pleaded her sister4 8,remember ,london ,tower40 ,for ,miss ,vane had presumed to ask the superb 8beef-eater0 who escorted them through the ,tower how thick might be the walls1 the solidity of which he was enlarging upon1 and the cool stare with which he drew the eyes of the whole party upon her1 and the gently sarcastic 8,i do not know2 ,i have never measured them10 with which he replied1 had silenced her for the whole afternoon4 8,that was because ,i had asked something he could not answer10 she said1 in telling the story4 8,and his manner was so imposing that it was hours before ,i could rid myself of the impression that ,i had put a very absurd and improper question4 ,he didn't refuse sixpence1 though1 for a piece of ivy from ,beauchamp ,tower10 she added1 shrugging her shoulders4 8,bell10 whispered her sister1 8,i'll tell you about the rods and roods1 if you won't measure any more40 ,then1 having received the promise1 she explained the 8hitch10 which has doubtless left its little tangle on many a youthful memory4 ,a woman with a white handkerchief on her head came along1 and beckoned to the ragged man with the roses1 who was still lounging near1 and the two went off together4 8,did you notice how she beckoned80 the ,signora asked4 8,i always notice that here4 ,they beckon as if indicating the feet1 the palm of the hand being downward1 the fingers toward the ground4 ,we beckon with the palm and fingers upward1 indicating the head4 ,it used to confuse me1 and ,i fancied myself sent away with a refusal when ,i was invited to enter4 ,you will have to learn their signs4 ,a certain shrug and raising of the eyebrows mean no4 ,another no--an odious one to me--is to wag to and fro the uplifted forefinger of the right hand4 ,this is nearly always accompanied by a compression or puckering up of the mouth4 ,but1 my dear friends1 it is time for luncheon4 ,shall we go80 ,they rose slowly1 and slowly strolled across the open space where art and nature lived peacefully together4 ,no busy hands and spades uprooted the plots of wild-flowers1 infantile little pink convolvuli1 snowy daisies1 and all their blue and yellow kin1 that had sprung up here and there in the gravelled plain1 or the detached tiny plants that make each its own solitude1 spreading its small leaves out over the pebbles1 and raising its delicate head freely1 as if to induce the passer-by to pause and admire for once the exquisite grace of the weeds he despised4 8,i wonder if any one but ,ruskin ever stopped to look at weeds60 the ,signora said4 8,it was he1 ,i think1 taught me4 ,i first thought of it on seeing an illustration in ,modern ,painters4 ,it was a bit of weed-covered earth seen close1 as one would see it when lying on the ground--only a little tangle of leaves and grasses2 but1 touched by his pen and pencil1 its beauty was revealed40 8,i sometimes think10 ,bianca said1 8that it is a mercy we cannot see all the beauty there is about us2 for1 if we did1 we should do nothing but stand and stare for ever40 8,one might do worse than stand and stare at beauty for ever10 her father replied4 8,i've no great opinion of business40 ,she slipped her hand in his arm before answering1 knowing that inaction was a subject that always found him a little sensitive4 8,that depends1 you know10 she said4 8,when the business is to make your tea or hem your handkerchief1 why it wouldn't do for me to be going into trances40 ,isabel took his other arm4 8,but when the business is measuring places for the pleasure of knowing and telling how large they are1 or when it is taking the census1 or any of those countings of units1 then he despises it40 8,when the business is poking a nose in other people's business1 ,i certainly object to it10 he said4 ,walking along1 he drew the two fair hands that clung to him into his own1 and clasped them together against his breast1 smiling down into the girls' upturned faces2 and for a moment the three1 in their mutual affection and confidence1 forgot the ,signora4 ,she walked on in front of them1 her eyes cast down1 and seemed to desire to remain apart4 ,a silence fell upon them all--perhaps a sense of the silence about them1 or perhaps that silence that always follows an expression of deep and tender affection1 as when through the light and varied chat of a company is heard the tone of a musical instrument1 and all the talk ceases for a moment2 or1 it may be1 some touch from within or from without had reminded them that it was the day of the ,holy ,cross4 ,the drive home was very quiet1 the ,signora pointing out now and then some object of superlative interest as they passed it4 8,this is ,st4 ,clement's1 an ancient church over a still more ancient church4 ,mustn't it be delightful to go digging under your house some day to repair a drain1 or do some such thing1 and presently come across the arch of a buried door1 then1 digging farther1 find the whole door1 then a mosaic pavement and a column of verde-antique1 and so on1 till a whole temple is revealed where you expected to find only earth and stones8 ,some such thing happened here4 ,there is the ,roman ,forum a little beyond4 ,need ,i introduce this ruin to you80 ,she pointed to the ,colosseum1 and then left them to their reflections4 8,drive through the ,via della ,croce ,bianca10 she said to the coachman1 8and under the ,arco dei ,pontani4 ,then pass ,santa ,maria in ,monti1 and go up ,via de' ,santa ,pudentiana40 ,she saw them look eagerly at the beautiful fragments of ,pallas ,minerva and ,mars ,ultor she had chosen the route to show them2 but they asked no questions1 and she volunteered no explanations4 ,when they reached home the windows were all closed1 and the curtains and persiane half drawn for coolness1 and there was such a fragrance in the rooms that they all exclaimed4 ,every tall vase was crowded full of roses pink and yellow1 and every little one held a bunch of deep purple violets4 8,could any one leave a prettier card80 the ,signora asked1 displaying her treasures4 8,when ,i find heaps of violets and roses in the spring1 ,i always know who has been here during my absence4 ,it is ,mr4 ,coleman10 naming her bachelor friend of the semi-weekly cup of tea4 8,i bespeak for him a kind place in your regards4 ,he is faithful1 honest1 obliging1 and refined4 ,i am under obligations to him for many kindnesses40 8,marion says that violets are the ,mayflowers of ,italy10 ,isabel remarked2 8that they come as plentifully at the same time1 and are sold as universally1 as the trailing arbutus in ,new ,england40 8,and see what a deep blue they are60 the ,signora said1 leading the conversation away from ,marion4 8,these came from the ,villa ,borghese4 ,i know by the color4 ,oh6 the fields are full of flowers now4 ,you will1 perhaps1 see some this evening4 ,there are almost always a few people come in this night of the week--people who never find me at any other time4 ,it isn't a reception1 you know4 ,i don't bind myself4 ,among them will be your ,italian teacher2 so you can arrange when to begin studying4 ,i sent him a note this morning4 ,and1 stay6 ,apropos of violets1 ,i have something lovely to show you40 ,she opened a little case that the servant had given her as she entered4 8,these were left while we were out4 ,i had ordered some changes to be made in them4 ,see6 they are the ,borghese violets set in dew and petrified40 ,the case contained a brooch1 a pair of bracelets and sleeve-buttons1 all of plain and highly polished silver1 in each of which was set a large1 deep-purple amethyst4 8,why did ,i never think of a silver setting80 ,bianca exclaimed4 8,i always admired amethysts till they were set2 then ,i found them spoilt4 ,it was the ugly purple and yellow contrast4 ,these are lovely1 and just suit you1 ,signora mia4 ,how ,i wish ,i could wear such things60 8,and why can you not80 ,mr4 ,vane asked1 with all the simplicity of a man who can admire results without understanding what produces them4 8,because they would make me look like a starless twilight10 the girl replied4 8,i should be obliged to paint my cheeks if ,i put on such colors4 ,poor me6 ,i could wear only rubies1 or opals1 or diamonds1 perhaps emeralds set in diamonds40 ,her father's face assumed that sad and troubled expression a man's face always wears when one he loves wishes for something out of his power to give4 8,are you not rather young1 my dear1 to wear much jewelry80 he asked doubtfully4 8,he thinks ,i am pining for trinkets10 she said smilingly4 8,certainly1 papa1 ,i am altogether too young1 and am1 moreover1 disinclined to wear it4 ,don't look so sad about it6 ,my ribbons and flowers satisfy me quite4 ,i shall beg some rosebuds of the ,signora for this evening1 and you shall see how much prettier they will be than rubies1 besides having perfume1 which rubies have not40 ,isabel had arranged the bracelets around her neck1 and fastened the brooch in her lace ruffle4 8,they do make one look three shades darker10 she said1 and sighed deeply in taking them off4 8,i would like to go dressed in jewels from head to foot10 she added4 ,but1 as ,isabel was always sighing to possess every beautiful thing she saw1 and1 if it were possible1 would have had the ,vatican for her abode and ,st4 ,peter's for a private chapel1 nobody took her longings very much to heart2 the less so1 moreover1 as she managed to live a very gay and happy life in spite of those unsatisfied longings4 ,other pretty things had come in during their morning's absence3 a pile of books1 old copies of the ,italian poets newly bound over in white vellum with red edges to the leaves1 a pile of ,roman photographs which were to be sent to ,america1 and a collection of little squares of marbles1 porphyries1 and alabasters1 a stone rainbow1 destined also for ,america4 8,but we need photographs in ,rome10 the ,signora said4 8,looking at them1 we discover a thousand beauties which we missed when we saw the original40 ,a strange croaking sound drew the attention of the girls to the windows1 and they saw a little caravan of crates carried past on carts1 going from the railway station to the great markets of the city4 ,out of the holes in these crates protruded heads and necks of every sort of fowl--turkeys1 hens1 ducks1 and pigeons4 ,the poor wretches1 huddled and crowded together1 seemed to know that they were on their way to execution1 and to implore the pity of the bystanders4 ,bianca pressed her lips together and said nothing2 ,isabel leaned out and contemplated them with a smile4 8,those dear turkeys60 she said with the greatest affection4 8,you like them80 the ,signora asked1 rather surprised that any one should choose pets so grotesque4 8,yes1 immensely60 was the reply4 8,they're so nice roasted40 ,and then1 obliterating this painful and awkward reminder of what lay under the surface of their daily comforts1 came a piercingly-sweet chorus of trumpets1 twenty trumpets playing together4 ,a regiment was passing1 going from a camp in one part of the city to a camp in another part4 ,the men were dressed in gray linen1 and1 in the distance1 were hardly to be distinguished from the street1 and their bearing was not very soldier-like2 but the wild and sunny music gave a soul and meaning to them1 and1 rising through the hot and silent noon1 stirred even the most languid pulses4 8,war will never be done away with till trumpets are abolished10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,i have no doubt that even ,i should make a very good fighter if ,i had a band of them in full blast at my elbow while the battle lasted4 ,it wouldn't do for them to stop1 though4 ,fancy a charge for which no trumpet sounded6 ,it would no more go off1 you know1 than a gun would without powder4 ,why doesn't somebody take care of that child80 he concluded abruptly4 ,for a soiled little wretch was sitting directly in the street1 on a cushion of dust1 and staring contentedly at the soldiers as they passed1 as unconscious and unafraid as if it had been a poppy sprung up there between the paving-stones1 instead of a human being with a body out of which the soul might be kicked or crushed4 8,somebody is taking care of it10 ,bianca said4 8,everybody is taking care of it40 ,in fact1 the long line of soldiers made a tiny curve to accommodate this bit of humanity1 and the tide of life passing at the other side made another1 like a brook around a stick or stone4 ,at length a woman1 not too much afraid1 certainly1 snatched the child away1 and1 in the face of the world1 administered a sound castigation1 the meaning of which1 it was to be hoped1 the child understood4 8,i never saw such countryfied things happen in any other city10 ,mr4 ,vane said4 8,it is1 perhaps1 one reason why life here is so picturesque4 ,nobody1 except the small class of cultivated people1 behaves any differently in public from what they do in private1 and the common people do not pretend to be what they are not40 8,i wish sometimes that they were a little less sincere10 the ,signora remarked coldly4 8,one could spare that portion of the picturesque which offends against decency4 ,they seem to have no respect for public opinion2 though1 perhaps10 she added1 8public opinion here is not worthy of much respect4 ,it tolerates strange customs1 certainly4 ,the workmen hammer away and saw stone all day ,sunday at the house opposite1 and nobody protests1 that ,i know of4 ,some clergymen did think of complaining against the work going on on ,sunday in the piazza above1 but it would have been in vain for them1 of course4 ,let us go to luncheon1 please4 ,i am in danger of becoming ill-natured1 so many things here annoy me4 ,do you remember the old ,protestant missionary hymn about #8,greenland's icy mountains'8 ,two lines of it often occur to me here3 #8,though every prospect pleases1 ,and only man is vile4' ,i shall think better of them when ,i have had something to eat4 ,hunger makes one critical4 ,i fancy that critics are always badly-fed people4 ,i'm very sure that if ,dr4 ,johnson had had a comfortable dinner before he sat down to my last book1 he would never have cut it up so--the book1 ,i mean4 ,a good roastbeef would have taken the edge quite off his blade4 ,a dinner10 said the ,signora1 waxing eloquent as she seated herself at a very pretty and plentiful table--8a dinner is the most powerful of engines1 and wealth is powerful only because it will procure dinners4 ,a person whom you have fed is obliged to serve you1 and the person whom you are going to feed never finds you ugly or uninteresting40 ,bianca contemplated her friend with an expression of grieved astonishment4 8,how can you talk so with all these flowers in the room listening to you80 she exclaimed4 8,besides1 you are going to feed me1 but ,i never saw you so near being ugly4 ,i think1 indeed1 you are a little bit ugly40 ,the ,signora laughed pleasantly4 8,if ,i had known that the dearest flower in the room was going to find a reproachful tongue for me1 ,i should never have uttered such shocking opinions4 ,never shake your sunny locks at me4 ,it was not ,i who said it2 #8twas hunger4 ,it was ,bailey's wolf4 ,you do not know ,clive ,bailey8 ,he will come this evening1 and ,i think you may be interested in him4 ,i must tell you about his wolf4 ,the poor fellow was1 at the age of twenty1 left poor indeed2 suddenly found himself without a cent in the world1 after having been brought up with the expectation of a competency1 and studiously educated to do nothing4 ,fortunately1 his taste had led him to read a good deal1 and he had also a fancy for writing fiction4 ,it was being thrown into the sea to learn to swim4 ,he began to write for the cheap newspapers1 always intending to find some other employment2 but what with the necessity of writing a great deal to keep himself alive1 and the shock to his sensitive nature of finding himself in such a situation1 he only succeeded in living the life he had stumbled into1 without power to make another4 ,it was the old story of poor writers1 with1 however1 a pleasant ending in this case4 ,he managed to squeeze a fair novel out of intervals in his drudge-work1 and that won him a better market4 ,in the height of his success he gathered those first sketches into a volume1 and published them1 giving the name of the author as ,a4 ,wolf1 ,esq4 ,when somebody1 not knowing the book to be his1 asked him what ,wolf it was who wrote those sketches1 he answered3 #8,the wolf at my door4' ,and he insists that the same wolf is the most voluminous writer the world has ever produced1 and that the title-pages of at least half the books written should bear his name4 ,buon appetito60 ,,chapter ,,iv4 8,a ,,flock ,,of ,,sheep ,,that ,,leisurely ,,pass ,,by40 ,several persons came in that evening from seven to nine4 ,first appeared ,mr4 ,coleman1 a mild-looking1 bald-headed man of an uncertain age4 ,isabel immediately absorbed him4 ,next followed a new-comer in ,rome1 on whose card was inscribed 8,mr4 ,geo4 ,morton40 ,after having seen him once1 the ,signora was guilty of dubbing him ,mr4 ,geometrical ,morton4 8,he is ridiculous1 but excellent10 she told her friends while describing him4 8,he never laughs1 because he thinks there is nothing laughable in creation1 every whim of nature1 human or inanimate1 being the result of a mathematical principle1 and every disorder only order under an extraordinary form4 ,of course this is neither new nor peculiar2 but he announces it as if it were new1 and has a peculiar manner of clapping his measuring instruments on to everything4 ,not a bit of cirrus can pass over the sky nor your mind1 but instantly he will tell you the philosophy of it4 ,in fine1 he strips everything to the skeleton1 and cannot see that it is a bore1 but calls it truth1 as if the flesh and drapery were not truths also1 as well as more graceful4 ,i had a quarrel with him when he was here last--or rather1 ,i got out of all patience1 and scolded him almost rudely1 and he listened and replied with the most irritating patience and politeness4 ,i suppose he thought there was some mathematical reason for my being angry1 and was studying it out with his great1 solemn eyes4 ,he's kind and honest1 ,i am sure1 and as handsome as a picture4 ,i pity the woman he will choose for a wife1 though4 ,if she should scold1 he will bring out the barometer2 if she weep1 the rain-gauge2 if she should be merry and affectionate1 he will consult the thermometer4 ,ugh6 he makes me feel all three-cornered40 ,this gentleman made his salutations with the most perfect gravity and courtesy1 and1 after considering the situation a moment1 seated himself by ,bianca4 8,well1 what conclusions have you arrived at concerning ,rome80 he asked1 after a few preliminary remarks4 8,none10 she replied2 8but ,i have made a good many beginnings2 or ,i might say ,i have arrived at some fragmentary conclusions40 8,as what80 he persisted gently1 desirous to make her talk2 for she had shrunk so shyly from him that her father had come to her other side1 which was unique4 ,the young man had not often the opportunity to study a shy feminine specimen4 8,oh6 well10 she said doubtingly1 then laughed2 8apropos of papa's checked clothes1 which distress me1 ,i have discovered that the clergy are the only well-dressed men in ,rome4 ,the others do not look like gentlemen4 ,but the long robe1 whatever the color of it1 and the cloak they are always arranging1 are so graceful1 the hat is so picturesque1 and1 above all1 the buckles on the shoes please me40 8,below all1 you mean10 her father remarked4 ,the young man looked the least in the world disconcerted2 for he wore every day a suit of the same objectionable check cloth4 ,besides1 he was not prepared to take on himself the instruction of a young woman whose tall father chose to assist at the lessons1 and put in his word in season and out of season4 ,at this moment ,mr4 ,clive ,bailey made his appearance4 ,his bright1 clever face lighted up at sight of the new-comers1 whom he had been expecting with interest1 having heard a great deal about them4 8,i hope you intend to make ,rome your home10 he said to ,mr4 ,vane4 8,the ,signora has suggested such a possibility40 8,you compliment me more than you do our country10 ,mr4 ,vane replied4 8,i have been told that it would be unpatriotic for me to prefer any other country to ,america as a residence4 ,people talk that way4 ,at the same time ,i should like to stay1 and ,i have an impression that ,north ,america1 as a whole1 will not be aware of my absence40 8,oh6 ,i don't mean to disparage any country10 ,mr4 ,bailey said promptly2 8only the climate is so hard4 ,those northeast winds whistle through my button-holes4 ,by the way1 a friend of yours asked me to-day if you had arrived1 and would have come up to-night to see1 if he had not been engaged3 ,john ,adams4 ,you recollect him80 8,john ,adams8 ,of course ,i recollect him4 ,but what brought him here8 ,i never heard him speak of ,italy but to abuse it40 8,oh60 the young man said1 lowering his voice a little1 and glancing at the ,signora1 who was near them1 8he was brought by the same reason that brought him before1 and will keep him this winter--to wit1 to woo40 8,to woo6 ,to who80 retorted ,mr4 ,vane4 8,not a whit of your to who60 replied the other with a laugh4 8,what are you quoting ,wordsworth for80 asked the ,signora1 overhearing the last part of their talk4 8,apropos of ,mr4 ,adams1 ,signora10 ,mr4 ,vane said1 looking at her attentively4 ,she blushed and seemed annoyed1 and1 as if about to say something1 finally turned away without speaking4 ,it displeased her to have her name used in connection with that of any gentleman1 and1 besides1 she did not mean to marry ,mr4 ,john ,adams4 ,here the door opened with a little breeze and three persons entered3 a bright-eyed1 beautiful young lady with a somewhat ,jewish cast of face1 who produced the impression that a bird had fluttered in1 and1 following her1 a young girl of not more than sixteen1 and an elderly woman1 evidently a companion4 ,the ,signora met the new-comer cordially4 8,my dear countess1 ,i do not know whether you are more welcome or unexpected40 8,i have but two minutes10 the young lady said in the prettiest breathless manner4 8,i am just on my way to dine out1 and stop to ask a favor4 ,but first let me introduce my friends40 ,they were a young baroness from the ,azores ,islands1 who had spent ten years in ,egypt with her father1 and was now on her way to her native country to join her husband1 and her lady companion4 8,she has to leave ,rome the day after to-morrow10 her friend explained1 8and wants an introduction to ,monsignor ,m----4 ,she wishes to take some things from him to a friend of hers2 and you know one doesn't often have an opportunity to send to the ,azores direct4 ,now1 dear ,signora1 if you would be so very kind as to introduce her to ,monsignor4 ,you know ,i am not acquainted with him40 8,i will take her to him to-morrow morning10 the ,signora said4 8,but they need not go now1 if you do40 8,i was going to ask your hospitality for them while the carriage takes me1 for ,i have to call for cousin ,anne4 ,and now1 will you do me the favor to make me acquainted with the friends who have come to live with you8 ,i must apologize for my abrupt coming and going40 ,she made her apologies in the most graceful and simple way1 and looked at ,bianca a little lingeringly in meeting her1 as if struck by her face4 8,i meant to call on you first10 she said to the sisters1 8and will come to-morrow1 if you permit me40 ,the ,signora followed her out to the landing4 8,i want a glimpse of your dress10 she said4 8,you know ,i never go out after dark2 and yet ,i do so like to see a lady dressed for the evening40 ,the countess smilingly threw back the long white cloak that covered her from head to foot1 and displayed a beautiful silk robe of so pale a blue as to be almost white4 ,pink roses fastened the rich lace in the square bosom and loose sleeves1 and looped the braids of dark hair1 and she wore no jewels but some large strung pearls on her neck and wrists4 8,it is lovely60 the ,signora exclaimed1 and looked admiringly after the lady as she tripped down the stone stairs1 holding her rustling robes up about her4 ,going back1 she found ,mr4 ,coleman and ,bianca trying to entertain the rather stupid lady companion1 ,isabel taking her first lesson in mathematics1 and the girl baroness1 a dark1 plain1 talkative little creature1 chatting away in very good ,english to ,mr4 ,vane4 8,i never saw my husband but once10 she said4 8,we were always betrothed since we were babies1 but his father1 the old ,baron of ,santa ,cruz1 had him sent to school in ,lisbon1 and ,i was always in a convent4 ,my mamma was dead1 and ,i had no brothers nor sisters1 and papa was in ,egypt4 ,he has a high office there4 ,then ,pedro came home from ,portugal1 and ,i went to papa4 ,two years ago we met in ,rome and were married1 so that ,i could go to him later with my companion4 ,papa couldn't leave to go to the ,azores1 and ,pedro couldn't come again for me40 ,she told the story in a very childish1 simple way1 and seemed to regard her marriage as quite a business-like and proper arrangement4 8,you think that you will like ,fayal as well as ,cairo80 ,mr4 ,vane asked kindly1 pitying this child-wife who seemed to have so little of family affection to surround her in the most important time of her life4 8,i cannot think1 ,i cannot remember it10 she said4 8,when ,i try1 it is ,paris or ,rome that comes up1 and ,i get confused4 ,if ,i should not like it1 ,i shall ask ,pedro to take me somewhere else4 ,he has written me that he will always do everything ,i wish him to do40 ,mr4 ,vane scarcely felt a disposition to smile at this perfect trust4 ,he found it pathetic4 8,but ,i would like to go to your country10 she resumed with animation4 8,pedro's sister ,maria went there for a journey when she married1 and she wrote me the most wonderful things4 ,perhaps she did not tell the truth4 ,she may have been writing something only to make me laugh4 ,you will not laugh if ,i tell you80 ,mr4 ,vane promised to maintain his gravity at all risks4 8,well10 she said confidentially1 8,maria wrote me that the snow there is whiter than sea-foam on the rocks1 and that one can walk in it and not be wet1 and that carriages drive over and make a solid road of it1 just as if the streets were paved with smooth1 white marble1 and that1 at the sides1 it piles up and stays in shape1 like heaps of eider-down4 ,it isn't true1 is it80 ,she looked at him doubtfully and searchingly while he assured her of the correctness of the picture4 8,and1 more than that10 he said1 8,i have seen the snow so deep and solid that men would cut it in great blocks like ,carrara marble1 and1 when they were standing in the place they had dug1 you couldn't see their heads over the top of the drifts4 ,did you ever see ice80 8,i saw some this morning1 but it wasn't white10 she said4 8,a carload of it went past the hotel4 ,it was grayish and crumbly4 ,the men had cut grass and weeds and piled over it to keep it from the sun40 ,mr4 ,vane1 too1 had seen this pitiful apology for the glorious crystal blocks of ,new ,england ice-cutters as he looked from his window that morning1 and had indulged for the moment a feeling of scornful pride4 8,fancy that mat of fresh grass and wild-flowers trembling over one of our ice-carts or snow-drifts60 he had said to ,bianca4 8,yes10 she had replied1 but at the same moment had pointed out to him a lovely compensation for the absence of these frigid splendors in the land of the sun4 ,beneath their window passed two men1 bearing each on his head a large basket1 one flat1 and covered with camellias laid singly1 a pink by a white one1 each flower glistening with freshness2 the other deep1 and heaped with pink roses and buds1 among which might be seen yellow roses tied in large1 nodding bunches4 ,yes1 the snow of the tropics was a snow of flowers4 ,the ,signora passed near enough to ,isabel and her companion to catch a part of their conversation4 8,since you entered this room10 the gentleman was saying1 8you have doubtless1 either consciously or unconsciously1 gone through with a good deal of swift reasoning4 ,some people you have liked more1 others less1 and in both cases the feeling1 as you would call it1 has been the result of a certain calculation as exact as anything in mathematics could be4 ,you have been pleased with one for certain manners1 or looks1 or for certain qualities which you believe him to possess2 and there are also exact and mathematically calculable reasons why these things should please you40 ,isabel looked edified1 but puzzled4 8,if1 then10 she ventured1 8there is so much more reason in us all than we are aware of1 why need we correct ourselves8 ,i should think we might be all the better satisfied with what goes on in our minds1 and let them arrange their own processes without troubling ourselves40 8,no10 he said with earnest gravity4 8,there are good reasons and bad reasons2 and by knowing why we may correct the bad reasons4 ,for example1 your tooth aches2 the reason is because there is a defective spot in it4 ,you go to the dentist1 and the pain ceases4 ,or you do not fancy a person2 the reason is because that person does not flatter you1 and you are fond of flattery4 ,you correct your inordinate love of praise1 and thus appreciate the worth of one who tells you the truth1 and also make it more easy for him to praise you sincerely40 8,but all this takes so much time10 she said1 seeing that he waited for a response4 8,it is for such uses that time was given us10 he replied4 ,she struggled for another objection1 her mind rapidly becoming swamped in the conversation4 8,then you think that we can arrange and order all our feelings1 and make our hearts as regular as clocks2 and if we lose a friend1 by examining why he died1 and why we grieve for him1 we can reason ourselves into indifference40 8,no10 he said again4 8,we can undoubtedly subdue the violence of unreasonable grief by such examination1 but there are deep and ineradicable reasons why we should grieve when we lose those dear to us40 ,the girl's eyes brightened4 8,why10 she said1 8it all seems to me only a difference of terms4 ,you mean just what everybody means1 only you say everything1 and others haven't time nor wit for that4 ,it all amounts to the same thing in the end4 ,we say1 #8,such and such a thing is natural1' where you say it is mathematical1 voil tout40 ,he began to say something about the natural including both good and bad1 while his meaning was to exclude the bad2 but the ,signora took pity on his victim1 and stopped his eloquence by offering him a cup of tea4 8,he will take the tea10 she thought1 pouring another cup1 8because the beverage is agreeable to the palate and refreshing to the body1 and1 by consequence1 enlivening to the mind1 and he will see the whole subject worked out to its smallest part as he stirs in the sugar4 ,he will put in sugar because--because--dear me6 ,i wonder what is the good reason for putting sugar in tea6 ,how uncomfortable it all is6 ,i should go mad with such a man about me all the time4 ,and yet how well-bred1 and earnest1 and handsome he is6 ,if only it might happen that he would mellow with time1 and learn to take subjects by their convenient handles1 and not spread them out so6 ,he makes me remember that ,i am a skeleton1 with--pah6 ,how glad ,i am ,i don't know all about my bones60 8,what are you studying out1 ,signora80 asked ,isabel at her elbow4 8,i am trying not to see everything crumble at once into its elements10 she replied distressfully4 8,my dear1 if you will make that man talk like a human being1 ,i shall be thankful4 ,find out if he has a heart1 or only a triangle instead2 and just watch his fingers to see if there are little scales and figures marked along the insides of them4 ,he is worth rescuing4 ,i like him40 ,the little baroness went1 and more people came in4 ,it was after ,ave ,maria1 and they were obliged to light the candles1 and close the windows and shutters on the street4 ,but the great sala needed not to be closed1 for no one could see into it1 and so the exquisite twilight was left free to enter1 with only the soft light of a single hanging lamp to shame its tender radiance4 ,this inner light1 the steady1 deep-hued flame of olive oil1 burning in an antique bronze lamp1 made the room softly visible1 and1 shining out into the garden1 turned the yellow gold of the jasmine blossoms into red gold here and there1 and made the snow-white of the orange-flowers look like a sun-lighted drift of the north4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,a ,,journey ,,to ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,milliards4#aii ,there is much in a title4 ,many an insignificant if not objectionable individual is widely welcomed and sweetly smiled upon because he boasts a 8handle to his name02 and that which is true as regards man is equally so of books4 ,many a shallow and worthless production1 like the monstrosities produced in the floral world by fancy horticulturists1 becomes 8the rage0 from its pretentious or1 as the case may be1 its unpronounceable name4 ,there is1 then1 much in the title of a book2 and yet1 had ,m4 ,victor ,tissot sent into the world his ,voyage au ,pays des ,milliards under the sober superscription of 8,travels in ,germany10 although it might not so immediately have attracted the public eye1 it must ultimately have secured the attention and interest it so justly merits1 and which have necessitated the issue of nine editions in the course of a few weeks4 ,this interest is sustained throughout the book by the varied information it contains respecting facts connected with ,prussianized ,germany1 which are related not only with that happy fluency of style which is the gift of most literary ,frenchmen1 but also with a justice of reasoning and fairness of appreciation of which one of his nation dealing with such a subject might not always be found capable4 ,the work professes to be simply notes de voyage addressed to a friend2 a series of sketches which introduce the reader in a familiar manner--8looking at everything1 listening everywhere0--to this new ,germany1 such as she has sprung forth1 sword in hand1 from the brain of ,herr von ,bismarck4 ,the first part of the book relates to ,southern and ,central ,germany4 ,france1 before the time of her misfortunes1 was wont to say with her old university professors1 ,qui non vidit ,coloniam non vidit ,germaniam1#bjj but now the proverb is changed1 and it must rather be said1 8,he who would see ,germany must see ,berlin40 ,in the vast ,germanic body1 ,berlin has alike usurped the place of head and heart2 she it is who conceives1 meditates1 contrives1 commands2 she who deprives and bestows1 legislates and executes2 and she who distributes glory4 ,towards her flow the life and warmth of that ,germany which is now no more the land of picturesque and simple legends1 sweet ballads1 ,gothic dreams1 holy cathedrals1 but the land of blood and iron4 ,the knight ,albrecht ,drer no more finds his steps arrested in the enchanted forest of poetry and art1 but rides rough-shod over the high-roads of ,europe1 armed with a needle-gun1 and with a spiked helmet on his head4 8,had we but known10 sighed ,france1 after the war--8if we had only known60 ,yes1 often enough has it been repeated that her ignorance respecting her neighbors1 of all that they were secretly designing and silently doing1 was one chief cause of her disasters4 8,had we but known60 8,well1 then10 writes ,m4 ,tissot1 8for the future let us know6 ,let us be aware that the ,germans ransack our country in every sense2 that they study our language1 manners1 customs1 and institutions2 following us step by step1 and spying us everywhere1 until they know ,france more thoroughly than we know it ourselves4 ,for thirty years past has their spyglass been busily scrutinizing every corner of our land4''' ,let us then learn to do among them what they do among us3 the weak place in the breastplate of the ,german ,colossus is not very difficult to discover40 ,in going forth to repel invasion1 ,germany has suffered herself to be carried away by the spirit of conquest1 and has returned home with a rear-guard of vices which before she knew not1 and under a despotism which it had cost her the struggle of centuries to break4 ,having departed from the path of humanity and civilization1 she has gone back to her wild forests despoiled of her studious leisure and with the tradition of her ancient domestic virtues well-nigh lost2 while1 a prey to all the material appetites1 she forgets ,god1 or else denies him1 and no longer believes in anything except the supreme triumph of her cannon4 ,from fear of being attacked by the revolution1 she enters into an alliance with it4 ,in proof of this1 we have but to observe with what gratified attention the socialists1 not only in ,germany but all over ,europe1 watch the moral decomposition which is going on in this atmosphere of materialism and of pride4 ,they know very well that the day is sure to come1 and is perhaps not far distant1 when 8they will make a descent into the arena with their knotted clubs2 and that this argument will suffice to put to flight the gentlemen whose wisdom has discovered the soul to be composed of cellular tissue1 and has shut up patriotism in a membrane40 ,the ,catholics also act with energy in the strength of their 7for the most part passive7 resistance to an oppressive and unjust power1 whose hypocritical excuses render it as contemptible as its tyranny makes it odious in the eyes of every upright man1 whether ,catholic or ,protestant4 8,from a distance10 says ,m4 ,tissot1 8it might be easy to deceive one's self into a doubt as to the dangerous nature of so many alarming symptoms1 but on the spot ,i know for a certainty that an attentive listener cannot fail to hear the pulsations of a nation disturbed to its very depths1 and ill at ease4 ,is it10 he asks1 8as a means of escape from impending dangers1 and to prepare the minds of the people for a skilful diversion1 that the parliamentary orators and the official ,prussian press keep them in a continual ferment of warlike excitement1 and appear to regret the milliards left behind on the banks of the ,rhone and the ,garonne8 ,this is the opinion of thoughtful minds1 for it is on the field of battle only that a reconciliation between the ,catholics and their adversaries can be expected to take place40 ,before visiting the imperial capital1 the traveller on whose work the present observations are principally based begins with the southern states1 8being desirous of interrogating those ancient provinces which have sacrificed their autonomy to a gust of glory1 and of asking if the mess of pottage is still savory1 or whether1 awakening from recent illusions1 there is not some regret for the good old times40 ,after visiting ,ulm1 with its enormously increased fortifications2 ,stuttgart1 the sunny capital of ,wrtemberg2 and the little university town of ,heidelberg--respecting all which places ,m4 ,tissot has much to say--the impression resulting from his observations is that ,south ,germany was duped and alarmed into submitting to ,prussia4 ,with regard to ,frankfort1 no longer the free city of past times1 his conviction is that the real population1 quite as much as that of ,metz and ,strassburg1 detests the sight of the spiked helmets and the sound of the ,prussian fifes and drums 7the latter shaped like small saucepans71 constantly passing through the streets4 ,the particulars of the ,prussian occupation of this city in #ahff are still fresh in the memory of its inhabitants4 8,the history of those days10 ,m4 ,tissot tells us1 8has never been written40 ,we will give in his own words the account he received from an eye-witness3 8,on the #fth of ,july1 the ,senate announced to the townspeople the impending entry of the ,prussians1 #8whose good discipline was a sure guarantee that no one would be exposed to inconvenience4' 8,in spite1 however1 of this #8good discipline1' all the banking-houses hastened to place themselves under the protection of the foreign consuls1 and hoisted ,american1 ,english1 ,french1 or ,swiss colors4 ,the streets were as deserted as a cemetery4 8,the ,prussians did not arrive until nine in the evening1 when they made a triumphal entry4 ,at their head1 