,,!                                     
,,am]icans                              
,,by                              ,,hugo
 ,m,,n/]b]g                             
,,pr(essor ,,( ,,psy*ology              
,,at ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity                
,,translat$ ,,by                        
,,edw9 ,b4 ,,holt1 ,,ph4,d4             
,,in/ructor ,,at ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity    
,illu/ration                            
,,new ,,york                            
,mc,c,l,u,r,e1 ,,phillips  ,,co4        
,,mcmiv                                 
,copyright1 #aijd1 by                   
,mc,c,l,u,r,e1 ,,phillips  ,,co4        
,publi%$ ,novemb]1 #aijd1 ,n            
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,preface   ,9 ! ,preface to my         
8,am]ican ,traits10 9 :i* ,i def5d$     
,g]man ideals & criticis$ "s ,am]ican   
t5d5cies1 ,i said1 "s ye>s ago3 8,x has 
be5 (t5 que/ion$ :e!r ,i am "r 9 fight+ 
m]ely aga9/ ,am]ican %ortcom+s f a      
,g]man po9t ( view1 & 9 try+ to de/roy  

prejudices on ?is side ( ! wat]2 :e!r x 
is n1 9 a /ill high] degree1 my duty to 
attempt ! same = ! o!r side2--= ,g]man  
prejudices conc]n+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates are  
c]ta9ly n less sev]e1 & ! po9ts 9 :i*   
,g]many might le>n f ,am]ican culture n 
less num]\s4 ,! "q is fair1 & ,i %all   
soon put be=e ! ,g]man public a book on 
,am]ican life--a book :i* deals 9 a     
detail$ way ) ! political1 economic1    
intellectual1 & social aspects (        
,am]ican culture4 ,its purpose is to    
int]pret sy/ematically ! democratic     
ideals ( ,am]ica40  ,"h is ! book2 x    
fulfils ! promise1 & x might appe> t no 
fur!r explanation is ne$$4 ,& yet1 9    
s5d+ a book into ! _w1 ,i h nev] felt m 
/rongly ! ne$ ( prefatory               
excuses--excuses n = writ+ ! book1 b =  
agree+ to its translation into ,engli%4 
,to outl9e ,am]ican life = read]s beyond
 ! sea is "o ?+2 to appe> be=e an       
,am]ican audi5ce & to tell !m solemnly t
 !re is a ,republican & a ,democratic   
p>ty1 & t !re are tr\bles betwe5 capital

 & lab\r1 is q ano!r ?+4 ,to in=m my    
,g]man c\ntrym5 ab\t ,am]ica may be to  
fill a long-felt want2 b1 z a ,g]man1 to
 in=m ! ,am]icans on matt]s :i* !y knew 
be=e !y 7 born seems1 inde$1 worse ?an  
sup]flu\s4  ,:5 ,i 0 urg$1 on s _m      
sides1 to br+ my 8,am]icans0 be=e !     
,am]icans1 x 01 !re=e1 cle> to me f !   
outset t ,i ought n to d x myself "u any
 circum/ances4 ,if ,i _h translat$ !    
book myself1 x w\ld h become simply an  
,engli% book1 writt5 9 ,engli% by !     
au?or2 & yet its only possible "r to    
exi/5ce mu/ lie 9 its reflect$ "*1 9 its
 hav+ be5 writt5 = o!rs1 9 its com+ back
 to ! ,new ,_w f ! ,old4 ,my fri5d1 ,dr4
 ,holt1 :o has be5 = ye>s my assi/ant 9 
! ,h>v>d ,psy*ological ,laboratory1 has 
assi/$1 !re=e1 9 ?is social psy*ological
 exp]im5t1 & translat$ ! book f ! ,g]man
 edition4  ,i h be5 /ill m influ5c$ by  
ano!r consid]ation4 ,if ! book 7 *iefly 
a record ( facts1 x w\ld be folly = a   
=eign] to pres5t x to ! citiz5s2 b ! aim
 ( ! book is a q diff]5t "o4 ,to make a 

real sci5tific /udy ( ! facts1 ,i %\ld h
 felt utt]ly incompet5t2 inde$1 x may be
 d\bt$ :e!r any "o c\ld hope to ma/] !  
mat]ial ( ! v>i\s fields3 a division (  
lab\r w\ld !n become necess>y4 ,!       
hi/orian1 ! politician1 ! economi/1 !   
juri/1 ! eng9e]1 & _m o!rs w\ld h to    
co-op]ate 9 a s*ol>ly inve/igation (    
,am]ican ev5ts2 & ,i h no "r to any ( ^!
 titles4 ,i am m]ely a psy*ologi/1 & h n
 set out to discov] new mat]ial4 ,! only
 aim ( ! book is to /udy ! ,am]ican man 
& 8 inn] t5d5cies2 &1 p]haps1 a tru] "n 
= my book w\ld h be5 8,! ,philosophy (  
,am]icanism40 ,= su* a task ! outsid]   
may be1 aft] all1 n q unsuit$1 s9ce !   
*>act]i/ic =ces make !mselves m easily  
felt by him ?an by ^? :o h brea!d !     
atmosph]e f _! *ildhood4 ,i am1 !re=e1  
anxi\s to insi/ t ! acc5t ( ! book lies 
on ! f\r *apt]s1 8,_s (                 
,self-,direction01 8,_s (               
,self-,realization10 8,_s (             
,self-,p]fection10 & 8,_s (             
,self-,ass]tion02 :ile ^? *apt]s on !   

economic & political problems are ! lea/
 important ( ! book1 z !y are meant     
m]ely by way ( illu/ration4 ,! la/+ =ces
 & t5d5cies ( ,am]ican life are my      
topics1 & n ! problems ( ! day4 ,= ?is  
reason ! book is translat$ z x appe>$   
six mon?s ago 9 ,g]many1 & ! ev5ts &    
/ati/ical figures ( ! la/ few mon?s h n 
be5 add$2 ! ,philosophy ( ,am]icanism is
 indep5d5t ( ! happ5+s ( ye/]day4 ,!    
only *anges 9 ! translation are         
abbreviations2 = in/ance1 ! indu/rial   
tables1 :i* e ,am]ican c get easily f ! 
gov]nm5t reports1 are abridg$2 &1 above 
all1 ! *apt]s :i* deal ) !              
,g]man-,am]icans are left out1 z bett]  
rema9+ an esot]ic discussion = !        
,g]mans4  ,! purpose ( f9d+ ! deep]     
impulses 9 ,am]ican life necess>ily     
dem&s a c]ta9 ignor+ ( ! %ortcom+s ( !  
h\r4 ,if we aim to "w out & to make cle>
 ! ess5tials ( ! ,am]ican mission 9 !   
_w1 we _c take ! attitude ( ! re=m]1 ^: 
att5tion belongs1 fir/ ( all1 to !      
blund]s & frailties ( ! h\r2 !y are to u

 less important by-products4 ,! grumbl] 
9 public life sees 9 su* a view ( !     
,am]ican1 ( c\rse1 m]ely a fancy picture
 ( an imag9>y creature2 he is n aw>e t e
 portrayal involves ab/raction1 & t a   
/udy 9 ,am]icanism means1 inde$1 a /udy 
( ! ,am]icans z ! be/ ( !m are1 & z !   
o!rs %\ld wi% to be4  ,b ! optimism ( my
 book has /ill ano!r s\rce4 ,its        
outspok5 purpose has be5 to awak5 a     
bett] und]/&+ ( ,am]icans 9 ! ,g]man    
nation4 ,:oev] fights aga9/ prejudices c
 s]ve ! tru? m]ely 9 emphasiz+ !        
neglect$ good sides1 & 9 some:at ret\*+ 
9 ! picture ! exagg]at$ %ad[s4 ,b j "h  
arises my /rong reluctance4 ,! optimism 
& ! /yle ( a def5d] 7 s9c]e1 & necess>y 
to ! book :5 x address$ itself to !     
,g]mans2 is x necess>y1 is x1 inde$1    
s9c]e1 to place su* a eulogy (          
,am]icanism be=e ! ,am]icans8 ,i "k too 
well t1 besides ! self-direction1       
self-realization1 self-p]fection1 &     
self-ass]tion !re is1 m vivid /ill1 ! _s
 ( self-satisfaction1 ^: /ory ,i h      

=gott5 to include 9 ?is volume4 ,h ,i ! 
"r to cat] to ?is _s8  ,b is x n be/ t !
 moods ( criticism & optimism alt]nate8 
,! critical eag]ness ( ! re=m] :i*      
attacks ! faults & follies ( ! day is   
mo/ necess>y2 b x turns into disc\rag+  
pessimism if x is n supplem5t$ by a     
pr(ession ( fai? 9 ! la/+ pr9ciples &   
deep] t5d5cies4 ,! rle ( ! critic ,i h  
play$1 p]haps1 m (t5 & m vehem5tly ?an  
is ! =eign]'s "r4 ,my book on 8,am]ican 
,traits0 has be5 its %>pe/ expression4  
,does t n give me1 aft] all1 a moral "r 
to supplem5t ! w>n+ cry by a joyful ^w  
on ! high aims ( true ,am]icanism8 ,my  
duty is only to emphasize t ,i am myself
 fully aw>e ( ! /rong "o-sid$ness1 & t  
?is new book is n 9 ! lea/ meant to     
retract ! criticisms ( my 8,am]ican     
,traits40 ,! two books are meant to be l
 ! two pictures ( a /]eoscope1 :i* mu/  
be se5 bo? toge!r to get ! full pla/ic  
effect ( reality4 ,x is c]ta9ly         
important to rem9d ! nation frequ5tly t 
!re are political corruption &          

p$agogical blund]+ 9 ! _w2 b sometimes x
 is also wor? :ile to say t ,am]icanism 
is some?+ noble & inspir+1 ev5 = !      
outsid]s1 ) :om naturally o!r impulses  
are /rong]--9 fact1 to make cle> t ?is  
,am]icanism is a consi/5t sy/em (       
t5d5cies is ultimately1 p]haps1 only    
ano!r way ( atta9+ ! re=m]'s end4  ,only
 "o ^w m--a ^w ( ?anks4 ,i said ! aim ( 
! book 0 to br+ ! facts ( ,am]ican life 
"u ! po9t ( view ( g5]al pr9ciples1 b n 
to embody an orig9al rese>* 9 ,am]ican  
hi/ory & in/itutions4 ,i h _h ?us to    
accept ! facts ready-made1 z ! be/      
,am]ican au?ors pres5t !m2 & ,i am ?us  
_! debtor ev]y:]e4 ,s9ce ! book is      
popul> 9 its /yle1 ,i h no foot-notes & 
s*ol>ly quotations1 & s _c enum]ate !   
?\s& ,am]ican s\rces f :i* ,i h tak5 my 
mat]ial4 ,& ,i am n speak+ "h m]ely ( ! 
great /&>d books & speciali/ic writ+s1 b
 ev5 ! daily & weekly pap]s1 &          
especially ! lead+ mon?ly magaz9es1 h   
help$ to fill my note-books4 ,my ?anks  
are due to all ^! sil5t help]s1 & ,i am 

glad to %>e ) !m ! welcome :i*1 9       
compet5t qu>t]s1 ! ,g]man edition ( !   
book has f\nd4                          
,,hugo ,m,,n/]b]g   ,,cambridge1        
,,mass41      ,octob] #be1 #aijd        
,,cont5ts      ,i4 ,,political ,,life   
,,page         #a4 ,,! ,,_s ,,(         
,,self-,,direction                      
#c         #b4 ,,political ,,p>ties     
#ce         #c4 ,,! ,,presid5t          
#fc         #d4 ,,congress              
#he         #e4 ,,ju/ice                
#aja         #f4 ,,city ,,& ,,/ate      
#aae         #g4 ,,public ,,op9ion      
#acg         #h4 ,,problems ,,(         
,,population                            
#aee         #i4 ,,int]nal ,,political  
,,problems                              
#ahe        #aj4 ,,ext]nal ,,political  
,,problems                              
#bja     ,,ii4 ,,economic ,,life        
#aa4 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,self-,,initiative   
#bbi        #ab4 ,,! ,,economic ,,rise  
#bee        #ac4 ,,! ,,economic         
,,problems                              

#bgh                 ,! ,silv] ,"q      
#bgi                 ,! ,t>iff ,"q      
#bhi                 ,! ,tru/ ,"q       
#cja                 ,! ,lab\r ,"q      
#cah    ,,iii4  ,,intellectual ,,life   
#ad4 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,self-,,p]fection    
#cdg        #ae4 ,,! ,,s*ools ,,&       
,,popul> ,,education                    
#cfe        #af4 ,,! ,,univ]sities      
#cic        #ag4 ,,sci5ce               
#dbe        #ah4 ,,lit]ature            
#ddi        #ai4 ,,art                  
#dgc        #bj4 ,,religion             
#dif     ,,iv4 ,,social ,,life          
#ba4 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,self-,,ass]tion     
#eca        #bb4 ,,! ,,self-,,ass]tion  
,,( ,,wom5                              
#eeh        #bc4 ,,ari/ocratic          
,,t5d5cies                              
#eij     ,,"p ,,"o ,,political ,,life   
,,*apt] ,,"o                      ,! ,_s
 ( ,self-,direction   ,:osoev] wi%es to 
describe ! political life ( ! ,am]ican p
 c accompli% ?is end f a numb] ( />t+   
po9ts4 ,p]haps he w\ld beg9 mo/         

naturally ) ! ,articles ( ! ,con/itution
 & exp\nd ! docum5t :i* has giv5 to !   
,am]ican body-politic its rem>kable &   
p]man5t =m2 or he might ramble ?r\gh    
hi/ory & trace out f petty colonies !   
rise ( a great _w-p[]2 or he might make 
8 way ?r\gh t multitude ( ev5ts :i*     
to-day ar\se ! ke5e/ public int]e/1 !   
p>ty /rifes & presid5tial elections1 !  
burd5s & am5ities ( city & /ate1 !      
transactions ( ! c\rts & ( ,congress4   
,yet all ?is w\ld be b a sup]ficial     
del9eation4 ,:oev] wi%es to und]/& !    
secret ( t baffl+ turmoil1 ! inn]       
me*anism & motive beh9d all !           
politically effective =ces1 mu/ set out 
f only "o po9t4 ,he mu/ appreciate !    
ye>n+ ( ! ,am]ican he>t aft]            
self-direction4 ,ev]y?+ else is to be   
und]/ood f ?is4  ,9 8 social life !     
,am]ican is v ready to con=m to ! w (   
ano!r4 ,) an inborn good-nature1 & (t5  
too will+ly1 p]haps1 he l5ds himself to 
social situations :i* are o!rwise       
inconv5i5t4 ,?us 8 gue/1 = in/ance1 is  

apt to feel l a ma/] 9 8 h\se1 s        
completely is 8 own w subord9at$ to t ( 
! gue/4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! sph]e (    
public life1 ! individual1 or a m or    
less re/rict$ gr\p ( individuals1 feels 
t x mu/ guide its own activities to !   
la/ detail if ^! are to h = x any value 
or significance :atsoev]4 ,he w all[ no 
ali5 motive to be sub/itut$--nei!r !    
self-r5unciation ( fidelity or          
gratitude1 nor ! /hetic self-=getfulness
 ( h]o-wor%ip1 nor ev5 ! recognition t a
 mat]ial advantage w\ld accrue or "s    
desirable end be m readily a*iev$ if !  
control & responsibility 7 to be ve/$ 9 
"s "o else4 ,?is self-direction is nei!r
 arbitr>y nor p]v]se2 lea/ ( all does x 
indicate a love ( ease or av]sion to    
toil4 ,9 ,russia1 z a well-kn[n ,am]ican
 once said1 s]fdom c\ld be wip$ out by a
 /roke ( ! ,cz>'s p51 & millions (      
,russians w\ld be fre$ f slav]y ) no    
loss ( life or prop]ty4 8,we ,am]icans  
_h to (f] up a half-million lives & _m  
millions' wor? ( prop]ty 9 ord] to free 

our slaves4 ,& yet no?+ else 0 to be    
?\ght (4 ,we _h to ov]come t evil by our
 own initiative1 & by our own ex]tions  
rea* our goal4 ,& j because we are      
,am]icans & n ,russians no p[] on e>?   
c\ld h reliev$ u ( our responsibility40 
,:5 9 any p ! desire ( self-direction   
dom9ates all o!r motives1 ! =m (        
gov]nm5t ( t p is necess>ily republican4
 ,b x does n conv]sely foll[ t e        
republic is gr\nd$ 9 ?is _s (           
self-direction4 ,h5ce x is t ! republic 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is s entirely diff]5t 
f all o!r republics1 s9ce 9 no o!r p is 
! crav+ = self-det]m9ation s completely 
! in=m+ =ce4 ,! republics ( ,middle &   
,s\? ,am]ica1 or ( ,france1 h sprung f  
an entirely diff]5t political _s2 :ile  
^? new] republics1 :i* 9 fundam5tal     
int5tion are p]haps m simil>1 z =       
in/ance ,switz]l&1 are /ill n comp>able 
because ( _! dim9utive size4 ,! ,fr5*   
republic is f\nd$ on rationalism4 ,!    
philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ) its   
de/ructive criticism ( ! exi/+ ord]1    

furni%$ ! doctr9es1 & f t se$ ( k !re   
grew & /ill are gr[+ ! practical ideals 
( ,france4 ,b ! political life ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates sprang n f reason$ motives
 b f ideals2 x is n ! result ( insight b
 ( w2 x has n a logical b a moral       
f\ndation4 ,& :ile 9 ,france ! pr9ciples
 embodi$ 9 ! con/itution are d]iv$ f    
!ory1 ! some:at d\btful doctr9es        
enunciat$ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 
are m]ely a coroll>y to t sy/em ( moral 
ideals :i* is indissolubly comb9$ ) !   
,am]ican "*4  ,x is n "h to be que/ion$ 
:e!r ?is "* is purely ! cause & n also !
 effect ( ! ,am]ican sy/em2 b s mu* is  
sure1 t ! sy/em ( political relations   
:i* has sprung f ^! e?ical ideals       
con/itutes ! actual body-politic (      
,am]ica4 ,su* is ! ,am]ica :i* receives 
! immigrant & s ?or\ghly trans=ms him t 
! dem& = self-det]m9ation becomes !     
pr(\nde/ passion ( 8 s\l4 ,su* is !     
,am]ica t[>d :i* he feels a pr\d & e>ne/
 patriotism4 ,= ! soil on :i* 8 k+dom   
has be5 re>$ he kn[s b scanty s5tim5t or

 love2 inde$1 ! e>ly progress ( ,am]ica 
0 always an ext5sion ( ! fronti]1 an    
unremitt+ pu%+ =? ov] new doma94 ,!     
,am]ican may be l9k$ by p]sonal ties to 
a p>ticul> plot ( l&1 b 8 national      
patriotism is indep5d5t ( ! soil4 ,x is 
also indep5d5t ( ! p4 ,a nation :i* 9 e 
decade has assimilat$ millions ( ali5s1 
& ^: hi/oric pa/ ev]y:]e leads back to  
/range peoples1 _c ) its racial         
v>iegation inspire a pr(\nd feel+ (     
indissoluble unity4 ,& yet t feel+ is   
pres5t "h z x is p]haps 9 no ,european  
c\ntry4 ,am]ican patriotism is direct$  
nei!r to soil nor citiz51 b to a sy/em (
 ideas respect+ society :i* is compact$ 
by ! desire = self-direction4 ,& to be  
an ,am]ican means to be a p>tizan ( ?is 
sy/em4 ,nei!r race nor tradition1 nor   
yet ! actual pa/ b9ds him to 8          
c\ntryman1 b r ! future :i* toge!r !y   
are build+4 ,x is a community ( purpose1
 & x is m effective ?an any tradition1  
because x p]vades ! :ole man4           
,p>ticipation 9 a common task holds ! p 

toge!r1 a task ) no def9ite & tangible  
end nor yet any special victory or      
triumph to look =w>d to1 b r a task :i* 
is fulfill$ at ea* mom5t1 :i* has its   
mean+ n 9 any result b 9 ! do+1 its     
accompli%m5t n 9 any ev5t :i* may       
befall1 b only 9 ! rightness ( ! motive4
 ,to be an ,am]ican means to co-op]ate 9
 p]petuat+ ! _s ( self-direction ?r\gh\t
 ! body-politic2 & :osoev] does n feel  
?is duty & actively respond to x1 al?\gh
 p]haps a naturaliz$ citiz5 ( ! l&1     
rema9s an ali5 =ev]4  ,if ! newcom] is  
readily assimilat$ 9 su* a society1     
commonly1 yet x mu/ n be ov]look$ t ^?  
:o come f across ! seas are n select$ at
 r&om4 ,^? :o are /rong ( w are ! ones  
:o seek out new sph]es ( activity4 ,j ^?
 ^: satisfaction 9 life has be5 /unt$ by
 a petty & oppressive environm5t h      
always *]i%$ a long+ = ! ,new ,_w4 ,t   
conflict :i* e "o mu/ wage 9 8 own bosom
 be=e he c f9ally te> himself away f    
home1 has s*ool$ ! emigrant = ! _s ( 8  
new home2 & only ^? :o h be5 impell$ by 

! desire = self-direction h _h ! /r5g?  
to break ! ties ) _! own pa/4 ,?us x is 
t ^? ( ,g]manic extraction adapt        
!mselves s mu* m quickly & ?or\ghly to !
 political _s ( ,am]ica ?an ^? (        
,romanic blood4 ,! ,lat9 peoples are mu*
 m ! victims ( sugge/ion4 ,be+ m        
excitable1 !y are m imitative1 & !re=e z
 individuals less /able4 ,! ,fr5*man1   
,italian1 or ,spani>d is (t5 a sympa!tic
 memb] ( ! social life ( ! c\ntry1 b 9  
its political life he introduces a c]ta9
 false note2 8 republicanism is n !     
,am]ican republicanism4 ,z a moral ideal
 he has little or no conc]n ) ! doctr9e 
( self-direction4  ,! ,am]ican political
 sy/em1 !re=e1 by no means repres5ts an 
ideal ( univ]sal significance2 x is !   
expression ( a c]ta9 "*1 ! necess>y way 
( liv+ = t di/9ct type ( man :i* an     
hi/orically traceable process (         
selection has br\ght toge!r4 ,& ?is way 
( liv+ reacts 9 its turn to /r5g!n !    
fundam5tal type4 ,o!r nations1 9 :om o!r
 temp]am5tal factors no less significant

 or pot5t or admirable are ! fundam5tal 
traits1 mu/ f9d ! solution ( _!         
political problems 9 o!r directions4 ,no
 ga9 w\ld accrue to !m f any m]e        
imitation1 s9ce x w\ld t5d to no?+ b !  
crippl+ & e/rang+ ( ! native g5ius ( _! 
p4  ,! cultivat$ ,am]ican ( to-day feels
 ?is in/9ctively4 ,among ! masses1 to be
 sure1 ! old !me is /ill sometimes      
broa*$ ( ! _w-wide supremacy ( ,am]ican 
ideals3 & a "p ( ! necess>y p>aph]nalia 
( popul> assemblages w naturally consi/ 
9 a reaffirmation t ! duty ( ,am]ica is 
to ext5d its political sy/em into e     
qu>t] ( ! globe2 o!r nations w ?us be   
rat$ accord+ to _! rip5ess = ?is sy/em1 
& ! hi/ory ( ! _w appe> "o long & happy 
education ( ! human race up to ! plane (
 ,am]ican conceptions4 ,b ?is t5d5cy is 
inevitable & n to be despis$4 ,x mu/ m  
ne>ly conc]n ! ,am]ican ?an ! citiz5 (  
o!r /ates to propagate 8 ideals1 s9ce "h
 ev]y?+ dep5ds on ea* individual        
co-op]at+ ) all 8 might1 & ?is          
co-op]ation mu/ succe$ be/ :5 x is      

impell$ by an uncritical & bl9dly devot$
 fai?4 ,& su* a fai? ar\ses1 too1 a     
zeal\s mission>y _s1 :i* wants to c>ry  
?is inspir$ /ate-craft unto all         
political hea!n4 ,b ! =eign] is apt to  
ov]e/imate ^! s5tim5ts4 ,! cultivat$    
,am]ican is well aw>e t ! v>i\s         
political in/itutions ( o!r nations are 
n to be gaug$ simply z good or bad1 & t 
! ,am]ican sy/em w\ld be z impossible = 
,g]many z ! ,g]man sy/em = ,am]ica4  ,^?
 days are inde$ remote :5 philosophy    
tri$ to discov] "o intr9sically be/ =m (
 gov]nm5t4 ,x is true t 9 ! conflicts ( 
div]se nations ! old opposition (       
reali/ic & ideali/ic1 ( democratic &    
ari/ocratic social =ces is repeat$ ov] &
 ov]4 ,b new problems are always com+   
up4 ,! anci5t opposition is neutraliz$1 
& ! problem f9ds its practical solution 
9 t ! oppos+ =ces deploy _! skirmi% l9es
 9 o!r t]ritory4 ,! political ideas :i* 
l$ to ! ,fr5* ,revolution _h be5 outliv$
 by ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a     
compromise _h be5 effect$4 ,! :ole /ress

 ( ! conflict _h transf]r$ itself to    
social problems1 & no "o e>ne/ly        
discuss$ any m :e!r republic or mon>*y 0
 ! bett] =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,! intellectual 
make-up ( a p & its hi/ory mu/ decide   
:at %all be ! outw>d =m ( its political 
in/itutions4 ,& x is to-day tacitly     
admitt$ t !re are light & %ade on ei!r  
side4  ,! d>k] side ( democracy1 inde$1 
z ( e sy/em :i* is f\nd$ on complete    
individualism1 c be hidd5 f no "o2 nor  
w\ld any "o be s fooli%1 ev5 ?\gh he    
lov$ & admir$ ,am]ica1 z to d5y t       
weaknesses & dang]s1 & evils bo? secret 
& public1 d !re ab\nd4 ,^? :o base _!   
judgm5ts less on k ( democratic =ces ?an
 on obvi\s & some:at s5tim5tal social   
prejudices are apt to look = ! dang]s 9 
! wrong direction4 ,a ,g]man naturally  
?9ks ( mob-rule1 h>angues ( ! demagogue1
 & e =m ( lawlessness & viol5ce4 ,b true
 democracy does n all[ ( su* ?+s4 ,a p t
 all[s itself to turn into a mob & to be
 guid$ by irresponsible lead]s1 is n    
capable ( direct+ itself4               

,self-direction dem&s ! education ( !   
nation4 ,& n[h]e else 9 ! _w is ! m]e   
demagogue s p[]less1 & n[h]e does !     
populace obs]ve m exempl>y ord] &       
self-discipl9e4  ,! ess5tial weakness ( 
su* a democracy is r ! importance x     
assigns to ! av]age man ) 8 petty       
op9ions1 :i* are sometimes "r &         
sometimes wrong1 8 total lack (         
compreh5sion = all t is great &         
exceptional1 8 self-satisfi$            
dilettanteism & 8 complac5cy be=e !     
accr$it$ & trite 9 ?\ght4 ,?is is f>    
less true ( a republic l ! ,fr5*1 ) its 
g5ius = scepticism1 a republic n\ri%$ 9 
/hetic traditions & f\nd$ on ! ru9s ( an
 empire4 ,! intellectual conditions are 
!re q diff]5t4 ,b 9 an e?ical democracy1
 :]e self-direction is a s]i\s issue1   
dom9ation by ! av]age intellig5ce is    
inevitable2 & ^? :o are truly great are 
! ones :o f9d no scope = _! p[]s4 ,^? :o
 appe> great are m]ely m5 :o are        
exploit+ to ! utmo/ ! t5d5cies ( ! day4 
,!re are no great di/9ctions or premiums

 = truly high a*ievem5ts :i* d n        
imm$iately conc]n ! av]age man1 & !re=e 
! be/ en]gies ( ! nation are n spurr$ on
 to _! ke5e/ activity4 ,all ambition is 
direct$ necess>ily t[>d su* a*ievem5ts z
 ! common man c und]/& & compete        
=--a?letic virtuosity & weal?4 ,!re=e ! 
_s ( sport & ( money-gett+ conc]ns ! p m
 ne>ly ?an art or sci5ce1 & ev5 9       
politics ! dom9ation ( ! majority easily
 cr[ds f ! ar5a ^? ^: qualifications d n
 appeal to its m$iocre ta/e4 ,& by z mu*
 z mature & capable m9ds )draw f        
political life1 by s mu* are !          
well-int5tion$ masses m easily l$ a/ray 
by %>p & self-int]e/$ politicians &     
politics made to cat] to mean in/9cts4  
,9 %ort1 ! dang] is n f any wild        
lawlessness1 b f a crass phili/9ism4 ,! 
s$iti\s demagogue :o appeals to passion 
is less dang]\s ?an ! sly political     
wire-pull] :o exploits ! indol5ce &     
indiff]5ce ( ! p2 & evil int5t is less  
to be fe>$ ?an dilettanteism & !        
intellectual limitations ( ! g5]al      

public4  ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is also     
c]ta9 t :5 x comes to a critical        
comp>ison betwe5 ! weaknesses &         
!oretical dang]s ( democracy &          
ari/ocracy1 ! ,am]ican is at no loss to 
s]ve up a h&some li/ ( %ortcom+s to !   
o!r side4 ,he has obs]v$ &1 p]haps      
ov]e/imat+1 he dete/s ! _s ( ca/e1 !    
exi/5ce ( ^? re/rictions :i* wrongfully 
hamp] "o individual & z undes]v$ly      
advantage ano!r4 ,aga91 ! ,am]ican hates
 bureaucracy & he hates milit>ism4 ,!   
idea ( highe/ au?ority be+ ve/$ 9 a man 
= any o!r reason ?an t ( 8 individual   
qualifications goes aga9/ all 8         
convictions2 & 8 moral feel+ kn[s no m  
dete/able bre$ ( man ?an ! incompet5t   
aspirant :o is s]vile ) 8 sup]iors &    
brutal to 8 inf]iors4 ,x is typically   
un-,am]ican4 ,& if1 9 contra/ to ?is1 "o
 tries to d ju/ice to ! prov$ advantages
 ( mon>*y1 ( ari/ocracy & ! _s ( ca/e1  
to ju/ify ! rul] :o /&s above ! /rife ( 
p>ties1 & to def5d t sy/em ( symbols by 
:i* ! s5tim5t ( ! pa/ is p]petuat$ 9 a  

p1 & ! protection :i* is in/itut$ = all 
! m ideal und]tak+s :i* surpass !       
compreh5sion ( ! masses1 or if "o urges 
! value ( t high effici5cy :i* c arise  
only f compact political                
organization--!n ! ,am]ican citiz5      
swells ) contempt4 ,:at does he c>e =   
all t if he loses ! ine/imable & inf9ite
 advantage :i* lies 9 ! fact t 9 8 /ate 
e individual takes an active h&1 assumes
 responsibility1 & fights = 8 own       
ideals8 ,:at outw>d brilliancy (        
a*ievem5t w\ld comp5sate him = t moral  
value ( co-op]ation1 initiative1        
self-discipl9e1 & responsibility1 :i* ! 
poore/ & meane/ citiz5 enjoys8 ,x may be
 t an enlight5$ & well-mean+ mon>* sees 
to x t ! lea/ peasant c sit d[n to 8    
*ick5 ( a ,sunday2 b ,god rais$ up !    
,unit$ ,/ates z an example to all       
nations1 t x %all be ! privilege ( e man
 to feel himself responsible = 8 t[n1   
c\nty1 /ate1 & c\ntry1 & ev5 = all      
mank9d1 & by 8 own free initiative to "w
 to bett] !m4 ,! /rife ( p>ties w\ld    

bett] be1 ?an t a s+le man %\ld be dead 
to ! welf>e ( 8 c\ntry2 & x is good     
riddance to ari/ocracy & pl5ty1 if a    
s+le man is to be prev5t$ f emulat+     
freely ! highe/ t he kn[s or anywise    
deta9$ f 8 utmo/ accompli%m5t4  ,all su*
 speculative e/imates ( diff]5t         
con/itutional =ms lead to no result     
unless !y take into acc\nt ! facts (    
hi/ory4 ,e side has its good & evil4 ,& 
all su* discussions are ! less          
productive 9 t sup]iorities (           
con/itution1 al?\gh s\ndly argu$1 may or
 may n 9 any giv5 c\ntry be fully made  
use (1 :ile on ! o!r h& defects (       
con/itution are v (t5 obviat$4 ,inde$1  
to take an example f pres5t t5d5cies 9  
,am]ica1 no?+ is m *>act]i/ic ?an !     
ari/ocratic by-curr5ts ?r\gh :i* s _m   
dang]s ( democracy are avoid$4          
,(ficially1 ( c\rse1 a republic mu/     
rema9 a democracy1 o!rwise x m9es its   
own f\ndations1 & yet we %all see t     
,am]ican social & political life h      
develop$ by no means along p>allel l9es 

b r /& out (t5 9 %>p contra/4 ,! same is
 true ( ,g]many4 ,(ficial ,g]many is    
ari/ocratic & mon>*ic ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 &  
no "o w\ld wi% x o!r2 b ! intimate life 
( ,g]many becomes e day m democratic1 & 
?us ! natural weaknesses ( an ari/ocracy
 are *eck$ by irresi/ible social        
c\nt]-t5d5cies4 ,x may h be5 ! gr[+     
weal? ( ,g]many :i* rais$ ! plane ( life
 ( ! middle classes2 or ! indu/rial     
advance :i* loan$ great] importance to  
manufactur] & m]*ant1 & took "s social  
gloss f ! (fice-hold+ class2 x may h be5
 ! colonial expansion :i* broad5$ !     
horizon & upset a /agnant equilibrium ( 
/ale op9ion2 or1 aga91 ! r5ew$ ef=ts (  
^? :o felt cramp$ & oppress$1 ! lab\r]s1
 &1 above all1 ! wom52 x does n matt] h[
 x arose--a wave ( progress is sweep+   
ov] t c\ntry1 & a political ari/ocracy  
is be+ infus$ ) new1 democratic blood4  
,n[ 9 ,am]ica1 z w (t5 appe> lat]1 !    
days are ov] 9 :i* all ari/ocratic      
t5d5cies 7 /rictly held back4 ,!        
influ5ce ( intellectual lead]s is       

increas+1 art1 sci5ce1 & ! ideals ( !   
upp] classes are cont9ually pu%+ to !   
front1 & ev5 social l9es &              
/ratifications are beg9n+ m & m to be   
felt4 ,! s\l ( ! p is agitat$ by        
imp]iali/ic & milit>y s5tim5ts1 & :]eas 
9 =m] times x 0 b5t on free+ ! slaves x 
n[ discov]s 8! :ite man's burd50 to lie 
9 ! subjugation ( inf]ior races4 ,!     
re/rictions to immigration are con/antly
 be+ increas$4 ,n[ ( c\rse all ?is does 
n a :it prejudice ! =mal political      
democracy ( ! l&2 x is simply a quiet1  
ari/ocratic complem5t to ! inn] work+s (
 ! con/itution4  ,! pres5ce1 & ev5 ! b>e
 possibility1 "h1 ( su* by-curr5ts1 br+s
 out m cle>ly h[ hopeless ! !oretical   
e/imation ( any isolat$ =m ( /atehood   
is1 if x neglects ! factors introduc$ by
 ! actual life ( ! p4 ,! ,am]ican       
democracy is n an ab/ractly sup]ior     
sy/em ( :i* a ,european c approve only  
by becom+ himself a republican &        
condemn+1 incid5tally1 8 own =m (       
gov]nm5t3 x is r1 m]ely1 ! necess>y =m (

 gov]nm5t = ! types ( m5 & ! conditions 
:i* are f\nd "h4 ,& any educat$ ,am]ican
 ( to-day fully realizes ?is4 ,no       
!oretical hair-splitt+ w solve ! problem
 z to :at is be/ = "o or ano!r c\ntry2 =
 t true hi/orical insight is ne$$4 ,&   
ev5 :5 ! hi/ories ( two peoples are s   
utt]ly dissimil> z are ^? ( ,am]ica &   
,g]many1 x by no means foll[s1 z !      
social by-curr5ts j m5tion$ %[1 t ! real
 _s ( ! peoples mu/ be unlike4          
,democratic ,am]ica1 ) its un(ficial    
ari/ocratic lean+s1 has1 9 fact1 a      
surpris+ k9%ip to mon>*ical ,g]many1 )  
its inn] work+s ( a true democracy4 ,!  
two peoples are gr[+ into /rong         
resemblance1 al?\gh _! respective       
con/itutions fl\ri% & take deep] root4  
,! beg9n+s ( ,am]ican hi/ory %[$        
unmi/akably & imp]atively t ! gov]nm5t (
 ! ,am]ican p mu/ be1 9 ! words (       
,l9coln1 8a gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by ! p1 & = 
! p40 ,no "o dream$ :5 ! ,con/itution ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 fram$1 "s hundr$ &    
sev5te5 ye>s ago1 t ?is democratic      

in/rum5t w\ld ev] be call$ on to b9d    
toge!r a mighty nation ext5d+ f ,ma9e to
 ,cali=nia4 ,&1 inde$1 su* a t]ritorial 
expansion w\ld und\bt$ly h /ret*$ & bur/
 ! unify+ bonds ( ?is ,con/itution1 if !
 di/ance betwe5 ,bo/on & ,san ,francisco
 _h n mean:ile become practically %ort] 
?an ! road f ,bo/on to ,wa%+ton 0 9 ^?  
e>ly days4 ,b t ?is ,con/itution c\ld s 
adapt itself to ! undreamt broad5+ (    
conditions1 t x c\ld cont9ue to be !    
ma9/ay ( a p t 0 indef9itely ext5d+     
itself by ex*ange & pur*ase1 conque/ &  
treaty1 & t 9 no crisis has an          
individual or p>ty succe$$ 9 any tamp]+ 
) ! rights ( ! p2 all ?is %[s conv9c+ly 
t ! ,am]ican =m ( /ate 0 n arbitr>ily   
hit on1 b t x 0 ! outcome ( an hi/orical
 developm5t4                    99      
99       99       99       99  ,! _s (  
?is commonweal? 0 n fir/ conceiv$ 9 !   
ye> #aghg4 ,x 0 /rong & ripe long be=e !
 delegates f ! ,?irte5 ,/ates assembl$  
"u ,wa%+ton's lead]%ip 9 ,indep5d5ce    
,hall at ,philadelphia4 ,! hi/ory ( !   

,engli% coloni/s to ! ,atlantic coa/ %[s
 f ! v fir/ :at weight !y atta*$ to !   
duties & rights ( ! individual1 &       
=etells z well ! inevitable result1 _!  
unloos+ f ! "m c\ntry & f9al decl>ation 
( _! indep5d5ce4  ,we may consid] !     
diff]5t l9es ( developm5t :i* began e>ly
 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 aft] ! feeble     
attempts at colonization f ,engl&1      
,france & ,spa9 9 ! latt] half ( !      
sixte5? c5tury _h misc>ri$ & left       
socially no traces4 ,fr5* settlem5ts    
fl\ri%$ z e>ly z #afje1 *iefly h[ev] 9  
,nova ,scotia & o!r p>ts ( ,canada1 & 9 
#afji settlem5ts ( ,dut*1 ^: colony on !
 ,hudson ,riv]1 ! pres5t ,new ,york1    
soon pass$ ov] into ,engli% h&s4 ,!     
developm5t ( ! ,spani% colonies on !    
,gulf ( ,mexico w5t on outside !        
t]ritory ( ^! "y ,unit$ ,/ates2 & s !   
/ory ( ! meagre ye>s ( ,am]ica is       
compris$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% colonies
 alone4  ,^! colonies began div]sely b  
came to resemble "o ano!r m & m z "t w5t
 on4 ,!re c be no great] contra/ ?an    

betwe5 ! pione] life ( /\t-will$ m51 :o 
h left _! native soil 9 ord] to live 9  
undi/urb$ enjoym5t ( _! ,puritan fai?1  
seek+ to f\nd _! little communities on  
simple =ms ( self-gov]nm5t1 & on ! o!r  
h& ! occupation ( a ri* trad+ company "u
 royal *>t]1 or ! inauguration ( a      
colony ( ! cr[n4 ,b ^! diff]5ces c\ld n 
be pres]v$4 ,! t9y indep5d5t            
communities1 z !y grew 9 consid]ation1  
felt ! ne$ ( "s protect+ p[] & !re=e !y 
look$ once m to ,engl&2 :ile1 on ! o!r  
h&1 ! m p[]ful1 *>t]$ colonies t5d$ to  
loose !mselves f ! "m c\ntry1 feel+1 z  
!y soon did1 t _! int]e/s c\ld n be well
 adm9i/]$ f across a broad ocean4 ,9    
spite ( ! protect+ arm ( ,engl&1 !y felt
 x to be a condition ( _! s\nd gr[? t !y
 %\ld manage _! dome/ic affairs =       
!mselves4 ,?us x happ5$ t all ! colonies
 alike 7 ext]nally dep5d5t on ,engl&1   
:ile int]nally !y 7 indep5d5t & 7 be+   
s*ool$ 9 citiz5%ip4  ,! desire =        
self-gov]nm5t z a factor 9 !            
trans=mations :i* w5t on c v easily be  

trac$2 b x w\ld be h>d] to say h[ f>    
utilit>ian & h[ f> moral factors ent]$  
94 ,virg9ia took ! fir/ /ep4 ,its fir/  
settlem5t ( #afjf 0 completely subject  
to ! k+1 :o grant$ home/eads b no       
political rights to ! coloni/s4 ,x 0 a  
lifeless und]tak+ until #afji1 :5 its   
political /atus 0 *ang$4 ,! adm9i/ration
 ( ! colony 0 entru/$ to ^? :o 7 int]e/$
 9 its mat]ial success4 ,x became a     
great bus9ess und]tak+ :i* _h ev]y?+ 9  
its fav\r4 ,at ! head 0 a ,london       
company1 :i* = a nom9al sum _h be5 all[$
 to pur*ase a /rip ( l& hav+ f\r hundr$ 
miles ( seacoa/ & ext5d+ inl&           
indef9itely4 ,?is l& conta9$ ine/imable 
natural res\rces1 b ne$$ lab\r to       
exploit !m4 ,! company !n (f]$ to grant 
homes on v fav\rable t]ms to settl]s1   
receiv+ 9 return ei!r ca% or lab\r2 & ^!
 inducem5ts1 toge!r ) ! economic        
pressure felt by ! l[] classes at home1 
br\ght ab\t a rapid gr[? ( ! colony4 ,n[
 s9ce ?is colony 0 organiz$ l a milit>y 
despotism1 ^: rul]1 h[ev]1 0 no less ?an

 ?ree ?\s& miles away1 ! int]e/s ( !    
company _h to be repres5t$ by (ficials  
delegat$ to live 9 ! colony4 ,! int]e/s 
( ^! (ficials 7 ( c\rse nev] ^? ( !     
coloni/s1 & pres5tly1 moreov]1          
unscrupul\s (ficials comm5c$ to misuse  
_! p[]2 s t z a result1 :ile ! colony   
fl\ri%$1 ! company 0 on ! br9k (        
failure4 ,! only way out ( ?is          
difficulty 0 to conc$e some?+ to !      
coloni/s !mselves1 & h>monize _! int]e/s
 ) ^? ( ! company by grant+ !m ! free   
direction ( _! own affairs4 ,x 0 arrang$
 t e village or small city %\ld be a    
political unit & z su* %\ld s5d two     
delegates to a conv5tion :i* sat to     
delib]ate all matt]s ( common conc]n4   
,?is body met = ! fir/ "t 9 #afai2 & 9 a
 %ort "t x happ5$1 z 0 to be expect$1 t 
! local gov]nm5t felt itself to be      
/rong] ?an ! m]cantile company back 9   
,london4 ,disputes arose1 & be=e five   
ye>s ! company _h ceas$ to exi/1 &      
,virg9ia became a royal prov9ce4 ,b !   
fact rema9$ t 9 ! ye> #afai = ! fir/ "t 

a delib]ative body repres5t+ ! p _h met 
on ,am]ican soil4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>d      
fre$om _h be5 tak54 ,& ) subtle irony   
fate decre$ t 9 ?is same ye> ( grace a  
,dut* %ip %\ld l& ! fir/ c>go ( ,african
 negroes 9 ! same colony1 z slaves4  ,t 
o!r =m ( political developm5t1 :i* />t$ 
9 ! volunt>y compact ( m5 :o own$ no o!r
 allegiance1 0 fir/ exemplifi$ 9 !      
cov5ant ( ^? hundr$ & two ,puritans :o  
l&$ f ! ,mayfl[] at ,plym\?1 9 ! ye>    
#afbj1 hav+ =sak5 ,engl& 9 ord] to enjoy
 religi\s fre$om 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,a /orm  
=c$ !m to l& on ,cape ,cod1 :]e !y      
rema9$ & amid ! sev]e/ h>d%ips built up 
_! little colony1 :i*1 z no o!r1 has be5
 a p]petual spr+ ( moral =ce4 ,ev5      
to-day ! be/ m5 ( ! l& d]ive _! /r5g? f 
! moral c\rage & e>ne/ness ( life ( !   
,pilgrims4 ,be=e !y l&$ !y sign$ a      
compact1 9 :i* !y decl>$ t !y _h made   
?is voyage 8= ye glory ( ,god &         
advancem5t ( ye ,*ri/ian fai?1 & hon\r (
 our ,k+ & c\ntrie10 & t n[ 9 ! sight ( 
,god !y w\ld 8comb9e 444 togea!r into a 

civil body politik = our bett] ord]+ &  
pres]vation & fur!rance ( ye end        
a=esaid1 & by v]tue he>( to enacte1     
con/itute & frame su* j & equal lawes1  
ord9ances1 actes1 con/itutions & (fices 
f "t to "t1 z %all be ?\ght mo/ meete & 
conv5i5t = ye g5]all good ( ye colonie40
  ,! executive 0 a gov]nor & 8          
assi/ants1 elect$ annually f ! p3 :ile !
 p[] to make laws rema9$ ) ! body ( male
 communicants ( ! *ur*4 ,& s x rema9$ = 
eighte5 ye>s1 until ! gr[? ( ! colony   
made x h>d = all *ur*-memb]s to meet    
toge!r1 s t a simple sy/em ( popul>     
repres5tation by election _h to be      
introduc$4 ,?is colony unit$ lat] ) a   
fl\ri%+ trad+ settlem5t1 :i* c5tr$ ab\t 
,salem2 & ^! toge!r =m$ ! ,massa*usetts 
,bay ,colony1 :i* 9 #afdj numb]$ already
 tw5ty ?\s& s\ls4  ,! cov5ant :i* 0     
drawn up on bo>d ! ,mayfl[] is to be    
acc\nt$ ! fir/ volunt>y f$]ation (      
indep5d5t ,am]icans = ! purposes (      
ord]ly gov]nm5t4 ,! fir/ writt5         
con/itution 0 drawn up 9 ! colony (     

,connecticut1 a colony :i* repeat$      
ess5tially ! successful exp]im5ts ( ,new
 ,plym\?1 & :i* consi/$ ( agricultural  
settlem5ts & small po/s = trad+ ) !     
,indians situat$ at ,w9dsor & ,h>t=d &  
o!r places along ! ,connecticut ,valley4
 ,l$ by common int]e/s1 !y adopt$ 9     
#afch a =mal con/itution4  ,!re 0 /ill a
 ?ird important type ( colonial         
gov]nm5t1 :i* 0 at fir/ ?or\ghly        
ari/ocratic & ,engli%1 & nev]!less      
became quickly ,am]icaniz$4 ,x 0 ! cu/om
 ( ! ,k+ to grant to di/+ui%$ m51 "u    
provision ( a small tribute1 almo/      
mon>*ical rights ov] l>ge tracts ( l&4  
,! fir/ su* man 0 ,"l ,baltimore1 :o    
receiv$ 9 #afcb a title to ! doma9 (    
,m>yl&1 on ! ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,he enjoy$
 ! mo/ complete pr9cely pr]ogatives1 &  
pl$g$ to ! cr[n 9 return ab\t a fif? "p 
( ! gold & silv] m9$ 9 8 prov9ce4 ,9    
#affd ,*>les ! ,second gave to 8 bro!r1 
! ,duke ( ,york1 a l>ge t]ritory1 :i* 0 
soon brok5 up1 & :i* includ$ :at are n[ 
kn[n z ! ,/ates ( ,v]mont1 ,new ,j]sey1 

& ,delaw>e4 ,! great prov9ces ( ,georgia
 & ,c>ol9a--n[ ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a--7  
aw>d$ by ! same ,k+ to "o ( 8 admirals1 
,sir ,william ,p5n1 = c]ta9 s]vices4    
,p5n di$1 & 8 son1 :o f\nd himself 9 ne$
 ( ! sixte5 ?\s& p\nds :i* 8 fa!r _h    
loan$ to ! ,k+1 gratifi$ t mon>* by     
accept+ 9 _! /ead a /ret* ( coa/ l&s    
ext5d+ betwe5 ! =tie? & =ty-?ird degrees
 ( latitude4  ,9 ?is way ext5sive       
di/ricts 7 turn$ ov] to ! caprice ( a   
few noblem52 b imm$iately ! _s (        
self-direction took ev]y:]e root1 & a   
social-political en?usiasm proce$$ to   
%ape ! l& accord+ to new ideals4 ,c>ol9a
 took c\nsel ( ! philosoph]1 ,locke1 9  
c>ry+ out h] exp]im5t4 ,m>yl&1 :i* 0    
imm$iately prosp]$ ) two hundr$ m5 (    
prop]ty & rank1 *iefly ( ,roman ,ca?olic
 fai?1 />t$ out ) a g5]al popul>        
assembly1 & soon w5t ov] to !           
repres5tative sy/em4 ,& ,p5n's          
con/ructive h&iwork1 ! ,quak] ,/ate (   
,p5nsylvania1 0 int5d$ f ! fir/ to be 8a
 consecrat$ exp]im5t40 ,p5n himself     

expla9$ t he %\ld take c>e s to arrange 
! politics ( 8 colony t nei!r he himself
 nor 8 successors %\ld h an opportunity 
to d wrong4 ,p5n's en?usiasm awoke      
response f ! cont95t3 he himself f\nd$ !
 8city ( bro!rly love10 ,philadelphia2 &
 ,franz ,daniel ,pa/orius br\ght ov] 8  
colony ( ,m5nonites1 ! fir/ ,g]man      
settl]s1 :o took up _! abode at         
,g]mant[n4  ,?us x 0 t ! _s (           
self-reliant & self-ass]tive indep5d5ce 
took root 9 ! mo/ v>i\s soils4 ,b t :i* 
l$ ! colonies to unite 0 n _! common    
s5tim5ts & ambitions1 b x 0 _! common   
enemies4 ,9 spite ( ! simil>ity ( _!    
positions !re 0 no lack ( %>p contra/s4 
,& p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ ( ^! 0 !          
opposition betwe5 ! s\!rn colonies1 ) _!
 languid climate1 :]e ! plant]s left all
 ! "w to slaves1 & ! middle & nor!rn    
prov9ces1 :]e ! citiz5s f\nd 9 "w !     
inspiration ( _! lives4 ,! foes :i* b\nd
 toge!r ^! div]se elem5ts 7 ! ,indians1 
! ,fr5*1 ! ,spani%1 & la/ly _! p>5t     
race1 ! ,engli%4  ,! ,indian _h be5 "l (

 ! l& until he 0 driv5 back by !        
coloni/s to remot] hunt+ t]ritory4 ,! m 
w>like tribes tri$ repeat$ly to wipe out
 ! :ite intrud]1 & con/antly m5ac$ !    
isolat$ settlem5ts1 :i* 7 by no means a 
mat* = !m4 ,soon aft] ! fir/ s]i\s      
conflict 9 #afcf1 ! ,pequot w>1 ,rhode  
,isl&1 :i* 0 a small colony ( scatt]$   
settlem5ts1 made ov]tures t[>d a        
protective alliance ) h] /rong]         
neighb\rs4 ,9 ?is %e 0 successful1 &    
toge!r ) ,massa*usetts1 ,plym\?1 ,new   
,hav51 & ,connecticut1 =m$ ! ,unit$     
,colonies ( ,new ,engl&4 ,?is union 0 ( 
little practical importance except z a  
fir/ lesson to ! colonies to avoid petty
 jeal\sies & to consid] a clos] mutual  
alliance z a possibility :i* w\ld by no 
means impair ! fre$om & indep5d5ce ( !  
unit+ p>ties4  ,! w>s ) ! ,fr5* colonies
 _h m s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,! ,fr5*1 :o 7 
! natural enemies ( all ,engli%         
settlem5ts1 _h orig9ally plant$ colonies
 only 9 ! f> nor?1 9 ,quebec 9 #afjh4 ,b
 dur+ ^? decades 9 :i* ! ,engli% wayf>]s

 7 mak+ homes = !mselves along !        
,atlantic coa/1 ! ,fr5* 7 migrat+ d[n f 
! nor? ?r\gh ! valley ( ! ,sa9t ,lawr5ce
 & along ! ,great ,lakes to !           
,mississippi ,riv]4 ,!n !y press$ on d[n
 ?is /ream to its m\? & laid title to ! 
trem5d\s tracts :i* x dra9s1 9 ! "n ( ! 
,fr5* cr[n4 ,?is c\ntry !y call$ aft]   
,k+ ,l\is ,,xiv1 ,l\isiana4 ,!y _h n    
come z coloni/s1 b solely ) an eye to   
ga91 hop+ to exploit ^! unt\*$ res\rces 
9 behalf ( ! ,canadian fur traffic2 &   
close on ! heels ( ! trad] came !       
,ca?olic prie/4 ,?us ! t]ritory t flank$
 ! ,engli% colonies to inl& fell into   
,fr5* h&s1 :]eas ! l&-grants ( ! ,engli%
 cr[n s read t only ! ,pacific ,ocean   
%\ld be ! we/]n b\nd>y4 ,a collision 0  
!re=e inevitable1 al?\gh inde$ m\nta9s &
 virg9 =e/s sep>at$ ! coa/l& settlem5ts 
f ! inl& regions ( ! ,mississippi :]e ! 
,fr5* _h plant$ & =tifi$ _! trad+ po/s4 
,:51 9 #afhi1 w> broke out 9 ,europe    
betwe5 ,engl& & ,france1 a fi]ce /ruggle
 began betwe5 _! repres5tatives 9 ! ,new

 ,_w4 ,b x 0 n n[ z x _h be5 9 ! ,indian
 w>1 :]e only a c\ple ( colonies 7      
involv$4 ,all ! colonies along ! coa/ 7 
?reat5$ by a common enemy4 ,a congress (
 delegates conv5$ at ,new ,york 9 ,april
 ( #afij1 9 :i* = ! fir/ "t all !       
colonies 7 invit$ to take "p4 ,?ree long
 w>s foll[$4 ,! greate/ advantage on !  
,fr5* side 0 t f ! fir/ !y _h be5 on    
good t]ms ) ! ,indians1 ^: aid !y 7 n[  
able to enli/4 ,b ! ,fr5* 7 num]ically  
weak1 & receiv$ b little assi/ance f _! 
"m c\ntry4 ,:5 9 #agff ! la/ great w>   
broke out ! ,engli% colonies _h a       
population ( a million & a qu>t]1 :ile !
 ,fr5* _h only a t5? z _m4 ,*iefly &    
f9ally1 ! ,engli% coloni/s 7 actual     
settl]s1 h>d5$ & matur$ ?r\gh c>ry+ !   
responsibilities ( _! "y /ate1 & fight+ 
= he>? & home2 ! ,fr5* 7 ei!r trad]s or 
soldi]s4 ,! pr9ciple ( free gov]nm5t 0  
de/9$ on ?is cont95t to triumph4        
,wa%+ton1 !n a "y man1 l$ ! fight2 !    
,engli% ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ,william     
,pitt1 did ev]y?+ 9 8 p[] to aid2 & !   

victory 0 complete4 ,by ! treaty ( #agfc
 all ,fr5* possessions ea/ ( !          
,mississippi 7 giv5 to ,engl&1 ) !      
exception ( ,new ,orleans1 :i*1 toge!r )
 ! ,fr5* possessions we/ ( !            
,mississippi1 w5t to ,spa94 ,spa9       
mean:ile c$$ ,florida to ,engl&4 ,?us ! 
entire cont95t 0 divid$ betwe5 ,engl& & 
,spa94  ,b ! ,sev5 ,ye>s ,w> _h n m]ely 
alt]$ ! map ( ,am]ica2 x _h be5 an      
in/ructive lesson to ! coloni/s4 ,!y _h 
le>n$ t _! =tunes 7 "o2 t _! own g5]als 
& soldi]s 7 n inf]ior to any :i* ,engl& 
c\ld s5d ov]2 & la/ly1 !y _h come to see
 t ,engl& look$ at ! affairs ( !        
colonies /rictly f ! po9t ( view ( h]   
own ga94 ,h]e) 0 op5$ up a new prospect 
= ! future3 ! ,fr5* no long] ?reat5$ &  
ev]y?+ ?is side ( ! ,mississippi /ood   
op5 to !m & promis$ huge res\rces4 ,:at 
ne$ _h !y to dep5d fur!r on ! ,engli%   
?rone8 ,! _s ( self-direction c\ld n[   
consi/5tly come =w>d & dictate ! la/    
move4  ,x is true t ! coloni/s 7 /ill   
fai?ful ,engli% subjects1 & 9 spite ( _!

 indep5d5t ambitions !y took x = grant$ 
t ,engl& w\ld always direct _! =eign    
policy1 w\ld h ! "r to veto su* laws z  
!y pass$1 & t ! ,engli% gov]nors w\ld   
always be recogniz$ z (ficial           
au?orities4 ,b n[ ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t   
plann$ c]ta9 taxations t 7 ! occasion ( 
s]i\s dispute4 ,! ,?irte5 ,colonies1 :i*
 9 ! meantime _h gr[n to be a population
 ( two million1 _h by _! consid]able w> 
exp5ditures %[n to ! debt-encumb]$      
,britons ! ?riv+ condition ( colonial   
trade4 ,& ! latt] 7 soon ready ) a plan 
to lay a "p ( ! public taxation on !    
,am]icans4 ,x 0 n 9 itself unfair to    
dem& ( ! colonies "s contribution to !  
public treasury1 s9ce _m ( ! exp5ditures
 7 di/9ctly = _! b5efit2 & yet x mu/ h  
seem$ extraord9>y to ^! m5 :o _h be5 =c$
 f *ildhood to %ift = !mselves1 & :o    
believ$ ! doctr9e ( self-gov]nm5t to be 
incontrov]tible4 ,!y object$ to pay+    
taxes to a ,p>liam5t 9 :i* !y _h no     
repres5tation2 & ! phrase1 8no taxation 
)\t repres5tation10 became ! motto ( !  

h\r4  ,! ,/amp ,tax1 :i* prescrib$ ! use
 ( rev5ue /amps on all ,am]ican docum5ts
 & newspap]s1 0 receiv$ ) con/]nation1 &
 societies call$ ! ,sons ( ,fre$om 7 =m$
 ?r\gh\t ! l& to agitate aga9/ ?is      
innovation4 ,! ,/amp ,tax ,congress1 :i*
 met 9 ,new ,york 9 #agfe1 repudiat$ !  
law 9 outspok5 t]ms4 ,nor did x halt ) a
 m]e expression ( op9ion2 ! _s (        
self-direction 0 n to be mole/$ )       
impunity4 ,close on ! resolve n to      
obs]ve ! law1 came ! fur!r agreem5t to  
buy no ,engli% m]*&ise4 ,engl& _h to    
waive ! ,/amp ,tax1 b endless mutt]+s & 
recrim9ations foll[$ :i* increas$ !     
bitt]ness4 ,bo? sides 7 ripe = w> :51 9 
#aggj1 ,engl& issu$ a proclamation lay+ 
a tax on all tea import$ to ! colonies4 
,! citiz5s ( ,bo/on became enrag$ &     
pit*$ an ,engli% %ip-load ( tea into !  
h>b\r4 ,!reupon ,engl&1 equally ar\s$1  
proce$$ to puni% ,bo/on by pass+        
measures design$ to ru9 ! comm]ce (     
,bo/on & inde$ all ,massa*usetts4 ,!    
,?irte5 ,colonies took sides )          

,massa*usetts & a /orm became imm95t4 ,!
 fir/ battle 0 f\ght on ! #ai? ( ,april1
 #agge2 & on ,july #d?1 #aggf1 ! ,?irte5
 ,colonies decl>$ _! indep5d5ce (       
,engl&4 ,h5ce=? !re 7 to be no colonies 
b 9 _! place ?irte5 free /ates4  ,!     
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 0 compos$ by  
,jeff]son1 a ,virg9ian1 & is a rem>kable
 docum5t4 ,! _s t in=ms x is f\nd 9 !   
foll[+ l9es3 8,we hold ^! tru?s to be   
self-evid5t1 t all m5 are creat$ equal2 
t !y are end[$ by _! ,creator ) c]ta9   
unali5able rights2 t among ^! are life1 
lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,t to   
secure ^! rights1 gov]nm5ts are in/itut$
 among m51 d]iv+ _! j p[]s f ! cons5t ( 
! gov]n$44440 ,! s9s ( ! ,engli% k+ & p 
aga9/ ,am]ica are enum]at$ at l5g?1 & 9 
solemn language ! ,unit$ ,/ates (       
,am]ica are decl>$ indep5d5t ( ! ,engli%
 p1 :o are h5ce=? to be z 8! re/ (      
mank9d1 enemies 9 w>1 9 peace fri5ds40  
,?is ,decl>ation 0 sign$ by delegates f 
! /ates 9 ,indep5d5ce ,hall1 9          
,philadelphia1 :]e hung ! fam\s bell1 ) 

its inscription1 8,proclaim lib]ty      
?r\gh\t all ! l&1 unto all ! inhabitants
 !re(40  ,! _s ( self-direction _h      
triumph$2 b ! dang]s 7 by no means :olly
 pass$4 ,engl& s5t ov] no m gov]nors1 & 
_h inde$ be5 repuls$2 b %e _h z yet no  
int5tion ( giv+ 94 ,! w> dragg$ on =    
five long ye>s1 & ! outcome 0 unc]ta9   
until 9 #agha ,cornwallis 0 br\ght to   
surr5d]4 ,!n ,engl& knew t %e _h lo/ !  
conte/4 ,! k+ desir$ /ill to prolong !  
w>1 b ! p 7 tir$ ( x &1 ! m9i/ry hav+   
f9ally to yield1 peace 0 decl>$ 9 ,april
 ( ! ye> #aghc4 ,?is 0 no assurance ( an
 h>moni\s future1 h[ev]4 ,t solid>ity   
:i* ! colonies _h felt 9 ! face ( a     
common enemy n[ gave way to petty       
jeal\sies & oppositions1 & ! inn]       
weakness ( ! new ,union 0 reveal$4 ,9   
itself ! ,union _h no legal au?ority ov]
 ! sev]al /ates1 & :ile dur+ ! w> !     
affairs ( ! c\ntry _h fall5 into        
disord]1 yet ! ,union _h no p[] to      
conduct =eign diplomacy or ev5 to       
collect cu/oms4  ,x 0 r 9 _! zeal =     

self-direction t at fir/ consid]able    
portions ( ! population seem$ dis9cl9$  
to enl>ge ! au?ority ( ! c5tral         
organization4 ,self-direction beg9s ) ! 
individual or "s gr\p ( individuals4 ,! 
true self-direction ( society z a :ole 0
 n to be all[$ to encroa* on ! rights ( 
! individual1 & ?is 0 ! dang] fe>$4 ,ea*
 /ate1 ) its sep>ate int]e/s & p[]s1    
w\ld n give up its autonomy 9 fav\r ( an
 imp]sonal c5tral p[] :i* might easily  
come to tyrannize ov] ! s+le /ate 9 mu* 
! same way z ! hat$ ,engli% ?rone _h    
done4 ,& yet ! be/ m5 ( ! c\ntry 7      
br\ght at l5g? m & m to ! opposite view2
 a /rong c5tral au?ority1 9 :i* ! /ates 
z a :ole %\ld become a l>g] self-direct+
 unit1 c>ry+ out & ensur+ !             
self-direction ( ! compon5t memb]s1 0   
se5 to be a necessity4 ,ano!r congress (
 repres5tatives f all ! /ates 0 conv5$ 9
 ,indep5d5ce ,hall1 at ,philadelphia1 & 
?is body ( uncommonly able m5 sat =     
mon?s delib]at+ ways by :i* ! oppos+    
factions ( f$]alism & anti-f$]alism c\ld

 be br\ght toge!r 9 a satisfactory      
alliance4 ,x 0 obvi\s t compromises w\ld
 h to be made4 ,s1 = in/ance1 x 0 conc$$
 t ! smalle/ /ate1 l ! l>ge/1 %\ld be   
repres5t$ 9 ! s5ate by two delegates3 & 
! s+le /ate enjoy$ _m o!r rights n usual
 9 a f$]ation4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0     
equally c]ta9 t ! *ief executive mu/ be 
a s+le man ) a firm w1 & t ?is (fice mu/
 be refill$ at frequ5t int]vals by a    
popul> election4 ,a few _h t5tatively   
sugge/$ mak+ ,wa%+ton k+1 b he /ood firm
 aga9/ any su* plan4 ,! republican =m ( 
gov]nm5t 0 9 ?is in/ance no %rewdly     
devis$ sy/em :i* 0 adopt$ = ! sake (    
nicely spun !oretical advantages--x 0 ! 
necessity ( ! "t & place1 ! natural     
culm9ation ( a :ole movem5t4 ,x 0 z     
absolutely necess>y z ! consolidation ( 
! ,g]man /ates1 eighty ye>s lat]1 "u an 
imp]ial cr[n4 ,! congress ev5tually     
submitt$ a con/itutional project to !   
sev]al /ate legislatures1 = _! summ>y   
approval or rejection4 ,:]eon !         
anti-f$]ali/ic factions made a f9al     

ef=t1 b 7 outvot$1 & ! ,con/itution 0   
adopt$4 ,9 #aghi ,george ,wa%+ton 0     
elect$ ! fir/ presid5t ( ! ,unit$       
,/ates4  ,x w\ld take a lively p>tisan  
to ass]t1 z "o sometimes does1 t ?is    
,con/itution is ! greate/ a*ievem5t (   
human intellect1 & yet ! sev]e/ critics 
h ackn[l$g$ t a g5ius = /atesman%ip is  
display$ 9 its text4 ,p5n$ 9 an age :i* 
0 giv5 ov] to bomba/ic declamation1 ?is 
docum5t lays d[n ! fundam5tal l9es ( !  
new gov]nm5t ) great cle>ness &         
simplicity4 8,we1 ! p ( ! ,unit$        
,/ates10 x beg9s1 89 ord] to =m a m     
p]fect union1 e/abli% ju/ice1 insure    
dome/ic tranquillity1 provide = ! common
 def5ce1 promote ! g5]al welf>e1 &      
secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty to ourselves &
 our po/]ity1 d orda9 & e/abli% ?is     
,con/itution = ! ,unit$ ,/ates (        
,am]ica40 ,?is is ! entire introduction4
 ,! cont5ts come "u sev5 articles4 ,!   
fir/ article provides = ! mak+ ( laws1  
?is p[] to be ve/$ 9 a ,congress consi/+
 ( a ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives2 =

 ! bus9ess & daily r\t9e ( ?is          
,congress1 z well z its p[]s &          
obligations4 ,! second article provides 
= ! executive p[]1 to be ve/$ 9 ! p]son 
( ! ,presid5t1 :o is elect$ e f\r? ye>2 
! ?ird article provides = a judici>y2 ! 
f\r? def9es ! mutual relations ( sep>ate
 /ates2 & ! la/ ?ree articles conc]n !  
adoption ( ! ,con/itution & ! conditions
 "u :i* x may be am5d$4  ,! ne$ (       
am5dm5ts & ext5sions to ?is ,con/itution
 0 =ese5 & provid$ =4 ,h[ pr(\ndly !    
orig9al docum5t compreh5d$ & express$ ! 
g5ius ( ! ,am]ican p may be se5 f ! fact
 t dur+ a c5tury :i* saw an unexampl$   
gr[? ( ! c\ntry & an undream$-(         
trans=mation ( its =eign policy1 n a    
s+le great pr9ciple ( ! ,con/itution 0  
modifi$4 ,aft] sev5ty-sev5 ye>s "o      
important p>agraph 0 add$1 prohibit+    
slav]y2 & ?is *ange 0 made at a trem5d\s
 co/ ( blood4 ,o!rwise ! few am5dm5ts h 
be5 insignificant & conc]n$ matt]s (    
exp$i5cy or else1 & m specially1 fur!r  
=mulations ( :at1 accord+ to ,am]ican   

conceptions1 are ! rights ( !           
individual4 ,al?\gh ! orig9al           
,con/itution did n conta9 a =mal        
proclamation ( religi\s fre$om1 fre$om (
 spee*1 ( ! press1 & ( public           
assemblage1 ?is 0 n because ^? :o sign$ 
! docum5t did n believe 9 ^! ?+s1 b     
because !y _h n aim$ to make ( !        
,con/itution ( ! ,union ei!r a treatise 
on e?ics or yet a book ( law4 ,b z e>ly 
z #aghi ! /ates insi/$ t all ! rights ( 
! individual1 z endors$ by ! national   
ideals1 %\ld be incorporat$ 9 ! articles
 ( ?is docum5t4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgj "o m t>dy
 /raggl] 0 add$ to ! li/ ( human rights1
 ! la/ am5dm5t2 ! "r ( ! citiz5s to vote
 0 n to be abridg$ on acc\nt ( race1    
col\r1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude4 
,( ! o!r am5dm5ts1 ! t5? _h be5 tacitly 
assum$ f ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,republic2 ?is 0
 t 8,! p[]s n delegat$ to ! ,unit$      
,/ates by ! ,con/itution1 nor prohibit$ 
by x to ! ,/ates1 are res]v$ to ! ,/ates
 respectively1 or to ! p40 ,?is pr9ciple
 also 0 surely 9 no way at v>iance ) !  