with his sword drawn1 rode ,general ,vogel von ,falkenstein2 music played1 drums beat2 there was noise enough to wake the dead4 ,billeting tickets had been prepared for this army of invaders1 who1 however1 preferred to select their own quarters4 ,the troops divided into squadrons of #ej1 #gj1 #ajj1 or #aej men1 and1 led by their officers1 forced their way into houses of good appearance4 ,the inmates1 who had1 in some cases1 retired for the night1 ran bewildered through their rooms4 ,the officers1 finding ordinary candles on the tables1 held their pistols at the throats of the women1 and ordered them to bring wax-lights4 ,but their first care was to demand the keys of the cellar1 after which they passed the night in drinking the best wines1 making especial havoc among the champagne4 8,next day1 ,general ,vogel von ,falkenstein1 surnamed ,vogel von ,raubenstein1 or the bird of prey1 caused to be read and posted up in the streets a proclamation establishing the state of siege4 ,he suppressed all the newspapers1 prohibited all private runions1 and announced moreover a long list of requisitions4 8,on the #ahth of ,july1 ,general von ,falkenstein1 who the day before had compelled the town of ,frankfort to purchase from the contractor of the ,prussian army many thousands of cigars1 now demanded that there should be delivered to him #fj1jjj #8good pairs of shoes1' #cjj #8good saddle-horses1' and a year's pay for his soldiers--promising1 in return1 to make no other requisition upon the inhabitants4''' ,on the #aith they brought him six millions of florins2 but as1 in the course of that same evening1 ,general von ,falkenstein was called to command elsewhere1 the ,senate received anew1 on the morning of the #bjth1 a note expressed as follows3 8#8,messieurs the senators of the city of ,frankfort are informed that their town is laid under a contribution of war for the amount of twenty-five millions of florins1 payable within twenty four hours4 8#8,,manteuffel4 8#8,,headquarters1 ,,frankfort1 ,july #cj1 #ahff4'0 8,three of the principal bankers of ,frankfort were immediately delegated to present themselves before ,general ,manteuffel1 to remind him of the promises given by his predecessor1 and to entreat him to withdraw this fresh imposition4 ,all that they obtained was a delay of three times twenty-four hours4 8#8,i know1' said ,manteuffel to them1 #8that ,i shall be compared to the ,duke of ,alva1 but ,i am only here to execute the orders of my superiors4' 8#8,and what shall you do if1 between now and ,sunday1 we have not paid8' asked a member of the deputation--#8you will not----8' 8#8,i read the word on your lips1' rejoined the ,general2 #8alas6 yes1 ,i shall give up the town to pillage4' 8#8,in that case1 why do you not at once1 like ,nero1 set fire to the four corners of ,frankfort8' 8,to this sally ,general ,manteuffel contented himself by answering3 #8,rome arose only more fair from her ashes4'#bja 8,before quitting the ,general1 the deputation asked whether this imposition would be the last4 8#8,on my part1 yes2 ,i give you my word of honor for it2 but another general may come and replace me1 with orders of which ,i know nothing4' 8,the threat of the pillage and bombardment of the city spread with the rapidity of lightning2 the burghers and bankers contributed together to pay the ransom4 8,five days later1 ,general de ,roeder sent for the ,president of the ,chamber of ,commerce1 to whom he read the following telegram1 which he had just received from ,m4 von ,bismarck3 8#8,since the measures hitherto taken have not been found sufficient to obtain their object1 close1 from this evening1 all the telegraph and post-offices1 the hotels1 inns1 and all public establishments2 prohibit the entry into the town of any persons1 and of every kind of merchandise4' 8,these few facts1 selected from innumerable others of a similar kind1 and which are of warranted authenticity1 are sufficiently edifying40 ,we may add1 that with memories like the foregoing we cannot wonder that ,frankfort1 once the free1 is now the irreconcilable1 city4 ,but we hasten on to glance at the capital1 where1 more plainly than anywhere else1 may be seen the impress of events more recent still4 ,space fails us to do more than merely refer to the descriptions given of the material city1 its public buildings1 its homely palace1 its long1 monotonous lines of streets1 8ruled straight by the cane of the corporal-king10 and built right and left of the pestiferous ,spree2 the colossal arsenal1 piled with the captured arms of ,france1 and which is to ,berlin what their cathedral is to other ,european cities4 ,leaving all this1 and much besides1 we will briefly consider the effects of the late war and of the milliards of ,france upon the people of ,germany4 ,on entering ,berlin the visitor1 as he leaves the railway carriage1 is greeted by the sight of a large placard posted up at the four corners of the station1 and bearing the appropriate warning1 8,beware of ,thieves40 ,this is a small indication of a momentous fact2 for if1 from her very beginning1 ,prussia has chosen ,mars for her tutelar divinity1 her worship of ,mercury since the last war has left him but a divided throne4#bjb ,like the arsenal1 the ,bourse sums up the recent history of ,prussia4 ,the greed of gain has in fact taken entire possession of the people1 and in no other ,european city is covetousness so ferocious or the thirst for gold so ardent as in the ,prussian capital4 ,princes1 ministers of state1 and high functionaries of the crown meditate financial combinations1 and launch into speculative investments1 from which they intend to secure large profits2 tradespeople and manufacturers invent skilful falsifications1 whether in figures or in merchandise2 students of the university arrange lotteries--all1 great and small1 rich and poor1 are alike in search of prey4 ,in a pamhlet published by ,herr ,diest-,haber1 under the characteristic title of ,plutocracy and ,socialism 78,geldmacht und ,socialismus07 are to be found revelations which are anything but edifying1 and supported by proofs1 respecting the more than questionable probity of certain ministers of high position in the state4 ,gustaf ,freitag1 also1 wrote in #ahgb3 8,great evils have resulted to us from victory4 ,the honor and honesty of the capital have greatly suffered4 ,every one is possessed by a senseless passion for gain3 princes1 generals1 men in high administrative positions1 all are playing an unbridled game1 preying on the confidence of small capitalists1 and abusing their position to make large fortunes4 ,the evil has spread like fire2 and at the sight of this widely extended corruption it is impossible not to fear for the future40 ,the army is also tainted4 ,in #ahgc1 an aid-de-camp of a small ,german prince1 whose services in the war had brought him nothing1 thought well to indemnify himself1 and by forging his master's signature pocketed the sum of #cjj1jjj thalers from the coffers of the state4 ,but the example is set in high quarters1 where in everything might is made to overrule right4 ,could it be expected that so many thrones confiscated1 without a thought of justice2 so many provinces seized1 to form the lion's share2 so complete an overthrow of the most ordinary moral principles2 treaties torn up like false bank-notes2 a policy at the same time so crafty and audacious1 could fail to find sedulous imitators in a people naturally prone to rapine8 ,the arrival of the five milliards upset the equilibrium of the ,german brain4 ,every form of speculation sprang from the ground like fungi after a shower2 everything--breweries1 grocery companies1 streets1 roads1 canals--was parcelled out in shares4 ,houses were sold at the exchange1 and in the course of two hours had five or six times changed their owner4 ,in eight months1 the price of tenements was doubled2 fifty or sixty persons would dispute the possession of a garret4 ,in #ahgb1 the average number of persons inhabiting a house of three or four stories 7the usual height in ,berlin7 was from fifty-five to sixty-five1 or ten persons to a room4 ,masons made fortunes1 worked ten hours1 went in a cab from the stone-yard to the restaurants1 and drank champagne in beer-glasses4 ,a simple brick-and-mortar carrier earned five thalers a day2 and small bankers' clerks1 at the present time out of situation and shoe-leather1 paraded in white kid gloves in the first boxes of the theatre--not to speak of far worse extravagances still4 ,societies of share venders fiercely quarrelled with each other over the purchase of feudal castles in the neighborhood1 which were to be transformed into casinos on a large scale1 with theatre in the open air1 artificial lakes and mountains1 ,swiss dairies1 and games for every taste4 ,but this dream of the ,thousand-and-one ,nights did not last a year4 ,the temples of pleasure are bankrupt1 and 8the police have seized ,cupid's quiver40 ,the whole of ,germany--8the nation of thinkers10 as her philosophers love to call her--was dazzled by the deceitful mirage1 and so fierce was the eagerness for gain that at one time it was scarcely prudent to go to the exchange without a revolver4 ,fights were of constant occurrence1 and ardent speculators would collar each other like stable-boys4#bjc ,before the close of #ahgb1 nearly eight hundred and fifty different shareholding investments had sprung up4 ,the middle classes1 the representatives of honest and laborious industry1 have been the principal victims of these hollow speculations2 and in a public report made by the ,governor of the ,bank of ,prussia1 ,january #a1 #ahgc1 it was stated that in the course of two years several millions of thalers had been extorted by unscrupulous adventurers from the credulous public4 ,in various ways it is evident that1 if ,france paid dearly for her defeat1 ,germany is paying far more dearly for her glory1 besides having so mismanaged matters that peace to her is more costly than war4 ,herr ,schorlemer-,ast lately declared in the ,reichstag that the financial burdens of the empire1 from her system of complete and permanent armament1 are crushing all classes4 8,the milliards10 he says1 8that we have received are already converted into fortresses1 ships-of-war1 ,mauser rifles1 and cannon2 the military budget has this year increased by nineteen millions of marks1 ''' and into this budget we cast all our resources1 all our reserves1 all our savings1 but never can we meet its demands2 and thus the land becomes more and more impoverished40 ,there is another method1 also1 by which the 8eminently moral0 government of the ,emperor seeks to increase its resources1 and this is by lotteries4 ,a ,protestant minister observing to his majesty that these lotteries were a very bad example1 the latter replied1 8,you are mistaken2 they are instituted to punish already on earth the cupidity of my people3 the great prize is never drawn40 ,fresh imposts are also created2 but the time for these is scarcely the present1 when1 according to the testimony of ,germans themselves1 commerce languishes1 the manufacturing interest is passing through a crisis of which it is impossible to foresee the end1 and on all sides arise murmurs and complaints4 ,and yet we hear of proposals like that of ,herr ,camphausen in the ,reichstag1 namely1 to 8demand more labor from the artisan and pay him less for it40 ,a profitable subject1 truly1 for communist declamation must this be2 and well might ,bebel1 the notorious socialist of ,leipzig1 say1 8,prussia is doing our work for us2 we need but fold our arms and wait10 and his colleague1 ,liebknecht1 declare that 8,m4 de ,bismarck has done more for the radical interest than five socialist ministers could have done4 ,the people see with bitterness how little has been gained by sacrifices so great4 ,the expense of living has doubled since the war1 but the salaries have not increased in proportion4''' ,in the manufacturing districts there is fearful distress4''' ,families of five or six persons obliged to starve on a thaler a week6 ,see what the milliards have done for us6 ,no wonder that month after month sees ten or fifteen thousand ,germans emigrate to other lands40 ,we pass over the dark portraiture of 8misery and crime0 in ,berlin1 and also the information respecting the reptile agency of the official press1 the political dye-house of the empire1 whose business it is to color all communications with the hue required by the prime minister4 ,nor have we space to dwell on the state of education in ,prussia1 which is far behind the rest of ,germany1#bjd nor the falsification of history and even geography in its educational books4 ,we cannot1 however1 forbear producing the lesson with which the studies of the day begin in the primary schools4 ,the master holds up before his pupils the ,emperor's portrait1 asking1 8,who is this80 ,making a reverential bow1 they answer1 8,his majesty the ,emperor40 8,what do we owe to him80 resumes the teacher1 in a grave and impressive tone4 8,we owe him obedience1 fidelity1 and respect2 we owe him all that we have and all that we possess40 ,would any child1 unless a ,german or a ,russian1 find its loyalty increased after two or three weeks of this daily exercise8 ,we doubt it4 ,the ,catholic clergy proving a hindrance to the government in the application of its new catechism1 the law on secular instruction was passed to force them out of the schools3 the state1 henceforth sole master1 can form at the will of ,csar1 not ,christians1 but soldiers or slaves1 which are more in accordance with its taste--all that is taught being made to converge to the one end of blind and absolute submission to secular power4 ,god being set aside to make way for the ,emperor and his ,church trampled under foot for the good pleasure of the prime minister1 we or our children may see the fulfilment of the prediction written thirty or forty years ago by ,heinrich ,heine1 in which1 after announcing the reconstitution of the ,germanic ,empire1 he says3 8,the ,empire will hasten to its fall2 and this catastrophe will be the result of a political and social revolution1 brought about by ,german philosophers and thinkers4 ,the ,kantists have already torn up the last fibres of the past1 the ,fichteans will come in turn1 whose fanaticism will be mastered neither by fear nor instinct4 ,the most of all to be dreaded will be the philosophers of nature1 the communists1 who will place themselves in communication with the primitive forces of the earth1 and evoke the traditions of the ,germanic pantheism4 ,then will these three choirs intone a revolutionary chant at which the land will tremble1 and there will be enacted in ,germany a drama in comparison to which the ,french ,revolution shall have been but an idyl40 #aii ,voyage au ,pays des ,milliards4 ,v4 ,tissot4 ,paris3 ,dentu4 #bjj ,he who has not seen ,cologne1 has not seen ,germany4 #bja 8,i have this dialogue from one who was present40--,m4 ,tissot4 #bjb ,m4 ,tissot's book contains some painful pages having relation to the votaries of ,venus also1 to which we need do no more than allude4 #bjc ,the ,tribune for ,august #a1 #ahgb1 has the following3 8,never has the liquidation been so quiet as to-day4 ,not a single box on the ear was given in full exchange1 nor had the syndic to interfere on account of abusive language40 #bjd 8,prussia is of all ,germany the country which contains the largest number of persons unable to read and write10 is the testimony of ,herr ,karl ,vogt4 ,a ,,quaint ,,old ,,studio ,,in ,,rome1 ,a ,,queer ,,old ,,painter1 ,,and ,a ,,lovely ,,picture ,the exterior does not indicate the remotest relationship with a studio4 ,i must have misunderstood the pre's directions4 ,i wish these artists would show some consideration for errant humanity1 and number their quarters4 ,now1 that wall which begins on the street and backs in behind the rubbish-pile might pass for a parapet but for the green door with a bell-rope dangling from the upper panel1 which compromises its military character at once4 ,it might pass for a convent wall4 ,indeed1 the little church which seems to have been pushed entire right out of the farther end might be accepted as a very respectable declaration to that effect4 ,but a more accurate observation of the premises is fraught with diffidence in the latter conjecture4 ,a portion of an unpretentious dwelling-house1 which is incorporated with that part of the wall abutting on the ,via del ,colosseo1 and the appearance at one of the windows of a fossilized old woman who proceeds to hang out linen1 dispel effectually the monastic probability intimated above4 ,but why indulge in speculations8 ,the most summary1 and after all most rational1 way of solving my doubts is to approach the green door1 pull the bell-cord1 enter1 and1 si monumentum quris1 circumspice4 ,pulling the bell-rope produced an inquiring bark from a dog within4 ,then the door opened slowly1 and just wide enough to admit a visiting card1 insinuated edgeways4 ,but1 as if not liking my appearance1 it closed with a short but very decisive slam4 ,i took a short survey of my person1 with the view of assuring myself that there was nothing in my dress or carriage which would excite a suspicion bearing reference to burglary4 ,i had just come to a conclusion very flattering to my integrity1 when a shrill female voice screamed from across the way1 8,tira6 spingi60--,pull6 push6 ,i turned my immediate attention to the practical application of these laconic instructions4 ,nothing to pull but the bell-rope1 nothing to push but the door4 ,another tug at the hemp1 a canine response from within1 the door opened as before1 ,i pushed1 entered1 and the slamming process was repeated4 ,i turned around with the view of confronting the slammer--a rope1 a pulley1 and a weight4 ,he has a taste for mechanics1 thought ,i4 ,at the top of a few steps ,i saw a friendly-looking house-dog1 who sniffed apologetically1 and then whisked himself about1 as if expressing a hearty welcome4 ,if ,i had not had positive reason afterwards to arrogate to myself this compliment1 ,i should have gone away with the conviction that the dog sniffed with satisfaction because the mingled odor of lemon1 of orange1 and of a hundred fragrant flowers which floated on the air was inexpressibly gratifying4 ,i found myself in a quadrangular enclosure not unlike the cloister of a convent4 ,the central plot was planted with orange and lemon trees1 and with every kind of vegetable4 ,it only lacked the traditional well in the centre1 with the iron-bound bucket resting on the edge1 and the iron rods for pulley1 wrought into the form of a cross1 to make it a perfect little cloister4 #8,tis true that the resemblance might be impaired by the large chicken-coop in the corner1 which emitted a chorus of cackling suggestive of a prosperous barnyard4 ,but a flourishing coop is no contemptible accessory to the effects of a religious community2 and as for its encumbering the cloister1 that is very easily explained4 ,the consideration of the civil power for religious communities has disencumbered them of all their property outside the walls1 and even extended itself to everything within that is worth taking care of4 ,a marble pavement of variegated pieces1 formed into mosaics of no definable pattern1 extends around the garden4 ,the walls of the house are studded with fragments of sarcophagi and frieze-work--here the hand of a child1 there a lion's head1 yonder a foot--while these are interspersed with lamps of terra-cotta1 such as are found in the ,catacombs2 and1 high above all1 a row of ,roman vases let into the wall as far as the neck gives it the appearance of a battery of cannon4 ,the well1 which1 sunk in the centre of the garden1 would have completed the picture of a cloister1 is over against the wall4 ,an attempt had been made to apply a fly-wheel and a crank1 with some other complicated machinery of ropes and pulleys1 to the process of drawing water1 but evidently didn't approach a success1 as the crank is rusty and the rope frayed with age and exposure4 ,on the other side of the garden stands a large cistern of water literally alive with gold-fish4 ,the house itself is built around the garden1 save the portion enclosed by the wall4 ,it is but one story high generally4 ,it seems1 however1 that the builder1 some time after the completion of the lower story1 wanted to try the effect of another story2 so1 with an utter disregard of architectural designs and proportions1 he raised the four walls at the fenestral apertures of which the fossil appeared4 ,i ascertained afterwards that this addition forms the 8apartments0 of her antiquity4 ,on the corner diagonally opposite arises a similar portion1 which is reached by stairs on the outside--evidently the residence of the lord of the premises4 ,a railing extends around the roof1 while vines on trailers and a great fig-tree1 which towers out of the garden and up to the roof1 give the establishment quite an ,oriental aspect4 ,we only want a patriarch taking his evening promenade on the roof1 and we have ,syria in the shadow of the ,colosseum4 ,while ,i was contemplating all this the dog barked impatiently1 ran ahead to an open door underneath a pent roof1 and then trotted back1 giving me to understand that he was very impatient to usher me in there4 ,a ,maltese cat appeared on the scene1 walked furtively around me1 inspected me from head to foot1 and finally came to a halt in front of me and fixed his great1 amber eyes upon me with an inquiring look1 as which should say1 8,are your intentions peaceful80 ,my addressing him by the name of 8puss0 seemed to satisfy him1 and he trotted on with the dog4 ,the first object which met my gaze as ,i entered the door caused me to start back with a shudder2 for ,i was not prepared for such a sight4 ,on a table1 stretched at full length1 lay a human skeleton1 with the head turned towards the door4 ,it seemed to have taken that position of itself1 with a view of seeing who passed in and out4 ,the floor was littered with cartoons and bits of old lumber4 ,in a corner stood an ancient-looking painting of a skeleton seated in a meditative attitude--one bony leg crossed on the other1 the elbow planted on the knee1 and the chin resting on the hand4 ,it had not the appearance of a caricature1 for the lipless mouth and fleshless jaws wore a solemn and awful expression1 which the most intemperate and frivolous fancy could not associate with the ridiculous4 ,the walls1 too1 were covered with cartoons of different sizes1 some of which were very beautiful4 ,one especially struck me with admiration4 ,it represented the ,eternal ,father gazing out into the chaotic darkness which preceded the great act of volition1 8,fiat lux40 ,the perfection of the actus purus and existentia1 which are identical in ,god1 was powerfully expressed in the intensely active expression of the eyes and forehead4 ,while all this occurred to me1 a consciousness of the spirit of love1 which mellowed and softened the sternness of that face1 affected me4 ,passing another door1 ,i found myself in a large room painted a ,pompeian red4 ,my first impression was that ,i had walked into the laboratory of an alchemist--a very justifiable impression4 ,a long table in the middle of the room was crowded with vials of all sizes and every variety of form1 containing liquids of the strangest colors4 ,crucibles1 mortars1 glass tubes1 bellows1 scales1 and spirit-lamps were scattered over the table confusedly4 ,a row of shelves garnished one of the walls1 and upon them were arranged1 in something like order1 busts of different sizes and casts in plaster of arms1 legs1 feet1 and hands4 ,from the beams of the ceiling dangled a number of little cherubs of ,berninian propensities--that is to say1 they were very plump1 very short1 and kicked and doubled themselves up into the most impossible attitudes for little fellows of their exaggerated proportions4 ,these1 coupled with several chunks of half-wrought clay tumbled promiscuously into one corner1 and a number of modelling tools1 a sponge1 and an elevated stool1 would perhaps incline the visitor to the belief that he was in the sanctum of a sculptor4 ,the other three walls were covered with pictures representing a variety of subjects1 sacred and profane4 ,here a muscular1 sightless ,samson coped with the pillars of the temple of the ,philistines1 to the seemingly intense interest of a demure cardinal on the opposite wall4 ,there ,justice poised her scales in front of a sketch1 which the most unpractised eye would have no difficulty in recognizing as the work of ,fra ,angelico1 portraying the ,last ,judgment4 ,the activity of the devils as they scourged the damned into the bottomless pit is striking4 ,farther on a 8,battle of the ,centaurs0 afforded an interesting anatomical study4 ,but the sweetest picture of all was a little one not over a foot square1 which represented with vivid simplicity the dispute between the two hermits1 ,st4 ,paul and ,st4 ,anthony4 ,the latter holds up one hand argumentatively1 and points with the other to the untouched loaf1 while his earnest face seems to say3 8,paul1 take up the loaf and break it40 ,paul looks respectful1 but not overcome4 ,he leans upon his long staff with both hands1 and contemplates the loaf with a face betokening his resolution not to touch it1 at least until more conclusive arguments be adduced2 and1 after all1 it is a quiet1 domestic sort of a picture4 ,beside this was another of about the same dimensions--one that pleased the eye not so much as the heart4 ,it was ,st4 ,jerome in the wilderness4 ,the crucifix is suspended high upon a thin sapling1 and the great doctor kneels off at a distance1 and prays with his hands joined before his breast4 ,it is one of those prayerful pictures which recall ,fra ,bartolomeo1 but the coloring was ,timoteo ,vite's1 and none else's4 ,in the corner of the room nearest the window ,i observed a ladder1 made of iron bars1 fastened into the wall1 which terminated in a trap-door in the ceiling4 ,at the foot of this ladder1 right under the window1 stood what seemed to be a sedan-chair4 ,it was covered on all sides with oilcloth turned wrongside out4 ,before this chair stood an easel1 on the easel a small picture1 which ,i perceived was being touched by a brush2 and ,i observed1 furthermore1 that the brush was manipulated by a hand of powerful proportions1 such a hand as would have been enough of itself to build up that strange old house from the foundation-stone4 ,then a man's head1 adorned with gray locks and an old cap with a pair of turned-up flaps1 emerged from the darkness1 and ,i saw a pair of dark1 bright1 benevolent eyes smiling up at me4 ,the face was bronzed1 the beard gray and not heavy1 but growing in a heavy instalment around the mouth and chin1 then light on the under jaws1 and developing into a bushy abundance in the direction of the ears4 ,it was a pleasant1 happy face1 still possessing the ingenuous expression of the happy boy4 ,as he worked himself out of the nook in which he was ensconced1 and stood up to welcome me1 giving me at the same time a grip of that powerful hand which ,i associated above with the construction of the house1 but which then referred me to a blacksmith-shop1 ,i had an opportunity of surveying his figure4 ,i should have said1 rather1 ,i saw an old dressing-gown of brown stuff which buttoned closely at the chin1 was tied around him with a rope1 and terminated in a pair of heavy brogans4 ,i introduced myself by stating that the pre had requested me to call and see how the picture was doing4 8,ah6 there it is10 said the old man1 and a smile of happy excitement mantled upon his face as he looked at the little picture on the easel1 ,la ,notte del ,correggio4 ,he gazed more intently than before1 and then sank down quietly on one knee and scanned the face of the kneeling ,virgin ,mother1 in whose face is reflected that wonderful intense light which concentrated in the face of the ,child1 as if desirous of seeing underneath the coloring4 8,the spirit of ,correggio is here10 continued he in a musing strain2 8no man living possessed his secret of blending colors into one another4 ,i will not touch the face of the ,child40 8,then you believe10 said ,i1 8that this is an original80 8,i feel it10 added he warmly4 8,correggio may repeat himself1 but he cannot be copied1 at least in two pictures1 his ,giorno and his ,notte4 ,the dominating1 character of ,correggio's paintings in oil1 that something which proclaims him on the instant1 is the coloring1 penetrating and brilliant as enamelling--of such a kind that the lights assume an indefinable splendor1 the shadows have a depth and transparency which no painter1 and much less a copyist1 ever produced1 save ,correggio4 ,there0--and he arose and drew the curtain over the window1 until the room was nearly dark--8you need no light to see that picture2 it has its own light in the divinity which is effulgent from the face of the ,infant4 ,tell me the copyist who effected this1 and ,i will venerate him as ,correggio's other self40 ,a word of explanation is necessary here4 ,the ,notte is a picture representing the ,nativity4 ,the ,child is in the arms of the kneeling ,mother4 8,the radiant ,infant1 and the ,mother who holds him1 are lost in the splendor which has guided the distant shepherds4 ,a maiden on one side1 and a beautiful youth on the other1 who serves as a contrast to an old shepherd1 receive the full light1 which seems to dazzle their eyes2 while angels hovering above appear in a softened radiance4 ,a little farther back ,joseph is employed with his ass1 and in the background are more shepherds with their flocks4 ,morning breaks in the horizon4 ,an ethereal light breaks through the whole picture1 and leaves only so much of the outline and substance of the forms apparent as is necessary to enable the eye to distinguish objects40 ,this picture is at present in the gallery of ,dresden1 and the foregoing is the description of it given by ,kugler4 ,the same writer adds in a note3 8,smaller representations of this subject1 with similar motives and treated in the same manner as the ,dresden picture1 exist in various places4 ,an excellent little picture of the kind is in the ,berlin museum1 ,no4 #bbc1 and is there ascribed to the school of ,correggio40 ,that ,correggio himself reproduced smaller representations of this scene1 preserving only the three prominent figures of the ,infant1 the ,mother1 and ,st4 ,joseph1 is notorious4 ,it was a favorite subject of the great master's1 as is evident in the very counterpart of the ,notte1 because of its wonderful light--,st4 ,jerome1 or ,giorno--8,day40 ,coindet1 in his ,histoire de la ,peinture en ,italie1 speaking of the ,notte1 says that1 on account of the celestial light which emanates from the divine ,child1 the picture 8has been called #8,night1' just as the ,st4 ,jerome is often called #8,day1' by the ,italians1 who thus express the striking light of that picture4 ,is it necessary to say that that light is as harmonious as it is brilliant1 and that the celebrity of those two pictures1 #8,night' and #8,day1' is due above all to the perfection of the chiaroscuro80 ,the picture which the old man was restoring is one of the 8smaller representations0 spoken of by ,kugler4 ,it required no restoration as far as the coloring was concerned4 ,that was deep and brilliant as ever4 ,not the lights but the shadows needed retouching1 and the old man showed himself a good artist1 as well as a reverent admirer1 when he said he would not touch the face of the ,child4 ,the wonderful durability of the coloring1 which every one knows to be one of the grand characteristics of ,correggio's productions1 is admirable in the little picture4 ,m4 ,coindet says that frequent analyses of some of ,correggio's paintings1 with the view of discovering the secret of this durability1 have produced results more curious than useful4 ,upon the chalk1 he says1 the artist appeared to have laid a surface of prepared oil1 which then received a thick mixture of colors1 in which the ingredients were two-thirds of oil and one of varnish2 that the colors seemed to have been very choice1 and particularly purified from all kinds of salts1 which1 in process of time1 eat and destroy the picture2 and that the before-mentioned use of prepared oil must have greatly contributed to this purification by absorbing the saline particles4 ,it is1 moreover1 commonly believed that ,correggio adopted the method of heating his pictures either in the sun or at the fire1 in order that the colors might become1 as it were1 interfused1 and equalized in such a way as to produce the effect of having been poured rather than laid on4 ,of that lucid appearance which1 though so beautiful1 does not reflect objects1 and of the solidity of the surface1 equal to the ,greek pictures1 ,lomazzo says that it must have been obtained by some strong varnish unknown to the ,flemish painters themselves1 who prepared it of equal clearness and liveliness1 but not of equal strength4 ,the history of the little picture in question is not known to any precision4 ,it was brought to ,rome from ,madrid by the late ,cardinal ,barili1 who received it as a present from a ,spanish nobleman while he was nuncio to the court of ,madrid4 ,after the death of the cardinal it was exposed for sale with many other pictures1 mostly of indifferent merit4 ,the probabilities are that it would have fallen into the hands of some son of ,jewry1 and disappeared1 perhaps for ever1 into a dark and dingy lumberroom of the ,ghetto4 ,a better fate was in store for the gem4 ,the pre saw it1 admired it1 purchased it1 and rested not until he had placed it in the hands of the venerable artist in the quaint old studio1 of whom no better eulogium can be pronounced than that implied by the members of the ,academy of ,st4 ,luke1 who1 having been requested by ,prince ,borghese to hold a consultation on the restoration of ,raphael's 8,deposition10 unanimously chose the old man to do it4 ,he has since been entrusted with the delicate and important commission of restoring the principal pictures in the gallery of the ,vatican4 ,that he did justice to the little ,notte requires no proof4 ,he possesses the necessary requisites for such a task--the skill of an artist1 the love of an artist1 and the humility of an artist4 ,the picture is now in ,new ,york ,city1 and1 as an old painter once said laconically1 in pronouncing his opinion on a painting1 8ex ipsa loquitur0--it speaks of itself4 ,but ,i have left the old man standing outside the parenthesis1 palette in hand1 and a smile irradiating his countenance which would be the instant destruction of legions of blue fits4 ,he saw me look inquiringly at the prayerful ,st4 ,jerome1 and divined my desire of knowing something1 about it4 8,painted by ,timoteo ,vite10 said he1 8and ,i'm to copy it for the good pre and send it off to ,america4 ,going to be in good company1 too60 ,and he pointed his thumb over his shoulder in the direction of the lightsome 8,night40 ,then ,i turned towards the 8,dispute of the ,hermits40 8,that was an effort of mine when ,i was eighteen4 ,i never thought it would go to the ,new ,world when ,i worked at it40 ,laying down the palette1 he asked me if ,i wished to walk around the house4 ,i was only too glad of the invitation4 ,as we passed out of the door he pointed towards the ladder in the corner1 and said laughingly3 8,jacob's ladder when it rains2 only there are no angels ascending and descending4 ,my room is above--an old man's contrivance40 ,as we walked up on the roof1 he narrated with the complacency of a little boy how he built the house himself2 how he was somewhat discouraged in digging the foundation when the folks laughed at him2 how he built the outside wall first1 to hide himself from the observation of the passers-by1 and after that he got along finely4 ,at this juncture ,i stopped to examine a large cage on the roof4 ,it contained several white mice4 8,they are pleasant little fellows1 especially when the moon shines10 said my host1 and1 stooping down1 he opened the little door1 whereat several of the little creatures ran out into his hand4 ,replacing them with some difficulty--for they seemed reluctant to be shut up again--we went down the stairway and over to the part of the building opposite the studio4 ,as we passed the door ,i looked in again at the grim skeleton1 and then turned away quickly4 ,but he laid his hand gently on my shoulder1 and said3 8,you young people don't like the sight of skeletons1 because they tell an unpleasant truth very plainly4 ,i call that skeleton the ,naked ,truth2 it's a splendid antidote against a disease called pride40 ,as we passed the chicken-coop he had to caress a few favorite bantlings4 ,then came an old storeroom1 then a carpenter-shop1 then a blacksmith-shop1 where he told me he did all his own carpentering and smithing2 then a hole in the wall containing a wheelbarrow1 pickaxes1 and spades1 with which he amused himself in the evening1 as1 indeed1 the lovely little garden attested4 ,the gold-fish in the cistern seemed to be his especial favorites4 ,when he dipped his hand in the water they all flocked around and nibbled it vigorously4 ,nor did they evince the slightest disinclination to be caught4 ,i remarked that the cistern was large enough to bathe in4 8,precisely10 he answered2 8,i made it for that purpose--the fish were a second thought4 ,i learned to swim in there4 ,it is very pleasant on a warm evening40 ,i asked him how long he labored in building up his little home4 8,seven years1 like ,jacob2 only the patriarch had the advantage of me there1 too--he got a ,rachel in the end1 and ,i have only--0 ,he paused and looked about him4 ,the friendly dog and cat had appeared on the scene1 a hen began to cackle boisterously1 which left no doubt in the minds of the neighbors that the great feat of laying an egg had just been achieved4 ,the little shadow which saddened his face for a moment passed away in an instant1 and he completed the sentence--8this live-stock40 8,and your art10 ,i subjoined4 8,and my art10 he admitted pleasantly4 8,say10 he added1 as he saw me moving towards the steps which led down to the garden door1 8do you think the good pre would like to sell that picture80 ,i thought not--,i was sure he would not2 and1 with a promise to come and see him often1 ,i left him4 ,i have gone to the old studio repeatedly since1 and each visit has been a new confirmation of my first impression--that he was the happiest old artist in the ,eternal ,city4 ,,letters ,,of ,a ,,young ,,irishwoman ,,to ,,her ,,sister4 7,,from ,,the ,,french47 ,,june #ac4 ,what a lovely day1 my sister6 ,everything is singing1 around and within me2 my mother is making rapid progress in her convalescence4 ,baby has five double teeth1 and ,lucy is radiant2 ,adrien1 ,gertrude1 and ,hlne left us this morning to be present at the marriage of which ,i have already told you2 ,ren and his brothers are gone out2 ,berthe and all the darlings in the country2 ,lucy is going out1 and your ,georgina is by the side of the reclining-chair4 ,poor mother6 how sweet it is to watch her revive4 ,johanna's ,bengalese birds1 brought hither to enliven our dear invalid1 are hopping about gaily in their gilded cage2 my beautiful exotics are flowering in the jardinire2 everything is living1 animated1 radiant4 ,my mother can now converse2 all her wishes are now for her complete recovery1 that the two sisters may meet4 ,but first we shall fulfil our vow1 and go to tread the holy mountain upon which the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary placed her heavenly foot1 and hang our ex voto in the beloved sanctuary4 ,to revisit ,la ,salette without you1 my ,kate1 will be to me both sweet and bitter4 ,hlne has no secrets from me2 she permits me to read her journal--pious effusions of a soul belonging wholly to ,god4 ,if ,i did not fear to be indiscreet1 ,i would transcribe for you these pages1 all palpitating with divine love4 ,yesterday ,i took all the small population to the fair4 ,the displays in the open air1 under gigantic chestnut-trees1 made them wild with delight1 but ,aunt ,georgina willingly shut her eyes and ears4 ,in the evening there is so much noise and animation1 it rather reminds one of ,vanity ,fair4 ,how sweet is solitude when one returns6 ,kate1 as time goes on1 the more my happiness increases in solidity and depth4 ,ren appears to me still more attractive1 more gentle1 good1 and handsome than ever4 ,i fear the future1 since happiness is an exception4 ,margaret tells me to-day of her arrival in ,paris2 you will see her before ,i do4 8,i can but bless ,god10 she writes1 8for having mingled wormwood with the honey of my golden cup2 ,i should have loved earth too well40 ,poor ,margaret6 ,i persist in my opinion that she is mistaken1 and that her imagination deceives her4 ,can you imagine what a whole life would be without sunshine and without love8 ,mme4 de ,t---- has long been insisting that ,i should consent to set out with ,ren1 but ,i should not forgive myself if ,i were to leave her side1 feeling that ,i am necessary to her4 ,it fatigues her to speak1 and ,i understand her look4 ,how good is ,god to have given me another mother6 ,lucy is going to spend two months with hers4 ,her communicative gaiety1 her cheerful spirit1 and her lively chatter make her valuable to us1 not to speak of her excellent qualities4 ,to amuse our beloved invalid we got up a little drama yesterday1 and some tableaux vivants4 ,it was superb4 ,here ,i have been interrupted to give my mother some music4 ,i played her the ,symphony in ,la4 ,and hereupon1 dear ,kate1 ,i make you my best curtsy1 and hasten away to ,ren4 ,,june #af4 ,thanks to 8this ingenious art of painting speech and speaking to the eye10 we already know that ,hlne has apparently enjoyed herself very much on her last appearance in the world4 ,adrien and ,gertrude have despatched quite a volume to my mother4 ,gertrude will carefully keep the white and vapory toilette of her daughter1 who had1 she says1 a charming expression1 like that of an exiled angel1 in those drawing-rooms where she was the admired of every eye4 ,they announced their return for the #ahth4 ,it seems to us all as if they had been absent for months4 ,separations1 departures--these are the real crosses of life4 ,read the ,beatitudes1 by ,mgr4 ,landriot4 ,it is very fine1 this eloquent commentary on the magnificent words of our ,saviour4 ,the beati qui lugent too often finds its application4 ,the last four days ,i have been to ,hlne's paralytic4 ,the poor woman was quite confused at my eagerness1 while ,i was so happy to wait upon her that ,i would willingly have done so on my knees4 ,my charities will not be rewarded in heaven2 ,i have too much sense of pleasure in them1 too much enjoyment4 ,god is present to me in the poor4 8,may ,god bless you1 my ladies60 ,this is the most delightful adieu ,i have ever heard4 ,ren1 to whom ,i have given a detailed account of my morning1 says that he should be curious to see me doing the house-work for my good old woman4 ,i have probably done it very badly1 but then ,i shall soon become used to it4 ,benoni keeps his sweetest smiles for me1 and ,i am teaching him your name4 ,a thought of ,mgr4 ,dupanloup often comes into my mind3 8,the borders of the ,ganges1 which send us ,oriental pearls1 have not given us simplicity2 ,i have found it in the heart of a child40 ,picciola is rich in it--in this sweet and charming simplicity which is the sister of innocence4 8,would you not consent to give her to me80 ,i said yesterday to ,berthe4 ,this morning the pretty dove came leaping into my room1 exclaiming1 8,now ,i have two mammas6 ,good-morning1 mamma60 ,adieu for the present1 my sweet one4 #bj4 ,dearest1 we set off to-morrow4 ,my mother declares that she will not be completely cured except at ,la ,salette4 ,hlne is enthusiastic about it4 ,what a festival6 ,what joy6 ,i am pressed for time4 ,we are packing up4 ,all is commotion2 every one coming and going2 everybody calling everybody else4 ,picciola runs from room to room with outstretched hands1 offering her services4 ,i send you a kiss4 ,unite yourself to us4 ,ren will write to you when we are in the train2 an impossibility to me4 ,i shall pray for ,ireland4 ,,la ,,salette1 ,june #bj4 ,why cannot we die here1 dear ,kate8 ,it is truly the vestibule of heaven4 ,i have no need to describe to you the landscape1 the chapel1 my emotion on finding myself again in the same place where we had prayed together so much4 ,my mother is making wonderful progress1 and would fain not set out again any more4 ,ren1 to whom ,i had described it all1 assures me that the reality surpasses my poetic pictures4 ,how sweet and good a thing it is to pray together1 and to be at the very well-spring of graces6 ,hlne is overflowing with joy4 ,adrien and ,gertrude weep no more4''' ,and we are soon to see and embrace you again1 to spend a month near to you4 ,i think we shall be in ,paris on the #abth of ,july4 ,dearest ,kate1 ,i regret you here6 ,oh6 the inconstancy of my poor heart1 so happy to give up to ,god the better part of itself1 and then desiring to take it back again4 ,the gifts of the ,lord alone are without repentance4 ,o sweet1 delightful1 perfect friend6 nothing can separate our souls1 always fraternally united in the adorable ,heart which gave itself for us4 ,la ,salette6 ,la ,salette6 ,to say to one's self that here1 where we tread1 ,mary has passed2 that her voice1 more melodious than all the harps of ,eden1 has been heard upon these heights2 that this sky has beheld her tears1 her propitiatory and beloved tears1 mysterious pearls which should be gathered up by a seraph2 to pray here1 where the ,mother of the ,saviour has herself taught prayer2 oh6 what felicity3 ,ecce quam bonum et quam jucundum habitare fratres in unum6 ,beloved1 ,i have prayed for you1 and soon now ,i shall see you4 8,dear ,georgina10 my mother said to me yesterday1 8may ,god reward you for the sacrifice you have made for me60 ,between this super-excellent mother1 ,ren1 ,hlne1 and myself there passes a continual interchange of thoughts and feelings1 and ,i could even say amongst us all4 ,yours now and always1 my sister4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,august #ab1 #ahfg4 ,what1 already8 so soon8 and we must resume our correspondence6 ,again ,i have quitted you1 my ,kate1 my visible angel guardian ''' ,hlne is also gone4 ,the heavenly ,spouse has placed in his own garden this delicate and charming flower1 for which this world had no dew that was pure enough4 8,let us be saints10 she writes to me2 8it is only at this price that we may purchase heaven40 ,and ,i answer her3 8,it is also only at this price that this life is endurable2 that the departures1 the separations1 the pain of absence1 too sensible an image of death1 can be courageously accepted40 ,dear ,kate1 where shall we find each other now8 ,may ,god protect you6 ,brittany enchants me4 ,i walk along the beach2 make people tell me all the legends of the country2 hunt with ,ren2 but most often slip away into the little village church1 or into the chapel of the chteau4 ,we have an organ1 and consequently superb festivals4 ,our almoner is a college friend of my brother's2 he has been kind enough to undertake ,arthur's education for a time1 and we are all very glad of this arrangement2 this good abb is really a learned man2 the little girls are profiting largely by his stores of information1 and we are busy with collections1 botany1 maps1 etc4 ,this savant is moreover a traveller3 he is lately returned from the new world6 ,and hence we have stories of most exciting interest4 ,my ,picciola dreams about them4 ,in short1 the new-comer has already turned all the heads of the infantine world1 and our ,breton life will be at the very least as animated and joyous as our life at ,orleans4 ,i am expecting ,margaret1 who says that she is coming to visit me1 without naming the day4 ,our habitation is beautiful1 antique1 vast2 with halls like those described by ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,it is surrounded by immense woods1 and brightened by a profusion of flowers4 ,there too is the sea1 blue and profound1 image of life1 with its waves and hidden rocks4 ,i never look at it without an inexpressible longing to pass over it to behold again my ,ireland4 ,kate1 ,kate1 what a charm do not memories possess6 ,ren is writing to you4 ,i have not described to you my rooms1 so exquisitely ornamented according to my own taste4 ,let us praise ,god1 my sister6 ,,august #ac4 ,an unexpected visit2 some ,irish friends1 the ,w----s4 8,we come to reconcile ourselves10 said ,lady ,helen gracefully to me4 ,my mother-in-law gave them a most cordial reception1 and they remained with us two days4 ,you may imagine how happy ,i was4 ,what details we had to communicate6 ,marie de ,s---- is at rest in ,god2 no one had written to tell me4 ,beautiful and holy soul1 remember us on high6 ,the old men1 almost centenarians1 whom we left in our dear native place1 are living yet1 and death has stricken down another victim1 in the brightness of youth and future prospects1 ,george ,d----1 only six days older than ,i am1 and who died far from his home4 ,he was brought back by his mourning family to the vault at ,v----1 where his brother already reposed4 ,he died a really holy death1 ''' that is a consolation4 ,they say that his father is distracted with grief4 ,dear ,isa1 whose aspirations tended towards the cloister1 is giving up her happiness to remain in the world1 there to pray1 suffer1 and comfort her family in their sorrows4 ,gerty is grown even prettier than she was--a lily4 ,how much ,i have been questioned about my ,kate6 ,a letter to-day from ,lizzy who lovingly reminds me of my promise4 ,it will be for next spring1 ,i think4 ,i took our guests to the village1 the presbytery1 the church1 the asylum1 and the hospital2 all of which are either founded or supported by the liberality of ,mme4 de ,t----4 ,a carriage6''' ,it was ,margaret1 dear ,kate2 not my ,margaret of former times1 warmhearted and open1 talkative and gay1 but ,margaret pale1 suffering1 and yet finding again a spark of joy as she pressed me in her arms4 ,i am going to devote myself entirely to her2 she must be cured1 and if possible undeceived4 ,aid me with your prayers6 ,,august #be4 ,this dear festival of ,st4 ,louis makes me want to write to you4 ,it is five o'clock2 ,ren is sleeping soundly2 ,i have slipped on a dressing-gown1 and now1 after a prayer1 ,i come to you1 my beloved ,kate1 my sister by nature and affection4 ,a balmy breeze reaches me through the half-open window1 the arial concerts are beginning1 the universal prayer ascends to ,god4 ,my soul is glad1 like nature4 ,after many hesitations1 much feeling my way1 and on ,ren's advice1 ,i addressed myself to ,lord ,william himself4''' ,it was a very delicate matter1 and my timidity was up in arms2 but ,margaret's life was in question4 ,how ,i set about it ,i do not in the least know2 my good angel was with me4 ,the excellent lord thanked me almost with tears2 the melancholy of our friend was too evident to him1 and he had tried in vain to break through the wall of ice that had grown up between them4 ,all is now at an end2 and we have convinced ,margaret1 who is reviving again to happiness4 ,i know not what evil tongue had so poisoned the golden cup of 8the prettiest woman in ,england40 ,the truth is that ,lord ,william's brother wanted to marry the young1 portionless maiden of whom ,i spoke to you1 whose views were above this world and fixed on heaven4 ,filial piety keeps her where she is1 for she attends upon her grandfather--blind1 like ,homer and ,milton1 and like them a poet1 says ,lord ,william1 who1 being himself enthusiastic about poetry1 was a frequent visitor to his relative1 the aged bard1 and thus unconsciously gave rise to the absurd story too easily believed by ,margaret4 ,how she regrets not having sooner sought into the truth of the matter6 ,i am enchanted at this explanation1 and also because my mother insists that our 8dear ,english0 shall not leave us for a month4 ,we are planning excursions without end4 ,lord ,william and ,ren are inseparable2 my sisters dispute as to which shall have ,margaret1 who is more ravishingly beautiful than ever4 ,her fine voice rings majestically in the chapel2 yesterday we went en masse to surprise ,mme4 de ,t---- because it was her fte4 ,you cannot imagine the effect of our choirs4 ,ren1 ,adrien1 ,edouard1 everybody1 the ,english peer too1 sang4 ,your ,georgina played the organ--not without tears of emotion4''' ,my mother said she was in heaven4 ,all day long bouquets and hommages were arriving2 these good ,bretons are so grateful1 so pious6 ,to-morrow we go to ,auray1 next week to ,solesmes1 ''' a long way1 ''' but ,i would willingly go to the world's end4 ,margaret almost worships the babies4 ,alix scarcely leaves her2 ,gaston has his private and his state visits to her4 ,my ,picciola is so intelligent that ,english has soon become easy to her4 ,i converse with her in my mother's tongue2 we pray together4 ,am ,i not happy1 dear ,kate8 ,everything smiles upon me4 ,often ,i meditate upon the benefits which ,i have received from an all-merciful ,providence1 and especially upon my happiness in my friends4 ,apropos to this subject1 ,i recollect a sad but charming remark of ,louis ,veuillot's upon departures1 those great sadnesses of life3 8,there are flowers of friendship that we have sown1 and which spring up1 but which we must abandon when their fragrance is sweetest60''' ,he goes on to speak of forgetfulness2 the mourning wreath thrown by the oblivious world on the tomb of vanished friendships1 and sorrowfully says1 8,all the flowers of human life are perishable60 ,is it an illusion of my youth to believe that my affections are like the flowers of heaven1 inaccessible to decay1 strong against storms8''' ,after the love of ,god1 the first and greatest good1 the surest element of even terrestrial happiness1 ,i have friendship1 and ,i rejoice in it with enchantment2 then ,i have the love of my good ,ren1 so pure and ,christian a love1 which makes of our two souls one single being1 in an indissoluble union2 then reading1 with its varied emotions1 study1 the faculties of enthusiasm1 of admiration1 of comprehension4''' ,oh6 how fair is life4 ,when ,i speak of friendship1 it is the tender affection of my ,kate that is especially in my mind--a tenderness to which ,i owe all that ,i am4 ,dearest and best beloved1 ,i sometimes ask myself how it is that you have been to me a sister so unique1 and finding no other motive for this choice affection than your loving charity1 ,i bless ,god1 who has permitted this to be in his merciful designs1 which ,i cannot sufficiently adore4 ,when ,i make my thanksgiving after communion1 ,i am fond of taking a general survey in my heart1 so as to include in it names and memories1 and after speaking to ,jesus of all the souls in whom ,i am interested1 ,i never fail to ask our rich and mighty ,sovereign to bless1 together with me1 all who love or have ever loved me4''' ,god guard you1 carissima6 ,,august #bi4 ,news from ,ireland3 ,ellen is in great trouble2 her son has a mucous fever which leaves small hope of his life4 ,alas6 everywhere there is mourning and death4 ,poor friend6 so ,christian and so pious1 so courageous under trials1 how she must suffer1 in spite of her fortitude and resignation6 ,have you often met with people so sympathetic as this amiable ,ellen8--a heart of gold1 full of tenderness and devotion1 in so delicate a frame4 ,it seems to me as if the tears which she drives back by her mother's bed of suffering 7who is still in great danger1 as ,margaret has written you word71 and by the cradle of her beautiful little ,robert1 fall on my heart4 ,let us pray for her6 ,ren is telling you about our pilgrimage to ,auray4 ,what happiness to be there with these good and dear friends1 and with my mother1 whose health is most satisfactory6 ,why are not you also here1 dear ,kate8 ,oh6 ,i never cease to miss you1 although ,i repeat to myself that nothing is wanting to my felicity4 ,yesterday was the feast of ,st4 ,augustine1 the great doctor of love4 ,would that ,i could love like him6''' ,m4 ,bougaud has written the life of ,st4 ,monica1 which ,i am told is very fine4 ,adrien left the book at ,orleans4 ,i had read the introduction1 which is written in an excellent and elevated style4 8,it is the poem of the most incomparable love that ever was40 ,o ,saint ,augustine1 pillar of the church1 defender of the faith6 pray for those who fight2 obtain for them that love which purifies and sanctifies suffering1 that holy and perfect love which alone is the life of the soul6 ,i have a special affection for ,st4 ,augustine4 ,his was so ardent and enthusiastic a nature2 his lofty soul so great1 so indomitable1 and so athirst for happiness2 then1 after his conversion1 how courageous was his faith1 how apostolic his eloquence1 and1 above all1 how mighty was his love of ,god1 which1 as it were1 consumed him6 ,in all this we behold with admiration the infinite mercy of the ,creator4 ,do you recollect ,ary ,scheffer's lovely picture of ,st4 ,monica and ,st4 ,augustine by the sea8 ,one could spend hours before those already transfigured countenances1 studying their thoughts1 which are rendered almost visible by the genius of the artist4 ,read a letter by ,mgr4 ,dupanloup on the death of ,cardinal ,altieri4 ,we still live in the times of men like ,borromeo and ,belzunce2 the church never grows old4 ,cardinal ,altieri was ,bishop of ,albano4 ,the cholera broke out in that small town with such violence that a hundred persons died in a night4 ,mgr4 ,altieri assembled his servants and asked if they were willing to follow him to ,albano4 ,he set out1 accompanied by one alone1 and his almoner1 and taking with him his will1 to which he added a codicil4 ,after three days1 spent in heroic acts of charity and devotedness1 he was attacked by the malady1 and died in the arms of two other cardinals1 who1 happening to be at ,albano when the scourge appeared1 had not quitted the post of honor4 ,this death is a great loss to the church4 ,mgr4 ,altieri was ,camerlinga of the ,roman ,church1 the highest dignity after the ,pope4 ,louis ,veuillot1 in his biography of ,pius ,,ix41 says3 8,there is no name and no character more ,roman than that of ,altieri40 ,the cardinal was only sixty-two years of age4 ,pius ,,ix4 at once desired to find him a successor4 ,a messenger of the ,holy ,see was sent to ,mgr4 ,apollini3 8,it is necessary to set out immediately for ,albano40 8,i am ready10 was ,mgr4 ,apollini's reply4 ,is it not fine8 ,what page of ,homer equals this page in the history of the church8 ,the ,zouaves are also doing wonders of charity at ,albano3 making themselves ,gray ,sisters for the living1 and burying the dead2 they are sublime4 ,may ,god have pity on poor ,italy6 ,mgr4 ,dupanloup concludes his letter by a few words full of sadness and apprehension4 ,o my ,god6 will not the eloquence of genius1 the supplications of thy saints1 the sufferings of thy martyrs1 disarm thine anger8 ,by the side of these solemn scenes yesterday's paper contained a curious article3 the 8miracles0 of the ,zouave ,jacob1 of whom you must have heard1 dear ,kate4 ,what times we live in6 ,on the one hand we have spiritism1 magnetism1 all sorts of communications with demons1 and on the other the wonderful development of noble thoughts1 institutions of all kinds in aid of every form of misfortune1 men of the highest genius raising imperishable monuments to the glory of ,god and the church6 ,if our time is one of great errors and many troubles1 it is also a time of great virtues and noble acts of devotion4 ,margaret told us that when passing through ,prigord she stopped at ,cadouin1 where the holy ,sudarium of our ,lord is offered to the veneration of the faithful4 ,before this august relic she prayed with indescribable emotion for our incomparable ,pontiff1 who is following in the footsteps of our ,saviour up ,mount ,calvary4 ,the revolution is about to march against ,rome2 what will be the consequence8 8,tu es ,petrus40 ''' ,with this word one can understand the peace1 serenity1 and confidence of ,pius ,,ix4 ,suffer not1 ,o ,lord6 that so many wandering and guilty sons shall die fighting against their own ,father6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,september #f4 ,the sacrifice is consummated3 ,ellen has witnessed the death of her baby--her joy and pride4 8,her husband comforted and sustained her like a ,christian10 ,lizzy writes4 ,the paroxysm of her maternal anguish was fearful4 ,a child should never die before its mother2 it is against nature1 and is almost more than the heart can endure2 the help of ,god is necessary2 let us pray for her1 my ,kate4 ,this dear1 much-tried1 heartbroken mother thought of me in her sorrow1 and sent me a few lines4 ,you will read them and will weep with me over this page of woe4 ,i seem still to see that charming group3 ,ellen coaxing ,robert to try and take his first steps1 and he sending us kisses4 ,all these joys1 that golden dawn1 those earliest days--who can bring them back to ,ellen8 ,may ,god console her1 and may the sweet angel who strengthened ,jesus at ,gethsemani tenderly wipe away her tears6 ,margaret is as grieved as ,i am4 ,our trip to ,solesmes is somewhat delayed2 we are expecting more guests4 ,i have just finished a splendid chasuble1 which ,i take the liberty of sending to your address1 my dearest ,kate--in the first place1 that you may admire it1 and1 secondly1 that you may kindly let ,mme4 ,g4 know about it1 as she will have to complete my work4 ,have ,i mentioned to you a letter from the ,bishop of ,orleans to the faithful of his diocese on the festivals of ,rome1 and the approaching opening of an cumenical council8 ,it is splendid2 there is magic in his style4 ,you do not forget ,zo de ,l----8 ,margaret met her in ,paris1 poor1 and looking terribly aged4 ,through some inexplicable folly1 she made an absurd marriage1 and the change of position1 her unexpected disappointment1 the trials of heart and mind she has undergone1 have altogether upset her4 8,it was ten minutes10 ,margaret writes1 8before ,i could recognize her40 ,perhaps you could see her1 dear ,kate1 and cheer her up a little4 ,la belle ,anglaise and ,i want to be of service to her1 and you must be our medium2 ,ren is writing to his banker1 to place the necessary sum at your disposal4 ,i will enclose the card on which ,margaret wrote the address of this unfortunate ,zo4 ,dearest ,kate1 pray for ,ellen4 ,there is1 then1 no such thing as perfect happiness in this world4 ,if it were not for the compassion ,i feel for those whose troubles affect me so deeply1 ,i should be too happy4 ,how kind ,ren is6 ,he is angelic6 ,i cannot note down to you1 or ,i should have to write volumes1 the thousand intimate and charming details which make my life a paradise4 ,hlne rarely writes2 when she does1 it is as a seraph might4 ,she is happy2 she has entered into the place of repose which she has chosen1 in the hollow of the rock1 where the dove loves to hide2 she has found her ideal4 ,gertrude reads on her knees the poetic effusions of her child4 ,dear ,kate1 may all heaven be with you6 ,,september #ae4 ,my dear one1 excursions are robbing me of all my leisure1 but not of the time to think of you4 ,a pouring rain has interfered with our projects for to-day1 and all the children have fled to ,mme4 ,margaret1 who takes a lively interest in these juveniles4 ,yesterday was the birthday of this delightful friend4 ,we busied ourselves in preparations1 whilst1 at my request1 ,lord ,william drew his somewhat wondering ,margaret away to the park4 ,a solitary little drawing-room was rapidly transformed2 it looked so pretty in the evening1 with a profusion of flowers and lights1 wreaths of ivy twining round the mirrors1 and an illumination of the heroine's initials6 ,she was greatly touched and delighted2 ,picciola recited some beautiful verses written by ,edouard1 and we presented her with bouquets1 carvings1 and paintings4 ,a concert brought the entertainment to a close4 ,mme4 de ,t---- will not hear of the departure of our dear friends4 8,sisters ought not to leave each other before they are compelled10 she says4 ,kind1 excellent mother6 ,yesterday we walked along the coast so often sung by the poet ,brizeux1 whom ,ren quotes with so much ,breton fire and fitness4 8,look there10 ,adrien whispered to me1 8at all that pretty little brood60 ,under the shadow of an oak about a hundred paces from us a dozen children were preparing a dnette4#bje ,how handsome they looked in their tatters1 with their healthy and intelligent faces6 ,arthur had a bright thought3 he proposed to ,picciola1 who was carrying the cake-basket1 to share theirs among the poor little children4 ,all the babies joined in the festivity1 and bonbons and delicacies were freely distributed4 ,margaret sketched this pretty picture in her album4 ,you see our walks are not without their charm4 ,on ,monday1 ,i visited a pious canoness who lives alone in a sumptuous residence4 ,i was delighted with the kind and cordial welcome she gave me1 and spent with her three of the most enjoyable hours ,i ever passed in my life4 ,mme4 de ,saint ,a---- is fifty-three years of age1 though she appears older2 she has been exquisitely beautiful4 ,now she is better than that--she is a saint2 and next to the deep joys of the ,eucharistic table1 ,i do not think there is any greater enjoyment than to converse with such as she4 ,the old castle overlooking the ocean has an antique and lordly aspect1 with a certain character as of something religious1 like a cenobite whom death has forgotten1 kneeling by the borders of a lake4 ,the sea in this place forms a sort of inland bay1 or quiet lake1 in which the great trees of the park seem to take pleasure in reflecting themselves4 ,the dwelling has been visited by the dukes of ,brittany1 and one wing of the castle still bears their name4 ,we ascended the steps of the staircase of honor1 up which the noble mail-clad warriors so often rode mounted on their chargers4 ,the room of ,mme4 de ,saint ,a---- is entirely white1 like the soul of the pious lady4 ,it opens into the chapel4 ,on each side of the altar several funeral epitaphs show this temple of prayer to be also the temple of memories4 ,mme4 de ,saint ,a---- showed us some water-colors worthy of ,redout1 painted by her great-grandmother2 and some wood-carving which excited the liveliest admiration of the gentlemen4 ,it was impossible to quit this ,eden2 we admired the grottoes and plantations1 and remained for djeuner4 ,we seemed to be in another world in this ,thebaid of the coast4 ,we kissed the trunk of an immense chestnut whose protecting boughs had overshadowed many generations1 and which has a higher title to glory from having in '#ic preserved from revolutionary fury the stone statue of the ,madonna which now guards the chapel4 ,i shall never forget this visit--twenty leagues from our residence--nor the expression of that saintly face1 the look and words which accompanied the kind pressure of my hand at the moment of departure4 ,mme4 de ,saint ,a---- has lost all her dear ones by death4 ,god and the poor still remain to her1 a heritage worthy of her heart4 ,her artistic and literary tastes are a great resource for her in her solitude1 which is occasionally shared by some friends at a distance1 who are faithful to this 8fragment of the past10 as she said in showing us the castle4 ,one hall1 that of 8the libraries10 contains treasures4 ,adrien1 who is an enthusiastic and learned archologist1 eagerly examined its contents4 ,several rare manuscripts have passed into his possession2 we came home laden with riches4 ,my share is a beautiful water-color drawing4 ,shall we ever see this hermitage again8 ,dear ,kate1 ,ren and ,margaret have finished their letters before me4 ,adieu and ,dieu6 ,dreamed of ,ireland1 her emigrants1 her martyrs4 ,oh6 how dear our sacred island is to me4 ,,september #bj4 ,kind1 loving1 and beloved sister1 three letters in your welcome handwriting are come to me at the same time4 ,thanks for what you have done for ,zo2 she has written to tell me about it1 and of your zealous endeavors to make her more courageous4 ,i have no more anxiety about our poor friend since you are in her neighborhood4 ,ren has procured for me ,femmes ,savantes et ,femmes ,studieuses1#bjf by ,mgr4 ,dupanloup4 ,it is an excellent book1 elevated and at the same time practical1 and quite in accordance with the views of my dear husband4 ,our studies together are truly profitable8 ,the good abb is very alarming just now4 ,he says that blood will be shed in ,france1 much blood2 with other sinister predictions4 ,may ,god guard you1 dearest ,kate6 ,the village is in mourning3 five deaths this week4 ,one is that of the father of seven children2 ,margaret is placing six of them with the ,sisters at ,p----4 ,the rich ,english lady makes herself almost worshipped by our ,bretons4 ,ellen has written to me2 she is more calm1 but wonders that she can live4''' ,her mother1 broken down by this last blow1 sank three days after ,robert4 ,to force her away from the sad associations of home her husband is taking her to ,scotland1 where they will remain until the spring4 ,i wish they were with us2 we would try to comfort them4 ,ah6 ,kate1 how ,i pity mothers4 ,finished the full-length portrait of ,ren for our mother4 ,how ,i have enjoyed working at it--dear1 kind husband6 ,at this moment he is playing ,thalberg's ,mose1 and ,i hasten to join him4 ,i should not be ,irish if ,i did not love poetry and music4 ,love me as ,i love you1 dear sister4 ,,september #bh4 ,i am in a state of transport1 dearest6 ,for eight days past we have been almost constantly in the carriage1 and have seen ,solesmes and its jewels of stone1 the handiwork of artists full of faith such as our times do not find in their successors4 ,only imagine1 dear ,kate3 ,i saw nothing at ,solesmes but the church and ,sainte ,ccile6 ,on coming out ,i closed my eyes1 the better to recall those visions of beauty before which death would seem more sweet4 ,beneath an arched roof on the right two personages are placing ,our ,lord in the sepulchre2 these are ,nicodemus and ,joseph of ,arimathea1 the former in a rich ,oriental costume and the latter in a dress of the time of ,louis ,,xi41 which looks singular enough at first sight4 ,sitting before the tomb1 ,st4 ,mary ,magdalene1 bending low1 with her head resting on her hands1 abandons herself to grief4 ,it is very beautiful ,kate4 ,of all that ,i have seen that looked living in sculpture1 nothing ever impressed me so much4 ,this ,magdalene is the jewel of the whole4 ,she seems to live and breathe2 nothing could render the expression of sorrow and of prayer in her countenance1 nor the naturalness of her posture2 one feels as if she might raise her arms1 and that her mouth might utter her lamentation2 one feels that her eyes are overflowing with tears4''' ,follow me now into the chapel on the left4 ,here is the swooning of the ,blessed ,virgin1 in a deep niche over the altar4 ,again1 our ,lady1 kneeling in ecstasy1 supported by ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,john1 is about to receive communion from the hands of her risen ,son4 ,in this mystic idea there is to my mind exquisite poetry4 ,almost all the apostles and the holy women are there2 the figures in this group are very numerous1 and there are among them heads of an ideal beauty4 ,i have looked so long at these more than artistic1 almost heavenly1 works1 that they will long remain in my mind4 ,the entombment of the ,blessed ,virgin faces that of ,our ,lord1 and is strikingly effective4 ,the position of our ,lady is admirable1 and there is something heavenly in her countenance1 which love transfigures even in death4 ,st4 ,john1 ,st4 ,james the ,less1 ,dom ,bougner1 an abbot of ,solesmes1 who by a pious anachronism had himself represented in this solemn scene1 and another saint1 hold the corners of the shroud4 ,all four are excellently rendered4 ,st4 ,peter is leaning over our ,lady1 and contemplates her with an indescribable expression of love4 ,this figure is one of the most attractive of all4 ,behind are the holy women1 whose looks betoken the deepest grief1 and some of the apostles1 who are speaking to each other4 ,all these figures are admirably grouped2 not one lessens the effect of the rest1 and the whole scene is of touching grandeur4 ,it was difficult to tear one's self away from the contemplation of those animated and speaking forms4''' ,there are other groups3 ,jesus in the midst of the doctors1 the ,assumption1 the ,coronation2 wonderful works by men who have remained almost unknown4 ,why were you not there1 dear ,kate8 ,this is always the cry of my heart1 which wants you everywhere4 ,to see ,dom ,guranger formed part of our plan4 ,when one has read his ,sainte ,ccile and his admirable pages on the ,temporal ,power of the ,popes1 it is a happiness to listen to him in his monastic humility4 ,what a fine head he has6--a countenance so expressive of both intellect and sanctity1 and such vivacity and genius in his look6 ,we were present at the ,benedictine ,office1 but went first to ,sainte-,ccile1 a monastery of ,benedictine nuns which ,dom ,guranger is building at some distance from the abbey4 ,it will be splendid3 magnificent cloisters1 and in the middle of the great quadrangle one of those marvellous fountains that we used to admire in the pictures of the cloisters in ,spain4 ,benediction1 in the abbey church1 was very beautiful4 ,at the moment when the benediction is given a dove descends upon the altar2 the sight is striking when the heart is already predisposed to heavenly emotions4 ,when1 at the conclusion1 the monks stood up to chant the ,te ,deum1 that song of the eternal ,jerusalem which ,i never hear without a thrill of inward joy1 ,i felt an indescribable impression of happiness and peace4 ,oh6 how sweet it must be to serve ,god thus1 and spend one's life in study and in prayer4 ,dearest ,kate1 may ,god bless you1 may he bless us all1 and may he deliver ,ireland6 ,,october #b4 ,to-day ,sarah ,b---- takes a lord and master4 ,god grant that she may be happy2 that her heart1 so upright1 delicate1 and loving1 may not be disappointed6 ,she is in communication with ,margaret1 to whom she has related the causes of her almost rupture with ,mary4 ,both had suffered greatly from the loss of that affection which for twenty years had filled their life2 this marriage draws them nearer together4 ,mass has been said for her1 in this sweet corner of our ,brittany1 this oasis4 ,margaret is about to leave us4 ,what bitterness is linked to every separation6 ,how often our heart is divided1 our life cut in twain1 and our happiness destroyed6 ,we went on ,monday to ,c----1 where we have an aunt1 superior of a convent of the ,visitation4 8,convents do not change1 like the world10 said ,ren1 when we came out from the parlor2 8it even seems to me that these ascetic faces do not grow old4 ,and ,i know men of forty years of age who appear to be sixty1 so much have passions worn them out4 ,why is not every ,christian house a monastery8 ,why do not all men love our good ,god80''' ,my aunt was very affectionate2 promises of prayers were mutually exchanged4''' ,i am prayed for in many sanctuaries1 in many retreats1 pious homes of refuge for wounded souls and for timid doves1 dwellings where lilies bloom1 and where the ,holy of ,holies makes his habitation4 ,and everywhere1 on every coast on which a ,catholic hand has planted the ,cross of ,christ1 ,i am prayed for1 in virtue of this great communion of saints1 this dogma so divine and so full of comfort1 the sweetest of all1 it seems to me1 giving hope for those who do not yet pray for themselves6 ,oh6 can ,i wonder that the religious life1 to which our ,saviour promised a hundred-fold in this world and paradise in the next--this life of self-renunciation and of sacrifice--has stolen my ,kate from me8 ,madame de ,p----1 ,lucy's mother1 is seriously ill2 and her son the abb1 the grand-vicaire1 the holy priest1 the joy and consolation of her heart1 is with her4 ,all the ,edwards have just left us2 ,gaston has been ill1 and is recovering slowly4 ,his pale1 gentle face so little resembles that of the rosy boy who smiled so gaily upon us only a few weeks ago1 that we are all pained at the change4 ,i trust ,god will spare this pretty little angel to dear ,lucy2 but were the hosts of heaven to open their ranks to receive this little brother1 who1 however1 pitying the mother1 would think of pitying the child8 ,oh6 what have ,i said8 ,in my desire for heaven ,i was almost forgetting earth6 ,lady ,sensible1 ,margurite1 is gravely working in the embrasure of the window at a set of baby-linen which she will have made entirely herself4 ,this child will be a remarkable woman2 there is something singularly attractive about her2 she talks little1 but thinks much1 and her words are full of solidity and good sense4 ,she is charmingly pretty2 last winter1 in her little dress of black velvet over a blue silk skirt1 she looked like the daughter of a king4 ,dearest1 here is your letter1 in the white hands of ,picciola1 and a letter from ,hlne1 triumphantly brought to me by ,alix6 ,kind little angels6 who possess the understanding of the heart1 and so read mine4 ,thanks1 dear sister2 may our ,mother in heaven repay to you all the love you bear me6 ,margaret leaves to-morrow2 she is gone to say good-by to her poor people4 ,what a kind1 sweet friend she is6 and now the ocean is soon to separate us4 ,pray for the travellers1 beloved ,kate1 and for your own ,georgina4 ,,september #ac4 ,this autumn set in icy cold2 to-day the weather has been mild and the sun splendid2 it was like a resurrection2 my spirit revived with nature4 ,how ,i miss ,margaret6 ,she has had a prosperous journey4 8,the aspect of everything is changed40 ,god be praised6 ,a kind visit this morning from a neighbor1 the ,baroness de ,t----1 mother of three sweet children1 whom she brings up herself4 ,this charming woman is in deep mourning for her brother2 riches are no shield from the unlooked-for strokes of death4 ,in positions where people are in possession of everything1 it must be dreadful suffering to be helpless to detain here below1 at the price of all one's gold1 those who are carried off by death4 ,we are said to be on the point of a grievous and terrible crisis2 ,i can easily believe it2 it is the general expectation of minds4 ,everything suffers2 all families are stricken in those dearest to them1 all is trouble and distress4 ,m4 ,v4 ,r4 is dead at ,dublin1 without confession1 without hope1 without ,god6 ,is there no angel for these poor wanderers1 to make one ray of light shine before their eyes8 ,nelly1 the mourning ,nelly1 confides her grief to me3 8,what a night of anguish6 and what tears ,i shed6 ,no priest beside this dying bed2 my mother in despair1 ,i on my knees1 my eyes dried up with weeping1 doubting if it were a dream or a reality1 and wondering whether so many ardent prayers must be in vain6 ,the only religious ornament in the room was a little picture ,i had drawn when a child1 and which my poor uncle had not observed1 or else tolerated it on my account2 its subject was the conversion of a sinner4 ,this seemed to me providential4 ,i could not believe that this life1 so troublous1 so agitated1 and so sinful1 so far from ,god and from the practice of religion1 could go out without one spark of divine light to illuminate it1 or without some thought of penitence finding entrance1 which might obtain pardon before eternity4''' ,alas6 ,i have but one hope1 and ,i cling to that in the fulness of my trouble like one who is shipwrecked to a fragment of the vessel2 it is that1 in passing judgment on a soul1 ,god is mindful of all the prayers that will be offered for it60 ,poor ,nelly6 how well ,i understand her4 ,i hope1 ,i hope2 who knows what passes in that supreme moment1 in that terrible grappling of death with life1 between divine mercy and the sinner1 who may in one instant make an act of perfect contrition and love8 ,would you like to have a page out of ,hlne's journal1 the receptacle of her inmost and most secret confidences1 which she left with her mother1 and which ,ren and ,i read with enthusiasm8 8#8,knowest thou the land where the orange tree blossoms8' was the vague question of the melancholy ,mignon to all around him2 and ,i1 for my part1 ask everywhere1 #8,knowest thou the land whither flows all my love8 ,knowest thou the land to which mount my desires8 ,knowest thou ,carmel1 the sacred mountain where ,i shall possess my ,god8' ,i also could say1 8,knowest thou this beloved home1 where ,i have so often sat with gladness in my heart8 ,knowest thou this mother who loves me with so true a love1 this father so fond and tender1 these kind1 indulgent brothers1 this noble-hearted grandmother1 all this charming family who have made my life so sweet and golden8''' ,o nature6 and ,i am about to leave all these6 ,i communicated this morning1 the ,feast of ,st4 ,teresa1 the illustrious and seraphic lover of ,god1 the fairest flower of ,carmel1 the glory of the church1 a soul so strong and lofty in her perfection that she no longer desired any happiness in this world1 and repeated1 #8,lord1 let me suffer or die6' ,edouard ,turquety1 the sweet ,catholic poet1 has written some beautiful verses on this sublime thought4 ,o great ,st4 ,teresa1 eagle of love6 whose flight reached to such heights1 draw me after you2 detach me from earth1 gain for me that ,i forget for ,god all which is not ,god6 8#8,emporte-moi1 douce pense1 ,effusion d'un cur jaloux1 ,je suis la veuve dlaisse ,emporte-moi vers mon ,epoux4'0#bjg ,dear ,kate1 do you not doubly love our ,hlne8 ,,october #ba4 ,do you know the ,meditations on the ,way of the ,cross1 by the ,abb ,perreyre8 ,i find in this book a comprehension of suffering which can only belong to a superior mind1 and one which has drunk from one of the bitterest cups of life4 ,there are passages in it which seemed to thrill me1 especially this thought1 that 8trial breaks souls and forces them to shed around them floods of love40 ,i like to pass before your kind eyes all that ,i read and admire4 ,ren yesterday quoted me a beautiful thought of ,mgr4 of ,orleans on ,la ,moricire3 8,a man is a prism2 the rays of ,god pass through him2 it is not he who is beautiful--it is the rays1 it is ,god2 but without him we should not see them40 ,read on ,sunday1 by the same genius1 the postscript to the letter of ,m4 ,rattazzi2 it is admirable for its power1 expression1 and lofty feeling4 ,the ,archbishop of ,rennes has written a few lines to ,mgr4 ,dupanloup full of warmth and energy4 ,it is said that our troops are going to ,rome4 ,god grant that it may be so1 for his own glory1 for the safety of ,pius ,,ix41 and for the honor of our poor ,france6 ,oh6 must it be written on the page of our history that the eldest daughter of the church has forfeited her mission1 and that she has failed to say to the abettors of the revolution1 8,you strike not my father with your sacrilegious hand without first passing over my body08 ,i am indignant and amazed at beholding the ,catholic world remain as if stupefied when it ought to rise as one man to defend the holy ,pontiff4 ,ren and his brothers have all served under the ,breton hero in the cause of ,pius ,,ix4 ,adrien's two sons are gone to fight under his banner2 they set out of their own accord1 after receiving the blessing of their father1 mother1 and grandmother4 ,pray for them1 my ,kate6 ,gertrude is on her ,calvary4 ,our ,brittany will be worthily represented at ,rome4 ,sursum corda6 ,god keep you1 my well-beloved6 ,,october #ca4 ,splendid weather6 the air full of warm1 poetic odors4 ,i have been rather unwell1 but am better again2 do not be uneasy about me1 dearest4 ,good news from every quarter1 but sadness at home1 for ,gertrude and ,adrien are leaving us1 having heard that one of their sons is ill at ,rome2 so they hasten thither with all speed4 ,i should like to accompany them1 it is so delightful to travel4 ,mgr4 of ,orleans has written to his clergy1 requesting prayers for the ,pope and the army of ,italy4 ,there is just now a certain movement of religious enthusiasm in ,france4 ,numerous volunteers are enrolling themselves in the pontifical army1 and there are among them those who leave their children1 their young wife1 or their betrothed2 and the bishop says that if there are at the present time mothers weeping over a son who has died a martyr in the holiest of causes1 there are those who weep still more bitterly because they have no son4''' ,is not this the highest expression of ,christian patriotism8 ,rome is the fatherland of the ,catholic universe2 happy indeed are her defenders6 ,evening4--,i have just come in from a long walk1 alone1 on the sands4 ,ren is gone with his brother as far as ,tours1 whence he will not return before to-morrow2 my mother had to write1 and to pray2 the good abb had undertaken the charge of all the children2 the grown-up people were variously occupied2 ,i wanted to enliven my solitude1 and have been to visit my poor people1 and in the presence of immensity have lifted up my soul4 ,it was the hour of twilight1 which had therefore a double attraction4 ,i love solitude in the evening2 the soul1 disposed by the calm of nature for meditation and prayer1 rises without effort to ,god4 ,i do not like to shorten these moments1 and willingly prolong them until it is dark4 ,there is always a certain solemnity which attaches to things that end4 ,if we thought of it well1 how much we should be impressed by the close of a day6 ,how many souls there are who will not see another6 ,how many sheep have this very day quitted the green pastures of the ,good ,shepherd6 ,how many tears have the angels gathered up6 ,tears of the mother shed over the coffin of her first-born1 over a son who is fighting1 over a youth who is going astray2 tears of sorrow1 of repentance1 of holy joy1 tears of all1 alas6 and for every cause4 ,is there a human eye that knows not tears8 ,oh6 how many things one day contains4 ,it may be a prodigal child brought back2 an upright life sanctified by sacrifice1 a martyrdom1 a consecration to ,god4 ,it may be an overflowing of evil and impiety1 and1 on the other hand1 prayer poured out in floods before the altar4 ,a great church-festival1 a first communion1 a far-distant island conquered to the ,gospel1 a battle gained over the enemies of the faith--these1 these are a day6 ,oh6 the history of a day would be long4''' ,whilst the glittering world1 returned from its pleasures and festivities1 slumbers beneath its gilded ceilings1 the world of charity has already made the angels smile1 the world of poverty has already suffered1 the world of industry is at work1 the apostolic world embarks on the vast ocean or sets foot on unknown shores1 the world of science studies and sounds the deep abyss of learning1 the world of prayer1 the truly ,catholic world1 prays to ,god1 sings his praises1 writes1 speaks1 teaches1 lives for ,god6 ,everything revives1 and in this immense concert of humanity1 wherein are heard so many discordant notes1 to which so many voices are daily wanting1 the ,eternal ,ear distinguishes the most imploring notes--the notes of supplication and repentance4 ,evening comes1 and the day ends2 a useless day for many of ,god's creatures1 a golden day for some4 ,and the angels of night spread the shadows over cities and solitudes1 while the angel of justice and the angel of mercy1 two white-winged seraphs1 inscribe in the ,book of ,life the good and evil of this day2 while1 in the splendor of eternal light1 the heavenly concert incessantly continues4''' ,oh6 when shall we behold this day8''' ,pale dawns of this world1 fleeting hours1 days without beauty1 you are but a point in a life1 and this life has but one day2 and this day1 what is it 8in the ocean of ages10 what is it in ,eternity8 ,hlne speaks to me of heaven3 8,oh6 day of deliverance1 cloudless day1 when ,i shall behold my ,god1 when ,i shall drink of the torrent of eternal delights1 and mingle my feeble voice with the harmonies of the heavenly ,jerusalem1 my soul sighs for thee6'''0 ,edward and ,lucy return to us to-morrow1 glad and happy2 their mother is recovered4 ,good-night1 my ,kate6 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 #bje ,a 8little dinner10 in which everything is usually on a small scale4 #bjf 8,learned and ,studious ,women40 #bjg ,bear me away1 sweet thought1 ,fruit of a jealous heart2 ,from lonely widowhood1 ,oh6 bear me to my ,spouse4 ,,one ,,hundred ,,years ,,ago4 ,it was the ,december of #agge4 ,the ,british colonies in ,america were agitated with wild excitement4 ,news had been received of the unsuccessful attack on ,quebec by the ,continental troops under ,montgomery and ,arnold1 and of the fall of the brave ,montgomery4 ,the friends of the colonial cause had set great hopes on the success of this enterprise1 which would give them the command of the ,st4 ,lawrence1 and deprive the ,british of a most important arsenal for their permanent supply of troops and munitions of war4 ,they were grieved and desponding over the disastrous result1 while the loyalists1 rejoicing at the check thus given to the progress of the rebellion1 looked confidently for its speedy close1 the restoration of the royal governments1 and the return of the several provincial governors who had discreetly abdicated at the first outbreak1 and retired to safer quarters4 ,no doubt their enthusiastic public demonstrations of joy assisted in fanning to a flame the smouldering elements of resistance among the colonists1 who1 exasperated at the persistently oppressive measures devised and forced upon them by the mother country1 were even beginning to utter whispers of an entire disruption1 and a formal assertion of rights1 in a declaration of independence4 ,near a pleasant village in the northern part of ,new ,jersey there stood--and may be standing yet1 for the builders of those days had an eye to permanency in the solid structures they reared--a farmhouse of spacious dimensions1 built in the favorite gambrel-roofed style then customary in country dwellings4 ,mr4 ,foote1 the owner of the mansion1 and of many broad acres around it1 was a fine specimen of a country gentleman after the old ,english pattern4 ,bigoted in his attachment to everything ,english1 he clung tenaciously to all the customs and traditions which his father1 in transplanting them to ,american soil1 had cultivated with an ardor all the more vehement for the difficulty of assimilating them to an order of things so entirely different from that in which they had formerly existed4 ,these traditional treasures he had bequeathed to his children as a sacred legacy of far more value than the paltry lands1 tenements1 and appurtenances they would inherit from him1 and so his son continued religiously to regard them4 ,early in life he married a lady from the neighboring village who had been reared in the same sentiments of devotion to the mother country4 ,after a few years of happy domestic life in their retired home1 she died1 leaving him with a family of five lovely daughters4 ,some years later he married a widow from ,philadelphia1 whose only child by her former marriage was the wife of a banker in that city1 ,mr4 von ,francke4 ,not far from the dwelling of ,mr4 ,foote1 and still nearer to the village1 was the residence of ,mr4 ,thorpe1 a handsome building conformed to the fashion of ,european suburban mansions4 ,he was also an ,englishman in his tastes and habits1 but of a less tenacious cast than his neighbor1 whom he often annoyed by assailing some of his cherished whims and humors4 ,nevertheless1 they lived on terms of the most cordial intimacy and friendship4 ,mr4 ,thorpe married the only child of ,mr4 ,earle1 a banker in ,philadelphia1 who was the senior partner of ,mrs4 ,foote's son-in-law4 ,she was a beautiful and highly accomplished lady4 ,endowed with rare ability1 discrimination1 and firmness1 no sophistry could mislead the nice sense of justice which governed all her decisions4 ,her father's position and financial operations had opened a wide circle of acquaintance in all the cities of the new world1 and his fine social qualities1 combined with the fascinations of his gifted daughter--whose mother had died when she was too young to realize the loss--attracted crowds to his hospitable mansion4 ,great was the surprise in the fashionable city circle among whom she moved when she chose from the host of her admirers a plain country gentleman1 of unquestionable merit1 it was true1 but of very simple1 not to say rustic1 manners and retiring habits4 ,she brought to her secluded home all the refined graces and elegant embellishments of her former one1 and sustained perfectly1 in the midst of her rural associations1 the quiet dignity that had always distinguished her2 while she continued to exercise the generous hospitality to which she had been accustomed in her father's house4 ,some years previous to the beginning of the war of independence1 her father retired from active business1 left his affairs in the hands of his partner1 ,mr4 von ,francke1 and went to share his daughter's home1 now adorned with seven fair sons1 so tenderly beloved by their grandfather that he could not bear to be separated from them4 ,new ,jersey was then1 as it is still1 a thoroughfare between the ,states of the ,atlantic coast4 ,from the first settlement it had been the most turbulent of the provinces4 ,always violently agitated by territorial and political questions1 it was prepared to enter with vehemence into the merits of those which had arisen between the colonies and the mother country4 ,in none of them were the exciting topics of the day discussed more fiercely1 pro and con1 than in this4 ,during the stirring events of the years immediately preceding and following the memorable 8'#gf0 the house of ,mr4 ,thorpe1 much to the chagrin of his intolerant neighbor1 became the rendezvous of many prominent men1 most of them old friends of his father-in-law1 of all shades of political opinion1 and of every religious and non-religious party4 ,through the holidays of ,christmas and ,new ,year's the two families always entertained a multitude of friends1 and there was a round of festivities between them1 in which the neighboring villagers participated4 ,mr4 ,foote1 who1 as might be expected1 was a ,tory of the most malignant type1 selected his guests from the class who were in sympathy with him1 and accused his more moderate neighbor of treason1 because he1 his father-in-law1 and his lovely wife tolerated persons of different views1 and acknowledged the force of their objections to ,british rule4 ,fifty years later it was my good fortune1 among the felicitous chances of a specially favored childhood1 to pass the greater portion of three years under the roof of a house built after the precise pattern of ,mr4 ,foote's1 though of somewhat smaller dimensions1 in a little village on the south bank of the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,here his youngest daughter1 ,anna1 resided1 and shared her home with her step-sister1 ,mrs4 von ,francke1 from ,philadelphia1 the widow of ,mr4 ,earle's partner1 who occupied a suite of rooms set apart for her use1 and was always attended by her waiting-woman1 a smiling ,german matron somewhat advanced in years and very fond of children4 ,it was my delight the moment school hours were over and the ceremony of dinner despatched--for the habits of the stately old ,english home1 and the late dinners with their successive courses of fish1 flesh1 and fowl1 were as rigidly preserved through all the changes and chances of founding a home in the wilderness as they had been under more favorable circumstances--to mount the stairs with 8,auntie ,francke10 now much past eighty1 but as sprightly as myself1 and while my companions1 the daughters of the house1 were indulging in a wild game of romps outside1 draw my little arm-chair--she had a half-dozen of them provided for the small members of the household--to her side in the corner of the cheerful wood fireplace1 and listen to her stories of other times4 ,as ,i have said1 she was then past eighty1 but the certainties of a position which placed her out of the reach of such cares and anxieties as surround ordinary lives1 united with a serene temperament alive to all tender sympathies1 had preserved the youth of her heart to atone for the ravages of time and adorn the decaying shrine with undying verdure and sweetness4 ,after the lapse of more than fifty years1 how well do ,i remember the graceful attitudes of the erect form1 the carefully-adjusted drapery of her rich1 old-time costume1 and1 above all1 the loving gleam of her mild black eye as it rested upon me at such times6 ,the maternal instinct of her affectionate heart1 never having found its proper object in offspring of her own1 overflowed towards all the young within her reach1 and her room was a perfect museum of winking and crying dolls1 strange puzzles1 dissected pictures1 flocks of magnetized ducks and geese1 with miniature ponds wherein to exercise them by aid of a steel pencil--of all wonderful toys1 in short1 which she procured on her annual trips to ,philadelphia1 and was wont to set as traps to catch the little folk she so dearly loved4 ,her waiting-woman was an apt assistant in pursuit of such small game2 and it has often been a wonder to me since how1 with their precise1 methodical ways and exquisitely tidy1 punctilious habits1 they could endure much less enjoy1 the dire confusion and anarchy which resulted from these captures4 ,for my own part1 ,i was by nature a quiet1 reserved child4 ,though ,i could join tolerably well in a wild frolic1 ,i preferred the chimney-corner and a story1 for which ,i was a most persistent beggar when there was any chance of success4 ,from my earliest childhood stories relating to history1 and especially to the history of our own country1 enthralled me beyond all others4 ,this fancy had been fed by constant association in my own home with grandparents who had borne an active part in the scenes of the ,revolution4 ,they entertained many old friends whose memories were also stored with incidents and anecdotes of that period4 ,thus their interest was kept alive and their conversation constantly directed to the political and social events of those days1 which opened the mind of their eager young listener1 almost prematurely1 to subjects of grave import quite beyond what would seem natural or appropriate for one of tender years4 ,what a treasure1 then1 was 8,auntie ,francke0 to me when ,i was taken from my quiet home in the woods1 and left a trembling1 homesick little stranger--much less as to size1 indeed1 than in age--under the hospitable roof of these dear friends of my mother in former years6 ,on the score of that friendship ,i was received there to attend the village school with the daughters of the family1 all older than myself4 ,mrs4 von ,francke's room became at once my solace and delight1 and even the ,tales of the ,arabian ,nights melted into utter insipidity before the wondrous sketches she could give of 8the times that tried men's souls40 ,for she had entertained daily at her home in ,philadelphia1 as familiar friends1 ,general ,washington1 ,pulaski1 ,de ,kalb1 ,rochambeau1 ,la ,fayette1 ,de ,grasse--all the foreign worthies1 in short1 together with a host of our own countrymen whose names will be household words as long as our nation exists4 ,her husband was brought into constant intercourse with such men by virtue of his occupation1 and his inclination led him to extend to them most freely the hospitalities of his home4 ,when my companions would break into my chosen hiding-place in search of me1 and find me the fascinated listener of their aged relative1 they would warn her to beware what yarns she spun for my amusement2 8for10 they said1 8she will surely write them down and keep the record4 ,if you could see what she puts upon her slate in school that has no relation to the horrors of arithmetic1 you would believe she is to be of the unhappy number who take such notes60 ,whether acting upon the hint or no1 ,i did indeed1 when pondering in my own little nest of a room over what ,i had heard1 jot down from time to time many scraps in the words of my kind old friend1 from portions of which the following sketch is gathered4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on the #bdth of ,december1 #agge1 a large assemblage met at the house of ,mr4 ,thorpe4 ,the guests1 many of them former friends and acquaintances of ,mr4 ,earle1 were brought together from different cities of the ,atlantic ,states1 with a sprinkling of the country friends of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,thorpe4 ,at the same time an equally large party assembled at the residence of my step-father1 ,mr4 ,foote1 among them1 of course1 my husband and myself4 ,the object of both was to celebrate the festivals of ,christmas and the ,new ,year according to old-time customs4 ,it was arranged that they should all join in ,christmas festivities at ,mr4 ,foote's1 and open the ,new ,year with ,mr4 ,thorpe4 ,at that period1 when the minds of the country were fermenting over questions of vital importance1 it was not to be hoped that such leaders of the disaffected as were entertained under ,mr4 ,thorpe's friendly roof--with whom it was half-believed that he and his family were in perfect accord--would mingle very harmoniously with the guests selected by ,mr4 ,foote for their high-toned loyalty to king and church4 ,i confess to having watched the social results of intercourse between such discordant elements with great trepidation4 ,thanks1 however1 to the crystallizing power of courtly etiquette1 now lamentably on the decline1 the mutual irritation was suppressed or kept within limits of strict decorum1 and the wonted hilarities of the joyous season were undisturbed by anything more serious than certain heart-burnings connected with questions of precedence on the line of march to the dining-hall4 ,these questions were decided according to the political preferences of the respective hosts1 quite irrespective of rank and station4 ,of course the decision rankled none the less fiercely on that account4 ,i noticed1 however1 that at the table of ,mr4 ,foote his neighbor's guests accepted their allotments1 even when placed 8below the salt0--as the most prominent among them were sure to be--with a graceful nonchalance which1 if assumed1 was a height of self-control unattainable by the haughty friends of their host4 ,it was amusing to see how the 8tables were turned0 when it became the part of ,mr4 ,thorpe to play the host4 ,i was placed near my step-father1 and listened carefully to his remarks addressed sotto-voce1 as the different courses were brought in and removed1 to his particular friend1 the former private secretary of the ex-governor of ,new ,jersey4 8,to think10 he exclaimed indignantly1 8of that young upstart ,carroll1 an acknowledged papist and open promoter of disaffection and disloyalty1 being invited to take precedence of such as you in the house of a friend of mine60 8,i yield the precedence with pleasure1 ,i assure you10 was the reply4 8,this young ,carroll is a man of no ordinary mark4 ,of his political errors1 if errors they must be called1 ,i can only say it is to be deplored that ,british rule should have furnished him with the weapons he wields so powerfully against it4 ,he is likely to prove a weighty and influential foe in politics and in his profession4 ,i have been present in court when he was unwinding webs cunningly woven by leaders of the ,maryland bar2 and1 analyzing them thread by thread1 he would expose their flimsiness with such convincing clearness and simplicity that the most unlettered juryman could comprehend it as fully as the learned jurists4 ,he has wonderful command of language1 and1 with no attempt at eloquence1 astonishing power in swaying the judgments and feelings of his audience40 8,the more shame for him60 exclaimed ,mr4 ,foote2 8when he might exert so potent an influence for king and country1 that he should stoop to pervert his powers1 and become the demagogue of a vile mob1 for purposes of paltry private ambition60 8,that could hardly be his object4 ,the suggestions of private ambition are all in the opposite direction4 ,he has everything to lose in the probabilities before him1 and but little to gain from the bare possibility of success in the future for the cause he has embraced40 8,yes1 thank ,god6 there is scarcely the bare possibility of such a result4 ,with the whole power of ,great ,britain against them1 the rebels have little to hope for1 and the punishment of this nefarious rebellion will be speedy and sure6 ,already the first note of triumph is sounded in the defeat of their troops before ,quebec60 8,perhaps you are right10 his friend replied2 8but ,i have not been a careless observer of what is passing1 and1 if ,i do not greatly mistake the temper of this people1 that disaster will only inspire them with new energy and determination4 ,i regard the selection of ,george ,washington to command their forces as a far more threatening token for ,british interests than this defeat at ,quebec is for theirs4 ,with such a leader1 and the great mass of the people perfectly united through the length and breadth of this immense country to sustain him--even admitting that in the oldest settlements they are sparse1 and those settlements widely scattered1 and that their chief strength for the struggle lies in the very weakness and insufficiency of their resources--,i confess ,i have grave misgivings that the conflict will be fearful and the victory dearly bought40 8,no doubt they will fight desperately1 and will be sure of every papist in the country to a man6 ,we have been altogether too tolerant with these seditious subjects of the pope4 ,the rascals have crept in silently1 until the provinces are filled with them4 ,scarcely a place of any size1 except ,boston1 can be found that has not a popish ,mass-house in full operation4 ,they are gaining influence rapidly1 too1 with the ,american people4 ,observe1 for instance1 the company invited by our host4 ,yonder1 next to that arch-traitor from ,boston1 ,john ,hancock1 and the plebeian philosopher1 ,ben4 ,franklin1 sit a number of printers1 five of whom1 from as many different cities1 are rank papists1 kindred spirits of the guild1 though not very polished4 ,it is surprising to notice how many of the pope's emissaries are printers6 ,convenient for disseminating error and sedition1 you know2 make good fighters1 too4 ,then1 on the opposite side of the table1 are those fiery ,irishmen1 ,fitzsimmons1 ,barry1 and ,moylan1 with a long line of their fellows--rebels and papists all6 ,moylan has three brothers1 ,i am told1 of the same stamp4 ,near to us are ,french and ,germans1 of whom ,i know nothing but that they too belong to the pope1 so it is fair to suppose they favor the rebellion4 ,then there is the ,maryland delegation1 led by ,carroll--a pretty strong showing for his ,holiness at the ,new ,year's banquet of a private ,protestant gentleman6 ,it is too late to remedy the evil now1 but it ought to have been taken in hand long ago4 ,if it had been dealt with effectually in the beginning1 ,i greatly doubt whether the colonies would now be in the condition we deplore40 8,it is not easy to deal with it effectually4 ,the province of ,massachusetts ,bay was very vigilant and severe from the start to keep them out1 or to exterminate them when they crept in1 but they are there now in considerable force40 8,yes1 indeed2 for ,i have been credibly informed that they not only lent their aid in that villanous tea-riot1 but that the ,puritan ranks at ,lexington and ,bunker ,hill were largely increased by the pestilent dogs1 who fought like tigers1 and could not be made to understand when they were soundly whipped6 ,well1 well6 we shall see what is to come4 ,it looks dark enough now1 and1 if matters are to go on as they threaten1 ,i shall accept the invitation of the home government to loyal subjects1 and remove my family to ,nova ,scotia40 ,here he struck the key-note of the strain that thrilled my heart with apprehension4 ,i fell into a painful reverie1 which so absorbed me that ,i heard no more4 ,i knew well that secret agents had been through the country describing large and desirable tracts of land in ,canada and ,nova ,scotia1 to be given to all who would withdraw from the sections in revolt2 and proclamations to that effect had also been recently published4 ,should he fulfil his threat1 my beloved mother would be removed to a great distance from me1 and the difficulties of travelling in times of such disturbance were so great that it must be long before ,i could see her again1 if ever4 ,then ,i grieved to think of a separation from my dear ,anna1 the youngest and loveliest of the five sisters1 many years my junior1 and my special darling4 ,i had been permitted to take her home with me after the holidays every year1 and keep her through the remainder of the winter4 ,now ,i was no longer to enjoy that privilege4 ,besides all this1 ,i knew that a strong attachment existed between her and ,charles ,thorpe1 which had been forming from their childhood with the full approbation of their parents4 ,what troubles might now be in store for them also6 ,indeed1 as ,i meditated upon the public1 social1 and domestic aspect of affairs1 ,i could see nothing cheering or encouraging4 ,here was this little rural village1 whose inhabitants were entirely divided among themselves--a type of the national condition3 fathers against sons1 wives opposed to their husbands1 sons and daughters-in-law against their fathers-in-law4 ,it seemed to form a present and dismal realization of the description given by our ,lord4 ,the minds of old and young1 and of all classes in society1 were so pervaded with a sense of impending evil as to cast a dark shadow over the festive season1 and cause its gay assemblies to take the character of political meetings1 where matters of fearful import were discussed with bated breath4 ,it was well known that ,mr4 ,thorpe1 his father-in-law1 and their distinguished guests1 with other leaders of the disaffected who were constantly arriving and departing1 held conclaves every night that extended far into the 8wee sma' hours10 many of which my husband was summoned to attend1 to the intense displeasure of my irascible step-father1 who denounced them all as a pack of infamous traitors1 for whose treasonable practices hanging was the only proper remedy4 ,upon the whole1 rankling irritation on the one part1 and gloomy forebodings on the other1 took the place of the cheerfulness proper to the season2 and when the parties at the two houses dispersed to go their several ways1 the leave-taking was a sad one for all4 ,another year passed1 and the ,christmas of #aggf arrived4 ,what changes those few months had wrought6 ,mr4 ,thorpe and his three oldest sons1 ,john1 ,nathan1 and ,charles1 had joined the ,continental army early in the year4 ,the father commanded the regiment of militia in which his sons served as privates4 ,in one of the first engagements ,john was killed4 ,soon after ,mr4 ,thorpe himself was brought home wounded and dying4 ,he survived long enough to bequeath the cause to his wife and her father1 and to receive the assurance that their lives and those of his surviving sons1 with all their earthly possessions1 should be devoted to its interests4 ,mr4 ,foote had fulfilled his threat1 and removed his family to ,nova ,scotia about the time when his life-long friend joined the 8rebel0 army4 ,i had a brief and mournful interview with my mother before they left1 and a stormy parting with my surly step-father1 who was too much incensed against my husband and myself1 for embracing the cause he so cordially hated1 to be even coolly civil4 ,his indignation was increased by the suspicion that we had influenced my mother's sympathies in the same direction1 though she very carefully abstained from manifesting any such tendency out of respect for his honest though misguided prejudices4 ,with him went a multitude of ,church-of-,england folk who were greatly regretted in that neighborhood2 for they very generally acted from a sincere conviction of duty1 and did not meddle unpleasantly with the opinions and decisions of their neighbors4 ,a still greater number of ,methodists went from ,new ,jersey and ,maryland to ,canada and ,nova ,scotia1 and their departure was the occasion for universal rejoicing to the friends of the country4 ,the only regret was that they left a sufficient faction of their brethren to act as spies and informers in every village and neighborhood1 and to bring all who differed from them in politics into serious trouble4 ,we used to think we defined their position and character when we said1 8,they are all hand and glove with the ,hessians60 ,the ,declaration of ,independence on the #dth of ,july in that year had placed the day high in the calendar of those which mark the most glorious epochs in the world's history4 ,meantime1 discouragements had accumulated along the track of our army1 until they culminated in that dreary autumnal retreat through ,new ,jersey before the ,british forces which dispersed the hopes of our people as the winds scatter the leaves of the season4 ,a little later the ,british took possession of ,rhode ,island4 ,in the despair which followed these disastrous events society became utterly disorganized2 and when ,lord ,howe and his brother-commanders of the ,british land and marine forces issued proclamations offering full indemnity and protection to all who would 8return to their allegiance10 multitudes1 among whom were many who had been accounted our most steadfast friends1 accepted the offer from alarm1 even while their sympathies and best wishes were with the cause they thus abandoned4 ,not one ,catholic was of their number2 they had no faith in ,british promises4 ,great was the revulsion when our troops rallied to such glorious purpose at ,trenton and ,princeton6 ,those who had fallen away in the hour of adversity1 and found to their sorrow how utterly worthless were ,lord ,howe's paper 8protections0 to shield them from the vile outrages of the plundering ,hessians1 now returned in crowds1 offering themselves and all they possessed to ,general ,washington to further his efforts4 ,his headquarters were made that winter in a town near the little village where ,mrs4 ,thorpe resided4 ,mr4 von ,francke visited him frequently at his quarters during the winter as the financial agent of many friends of the cause in ,new ,england and the ,southern ,states4 ,i improved those occasions to accompany him and visit my dear friend1 ,mrs4 ,thorpe4 ,she was exerting all her energies1 time1 and money to prepare clothing for the soldiers and necessary supplies for the army4 ,the buzz of spinning-wheels and the clack of domestic looms were heard in her house from day-dawn until late at night4 ,that house was a workshop of tailors and shoemakers1 and her agents ransacked the country for leather wherewith to make shoes4 ,every friend who visited her was pressed into the service1 and during each precious moment the busy needles were plied and the knitting-needles clicked while we were visiting and chatting of the past1 the present1 and the prospects of the future4 ,most religiously did she thus fulfil the promise made to her dying husband1 and seemed to find solace for her great sorrow in occupying herself constantly to aid the struggle for which her beloved ones had given their lives4 ,my heart ached for poor ,charles1 dejected and lonely in his separation from ,anna1 and grieving over the stern refusal of her father to permit any intercourse between them unless he would abandon the rebels and join the standard of ,king ,george4 ,to add to his distress1 he had heard1 through a friend of ,anna1 that her father had determined she should accept the suit of an influential officer of the government in ,nova ,scotia1 a very dissolute man1 who was captivated by her beauty upon their first meeting at a dance in the house of the governor4 ,charles knew so well her father's despotic rule over his family that he feared she might be compelled to comply with his commands4 ,deeply as ,i sympathized with the young people1 ,i could not afford them the aid they entreated for communicating with each other through my letters to my mother4 ,the principles of my religion forbade that ,i should do any act to encourage disobedience to a father4 ,yet ,i could not regret that the kindness of ,general ,washington made amends for my refusal1 by furnishing better facilities for their purpose than ,i could have furnished4 ,the three following years passed on1 marked by fluctuating fortunes and many hardships for our devoted troops and their dauntless leader4 ,the surrender of ,burgoyne in the autumn of '#gg1 and the alliance with ,france which followed1 had awakened bright hopes of a speedy and successful termination of the conflict1 but crushing reverses and bitter disappointments soon came4 ,the state of the currency baffled the strongest efforts and exhausted the resources of wise and able financiers4 ,my husband1 who was accounted extremely clever in affairs connected with the exchequer1 was often driven to his wits' end to provide for fearful contingencies1 and then to confess his utter inability to meet further demands4 ,mr4 ,earle placed his large fortune at the disposal of his country1 and died soon after4 ,his daughter gave better treasures when1 with ,spartan firmness1 she yielded all her noble sons1 one after another1 for its defence4 ,in the terribly hard winter of #aggi-hj ,general ,washington again established his headquarters in ,new ,jersey1 in ,mrs4 ,thorpe's immediate neighborhood1 and ,i went frequently to visit her when it was necessary for ,mr4 von ,francke to go on financial missions to that place4 ,upon one of these occasions1 early in the spring1 what was my surprise to be greeted on the threshold by my beloved ,anna1 and to find that she was the happy bride of my desponding young friend of yore1 ,charles ,thorpe1 now a dashing lieutenant and prime favorite with the commander-in-chief4 ,their happiness was not unclouded1 however2 for they had been married without her father's knowledge or consent4 ,he had made every arrangement for her immediate marriage with the man whom he had chosen and whom she despised1 and sent her to ,boston to procure her trousseau4 ,very opportunely1 ,general ,washington made a journey to ,boston about that time1 with ,charles in company as one of his aides4 ,the wedding took place at the house of the friend with whom she was stopping4 ,many of ,mr4 ,earle's distinguished friends were present1 and ,general ,washington gave away the bride4 ,her father was so enraged when he heard of it that he forbade her to enter his house again1 or to expect that he would ever own her as his daughter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when ,mrs4 von ,francke reached this point in her story1 she gave a bunch of keys and spoke some words in ,german to her waiting-woman1 who soon brought forth from some hidden recess a small mother-of-pearl casket1 with silver binding and clasps1 of exquisite workmanship1 and a package neatly folded and enclosed in an embroidered white linen case4 ,the casket was first opened1 and displayed a superb set of pearl jewelry1 consisting of various ornaments for the coiffure1 ear-rings1 necklace1 bracelets1 brooch1 waist-clasp1 and buckles for the slippers4 ,it was presented to ,anna by ,mr4 von ,francke when she departed for ,nova ,scotia4 ,from the other package1 after undoing many fastenings1 designed to shield its contents from any possible contact with the air and dust1 she drew a magnificent white satin dress1 made in the old-time fashion1 with an immensely wide skirt--for the crinoline of those days attained an amplitude far beyond the most extravagant expansion achieved a few years since by the leaders of ton--and a very long train4 ,around the lower part of the skirt a heavy pattern in leaves and flowers was embroidered with pure silver spangles and bugles#bjh drawn on with silver thread2 a tiny pair of white satin shoes which would rival in size the celebrated glass slippers of the fairy tale1 embroidered with material and pattern to match the dress1 with the toes pointed1 and the points turned back until they nearly reached the pearl buckle on the instep2 a splendid white thread-lace over-dress1 much in the mode of the modern polonaise2 a very long veil of the same material1 attached by the inevitable orange-flowers--these completed the suit1 