_s ( ! orig9al docum5t4 ,x 01 inde$1 !  
lev] t ensur$ ! great efficacy ( !      
,con/itution1 s t by its provisions !   
c5trifugal =ces 7 nev] di/urb$ by       
c5tripetal ones2 an equilibrium 0       
effect$ betwe5 ! t5d5cies t made = unity
 & ^? t made aga9/ x1 9 su* a way t !   
highe/ effici5cy 0 ensur$ to ! :ole :ile
 ! fulle/ enc\ragem5t 0 giv5 to !       
ent]prise & initiative ( ! p>ts4 ,9 no  
direction1 probably1 w\ld an improvem5t 
h be5 possible4 ,m au?ority conc5trat$  
at ! head w\ld h imp$$ g5]al activity1 &
 less w\ld h lo/ ! advantages ( conc]t$ 
action2 9 nei!r case w\ld mat]ial gr[?  
or ! reconciliation ( conflict+ op9ions 
h be5 possible4 ,con/ant comp5sation (  
old =ces & ! quick5+ ( new ones 7 !     
secret ( ?is docum5t$ p[]1 & yet x 0    
only ! complete expression ( ! _s (     
self-direction1 :i* dem&s unremitt+ly t 
! nation z a :ole %all conduct itself   
)\t encroa*+ on ! fre$om ( ! individual1
 & t ! individual %all be free to g 8   
own ways )\t int]f]+ ) ! unfett]$ policy

 ( ! nation4  ,"u ! auspices ( ?is      
,con/itution ! c\ntry wax$ & ?rove4 ,z  
e>ly z #ahjc its l& area 0 d\bl$ by !   
accession ( ,l\isiana1 :i* _h be5 c$$ by
 ,spa9 to ,france1 & 0 n[ pur*as$ f     
,napoleon = fifte5 million doll>s--an   
ev5t ( su* f>-rea*+ importance t ! p (  
,/4 ,l\is h n inappropriately invit$ !  
nations ( ! e>? to p>ticipate 9 a       
,l\isiana ,pur*ase ,exposition4 ,9 #ahde
 ,texas 0 tak5 into ! ,union1 x hav+    
brok5 away f ,mexico j previ\sly &      
con/itut$ itself an indep5d5t /ate4 ,!  
l>ge region on ! ,pacific slope kn[n z  
,oregon came 9 #ahdf to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
by treaty ) ,engl&1 & :5 f9ally1 9      
#ahdg1 aft] ! w> ) ,mexico1 ,new ,mexico
 & ,cali=nia became ! spoils ( ! victor 
& 9 #ahfg ,russia rel9qui%$ ,alaska1 !  
doma9 ( ! c\ntry 0 f\nd to h gr[n f its 
orig9al size ( #cbd1jjj squ>e miles to  
"o ( #c1fjj1jjj4 ,! ?irte5 /ates _h     
become =ty-five1 s9ce ! newly acquir$   
l&s _h to be divid$4 ,b all ?is gr[?    
br\ght no alt]ation 9 ! ,con/itution1 ^:

 _s ( self-direction1 r1 _h l$ to ?is   
magnific5t developm5t1 _h =tifi$ &      
secur$ ! c\ntry1 & inspir$ x ) en]gy &  
cont5tm5t4 ,! population also has gr[n  
"u ?is b5evol5t ,con/itution4 ,millions 
h flock$ hi!r to seek & to f9d prosp]ity
 on ?is new & inexhau/ible soil4 ,! area
 has increas$ t5fold1 b ! population    
tw5ty-fold2 & ! newcom]s h be5 discipl9$
 9 ! s*ool ( self-direction & educat$ to
 ! _s ( ,am]ican citiz5%ip4             
99       99       99       99       99  
,!re is a c]ta9 k9d ( "* :i* mu/ be     
develop$ 9 ?is s*ool4 ,x is true1 (     
c\rse1 t !re is no "o model :i* j fits e
 "o1 ! native-born ,yankee z well z !   
,european immigrant1 ! f>m] z well z !  
resid5t 9 cities4 ,! ,iri%-,am]ican is n
 ! ,g]man-,am]ican1 nor is ! ,new       
,engl&] l ! ,virg9ian1 nor ! son ( !    
,ea/ l 8 bro!r 9 ! ,we/4 ,! inf9ite     
%ad+s ( p]sonal "*1 temp]am5t1 &        
capacity :i* nature has produc$1 h1 (   
c\rse1 n be5 lo/4 ,&1 nev]!less1 j z !  
human race 9 ,am]ica has begun to       

diff]5tiate into a species :i* is       
an?ropologically di/9ct1 & ?is p>tly "u 
! influ5ce ( ! climate s9ce ! species   
has sev]al *>act]s 9 common ) !         
aborig9al ,indian1 s also 9 ! moral     
atmosph]e ( ?is body-politic a di/9ct   
type ( human "* is und\bt$ly be+ evolv$2
 & "o may note ) p]petual surprise h[   
little ! o!r great divisions ( social   
life1 z ( ri* & poor1 cultivat$ &       
ignorant1 native-born & immigrant1      
manual lab\r] & bra9-work]--h[ little ^!
 diff]5tiate ! ,am]ican citiz5 9 8      
political capacity4 ,( c\rse only !     
political life is 9 "q "h2 t new gr\p+s 
& divisions are be+ cont9ually =m$ 9 !  
economic1 intellectual1 & social life   
ne$ n conc]n u = ! pres5t4 ,9 !         
individual x may n be easy to foll[ !   
?reads ?r\gh ! tissue ( 8 psy*ic        
motions1 b 9 ! ab/ract & s*ematic       
picture ( ! type x is by no means       
impossible to trace !m out4  ,:at is x1 
!n1 :i* ! ,am]ican has gott5 f 8 tra9+8 
,_m & app>5tly unrelat$ lessons are     

taught 9 ! s*ool ( self-direction1 &    
p]haps none ( !m are )\t _! dang]s4 ,= x
 is "h n a matt] ( !oretical k1 :i* may 
be rememb]$ or =gott5 & may be well or  
ill select$1 b :i* 9 itself involves no 
scale ( excell5ce &1 !re=e1 has no ne$  
to be temp]$ or re/ra9$4 ,!oretical k _c
 be ov]done or exagg]at$ into untru?4 ,b
 ! practical conduct :i* is "h 9 "q is  
diff]5t2 x involves an ideal1 & 9 su* a 
way t a man may n only misappreh5d or   
=get :at is ! be/ c\rse ( action1 b also
 he may err 9 foll[+ x1 he may give x   
undue place & s neglect oppos+ motives  
:i* 9 _! place are no less requisite4 ,9
 %ort1 conduct1 unlike k1 dem&s a f9e   
tact & unflagg+ disc]nm5t = ! fitness ( 
?+s4 ,9 ?is s5se x _c be d5i$ t ! tea*+ 
( ,am]ican democracy is itself ! s\rce (
 s]i\s errors1 & t ! typical ,am]ican   
citiz5 is by no means free f ! fail+s ( 
8 virtues4 ,8 fundam5tal traits may be  
briefly sket*$1 & f ! excell5cies :i* he
 /rives = _m ( 8 defects c be und]/ood4 
,!re is1 fir/ly1 a gr\p ( closely relat$

 impulses1 :i* spr+s f ! ,am]ican's     
unb\nd$ belief 9 8 own /r5g?1 a trait   
:i* 9 ! la/ analysis mu/ be1 ( c\rse1 ! 
f\ndation-/one ( any doctr9e (          
self-direction4 ,he w n wait = o!rs to  
look out = him1 c\nsel him1 or take     
cognizance ( 8 int]e/s1 b relies :olly  
on 8 own judgm5t & 8 own /r5g?1 &       
believes no goal too high = 8 ex]tions  
to atta94 ,e true ,am]ican w h f\nd 9   
himself "s trace ( ?is _s4 ,ea* day ( 8 
life has sugge/$ x to him1 & all !      
in/itutions ( 8 c\ntry h re9=c$ ! tea*+4
 ,its mo/ imm$iate result is su* a /r5g?
 ( initiative z no o!r p on e>?         
possesses1 an optimism1 a self-reliance 
& feel+ ( security :i* contribute m ?an 
half to 8 success4 ,fa9t he>t is n 9 !  
,am]ican's diction>y4 ,individual1      
corporation1 or c\ntry may be undecid$1 
& dispute :e!r a c]ta9 end is desirable 
or :e!r a c]ta9 means is be/ to a giv5  
end1 b no "o ev] d\bts or goes into 8 "w
 ) misgiv+s le/ 8 /r5g? be n en\gh to   
trav]se ! road & rea* ! goal4 ,& su* an 

attitude enc\rages e man to ex]t himself
 to ! utmo/4 ,! _s ( self-direction is  
"h closely alli$ ) t self-initiative :i*
 is ! ma9spr+ ( ! economic life (       
,am]ica4 ,b ! initiative & optimi/ic    
resolution %[n 9 ! political ar5a a/oni%
 ! /rang] m ?an ! same traits display$ 9
 ! economic field4 ,x is %[n 9 !        
read9ess = argum5t1 9 :i* e "o c express
 himself accurately & effectively2 9 !  
indefatigable dem& t e public (fice %all
 be op5 to ! humble/ incumb5t1 & 9 !    
cool assurance ) :i* ?\s&s & ?\s&s (    
p]sons1 )\t any te*nical k or           
pr(essional tra9+1 assume ! mo/ exact+  
political (fices1 & become po/ma/]s1    
mayors1 m9i/]s & ambassadors1 )\t ev5   
paus+ be=e _! grave responsibilities4 ,b
 mo/ ( all1 ,am]ican initiative is %[n 9
 ! /ructure ( all h] in/itutions1 great 
or small1 :i* m9imizes transitions &    
degrees betwe5 high] & l[]1 & s         
facilitates ! /eady advance ( !         
individual4 ,ea* & all mu/ h ! *ance to 
unfold & !re mu/ be no ob/acles to h9d] 

! "r ambition f its utmo/ realization4  
,e impulse mu/ be utiliz$2 & h[ev] f>   
t[>d ! p]iph]y a man may be born he mu/ 
h ! "r ( press+ =w>d to ! c5tre4 ,!     
/r5g? ( ?is nation lies at ! p]iph]y1 & 
! ,am]ican gov]nm5t w\ld nev] h advanc$ 
s un]r+ly f success to success if e     
village /able-lad & city mess5g]-boy _h 
n kn[n ) pride t x dep5ds only on       
himself if he is n to become ,presid5t (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,b ! transition is   
easy & n well m>k$ f su* /r5g? to a     
deplorable weakness4 ,! _s ( initiative 
& optimism is 9 dang] ( becom+          
inexcusable arrogance z to "o's         
abilities & sad und]e/imation ( ! value 
( pr(essional tra9+4 ,dilettanteism is  
g5]ally well-mean+1 (t5 successful1 &   
sometimes :olly admirable2 b x is always
 dang]\s4 ,:5 brawny "y factory-h&s sit 
on a s*ool committee1 /urdy tradesm5    
assume direction ( a municipal po/al    
s]vice1 bank]s become speak]s 9         
legislature1 & j\rnali/s %ift ov] to be 
cab9et m9i/]s1 ! g5]al citiz5 may       

sometimes f9d cold com=t 9 kn[+ t !     
public s]vice is n rop$ (f f private    
life1 nor l to become effete ?r\gh /ale 
traditions4 ,x is v evid5t t ,am]ica is 
to-day mak+ a great ef=t to w>d (f !    
evils ( amateuri% incompet5ce & give m  
prom95ce to ! man ( special tra9+4 ,&   
yet x _c be d5i$ t v noticeably 9 !     
intellectual make-up ( ! ,am]ican 8 free
 initiative & easy optimism are comb9$ )
 a read9ess to ov]e/imate 8 own p[]s & )
 a bias = dilettanteism4  ,ano!r        
psy*ological outcome ( ?is individualism
 seems inevitable4 ,:5 e memb] ( a      
nation feels call$ on to pass judgm5t on
 all subjects = himself1 x w come ab\t t
 public op9ion rea*es an uncommonly high
 mean level1 b x w also happ5 t !       
greate/ intellects are n recogniz$ z be+
 above ?is mean4 ,! g5ius1 :o 9 8 day is
 always incompreh5sible to ! masses1    
goes to wa/e2 & ! man :o sees beyond !  
vulg> horizon fights an uphill battle4  
,! glitt]+ successes are = ! man ^: do+s
 impress ! multitude1 & ?is fact is     

necess>ily reflect$ 9 ! m9d ( !         
aspirant1 :o unconsci\sly %apes 8       
ambitions to ! ta/e ( ! _m r ?an ( !    
be/4 ,:]ev] ! _s ( initiative possesses 
all alike1 a truly great individual is (
 c\rse insuff]able2 any great advance   
mu/ be a collective movem5t1 & ! be/    
en]gies ( ! c\ntry mu/ be futilely      
exp5d$ 9 budg+ ! masses4 ,x is no       
accid5t t ,am]ica has /ill produc$ no   
great _w g5ius4 ,& ?is is ! o!r side ( !
 vaunt$ & tru?ful ass]tion1 t :5ev] 9 a 
,new ,engl& t[n a "q is br\ght to an op5
 debate1 ! numb] ( ^? :o w take a       
lively1 e>ne/1 ord]ly1 & intellig5t "p 9
 ! discussion is p]haps great] 9        
proportion to ! total numb] (           
inhabitants ?an 9 any place 9 ,europe4  
,?is leads u to a second consequ5ce ( ! 
desire = self-direction4 ,x /imulates n 
only initiative & self-reliance1 b also 
! consci\sness ( duty4 ,if a man e>ne/ly
 believes t ! subject mu/ also be       
pot5tate1 he w n try to put (f 8        
responsibilities on any "o else b w =?) 

set himself to "w1 & prescribe z well 8 
own due re/rictions4 ,if a neighb\rhood 
or club1 t[n1 city1 or /ate1 or yet !   
:ole f$]ation sees be=e x "s duty1 !    
,am]ican w n be f\nd wait+ = a high]    
au?ority to /ir him up1 = he is himself 
t au?ority2 8 vote x is :i* det]m9es all
 :o are to figure 9 ! affair4 ,:]e=e he 
is con/ra9$ by ! :ole sy/em to an e>ne/ 
& untir+ co-op]ation 9 ev]y?+4 ,?is is n
 ! sup]ficial politics ( ! ale-h\se1 )  
its irresponsible b&y+ ( yeas & nays4   
,:5 ,secret>y ( ! ,navy "u ,mc,kinley1  
,mr4 ,long said t :5 ! cab9et at        
,wa%+ton 0 9 conf]5ce1 e memb] 0 ( c\rse
 bett] po/$ on ! matt] ?an ! av]age     
citiz52 b t nev]!less a doz5 villag]s1  
say 9 nor!rn ,ma9e1 w\ld read _! ,new   
,york & ,bo/on pap]s & talk ov] !       
affairs ) z mu* intellig5ce & z good a  
compreh5sion ( ! po9ts at issue z w\ld  
appe> at any cab9et debates4 ,?is 0 by  
no means meant z a reflection on 8      
colleagues ( ! cab9et1 b z a frank      
recognition ( an aspect ( ,am]ican life 

:i* inv>iably surprises ! =eign]4 ,"o   
ne$s only to recall ! discussion :i*    
prec$$ ! la/ presid5tial election1 & m  
especially ! "o prec$+ t2 ! silv] "q 0 !
 great issue1 & ev5+ aft] ev5+ hundr$s (
 ?\s&s li/5$ to te*nical argum5ts 9     
f9ance su* z no ,european orator c\ld   
hope to lay be=e a popul> assembly4     
,huge audi5ces foll[$ ) rapt att5tion = 
h\rs lectures on ! mo/ difficult po9ts (
 int]national monet>y /&>ds4 ,& ?is     
intellectual s]i\sness spr+s f ! feel+ (
 p]sonal responsibility :i* is ev]y:]e  
pres5t4 ,! ,european is always a/oni%$  
at ! exempl>y demean\r ( an ,am]ican    
cr[d2 h[ on public occasions great      
multitudes ( m5 & wom5 regulate _!      
movem5ts )\t any noticeable int]f]5ce by
 ! police1 h[ ! great transportation    
companies op]ate ) almo/ no surveillance
 ( ! public1 tru/+ ea* p]son to d 8 "p1 
& h[ 9 g5]al ! :ole social /ructure is  
bas$ on mutual confid5ce to a degree :i*
 is n[h]e ! case 9 ,europe4 ,! feel+ t !
 rul] & ! rul$ are "o p]vades all       

activities1 & its consequ5ces are felt  
f> beyond ! political realm4 ,especially
 9 ! social sph]e x makes = self-respect
 among ! l[] classes2 !y adapt !mselves 
readily to discipl9e1 = at ! same "t !y 
feel !mselves to be ! ma/]s2 & ! dignity
 ( _! position is ! be/ security = _!   
good behavi\r4  ,b "h1 too1 excell5ce   
has its defects4 ,:]e e "o is s int5sely
 aw>e ( an id5tity betwe5 political     
au?ority & political subject1 x is h>d =
 ! feel+ ( respect = any p]son :atsoev] 
to f9d root4 ,! feel+ ( equality w crop 
out :]e nature design$ none1 z = in/ance
 betwe5 y\? & mature ye>s4 ,a c]ta9 lack
 ( respect appe>s 9 ! family & goes     
unpuni%$ because sup]ficially x         
corresponds to ! political sy/em ( ! l&4
 ,p>5ts ev5 make x a pr9ciple to implore
 & p]suade _! *ildr51 hold+ x to be a   
mi/ake to compel or puni% !m2 & !y      
believe t ! s*ools %\ld be conduct$ 9 ! 
same _s4 ,& ?us "y m5 & wom5 gr[ up )\t 
exp]i5c+ ! advantages ( out] con/ra9t or
 discipl9e4  ,hi!rto we h consid]$ only 

^? intellectual factors d]iv$ f ! _s (  
self-direction :i* be> on ! w ( !       
individual1 8 rights & duties2 b ^!     
factors are closely b\nd up ) ! o!rs :i*
 conc]n ! rights & privileges ( "o's    
neighb\r4 ,we may sket* ^! briefly4     
,deeply z he feels 8 own rights1 !      
,am]ican is n less consci\s ( ^? ( 8    
neighb\r4 ,he does n =get t 8 neighb\r  
may n be mole/$ & mu/ h e opportunity = 
developm5t & ! pursuit ( 8 ambitions1 & 
?is )\t scrut9y or sup]vision4 ,he      
recognizes ! o!r's equal voice &        
influ5ce 9 public affairs1 8 equally    
s9c]e s5se ( duty & fidelity to x4 ,?is 
altruism expresses itself v>i\sly 9     
practical life4 ,fir/ly1 9 a complete   
subord9ation to ! majority4 ,9 ,am]ica !
 diss5t+ m9ority displays rem>kable     
discipl9e1 & if ! majority has =mally   
tak5 action1 "o he>s no grumbl+ or      
quibbl+ f ! discont5t$1 :e!r among boys 
at play or m5 :o h ev]y?+ at /ake4 ,!   
outvoic$ m9ority is self-controll$ &    
good-natur$ & ready at once to take "p 9

 ! "w :i* ! majority has laid out2 &    
h]e9 lies "o ( ! cle>e/ results ( !     
,am]ican sy/em & "o ( ! sup]ior traits (
 ,am]ican "*4  ,closely relat$ to ?is is
 ano!r trait :i* l5ds to ,am]ican life  
mu* ( its intr9sic wor?--! unconditional
 insi/5ce 9 any competition on equal    
rights = bo? sides4 ,! dem& = 8fair     
play0 dom9ates ! :ole ,am]ican p1 &     
%apes public op9ion 9 all matt]s :e!r   
l>ge or small4 ,& ) ?is1 f9ally1 goes ! 
belief 9 ! self-respect & integrity (   
"o's neighb\r4 ,! ,am]ican _c und]/& h[ 
,europeans s (t5 re9=ce _! /atem5ts )   
explicit m5tion ( _! hon\r :i* is at    
/ake1 z if ! he>] is likely to feel a   
d\bt ab\t x2 & ev5 ,am]ican *ildr5 are  
(t5 apt to wond] at "y p abroad :o      
qu>rel at play & at once suspect "o     
ano!r ( "s unfairness4 ,! ,am]ican sy/em
 does n wait = ye>s ( discretion to come
 be=e ex]t+ its influ5ce2 x makes itself
 felt 9 ! nurs]y1 :]e already ! ^w ( "o 
*ild is nev] d\bt$ by 8 playmates4  ,"h 
too1 h[ev]1 ! brighte/ light w ca/ a    

%ad[4 ,e intellig5t ,am]ican is some:at 
sadly aw>e t ! vote ( a majority is no  
solution ( a problem1 & he realizes (t5]
 ?an he w admit t fai? 9 ! majority is  
pure nons5se if !oretical pr9ciples are 
at issue4 ,?is is a sy/em :i* compels   
him always :]e a g5ius is requir$ to    
sub/itute a committee1 & to abide by !  
majority vote4 ,! v !ory ( unlimit$     
opportunity has its obvi\s dang]s aris+1
 "h z ev]y:]e1 f extremes ( feel+ & s   
exagg]ation ( ! pr9ciple4 ,! recognition
 ( ano!r's rights leads naturally to a  
sympa?y = ! weak]1 :i* is z (t5 z n     
unju/ifi$1 & easily runs ov] into       
s5tim5talism1 n to say an actual hy/]ia 
( solicitude4 ,& ?is is 9 fact a phase (
 public op9ion :i* /&s 9 /rik+ contra/  
to ! exub]ant heal? ( ! nation4 ,:at is 
ev5 worse1 ! ev]-s5sitive desire n to   
int]f]e 9 ano!r's rights leads to !     
%utt+ ( "o's eyes & lett+ ! o!r d :at he
 likes1 ev5 if x is unju/4 ,& 9 ?is way 
a situation is creat$ :i* enc\rages !   
unscrupul\s & rew>ds rascality4  ,= a   

long "t ! blacke/ spot on ,am]ican life1
 specially 9 ! op9ion ( ,g]man critics1 
has be5 ! corruption 9 municipal & o!r  
politics4 ,we ne$ n n[ review ! facts4  
,x is en\gh to po9t out t a comp>ison ) 
conditions 9 ,g]many1 say1 is entirely  
mislead+ if x is suppos$ to yield       
conclusions z to ! moral "* ( ! ,am]ican
 p4 ,unscrupul\s p]sons :o are ke5 =    
plund]1 are to be f\nd ev]y:]e2 m]ely ! 
conditions "u :i* ! ,g]man public s]vice
 has develop$ & n[ ma9ta9s itself make x
 almo/ impossible = a reprobate ( t sort
 to =ce 8 entrance4 ,& if a ,g]man      
(ficial 7 discov]$ 9 di%one/ practices x
 w\ld be1 9 fact1 discr$it+ to ! p4 ,9  
,am]ica ! situation is almo/ rev]s$4 ,! 
conditions on :i*1 accord+ to ! ,am]ican
 sy/em1 ! less] (ficials secure _!      
positions1 specially 9 municipal        
gov]nm5ts1 & ! _m *ances ( enri*+       
oneself unlawfully & yet )\t liability  
to arre/1 :ile ! regul> remun]ation &   
above all ! social dignity ( ! positions
 are relatively small1 drive away !     

bett] elem5ts ( ! population & draw on !
 inf]ior4 ,! *>ge aga9/ ! ,am]icans1 !n1
 %\ld n be t !y make di%one/ (ficials1 b
 t !y p]mit a sy/em :i* all[s di%one/   
p]sons to become (ficials4 ,?is is truly
 a s]i\s reproa*1 yet x is n a *>ge (   
contemptible di%one/y b ( inexcusable   
complac5cy2 & ?is spr+s f ! national    
weakness ( l5i5cy t[>d "o's neighb\r1 a 
trait :i* comes ne> to be+ a fundam5tal 
democratic virtue4 ,x _c be d5i$1       
moreov]1 t ! :ole nation is e>ne/ly &   
successfully work+ to ov]come ?is       
difficulty4  ,! d5unciations ( ! daily  
pap]s1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be tak5 z an        
indication ( ?is1 = ! uncurb$ ,am]ican  
press makes ! m]e/ unf\nd$ suspicion an 
occasion = s5sational accusations4 ,any 
"o :o has comp>$ 9 rec5t ye>s ! records 
( unque/ionably imp>tial judicial       
processes ) ! *>ges :i* _h previ\sly be5
 made 9 ! pap]s1 mu/ be v sceptical z to
 ! hue & cry ( corruption4 ,ev5         
municipal politics are mu* bett] ?an !y 
are pa9t$4 ,! easie/ way ( ov]com+ e    

evil w\ld be to remove ! public s]vice f
 popul> & p>ty influ5ces1 b ?is is1 (   
c\rse1 n feasible s9ce x w\ld endang] ! 
mo/ *]i%$ pr]ogatives ( individualism4  
,besides1 ! ,am]ican is com=t$ ab\t 8   
situation because he kn[s t j ?is direct
 effici5cy ( ! p's w is ! sure/ means ( 
?or\ghly uproot+ ! evil z soon z x      
becomes really ?reat5+4 ,he may be      
pati5t or indiff]5t too long1 b if he is
 once ar\s$ he f9ds 9 8 sy/em a /rong & 
ready in/rum5t = sudd5ly ov]turn+ an    
adm9i/ration & putt+ ano!r 9 its /ead4  
,moreov]1 if corruption becomes too     
unblu%+ an 8educational campaign0 is    
always 9 ord]4 ,james ,bryce1 :o is (   
all ,europeans ! "o mo/ ?or\ghly        
acqua9t$ ) ,am]ican p>ty politics1 gives
 8 op9ion1 t ! great mass ( civil       
(ficials 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is no m      
corrupt ?an t ( ,engl& or ,g]many4 ,an  
,am]ican w\ld add1 h[ev]1 t !y excel _! 
,european rivals 9 a bett] disposition &
 great] read9ess to be ( s]vice4  ,b !  
situation is complicat$ by /ill ano!r   

t5d5cy :i* makes ! fight = clean &      
dis9t]e/$ politics difficult4 ,! _s (   
self-direction involves a political     
philosophy :i* is bas$ on ! individual2 
& ! :ole commonweal? has no o!r mean+   
?an an add+ up ( ! rights ( sep>ate     
individuals1 s t e proposal mu/ b5efit  
"s individual or o!r if x is to comm5d  
itself = adoption4 ,n[ s9ce ! /ate is a 
collection ( numb]less individuals & !  
law m]ely a pl$ge betwe5 !m all1 ! hon\r
 ( ! /ate & ! maje/y ( ! law d n atta*  
to a well organiz$ & peculi>ly exalt$   
collective w1 :i* /&s above !           
individual4 ,su* a ?+ w\ld seem to an   
individuali/ a holl[ ab/raction1 = /ate 
& law consi/ only 9 ! rights &          
responsibilities ( su* z he4 ,f ?is m or
 less explicitly =mulat$ conception (   
political life !re accrue to society bo?
 advantages & dang]s4 ,! advantages are 
obvi\s3 ! ,mephi/ophelian say+1         
8,v]nunft wird ,uns9n1 ,wohltat ,plage10
 becomes un?9kable1 s9ce ! body-politic 
is cont9ually te/$ & held 9 *eck by !   

lively int]e/s ( individuals4 ,any      
obvi\s inju/ice c be right$1 = above !  
common weal /&s ! great army (          
individuals by :om & = :om bo? /ate &   
law 7 made4  ,b ! disadvantages foll[ z 
well4 ,if /ate & law are only a mutual  
re/ra9t agre$ on betwe5 individuals1 !  
feel+ ( re/ra9t becomes lively 9        
proportion z ! p>ticul> individuals 9 "q
 c be po9t$ to1 b vani%+ly weak :51 9 a 
m intangible way1 ! ab/ract totality    
requires allegiance4 ,s "o f9ds ! f9e/  
feel+ = ju/ice 9 cases ( obligation to  
an individual1 z 9 contracts1 = in/ance1
 & ! m9imum s5se ( "r :]e ! duty is t[>d
 ! /ate4 ,!re is no c\ntry ( ,europe :]e
 ! s5se ( individual "r s p]vades all   
classes ( ! inhabitants1 a fact :i* /&s 
9 no wise contradictory to ! o!r        
preval5t t5d5cy ( e/eem+ too lightly    
"o's righte\s obligations to city or    
/ate4 ,m5 :o1 9 ! int]e/s ( _!          
corporations1 try to influ5ce 9 irregul>
 ways ! pr(essional politicians 9 !     
legislatures1 obs]ve nev]!less 9 private

 life ! mo/ rigid pr9ciples ( "r2 & _m a
 "o :o c\ld safely be tru/$ by ! wid[s &
 orphans ( 8 city ) e c5t :i* !y own1   
w\ld /ill be v apt to make a false      
decl>ation ( 8 taxable prop]ty4  ,!re is
 a p>allel case 9 ! sph]e ( crim9al law4
 ,possibly ev5 m ?an ! abuses ( ,am]ican
 municipal politics1 ! crimes ( lyn*    
c\rts h br\ght d[n ! condemnation ( !   
civiliz$ _w4 ,corruption & 8lyn* ju/ice0
 are usually ?\ght ( z ! two blemi%es on
 ! nation1 & x is f !m t ! casual obs]v]
 9 ,europe gets a v unfav\rable         
impression ( ! ,am]ican conception (    
ju/ice4 ,we h already tri$ to rectify   
?is e/imate 9 s f> z x includes         
corruption1 & z reg>ds lyn*+ x is p]haps
 ev5 m 9 error4 ,lyn* viol5ce is ( c\rse
 n to be excus$4 ,crime is crime2 & !   
social psy*ologi/ is int]e/$ only 9     
decid+ :at rubric to put x "u4 ,n[ !    
entire developm5t ( lyn* action %[s t x 
is n ! wanton viol5ce ( m5 :o h no s5se 
( "r1 b r ! fr5zi$ fulfillm5t ( t :i* we
 h t]m$ ! individuali/ic conception (   

ju/ice4 ,! typical case ( lyn*+ is f\nd1
 ( c\rse1 9 ,s\!rn ,/ates ) a           
consid]able negro population4 ,a negro w
 h attempt$ viol5ce on a :ite woman1    
:]eon all ! :ite m5 ( ! neighb\rhood1   
assum+ t ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 fell[     
negroes ! crim9al w\ld n be duly        
convict$1 or else feel+ t ! regul> legal
 p5alty w\ld n suffice to det] o!rs f ! 
same crime1 viol5tly seize ! culprit f  
out ! jurisdiction ( ! law1 & aft] a    
summ>y popul> trial hang him4 ,b ^! are 
n m5 :o are m]ely seek+ a victim to _!  
brutal in/9ct = murd]4 ,x is report$ t  
aft] ! de$1 :5 ! horrid crime has be5   
horribly expiat$1 ! p>ticipants w       
quietly & almo/ solemnly %ake "o ano!r  
by ! h& & disp]se peacefully to _!      
homes1 z if !y _h fulfill$ a sacr$      
obligation ( citiz5%ip4 ,^! are m5 imbu$
 ) ! individuali/ic notion ( society1   
confid5t t law is n a ?+ ^: validity    
ext5ds beyond !mselves1 b some?+ :i* !y 
h freely fram$ & adopt$1 & :i* !y bo?   
may & mu/ annul or disreg>d z soon z !  

conditions :i* made x necess>y are      
alt]$4 ,x is a matt] ( c\rse t su*      
presumption is abhorr$ & condemn$ 9 ! m 
highly civiliz$ /ates ( ! ,union1 also  
by ! bett] classes 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates2 & 
a lyn*] is legally a murd]]4 ,8 de$1    
h[ev]1 is n to be ref]r$ psy*ologically 
to a defici5t s5se ( ju/ice4 ,t :i* is !
 f\ndation ( ?is s5se1 res5tm5t at an   
infr+em5t ( ! individual's rights &     
belief 9 ! connection betwe5 s9 &       
expiation1 are all too vividly realiz$ 9
 8 s\l4  ,we h dwelt on ^! two (f%oots (
 ! individuali/ic idea ( law because !y 
h be5 us$ con/antly to di/ort ! true    
picture ( ,am]ican "*4 ,rightly         
und]/ood1 psy*ologically1 ^! ph5om5a are
 se5 to be black & ugly incid5ts1 :i* h 
little to d ) ! national consci\sness ( 
"r & hon\r2 !y are ! regrettable        
accompanim5ts ( an extreme              
individualism1 :i* 9 its turn1 to be    
sure1 gr[s naturally out ( ! doctr9e (  
self-direction4 ,e ,am]ican kn[s t x is 
"o ( ! mo/ sacr$ duties ( ! l& to fight 

aga9/ ^! abuses1 & yet ! =eign] %\ld n  
be deceiv$ into ?9k+1 because s & s _m  
negroes are in=mally dispos$ ( ea* ye>1 
& ! politicians ( ,philadelphia or      
,*icago cont9ue to /uff _! pockets )    
spoils 9 ways :i* are legally           
unpuni%able1 t ! ,am]ican is n ?or\ghly 
in=m$ ) a respect = law4 ,he has n tak5 
8 in/ruction 9 ! sy/em ( self-direction 
9 va94 ,& ! ,g]man :o e/imates ! tone ( 
political life 9 ,am]ica by ! corruption
 & lyn* viol5ce n>rat$ 9 ! daily pap]s1 
is l ! ,am]ican :o makes up 8 op9ion ( !
 ,g]man army1 z he sometimes does1 f !  
h>angues ( social democrats on ! abuses 
( milit>y (fic]s1 or f s5sational       
disclosures ( small g>risons on !       
fronti]4  ,"o m trait mu/ be m5tion$1   
f9ally1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( e           
individuali/ic community1 & :i*1 hav+   
be5 impress$ on ! individual by !       
,am]ican sy/em1 has n[ react$ &         
contribut$ mu* to ! work+ out ( ?is     
sy/em4 ,! ,am]ican possesses an a/oni%+ 
gift = rapid organization4 ,8 highe/    

tal5ts are prim>ily along ?is l9e1 & 9 !
 same way e individual has an in/9ct =  
/ation+ himself at ! "r place 9 any     
organization4 ,?is is true bo? high &   
l[1 & c be obs]v$ on e occasion1 :e!r 9 
! conc]t$ action ( lab\r+ m51 9 a /reet 
accid5t1 or 9 any sort ( popul>         
demon/ration4 ,= in/ance1 "o has only to
 notice h[ quickly & naturally ! public 
=ms 9 ord]ly procession be=e a          
ticket-(fice4 ,?is sure in/9ct =        
organization1 :i* is su* an admirable   
complem5t to ! _s ( initiative1 gives to
 ! ,am]ican workman 8 sup]iority ov] !  
,european1 = x is lam5tably lack+ 9 !   
latt]1 & c be replac$ only by ! /ricte/ 
discipl9e4 ,b ?is in/9ct f9ds its fulle/
 expression 9 ! political sph]e4 ,x is  
?is :i* creates p>ties1 gu>antees !     
effici5cy ( legislatures1 pres]ves !    
discipl9e ( ! /ate1 & is 9 g5]al ! mo/  
/rik+ manife/ation ( ! _s (             
self-direction4 ,b we h se5 t none ( !  
m]its ( ?is sy/em are q )\t _!          
drawbacks1 & ?is gift = organization has

 also its dang]s4 ,! political p>ties   
:i* x fo/]s may become political        
8ma*9es10 & ! p>ty lead] a 8boss0--b "h 
we are already 9 ! mid/ ( ^? political  
in/itutions ) :i* we mu/ deal m 9       
detail4                                 
,,*apt] ,,two                           
,political ,p>ties   ,! ,presid5cy is ! 
highe/ peak 9 ! div]sifi$ range (       
political in/itutions1 & may well be !  
fir/ to occupy our att5tion4 ,b ?is *ief
 executive (fice may be look$ at 9      
sev]al relations3 fir/ly1 x is "o ( !   
?ree divisions ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 :i* are ! 
executive1 ! legislative1 & ! judicial4 
,& ^! might well be consid]$ 9 ?is ord]4
 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,presid5t /&s at !  
head ( ! f$]ation ( /ates2 & ! /ructural
 beauty ( ! ,am]ican political edifice  
consi/s 9 ! repetition ( ! :ole 9 ea* "p
 & ( ! "p 9 e small] "p1 & s on d[n4 ,! 
top gov]nm5tal /ratum ( ! f$]ation is   
repeat$ on a small] scale at ! head (   
ea* ( ! =ty-five /ates1 & aga91 /ill    
small]1 ov] e city4 ,! gov]nor ( a /ate 

has 9 n>r[] limits ! functions ( !      
,presid5t1 & s1 )9 /ill n>r[]1 has !    
mayor ( a city4 ,we might1 !n1 consid] !
 highe/ (fice1 & aft] t its small]      
c\nt]p>ts 9 ! ord] ( _! importance4  ,b 
nei!r ( ^! me?ods ( treatm5t w\ld br+   
out ! mo/ important connection4 ,x is   
possible to und]/& ! ,presid5t ap>t f ! 
m9iature presid5ts ( ! sep>ate /ates1 or
 ap>t f ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 or ev5        
,congress1 b x is n possible to und]/& !
 ,presid5t )\t tak+ acc\nt ( ! political
 p>ties4 ,x is ! p>ty :i* selects its   
c&idate1 elects him to (fice1 & expects 
f him 9 return p>ty support & p>ty      
politics4 ,! same is true1 moreov]1 (   
elections to ,congress & to ! /ate      
legislatures4 ,= "h aga9 ! p>ty is !    
backgr\nd to :i* ev]y?+ is naturally    
ref]r$1 & any description ( ! ,presid5t1
 or ,congress1 or ! c\rts1 :i*1 l !     
orig9al ,con/itution1 makes no m5tion ( 
! p>ties1 appe>s to u to-day z lack+ 9  
pla/ic reality1 9 hi/orical p]spective4 
,we %all1 !re=e1 attempt no su*         

artificial analysis1 b r describe toge!r
 ! con/itutional gov]nm5t & ! in(ficial 
p>ty =mations4 ,!y imply & expla9 ea*   
o!r4 ,!n on ?is backgr\nd ( p>ty        
activities we c view m compreh5sively ! 
,presid5t1 ,congress1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 
& ! entire politics ( ! f$]ation & !    
/ates4  ,we mu/ n =get1 h[ev]1 t 9      
sep>at+ any ( ^! factors f ! re/1 we    
deal at once ) highly artificial        
ab/ractions1 s t ?is description w h    
cont9ually to neglect _m facts & cut !  
?reads t cross its pa?4 ,! hi/ory ( !   
,am]ican ,presid5cy %[s at all times its
 close connection ) o!r in/itutions4 ,a 
treaty or ev5 a nom9ation by ! ,presid5t
 requires ! ratification ( ! ,s5ate be=e
 x is valid2 & on ! o!r side1 !         
,presid5t c veto any bill ( ,congress4  
,ev5 ! ,supreme ,c\rt & ! ,presid5t c   
h>dly be consid]$ ap>t1 z 0 se51 =      
in/ance1 9 ! "t ( ,clevel&1 :5 8 fiscal 
policy took f9al %ape 9 an income tax   
:i* ! ,supreme ,c\rt decl>$             
uncon/itutional1 & !re=e unlawful2 or   

aga9 :5 ! colonial policy ( ,mc,kinley 0
 upheld & validat$ by a decision ( !    
same c\rt4 ,aga91 ! p>ty politics ( /ate
 & t[n are no less intimately relat$ to 
! f$]al gov]nm5t & ! ,presid5cy4 ,"h1   
too1 ! lead+s are 9 bo? directions2     
local politics condition ! national1 &  
^! 9 turn dom9ate ! local4 ,clevel& 0 a 
man :o _h nev] play$ a "p 9 national    
politics until he became ! executive    
head ( ! nation4 ,z ,mayor ( ,buffalo he
 _h be5 s conspicu\s ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate (  
,new ,york z to be elect$ ,gov]nor ( t  
/ate1 & !n 9 ! /ate politics s won !    
confid5ce ( 8 p>ty z to be nom9at$ &    
elect$ to ! highe/ national (fice4      
,mc,kinley1 on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh he1 too1
 _h be5 ! ,gov]nor ( a /ate1 nev]!less  
ga9$ ! confid5ce ( 8 p>ty dur+ 8 long   
t]m ( s]vice 9 ,congress4  ,simil>ly x  
may be said t local politics are !      
natural pa? :i* leads to any national   
position1 :e!r t ( s5ator or            
repres5tative4 ,& inv]sely ! great f$]al
 problems play an (t5 decisive rle 9 !  

politics ( ! /ates ) :i* !y /rictly h no
 connection4 ,f$]al p>ty l9es divide    
legislatures f ! l>ge/ to ! smalle/1 &  
ev5 figure 9 ! municipal elections4     
,unreasonable z x may seem1 x is a fact 
t ! great national que/ions1 su* z      
expansion1 free trade1 & ! gold /&>d1   
divide ! vot]s ( a small village into   
oppos+ gr\ps :5 !y h to elect m]ely "s  
"o to ! police or /reet-clean+ dep>tm5t4
 ,x is1 !re=e1 nev] a "q ( a me*anical  
co-ord9ation & indep5d5ce ( p>ts1 b ( an
 organic int]dep5d5ce1 & e lea/ di/rict 
( ! ,union is ?or\ghly en rapport ) !   
c5tral gov]nm5t & do+s ( ! national     
p>ties4  ,!re are political p>ties 9 e  
c\ntry1 b none l ! ,am]ican p>ties4 ,!  
,engli% sy/em pres5ts ! ne>e/ analogy1 )
 its two great p>ties1 b ! simil>ity is 
m]ely sup]ficial & ext5ds to no ess5tial
 po9ts4 ,ev5 9 ! comp>ison betwe5       
,am]ica & ,g]many x is n ! great] numb] 
( ! ,g]man p>ties t makes ! real        
diff]5ce4 ,= ! ,g]man 8 p>ty is 9 !     
n>r[] s5se a gr\p ( legislators1 or1 m  

broadly1 ^! legislators toge!r ) ! g5]al
 body ( _! con/itu5ts4 ,! p>ty has 9 a  
way concrete reality only 9 ! act ( vot+
 & ! repres5tation 9 p>liam5t ( c]ta9   
pr9ciples4 ,( c\rse1 ev5 9 ,g]many !re  
exi/s "s organization betwe5 ! multitude
 ( vot]s & ! small gr\p :i* !y return to
 ! ,rei*/ag4 ,p>ty directors1 :o are = !
 mo/ "p ! repres5tatives !mselves1      
c5tral committees & local directors1    
local clubs & assemblies are all        
necess>y to /ir up ! vot]s & to att5d to
 v>i\s =malities ( ! election2 b no "o  
has dreamt ( a horde ( pr(essional      
politicians :o are n legislators1 ( p>ty
 lead]s :o are m p[]ful ?an !           
repres5tative to be elect$1 or ( p>ties 
:i* are /rong] ?an ei!r ! p>liam5t or ! 
p4 ,! ,am]ican p>ty is fir/ ( all a     
closely knit organization ) ext5sive    
ma*9]y & rigid discipl9e2 to be         
repres5t$ 9 ,congress or legislature is 
only "o ( its _m objects4  ,?is         
situation is1 h[ev]1 no accid5t4 ,"o may
 easily und]/& ! incomp>able ma*9]y &   

irresi/ible might ( ! p>ties1 if "o b   
realizes a few ( ! ess5tial factors 9   
,am]ican p>ty life4 ,fir/1 ( c\rse1     
comes ! trem5d\s ext5t ( ! field 9 :i* !
 citiz5s' ballots h ! decision4 ,if x 7 
z x is 9 ! ,g]man elections to ! imp]ial
 diet1 ! ,am]ican p>ty organization w\ld
 nev] h become :at x is4 ,b besides !   
elections to ,congress1 ! /ate          
legislatures & local assemblies1 !re is 
! direct *oice to be made = ,presid5t1  
vice-presid5t1 gov]nor1 ! pr9cipal /ate 
(ficials & deputies1 judges ( !         
appellate c\rt1 mayor & city (ficials1 &
 _m o!rs4 ,! entire responsibility falls
 on ! vot]s1 s9ce ! doctr9e (           
self-direction orda9s t only citiz5s ( !
 /ate %all vote = /ate (ficials1 & ( !  
city = city (fic]s4 ,! gov]nor1 unlike  
an 8,ob]prsid5t10 is n appo9t$ by !     
,gov]nm5t1 nor a mayor by any au?ority  
outside 8 city4 ,! vot] is n[h]e to be  
politically disburd5$ ( responsibility4 
,b1 ) ! direct suffrage1 8 sph]e (      
action is only begun4 ,almo/ e "o ( ! m5

 he elects has 9 turn to make fur!r     
appo9tm5ts & *oices4 ,! memb]s ( a /ate 
legislature elect s5ators to ,congress1 
& bo? gov]nor & mayor "n _m (ficials1 b 
mo/ ( all1 ! ,presid5t has to give out  
(fices f ambassadors & m9i/]s d[n to    
village po/ma/]s & light-h\se keep]s1 9 
all ( :i* !re is ample *ance to put !   
adh]5ts ( "o's p>ty 9 influ5tial        
positions4 ,?us ! functions ( ! ,am]ican
 vot] are incomp>ably m important &     
f>-rea*+ ?an ^? ( ! ,g]man vot]4  ,b ev5
 ) ?is1 ! political duties ( ! ,am]ican 
citiz5 9 connection ) 8 p>ty are n      
exhau/$4 ,! _s ( self-direction dem&s ! 
c>ry+ out ( a pr9ciple :i* is unkn[n to 
! ,g]man politician4 ,! *oice &         
nom9ation ( a c&idate = election mu/ be 
made by ! same vot+ public2 x mu/ be    
c>ri$ on by ! same p>liam5t>y me?ods1 & 
decid$ /rictly by a majority vote4 ,!re 
are 9 !ory no committees or head        
(ficials to relieve ! vot+ public (     
responsibility1 by !mselves b5ignly     
apportion+ ! v>i\s (fices among !       

c&idates4 ,a p>ty may propose b "o      
c&idate = ea* (fice1 :]eas !re w (t5 be 
sev]al m5 )9 ! p>ty :o wi% to be        
c&idates = ! same (fice1 z = in/ance1 t 
( mayor1 city c\nsellor1 or treasur]4 ,9
 e case ! memb]s ( a p>ty h to select ! 
(ficial nom9ee ( _! p>ty by ca/+        
ballots1 & ?us x may happ5 t ! conte/   
betwe5 gr\ps )9 ! p>ty may be liveli]   
?an ! ultimate battle betwe5 ! p>ties4  
,n[ on a l>ge scale su* transactions c  
be no long] c>ri$ on directly4 ,all !   
citiz5s ( ! /ate _c come toge!r to      
nom9ate ! p>ty c&idate = gov]nor4 ,= ?is
 purpose1 !re=e1 electors h to be *os51 
e "o by a /rict majority vote1 & ^! meet
 to fix f9ally on ! c&idates ( ! p>ty4  
,& :5 x comes to ! ,presid5t ( ! :ole   
c\ntry1 ! vot+ public elects a congress 
( electors1 & ^! 9 turn *oose o!r       
electors1 & ?is twice-sift$ body (      
delegates meets 9 national conv5tion to 
"n ! c&idate :om ! p>ty w support 9 !   
f9al1 popul> elections4 ,?r\gh su* a    
/rict programme = nom9ations ! duties ( 

! vot]s t[>ds _! p>ty are j d\bl$1 & x  
becomes an art consid]ably beyond !     
ability ( ! av]age citiz5 to move ?r\gh 
?is regressive *a9 ( elections )\t los+ 
8 way4 ,x requires1 9 %ort1 an e/abli%$ 
& well articulat$ organization to       
arrange & conduct ! popul> convocations1
 to delib]ate c>efully on ! c&idates to 
be propos$ = nom9ation1 & to c>ry !     
inf9itely complicat$ & yet unavoidable  
op]ations ?r\gh to _! conclusion4       
,f9ally1 ano!r factor ent]s 91 :i* is   
once m q =eign to ! political life (    
,g]many4 ,e ,am]ican election is /rictly
 local1 9 ! s5se t ! c&idate is         
inv>iably *os5 f among ! vot]s4 ,9      
,g]many1 :5 a prov9cial city is ab\t to 
s5d a repres5tative to ! ,rei*/ag1 !    
p>ty 9 p[] acc\nts x a specially        
fav\rable circum/ance if ! c&idates are 
n m5 ( t v city1 to suff] ! prov]bial   
di%on\r ( prophets 9 _! own c\ntry1 &   
pref]s to see on ! ballot ! names (     
great p>ty lead]s f "s o!r "p ( !       
empire4 ,& :5 ,b]l91 = example1 selects 

a mayor1 ! city is glad to call him f   
,breslau or ,knigsb]g4 ,?is is          
inconceivable to ! ,am]ican4 ,x is a    
coroll>y to ! doctr9e ( self-det]m9ation
 t :5ev] a political di/rict1 :e!r      
village or city1 selects a              
repres5tative1 ! citiz5s %all n only    
nom9ate & elect _! c&idate1 b t !y %all 
also *oose him f _! own mid/4 ,b ?is    
makes x at once necess>y = ! p>ty to h  
its organiz$ bran*es 9 e nook & corn] ( 
! c\ntry4 ,a s+le c5tral organization   
graci\sly to provide c&idates = ! :ole  
l& is n to be ?\ght (4 ,! p>ty          
organization mu/ be ev]y:]e effici5t1 & 
quick to select & weigh = ! purposes ( !
 p>ty su* mat]ial z is at h&4 ,x is     
obvi\s t ?is is a v intricate & exact+  
task1 & t if ! organization 7 s5tim5tal1
 loose1 or undiscipl9$1 x w\ld g to     
pieces by reason ( ! p]sonal & o!r      
oppos+ int]e/s :i* exi/ )9 x4 ,& if x 7 
less widely bran*$ or less ma*9e-l 9 its
 intricate work+s1 x w\ld n be able to d
 its daily "w1 pick c&idates = po/s (   

responsibility1 nom9ate electors1 &     
elect its nom9ees2 & ev5tually x w\ld   
s9k out ( sight4 ,! ,am]ican political  
p>ty is ?us an ess5tially complete &    
indep5d5t organization4  ,two evils are 
necess>ily occasion$ by ?is invuln]able 
organization ( p>ty activities1 bo? (   
:i* are peculi> & ( su* und\bt$ly bad   
consequ5ces z to /rike ! mo/ sup]ficial 
obs]v]1 & specially ! =eign]2 & yet bo? 
( :i* on clos] view are se5 to be mu*   
less s]i\s ?an "o might h suppos$ at    
fir/4 ,aft] a p>ty has gr[n up & become 
well organiz$ 9 its purpose ( repres5t+ 
^! or ^? political pr9ciples & ( def5d+ 
& propagat+ !m1 x may at l5g? cease to  
be only ! means to an end1 & become an  
end unto itself4 ,!re is ! dang] t x w  
come to look on its duties z be+ no?+   
else ?an to keep itself 9 p[]1 ev5 by   
d5y+ or oppos+ ! pr9ciples ) :i* x has  
gr[n up4 ,moreov]1 su* an organization  
exacts a colossal am\nt ( lab\r :i* mu/ 
be rew>d$ 9 "s =m or o!r2 & s x w f9d x 
exp$i5t1 q ap>t f ! political ideals ( !

 p>ty1 to ex]t its influ5ce 9 !         
patronage ( /ate & o!r (fices4 ,! result
 is t ! rew>ds & hon\rs conf]r$         
necess>ily draw m5 into ! s]vice ( !    
p>ty :o c>e less = its ideals ?an = !   
emolum5ts !y are to d]ive4 ,& ?us two   
evils spr+ up toge!r2 fir/ly1 ! p>ties  
lose _! pr9ciples1 &1 secondly1 take    
into _! s]vice pr(essional politicians  
:o h no pr9ciples to lose4 ,we mu/      
consid] bo? matt]s m 9 detail1 ! p>ty   
ideals & ! politicians4  ,am]ica has two
 great p>ties1 ! ,republican1 :i* is j  
n[ 9 p[]1 & ! ,democratic4 ,o!r p>ties1 
z1 = in/ance1 ! ,populi/1 are small1 &  
:ile !y may = a :ile secure a meagre    
repres5tation 9 ,congress1 !y are too   
insignificant to h any *ance ( success 9
 ! presid5tial elections3 al?\gh1 to be 
sure1 ?is does n prev5t v>i\s gr\ps (   
ov]-en?usia/ic p]sons f seiz+ !         
politically unfitt+ & impracticable     
occasion to set up _! own presid5tial   
c&idate z a sort ( figure-head4 ,any    
political amateur1 :o f9ds no place 9 ! 

(ficial p>ties1 may ga!r a few fri5ds "u
 8 bann] & />t a new1 indep5d5t p>ty2 b 
! bubble bur/s 9 a few days4 ,& ev5 if x
 is a p]son l ,admiral ,dewey1 ^: p>ty  
bann] is ! flag "u :i* he has s5t an    
enemy's fleet to ! bottom1 he w succe$  
only 9 be+ amus+4 ,! regul>1 organiz$   
p>ties are ! only ones :i* s]i\sly c\nt 
9 politics4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 h[ev]1 
t a few mon?s be=e ! elections a small  
b& ( politically or indu/rially         
influ5tial m5 w meet to consid] !       
project ( a ?ird p>ty1 :ile _! real aim 
is to create a little organization ^:   
vot+ p[] w be covet$ by bo? ( ! great   
p>ties4 ,9 ?is way ! f\nd]s plan to =ce 
"o or bo? ( ^! to make concessions to ! 
pr9ciples ( _! little gr\p1 s9ce ! mo/  
important feature is t ,republicans &   
,democrats are s ne>ly equally balanc$ t
 only a slight =ce is ne$$ to turn !    
scales to ei!r side4 ,9 rec5t elections 
,mc,kinley & ,clevel& h ea* be5 elect$  
twice to ! ,presid5cy1 & no "o c say    
:e!r ! next presid5tial majority w be   

,republican or ,democrat4 ,on ,clevel&'s
 second election ! ,democrats _h        
#e1eef1iah1 & ! ,republicans #e1agf1ajh 
votes1 :ile ! ,populi/s made a %[+ ( "o 
million votes4 ,b f\r ye>s lat] ! tables
 7 turn$1 & ,mc,kinley won on #g1ajf1aii
 votes1 :ile ,bryan lo/ on #f1ejb1fhe4  
,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t nei!r ( ! p>ties   
has to fe> t a ?ird p>ty w elect its    
c&idate2 nor c ei!r re/ on old laurels1 
= any remission ( ef=t is a c]ta9       
victory = ! o!r side4 ,a ?ird p>ty is   
dang]\s only 9 s f> z x is likely to    
split up "o ( ! two p>ties & s weak5 x 9
 an o!rwise almo/ equal competition4    
,:at1 n[1 are ! pr9ciples & aims ( !    
,republican & ,democratic p>ties8 ,_!   
names are n significant1 s9ce nei!r d ! 
,republicans wi% to d away ) ,am]ican   
democracy1 nor d ! ,democrats h any     
designs on ! republican =m ( gov]nm5t4  
,at ! op5+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! pres5t  
,democrats 7 call$                      
8,democratic-,republicans10 & ?is long  
ab&on$ "n c\ld j z well be giv5 to all  

surviv+ p>ties4 ,nei!r ari/ocracy nor   
mon>*y nor an>*y nor plutocracy has ev] 
s f> appe>$ on a p>ty programme1 & h[ev]
 hotly ! battle may be wag$ betwe5      
,republicans & ,democrats1 x is =ev]    
c]ta9 t bo? oppon5ts are at once        
,democrats & ,republicans4 ,:]e91 !n1 d 
!y diff]8  ,! true p>ty politician (    
,am]ica does n philosophize ov]mu* ab\t 
! p>ties2 x is en\gh = him t "o p>ty has
 tak5 or is likely to take ?is1 & ! o!r 
p>ty t position on ! liv+ que/ions1 &   
beyond ?is 8 int]e/ is absorb$ by       
special problems4 ,he is reluctant en\gh
 :5 x comes to tak+ up ! nic] "q ( d$uc+
 logically f ! g5]al pr9ciples ( a p>ty 
:at attitude x ought to take on ?is or t
 special issue4 ,! ne>e/ he w\ld come to
 ?is w\ld be conv]sely to po9t out t !  
attitude ( 8 oppon5ts directly refutes  
_! p>ty's mo/ sacr$ doctr9es4 ,^? :o    
philosophize are mo/ly outsid]s1 ei!r   
soj\rn]s 9 ! c\ntry1 or indig5\s critics
 :o are consid]ably m alive to !        
unavoidable evils ( p>ty politics ?an to

 ! m]its4 ,f su* oppon5ts ( p>ties z    
well z f =eign]s1 "o he>s aga9 & aga9 t 
! p>ties d n really /& = any g5]al      
pr9ciples at ! pres5t "t1 t _! sep>ate  
exi/5ce has lo/ :atev] political        
significance x may h _h1 & t to-day !y  
are m]ely two organizations pres]v+ a   
semblance ( individuality & tak+ su*    
attitude t[>d ! issues ( ! day z is     
likely to secure ! l>ge/ numb] ( votes1 
9 ord] to di/ribute among _! memb]s !   
fruits ( victory4 ,! pres5t p>ties1 say 
^! critics1 7 =m$ 9 t /ruggle (         
intellectual =ces :i* took place dur+ ! 
?ird qu>t] ( ! la/ c5tury2 x 0 ! dispute
 ov] slav]y :i* l$ to ! ,civil ,w>4 ,!  
,republican p>ty 0 ! p>ty ( ! ,nor!rn   
,/ates 9 _! anti-slav]y zeal2 !         
,democratic 0 ! p>ty ( ! slave-hold+    
,s\!rn ,/ates2 & ! opposition _h        
political significance z long z !       
effects ( ! w> la/$1 & x 0 necess>y to  
"w = ! conciliation & r5ew$ p>ticipation
 ( ! defeat$ ,conf$]acy4 ,b all ?is is  
long pa/4 ,h>rison1 ,clevel&1 ,bla9e1   

,bryan1 ,mc,kinley1 & ,roosevelt became 
! /&>d-be>]s ( _! respective p>ties long
 aft] ! w\nds ( ! w> _h heal$4 ,& x is  
no outcome f ! orig9al1 di/+ui%+        
pr9ciples ( ! p>ties1 if ! slave-hold+  
p>ty takes ! side ( free-trade1 silv]   
curr5cy & anti-imp]ialism1 :ile !       
anti-slav]y elem5ts /ay toge!r 9 behalf 
( ! gold /&>d1 protection1 & expansion4 
,x looks1 r1 z if ! doctr9es _h migrat$ 
ea* to ! o!r's habitat4 ,! p>ty :i* 0   
aga9/ slav]y 0 support+ ! rights ( !    
individual2 h[ comes x1 !n1 to be       
bitt]ly oppos+ ! fre$om ( trade8 ,& h[ d
 ! fri5ds ( slav]y happ5 to *ampion !   
cause ( free-trade1 or1 m rem>kably1 to 
oppose s passionately to-day !          
oppression ( ! p ( ! ,philipp9es8 ,& :at
 h ^! que/ions to d ) ! monet>y /&>d8 ,x
 looks z if ! organization _h become a  
body )\t a s\l4 ,ea* p>ty tries to keep 
! dignity ( its hi/oric traditions & at 
e new juncture bobs & ducks be=e !      
int]e/s & prejudices ( its habitual     
cli5tle1 :ile x seeks to outwit !       

opposite p>ty by popul> agitation aga9/ 
p]si/5t wrongs & abuses or by new       
campaign cat*-words & o!r devices4 ,b   
!re is no fur!r ?\ght ( consi/5tly /&+  
by any fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,?is       
hap-haz>d propp+ up ( ! p>ty programme  
is ev9c$ by ! fact t ei!r p>ty is divid$
 on almo/ e "q1 & ! pref]5ce ( !        
majority becomes ! policy ( ! p>ty only 
?r\gh ! /rict discipl9e & suppression ( 
! m9ority4 ,! ,republicans won 9 _!     
campaign = imp]ialism1 & yet no         
anti-imp]iali/ rais$ 8 voice m l\dly ?an
 ! ,republican ,s5ator ,ho>4 ,!         
,democrats acclaim$ ! silv] s*emes (    
,bryan1 b ! ,gold ,democrats numb]$ on  
_! side really all ! be/ m5 ( ! p>ty4   
,aga91 on o!r important issues bo?      
p>ties w adopt ! same plat=m z soon z !y
 see t ! masses are b\nd to vote t way4 
,?us nei!r p>ty w op5ly come out =      
tru/s1 b bo? p>ties boa/ ( deprecat+ !m2
 & bo? pr(ess likewise to uphold        
civil-s]vice re=m4 ,?is is s mu* ! case 
t x has (t5 be5 obs]v$ t )9 a wide range

 ! programmes ( ! two p>ties 9 no way   
conflict4 ,"o p>ty extols t :i* ! o!r   
has nev] oppos$1 & ! semblance ( a      
diff]5ce is kept up only by su* insi/5t 
vocif]ation ( ! policy z implies "s sly 
& p[]ful ga9say]4 ,& !n ) ! same        
hi/rionic rage comes ! o!r p>ty & p\nces
 on "s sc&al :i* ! fir/ _h nev] ?\ght ( 
sanction+4 ,9 %ort1 !re are no p>ties   
to-day b ! p[]ful election organizations
 :i* h no o!r end 9 view ?an to come    
into p[] at :atev] co/4 ,x %\ld seem    
bett] :olly to give up ! outliv$ issues1
 & to h only indep5d5t c&idates :o1 )\t 
reg>d to p>ty pressure1 w\ld be gr\p$   
accord+ to _! attitude on ! *ief        
problems ( ! day4  ,& yet1 aft] ! wor/  
has ?us be5 said1 we f9d ourselves /ill 
f> remov$ f ! facts4 ,ea* sep>ate *>ge  
may be true1 b ! :ole be false &        
mislead+3 ev5 al?\gh _m a p>ty adh]5t   
admits ! ju/ness ( ! *>act]ization1 &   
decl>es t ! p>ty mu/ decide e case 8on  
its m]its10 & t to hold to pr9ciples is 
inexp$i5t 9 politics4 ,= ! pr9ciples    

exi/1 nev]!less1 & h exi/$1 & !y dom9ate
 mightily ! great to & fro ( p>ty       
movem5ts4 ,j z !re h always be5 p]sons  
:o pret5d to d$uce ! entire hi/ory (    
,europe f petty c\rt intrigues &        
jeal\sies ( ! ante-room or ! b\doir1 s  
!re w always be wise-heads 9 ,am]ica to 
see ?r\gh p>ty do+s1 & d$uce ev]y?+ f ! 
speculative manipulations ( a c\ple (   
bank+ h\ses or ! private s*emes ( a sug>
 magnate or a silv] k+4 ,su*            
explanations nev] g begg+ = a cr$ul\s   
public1 s9ce mank9d has a deep-root$    
crav+ to see l[ness put on exhibition4  
,no man is a h]o1 x is said1 9 ! eyes ( 
8 valet4 ,nations1 too1 h _! valets2 & )
 !m1 too1 ! fact is n t !re are no      
h]oes1 b t a valet c see only ) ! eyes (
 a valet4  ,x is true t ! p>ty l9es (   
to-day h develop$ f ! conflict+ motives 
( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,b ! fundam5tal error   
:i* prev5ts all insight into ! deep]    
connections1 lies 9 suppos+ t !         
anti-slav]y p>ty 0 fir/ inspir$ by !    
individual fate ( ! negro1 or 9 g5]al ! 

fre$om ( ! individual4 ,we mu/ recall "s
 ( ! facts ( hi/ory4 ,! "q ( slav]y did 
n make its fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ye> #ahfj1
 :5 ! ,republican p>ty became important4
 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! plantation own]s ( 
! ,s\?1 to :om slave lab\r 0 app>5tly   
indisp5sable1 & ! indu/ry & trade ( !   
,nor?1 :i* _h no ne$ ( slaves1 _h exi/$ 
f ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury & 0 9 itself no   
reason = ! =mation ( political p>ties4  
,x 0 ma9ly an economic "q :i*1 toge!r ) 
_m o!r factors1 l$ to a f>-rea*+        
opposition betwe5 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates &
 ! ,s\?1 an opposition :i* 0 /r5g!n$1 to
 be sure1 by ! moral scruples ( !       
,puritanical ,nor?4 ,b ! e>li] p>ties 7 
n m>k$ (f by degrees ( latitude1 &      
fur!rmore ! ,s\!rn] 0 by no means lack+ 
9 p]sonal sympa?y = ! negro4 ,! "q fir/ 
came into politics indirectly4 ,x 0 9 ^?
 ye>s :5 ! ,union 0 pu%+ out into !     
,we/1 tak+ 9 new t]ritories & !n mak+ !m
 into /ates by act ( ,congress1 accord+ 
to ! provisions ( ! ,con/itution4 ,9    
#ahai ! "q came up ( admitt+ ,miss\ri to

 ! ,union1 & n[ = ! fir/ "t ,congress   
fac$ ! problem z to :e!r slav]y %\ld be 
all[$ 9 a new /ate4 ,! ,s\? wi%$ x & !  
,nor? oppos$ x4 ,congress f9ally decid$ 
t ,miss\ri %\ld be a slave /ate1 b t 9 !
 future slav]y %\ld be =bidd5 nor? ( a  
c]ta9 geographical l9e4 ,?us slav]y came
 to be recogniz$ z a "q )9 !            
jurisdiction ( ! f$]al ,congress4 ,:]e)1
 if ,congress %\ld vote aga9/ slav]y by 
a suffici5t majority1 x c\ld =bid !     
practice 9 all ! ,s\!rn /ates4 ,& ?is   
w\ld mean _! ru94  ,x came ?us to be = !
 int]e/ ( ! ,s\!rn /ates1 :i* at t "t _h
 a majority1 to see to x t = e free /ate
 admitt$ to ! ,union !re %\ld be at lea/
 "o new slave /ate2 ?is 9 ord] to hold  
_! majority 9 ,congress4 ,n[ x happ5$ at
 t "t t ! t]ritories :i*1 by reason ( _!
 population1 w\ld h next to be admitt$1 
lay all nor? ( ! appo9t$ b\nd>y & w\ld1 
!re=e1 be free /ates4 ,!re=e !          
slave-hold]s promulgat$ ! !ory t        
,congress _h exce$$ its jurisdiction &  
int]f]$ ) ! rights ( ! individual /ates4

 ,! matt] 0 br\ght be=e ! ,supreme      
,c\rt1 & 9 #aheg a v]dict 0 giv5 :i*    
upheld ! new !ory4 ,?us ,congress1 t is1
 ! ,union z a :ole1 c\ld n =bid slav]y 9
 any place1 b mu/ leave ! matt] = ea*   
/ate to decide4 ,h]e) an important      
political issue 0 creat$1 & a "p ( !    
c\ntry /ood out = ! rights ( ! ,union1 a
 "p = ^? ( ! individual /ates4 ,! gr\p (
 m5 :o at t "t =esaw t ! :ole ,union 0  
?reat5$1 if s f>-rea*+ rights 7 to be   
conc$$ to ! /ates1 0 ! ,republican p>ty4
 ,x rose up defiantly = ! might & "r ( !
 f$]ation1 & w\ld n p]mit "o ( ! mo/    
important social & economic que/ions to 
be tak5 out ( ! h&s ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t 
& left to local *oice4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 n 
a matt] ( *ance t slav]y became !       
occasion ( dispute1 b ! real "q at issue
 0 ! jurisdiction ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t4 
,! f$]al p>ty won1 "u ! lead]%ip (      
,abraham ,l9coln4 ,8 election 0 ! signal
 = ! slave /ates to sec$e1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a 
be+ ! fir/4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahfa1 ^! /ates
 =m$ a ,conf$]ation1 & ! ,union 0 =mally

 cleft4 ,9 8 inaugural spee* ( ! foll[+ 
,m>*1 ,l9coln firmly decl>$ t ! ,union  
mu/ be pres]v$ at all co/4 ,! ,civil ,w>
 began 9 ,april1 & aft] fe>ful fight+ ! 
secessioni/s 7 return$ to ! ,union1 all 
slaves 7 fre$1 & ! ,s\!rn /ates 7       
recon/ruct$ aft] ! ideas ( ! ,republican
 p>ty4 ,! oppos+ p>ty1 ! ,democratic1 0 
! p>ty ( dec5tralization4 ,its programme
 0 ! fre$om ( ! individual /ate b n !   
s]vitude ( ! individual man4  ,:5 "o    
und]/&s 9 ?is way ! diff]5ce betwe5 !   
two p>ties1 "o sees t ! ,republicans 7 n
 = fre$om nor ! ,democrats = slav]y1 b !
 ,republicans 7 = a m complete          
subord9ation ( ! /ates to ! f$]ation & !
 ,democrats 7 = ! conv]se4 ,?is is a v  
diff]5t po9t ( view1 & f x v mu* :i*    
seems incompatible ) ! attitude ( ! two 
p>ties t[>d ! "q ( slav]y may n[ be se5 
z a necess>y hi/orical consequ5ce4  ,if 
we ca/ a glance at =ego+ decades1 we see
 t ev] s9ce ! e>ly days ( ! republic !re
 has be5 h>dly a "t :5 ^! two =ces1 !   
c5traliz+ & ! dec5traliz+1 h n be5 9    

play4 ,x has la9 deep 9 ! nature (      
,teutonic peoples to pull ap>t f "o     
ano!r1 :ile at ! same "t ! /ruggle =    
exi/5ce has =c$ !m to /rong & well      
unifi$ organization1 s t sc>cely a s+le 
,teutonic p has be5 sp>$ t same         
opposition ( social =ces :i* is f\nd 9  
,am]ica4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,con/itution      
itself c be und]/ood only ) ref]5ce to  
^! antagoni/ic t5d5cies4 ,! c\ntry want$
 to be free ( ! mis]able unc]ta9ty1 !   
int]nal discord & outw>d weakness :i*   
foll[$ ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce2 x   
want$ ! /r5g? ( unity4 ,& yet e s+le    
/ate gu>d$ jeal\sly its own rights1     
suspect$ e o!r /ate1 & wi%$ to be ensur$
 aga9/ any encroa*m5t ( ! f$]al p[]4 ,& 
s ! ,con/itution 0 drawn up ) special   
precautions ensur+ ! equilibrium ( p[]4 
,at once1 9 ,wa%+ton's cab9et1 bo?      
t5d5cies 7 di/9ctly & notably repres5t$4
 ,!re sat ! di/+ui%$ ,hamilton1 ! m9i/] 
( f9ance & fram] ( ! ,con/itution1 :o 0 
a tireless *ampion ( ! f$]al _s1 &      
beside him sat ,jeff]son1 ! m9i/] (     

/ate1 :o w\ld h pref]r$ to h ! f$]ation 
transact no?+ b =eign affairs & :o      
believ$ 9 g5]al ! less ! legislation !  
bett] = ! p4 ,! adh]5ts ( ,hamilton's   
policy =m$ ! f$]ali/ p>ty1 :ile         
,jeff]son's support]s 7 call$ !         
,democratic ,republicans4 ,! names h    
*ang$ & ! special issues h alt]$ ) !    
progress ( ev5ts2 inde$1 app>5tly !     
c5trali/ p>ty has gone twice out (      
exi/5ce1 yet x 0 actually ?is p>ty ( :i*
 ,l9coln became ! lead]4 ,jeff]son's    
p>ty1 on ! o!r h&1 9 spite ( its *ange (
 "n1 has nev] z an organization ceas$ to
 exi/4 ,! ,democrats :o1 9 #ahfj1 wi%$  
to submit ! "q ( slav]y to ! individual 
/ates1 7 ! imm$iate heirs ( !           
anti-f$]ali/s :o _h elect$ _! fir/      
presid5t 9 #ahjj4  ,n[ if ! c5traliz+ & 
dec5traliz+ "* ( ! two p>ties is borne 9
 m9d1 _! fur!r developm5t d[n to !      
pres5t day c be und]/ood4 ,?is          
developm5t seems disconnect$ &          
contradictory only :5 ! slav]y "q is    
?\ght to be ! ma9 feature & !           

,republicans are acc\nt$ ! *ampions (   
fre$om & ! ,democrats ( slav]y4 ,ev5    
,bryce1 :o has furni%$ by f> ! be/      
acc\nt ( ! ,am]ican p>ty sy/em1         
und]e/imates some:at ! inn] cont9uity ( 
! p>ties4 ,ev5 he believes t ! *ief     
mission ( ! ,republican p>ty has be5 to 
d away ) slav]y & to recon/ruct ! ,s\!rn
 /ates1 & t s9ce ?is end 0 accompli%$ z 
f> back z 9 ! sev5ties1 new p>ties ought
 naturally to h be5 =m$ by ?is "t4      
,al?\gh ! old organizations h 9 fact    
p]si/$1 a c]ta9 vagu5ess & lack (       
vitality c be detect$1 he says1 9 bo?   
p>ties4 ,accord+ to t conception1 h[ev]1
 x w\ld be incompreh5sible :y ^? :o     
=m]ly w5t =? to put an end to slav]y n[ 
advance to br+ ! ,filip9os into         
subjection1 & to deta9 ! poor man f     
pur*as+ 8 necessities :]e !y are !      
*eape/4  ,z we h se51 ! ,democrats 7 !  
p>ty :i* 0 true to ! ,jeff]sonian       
pr9ciples1 & 9 opposition to ! support]s
 ( congressional au?ority def5d$ !      
rights & free play ( ! individual /ates4

 ,& ! ,republicans 7 ^? :o wi%$ to exalt
 beyond any o!r ! au?ority ( ! ,f$]al   
,gov]nm5t4 ,?is is ! key to ev]y?+ :i*  
has s9ce come to pass4 ,at ! la/        
presid5tial elections !re 7 ?ree great  
p>ty issues--! t>iff1 ! curr5cy1 & ! "q 
( expansion4 ,9 decid+ on all ?ree ( ^! 
po9ts1 ! p>ties h con=m$ to _! old      
pr9ciples4 ,free-trade v]sus protective 
t>iff 0 n a new bone ( cont5tion4       
,jeff]son's p>ty _h urg$ free-trade )   
all ! nations ( ! e>? at ! v beg9n+ ( ! 
c5tury1 &1 ( c\rse1 a dec5traliz+ p>ty  
:i* likes z little sup]vision &         
pat]nalism z possible1 w always conc$e  
to ! individual 8 "r to buy :at he      
requires :]e x w co/ ! lea/4 ,!         
,democrats did n oppose a t>iff =       
rev5ue1 to help defray ! public exp5ses1
 b !y object$ on pr9ciple to t fur!r    
t>iff :i* 0 laid on goods 9 ord] to keep
 ! prices ( !m high & s to protect home 
indu/ries4 ,! c5trali/s1 t is1 ! :igs or
 ! ,republicans1 on ! contr>y1 by _!    
supreme confid5ce 9 ! "o national       

gov]nm5t1 _h e>ly be5 l$ to expect f x a
 c]ta9 protection ( ! national m>ket &  
"s regulation ( ! economic /ruggle =    
exi/5ce4 ,& protective t>iff 0 "o ( !   
ma9 planks 9 _! plat=m e>ly 9 ! c5tury4 
,x is cle>1 once m1 t ! anti-c5trali/s  
_h a direct & natural int]e/ 9 ! small  
man1 8 economic weaknesses & burd5s2 e  
memb] ( society mu/ h equal "r &        
opportunity to "w out 8 c>e]4 ,x does n 
contradict ?is t ! ,democrats believ$ 9 
slav]y4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn /ates ! negro _h    
come 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations to be look$  
on z prop]ty1 z a possession to be held 
& utiliz$ 9 a special way1 & any feel+ (
 p]sonal responsibility 0 ( a patri>*al 
& n a political nature4 ,! peculi>ly    
democratic elem5t 9 ! position tak5 0 ! 
dem& t ! slav]y "q be left ) ! sep>ate  
/ates to decide4 ,z soon z fell[ citiz5s
 7 conc]n$1 ! anti-c5trali/ p>ty held   
true to its pr9ciples ( look+ out = !   
memb]s on ! p]iph]y ( society4 ,9 ?is   
way ! p>ty fav\r$ ! progressive income  
tax1 & has always esp\s$ any cause :i*  

w\ld assi/ ! work+-man aga9/ ! sup]ior  
=ce ( protect$ capital1 or ! f>m] aga9/ 
! ma*9ations ( ! /ock m>ket4 ,!         
exagg]at$ notions z to ! silv] /&>d (   
curr5cy orig9at$ outside ( ! ,democratic
 p>ty1 & h intr9sically no?+ to d )     
democracy4 ,b z soon z a consid]able "p 
( ! p f "o cause or ano!r began really  
to believe t no?+ b a silv] curr5cy c\ld
 relieve ! condition ( ! artisans &     
f>m]s1 x became logically necess>y = !  
p>ty :i* oppos$ c5tralization to adopt &
 fo/] ?is panacea1 h[ev] s5seless x     
might seem to ! m ?\ghtful elem5ts )9 ! 
p>ty4 ,& x 0 no less necess>y = ! p>ty  
:i* upholds f$]al au?ority to oppose    
unconditionally any?+ :i* w\ld endang] !
 co9age & cr$it ( ! c\ntry4 ,! gold /&>d
 is specifically a ,republican doctr9e  
only :5 x is und]/ood to repudiate &    
oppose all risky exp]im5t+ )            
bimetallism4  ,9 ! new imp]iali/ic      
movem5t1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 ! ,democrats  
:o 7 put on ! def5sive4 ,any "o :o leans
 t[>d individualism mu/ in/9ctively lean

 away f milit>ism1 :i* makes = /r5g? at 
! c5tre2 f aggressive movem5ts to annex 
new l&s1 :]eby ! own]s are depriv$ ( _! 
natural rights to manage _! own affairs1
 & f any m$dl+ ) int]national politics1 
= ?is involves necess>ily increas$      
discretion>y p[]s = ! c5tral gov]nm5t4  
,x is n t ! ,democrats c>e less = !     
greatness ( _! fa!rl&1 b !y despise t   
j+o patriotism :i* ab&ons ! traditions (
 ! c\ntry by br++ =eign peoples into    
subjection4 ,x is left = ! c5trali/s to 
meet ! new situation squ>ely1 und]take  
new responsibilities1 & conv9ce ! nation
 t x is /rong & mature en\gh n[ to play 
a decisive rle 9 ! politics ( ! _w4 ,&  
?us ! two great p>ties are by no mann] (
 means two rudd]less d]elicts c>ri$ hi!r
 & ?i!r by ! curr5ts ev] s9ce ! ,civil  
,w>1 b1 r1 great ?ree-deck]s foll[+ )\t 
sw]ve _! appo9t$ c\rses4  ,! p>ties h   
sometimes be5 di/+ui%$ z cons]vative &  
lib]al1 b ?is is r a rem9isc5ce (       
conditions 9 ,europe4 ,bo? ( ! p>ties   
are really cons]vative1 z results f bo? 

! ,am]ican "* & ! nature ( ! p>ty       
organization4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ radical      
,democratic ga!r+ ! great appeal is nev]
 made 9 behalf ( "s advantage\s or      
brilliant innovation b on ! gr\nds (    
adh]5ce to ! old1 reliable1 & well-nigh 
sacr$ p>ty pr9ciples4 ,if ei!r p>ty is  
at pres5t dep>t+ f ! traditions ( ! pa/1
 x is ! ,republican p>ty1 :i* has always
 figur$ z ! m cons]vative ( ! two4 ,yet 
su* a di/9ction is p>tly true1 s9ce !   
c5trali/s 9 con=mity to _! pr9ciples mu/
 specially ma9ta9 ! ,f$]al au?ority &   
prec$5t1 :ile ! ,democratic p>ty is m   
naturally incl9$ to give e> to          
discont5t$ spirits1 clev] innovators1 & 
fanta/ic re=m]s1 le/ "s dec5traliz+     
en]gy %\ld be suppress$4 ,s !           
,republican p>ty ga9s a fundam5tal &    
*e]ful complac5ce ) ! prevail+ ord] (   
?+s1 :ile ! ,democratic p>ty1 ev5 :5 x  
is 9 p[]1 c nev] come q to re/4 ,!      
contra/ is n t betwe5 ri* & poor2 !     
,democratic p>ty has its quota (        
millionaires1 & ! ,republican has1 =    

in/ance1 9 its negro cli5tage _m ( !    
poore/ 9 ! l&4 ,b ! ,republican p>ty is 
fill$ ) self-satisfaction & !           
consci\sness ( p[] & success1 :ile !    
,democrats are =ev] measur+ ! actual    
accord+ to an ideal :i* c nev] be       
realiz$4 ,l all c5trali/s1 !            
,republicans are ess5tially opportuni/s 
& matt]-(-fact politicians2 & !         
,democrats1 l all anti-c5trali/s1 are   
ideali/s & en?usia/s4 ,x has be5 well   
said t a ,democratic committee is       
conduct$ l a debat+ club1 b a           
,republican l a meet+ ( ! /ockhold]s 9 a
 corporation4  ,^! facts cle>ly h9t at a
 c]ta9 p]sonal factor :i* influ5ces !   
citiz5's allegiance to "o or o!r ( !    
p>ties4 ,9 meet+ a man on a j\rney "o   
has v soon ! impression1 ?\gh "o may (t5
 be mi/ak51 z to :at p>ty he belongs to1
 al?\gh he may n h spok5 a ^w ab\t      
politics4 ,b m di/9ctive ?an ! p]sonal  
bias are ! gr\p+s by classes & regions  
:i* h come ab\t dur+ ! c\rse ( "t4 ,9 ! 
,nor? & ,we/ ! ,republicans h ! majority

 among ! educat$ classes1 b 9 ! ,s\? !  
educat$ p are ,democrats1 p>ticul>ly    
s9ce ! negro population !re holds to !  
old abolition p>ty1 s t ! :ites are ! m 
ready to be on ! o!r side4 ,! l[]       
classes are mov$ by ! mo/ div]se        
motives2 ! f>m] is incl9$ to be         
,republican & ! artisan ( ! cities      
,democratic2 ,prote/ants are m (t5      
,republicans & ,ca?olics ,democrats1 a  
p>tition :i* began ) ! e>ly             
id5tification ( ! ,puritan cl]gy ( ,new 
,engl& ) ! ,republican p>ty4 ,?is       
result$ 9 an affiliation ( ,ca?olicism &
 ,democracy :i* has _h v important      
consequ5ces1 p>ticul>ly 9 municipal     
politics2 ! ,iri%1 :o are inv>iably     
,ca?olics1 vote ) ! ,democratic p>ty4 ,!
 ,g]mans & ,sw$es1 specially 9 ! ,we/1  
are mo/ly ,republicans4 ,9 ^! ways ! mo/
 complicat$ comb9ations h come ab\t1    
p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,middle ,we/1 :]e _m ( ! 
l>g] /ates are always unc]ta9 at        
election "t4 ,9 ! elections ( ! ,/ate ( 
,new ,york1 ! ,democrats & ,republicans 

h be5 alt]nately successful4 ,v (t5 !   
capital city votes diff]5tly f ! rural  
di/ricts1 z 9 ,massa*usetts1 :i* is a   
/alw>t ,republican /ate1 al?\gh ,bo/on1 
ow+ to ! ,iri% population1 is           
,democratic4                    99      
99       99       99       99  ,^!      
consid]ations z to ! gr\p+s ( ! p>ty    
adh]5ts br+ u directly to our second    
"q--:o are ! p>ty politicians8 ,we h    
aim$ to refute ! ass]tion t ! p>ties are
 )\t _! pr9ciples1 b !re is ! fur!r     
ass]tion t ! politicians are )\t        
pr9ciples4 ,9 ask+ :e!r politics are    
really 9 ! h&s ( unscrupul\s m51 "o %\ld
 fir/ asc]ta9 :e!r !re are any hon\rable
 motives :i* w\ld lead a man to devote  
himself !reto4 ,& x appe>s t n[h]e else 
are !re su* p[]ful inducem5ts = a       
consci5ti\s man to g into politics4     
,fir/ ( all !re is ! be/ possible       
motive1 ! wi% to see "o's c\ntry gov]n$ 
accord+ to "o's own ideas ( ju/ice &    
progress1 & ! desire to "w 9 ?is way = !
 hon\r1 security1 & welf>e ( ! nation4  

,any "o :o has witness$ ! ,am]ican      
presid5tial elections once or twice w be
 conv9c$ t ! ov]:elm+ majority ( vot]s  
ca/s its votes 9 a truly e?ical _s1     
al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! moral feel+ is n[ m1 
n[ less1 pr(\nd4 ,at times :5 te*nical  
matt]s are *iefly ! ord] ( ! day1 or at 
be/ matt]s ( exp$i5cy1 en?usiasm = a    
p>ty victory has to be kept up 9 o!r    
ways2 b :5 x comes to que/ions ( !      
national solid>ity & hon\r1 or ( ju/ice 
& fre$om1 !n really high e?ical         
en?usiasm holds place be=e all o!r      
political motives4 ,9 fact1 ! ke5 p>ty  
_s ( ! ,am]ican is r 9 dang] ( mak+ him 
feel a virtu\s indignation aga9/ !      
oppos+ p>ty1 ev5 9 reg>d to purely      
te*nical issues1 z if x _h fall5 into   
m]e frivolity or be5 crim9ally          
irresponsible4 ,& 9 ?is way ! ,am]ican  
is nev] at a loss = a moral /ream ( "s  
sort to keep ! political mill-:eel      
turn+4  ,aft] patriotic en?usiasm come !
 economic & social motives :i* ev5 ! mo/
 high-fl[n ideali/ w\ld n designate z   

corrupt4 ,x is n only j1 b x is actually
 ! ideal ( politics t e portion ( !     
population1 e class & call+1 z well z e 
geographical section1 %\ld see its      
peculi> int]e/s br\ght up = political   
debate4 ,x is possible = an equilibrium 
( all exi/+ =ces to be rea*$ only :5 all
 elem5ts alike are aw>e ( _! *ance to   
ass]t !mselves4 ,no?+ c\ld be ga9$ if   
agriculture 7 to become political       
sponsor = ! indu/rial int]e/s1 or if    
indu/ry 7 to assume ! c>e & protection (
 agriculture4 ,a due & prop] emphasis by
 ! respective int]e/s ( _! own ne$s w   
always be an hon\rable &1 = ! public    
welf>e1 useful inc5tive to political    
effici5cy4 ,x is n to be d\bt$ t 9 ?is  
way ,am]ican politics h always induc$   
millions ( citiz5s to ! livelie/        
p>ticipation4 ,z we h se51 free-trade & 
protective t>iff grew out ( ! *ief dem&s
 ( ! two p>ties2 b ?is does n prev5t !  
same p>ty opposition f /&+ 9 a way = !  
div]se & p>tly contradictory int]e/s (  
,nor!rn indu/ry & ,s\!rn plantation     

life4 ,h5ce ! p>ties are imm$iately     
int]e/$ 9 trade & comm]ce4 ,9 a simil>  
way ! int]e/s ( ! ,we/ h be5 b\nd up 9  
bimetallism s*emes1 :ile ! comm]cial    
integrity ( ! ,ea/ dep5ds on a gold     
curr5cy4 ,legislation affect+ tru/s &   
banks & ! policy ( expansion t\* "s ( ! 
deepe/ economic problems1 & summon all  
^? conc]n$ to come =w>d & play _! "p4 ,!
 same holds true ( social int]e/s4 ,!   
negro1 /ruggl+ aga9/ legislation aim$   
directly at himself1 seeks social       
protection ?r\gh ! ,republican p>ty1    
:ile ! ,iri%1 ,sw$es1 & ,russians also  
look = political recognition to advance 
_! social int]e/s4  ,n[ ^! moral1       
social1 & economic motives int]e/ !     
citiz5 ( e l& 9 politics2 b !re are o!r 
consid]ations "h 9 play1 :i*1 al?\gh no 
less hon\rable1 figure less importantly 
9 ,g]many = example4 ,fir/ ( all /&s    
loyalty to ! traditions ( "o's p>ty4 ,! 
son jo9s ! p>ty ( 8 fa!r1 & is true to x
 = life4 ,9 ?is way _m are held 9 ! p>ty
 net :o o!rwise might n agree to its    

g5]al t5ets4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e !re are _m 
p>ties ) only slight %ades ( diff]5ce1  
:]e1 say1 ! national-lib]als are only a 
/ep remov$ f ! indep5d5ts or !          
indep5d5t-cons]vatives1 ea* new election
 p]iod (f]s ! vot] a free *oice betwe5  
p>ties4 ,b :]e !re are only two camps a 
p>ty loyalty is develop$ :i* leaves v   
mu* less to p]sonal incl9ation1 & makes 
possible a firm p>ty discipl9e4 ,!n !   
citiz5 may come to say ( 8 p>ty z ( 8   
fa!rl&1 8,x may be "r or wrong1 x is    
/ill my p>ty40 ,a man l ,ho> may use all
 ! =ce ( 8 rhetoric to condemn          
imp]ialism & to /igmatize x z a crime1 &
 he may leave no /one unturn$ to br+ 8  
own ,republican p>ty to ab&on !         
imp]iali/ic policy1 & yet1 if 8         
recomm5dations are (ficially outvoic$1  
he w n falt] 9 support+ ! regul>        
c&idates ( 8 p>ty1 imp]iali/s ?\gh !y   
be1 z aga9/ ! anti-imp]iali/ ,democratic
 c&idates4 ,! typical ,am]ican w r wait 
= 8 own p>ty to take up & correct !     
evils :i* he mo/ deplores ?an g ov] to !

 o!r p>ty :i* may be already work+ = !  
same re=ms4  ,to be sure1 !re are       
,am]icans :o acc\nt ?is po9t ( view n>r[
 or ev5 culpable1 & :o res]ve ! "r (    
judg+ ! programmes ( bo? p>ties afre%   
ea* "t & ( ca/+ _! lot on ! side :i* !y 
f9d to be "r4 ,! example ( ,c>l ,s*urz w
 be readily recall$1 :o 9 #ahif deliv]$ 
notable spee*es 9 fav\r ( ,mc,kinley    
aga9/ ,bryan1 b came out 9 #aijj =      
,bryan z aga9/ ,mc,kinley4 ,he 0 a      
,republican on ! fir/ occasion1 because 
at t "t ! "q ( curr5cy 0 9 ! =egr\nd1 & 
he ?\ght x p>am\nt to pres]ve ! gold    
/&>d1 :ile 9 ! next election he w5t ov] 
to ! ,democrats because ! "q ( expansion
 _h come to ! =e1 & he pref]r$ !        
%ort-sight$ silv] policy to ! unrighte\s
 programme ( w> & subjugation4 ,! numb] 
( su* indep5d5t politicians is n small1 
& among !m are _m ( ! f9e/ *>act]s 9 !  
l&4 ,beh9d !m comes ! consid]able class 
( vot]s :o may be won ov] to ei!r p>ty  
by mom5t>y consid]ations ( bus9ess      
prosp]ity1 by any popul> agitation = !  

sake ( be+ ) ! cr[d1 by p]sonal         
sympa?ies or antipa?ies1 or m]ely ?r\gh 
discont5t ) ! prevail+ rgime4 ,if !re 7 
n an appreciable "p ( ! p to oscillate 9
 ?is way betwe5 ! p>ties1 ! elections   
w\ld fall out ! same way f ye> to ye>1 !
 result c\ld always be told be=eh&1 &   
nei!r p>ty w\ld h any inc5tive to active
 ef=t2 9 %ort1 political life w\ld      
/agnate4 ,?us ! citiz5s :o owe no p>ty  
allegiance b take sides accord+ to !    
m]its ( ! case are v effici5t           
practically3 9 a way !y repres5t !      
consci5ce ( ! c\ntry1 & yet ?ree-f\r?s (
 ! population w\ld look on _! political 
cre$ ) suspicion1 or1 inde$1 contempt4  
,!y w\ld insi/ t ! ,am]ican sy/em ne$s  
great p>ties1 & t p>ties _c be          
practically effective if !re is no      
discipl9e 9 _! organization--t is1 if ! 
m9ority ( _! memb]%ip is n ready to     
submit *e]fully to ! w ( ! majority4 ,if
 any man wi%es to make re=ms1 he %\ld   
fir/ set ab\t to re=m 8 p>ty4 ,:]eas1 if
 on e diff]5ce ( op9ion he goes ov] to !

 enemy's camp1 he simply de/roys all    
respect = ! weight ( a majority1 & !re) 
und]m9es all democracy4 ,x is z if a    
p>ty1 :i* f\nd itself defeat$ at !      
polls1 %\ld />t a revolution2 :]eas x is
 ! pride ( ! ,am]ican p to accept )\t   
prote/ ! gov]nm5t :i* ! majority has    
*os54 ,& s p>ty allegiance is tak5 z !  
m>k ( political maturity1 & ! m5 :o hold
 !mselves sup]ior to _! p>ties are      
influ5tial at ! polls1 b 9 ! p>ty camps 
!y see _! argum5ts held 9 light e/eem4  
,!y are mi/ru/$ by ! popul> m9d4  ,9    
addition to all ?is ! ,am]ican happ5s to
 be a born politician4 ,on ! "o h& ! m]e
 te*nique ( politics fasc9ates him2 e   
boy is acqua9t$ ) p>liam5t>y =ms1 & to  
frame am5dm5ts or file demurr]s appeals 
va/ly to 8 fancy4 ,x is an h]$it>y      
trait4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he f9ds 9 ! p>ty ! 
mo/ div]sifi$ social environm5t :i* he  
may hope to meet4 ,aside f 8 *ur*1 !    
f>m] or artisan f9ds 8 sole social      
inspiration 9 8 p>ty1 :]e ! political   
assemblies & contact ) m5 ( l op9ions ) 

himself make him feel vividly t he is a 
free & equal p>ticipant 9 ! mighty game4
 ,moreov]1 local int]e/s _c be sep>at$ f
 ^? ( ! /ate1 nor ^! f ! affairs ( !    
:ole c\ntry2 = ! p>ty l9es are drawn ev5
 9 ! smalle/ community1 & dom9ate public
 discussions :e!r great or small1 s t   
ev5 ^? :o feel no int]e/ 9 national     
que/ions b are conc]n$ only ) local     
re=ms1 p]haps ! s*ool sy/em or ! police 
bo>d1 f9d !mselves1 nev]!less1 drawn    
into ! ma*9]y ( ! great national p>ties4
  ,yet ano!r motive induces ! ,am]ican  
to ent] politics1 a motive :i* is nei!r 
good nor bad4 ,p>ty politics h = _m an  
aspect ( sport1 z c be easily und]/ood f
 ! ,anglo-,saxon delight 9 competition &
 ! ne>ly equal /r5g? ( ! two p>ties4    
,all ! m>ks ( sport c be se5 9 ! daily  
calculations & ! ridicul\s wag]s :i* are
 made1 & 9 ! preval5t desire to be on ! 
side ( ! w9n]4 ,n o!rwise c ! p>ades1   
tor*-light processions1 & o!r           
demon/rations be expla9$1 :i* are       
suppos$ to inspire ! indiff]5t or wav]+ 

) ! conviction t ?is p>ty & n ! o!r w   
come out victori\s4  ,! ,am]ican1 x is  
se51 has ample inducem5ts to engage 9 ! 
activities ( p>ty1 f ! noble/ patriotic 
en?usiasm d[n to ! m]e excitem5t ov] a  
sport4 ,& x is d\btless ^! v>i\s motives
 :i* su/a9 ! p>ties 9 _! activity &     
supply su* an inexhau/ible sum ( en]gy  
to ! nation's politics4 ,by !m ! masses 
are kept busily turn+ ! political :eels 
& s provid$ ) a political s*ool+ su* z  
!y get 9 no o!r c\ntry4  ,b we h se5 t  
to enli/ 9 ! s]vice ( a political p>ty  
means m ?an to discuss & vote           
consci5ti\sly1 to "w on committees1 or  
to contribute to ! p>ty treasury4 ,e    
detail ( elections1 local or national1 9
 e "p ( ! c\ntry1 has to be plann$ &    
work$ out by ! p>ty organization2 &     
p>ticul>ly 9 ! matt] ( nom9ation (      
c&idates by ! memb]s ( ! p>ty1 ! "w (   
arrang+ & agitat+ "o s*eme or ano!r has 
become a v]itable sci5ce1 dem&+ f> m ?an
 m]ely amateur ability4 ,x mu/ n be     
=gott5 t 9 que/ions ( a majority !      

,am]ican complac5t good hum\r is put    
aside4 ,! p>ty caucuses are manag$ on   
su* bus9ess-l me?ods t ev5 9 ! mo/ /ormy
 debates ! m9ute/ po9ts ( exp$i5cy are  
kept well 9 m9d4 ,if ! sev]al int]e/s   
are n repres5t$ ) all t exp]tness ) :i* 
an attorney at c\rt w\ld plead ! cause (
 a cli5t1 _! case is z good z lo/4 ,!   
manag]s h to /udy & "k ! lea/ details1  
be acqua9t$ ) p]sonal & local           
conditions1 ) ! attitude ( ! press1 ( ! 
(ficials1 & ( ! o!r p>ty lead]s4 ,^?    
memb]s ( ! organization :o conduct !    
l>ge f$]al sections & s deal ) m ?an    
local affairs1 h to be at once lawy]s1  
f9anci]s1 g5]als1 & diplomats4 ,%rewd   
comb9ations h to be devis$ 9 :i* city1  
/ate1 & national que/ions are nicely    
int]wov5 & matt]s ( p]sonal tact &      
ab/ract "r made to play into ea* o!r2 & 
^! arrangem5ts mu/ be c>ri$ out ) an    
en]gy & discretion t w require !        
undivid$ att5tion ( any man :o hopes to 
succe$ at ! bus9ess4 ,?us ! ,am]ican    
conditions dem& 9 ! way ( organization &

 agitation su* an outlay ( /r5g? z c\ld 
n be expect$ ( ! citiz5s ( any c\ntry1  
except 9 times ( w>1 unless 9 addition  
to patriotic motives "s m concrete      
inducem5ts %\ld be (f]$4 ,& ?us !re are 
c]ta9 advantages & rew>ds accru+ to ! m5
 :o devote !mselves to ?is indisp5sable 
"w4  ,! fir/ ( ^! inducem5ts is1        
presumably1 hon\r4 ,! p]sonal di/9ctions
 :i* may be gott5 9 politics _c easily  
be e/imat$ aft] ,g]man /&>ds4 ,!re are  
bo? cr$its & debits :i* ! ,g]man does n 
suspect4 ,to ! =m] belongs ! important  
fact t all (fices up to ! v highe/ c be 
rea*$ only by ! way ( p>ty politics4 ,! 
positions ( presid5t1 ambassadors1      
gov]nors1 s5ators1 m9i/]s1 & s =? are   
all provid$ ) sal>ies1 b su* inadequate 
ones z comp>$ ) ! scale ( liv+ :i* is   
expect$ ( ! incumb5ts t no "o w\ld ev5  
accept any ( ^! positions = ! sake ( !  
remun]ation4 ,9 mo/ cases an actual     
f9ancial sacrifice has to be made1 s9ce 
! hold+ ( (fice is n an assur$ c>e]1 b r
 a brief int]ruption ( "o's private     

bus9ess4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 moreov]1 
t a civil (fice c>ries no p5sion4 ,& ?us
 x frequ5tly happ5s t a man ends 8      
political c>e] because he has sp5t all (
 8 money1 or because he feels x a duty  
to secure 8 f9ancial position4 ,re$1 :o 
0 9 a way ! mo/ important ,republican   
lead]1 gave up 8 position z speak] ( !  
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & broke (f all  
political entanglem5ts 9 ord] to become 
p>tn] 9 a law firm4 ,9 ! same way       
,h>rison1 on retir+ f ! presid5cy1      
resum$ 8 practice ( law1 & ,day resign$ 
! secret>y%ip ( /ate because 8 f9ancial 
res\rces 7 n adequate4 ,an ambassador   
h>dly expects 8 sal>y to be m ?an a     
fraction ( 8 exp5ditures4 ,n[ ?is       
circum/ance ne$ excite no pity1 s9ce !re
 is an abundance ( ri* m5 9 ,am]ica1 & !
 ,s5ate has be5 nicknam$ !              
,millionaire's ,club2 b x %\ld s]ve to  
%[ t hon\r1 pre/ige1 & influ5ce are !   
real inc5tives to a political c>e]1 & n 
! 8almighty doll>10 z c]ta9 detractors  
w\ld h "o believe4 ,!re are p]sons1 to  

be sure1 :o h gott5 money 9 politics1 b 
!y are few & insignificant beside ^? :o 
h be5 9 politics because !y _h money4 ,!
 political c>e] 9 ,am]ica ?us (f]s      
great] social rew>ds ?an 9 ,g]many1 :]e 
! hold+ ( (fice is divorc$ f politics1  
:]e ! gov]nm5t is an h]$it>y mon>*y &   
/rongly influ5c$ by an h]$it>y          
ari/ocracy1 & :]e ev5 ! m]e/ mayor or   
city c\ncilman mu/ h 8 appo9tm5t        
confirm$ by ! gov]nm5t4  ,s9ce ! social 
premiums ( ! political life are s _m & s
 important x may seem a/oni%+ t ?is c>e]
 does n attract all ! be/ /r5g? ( !     
nation1 & ev5 emb>rass ! p>ties ) an    
ov]plus ( great m54 ,! reasons :y x does
 n are z foll[s3 ,fir/ly1 di/9ctions due
 m]ely to (fice or position h n 9 a     
democratic c\ntry ! same exclusive value
 :i* !y h ) an ari/ocratic nation4 ,!   
feel+ ( social equality is mu* /rong]1 &
 all consid]ation & reg>d are paid to a 
man's p]sonal qualities r ?an to 8      
/ation4 ,a l& :i* kn[s no nobility1     
titles1 or ord]s is uns*ool$ 9 ^!       

artificial di/9ctions1 & :ile !re is "s 
social diff]5tiation x is incomp>ably   
less4 ,"o looks = "o's neighb\r to be a 
g5tleman1 & is n conc]n$ to f9d out :at 
he does dur+ (fice h\rs4 ,! reputation &
 influ5ce :i* are e>n$ 9 political life 
are mu* m pot5t ?an any hon\r d]iv+ f   
position4 ,b "h is f\nd a second ret>d+ 
factor3 ! /ructure ( ,am]ican politics  
does n conduce to fame4 ,9 ,g]many !    
p>ty lead]s are con/antly 9 ! public    
eye2 !y deliv] important spee*es 9 !    
,rei*/ag or ! ,l&tag1 & _! oratorical   
a*ievem5ts are read 9 e home4 ,9 ,am]ica
 ! debates ( ,congress are v little     
read1 & ^? ( ! /ate legislatures almo/ n
 at all2 ! "w ( gov]nm5t is done 9      
committees4 ,! spee*es ( ! ,s5ate are ! 
mo/ likely to become kn[n1 & yet no "o  
becomes fam\s 9 ,am]ica ?r\gh 8         
p>liam5t>y utt]ances1 & public s5tim5t  
is seldom influ5c$ by oratorical        
p]=mances at ,wa%+ton4  ,9 ! ?ird place1
 e ,am]ican p>ty (fic] mu/ h s]v$ 9 !   
ranks & work$ 8 way up4 ,x is n e man's 

bus9ess to sp5d 8 "t ) ! disagreeable   
m9uti ( ! local p>ty organization2 & ev5
 if he does n dislike ! "w1 he may well 
object to ! society ) :i* he is ?r[n 9  
^! l[] political /rata4 ,a f\r? & p]haps
 ! pr9cipal item comes 9 "h4 ,9 its l[e/
 dep>tm5ts politics c be made to yield a
 pecuni>y return1 & = ?is reason        
attracts undesirable & p]haps           
unscrupul\s elem5ts ^: m]e co-op]ation  
is en\gh to disgu/ bett] m5 & to give ! 
purely political c>e] a l[] /atus 9     
public op9ion ?an might be expect$ 9 su*
 a ?or\ghly political community4  ,?is  
"q ( ! pecuni>y income f political      
s\rces is ev5 by ! ,am]icans !mselves   
seldom fairly treat$4 ,!re are ?ree     
possible s\rces ( income4 ,fir/ly1 !    
repres5tatives ( ! p are directly       
remun]at$2 secondly1 ! politician may   
obta9 a sal>i$ f$]al1 /ate1 or municipal
 (fice2 &1 ?irdly1 he may misuse 8      
influ5ce or 8 (fice unlawfully to enri* 
himself4 ,x is a regrettable fact t !   
fir/ s\rce ( rev5ue attracts a goodly   

numb] into politics4 ,x is n ! case )   
,congress1 b _m a man sits 9 ! /ate     
legislatures :o is !re only = ! sal>y1  
:ile 9 reality ! monet>y all[ance 0 nev]
 meant z an inducem5t b z a comp5sation1
 s9ce o!rwise _m w\ld be det]r$ altoge!r
 f politics4 ,b ! /ip5d is small &      
attracts no "o :o has capacity en\gh to 
e>n m 9 a regul> pr(ession4 ,x attracts1
 h[ev]1 all k9ds ( =lorn & ill-/>r$     
individuals1 :o !n scramble into local  
politics & d _! be/ to br+ ! call+ into 
disrepute4 ,& yet1 aft] all1 ^! are s   
small a fraction ( ! politicians z to be
 entirely negligible4 ,!re w\ld be mu*  
worse evils if ! sal>ies 7 to be        
aboli%$4 ,!re are o!rs :o make money 9  
crim9al ways1 & ( c\rse !y h ample      
opportunity = deception1 !ft1 &         
corruption 9 bo? t[n & c\ntry4 ,_! case 
is n op5 to any diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,x is
 easy = a memb] ( ! s*ool committee to  
get hold ( ! l& on :i* ! next s*ool-h\se
 is to be built1 & to sell x at a pr(it2
 or = a mayor to approve a /reet-c> l9e 

:i* is directly = ! advantage ( 8       
private associates2 or = a capta9 (     
police to accept hu% money f unlawful   
gambl+ h\ses4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t ?is sort 
( ?+ is possible1 & t ! p]petrators c ) 
difficulty be convict$1 yet !y          
occasionally are & !n get ! puni%m5t :i*
 !y des]ve4 ,b ?is is no m a "p ( !     
political sy/em ?an ! false entries ( an
 abscond+ ca%i] are a "p ( bank+4 ,& ev5
 if e unprov$ suspicion ( di%one/y 7 %[n
 to be well f\nd$1 ! m5 :o s abuse _!   
positions w\ld be z mu* ! exceptions z  
are ^? :o ent] politics = ! sake ( !    
sal>y4 ,we %all return lat] to ^!       
excresc5ces4  ,( ! ?ree s\rces ( income 
f politics1 only "o rema9s to be        
consid]$--! non-legislative b sal>i$    
(fices ) :i* ! politician may be rew>d$ 
= 8 pa9s4 ,?is is ! fir/ & sure/ means  
by :i* ! p>ty keeps its great &         
indisp5sable army ( reta9]s cont5t$ly at
 "w4 ,& "h ! famili> evils ent] 9 :i*   
are s (t5 held up = discussion 9        
,g]many4 ,an ,am]ican re=m]1 9 criticiz+

 ! condition ( ! p>ties1 is v apt n to  
di/+ui% betwe5 ! giv+ out ( (fices to   
pr(essional politicians z rew>ds & !    
lat] corrupt us+ ( ^! (fices by _!      
incumb5ts4 ,& z soon z ! politician     
receives an income f ! public treasury1 
! re=m] w cry 8/op ?ief40 ,! s-call$    
8spoils sy/em10 by :i* ! f$]al (fices 9 
! patronage ( ! ,presid5t are di/ribut$ 
to ^? :o h work$ h>de/ 9 ! int]e/s ( !  
victori\s p>ty1 w occupy our att5tion :5
 we come to ! political problems ( !    
day4 ,we %all h !n to m5tion !          
advantages & disadvantages ( civil      
s]vice re=m4 ,b x mu/ be said "r "h t1  
h[ev] comm5dable ?is re=m movem5t may be
 9 _m respects1 & 9 none m ?an 9 !      
increas$ effici5cy :i* x has effect$ 9 !
 public s]vice1 nev]!less ! spoils sy/em
 _c be call$ di%on\rable1 & no "o %\ld  
*>act]ize pr(essional politicians z     
abom9able reprobates because !y are     
will+ to accept civil positions z rew>ds
 f ! p>ty = :i* !y h lab\r$4  ,x is a   
usage :i* has no?+ to d ) ! corrupt     

exploitation ( (fice1 & ! ,g]man :o     
d]ives f x ! fav\rite prejudice aga9/ ! 
political life ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ n  
suppose t he has !reby ju/ifi$ ! ,g]man 
conception ( (fice4 ,q on ! contr>y1 no 
"o ev] expects ! ,g]man gov]nm5t to be/[
 (fices1 titles1 or ord]s on memb]s ( ! 
political opposition1 to confirm1 =     
in/ance1 an indep5d5t = ! position (    
,l&rat or a social democrat = city      
c\ncillor1 :ile co-op]ation 9 ! plans ( 
! gov]nm5t nev] goes unrew>d$4 ,above   
all1 a ,g]man nev] looks on 8 (ficial   
sal>y z a sort ( pres5t tak5 f ! public 
treasury1 b z ! ord9>y equival5t ( ! "w 
:i* he does1 :ile ! ,am]ican has a      
curi\s conception ( ! matt] q =eign to !
 ,g]man1 :i* is ! gr\nd = 8 contempt ( !
 8spoils sy/em40 ,to illu/rate by a %ort
 example3 a /ate attorney :o _h be5     
elect$ to ! same (fice "t aft] "t1 0    
ask$ to r5ew 8 c&idacy at ! com+        
elections4 ,b he decl9$ to d s1 &       
expla9$ t he _h be5 support$ = tw5ty    
ye>s out ( ! public funds1 & t x 0 !re=e

 high "t = him to e>n 8 own liv+ by !   
ord9>y practice ( law4 ,a ,g]man _c     
und]/& ?is conception1 traditional ?\gh 
x is 9 ,am]ica1 b he c easily see t !   
man :o %>es su* views z to public       
sal>ies w naturally consid] x an act (  
plund] :5 ! p>ty 9 p[] di/ributes ! be/ 
public po/s to its own foll[]s4  ,! case
 w\ld be some:at diff]5t if !           
politicians :o /ep into (fices 7        
ess5tially incapable or indol5t1 ?\gh   
?is is aside f ! pr9ciple 9 "q4 ,g]mans 
h rec5tly become us$ to see+ a g5]al or 
a m]*ant become m9i/]4 ,9 ,am]ica x is a
 matt] ( c\rse t a capable man is       
qualifi$1 ) ! aid ( te*nically tra9$    
subord9ates1 = any (fice4 ,& no "o d5ies
 t politicians make indu/ri\s           
(fice-hold]s4 ,& yet ! same rem>kable   
*>ge is always made1 t ! hold] ( an     
(fice receives a gift f ! public *e/4   
,^! consid]ations are n meant z an      
argum5t aga9/ civil s]vice re=m1 :i* is 
support$ by ! be/ m5 ( bo? p>ties1      
al?\gh !y are n exactly ! mo/ zeal\s    

p>ty 8heel]s40 ,b ! sup]ficial ass]tion 
mu/ be refut$1 t ! spoils sy/em %[s lack
 ( morality 9 p>ty politics4 ,no        
unprejudic$ obs]v] w\ld f9d any?+       
improp] 9 ! attitude ( ^? :o endure !   
?ankless & ardu\s lab\rs impos$ by !    
p>ty = ! sake ( a pr(itable position 9 !
 gov]nm5t s]vice4 ,x w\ld be equally j  
to reproa* ! ,g]man (ficial ) lack ( "* 
because he rises to a high position 9 ! 
s]vice ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,if ?is 7 ! true   
idea1 ,grov] ,clevel&1 :o has done m ?an
 any o!r presid5t = ! cause ( civil     
s]vice re=m1 c\ld be said actually to h 
favor$ ! spoils sy/em4 ,9 an admirable  
essay on ! indep5d5ce ( ! executive1 he 
says3--  8,i h no sympa?y ) ! intol]ant 
p :o1 )\t ! lea/ appreciation ( ! mean+ 
( p>ty "w & s]vice1 sup]cili\sly affect 
to despise all ^? :o apply = (fice z !y 
w\ld ^? guilty ( a flagrant misdemeanor4
 ,x w inde$ be a happy day :5 !         
asc5dancy ( p>ty pr9ciples & ! atta9m5t 
( :olesome adm9i/ration w be univ]sally 
reg>d$ z suffici5t rew>ds ( individual &

 legitimate p>ty s]vice4444 ,9 !        
meantime :y %\ld we indiscrim9ately hate
 ^? :o seek (fice8 ,!y may n h entirely 
emancipat$ !mselves f ! belief t !      
(fices %\ld pass ) p>ty victory1 b 9 all
 o!r respects !y are 9 _m in/ances z    
hone/1 z capable1 & z intellig5t z any (
 u40  ,!re are su* /rong argum5ts =     
sep>at+ public (fice f ! s]vice ( p>ty1 
t e re=m] is amply ju/ifi$ if on 8      
native soil he /igmatizes ! pres5t usage
 z corrupt4 ,b ! repres5tation t all    
pr(essional politicians are despicable  
scamps because !y "w = _! p>ty 9 ! hope 
( be+ pref]r$ = public (fice1 is unju/ &
 mislead+ :5 x is spread abroad 9 o!r   
c\ntries4 ,abuses !re are1 to be sure1 &
 ! situation is su* z to attract sw>ms (
 wor?less p]sons4 ,x is true1 moreov]1 t
 ev5 9 ! high] /rata ( pr(essional      
politics !re is usually less (          
broad-m9d$ /atesman%ip ?an ( +5i\s      
compromise & clev] exploitation ( !     
oppos+ p>ty's weaknesses & ( popul> :ims
 & prejudices4 ,petty me?ods are (t5 m  

successful ?an enlight5$ ones1 & cunn+  
m5 h bett] *ances ?an ^? :o are m       
high-m9d$4 ,9 ! l[] /rata1 moreov]1 :]e 
x is important to cajole ! vot+ masses  
into ! p>ty fold1 x may be inevitable t 
m5 und]take & are rew>d$ = v que/ionable
 s]vices4 ,nev]!less ! association (    
p>ty & (fice is n intr9sically improp]4 
,9 ! same category ( unju/ reproa*es1   
f9ally1 belongs ! talk ov] ! money paid 
into ! p>ty treasury4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1   
true t ! elections bo? great & small eat
 up va/ sums ( money2 ! m\nta9s (       
election pamphlets1 ! special tra9s =   
c&idates :o j\rney f place to place 9   
ord] to h>angue ! p at e rural railway  
/ation1 f ! plat=m ( ! coa*--,roosevelt 
is said at ! la/ election 9 ?is way to h
 address$ ?ree million p]sons--!        
banquet-halls & b&s ( music1 & ! ?\s&   
o!r requisites ( ! conte/ are n to be _h
 = no?+4 ,x is tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse t 
! support]s ( ! p>ty are tax$1 & ( c\rse
 j ^? w be apt to contribute :o look =  
fur!r mat]ial b5efit 9 case ( victory2 x

 is also expect$ t1 ( c\rse1 ! l>g]     
indu/ries w help ! propag&a ( !         
high-t>iff p>ty1 t ! silv] m9e own]s w  
g5]\sly support bimetallism1 & t ! be]  
brew]s w furni% funds :5 x is a "q      
betwe5 !m & ! ,prohibitioni/s4 ,b 9 !   
endeav\r to hurt ! oppos+ p>ty "s p]sons
 make su* contributions a gr\nd (       
despicable sl&]4 ,any "o :o consid]s !  
matt] really )\t prejudice w see n only 
t ! ,am]ican p>ty politics are a        
necess>y in/itution1 b also t !y are    
inf9itely clean] & bett] ?an ! ,european
 newspap] read] w ev] be incl9$ to      
believe4                                
,,*apt] ,,?ree                          
,! ,presid5t   ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates is elect$ by ! p e f\r ye>s4 ,he 
may be re-elect$ &1 s f> z !            
,con/itution provides1 he may hold !    
fir/ position 9 ! l& = life1 by t]ms    
always ( f\r ye>s at a "t4 ,a c]ta9     
unwritt5 law1 h[ev]1 =bids 8 hold+ (fice
 = m ?an two t]ms4 ,george ,wa%+ton 0   
elect$ = two t]ms1 & aft] him ,?omas    

,jeff]son1 ,james ,madison1 ,james      
,monroe1 ,&rew ,jackson1 ,abraham       
,l9coln1 ,ulysses ,grant1 ,grov]        
,clevel&1 & ,william ,mc,kinley2 t is1  
n9e out ( tw5ty presid5ts h receiv$ ?is 
di/9ction4 ,no presid5t has s]v$ a ?ird 
t]m ( (fice1 because s9ce ,wa%+ton      
decl9$ to be nom9at$ = a ?ird "t !      
cons]vative s5se ( ! ,am]icans has *]i%$
 ! doctr9e t no man %\ld /& at ! helm ( 
! nation long] ?an eight ye>s4  ,at !   
pres5t day x is urg$ f _m sides t !     
provisions ( ! ,con/itution ought to be 
*ang$4 ,x is said t ! frequ5tly recurr+ 
presid5tial elections1 ) ! popul>       
excitem5t :i* !y involve dur+ ! mon?s   
imm$iately prec$+1 are an appreciable   
di/urbance to economic life & t !       
possibility ( be+ re-elect$ is too apt  
to make ! ,presid5t 9 ! fir/ t]m ( (fice
 gov]n 8 actions ) an eye to 8 second   
election4 ,x is propos$1 !re=e1 t e     
,presid5t %all be elect$ = six ye>s & t 
re-election %all be =bidd5 by !         
,con/itution4 ,exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 h[ev]1 

h>dly speaks = su* a plan4 ,! incl9ation
 %[n by ! ,presid5t to yield to popul>  
clam\rs or ! in/ances ( 8 p>ty has be5 v
 diff]5t ) diff]5t presid5ts1 b on !    
:ole x has n be5 noticeably great] 9 !  
fir/ ?an 9 ! second t]m ( (fice4 ,m     
especially1 ! disadvantages :i* come f !
 excitem5t ov] elections are c]ta9ly    
made up = by ! moral advantage :i* ! act
 ( election br+s to ! p4 ,! presid5tial 
election is a p]iod ( consid]able       
reflection & exam9ation ( ! c\ntry's    
condition1 & ev]ybody is work$ up to    
consid]able int]e/2 & ! m *angeable !   
times are s mu* ! m rapidly new problems
 come up4 ,!re=e !re %\ld be no ?\ght ( 
putt+ ! decisive public elections1 ) _! 
mon?-long discussions1 at fur!r int]vals
 ap>t4  ,! mo/ important duties &       
pr]ogatives ( ! ,presid5t involve =eign 
z well z dome/ic affairs1 & ( ! latt] ! 
mo/ important conc]n ! adm9i/ration2 a  
less important1 al?\gh by no means an   
insignificant1 "p ( 8 duties relates to 
legislation4 ,! ,presid5t is            

comm&]-9-*ief ( ! army & ( ! navy1 & ) !
 approval ( a majority ( ! ,s5ate he    
appo9ts ambassadors1 consuls1 judges ( !
 ,supreme ,c\rt1 & all ! high] f$]al    
(ficials4 ,subject to ! ratification (  
two-?irds ( ! ,s5ate1 he concludes      
treaties ) =eign p[]s & regulates       
diplomatic relations4 ,he has1 moreov]1 
! "r to s5d back inside ( t5 days1 ) 8  
veto1 any bill :i* ,congress has pass$1 
& 9 ?is case ! bill c become law only by
 be+ once m vot$ on by ,congress &      
receiv+ 9 bo? h\ses a two-?ird's        
majority4 ,! ,presid5t has ! p[] to     
conv5e bo? h\ses 9 special sessions1 &  
is expect$ to s5d messages to bo? h\ses 
:5 !y meet1 9 :i* he describes !        
political situation ( ! c\ntry &        
recomm5ds new measures4 ,9 addition to  
?is he has ! "r ( p>don & ! "r to af=d  
protection to individual /ates aga9/    
civil viol5ce1 if !y _c !mselves quell !
 di/urbance4  ,su* are ! pr9cipal       
features ( ! presid5tial (fice1 & x is  
cle> t "h z ev]y:]e 9 ,am]ican civil law