and1 with the pearls1 formed the bridal costume fifty years before of ,anna ,foote1 now ,mrs4 ,charles ,thorpe4 ,after showing me two miniatures1 painted on ivory in the most finished and delicate style1 and mounted in elegant gold lockets--the one of ,anna in her bridal dress1 and the other of ,charles in the full military costume of that day--the articles were all carefully returned to their receptacle and ,mrs4 von ,francke resumed her narrative4 99 99 99 99 99 ,during the long visit ,i paid ,mrs4 ,thorpe at that time--the spring of #aghj--the village where the army was quartered1 and the town near by1 were the scenes of many parties1 balls1 and entertainments of every kind4 ,the ,french minister1 ,m4 ,luzerne1 successor of the first minister from ,france1 ,m4 ,gerard1 came to pass some weeks at the headquarters of the commander-in-chief4 ,he was accompanied by many distinguished foreigners4 ,among them was ,don ,juan de ,miralles1 resident at ,philadelphia1 from the ,spanish court4 ,he had visited us frequently in that city with ,count ,pulaski and ,,mm4 ,gerard and ,luzerne4 ,he was a most affable and accomplished gentleman and an exemplary ,christian4 ,upon their arrival the gay festivities were kept up with renewed zeal and brilliancy4 ,but while in full activity they were brought to a sad and sudden close by the death of this gentleman after an illness of only two days4 ,mr4 von ,francke brought a ,spanish priest to attend his last hours and conduct the funeral solemnities1 which were celebrated in the most imposing and impressive manner4 ,general ,washington and his staff1 all the foreign officers and ministers in full costume1 walked as chief mourners4 ,many members of ,congress came to pay this last tribute of respect to one who had1 by his shining virtues and gentle manners1 endeared himself to all who knew him4 ,when ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c41 was taken by the ,british in ,may1 #aghj1 ,nathan ,thorpe was severely wounded4 ,he was carried to the house of a ,german ,catholic in that city to whom ,mr4 von ,francke had given him letters of introduction4 ,there he lingered between life and death1 as it were1 for many weeks4 ,he was faithfully attended night and day by a disabled ,irish ,catholic soldier1 who brought an ,irish priest to instruct him and administer the last consoling rites of the church to him in his extremity4 ,his youth and a robust constitution prevailed1 however1 and he recovered4 ,during this interval an attachment had been formed between him and a lovely daughter of his kind host1 to whom he was married the ensuing autumn4 ,as his health was not sufficiently reinstated to permit his return to the army1 he entered upon the practice of his profession as a lawyer in ,charleston1 and finally achieved brilliant success and a large fortune therein4 ,in ,june of that year ,knyphausen1 with his ,hessians1 made a destructive raid through ,new ,jersey1 sparing neither friend nor foe2 not even their ,methodist cronies and instigators escaped rough treatment and severe losses1 for which they received but slight commiseration from their fellow-sufferers1 whose interests they had done all they could to injure and betray4 ,mrs4 ,thorpe's property was seriously damaged and many valuable animals slaughtered by the merciless ruffians4 ,in ,july of the same year the ,french fleet under ,count de ,grasse arrived1 and was welcomed with great joy by the whole country4 ,the ,french troops commanded by ,count ,rochambeau were transported on these vessels4 ,soon after their arrival we became acquainted with that illustrious commander4 ,i saw him for the first time at the celebration of ,mass in our humble chapel4 ,he was accompanied by ,marquis ,la ,fayette and ,count de ,grasse4 ,after ,mass ,mr4 von ,francke1 who had been in correspondence with them before1 introduced me to them1 and invited them to dine with us in our home1 which invitation they accepted1 and from that time they never failed to visit us when they were in ,philadelphia4 ,in ,august the ,continental forces1 under ,general ,gates1 fought the bloody battle of ,camden1 ,s4 ,c41 and were defeated chiefly through the shameful failure of the militia to do their duty4 ,the ,maryland regiments1 however--many of whom were ,catholics--under their brave ,catholic commander1 ,baron de ,kalb1 fought with unyielding firmness and desperation1 atoning as far as possible for the poltroonery of their ,protestant comrades of ,virginia and ,north ,carolina4 ,when even ,general ,gates fled from the field1 the ,catholic soldiers advanced steadily and firmly to fight or die with the glorious ,de ,kalb1 who1 when he saw others flying1 drew his sword1 and1 shouting to his dauntless soldiers of the ,maryland and ,pennsylvania lines1 8,stand firm1 my boys1 for ,i am too old to fly60 fell soon after1 covered with wounds4 ,the whole nation was in mourning when the news of his death was received4 ,demonstrations of sorrow were made in every city1 and requiem ,masses offered in the ,catholic churches for the repose of his soul4 ,congress voted that the country should rear a fitting monument to his memory4 ,it is still cherished by every true ,american heart1 and will be as long as our people are faithful to themselves and to their country4 ,he was one of ,mr4 von ,francke's dearest friends for many years1 and we mourned for him as for a brother4 ,through the remainder of that year1 and during the spring and summer of #agha1 discouragements in every form1 and disasters that would have utterly dismayed a less determined people1 surrounded our hapless country4 ,the baseless currency became so depreciated as to be almost worthless4 ,the iniquity of speculators1 and the flood of counterfeits poured upon the colonies by ,lord ,howe1 greatly increased difficulties sufficient in themselves to overwhelm the nation4 ,yet the courage and resolution of the people never faltered1 and were fully responded to and sustained by the firmness of their representatives in the legislative assemblies of the different ,states and in ,congress4 ,the heavy clouds began to break and our national prospects to brighten in the early autumn of #agha4 ,we had so often seen our fairest hopes suddenly blighted that we hardly dared to accept such promising tokens as seemed to be given from time to time only to save us from utter despair4 ,now1 however1 we were destined to witness a consummation1 sudden1 unlooked-for1 and beyond the wildest expectations of the most sanguine1 in the entire defeat and surrender of the ,british troops under ,cornwallis1 on the #aith of ,october in that year--an event which virtually closed the war and secured our independence4 ,intelligence of this astounding event was conveyed through the whole country1 with the speed of the wind1 by special couriers despatched in every direction4 ,it was said that the fine horses of ,methodist ,tories--which had been spared by the ,british troops when they captured all that were of any value belonging to our people--performed splendid exploits of speed in disseminating the glorious news1 to the unutterable indignation of their crestfallen owners6 ,our nation1 so long accustomed to desolating evils1 now burst forth into frantic demonstrations of joy4 ,bonfires blazed on every hill4 ,public parades1 and processions with banners1 crowded the streets of every town4 ,illuminations and fireworks turned the darkness of night into noonday splendor4 ,the rural populations1 old and young1 flocked to the villages and cities to join in the universal expressions of jubilant patriotism4 ,services of thanksgiving were held by ,protestants4 ,high ,masses were offered in ,catholic churches1 and the ,te ,deum was chanted there by ,catholics marching in procession under the floating colors of the triumphant 8,stars and ,stripes40 ,the members of ,congress1 of the ,supreme ,executive ,council1 and the ,assembly of ,pennsylvania1 by special invitation of the ,french minister1 attended in our church in ,philadelphia during the celebration of divine service and thanksgiving for the capture of ,lord ,cornwallis4 ,our ,french pastor1 ,abb ,baudole1 delivered an eloquent address upon the occasion4 ,new ,jersey was more noisy than all the other ,states in her public manifestations of triumph4 ,nor was it unfit that she should be1 since none had suffered so much in furnishing a common battle-ground and thoroughfare for the conflicting forces4 ,neither was it strange that she showed little toleration for the ,tories at whose hands she had received persecutions1 injuries1 and insults of untold numbers and magnitude4 ,here1 as elsewhere1 the ,catholic voice1 the first that was raised in support of the conflict for independence1 was also the first to plead1 through both clergy and laity1 for toleration and leniency toward these relentless foes of our country in her darkest hours4 ,early in ,november we entertained a large and joyful party at our house4 ,at our request ,general ,washington and his lady presided at the reception of the guests4 ,all the ,french and ,german officers with their attendants1 the foreign ministers1 and many of our own distinguished countrymen1 military and civic1 were present4 ,charles and ,anna ,thorpe were of my household at that time4 ,a succession of splendid private entertainments and public banquets was given in ,philadelphia4 ,the joyful excitement was kept up by the nation through the following winter1 and ,mr4 von ,francke was absent frequently as the invited guest at public festivals which would not excuse him from attendance1 although his health was rapidly declining4 ,in ,may1 #aghb1 my rejoicing was quenched for ever by the painful event which left me a widow4 ,the long-sustained strain and mental anxiety to which my husband was subjected during all those years of national embarrassment had so worn upon his frame that1 when final success was assured and the strain no longer required1 he sank into a decline1 for the arrest of which all remedies proved unavailing1 and survived only a few weeks4 ,no hero that gave his life on any of those bloody battle-fields was1 more truly than he1 a martyr for his country4 ,mrs4 ,thorpe1 ,charles1 and ,anna were with me during the distressing scene and until ,i had consigned my beloved to his final resting-place4 ,he had for so many years belonged to the public that it claimed the right to conduct the ceremonial1 outside of the church2 and it was celebrated with most impressive solemnity1 both as a religious and civic rite4 ,from that time ,philadelphia became intolerable to me4 ,i closed my house and accompanied my kind and gentle friend to the home in ,new ,jersey which was always open to the afflicted4 ,here ,i remained until ,charles removed to ,st4 ,lawrence ,county1 ,n4 ,y4--then a dense wilderness--with his family4 ,he had received a grant of lands from the government1 which he exchanged for an extensive territory in that vicinity4 ,to that wilderness ,i came with my dear ,anna to share the hardships and privations inseparable from the attempt to found a home in such a region4 ,with these trials1 wholly new to us1 we have also received and enjoyed many blessings4 ,she is surrounded by a blooming group of sons and daughters1 and blessed with smiling1 prattling grandchildren4 ,we have seen a fine village grow up around us1 and our country has been crowned with unexampled prosperity4 ,the one sole cloud over ,anna's happiness has been the stern refusal of my obstinate step-father1 who still lives at a very advanced age1 to forgive the daughter he so cruelly banished from his heart and home4 ,i have often thought that1 if the colonies had been subdued1 he would have welcomed her back long ago4 ,she has written many letters to him1 but they are always returned unopened4 ,my own dear mother died the year following ,anna's marriage4 ,i saw her but once after her removal to ,nova ,scotia4 ,the separation from her was one of the greatest trials of my life4 ,few indeed who have lived so long have suffered less from severe afflictions than ,i1 and my heart swells with gratitude daily when ,i recall the varied blessings which the beneficent hand of ,providence has poured upon my lengthened pilgrimage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some years later1 when ,mrs4 von ,francke was past ninety1 ,i was on a visit to the dear friends of whom ,i have discoursed in this rambling sketch1 when they received a message from ,nova ,scotia that the aged ,mr4 ,foote was dying1 and could not leave the world in peace until he had seen and been reconciled with his long-banished daughter4 ,he requested that ,charles should go with her4 ,there was bustling and packing in great haste4 ,in a few hours after the message arrived they were on board a steamer1 bound for ,quebec1 en route for ,nova ,scotia4 ,mr4 ,foote lived some weeks after their arrival1 and would not allow them to leave him for an hour4 ,they remained until after the funeral4 ,mrs4 von ,francke survived her step-father but a few months4 ,all the elder members of the family have long since passed away4 ,it is many years since ,i have seen the lovely home of my childhood1 or that other one1 on the bank of the dear old ,st4 ,lawrence1 where ,i passed so large a portion of childhood's happy hours2 but the memories connected with both1 and with the dear friends who made those hours so happy1 will never pass away4 #bjh ,elongated beads4 ,,consuelo4 ,when1 from the countless stars ,that gem the azure vault above1 ,one flames and dies ,across our skies1 ,we mourn so bright a light ,is lost to sight2 ,and then--one brighter comes in view4 ,in trackless wastes ,our stars point true1 ,and1 dying1 ,ever thus renew4 ,when1 from the countless homes ,that deck this earth of ours1 ,one altar fire ,flames but to expire1 ,we mourn a loved hearth ,so lost to earth2 ,and then--we build a new4 ,wandering the world1 ,our hearth-fires woo1 ,and1 dying1 ,ever thus renew4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more4 ,a ,,historical ,,romance4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,princesse ,,de ,,craon4 ,,xiii4 ,in the meantime ,sir ,thomas ,more had returned to his home at ,chelsea4 ,he felt at first a slight decree of uneasiness on account of the indiscretions of the ,holy ,maid of ,kent1 the evident malice with which ,cromwell had drawn them out1 and the eagerness with which he had interpreted them4 ,but as he was accustomed to resign into the hands of ,god the entire care of his future1 and as there appeared to be nothing with which he could reproach himself in the short and accidental relations he had had with that woman1 he soon recovered his former tranquillity1 and thought no more but of how he might be able to render some new service to the queen4 ,he knew she had set out for ,leicester ,abbey1 and he had already found means of writing to the abbot1 whom he remembered having received at the chancelry on some particular business concerning the rights of the abbey1 and the father abbot had appeared1 as well as he could remember1 to be an honest and intelligent man4 ,feeling satisfied that the queen had1 ere that time1 received his communications1 he had gone towards evening to take a walk with his children in the country4 ,they were all seated on the green slope at ,chelsea4 ,the ,thames flowed at their feet2 the freshness of the verdure1 the perfumed breeze that arose from the meadow1 the balmy sweetness of the air1 all united to render the moment a delicious one4 8,see1 dear father10 said ,margaret1 who was sitting at his feet 7she always kept as near him as possible71 8see how beautiful the river is6 ,how it comes with its silver waves to kiss the rich and verdant meadow which extends so far before us6 ,look at those flocks of sheep1 following the shepherds to the fold2 how docile they are and obedient to their voices6 ,and those dogs1 how active and intelligent6 ,oh6 how ,i love the evening1 when the horizon yet burns with the red glow of the sun as he descends to light up other skies40 ,and ,margaret paused to admire in silence the pure and inspiring beauties of nature by which she was surrounded1 while her eyes sought those of her father1 as if to interrogate him4 ,more smiled as he regarded her4 8,well1 my dear daughter10 he said1 8why not speak thy whole thought80 ,for he loved to listen to the forcible sentiments she sometimes expressed1 so characteristic of her melancholy and enthusiastic temperament4 8,why ask that1 father80 she replied2 8for my thought is sad--sad as all things that end4 ,the day has gone1 never more to return6 ,it is like a precious pearl that has been unstrung from a necklace where all are carefully numbered40 8,thou art right1 my daughter1 and may be the happiness ,i have enjoyed this day in the midst of you will never more return60 8,what sayest thou1 my father80 cried ,margaret1 alarmed4 8,nay1 wouldst thou leave us1 then1 and couldst thou live without thy children80 8,no1 my child1 no2 but observe you not how the days of man are like the swift shuttle that flies to and fro in the hands of the weaver1 and which he uses to trace1 one after another1 divers designs80 8,this one pleases me much10 said ,margaret1 smiling1 8and ,i would like it to stop here40 ,as she said this1 she extended her hand toward ,roper1 who brought her a large bouquet of daisies#bji he had gathered for her in the fields4 8,here is my name written on my forehead by the hand of ,roper10 she continued2 and she placed the pretty white flowers amid the dark tresses of her lovely hair4 ,the father admired his beautiful young daughter1 in whom1 indeed1 youth and beauty were united in all their brilliancy4 ,her small hands rested one upon the other2 her white robe hung in graceful folds around1 defining her perfectly-moulded form2 her eyes1 calm and serene in expression1 yet shone with a thousand fires2 one could read in their depths the strength and vigor of this young soul just entering upon life4 ,those features so calm and lovely1 that union of charms and perfections1 brought joy and happiness to the depths of the devoted father's soul4 ,he gazed at her in silence4 8,a ray of eternal beauty lights up this beautiful countenance10 he said to himself4 8,this flower is born of my blood2 it is being of my being1 soul of my soul4 ,oh6 blessed1 blessed for ever be this child whom the ,lord hath given to me6 ,margaret1 my daughter10 he said after a moment's silence1 8tell me1 ,i pray you1 what is beauty80 8,beauty80 replied ,margaret1 smiling at the unexpected question2 and she raised towards him her eyes1 whose lovely expression anticipated her answer4''' 8,well1 ''' beauty is an undefinable thing10 she continued4 8,we recognize it in everything4 ,our souls are made to see it1 to admire and love it2 but ,i cannot1 ,i believe1 define it4 ,it is there1 and immediately we are enraptured with it4 ,it is a ray of the glory of ,god2 it is his power which flashes before our eyes1 and our hearts are at once transported4 ,the beautiful animal1 full of life1 strength1 and agility1 whose light and rapid steps seem scarcely to bend the delicate herbage of the field1 his glossy coat permitting you to count his veins and admire the graceful and elegant proportions of his form2 the plants rich with flowers and weighty with fruits2 the birds with variegated plumage and tints of a thousand colors2 the pure1 azure skies of summer1 the stars of night--such is beauty1 my father2 ,i feel it1 but ,i cannot describe it to you otherwise40 8,then1 my dear child1 what think you of the ,being who has drawn all these things out of nothing1 and who1 by his powerful word1 has given them everything1 and preserves and watches over them all80 8,that he is10 replied ,margaret earnestly1 8the source and the veritable plenitude of all beauty2 and that if we could see him either with the eyes of the body or those of the soul1 we should be perfectly happy1 since he must be1 and is necessarily1 the sovereign perfection of all that delights in this world4 ,and if you speak to me of eloquence1 that moral beauty of soul which subdues and carries everything before it1 ,i find in it but a new expression of that ,sovereign ,intelligence who has placed in our hearts the faculty of feeling and loving beauty1 the strength and elevation of thought1 which an ,intelligence superior to our own is charged by it to communicate to us40 8,then1 my dear child1 what think you of the unbeliever80 8,what do ,i think of him80 said ,margaret1 intently regarding ,sir ,thomas4 8,i will tell you3 ,i do not think he exists40 8,how say you6 that he exists not80 8,no1 he does not exist1 because he cannot4 ,god has created us free1 but that freedom has bounds4 ,we cannot uncreate or make ourselves cease to be1 and in the same way we cannot destroy our reason beyond a certain point2 we may deny the truth with our lips1 but we cannot prevent our hearts from believing it2 we may arrange1 assert1 relate1 or invent a falsehood1 but we cannot convince ourselves that it is true4 ,the sad science of the atheist compels him to remove ,god as far as possible from himself2 to call him by a name formed of several strange syllables which do not represent him under any form to his mind2 then when he has come to drive him beyond the bounds of his narrow intelligence1 he denies his ,creator with that tongue1 with that life1 and in the name of that reason which he received from him4 ,such a man must be a liar1 although he would not be willing to walk proudly in the public ways with the tablet of liar attached to his shoulders40 ,more smiled at the strong comparison of ,margaret2 and as he derived an extreme pleasure from these philosophical conversations1 he continued thus3 8,you believe1 then1 there are no atheists80 8,no10 replied ,margaret1 8there is not one in good faith1 because the most ordinary reason is enough to prevent all doubt that the admirable chain of all being1 over whom man is established master and king1 has not been created by itself1 and that it is the work of a ,sovereign ,intelligence who has foreseen and established all things by a science of prevision and of power far beyond all that we are able to see1 all that we can feel1 and all that we possess40 8,nevertheless1 ,margaret1 they will tell you that there is a force1 a blind power1 who has created all that40 8,then10 replied ,margaret ironically1 8,i will ask them what they understand by a #8blind power'2 for power means1 it seems to me1 that which can2 but that which is blind can do1 can will naught4 ,those1 then1 who by a happy chance see1 wish1 and know something1 ,i would ask to add to the stature of a man the height of one cubit2 to organize a head that understands how to solve mathematical problems1 to compose music1 poetry1 to learn1 remember1 and speak4 ,what think you1 my father3 would it not be very convenient to have in your cabinet some of those thinking heads1 arranged on a shelf1 as are pitchers and pipkins8 ,miserable creatures60 she continued1 indignantly1 8how they degrade and dishonor mankind6 ,and how do they dispose of their consciences8 ,why have they a conscience which commands them to do right and reproaches them for doing wrong1 if it is not that man1 born immortal1 must one day render an account of all his deeds1 and receive from ,god either a reward or punishment8 ,no1 it is not in weakness of the intellect that we must search for the origin of atheism1 but in the corruption of the heart4 ,if1 then1 the atheist denies ,god1 he thereby testifies to his justice and power1 even as the faithful bear witness to his goodness and mercy in acknowledging and honoring him4 ,the one fears him because of the crimes he has committed2 the other hopes in him because of the virtues he practises3 behold the sole and only difference between the two men40 8,well1 my dear daughter10 replied ,more2 8but the greater number of men who call themselves atheists follow only their own reasoning1 as do you this moment1 being almost always most profoundly ignorant of themselves and of their own nature1 and entirely indifferent about the means of being instructed4 ,occupied solely with the present life1 they attach themselves to mere sensual enjoyments1 and1 feeling that it would be necessary to abandon these in order to deliver their souls from the yoke of matter1 they prefer thus to vegetate in forgetfulness of themselves and of all their duties40 8,then1 my father1 you see that you agree with me on the point from whence ,i started out1 which was that there are really no atheists1 that the word is false1 that it is taken in a false acceptation1 and that it can only be properly defined in this way3 #8,one who in his own heart is a liar4'0 ,while ,margaret was conversing thus with her father1 and the rest of the family were enjoying the repose of innocence and freedom1 a man silently turned around the foot of the hill and followed slowly the path leading through the meadow4 ,his face was darkly clouded with care2 envy and malice were hidden in the depths of his heart4 ,he reflected within himself in what manner he should approach the host whom he came to visit1 and whom he perceived sitting on top of the hill4 ,thus in an immortal poem we find the fallen angel thrice making the circuit of the terrestrial paradise1 seeking where he should enter in order to attack the man favored of ,god4 8,father1 here is some one coming60 cried the youngest of ,more's daughters4 ,and she ran1 followed by the house dog1 with which she had been very busy fixing on its neck a collar of leaves4 8,it is a gentleman dressed all in black1 who has a beautiful chain hanging round his neck40 ,as she finished speaking ,cromwell appeared4 8,ah6 it is you1 ,master ,cromwell10 said ,more1 rising graciously4 8,let me welcome you among us4 ,how fares it with you80 ,for the more ,sir ,thomas thought he had to complain of any one1 the more he exerted himself by his kind and polite manner to assure him that he felt no bitterness in his heart2 this was the cause of the cordial reception he gave ,cromwell1 whom he would otherwise have avoided4 8,well1 ,i thank you10 replied ,cromwell1 casting1 as was his custom1 a furtive glance on all around him4 ,he at once encountered the eyes of ,margaret1 which were fixed upon him with an expression of anger and scorn2 for she could not endure him1 having learned from the ,bishop of ,rochester how he had conducted himself in the hall of convocation1 with what impudence he had sat himself in the midst of the assembly1 and the manuvres he had used to extort from the bishops an oath which must be followed by such fatal consequences4 ,he laughed to himself at the young girl's displeasure1 and made her a profound salutation4 ,but she did not return it2 and passing from the other side1 she went and seated herself near her stepmother1 who was knitting the leg of a stocking--the only employment in which she was passably skilled4 ,cromwell remarked this movement2 and if he was indifferent to it1 he at least drew from it an inference as to the feeling of the family with regard to present affairs4 8,sir ,thomas10 he said in a tone tinged with raillery1 8,i come1 on the part of the king1 to announce great news to you2 it depends on yourself whether you find it good or bad4 ,the king1 our most gracious sovereign1 is married1 and he has espoused my lady ,anne ,boleyn40 8,the king married60 said ,sir ,thomas4 8,the king married60 he repeated4 ,but he felt that ,cromwell1 who was aware of his great attachment to the queen1 had only come to enjoy his discomfiture1 or to watch him with some malicious design4 ,he at once put himself on his guard1 but turned visibly pale4 8,he is married10 continued ,cromwell4 8,the clergy laughed at him2 but1 by my troth1 he has in his turn laughed at them6 ,it was necessary that all this should come to an end4 ,yesterday his majesty advised the lords of his ,privy ,council of the decision he has taken of having the new queen publicly acknowledged4 ,the communication should be made to-day in ,parliament1 and they will proceed immediately after to receive the oaths of all the members touching the succession to the throne1 the supremacy of the king1 and the separation from the ,church of ,rome40 8,cromwell1 can it be80 said ,sir ,thomas ,more1 struck with consternation4 8,how rapidly all this has been brought about6 ,and the queen1 where is she80 8,which one80 replied ,cromwell1 already affecting the tone of the court4 8,queen ,catherine60 added ,more with a profound sigh4 8,ah6 ,i understand4 ,more obstinate than ever10 replied ,cromwell in a tone of badinage4 8,she has retired to ,easthampstead4 ,we are occupied with her case now in council2 she will be summoned to ,dunstable1 where an ecclesiastical commission will cut short all of her demands4 ,oh6 all is over so far as she is concerned40 ,more felt pierced to the heart1 and each new expression of ,cromwell wounded him afresh4 ,he could not doubt but this cruel man had been sent to take an exact account of his slightest gesture and most insignificant word2 he therefore vainly endeavored to restrain his feelings1 but sorrow and the honest frankness of his nature carried him beyond the limits of prudence4 8,master ,cromwell10 he said with dignity1 8,i know not why the king has sent you to me2 but ,i think you know me so well that it would be useless for me1 standing face to face with you1 to disguise my sentiments2 ,i therefore candidly acknowledge that what you have told me penetrates me with a mortal sorrow4 ,my heart is deeply attached to ,queen ,catherine1 but ,i am1 by my duty1 still more devoted to the king4 ,it is with the deepest grief that ,i see those who surround him1 far from telling him the truth1 think only of flattering him1 that they may obtain new favors from his hands4 ,and you1 who are his adviser1 ,i exhort and conjure you never to tell him what he can do1 but what he ought to do2 because1 if the lion knew his strength1 who would be able to subdue him8 ,until this time1 as you know1 we have not walked in the same road1 nor have our eyes been turned to the same end2 but now that ,i have entirely withdrawn from public life1 when ,i can no longer cause you suspicion1 when my sole and only desire is to live in obscurity1 surrounded by my children1 occupying myself with naught but the affairs of my eternal salvation1 it seems to me ,i can disclose to you my inmost thoughts4 ,i esteem you too highly to fear that you would abuse my confidence4 ,use your influence1 then1 with the king1 if there yet be time1 and try to arrest the disasters with which church and state are threatened60 ,cromwell felt confounded2 come as a master1 a triumphant enemy1 he endeavored1 but was unable1 to recover himself in the presence of the calm and magnanimous virtue of a great man who seemed to place with confidence his destiny in his hands1 and to esteem him sufficiently to exhort him still to fulfil his duty to his king and country4 ,he experienced a momentary inspiration of good2 but corrupt souls stifle such inspirations with the same facility that they are followed by the pure in heart4 ,an instant's reflection sufficed for him to recover his accustomed arrogance4 8,that is an easy thing for you to say10 he replied1 8having now1 as you have just remarked1 retired from public life4 ,but for me it is very different2 every day convinces me how dangerous it would be to resist the king1 and ,i confess that ,i am by no means tired of life1 and do not desire to lose my head on the scaffold1 nor to die in poverty like that poor cardinal of defunct memory4 ,that is why ,i must continue to act as ,i have done in ,parliament1 and ,i advise you to do the same2 for1 hearken1 ,sir ,thomas3 ,i have not come here of my own accord1 but on the part of the king1 to announce to you his intentions1 and at the same time say to you that he has learned with great indignation of the correspondence you have kept up with that nun called the ,holy ,maid of ,kent2 that1 notwithstanding1 he will exercise toward you the utmost clemency1 that he will strike your name from the bill of high treason which is entered against her1 if he has reason hereafter to be satisfied with your conduct1 and if you will publicly abjure the prejudices you have until this time manifested against ,queen ,anne1 his spouse40 8,what say you1 ,master ,cromwell80 cried ,sir ,thomas ,more4 8,i am implicated in the proceedings they have instituted against that woman80 ,and the unhappy father looked round upon his children1 who had gathered around him1 and whom terror and alarm had rendered motionless4 8,master ,cromwell10 he continued after a moment's silence1 8your visit is a cruel one2 my children1 at least1 were not guilty1 if any one else here is40 ,and his eyes rested on ,margaret1 who stood pale and trembling with horror and surprise4 ,but ,cromwell knew very well what he had come to do2 it was part of his design that the grief and solicitations of ,more's children should break down his resolution1 and induce him to yield to all they wished to demand of him4 8,margaret6 my beloved child10 said ,more1 especially concerned for her1 8grieve not4 ,i fully hope to prove1 as clearly as the light of day1 that ,i have nothing with which to reproach myself toward my king1 and that ,i am an entire stranger to the follies of that woman4 ,listen1 ,master ,cromwell10 he continued1 turning towards him1 without manifesting the least emotion1 8,i pray you say to the king1 my sovereign1 that nothing could afflict me more than to know ,i had incurred his displeasure4 ,nevertheless1 ,i hope to prove that he is mistaken with regard to the acquaintance ,i have had with that woman4 ,i have seen her but once1 in the ,sion ,convent1 in a chapel1 and then because the fathers urged me to converse with her a few moments1 and tell them what ,i thought of her virtue4 ,she appeared to me simple and true in her conversation4 ,the replies she made to the few questions ,i addressed her seemed to proceed from an humble heart and a pious soul4 ,since that day #a have not seen her4 ,this winter some one spoke to me about her1 and told me she had made some predictions about the king1 and asked me if ,i wanted to hear them4 ,to which ,i replied--and ,i remember it perfectly--that ,i wanted to hear nothing about it1 and1 if it was true she had anything to reveal to the king1 it seemed to me at least entirely superfluous for any other man to inquire into it4 ,this is the whole truth1 and ,i beg you1 ,master ,cromwell1 to say to the king ,i hope to prove it in the most undeniable manner40 8,this woman is only an instrument10 replied ,cromwell1 affecting not to reply to what ,sir ,thomas had said2 8they have only used her and her pretended revelations in order to cause the conduct of the king to be censured by his people4 ,i very much fear they will be severely punished--those1 at least1 who have employed her for that purpose40 8,i know not what will come of it10 replied ,sir ,thomas in a cold and quiet manner4 8,if it is true that there is a criminal impostor disguised under the appearance of virtue1 they would do well to expose and punish her rigorously40 ,and there the conversation ended4 ,however much ,cromwell desired that it should be prolonged1 he neither knew how to renew nor to continue it4 ,he concluded1 therefore1 to affect a degree of zeal and friendship1 and summoned all his hypocrisy to his assistance4 8,dear ,sir ,thomas10 he said1 8as you said but now1 we have not always been of the same way of thinking4 ,some day ,i may change my opinions2 but at this time ,i cannot begin to tell you how much anxiety ,i feel on account of the king's anger in your regard4 ,it appears that they have excited him most terribly against you4 ,you must have some secret enemy who is using these means for the purpose of lessening you in his estimation and making you lose his favor40 ,more listened1 thinking if indeed it could be ,cromwell who spoke in this manner4 8,verily10 he answered1 8,i must fain think as you do1 for ,i have naught on my conscience touching that woman2 and would to ,god ,i was in his sight as free from sin as ,i feel myself free from any thought of wrong or any transgression against our sovereign lord and king60 8,sir ,thomas1 you have let your attachment to ,queen ,catherine show too plainly1 and it is right well known that you are against the spiritual supremacy of the king40 ,more made no reply4 ,tears arose in his eyes4 ,he looked at ,margaret4 ,the young girl held one of her stepmother's long iron knitting-needles1 and seemed mechanically trying to sharpen the point with the end of her finger1 which she turned rapidly around it4 ,if ,margaret had held a poignard1 it was evident that she would have wished to plunge it into the heart of the traitor who stood before her4 ,she said nothing1 but her flashing eyes followed every movement he made4 ,the others sat motionless1 and ,cromwell felt oppressed by the attention of all these souls weighing upon his own4 ,he no longer knew what to say2 he looked around1 he hesitated1 he tried to resume the conversation1 and again broke down4 ,sir ,thomas1 always kind1 always considerate1 wished to relieve him from this painfully embarrassing situation4 8,master ,cromwell10 he said1 8,i see that you find it somewhat painful to tell me all you have learned that would be disagreeable to me2 therefore let us retire from here4 ,if it please you to sup with us1 we will return to the house40 8,i do not think ,master ,cromwell is hungry10 said ,margaret1 changing color4 8,he is one of those men who subsist on evil as well as bread2 it is a stronger and more bitter nourishment1 the savor of which agrees better with their ferocious natures40 8,you are charming1 charming1 damsel60 replied ,cromwell1 turning toward her with that trifling manner1 coarse and familiar1 which he considered suitable to adopt in his intercourse with women farthest above himself4 8,margaret does not like compliments10 replied ,sir ,thomas ,more1 who endeavored to repair1 without seeming to have noticed them1 the expressions of anger and scorn ,margaret had permitted to escape her4 8,she is very sensitive10 he added4 8,and very frank1 it seems to me10 answered ,cromwell quickly1 in a tone insolent and easy4 8,a little too much so1 perhaps10 replied ,sir ,thomas gently2 8but that is better than to be deceitful40 8,are all these fields yours80 asked ,cromwell4 8,no1 indeed1 sir4 ,i own very little land around my dwelling2 besides1 ,i gave a portion of it to ,margaret1 my daughter1 when she became affianced to young ,roper40 ,saying this1 ,sir ,thomas turned and walked with ,cromwell and his family towards the house4 ,on their arrival ,sir ,thomas conducted ,cromwell into his private cabinet4 8,listen1 sir10 he said1 after he had closed the door3 8,i would not wish to conceal from you that you have deeply wounded me by declaring in presence of my children that ,i had been accused of high treason4 ,i have not been chief-justice so long without learning that this is the weight they will let fall on my head1 and ,i know perfectly well that this accusation of high treason is like a glove1 which they can make to fit any hand4 ,as to what ,i think about the supremacy of the king1 that ,i shall reveal to no man living4 ,but1 at least1 be so good as to tell me how this action against me began1 and who are my accomplices40 8,the nun10 replied ,cromwell 7perfectly well instructed in the particulars of an affair he had invented and intended to direct7--8the nun is accused of high treason toward the king4 ,her accomplices are ,master ,richard1 ,dr4 ,baking1 ,richard ,risby1 ,biering1 ,gold1 ,lawrence ,thwaites1 ,john ,adisson1 and ,thomas ,abel4 ,as to yourself and the ,bishop of ,rochester1 you are accused of connivance2 but1 after what you have told me1 ,i doubt not you will be able to prove your innocence easily1 and your name will be stricken out at the commencement of the prosecution40 8,the ,bishop of ,rochester60 exclaimed ,sir ,thomas1 his hands resting on the table1 and entirely absorbed in reflection4 ,he recalled the night when ,fisher1 seated in the same chair now occupied by ,cromwell1 had implored him not to accept the seal of state1 and1 upon his refusing to take his advice1 prayed ,god never to permit them to be separated1 but that their lives might terminate in the same manner and at