 ! _s ( precaution has tri$ f ! outset  
to limit ! possibilities ( abuse4       
,al?\gh he is comm&]-9-*ief ( ! army1 ! 
,presid5t has n ! "r to decl>e w>1 ?is  
"r be+ giv5 to ,congress4 ,! ,presid5t  
negotiates ) =eign repres5tatives &     
signs all treaties1 b ^! are n valid    
until ! ,s5ate has approv$ !m ) a       
two-?irds vote4 ,he nom9ates gov]nm5t   
(ficials1 b once aga9 only ) ! sanction 
( ! ,s5ate4 ,! ,presid5t conv5es        
,congress & recomm5ds matt]s = its      
legislative consid]ation1 b ! ,presid5t 
_c1 l ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t1 lay bills be=e
 ,congress = its ratification4 ,:ile !  
,presid5t s5ds 8 message to ,congress 8 
m9i/]s h n1 z 9 ,g]many1 a seat 9       
p>liam5t1 & _c1 !re=e1 9 ! debates      
actively support ! ,presid5t's policy4  
,! ,presid5t is au?oriz$ to veto any    
bill t is pass$ ?r\gh ,congress1 b 8    
veto is n f9al s9ce ! bill c /ill become
 a law if ,congress is suffici5tly ( "o 
accord to ov]ride 8 veto4 ,!re=e a      
:imsical or arbitr>y presid5t w\ld f9d  

small scope = 8 vag>ies s long z he     
keeps )9 8 p[]s1 :ile if he exce$s !m he
 c be impea*$1 l a k+ "u old ,engli%    
law4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives c at any
 "t file compla9t aga9/ ! ,presid5t if  
he is suspect$ ( treason or corruption  
or any o!r crime4 ,9 su* case ! ,s5ate1 
"u ! *airman%ip ( a judge ( ! ,supreme  
b5*1 con/itutes a c\rt ( trial :i* is   
emp[]$ to depose ! ,presid5t f (fice4   
,up to ! pres5t "t b "o presid5t1 ,&rew 
,johnson1 has be5 impea*$1 & he 0       
acquitt$4 ,! s$ition>y ambition ( a man 
:o %\ld try to ga9 complete control1 to 
ov]?r[ ! ,con/itution1 & at ! head ( !  
army1 or ( ! populace1 or1 z might be m 
likely1 ( ! millionaires1 to in/itute a 
mon>*y1 w\ld h no *ance ( success4      
,nei!r a ,napoleon nor a ,b\lang] w\ld  
be possible 9 ,am]ica4  ,9 spite ( ^!   
provisions1 x is to be obs]v$ t trem5d\s
 p[] is 9 ! h&s ( ?is "o man4 ,?\s&s &  
?\s&s ( (ficials appo9t$ by 8 pr$ecessor
 c be remov$ by a /roke ( 8 p51 & none c
 take _! places except ^? :om he        

nom9ates4 ,& he c put a b>ri] be=e any  
law su* z ,congress c\ld only 9         
exceptional cases ride ov]4 ,clevel&1 = 
in/ance1 :o to be sure made ! free/ use 
( 8 au?ority 9 ?is respect1 veto$ m ?an 
?ree hundr$ bills1 & only twice did     
,congress succe$ 9 sett+ aside 8 veto4  
,! ,presid5t may negotiate ) =eign p[]s 
up to ! po9t :]e a loyal & patriotic    
,congress has h>dly any *oice b to      
acquiesce4 ,! ,presid5t c virtually =ce 
,congress to a decl>ation ( w>1 & if    
insurrection breaks out 9 any /ate he c 
at 8 pleasure employ ! f$]al troops on  
behalf ( "o or ! o!r faction1 & :5 w>   
has once be5 decl>$ ! presid5tial       
au?ority gr[s h\rly 9 importance4 ,!    
army & navy /& "u 8 direction1 & s9ce ! 
,con/itution makes him responsible = !  
ma9t5ance ( law & ord] 9 ! c\ntry he    
becomes virtually dictator 9 case ( an  
insurrection4 ,bryce says v ju/ly t     
,abraham ,l9coln ex]cis$ m p[] ?an any  
man 9 ,engl& s9ce ,oliv] ,cromwell1 & ! 
anti-imp]iali/ic pap]s ( ,am]ica always 

ass]t t 9 _! ,philipp9e policy          
,mc,kinley & ,roosevelt h tak5 on       
!mselves m au?ority ?an any ,european   
mon>*1 except+ ! ,cz>1 c\ld acquire4  ,9
 two respects ! ,presid5t is m important
 z comp>$ ) ! repres5tatives ( ! p1 ev5 
9 times ( peace1 ?an ! k+ ( ,engl& or ! 
,presid5t ( ,france4 ,fir/ly1 8 cab9et  
is entirely indep5d5t ( ! voice (       
p>liam5t1 & x has (t5 be5 ! case t :ile 
a majority 9 ,congress %>ply oppos$ !   
p>ty policy ( ! ,presid5t1 ?is has n    
influ5c$ ! composition ( 8 cab9et4 ,!   
cab9et m9i/]s are ! repres5tatives ( !  
presid5tial policy1 & !y d n ev5 take "p
 9 ! do+s ( ,congress4  ,secondly1 !    
,presid5t is n less b r m ?an ,congress 
a repres5tative ( ! p4 ,a mon>* :o takes
 up a position aga9/ ! p>liam5t !reby   
antagonizes ! p4 ,! ,presid5t ( ,france 
is elect$ by ! p1 b only ?r\gh _!       
p>liam5t>y repres5tatives2 ! *amb]s     
elect him1 & !re=e he is n an indep5d5t 
au?ority4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$       
,/ates1 on ! o!r h&1 is 9 8 own p]son a 

symbol ( ! collective w ( ! p1 z oppos$ 
to ! diff]5t memb]s ( ,congress1 :i* is 
( div]se composition & *os5 on m local  
issues4 ,!re is moral au?ority1 !re=e1  
ve/$ 9 ! ,presid5t4 ,he is ! true w ( ! 
p & 8 veto is _! consci5ce4 ,x is almo/ 
a/oni%+ t a ,republican democracy %\ld h
 put su* trem5d\s p[] into ! h&s ( a    
s+le man4 ,x is ! m /rik+ inasmu* z !   
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce relat$ at l5g?
 ! s9s ( ! ,engli% mon>*4 ,b we mu/ be> 
9 m9d t ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution _h to 
make a new & dang]\s exp]im5t1 :]e9 !y 7
 mu* m afraid ( t s f> unkn[n &         
incalculable factor1 ! rule ( ! p1 ?an !
 p[] ( t s+le p]son ^: adm9i/rative     
possibilities !y _h1 9 ! colonial days1 
be5 able to obs]ve 9 ! gov]nors ( !     
sev]al /ates4 ,^! _h be5 dim9utive b1 on
 ! :ole1 enc\rag+ examples4 ,be=e all   
else ! great & incomp>able ,george      
,wa%+ton1 ! popul>1 da%+1 & yet cauti\s 
ari/ocrat1 _h presid$ at ! delib]ations 
9 :i* ! ,con/itution 0 discuss$1 & _h   
himself /ood tangibly be=e ! popul> m9d 

z ! v ideal ( a presid5t4  ,?us !       
,presid5t /&s ) trem5d\s p[]s at ! helm 
( ! nation4 ,:o has s\ght him out = ?is 
position f ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 ^: hot    
ambition has l$ !m to dream ( su* a     
di/9ction1 & :o has f9ally e/abli%$ him 
9 ?is highe/ elective (fice on ! face ( 
! e>?8 ,! ,con/itution makes no o!r     
provision = ! selection ( a c&idate ?an 
t he %all h be5 born 9 ! l&1 t he %all  
be at lea/ ?irty-five ye>s old1 & %all h
 resid$ at lea/ f\rte5 ye>s 9 ?is 8     
native c\ntry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !          
,con/itutional provisions = 8 election  
are highly complicat$1 mu* m s inde$ ?an
 ! circum/ances really call =4 ,9 fact1 
:ile ! electoral proc$ures /ill comply )
 ! word+ ( ! orig9al ,con/itution1      
actual conditions h s *ang$ s9ce !      
e/abli%m5t ( ! ,union t ! prescrib$     
ma*9]y is n only p>tly unnecess>y1 b 9  
"s cases ev5 works 9 opposition to :at  
_h be5 orig9ally int5d$1 & inconsi/5tly 
) itself4 ,! law requires1 m]ely to     
m5tion ! ma9 po9t1 t e /ate %all elect  

by popul> vote a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 :o are
 call$ electors1 & t a majority ( !     
electors %all *oose ! ,presid5t4 ,= ea* 
/ate ! numb] ( electors is ! same z t ( 
! repres5tatives :i* x s5ds to bo? h\ses
 ( ,congress toge!r2 x dep5ds1 !re=e1 on
 ! numb] ( inhabitants4 ,out ( ! #ddg   
electors1 #cf come f ! ,/ate ( ,new     
,york1 #cb f ,p5nsylvania1 #bd f        
,ill9ois1 #bc f ,ohio1 #ae f            
,massa*usetts1 b only #d f ,colorado1   
,florida1 or ,new ,hamp%ire2 & only #c f
 ,delaw>e1 ,idaho1 ,nor? ,dakota1 ,utah1
 & sev]al o!rs4 ,9 case ! vote ( !      
electors %\ld give no absolute majority 
to any c&idate1 ! ,h\se (               
,repres5tatives has to elect ! ,presid5t
 f among ! ?ree c&idates :o h receiv$ ! 
greate/ numb] ( electoral votes4  ,!    
int5tion ( ! m5 :o fram$ ! ,con/itution 
9 mak+ ^! r\ndab\t electoral provisions 
is cle> en\gh2 ! election 0 n meant to  
be made directly by ! p4 ,:5 9 ! fir/   
discussions ( ! ,con/itution x 0 sugge/$
 t ! ,presid5t be elect$ directly by !  

p1 "s ( ! fram]s call$ ! s*eme *im]ical 
& o!rs call$ x impracticable4 ,inde$1 "s
 ev5 d\bt$ :e!r ! p w\ld be compet5t to 
*oose ! electors s9ce1 x 0 said1 !y w\ld
 "k too little ab\t ! p]sons & s w\ld be
 liable to grave errors4 ,?is mi/ru/ w5t
 s f>1 x is said1 t leav+ ! election ( !
 highe/ executives directly to ! p seem$
 z unnatural z ask+ a bl9d man to mat*  
colors4 ,! fir/ plan :i* 0 at all       
approv$ by ! ,assembly 0 t ,congress    
%\ld elect ! ,presid5t2 & n until lat]  
did x adopt ! sy/em ( electors4 ,x 0    
hop$ t = ! electoral college ! p w\ld   
select ! be/1 mo/ exp]i5c$1 & mo/       
cauti\s m5 ( ! c\ntry1 & t ^! m5 %\ld be
 left q free to *oose ! highe/ executive
 z c>efully & consci5ti\sly z possible3 
& s x really happ5$ :5 ! electors met = 
! fir/ "t & fix$ unanim\sly on ,george  
,wa%+ton4  ,b ! situation is some:at    
*ang$ to-day3 = a hundr$ ye>s x has be5 
! case t ! electors h inevitably be5    
depriv$ ( all free *oice4 ,!y are z     
passive z a pr9t$ ballot4 ,!y are no    

long] elect$ 9 ord] to come to a        
decision z to ! be/ ,presid5t1 b m]ely  
to vote = ?is or t special c&idate z    
designat$1 & = a hundr$ ye>s n a s+le   
elector has disappo9t$ ?is expectation4 
,?us ! election ( ! ,presid5t is        
practically accompli%$ on ! day 9       
,novemb] :5 ! electors are vot$ =4      
,mc,kinley defeat$ ,bryan = ! ,presid5cy
 on ! n9? ( ,novemb]1 #aijj1 al?\gh no  
elector _h (ficially vot$ = ei!r "o or !
 o!r2 nor w\ld he h a *ance to vote     
until ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 :5 he 0     
me*anically to deposit 8 ballot4  ,!    
indirect election prescrib$ by !        
,con/itution has !re=e become to all    
int5ts & purposes a direct "o1 & ! :ole 
ma*9]y ( electors is really sup]flu\s4  
,x may1 inde$1 be said to h become      
contradictory 9 itself4  ,s9ce ! orig9al
 int5tion to make an electoral college (
 ! be/ citiz5s has be5 fru/rat$ by !    
popul> _s ( self-det]m9ation1 !         
electoral app>atus c h to-day no o!r    
significance ?an to give expression to !

 voice ( ! majority4 ,b n[ j ?is x is 9 
! p[] ( ! electoral sy/em completely to 
suppress4 ,let u suppose t only two     
c&idates are 9 "q4 ,if ! election 7     
simply a direct "o1 ( c\rse t c&idate   
w\ld w9 :o receiv$ ! mo/ votes2 b )     
electors ?is is n ! case1 because !     
numb] ( electors :o are pl$g$ to vote = 
^! two c&idates ne$ n at all correspond 
to ! numb] ( ballots ca/ on ! two sides4
 ,if 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 = in/ance1 
?ree-fif?s ( ! population are = ! fir/  
c&idate & two-fif?s = ! second1 !       
?ree-fif?s majority det]m9es ! :ole li/ 
( #cf electors = ! fir/ c&idate1 & n an 
elector w\ld be *os5 = ! o!r4 ,n[ x c v 
well happ5 t a c&idate 9 ^? /ates 9 :i* 
he secures all ! electors w h small     
majorities1 t is1 8 oppon5t w h l>ge    
m9orities1 :ile 8 oppon5t 9 ! /ates :i* 
vote = him w h l>ge majorities2 & 9 ?is 
way ! majority ( electors w be pl$g$ = t
 c&idate :o has receiv$ actually !      
small] numb] ( votes4 ,x is a fact t bo?
 ,hayes 9 #ahgg & ,h>rison 9 #ahhi 7    

con/itutionally elect$ = ! ,presid5cy by
 a m9ority ( votes4  ,:ile 9 =m ! vot]s 
*oose only ! electors f _! /ate1        
nev]!less ^! ballots ?us actually c\nt =
 a c]ta9 c&idate4 ,at ! la/ election    
#bib electors vot$ = ,mc,kinley1 & #aee 
= ,bryan1 :ile = ! ,mc,kinley electors  
#hcb1bhj m votes 7 ca/ ?an = ! ,bryan   
electors4 ,we h already se5 h[ x is t ! 
be/ man w no long]1 z 9 ,wa%+ton's "t1  
be unequivocally elect$ by ! p1 & :y1   
al?\gh a unanim\s *oice ( ,presid5t has 
n tak5 place s9ce ,wa%+ton's "t1        
nev]!less no m ?an two c&idates are ev] 
practically 9 "q4 ,x 0 = ?is t we h     
discuss$ ! p>ties fir/4 ,! p>ties are ! 
factor :i* makes x impossible = a       
,presid5t to be elect$ )\t a conte/1 &  
:i*1 z e>ly z #agig1 :5 ! successor (   
,wa%+ton _h to be nom9at$1 divid$ ! p 9 
two sections1 ! support]s ( ,jeff]son & 
( ,adams4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 ! p>ties
 prev5t ! division f go+ fur!r1 & br+ x 
ab\t t ?is population ( millions ( p    
compactly organizes itself =            

,presid5tial elections 9 only two gr\ps1
 s t al?\gh nev] less ?an two1 /ill nev]
 m ?an two c&idates really /ep into !   
ar5a4  ,= bo? great p>ties alike1 ) _!  
c5tral & local committees1 ) _!         
pr(essional politicians1 ) _! lead]s &  
_! foll[]s1 :e!r engag+ 9 politics out (
 int]e/ or 9 hope ( ga91 z an ideal or z
 sport--= all alike comes ! great day :5
 ! ,presid5t is to be elect$4 ,= ye>s   
previ\s ! p>ty lead]s w h comb9$ &      
dissolv$ & speculat$ & intrigu$1 & =    
ye>s ! fri5ds ( ! possible c&idates h   
spok5 l\dly 9 ! newspap]s1 s9ce "h1 (   
c\rse1 n only ! election b also !       
nom9ation ( ! c&idate dep5ds on ! p4    
,al?\gh ! election is 9 ,novemb]1 !     
national conv5tions = nom9at+ ! p>ty    
c&idates come g5]ally 9 ,july4 ,ea* /ate
 s5ds its delegation1 numb]+ twice z _m 
z ! memb]s ( ,congress f t /ate1 & ea*  
delegation is once m duly elect$ by a   
conv5tion ( repres5tatives *os5 by !    
actual vot]s out ( _! p>ty li/s4 ,9 ^!  
national conv5tions ! great battles ( ! 

c\ntry are f\ght1 t is1 )9 ! p>ty1 & "h 
! g5]al tr5d ( national politics is     
det]m9$4 ,x is ! great trial mom5t = !  
p>ty & ! p>ty h]oes4 ,at ! la/ election 
,mc,kinley & ,bryan 7 ! oppos+ c&idates1
 & x is int]e/+ to trace 9 _! elections 
by ! respective conv5tions two great    
types ( p>ty decision4  ,mc,kinley _h   
gr[n sl[ly 9 public fav\r2 he 0 !       
accompli%$ politician1 ! int]e/+ lead] (
 ,congress1 ! sympa!tic man :o _h no    
enemies4 ,:5 ! ,republican conv5tion met
 at ,*icago1 9 #ahhh1 he 0 a memb] ( !  
delegation f ,ohio & 0 pl$g$ to d 8     
utmo/ = ! nom9ation ( ,john ,%]man4 ,!  
ballots 7 ca/ five diff]5t times & e "t 
no "o c&idate 0 f\nd to h a majority4   
,on ! six? trial "o vote 0 ca/ =        
,mc,kinley1 & ! ann\ncem5t ( ?is vote   
creat$ an upro>4 ,a sudd5 %ift+ ( !     
op9ions took place amid great           
acclamation1 & ! delegations all w5t ov]
 to him4 ,he jump$ up on a /ool & call$ 
l\dly ?r\gh ! hall t he %\ld be (f5d$ by
 any man :o vot$ = him s9ce he himself  

_h be5 pl$g$ to vote = ,%]man4 ,f9ally a
 compromise 0 f\nd 9 ,b5jam9 ,h>rison4  
,at ! conv5tion 9 ,m9neapolis f\r ye>s  
lat] ,mc,kinley 0 *airman1 & once m !   
temptation came to him4 ,! oppon5ts (   
,h>rison wi%$ to oppose 8 re-election by
 unit+ on ! ,ohio /atesman1 & aga9 x 0  
,mc,kinley himself :o turn$ ! vote ?is  
"t 9 fav\r ( ,h>rison4 ,8 own "t came   
f9ally 9 #ahif4 ,9 ! national conv5tion 
at ,/4 ,l\is #ffa votes 7 ca/ 9 ! fir/  
ballot = ,mc,kinley1 :ile #hd 7 ca/ =   
,?omas ,re$1 #fa = ,quay1 #eh = ,morton1
 & #ce = ,allison4 ,& :51 9 #aijj1 !    
national conv5tion met 9 ,philadelphia1 
#ibf votes 7 /raightway ca/ =           
,mc,kinley1 & none oppos+4 ,8 0 ! /eady1
 sure1 & des]v$ rise f /ep to /ep ?r\gh 
tireless ex]tions = 8 p>ty & 8 c\ntry4  
,bryan 0 a "y & unkn[n lawy]1 :o _h sat 
= a c\ple ( ye>s 9 ! ,h\se (            
,repres5tatives l any o!r delegate1 & _h
 w>mly upheld bimetallism4 ,at !        
,democratic national conv5tion at       
,*icago 9 #ahif almo/ nobody knew him4  

,b x 0 a curi\s crisis 9 ! ,democratic  
p>ty4 ,x _h be5 victori\s f\r ye>s      
previ\s 9 its campaign = ,clevel& aga9/ 
,h>rison1 b ! p>ty z su* _h enjoy$ no   
p>ticul> satisfaction4 ,! self-will$ &  
det]m9$ ,clevel&1 :o _h sy/ematically   
oppos$ ,congress too? & nail1 _h fall5  
out ) 8 p>ty & n[h]e on ! horizon _h    
appe>$ a new lead]4 ,& aft] a true      
/atesman l ,clevel& _h come to grief1 ! 
petty politicians1 :o _h nei!r ideas nor
 a programme1 came to _! own4 ,e "o 0   
look+ = a /rong p]sonality :5 ,bryan    
/epp$ =? to +ratiate himself & 8 silv]  
programme 9 ! affections ( 8 p>ty4 ,8   
argum5ts 7 n new1 b 8 cat*-words 7 well 
/udi$1 & "h at la/ /ood a fasc9at+      
p]sonality ) a =ceful temp]am5t :i* 0   
all agl[1 & ) a voice t s\nd$ l ! tones 
( an organ4 ,& :5 he cri$ out1 8,y mu/ n
 nail humanity to a cross ( gold10 x 0 z
 if an om5 _h appe>$4 ,he became at once
 ! ,democratic c&idate = ! ,presid5cy1 &
 six mon?s lat] six & "o-half million   
votes 7 ca/ = him aga9/ ! sev5 million =

 ,mc,kinley4 ,nor did ! silv]           
intoxication succumb to its fir/ defeat4
 ,:5 ! ,democrats met aga9 9 #aijj1 all 
! endeav\rs ( ^? :o _h adh]$ to a gold  
curr5cy 7 se5 to be futile4 ,once aga9 !
 silv]-tongu$ ,nebraskan 0 c>ri$ ab\t 9 
triumph1 & n until its second defeat did
 ! ,democratic p>ty wake up4 ,bryanism  
is n[ a dead issue1 & be=e ! next       
,presid5tial election ! programme ( !   
,democratic p>ty w be entirely          
recon/ruct$4  ,?us ! presid5ts ( !      
nation gr[ organically out ( ! p>ty     
/ructure1 & ! p>ties f9d 9 turn _!      
highe/ duty & _! rew>d 9 elect+ _!      
,presid5t4 ,! p organiz$ 9 a p>ty & !   
*ief executive :i* t p>ty elects belong 
necess>ily toge!r4 ,!y are ! base & !   
summit4 ,no?+ b dea? c ov]?r[ ! decision
 ( ! p2 dea? did ov]?r[1 inde$1 ! la/   
decision aft] a few mon?s1 9 ,septemb]1 
#aija1 :5 ! c[>dly assass9ation         
accompli%$ by a ,poli% an>*i/ br\ght !  
adm9i/ration ( ,mc,kinley to an end4 ,z 
! ,con/itution provides1 ! man :om ! p  

_h elect$ to ! relatively insignificant 
(fice ( ,vice-,presid5t became ma/] 9 ! 
,:ite ,h\se4  ,! ,vice-,presid5cy is f !
 po9t ( view ( political logic ! lea/   
satisfactory place 9 ,am]ican politics4 
,v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates !  
fill+ ( ?is (fice occasion$ _m          
difficulties1 & at t "t ! provisions ( !
 ,con/itution ref]r+ to x 7 completely  
work$ ov]4 ,! ,con/itution _h orig9ally 
said t ! man :o _h ! second l>ge/ numb] 
( votes = ! ,presid5cy %\ld become      
,vice-,presid5t4 ,?is 0 conceiv$ 9 ! _s 
( ! "t :5 ! two-p>ty sy/em did n exi/ & 
:5 x 0 expect$ t ! electors %\ld n be   
re/rict$ by ! vot+ public 9 _! *oice ( !
 be/ man4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z ! opposition
 betwe5 ! two p>ties came into be+1 !   
necess>y result ( su* provision 0 t !   
presid5tial c&idate ( ! defeat$ p>ty    
%\ld become ,vice-,presid5t1 & !re=e t  
,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t %\ld always 
repres5t diametrically oppos$ t5d5cies4 
,a *ange 9 ! ,con/itution did away ) ?is
 political impossibility4 ,ea* elector 0

 in/ruct$ to deposit sep>ate ballots =  
,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t1 & t c&idate
 became ,vice-,presid5t :o receiv$ !    
l>ge/ numb] ( votes = t (fice1 bo?      
(fices be+ ?us inv>iably fill$ by       
c&idates ( ! same p>ty4  ,9 spite ( ?is 
! position has develop$ r               
unsatisfactorily = an obvi\s reason4 ,! 
,con/itution condemns ! ,vice-,presid5t1
 s long z ! ,presid5t holds (fice1 to an
 ornam5tal inactivity4 ,x is 8 duty to  
preside at sessions ( ! ,s5ate1 a task  
:i* he = ! mo/ "p p]=ms sil5tly1 & :i*  
has n ne>ly ! political significance    
enjoy$ by ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se (         
,repres5tatives4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m5 /ill 9
 ! prime ( life are almo/ always elect$ 
to ! ,presid5cy2 ! possibility is !re=e 
almo/ always lo/ sight ( t ! ,presid5t c
 die be=e ! expiration ( 8 f\r ye>s' t]m
 ( (fice4 ,! result has be5 t less      
di/+ui%$ m51 :o h1 nev]!less1 s]v$ _!   
p>ties1 are usually *os5 = ?is          
insignificant & passive rle4 ,! (fice is
 design$ to be an hon\r & a consolation 

to !m1 & sometimes = "o reason or ano!r 
_! c&idacy is suppos$ o!rwise to /r5g!n 
! outlook ( ! p>ty4 ,x is n accid5t t   
:ile 9 ! sev]al /ates !                 
,lieut5ant-,gov]nor is v (t5 ! next man 
to be elect$ ,gov]nor1 x has nev] s f>  
happ5$ t a ,vice-,presid5t has be5      
elect$ to ! ,presid5cy4  ,n[ 9 !        
unexpect$ ev5t ( ! ,presid5t's dea? a   
man /&s at ! helm :om no "o really wants
 to see !re2 & x has five times happ5$ t
 ! *ief executive ( ! nation has di$ 9  
(fice1 & f\r times1 inde$1 only a few   
mon?s aft] be+ in/all$1 s t !           
,vice-,presid5t has _h to guide !       
de/9ies ( ! c\ntry = almo/ f\r ye>s4 ,:5
 ,tyl] succe$$ to ! place ( ,h>rison 9  
#ahda1 !re arose at once unfav\rable    
disputes ) ! ,:ig p>ty1 :i* _h elect$   
him4 ,:51 aft] ! murd] ( ,l9coln 9      
#ahfe1 ,johnson took ! re9s1 x 0 8 own  
,republican p>ty :i* regrett$ hav+      
elect$ ?is impetu\s man to !            
,vice-,presid5cy2 & :51 9 #ahha1 aft] ! 
assass9ation ( ,g>field1 8 successor1   

,ar?ur1 und]took ! (fice1 & fill$ x     
inde$ by no means badly1 consid]able    
con/]nation 0 felt ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry :5 p
 saw t s ord9>y a pr(essional politician
 0 to succe$ ,g>field1 on :om ! c\ntry  
_h p9n$ its fai?4  ,on ! dea? (         
,mc,kinley a ,vice-,presid5t succe$$ him
 t[>d :om1 9 "o respect at lea/1 ! feel+
 0 v diff]5t4 ,if ev] a man 0 born to   
become ,presid5t t man 0 ,!odore        
,roosevelt4 ,nev]!less1 he _h n be5     
elect$ 9 expectation ( becom+ ,presid5t1
 & at fir/ ! :ole c\ntry felt once m t x
 0 a case :i* _h la9 outside ( all      
reasonable calculations4 ,roosevelt's   
fri5ds _h ask$ him to make a sacrifice &
 to accept a ?ankless (fice because !y  
knew t 8 "n on ! ballot ( ! ,republican 
p>ty--= 8 ,r\gh ,rid] reputation dur+ ! 
w> 0 /ill fre%--w\ld be pretty sure to  
br+ ab\t ! election ( ,mc,kinley4 ,!    
oppon5ts also ( ?is /rong & en]getic "y 
man1 aga9/ 8 /\te/ prote/ations1 upheld 
8 c&idacy ) e means 9 _! p[]4 ,fir/ly   
because !y want$ to get rid ( him z     

,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 :]e he 
made life too h>d = ! regul>            
politicians1 & secondly because !y reli$
 on ! tradition t hold+ !               
,vice-,presid5cy w\ld invalidate him z a
 ,presid5tial c&idate 9 #aijd4 ,nei!r   
fri5ds nor enemies _h ?\ght ( su* a     
possibility z ,mc,kinley's dea?4        
,roosevelt's fri5ds _h rightly judg$2 ! 
h]o ( ,san ,juan did br+ victory to 8   
p>ty4 ,8 enemies1 on ! o!r h&1 _h       
entirely miss$ _! m>k n only on !       
outcome1 b f ! v beg9n+4 ,odell became  
,gov]nor ( ,new ,york1 & q unexpect$ly  
he /ood out ev5 m /\tly aga9/ !         
political corruptioni/s4 ,&1 on ! o!r   
h&1 ,roosevelt's impulsive nature       
quickly f\nd ways to break ! traditional
 sil5ce ( ! ,vice-,presid5t & to keep   
himself be=e ! eyes ( ! _w4 ,!re is no  
d\bt t 9 spite ( all traditions 8       
incumb5cy w\ld h be5 a prep>ation = !   
presid5tial c&idacy4 ,b :51 ?r\gh !     
crime committ$ at ,buffalo1 ev]y?+ came 
out s diff]5tly f t :i* ! politicians   

expect$1 x seem$ to ! admir]s (         
,roosevelt almo/ l ! tragic h& ( fate2  
he _h done 8 be/ to atta9 on 8 own      
acc\nt ! ,presid5cy1 & n[ x came to him 
almo/ z ! gift ( *ance4 ,only ! next    
election may be expect$ to d him full   
ju/ice4  ,! successive mom5ts 9 8 rapid 
rise are g5]ally kn[n4 ,roosevelt 0 born
 9 ,new ,york 9 #aheh1 8 fa!r be+ a     
prosp]\s m]*ant & well-kn[n             
philan?ropi/1 & a desc5dant ( an old    
,knick]bock] family4 ,! son 0 prep>$ =  
college & w5t to ,h>v>d1 :]e he made a  
special /udy ( hi/ory & political       
economy4 ,aft] t he travell$ 9 ,europe1 
& :5 he 0 /ill only tw5ty-f\r ye>s old1 
he plung$ into politics4 ,he soon obta9$
 a ,republican seat 9 ! /ate legislature
 ( ,new ,york1 & !re comm5c$ 8 tireless 
fight = re=m 9 municipal & /ate         
adm9i/ration4 ,9 #ahhi ,presid5t        
,h>rison appo9t$ him ,commission] ( !   
,civil ,s]vice1 b he resign$ ?is        
position 9 #ahie 9 ord] to become ,*ief 
( ,police 9 ,new ,york4 ,only two ye>s  

lat] he 0 once m call$ f municipal to   
national duties4 ,he 0 appo9t$ ,assi/ant
 ,secret>y ( ! ,navy4 ,all ?is "t 8     
adm9i/rative duties did n int]rupt 8    
lit]>y1 hi/orical1 & sci5tific "w4 ,he  
_h begun 8 c>e] z an au?or ) 8 /udies 9 
! hi/ory ( ! navy & 8 admirable         
biographies ( ,am]ican /atesm54 ,:5 he 0
 ?irty ye>s old he wrote ! fir/ "p ( 8  
great "w1 8,! ,w9n+ ( ! ,we/10 & (t5    
betwe5 ! publication ( 8 sci5tific works
 he publi%$ less] books1 describ+ 8     
adv5tures z huntsman 9 ! primeval       
wild]ness1 & lat] on volumes 9 :i* 8    
social & political essays 7 collect$4   
,!n ! ,spani% ,w> arose & ! ,assi/ant   
,secret>y c\ld n be> to sit at 8 desk   
:ile o!rs 7 mov+ to ! field ( battle4   
,he ga!r$ ab\t him a volunte] regim5t ( 
cavalry1 9 :i* ! d>e-devil c[-pun*]s ( !
 prairie rode side by side ) ! adv5tur\s
 scions ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ families 9     
,bo/on & ,new ,york4 ,roosevelt's fri5d1
 ,wood1 ( ! regul> army1 became ,colonel
 9 ?is soon-fam\s regim5t1 & ,roosevelt 

himself ,lieut5ant-,colonel4 ,a few days
 aft] !y _h successfully /orm$ ! hill at
 ,san ,juan1 ,wood became ,g5]al &      
,roosevelt ,colonel4  ,8 native ,/ate ( 
,new ,york receiv$ him on 8 home-com+ ) 
g5]al rejoic+1 & he f\nd himself a few  
mon?s lat] ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate4 ,at      
,albany he %[$ trem5d\s en]gy1 put ?r\gh
 popul> re=ms1 & f\ght aga9/ !          
encroa*m5ts ( ! indu/rial corporations4 
,x _h be5 8 p]sonal wi% to be ,gov]nor =
 a second ye>1 b ?is 0 d5i$ him by !    
admirable do+s ( 8 ,ea/]n enemies &     
,we/]n admir]s at ! national conv5tion (
 ,june1 #aijj1 held 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :]e 
he 0 =c$ to become c&idate = ! position 
( ,vice-,presid5t4 ,on ! #ad? (         
,septemb]1 #aija1 9 ,buffalo1 he took ! 
,presid5tial oa? ( (fice4  ,at t "t a   
quiet anxiety = ! future 0 m+l$ ) !     
hone/ sorr[ :i* ! :ole l& felt = ! dea? 
( ,mc,kinley4 ,a nation :i* _h be5 sunn+
 itself 9 peace sudd5ly f\nd itself "u !
 lead]%ip ( an impulsive colonel (      
cavalry1 :o c>ri$ 9 8 h& ! bann] ( w>4  

,! nation 0 9 ! mid/ ( an economic      
developm5t :i* ne$$ be=e ev]y?+ else to 
h a mature & c>eful lead] :o 0 hon\r$ & 
tru/$ by all classes1 & :o w\ld be able 
to effect "s "w ( reconciliation betwe5 
!m2 :5 sudd5ly !re /ood 9 ! place ( a   
mo/ cons]vative /atesman an impetu\s "y 
man :o 0 n intimately connect$ )        
indu/rial life1 :o _h = a long "t made  
himself unpopul> ) p>ty politicians1 &  
:om ev5 8 admir]s 9 ! l& seem$ h>dly to 
tru/ on acc\nt ( 8 ha/y & det]m9$       
impetuosity4 ,roosevelt _h be5 envisag$ 
by ! masses1 ?r\gh ! c9ematograph ( !   
press1 9 campaign hat & khaki uni=m1 j 9
 ! attitude ( tak+ ,san ,juan hill4     
,ne>ly ev]ybody =got t he _h = a long "t
 quietly c>ri$ on ! exact+ lab\rs (     
,police ,commission] 9 ! l>ge/ city ( ! 
c\ntry2 & =got h[1 f 8 fir/ ye> ( /udy  
at ,h>v>d on1 e day _h be5 giv5 to      
prep>+ himself = public s]vice & =      
acquir+ a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( all !        
political1 social1 & economic problems  
:i* ! c\ntry _h to face2 !y =got also t 

he _h wield$ ! sword = only a few mon?s1
 b ! p5 ( ! hi/orian = ab\t two decades4
 ,roosevelt's fir/ public utt]ance 0 a  
pl$ge to cont9ue un*ang$ ! peaceful     
policy ( 8 pr$ecessor & always to       
consid] ! national prosp]ity & hon\r4   
,/ill1 p felt t no successor w\ld be    
able to comm& t exp]i5ce1 maturity1 &   
p>ty influ5ce :i* ,mc,kinley _h _h4     
,!re h be5 diff]5ces ( op9ion1 &1 z 0 to
 be expect$1 compla9ts & criticisms h   
come f ! mid/ ( 8 own p>ty4 ,yet anyone 
:o looks at 8 :ole adm9i/ration w see t 
9 ^? fir/ ye>s ,roosevelt won a m       
difficult & brilliant victory ?an he _h 
won ov] ! ,spani% troops4  ,he _h ?ree  
virtues :i* especially ov]came all small
 criticism4 ,! p felt1 9 ! fir/ place1 t
 a moral =ce 0 "h at "w :i* 0 m p[]ful  
?an any m]e political address or        
diplomatic subtlety4 ,an imm$iate e?ical
 =ce 0 "h felt :i* own$ to ideas above  
any p>ty1 & set inn] ideals above m]ely 
outw>d success4 ,roosevelt's second     
virtue 0 c\rage4 ,a c]ta9 purely e?ical 

ideal exalt$ above all petty exp$i5cies 
0 = him n only ! nucleus ( 8 own cre$1 b
 0 also 8 spr+ ( action2 & he took no   
acc\nt ( p]sonal dang]s4 ,"h 0 ! keynote
 ( all 8 spee*es--x is n en\gh to       
approve ( :at is "r1 x is equally       
necess>y to act = x fe>lessly &         
unequivocally4 ,!n he w5t on to 8 "w1 & 
if1 inde$1 9 complicat$ political       
situations ! ,presid5t has _h at times  
to cl9* "s po9ts by aid ( compromise1   
nev]!less ! nation has felt ) gr[+      
confid5ce t at no s]i\s mom5t has he    
wav]$ a hair's bread? f ! /raight l9e ( 
8 convictions1 & t he has _h ! c\rage to
 disreg>d ev]y?+ b :at he held to be "r4
 ,&1 ?irdly1 ,roosevelt _h ! virtue (   
be+ s9c]e4  ,mc,kinley also _h purpos$  
to d "r1 b he _h h>dly an occasion =    
display+ great c\rage s9ce s incomp>ably
 discreet a politician z he 0 c\ld avoid
 e conflict ) 8 associates1 & he 0 ev] !
 lead] on highways :i* ! popul> hum\r _h
 indicat$4 ,?us ! masses nev] felt t he 
0 at bottom lack+ 9 c\rage or t he      

always put (f responsibility on o!rs4 ,!
 masses did1 h[ev]1 in/9ctively feel t  
,mc,kinley's a/ute & k9dly words 7 n    
always s9c]e2 8 words 7 (t5 !re to      
conceal some?+ :i* 0 lock$ up beh9d 8   
,napoleonic =ehead4 ,& n[ !re succe$$   
him an en?usia/ :o brimm$ ov] ) pla9    
expressions ( :at he felt1 & ^: words 7 
s conv9c+ly c&id & s )\t res]vation t e 
"o _h ! feel+ ( be+ 9 ! p]sonal         
confid5ce ( ! ,presid5t4  ,!re 0 a good 
deal m besides 8 moral e>ne/ness1 8     
c\rage1 & 8 frank hone/y :i* contribut$ 
to ,roosevelt's entire success4 ,8 lack 
( prejudice won ! l[] classes1 & 8      
ari/ocratic bre$+ & education won !     
upp]1 :ile ! middle classes 7 en?usia/ic
 ov] 8 sportsman%ip4 ,no ,presid5t _h   
be5 m unprejudic$ or m truly democratic4
 ,he met ! poor m9] on ! same foot+ z he
 met ! m9e own]2 he invit$ ! negro to ! 
,:ite ,h\se2 he sat d[n & broke bread ) 
! c[-boys2 & :5 he travell$ he fir/ %ook
 ! sooty h& ( ! locomotive eng9e] be=e  
he greet$ ! g5tlem5 :o _h ga!r$ ab\t 9  

_! silk hats4 ,&1 nev]!less1 he 0 9 _m  
ye>s ! fir/ real ari/ocrat to become    
,presid5t4 ,! *anges 9 ! ,:ite ,h\se    
itself 7 typical4 ,?is v5]able          
,presid5tial dwell+ _h be51 up to       
,roosevelt's "t1 9 its inn] arrangem5ts 
a dre>y comb9ation ( b>e (fices1 some:at
 crudely decorat$ private dwell+1 &     
*e]less reception-halls4 ,to-day x is a 
v prop] palace1 conta9+ _m f9e works (  
art1 & (fice-seek]s no long] h access to
 ! inn] rooms4 ,8 pr$ecessors1 !        
,clevel&s & ,h>risons & ,mc,kinleys1 _h 
be51 9 fact1 v respectable phili/9es4   
,!y _h come f ! middle classes ( !      
c\ntry1 :i* are 9 ?\ght & feel+ v       
diff]5t f t upp] class :i*1 up to a %ort
 "t ago1 _h bo!r$ itself less ab\t      
practical politics ?an ab\t g5]al       
culture1 lit]ature1 art1 criticism1 &   
broadly conceiv$ indu/rial op]ations1   
comb9$ ) social high-life4 ,?is class1  
h[ev]1 _h begun at l5g? to feel t x     
ought n to disda9 to notice political   
abuses1 to walk ar\nd ! sea ( tr\bles2 b

 _h begun to take up arms & by oppos+   
end !m4 ,ari/ocracy _h too long believ$ 
9 political m]c5>ies4  ,roosevelt 0 !   
fir/ to lift himself f ^! circles &     
become a great lead]4 ,n alone !        
nobility ( 8 "* b also ( 8 culture &    
traditions 0 %[n 9 8 entire habit ( m9d4
 ,nev] 9 8 spee*es or writ+s has he cit$
 t socially equaliz+ ,decl>ation (      
,indep5d5ce1 & :ile 8 spee*es at        
banquets & small ga!r+s ( s*ol>ly m5 h  
be5 incomp>ably m fasc9at+ ?an 8 /r5u\s 
utt]ances to ! vot]s1 :i* he has made on
 8 public t\rs1 x has be5 (t5 less !    
orig9ality ( 8 ?\ghts & /ill less !     
peculi>ly tak+ quality ( 8 deliv]y1 ?an 
! evid5ces ( ripe culture1 :i* seem to  
p]vade 8 political ?\ght4 ,?us ! small] 
! circle to :i* he speaks ! great] is 8 
advantage2 & 9 speak+ ) him p]sonally on
 s]i\s problems "o feels t di/9ction (  
?\ght1 bread? ( hi/orical outlook1 &    
confid5ce 9 self h unit$ 9 him to create
 a p]sonality aft] ! gr& mann]4  ,!     
impression :i* ,roosevelt has made on 8 

own c\ntry has n be5 m pr(\nd ?an 8     
influ5ce on ! galaxy ( nations4 ,at ! v 
h\r :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by _! economic & 
t]ritorial expansion /epp$ into ! circle
 ( _w p[]s1 !y _h at _! head a          
p]sonality :o1 = ! fir/ "t 9 decades1 _h
 be5 able to make a great1 *>act]i/ic1  
&1 mo/ ( all1 a dramatic impression on !
 peoples ( ,europe4 ,& if ?is h\r 0 to  
be made ! mo/ ( x 0 n en\gh t ?is lead] 
%\ld by 8 impulsiv5ess & self-w1 by 8   
picturesque ge/ures & effective         
utt]ance1 *a9 ! att5tion ( ! masses &   
excite all newspap] read]s1 b he mu/    
also w9 ! sympa?ies ( ! ke5] & f9] m9ds1
 & excite "s sympa!tic response 9 !     
heads ( mon>*ies4 ,a second ,l9coln w\ld
 nev] h be5 able to d ?is1 & j ?is 0 :at
 ! mom5t dem&$4 ,! nation's _w-wide     
position 9 politics ne$$ "s comp>able   
expansion 9 ! social sph]e4 ,o!r peoples
 7 to welcome _! new comrades n only 9 !
 (ficial bureau b also 9 !              
reception-room1 & ?is "y ,presid5t _h   
always at 8 comm& a graceful ^w1 a      

tactful exp$i5t1 & a di/+ui%$ &         
hospitable address4 ,he 01 9 %ort1 q !  
"r man4  ,any new p]son tak+ hold s     
firmly has to di/urb a good _m ?+s2     
busi$ ) s mu*1 he mu/ ov]turn a good    
deal :i* w\ld pref] to be left z x 04 ,!
 hone/ man has 8 goodly %>e ( enemies4  
,& x is n to be d5i$ t ,roosevelt has ! 
fail+s ( 8 virtues1 & ^! h borne _!     
consequ5ces4 ,_m national dang]s1 :i*   
are always to be fe>$ f (ficials (      
,roosevelt's type1 are l>gely obviat$ by
 ! democratic cu/oms ( ! c\ntry4 ,he    
lives amid a p n afraid to tell him !   
:ole tru?1 & e criticism rea*es 8 e>4 ,&
 !re is ano!r ?+ n less important3      
democracy =ces e man into t l9e (       
activity = :i* ! nation has elect$ him4 
,a some:at ov]active m9d l ,roosevelt's 
has op9ions on _m problems1 & 8         
exceptional political position easily   
betrays "o at fir/ into lay+ exceptional
 weight on "o's own op9ions ab\t e      
subject4 ,b "h ! traditions ( ! c\ntry h
 be5 decisive2 x kn[s no ,presid5t =    

g5]al enlight5m5t1 b only a political   
lead] ^: private op9ions outside        
politics are ( no special importance4 ,9
 ?is z 9 o!r respects ,roosevelt has    
pr(it$ by exp]i5ce4 ,!re is no d\bt t :5
 he came to ! ,:ite ,h\se he und]e/imat$
 ! p[] ( ,s5ators & p>ty lead]s4 ,!     
invisible ob/ructions1 :i* 7 someh[     
hidd5 beh9d ! sc5es1 h no d\bt giv5 him 
_m pa9ful lessons4 ,9 8 endeav\r to     
realize s _m he>tfelt convictions1 he   
has (t5 met ) arbitr>y opposition made  
simply to let ! new lead] feel t        
ob/ructions c be put 9 8 way unless he  
takes acc\nt ( all sorts ( factors4 ,b  
^! w>n+s h really done him no h>m1 =    
,roosevelt 0 n ! man to be br\ght by !m 
into t p>ty subs]vi5cy :i* _h satisfi$  
,mc,kinley4 ,!y m]ely held him back f t 
reckless indep5d5ce :i* is s =eign to ! 
,am]ican p>ty _s1 & :i* 9 ! lat] ye>s ( 
,clevel&'s adm9i/ration _h work$ s      
badly4 ,inde$1 "o might say t ! outcome 
has be5 an ideal syn!sis ( ,clevel&'s   
consi/5cy & ,mc,kinley's p[] (          

adaptation4  ,= ! fanatics ( p>ty       
,roosevelt has be51 ( c\rse1 too        
indep5d5t1 :ile to ! oppon5ts ( p>ty he 
has seem$ too yield+4 ,bo? ( ^!         
criticisms h be5 made1 9 _m diff]5t     
connections1 s9ce ev]y:]e he has /ood on
 a wat* t[] above ! fight+ l9es ( any   
p>ty4 ,:5 9 ! /ruggles betwe5 capital & 
lab\r he s]i\sly took into acc\nt ! j   
grievances ( ! work+-man he 0 d5\nc$ z a
 sociali/4 ,& :5 he did n at once /ret* 
out 8 h& to demoli% all corporations he 
0 call$ a s]vant ( ! /ock ex*ange4 ,:5  
he appo9t$ (ficials 9 ! ,s\? )\t ref]5ce
 to _! p>ty allegiance1 ! ,republicans  
bell[$ l\dly2 & :5 he did n sanction !  
,s\!rn outrages aga9/ ! negro !         
,democrats became furi\s4 ,:5 ev]y?+ is 
consid]$1 h[ev]1 he has obs]v$ ! maxim (
 ,presid5t ,hayes1 8,he be/ s]ves 8 p>ty
 :o s]ves 8 c\ntry be/40  ,9 ?is !re has
 be5 ano!r factor at "w4 ,roosevelt may 
n h _h ,mc,kinley's broad exp]i5ce 9    
legislative matt]s1 nor h kn[n ! reefs &
 b>s 9 ! ,congressional sea1 b = !      

executive (fice1 = ! adm9i/ration (     
civil s]vice & ! army & navy1 = !       
solution ( f$]al1 civil1 & municipal    
problems 8 ye>s ( /udy & travel h be5 an
 ideal prep>ation4 ,beh9d 8 practical   
tra9+ he has _h ! cle> eye ( ! hi/orian4
 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates _h _! prov]bial good  
luck :5 ! ,mephi/os ( ! ,republican p>ty
 prevail$ on ! =midable ,gov]nor ( ,new 
,york to und]take ! ?ankless (fice (    
,vice-,presid5t4 ,if ?is nom9ation _h   
gone z ! bett] politicians wi%$ x to g1 
! dea? ( ,mc,kinley w\ld h plac$ a      
typical politician at ! helm in/ead ( ! 
be/ ,presid5t :i* ! c\ntry has _h = _m  
ye>s4                    99       99    
99       99       99  ,! ,presid5t is   
closely associat$ ) ! ,cab9et1 & he is  
entirely free 9 8 *oice ( advis]s4 ,!re 
is no "q "h ( ! influ5ce ( majorities on
 ! composition ( ! m9i/ry1 z !re is 9   
,engl& or ,france4 ,9 ?is way ,clevel&1 
9 8 second t]m1 _h already ann\nc$ by 8 
*oice ( cab9et m9i/]s t he %\ld g 8 own 
ways reg>dless ( ! wire-pull]s ( ! p>ty4

 ,he gave ! ,secret>y%ip ( ,w> to 8 =m] 
private secret>y2 ! position (          
,po/ma/]-,g5]al to 8 =m] p>tn] 9 law2 ! 
,secret>y%ip ( ,ju/ice to a juri/ :o _h 
nev] tak5 any int]e/ 9 politics4 ,8     
,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior 0 a p]sonal      
fri5d1 & ! ,secret>y ( ,=eign ,affairs a
 man :o %ortly be=e _h left ! ranks ( ! 
,republican p>ty to become a ,clevel&   
,democrat4 ,! ,secret>y%ips ( ,comm]ce &
 ! ,treasury 7 ! sole cab9et positions  
:i* 7 giv5 to well-kn[n p>ty lead]s4 ,! 
v opposite 0 to h be5 expect$ f a man ( 
,mc,kinley's disposition4 ,ev5 :5 he    
became ! *ief executive ( ! c\ntry he   
rema9$ ! devot$ s]vant ( 8 p>ty1 & j z 8
 success 0 ow+ 9 l>ge "p to 8 sympa!tic 
relations ) all ! important factions 9  
,congress1 s ! success ( 8 ,cab9et 0 due
 to 8 hav+ *os5 none b m5 :o _h enjoy$ =
 a long "t ! confid5ce ( ! p>ty4        
,roosevelt did at ! outset an act (     
political piety :5 he left ! ,cab9et1 = 
! "t be+1 un*ang$4 ,x 0 at ! same "t a  
capital move t[>d reassur+ public       

op9ion1 :i* _h /ood 9 fe> ( all sorts ( 
surprises1 ow+ to 8 impetu\s temp]am5t4 
,sl[ly1 h[ev]1 *>act]i/ic readju/m5ts 7 
made & a new cab9et (fice 0 creat$ "u 8 
adm9i/ration1 ! ,secret>y%ip ( ,comm]ce 
& ,lab\r4 ,?is 0 entru/$ to ,cortely\1  
:o _h be5 ! private secret>y ( two      
presid5ts1 & :o1 ?r\gh 8 tact1          
discretion1 & indu/ry1 _h contribut$ n a
 little to _! practical success4  ,!    
highe/ m9i/] 9 ord] ( rank is !         
,secret>y ( ,/ate1 :o is ! ,m9i/] =     
,=eign ,affairs1 & :o1 9 ! case t bo? ! 
,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t are unable  
to complete _! t]m ( (fice1 assumes !   
,presid5cy4 ,he is responsible = !      
diplomatic & consul> repres5tation ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates & he alone negotiates )   
repres5tatives ( =eign p[]s at ,wa%+ton2
 moreov]1 x is ?r\gh him t ! ,presid5t  
treats ) ! sep>ate /ates ( ! ,union4 ,he
 publi%es ! laws pass$ by ,congress &   
adds 8 signature to all ( ! ,presid5t's 
(ficial pap]s4 ,he is1 next to !        
,presid5t1 s ?or\ghly ! presid+ _s ( !  

adm9i/ration t x is h>dly a mi/ake to   
comp>e him to ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,g]man   
,empire4 ,x happ5s at ! mom5t t ! pres5t
 incumb5t makes ?is comp>ison /ill m    
apt1 s9ce ,john ,hay1 ! pres5t ,secret>y
 ( ,=eign ,affairs1 resembles ,c\nt von 
,bl[ 9 sev]al ways4 ,bo? h be5 9 =m]    
ye>s closely affiliat$ to ! national    
h]oes ( ! c5tury1 bo? h gott5 _! tra9+ 9
 v>i\s diplomatic positions1 bo? are    
res\rceful1 accommodat+1 & brilliant    
/atesm51 & bo? h a ?or\ghly mod]n       
temp]am5t1 intellectual indep5d5ce br$ (
 a broad view ( ! _w1 bo? are apt (     
spee* & h f9e lit]>y feel+4 ,hay 0 !    
secret>y ( ,presid5t ,l9coln until      
,l9coln's dea?1 & has be5 secret>y ( !  
embassies 9 ,france1 ,au/ria1 & ,spa91  
has tak5 di/+ui%$ place 9 p>ty politics1
 has be5 ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ,/ate1   
,ambassador to ,engl&1 & 9 #ahih 0 plac$
 at ! head ( =eign affairs4 ,8          
8,ballads10 8,ca/ilian ,days10 & 8,life 
( ,l9coln10 call to m9d 8 lit]>y        
reputation4  ,h[ f> =eign affairs are   

really conduct$ by ! ,presid5t & h[ f>  
by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate is1 ( c\rse1 h>d 
to say1 b1 at any rate1 ! repres5tatives
 ( =eign p[]s treat (ficially only ) !  
,secret>y1 :o has 8 regul> days =       
diplomatic consultation1 s t ! relations
 ( =eign repres5tatives to ! ,presid5t1 
aft] _! fir/ (ficial introduction1 rema9
 virtually social4 ,yet all important   
measures are und]tak5 only ) ! approval 
( ! ,presid5t1 & on critical que/ions ( 
int]national politics ! :ole cab9et     
delib]ates toge!r4 ,hay's p]sonal       
influ5ce came cle>ly be=e ! public eye  
especially 9 8 negotiations reg>d+ !    
,c5tral ,am]ican canal1 & 9 8 h&l+ ( !  
,russian & ,asiatic problems4           
,p>ticul>ly aft] ! ,*9ese imbroglio he  
came to be g5]ally reput$ ! mo/ a/ute & 
successful /atesman ( ! day4 ,x w       
probably n be f> wrong to ascribe su*   
t5d5cies 9 ,am]ican politics z are      
fri5dly t[>d ,engl& *iefly to 8         
influ5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he is suppos$ to
 feel no special lean+s t[>d ,g]many4   

,! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury is next 9    
rank4 ,he adm9i/]s ! ,f$]al f9ances to  
all int5ts & purposes l a l>ge bank]1   
or1 r1 l a bank presid5t :o %\ld h      
,congress = 8 bo>d ( directors4 ,s9ce   
cu/oms & int]national rev5ues are levi$ 
by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 & n by ! sev]al  
/ates1 & s9ce ! exp5ditures = ! army &  
navy1 = ! po/al s]vice1 & = ! ,f$]al    
,gov]nm5t itself1 ! national debt & !   
m9ts come "u ,f$]al adm9i/ration1 f9anc+
 op]ations are involv$ :i* are s        
ext5sive z to h a decid+ influ5ce on !  
bank+ sy/em ( ! entire c\ntry4  ,! ?ird 
(ficial 9 rank is ! ,secret>y ( ,w>1    
:ile ! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy holds only ! 
six? place1 ) ! ,attorney-,g5]al & !    
,po/ma/]-,g5]al 9 betwe54 ,! ,g5]al     
,/aff ( ! ,secret>y ( ,w>1 :i* 0        
organiz$ 9 #aijc1 is compos$ ( (fic]s ( 
high rank1 al?\gh ! ,secret>y himself is
 a civilian4 ,9 ! case ( ! army1 z well 
z ( ! navy1 ! functions ( ! secret>y are
 decid$ly m important ?an ^?1 say1 ( a  
,prussian ,m9i/]4 ,!y conc]n n only     

adm9i/ration1 b also1 9 case ( w>1 are (
 decisive weight on ! movem5ts ( all !  
=ces1 s9ce ! ,presid5t z comm&]-9-*ief  
has to act ?r\gh ^! m9i/]s4 ,elihu ,root
 0 = almo/ five ye>s ,secret>y ( ,w>2 & 
on 8 retirem5t 9 ,janu>y1 #aijd1        
,roosevelt decl>$3 8,root is ! greate/  
man :o has appe>$ 9 our times 9 ! public
 life ( any c\ntry1 ei!r 9 ! ,new ,_w or
 ! ,old40  ,! position (                
,attorney-,g5]al is less comp>able ) a  
correspond+ (fice 9 ! ,g]man /ate4 ,?is 
m9i/] ( ! ,presid5t has no influ5ce on !
 appo9tm5t ( judges or ! adm9i/ration ( 
! c\rts4 ,! (ficial repres5tative (     
ju/ice 9 ! ,cab9et is really an exalt$  
lawy]1 :o is at ! same "t ! ,presid5t's 
legal advis]4 ,s f> z appo9tm5ts to     
(fice g1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,po/ ,(fice    
,dep>tm5t has practically no influ5ce   
reg>d+ ^? :o are "u him1 s9ce ! trem5d\s
 numb] ( po/al (ficials ( any           
consid]able importance h to be confirm$ 
9 _! appo9tm5ts by ! ,s5ate1 s t !      
appo9t+ p[] has virtually gone ov] to t 

body4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! :ole po/al s]vice 
is "u 8 direction2 b x is "h n to be    
=gott5 t ! ,am]ican railroads &1 :at !  
,g]man may ?9k m extraord9>y1 !         
telegraph l9es1 are n gov]nm5t prop]ty4 
,! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior is m]ely a "n 
= a great _m unrelat$ adm9i/rative      
functions4 ,9 ! long li/ ( duties :i*   
fall to ?is (fice comes education1      
al?\gh ?is seem+ly mo/ important        
responsibility is really r slight1 s9ce 
all educational matt]s fall to ! sep>ate
 /ates & ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t has no?+ to 
d b to give out /ati/ics & in=mation1 to
 collect mat]ial1 & to (f] advice4 ,!   
national ,bureau ( ,education is n      
emp[]$ to in/itute any practical *anges4
 ,a mu* m important function1           
practically1 ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior 
is ! ,p5sion ,bureau1 s9ce ! ,unit$     
,/ates pay ye>ly ab\t #ach1jjj1jjj 9    
p5sions4 ,o!r divisions are ! ,pat5t    
,(fice1 :i* grants e ye> ab\t #cj1jjj   
pat5ts1 ! ,railroad ,bureau1 ! ,indian  
,bureau1 & ! ,geological ,survey4 ,!    