the same moment4 ,lost in the recollection of his tender friendship1 ,more forgot the frightful character of ,cromwell1 which no one1 however1 better understood than himself4 ,he took him affectionately by the hand4 8,dear ,cromwell10 he exclaimed1 8how is this8 ,the ,bishop of ,rochester8 ,ah6 ,i implore you have his name removed4 ,let them be revenged on me1 but not on him4 ,mercy for my friend60 ,sir ,thomas was on the point of telling ,cromwell that he had heard them both accused on that fatal night at ,westminster2 but on reflection he forebore1 supposing him to be entirely ignorant of their presence in the church4 8,alas60 continued ,sir ,thomas1 8if ,i have offended the king1 let them punish me2 but ,rochester1 what has he done8 ,devoid of ambition1 occupied entirely with the duties of his bishopric1 devoted to the king1 at whose birth he attended1 loved1 esteemed by him1 how can they suspect him of wishing to injure his beloved sovereign8 ,master ,cromwell1 ,i beseech you intercede for him60 ,that prayer was very well understood by ,cromwell1 but he feigned not to hear it4 ,he had not come to sympathize with1 but rather to enjoy the sufferings of a just man1 one whom he still feared1 although he had entirely supplanted him4 8,sir ,thomas10 he replied1 8,i cannot see why you supplicate me in behalf of the ,bishop of ,rochester1 as though ,i were able to do anything in the matter4 ,justice is there1 to be rendered to him1 and to you also1 if you prove that you are entirely innocent of this charge40 8,in sooth10 said ,sir ,thomas1 8,i swear to you that ,i know nothing about it4 ,i have never considered it of sufficient importance to investigate the character and veracity of that woman4 ,i believe1 and am very well convinced1 that being the creatures and the children of ,god1 in whom we exist and from whom we have received all things1 he will sometimes1 in his goodness1 manifest his will to us by some extraordinary means and supernatural ways1 and also that he can change or interrupt in a moment events of which he has himself marked out the course2 but1 at the same time1 ,i believe that this truth can be abused either by weakness of the mind1 by error1 or by folly4 ,that woman1 then1 is perhaps guilty of no other crime than of having mistaken dreams for revelations2 and if it is thus1 ,i find that the more importance we give to trivial things1 the more dangerous we make them1 if in the beginning they were the cause of any inconvenience40 8,that is true10 said ,cromwell2 8but the king is very much wroth1 and intends that this woman and all those who have believed in her shall be punished40 8,that alters the case10 replied ,sir ,thomas2 and he paused thoughtfully4 8,however10 said ,cromwell1 8there is a very sure way of conciliating his majesty1 which is by praying my lady ,anne to be your intercessor4 ,if you wish it1 ,i will request her1 in your name1 to intercede with the king for the ,bishop of ,rochester40 8,ah60 said ,sir ,thomas4 ,he felt as though ,cromwell had thrust a dagger into his heart4 ,he bowed his head and was unable to utter a word4 ,to save his friend by condescending to a base action--he had not courage to accept the condition4 8,that is an assured way10 said ,cromwell 7and the vile wretch secretly applauded himself on the astute and skilful means he employed7--8infallible2 a word from her will suffice40 8,no10 cried ,more1 8no6 ,the honor of my friend is as dear as my own4 ,he would not will it40 8,he would not will it60 replied ,cromwell1 in an ironical tone4 8,what6 would you1 then1 consider yourselves dishonored because she had interceded for him80 8,ah6 ,cromwell10 cried ,sir ,thomas1 regretting what he had said1 8,i implore you do not betray my situation60 8,i am far from betraying you1 sir1 since ,i offer you a very sure and very simple means of removing all that is dangerous in that situation4 ,i can promise you that if you satisfy the king on this point1 and if you testify that you accept and recognize him without any repugnance as supreme head of the church1 not only will he pardon your fault1 but he will overwhelm you with new favors40 ,on hearing this proposal ,sir ,thomas looked steadily at him4 8,sir10 he said1 8,i thank you4 ,i now understand what they ask of me1 and why they have placed my name and that of my friend on the list of the accused1 which1 in reality1 would not be able to reach or injure us4 ,now ,i have no longer any doubt4 ,when will the trial begin80 8,what do you say80 interrupted ,cromwell4 8,what6 you refuse80 8,i refuse nothing10 said ,sir ,thomas modestly2 8,i only ask when the trial will take place1 and when ,i must present myself at the bar40 8,but reflect on the wrong you do60 replied ,cromwell4 8,i have considered everything10 responded ,sir ,thomas4 8,ah6 well1 then1 do as you please4''' ,to-morrow the commission will assemble in the ,tower1 and ,i very much fear1 from your obstinacy1 that you will remain there40 8,in that event ,i will make my preparations to-night10 replied ,sir ,thomas4 ,at that moment ,margaret hurriedly entered and announced supper1 ,cromwell took advantage of the occasion4 ,he saw with great vexation the firmness of ,sir ,thomas1 and1 having promised the king that he would make him yield1 he supposed the young girl would assist him in renewing the conference4 8,damsel10 he said1 inclining toward her10 ,i am glad you have come2 for1 although you have treated me but ill1 ,i am here to render an important service to your father4 ,persuade him1 then1 to listen to me1 and not consent to separate himself from you1 perhaps for ever60 8,my ,god60 cried ,margaret1 8my father separate himself from us8 ,what do you mean8 ,speak6 what do you mean8 ,with how many maledictions1 then1 do you come prepared to strike our house80 8,to-morrow ,sir ,thomas is summoned to appear before the council4 ,let him promise to take the oath the king requires1 and his life will be spared60 8,stop1 sir60 cried ,sir ,thomas4 8,my children are not in the habit of judging my conduct nor of designating the path ,i should follow6 ,your pity is of the cruellest1 sir6 ,may ,god grant you a more sincere friend and a more genuine compassion than that you have offered me to-day6 ,go1 ,margaret2 go tell your mother ,i wait for her40 ,to this formal and decided expression of her father's will ,margaret dared not reply2 she left the room1 but felt that a fearful calamity had befallen her1 of which she knew not yet the entire extent1 and she descended slowly1 pausing on each step of the stairway1 wrapped in painful reflection4 ,sir ,thomas soon entered the hall with ,cromwell1 to whom he gave the first place at table1 and who accepted without remorse such cordial hospitality on the part of a man whom he had resolved to corrupt or ruin entirely4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when night was far advanced1 and ,cromwell had departed from the abode into which he had entered only to bring sorrow and desolation1 ,sir ,thomas returned to his cabinet1 which he loved like an old servant whom we never regret so much as when it becomes necessary to part with him4 ,he entered1 with anxiety and sadness in his soul1 and took his accustomed seat2 he put the light he carried in the same place where he had placed it for so many years1 and from whence it had shone on so many vigils and so many good actions1 and he looked around him4 8,to-morrow10 he exclaimed1 8to-morrow ,i shall have to leave this abode where ,i have so long tended and seen my father die1 where ,i have welcomed my first dear wife1 where my children have been born6''' ,when the swallow leaves her nest1 she has a hope of returning to it again2 but ,i1 can ,i indulge in that sweet delusion8 ,is it not certain that my ruin is resolved on1 and that the king's indignation means death8 ,to-morrow1 when the day shall have dawned1 ,i must assume a cheerful countenance1 a serene composure1 and say to them3 #8,adieu1 my cherished children6 ,i will return very soon4' ,i will return very soon6 ,shall ,i be able to utter words that are so foreign to my heart8 ,and ,margaret--,margaret will weep for me all the days of her life4 ,i shall never behold her young children1 nor bless them when for the first time their eyes are opened to the light of day1 and ,i shall never hear them try to repeat my name4 ,alas6 why must it be that the king is annoyed at my breathing the air8--a man1 too1 confounded among a million of his subjects6 ,of what importance to him are the thoughts that lie hidden in the bottom of my heart8 ,why1 ,lord10 he cried1 raising his hands toward heaven1 8hast thou not stricken me from his memory1 and why hast thou suffered this prince of the earth to remember my name8 ,grant me an asylum where ,i may be able to finish out the days thou hast allotted me2 the birds of the air find a shelter1 the bears and ferocious beasts of the earth possess their dens1 and no one comes to force them away6 ,however1 let thy will be done1 and not mine40 ,more remained for a long time leaning on the table4 ,he then arose and walked the floor to and fro4 ,he moved from place to place in the room2 for he would be there no more1 if they should summon and compel him to cave for ever his modest and beloved abode4 8,they are all asleep10 he said4 8,i have consoled them4 ,they have seen ,cromwell with me1 but they have not suspected that he brought the death-warrant of their father4 ,a few hours of peace still remain for them1 and to-morrow--to-morrow they will weep and feel that ,i am no longer with them6 ,my eyes will no more behold my beloved ones2 ,i shall no more hear their voices4 ,they will seek me1 but they will find me no more on earth40 ,here ,sir ,thomas was unable longer to contemplate with calmness the picture his imagination presented of the desolation and abandonment of his children4 ,looking around to be assured that he was entirely alone1 he sank into a chair1 and1 bursting into tears1 abandoned himself to the most bitter grief4 ,for a long time he remained thus4 ,at length he arose2 seeing that the clock in his cabinet was about to strike the hour of midnight1 he returned to his table4 ,taking up an enormous portfolio1 he opened all the drawers4 ,he took out a great number of papers and divers packages of letters2 some of the latter were letters written by ,margaret when a child1 and he had preserved them as souvenirs of the progress of her youthful intellect2 others were from the ,bishop of ,rochester2 the greater number concerned a multitude of persons who had claimed or still sought his counsel and advice1 his good offices1 to reconcile their families1 terminate their disputes1 save them from dishonor1 prevent their ruin by means of his credit and his money1 and still more by the confidence and respect inspired in all by his virtues4 ,he untied the letters and threw them into the fire1 where they were immediately consumed2 for he knew with whom he had to deal1 and how the most innocent things1 the most trivial acts1 would be brought up and construed into crimes against those who had held any intercourse with him4 ,those which concerned these persons he destroyed without regret2 but when they had been entirely devoured by the flames1 he turned with sadness to those of ,margaret and the ,bishop of ,rochester1 and could not summon sufficient resolution to cast them into the fire4 ,he looked at them and turned them over in his hands2 they had given him so much pleasure6 ,those of his daughter had been dictated by the tenderest love2 the virtues of his friend shone in every page of his1 and proofs of attachment were inscribed upon every line1 recalling the joys1 the sorrows1 and different events that had occurred during his entire life6 8,come60 he said with bitterness1 8when ,margaret shall no longer have a father1 who will then have any use for these letters8 ,who will treasure them up8 ,and thou1 ,o my friend6 ,no1 we shall not remain separated2 for1 ,o my ,god6 thou hast declared that he who giveth up that which he loves for thy sake shall find it again2 and if man1 thy creature1 gives thee an atom1 thou wilt return him an entire world4 ,have we not received all things from thee8 ,and what thou takest from us for a moment1 is it not to return it to us again in eternity80 ,he cast the letters into the fire1 but turned away that he might not see them consumed4 ,he then examined his book of accounts1 and saw that they were correct4 ,besides1 his estate was so small he found but little difficulty in administering it4 ,after retiring from office he had divided his lands between his children1 and each one of them knew the lot assigned her4 ,when he had finished all that1 he again began to walk the room1 and went toward the window2 the night was intensely dark and the heavens obscured by a mass of black clouds4 8,well6 ,i have some time yet10 he said1 and turned to sit down4 8,everything is arranged2 ,margaret will send my books4 ,now ,i am prepared to depart4 ,it would seem that ,i am dead1 and they come already to blot all traces of my existence from this place4 ,ah6 how harrowing is the thought4 ,my ,god6 my courage fails4 ,help me1 ,lord6 ,animate by a breath of thy strength the weakness of thy servant2 for ,i am the work of thy hands6 ,have mercy on me and succor me2 for sorrow hath fallen upon me and ,i am utterly cast down60 ,as he pronounced these words he thought he heard a sigh2 he paused to listen1 but heard nothing more1 and came to the conclusion that his troubled imagination had deceived him4 ,again1 however1 he heard a slight noise2 he then arose and proceeded to listen at the door opening into the library4 ,opening it very softly1 what was his surprise on seeing ,margaret6 ,her back was turned towards him1 and a lamp burned beside her4 ,he perceived that she had taken a number of books from the shelves1 as she had a pile of them around her1 and was leaning earnestly over the one she was reading4 ,so intently was she absorbed that she did not hear her father enter4 ,he advanced slowly until he stood behind her chair1 and saw that she was reading a book of jurisprudence written in ,latin according to the general custom of the times1 and which contained detailed reports of all the trials for high treason2 her handkerchief was lying beside her1 and it was saturated with her tears4 ,sir ,thomas turned pale2 he was obliged to rest his hand on the table1 which groaned under his weight4 ,margaret turned around in alarm4 8,my father60 she cried1 8here at this hour60 ,and she ran to him and folded her arms around him1 while her tears began to flow afresh4 8,margaret1 what do you here80 he asked as he sank into a chair4 8,my father1 my father60 ,she burst into a torrent of tears1 and could say no more4 8,i thought you slept10 she added4 8,margaret1 you should be in bed60 said ,sir ,thomas1 endeavoring to control his feelings4 ,she fell on her knees before him1 and1 burying her face in her hands1 sobbed aloud2 her hair1 loosened from its fastening1 hung in dishevelled masses down to her feet4 8,margaret1 you are weak60 said ,more in an altered voice4 8,is this the fruit of the lessons ,i have given you80 8,dare you1 then1 say that ,i am weak1 and reproach me because ,i weep for my father80 she replied1 raising her head haughtily4 8,do you no longer remember that ,i have never known a mother's love1 and that1 since the day ,i left my cradle1 you alone have directed all my movements1 that in you alone have been centred all my affections1 and to you have ,i always confided the most secret thoughts of my heart8 ,you say that ,i am weak1 when not a word of complaint has escaped my lips1 when ,i have concealed my tears1 weeping in the darkness of night1 and when ,i have sat at table face to face with your executioner60 8,margaret1 my ,margaret60 cried ,sir ,thomas2 and he bowed his head on the shoulder of the child he so cherished1 and pressed her to his bosom4 8,have ,i asked you10 she continued1 turning away from him1 8what you would do to escape from these tigers thirsting for blood8 ,have ,i advised you to recoil before them and lick the prints of their feet8 ,no2 ,i have come in silence to take counsel of the dead1 some advice as to the crimes of the human race1 because ,i have thought you would conceal your secret in your heart1 and ,i would not be admitted to share it2 that you would tell me what you did not believe1 and ,i would not receive the truth from you4 ,the truth60 she cried vehemently1 and with a strength only lent her by excitement and suffering4 8,i know it now6 ,i know1 ,i feel1 ,i have found out that very soon ,i shall see you no more2 that ,i shall be alone upon the earth where ,i have found such joy and happiness in existing2 that nothing will remain to me1 and the future will be to me without a hope1 and darkened for ever60 8,margaret10 said ,sir ,thomas1 8have compassion on your father60 ,she then said no more1 and they sat in silence1 she with her arms clasped around his neck4 ,she wept1 and the tears continued to course slowly down her cheeks1 whilst the lamp she had brought cast a feeble glimmer of light throughout the lengthy apartment1 and over the rows of books arranged on the shelves2 and thus the hours fled rapidly toward the fatal moment which she saw advancing with an agony indescribable4 ,o wicked and voluptuous prince6 raise your head from your bed of down1 draw aside the triple draperies of silk and gold that surround you2 for your crimes keep vigil around your couch1 and the justice of ,god numbers every tear you have caused to be shed6 ,far better would it be for you to sleep on an infected dunghill1 in some obscure retreat2 that your limbs1 weary with toil and the heat of the mid-day sun1 should tremble beneath the frosts of night1 and that your hands were pure and free from iniquity in the presence of the most high ,god2 for we cannot believe that man oppresses man without justice being meted out to him1 or that the weak shall remain the prey of the strong4 ,the day will come when a terrible vengeance shall fall upon the head of the impious1 and he will see arrayed before him all the crimes he has committed4 ,then shall he cry aloud3 8,why have ,i ever lived1 and why has my mother ever borne me in her womb80 ,but light then will no longer be measured1 night will have disappeared1 century will no more follow century1 and time shall be no more4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued #bji ,margarita1 ,anglic ,margaret1 is the ,latin word for daisy4--,,transl4 ,a ,,protestant ,,bishop ,,on ,,confession4 ,,by ,a ,,catholic ,,layman4 ,bishop ,atkinson1 of ,north ,carolina1 in a 8,charge0 to the clergy of his diocese1 took occasion to inveigh against auricular confession4 ,to this ,bishop ,gibbons replied4 ,the ,protestant prelate now appears in 8,a ,defence10 the purport of which we propose here to examine4 ,omitting any comment on the personal retort1 we make our first quotation from the eighth page of this pamphlet3 8,to object to the power of the priest to forgive sins is1 according to this the ,roman ,catholic view1 equivalent to objecting to the power of ,christ to forgive sins4 ,is this to be maintained8 ,is this true80 ,since to doubt ,christ's declaration is to call his power in question1 we affirm that this is true and is to be maintained4 ,if the words of ,christ are fallible1 it must follow that he who spoke them is also fallible4 8,whose sins ye shall forgive they are forgiven10 and 8,whatsoever ye shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven03 ,falsify these statements1 and we make ,god a liar4 ,of the exercise of this power ,st4 ,paul says to the ,corinthians3 8,if ,i forgave any1 for your sakes forgave ,i it1 in the person of ,christ02 and in condemning the incestuous ,corinthian he judges him 8with the power of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ40 ,now1 if ,st4 ,paul was indeed acting with the power of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and in his person1 his absolution and condemnation were identical with ,christ's4 ,if not1 his arrogations were blasphemous and vain4 ,but ,bishop ,atkinson asserts that 8priestly absolution and the absolution of ,christ are two entirely distinct things10 because the priest cannot have ,god's infallible knowledge of the state of the soul1 on which condition forgiveness depends4 ,here is a confounding of things wholly different--the power of absolution1 and knowledge infallible4 ,forgiveness does depend upon the state of the soul1 and1 whether it be ,christ or one of his ambassadors pronouncing absolution1 the conditions requisite are absolutely one4 ,nor ,christ nor his priest can pardon the impenitent2 but infallible knowledge of the state of the soul affects in no way the power of absolution4 ,god reveals to any man his own soul's condition1 but to no man is given the power of self-absolution4 ,so1 also1 he grants the power of absolution apart from the gift of infallible knowledge4 ,the things are distinct and separate from each other4 ,the latter of these powers our ,lord alone possesses1 but he seems not unfrequently1 in the exercise of his ministry1 to have purposely excluded all its influence over the former1 to teach us that the two have no necessary dependence4 ,thus1 he invests ,st4 ,peter with the power of the keys a short time before the fall of that apostle1 and administers to ,judas the clean ,bread of ,angels when he knows him to be a devil4 ,could a priest's want of insight have results more appalling8 ,but ,bishop ,atkinson here proposes a method most ingenious for testing priestly power1 a 8practical test0 to be applied as follows3 8,when the power of ,christ to forgive sins was doubted1 he wrought a miracle to prove it1 and thereby silenced the gainsayers4 ,when the power of the priest to forgive sins is doubted1 as it very frequently and very seriously is1 can he work a miracle to demonstrate it80 ,to demand a miracle in the sacrament of penance as a 8practical test0 of sacerdotal power is also to require it in every other sacrament and sacerdotal function4 ,has ,bishop ,atkinson tested by this rule his baptisms1 confirmations1 communions1 and1 first of all1 his orders8 ,a 8practical test0 is of general application4 ,when a child is baptized1 the ,episcopal clergyman thus speaks to the sponsors3 8,seeing now1 dearly beloved brethren1 that this child is regenerate and grafted into ,christ's church1 let us give thanks unto ,almighty ,god for these benefits40 ,here1 should his 8practical test0 be demanded to verify this statement1 could the bishop produce it8 ,again1 at the end of a marriage he says3 8,i pronounce you man and wife10 and 8,whom ,god hath joined together let no man put asunder40 ,is the clergyman then ,god8 ,else whence this change from first to third person8 ,how far1 we are asked1 in the judgment of a 8thorough-going ,roman ,catholic0--one who is blind enough to take ,god at his word1 while all the world smiles at his childish credulity--does the priest's power of absolution actually extend8 ,in the ordination service of the ,episcopalian ,prayer-,book stands this ,catholic formula3 8,receive the ,holy ,ghost for the office and work of a priest in the church of ,god1 now committed unto thee by the imposition of our hands4 ,whose sins thou dost forgive1 they are forgiven2 and whose sins thou dost retain1 they are retained4 ,and be thou a faithful dispenser of the word of ,god and of his holy sacraments2 in the name of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,amen40 99 99 99 99 99 ,now1 the ,catholic believes the church means what she affirms2 that the literal declaration is the literal truth1 since ,god himself spake it4 ,he therefore receives the priest in ,christ's person1 believing that the sins which he remits are remitted4 ,but he knows the conditions upon which depends his cure when he seeks divine remedies4 ,he knows that ,christ himself cannot pardon the impenitent1 and that the humble priest is not greater than his ,master2 but1 upon the same conditions that the ,son of ,god required1 he believes the priest's decision must be ratified in heaven4 ,he remembers1 too1 the promises vouchsafed to those receiving1 and the overwhelming curse pronounced on those rejecting1 the messenger of ,christ--a judgment more dread than that on ,tyre and ,sidon4 ,though ,bishop ,atkinson denounces auricular confession1 we are not to understand that he opposes all confession4 ,nay1 he deems it sometimes salutary1 8sometimes even obligatory1 from the ignorance and doubts of the penitent1 from the enormity of his crime1 from his consequent tendency to despair4 ,but it is a drastic medicine1 not to be taken regularly1 for thus taken it enfeebles the patient40 ,does ,bishop ,atkinson really mean to tell us that a state of too great sanctity is one to be discouraged8 that some bile of imperfection is essential to the health of the moral constitution8 and that this the drastic medicine would too thoroughly remove8 ,if not1 what does he mean8 ,did he look upon confession as a wicked imposition1 we could readily comprehend his aversion to its practice2 but this he denies1 directing his attacks against auricular confession1 which by the ,council of ,trent is thus defined3 8,a confession of all mortal sins1 however secret1 with all their circumstances1 to a priest1 in secret40 ,here the bishop shudders--that secret mortal sins1 with their attendant circumstances1 should be matter of confession1 and to a priest1 in secret6 ,to commit them in broad daylight would not be half so terrible6 ,confessing them in secret is that which most appalls him4 ,such1 he gravely tells us1 is not the rightful mode4 ,the proper thing to use is a very mild dilution of this potent1 drastic medicine--something that will soothe and lull the troubled conscience1 not purge it of its guilt4 ,to support his strong assertions1 he appeals to ,holy ,scripture and to the early fathers4 ,here we have a long quotation from a work of ,bishop ,hopkins4 ,from this we learn that 8the apostles exercised their office of remitting or retaining sins2 for the sins of those whom they thought fit 7mark well the restriction7 were remitted in baptism1 while the sins of those whom they judged unfit were retained40 ,again3 8,these inspired men required repentance towards ,god and faith towards our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and then administered baptism for the remission of sins to those whom they judged to be truly penitent40 ,in a word1 they acted always in accordance with their judgment4 ,now1 the basis of sound judgment is a thorough understanding of the cause to be adjudged1 and without this understanding there can be no prudent judgment4 ,were our ,lord's apostles gods who could read man's secret conscience8 ,and if not1 how could they know the matter they were judging1 or give a righteous judgment until they knew the matter8 ,and just here we would ask1 ,what constitutes matter1 if not mortal sins8 ,not venial sins1 surely2 for these no ,roman ,catholic is called upon to mention4 ,but why1 some one may ask1 must particulars be stated in making a confession8 and what is your authority for the secrecy observed8 ,to this we ask in turn1 ,if a sin be stripped of its aggravating circumstances1 will any man maintain that it is honestly confessed8 and since ,god does not require us to confess our sins in public1 should his faithful representative demand more of the penitent8 ,yet it is to these conditions that the bishop makes objection1 and thus his 8drastic medicine0 is a talent in a napkin1 a useless1 dormant power not intended to be exercised4 ,but what says the ,church of ,england on this subject of confession8 ,according to the bishop1 she has left it 8strictly voluntary02 but in her ,visitation of the ,sick we find this rubric3 8,here shall the sick man be moved to make a special confession of his sins1 if he feel his conscience troubled with any weighty matter4 ,after which confession the priest shall absolve him 7if he humbly and heartily desire it7 after this sort3 8#8,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 who hath left power to his church to absolve all sinners who truly repent and believe in him1 of his great mercy forgive thee thine offences2 and by his authority committed to me ,i absolve thee from thy sins4'0 8,here shall the sick man be moved to make confession40 ,is it left so 8strictly voluntary0 as the bishop has declared it8 ,and why now to the sick man does the church propose confession1 when in the time of health she never urged it on him8 ,is he now in a condition for this strange and stern requirement8 ,but ,bishop ,atkinson would say3 8,it is only weighty matter he is called upon to tell40 ,are not secret mortal sins the weights that now oppress him8 ,and why is he exhorted to a special declaration8 ,is it not that death is near8 ,but who is he that reckons the number of his days1 and can certify unerringly how long he has to live8 ,the thief in the night does not warn us of his coming4 ,behoves it not1 therefore1 that we live as dying men1 lest1 in an hour we think not1 the ,son of ,man should come8 ,if so1 the rubric cited is appropriate to all4 ,thus1 in his own communion1 ,bishop ,atkinson will find that special confession to a priest is recommended1 and that this confession has all that constitutes auricular1 except the bond of secrecy which silences the priest4 ,this is left to his honor or personal discretion1 untrammelled by all vows4 ,but the bishop further tells us he himself has heard confessions 8which1 if divulged1 would not only have caused shame and anguish1 but very probably have caused bloodshed--confessions10 he continues1 8which ,i keep as sacredly as any ,roman ,catholic can those made to him40 ,this1 in our humble judgment1 seems to border on auricular4 ,we come now to the question of doctrinal development--a process1 as the bishop thinks1 for hatching any novelty that priestcraft may devise4 ,to this system he attributes auricular confession1 which1 according to his reckoning1 was first imposed upon the church by ,innocent ,,iii4 at the ,fourth ,lateran ,council1 in #abae4 8,and that this10 says he1 8to the extent to which it was then carried1 was a novelty in the church1 is apparent from the tenor of the canon itself2 for it requires that it shall be often read publicly in the church1 so that none may plead ignorant of the case40 ,in the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 at the baptismal office1 appears the following rubric3 8,the minister of every parish shall often admonish the people that they defer not the baptism of their children10 etc4 ,here1 instructed by ,bishop ,atkinson1 we learn1 to our amazement1 that the baptism of infants at a very tender age was first known in ,england after the ,reformation1 when this rubric was inserted4 ,by his own line of argument we are forced to this conclusion3 ,had it not been a novelty1 what need of this injunction8 ,but1 returning to our subject1 does ,bishop ,atkinson forget that there existed heresies before the thirteenth century1 and that their watchword1 like his own1 was 8,purity of ,faith08 ,all remnants of these sects1 of however ancient origin1 are in unity with us upon this point of doctrine4 ,to the ,protestants alone belongs the honor of rejecting it1 and hence they stand at variance1 not only with the ,pope1 but with the rest of ,christendom4 ,with regard to the new dogmas that have lately been defined1 as ,moehler well expresses it1 our unity of doctrine is in substance1 not in form4 ,as the ,infant in the manger and the ,victim on the cross1 identical in substance1 were yet unlike in form1 so also truth1 in broader light1 assumes more striking aspect4 ,calculus is but a form of primary arithmetic4 ,as in the natural order1 so in the order spiritual1 development is but the pulse of vigor and vitality4 ,even in the life of heaven itself they go 8from strength to strength40 ,the loftiest branches of the oak were once within the acorn2 nor could they have developed save as they there existed4 ,thus1 to a grain of mustard-seed our ,lord compared the church1 and to the mite of leaven that leavened the whole lump4 ,she is 8the pillar and the ground of truth10 which if once shaken1 truth itself must fall4 ,to her alone is man responsible1 since ,god commissioned her to teach the world and bring all men to knowledge of his truth4 ,to her ,st4 ,chrysostom and ,st4 ,augustine bowed2 to her ,st4 ,ambrose and ,st4 ,bernard yielded entire submission4 ,like ,bossuet and ,fnelon1 the doctors of all ages--whatever their contentions and discussions1 however wide their difference of opinion--have ever looked to ,rome1 and sought her final judgment as the decree of ,god4 ,bishop ,gibbons1 in reply to the 8,charge0 of ,bishop ,atkinson1 remarked the contradictory doctrines that prevail in the ,anglican communion with regard to confession2 some execrating it as a ,romish innovation1 while others1 holding tenets identical with ours1 preach and practise its observance as a sacrament of ,christ4 ,bishop ,atkinson professes to discover a parallel to this in the various opinions of the ,catholic theologians with respect to the limits of the ,pope's infallibility4 ,let us see upon what grounds he establishes comparison1 and how far the comparison is supported4 ,papal ,infallibility is a dogma of the church1 an article of faith1 to be by all accepted under the last penalty of excommunication4 ,with the ,protestant the force of this dogma is experienced1 not1 indeed1 as to the ,pope1 but with regard to ,holy ,scripture1 which1 as the word of ,god1 he must hold to be infallible4 ,now1 the general truth that the ,bible is infallible the ,catholic and ,protestant both equally maintain4 ,to doubt it would be heresy4 ,but admitting1 as we do1 the general proposition1 how many minor differences remain to be adjusted6 ,the ,catholic believes that the church alone is able to interpret ,holy ,scripture1 and that without her guidance men may wrest ,god's very word unto their own destruction2 that the written ,word requires some infallible interpreter before we can rely upon its meaning as infallible1 since the ,scriptures1 though infallible1 inspire not every reader with their own infallibility4 ,but the common run of ,protestants receive their ,holy ,bible as if it had been printed and handed down from heaven in the language1 form1 and binding with which they are familiar4 ,they forget that1 after all1 it is a mere translation and as liable to corruption as any other text in the hands of a translator4 ,the ,pope they think presumptuous2 the printer and translator infallible4 ,but even here believers may hold diverse opinions with integrity of faith4 8,how far10 one may ask1 8extends infallibility8 ,is it only in the spirit1 or in the letter also8 #8,unless a man hate his father and his mother he cannot be my disciple4' #8,if ye shall ask anything in my name1 ,i will do it4' ,with what exact restriction are these words to be received8 ,can errors typographical1 misrenderings1 etc41 affect in any way the truth of the infallible8 ,are all the dates and numbers1 in their common acceptation1 infallibly correct8 ,does inspiration equally pervade the whole ,bible1 the ,old and ,new ,testaments8 ,how must we understand ,st4 ,paul's teaching by command and teaching by permission8 ,was he in each infallible80 ,all these questions might arise among sincere believers holding the general truth that the ,scriptures are infallible4 ,as we have before observed1 ,papal ,infallibility is an established dogma1 an article of faith1 and the questions now at issue among ,catholic theologians are precisely of the nature of those among all ,protestants with regard to ,holy ,scripture4 ,when a definition of a dogma of faith has been promulgated to the universal church1 it is acknowledged as infallible by all2 but the ,pope sometimes teaches in a less determined species1 and then only can even the most lax theologians raise the question how far his teaching binds4 ,are disputes among the ,anglicans analogous to these8 ,bishop ,atkinson would stickle for his sacerdotal character2 ,bishop ,whittle1 of ,virginia1 would hoot the very notion4 ,at ,mount ,calvary1 in ,baltimore1 a child becomes regenerate in the sacrament of baptism2 at ,st4 ,peter's1 five squares distant1 no such change can be effected4 ,at the former ,mass is said and the ,sacred ,host is worshipped2 at the latter the ,host is bread1 and to worship it is idolatry4 ,for whether it be bread or the golden calf adored1 such worship is idolatrous4 ,and if the ,host be ,christ1 not to worship is denial of our ,blessed ,lord's ,divinity4 ,are the ,quaker and the ,mormon more at variance in faith8 ,but ,bishop ,atkinson interrupts us4 8,i am not the church10 he says1 8nor is ,bishop ,whittle1 nor the pastors of the churches to which you have referred40 ,be it granted2 but we ask1 then1 ,what is your church's teaching8 ,surely1 one of you is wrong1 and has the church no voice to decide the question for us8 ,can idolatry be taught in her communion with impunity8 ,for1 in ,dr4 ,gramnici's judgment1 this is ,mr4 ,richie's crime3 the worship of the creature instead of the ,creator4 ,it is too true4 ,all that the ,church of ,england boasts is latitude of doctrine4 ,she has no power of utterance to define or to condemn4 ,the wranglings of her children have silenced her for ever4 ,the enormities of ,darwin1 if they threatened1 could not rouse her2 nor1 roused1 has she the unity to utter an anathema4 ,having noticed many points on which we differ from ,bishop ,atkinson1 in conclusion we remark one on which we quite agree4 ,this is when1 speaking of ,st4 ,bernard1 he styles him 8the great saint40 ,but the question upon which he appeals to this great father is hardly one on which we hoped to find the bishop laudatory4 ,having chosen him1 however1 to plead his cause against us1 we needs must think that he supports his advocate1 and holds him orthodox1 at least1 upon the point at issue--the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,let us hear what ,st4 ,bernard has to offer on this point4 8,thou art that chosen ,lady10 says he1 8in whom our ,lord found repose1 and in whom he has deposited all his treasures without measure4 ,hence the whole world1 ,o my most holy ,lady6 honors thy chaste womb as the temple of ,god1 in which the salvation of the world began4 ,thou1 ,o great ,mother of ,god6 art the enclosed garden into which the hand of a sinner never entered to gather its flowers4 ,thou art the paradise of ,god2 from thee issued forth the fountain of living water that irrigates the whole world4 ,the day on which thou camest into the world can indeed be called a day of salvation1 a day of grace4 ,thou art fair as the moon2 the moon illumines the night with the light it receives from the sun1 and thou enlightenest our darkness with the splendor of thy virtues4 ,but thou art fairer than the moon2 for in thee there is neither spot nor shadow4 ,thou art bright as the sun--,i mean as that ,sun which created the world4 ,he was chosen amongst all men1 and thou wast chosen amongst all women4 ,o sweet1 ,o great1 ,o all-amiable ,mary6 no tongue can pronounce thy name but thou inflamest it with love40 ,a ,,day ,,among ,,the ,,kiowas ,,and ,,comanches4 ,it was rather cold and frosty in the early ,january morning as we rode eastward from ,otter ,creek to the ,kiowa and ,comanche reservation1 in the ,indian ,territory4 ,toward noon1 however1 the sun came out1 brilliant and warm4 ,the effect on the transparent covering of the trees and shrubs was dazzlingly beautiful4 ,some were encased in a bright armor1 cunningly linked in chains of crescents4 ,i detached a perfect 8ice-plant10 with every curve of the stem1 every nerve of the leaves1 taken in ice4 ,the humblest weeds on the prairie sparkled with frosty diamonds4 ,but as the sun grew warmer they began to bend under their gorgeous burdens1 as if wearied by their splendor1 like tired beauties after a ball4 ,in the afternoon the weather was as clear and balmy as on a day in ,june4 ,our way lay through the most beautiful part of the ,indian ,territory4 ,we skirted the southern slopes of the ,wichita ,mountains4 ,these1 as if in honor of our coming1 exhibited all their jewelry in its brightest lustre4 ,down their dark slopes ran shining streams1 like chains of