,secret>y ( ,agriculture has n only     
c]ta9 duties connect$ ) agriculture1 b  
is also 9 *>ge ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 & (  
zological1 botanical1 & *emical         
in/itutes1 & especially ( ! l>ge numb] (
 sci5tific dep>tm5ts :i* indirectly s]ve
 ! cause ( agriculture4 ,la/ 9 rank     
comes ! rec5tly creat$ ,secret>y (      
,comm]ce & ,lab\r1 :o has *>ge ( !      
,corporation ,bureau1 ! ,lab\r ,bureau1 
! ,c5sus ,bureau1 & ! ,bureaus (        
,/ati/ics1 ,immigration1 & ,fi%]ies4    
,!re are "s #bdj1jjj positions "u !     
direction ( ^! m9i/]s2 & all ( ^!1 f    
ambassadors to lett]-c>ri]s1 are 9 !    
national s]vice & "u ! appo9tm5t ( !    
,presid5t1 & are entirely indep5d5t ( ! 
gov]nm5t ( ! sep>ate /ates 9 :i* !      
(fices are held4                        
,,*apt] ,,f\r                           
,congress   ,!re is an av5ue :i* leads f
 ! ,:ite ,h\se 9 a direct l9e to !      
,capitol1 ! dom9at+ ar*itectural feature
 ( ,wa%+ton4 ,on walk+ up ! broad       
t]races "o comes fir/ to ! great c5tral 

hall1 ov] :i* rises ! dome2 to ! "r "o  
passes ?r\gh ! ,hall ( ,fame & comes    
f9ally to ! uncom=tably l>ge p>liam5t>y 
*amb]1 9 :i* #chf ,repres5tatives sit   
toge!r z ! direct delegates ( ! p4 ,go+ 
f ! c5tral hall to ! left "o passes by !
 ap>tm5ts ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 & comes   
f9ally to ! attractive room 9 :i* !     
n9ety /ate delegates hold _! sessions4  
,! room on ! "r is call$ ! 8,h\se10 on !
 left ! ,s5ate2 bo? toge!r make up      
,congress1 ! law-giv+ body ( ! nation4  
,:5 ! ?irte5 /ates :i* fir/ =m$ ! ,union
 9 ! ye> #aggh adopt$ ! ,articles (     
,f$]ation1 x 0 int5d$ t ,congress %\ld  
be a s+le body1 9 :i* ea* /ate1 al?\gh x
 might be repres5t$ by a v>y+ numb] (   
memb]s1 %\ld nev]!less h ! "r to only "o
 vote4 ,n9e ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 ! f9al    
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates replac$  
?is "o simple sy/em by divid+ ,congress 
into ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1  
do+ ?is simply by analogy ) ! traditions
 ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,p5nsylvania 0 !   
only /ate :i* _h b "o legislative *amb]1

 :ile ! o!rs _h tak5 ov] f ,engl& !     
sy/em ( d\ble repres5tation & _h c>ri$  
out ! ,engli% tradition1 al?\gh probably
 no?+ 0 fur!r f _! int5tion ?an to      
divide _! legislators into lords &      
common]s4  ,= ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! dual    
division inevitably seem$ ! %orte/ way  
to balance (f conflict+ requirem5ts4 ,on
 ! "o side e /ate1 ev5 ! smalle/1 %\ld h
 ! same pr]ogatives & equal influ5ce3 on
 ! o!r side1 e citiz5 mu/ c\nt z mu* z e
 o!r1 s t ! numb] ( inhabitants mu/ be  
duly repres5t$4 ,x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 to
 create "o *amb] 9 :i* all ,/ates %\ld h
 ! same numb] ( ,repres5tatives1 & ano!r
 9 :i* e delegate %\ld repres5t an equal
 numb] ( vot]s4 ,fur!rmore1 on ! "o h& a
 firm & cons]vative tradition 0 to be   
built up1 :ile on ! o!r ! *ang+ voice ( 
! p 0 to be reflect$4 ,x 01 !re=e1      
necess>y to remove "o *amb] f popul>    
election & leave x to ! appo9tm5t ( !   
sep>ate /ate legislatures4 ,x 0 also    
necess>y to put ! age = c&idacy = ?is   
*amb] high1 & to make ! t]m ( (fice r   

long1 & f9ally to contrive t at any "o  
"t only a fraction ( ! numb]s %\ld be   
replac$1 s t a majority ( ! memb]s c\ld 
c>ry on _! "w undi/urb$4 ,! o!r *amb]1  
h[ev]1 0 to be completely replac$ by    
frequ5t direct popul> elections4 ,?us   
orig9at$ ! two divisions ( ,congress :i*
 s contra/ 9 e respect4 ,a comp>ison )  
,european d\ble legislative sy/ems is v 
natural1 & yet ! ,s5ate is nei!r a      
,bunde/ag1 nor a ,h]r5haus1 nor a ,h\se 
( ,lords2 & ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives is
 fundam5tally diff]5t f ! ,rei*/ag4 ,"o 
:o wi%es to und]/& ! ,am]ican sy/em mu/ 
put aside 8 recollections ( ,european   
in/itutions1 s9ce no?+ except emphasis  
on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,am]ican &       
,european legislatures w make cle> !    
traditions ( ,wa%+ton4  ,z has be5 said1
 ! ,s5ators are repres5tatives ( !      
sev]al /ates2 e /ate s5ds two4 ,! ,/ate 
( ,new ,york1 ) its sev5 million        
inhabitants1 has no m repres5tatives 9 !
 ,s5ate ?an ! ,/ate ( ,wyom+1 :i* has   
less ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& inhabitants4 ,e 

,s5ator is elect$ = six ye>s by !       
law-giv+ body ( ! individual /ate4 ,e   
second ye> a ?ird ( ! ,s5ators retire1 s
 t ! ,s5ate z a :ole has exi/$          
un9t]rupt$ly s9ce ! f\ndation ( !       
,union4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 h[ev]1 !       
,s5ators vote indep5d5tly1 & ?us x (t5  
happ5s t ! two ,s5ators f "o ,/ate ca/  
opposite votes4 ,a c&idate = ! ,s5ate   
has to be ?irty ye>s old4  ,! memb]s ( !
 ,h\se are elect$ e two ye>s & by direct
 popul> vote4 ,! numb] ( delegates is "h
 n prescrib$ by ! ,con/itution4 ,x is   
con/antly modifi$ on ! basis ( ! t5-ye> 
c5sus1 s9ce e /ate is entitl$ to a numb]
 ( delegates proportionate to its       
population4 ,:ile !re 7 slaves1 :o c\ld 
n vote1 ! slave /ates nev]!less object$ 
to ! dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( _!           
repres5tatives1 due to ! fact t ! negro 
0 n consid]$ an inhabitant1 & x 0       
con/itutionally provid$ to compute !    
numb] ( ,repres5tatives on ! basis t e  
slave 0 equival5t to ?ree-fif?s ( a man4
 ,to-day nei!r col\r nor race           

con/itutionally affects ! "r to vote4   
,on ! o!r h&1 ! nation z su* does n     
conc]n itself to consid] :o is all[$ to 
vote1 b leaves ?is completely to !      
diff]5t /ates1 & requires only t = !    
national elections 9 e /ate ! same      
provisions are obs]v$ :i* are made = !  
elections to ! /ate legislature4        
,moreov]1 x is left to e /ate 9 :at wise
 x %all *oose ! allott$ numb] (         
,repres5tatives at ,wa%+ton4 ,?us1 =    
in/ance1 9 ^? f\r ,we/]n ,/ates 9 :i*   
wom5 are all[$ to vote = memb]s ( !     
legislature1 wom5 h also ! "r to vote = 
,congressm54  ,! fir/ ,h\se (           
,repres5tatives _h #fe memb]s1 :ile !   
,h\se ( #aijb _h #ceg1 & ! political    
c5tre ( gravity ( ! c\ntry has s %ift$ t
 ! /ates :i* orig9ally made up ,congress
 s5d n[ only #acg ( ! memb]s4 ,! numb] (
 delegates has rec5tly be5 increas$ to  
#chf4 ,! age ( c&idacy is #be1 & :ile a 
,s5ator mu/ h liv$ 9 ! c\ntry = n9e     
ye>s1 only sev5 ye>s are requir$ ( a    
,repres5tative4  ,! diff]5ces 9 !       

conditions ( election are en\gh to br+ x
 ab\t t ! p]sonal make-up ( ! two       
,h\ses1 z _h be5 orig9ally int5d$1 give 
v diff]5t impressions4 ,! dignity ( be+ 
,s5ator is grant$ to b few1 & to ^! = a 
long "t1 & z x is be/[$ by t some:at    
small circle ( ! legislators ( ! /ate1  
is naturally acc\nt$ ! highe/ political 
hon\r2 x is ?us desir$ by ! mo/         
successful lead]s ( public life & ! mo/ 
respect$ m5 ( ! sev]al /ates4 ,! ideal  
condition is1 to be sure1 some:at       
fru/rat$1 s9ce 9 reality ! memb]s ( a   
/ate legislature are g5]ally pl$g$1 :5  
!y !mselves are elect$1 to support ?is  
or t p>ticul> c&idate = ! ,s5ate4 ,?us !
 g5]al body ( vot]s ex]ts its influ5ce  
aft] all pretty directly2 &1 moreov]1   
?is di/9ction dep5ds n a little1 9 !    
,we/ & especially 9 ! ?9ly populat$     
/ates1 on ! possession ( great weal?4   
,s9ce1 h[ev]1 9 ^! cases su* weal? has  
g5]ally be5 won by exceptional en]gy &  
ke5 insight1 ev5 9 ?is way m5 come to   
,wa%+ton :o are a good deal above !     

av]age vot]1 & :o repres5t ! mo/        
significant =ces 9 ,am]ican popul> life 
e>ne/ly1 wor?ily1 & intellig5tly4  ,9 ! 
la/ ,s5ate ! av]age age ( n9ety ,s5ators
 0 sixty ye>s1 & sev5te5 7 m ?an sev5ty 
ye>s old4 ,sixty-"o ( !m 7 juri/s1      
eighte5 7 bus9ess m51 ?ree 7 f>m]s1 &   
two _h be5 j\rnali/s4 ,z to ! juri/s1 !y
 are n m5 :o are /ill active z attorneys
 or judges4 ,g5]ally m5 are 9 "q :o w5t 
ov] e>ly f ! legal pr(ession into       
politics1 & :o h liv$ almo/ entirely 9  
politics4 ,inde$1 n a few ( ^! lawy]s :o
 h become legislators h be5 = "s ye>s 9 
comm]cial life at ! head ( great        
indu/rial or railroad corporations1 s t 
! majority ( juri/s is no indication    
:atsoev] ( any legal petrifaction4 ,all 
sides ( ,am]ican life are repres5t$1 &  
only su* pr(essions z t ( ! univ]sity   
s*ol> or t ( ! prea*] are virtually     
exclud$ because circum/ances make x     
necess>y = ! ,s5ator to sp5d six w9t]s 9
 ,wa%+ton4 ,x w be se5 t politics mu/ h 
become a life pr(ession ) mo/ ( ^! m51  

s9ce _m are elect$ f\r & five times to !
 ,s5ate4 ,among ! be/ kn[n ,s5ators1    
,allison1 ,ho>1 ,cockrell1 ,platt1      
,morgan1 ,tell]1 & sev]al o!rs h be5 !re
 = m ?an tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,( c\rse !    
cons]vative traditions ( ! ,s5ate are   
bett] pres]v$ by su* num]\s re-elections
 ?an by any possible ext]nal provision4 
,x is also *>act]i/ic ( ! composition ( 
! ,s5ate t1 ) a s+le exception1 no      
,s5ator 0 born on ! ,european cont95t4  
,nelson1 ! ,s5ator f ,m9nesota1 came f  
,norway :5 he 0 a boy4 ,?us 9 ?is       
cons]vative circle !re is little real   
repres5tation ( ! millions :o h         
immigrat$ to ?is c\ntry4 ,9 !           
autobiographies ( ! ,s5ators1 two relate
 t1 al?\gh !y 7 born 9 ,am]ica1 !y are (
 ,g]man desc5t2 ^! are ,well+ton1 !     
,s5ator f ,m>yl&1 & ,dietri*1 ! ,s5ator 
f ,nebraska4 ,! ,s5ators are notori\sly 
well-to-d1 & h be5 call$ !              
8,millionaires' ,club02 & yet "o is n to
 suppose t ^! m5 h ! weal? ( ! great    
indu/rial magnates4 ,s5ator ,cl>ke1 (   

,montana1 ^: prop]ty is e/imat$ at "o   
hundr$ million doll>s1 is ! s+le "o :o1 
accord+ to ,am]ican /&>ds1 c\ld be call$
 ri*4 ,mo/ ( ! o!rs h m]ely a few mode/ 
millions1 & = _m ! exp5sive ye>s (      
resid5ce 9 ,wa%+ton are a decid$        
sacrifice4 ,&1 mo/ ( all1 x is c]ta9 t !
 ,s5ators :o are mat]ially ! lea/       
well-(f are among ! mo/ respect$ &      
influ5tial4 ,! mo/ highly educat$ memb] 
( ! ,s5ate w\ld probably be ! "y        
delegate f ,massa*usetts1 ! hi/orian    
,lodge1 :o is ! ,presid5t's mo/ intimate
 fri5d2 b ! mo/ wor?y & dignifi$ memb]  
has be5 ! late ,s5ator f ,massa*usetts1 
! impressive orator1 ,ho>4  ,x is a     
matt] ( c\rse t ! social level ( ! ,h\se
 ( ,repres5tatives lies consid]ably l[]4
 ,"h x is int5d$ t ! p %all be repres5t$
 ) all _! div]se int]e/s & ambitions4 ,!
 two-?irds majority ( lawy]s is f\nd1   
h[ev]1 ev5 "h2 ( ! #ceg memb]s ( ! la/  
,h\se1 #bcf _h be5 tra9$ 9 law1 #fc 7   
bus9ess m51 & #ag 7 f>m]s4 ,! ,h\se is  
aga9 l ! ,s5ate1 s9ce1 9 spite ( ! fact 

t ! memb]%ip is elect$ entirely anew1 x 
rema9s 9 good "p made up ( ! same p4 ,! 
fifty-eigh? ,congress conta9$ #bej      
memb]s :o _h already sat 9 !            
fifty-sev5?4 ,ab\t "o-t5? ( !           
,repres5tatives h be5 9 ! ,h\se t5 ye>s4
 ,! g5]al physiognomy is1 h[ev]1 v      
diff]5t f t ( ! ,s5ate4 ,x is m y\?ful1 
less s]5e & di/+ui%$1 & m sugge/ive (   
ord9>y bus9ess4 ,! av]age age is        
=ty-eight ye>s1 :ile !re are "s m5 "u   
?irty4 ,! total impression1 9 spite (   
sev]al exceptions1 sugge/s t ^! m5 come 
f ! social middle class4 ,h[ev]1 x is f 
j ?is class t ! notably cle>-cut        
p]sonalities ( ,am]ica h come2 & ! numb]
 ( p[]ful & /rik+ c\nt5ances to be se5 9
 ! ,h\se is great] ?an t 9 ! ,g]man     
,rei*/ag4 ,! ,repres5tatives1 l         
,s5ators1 h a sal>y ( #e1jjj & _!       
travell+ exp5ses4  ,:at is n[ ! actual  
"w ( ^! two *amb]s 9 ,congress1 & h[ d  
!y c>ry x on8 ,! "w _c be :olly sep>at$ 
f its mann] ( p]=mance4 ,p]haps !       
ess5tials ( ?is peculi> task & me?od    

c\ld be br\ght toge!r z foll[s3 on !    
basis ( committee reports1 ,congress    
decides :e!r or n to accept bills :i* h 
be5 propos$ by its memb]s4 ,?is is inde$
 ! ma9 "p ( ! /ory4 ,congress ?us passes
 on propos$ bills2 its function is      
purely legislative1 & involves no?+ ( an
 executive nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^!     
bills h to be propos$ by memb]s (       
,congress2 !y _c be receiv$ f !         
,presid5t or f memb]s ( 8 ,cab9et4 ,?us 
! ,executive has no influ5ce 9 !        
law-giv+ body4 ,! me?od ( transact+     
bus9ess1 f9ally1 consi/s ( lay+ !       
emphasis on ! delib]ations 9 committees1
 & x is !re t ! fate ( ea* bill is      
virtually settl$4 ,! committee det]m9es 
:e!r ! propos$ measure %all come be=e ! 
:ole ,h\se2 & bo? ,h\se & ,s5ate h      
f9ally to decide ab\t accept+ ! measure4
 ,ea* ( ^! po9ts requires fur!r comm5t4 
,s f> z ! sep>ation ( ! legislative &   
executive functions ( ! gov]nm5t is     
conc]n$1 x is c]ta9ly exagg]ation to say
 t x is complete1 z has (t5 be5 said4   

,!re is1 to be sure1 a some:at %>p]     
di/9ction ?an is made 9 ,g]many1 :]e !  
propositions ( ! ,executive =m ! basis (
 legislative activity2 & yet ev5 9 !    
,unit$ ,/ates ! ultimate fate ( e       
measure is dep5d5t on ! attitude tak5 by
 ! ,presid5t4 ,we h se5 t a bill :i* is 
s5t by ,congress to ! ,presid5t c be    
return$ ) 8 veto1 & 9 t case becomes a  
law only :5 on a new vote 9 bo? ,h\ses x
 receives a two-?irds majority4 ,a law  
:i* obta9s only a small majority 9 ei!r 
"o ( ! ,h\ses c ?us easily be put aside 
by ! ,executive4  ,on ! o!r h&1         
,congress has a v important p>ticipation
 9 executive functions1 m p>ticul>ly    
?r\gh ! ,s5ate1 inasmu* z all appo9tm5ts
 ( f$]al (fic]s & ! ratification ( all  
treaties require ! approval ( ! ,s5ate4 
,int]national politics1 !re=e1 make x   
necess>y = ! ,presid5t to keep closely 9
 t\* ) at lea/ ! ,s5ate1 & 9 ! matt] (  
appo9tm5ts ! "r ( ! ,s5ators to         
disapprove is s important t = a l>ge    
numb] ( local positions ! selection has 

be5 actually left entirely to ! ,s5ators
 ( ! respective /ates4 ,! ,con/itution  
gives to ,congress ev5 a jurisdictional 
function1 9 ! case t any high] f$]al    
(fic]s abuse _! (fice4 ,:5 !re is a     
suspicion ( ?is1 ! ,h\se (              
,repres5tatives br+s its *>ges & !      
,s5ate conducts ! trial4 ,! la/ "t t ?is
 great ma*9]y 0 9 op]ation 0 9 #ahgf1 :5
 ! ,secret>y ( ,w>1 ,belknap1 0 *>g$ &  
acquitt$2 ?us suspicion has n fall5 on  
any ( ! high] (ficials = tw5ty-eight    
ye>s4  ,! sep>ation ( ! ,legislative f !
 ,executive is mo/ conspicu\sly se5 9 ! 
fact t no memb] ( ! ,cab9et has a seat 9
 ,congress4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( !            
,congressional session ! ,presid5t s5ds 
8 message1 9 :i* he is privileg$        
politically to p\r out 8 entire he>t4   
,yet he may only /ate 8 hopes & desires1
 & may n propose def9ite bills4 ,!      
,cab9et m9i/]s1 h[ev]1 are responsible  
solely to ! ,presid5t1 & 9 no wise to   
,congress1 :]e !y h no "r to discuss    
measures ei!r fav\rably or unfav\rably4 

,!y d n come into contact ) ,congress4  
,?is is 9 extreme contra/ ) ! situation 
9 ,engl&1 :]e ! m9i/]s are lead]s ( !   
,p>liam5t>y p>ty4 ,! ,am]ican sees 9 ?is
 a /rong po9t ( 8 political sy/em1 & ev5
 su* a man z ! =m] ambassador to        
,g]many1 ,&rew ,d4 ,:ite1 :o admir$ s   
mu* ( :at he saw !re1 consid]s !        
m9i/]ial b5*es 9 ! ,g]man & ,fr5*       
repres5tative *amb]s a mi/ake4 ,x       
occasions1 he says1 a con/ant & vexati\s
 disagreem5t betwe5 ! delegates ( ! p & 
! m9i/]s1 :i* di/urbs ! ord] &          
effectiv5ess ( p>liam5t>y transactions4 
,! legislative "w %\ld be transact$     
ap>t1 & ! popul> repres5tatives ought to
 h only "o ano!r to take c>e (4  ,we mu/
 n1 h[ev]1 und]/& t !re are practically 
no relations exi/+ betwe5 ,congress & ! 
m9i/ry4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! bills1 :i*
 h to be discuss$1 consi/1 ( c\rse1 9   
appropriations = public exp5ditures1 s  
f> z ^! come out ( ! f$]al r ?an ! /ate 
treasuries4 ,su* appropriations includ$ 
at ! la/ "t #aci1jjj1jjj = p5sions1     

#ach1jjj1jjj = ! po/ (fice1 #ia1jjj1jjj 
= ! army1 #gh1jjj1jjj = ! navy1         
#bf1jjj1jjj = riv]s & h>b\rs1 & s on2   
mak+ 9 all #hjj1jjj1jjj = ! annual      
appropriations1 besides #bec1jjj1jjj =  
special contracts4 ,?us ! total sum (   
appropriations 9 "o session ( ,congress 
am\nt$ to ov] #a1jjj1jjj1jjj1 9 ,am]ica 
call$ a billion4 ,?is au?oriz$          
appropriation has to be made on ! basis 
( proposals1 submitt$ by ! memb]s (     
,congress2 b x is a matt] ( c\rse t e   
s+le figure ( su* propositions has to   
come orig9ally f ! bureau ( ! army or   
navy1 or :atev] dep>tm5t is conc]n$1 if 
x is to s]ve z ! basis ( discussion4    
,?us :ile ! ,executive pres5ts to       
,congress no proposals = ! budget1 x h&s
 ov] to ! memb]s ( ,congress s emp[]$ ! 
:ole mat]ial2 & ?is is1 aft] all1 n v   
diff]5t f ! ,european practice4 ,h[ev]1 
! voice ( ! ,executive is inde$ n he>d  
:5 ! budget is "u debate4 ,! memb]s (   
,congress :o are to receive ! m9i/]ial  
propositions ?r\gh m$iation ( !         

,treasury1 mu/ belong to ! ,h\se2 = "o (
 ! few advantages :i* ! ,h\se (         
,repres5tatives has ov] ! ,s5ate is t x 
has to initiate all bills (             
appropriation4 ,?is is a remnant ( !    
fundam5tal idea t all public exp5ditures
 %\ld be made only at ! in/ance ( !     
taxpay]s !mselves1 :]e=e ! directly     
elect$ memb]s ( ! ,h\se are m fitt$ =   
?is ?an are ! ,s5ators1 :o are          
indirectly elect$4 ,?is s+le advantage  
is less ?an x looks to be1 s9ce ! ,s5ate
 may am5d at w all bills ( appropriation
 t x receives f ! ,h\se4  ,?us e measure
 :i* is ev] to become law mu/ be propos$
 by memb]s ( ,congress4 ,"o c see t ?is 
privilege ( propos+ bills is utiliz$ to 
! utmo/1 f ! simple fact t dur+ e       
session "s fifte5 ?\s& bills are br\ght 
out4 ,we may "h consid] 9 detail ! way 9
 :i* ! ,h\se transacts its affairs4 ,x  
is cle> t if m ?an ?ree hundr$ voluble  
politicians are set to ! task (         
delib]at+ 9 a few mon?s on fifte5 ?\s&  
laws1 includ+ all propos$               

appropriations1 t a p]fect babel (      
argum5t w arise :i* c lead to no really 
fruitful result1 unless s\nd traditions1
 /rict rules & discipl9e1 & autocratic  
lead]%ip hold ?is *aotic body )9 b\nds4 
,! ,am]ican in/9ct = organization       
introduc$ inde$ long ago a compact      
ord]l9ess4 ,"h belongs fir/ ( all t     
above-m5tion$ committee sy/em1 :i* 9 !  
,h\se is complet$ by ! unique in/itution
 ( ! ,speak]4 ,b "o ?+ we mu/ con/antly 
be> 9 m9d3 ! :ole backgr\nd (           
,congressional do+s is ! two-p>ty sy/em4
 ,if ! ,h\se or ! ,s5ate 7 to break out 
9 ! prismatic v>iegation ( ! ,g]man     
p>liam5t>y p>ties1 no speak] & no sy/em 
( committees w\ld be able to keep !     
elem5ts 9 h&4 ,x is1 aft] all1 ! p>ty 9 
majority :i* gu>antees ord]1 m\lds !    
committees into effective ma*9es1 & l5ds
 to ! ,speak] 8 extraord9>y influ5ce4   
,! ess5tial feature ( ! :ole app>atus   
lies 9 ! fact t a bill _c come up be=e !
 ,h\se until x has be5 delib]at$ 9      
committee4 ,! *airman ( ! committee !n  

pres5ts x p]sonally at "s meet+4 ,!     
presid+ (fic]1 ! s-call$ ,speak]1 ex]ts 
9 ?is connection a ?reefold influ5ce2   
fir/ly1 he appo9ts ! memb]s ( all !     
committees1 ( :i*1 = in/ance1 !re 7 9 ! 
la/ ,congress sixty-?ree4 ,! mo/        
important1 &1 !re=e1 ! l>ge/1 ( ^!      
committees are ^? on appropriations1    
agriculture1 bank+1 co9age1 =eign &     
,indian affairs1 int]/ate & =eign       
comm]ce1 p5sions1 ! po/ (fice1 ! navy1  
railroads1 riv]s & h>b\rs1 pat5ts1 &    
f9ance4 ,bo? ! majority & m9ority p>ties
 are repres5t$ 9 e committee1 & its     
*airman has almo/ unlimit$ control 9 its
 transaction ( bus9ess4 ,all memb]s ( ! 
m important committees are exp]i5c$ m51 
:o h be5 well s*ool$ 9 ! traditions ( ! 
,h\se4  ,! ,speak] is all[$ fur!r to    
decide z to :at committee ea* bill %all 
be ref]r$4 ,9 _m cases1 ( c\rse1 !re is 
no *oice2 b x n seldom happ5s t !re are 
sev]al possibilities1 & ! decision      
betwe5 !m (t5 det]m9es ! fate ( ! bill4 
,9 ! ?ird place1 ! ,speak]1 z *airman ( 

! ,committee on ,rules1 decides :at     
reports1 ( ^? :i* h be5 s f> prep>$ by !
 committees1 %all come up = discussion  
at ea* meet+ ( ! ,h\se4 ,z soon z !     
committee has agre$ on recomm5dations1  
its report is put on ! cal5d>2 b :e!r x 
!n comes up = debate 9 ! ,h\se dep5ds on
 a good _m factors4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 (  
c\rse1 _m ( ! propos$ matt]s take       
naturally fir/ rank1 z = in/ance1 !     
appropriations4 ,! *airman ( !          
,committee on ,appropriations is giv5 ! 
floor :5ev] he asks = x2 ?us !re are    
express tra9s on ?is ,congressional     
railroad :i* h ! "r-(-way be=e suburban 
tra9s1 & !n1 too1 !re are special tra9s 
:i* take pref]5ce be=e ev]y?+ else4 ,b  
aside f su* committee reports z are     
especially privileg$1 a v consid]able   
opportunity ( selection exi/s among ^?  
:i* rema94  ,x is "h t ! really unlimit$
 influ5ce ( ! ,speak] comes 94 ,he is 9 
no way requir$ to give ! floor to !     
committees :i* ask = x fir/4 ,if !      
*airman ( ! committee is n call$ on by !

 ,speak] = 8 report1 he is said to be n 
8notic$0 & he is helpless4 ,( c\rse1    
:e!r he is notic$ or n dep5ds on ! mo/  
exact pre>rangem5t4 ,if n[ a bill is    
f9ally report$ to ! ,h\se1 x is /ill n  
all[$ an endless debate1 = ! ,speak] is 
once m emp[]$ to appo9t a p>ticul> "t :5
 ! debate mu/ end1 & !reby he is able to
 come ar\nd any ef=ts at ob/ruction4    
,if1 h[ev]1 ! m9ority wi%es to make     
itself he>d by rais+ ! po9t ( no quorum1
 !n n only ^? :o are vot+1 b all ^? :o  
are pres5t 9 ! ,h\se1 are c\nt$1 & if ^!
 are n en\gh ! del9qu5ts c be hunt$ out 
& =c$ to come 94 ,b 9 mo/ cases !re is  
little or no debate1 & ! resolutions ( !
 committee are accept$ by ! ,h\se )\t a 
^w4 ,9 c]ta9 ( ! mo/ important cases1 z 
9 matt]s ( appropriation or taxation1 ! 
,h\se con/itutes itself a s-call$       
committee ( ! :ole4 ,!n ! matt] is      
s]i\sly discuss$ "u a special *airman1 z
 at ! session ( an ord9>y committee4    
,ev5 "h x is n ! cu/om to make long     
spee*es1 & ! memb]s are (t5 cont5t$ ) a 

%ort sket* ( _! argum5ts1 & ask         
p]mission to h ! re/ publi%$ 9 !        
,congressional ,report4 ,! spee*es :i*  
?us h nev] be5 deliv]$ are pr9t$ &      
di/ribut$ 9 innum]able copies ?r\gh !   
di/rict f :i* t speak] comes & else:]e z
 well4  ,?us if an ord9>y ,repres5tative
 proposes a measure1 :i* p]haps         
expresses ! local wi%es ( 8 di/rict1 su*
 a bill goes fir/ to ! ,secret>y & f him
 to ! ,speak]4 ,he ref]s x to a special 
committee1 & at ! same "t e             
,repres5tative receives pr9t$ copies (  
x4 ,! committee decides :e!r ! bill is  
wor? consid]+4 ,if x has ! good =tune to
 be delib]at$ by ! committee x is (t5 s 
am5d$ by ! memb]s t little rema9s ( its 
orig9al sub/ance4 ,if x !n has ! fur!r  
good =tune to be accept$ by ! committee1
 x comes on ! ,h\se cal5d>1 & waits     
until ! ,committee on ,rules puts x on !
 ord] ( ! day4 ,if x !n has !           
exceptional good =tune ( be+ read to !  
,h\se x has a fairly good *ance ( be+   
accept$4  ,b ( c\rse its pilgrimage is n

 end$ "h4 ,x passes next to ! ,s5ate1 & 
goes ?r\gh mu* ! same treatm5t once m2  
fir/ a committee1 !n ! quorum4 ,if x    
does n !re come up be=e ! quorum1 x is  
lo/ 9 spite ( ev]y?+2 b if x does f9ally
 come up1 aft] all h9drances1 x may be  
am5d$ once m by ! ,s5ate4 ,if ?is       
happ5s1 z is likely1 its consid]ation is
 begun all ov] aga94 ,a composite       
committee f bo? ,h\ses consid]s all     
am5dm5ts1 & if x _c come to an agreem5t 
! measures are doom$4 ,if ! committee   
does agree1 ! close ( ! session (       
,congress may int]v5e & prev5t its la/  
he>+ 9 ! ,h\se1 & 9 ! next ,congress !  
:ole process is repeat$4 ,b if a measure
 has pass$ ?r\gh all ^! dang]s & be5    
approv$ by bo? ,h\ses1 ! ,presid5t !n   
has ! opportunity to put 8 veto on x4   
,?us x comes ab\t t h>dly a t5? "p ( !  
bills :i* are introduc$ ea* ye> ev]     
become laws1 & t !y are sift$ out &     
am5d$ surely & spe$ily4 ,inde$1 x c     
h>dly be d\bt$ t a l>ge "p ( ! fifte5   
?\s& bills are introduc$ out ( p]sonal  

consid]ation = con/itu5ts1 or ev5 out ( 
less wor?y motives1 ) no expectation t  
!y w possibly be accept$4 ,moreov]1 !   
popul> tribunal1 ! ,h\se1 sp>es itself  
too great pa9s1 because x kn[s t !      
,s5ate w c]ta9ly am5d all its           
provisions2 & ! ,s5ate indulges itself 9
 vot+ unnecess>y fav\rs to con/itu5ts   
because x relies on _! negation by !    
,h\se4  ,! ,s5ate works on fundam5tally 
! same plan4 ,:5 a ,s5ator br+s 8       
proposition1 x goes likewise to !       
appropriate committee1 !n is read be=e a
 quorum1 & is pass$ on to ! o!r *amb]4  
,nev]!less1 !re is a consid]able        
diff]5ce 9 proc$ure2 ! ,h\se behaves l a
 re/less popul> ga!r+1 :ile ! ,s5ate    
resembles a conf]5ce ( diplomats4 ,!    
,h\se is a gigantic room1 9 :i* ev5 !   
be/ orators c h>dly make !mselves he>d1 
& :]e hundr$s are writ+ or read+        
newspap]s )\t pay+ any att5tion to ! man
 :o speaks4 ,b ! ,s5ate is a p>liam5t>y 
*amb]1 :]e a some:at undue =mality      
prevails4 ,a /rict discipl9e has to be  

obs]v$ 9 ! ,h\se 9 ord] to pres]ve its  
organization1 :ile ! ,s5ate ne$s no     
outw>d discipl9e because ! small circle 
( eld]ly g5tlem5 transacts its bus9ess )
 p]fect decorum4 ,?us ! ,s5ate tol]ates 
no ,speak] ov] x1 no presid5t )         
discretion>y p[]s4 ,9 ! ,s5ate bo?      
p>ties h ! "r to appo9t ! memb]s ( !    
committees4 ,! ,*airman ( ! ,s5ate mu/  
also n fail to notice any "o :o asks = !
 floor2 :oev] wi%es to speak has e      
*ance1 & ?is fre$om implies ( c\rse t ! 
debates %all n be arbitr>ily t]m9at$ by 
! ,*airman4 ,a debate c be clos$ only by
 unanim\s cons5t4 ,! influ5ce ( !       
,*airman ( ! ,s5ate is1 !re=e1 only a   
%ad[ beside t ( ! ,speak]1 & s9ce !     
,*airman is n elect$ by ! ,s5ate itself1
 b is *os5 directly by ! p 9 ! p]son ( !
 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x   
may happ5 t ?is ,*airman belongs to !   
p>ty 9 m9ority1 & t he has practically  
no influ5ce at all4 ,con=mably ) !      
extreme =mality & c\rtesy ( ! ,s5ate1   
majorities are c\nt$ on ! basis ( !     

votes actually ca/1 & n1 z 9 ! ,h\se1 on
 ! basis ( memb]s actually pres5t4 ,=   
bo? ,h\ses alike x is possible = ^? :o  
int5d to be abs5t to be pair$ (f be=eh&1
 s t if "o abs5tee has ann\nc$ himself  
=1 & ano!r aga9/1 a c]ta9 bill1 !y c bo?
 be c\nt$ z hav+ vot$4  ,x is cle> :at !
 consequ5ces ( ?is unlimit$ ex*ange (   
,s5atorial c\rtesy mu/ be2 ! concessions
 9 outw>d =m mu/ lead imm$iately to     
compromises & tacit und]/&+s4 ,if a     
debate c be clos$ only by unanim\s      
agreem5t1 x is possible = a s+le oppos+ 
politician to ob/ruct ! law-mak+ ma*9]y4
 ,a h&ful ( oppon5ts c take ! /& = weeks
 & block ! entire ,s5ate4 ,su*          
ob/ructioni/ policy has to be prev5t$ at
 any co/1 & !re=e on all sides & 9 e    
lea/ p>ticul> fri5dly sympa?y mu/ be    
pres]v$4 ,( c\rse1 ! opposition betwe5 !
 two p>ties _c be obviat$2 s mu* ! m1   
!n1 x is necess>y = ea* man to be b\nd  
by p]sonal ties to e o!r1 & to feel sure
 ( hav+ a free h& 9 8 own special       
int]e/s s long at lea/ z he accords !   

same "r to o!rs 9 !irs4 ,?us1 m]ely f ! 
necessity ( pres]v+ mutual good feel+1 x
 too (t5 happ5s t ! o!r memb]s close _! 
eyes :5 "s will+ ,s5ator cat]s to local 
gre$ or to ! special wi%es ( ambiti\s   
p]sons or corporations1 by propos+ a    
,congressional bill4  ,?is 8,s5atorial  
c\rtesy0 is mo/ m>k$ 9 ! matt] ( !      
appo9tm5t ( (ficials1 :]e matt]s g      
smoo?ly only because x has be5 agre$ t  
no proposals %all be made )\t ! approval
 ( ! ,s5ators ( ! /ate conc]n$4 ,e      
,s5ator kn[s t if to-day "o local       
delegate is outvot$1 ! rebellion may    
to-morr[ be direct$ aga9/ ano!r2 & ?us  
_m a d\btful appo9tm5t1 giv5 z hu% money
 or z a rew>d = mean political s]vices1 
is approv$ ) inw>d displeasure by       
c\rte\s colleagues m]ely 9 ord] to save 
! pr9ciple ( individual omnipot5ce4 ,!re
 is no d\bt t 9 ?is way ! individual    
,s5ator comes to h mu* m p[] ?an does a 
s+le ,repres5tative4 ,! latt] is really 
! memb] ( a p>ty1 ) no special          
opportunities = satisfy+ 8 individual   

wi%es2 :ile ! ,s5ator may h 8 p]sonal   
po9ts ( view1 & is really an indep5d5t  
factor4  ,if to-day ! ,s5ate1 contr>y to
 ! expectation ( =m] times1 really plays
 a mu* m important rle be=e ! public ?an
 ! ,h\se1 ?is is probably n because m   
important functions are giv5 to !       
,s5ate1 b because x is compos$ ( p]sons 
( :om e "o has peculi> significance 9 ! 
political situation1 :ile ! ,h\se is    
no?+ b a mass-meet+ ) a few lead]s4 ,?is
 increas$ importance be=e ! public eye  
works back aga9 on ! ,s5ator's op9ion ( 
himself1 & ! necess>y result is a /eady 
increase 9 ! ,s5ate's aspirations & !   
con/ant gr[? ( its rights4 ,p]haps ! mo/
 *>act]i/ic exhibition ( ?is has be5 !  
gradual evolution ( ! "p tak5 by !      
,s5ate 9 ! matt] ( =eign treaties4 ,!   
,con/itution requires ! ratification ( !
 ,s5ate1 & ! orig9al con/ruction 0 t !  
,adm9i/ration %\ld pres5t a treaty all  
made out1 :i* ! ,s5ate _h to accept or  
reject z x /ood4 ,b soon ! ,s5ate       
arrogat$ to itself ! "r to am5d         

treaties1 & !n x came ab\t t ! ,s5ate   
w\ld nev] accept a treaty )\t inject+ a 
few drops ( its own diplomatic wisdom4  
,x might be t ^! w\ld be m]ely a *ange (
 word+1 b j en\gh to let ! ,presid5t    
feel ! ,s5atorial p[]4 ,! result has be5
 t ! treaties t are n[ pres5t$ to !     
,s5ate are call$ no?+ b proposals4      
,look+ beh9d ! sc5es "o discov]s t at   
bottom1 ev5 9 ! ,s5ate1 only a few h    
real influ5ce4 ,! m rec5tly appo9t$     
,s5ators e>n _! spurs 9 unimportant     
committees1 & ev5 if !y get into m      
important ones !y are con/ra9$ by       
tradition to fall 9 l9e beh9d ! m       
exp]i5c$ memb]s4 ,9 ! ,h\se !re is half 
a doz51 & 9 ! ,s5ate p]haps a doz5 m5 :o
 %ape ! politics ( ! c\ntry4 ,"h1 z 9   
all practical matt]s1 ! ,am]ican is     
ready to submit to an olig>*ical sy/em s
 long z he kn[s t ! few 9 "q d]ive _!   
p[] f ! free vote ( ! _m4 ,9 fact no?+ b
 olig>*y is able to satisfy ! pr(\ndly  
cons]vative feel+ ( ! ,am]ican4 ,beh9d !
 sc5es "o soon discov]s also t !        

,s5atorial c\rtesy1 :i* neutralizes !   
p>ty fanaticism & enc\rages compromises 
to spr+ up l mu%rooms1 /ill leaves room 
= pl5ty ( fight+2 & ev5 intrigue ?rives 
bett] on ?is unctu\s c\rtesy ?an 9 !    
co>s] soil ( ! l[] h\se4 ,! sanctifi$   
old] ,s5ators1 su* z ,allison1 ,frye1   
,platt1 ,aldri*1 & ,hale1 "k :]e to     
place _! lev]s s z to dislodge all      
opposition4 ,p]haps ,mc,kinley's fri5d1 
,hanna1 :o 0 ! gr& virtuoso 9           
,republican p>ty te*nique1 knew h[      
always to ov]come su* political         
intrigue2 b ev5 ,roosevelt's fri5d1     
,lodge1 has sometimes f\nd t !          
arbitr>ily %ap$ traditions ( ! s5iors   
weigh m ?an ! mo/ conv9c+ argum5ts ( !  
y\ng] m54  ,! moral level ( ,congress   
is1 9 ! judgm5t ( its be/ critics1 r    
high4 ,! fate ( e "o ( ! ?\s&s ( bills  
is settl$ virtually 9 a small committee1
 & ?us1 "t aft] "t1 ! weal & woe (      
entire indu/ries or gr\ps ( int]e/s     
dep5d on "o or two votes 9 ! committee4 
,! possible op5+s = corruption are ?us  

mu* great] 9 ,congress ?an 9 any o!r    
p>liam5t1 s9ce no o!r has c>ri$ !       
committee sy/em to su* a po9t4 ,9 =m]   
times political sc\ndrels w5t ar\nd 9   
great numb]s ?r\gh ! hotels 9 ,wa%+ton &
 ev5 9 ! corridors ( ! ,capitol try+ to 
influ5ce votes ) e device ( brib]y4 ,to 
be sure1 x is difficult to prove t !re  
are no su* hidd5 s9s to-day2 b x is !   
conviction ( ^? :o are be/ able to judge
 t no?+ ( ! sort any long] exi/s4 ,to be
 sure1 !re are /ill lobbyi/s 9 ,wa%+ton1
 :o z a matt] ( bus9ess are try+ to "w  
ei!r = or aga9/ imp5d+ bills1 b direct  
brib]y is no long] 9 "q4 ,on ! slighte/ 
suspicion ! ,h\se itself proce$s to an  
inve/igation & appo9ts a committee1 :i* 
has ! "r ( collect+ sworn te/imony2 & "t
 aft] "t ^! suspicions h be5 f\nd to be 
unju/4  ,a diff]5t v]dict1 h[ev]1 w\ld h
 to be pass$ if only t delegate 7 to be 
call$ morally upright :o surveys e "q f 
! po9t ( view ( ! welf>e ( ! entire     
nation2 = !n inde$ ! purity ( ,congress 
w be by no means free f d\bt4 ,few      

,am]icans1 h[ev]1 w\ld recognize su* a  
political /&>d4 ,:5 great national      
que/ions come up = discussion ,congress 
has always %[n itself equal to !        
occasion1 & :5 ! national hon\r is at   
/ake1 z x 0 dur+ ! ,spani% ,w>1 p>ty    
l9es no long] exi/2 b :5 ! daily drift (
 "w has to be put ?r\gh x is ! duty ( e 
man to uphold z ob/9ately z possible !  
int]e/s ( 8 con/itu5cy4 ,especially !   
political int]e/s ( 8 p>ty !n become    
pr$om9ant1 &1 se5 f a high] po9t ( view1
 !re are no d\bt _m s9s committ$ 9 ?is  
direction4 ,_m a measure is giv5 its    
quietus by "o p>ty1 n because ( any real
 inexp$i5cy1 b simply 9 ord] to emb>rass
 ! o!r p>ty1 to tie up ! ,adm9i/ration1 
& ?us to weak5 ! hopes ( t p>ty at !    
next election4 ,9 rec5t ye>s su* p>ty   
tactics on bo? sides h prevail$ "t aft] 
"t4 ,mo/ frequ5tly x is ! pres5t        
m9ority1 "u its lead]1 ,s5ator ,gorman1 
:i* has resort$ to ?is policy & held out
 aga9/ ! mo/ reasonable propositions ( !
 ,republicans1 simply because ^!        

measures w\ld h increas$ ! ,republican  
respect be=e ! nation4  ,on ! o!r h&1   
p>ty l9es are all ! "t be+ brok5 ?r\gh  
by ^! or ^? local int]e/s1 & any "o     
obs]v+ ! di/ribution ( votes ca/ 9 !    
,h\se w see cle>ly h[1 (t5times1 !      
p>ties m+le :ile ! issue lies p]haps    
betwe5 two diff]5t geographical         
sections4 ,:5 oleom>g>9e is ! ord] ( !  
day ! repres5tatives ( ! f>m+ di/ricts  
are l9$ up aga9/ ^? f indu/rial         
sections4 ,if x is a "q ( gett+         
,congress to approve ! great irrigation 
measures1 :ole troops ( ,democrats ha/5 
to =get t1 accord+ to _! fundam5tal     
pr9ciples1 su* an und]tak+ belongs to ! 
/ate1 & n to ! f$]al1 gov]nm5t2 !       
repres5tatives f all ! ,democratic /ates
 :i* are to be b5efit$ by su*           
irrigation1 fall into sweet accord ) !  
,republicans4 ,?us ! p>ty divisions are 
all ! "t be+ =gott5 = ! mom5t1 & x looks
 z if ?is weak5+ ( p>ty bonds 7 on !    
increase4 ,by support+ 8 p>ty pr9ciples 
ea* ,congressman assi/s t[>d ! next     

victory ( 8 p>ty1 b by work+ = ! int]e/s
 ( 8 locality he is sur] ( 8 own        
r5om9ation4 ,! requirem5t t a c&idate   
mu/ reside 9 ! di/rict t elects him     
naturally /r5g!ns 8 consid]ation = !    
selfi% claims ( 8 con/itu5cy4 ,?us x is 
only at notable mom5ts t ! popul>       
repres5tative /&s above all p>ties2 he  
g5]ally /&s pat ) 8 own p>ty1 & if !    
vot]s beg9 to nod he may take 8 /&      
some:at bel[ ! p>ties4  ,yet1 on look+  
at ,congress z a :ole1 "o has !         
impression t x accompli%es a trem5d\s   
am\nt ( "w1 & 9 a m sob]1 bus9ess-l1 &  
effici5t way ?an does any o!r p>liam5t 9
 ! _w4 ,!re is less talk+ aga9/ "t2 9   
fact1 !re is less talk+ ( any k9d1 &    
because ! ,adm9i/ration is n repres5t$  
at all !re is less fight+4 ,!           
transactions z a :ole are !re=e some:at 
less excit+2 a s+le ,congressman has    
less opportunity to become p]sonally    
fam\s4 ,yet no ,am]ican w\ld desire to  
introduce a m9i/]ial b5* at ! ,capitol1 
or to h ! next ,congress adopt ,au/rian1

 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 or ,engli% me?ods4      
,,*apt] ,,five                          
,ju/ice   ,go+ f ! hall b5ea? ! c5tral  
dome ( ! ,capitol t[>d ! ,s5ate1 9 !    
left w+ "o passes by an extraord9>y     
room1 9 :i* !re is g5]ally a cr[d ( p4  
,! n9e judges ( ! f$]al c\rt1 ! ,supreme
 ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are sitt+ !re 
9 _! black g[ns1 betwe5 ,greek columns4 
,! ,presid5t & 8 ,cab9et1 ! ,s5ate1 & ! 
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives fill ! ,am]ican 
) a pride :i* is temp]$ by "s critical  
judgm5t on ?is or t feature1 or p]haps  
by a lively p>ty dissatisfaction4 ,b e  
,am]ican :o is compet5t to judge looks  
on ! ,supreme ,c\rt ) unqualifi$        
admiration4 ,he kn[s v well t no =ce 9 !
 c\ntry has done m = ! peace1 prosp]ity1
 & dignity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 !      
con/itutional make-up ( ! ,f$]al        
,gov]nm5t1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt is ! ?ird   
division1 & co-ord9ate ) ! ,legislative 
& ! ,executive dep>tm5ts4  ,!           
jurisprud5ce ( a nation =ms a totality2 
& !re=e x w n d to discuss ! "w ( ! n9e 

m5 sitt+ at ! ,capitol1 )\t ?r[+ at lea/
 a ha/y glance at ! adm9i/ration (      
ju/ice ?r\gh\t ?is enorm\s c\ntry4 ,!re 
is h>dly any?+ m confus+ to a ,european2
 & :ile ! ,engli%man f9ds _m features   
:i* are rem9isc5t ( ,engli% law1 !      
,g]man /&s helpless be=e ! complicat$   
situation4 ,x is1 mo/ ( all1 ! extreme  
div]sity ( me?ods :i* disquiets him4 ,x 
w be q impossible to give "h ev5 a      
sup]ficial picture ( ! ma*9]y ( ju/ice4 
,a few h9ts mu/ suffice at ?is po9t1    
:ile we %all consid] _m features 9 o!r  
connections1 especially 9 discuss+      
social problems4  ,! jurisprud5ce adopt$
 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates comes f ?ree s\rces4
 ,! av]age ,am]ican1 on be+ ask$ :at !  
law ( 8 c\ntry is1 w\ld say t x is      
8common law40 ,if we except ! ,/ate (   
,l\isiana1 :i* by a peculi>ity has !    
,napoleonic ,code1 ?is reply suffices = 
a r\gh idea4 ,b if a ,g]man1 hav+ 9 m9d 
p]haps ! two ,g]man law books1 ! p5al & 
! civil codes1 bo? ( :i* he c put s     
easily into 8 pocket1 7 to ask aft] "s  

=mulation ( ! common law1 he w\ld be %[n
 a c\ple ( huge bookcases ) sev]al      
hundr$ /\t volumes4 ,common law is n a  
law book1 nor is x a sy/em ( ab/ract    
=mulations1 nor yet a codification ( !  
prevail+ ideas ( ju/ice4 ,x is1 9 fact1 
! sum total ( judicial decisions4 ,!    
e/abli%m5t ( common law signifies t e   
new case z x comes up is decid$ 9       
con=mity ) previ\s decisions4 ,! e>li]  
decision may be a bad "o1 & v mu* (f5d  
"o's s5se ( ju/ice2 b if no sup]ior     
au?ority has annull$ x1 x becomes       
hi/oric law & det]m9es ! future c\rse ( 
?+s4 ,am]ican law came orig9ally f !    
,engli%4 ,! e>ly ,engli% coloni/s br\ght
 ) !m across ! ocean ! ideas ( ! ,engli%
 judges1 & ! /ates :i* h sprung up      
lately h tak5 _! law f ! ?irte5 orig9al 
/ates4 ,if to-day1 9 ,bo/on or ,san     
,francisco1 any "o f9ds a piece (       
jewelry on ! /reet & ano!r snat*es x f  
him1 he c h ! ?ief arre/$1 al?\gh !     
object f\nd is n 8 prop]ty4 ,! judge w  
decide t he has a "r to ! object :i* he 

has f\nd until ! orig9al own] appe>s1 & 
! judge w s decide because 9 ! ye> #agbb
 a ,london *imney-sweep f\nd a valuable 
ornam5t1 out ( :i* a jewel] lat] /ole a 
preci\s /one2 & ! ,engli% judge decid$ 9
 fav\r ( ! *imney-sweep4  ,!            
disadvantages ( su* a sy/em are obvi\s4 
,in/ead ( a s+le book ( law embody+ ! w 
( ! nation1 ! decisions h&$ d[n by s+le 
insignificant judges 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! 
_w1 decisions :i* orig9at$ "u :olly o!r 
/ates ( civilization & f o!r traditions1
 /ill h f9al au?ority4 ,aga9 & aga9 !   
judge has to adapt himself to old       
decisions1 aga9/ :i* 8 s5se ( "r morally
 rebels4 ,yet ! deep1 e?ical motive     
beh9d ?is legal sy/em is c]ta9ly pla9ly 
evid5t4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon w\ld say t a   
national code _c be con/ruct$ arbitr>ily
 & artificially4 ,its only s\rce is 9 ! 
c>eful1 responsible decisions giv5 d[n  
by ! accr$it$ repres5tatives ( ! public 
w 9 actual disputes :i* h aris54 ,!re is
 no "r or wrong1 he w\ld say1 until two 
p]sons disagree & make a settlem5t      

necess>y1 & ! judge :o decides ! case   
creates ! "r ) ! help ( 8 own consci5ce2
 b z soon z he has giv5 8 decision1 & x 
is set aside by no high] au?ority1 !    
pr9ciple ( ! decision becomes ju/ice =  
all times4 ,e day sees new =mulations ( 
ju/ice1 because new conflicts betwe5    
human wills are always aris+ & require  
new settlem5ts2 b up to ! mom5t :5 a    
decision is made !re exi/ only two      
conflict+ desires exi/+ 9 ! matt]1 b    
no?+ :i* c\ld be call$ ju/ice4  ,al?\gh 
x seems at fir/ sight z if a legal      
sy/em1 :i* is compos$ ( previ\s         
decisions1 w\ld soon become antiquat$ & 
petrifi$1 ! ,anglo-,saxon w\ld say )    
firm conviction t j su* ju/ice is ! only
 "o :i* c be liv+1 because x spr+s n out
 ( rationali/ic preconceptions1 b f     
actual exp]i5ce4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon       
jurisprud5ce is full ( hi/orical reality
 & ( picturesque individuality4 ,x has  
gr[n z organically z language1 & is1 9 !
 e/imation ( ! ,anglo-,saxon1 z mu*     
sup]ior to a m]e code z ! ord9>y spee* (

 a p1 9 spite ( all its hi/orical       
inconsi/5cies1 is sup]ior to an         
artificially con/ruct$ spee* l ,volapk4 
,& he w\ld f9d _m o!r po9ts (           
sup]iority4 ,he w\ld say1 = in/ance1 t  
?is is ! only sy/em :i* gives to e man  
on ! judge's b5* ! s]i\s s5se ( 8       
responsibility2 = ! judge kn[s t 9 e    
case :i* he decides1 he settles n only !
 =tunes ( ,james & ,john !re pres5t1 b  
he influ5ces = all times ! conception ( 
ju/ice ( ! entire nation4 ,he feels     
especially t ! b9d+ =ce ( previ\s       
decisions reassures ! public s5se ( "r1 
& l5ds a cont9uity :i* c\ld nev] be     
af=d$ by ! !oretical =mulations ( an    
ab/ract code4  ,ano!r factor mu/ be tak5
 into acc\nt4 ,a judicial decision :i*  
is =gott5 z quickly z ! voice ( ! judge 
:o speaks x1 c nev] h s consid]able an  
influ5ce on ! public m9d z "o :i* itself
 creates law4 ,9 "o s5se1 to be sure1 ! 
,g]man judge creates law too2 ! p5al    
code sets wide limits to ! puni%m5t ( a 
crim9al1 & )9 ^! limits ! judge assigns 

a c]ta9 p5alty4 ,he does 9 a s5se create
 ! "r = ?is p>ticul> case2 b !          
*>act]i/ic diff]5ce is1 t 9 ! ,g]man    
,empire no subsequ5t decision is 9 !    
lea/ affect$ by su* prec$+ decision4 ,! 
,g]man judge f9ds ju/ice prescrib$ = him
 & he is its s]vant1 :ile ! ,am]ican    
makes x & is its ma/]4 ,?is gives to !  
judicial utt]ance an hi/orical weight & 
endur+ significance1 :i* contribute     
va/ly t[>d keep+ judicial do+s 9 ! focus
 ( ! public consci\sness4  ,! same is   
br\ght ab\t 9 /ill ano!r way4 ,s9ce !   
decision ( ! judge is l>gely dep5d5t on 
previ\s cases1 ! fate ( ! p>ties cont5d+
 may dep5d on :e!r !y are able to po9t  
to previ\s decisions :i* are fav\rable  
to _! side4 ,! layman _c d ?is1 & x     
falls to ! c\nsel4 ,9 ?is wise a sph]e (
 action is op5 to ! ,am]ican lawy] :i*  
is incomp>ably great] ?an t ( any ,g]man
 ,anwalt4 ,! =m] has to conc]n himself n
 only ) ! case 9 h&1 b he has to connect
 ?is concrete in/ance ) ! :ole hi/oric  
pa/4 ,?us ! pr(ession ( ! lawy] comes to

 h an inn] importance :i* is unkn[n to !
 ,european1 & :i* 9 _m cases necess>ily 
exce$s ! importance ( ! judge1 s9ce he  
is b\nd to comply ) ! decisions adduc$  
by ! c\nsels = bo? sides4 ,! judges are 
select$ f ! ranks ( lawy]s1 & are1      
!re=e1 br\ght up 9 ! idea t law is      
compos$ ( =m] decisions1 & t ! decisions
 ( ! b5* are admirable only s f> z !y   
are consi/5t en\gh ) ! e>li] ones to =ce
 ! conviction & respect ( ! lawy]s4 ,?us
 b>ri/]s & judges are entirely at "o1 & 
are toge!r entru/$ ) ! public s5se ( "r1
 z x has develop$ itself hi/orically1 & 
z x is day by day add$ to & p]petuat$1 s
 t x %all be a nev]-fail+ s\rce (       
quick5+ to ! consci5ce ( ! masses4  ,9 !
 masses ( ! p1 on ! o!r h&1 ! natural   
t5d5cies are fav\rable anyh[ = develop+ 
a lively s5se ( ju/ice4 ,x is a         
necessity devolv+ naturally on !        
individuali/ic view ( ?+s4 ,! protection
 ( individual rights & ! inviolability (
 ! individual p]son1 ) all t belongs to 
x1 are ! individuali/'s mo/ vital       

conc]n4 ,_m outw>d features ( ,am]ican  
life may seem1 inde$1 to contradict ?is1
 b any "o :o looks m deeply w see t     
ev]y:]e ! desire = ju/ice is ! ess5tial 
trait ( bo? ! individual & ! nation2 & !
 public consci\sness w\ld r endure !    
crasse/ absurdities & misund]/&+s 9     
public affairs ?an ! lea/ consci\s      
violation 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4    
,aga9 & aga9 important trials g to      
pieces on small te*nical errors1 f :i* !
 sev]e s5se ( ju/ice ( ! ,am]ican is n  
able to free itself4 ,! public is always
 will+ to endure any h>d%ip r ?an to    
tol]ate any maladm9i/ration ( ju/ice4   
,on ! f9e/ squ>e 9 ,bo/on /&s a l>ge &  
magnific5t hotel1 erect$ by ri*         
capitali/s4 ,! build+ laws provide t    
/ructures fac+ t squ>e %all n exce$ a   
height ( n9ety feet2 b 9 violation ( !  
law c]ta9 cornices & balu/rades 7 add$  
to ?is build+ above ! n9ety-foot l9e1 9 
ord] to give an arti/ic f9i% to !       
/ructure1 & /ill to turn practically e  
in* all[$ by law to acc\nt = r5tals1 :i*

 are high 9 s palatial a build+4 ,e "o  
agre$ t ?is ornam5tal f9i% 0 highly     
decorative & satisfactory 9 ! /hetic    
s5se1 b t x mu/1 nev]!less1 be tak5 d[n1
 because x violat$ ! law by "s sev5     
feet4 ,! cornice & balu/rades h1 !re=e1 
be5 demoli%$ at great exp5se1 & a h&some
 /ructure has be5 made absolutely       
hide\s--a v]itable mon/rosity4 ,! be/   
squ>e 9 ! city is disfigur$1 b e        
,bo/onian looks on ?is build+ )         
gratification4 ,beautiful ar*itectural  
detail may inde$ h be5 sacrific$2 b !   
public consci5ce has won1 & x is on ?is 
t ! nation re/s4  ,x is m]ely incid5tal 
t v mu*1 & inde$ mu* too mu*1 ( t :i* ! 
,g]mans acc\nt matt]s ( ju/ice1 is      
relegat$ by ! ,am]ican po9t ( view to   
o!r tribunals2 "s1 = in/ance1 are held  
to be political que/ions1 & ?us x (t5   
appe>s to ! =eign] z if !re _h be5 a    
violation ( ju/ice :]e really !re has   
be5 only "s political abuse4 ,b matt]s (
 t sort loom up :5ev] any nation tries  
to =m an op9ion ab\t ano!r4 ,9 ,g]many1 

inde$1 ! ,am]ican seems to see _m       
violations ( ju/ice1 :]e ! ,g]man w\ld  
f9d only an hi/orically e/abli%$ social 
or political abuse4  ,z we h said1      
,am]ican ju/ice is bas$ on ! decisions  
h&$ d[n 9 e>li] cases4 ,b ?is is1 aft]  
all1 only "o ( ! ?ree s\rces ( law4 ,t  
=m ( law-mak+ is also "h recogniz$ :i* 9
 ,europe is ! only =m2 ! law-mak+ by !  
majority ( ! p's repres5tatives4 ,we h  
se5 h[ ,congress passes e ye> hundr$s ( 
laws4 ,_m ( ^! are inde$ special        
measures1 ) no univ]sal application2 n a
 few1 h[ev]1 are ( v broad application &
 involve an unlimit$ numb] ( possible   
in/ances4 ,& j z ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates1 s also c ! legislature ( ea*    
/ate prescribe g5]al regulations1       
applicable )9 ! /ate4 ,su* laws made by 
! legislature are te*nically call$      
/atutes4 ,^! are engross$ 9 !           
/atute-books ( ! /ate1 & sup]s$e all    
oppos$ decisions :i* may !n exi/4 ,!    
f$]al judge1 l ! judge 9 a special /ate1
 is !re=e b\nd to e>li] decisions only s

 f> z ^! are n expressly annull$ by     
/atutes4  ,"h we f9d "o ( ! ma9 reasons 
= ! extraord9>y complexities ( !        
,am]ican law2 =ty-five legislatures are 
mak+ laws = _! sev]al /ates1 & 9 ?is way
 !y ( c\rse give expression to !        
div]sity ( local ne$s & ! v>y+ grades ( 
culture4 ,at ! same "t1 ! pr9ciple (    
law1 bas$ on e>li] decisions1 is always 
comb9$ ) ! pr9ciple ( ! /atute-book4 ,9 
! cases1 bo? ( ! laws ( ,congress & ^? (
 ! sep>ate /ates1 ! judges :o fir/ come 
to apply ! /atutes 9 practice1 are      
privileg$ to make _! own int]pretation2 
& "h1 too1 ! int]pretation h&$ d[n 9 !  
judge's decision is valid = all future  
cases4  ,9 bo? ! f$]al & /ate c\rts a   
legal action may be c>ri$ f ! l[] to !  
high] c\rts1 & ! decision ( ! highe/    
tribunal becomes def9itely law4 ,!      
=ty-five-fold div]sity ref]s ?us n m]ely
 to ! /atutes ( ! sep>ate /ates1 b also 
to ! int]pretations ( ^? /atutes :i* h  
be5 giv5 by ! upp] c\rts ( ^? /ates4  ,!
 ?ird s\rce ( law is ! only "o t        

prescribes absolute uni=mity = all p>ts 
( ! c\ntry4 ,?is is ! ,con/itution ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,con/itution mu/ n be 
conceiv$ z ! creation ( ,congress2      
,congress 0 creat$ by ! ,con/itution4   
,!re=e e provision ( ! ,con/itution is a
 high] law ?an any bill :i* ,congress c 
pass1 j z ! law made by ,congress is    
high] ?an ! decision ( any judge4 ,no   
,congress c modify a clause ( !         
,con/itution4 ,! ass5t ( ! entire p is  
necess>y = su* a revision4 ,congress c1 
h[ev]1 propose an am5dm5t to !          
,con/itution1 & a two-?irds majority 9 !
 ,s5ate & ! ,h\se suffice to br+ !      
propos$ *ange be=e ! nation1 to be vot$ 
on4 ,x has !n to be pass$ on by !       
=ty-five /ate legislatures1 & w become a
 law ) ! approval ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( !     
/ates4  ,at fir/ glance x seems z if ?is
 7 a judicial ma*9]y :i* w\ld be f> too 
complicat$ to "w smoo?ly2 x seems z if  
s\rces ( friction _h be5 arbitr>ily     
devis$1 & z if cont9ual collisions      
betwe5 ! au?orities ( ! sev]al sy/ems   

w\ld be inevitable4 ,?is is true 9 two  
in/ances especially2 fir/ly1 ! judicial 
ma*9]y1 :i* c>ries out ! f$]al laws1    
sometimes collides ) t ( ! sep>ate      
/ates4 ,!n1 secondly1 ! complicat$ sy/em
 ( ,con/itutional provisions1 devis$ a  
hundr$ ye>s s9ce1 may int]f]e ) !       
progressive measures ( ,congress or !   
sep>ate /ates2 & ?is mu/ be a s\rce (   
mu* unc]ta9ty 9 law4 ,^! are ! actual   
difficulties ( a legal sort4 ,ev]y?+    
else1 z = in/ance ! enorm\s div]sity ( !
 laws 9 ! sep>ate /ates1 is ( c\rse v   
inconv5i5t1 b gives rise to no conflicts
 ( pr9ciple4  ,nei!r ( ^! two           
difficulties f9ds its c\nt]p>t 9        
,g]many4 ,9 no ,prussian city is !re a  
,g]man tribunal side by side ) !        
,prussian1 no imp]ial judge beside !    
local judge2 nor c "o conceive ( a      
conflict 9 ! ,g]man ,empire betwe5 !    
creators ( ! legal code & ! law-giv]s :o
 frame ! provisions ( ! ,con/itution4   
,?is d\bl5ess ( ! judicial (ficials is 9
 e "p ( ! ,union1 h[ev]1 *>act]i/ic ( ! 