silver adorning their broad breasts4 ,stones of gray and yellow and green and purple were heaped together in distracting profusion1 the whole seen through the most surpassingly tender of violet tints1 too delicate to be compared to the filmiest marriage-morning lace4 ,as we proceeded the country became more and more diversified4 ,upland and vale succeeded each other in delightful variety4 ,beautiful glens1 wooded slopes1 bold mountain-crests1 filled the landscape4 ,the day had become warm enough to free the babble of the scores of pretty little streams that flow into the ,cache4 ,we rode through groves of mesquite and forests of oaks4 ,the long1 straight paths through the oak-woods made one think of the long alleys of ,versailles4 ,we pass along the ,main ,cache2 the scenery is ravishing4 ,to the right flows the stream4 ,it is thickly wooded2 and through the ,english effect1 produced by the smoke of a prairie fire in the far distance1 it brings back the memory of a railroad glimpse of the line of ,windsor ,forest4 ,occasional circles of oaks in the midst of noble stretches of upland render more striking the likeness to the park scenery of old ,england4 ,to the left are the mountains4 ,they actually furnish the luxury of rocks1 covered with moss and mould as green as you could see upon ,irish ruins4 ,what a joy was the spectacle of so lovely a region to our eyes1 that had been starved for months on sand-hills and treeless deserts6 ,we passed hundreds of lovely sites for cottages1 in pleasant nooks1 sheltered from all cold winds by wooded slopes that opened towards the south and bounded semi-circular vales of marvellous fertility4 ,indeed1 in beauty of scenery and in richness of soil ,i think this portion of the ,indian ,territory may be considered the garden of the western world4 ,but1 alas6 nothing earthly is perfect4 ,the brightest prospect has its shadow4 ,over this seeming paradise1 where you can see in a day's journey the loveliest characteristics of the most favored climes1 malaria spreads its black and baleful wings4 ,i visited the reservation of the ,kiowas and ,comanches soon after it was entered by one of the expeditions that operated against the hostile bands of these ,indians and of the ,cheyennes in the winter of #ahg-4 ,this force had driven in a number of ,kiowas and ,comanches4 ,it was a close race between the troops and the ,indians4 ,but the latter1 having the great advantage of the start1 throwing away all impedimenta1 leaving their line of flight marked by abandoned lodges1 lodge-poles1 ponies1 cooking utensils1 etc41 had won the race by a few hours only1 and surrendered not a moment too soon4 ,i wanted to see all ,i could see of ,indians while opportunity offered4 ,i visited the commanding officer of the adjoining military post1 and made known to him my wishes4 ,he received me with great courtesy and kindness1 placed a vehicle at my disposal1 and instructed his interpreter to accompany me through the ,indian camps4 ,the ,indians had pitched their tepies in the timbered bottoms along the streams for several miles around the fort4 ,the interpreter was an 8old ,indian man40 ,i found him intelligent and polite4 ,he had evidently been well brought up and fairly educated4 ,his language was generally good2 and when he indulged1 occasionally1 in a graphic1 frontier mode of expression1 it was easy to see that this was an after-graft1 though not the less apt and piquant on that account4 ,the ,indians on the reservation were divided into two great classes1 those under civil and those under military control4 ,the former were under charge of the agent2 the latter under that of the commander of the fort4 ,these were again subdivided into the incarcerated1 the enrolled1 and the paroled 7pronounced by the employees of the post and reservation1 pay-rolled74 ,the imprisoned were again subdivided into two classes3 the more guilty and dangerous1 who were placed in irons and confined under strict surveillance in the post guard-house2 and the ,indians of less note and guilt1 who were in confinement1 but not in irons4 ,of the first the principal was ,white ,horse1 a ,kiowa chief1 a murderer1 ravisher1 and as great a general scoundrel as could be found in any tribe4 ,these really 8bad ,indians0 did not number more than half a dozen4 ,the ,comanches and ,kiowas belonging to the second subdivision were confined within the walls of an extensive but unfinished stone building1 intended for an ice-house1 one hundred and fifty feet by forty4 ,they numbered about a hundred and twenty4 ,i told the interpreter ,i should like to begin by a visit to ,white ,horse4 8,then10 said he1 8we shall have to see the officer of the day2 for the sergeant of the guard has orders to let no one visit ,white ,horse without special instructions40 ,two old squaws1 evidently in great distress1 now came up to the interpreter1 and1 having shaken hands with him1 began to talk to him with great eagerness4 8,you're in luck10 said the interpreter to me4 8,these are two of his mothers who want permission to see him40 8,two of his mothers60 ,i exclaimed4 8,how many mothers has he1 for heaven's sake80 8,only one regular one10 he replied1 laughing4 8,the other is his aunt2 but among these ,indians the aunts also call themselves mothers40 ,accompanied by the two squaws1 we went to seek the officer of the day4 ,we soon found him4 ,he was a tall1 fine-looking1 genial1 impulsive ,kentuckian1 a cavalry officer4 ,he went with us to the guard-house4 ,he first took the interpreter and myself into the prison-room where ,white ,horse's five companions were confined4 ,they looked greatly dispirited4 ,they all shook hands with us with great warmth4 ,i noticed the eagerness of the last hand-shaker1 who seemed to fear that we might leave the cell before he had gone through the ceremony with each of us4 ,poor wretches6 ,i presume they thought their hour was nearly come1 and1 like drowning men1 they grasped even at the semblance of straws4 ,they evidently had some rough idea of 8making interest0 with the victor 8pale-faces0 in a forlorn hope for pardon4 ,they were effusive in their manifestations of friendship for the officer1 who1 with his revolver in his belt and his long cavalry sabre clanking at his heels1 represented ,force to them4 ,force is something ,indians understand1 and they respect its emblems4 ,indeed1 most of them have been afforded but poor opportunities to understand anything else4 ,the officer then conducted us to a private room1 into which he ordered ,white ,horse to be brought4 ,a clanking of chains was heard along the corridor1 and ,white ,horse1 doubly ironed1 stood in the door-way4 ,he entered1 not without a certain untutored majesty of gait1 maugre his irons4 ,he put out his manacled hands1 and energetically went through the ceremony of hand-shaking1 beginning with the officer of the day1 and giving him an extra shake at the end4 ,white ,horse was a large1 powerful ,indian4 ,he wore a dark-colored blanket which covered his entire person4 ,i could discern no indications of ferocity in his countenance4 ,his face1 on the contrary1 had rather what ,i should call a ,chadband cast4 ,his flesh seemed soft1 oily1 and 8puffy40 ,white ,horse's mother and aunt were now permitted to enter4 ,the mother rushed to her son1 threw her arms around him1 kissed him on both cheeks1 while the tears rolled down her face2 but she uttered not a word4 ,the aunt kissed him in like manner4 ,white ,horse submitted to their embraces1 but made no motion of responding affection4 ,he seemed a little nervous under their caresses1 and probably under our observation4 ,the mother took hold of his chain1 looked at it for a moment1 and then came another paroxysm of silent grief1 revealing itself in tears alone4 ,they sat on a rough wooden bench1 ,white ,horse in the centre1 his mother on his right1 his aunt on the left1 each holding one of his hands in both of hers4 ,white ,horse uttered no sound2 no gesture betrayed any emotion1 yet ,i thought ,i could detect a moistening of the eye4 ,this made me feel that ,i had no business there1 gazing on his grief and that of the poor ,indian women4 ,i suppose ,i ought to be ashamed to say it2 but the truth must be told1 and ,i must confess that1 villain as he was1 ,i could not help feeling for him4 ,of course it was a weakness1 but ,i am miserably weak in such matters4 ,i believe ,i should have pleaded for mercy towards him1 though he showed little mercy to others4 ,there are few human beings who do not1 at some time in their lives1 need mercy shown them2 and when they themselves cry out for it1 it must be a great consolation to them to reflect1 as they look back1 that they1 in their time1 have not been deaf to the cries of others4 ,i signified a wish to withdraw1 and left1 accompanied by the officer and the interpreter4 ,before we were permitted to depart1 however1 we had to shake hands with ,white ,horse and the two squaws4 ,the women looked at us with an appealing expression1 as if1 in their poor1 simple minds1 they thought it possible that1 in some way or other1 we might have an influence on the fate of the son4 ,we next visited the unfinished building in which the one hundred and twenty lesser ,indian criminals were confined4 ,they were bestowed in a sufficiently comfortable manner4 ,common tents were ranged along the walls1 and there were fires burning at proper distances down the centre of the building4 ,the occupants of the tents were mostly engaged in gambling with monte cards and in various other ways4 ,your ,indian is unfortunately 8a born gambler40 ,they quitted their play1 however1 and crowded around us1 eager to shake hands with us1 and uttering the ,indian monosyllabic expression of satisfaction1 which sounds as if written 8how40 ,this hand-shaking took some time1 as every ,indian insisted on going through the ceremony4 ,when ,i supposed ,i had shaken my way through the crowd1 ,i was touched on the arm1 and1 turning1 met a face which was evidently not that of an ,indian1 though its owner was garbed in ,indian guise4 ,he put out his hand1 saying 8how0 in the usual way4 ,i said to him in rather 8,brummagem0 ,spanish that he was not an 8,indio40 ,he shook his head and replied3 8,no40 8,mejicano80 ,i asked4 8,si10 he replied with a broad grin4 ,the other ,indians crowded around us1 laughing and nodding their heads1 ejaculating3 8,mejicano6 ,how6 how60 and turning towards each other with gestures of wonder or admiration 7exactly as ,i have seen the chorus do at the ,italian opera74 ,this was no doubt done with a rude idea of flattering me on my perspicacity4 ,there are worse judges of human nature than the untutored ,indian4 ,i suppose there is very little doubt that1 had ,i any power over their fate1 the compliment would not have been thrown away on me1 or on most men for that matter4 ,of course they wanted tobacco1 and we gave them what we had about us4 ,they had a good deal to say to the interpreter4 ,every one had some little grievance to complain of or want to be satisfied4 ,at length1 after some more hand-shaking1 we escaped from them4 ,on leaving the prison-house we learned that we should not find the principal ,indians in their camps until later in the day1 as they were then collecting in the commanding officer's office to talk about sending a party to find some of the ,cheyennes1 who1 having been driven from the brakes of the ,staked ,plains1 were supposed to have gone to southern ,new ,mexico4 ,the interpreter said ,i should have a good opportunity to see the 8head men0 there2 we could visit the camps afterwards4 ,to the office we went1 and found there about fifteen or twenty chiefs1 among them ,little ,crow and ,kicking ,bird1 the head chief of the ,kiowas4 ,if ever there were a good ,indian--and there are many very honest people west of the ,mississippi who think that no live ,indian can be good--,i think ,kicking ,bird was a good ,indian4 ,during the recent troubles he never left his reservation1 was constant in using his influence in favor of the whites1 and never wavered in his fidelity to the government4 ,he was a fine-looking ,indian1 and had as winning a countenance as ,i have looked upon anywhere4 ,the expression of his eyes was remarkably soft and pleasing4 ,there was a quiet1 natural dignity in his manners1 tempered by great natural grace4 ,i was taken by his appearance from the first1 and shook hands with him with pleasure and sincerity1 which was not the case on every occasion of hand-shaking that morning4 ,kicking ,bird1 as nearly as one can judge an ,indian's age 7an ,indian is generally as great a chronological difficulty as a negro71 was then about thirty-five years old4 ,he was somewhat above the middle height1 richly but not gaudily dressed4 ,hanging by a loop from his left breast were a pair of silver tweezers4 ,after the 8talk0 was over and the arrangements for sending out the party agreed upon1 every chief except ,kicking ,bird had some private 8axe to grind0--something to ask for4 ,as the presentation of these 8private bills0 was likely to take much time1 we withdrew1 mounted our wagon1 and drove to the ,kiowa camp4 ,the camps of the three tribes1 ,kiowas1 ,comanches1 and ,apaches1 were pitched in the fringe of timber that borders ,medicine ,bluff ,creek and the ,main ,cache4 ,the day was bright and warm for the season4 ,the scarlet and white blankets of the ,indians1 seen here and there among the trees1 gave life and color to the landscape4 ,crowds of children gambolled and shouted1 and seemed to enjoy themselves intensely4 ,they had no idea they were the children of a doomed and dying race4 ,there was no trace among them of the stoicism of the ,indian of maturer years4 ,no crowd of ,french urchins playing around the ,tour ,saint ,jacques in the grounds of the ,palais ,royal1 or the gardens of the ,tuileries1 was ever more full of gayety and espiglerie than these little savages4 ,they threw their arms about and 8kicked loose legs0 as naturally and with as much abandon as any white children could have done4 ,some1 more industriously inclined1 built little tepies1 or lodges2 others made tiny camp-fires1 playing 8war-party02 others1 with miniature bows and arrows1 skipped along1 shooting at the small birds that crossed their path4 ,now an urchin1 more bold than the rest1 would hop alongside our wagon and return our 8how1 how0 with compound interest4 ,emboldened by his example1 others would follow1 until we had a crowd of little red-skins of both sexes about us1 hopping1 laughing1 and 8how-how0-ing4 ,occasionally they indulged in a general shout of good-natured merriment1 which may very probably have been caused by some more than usually good joke at our expense4 ,our first visit was to ,kicking ,bird's lodge4 ,it was quite roomy1 being a tepie of twenty-four poles4 ,in rear of the lodge1 and carefully covered by a paulin1 like the carriage of any civilized gentleman1 stood our friend ,kicking ,bird's 8buggy40 ,kicking ,bird had not yet returned from the talk at the post4 ,his wife1 a buxom young squaw1 profusely beaded1 brightly blanketed1 vermilion-cheeked1 but not over-washed1 did the honors4 ,she had a child about ten months old--a lively1 stout little red rascal1 whose flesh was as firm as vulcanized rubber4 ,the little wretch was just beginning to walk4 ,he was in puris1 of course4 ,he took wonderfully to us4 ,he would try to walk across the lodge to each of us in turn1 falling at every other step1 and getting up again with a loud crow of determination4 ,then he would toddle from one to the other1 holding by our boot-tops as we stood in a circle around him1 and being jumped as high as arms would admit of by each in turn1 to his intense delight and the great enjoyment of his mother4 ,we walked through the camp and watched the squaws tanning buffalo-hides and preparing antelope-skins4 ,i was very anxious to get a papoose-board1 as a telegram from a medical friend had just informed me that there was an opportunity of utilizing such a piece of furniture in the family of a very particular friend4 ,but ,i could not beg or buy one1 even with the help of my friend the interpreter4 ,we asked several squaws1 but not one of them would sell4 ,i heard afterwards that an extravagantly high price1 backed by the ,indian agent's influence1 failed to procure one4 ,the squaws no doubt consider it 8bad medicine0 to sell a papoose-board4 ,a gaudily-dressed ,indian1 whose cheeks were streaked with paint of all the colors of the rainbow1 approached us4 ,in my civilized simplicity ,i supposed that this glaring individual was some very big chief indeed4 ,i asked the interpreter what great chief he was4 8,some ,indian plug10 responded that gentleman2 8no chief at all40 8,how comes he to be so extravagantly adorned80 8,they can wear anything they can beg1 buy1 or steal40 ,my mistake reminds me of a similar one made by ,indians with regard to some white visitors4 ,col4 ---- visited an ,indian camp1 accompanied by some officers and a cavalry escort4 ,the colonel and the officers were dressed in fatigue uniform1 with merely gold enough about them to indicate their rank to a close observer on close inspection4 ,the observed of all the ,indian observers1 however1 was a 8fancy0 ,dutch bugler1 with his double yellow stripe and his bars of yellow braid across his breast4 ,to him the most respectful homage and the greatest consideration were paid4 ,as we passed one of the ,kiowa lodges1 a young man1 seemingly about twenty-five or twenty-eight years old1 came out to meet us with outstretched arms4 ,with the exception of ,kicking ,bird1 he was the most pleasing ,indian ,i met4 ,he was very fair-skinned for an ,indian1 bright1 intelligent-looking1 with a frankness of manner rare among ,indians4 ,he was presented to me as ,big ,tree1 a paroled ,indian4 ,the interpreter told me that1 up to the time ,big ,tree was taken with ,satanta1 the former was an ,indian of no note4 ,he was innocent of crime1 and achieved a reputation merely by his accidental associations with ,satanta4 ,notwithstanding the lesson ,i had received1 when we met some gaudily-bedizened ,indian ,i could not refrain from asking who he was4 ,the interpreter's answer was invariably3 8,only some ,indian plug40 ,we drove to the ,comanche camp1 and visited the lodge of ,quirz-,quip1 or 8,antelope-,chewer40 ,i had met him at the 8talk0 in the morning4 ,he recognized me and shook hands in a very friendly manner4 ,quirz-,quip's countenance was not an attractive one4 ,it was at its best then1 however1 for he was in high glee at his good fortune in reaching the reservation1 even with the loss of almost everything he had1 and the troops close at his heels4 ,he only got in a few hours ahead of them1 and they had been gaining on him hourly4 ,as his dinner was ready1 ,antelope-,chewer invited us in to join him in the repast1 and ,i accepted the invitation eagerly4 ,the lodge was a large and comfortable one4 ,no doubt it had been kept standing on the reservation for the use of the squaws and children while ,antelope-,chewer was on the war-path1 and for a pleasant and safe resting-place for that gentleman when the troops made the war-path too hot for him4 ,mats were placed around the lodge4 ,on these we sat tailor-fashion4 ,valises1 made of buffalo-hide1 scraped and painted in the usual ,indian fashion1 were placed at intervals around the tepie4 ,the fire was in the centre1 in a hole eighteen inches or two feet deep4 ,the lodge was pleasantly warmed1 and there was not the least smoke4 ,two young bucks occupied about four yards of the lodge4 ,they lay stretched at full length on their backs4 ,each had a bow and arrow1 with which he amused himself by toying4 ,the arrow was in its place1 ready to be sped4 ,ever and anon they would draw the arrows back to the head1 and then relax the strings again4 ,i felt that the rascals would have sent the barbs through us with pleasure1 if they could only do so with safety4 ,we were unarmed1 it is true2 but there were thirteen companies of cavalry and five of infantry within a mile and a half1 and the chances of ultimate escape were more than doubtful4 ,i should not wish to meet even my worthy friend ,quirz-,quip off the reservation1 if ,i were unarmed and no help near4 ,the young men merely nodded to us as we entered1 without changing their positions or intermitting their bow-play4 ,they gave us a half-careless1 half-supercilious smile1 and glanced at each other1 as if they should say3 8,buffalo-,heart1 my boy6 what does the governor mean by bringing these fellows here80 ,they seemed to look upon us as a pair of young scions of the old ,french noblesse might have looked upon a republican guard detail entering their private apartments in their ancestral chteau4 ,we shook hands and exchanged grunts with the squaws and children4 ,the interpreter joked ,quirz-,quip about his race with the troops4 ,the ,indian laughed1 indulged in several 8how-hows0 and buenos 7the ,comanches use a good many ,spanish words71 and shook hands with me again with great seeming cordiality4 ,he was evidently very much elated by his good fortune in getting to a place of safety1 and showed it by repeated chuckles4 ,dinner being ready1 we drew closer to the festive fire-hole in which the viands were cooking4 ,as a not very comely old squaw put forth a not very clean hand and arm to serve the first course1 a young gentleman who had joined our party made a precipitate retreat4 ,the young fellow was troubled with a delicate stomach4 ,another gentleman1 having tasted of the first course1 said he found the tepie rather close and withdrew4 ,there remained of our party1 then1 only the interpreter and my unworthy self to do honor to ,antelope-,chewer's hospitality4 ,the party assembled around the hospitable stew-pan consisted of the old squaw who did the honors of the camp-kettle2 a younger squaw1 plump and dirty1 evidently the latest favorite2 ,antelope-,chewer and several little ,chewers1 ranging from six months to twelve years old2 the aristocratic young bucks 7whose food was handed to them by the old squaw71 the interpreter1 and the writer4 ,the repast consisted of stewed buffalo meat served in the vessel in which it was cooked4 ,each convive takes his clasp-knife in his right hand1 seizes one end of the piece of meat with the thumb and forefinger of his left1 and cuts off a piece of the required size4 ,it is 8bad medicine10 as well as mauvais got1 to take more than you can consume4 ,the manner in which salt was used struck me as being an improvement on our civilized mode of using it4 ,it was served dissolved in water in a shallow vessel1 and each guest dipped his piece of meat in the fluid4 ,of course if this method were adopted in our hotels or boarding-houses1 ,i should wish to have my salt and water served in an 8individual0 salt-vessel4 ,there was no bread4 ,the ,indians on the reservation had received no flour for weeks4 ,we had the ,indian substitute for bread--the fat of the meat cut off in strips1 pressed1 and served separately1 cold4 ,there are worse substitutes4 ,a cup of coffee 7without milk1 of course7 concluded the repast4 ,it was by no means bad4 ,it was hot and strong1 though not quite sweet enough1 as the ration of sugar issued to the ,indians was insufficient4 ,i enjoyed it1 however4 ,it is only justice to say that ,quirz-,quip's coffee was much better than some ,i have tasted in railroad eating-houses and 8end of the track0 towns4 ,dinner being over1 we left the lodge to walk through the camp1 and especially to visit and view a bridge made by the ,indians themselves across the ,medicine ,bluff4 ,it was a structure of mud and logs quite creditable to ,indian ingenuity and industry4 ,it showed that the lessons of their teacher--the beaver--had not been thrown away upon them4 ,we invited ,antelope-,chewer to come with us to the fort bakery1 and we would make him a present of a dozen loaves of bread4 ,he consented1 but said he wanted his squaw to go too4 8,he wants her to carry back the bread10 said the interpreter4 ,we agreed1 and got into the wagon4 ,quirz-,quip desired that the plump and dirty squaw should ride inside with us4 ,to this we would not submit1 and insisted that she should take the seat beside the driver4 ,indeed1 ,i felt already an itching sensation all over me--no doubt the effect of imagination2 for the interpreter assured me there was no danger of anything of the kind1 unless ,i should spend a night in a lodge4 ,i assured him that such a thing was not at all probable4 ,nevertheless1 and notwithstanding two or three baths1 it was some days before my epidermis regained its accustomed tranquillity4 ,we drove to the ,apache camp for our young friends who had fled from ,quirz-,quip's hospitality1 and returned by the ,comanche chief's lodge to pick up the plump and dirty squaw4 ,she had become tired of waiting1 and had gone away1 much to her lord's disgust and our satisfaction4 ,we drove to the bakery and bought a dozen loaves of bread for ,quirz-,quip4 ,he wished us to drive him back to his camp with the bread4 ,the interpreter told him we could not do it4 ,then the modest ,comanche asked us to lend him the wagon to take the bread4 ,the interpreter shook his head1 and assured him that it was impossible4 8,then10 said ,quirz-,quip1 8how am ,i to get the bread to camp80 8,if you are too lazy to pack it10 said the interpreter1 8you can leave1 and be confounded40 ,as we drove away1 we saw him1 with a rueful countenance1 spreading out his blanket on the floor to receive the coveted bread but hated load4 ,on our return from the camps we passed by the agency4 ,i asked what kind of a man the agent was4 ,i was answered that he was 8a good sort of man10 but 8he knows nothing about ,indians or their ways40 8,he is a ,quaker1 ,i suppose40 8,a kind of a made-up ,quaker1 like a good many of #8em40 ,we stopped at the agency door1 and ,i was introduced to the agent4 ,he was a gentleman in his manners1 and looked to me like an honest man4 ,there was to be an issue of blankets on the following day4 ,the agent kindly said he would be glad to have me present1 and if ,i would come he would send a wagon for me4 ,i accepted at once4 ,the ,indian agent was as good as his word4 ,he sent a carriage for us about half-past eight next morning4 ,the issue was to take place about half-past nine4 ,it was nearly half-past eleven1 however1 before the ,indians began to arrive4 ,your ,indian is invariably unpunctual4 ,you may set what hour you please1 but you cannot make him come until he is quite ready4 ,by half-past twelve they began coming in considerable numbers and the issue commenced4 ,the women and children were out in great force1 and were in high good-humor1 chatting and laughing in the gayest manner possible4 ,each family ranges itself in a semi-circle2 the chief1 or male head thereof1 stood about the centre of the chord4 ,each chief1 after receiving the number of blankets to which he was entitled1 tore in two a double blanket of each color2 there were only black and white blankets to be issued that day1 no scarlet ones1 greatly to the disappointment of the squaws and children4 ,beginning at one end of the semi-circle1 the chief threw a piece of each color at the head of the person for whom it was intended4 ,it was caught with a shout of glee and many remarks1 evidently of a humorous nature1 judging by the laughter with which they were hailed4 ,sometimes the dignified chief1 with as near an approach to a smile as his dignity would allow1 threw a joke with the blanket at the head of a dependant4 ,his jokes1 like those of all persons in power1 were always greeted with applause4 ,when the blanket was so thrown as to strike the recipient full in the face1 the merriment was uproarious4 ,our friend ,quirz-,quip was present1 of course4 ,he was very busy1 getting all he could1 and dividing what he got among his interesting family4 ,he was harder to please than if he had always been a good ,indian and had never left the reservation to go on the war-path4 ,the blankets were of very good quality4 ,they were marked with the letters ,u4 ,s4 ,i4 ,d4 ,it was found necessary to stamp the blankets to prevent the ,indians from gambling or trading them away to ,mexicans in the summer4 ,here and there some wretched squaws stood apart from the general throng1 as if they were ,pariahs among their sisters4 ,they seemed utterly forlorn and miserable4 ,they took no interest in the busy scene before them4 ,their faces wore an expression of blank hopelessness4 ,the world had nothing for them in the present1 nothing in the future4 ,they came to the issue as mere drudges1 to carry back the blankets to the camps4 ,they had each an angular piece cut out of the nostril4 ,this is the ,scarlet ,letter of the ,comanches4 ,when the issue was over ,i visited the ,indian hospital and had quite an interesting chat with the doctor4 ,the ,indians were then suffering a good deal from colds1 influenza1 etc41 brought on by exposure at night1 8making medicine0--i4e41 performing incantations4 ,as we went from the hospital to the carpenter's shop1 ,i met young ,satanta1 a paroled prisoner1 son of the notorious ,satanta who was delivered by the ,war ,department to the civil authorities in ,texas to be tried for murders and robberies committed by him within the boundaries of that ,state4 ,satanta1 ,jr41 was a bright-eyed young man of twenty4 ,he wore a long1 straight red feather in his hat1 and carried in his hand a bow1 from which ever and anon he discharged an arrow as he went1 and picked it up again4 ,an ,indian1 who evidently thought he was suffering under a very great grievance1 now met us and talked very earnestly and excitedly to the interpreter4 8,that ,indian is smarting under the sense of some great wrong1 real or fancied10 ,i said4 8,yes10 said the interpreter1 smiling2 8he has trouble with another ,indian about a greyhound pup4 ,i promised this fellow and another a pup each 7,i have the finest greyhounds in the ,territory74 ,the other fellow1 while ,i was away1 took both the pups1 and won't give this fellow his4 ,they are just like children in many things40 ,there was little doing in the carpenter's shop4 ,i was shown some work done by a young ,indian which was fair1 for an ,indian4 ,there were no ,indians at work1 but ,i was told that ,kicking ,bird's son was to begin his apprenticeship the following week4 ,nor was there anything doing at the school4 ,there were hopes of opening it the following month1 with twenty ,apaches1 twenty ,kiowas1 and the same number of ,comanches4 ,the trader at the military post was also the trader for the ,indians4 ,the store was thronged from morning to sunset by ,indians of both sexes4 ,comanches1 ,kiowas1 ,apaches1 hung around in groups1 standing in the doorways1 blocking up the windows1 when they were closed1 with their faces against the panes1 or their heads and the upper part of their bodies thrust in when they were open4 ,the majority of the trader's store-idlers are women1 young girls1 and children4 ,they are by no means backward in begging4 ,the clerks told me it was not wise to leave anything on the counter even for a moment when the red brethren and sisters were in the store2 they had to be watched as narrowly as fashionable white kleptomaniacs4 ,i was rather pleased with the appearance of the ,indian agent4 ,he seemed honest and frank4 ,of his ignorance or knowledge of ,indians and their ways ,i can say nothing4 8,old ,indian men0 are apt to think that1 in the way of knowledge of ,indians1 they have pulled the ladder up after them4 ,i thanked the agent for his politeness1 and said that1 if he did not think it impertinent1 ,i should like to ask a question or two for my own information and satisfaction4 ,he replied that he would be very happy to give me any information in his power4 8,well10 said ,i1 8not to mince matters1 you know they say a great many hard things about ,indian agents40 8,of course ,i do4 ,when ,i received this appointment1 one of my most intimate friends wrote to me not to accept it1 warning me that1 were ,i as pure as snow1 ,i should be denounced by everybody as a swindler and a thief before six months40 8,it is said that for several weeks the ,indians on this reservation have been without bread4 ,is this true80 8,it is4 ,the freight contractors have failed to deliver the flour4 ,i cannot issue what ,i have not4 ,to make up for the lack of flour1 ,i issue four pounds of beef to each ,indian daily40 8,it is charged that the beef is poor4 ,is this charge true80 8,it is4 ,what can ,i do8 ,like a quartermaster or commissary1 ,i can only issue what ,i have on hand4 ,if ,i had not this beef1 the ,indians would have nothing to eat4 ,i cannot throw it back on the contractor's hands1 and wait for a better quality of meat2 for while ,i was waiting the ,indians would starve or leave the reservation to find subsistence where they could40 8,what is the allowance of coffee and sugar80 8,four pounds of the former and eight of the latter to one hundred rations40 ,i now took a friendly farewell of the ,indian agent1 and went away with a vague impression that it is not the poor1 subordinate official who makes most money out of the ,indians1 but freighters and 8big contractors10 and perhaps more especially their financial 8backers10 the speculators of the great ,eastern cities4 ,on our way back to the post we met ,kicking ,bird returning to his camp4 ,he was mounted on a large cream-colored mule4 ,we stopped1 shook hands with him1 and chatted a little4 ,the interpreter joked him about riding a mule4 ,kicking ,bird laughed1 and said that as he was going to live hereafter like a white man1 like a white man he should ride a mule4 ,it was the last time ,i saw ,kicking ,bird4 ,shortly afterwards he delivered up to the military authorities a number of the revolted ,indians4 ,among them was a brother of one of his squaws4 ,in revenge she poisoned the faithful chief4 ,poor ,kicking ,bird6 ,he had given his gorgeous war-bonnet to a veteran officer of the army as a token that he had left the war-path for ever4 ,he proposed to teach his children the white man's language and the white man's peaceful arts4 ,he fell a martyr to his fidelity to the government4 ,,de ,,vere',s 8,,thomas ,,becket40#baj ,it is doubtful whether two years ago even the admirers of ,aubrey de ,vere looked for anything strikingly new or startling from his pen4 ,his measure seemed filled4 ,he was known and read as a poet whose melodious verse was the expression of thoughts lofty as well as tender1 of profound meditations and large aspirations1 of purity without fleck1 yet cold almost as it was chaste4 ,this were an enviable fame at any time1 infinitely more so just now1 when the ambition of our poets seems to be that of the prodigal1 to waste their divine birthright on worthless objects1 to live riotously1 and finally1 when all else is gone1 to feed themselves and their readers on the husks of swine4 ,suddenly ,alexander the ,great appeared1 and in the author we beheld a new man4 ,at once his fame took wings1 while he1 with the unconscious ease of one who took his place by right1 strode beyond the men of to-day1 and entered into that narrower circle of larger minds whose names are written in brass1 whose works live after them and become part and parcel of the ,english tongue4 ,one sign of ,mr4 de ,vere's undisputed success was significant4 ,it is only such a transcendent genius as that of ,dr4 ,newman that can overleap the barriers which prejudice has set around the ,catholic name4 ,it is still true1 though less so than formerly1 that the grand old name of 8,catholic0 blazoned on a literary scutcheon is regarded as a bar sinister by the non-,catholic press4 ,yet even this difficulty of caste was overcome by ,mr4 de ,vere1 and his ,alexander the ,great was hailed by critics of every class and kind of thought to be a return to the palmy days of ,english drama1 and a welcome addition to ,english literature4 ,two years have passed1 and a new drama is presented to us by the same author4 ,from ,alexander the ,great to ,thomas ,becket is a long stride and a trying one4 ,it is a passage from the height of paganism to the height of ,christianity4 ,the hero of the one is the personification of the pride and the pomp1 the glory and shame1 the greatness and essential littleness1 of paganism4 ,the hero of the other is one of those men who throughout the ,christian era1 even up to our own times1 have been found to stand up in the face of the princes of this world1 and1 if need be1 pour out their hearts' blood in confessing ,christ and upholding his kingdom on earth4 ,we may as well say at once that in the new drama we miss many things which in ,alexander the ,great won our admiration4 ,we miss the sustained magic of those lines1 almost every one of which is poetry of the highest order1 yet so skilfully adapted that whosoever speaks them speaks naturally and in keeping with his character4 ,in no place in ,alexander the ,great could one say1 8,here speaks the poet10 8,here the rhetorician10 8,here the dramatist40 ,this much1 indeed1 is true of ,thomas ,becket4 ,we miss1 too1 the brilliant epigrams1 the proverbial wisdom of the brief sayings thrown so liberally into the mouths of this character and that4 ,we miss the sharp contact and contrast of character so perfectly worked out among the different types of ,greeks4 ,there is no place in the later drama for such a conception as ,alexander himself1 the slow growth and development under our eyes of his many-sided character1 with his strong resolve1 his dreams1 his daring hopes1 his insane ambition1 his thorough1 practical manner of dealing with things as they pass1 his slow-coming doubts1 his wonder at the world1 at his own mission in it1 and at the unseen power that rules them both from somewhere4 ,indeed1 we cannot call to mind a like conception to this in any drama4 ,the reason for the absence of such features as these is plain4 ,in the one case the poet was freer to follow the workings of his own imagination2 in the other he is more closely bound down to history1 to facts1 to the very words often spoken by his characters4 ,and how thoroughly he has studied his subject may be seen in the preface to the drama1 which is an admirable1 though condensed1 history of the whole struggle between ,st4 ,thomas and ,henry ,,ii4 ,but in compensation for what we miss we find a robustness1 an off-hand freedom betokening real strength1 a truth and naturalness of coloring1 a noble manner of dealing with noble things1 a straightforward honesty that winks at no faults1 on whichever side they lie1 a boldness and vigor that never flag from the first line to the last4 ,there is less art than in the other1 but much more of nature's happy freedom4 ,moreover1 the interest of the drama is none the less really of to-day because it represents men who lived and events which occurred seven centuries ago4 ,has this century seen no ,henries or his like8 ,who shall say that we have no ,beckets8 ,are there no men to-day ready to stand up in the face of princes calling themselves ,christian1 to risk land and life and all they have in the cause of ,christ1 at the same time that they obey their princes1 be they ,catholic or non-,catholic1 8saving their order0 and 8saving ,god's honor08 ,the whole world makes sad reply4 ,and though in these scientific days it is not the fashion to dash the brains of ,god's priests out in the sanctuary1 a method equally effectual is adopted to quench1 if possible1 the spirit within them4 ,they are drained of such means as belong to their offices by fine upon fine2 every effort is made to compel them1 as was the case with ,st4 ,thomas1 to betray their trust1 to recognize rebellious1 apostate1 and recreant priests4 ,and at length1 when there is not a penny left1 they are either driven into exile1 as was ,st4 ,thomas1 or cast into prisons where their martyrdom consists of a thousand petty insults and deprivations1 and where1 to take up recent examples1 they are regaled on soup which is scientifically bad4 ,after all1 does there not seem something more magnanimous in the fierce brutality of the ,plantagenet and his men8 ,the whole drama of ,thomas ,becket turns on the struggle between the archbishop and the king1 and there is no hesitation on the author's part in deciding which side to take in the contest4 ,mr4 de ,vere has certainly the courage