,am]ican sy/em & necess>y to x4 ,!      
wond]ful equilibrium betwe5 c5tripetal &
 c5trifugal =ces :i* *>act]izes ! :ole  
,am]ican s*eme ( ?+s makes x impossible 
f ! outset = ei!r ! :ole ,f$]ation to   
become ! sole adm9i/rator ( ju/ice1 or =
 su* adm9i/ration1 on ! basis ( f$]al   
law1 to be left entirely to ! sep>ate   
/ates4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 a cle>       
sep>ation ( jurisdiction has be5        
necess>y4 ,! ,con/itution provides = ?is
 9 a way cle>ly made necess>y by !      
conditions "u :i* ! ,f$]ation 0 =m$4    
,ju/ice 9 ! army & navy1 comm]cial      
policies1 & political relations ) o!r   
c\ntries2 weights & measures1 co9age1   
provisions1 int]/ate comm]ce1 & ! po/al 
sy/em1 ! laws ( pat5ts & copyrights1 (  
bankruptcy1 & ( naturalization1 ! laws (
 riv] & h>b\r1 cases ( treason1 & mu*   
else are left to ! ,f$]ation z a :ole4  
,:ile all ^! matt]s fall naturally )9 ! 
scope ( f$]al law1 !re are1 on ! o!r h&1
 obvi\s reasons :]eby c]ta9 classes (   
p]sons %\ld be "u ! jurisdiction ( !    

f$]al c\rts4 ,^! are1 fir/ly1 diplomatic
 m9i/]s & consuls2 secondly1 ei!r actual
 or legal p>ties :5 !y belong 9 diff]5t 
/ates2 ?irdly1 & mo/ important1 ! /ates 
!mselves4 ,:]ev] a /ate is p>ty to an   
action1 ! ,supreme ,f$]al ,c\rt mu/ he> 
! case & give ! decision4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
! ,con/itution decl>es expressly t1     
:]ev] jurisdiction is n explicitly      
conf]r$ on ! f$]al c\rts1 x p]ta9s to ! 
individual /ates2 !re=e1 mu* ! l>g] "p (
 crim9al law belongs to ! /ates1 & s !  
laws ( m>riage & inh]itance1 ( contract1
 prop]ty own]%ip1 & mu* else4  ,= !     
adm9i/ration ( cases )9 its             
jurisdiction1 ! ,f$]ation has divid$ !  
:ole c\ntry into tw5ty-sev5 di/ricts1 ^:
 b\nd>ies co9cide p>tly ) /ate l9es1 & (
 :i* ea* has a di/rict c\rt4 ,gr\ps (   
su* di/ricts =m a circuit1 ( :i* ea* has
 a circuit c\rt1 :i* sits on ! m        
important cases1 especially civil cases 
involv+ l>ge int]e/s4 ,&1 f9ally1 !re is
 a c\rt ( appeals4 ,^! di/ricts &       
circuits are n[ co9cid5t ) ! regions ly+

 9 ! jurisdiction ( ! sev]al /ates4 ,9  
_! me?od ( proc$ure ! f$]al & ! /ate    
c\rts resemble ea* o!r1 especially 9 !  
g5]al conduct ( crim9al cases1 :i* is   
ev]y:]e ! same1 because ! ,con/itution  
itself has fix$ ! ma9 features4 ,bo?    
/ate & f$]al c\rts are alike b\nd by !  
extraord9>ily rigid rules fram$ by !    
,con/itution 9 ord] to protect ! innoc5t
 man aga9/ ! sev]ity ( ! law4  ,no      
crim9al c be condemn$ except by a jury  
:i* has be5 sworn to p]=m its duty1 &   
be=e he comes be=e ?is jury a           
provisional jury has to make !          
accusation aga9/ him4 ,?us "o sworn jury
 mu/ be conv9c$ ( ! ju/ice ( ! suspicion
 be=e a second jury c give its v]dict4  
,a p]son _c be br\ght up = trial twice =
 ! same crime2 no "o c be compell$ to   
te/ify aga9/ himself2 e "o has ! "r to  
be br\ght be=e a jury 9 ! di/rict :]e ! 
crime 0 committ$1 to he> all ! te/imony 
aga9/ him1 to h c\nsel = 8 own def5ce1 &
 to avail himself ( ! /rong arm ( ! law 
9 br++ to c\rt su* witnesses z w\ld     

speak 9 8 fav\r2 cruel or excessive     
p5alties may n be fix$1 nor a man's     
fre$om or prop]ty int]f]$ ) except aft] 
due process ( law4 ,! ,con/itution      
provides ?is1 & a good deal else1 & ?us 
makes ! conduct ( trials uni=m4 ,9 o!r  
respects1 h[ev]1 !re are n a few        
diff]5ces :i* are n s obvi\s 9 ! c\rts4 
,among ^! is ! circum/ance t f$]al      
judges are appo9t$ = life1 :ile ! judges
 ( ! sep>ate /ates are elect$ = %ort    
p]iods ( f f\r to sev5 ye>s4  ,!        
relations betwe5 con/itutional laws &   
legislative laws seem ev5 m complicat$4 
,"h1 too1 9 a way1 ! same prov9ce is    
cov]$ by a two-fold sy/em ( laws4 ,!    
fix$ lett] ( ! ,con/itution & ! liv+    
decisions by a majority 9 ,congress or 9
 a /ate legislature1 /& 9 opposition to 
ea* o!r4 ,x is e/abli%$ t no legislature
 c ride ov] ! ,con/itution2 & if !      
int]pretation ( a c\rt br+s out a       
contradiction betwe5 ! two sy/ems1 a    
conflict arises :i* 9 pr9ciple makes    
ju/ice unc]ta94 ,if we n[ ask h[ x is   

possible t all su* conflicts h disappe>$
 )\t ! lea/ prejudice to ! national s5se
 ( ju/ice1 h[ 9 spite ( all ^!          
possibilities ( friction no di/urbance  
is se51 or h[ 9 a l& :i* has be5 ov]run 
) s]i\s political conflicts1 a          
jurisprud5ce s lack+ 9 uni=mity has     
always be5 ! nor? /> ( ! nation--! reply
 w be t ! ,supreme ,c\rt has done all   
?is4 ,! upp] f$]al c\rt has be5 ! great 
reconcil+ factor 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 & has left beh9d x a succession 
( hon\rable memorials4 ,its mo/ di/+ui%$
 *ief ju/ice has be5 ,john ,m>%all1 :o  
presid$ ov] x f #ahja to #ahce4 ,he 0   
,am]ica's greate/ juri/1 & contribut$ m 
?an any "o else t[>d impress+ ! _s ( !  
,con/itution on ! c\ntry4  ,! ,g]man    
read] :o he>s ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt sitt+  
at ! ,capitol1 mu/ n turn back 9 8 m9d  
to ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt at ,leipzig4 ,!     
,supreme ,c\rt is by no means ! sole    
c\rt ( highe/ in/ance1 = ! suits 9 s+le 
/ates :i* prop]ly fall )9 ! jurisdiction
 ( a /ate c g no high] ?an ! highe/ c\rt

 ( appeal ( t /ate4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 
,wa%+ton is ! c\rt ( la/ in/ance = f$]al
 cases2 b 9 ord] to disburd5 ! judges 9 
,wa%+ton1 !re are l>ge classes ( civil  
cases p]ta9+ to ! f$]al c\rts1 :i* c be 
c>ri$ no high] ?an ! f$]al c\rt (       
appeals ( a giv5 circuit4 ,mu* m        
important ?an ! cases 9 :i* ! ,supreme  
,c\rt is really ! c\rt ( highe/ in/ance 
= f$]al suits1 are ^? o!rs 9 :i* x is at
 once ! c\rt ( fir/ & la/ in/ance2 ^!   
are ! processes :i* ! ,con/itution      
assigns imm$iately to ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 
,!y are *iefly suits 9 :i* a s+le /ate1 
or 9 :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates is itself a    
p>ty1 = ! ,supreme ,b5* alone c settle  
disagreem5ts betwe5 /ates & decide :e!r 
! f$]al or /ate laws conflict ) !       
,con/itution4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,supreme    
,c\rt is high] ?an bo? ,presid5t &      
,congress4 ,if x decides t a treaty :i* 
! ,executive has conclud$1 or a law :i* 
has be5 pass$ by ! ,legislative1        
violates ! ,con/itution1 !n ! do+s ( bo?
 ,congress & ! ,presid5t are annull$4   

,!re is only "o way by :i* a decision ( 
! ,supreme ,c\rt c be set aside--namely1
 by ! vote ( a ?ree-f\r?s majority ( all
 ! /ates2 t is1 by an am5dm5t ( !       
,con/itution4 ,!re are "s in/ances ( ?is
 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b        
virtually ! decision ( ! n9e judges ( ! 
,supreme ,c\rt is ! highe/ law ( ! l&4  
,! ,supreme ,c\rt has annull$           
,congressional measures tw5ty-"o times &
 /ate /atutes m ?an two hundr$ times1   
because ^! 7 at v>iance ) !             
,con/itution4 ,_m ( ^! h be5 cases ( !  
greate/ political importance1 long &    
bitt]ly f\ght out 9 ! legislatures1 &   
foll[$ ) excitem5t by ! public4 ,! :ole 
c\ntry has (t5 be5 divid$ 9 its op9ion  
on a legal "q1 & ev5 ! decision itself (
 ! n9e judges has sometimes be5 h&$ d[n 
) only a small majority4 ,nev]!less1 =  
_m ye>s ! c\ntry has e "t submitt$ to ! 
oracle ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 & consid]$ ! 
:ole issue def9itely clos$4  ,"o is n to
 suppose t ! ,supreme ,c\rt occupies    
itself ) h&+ d[n legal v]dicts 9 !      

ab/ract & 9 a way decl>+ its veto :5ev] 
,congress or "s legislature infr+es !   
,con/itution4 ,su* a ?+ is out ( ! "q1  
s9ce !oretically ! ,supreme ,c\rt1      
al?\gh ! equal is n ! sup]ior (         
,congress2 mo/ ( all1 x is a c\rt & n a 
legislature4 ,! "q ( law does n come up 
!n be=e ?is tribunal until !re is a     
concrete case :i* has to be decid$1 & ! 
,supreme ,c\rt has always decl9$ to h&  
d[n a !oretical int]pretation 9 advance 
( an actual suit4 ,z e>ly z ! eighte5?  
c5tury1 ,wa%+ton 0 unable to elicit f ! 
,supreme ,c\rt any reply to a hypo!tical
 "q4 ,ev5 :5 ! actual case has come up1 
! ,supreme ,c\rt does n say t a c]ta9   
law is invalid1 b decides /rictly on !  
"o case be=e x1 & ann\nces on :at       
pr9ciple ( ! law x has bas$ its         
decision4 ,if !re is a disagreem5t      
betwe5 two laws1 ! decision ( ! ,c\rt   
simply lays ! practical emphasis on "o r
 ?an on ! o!r4 ,x is true t 9 ?is way   
no?+ b "o s+le case is decid$2 b "h !   
pr9ciple ( common law comes 9--"o       

decision e/abli%es a po9t ( law1 & !    
,supreme ,c\rt & all l[] c\rts likewise 
mu/ 9 future h& d[n v]dicts con=mable   
!reto4 ,! legislative law s sup]s$$ is  
?us practically annull$ & made          
non-exi/5t4 ,9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt "o sees 
aga9 t ! security ( national ju/ice re/s
 on ! b9d+ =ce ( =m] decisions4  ,x w be
 en\gh to po9t out two decisions :i* h  
be5 giv5 9 rec5t ye>s & :i* h int]e/$ ! 
:ole c\ntry4 ,9 ! ye> #ahid ,congress   
pass$ a new tax law2 "o clause ( ?is law
 tax$ e income :i* 0 l>g] ?an a c]ta9   
am\nt4 ,x 0 taxation ( ! weal?y4 ,s f> z
 income 0 obta9$ by actual lab\r ! tax 0
 und\bt$ly valid4 ,b ,new ,york b>ri/]s 
d\bt$ ! con/itutionality ( ?is tax 9 s  
f> z x 0 laid on ! int]e/ f securities  
or on r5ts2 because ! ,con/itution      
expressly says t direct taxation = !    
c\ntry mu/ be levi$ by ! sep>ate /ates1 
& 9 su* a way t ! :ole sum to be rais$  
%all be apportion$ among ! diff]5t /ates
 accord+ to _! population4 ,! c\nsels ( 
! weal?y ,new ,york]s said ?is provision

 ought to apply "h4 ,! diff]5ce w\ld be 
= e ri* man 9 ?ickly populat$ /ates a v 
consid]able "o4 ,if ! tax 0 to be       
apportion$ accord+ to population1 ! poor
 /ates mu/ also be> _! %>e4 ,:ile x came
 to be levi$ on ! individuals ! l>ge/ "p
 ( ! burd5 w\ld fall to ! millionaires1 
:o are gr\p$ 9 a few /ates4 ,! ,supreme 
,c\rt w\ld say no?+ s long z !          
discussion 0 !oretical4 ,f9ally1 a case 
0 te/$2 :5 ! lawy]s 7 prep>$1 a c]ta9   
citiz5 refus$ to pay ! income tax & let 
! matt] g to c\rt4 ,! fir/ b>ri/]s 9 !  
c\ntry 7 divid$ on ! "q1 z 0 also !     
,supreme ,c\rt4 ,! majority decid$ 9    
fav\r ( ! citiz5 :o refus$ to pay ! tax1
 because 9 its op9ion ! tax 0 a direct  
"o1 & !re=e ! con/itutional provision   
relat+ to direct taxation 0 9 =ce4 ,by  
?is "o decision ! income tax 0 set      
aside1 & in/ead ( t5 ?\s& new suits be+ 
br\ght1 ( :i* ! outcome 0 already cle>1 
! excess taxes 7 ev]y:]e paid back4 ,at 
bottom ?is 0 ! victory1 ov] bo?         
,presid5t & ,congress1 ( a s+le em95t   

b>ri/]1 :o is to-day ! ambassador to    
,engl&4  ,a /ill m important decision1  
because x involv$ ! :ole political      
future ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 t on ! isl& 
possessions4 ,by ! treaty ) ,spa91      
,porto ,rico _h become a possession ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates1 & 0 !re=e subject to     
,unit$ ,/ates law2 b ,congress proce$$  
to lay a t>iff on c]ta9 w>es :i* 7      
import$ f ! isl&4 ,!re 7 two possible   
views4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ,con/itution      
prescribes t !re %all be no cu/oms      
duties ( any sort betwe5 ! /ates :i*    
belong to ! ,union2 & s9ce ,porto ,rico 
is a "p ( ! ,union ! re/ ( ! /ates may n
 levy a t>iff on imports f ! isl&4 ,on !
 o!r h&1 ! ,con/itution emp[]s ,congress
 to regulate at its discretion ! affairs
 ( su* t]ritory z belongs to ! ,unit$   
,/ates1 b has n yet be5 grant$ ! equal  
rights ( /ates2 ?us ! o!r provision ( ! 
,con/itution w\ld n imm$iately apply to 
?is isl&4 ,! "q _h nev] be=e be5 decid$1
 because ! ,indian t]ritories1 !        
,mexican accessions1 & ,alaska _h nev]  

be5 treat$ z ,porto ,rico n[ 04         
,congress _h previ\sly tak5 = grant$ t !
 ,con/itution 0 9 =ce = ^! t]ritories1 b
 n[ ! imp]iali/ic t5d5cies ( politics _h
 creat$ a new situation1 & "o :i* _h to 
be settl$4  ,"h too1 ( c\rse1 ! ,supreme
 ,c\rt did n try to settle ! !oretical  
"q :i* 0 /irr+ ! :ole c\ntry2 b pres5tly
 came ! action ( ,d[nes vs4 ,bidwell1 a 
simple suit 9 :i* a ,new ,york comm]cial
 h\se 0 ! compla9ant1 & ! ,new ,york    
,cu/oms ! def5dant4 ,9 case ! provisions
 ( ! ,con/itution 7 to hold = ! entire  
doma9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! t>iff :i*    
,congress _h enact$ 0 uncon/itutional1 b
 if ! ,con/itution 0 to hold only = !   
/ates1 :ile ,congress 0 sov]eign ov] all
 o!r possessions1 ! t>iff 0             
con/itutional4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt decid$ 
= ?is latt] int]pretation by five votes 
aga9/ f\r1 & ! comm]cial h\se paid its  
tax4 ,!re) ! pr9ciple 0 decid$ = all "t1
 & if to-morr[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld get 
hold ( ,asia & ,africa1 x is assur$ f ! 
outset t ! new doma9 w\ld n be "u !     

,con/itution1 b "u ! au?ority (         
,congress--simply because ,d[nes lo/ 8  
case aga9/ ,cu/oms ,inspector ,bidwell1 
& _h to pay six hundr$ doll>s 9 duty on 
oranges4  ,?is la/ case %[s cle>ly t !  
decisions by no means always support !  
,con/itution aga9/ legislative bodies2 &
 /ati/ics %[ t al?\gh 9 two hundr$ cases
 ! v]dict has be5 aga9/ ! legislatures1 
x has be5 m (t5 decid$ 9 _! fav\r4 ,!   
entire hi/ory ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt %[s t 9
 a cons]vative _s x has always done full
 ju/ice to bo? ! c5traliz+ & p>ticul>iz+
 t5d5cies4 ,x has %[n ?is conciliatory  
attitude especially by ! firm au?ority )
 :i* x has decid$ ! haz>d\s disputes ov]
 b\nd>ies & o!r diff]5ces1 betwe5 !     
sev]al /ates1 s t su* disputes really   
come up no long]4 ,= a c5tury ! ,supreme
 ,c\rt has be5 a %9+ example ( a f$]al  
tribunal4  ,su* complete dom9ation ( !  
national life c\ld n h be5 atta9$ by !  
,supreme ,b5* if x _h n rema9$ well     
above all ! do+s ( ! political p>ties1 &
 t x does s may seem surpris+ :5 "o     

consid]s ! conditions "u :i* ! judges   
are appo9t$4 ,! ,presid5t selects ! new 
judge :5ev]1 by dea? or retirem5t1 a    
vacancy occurs among ! n9e judges2 & !  
,s5ate confirms ! selection4 ,p>ty      
factors1 !re=e1 det]m9e ! appo9tm5t1 & 9
 po9t ( fact ,democratic ,presid5ts h   
always appo9t$ judges belong+ to _! own 
p>ty1 & ,republicans h done ! same4 ,!  
result is t bo? p>ties are repres5t$ 9 !
 ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,t 9 political         
que/ions1 su* z ! case ( ,porto ,rico1  
:i* we h m5tion$1 p>ty conceptions      
figure some:at 9 ! decision ( ! judges  
is und\bt$4 ,yet !y figure only 9 ! s5se
 t allegiance to "o or ! o!r p>ty       
involves c]ta9 fundam5tal convictions1 &
 ^! necess>ily come into play 9 !       
judicial v]dict4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is   
nev] ! lea/ suspicion t ! judges h>b\r  
political s*emes or seek 9 _! decision  
to fav\r ei!r political p>ty4 ,?is      
results f ! fact t x is a matt] ( hon\r 
) bo? p>ties to place really ! mo/      
di/+ui%$ juri/s 9 ^! highe/ judicial    

(fices--juri/s :o w be = all "t an hon\r
 to ! adm9i/ration :i* appo9t$ !m4 ,!y  
are almo/ exclusively m5 :o h nev] tak5 
"p 9 te*nical politics1 b :o h be5 ei!r 
di/+ui%$ judges else:]e or else lead+   
b>ri/]s1 & :o1 f ! day ( _! appo9tm5t   
on1 w be only judges4 ,_! position is   
c\nt$ among ! mo/ hon\rable :i* !re is1 
& x w\ld almo/ nev] happ5 t a juri/ w\ld
 decl9e 8 appo9tm5t1 al?\gh ! position1 
l all ,am]ican (ficial positions1 is    
inadequately rew>d$2 ! sal>y is t5 ?\s& 
doll>s1 :ile any great lawy] is able to 
e>n _m times t sum4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t  
!re sits on ! ,supreme ,b5* a gr\p ( m51
 e "o ( :om repres5ts ! highe/ k9d (    
,am]ican _s4 ,! bu/le & confusion1 :i*  
prevail 9 ! two w+s ( ! ,capitol1 does n
 invade ! hall :]e ! n9e judges hold _! 
sessions4 ,^! m5 are1 9 ! ,am]ican      
public m9d1 ! v symbol ( consci5ce4  ,we
 %all h occasion to consid] lat] on !   
adm9i/ration ( ju/ice by ! nation1 "u   
v>i\s po9ts ( view4 ,:ile 9 _m respects 
?is w appe> less consci5ti\s & m        

especially less delib]ate1 x w1         
nev]!less1 recall n a few admirable     
features ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4            
,,*apt] ,,six                           
,city & ,/ate   ,! ,con/itution1 !      
,presid5t & 8 ,cab9et1 ! ,s5ate1 ! ,h\se
 ( ,repres5tatives1 & ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 
9 %ort all ( ^? in/itutions :i* we h s  
f> sket*$1 belong to ! ,unit$ ,/ates    
toge!r4 ,! ,european :o pictures to     
himself ! life ( an ,am]ican w          
inevitably come to ?9k t ^! are !       
factors :i* mo/ influ5ce ! life ( !     
political individual4 ,b su* is n !     
case2 ! ,am]ican citiz5 9 daily life is 
fir/ ( all a memb] ( 8 special /ate4 ,! 
organization ( ! ,union is m prom95t on 
! surface ?an t ( ! s+le /ate1 b ?is    
latt] is m (t5 felt by ! inhabitants4   
,! quality ( an ,am]ican /ate c be m    
easily communicat$ to a ,g]man ?an to an
 ,engli%man1 ,fr5*man1 or ,russian4 ,!  
resid5t ( ,bav>ia or ,saxony kn[s       
already h[ a man may h a two-fold       
patriotism1 allegiance to ! /ate & also 

to ! empire2 s t he c recognize ! duties
 z well z ! privileges :i* are gr\p$    
ar\nd two c5tres4 ,! ess5tials ( !      
,am]ican /ate1 h[ev]1 are n describ$ by 
! comp>ison ) a /ate 9 ! ,g]man ,empire1
 :i* is relatively ( too little         
importance2 = 9 comp>ison ) ! ,union !  
,am]ican /ate has m indep5d5ce &        
sov]eignty ?an ! ,g]man4 ,we h obs]v$   
be=e t x has its own laws & its own c\rt
 ( la/ appeal2 b ^! are only two ( ! _m 
indications ( its practical & !oretical 
indep5d5ce4 ,! significant organic      
importance ( ! /ate %[s itself n less   
cle>ly if "o ?9ks ( ! cities subord9ate 
to x1 r ?an ( ! ,f$]ation :i* is sup]ior
 to x4 ,:ile ! ,g]man /ate is m dep5d5t 
on ! ,f$]ation ?an is ! ,am]ican1 !     
,g]man city is m indep5d5t ( ! /ate ?an 
is any city 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!       
political exi/5ce ( ! ,am]ican city is  
entirely dep5d5t on ! legislature ( its 
/ate4 ,! ,f$]ation on ! "o h& & ! cities
 on ! o!r1 alike dep5d = _! adm9i/rative
 exi/5ce on ! sep>ate /ates4  ,x is n   

m]ely an hi/orical relic ( t "t :5 !    
?irte5 /ates unit$1 b hesitat$ to give  
up _! individual rights to ! ,f$]ation2 
a "t :5 !re 7 only six cities ( m ?an   
eight ?\s& inhabitants4 ,no?+ has *ang$ 
9 ?is respect1 & x is n only !          
,democratic p>ty to-day :i* jeal\sly    
gu>ds /ate rights2 ! /ate all too (t5   
tyrannizes /ill ov] ! l>ge cities )9 its
 bord]s4 ,!re are "s indications1 inde$1
 t ! /ate rights are gett+ ev5 m        
emphasis ?an =m]ly--p]haps z a reaction 
aga9/ ! fact t1 9 spite ( all           
con/itutional precautions1 ^? /ates :i* 
h close comm]cial relations t5d         
practically to m]ge m & m ) "o ano!r4   
,on obs]v+ ! extraord9>y t5acity ) :i* !
 f$]al laws & ! local patriotism ( !    
individual cl+ to ! indep5d5ce ( ea* "o 
( ! =ty-five /ates1 "o is incl9$ to     
suppose t x is a "q ( extremely pr(\nd  
diff]5ces 9 ! cu/oms1 ideals1           
temp]am5ts1 & int]e/s ( ! diff]5t /ates4
 ,b su* is n at all ! case4 ,! /ates    
are1 ( c\rse1 v unlike1 especially 9    

size2 ,texas & ,rhode ,isl&1 = in/ance1 
w\ld comp>e ab\t z ,prussia & ,reuss4   
,!re are ev5 great] diff]5ces 9 ! d5sity
 ( population2 & ! g5]al ca/ (          
physiognomy v>ies 9 diff]5t regions ( ! 
c\ntry4 ,! ,s\!rn] %[s ! "* br$ by      
plantation life2 ! citiz5 ( ! ,nor?-ea/ 
ev9ces ! culture br$ ( high]            
intellectual int]e/s2 :ile ! citiz5s ( !
 ,we/ atte/ ! diff]5ces betwe5 _!       
agricultural & m9+ di/ricts4 ,yet !     
divisions "h are n /ates1 b l>g] regions
 compris+ gr\ps ( /ates1 & x sometimes  
happ5s t m /rik+ contra/s are f\nd )9 a 
c]ta9 /ate ?an w\ld be f\nd betwe5      
neighb\r+ /ates4 ,! /ate l9es 7 aft] all
 (t5 laid d[n on pap] ) a rul]1 :ile    
nature has seldom made %>p l9es (       
dem>cation1 & ! diff]5t racial elem5ts (
 ! population are fairly well mix$4 ,= !
 la/ c5tury ! pione]s ( ! nation h c>ri$
 x /eadily we/w>d1 s t 9 _m /ates !     
numb] ( ^? born 9 ! /ate is mu* less ?an
 ( ^? :o h migrat$ to x2 & ( c\rse !    
ob/9ate ass]tion ( ! pr]ogatives ( su* a

 /ate does n arise f any *]i%$ local    
traditions to :i* ! inhabitants are     
accu/om$4 ,! special complexion ( any   
prov9cial di/rict1 moreov]1 is assail$ f
 all sides & to a l>ge ext5t oblit]at$1 
9 ^! days ( ! telegraph & (             
extraord9>ily rapid comm]cial int]c\rse 
& indu/rial organization4  ,! uni=mity (
 fa%ions1 ! wide-spread di/ribution (   
newspap]s & magaz9es1 ! great political 
p>ties1 & ! int5se national patriotism  
all "w t[>ds ! "o end--t f ,ma9e to     
,cali=nia ! ,am]ican is v mu* ! same    
sort ( man1 & feels himself1 9 contra/ )
 a =eign]1 to be m]ely an ,am]ican4 ,&  
yet 9 spite ( all ?is ea* s+le /ate     
holds ob/9ately to its sep>ate rights4  
,x is ! same pr9ciple :i* we h se5 at "w
 9 ! ,am]ican individual4 ,! m !        
individuals or ! /ates resemble "o ano!r
 ! m !y seem det]m9$ to pres]ve _!      
autonomy2 ! m simil> ! sub/ance1 ! %>p] 
mu/ be ! di/9ctions 9 =m4  ,! inn]      
simil>ity ( ! diff]5t /ates is %[n by ! 
fact t1 :ile ea* "o has its own         

/atute-book & an upp] c\rt :i* jeal\sly 
gu>ds its special con/itution1 nev]!less
 all ( ! =ty-five /ate con/itutions are 
fram$ v mu* alike4 ,! ,con/itution ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates w\ld by no means require  
?is1 s9ce x prescribes m]ely t e /ate   
con/itution %all be republican 9 =m2 &  
yet n a s+le /ate has tak5 advantage (  
its great fre$om4 ,! con/itutions ( !   
old] /ates 7 modell$ p>tly on !         
in/itutions ( ! ,engli% fa!rl&1 p>tly on
 ^? ( colonial days2 & :5 _m ( ^!       
features 7 f9ally embodi$ 9 ! ,f$]al    
,con/itution1 !y 7 reflect$ back once m 
9 ! con/itutions ( ! /ates :i* lat] came
 to be4 ,! new /ates h simply borr[$ !  
g5]al /ructure ( ! old] /ates & ( !     
,f$]ation1 )\t mu* /atesmanlike         
imag9ation2 al?\gh "h & !re is "s       
adaptation to special circum/ances4 ,!re
 are inde$ "s odd diff]5ces at          
sup]ficial po9ts1 & inasmu* z1 9 contra/
 to ! ,f$]al ,con/itution1 ! /ate       
con/itutions h frequ5tly be5 re%ap$ by !
 p1 a reaction>y t5d5cy or "s radical & 

ha/y innovation has "h & !re be5        
incorporat$4  ,! pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 are  
ev]y:]e ! same4 ,ea* /ate has fram$ a   
r$uc$ copy ( ! ,f$]al ,con/itution1 & "o
 f9ds a /ill m dim9utive repres5tation (
 ! same ?+ 9 ! ,am]ican city *>t]4 ,yet 
we mu/ n =get "h t1 al?\gh !oretically &
 con/itutionally ! /ate is great] ?an ! 
city1 yet 9 fact ! city ( ,new ,york has
 a population eighty times z l>ge z !   
,/ate ( ,nevada1 ) its b>e #dj1jjj      
inhabitants2 or1 aga91 t ! budget ( !   
,/ate ( ,massa*usetts is h>dly a qu>t] z
 l>ge z t ( ,bo/on1 its capital city4   
,?us1 l ! ,union1 bo? city & /ate h a   
*>t] & an executive1 a dual legislature1
 & a judici>y1 all ( :i* reproduce on a 
small scale all ! special features ( !  
f$]al organization4 ,! city *>t] is     
diff]5t f t ( ! /ate1 9 t x is n drawn  
up by ! inhabitants ( ! city1 b1 z we h 
said1 has to be grant$ by ! /ate        
legislature4 ,! head ( ! /ate executive1
 ! gov]nor1 is 9 a way a small presid5t1
 :o is elect$ directly by ! p1 g5]ally =

 a two ye>s' t]m ( (fice4 ,9 ! city     
gov]nm5t ! mayor corresponds to him1 &  
is likewise elect$ by ! citiz5s2 & 9 !  
l>g] cities = ! same p]iod4 ,a /aff (   
executive (fic]s is provid$ = bo? !     
mayor & ! gov]nor4  ,"u ! city gov]nm5t 
are rang$ ! heads ( dep>tm5ts1 :o are   
g5]ally *os5 by ! mayor himself2 ,new   
,york1 = in/ance1 has eighte5 su*       
divisions--! dep>tm5ts ( f9ance1        
taxation1 law1 police1 heal?1 fire1     
build+s1 /reets1 wat]-supply1 bridges1  
education1 *>ities1 p5al in/itutions1   
p>k-ways1 public build+s1 etc4 ,! mo/   
important (ficials "u ! /ate gov]nm5t   
are always ! /ate secret>y1 ! /ate      
attorney-g5]al1 & ! treasur]4 ,close to 
! gov]nor /&s ! lieut5ant-gov]nor1 :o1  
aft] ! patt]n ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t1 is    
presid5t ( ! upp] legislative *amb]4 ,! 
gov]nor is emp[]$ to conv5e !           
legislature1 to approve or to veto all  
/ate measures1 to p>don crim9als1 to    
appo9t _m ( ! l[] (ficials1 al?\gh      
g5]ally 8 appo9tm5t mu/ be confirm$ by !

 upp] legislative body1 & he is         
inv>iably 9 sole comm& ( ! /ate militia4
 ,! legislature ( ! /ate is always1 & t 
( ! cities g5]ally1 divid$ into two     
*amb]s4 ,"h aga9 ! memb]%ip 9 ! upp]    
*amb] is small] ?an t ( ! l[] & m       
difficult to obta94 ,(t5 ! /ate         
legislature does n meet 9 ! l>ge/ city1 
b makes = itself a sort ( political     
oasis1 a dim9utive ,wa%+ton4 ,! t]m (   
(fice 9 ! legislature is almo/ always   
two ye>s1 & ev]y:]e ! same committee    
sy/em is foll[$ z at ! ,capitol 9       
,wa%+ton4 ,only a memb] ( ! legislative 
body c propose bills1 & su* propositions
 are ref]r$ at once to a special        
committee1 :]e !y are discuss$ & p]haps 
buri$4 ,!y c come to ! h\se only ?r\gh !
 h&s ( ?is committee4 ,! fre$om giv5 to 
! /ate legislature is some:at less ?an t
 giv5 by ! ,con/itution to ,congress4   
,:ile all ! p>liam5t>y me?ods are       
/rik+ly & (t5 v navely copi$ aft] ^? 9  
use at ,wa%+ton1 ! /ate con/itutions 7  
c>eful f ! outset t c]ta9 matt]s %\ld n 

be subject to legislative egotism4 ,on !
 o!r h& ! /ate legislature h&s d[n _m ( 
its rights to inf]ior bodies1 su* z     
di/rict1 c\nty1 & city adm9i/rations2 b 
9 all ^! cases 9 :i* !re is a real      
transf] ( p[]s1 x is *>act]i/ic t ^!    
really p]ta9 to ! /ate z su*1 & c1      
!re=e1 be )drawn by ! /ate legislatures 
f ! small] di/ricts at any "t4  ,!      
entire adm9i/ration ( ! /ate falls to ! 
/ate legislature2 t is1 ! measures =    
public in/ruction1 taxation1 public     
works1 & ! public debt1 p5al            
in/itutions1 ! sup]vision ( railroads1  
corporations1 factories1 & comm]ce4 ,9  
addition to ?is !re are ! civil &       
crim9al /atutes1 ) ! exception ( ^? few 
cases :i* ! ,con/itution res]ves = f$]al
 legislation2 &1 f9ally1 !re is ! grant+
 ( fran*ises & monopolies to public &   
indu/rial corporations4 ,( c\rse1 )9 ?is
 au?ority !re is no?+ :i* conc]ns !     
relation ( "o /ate to o!r /ates or to   
=eign p[]s1 nor any?+ ( cu/oms rev5ues  
or o!r su* matt]s z are enact$ uni=mly =

 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry by ! f$]al         
gov]nm5t4 ,! /ate has1 h[ev]1 ! "r to   
fix ! conditions "u :i* an immigrant may
 become a naturaliz$ citiz52 & a =eign] 
becomes an ,am]ican citiz5 by be+       
naturaliz$ "u ! law ( any "o ( !        
=ty-five /ates4 ,all ?is gives an       
exce$+ly l>ge field ( action to /ate    
legislatures1 & x is a/oni%+ h[ little  
dissimil> are ! provisions :i* ! diff]5t
 /ates h enact$4  ,! city gov]nm5ts are 
v div]se 9 size1 b 9 all ! l>g] cities  
consi/ ( two h\ses4 ,! ,g]man read] mu/ 
n suppose t ^! "w toge!r l ! ,g]man     
magi/rate & ! municipal repres5tative   
assembly4 ,s9ce 9 ,am]ica ! legislative 
& executive are always %>ply sund]$1 !  
heads ( dep>tm5ts "u ! executive--t is1 
! ,g]man ,/adtrte--h no place 9 !       
law-mak+ body4 ,! dual legislative is1  
!re=e1 9 a way an upp] & l[] municipal  
repres5tative assembly1 elect$ 9 diff]5t
 ways & hav+ simil> diff]5ces 9 function
 z ! two *amb]s ( ,congress4 ,"h too1 = 
in/ance1 bills ( appropriation h to     

orig9ate 9 ! l[] h\se4 ,oddly en\gh1 !  
city legislative is g5]ally n entru/$ ) 
education1 b ?is is adm9i/]$ by a       
sep>ate municipal bo>d1 elect$ directly 
by ! p4 ,"o :o becomes acqua9t$ ) !     
intellectual composition ( ! av]age city
 fa!r1 w f9d ?is sep>ation ( educational
 matt]s n at all surpris+1 & v b5efic5t 
& reasonable4  ,9 g5]al1 "o may say t ! 
mayor is m influ5tial 9 ! city gov]nm5t 
?an t body :i* repres5ts ! citiz5s2 ?is 
9 contra/ to ! situation 9 ! /ate       
gov]nm5t1 :]e ! gov]nor is relatively   
less influ5tial ?an ! legislature4 ,!   
*ief function ( ! gov]nor is really a   
negative "o1 t ( affix+ 8 veto f "t to  
"t on an utt]ly impossible law4 ,!      
mayor1 on ! o!r h&1 c %ape ?+s & leave !
 /amp ( 8 p]sonality on 8 city4 ,9 !    
/ate1 z 9 ! city1 x (t5 happ5s t ! head 
( ! executive & a majority ( !          
legislative belong to opposite p>ties1 &
 ?is n because ! p>ty issues are =gott5 
9 ! local elections1 b because ! me?ods 
( election are diff]5t4  ,! division (  

public affairs into city & /ate issues  
leaves1 ( c\rse1 room = /ill a ?ird     
gr\p1 namely1 ! affairs ( communities   
:i* are /ill small] ?an cities4 ,^!1    
too1 d]ive _! au?ority entirely f ! /ate
 legislature1 b all /ates leave         
consid]able indep5d5ce to ! small]      
political units4 ,9 local village       
gov]nm5t ! hi/oric diff]5ces ( ! v>i\s  
regions %[ out m cle>ly ?an 9 ei!r /ate 
or city gov]nm5t4 ,! l>ge cities are to 
all int5ts & purposes ca/ 9 ! same m\ld 
ev]y:]e2 _! l ne$s h develop$ l =ms (   
life2 & ! com+ toge!r ( great numb]s ( p
 h ev]y:]e creat$ ! same economic       
situation4 ,b ! scatt]$ population gets 
its social & economic articulation 9 !  
,nor?1 ,s\?1 & ,we/1 9 q diff]5t ways2 &
 ?is diff]5ce1 at an e>ly "t :5 !       
problems ( a l>ge city 7 s f> n kn[n1 l$
 to diff]5t types ( village             
organizations1 :i* h be5 hi/orically    
pres]v$4  ,:5 ! ,engli% colonies 7 gr[+ 
up1 ! diff]5ces 9 ?is connection betwe5 
! ,new ,engl& /ates & ,virg9ia 7        

extreme4 ,! colonies on ! nor!rn %ores1 
) _! bays & h>b\rs1 _! hilly c\ntry &   
l>ge =e/s1 c\ld n spread _! population  
out ov] l>ge tracts ( l&1 & 7 conc5trat$
 )9 limit$ regions2 & ?is t5d5cy 0 fur!r
 emphasiz$ by ,puritan traditions1 :i*  
requir$ ! population to take active "p 9
 *ur* s]vices4 ,!re naturally 0 develop$
 a local =m ( gov]nm5t = small di/ricts1
 :i* correspond$ to old ,engli%         
traditions4 ,! citiz5s ga!r$ f all p>ts 
( e di/rict to discuss _! common affairs
 & to decide :at taxes %\ld be rais$1   
:at /reets built1 &1 mo/ ( all1 :at %\ld
 be done = _! *ur*es & s*ools1 & = !    
poor4 ,9 ,virg9ia1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e v   
l>ge plantations 7 laid out1 !re c\ld be
 no su* small communities2 ! population 
0 m scatt]$1 & affairs ( g5]al int]e/ _h
 necess>ily to be entru/$ to special    
repres5tatives1 :o 7 9 "p elect$ by     
small p>i%es & 9 "p appo9t$ by !        
gov]nor4 ,! political unit "h 0 n ! t[n1
 b ! c\nty4  ,! diff]5ce 9 ^! two types 
is ! m wor?y ( consid]ation because x   

expla9s h[ ! ,nor? & ,s\? h be5 able to 
contribute su* diff]5t & yet su* equally
 valuable factors to all ! great ev5ts (
 ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,new ,engl& & ,virg9ia
 7 ! two c5tres ( influ5ce 9            
,revolution>y times & :5 ! ,union 0 be+ 
complet$1 b _! influ5ces 7 :olly        
diff]5t4 ,new ,engl& s]v$ ! c\ntry by   
effect+ an extraord9>ily ?or\gh         
education ( its masses by giv+ !m a long
 s*ool+ 9 local self-gov]nm5t2 ea*      
individual 0 oblig$ to m$itate on public
 affairs4 ,virg9ia1 h[ev]1 gave to !    
c\ntry its brilliant lead]s2 ! masses   
rema9$ backw>d1 b ! c\nty repres5tatives
 practis$ & tra9$ !mselves to ! rle (   
lead+ /atesm54 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes  
lay ! ,middle ,atlantic ,/ates1 :]e a   
mix$ =m ( t[n & c\nty repres5tation _h  
necess>ily develop$ f ! social          
conditions2 & ^! ?ree types1 ! ,nor!rn1 
,s\!rn1 & mix$1 work$ sl[ly back dur+ ! 
n9ete5? c5tury f ! coa/ t[>d ! ,we/4    
,settl]s 9 ! new /ates c>ri$ ) !m _!    
famili> =ms ( local gov]nm5t1 s t to-day

 ^! ?ree =ms may /ill be f\nd ?r\gh !   
c\ntry4 ,to-day ! *ief functions ( t[n  
gov]nm5ts are public in/ruction1 c>e = !
 poor1 & ! build+ ( roads4 ,religi\s    
life is1 ( c\rse1 "h z 9 ! city1 /ate1 &
 ,union1 :olly sep>at$ f ! political    
organization4 ,! police sy/ems ( ^!     
local gov]nm5ts 9 t[n & village are     
:olly rudim5t>y4 ,:ile ! police sy/em is
 p]haps ! mo/ difficult *apt] 9 ,am]ican
 city gov]nm5t1 ! c\ntry di/ricts h     
always done v well ) almo/ none4 ,?is   
reflects ! moral vig\r ( ! ,am]ican     
rural population4 ,! p sleep ev]y:]e )  
_! front doors op51 & ev]y:]e presuppose
 ! will+ assi/ance ( _! neighb\rs4 ,x 0 
n until great populations comm5c$ to    
ga!r 9 cities1 t ^? social evils arose1 
( :i* ! police sy/em1 :i* 0 creat$ to   
obviate !m1 is itself n ! lea/4  ,any "o
 ov]look+ ?is int]play ( public =ces    
sees t 9 t[n & city1 /ate & ,union1 x is
 n a "q ( =c+ adm9i/rative en]gies into 
a prescrib$ sph]e ( action4 ,!y exp&    
ev]y:]e z !y w1 bo? f ! small] to ! l>g]

 sph]e & f ! l>g] to ! small]4 ,!re=e1 !
 ,union naturally desires to take on    
itself ^? functions ( /ate legislation 9
 :i* a lack ( uni=mity w\ld be dang]\s2 
z1 = in/ance1 ! divorce laws1 !         
discrepancies 9 :i* betwe5 diff]5t /ates
 are s great t ! necessity ( m uni=m    
divorce regulations is ev] becom+ m     
ke5ly felt4 ,at pres5t x is a fact t a  
man :o is divorc$ "u ! laws ( ,dakota & 
m>ries aga9 c be puni%$ 9 ,new ,york =  
bigamy4 ,a simil> situation exi/s 9     
reg>d to c]ta9 trade regulations1 :]e   
!re are un=tunate discrepancies4 ,_m    
oppon5ts ( ! tru/s want ev5 an am5dm5t  
to ! ,con/itution :i* w br+ !m "u f$]al 
law1 & prev5t ^! huge indu/rial conc]ns 
f incorporat+ "u ! too lax laws ( c]ta9 
/ates4  ,/ill easi] is x = ! /ates to   
int]f]e 9 ! city gov]nm5ts4 ,if ! ,union
 wi%es to make new regulations = ! /ate1
 ! ,f$]al ,con/itution has to be am5d$2 
:ile if ! /ate wants to hold a tight]   
re9 on city gov]nm5t x c d s directly1  
=1 z we h se51 ! cities d]ive all _!    

p[]s f ! /ate legislature4 ,!re is1     
inde$1 consid]able t5d5cy n[ to re/rict 
! privileges ( cities1 & mu* ( ?is is   
s\nd1 especially :]e ! /ate au?ority is 
aga9/ op5 municipal corruption4 ,! g5]al
 t5d5cy is increas+ to give ! /ate      
consid]able rights ( sup]vision ov]     
matt]s ( local hygi5e1 indu/rial        
conditions1 p5al & b5evol5t in/itutions4
 ,! advantages ( uni=mity :i* accrue f  
/ate sup]vision are emphasiz$ by _m     
p]sons1 & /ill m ! advantage d]iv$ f h&+
 ov] hygi5ic1 te*nical1 & p$agogical    
que/ions to ! well-paid /ate exp]ts1    
in/ead ( leav+ !m to ! inexp]i5ce (     
small di/ricts & t[ns4 ,!re is no d\bt t
 on ^! l9es ! functions ( ! /ate are be+
 ext5d$ sl[ly b /eadily4  ,!n aga9 !    
cities & t[ns 9 _! turn are t5d+ to     
absorb once m su* =ces z are subord9ate 
to !m1 & ?us to increase ! municipal    
functions4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* h
 dom9at$ ! economic life 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates & br\ght x to a heal?ful         
developm5t1 leave ! greate/ possible    

play = private initiative2 ?us n v long 
ago x 0 a matt] ( c\rse t ! wat] supply1
 ! /reet light+1 ! /eam & electric      
railways %\ld be :olly 9 ! h&s ( private
 companies4 ,a *ange is com+ into ^!    
affairs1 = x is cle>ly se5 t indu/ries (
 ?is sort are ess5tially diff]5t f      
ord9>y bus9ess und]tak+s1 n only because
 !y make use ( public roads1 b also     
because su* plants necess>ily ga9       
monopolies :i* f9d x easy to levy       
tribute ^u ! public4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1     
!re=e1 city gov]nm5ts h little by little
 tak5 ov] ! wat] supplies1 & t5d some:at
 to limit ! sph]e ( o!r private         
und]tak+s ( ?is sort--z1 = in/ance1 t ( 
/reet-light+4 ,at ! same "t !re is an   
unmi/akable t5d5cy = city & t[n to      
und]take c]ta9 tasks :i* are n          
economically necess>y1 & :i* h be5 left 
hi!rto to private initiative4 ,cities   
are build+ ba?-h\ses & laundries1       
playgr\nds & gymnasiums1 & m especially 
public libr>ies & museums1 provid+      
conc]ts & o!r k9ds ( amusem5ts & bureaus

 = ! regi/ration ( ^? ne$+ employm5t2 9 
%ort1 are ev]y:]e tak+ up newly aris5   
duties & p]=m+ !m at public exp5se4     
,!re is1 on ! o!r h&1 a /rong           
c\nt]-curr5t to ^! t5d5cies ( ! l>ge    
units to p]=m ! duties ( ! small--!     
/rong ^? ( ! weak1 ! city ^? ( !        
individual1 ! /ate ^? ( ! city1 & !     
,union ^? ( ! /ate4 ,! opposition beg9s 
already 9 ! smalle/ circle ( all1 :]e "o
 sees a /rong anti-c5traliz+ t5d5cy4 ,! 
c\nty or city is n entitl$1 x is said1  
to exp5d ! taxpay]s' money = luxuries or
 = purposes o!r ?an ^? ( g5]al utility4 
,x %\ld be g5]\s philan?ropi/s or       
private organizations t build museums & 
libr>ies1 ba?-h\ses & gymnasiums1 b n ! 
city1 :i* gets its money f ! pockets ( !
 work+ classes4 ,al?\gh optimi/s h      
propos$ x1 !re w c]ta9ly be = a long "t 
yet no subsidiz$ municipal !atres2 & x  
is noticeable t ! lib]al (f]s ( ,c>negie
 to erect public libr>ies are be+ m & m 
decl9$ by v>i\s t[n c\ncils1 because    
,c>negie's plan ( f\ndation calls = a   

consid]able augm5tation f ! public      
funds4 ,& :]ev] x is a "q ( indisp5sable
 s]vices1 su* z tramways & /reet-light+1
 ! majority g5]ally says t x is *eap] e 
"t to pay a small pr(it to a private    
company ?an to und]take a l>ge bus9ess  
at ! public exp5se4 ,f ! ,am]ican po9t (
 view private companies are (t5 too     
economical1 :ile public ent]prises are  
inv>iably %amelessly wa/eful4  ,! city  
pays too de> & borr[s at too high a     
rate2 9 %ort1 regulates its transactions
 )\t t :olesome pressure ex]t$ by       
/ockhold]s :o are look+ = divid5ds4     
,wor/ ( all1 ! und]tak+s :i* are c>ri$  
on by municipalities are (t5 simply h&$ 
ov] to political corruption4 ,in/ead (  
tra9$ exp]ts1 political wire-pull]s ( ! 
p>ty 9 (fice are employ$ 9 all !        
be/-paid positions1 & ev5 :]e no money  
is consci\sly wa/$1 a gradual laxness   
creeps 9 little by little1 :i* makes !  
s]vice worse ?an x w\ld ev] be 9 a      
private company1 :i* /&s all ! "t 9 fe> 
( competition4 ,= ?is reason ! ,am]ican 

is absolutely aga9/ entru/+ railroads & 
telegraph l9es to ! h&s ( ! /ate4 ,:5 a 
l>ge telegraph company did n adequately 
s]ve ! ne$s ( ! public1 ano!r conc]n    
spread its network ( wires ?r\gh ! :ole 
c\ntry2 & s9ce !n ! ,we/]n ,union &     
,po/al ,telegraph h be5 9 competition1 &
 ! public has be5 admirably s]v$4 ,b :at
 relief w\ld !re h be5 if ! /ate _h _h a
 monopoly ( ! telegraph l9es1 )         
politicians 9 *>ge :o w\ld h be5        
indiff]5t to public dem&s8 ,! wi% to be 
economical1 to keep bus9ess out (       
politics1 & to keep competition op51 all
 "w toge!r1 s t ! ext5sion ( municipal  
functions1 al?\gh ard5tly wi%$ on _m    
sides1 goes on v sl[ly2 & x is ju/ly    
po9t$ out t :5ev] private corporations 9
 any way abuse _! privileges ! community
 at l>ge has c]ta9ly pl5ty ( means =    
sup]vis+ !m1 & ( giv+ !m fran*ises "u   
su* conditions z %all amply protect     
public int]e/s4 ,:5 a private company   
wi%es to use public /reets = its        
c>-tracks1 gas or wat] pipes1 or        

electric wires1 ! community c easily    
en\gh grant ! p]mission = a limit$ l5g? 
( "t1 res]v+ p]haps ! "r to pur*ase or  
requir+ a sub/antial paym5t = ! fran*ise
 & a portion ( ! pr(its1 & c leave ! re/
 to public wat*fulness & to ! regul>    
publication ( ! company's reports4 ,x is
 n to be d\bt$ t ! t5d5cies 9 ?is       
direction are to-day v m>k$4  ,j z      
private initiative is try+ n to be      
swall[$ up by ! community1 s ! community
 is try+ to save itself f ! /ate4 ,s f> 
z ! village1 t[n1 or c\nty is conc]n$1  
nobody d5ies t /ate exp]ts c\ld af=d a  
bett] public s]vice ?an ! inexp]i5c$    
local bo>ds1 &1 nev]!less1 x is felt t e
 place kn[s be/ aft] all j :at is adapt$
 to its own ne$s4 ,! close/ adaptation  
to local desires1 z1 say1 9 que/ions (  
public s*ools & roads1 has be5 always a 
fundam5tal ,am]ican pr9ciple4 ,?is      
pr9ciple />t$ orig9ally f ! peculi>     
conditions :i* exi/$ 9 ! sev]al colonies
 & f ! ne$s ( ! pione]s2 b x has l$ to  
su* a /eady progress 9 ! c\ntry's       

developm5t t no ,am]ican w\ld c>e to    
give x up1 ev5 if "h & !re c]ta9        
advantages c\ld be _h by introduc+      
great] uni=mities4 ,!re is a /ill m     
urg5t motive2 x is only ?is opportunity 
( regulat+ ! affairs ( ! small di/rict  
:i* gives to e community1 ev5 e         
neighb\rhood1 ! necess>y s*ool+ = !     
public duties ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,if  
he is depriv$ ( ! "r to take c>e ( 8 own
 di/rict1 t _s ( self-det]m9ation &     
indep5d5ce _c develop1 on :i* ! success 
( ! ,am]ican exp]im5t 9 democracy       
entirely dep5ds4 ,political p$agogy     
requires t ! /ate %all respect !        
individuality ( ! small community s f> z
 ?is is 9 any way possible4  ,! relation
 betwe5 ! city & ! /ate is some:at      
diff]5t2 no "o w\ld ask ! p>liam5t>ians 
( ! /ate legislature to hold (f 9 ord] t
 ! population ( ! l>ge city may h !     
opportunity to keep _! political int]e/s
 alive & to pres]ve _! _s (             
self-det]m9ation4 ,?is _s is at home 9 !
 /reets ( ! great city2 x is n only     

wide-awake !re1 b x is clamor\s & almo/ 
too urg5t4 ,:51 n[1 ! municipalities 9  
_! /ruggle aga9/ ! dictation ( ! /ate1  
meet ) ! sympa?ies ( intellig5t p1 ?is  
is ow+ to ! simple fact t ! city1 9 :i* 
all cultur$ int]e/s are ga!r$ g5]ally1  
has 9 all matt]s a high] po9t ( view ?an
 ! repres5tatives ( ! entire /ate1 9 :i*
 ! m primitive rural population         
pr$om9ates4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ! prov9cial 
memb]s :i* ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york has     
elect$ meet 9 ,albany1 & ) _! rural     
majority make regulations = gov]n+ !    
?ree million citiz5s ( ,new ,york ,city1
 regulations :i* are p]haps pat]nally   
well meant1 b :i* sometimes %[ a petty  
di/ru/ & disapproval ( t great & wick$  
place1 ! result is (t5 grotesque4 ,!    
/ate laws1 h[ev]1 fav\r ?is sort (      
dictation4  ,! /ate con/itutions /ill %[
 9 ?is respect ! condition ( ?+s at a "t
 9 :i* ! city z su* _h h>dly come into  
recognition4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury began 9  
,am]ica ) six cities ( ov] eight ?\s&   
inhabitants1 & end$ ) #ede4 ,moreov]1 9 

#ahjj ^? six places conta9$ less ?an f\r
 p] c5t4 ( ! population1 :ile 9 #aijj ! 
#ede cities conta9$ m ?an ?irty-?ree p] 
c5t4 !re(4 ,s9ce only a tw5ty-fif? "p ( 
! nation liv$ 9 cities1 ! great] p[] ( !
 scatt]$ prov9cial population seem$     
natural2 b :5 n[ a ?ird ( ! nation      
pref]s city life1 & especially ! m      
intellig5t1 m educat$1 & weal?y ?ird1 ! 
limitations to indep5d5t municipal      
rights become an ob/acle to culture4    
,f9ally1 ! /ates !mselves are oppos+ on 
good gr\nds e assumption ( rights by !  
,f$]ation--! same good gr\nds1 inde$1   
:i* ! community has = oppos+ ! /ate1 &  
_m o!rs besides4 ,x is felt t           
hi/orically x has be5 ! initiative (    
individuals r ?an ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t   
:i* has help$ ! nation to make its      
trem5d\s /rides =w>d1 & t ?is initiative
 %\ld n only be rew>d$ ) privileges1 b  
%\ld also be /imulat$ by duties4 ,! m   
ne>ly "o /ate is l ano!r1 s mu* ! m     
en]getically does x =bid ! o!rs to      
int]f]e 9 its affairs2 & ! m x is l !   

,union ! m e>ne/ly x seeks n to let its 
di/9ct individuality be swall[$ up4     
,besides ! moral ef=t t[>d /ate         
individuality1 !re is a p[]ful /ate     
egotism at "w 9 _m /ates :i* makes = !  
same end4 ,back ( ev]y?+1 f9ally1 !re is
 ! fe> ( ! purely political dang]s :i*  
are involv$ 9 an exagg]at$              
c5tralization4 ,we h se5 9 ?is a        
fundam5tal s5tim5t ( ! ,democratic p>ty4
  ,?us at e /ep 9 ! political           
organization c5trifugal & c5tripetal    
=ces /& opposite ea* o!r 9 ! ,f$]al     
,union1 9 ! /ate1 9 ! c\nty1 & 9 ! city4
 ,& public op9ion is busy discuss+ !    
argum5ts on bo? sides4 ,e day sees      
movem5ts 9 "o or ! o!r direction1 & !re 
is nev] any let up4 ,9 all ^!           
discussions x is a "q ( conflict+       
pr9ciples1 :i* 9 !mselves seem j4 ,!re  
is1 h[ev]1 ano!r contra/--t betwe5      
pr9ciple & lack ( pr9ciple4 ,9 ! ,union1
 ! /ate1 & ! city1 c5trali/s &          
anti-c5trali/s meet on que/ions ( law2 b
 9 ea* "o ( ^! places !re are gr\ps ( p 

work+ aga9/ ! law & try+ 9 e way to get 
ar\nd x4 ,9 ^! discussions !re is a true
 & false1 b 9 ! conflicts !re is a "r & 
wrong2 & "h argum5tation is n ne$$1 b   
%e] resi/ance4 ,if "o does n purposely  
close "o's eyes1 "o _c d\bt t ! public  
life ( ,am]ica holds c]ta9 abuses1 :i*  
are aga9/ ! _s ( ! ,con/itution & :i*   
too (t5 come ne> to be+ crim9al4 ,"o c  
ask1 to be sure1 if t lack ( consci5ce  
does n h place 9 e =m ( /ate 9 "o way or
 ano!r1 & if ! necessity ( develop+ a   
s\nd public _s to fight aga9/ abuse may 
itself n be an important factor 9 help+ 
on ! _s ( self-det]m9ation to victory4  
,any "o :o %\ld write ! hi/ory (        
disorganiz+ =ces 9 ,am]ican public life 
w h ! lea/ to say ab\t f$]al politics1 a
 good deal m ab\t ^? ( ! /ate1 & mo/ (  
all ab\t ^? ( ! city4 ,c]ta9 types (    
temptation are repeat$ at e /age4 ,!re  
is1 = in/ance1 ! legislative committee1 
:i* is f\nd alike 9 ,congress1 9 ! /ate 
legislatures1 & 9 ! city c\ncils4 ,bills
 are virtually decid$ at fir/ by two or 

?ree p]sons :o ex]t _! influ5ce beh9d ! 
clos$ doors ( ! committee room2 &       
naturally en\gh corrupt influ5ces c mu* 
m easily make _! way !re ?an 9 !        
discussions ( ! :ole h\se4 ,if a        
municipal committee has a bill "u       
discussion1 ! acceptance ( :i* means    
hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( doll>s sav$ or lo/ to 
! /reet railway company1 !n c]ta9ly1    
al?\gh ! presid5t & directors ( !       
company w n !mselves take any unlawful  
action1 yet 9 "s way "s less scrupul\s  
ag5t w /ep 9 :o w s+le out a b>-keep] or
 hungry advocate or f\r?-class          
politician 9 ! committee1 :o might be   
am5able to c]ta9 gild$ argum5ts4 ,& if  
?is ag5t f9ds no su* p]son he w f9d "s  
"o else :o does n c>e = money1 b :o w\ld
 l v well to see 8 bro!r-9-law giv5 a   
good position 9 ! railway company1 or   
p]haps to see ! track ext5d$ pa/ 8 own  
h\se4  ,( c\rse ! same ?+ happ5s :5 a   
measure is br\ght be=e ! /ate           
legislature1 & ! vote ( "s obscure      
prov9cial attorney on ! committee means 

millions ( doll>s to ! bank+ firm1 !    
tru/1 ! m9+ company1 or ! indu/rial     
community z a :ole4 ,"h ! lobby gets 9  
its "w4 ,! diff]5t /ates are1 ( c\rse1 v
 diff]5t 9 ?is respect2 ! crud] =ms (   
brib]y w\ld n avail 9 ,massa*usetts &   
w\ld be v dang]\s2 b !y feel diff]5tly  
ab\t su* ?+s 9 ,montana4 ,z we h already
 said1 ,congress is free ( su* ta9ts4   
,ano!r s\rce ( temptation1 :i* likewise 
exi/s = all ,am]ican law-giv+ bodies1   
arises f ! fact t all measures mu/ be   
propos$ by ! memb]s ( su* body4 ,?us    
local ne$s are tak5 c>e ( by ! activity 
( ! popul> repres5tatives1 &1 !re=e1 !  
numb] ( bills propos$ becomes v l>ge4 ,j
 z dur+ ! la/ session ( ,congress1      
#ag1jjj measures 7 propos$ 9 ! l[] h\se1
 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( bills are br\ght be=e
 ! /ate legislatures & city c\ncils4    
,!re is nev] a lack ( reasons = br++ up 
sup]flu\s bills4 ,& s9ce ! sy/em (      
secret committees makes x difficult = ! 
individual repres5tative to appe> be=e !
 :ole h\se & to make a spee*1 x foll[s t

 ! introduction ( a few bills is almo/ !
 only way 9 :i* ! politician c %[ 8     
con/itu5cy t he 0 n elect$ to !         
legislature 9 va91 & t he is actually   
repres5t+ ! int]e/s ( 8 support]s4 ,a   
mild] =m ( ?is abuse consi/s ( h&+ 9    
bills :i* are fram$ by reason ( p]sonal 
fri5d%ips or hatr$s2 & ! same ?+ appe>s 
9 ugli] =m :5 x is n a "q ( p]sonal     
fav\r1 b ( s]vices b\ght & paid =1 n (  
p]sonal hatr$1 b ( a sy/ematic          
conspiracy to extort money f ^? :o ne$  
legislation4 ,! mild] =m ( wrongdo+1 9  
:i* x is only a "q ( p]sonal fav\rs1 c  
be f\nd ev]y:]e1 ev5 9 ! ,capitol at    
,wa%+ton1 & ! mu*-boa/$ ,s5atorial      
c\rtesy l5ds a sort ( sanction to !     
abuse4  ,?is evil is /r5g!n$1 z x p]haps
 orig9at$1 by ! tacit recognition ( !   
pr9ciple t e legislator repres5ts1 fir/ 
( all1 8 local di/rict4 ,x is n expect$ 
( a s5ator t he %all look at e "q f !   
po9t ( view ( ! g5]al welf>e1 b r t he  
%all take fir/ ( all ! po9t ( view ( 8  
/ate4 ,x has inde$ be5 urg$ t ! s5ator  

is no?+ b an ambassador s5t to repres5t 
8 /ate be=e ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,if ?is is
 s1 x foll[s at once t no /ate delegate 
ought to h any control ov] ! int]e/s (  
ano!r /ate1 & s ! wi%es ( any s5ator    
%\ld be f9al 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to 8   
own /ate4 ,f ?is x is only a small /ep  
to ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s1 9 :i* e s5ator is
 second$ on 8 own proposals by 8        
colleagues1 if he w second !m on !irs4  
,9 ?is way ea* delegate has ! *ance to  
place ! law-giv+ ma*9]y at ! s]vice ( ^?
 :o w 9 any way advance 8 political     
popul>ity among 8 con/itu5ts1 & help him
 dur+ 8 next c&idacy4 ,& !n1 too1 a good
 deal is done m]ely = appe>ances2 bills 
are ent]$1 pr9t$1 & circulat$ 9 ! local 
pap]s to tickle ! spirits ( con/itu5ts1 
:ile ! propos] himself has n suppos$ = a
 mom5t t 8 proposition w pass !         
committee4 ,?+s g 9 ! /ate legislatures 
9 q ! same way4 ,ea* memb] is fir/ ( all
 ! repres5tative ( 8 own di/rict1 & he  
claims a c]ta9 "r ( n be+ int]f]$ ) 9   
matt]s :i* conc]n t di/rict4 ,9 ?is way 

he is accord$ great fre$om to grant all 
sorts ( legislative fav\rs :i* w br+ him
 suffici5t returns1 or to c>ry ?r\gh    
legal intrigues to ! injury ( 8         
political oppon5ts4 ,& "h 9 ! /ate      
legislature1 z 9 ! city c\ncil1 :]e !   
same pr9ciples are 9 use1 !re is ! be/  
possible *ance ( sell+ "o's fri5dly     
s]vices at _! m>ket value4 ,if a        
railroad company sees a bill = public   
safety propos$ :i* is te*nically        
s5seless & exagg]at$1 :i* w imp$e       
traffic 9 ! /ate1 & involve ru9\s       
exp5ditures1 x w naturally be tempt$ n  
to sit idle 9 ! hope t a majority ( !   
committee w set ! bill aside2 = t c\rse 
w\ld be haz>d\s4 ,x may be t all sorts (
 prejudices w "w toge!r t[>d report+ !  
bill fav\rably4 ,if ! company wants to  
be secure1 x w r try su* argum5ts z only
 capitali/s h at _! comm&4 ,& x has "h  
two ways op53 ei!r to 8conv9ce0 !       
committee or else to make arrangem5ts ) 
! man :o propos$ ! bill1 s t he %all    
recall x4 ,if ! possibility ( su* do+s  

once exi/s 9 politics1 !re is no means (
 prev5t+ di%on\rable p]sons f mak+ money
 9 su* ways2 n only d !y yield to       
temptation aft] !y h be5 elect$1 b also 
!y seek _! elections solely 9 ord] to   
exploit j su* opportunities4  ,"h we    
meet t factor :i* di/+ui%es ! /ate      
legislature1 p>ticul>ly ( ^? /ates ^:   
traditions are less firmly gr\nd$1 &    
/ill m ! city c\ncils1 s completely f ! 
f$]al *amb]s 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,! *ance to    
misuse (fice is alike 9 all ?ree places1
 b m5 :o h ent]$ ! political ar5a )     
hon\rable motives v seldom yield to     
crim9al temptation4 ,! usual abuses are 
committ$ almo/ :olly by m5 :o h s\ght _!
 political (fice solely = ! sake (      
crim9al opportunities2 & ?is class (    
pseudo-politicians c br+ itself into !  
city c\ncil v easily1 9 ! /ate          
legislature )\t mu* difficulty1 b almo/ 
nev] into ,congress4 ,if x 7 attractive 
or di/+ui%$ or int]e/+ to be 9 ! /ate   
legislature1 or on ! bo>d ( ald]m51 !re 
w\ld be a pl5ty ( wor?y applicants = !  

position1 & all d\btful p]sons w\ld f9d 
! door clos$2 b ! actual case is q      
diff]5t4  ,to be a memb] ( ,congress1 to
 sit 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives or     
p]haps 9 ! ,s5ate1 is some?+ :i* ! v be/
 m5 may well desire4 ,! position is     
conspicu\s & picturesque1 & aga9/ !     
backgr\nd ( high political life !       
individual feels himself entru/$ ) an   
important rle4 ,& al?\gh _m may hesitate
 to transf] _! homes to ! f$]al capital1
 nev]!less ! c\ntry has nev] _h         
difficulty 9 f9d+ suffici5t             
,repres5tatives :o are imbu$ ) ! _s ( ! 
,con/itution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to s]ve z   
popul> repres5tative 9 ! /ate           
legislature means = ! bett] sort ( man1 
unless he is a pr(essional politician1 a
 consid]able sacrifice4 ,! legislature  
g5]ally meets 9 a remote "p ( ! /ate1 at
 e session requires _m mon?s ( busy "w  
on "s committee1 & mo/ ( ?is "w is no?+ 
b disput+ & compromis+ ov] ! ?\s& petty 
bills1 9 :i* no really broad political  
consid]ations ent]4 ,x is a dre>y1      

dispirit+ "w1 :i* c attract only ?ree   
k9ds ( m53 fir/ly1 ^? :o are look+ =w>d 
to a political c>e] 9 ! s]vice ( ! p>ty 
ma*9e & und]go a t]m 9 ! /ate           
legislature only z prep>ation = "s m    
important (fice2 secondly1 ^? :o are    
glad ( ! small & meagre sal>y ( a       
repres5tative2 & f9ally1 ^? ^: mode/    
ambition is satisfi$ if !y are delegat$ 
by _! fell[-citiz5s 9 any sort (        
repres5tative capacity4 ,!re=e ! g5]al  
level ( p]sonality 9 ! /ate legislature 
is l[4 ,m5 :o h important positions w   
seldom cons5t to g1 & :5 influ5tial     
p]sons d ent] /ate politics x is        
actually ) a c]ta9 _s ( r5unciation1 & n
 s mu* to take "p 9 ! bus9ess ( !       
legislature z to re=m ! legislature     
itself4 ,s9ce ?is is ! case1 x is n     
surpris+ t ! mo/ un:olesome elem5ts     
flock ?i!r1 extortion]s & corrupt p]sons
 :o c\nt on x1 t 9 reg>d to di%on\rable 
transactions1 ! o!r side w h ! same     
int]e/ 9 pres]v+ sil5ce z !mselves4  ,we
 mu/ also n =get t ! ,am]ican pr9ciple (

 /rictly local repres5tation works 9    
ano!r way to keep d[n ! level ( ! small]
 legislative bodies4 ,if !              
,repres5tative ( a c]ta9 locality mu/ h 
8 resid5ce !re1 ! numb] ( possible      
c&idates is v mu* re/rict$4 ,?is is ev5 
m true ( ! city gov]nm5t1 :]e ! pr9ciple
 ( local repres5tation requires t e "p (
 ! city1 ev5 ! poore/ & mo/ squalid1    
%all elect none b m5 :o reside 9 x4 ,to 
be sure1 !re is a good deal 9 ?is t is  
"r2 b x necess>ily br+s a sort ( p      
toge!r 9 public committee ) :om x is n  
exactly a pleasure = mo/ m5 to "w4 ,!   
que/ions :i* h to be talk$ ov] "h are   
/ill m trivial1 & m ?an t1 ! motives :i*
 attract corrupt p]sons are some:at m   
tangible "h2 s9ce 9 ! rapid gr[? ( !    
great city ! aw>d+ ( monopolies &       
contracts creates a sort ( spoilsman's  
p>adise4 ,z ! bett] elem5ts hold alo( f 
?is city gov]nm5t1 by s mu* m d corrupt 
p]sons h fre] play4  ,! relation ( !    
city to bo? ! /ate & ,f$]ation is ev5 m 
unfav\rable :5 "o comes to consid] n !  

legislative1 b ! executive1 dep>tm5t4   
,:]eas 9 ,wa%+ton1 = example1 a s+le man
 /&s at ! head ( e dep>tm5t 9 !         
adm9i/ration1 & is entirely responsible 
= ! runn+ ( ?+s1 !re has frequ5tly be5 9
 ! city adm9i/rations1 up to a %ort "t  
ago1 a committee :i* is s               
responsible--?is 9 agreem5t ) ! old     
,am]ican idea t a majority c decide be/4
 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 a s+le man 0 entru/$ )    
adm9i/rative p[]s1 he 0 select$ g5]ally 
by ! mayor & ! city c\ncil toge!r1 & !y 
seldom call$ a real exp]t to su* a      
position4 ,9 any case1 s9ce !           
adm9i/ration dep5ds :olly on p>ty       
politics1 & ! upp] /aff *anges ) ea* new
 p>ty victory1 !re is no su* *ance = a  
life c>e] "h z w\ld tempt compet5t m5 to
 (f] _! s]vices4  ,9 ?is "p ( !         
gov]nm5t1 moreov]1 !re is m dang] f !   
adm9i/ration by committees ?an any:]e   
else4 ,! responsibility ( a majority _c 
be fix$ any:]e2 & :]e ! mayor & ald]m5  
"w toge!r 9 ! selection ( (ficials1     
nei!r ( ! two p>ties is q responsible = 

! outcome--:i* is naturally n to be     
comp>$ ) ! closely gu>d$ election (     
(ficials "u ,g]man conditions4 ,= 9     
,g]many ! selection ( ! head ( a city   
dep>tm5t w lie betwe5 a few simil>ly    
tra9$ speciali/s1 :ile ! adm9i/ration ( 
a ,new ,york or a ,*icago dep>tm5t1 z1  
say1 t ( ! police or ( /reet-clean+1 is 
?\ght to presuppose no special          
prep>ation1 & !re=e ! numb] ( possible  
c&idates is unlimit$4 ,x is n surpris+ t
 su* irresponsible committees are n     
above corruption1 & t _m a man :o has   
receiv$ a well-paid adm9i/rative        
position 9 return = 8 s]vices to ! p>ty1
 proce$s to make 8 hay :ile ! sun %9es4 
,x is true t !re are _m dep>tm5ts :]e no
 su* temptation comes 9 "q4 ,x is1 =    
example1 univ]sally believ$ t ! fire    
dep>tm5ts ( all ,am]ican cities are     
admirably manag$4 ,! situation is mo/   
d\btful 9 ! case ( ! police dep>tm5ts1  
:i*1 ( c\rse1 are subject to ! greate/  
temptations2 & "h1 too1 !re c be ! wor/ 
abuses 9 "s ways along ) ! highe/       

effici5cy 9 o!rs4 ,! s]vice = public    
protection 9 a l>ge city may be         
admirably organiz$ & crime /r5u\sly     
foll[$ up1 & nev]!less ! police =ce may 
be full ( corruption4 ,?ieves & murd]]s 
are punctili\sly suppress$1 :ile at !   
same "t ! police are extort+ a h&some   
income f b>-rooms :i* evade ! ,sunday   
laws1 f public-h\ses :i* exi/ 9         
violation ( city /atutes1 & f unlawful  
places ( amusem5t4  ,to be sure1 we mu/ 
aga9 & aga9 emphasize two ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/
 place1 x is probable t n9e-t5?s ( !    
*>ges are exagg]at$ & sl&]\s4 ,!        
puni%m5ts are s consid]able1 ! means (  
inve/igation s active1 & ! public       
wat*fulness s ke51 bo? on acc\nt ( !    
p>ty ho/ility & by virtue ( a s5sational
 press1 t x w\ld be h>dly compreh5sible 
psy*ologically1 if political crime 9 !  
l[e/ /rata ( city or /ate 7 to be really
 any?+ b ! exception4 ,! _m almo/       
fanatically conduct$ inve/igations      
produce f _! m\nta9s ( transactions only
 ! smalle/ mice1 & ! /ate attorney is   

seldom able to make out a case ( actual 
brib]y4 ,9 ?is matt] ! ,anglo-,am]icans 
are pleas$ to po9t out t :]ev]          
inve/igations h end$ 9 mak+ out a case  
:i* c\ld really be puni%$1 ! p]son has  
be5 g5]ally an ,iri%man or "s o!r       
,european immigrant4 ,9 any case1 !     
collection ( immigrants f ,europe 9 !   
l>ge cities contributes importantly to !
 unhappy condition ( city politics4  ,9 
! second place1 we mu/ urge once m t !  
m]e di/ribution ( well-paid municipal   
positions to p>ty politicians is n      
necess>ily 9 itself an abuse4 ,:51 =    
in/ance1 9 a l>ge city1 a ,republican is
 succe$$ by a ,democratic mayor1 he c   
g5]ally be/[ a doz5 well-paid & a hundr$
 or two m mode/ commissions to m5 :o h  
help$ 9 ! p>ty victory4 ,b he w be      
c>eful n to pick out ^? :o are :olly    
unwor?y1 s9ce t w\ld n only compromise  
himself1 b w\ld damage 8 p>ty & prev5t  
its be+ aga9 victori\s4 ,if he succe$s1 
on ! o!r h&1 9 f9d+ m5 :o w s]ve ! city 
indu/ri\sly1 intellig5tly1 & ably 9     

proportion to _! pay1 x is ridicul\s to 
call ! promise ( su* (fices by way (    
p>ty rew>d 9 any s5se a plund]+ ( !     
city1 or to make x seem t ! giv+ (      
positions to colleagues ( "o's p>ty is  
ano!r sort ( corruption4  ,! evils (    
public life & ! possibility ( crim9al   
practices are n conf9$ to legislative & 
executive bodies4 ,! judici>y also has  
its d>k] side4 ,"o mu/ believe          
fanatically 9 ! p 9 ord] n to see :at   
judicial mon/rosities occasionally come 
out ( ! emphasis :i* is giv5 to ! jury  
sy/em4 ,! law requires t ! twelve m5    
*os5 f ! p to ! jury mu/ come to a      
unanim\s decision2 !y are %ut 9 a room  
toge!r & discuss & discuss until all    
twelve f9ally decide = guilty or n      
guilty4 ,if !y are n unanim\s1 no v]dict
 is giv51 & ! :ole trial has to beg9 ov]
 aga94 ,a s+le ob/9ate juryman1 :o cl+s 
to 8 p>ticul> ideas1 is able1 !re=e1 to 
outweigh ! decision ( ! o!r elev54 ,& x 
is to be rememb]$ t e crim9al case is   
tri$ be=e a jury4 ,! case is /ill worse 

if all twelve agree1 b agree only 9 _!  
prejudices4 ,especially 9 ! ,s\?1 b also
 9 ! ,we/ sometimes1 juries return      
decisions :i* simply insult !           
intellig5ce ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is true t !  
unfairness is g5]ally 9 ! direction (   
decl>+ ! def5dant n guilty4  ,! law's   
delay is also exce$+ly regrettable1 z   
well z ! extreme emphasis on            
te*nicalities1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* no "o 
d>es1 ev5 9 ! int]e/s ( ju/ice1 to      
ignore ! slighte/ inaccuracy ( =m--a    
fact ^: good side too1 ( c\rse1 no "o   
%\ld ov]look4 ,x is mo/ ( all           
regrettable t ! *oice ( judges dep5ds to
 s l>ge an ext5t on politics1 & t s _m  
judicial appo9tm5ts are made by popul>  
elections & = a limit$ t]m4 ,! tr\ble "h
 is n s mu* t a fai?ful p>ty memb] is   
(t5 rew>d$ ) a judicial position1 s9ce =
 ! matt] ( t !re are equally good       
b>ri/]s to be *os5 f ei!r p>ty = vacant 
positions on ! b5*2 ! real evil is t    
dur+ 8 t]m ( (fice ! judge _c help hav+ 
an eye to 8 relection or promotion to "s

 high] position4 ,?is br+s politics into
 8 lab\rs truly1 & x too (t5 happ5s t a 
ready compliance ) p>ty dictates spr+s  
up 9 ! l[] judicial positions4 ,only !  
f$]al & ! sup]ior /ate c\rts are        
entirely free f ?is4  ,9 a simil> way1  
politics sometimes play a "p 9 ! do+s ( 
! /ate attorney4 ,he is subord9ate to ! 
/ate or f$]al executive1 t is1 to a p>ty
 elem5t :i* has contract$ obligations ( 
v>i\s sorts1 & x may s happ5 t ! /ate   
attorney w avoid int]f]+ "h & !re 9     
matt]s :]e a ju/ice high] ?an p>ty dem&s
 int]f]5ce4 ,especially 9 ! qu>rels     
betwe5 capital & lab\r1 "o he>s         
repeat$ly t ! /ate attorney is too l5i5t
 t[>d l>ge capitali/s4 ,!n !re are o!r  
evils 9 judicial matt]s aris+ f !       
unequal sci5tific prep>ation ( juri/s2 !
 fail+ "h is 9 ! judicial logic &       
pregnancy ( ! decision4  ,f9ally1 "o    
s\rce :i* is a v]itable f\nta9 ( s9     
aga9/ ! commonweal? is ! p[] ( ! p>ty   
ma*9e4 ,we h trac$ out m9utely h[ !     
public life ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dem&s two 

p>ties1 h[ ea* ( ^! may hope = victory  
only if x is compactly organiz$1 & h[   
su* organizations ne$ an army ( m or    
less pr(essional politicians4 ,!y may be
 9 ! legislature or out ( x2 x is _!    
position 9 ! p>ty ma*9e :i* gives !m _! 
trem5d\s p[]s--p[]s :i* d n d]ive f     
con/itutional pr9ciples nor f law1 b :i*
 are 9 a way intangible1 & !re=e ! m    
liable to abuse4  ,ri*>d ,crok] has nev]
 be5 mayor ( ,new ,york1 & yet he 0 = a 
long "t dictator ( t city1 no matt] :at 
,democratic mayor 0 9 (fice1 & rema9$   
dictator ev5 f 8 c\ntry place 9 ,engl&4 
,he rul$ ! municipal ,democratic p>ty   
ma*9e1 & !re=e all ! mayors & (ficials 7
 m]ely pawns 9 8 h&s4 ,millions ( doll>s
 float$ 8 way f a ?\s& invisible s\rces1
 all ( :i* 7 someh[ connect$ ) municipal
 transactions2 & 8 consci5ce 0 z ela/ic 
z 8 pocket-book4 ,t is :at 8 enemies    
say1 :ile 8 fri5ds allege him to be a   
man ( hon\r2 & no?+ has really be5 prov$
 aga9/ him4 ,b at lea/ "o ?+ is         
inconte/able1 t ! sy/em ( ! p>ty ma*9e &

 ! p>ty boss makes su* undemon/rable    
corruption possible4 ,almo/ e /ate      
legislature is 9 ! clut*es ( su* p>ty   
m&>9s1 & ev5 m5 :o are above ! suspicion
 ( v5ality misuse ! tempt+ p[] :i* is   
c5tr$ 9 _! h&s 9 ! s]vice ( _! p]sonal  
advantage & reputation1 ( _! sympa?ies &
 antipa?ies1 & trans=m _! ,democratic   
lead]%ip into autocracy & t]rorism4 ,9 !
 high] s5se1 h[ev]1 e victory :i* !y w9 
= _! p>ty is l ! victory ( ,pyrrhus1 =  
_! selfi% absolutism injures ! p>ty m   
?an any advantage :i* x w9s at ! polls  
b5efits x4 ,_! omnipot5ce is1 moreov]1  
only app>5t1 = 9 reality !re is a p[] 9 
! l& :i* is /rong] ?an !y1 & /rong] ?an 
,presid5ts or legislatures1 & :i* takes 
c>e t all ! dang]s & evils1 s9s & abuses
 t spr+ up are f9ally ?r[n (f )\t really
 h9d]+ ! /eady c\rse ( progress4 ,?is   
p[] is public op9ion4                   
,,*apt] ,,sev5                          
,public ,op9ion   ,we h spok5 ( !       
,presid5t & ,congress1 ( ! organization 
( c\rt & /ate1 &1 above all1 ( ! p>ties1

 9 ord] to %[ ! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* ! g5ius 
( ! ,am]ican nation has express$ itself4
 ,x may seem almo/ sup]flu\s to         
recognize public op9ion z a sep>ate     
factor 9 political affairs4 ,x is       
admitt$ t public op9ion is pot5t 9      
/hetic1 lit]>y1 moral1 & social         
problems1 ) all ( :i* p>ties &          
con/itutions h no?+ to d4 ,b x might be 
suppos$ t :5 a p has surr\nd$ itself ) a
 network ( electoral ma*9]y1 supports   
hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( repres5tatives &      
(ficials1 has p]fect$ p>ties ) _! armies
 ( politicians & legislatures :i* e ye> 
discuss & pass on ?\s&s ( laws--x might 
be suppos$ t 9 reg>d to political       
que/ions public op9ion w\ld h f\nd its  
complete expression along (ficial       
*annels1 & 9 a s5se w\ld h exhau/$      
itself4 ,yet ?is is n ! case4 ,! entire 
political r\t9e1 ) its p>aph]nalia1 =ms 
a clos$ sy/em1 :i* is di/9ct 9 _m ways f
 ! actual public op9ion ( ! c\ntry4  ,x 
is inde$ no easy matt] to f9d "u :at    
conditions ! w ( a p c mo/ directly     

express itself 9 ! (ficial ma*9]y (     
politics4 ,_m ,g]mans1 = in/ance1       
ent]ta9 ! notion t no gov]nm5t is truly 
democratic except ! cab9et be 9 all     
matt]s dep5d5t on a majority 9 p>liam5t2
 & !y are a/oni%$ to le>n t 9 democratic
 ,am]ica ,congress has no influ5ce on ! 
election ( ! highe/ (ficials2 t !       
,presid5t1 9 fact1 may surr\nd himself )
 a cab9et q antagoni/ic to ! political  
complexion ( ,congress4 ,b no ,am]ican  
believes t politics w\ld repres5t public
 op9ion any bett] if ?is indep5d5ce ( ! 
,executive & 8 cab9et 7 to be modifi$1  
say 9 con=mity ) ! ,engli% or ,fr5*     
idea4 ,! reasons = a discrepancy betwe5 
public op9ion & (ficial politics lie    
anyh[ n 9 ! special =ms prescrib$ by !  
,con/itution1 b 9 ! means by :i* ! =ms  
prescrib$ by ! ,con/itution are         
practically fill$ by ! nation4 ,9 !     
,engli% ,con/itution1 = in/ance1 !re is 
no?+ ab\t a cab9et2 & yet ! cab9et is ! 
actual c5tre ( ,engli% politics4        
,am]ican politics might keep to ! lett] 

( ! ,con/itution1 & /ill be ! true/     
reflection ( public op9ion4 ,t !y are n 
su* a reflection is due to ! /rong      
position ( ! p>ties4 ,! rivalry ( ^!    
enc\rages ke5 competition1 9 :i* !      
success ( ! p>ty has n[ become an end 9 
itself q aside f ! pr9ciples involv$4   
,p]sonal advantages to be d]iv$ f ! p>ty
 h become prom95t 9 ! m9ds ( its        
support]s2 & ev5 :]e ! motives are      
unselfi%1 ! tactics ( ! p>ty are m      
important ?an its ideals4 ,b tactics are
 impossible )\t discipl9e1 & a p>ty :i* 
hopes to be victori\s 9 def5d+ its own  
int]e/s or 9 oppos+ o!rs' w be no m]e   
debat+ club1 b a rel5tlessly /rict &    
practical organization4 ,:]e) ! control 
mu/ fall to a v few p>ty lead]s1 :o owe 
_! positions to pr(essional             
politicians--t is1 to m5 :o = ! mo/ "p  
/& consid]ably bel[ ! level ( ! be/     
,am]icans4  ,! imm5se numb] ( votes ca/ 
9 ! ,presid5tial elections is apt to    
hide ! facts4 ,millions vote = "o       
c&idate & millions = ! o!r1 )\t kn[+    

p]haps t a few mon?s be=e ! national    
conv5tion "s t5 or twelve p>ty lead]s1  
sitt+ at a quiet little lun*eon1 may h  
_h ! p[] to fix on ! presid5tial        
c&idate4 ,& ^! wise =eorda9+s are ev5   
less conspicu\s 9 ! case ( gov]nors1    
s5ators1 or repres5tatives4 ,ev]y:]e !  
masses believe t !y alone decide1 & s !y
 d betwe5 ! nom9ees ( "o p>ty & ( ! o!r1
 or sometimes betwe5 sev]al c&idates )9 
! p>ty2 b !y are n aw>e t a m important 
*oice is made beh9d ! sc5es be=e ^!     
c&idates make _! appe>ance4  ,z ) !     
incumb5ts1 s x is ) ! plat=m4 ,! p>ty   
lead]s practically decide :at que/ions  
%all be made ! political issues2 & ?is  
is ! mo/ important function ( all4 ,we h
 se5 t diss5t+ gr\ps c h>dly hope on    
ord9>y occasions to make a break 9 !    
firm p>ty organization1 & ?\gh !y may   
vigor\sly discuss que/ions :i* h n be5  
approv$ by ! p>ty lead]s1 !y w1         
nev]!less1 arrive at no practical       
results4 ,x !re=e happ5s v (t5 t vot]s  
are call$ on to decide issues :i* seem  

to !m indiff]5t1 or to *oose betwe5 two 
evils1 & c expect no?+ f ei!r c&idate 9 
! matt]s :i* !y ?9k mo/ vital4 ,!y g to 
! polls m]ely out ( consid]ation = _!   
p>ty4 ,?us1 9 reality1 ! p d n decide ! 
issues on :i* !y are to vote1 nor on !  
c&idates :om !y elect1 nor yet on ! p>ty
 lead]s :o d decide ^! ?+s4 ,nor c ! p1 
if discont5t$ ) ! p>ty 9 p[]1 recall t  
p>ty dur+ its t]m ( (fice4 ,9 ,g]many ! 
gov]nm5t c dissolve p>liam5t if new     
issues arise2 9 ,engl& ! ,cab9et resigns
 if x fails to c>ry a measure2 b 9      
,am]ica ! p>ty ) a congressional        
majority has no?+ to fe> dur+ its       
appo9t$ t]m4 ,9 %ort1 ! political life (
 ,am]ica is dom9at$ by ^? =ces :i* rule 
! p>ties1 & only 9 s f> z ! nation is   
fill$ ) ! p>ty _s1 is ! (ficial         
political hi]>*y an expression ( !      
nation's w4  ,n[ x is n 9 ! nature (    
public op9ion to n]ve itself up to cle> 
& def9ite issues4 ,unless work$ on by   
p>ty demagogues1 x nev] =mulates itself 
9 a m]e yes or no1 b surveys ! situation

 imp>tially1 see+ advantages &          
disadvantages on bo? sides1 & passes a  
cons]vative judgm5t4 ,! man :o ?9ks only
 ( p>ties w (t5 agree to a compromise   
:i* is unju/ to bo? p>ties & 9 g5]al    
unwor?y ( !m2 b ! man :o takes 8 /&     
above ! p>ties kn[s t _m problems are n 
fa?om$ ) a yea or nay2 he does n see two
 opposite sides betwe5 :i* an artificial
 compromise is to be f\nd1 b he         
appreciates ! giv5 situation 9 its      
organic unity & hi/orical p]spective4   
,hi/orical und]/&+ ( ! pa/ & moral      
s]i\sness = ! future gu>antee 8 "r      
judgm5t4 ,he sees ! practical opposition
 ( int]e/s1 :i* is always m complex ?an 
! two-horn$ dilemma t ! p>ties adv]tise1
 9 a true light1 & te/imony ( exp]ts    
in/ead ( politicians sugge/s to him !   
rational solution ( ! problem4 ,! actual
 c\rse ( action to be foll[$ may co9cide
 ) ! plan ( "o or ! o!r p>ty1 or may be 
a compromise betwe5 !m1 & yet x w be a  
di/9ct policy4 ,9 su* decisions !re     
lives ev] ! _s ( imm$iate reality2 no   

artificial di*otomy nor any political   
tactics are involv$1 & ! natural moral  
feel+ ( a heal?y nation is !n suffici5t 
= e issue4 ,n[h]e is ?is nave moral s5se
 m pot5t among ! masses ?an 9 ,am]ica2 w
 !n ^! unp>tisan convictions h no weight
 9 political life8 ,w !y n r /rive to h 
an indep5d5t effect on ! de/9ies ( !    
nation8 ,! c5tre & real expression ( ^! 
politics = ess5tials is ! sy/em ( public
 op9ion4  ,we h se5 t e ,am]ican        
legislature has two p>ts1 an upp] & a   
l[] h\se1 :i* h diff]5t ways ( proc$ure 
& diff]5t pr]ogatives4 ,"o might        
simil>ly say t ! p>ties ) all _!        
p>aph]nalia are m]ely ! l[] h\se ( !    
nation1 :ile ,public ,op9ion is ! upp]  
h\se2 & only ! two h\ses toge!r         
con/itute ! entire national political   
life4 ,! nation is repres5t$ 9 ea*      
bran*1 b 9 diff]5t s5ses4 ,9 a way !    
p>ties express quantitatively ! w ( !   
nation1 & public op9ion does x          
qualitatively4 ,:5ev] a quantitative    
expression is want$1 ! issues mu/ be    

%>ply contra/$ 9 ord] to sep>ate cle>ly 
! adh]5ts ( ea*2 all f9e %ades &        
di/9ctions h to be sacrific$ to an      
artificial cle>ness ( def9ition1 mu* z  
is done 9 me*anics1 :5 any motion is    
s*ematically repres5t$1 z ! diagonal 9 a
 p>allelogram ( two o!r =ces4 ,z a      
quantity any yea or nay is z good z any 
o!r1 & ! int5sity ( any p>ty movem5t is 
due to ! accumulation ( small increm5ts4
 ,! great advantage ( ?is l[] h\se is1 z
 ( e l[] h\se1 t its delib]ations c be  
br\ght to an end & its debates conclud$4
 ,e political election is su* a         
provisional result4  ,x is v diff]5t 9 !
 upp] h\se4 ,public op9ion accepts no   
ab/ract s*ematizations1 b consid]s !    
reality 9 all its complication1 & 9 its 
debates no weight is giv5 to any %[ (   
h&s or o!r demon/ration ( m]e numb]s4   
,crass contra/s d n exi/ "h1 b only     
subtle %ad+s2 m5 are n gr\p$ z fri5ds & 
foe1 b !y are se5 to diff] m]ely 9 _!   
bread? ( outlook1 _! k1 _! en]gy1 & 9 _!
 s+l5ess ( he>t4 ,! end 9 view is n to  

ru% politics1 b to re=m politics & 9 all
 matt]s to %ape public ev5ts to national
 ideals4 ,"h "o vote is n l ano!r1 b a  
s+le ^w wisely & consci5ti\sly spok5 is 
he>d above ! babel ( ?\s&s4 ,& "h ! be/ 
m5 ( ! nation h to %[ !mselves1 n )     
programmes nor h>angues1 b ) a quiet =ce
 :i* %apes & unites public op9ion &     
ev5tually c>ries all p>ties be=e x4     
,public op9ion may be responsible n[ = a
 presid5tial veto on a bill ( ,congress1
 n[ = ! sudd5 eclipse ( a p>ty lead]1 or
 ! dropp+ ( a li/ ( c&idates1 or aga9 x 
may divide a p>ty 9 ! legislature4      
,public op9ion =ces ! p>ties1 9 spite ( 
!mselves1 to make m]e p>ty advantage    
second>y to a matur] /atesman%ip4       
,g]mans w n readily appreciate ?is d\ble
 expression ( ! popul> w2 !y w\ld f9d x 
m natural if p>ty life & public op9ion 7
 "o4 ,= 9 ,g]many ! conditions are q    
diff]5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re are a doz5 
p>ties1 :i* express ! f9] %ades ( public
 op9ion m adequately ?an ! two p>ties c 
9 ,am]ica4 ,& ?is division into _m small

 p>ties prev5ts ! developm5t ( any real 
p>ty organization su* z w\ld be ne$$ by 
a p>ty assum+ entire responsibility = ! 
affairs ( ! nation4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to 
two great p>ties is ! opposition betwe5 
all ! 8brg]li*e0 p>ties on ! "o h& & !  
social democrats on ! o!r4 ,b !         
developm5t ( really responsible p>ties  
is h>dly to be expect$1 s9ce ! ,g]man   
p>ty is all[$ only a small degree (     
initiative4 ,! repres5tatives ( ! p h ! 
"r to accept or reject or to sugge/     
improvem5ts 9 ! proposals ( ! gov]nm5t2 
b ) ! gov]nm5t re/ ! initiative & !     
responsibility4 ,! gov]nm5t /&s above ! 
p>ties1 & is n elect$ by ! p nor        
imm$iately dep5d5t on !m4 ,x orig9ates  
mo/ ( ! legislative & executive         
movem5ts1 & !re) repres5ts exactly t    
moral unity ( ! nation :i* is above all 
p>ties1 & :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,am]ica by 
public op9ion2 :ile 9 ,am]ica ! gov]nm5t
 is ! creature ( ! p>ties4  ,"o %\ld n  
draw ! conclusion t ! public op9ion (   
,am]ica is ! qu9tess5ce ( pure goodness4

 ,public op9ion 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld  
be no true indication ( ! =ces at "w 9 !
 nation if x did n repres5t all !       
ess5tials ( ! typical ,am]ican4 ,9 ord] 
to f9d ?is typical man1 x w\ld be       
mislead+ simply to take ! av]age ( !    
millions2 "o leaves out ( acc\nt ! great
 h]d ( col\rless *>act]s1 & selects !   
man :o h>moni\sly comb9es 9 himself1 )\t
 exagg]ation1 ! mo/ /rik+ peculi>ities (
 8 c\ntrym54 ,he is n easy to f9d1 s9ce 
ecc5tricity is frequ5t2 "o man is       
grotesquely patriotic1 ano!r moral to   
intol]ance1 ano!r insipidly complac5t1 &
 ano!r too optimi/ic to be e>ne/ or too 
acquisitive to be j4  ,& yet if "o goes 
ab\t mu* 9 ,am]ican society1 "o f9ds    
oneself n[ & !n1 n only 9 ,new ,york or 
,bo/on or ,wa%+ton1 b q z well 9 "s     
small city ( ! ,we/1 9 a little circle (
 cong5ial m5 :o are talk+ eag]ly1 p]haps
 ov] _! cig>s aft] d9n]2 & "o has !     
feel+ t ! typical ,am]ican is !re4 ,8   
conv]sation is n le>n$ nor 8 rhetoric   
high-fl[n2 b "o has ! feel+ t he is     

alive & wor? li/5+ to1 t he sees ?+s 9  
%>p p]spective1 is s9c]ely moral1 & has 
some?+ ( 8 own to say4 ,p>ty politics d 
n int]e/ him specially1 al?\gh z citiz5 
he goes to a few meet+s1 contributes to 
! p>ty funds1 & votes on election day if
 ! wea!r p]mits4 ,b he speaks ( politics
 g5]ally ) a half-smile1 & laughs       
outright at ! ?\ght ( himself runn+ = ! 
legislature4 ,he sees ! evil ab\t him1 b
 is confid5t t ev]y?+ w come ar\nd all  
"r2 ! nation is "y1 /rong1 & possess$ ( 
b\ndless res\rces = ! future4 ,( c\rse  
he und]/&s ! prejudices ( ! masses1 &   
kn[s t m]e slap & da% w n take ! place (
 real application 9 solv+ ! problems :i*
 confront ! nation2 he kn[s1 too1 t     
te*nical pr(ici5cy1 weal?1 & luxury     
alone d n con/itute true culture4 ,&    
h]e) 8 be/ en]gies are enli/$2 he       
contributes g5]\sly to libr>ies &       
univ]sities1 & v likely devotes mu* ( 8 
"t to ! city s*ools4 ,b he is frank to  
confess1 z well1 t he has a weakness =  
good-fell[%ip & sup]ficiality1 pref]r+  

op]etta to trag$y e "t4 ,he is n        
nigg>dly 9 any?+2 to be s is too        
un/hetic4 ,at fir/ "o is a/oni%$ by 8   
ins\ciance & ! optimism ) :i* he makes !
 be/ ( ev]y?+4 ,"o feels at once 8 good 
nature & read9ess to help1 & f9ds him   
almo/ pret]naturally ready to be j to 8 
oppon5ts & ov]look small fail+s4 ,he    
envelops ev]y?+ ) 8 irrepressible s5se (
 hum\r1 & is always rem9d$ ( a good     
/ory1 :i* he rec\nts s drolly &         
felicit\sly t "o is ready to believe t  
he nev] c\ld be angry4 ,b ?is all *anges
 ! in/ant ! talk turns f amus+          
/upidities or little weaknesses & goes  
ov] to indec5cy or corruption or any    
bas5ess ( "*4 ,!n ! typical ,am]ican is 
q *ang$2 8 g5u9e nobility ( s\l comes   
out & he gives 8 unv>ni%$ op9ion1 n     
blu/]+ly1 b ) self-controll$            
indignation4 ,"o feels t "h is ! real   
secret ( 8 "*2 & "o is surpris$ to see  
h[ little he c>es = political p>ties or 
social classes4 ,he w fi]cely condemn ! 
del9qu5cies ( 8 own p>ty or ! unfair    

deal+s ( 8 own social set4 ,x n[ appe>s 
h[ hone/ly religi\s he is1 & h[ f> !    
inn] mean+ ( 8 life lies beyond ! m]ely 
mat]ial4  ,su* a good fell[ x is1 ) all 
8 great] & less] traits1 :o may at any  
"t voice undilut$ public op9ion4 ,?\s&s 
:o are bett]1 wis]1 m le>n$1 or less !  
sp5d?rift & high-liv]1 & ! millions (   
inf]ior natures1 w %[ "o trait or ano!r 
( ! national "* 9 high] relief4 ,& yet !
 type is well m>k$2 x is always         
optimi/ic & confid5t 9 ! future (       
,am]ica1 indiff]5t to p>ty tactics1 b   
en?usia/ically patriotic4 ,x is anxi\s  
to be n m]ely prosp]\s b j & enlight5$ z
 well2 x is almo/ hil>i\sly full ( life1
 & yet b5evol5t & fri5dly2 cons]vative  
al?\gh s5sitive1 )\t respect =          
conv5tions & yet religi\s1 sangu9e b    
?\ghtful1 scrupul\sly j to an oppon5t b 
unrel5t+ t[>d any mean int5t4 ,probably 
! mo/ *>act]i/ic traits ( public op9ion 
are a pati5t ov]sight ( mi/akes &       
weaknesses1 b rel5tless contempt &      
indignation = meanness & lack ( hon\r4  

,?is is 9 bo? respects ! v rev]se ( !   
p>ty _s1 :i* is too apt to h+e its mo/  
boa/$ re=ms on trivial evils1 & pass ov]
 ! greate/ s9s 9 sil5ce4  ,"o elem5t (  
public op9ion %\ld be sugge/$ 9 ev5 !   
briefe/ sket*--its nev]-fail+ hum\r4 ,x 
is ! antiseptic ( ,am]ican politics1    
al?\gh x w\ld be bett]1 to be sure1 if  
political do+s c\ld be aseptic f !      
outset4 ,b probably dirty ambition &    
selfi%ness are h>d] to keep d[n 9 a     
democracy ?an any:]e else4 ,! hum\r (   
public op9ion /&s 9 /rik+ contra/1      
moreov]1 to p>ty life2 z "o _c fail to  
discov] on look+ closely4 ,p>ty tactics 
dem& t ! masses h hamm]$ into !m !      
notion t ! sacr$ hon\r ( ! nation lies )
 _! p>ty1 b t on ! o!r side !re lies    
hopeless ru94 ,! man :o urges ?is dogma 
mu/ keep a v solemn face1 = if he 7 to  
br+ x out ) a tw9kle 9 8 eye1 he w\ld   
de/roy ! =ce ( 8 sugge/ion4 ,! vot]1    
too1 is s]i\s 9 8 duties z a citiz51 &  
dem&s ( ! c&idates ?is extremely        
practical mi5 & solemn p>ty arrogance4  

,b :5 ! same citiz5 talks ! matt] ov] ) 
8 fri5ds1 he is no long] a /ickl] =     
p>ty1 b a voic] ( public op9ion1 & he   
sees at once ! hum\r ( ! situation4 ,he 
punctures ! p>ty bubbles ) well-aim$    
ridicule4 ,s x happ5s t ! population is 
m rul$ by hum\r "h ?an any:]e else1 :ile
 ! p>ty lead]s /& up1 at lea/ be=e !    
public1 9 ! mo/ solemn guise4 ,j z 9 "s 
,am]ican /ates ! m5 dr9k w9e at home1 b 
at (ficial banquets call = m9]al wat]2 s
 out ( ! political h>ness "o may commit 
excesses ( hum\r1 b 9 x "o mu/ be       
/rictly temp]ate4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 !   
rev]se ( ! well-kn[n ,engli% me?od1 :]e 
! masses are r dull1 :ile ! lead]s are  
fam\s wits & cynics4 ,am]ica w\ld nev]  
all[ ?is4 ,:5 "o meets lead+ politicians
 or memb]s ( ! ,cab9et 9 a social way1  
"o is (t5 amaz$ at _! ready wit1 & feels
 t ^! m5 h decid$ly ! capacity to %9e z 
d _! ,engli% colleagues4 ,b t w\ld wreck
 ! p>ty s]vice4 ,! p are sov]eign2      
public op9ion has1 !re=e1 ! "r to       
ironical hum\r1 & c smil+ly look d[n on 

! p>ties f a sup]ior height2 :ile ^? :o 
play ! p>ty game ( gov]nm5t h /ill to   
keep demure & sob]4 ,9 ,engl& x is !    
,cab9et1 9 ,am]ica public op9ion1 :i*   
assumes ! g5tle rle ( wit4 ,h>dly c\ld !
 contra/ betwe5 ari/ocracy & democracy  
be m cle>ly exemplifi$4  ,if "s "o %\ld 
ask :o makes public op9ion1 he might    
well be ref]r$ at fir/ to t class :i* at
 pres5t does n enjoy ! suffrage1 &      
presumably w n = "s "t to come--! wom54 
,! ,am]ican woman c>es little en\gh =   
p>ty politics1 & ?is is n s mu* because 
%e has no rights4 ,if %e _h ! int]e/ %e 
probably w\ld h ! rights4 ,b :ile ! be/ 
p h no wi% to see ! wom5 mix 9 ) ! r\t9e
 ( p>ty ma*9]y1 ?is is n at all 9 ord] t
 !y may n conc]n !mselves ) ! public    
problems ( ! day4 ,on ! contr>y1 wom5   
ex]t a m>k$ influ5ce on public op9ion2 &
 "h1 z might be expect$1 x is n !       
organiz$ crusades1 l ! temp]ance        
movem5t1 :i* c\nt1 b r _! less noisy    
demon/rations1 _! influ5ce 9 ! home & _!
 g5]al rightness ( feel+4 ,e re=m       

movem5t :i* appeals to moral motives is 
advanc$ by ! public influ5ce ( wom51 &  
_m a bad piece ( jobb]y is defeat$ by _!
 in/rum5tality4  ,if ! b\nd>ies betwe5 !
 sexes are =gott5 9 ! matt] ( public    
op9ion1 s ev5 m are ^? betwe5 ! v>i\s   
classes4 ,public op9ion is n weak5$ by  
any class antipa?ies4 ,to be sure1 e    
pr(ession & occupation has its peculi>  
int]e/s1 & 9 diff]5t qu>t]s ! public    
op9ion takes on some:at diff]5t hues2 ! 
agricultural /ates h o!r problems ?an ! 
indu/rial2 ! ,s\? o!rs ?an ! ,nor?2 & ! 
m9+ di/ricts /ill o!rs ( _! own4 ,b ^!  
are really n diff]5ces ( public op9ion1 
b diff]5t sectors ( ! "o great circle4  
,9 spite ( ! div]se elem5ts & !         
prejudices :i* g to make up public      
op9ion1 x is ev]y:]e rem>kably          
self-consi/5t4 ,?is is because x is !   
voice ( insight1 consci5ce1 & bro!rly   
feel+1 z aga9/ t ( c>elessness1         
self-int]e/1 & exclusiv5ess4 ,! p>ticul>
 int]e/s ( capital & lab\r1 ( univ]sity 
& prim>y s*ool1 ( city & c\ntry1 h n _! 

special repres5tatives at ! c\rt (      
public op9ion4 ,& lea/ 9 evid5ce ( all1 
( c\rse1 are ! (ficials & pr(essional   
politicians4 ,^! m5 are busy 9 /rictly  
p>ty affairs1 & h no "t to dabble 9 !   
cle> /ream ( public op9ion4 ,at be/1 a  
few di/+ui%$ s5ators or gov]nors1 toge!r
 ) ! ,presid5t & an occasional memb] ( !
 ,cab9et1 come to h an imm$iate influ5ce
 on public op9ion4  ,! spr+s ( public   
op9ion fl[ f ! educat$ & sub/antial     
memb]s ( ! commonweal?1 & are (t5 t+$ at
 fir/ ) a v p]sonal col\r+2 b !         
/reamlets ga!r & fl[ f> f _! s\rces & e 
ve/ige ( ! p]sonal is lo/4 ,ideas g f   
man to man1 & ^? :i* are typically      
,am]ican f9d z ready lodgm5t ) ! bank]1 
! manufactur]1 or ! s*ol> z ) ! artisan 
or ! f>m-h&4 ,any man :o appeals to !   
consci5ce1 morality1 patriotism1 or     
bro!rly feel+ ( ! ,am]ican1 or to 8 love
 ( progress & ord]1 appeals to no       
special p>ties or classes1 b to ! "o    
public op9ion1 ! community ( high-m9d$  
citiz5s to ! ext5t ( _! dis9t]e/$ness4  

,yet ev5 su* a public op9ion requires "s
 organization & support4 ,bold z !      
/atem5t may s\nd1 ! ,am]ican newspap] is
 ! ma9 ally ( public op9ion1 s]v+ t     
op9ion m loyally ?an x s]ves ei!r       
(ficial politics or ! p>ty _s4 ,! lit]>y
 significance ( ! newspap] we %all      
consid] 9 ano!r connection1 b "h only   
its public influ5ce4 ,an ,am]ican       
philosophiz+ on ! newspap]s takes x z a 
matt] ( c\rse t !y s]ve ! ends ( p>ty   
politics2 & x is true en\gh t p>ty life 
z x is w\ld n be possible )\t ! highly  
dissem9at$ influ5ce ( ! newspap]4 ,a    
,g]man com+ to ! c\ntry is apt to d5y x 
ev5 ?is useful function4 ,he is acqua9t$
 9 ,europe ) ^? newspap]s :i* comm5ce on
 ! fir/ page ) s]i\s lead+ articles1 &  
relegate ! items ( ! day to a back page 
along ) ! adv]tisem5ts4 ,b "h he f9ds   
newspap]s :i* h on ! fir/ pages n a ^w (
 editorial comm5t & h>dly ev5 a s]i\s   
piece ( politics--no?+1 9 fact1 b an    
unspeakable muddle ( undige/$ news      
items2 & z 8 eye re/s involunt>ily on ! 

front page1 ) its scream+ headl9es 9    
huge type1 he w f9d no?+ b crimes1      
s5sational casualties1 & o!r horrors4   
,he w n be=e h realiz$ t ! dev\r+ hung] 
( ! ,am]ican populace = ! daily news1   
has br\ght into exi/5ce %eets ( l>ge    
circulation adapt$ to ! vulg> in/9cts ( 
! millions1 ! giant headl9es ( :i* w>n  
(f ! educat$ read] f z f> z he c see !m2
 t pap] is n = him4 ,b a =eign] does n  
realize ! inju/ice ( e/imat+ ! political
 influ5ce ( ! press f a glance at ^!    
mon/rosities1 :i* c\ld n ?rive abroad1 n
 s mu* because ! masses are bett] & m   
enlight5$ z because !y c>e less ab\t    
read+4 ,moreov]1 he w come sl[ly to     
realize t :at he miss$ f ! front page is
 some:]e 9 ! middle ( ! pap]2 t !       
/reet-sell+ makes x necess>y to make !  
mo/ ( s5sations on ! outside1 & to put !
 bett] ?+s :]e !y are bett] protect$4 ,&
 s he le>ns t ! ,am]ican newspap] does  
express op9ions1 al?\gh its looks belie 
x4  ,! bett] sort ( ,am]ican newspap] is
 nei!r a p>ty publication nor yet m]ely 

a news-%eet1 b ! consci\s expon5t (     
public op9ion4 ,its columns conta9 a    
tiresome am\nt ( p>ty in=mation1 x is   
true2 b a "p ( ?is is directly 9 !      
int]e/s ( an intellig5t public op9ion1  
s9ce e citiz5 ne$s to be in/ruct$ 9 all 
! phases ( p>ty life1 ( political &     
congressional do+s1 & 9 reg>d to !      
c&idates :o are up = (fice4 ,x is to be 
admitt$1 moreov]1 t "s ( ! bett]        
newspap]s1 al?\gh n ! v be/1 are        
unres]v$ly committ$ to ! lead]s ( "s    
p>ty--9 %ort1 are p>ty organs4 ,9 ! same
 way sev]al newspap]s are "u ! dom9ation
 ( c]ta9 indu/rial int]e/s & cat] to !  
wi%es ( a gr\p ( capitali/s4 ,b any su* 
policy has to be manag$ ) ! utmo/       
discretion1 = ! ,am]ican newspap] read] 
is f> too exp]i5c$ to buy a %eet day    
aft] day :i* he sees to be falsifi$2 &  
he has en\gh o!rs to resort to1 s9ce !  
competition is always ke51 & ev5        
middle-siz$ cities h ?ree or f\r l>ge   
daily pap]s4  ,x is p]haps =tunate t any
 su* extreme "o-sid$ness is n to !      

comm]cial advantage ( ! newspap]s1 = 9  
,am]ica !y are prem95tly bus9ess        
ent]prises4 ,_! f9ancial success dep5ds 
9 ! fir/ place on adv]tisem5ts1 & only  
second>ily on _! sales 9 ! /reets4 ,!   
adv]tis+ firm does n c>e :e!r !         
editorials & news items are ,republican 
or ,democratic1 b x c>es v mu* ab\t !   
numb] ( copies :i* are circulat$2 & ?is 
dep5ds on ! m]itori\s features :i* !    
pap] has ov] compet+ %eets4 ,newspap]s l
 ! ,g]man1 :i* c\nt on only a small     
circle ( read]s1 & ^! assur$1 at lea/ = 
! "t be+1 by subscriptions1 c f> m      
readily treat _! read]s cavali]ly &     
con/ra9 _! att5tion = a :ile to a c]ta9 
p>ty po9t ( view4 ,9 an ,am]ican city ! 
daily sales are mu* great] ?an !        
subscriptions1 & ! %eets :i* get ! mo/  
trade are ^? :i* habitually treat matt]s
 f all sides1 & voice op9ions :i* fall 9
 ) e po9t ( view4 ,( c\rse1 ?is         
circum/ance _c prev5t e pap] f hav+ its 
special political fri5ds & foes1 its    
special hobbies1 its own /yle1 &1 above 

all1 its peculi> mat]ial int]e/s4 ,b1 on
 ! :ole1 ! ,am]ican newspap] is         
extraord9>ily non-p>tisan on public     
que/ions1 not)/&+ ! /atem5ts 9 _m ,g]man
 books to ! contr>y2 & ! ord9>y read]   
might p]use a giv5 pap] = weeks1 except 
j on ! eve ( an election1 )\t really    
kn[+ :e!r x 0 ,republican or            
,democratic4 ,n[ "o p>ty & n[ ! o!r is  
br\ght up = criticism1 & ev5 :5 ! %eet  
is di/9ctly 9 fav\r ( a c]ta9 side1 x w 
pr9t extracts f ! lead+ articles (      
oppos+ j\rnals1 & s well depict ! entire
 situation t ! read] c =m an op9ion =   
himself4  ,:ile ! newspap]s are 9 ?is   
way l>gely emancipat$ f ! yoke ( p>ties1
 !y are ! expon5ts ( a g5]al set (      
t5d5cies :i*1 9 opposition to p>ty      
politics1 we h call$ public op9ion4 ,9  
o!r words1 ! pap]s /& above ! p>ties )  
_! crudely s*ematic programmes & issues1
 & aspire to measure m5 & ?+s accord+ to
 _! true wor?4 ,?\gh o/5sibly ( "o p>ty1
 a j\rnal w treat m5 ( its own side to  
bit+ s>casm1 & magnanim\sly extol c]ta9 

( its oppon5ts4 ,! bett] political      
in/9cts1 progress & re=m1 are appeal$   
to2 & if d\btful innovations are (t5    
br\ght 9 & prais$ z re=ms1 ?is is n     
because ! newspap] is ! organ ( a p>ty1 
b r ( public s5tim5t1 z x really is or  
is suppos$ to be4 ,! newspap] reflects 9
 its own way all ! peculi>ities ( public
 op9ion--its light-he>t$ness & its (t5  
n]v\s re/lessness1 its cons]vative &    
prud5t traits1 its optimism1 & its      
e?ical e>ne/ness2 above all1 its hum\r &
 dra/ic ridicule4 ,x is well kn[n t !   
,am]ican newspap] has br\ght ! art (    
political c>icature to p]fection4 ,!    
satirical c>toon ( ! daily pap] is (    
c\rse mu* m effective ?an t ( ! regul>  
comic pap]s4 ,& ^! pictures1 al?\gh     
direct$ at a political oppon5t1 are     
g5]ally conceiv$ 9 a broad] _s ?an t (  
any p>ty4 ,! cap & bells are ev]y:]e 9  
evid5ce1 & !re is no?+ dry or p$antic4  
,f ! dext]\s & incisive lead+ article to
 ! briefe/ jott+s1 "o notes ! same good 
hum\r & playful satire :i* are s        

*>act]i/ic ( public op9ion4 ,?is g5]al  
humor\s turn makes x possible to give an
 individual flav\r to ! mo/ ord9>y      
pieces ( daily news1 s t !y h a be>+    
consid]ably broad] ?an ! b>e facts ( !  
case1 & may conceivably add _! mite to  
public op9ion4 ,& h]e) a special        
newspap] /yle has come 91 a comb9ation (
 a photographically accurate report & ! 
:imsical feuilleton4 ,?us x happ5s t !  
be/ pap]s editorially p]suade :]e !y _c 
dictate to _! read]s1 & s1 ap>t f p>ty  
politics1 n\ri% public op9ion & create  
s5tim5t = or aga9/ p]sons1 & legislative
 & o!r measures1 :ile o/5sibly !y are   
m]ely giv+ ! news ( ! la/ twelve h\rs4  
,!re is ano!r di/9ctly ,am]ican         
inv5tion--! int]view4 ,d\btless x 0 fir/
 design$ to :et ! read]'s curiosity ) ! 
piquant sugge/ion ( some?+ p]sonal or   
ev5 indiscreet4 ,9 ,europe1 :]e ?is =m (
 report+ is decid$ly rudim5t>y1 x       
usually ev9ces nei!r tact nor ta/e2     
:]eas 9 ,am]ica x is really a lit]>y =m1
 & s famili> n[ z to excite no rem>k4 ,x

 has come to be peculi>ly ! vehicle (   
public op9ion1 z oppos$ to p>ty         
politics4 ,! p]son int]view$ is suppos$ 
to give 8 p]sonal op9ions1 & x is 8     
au?ority z a human p]sonality :i*       
attracts ! read]4 ,a simil> function is 
s]v$ by ! c>efully select$ lett]s to !  
editor1 :i* take up a consid]able space 
9 ! mo/ s]i\s %eets4  ,! out] =m ( !    
newspap] is a matt] really ( ! te*nical 
ability ( ! ,am]ican1 r ?an ( 8         
political ta/es2 & x is to be obs]v$ at 
once t ! g5]al appe>ance1 & above all1 !
 :ole sy/em ( gett+ & pr9t+ news        
rapidly1 is a/oni%+4 ,e "o has he>d ( ! 
intrepid & f]tile report]s1 & h[ on     
important occasions !y leave no /one    
unturn$ to obta9 ! late/ intellig5ce =  
_! pap]s4 ,b ! p]si/5ce ( ^! m5 is less 
wor?y ( note ?an ! regul> sy/em by :i* !
 daily news is ga!r$ & transmitt$ to e  
pap] 9 ! l&4 ,) an infallible sc5t1 a   
pack ( report]s foll[s 9 ! trail ( !    
lea/ ev5t :i* may h significance = !    
g5]al public4 ,a good deal ( gossip &   

sc&al is int]m+l$1 to be sure1 & mu* t  
is trivial s]v$ up to ! read]s2 b grant$
 = once1 t millions 9 ! l[] classes1 z  
memb]s ( ! ,am]ican democracy1 wi%1 &   
ought to wi%1 to c>ry home e night a    
newspap] z big z a book1 !n1 ( c\rse1   
su* a hung] = fre% pr9t$ matt] c be     
satisfi$ only by m5tal pabulum adapt$ to
 ! vulg> m9d4 ,! ,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/ w
 h no?+ ( ?is sort2 x appeals m to bank 
directors & pr(essors2 b %op-h&s pref] !
 ,_w4 ,x is ! same z ) ! !atres2 if !   
ord9>y citiz5 is prosp]\s en\gh to      
indulge frequ5tly 9 an ev5+ at ! !atre1 
!n1 ( c\rse1 melodrama & f>ce w become !
 regul> ?+1 s9ce ! common man mu/ always
 ei!r laugh or cry4  ,! lightn+ news    
s]vice is1 ( c\rse1 some:at sup]ficial &
 frequ5tly 9 error1 n to say t x is s]v$
 up (t5 ) ! m9imum ( ta/e2 b ! read]s   
gladly take ! risk ( mi/akes = ! sake ( 
! great] advantage x is to public op9ion
 to h a se>*light :i* p5etrates e       
highway & byway1 %[+ up e sign ( *ange 9
 ! social or political situation1 & e   

intimation ( dang]4  ,& if report]s are 
accus$ ( be+ indiscreet1 "o mu/ fir/    
inquire :e!r ! fault does n really lie )
 "s "o or o!r :o1 :ile pret5d+ to %r9k f
 publicity1 really wants to see 8 "n 9 !
 pap]4 ,anyone famili> ) ! newspap]s ( !
 c\ntry kn[s t he is p]fectly safe 9    
tell+ any editor1 & ev5 any report]1    
:atev] he likes if he adds ! caution t  
he does n wi% x giv5 out4 ,x w n be     
pr9t$4 ,! ,am]ican j\rnali/ is usually a
 g5tleman1 & c be reli$ on to be        
discreet4 ,! pr9cipal j\rnali/s &       
editors ( ! lead+ newspap]s are among ! 
able/ m5 ( ! c\ntry1 & !y (t5 g ov] to  
important political positions & become  
ev5 m9i/]s & ambassadors4  ,! p[]ful    
influ5ce ( ! ,am]ican newspap]s is      
outw>dly display$ 9 ! sumptu\s build+s  
:i* !y occupy4 ,:ile 9 ,europe !        
newspap]s are publi%$ g5]ally 9 v mode/ 
qu>t]s1 :]e ! editors h to sit 9 d+y    
rooms1 ! build+s ( ! ,am]ican newspap]s 
comp>e fav\rably ) ! be/ comm]cial      
edifices2 & ! :ole bus9ess is conduct$  

on an elaborate scale4 ,sc>cely less    
a/oni%+ are _! a*ievem5ts 9 ! way (     
illu/ration4 ,:ile ! mo/ select pap]s   
decl9e on pr9ciple to appeal to ! ta/e =
 s5sation1 _m l>ge pap]s h yield$ to !  
dem&1 & h br\ght ! te*nique (           
illu/ration ne>ly to p]fection4 ,a few  
h\rs aft] any ev5t !y w h pr9t$ a hundr$
 ?\s& copies ( ! pap] ) pictures tak5 on
 ! spot1 & reproduc$ 9 a mann] ( :i* any
 ,european weekly might well be pr\d4   
,tak5 all 9 all1 ! ,am]ican press v     
wor?ily repres5ts ! en]gy1 prosp]ity1 & 
greatness ( ! ,am]ican nation2 & at !   
same "t ) its sup]ficial ha/e1 its      
vulg>ity & excitability1 ) its lively   
patriotism & irrepressible hum\r1 x     
cle>ly ev9ces ! influ5ce ( democracy4 ,!
 bett] ! pap] ! m prom95t are ! critical
 & reflective features2 :ile ! wid] !   
circulation1 ! m noticeable are !       
obtrusive self-satisfaction &           
prov9cialism1 & ! *>act]i/ic disda9 (   
?+s ,european4 ,go+ f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/1 
"o f9ds a fairly /eady d[nw>d gradation 