of his convictions1 and he is bold in their expression in days when ,st4 ,thomas is still regarded by the great majority of ,english readers as a mischievous and meddlesome prelate who courted1 if he did not richly deserve1 his fate4 ,let us1 with ,mr4 de ,vere's permission1 picture to ourselves a moment his lost opportunity of making himself infamously famous4 ,had he1 with his great gifts and acknowledged place in the ranks of literati1 only taken the other side2 had he painted ,st4 ,thomas according to the orthodox ,protestant reading1 how his book would have been devoured1 and what reviews written of it down all the line of the anti-,catholic army of writers6 ,what comfort ,mr4 ,gladstone would have found in such a convert in his next tilt with the ,rock6 ,were it not a thing simply natural in any honorable man to adhere to the side of truth1 and1 more1 to satisfy himself of the truth where doubts were raised1 we should call it noble in ,mr4 de ,vere thus to spurn the example of so many gifted writers of his time whose great ambition seems to be to pander to the vices around them4 ,indeed1 not the least interest attached to this drama lies in the treatment1 by a calm1 poetic1 yet deeply philosophic mind1 of the momentous struggle which it portrays--the struggle ever old yet ever new between church and state4 ,the drama is in five acts4 ,the first opens at ,westminster with the election of ,thomas to the primacy1 embraces his resignation of the chancellorship and first rupture with the king1 and ends beautifully and solemnly with his consecration as ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,this act is very interesting4 ,it plunges at once in medias res4 ,not a line is wasted1 and so natural is the coloring that one lives and moves among the men of long ago as completely as in ,shakspere4 ,becket's friends and foes come and go1 and have their say about the new prelate and his appointment to the 8,rome of the ,north40 ,naturally1 the appointment to such a see still filled men's minds while the memory of ,anselm lived1 8,stretching from exile a lean1 threatening arm0 against the first ,henry4 ,it is plain from the start that ,becket's mitre is not to be wreathed with roses4 ,even were the king a tamer soul1 the new archbishop leaves enemies behind him--time-serving prelates who hate an honest man1 others who envy him his place1 nobles1 knights1 and rascals who have felt his strong hand while chancellor4 ,the scene shifts to ,normandy and shows us ,henry's court at ,rouen1 presided over by his perfidious and vicious queen1 ,eleanor1 whose bitter tongue ever fans the flames that threaten ,becket1 whom she hates4 ,here we see ,henry at his best1 when1 as he thinks1 all is going well with his scheme4 8,thomas1 ,archbishop-- ,that hand which holds the seal1 wielding the staff-- ,the feud of ,crown and ,church henceforth is past4 ''' ,henceforth ,i rule6 ,none shares with me my realms40 ,here we have1 too1 a thrilling picture of his wrath when this pleasant scheme is at once knocked to pieces by ,becket's resignation of the chancellorship4 ,and now the fight begins4 ,in the second act come up the memorable scenes at ,northampton with the question of the 8,royal ,customs40 ,in these trying scenes1 where king and prelate enter the lists against each other1 the dramatist has exhibited a power worthy the occasion1 and1 to our thinking1 they are the finest in the drama4 ,we can only glance at them and pass on4 ,the forces are marshalled3 on the one side the power of the king with the bandit nobles--for most of them were little else--and the craven prelates2 on the other ,becket1 his oath1 and his conscience4 ,the scene between ,becket and the bishops1 where they strive to break down his resolution1 is admirable1 as showing the inner character of the man1 the steadfast churchman1 military half1 who has not yet quite lost that outspoken scorn he used so freely while still in and of the world4 ,his brief replies are full of negative meaning1 and1 when he does break forth1 the scorn of the king is puny beside his words4 8,my lords1 have you said all8 ,then hear me speak4 ,i might be large to tell you1 courtier prelates1 ,that if the ,conqueror's was an iron hand1 ,not less #8twas just4 ,oftenest it used aright ,its power usurped4 ,it decked no idiot brow ,with casual mitre3 neither lodged in grasp ,that1 ague-stricken1 scarce could hold its bribe1 ,the sceptres of the shepherds of ,christ's flock40 ,and never were there nobler words than these3 8,bishops of ,england6 ,for many truths by you this day enforced1 ,hear ye in turn but one4 ,the church is ,god's3 ,lords1 were it ours1 then might we traffic with it2 ,at will make large its functions1 or contract2 ,serve it or sell2 worship or crucify4 ,i say the church is ,god's2 for he beheld it1 ,his thought1 ere time began2 counted its bones1 ,which in his book were writ4 ,i say that he ,from his own side in water and in blood ,gave birth to it on ,calvary1 and caught it1 ,despite the nails1 his bride1 in his own arms4 ,i say that he1 a ,spirit of clear heat1 ,lives in its frame1 and cleanses with pure pain ,his sacrificial precinct1 but consumes ,the chaff with other ardors4 ,lords1 ,i know you4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to-day the heathen rage--,i fear them not2 ,if fall ,i must1 this hand1 ere yet ,i fall1 ,stretched from the bosom of a peaceful gown1 ,above a troubled king and darkening realm1 ,shall send ,god's sentence forth4 ,my lords1 farewell40 ,and surely ,becket might have spoken this3 8,my king ,i honor--honoring more my ,god2 ,my lords1 they lie who brand mine honest fame ,with fealty halved4 ,with doubly-linked allegiance ,he serves his king who serves him for ,god's sake2 ,but who serves thus must serve his ,god o'er all4 ,i served him thus1 and serve40 ,but we could quote all this magnificent scene4 ,in the third act ,becket escapes to ,france1 visits the exiled pontiff at ,sens1 and finally takes refuge at ,pontigny4 ,the calm of this holy and peaceful abode seems to permeate this portion of the drama1 offering a happy relief after the late fierce storms4 ,there he abides1 8musing on war with heart at peace10 and his spirit1 without slackening in its strong purpose1 grows insensibly calmer1 milder1 and more humble4 ,from this dwelling he is driven forth by order of the king1 only1 as the king himself bitterly says1 to 8stand stronger than before40 ,the persecution is turning against the persecutor1 who confesses in words ,shakspere might have written3 8,i have lit my camp-fires on a frozen flood1 ,methinks the ice wears thin40 ,but he is a man as full of device as resolution1 and at his back are men still fuller of device4 ,the plot thickens1 and at last even ,rome seems to fall from the archbishop1 and give him over to the power of his enemies4 ,something of the old fierce spirit leaps up1 and ,rome itself is not spared1 until he is reminded by ,john of ,salisbury1 his tried and faithful friend1 of the ,pope that 8,who sits there ,sits on ,god's tower1 and further sees than we40 ,whereupon ,becket breaks out into a speech full of beauty and of truth1 which we regret our limited space forbids us to quote4 ,at the end of it the two cardinals enter to endeavor to find a way for patching up a peace between the archbishop and the king4 ,it must be borne in mind that in those days the church was in sore straits3 the pope in exile at ,sens2 an anti-pope backed by all the power of the ,german emperor4 ,as ,cardinal ,otho truly says3 8,a mutinous world uplifts this day its front ,against ,christ's ,vicar6 ,save this ,france and ,england1 ,i know not kingdom sound40 ,and here was ,becket1 the champion of the church1 doing1 in the eyes of many1 what best he could to drive ,england also into the enemy's camp4 ,all these circumstances render the intellectual and spiritual duel between the archbishop and the cardinals one of intense interest1 which again confirms what we noted in ,alexander the ,great1 that ,mr4 de ,vere has the true dramatic instinct of bringing together at the right place and right time opposing elements4 ,it is the clash of contraries that imparts greatest interest to a drama1 and the right working of the conflict that shows the dramatist's skill4 ,the contrast between the plausible1 keen1 politic1 ,italian nature1 as it would be called by some1 of ,cardinal ,william1 and the straight1 unbending1 single-minded nature of ,becket1 who is so rooted in his position that nothing but death could tear him from it1 is perfect4 ,the cardinal builds up a very strong case in a negative manner against the archbishop4 ,he hints at mistakes on the latter's part2 he counsels yielding here and there1 or rather puts it to ,becket why such and such might not be instead of such and such4 ,in fact1 his ,eminence shows himself a thorough diplomat in cases where the issue was not a duel to the death4 ,it would be amusing1 were it not something of a far higher order1 to see how ,becket1 with a strong1 straight sentence or two1 cuts mercilessly1 half scornfully1 through the cardinal's fine-spun webs one after the other as they appear1 scarcely giving them time to rise4 ,cardinal ,william is at length nettled into breaking quite through the diplomatic ice1 and bids the archbishop resign4 ,becket refuses to listen to any voice but that which proceeds from the chair of ,peter1 and with this the act closes4 ,the fourth act opens with a beautiful scene between the nun ,idonea and the aged ,empress ,matilda1 whose character1 small part as it plays in the drama1 seems to us one of the most finished of all4 ,henry is back in ,england1 only to find 8,all's well2 and then all's ill3 who wars on ,becket ,hath ,january posting hard on ,may1 ,and night at ten o' the morn40 ,on the other hand1 ,becket1 with half-prophetic eye1 seems to see the beginning of the end4 ,after each new struggle1 each new humiliation1 he rises greater because humbler1 leaving the dross behind him4 ,here is his own estimate of himself3 8,once ,i was unjust4 ,the ,holy ,father sees as from a height2 ,i fight but on the plain3 my time is short1 ,and in it much to expiate4 ,i must act4 7,after a pause47 ,i strove for justice1 and my mother's honor2 ,for these at first4 ,now know ,i that ,god's truth ,is linked with these as close as body and soul40 ,how true is this we all know4 ,it only required a ,luther to make of ,henry ,,ii4 a ,henry ,,viii41 and he had not stood so long in doubt as did the latter4 ,the plot deepens4 ,what an admirable touch it is that shows him1 when the gravest news arrives from ,england1 falling back a moment on his happier days at hearing of a smart retort given by his old pupil1 the youthful prince6 ,at last the king and ,becket are brought together1 and again in this long1 historic meeting ,mr4 de ,vere rises fully and easily to the level of the event4 ,the inner vein of deceit for which he was marked shows through the monarch's speech1 and once a lurid burst of passion flashes forth like lightning and as quickly disappears4 ,this prolonged scene1 at the end of which the mask is almost openly thrown off by the king1 ends the act1 and is a fitting preparation for the consummation which is to follow4 ,the fifth act opens with preparations for the return of the archbishop to ,england4 ,his heart and those of his friends are filled with the gloomiest forebodings4 ,ill-rumors thicken around them4 ,becket himself1 in a speech of wonderful beauty and pathos1 describes the 8sinking strange0 at his heart as1 standing still on the ,french coast1 he looks towards ,england4 ,it is the flesh asserting itself and gaining a momentary victory over the spirit4 ,he sails at length1 and history tells us how he was received4 ,it was a matter of life or death to his foes4 ,there was only one end to a contest with a man of his stamp--either submission on their part or death to him4 ,the drama hurries on towards the catastrophe4 ,the queen fans the flame4 ,as ,lisieux says3 8,year by year ,she urged his highness #8gainst my lord the primate2 ,of late she whets him with more complicate craft3 ,she knows that all she likes the king dislikes1 ,and feigns a laughing1 new-born zeal for ,becket1 ,to sting the royal spleen40 ,the short scene in which the barbed words of the queen draw a contrast between ,becket's triumph and the king's humiliation is one of the many dramatic gems set in this drama4 ,so graphic is the scene as she rises on the throne1 cup in hand1 and cries3 8,a toast1 my lords6 ,the ,london merchant's son3 ,once ,england's primate--henceforth ,king of ,england60 that we scarcely need ,leicester to tell us3 8,behold her1 ,lisieux6 ,that smile is baleful as a winter beam ,streaking some cliff wreck-gorged2 her hair and eyes ,send forth a glare half sunshine and half lightning40 ,at last falls that memorable feast of ,st4 ,stephen1 and the end comes4 8,the man is changed4 ,seldom he speaks2 his smile ,is like that smile upon a dead man's face1 ,a mystery of sweetness40 ,the saint is already looking beyond this world4 ,standing at the window1 as we are told he stood1 he looks out and beholds the ground robed in snow4 ,here is how his poet makes him speak of it3 8,how fair1 how still1 that snowy world6 ,the earth ,lies like a white rose under eyes of ,god2 ,may it send up a sweetness60 ,what other poet in these days could give us so pure and perfect an image as that--a flower plucked1 surely1 from the paradise of poets8 ,the sweetness is sent up4 ,it rises from the martyr's blood4 ,such is an outline of this drama4 ,the character1 of course1 on which the attention fastens chiefly is that of ,thomas ,becket1 and we think that in the portrayal of this great character ,mr4 de ,vere is as happy as in his ,alexander4 ,becket is a very easy man to write about1 but a most difficult one to set living and real before us4 ,in him for a long time the layman and the clerk struggled for mastery4 ,there is no possible doubt that up to the time of his elevation to the primacy he was a man who lived in1 and to a very great extent of1 the world4 ,he rejoiced in pomp and pride1 in large retinues1 in splendid appointments1 in ostentatious display4 ,he was not at all averse to showing that the arm of the cleric could tilt a lance with the bravest knight4 ,yet through all the temptations of such a life as his he undoubtedly retained his purity of heart1 a right sense of his true vocation1 and an honesty of purpose that never swerved4 ,certain it is that1 in procuring his appointment as primate1 ,henry thought he had1 if not exactly a tool1 a devoted friend and a sensible man1 who would not forget the favors his monarch had showered on him1 and would be troubled by no such nice scruples as vexed his predecessor1 ,anselm4 ,becket had shown himself to be a keen-eyed1 resolute1 active1 honest minister1 with no sordid touch in his nature1 with an intense sense of duty to his king and country4 ,indeed1 had he not been a ,catholic cleric1 in days when clerics lawfully assumed many a civil office1 there can be little doubt that he would have been pronounced1 even by ,protestant historians1 to be one of the best and truest ,english chancellors that ever held the seals4 ,at a day's notice this man1 by the express command and desire of the king1 is sent back to his real duty--the tending of ,christ's fold4 ,he obeyed against his will1 foreseeing already something of the issue4 ,but the fashion of the world is not brushed off in a day1 however changed may be the heart and conduct4 ,to-day he is the gay and brilliant chancellor of ,england1 highest in the favor of his king2 to-morrow1 primate of ,england1 and appointed to that post1 as he knew1 to betray it4 ,the man is not yet a saint--very far from it2 and in his seizing of this character just as the robes of the world were falling from him and he had donned the livery of heaven2 in his awakening to the new and tremendous responsibility that had fallen upon him2 in the gradual taming of his fiery and impetuous spirit2 in the struggle between personal love for his royal master1 pity for the disasters necessarily brought upon the kingdom by his action1 and his clear conception of duty throughout all2 in the slow braying of this spirit in the mortar of affliction until speck by speck all the dross was shaken and cast out1 and the whole man left clean and pure for the sacrifice--in all this ,mr4 de ,vere has shown the skill of a great artist4 ,the obvious temptation for a ,catholic in treating such a theme was to make ,becket a saint too soon4 ,mr4 de ,vere has not fallen into this mistake1 and the result adds largely to the effect of the drama4 ,not till the very last scene do we feel that ,becket lives already above this world1 and only awaits his translation4 ,the night before his death the flesh still urged flight when he knew that death was coming surely and swiftly4 ,and when the curtain drops for the last time on that terrible scene of the outraged sanctuary and the murdered archbishop1 then do we surely feel that the spirit of a saint and martyr has flown to heaven4 ,the conception of ,henry is almost equally good4 ,the following picture of him will be remembered3 8,your king is sudden3 ,the tidings of his march and victory reach us ,like runners matched4 ,that slender1 sinewy frame1 ,that ardent eye1 that swift1 onstriding step1 ,yet graceful as a tiger's1 foot descending ,silent but sure on the predestinate spot-- ,from signs like these looks forth the inward man4 ,expect grave news ere long40 ,excellent foils to ,becket and to each other are ,becket's two fast friends1 ,john of ,salisbury and ,herbert of ,bosham4 ,the contrast between the two is well drawn by themselves3 8,,john ,,of ,,salisbury4 ,herbert1 you jar me with your ceaseless triumphs1 ,and hope #8gainst hope4 ,you are like a gold leaf dropped ,from grove immortal of the church triumphant ,to mock our church in storm6 ,for manners' sake1 ,i pray you1 chafe at times4 ,the floods are out6 ,i say the floods are out6 ,this way and that ,they come a-sweeping4 8,,herbert4 ,wheresoe'er they sweep ,the eye of ,god pursues them and controls3 ,that which they are to him1 that only are they2 ,the rest is pictured storm40 ,a mightier hand than ,mr4 de ,vere's might own so graphic a picture as this3 8,go where ,i might1 except among the poor1 #8,twas all one huge conspiracy of error1 ,conspiracy1 and yet unconscious half2 ,for1 though1 beneath1 there worked one plastic mind1 ,the surface seemed fortuitous concurrence1 ,one man the hook supplying1 one the eye1 ,here the false maxim1 there the fact suborned1 ,this the mad hope1 and that the grudge forgotten4 ,the lawyer wrote the falsehood in the dust ,of mouldering scrolls2 with sighs the court-priest owned it2 ,the minstrel tossed it gaily from his strings2 ,the witling lisped it1 and the soldier mouthed it4 ,these lies are thick as dust in ,march40 ,and the 8reptile press0 had not yet come into being6 ,there is not a weak line in this drama4 ,it will be welcomed by all ,catholics as a glorious illumination of the history which it pictures4 ,our boys should dwell on it in the schools4 ,from no book can they gather a better idea of one of the most marked epochs in ,english history4 ,it will1 like ,alexander the ,great1 bear reading and rereading1 disclosing each time new beauties of thought and expression4 ,many of the speeches set one's veins a-tingling1 so vivid and real are they4 ,the pictures of churchmen are a study4 ,there is the prelate courtier1 the prelate politician1 the false ascetic1 the blasphemous apostate1 the timid prelate1 who trembles between his conscience and his king4 ,in striking contrast to these stand out ,becket and his true men1 while to and fro among the cleric gowns stalk the stalwart nobles1 half-bandits1 most of them1 sick in turn of prelate and king4 ,mr4 de ,vere makes masterly use of these many opposite elements1 groups1 parts1 and rearranges them with the highest dramatic effect4 ,the general tendency of ,english poetry in these days is downwards4 ,it has gained nothing2 it has lost much4 ,it is least strong in its highest1 the dramatic form4 ,without pretending to be at all dogmatic in mere literary criticism1 we take this last statement to be indisputable4 ,the failure1 however1 is not from lack of effort4 ,there is surely some strange fascination about the drama4 ,it would not be at all hazardous to say that nine out of every ten men with any literary pretensions1 if they have not actually written dramas1 have at least had the ambition and intention at some time or another to write them4 ,what may be the precise reason for this general tendency towards that peculiar form of literature1 unless it is that so very few succeed in it1 we do not know1 and do not care to inquire just now4 ,the unattainable1 however1 always possesses a strong fascination for aspiring minds2 and as the dramatic literature of all countries is that which1 though the least in quantity1 has fastened itself most upon the hearts of the people1 it is at least a worthy ambition which aims at this royal road to fame4 ,the discovery of the ,north-west ,passage has not been a more fatal lure to mariners than the drama to literary adventurers4 ,even men of approved position in other branches of literature1 poets of fame1 novelists whose names were household words1 statesmen and philosophers1 have failed at this last fortress that fame seems to hold only for her most favored sons4 ,here no art can win an entrance2 the sweetest strains cannot charm the locks asunder1 the profoundest thoughts cannot melt them4 ,nature and nature only holds the key4 ,a glance at a few of the writers of the century will reveal how true is this4 ,even ,byron with his passionate soul1 his strangely mixed nature1 his bitterness and sweetness1 his loftiness of thought and expression combined1 his marvellous power over words1 has written dramas which as poems are splendid1 but as dramas wretched4 ,shelley was the only poet of his day who produced a really dramatic work1 but its revolting subject unhappily removes it from clean hands4 ,the lesser lights of our own day have each in turn attempted a like flight only to meet with disaster4 ,who thinks of ,browning's ,strafford now8 ,who has cast a second glance at ,swinburne's ,chastelard or ,bothwell8 ,notwithstanding the 8gush0 with which it was at first hailed by some ,english critics1 ,tennyson's ,mary ,tudor has fallen flat1 both on the stage and off it1 and honest men have come to the conclusion that it rather detracts from than adds to the well-earned and well-worn fame of the author4 ,the only good purpose it has served was to bring to light a real drama on the same subject by the father of the author whose latest work now claims our attention4 ,of that we shall have something to say at another time4 ,even that proverbial philosopher1 ,mr4 ,tupper1 was seized with the inspiration in this centennial year of ours1 and we heard something of a drama wherein ,george ,washington was to figure as the hero1 but it faded out of sight before it had well appeared4 ,sad to say1 our own ,longfellow's ,spanish ,student1 the only drama he ever published1 happens to be about the worst of his productions4 ,mr4 ,disraeli even1 in his wild youth1 perpetrated a drama which was presented some years since at a second or third class ,london theatre1 and1 we believe1 almost ruined the management4 ,at all events it failed4 ,and ,bulwer ,lytton's best known drama is not one-fiftieth part as good as his poorest novel4 ,bold then is the man who would tread this royal road which is strewn with so many a brave wreck4 ,rash the man who1 with name and fame established1 with the well-won laurels of a lifetime on his brow1 would add a final and a crowning leaf plucked from this garden of death4 ,happy the man who1 in face of the thousand dangers that beset his path1 goes on his way boldly1 grasps and holds the prize that a thousand of his fellows have missed4 ,mr4 de ,vere has won this prize4 ,his dramas are dramas and nothing else4 ,they are not verses stitched together without a purpose and a plan4 ,they are not mere description2 they are instinct with act4 ,we hope and believe that one who has accomplished so much and so well in so short a time may1 as we do not doubt he can1 do much more4 ,the prizes to be won in this1 to ,mr4 de ,vere1 new field are as many as the aspirants2 but the winners are few4 ,as ,catholics we are proud of such a poet4 ,as readers and observers we rejoice in these degenerate days at seeing so resolute a return to loftier thoughts and purer1 to great conceptions1 to real ,english1 which is free at once from the affectation of the archaic and from the flimsy jingle that tries honest ears1 to a right depicting of scenes and events that have stirred the world4 #baj ,st4 ,thomas of ,canterbury4 ,a ,dramatic ,poem4 ,by ,aubrey de ,vere1 author of ,alexander the ,great4 ,london3 ,henry ,s4 ,king ,co4 #ahgf4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,,the ,,prisoner ,,of ,,chillon4 ,it has been the lot of more than one disreputable character to be glorified by great poets4 ,from ,spenser to ,tennyson have the praises of 8,gloriana0 been sung1 to the no small detriment of truth1 and of far worthier personages than she who1 although in some respects a great queen1 was guilty of ferocities almost beyond the capabilities of man1 and of prolonged and calculating cruelties contrary to the very nature bestowed by ,god on woman4 ,again1 ,satan himself is portrayed in ,milton's stately poem as a being more magnificent than malignant4 ,he 8hates well0 certainly1 but his own utter hatefulness1 and the base ingratitude to his ,creator of which he is the first example1 is sufficiently veiled to incline one to feel something akin to admiration or pity for the arch-rebel against ,god1 the crafty seducer and pitiless destroyer of the souls of men4 ,passing over other instances of false renown1 and undazzled by the halo of romance cast around the 8,prisoner of ,chillon0 by ,lord ,byron's melodious lines 7it would be more plain-spoken than polite to write this word1 as here it ought to be written1 i4e41 without the n71 let us examine1 by the sober light of history1 into the merits of this more-than-doubtful hero1 rendered by his captivity a person of interest1 although there is every proof that the story of his arrest1 in violation of a safe-conduct granted him by the duke of ,savoy1 is an invention4#baa ,still more1 however1 does ,bonivard owe his celebrity to ,lord ,byron1 who apparently knew nothing of the 8,prisoner0 whose imaginary sufferings he sang1 beyond his name1 his ,protestantism1 and the fact of his imprisonment4 ,the poem opens with a string of fictions1 among which it is amusing to read that ,bonivard was loaded with chains for the religion of his father1 and that the said father had died on the rack1 a martyr to a creed he refused to abjure1 etc4 ,but imagination has had the upper hand long enough4 ,certain of our contemporaries abroad having recently referred to the 8,prisoner of ,chillon0 as a martyr for liberty of conscience1 it is time to bring down from his pedestal this ,calvinist apostate1 pointed to by ,protestants as one of their models of virtue1 and who1 we readily allow1 turns out to be a fitting companion to similar 8models0 even more famous in their annals4 ,the ,bonivards were an old bourgeois family of ,chambry1 who from the thirteenth century had possessed a certain extent of feudal property4 ,thus they were subjects of the princes of ,savoy1 whose worst enemies were then the ,genevese and ,swiss4 ,now1 it was under the protection of these latter that ,bonivard1 himself a ,savoyard1 came1 in the vain hope of preserving the rich revenues of his priory of ,saint ,victor1 to plant his batteries against his native country4 ,at ,geneva1 he took his place among the first promoters of the freedom of the future republic1 but no sooner did the ,reformation become a movement of importance1 from the standing of some of its leaders1 than ,bonivard disappears from the front1 and falls into a lower rank2 since1 although a writer of some power and possessed of real talents1 he was utterly lacking in energy and dignity of character1 as also in firmness and consistency of purpose4 ,in proof of this1 it is enough to observe the continual applications for money with which he harassed the council of ,geneva1 while he was at the same time playing fast and loose between ,savoy and ,geneva1 in the first place1 and afterwards between ,geneva and ,berne1 according to the advancement of his own interests1 self being apparently the sole object of his worship4 ,this 8vain and versatile beggar0#bab was called by one of the chiefs of the republic1 the 8,stultus ,m4 de ,sans-,saint-,victor40 ,dr4 ,chapponnire1 a ,protestant1 says that 8,bonivard1 exalted by some as a hero and a martyr for liberty1 and by others charged with every vice1 merited neither the excess of honor he received on the one hand1 nor of condemnation on the other40 ,with regard1 however1 to this verdict1 which would represent ,bonivard as a man of simple mediocrity1 we put the following questions3 ,was not ,franois de ,bonivard a traitor to his religion1 which he abandoned8 to his ecclesiastical character1 which he violated8 to his country1 which he injured to the utmost of his power8 to history1 which he falsified8 and lastly1 to his wives1 whom he deceived1 and one of whom he abandoned to torture8 ,the 8,prisoner of ,chillon0 had earned his detention in that fortress by fifteen years of open revolt against his lawful sovereign2 and if1 by reason of his six years of imprisonment he is to be accounted a great man1 it is but just to allow his fourth wife1 ,catherine de ,courtaronel1 to share his greatness4 ,like him1 she apostatized2 like him1 she quitted her convent and broke all her vows2 like him1 she was driven out of ,geneva because of her evil life2 like him1 she was allowed to return thither on promising amendment2 with him she lived1 for some time unmarried1 until the two were compelled by the ,genevese authorities to submit to a marriage ceremony2 like him1 she was accused of adultery1 and1 more unfortunate than he1 was made1 by the application of frightful tortures1 to avow herself guilty of the crime 7which1 however1 has not been proved71 her husband making no attempt whatever to save her from the torture4 ,in consequence of the confessions thus extorted1 she was condemned to be drowned2 the sentence being duly executed4 ,we have here a terrible pendant to the six years of prison1 and one which1 this time1 can neither be imputed 7to quote ,m4 ,fazg7 to 8an infamous duke of ,savoy10 nor yet 7to quote ,bonivard himself7 to 8a rascally pope40 ,this brief sketch1 notwithstanding its incompleteness as to details1 which would1 however1 only darkly shade the outline here given1 is sufficient to portray the real ,bonivard1 the avaricious and time-serving apostate1 stripped of the interesting fiction which envelopes the ,prisoner of ,chillon1 and to prove his worthiness of a niche by the side of ,cranmer1 ,luther1 ,calvin1 ,beza1 ,john of ,leyden1 and the rest of the reforming race4 #baa ,see1 especially1 ,spon1 ,histoire de ,genve1 tom4 #a4 pp4 #bjc1 #bjd4 #bab ,see notice in the ,revue ,catholique for ,june1 #ahgf1 by ,m4 ,leyret1 to whom the present paper is largely indebted4 ,those who wish for full information on the subject will find it in the ,notice sur ,franois de ,bonivard1 ,prieur de ,st4 ,victor et sur ses ,ecrits1 par ,m4 le ,dr4 ,chapponniere 7,mmoires de la ,socit d',histoire et d',archologie de ,genve1 tome iv471 also in the ,matriaux ,historiques and the ,notices ,gnalogiques of ,galiffe 7tome iii471 but above all in the remarkable work by ,canon ,magnin1 now ,bishop of ,annecy1 on ,bonivard and the ,chronicles of ,geneva 7,mmoires de l',acadmie de ,savoie1 #bme ,sries1 tome iii47 who by even his moderation1 as well as the pitiless logic of facts1 crushes the pseudo-confessor4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,sancta ,,sophia1 ,,or ,,directions ,,for ,,the ,,prayer ,,of ,,contemplation1 ,,etc4 ,extracted out of more than ,forty ,treatises written by the late ,ven4 ,father ,f4 ,augustin ,baker1 a monk of the ,english ,congregation of the ,holy ,order of ,s4 ,benedict2 and methodically digested by the ,r4 ,f4 ,serenus ,cressy1 of the same ,order and ,congregation4 ,now edited by the ,very ,rev4 ,dom ,norbert ,sweeny1 ,d4,d41 of the same ,order and ,congregation4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgf4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,next in importance to the choice of a spiritual director comes1 no doubt1 the selection of the kind and quality of spiritual reading proper for individual souls4 ,ordinarily they go together1 and1 granting the first choice to have been well made1 the second should be left to be determined by it4 ,one advantage1 however1 a suitable book presents even when compared with a suitable director4 ,it is always accessible1 a consideration of some importance1 when one remembers how urgently spiritual writers seek to persuade the soul that in case wise direction can be had at no less cost1 she should travel 8a thousand ,german miles0 to find it4 ,it is true that with certain classes of religious reading1 and especially with that class to which the ,sancta ,sophia belongs1 there is danger that indiscreet readers may mistake their own needs1 and nourish pride on what is proper food for humility only4 ,another peculiarity belonging to them is one which we hardly know whether to class as an advantage or a disadvantage4 ,put into the hands of mature readers for whom they have been esteemed suitable on account of some natural tendency to introversion1 and possibly of converts1 to which class1 by the way1 the author of the ,sancta ,sophia himself belonged1 we have observed these charts of the more interior ways of spiritual life to create a temporary difficulty almost as serious as those they were intended to remove4 ,the clearness and certainty with which the road is pointed out1 and the obstacles to be surmounted described1 fill the mind at first with such a sense of security as one feels who places himself in charge of an experienced guide to travel to regions by report well known but as yet unvisited4 ,the objects of faith assume a new vividness1 and the soul1 beholding its own struggles and its own weariness reflected in the page before it1 takes up its line of march with new vigor and readiness to endure what its predecessors also have endured4 ,but it will be strange if its enemy do not avail himself of the very weapons used against him to raise the contrary difficulty1 and to suggest that the very accuracy with which the internal conflict is described shows that nothing has been really achieved by the spiritual writers except the dissection of the soul itself1 and that1 considered as evidence for the existence of anything beyond its own struggles1 their works are simply worthless4 ,however1 to 8well-minded souls10 as ,father ,baker would say1 such temptations against faith are not in reality more dangerous than any other1 and may1 with the help of prayer and prudent counsel1 be fled from even while their immediate occasion is retained and put to its uses4 ,for such souls1 once firmly grounded in ,catholic faith and with a natural predisposition for 8the internal ways of the ,spirit10 we know no better guide than the ,sancta ,sophia1 now so happily reprinted4 ,no doubt it is not adapted to general reading2 the caution of the ,benedictine father1 ,leander ,st4 ,martino1 is as necessary to-day as when it was prefixed to the earliest editions of the work4 ,these instructions1 he said1 8are written precisely1 and only for such souls as by ,god's holy grace do effectually and constantly dedicate themselves to as pure an abstraction from creatures as may with discretion be practised2 ''' consequently1 for such as abstain from all manner of levity1 loss of time1 notable and known defects1 vain talk1 needless familiarity1 and in a word do take as much care as they can to avoid all venial sins and occasions of them1 and all things which they shall perceive or be warned of1 to be impediments to the divine union of their souls with ,god40 ,let us hope that even the strict application of this rule would not too greatly narrow the circle of readers likely to be profited by the reissue of a volume which those well qualified to judge rate as the most solid and valuable work on prayer ever written in the ,english tongue4 ,a more effectual barrier1 perhaps1 against indiscriminate readers1 is raised by the style of the work itself than by cautions such as these4 ,for while the quaint1 sweet sobriety of its manner most happily matches the gravity of its matter1 it is marked by an utter absence of all things likely to gratify curiosity simply1 and makes no effort to do more than guide souls called to contemplative prayer along the secure road of abnegation and self-denial4 ,certain blemishes which pertained to the work in its original state are sufficiently guarded against in this edition by notes2 and in its present form the ,sancta ,sophia is undoubtedly better fitted than before both to the needs of the contemplative orders for whom it was originally written1 and to those of devout souls living in the world4 ,,mitchell',s ,,geographical ,,text-,,books4 ,philadelphia3 ,published by ,j4 ,h4 ,butler ,co4 ,one of the best proofs of the excellence of these text-books is the continual popularity which they have enjoyed1 in spite of the publication of so many competing works by other authors4 ,of course they have been kept up to the times by additions1 and improvements corresponding to the increase of geographical knowledge4 ,the series consists of eight books1 two being occupied with ancient geography1 and is progressive1 so as to suit every age and capacity4 ,for ,catholic schools it is1 so far as we can see1 not open to any objection1 and as good as any set of books not expressly written for them can be4 ,we are particularly pleased with ,prof4 ,brocklesby's ,physical ,geography1 which forms part of the series4 ,it is full of information for grown persons as well as for the young1 is profusely and finely illustrated1 as is the rest of the series1 and will be found to be a most readable and instructive book4 ,the maps and charts are throughout the series executed with that clearness and beauty which have always characterized ,mitchell's atlases4 ,,the ,,life1 ,,letters1 ,,and ,,table-,,talk ,,of ,,benjamin ,,robert ,,haydon4 ,,men ,,and ,,manners ,,in ,,america ,,one ,,hundred ,,years ,,ago4 ,new ,york4 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgf4 ,these two volumes are the first instalments of the 8,sans-,souci ,series10 intended as a companion to the 8,bric--,brac ,series40 ,the life of ,haydon the artist is full of painful interest4 ,the present volume is a condensation by ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,stoddard of the larger ,engglish life4 ,men and ,manners in ,america ,one ,hundred ,years ,ago1 edited by ,h4 ,g4 ,scudder1 tells pleasantly enough how men and women lived and moved and had their being in this country a century ago4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,obvious printing errors1 such as upside down or backwards letters and accent marks1 mismatched open and closed quote marks1 duplicate words1 and incorrect spacing between words1 were corrected4 ,unprinted letters and final stops were added4 ,alternate and obsolete spellings were left unchanged4 ,words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores1 like this4 ,footnotes in the text were numbered in order and moved to the end of the article in which the anchor occurs4 ,footnote anchors in tables were changed to letters4 ,many table footnotes have multiple anchors4 ,added missing footnote anchor to #aij4 ,noted1 but left unchanged3 ,some listings in the ,contents are not in alphabetical order4 ,spaces were used instead of decimal points to separate dollars from cents and pounds from shillings in 8,labor in ,europe and ,america40 ,hyphens occasionally used inconsistently1 e4g4 text contains both churchyard and church-yard4 #8,home ,rule' when used as a noun has no hyphen2 otherwise1 it appears as ,home-,rule or ,home-,ruler4