9 excell5ce1 al?\gh "s samples ( ,new   
,york j\rnalism c vie = crude           
s5sationalism ) ! mo/ disgu/+ pap]s ( ! 
,wild ,we/4 ,& yet ! be/ pap]s rea* a   
/&>d :i* 9 _m respects is high] ?an t ( 
! be/ j\rnals ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,a pap] l ! 
,bo/on ,transcript w h>dly f9d its      
c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,g]man newspap] _w2 & mu*  
good c be said ( ! ,sun1 ,tribune1      
,times1 & ,po/ 9 ,new ,york1 ! ,/> 9    
,wa%+ton1 ! ,public ,l$g] 9             
,philadelphia1 ! ,sun 9 ,baltimore1 !   
,eagle 9 ,brooklyn1 ! ,tribune 9        
,*icago1 ! ,h]ald 9 ,bo/on1 ! ,ev5+     
,wiscons9 9 ,milwaukee1 & _m o!rs :i*   
might be nam$4 ,ev5 small cities l      
,spr+field1 ,massa*usetts1 produce su*  
l>ge & admirable pap]s z ! ,spr+field   
,republican4 ,& to be j1 "o mu/ admit t 
! bad pap]s c\ld be cond5s$ into        
tol]ably good ones by a lib]al use ( !  
blue p5cil4 ,= _! mi/akes lie n s mu* 9 
_! n hav+ good contributions z 9 _!     
inclusion ( crude & s5sational mat]ial  
by way ( spice4 ,v (t5 ! front page ( a 

pap] w be ov]run ) ! mo/ (f5sive sc&als1
 c>icatures1 & crim9al s5sations1 :ile !
 n9? & t5? pages w (f] editorials & o!r 
articles ( decid$ m]it4 ,! newspap]s :i*
 c>e only = a l>ge circulation w h      
some?+ = ev]ybody2 & !y are n f> out ( !
 way 9 calculat+ t ! educat$ read] :o   
looks fir/ at ! editorials & political  
dispat*es1 w h en\gh t is unreg5]ate 9 8
 s\l to make him reli% a sidew>d glance 
at ! late/ s5sational reports4 ,!       
newspap] is cont5t on ! :ole n to bore  
its read]s1 & to hold a close re9 on    
public op9ion r ?an on p>ty politics4   
,) all ?is1 x is n to be d5i$ t !re are 
l[] motives :i* degrade j\rnalism4 ,"o (
 ! *ief temptations lies 9 !            
amalgamation ( newspap] politics & p>ty 
activities4 ,! editor :o1 9 ! int]e/s ( 
public op9ion1 scans all ! p>ties ) a   
critical eye & pr(esses to be imp>tial1 
is = ?is v reason ! m tempt$ to misuse 8
 position = private ga94 ,he may        
dilig5tly support "o p>ty 9 ! "n (      
imp>tiality & fairness1 :ile 9 reality  

he c\nts on a remun]ative (fice if t    
p>ty is successful2 & f ?is po9t ! /eps 
are few to ! moral /ate ( ^? :o attack a
 c]ta9 p>ty or an indu/rial ent]prise 9 
ord] to discov] ! error ( _! position on
 receipt ( a suffici5t comp5sation4 ,!  
en]gy ) :i* "s newspap]s /& up = c]ta9  
f9ancial int]e/s ca/s grave d\bt on _!  
p]sonal indep5d5ce2 & yet direct brib]y 
plays an exce$+ly small role1 & !       
gov]nm5t or a =eign c\ntry is nev] !    
corrupt+ influ5ce4 ,v mu* m important   
are ! vanity & selfi%ness ( newspap]    
proprietors1 :o = "o reason or ano!r    
*oose to lead ! public a/ray4 ,b su*    
p]v]sities are less dang]\s ?an "o might
 ?9k1 = ! ,am]ican newspap] read] reads 
too mu* & is politically too disc]n+ to 
take ^! newspap]s at _! face value4 ,!  
mood induc$ by "o pap] is correct$ by   
ano!r2 & :ile ! j\rnali/ is tickl$ at 8 
own %rewdness 9 writ+ only :at 8 read]s 
w l1 ! read] slyly pres]ves 8           
self-respect & belief 9 8 own critical  
ability1 by hunt+ out ev]y?+ ) :i* he   

does n agree & read+ t c>efully4 ,if !  
j\rnal is above ! p>ty1 ! read] is above
 ! j\rnal1 & ?us x is t ! newspap]s are 
! mo/ influ5tial support ( public       
op9ion4  ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 !y d n enjoy a  
monopoly2 beside !m are ! weekly &      
mon?ly pap]s4 ,"h aga9 we %all consid]  
_! lit]>y m]its 9 ano!r connection1 b _!
 greate/ significance lies 9 _! influ5ce
 on public op9ion4 ,! political ef=ts ( 
! weekly pap]s are mo/ly indirect2 !y   
deal prim>ily ) practical int]e/s1      
religi\s & social problems1 & lit]>y    
matt]s2 b ! s]i\s discussions are c>ri$ 
on z x 7 aga9/ a political backgr\nd :i*
 l5ds its peculi> hue to ! :ole action4 
,! mon?ly magaz9es are some:at m        
ambiti\s1 & consid] politics m directly4
 ,9 _! pages1 n m]ely pr(essional       
politicians1 b ! v able/ m5 ( ! nation1 
are accu/om$ to treat ( ! ne$s & duties 
( city & /ate2 & ^! discussions are     
almo/ nev] f a "o-sid$ po9t ( view4 ,a  
magaz9e l ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review      
usually asks repres5tatives ( bo? p>ties

 to pres5t _! op9ions on ! same "q2 & a 
simil> bread? ( view is adopt$ by !     
,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ! ,review ( ,reviews1
 & o!r lead+ mon?lies1 ^: great         
circulation & influ5ce are h>dly to be  
comp>$ ) simil> magaz9es ( ,europe4 ,!  
po9t ( view common to all is t ( a v    
critical public op9ion1 well above p>ty 
politics & devot$ to national re=m &    
ev]y?+ :i* makes = progress &           
enlight5m5t4 ,mu* ! same c be said ( ^? 
magaz9es :i* comb9e politics ) lit]ature
 & illu/rations1 su* z ! ,c5tury1       
,h>p]'s1 ,scribn]'s1 ,mc,clure's1 & _m  
o!rs4 ,:5 ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e1 =       
example1 pres5ts to its half-million    
read]s mon? aft] mon? an illu/rat$      
hi/ory ( ! ,/&>d ,oil ,tru/1 e page (   
:i* is an attack on secret evasions ( ! 
law1 x is n s]v+ ! int]e/s ( any p>ty1 b
 is read+ public op9ion a lesson4  ,!   
spok5 ^w vies ) ! pr9t$4 ,! capacity (  
,am]icans1 & especially ( ! wom51 to    
li/5 to lectures is well-nigh abnormal4 
,& 9 ?is way social & political         

propag&as f9d a ready he>+1 al?\gh a    
purely p>ty spee* w\ld n be effective   
outside ( a p>ty conv5tion4 ,! wit &    
pa?os ( ! speak] g5]ally rea* a level   
consid]ably above m]e matt]s ( exp$i5cy1
 & appeal to public op9ion f a broadly  
hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,! d9n] speak] is
 also a p[]1 s9ce he is n con/ra9$1 z 9 
,g]many1 to s&wi* 8 eloqu5ce 9 betwe5 ! 
fi% & game or to make e spee* w9d       
craftily ar\nd & deb\* ) ! inevitable   
8dreimal ,ho*40 ,he is q at lib]ty to   
foll[ ei!r 8 :ims or 8 convictions1 &   
h]e9 has come to be a recogniz$ spr+ (  
public op9ion4  ,f9ally1 some:at ! same 
influ5ce is ex]t$ by ! c\ntless clubs & 
associations1 & ! v>i\s local & national
 societies :i* are organiz$ = specific  
ends4 ,e ,am]ican ( ! bett] sort belongs
 to any numb] ( su* bodies1 & al?\gh    
conc]n+ two-?irds ( !m he kn[s no m ?an 
t he pays 8 dues1 !re is left a ?ird =  
:i* he s9c]ely lab\rs4 ,!re is mu* 9 ^! 
organizations :i* is "o-sid$1           
egoti/ical1 & trivial1 & yet 9 ! mo/ (  

!m !re is some?+ :i* is s\nd & "r4 ,!re 
is n "o at lea/ :i* fails to /r5g!n !   
conviction t e citiz5 is call$ to be !  
be>] ( public op9ion4 ,j z ! p>ties     
compla9 t ! vot]s neglect ! r\t9e duties
 ( ! organization1 s to be sure d !     
/r5u\s re=m]s ( ! c\ntry compla9 t !    
ranks beh9d !m in=mally break /ep4 ,b ! 
ma9 ?+ is t beh9d !m !re is a ho/1 & t  
public op9ion is to-day z ?or\ghly      
organiz$ z ! (ficial p>ties1 & t x sees 
ea* day m cle>ly t its qualitative      
effect on ! national life is at lea/    
equally important ) ! quantitative      
efficacy ( ! p>ties4  ,e important "q is
 treat$ by bo? organizations1 public    
op9ion1 & ! p>ties4 ,at ! approa* ( a   
great election ! p>ties create su* a /ir
 & bu/le t = a c\ple ( mon?s ! voice (  
public op9ion seems hu%$4 ,p>ty tactics 
rule ! day4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 public      
op9ion has its own fe/ivals1 & above    
all1 works on tirelessly & un9t]rupt$ly1
 except = ! %ort pause j be=e elections4
 ,public op9ion reacts equally on bo?   

p>ties1 =ces !m to pass laws t !        
politicians d n reli%1 & to repeal o!rs 
t ! politicians w\ld gladly keep2 &1    
ignor+ ^! m51 x br+s ! public consci5ce 
to be> on ! issues to be press$1 !      
c&idates to be nom9at$1 & ! lead]s to be
 *os54                                  
,,*apt] ,,eight                         
,problems ( ,population   ,we h survey$ 
public op9ion & p>ty politics z two     
di/9ct factors 9 ! ,am]ican national    
consci\sness1 z two factors :i* are     
seldom 9 complete agreem5t1 & :i* are v 
(t5 9 %>p opposition1 b :i* f9ally h to 
"w toge!r l an upp] & l[] legislative   
*amb] 9 ord] to solve ! problems ( !    
day4 ,we h n ! space to speak m9utely ( 
all ^! problems !mselves ) :i* !        
,am]ican is at ! pres5t mom5t occupi$2  
s9ce ! politics ( ! day lie outside (   
our purpose4 ,?is purpose has be5 to    
/udy t :i* is p]5nial 9 ! ,am]ican _s1 !
 m5tal =ces :i* are at "w1 & ! =ms 9 :i*
 ^! "w !mselves out4 ,b ! s+le que/ions 
on :i* ^! =ces op]ate1 que/ions :i* are 

to-day & to-morr[ are n1 mu/ be left to 
! daily lit]ature4 ,x is our task1      
h[ev]1 to indicate briefly 9 :at        
directions ! mo/ important ( ^! problems
 lie4 ,e "o ( !m w\ld require ! broade/ 
sort ( h&l+ if x 7 to be 9 ! lea/       
adequately pres5t$4  ,s _m problems :i* 
9 ,european c\ntries occupy ! =egr\nd1 &
 :i* weigh p>ticul>ly on ! ,g]man m9d1  
are q =eign to ! ,am]ican4 ,fir/ly1 !   
*ur* problem z a political "o is unkn[n 
to him4 ,! sep>ation ( *ur* & /ate is s 
complete1 & ! results ( ?is sep>ation   
are view$ on all sides ) s mu*          
satisfaction1 t !re is n[h]e ! lea/     
desire to introduce a *ange4 ,x is      
precisely 9 /rictly religi\s circles t !
 entire indep5d5ce ( ! *ur* is reg>d$ z 
! prime requisite = ! gr[? (            
ecclesia/ical influ5ce4 ,ev5 ! relations
 betwe5 ! *ur* & p>ty politics are      
di/9ctly remote1 & ! semi-political     
movem5ts once direct$ aga9/ ! ,ca?olic  
,*ur* are already be+ some:at =gott54   
,!re is no ,jesuit "q1 & ! s+le religi\s

 ord] :i* has precipitat$ a real        
political /orm has be5 ! sect (         
,mormons1 :i* ecclesia/ically sanctions 
an in/itution t ! monogam\s laws ( !    
nation =bid4 ,ev5 "h ! tr\ble has be5   
dispell$ by ! submission ( ! ,mormon    
,*ur*4  ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 ,am]ica has 
also nev] kn[n a real conflict betwe5 ! 
executive & ! p4 ,! gov]nm5t be+ always 
elect$ at %ort int]vals by ! p & ! head 
( ! /ate ) 8 ,cab9et hav+ no "p 9       
legislation1 :ile 8 executive do+s m]ely
 c>ry out ! wi%es ( ! dom9ant political 
p>ty1 ( c\rse no conflicts c arise4 ,to 
be sure1 !re c be "h & !re small po9ts (
 friction betwe5 ! legislative &        
executive1 & ! ,presid5t c1 dur+ 8 f\r  
ye>s ( (fice1 sl[ly drift away f ! p>ty 
:i* elect$ him1 & ?us br+ ab\t "s       
e/rangem5t2 b ev5 ?is w\ld only be an   
e/rangem5t f ! pr(essional politicians (
 8 p>ty4 ,= exp]i5ce has %[n t !        
,presid5t1 & on a small] scale ! gov]nor
 ( a /ate1 is successful 9 break+ ) 8   
p>ty only :5 he foll[s ! wi%es ( public 

op9ion in/ead ( li/5+ to ! dictates ( 8 
p>ty politicians4 ,b 9 t case ! p are on
 8 side4 ,"o might r say t ! conflicts  
betwe5 gov]nm5t & p1 :i* 9 ,europe are  
practically disputes betwe5 ! gov]nm5t &
 ! popul> repres5tatives ( political    
p>ties1 repeat !mselves 9 ,am]ica 9 !   
%>p contra/ betwe5 public op9ion on ! "o
 h& & ! unit$ legislative & executive on
 ! o!r2 s9ce ! gov]nm5t is itself ( "o  
piece ) ! popul> repres5tation4 ,public 
op9ion1 inde$1 pres]ves its anci5t      
sov]eignty z aga9/ ! :ole sy/em (       
elections & majorities4  ,!re is ano!r  
vexation sp>$ to ! ,am]ican p2 x has no 
,alsace-,lorra9e1 no ,dani% or ,poli%   
di/ricts2 t is1 x has no elem5ts (      
population :i* seek to break away f !   
national political unity1 & by _!       
opposition to br+ ab\t adm9i/rative     
difficulties4 ,to be sure1 ! c\ntry     
faces difficult problems ( population1 b
 !re is no gr\p ( citiz5s /ruggl+ to    
sec$e2 & 9 ! same way ! ,am]ican has    
no?+ 9 ! way ( emigration problems4     

,p]haps "o may also say f9ally t social 
democracy1 especially ( ! int]national  
v>iety1 has tak5 su* t5u\s root t x c   
h>dly be call$ a problem1 f ! ,g]man    
po9t ( view4 ,= al?\gh !re is a lab\r   
"q1 ?is is n ! same z social democracy4 
,! lab\r movem5ts1 z "p ( ! great       
economic upheaval1 are c]ta9ly "o ( !   
ma9 difficulties to be ov]come by ! ,new
 ,_w2 b ! social democratic solution1 ) 
its *iefly political significance1 is   
ess5tially unkn[n to ! ,am]ican4 ,all   
?is we %all h to consid] 9 o!r          
connections4 ,al?\gh ?is & t :i* worry !
 ,european appe> h>dly at all 9 ,am]ican
 ?\ght1 !re is1 on ! o!r h&1 a great sea
 ( problems :i* h m]cifully be5 sp>$ to 
! ,european4 ,x is due to ! transitional
 quality ( our "t t on ?is sea (        
problems ! mo/ tempe/u\s are ^? ( an    
economic "*4 ,! fi]ce conflicts ( rec5t 
,presid5tial elections h be5 wag$       
especially ov] ! "q ( curr5cy1 & x is n 
until n[ t ! silv] programme may be     
look$ on z at lea/ provisionally =gott54

 ,^! conflicts 7 imm$iately prec$$ by   
o!rs :i* conc]n$ protection &           
free-trade1 & ! outlook is cle> t ^! two
 p>ties w aga9 meet ea* o!r 9 battle    
array4  ,mean:ile ! =mation ( l>ge tru/s
 has loom$ up rapidly z a problem1 & 9  
?is "o sees ! real influ5ce ( public    
op9ion z aga9/ t ( p>ty politics1 s9ce  
bo? p>ties w\ld d\btless h pref]r$ to   
leave ! tru/s alone4 ,at ! same "t !    
great /rikes1 especially t ( !          
,p5nsylvania coal di/ricts1 h br\ght !  
conflicts betwe5 capital & lab\r s      
cle>ly to ! national consci\sness t !   
public att5tion is /ra9$ on ?is po9t4   
,o!rs say t ! mo/ s]i\s economic problem
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! irrigation ( !  
p>*$ des]ts ( ! ,we/1 :]e :ole tracts ( 
l&1 l>g] ?an ,g]many1 _c be cultivat$ = 
lack ( wat]2 :ile ,am]ican eng9e]s1     
h[ev]1 n[ ?9k x entirely possible ) a   
suffici5t outlay ( money to irrigate ?is
 region artificially4 ,/ill o!rs reg>d !
 tax issue z ( prime importance2 & !    
circle ( ^? :o believe 9 s+le-tax re=m  

is /eadily gr[+4 ,e "o agrees also t !  
/atus ( national banks ne$s to be       
ext5sively modifi$2 t ! reckless        
deva/ation ( =e/s mu/ be /opp$2 & t !   
comm]cial relations betwe5 ! /ates mu/  
be regulat$ by new laws4 ,"s are hop+ = 
new canals1 o!rs = ! subv5tion (        
,am]ican %ips4 ,9 %ort1 ! public m9d is 
s fill$ ) important economic que/ions t 
o!rs :i* are m]ely political /& 9 !     
backgr\nd2 &1 ( c\rse1 political        
que/ions s trem5d\s z 0 once t (        
indep5d5ce f ,engl& & ! e/abli%m5t ( !  
,f$]ation1 or lat]1 ! slave "q & !      
secession ( ! ,s\?1 h n come up ?r\gh   
f\r happy decades4  ,besides ! economic 
problems !re are _m social problems :i* 
appe> 9 ^? qu>t]s :]e public op9ion is  
be/ organiz$1 & spread f !re m & m      
?r\gh\t political life2 su* are ! "q (  
woman's suffrage1 & ! half economic &   
half social problem ( ! extremes betwe5 
poor & ri*1 extremes :i* 7 unkn[n to !  
,new ,_w 9 ! e>ly days ( ,am]ica & ev5  
until v rec5t times4 ,! unspeakable     

mis]y 9 ! slums ( ,new ,york & ,*icago1 
9 :i* ! l[e/ immigrants f ,ea/]n ,europe
 h h]d$ !mselves toge!r & =m a nucleus =
 all ! wor/ reprobates ( ! c\ntry1 is an
 outcome ( rec5t ye>s & appeals l\dly to
 ! consci5ce ( ! nation4 ,on ! o!r side1
 ! fatu\s extravagance ( millionaires   
?reat5s to poison ! national s5se (     
?rift & economy4  ,among ^! social      
problems !re belongs specially ! e>ne/  
desire ( ! be/ citiz5s to develop       
,am]ican art & sci5ce at a pace         
comp>able ) ! extraord9>y mat]ial       
progress ( ! c\ntry4 ,d\btless !        
admirable results :i* h "h be5 obta9$1  
came f ! extraord9>y e>ne/ness ) :i*    
public op9ion has discuss$ ^! problems4 
,! great developm5t ( univ]sities1 !    
increase 9 ! numb] ( libr>ies &         
sci5tific in/itutions1 ! creation (     
museums1 ! obs]vance ( beauty 9 public  
build+s1 & a hundr$ o!r ?+s w\ld nev] h 
come ab\t if public op9ion _h let ?+s g 
_! own way2 "h public op9ion has        
consci\sly done its duty z a gov]n+ p[]4

 ,some:at ne>] ! p]iph]y ( public ?\ght 
!re are v>i\s o!r social propag&as1 z t 
= ! relief ( ! poor & = improv+ p5al    
in/itutions2 ! temp]ance movem5t is     
fl\ri%+1 & ! m s 9 proportion z x gives 
up its fanatical ecc5tricities4 ,also ! 
fight aga9/ :at ! ,am]ican newspap]     
read] calls ! 8social evil10 attracts m 
& m s]i\s att5tion4  ,besides all ^!1   
!re is a consid]able numb] ( purely     
political problems2 fir/ among ^! are ! 
problems ( population1 & notably !      
que/ions ( immigration & ( ! negro2 !n  
come int]nal problems ( gov]nm5t1 su* z 
civil s]vice & municipal re=ms1 :i*     
especially engage ! public eye2 f9ally1 
! problems ( ext]nal politics1 9 :i* !  
wat*words ( imp]ialism & ! ,monroe      
,doctr9e c be he>d %\t$ out above all   
o!rs4 ,at lea/ we mu/ briefly take our  
be>+s1 & see :y ^! problems exi/1 al?\gh
 ! treatm5t _c be exhau/ive4  ,! fir/   
issue 9 ! problem ( population is1 z we 
h said1 t :i* conc]ns immigration2 & ?is
 is j n[ r up be=e public op9ion s9ce ! 

la/ fiscal ye> :i* 0 clos$ ) ! beg9n+ ( 
,july1 #aijc1 %[$ ! l>ge/ immigration   
ev] rea*$1 x be+ "o-t5? great] ?an !    
previ\s record1 :i* 0 = ! ye> end+ 9    
#ahhb4 ,! facts are z foll[s3 ,! total  
immigration to ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5  
tw5ty million p]sons4 ,! numb] ( ^? :o  
n[ live 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b 7 born 9   
=eign c\ntries1 is m ?an t5 millions2 & 
if we 7 to add to ^! ^? :o1 al?\gh born 
"h1 are ( =eign p>5tage1 ! numb] comes  
up to tw5ty-six millions4 ,la/ ye>      
#heg1jjj immigrants came into ! c\ntry4 
,out ( ! t5 millions ( ! =eign-born     
population1 #b1ffi1jjj h come f ,g]many1
 & #a1fai1jjj f ,irel&4  ,! fluctuations
 9 immigration seem to dep5d *iefly on !
 am\nt ( prosp]ity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &1
 secondly1 on ! economic & political    
conditions :i* prevail f ye> to ye> 9   
,europe4 ,up to #ahaj ! annual          
immigration is e/imat$ to h be5 ab\t    
#f1jjj2 !n x 0 almo/ :olly int]rupt$ =  
sev]al ye>s1 ow+ to ! political t5sion  
betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl&2 z soon 

z peace 0 assur$ ! immigration increas$ 
9 #ahag to #bj1jjj2 & 9 ! ye> #ahdj to  
#hd1jjj4 ,! hundr$ ?\s& m>k 0 pass$ 9   
#ahdb1 & f !n on ! figure rose /eadily1 
until 9 #ahed x am\nt$ to #dbg1jjj4 ,!n 
! numb] fell (f rapidly4 ,x 0 a "t (    
bus9ess depression 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &1
 moreov]1 ! slav]y agitation 0 already  
?reat5+ a civil w>4 ,! immigration 0    
lea/ 9 #ahfa1 :5 x _h sunk to #ia1jjj4  
,two ye>s lat] x began to rise aga91 & 9
 #ahgc 0 almo/ half a million4 ,& aga9  
!re foll[$ a few ye>s ( bus9ess         
depression1 ) its correspond+ly less5$  
immigration4 ,b ! mom5t economic        
conditions improv$1 immigration set 9   
fa/] ?an ev] be=e1 & 9 #ahhb 0 m ?an    
?ree-qu>t]s ( a million4 ,s9ce #ahhc !  
av]age numb] ( p]sons com+ 9 has be5    
#dej1jjj1 ! v>iation f ye> to ye> be+   
consid]able4 ,! bus9ess rev]ses ( #ahic 
cut ! numb] d[n to "o-half1 b s9ce #ahig
 x has /eadily ris5 aga94  ,su* b>e     
figures d n %[ t :i* is mo/ ess5tial f !
 po9t ( view ( public op9ion1 s9ce !    

quality ( ! immigration1 dep5d+ z x does
 on ! social condition ( ! c\ntries f   
:i* x comes1 is ! ma9 circum/ance4 ,9 ! 
decade betwe5 #ahfj & #ahgj1 #b1jfd1jjj 
,european w&]]s came to ! ,am]ican      
%ores2 ( ^! #ghg1jjj 7 ,g]mans1 #efh1jjj
 ,engli%1 #dce1jjj ,iri%1 #aji1jjj      
,sc&9avians1 #ch1jjj ,scot*1 & #ce1jjj  
,fr5*4 ,n[ = ! decade betwe5 #ahij &    
#aijj ! total numb] 0 #c1hdd1jjj2 ( ^!  
,g]many contribut$ #edc1jjj1 ,irel&     
#djc1jjj1 ,norway & ,sw$5 #cbe1jjj1     
,engl& #bhb1jjj1 ,scotl& #fj1jjj1 &     
,france #cf1jjj4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d = 
! fir/ "t ?ree c\ntries repres5t$ :i* _h
 nev] be=e s5t any l>ge numb] (         
immigrants2 ,italy1 ,russia1 &          
,au/ria-,hung>y4 ,9 ! decade end+ #ahgj 
!re 7 only #aa1jjj ,italians1 #g1jjj    
,au/rians1 & #d1jjj ,russians1 :ile 9 ! 
decade end+ 9 ! ye> #aijj ! ,russian    
immigrants1 :o are mo/ly ,poles & ,jews1
 numb]$ #ehh1jjj1 ! ,au/rian & ,hung>ian
 #eig1jjj1 & ! ,italian no less ?an     
#fee1jjj2 & ! proportion ( ^! ?ree k9ds 

( immigrants is /eadily increas+4 ,9 !  
ye> #aijc ,g]many s5t only #dj1jjj1     
,irel& #ce1jjj1 & ,engl& #bf1jjj2 :ile  
,russia s5t #acf1jjj1 ,au/ria-,hung>y   
#bjf1jjj1 & ,italy #bcj1jjj4 ,h]e9 lies 
! problem4  ,a few fur!r figures may    
help to make ! situation cle>]4 ,=      
in/ance1 x is int]e/+ to "k :at         
proportion ( ! total emigration f       
,europe came to ,am]ica4 ,9 r\nd numb]s 
we may say t s9ce #ahgj ,europe has lo/ 
#bj1jjj1jjj s\ls by emigration1 & t "s  
#ad1jjj1jjj ( ^!1 t is1 m ?an two-?irds1
 h ultimately made _! homes 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,( ! ,g]man emigrants 
"s #he or #ij p] c5t4 h gone to ! ,unit$
 ,/ates2 ( ! ,sc&9avian z _m z #ig p]   
c5t42 :ile ( ! ,engli% & ,italian only  
#ff & #de p] c5t4 respectively4 ,x is   
wor? not+1 moreov]1 t 9 spite ( !       
extraord9>y increase 9 immigration1 !   
p]c5tage ( =eign-born population has n  
increas$2 t is1 ! increase ( native-born
 inhabitants has kept up ) !            
immigration4 ,9 #ahej !re 7 a few m ?an 

two million =eign-born inhabitants1 9   
#ahfj m ?an f\r millions1 9 #ahgj !re 7 
five & a half millions1 9 #ahhj six & a 
half millions1 9 #ahij n9e & a qu>t]    
millions1 & 9 #aijj t5 & "o-?ird        
millions4 ,9 #ahej ^! =eign]s am\nt$1 x 
is true1 to only #aa p] c5t4 ( !        
population2 b 9 #ahfj !y _h already     
become #ae p] c5t4 ( ! :ole1 & dim9i%$ 9
 #ahgj to #ad4d p] c5t41 9 #ahhj to     
#ac4c p] c5t42 9 #ahij !y 7 #ad4h p]    
c5t41 & 9 #aijj #ac4f p] c5t4  ,! ,/ate 
( ,new ,york has ! l>ge/ numb] (        
=eign]s1 & 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s ! p]c5tage
 ( =eign]s has ris5 /eadily f #ba p]    
c5t4 to #bf p] c5t4 ,p5nsylvania /&s    
second 9 ?is respect1 & ,ill9ois ?ird4  
,on ! o!r h&1 ! small /ates h ! l>ge/   
p]c5tage ( =eign population4 ,nor?      
,dakota has #ce p] c5t4 & ,rhode ,isl&  
#ca p] c5t4 ,! ,s\!rn /ates h fewe/     
=eign]s ( any4 ,^! figures are1 ( c\rse1
 greatly *ang$ if we add to !m ! p]sons 
:o 7 n !mselves born 9 o!r c\ntries1 b (
 :om "o or bo? p>5ts 7 =eign]s4 ,9 ?is  

way ! =eign population 9 ! s-call$ ,nor?
 ,atlantic ,/ates is #ea p] c5t41 & is  
#cd p] c5t4 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,if a     
=eign] is s def9$1 ! cities ( ,new ,york
 & ,*icago are bo? #gg p] c5t4 =eign4   
,^! figures are en\gh by way ( m]e      
/ati/ics4 ,! ?+ :i* ar\ses anxiety is n 
! increas+ numb] ( immigrants1 b !      
quality ( !m1 :i* gr[s cont9ually worse4
 ,j fifty ye>s ago ! s-call$ ,"k-,no?+s 
made ! anti-=eign s5tim5t ! *ief plank (
 _! programme1 b ! 8pure0 ,am]ican      
propag&a ( ! ,"k-,no?+s 0 =gott5 9 !    
excitem5t :i* wag$ ov] slav]y2 & !      
anti-=eign issue has nev] s9ce t "t be5 
s brutally /at$4 ,!re has always be5 mu*
 objection to ! und5iable evils involv$ 
9 ?is immigration1 & ! cont9ual cry =   
clos] sup]vision & re/riction (         
immigration has giv5 rise to sev]al new 
legal measures4 ,p>tly1 ?is movem5t has 
be5 ! expression ( indu/rial jeal\sy1 z 
:51 = in/ance1 ,congress 9 #ahhe1 9 an  
access ( protectioni/ fury1 =bade !     
immigration ( 8contract lab\r10 t is1   

=bade any "o to l& :o _h already arrang$
 to fill a c]ta9 position4 ,?is measure 
0 meant to protect ! workm5 f           
disagreeable competition4 ,b "r "h !    
believ]s 9 free indu/ry object          
en]getically4 ,x is j ! contract lab\r f
 ! ,old ,_w :i* br+s new indu/ries & a  
new developm5t ( old indu/ries into !   
c\ntry1 & su* a quick5+ ( indu/ry       
augm5ts ! dem& = lab\r to ! decid$      
advantage ( native workm54 ,! law /ill  
/&s 9 writ+1 b 9 practice x appe>s to be
 ext5sively correct$1 s9ce x is v easily
 evad$4  ,! m important measures1 h[ev]1
 h aris5 less f indu/rial ?an f social &
 moral gr\nds4 ,/ati/ics h be5 c>efully 
work$ up aga9 & aga9 9 ord] to %[ t !   
poor-h\ses & prisons conta9 a mu* l>g]  
p]c5tage ( =eign]s ?an _! proportionate 
numb]s 9 ! community w>rant4 ,9 itself  
?is w be v easy to und]/&1 ow+ to !     
unfav\rable conditions "u :i* ! =eign]  
mu/ f9d himself1 p>ticul>ly if he does n
 speak ,engli%1 9 8 /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 
a new l&4 ,b mo/ /rik+ has be5 ! mann] 9

 :i* ! magic ( /ati/ics has %[n its     
ability to prove any?+ x w2 = o!r       
/ati/ics h %[n t if c]ta9 k9ds ( crime  
are consid]$1 ! =eign-born ,am]icans are
 ! be/ *ildr5 ! nation has4 ,! "q (     
illit]acy has be5 discuss$ 9 simil>     
fa%ion4 ,! p]c5tage ( immigrants :o c   
nei!r read nor write has seem$ al>m+ly  
high to ^? accu/om$ to ! high           
cultivation ( ! nor!a/]n /ates1 b       
gratify+ly small to ^? famili> ) ! negro
 population 9 ! ,s\?4 ,"o unanim\s      
op9ion has be5 rea*$2 x is t ! c\ntry is
 b\nd to keep out su* elem5ts f its     
bord]s z are go+ to be a public burd54  
,at fir/ idiots & insane p]sons1        
crim9als1 & paup]s made up ?is          
undesirable class1 b ! def9ition ( ^? :o
 are n admitt$ to ! c\ntry has be5 sl[ly
 broad5$4 ,& s9ce ! immigration laws    
require ! /eam%ip companies to c>ry back
 at _! own exp5se all immigrants :o are 
n all[$ to l&1 ! selection is actually  
made 9 ! ,european ports ( emb>kation4  
,9 ?is wise ! old *>ge t ! ag5ts (      

,european packet companies enc\rag$ !   
l[e/ & wor/ individuals ( ! ,old ,_w to 
exp5d _! la/ f>?+ = a ticket to ! ,new  
,_w1 has gradually di$ out4 ,nev]!less1 
9 ! la/ ye>1 #e1hab p]sons 7 s5t back = 
lack ( visible means ( support1 #ea     
because ( crim9al record1 & #aggc by    
reason ( infecti\s diseases4  ,! fact   
rema9s1 h[ev]1 t ! social mires ( e l>ge
 city teem ) =eign]s1 & t among ^!      
masses ! wor/ evils ( municipal         
corruption f9d fav\rable soil1 t all !  
sporadic outbreaks ( an>*y are traceable
 to ^! =eign]s1 & t ! army ( ! unemploy$
 is mo/ly recruit$ f _! numb]4 ,^!      
op9ions 7 greatly /r5g!n$ :5 t *ange 9 !
 racial make-up set 9 :i* we h foll[$ by
 /ati/ics1 & :i* a c5sus ( ! poor]      
di/ricts 9 ! l>ge cities quickly proves3
 ,italians1 ,russian ,jews1 ,galicians1 
& ,r\manians ev]y:]e4 ,! unprejudic$    
,am]ican asks ) "s conc]n :e!r1 if ?is  
/ream ( immigration is cont9u$1 x w n   
und]m9e ! virility ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,!   
,am]ican nation w cont9ue to fulfil its 

mission s long z x is inspir$ ) a _s (  
indep5d5ce & self-det]m9ation2 & ?is    
in/9ct d]ives f ! desire ( fre$om       
possess$ by all ! ,g]manic races4 ,9 ?is
 way ! ,g]man1 ,sw$i%1 & ,norwegian     
newcom]s h adapt$ !mselves at once to ! 
,anglo-,saxon body politic1 :ile ! ,fr5*
 h rema9$ intr9sically /rang]s4 ,_!     
numb]1 h[ev]1 has be5 v small4 ,b :at is
 to happ5 if ! non-,g]manic millions (  
,italians1 ,russians1 & ,turks are to   
p\r 9 unh9d]$8 ,x is fe>$ t !y w drag   
d[n ! high & indep5d5t _s ( ! nation to 
_! l[ & unwor?y ideals4 ,already _m     
citiz5s wi% to require ( ! immigrants a 
k ( ! ,engli% language1 or to make a    
c]ta9 prop]ty qualification by way (    
precaution aga9/ unhappy consequ5ces1 or
 p]haps to close entirely = a:ile !     
portals ( ! nation1 or1 at lea/1 to make
 ! conditions ( naturalization          
consid]ably h>d] 9 ord] t ! ,ea/]n      
,european1 :o has nev] _h a ?\ght (     
political fre$om1 %all n too quickly    
receive a suffrage 9 ! free/ democracy (

 ! _w4 ,& ^? mo/ entitl$ to an op9ion   
unconditionally dem& at ! lea/ !        
exclusion ( all illit]ates4  ,aga9/ all 
?is !re /& ! convictions ( c]ta9 r      
broad] circles ( p :o po9t ) pride at t 
great ,am]ican gri/-mill1 ! public      
s*ool1 :i* is suppos$ to take ! =eign   
y\? into its hopp]1 gr9d him up quickly 
& surely1 & turn him out into good      
,am]ican mat]ial4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a/oni%+
 to look at ! classes 9 ! ,new ,york    
s*ools d[n on ! ,ea/ ,side1 :]e !re is n
 a *ild ( ,am]ican p>5tage1 & yet n "o  
:o w admit t he is ,italian1 ,russian1  
or ,arm5ian4 ,all ^! small p decl>e     
!mselves passionately to be 8,am]ican10 
) ,am]ican patriotism & ,am]ican pride2 
& day by day %[s t 9 its :ole sy/em (   
public in/itutions ! nation possesses a 
simil> s*ool = ! =eign-born adult4      
,grey-hair$ m5 & adolesc5t y\?s1 :o 9 _!
 native c\ntries w\ld nev] h em]g$ f _! 
dull & cr++ exi/5ce1 h>dly t\* ! pavem5t
 ( ,broadway be=e !y f9d !mselves read]s
 ( ! newspap]1 frequ5t]s ( ! political  

meet+s1 & 9 a small way indep5d5t       
bus9ess m52 & !y may1 a few ye>s lat]1  
be conduct+ ent]prises on a l>ge scale4 
,!y wake up sudd5ly1 & al?\gh 9 ?is     
trans=mation e race l5ds its own col\r  
to ! _s ( self-det]m9ation1 nev]!less ! 
univ]sal trait1 ! typical ,am]ican      
trait1 c appe> 9 e race ( man1 if only !
 conditions are fav\rable4  ,9 ! same   
direction x is urg$ once m t ,am]ica    
ne$s ! lab\r ( ^! p4 ,if ,s\!rn & ,ea/]n
 ,europe _h n giv5 u _! *eap] grades (  
workm51 we %\ld n h be5 able to build   
our roads or our railroads1 nor _m o!r  
?+s :i* we h ne$$4 ,9 =m] decades ?is   
humble rle fell to ! ,g]mans1 !         
,sc&9avians1 & ! ,iri%1 & ! opposition  
aga9/ _! admission 0 z lively z x n[ is 
aga9/ ! immigrants f ! s\? & ea/ (      
,europe2 :ile ! developm5t ( ! c\ntry   
has %[n t !y h be5 an economic bless+2 &
 ! same ?+1 x is said1 w be true ( !    
,russians & ,poles4 ,!re are /ill huge  
t]ritories at our disposal :i* are      
virtually unpopulat$1 untold millions c 

/ill employ _! /r5g? to ! pr(it ( ! :ole
 nation1 & x w\ld be madness to keep out
 ! will+ & peaceable work]s4 ,moreov]1  
has x n be5 ! pr\d boa/ ( ,am]ica t h]  
holy mission 0 to be a l& ( fre$om = e  
oppress$ individual1 an asylum = e "o :o
 0 p]secut$8 ,9 ! times !n ( h] mo/     
brilliant prosp]ity is %e to be untrue  
to h] noble role ( protectress1 & leave 
no hope to ^? :o h be5 depriv$ ( _!     
human rights by ,russian or ,turki%     
despots1 by ,italian or ,hung>ian       
extortioni/s1 to disappo9t _! belief t  
at lea/ 9 ! ,new ,_w ev5 ! mo/ humble   
man has 8 rights & w be receiv$ at 8    
true value8 ,?us ! op9ions diff]1 &     
public op9ion at l>ge has come z yet to 
no decision4  ,a curi\s feature 9 !     
immigration problem is ! ,*9ese "q1 :i* 
has occasion$ frequ5t discussion on !   
,pacific coa/4 ,! ,*9aman does n come "h
 to enjoy ! bless+s ( ,am]ican          
civilization1 b m]ely 9 ord] to e>n a   
compet5ce 9 a %ort "t s t he c return to
 8 ,asiatic home & be =ev] provid$ =4   

,he does n br+ 8 family ) him1 nor      
attempt 9 any way to adapt himself2 he  
keeps 8 own co/ume1 /ays ap>t f 8 :ite  
neighb\rs1 & lives1 z = in/ance 9 !     
,*9ese ,qu>t] ( ,san ,francisco1 on su* 
meagre n\ri%m5t & 9 su* squalid dwell+s 
t he c save up weal? f su* e>n+s z an   
,am]ican workman c\ld h>dly live on4 ,a 
t\r ?r\gh ! ,*9ese sleep+-rooms 9       
,cali=nia is 9 fact "o ( ! mo/ depress+ 
impressions :i* ! travell] on ,am]ican  
soil c possibly exp]i5ce4 ,! individuals
 lie on l>ge c\*es1 built ov] "o ano!r 9
 ti]s1 go+ q up to ! ceil+2 & 9         
tw5ty-f\r h\rs ?ree sets ( sleep]s w h  
occupi$ ! b$s4 ,"u su* conditions !     
numb] ( newcom]s /eadily increas$       
because l>ge comm]cial firms import$ m &
 m coolie lab\r4 ,betwe5 #ahgj & #ahhj m
 ?an #abb1jjj _h come into ! c\ntry4 ,!n
 ,congress began to oppose ?is          
immigration1 & s9ce #ahgi has exp]im5t$ 
) v>i\s laws1 until n[ ! ,*9ese workman 
is almo/ :olly exclud$4 ,accord+ to !   
la/ c5sus !re 7 only #ha1jjj ,*9ese 9 ! 

:ole ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,m attractive ?an !
 yell[ immigrants to ^! %ores are !     
r$-sk9n$ aborig9es ( ! l&1 ! ,indians1  
:om ! ,europeans f\nd :5 !y l&$4 ,! _w  
is too mu* incl9$1 h[ev]1 to consid] !  
fate ( ! ,indian 9 a false light1 j     
because 8 mann] ( life captures ! fancy 
& 8 picturesque b>b>ity has (t5 attract$
 ! poet4 ,! ,am]ican himself is r incl9$
 to see 9 8 treatm5t ( ! ,indian a grave
 *>ge aga9/ 8 own nation1 & to f9d      
himself guilty ( ! brutal ext]m9ation ( 
a native race4 ,to arrive at su* an     
op9ion he assumes t 9 =m] c5turies great
 tribes ( ,indians sc\r$ ! trem5d\s     
hunt+-gr\nds ( ! l&4 ,b sci5ce has done 
away ) ?is fanciful picture1 & we "k    
to-day t ^! millions ( natives nev]     
exi/$4 ,!re are to-day ab\t #bgj1jjj    
,r$sk9s1 & x is v d\btful :e!r ! numb] 0
 ev] mu* great]4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t 
betwe5 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! ,arctic ,sea1
 hundr$s ( diff]5t ,indian languages 7  
spok51 & _m ( ^! languages h tw5ty or   
?irty diff]5t dialects4 ,b ! sole       

community 9 :i* su* a dialect develop$  
w\ld include only a few hundr$ p]sons1 &
 broad tracts ( l& w\ld lie betwe5 !    
neighb\r+ communities4 ,!y us$ to live 9
 villages1 & w&]$ ov] ! c\ntry only at  
c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> 9 ord] to hunt1   
fi%1 & collect fruits4  ,z soon z !     
,european colonies e/abli%$ !mselves 9 !
 c\ntry ! ,indians us$ to take "p 9 _!  
w>s1 & on su* occasions 7 suppli$ by !  
coloni/s ) arms & employ$ z auxili>y    
=ces4 ,b ! delights ( ^! new me?ods (   
w>f>e1 :i* !y le>n$ quickly1 broke up _!
 own peaceful life4 ,! new weapons 7    
employ$ = w> betwe5 ! ,indian races1 &  
ev5tually 7 turn$ by ! ,indians aga9/ ! 
:ite settl]s !mselves4 ,b1 aft] all1 !  
peaceful contact ( ,indians & :ites 0 m 
productive ( results4 ,only ! ,fr5* &   
,spani% p]mitt$ a mixture ( ! races1 & 9
 ,canada especially to-day !re is a mix$
 race ( ,fr5* & ,indians2 :ile 9 ,mexico
 a l>ge "p ( ! inhabitants is ,spani% & 
,indian4 ,! truly ,am]ican population   
s\ght above all else peaceably to       

dissem9ate its own culture2 "s ,indian  
races became agricultural & devot$      
!mselves to c]ta9 indu/rial pursuits4   
,s9ce ! "t :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ga9$      
actual possession ( a l>g] "p ( !       
cont95t1 a sy/ematic ,indian policy has 
be5 pursu$1 al?\gh adm9i/]$ l>gely1 x   
mu/ be admitt$1 9 ! ,am]ican int]e/s1 & 
yet ) consid]able consid]ation ( !      
natural incl9ations ( ^! hunt+ peoples4 
,9 v>i\s /ates1 t]ritories 7 set ap>t = 
!m1 :i* 7 c]ta9ly m ?an adequate to af=d
 _! su/5ance2 s*ools 7 built1 & ev5     
in/itutions ( high] le>n+2 & ?r\gh      
solemn treaties ) _! *iefs important    
rights 7 assign$ to diff]5t races4 ,to  
be sure1 ! ma9 idea has always be5 to   
p]suade ! ,indians to take up           
agricultural pursuits2 to live m]ely by 
hunt+ fle% & eat+ wild fruits seem$     
h>dly ! ?+ at a "t :5 millions ( p 7    
flock+ we/w>d out ( ,europe4 ,!re=e1 ) e
 new treaty1 ! ,indian res]vations h be5
 made small] & small]4 ,! ,indians1 :o  
w\ld h pref]r$ always to keep up _! wild

 hunt+ life1 felt1 & /ill feel1 t ?is   
has be5 unju/1 & c]ta9ly _m ( _! racial 
peculi>ities h made x difficult to adapt
 ,am]ican legal traditions fairly to _! 
ne$s4 ,! ,indians _h no idea ( ! private
 own]%ip ( ! soil2 !y consid]$ ev]y?+ z 
belong+ to _! tribe1 & lea/ ( all _h !y 
any notion ( ! inh]itance ( prop]ty 9 ! 
,am]ican s5se4 ,! ,indian *ildr5 belong$
 to ! "m's family & ! "m nev] belong$ to
 ! tribe ( ! fa!r4  ,al?\gh all ^!      
s\rces ( friction h l$ ! ,indian to feel
 unju/ly treat$1 x is /ill true t !re   
has be5 sc>cely any actually de/ructive 
oppression4 ,! v races :i* h be5        
influ5c$ mo/ by ,am]ican culture h      
develop$ fav\rably4 ,la/ ye> ! ,indian  
mortality 0 #d1gbh1 & ! numb] ( bir?s   
#d1gdb2 ! ,indians are1 !re=e1 n dy+    
out4 ,! l>ge/ community is 9 ! s-call$  
,indian ,t]ritory & consi/s ( #hf1jjj p1
 :ile !re are #db1jjj 9 ,arizona4 ,!    
sev]al ,indian res]vations toge!r       
embrace #aag1dbj squ>e miles4           
99       99       99       99       99  

,! ,indian "q is ! lea/ s]i\s problem ( 
all ^? :i* conc]n population 9 ,am]ica2 
by f> ! mo/ difficult is ! negro "q4 ,! 
,indian lives )9 c]ta9 res]vations1 b ! 
negro lives ev]y:]e side by side ) !    
,am]ican4 ,s also ! ,indian tr\bles are 
n>r[ly conf9$ to a small res]vation 9 ! 
great field ( ,am]ican problems1 b !    
negro "q is met ev]y:]e 9 ,am]ican      
?\ght1 & 9 connection ) e ,am]ican      
int]e/4 ,!re c\ld h>dly be a great]     
contra/ ?an t betwe5 ! ,indian & !      
negro2 ! =m] is pr\d1 self-conta9$1     
selfi% & rev5geful1 passionate &        
c\rage\s1 ke5 & inv5tive4 ,! negro1 on !
 o!r h&1 is subs]vi5t1 yield+1 almo/    
*ildi%ly good natur$1 lazy & s5sual1 )\t
 en]gy or ambition1 outw>dly apt to     
le>n1 b )\t any _s ( inv5tion or        
intellectual indep5d5ce4 ,& /ill "o     
ought n to speak ( ^! millions ( p z if 
!y 7 ( "o type4 ,on ! ,gulf ( ,mexico   
!re are regions :]e ! black population  
lives almo/ :olly sunk 9 ! sup]/itions (
 its ,african home2 :ile 9 ,h>v>d       

,univ]sity a "y negro /ud5t has writt5  
cr$itable essays on ,kant & ,hegel4 ,&  
betwe5 ^! opposite poles exi/s a        
population ( ab\t n9e millions4  ,!     
negro population ( ,am]ica does n       
increase q s rapidly z ! :ite1 & yet 9  
=ty ye>s x has increas$ two-fold4 ,9 !  
ye> #ahfj1 be=e ! slaves 7 fre$1 !re 7  
#d1dda1jjj blacks2 9 #ahgj1 #d1hhj1jjj2 
9 #ahhj1 #f1ehj1jjj2 9 #ahij1           
#g1dgj1jjj2 9 #aijj1 #h1hjc1jjj4 ,9 view
 ( ?is consid]able increase ( ! negro1 x
 is n to be expect$ t ! problem w lose  
any?+ ( its urg5cy by ! m rapid gr[? ( !
 :ite population4 ,& at ! same "t !     
physical contra/ betwe5 ! races is 9 no 
wise decreas+1 because !re is no mix+ ( 
! :ite & black races to-day1 z !re v    
frequ5tly 0 be=e ! w>4 ,x w n be long   
be=e ! col\r$ population w be twice !   
entire population :i* ,canada to-day    
has4 ,^! p are di/ribut$ geographically1
 s t mu* ! l>ge/ "p lives 9 ^? /ates :i*
 be=e ! w> practis$ slav]y4 ,to be sure1
 an appreciable "p has w&]$ into !      

nor!rn /ates1 & ! poor] qu>t]s ( ! l>ge 
cities are well infiltrat$ ) blacks4    
,f\r-fif?s1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9 9 ! ,s\?1 
ow+ probably to climatic conditions2 !  
negro race ?rives bett] 9 a w>m climate4
 ,b x belongs !re economically also1 &  
has ne>ly e reason = /ay+ !re 9 future4 
,nev]!less1 ! negro "q is by no means a 
problem = ! ,s\? alone2 ! ,nor? has its 
int]e/s1 & x becomes cle>] all ! "t t ! 
solution ( ! problem w dep5d 9 l>ge "p  
on ! co-op]ation ( ! ,nor?4 ,9 ! fir/   
place x 0 ! ,nor? :i* set ! negro free1 
& :i*1 !re=e1 is p>tly responsible = :at
 he is to-day2 & x mu/ lie ) ! ,nor? to 
decide :e!r ! great dang]s :i* to-day   
?reat5 c 9 any way be obviat$4 ,europe  
has s f> consid]$ only "o feature ( !   
negro "q--t ( slav]y4 ,all ,europe read 
8,uncle ,tom's ,cab910 & ?\ght !        
difficulty solv$ z soon z ! negro 0 fre$
 f 8 *a9s & ! poore/ negro came into 8  
human "r ( fre$om4 ,europe 0 n aw>e t 9 
?is 99wise /ill great] problems 7       
creat$1 & t great] spr+s ( mis]y &      

mis=tune = ! negro !re took _! orig94   
,nor does ,europe realize t opposition  
betwe5 :ites & blacks has nev] be5 9 !  
hi/ory ( ,am]ica s %>p & bitt] & full ( 
hatr$ z x is to-day4 ,j 9 ! la/ few ye>s
 ! hatr$ has gr[n on bo? sides1 s t no  
fri5d ( ! c\ntry c look into ! future   
)\t misgiv+s4 8,das eb5 i/ die ,fru*t d]
 bs5 ,tat40  ,yet :]e did ! s9 beg98    
,%all ! blame fall on ! ,engli%         
,p>liam5t1 :i* c\nt5anc$ & ev5 enc\rag$ 
! trade 9 human bodies1 or %all x fall  
on ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 :i* kept ! slaves 9 
ignorance1 & ev5 ?reat5$ to puni% any "o
 :o %\ld in/ruct !m8 ,or %all x fall on 
! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 :i* 7 *iefly          
responsible = imm$iately grant+ to !    
fre$m51 = ! sake ( p>ty politics1 all   
pr]ogatives ( fell[-citiz5%ip8 ,or %all 
! fault be put on ! negro himself1 :o   
saw 9 8 fre$om f slav]y an op5 door to  
idl5ess & wor?lessness8  ,= g5]ations ! 
:ite man has reg>d$ ! black man z       
m]*&ise1 has =cibly dragg$ him f 8      
,african jungles to make him "w 9       

ignorance & oppression on ! cotton1     
rice1 & tobacco fields ( a :ite ma/]4   
,!n all at once he 0 made free & became 
an equal citiz5 9 a c\ntry :i*1 9 its   
abilities1 its feel+s1 its laws1 & its  
,con/itution1 _h ! culture ( two ?\s&   
ye>s beh9d x4 ,h[ has ?is emancipation  
work$ on ^! millions8 ,! fir/ decade 0 a
 p]iod ( unre/ & ( almo/ fright5$ awak5+
 to ! consci\sness ( physical fre$om1 9 
! mid/ ( all ! aft]-effects ( ! fe>ful  
w>4 ,! negro 0 t]rifi$ by ,s\!rn secret 
societies :i* 7 plann+ v5geance1 &      
confus$ by ! dogmas ( unscrupul\s       
politicians :o canvass$ ! /ates :i* _h  
be5 s savagely %ak5 by ! w>1 9 ord] to  
ga!r up :atev] might be f\nd2 & he 0    
confus$ by a ?\s& o!r contradictions 9  
public s5tim5t4 ,n[h]e 0 !re a secure   
refuge4 ,!n foll[$ ! "t 9 :i* ! negroes 
hop$ to employ _! political p[] to      
advantage2 ! negroes 7 to be prosp]$ by 
_! ballot4 ,b !y f\nd ?is to be a       
hopeless mi/ake4 ,!n !y believ$ a bett] 
way 0 to be f\nd 9 ! public s*ools &    

books4 ,b ! negro 0 aga9 turn$ back2 he 
ne$$ n k b ! p[] to d1 n books b a      
trade4 ,s 8 rally+-cry has %ift$4 ,!    
blacks h nev] lo/ he>t1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se
 x mu/ 9 ju/ice be add$ ! :ites h nev]  
lack$ good-w4 ,& yet1 aft] =ty ye>s (   
fre$om1 ! results are highly disc\rag+4 
,on ! outside !re is mu* t speaks (     
almo/ brilliant success4 ,! negroes h   
to-day 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #dej newspap]s 
& f\r magaz9es2 #cej books h be5 writt5 
by negroes2 half ( all ! negro *ildr5   
are regul>ly taught 9 s*ools2 !re are   
#cj1jjj black tea*]s1 s*ool-h\ses wor? m
 ?an #aj1jjj1jjj1 =ty-"o sem9>ies =     
tea*]s1 & *ur*es wor? ov] #be1jjj1jjj4  
,!re are t5 ?\s& black musicians &      
hundr$s ( lawy]s4 ,! negroes own f\r    
l>ge banks1 #acj1jjj f>ms1 & #aej1jjj   
homes1 & !y pay taxes on #fej1jjj1jjj   
wor? ( real & p]sonal prop]ty4 ,! f\r   
pa/ decades h !re=e br\ght "s progress  
to ! fre$man4 ,& yet1 9 /udy+ !         
situation1 "o is oblig$ to say t ^!     
figures are some:at deceptive4 ,!       

majority ( negroes are /ill 9 su* a /ate
 ( pov]ty & mis]y1 ( illit]acy & m5tal  
backw>dness1 t ! negroes :o c be at all 
comp>$ ) ! middle class ( ,am]icans are 
vani%+ly few4 ,ev5 ! tea*]s & ! doctors 
& pa/ors seem only v little to diff] f !
 prolet>iat2 & al?\gh !re is _m a negro 
( means1 x is /ill a "q :e!r he is able 
to enjoy 8 prop]ty1 :e!r ! doll> 9 8 h& 
is ! same z 9 ! h& ( a :ite man4  ,a "p 
( ! black population has c]ta9ly made   
real progress1 b a l>g] "p is humanly m 
degrad$ ?an be=e ! slaves 7 fre$2 & if  
"o looks at x m]ely z a utilit>ian1     
consid]+ only ! am\nt ( pleasure :i* !  
negroes enjoy1 "o _c d\bt t ! g5]al mass
 ( negroes 0 happi] "u slav]y4 ,_!      
temp]am5t is cruell] to !m ?an any      
plantation ma/] c\ld h be54 ,! negro--we
 mu/ h no illusions on t po9t--has p>tly
 gone backw>d4 ,! capacity = h>d "w :i* 
he acquir$ 9 f\r g5]ations ( slav]y1 he 
has 9 l>ge "p lo/ aga9 dur+ =ty ye>s (  
fre$om2 al?\gh1 inde$1 ! trem5d\s cotton
 h>ve/s f ! ,s\!rn ,/ates are ga!r$     

almo/ :olly by negro lab\r4 ,x mu/ be   
left to an?ropology to f9d out :e!r !   
negro race is actually capable ( su*    
complete developm5t z ! ,caucasian race 
has come to aft] ?\s&s ( ye>s ( /eady   
lab\r & progress4 ,! /ud5t ( social     
politics ne$ n g into su* speculations2 
he faces ! fact t ! ,african negro has n
 _h ! ?\s&s ( ye>s ( su* tra9+1 & !re=e1
 al?\gh he might be !oretically capable 
( ! highe/ culture1 yet practically he  
is /ill unprep>$ = ! high] duties (     
civilization4 ,"u ! sev]e discipl9e (   
slav]y he ov]came 8 lazy in/9cts & le>n$
 h[ to "w bo? 9 ! field & 9 ! %op1      
accord+ z ! ne$s ( 8 ma/] requir$1 &    
became 9 ?is way a useful memb] (       
society2 b he 0 reliev$ ( all o!r c>es4 
,8 own] provid$ him ) h\se & n\ri%m5t1  
c>$ = him 9 illness1 & protect$ him l   
any o!r valuable piece ( prop]ty4  ,all 
?is 0 sudd5ly *ang$ on ! great day :5   
fre$om 0 decl>$2 no "o compell$ ! negro 
to "w !n2 he 0 free to foll[ 8 in/9ct to
 d no?+2 no "o puni%$ him :5 he gave    

himself ov] to s5suality & indol5ce4 ,b 
on ! o!r side nobody n[ took c>e ( him2 
9 becom+ 8 own ma/] he rema9$ 8 own     
slave4 ,he 0 sudd5ly pu%$ into ! /ruggle
 = exi/5ce1 & ! less he 0 =c$ to le>n ! 
less he 0 ready = ! fight4 ,!re ?us grew
 up an increas+ mass ( pov]ty-/rick5    
negroes1 among :om immorality & crime   
c\ld ?rive2 & (t5times ! heavy weight ( 
?is mass has dragg$ d[n ) x ^? :o w\ld h
 be5 bett]4 ,wor/ ( all1 x has /r5g!n$ !
 av]sion ( ! :ites a hundr$-fold1 & !   
be/ memb]s ( ! negro race h _h to suff] 
= ! laz9ess1 ! s5suality1 & ! di%one/y (
 ! great masses4  ,! real trag$y is n 9 
! lives ( ! mo/ mis]able1 b 9 ! lives ( 
^? :o wi% to rise1 :o feel ! mi/akes (  
_! fell[-negroes & ! inju/ice ( _! :ite 
oppon5ts1 :o desire to assimilate ev]y?+
 high & good 9 ! culture ab\t !m1 & yet 
:o "k t !y d n1 /rictly speak+1 belong  
to su* a culture4 ,! negroes ( ! l[]    
type are sunk 9 _! indiff]5ce2 !y :ile  
away ! h\rs 9 co>se enjoym5ts1 & are    
p]fectly cont5t ) a few wat]melons :ile 

!y dance & s+4 ,! onlook] is di%e>t5$1 b
 !y !mselves laugh l *ildr54 ,! bett]   
negroes1 on ! o!r h&1 feel all ! h>d%ip 
& c>ry ! weight ( ! problem on _! s\ls4 
,!y g ?r\gh life fully consci\s ( an    
insoluble contradiction 9 _! exi/5ce2 !y
 feel t x is d5i$ !m to p>ticipate      
imm$iately 9 life1 & t !y mu/ always see
 !mselves ) ! eyes ( o!rs1 & lead 9 a   
way a d\ble exi/5ce4 ,z "o ( !m has     
rec5tly said1 !y are always consci\s (  
be+ a problem4  ,!y !mselves h n *os5 _!
 lot1 !y did n come ( _! own accord f   
,africa1 nor gladly take on ! yoke (    
slav]y2 nor 7 !y by _! own ef=ts sav$ f 
slav]y4 ,!y h be5 passive at e turn (   
=tune4 ,n[ !y wi% to comm5ce to d _! be/
 & to give _! be/1 & !y h to d ?is 9 an 
environm5t = :i* !y are :olly unprep>$ &
 :i* is :olly beyond !m 9 its culture   
,!y h n !mselves work$ out ?is          
civilization2 !y belong hi/orically 9   
ano!r sy/em1 & rema9 "h at be/ m]e      
imitators4 ,& ! bett] !y succe$ 9 be+ l 
_! neighb\rs1 ! m !y become unlike :at  

!y ought naturally to develop into4     
,?is feel+ ( disp>at5ess leads directly 
to ! feel+ ( embitt]m5t4 ,9 ! g5]al     
masses1 h[ev]1 x is ! feel+ (           
incompet5ce to support ! /ruggle =      
exi/5ce successfully :i* turns          
necess>ily into a bitt] hatr$ ( ! :ites4
 ,& ! m ! lack ( discipl9e & ! laz9ess (
 ! black cause ! :ites to hold him 9    
*eck1 s mu* ! m brightly burns ?is      
hatr$4 ,b all /ud5ts ( ! ,s\? believe t 
?is hatr$ has come ab\t :olly s9ce !    
negro 0 decl>$ free4 ,! slave 0 fai?ful 
& devot$ to 8 ma/]1 :o took c>e ( him2  
he hat$ "w1 b did n hate ! :ite man1 &  
took 8 /ate ( slav]y z a matt] ( c\rse1 
mu* z "o takes "o's inability to fly4 ,a
 patri>*al condition prevail$ 9 ! ,s\?  
be=e ! w>1 9 spite ( ! repres5tations   
made by political vision>ies4 ,inde$1 x 
is sometimes difficult n to d\bt :e!r x 
0 necess>y to d away ) slav]y s sudd5ly 
& =cibly2 :e!r a good deal (            
self-respect w\ld n h be5 sav$ on bo?   
sides1 & endless hatr$1 embitt]m5t1 &   

mis]y sp>$1 if ! ,nor!rn ,/ates _h left 
! negro "q to itself1 to be solv$ 9 "t  
?r\gh organic r ?an me*anical means4    
,p]haps slav]y w\ld !n h gone gradually 
ov] into "s =m ( patri>*al relation4  ,x
 is too late to philosophize on ?is     
po9t2 doctr9>ianism has %ap$ ! situation
 o!rwise4 ,! arms ( ! ,civil ,w> h      
decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,nor?4 ,x is dismal1 
b x mu/ be said t ! actual ev5ts ( !    
ensu+ ye>s ( peace h decid$ r 9 fav\r ( 
! view ( ! ,s\?4 ,to compreh5d ?is      
fully1 x is n en\gh to ask m]ely1 z we h
 done s f>1 h[ ! negro n[ feels2 b m    
specially to ask :at ! ,am]ican n[ ?9ks4
  ,:at is to-day ! relation betwe5 !    
:ite man & ! negro8 ,!re is a diff]5ce  
"h betwe5 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?1 & yet "o ?+ 
is true = bo?3 ! ,am]ican feels t !     
cleft betwe5 ! :ite & black races is    
great] n[ ?an ev] be=e4 ,s f> z ! ,nor? 
is conc]n$1 ! political view ( ! problem
 has probably *ang$ v little4 ,specially
 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 ^: exalt$ e?ical 
motives 7 beyond all d\bt--z p]haps is n

 s c]ta9 ( ! ,middle ,/ates--/ill       
sympa?ize to-day ) ! negro z a prop]    
claimant ( human rights4 ,b un=tunately 
"o may believe 9 ! negro 9 ! ab/ract1 & 
yet %r9k f contact ) him 9 ! concrete4  
,! p]sonal dislike ( ! black man1 "o    
might ev5 call x an /hetic antipa?y1 is 
really m g5]al & wide-spread 9 ! ,nor?  
?an 9 ! ,s\?4 ,s\? ( ,wa%+ton "o c      
sc>cely be %av$ except by a negro1 :ile 
nor? ( ,philadelphia a :ite man w\ld q  
decl9e to patronize a col\r$ b>b]4 ,a   
,s\!rn] is ev5 n av]se to hav+ a black  
nurse 9 ! h\se1 :ile 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates 
t w\ld nev] be ?\ght (4 ,:5ev] !        
pr9ciple is to be upheld1 ! negro is    
made welcome 9 ! ,nor?4 ,he is grant$ "h
 & !re a small public (fice2 he deliv]s 
orations1 & is admitt$ to public        
organizations2 he m>*es 9 ! p>ades ( w> 
vet]ans1 & a few negroes att5d !        
univ]sities4 ,& /ill !re is no real     
social int]c\rse betwe5 ! races4 ,9 no  
club or private h\se & on no private    
occasions does "o meet a negro4 ,& "h ! 

,european %\ld be> specially 9 m9d t    
negroes are n seldom m5 & wom5 ^: faces 
are p]haps z :ite z any ,yankee's1 & :o 
(t5 h only ! fa9te/ ta9t ( ,african     
blood4  ,at ! v be/ ! ,nor!rn] plays    
philan?ropi/ t[>d ! negro1 takes c>e ( 8
 s*ools & *ur*es1 helps him to help     
himself1 & to c>ve out 8 economic       
fre$om4 ,b ev5 "h ! feel+ has be5 gr[+ m
 & m 9 rec5t ye>s t ! situation is      
someh[ fundam5tally false1 & t ! ,nor?  
has act$ ha/ily & imprud5tly 9 accept+ !
 emancipat$ negro on t]ms ( s complete  
equality4 ,! feel+ ( dissatisfaction is 
gr[+ 9 ! ,nor?1 & x is n an accid5t t ! 
negro population ( ! ,nor? gr[s s sl[ly1
 al?\gh ! negro is always ready to w&]1 
& w\ld cr[d 9 great numb]s to ! ,nor? if
 he might hope to bett] 8 =tunes !re4 ,!
 negro feels1 h[ev]1 int5sely t he is   
/ill less a mat* = ! en]getic ,nor!rn] 9
 ! indu/rial competition ?an = ! :ite   
man ( ! ,s\?1 & t x is (t5 easi] to     
endure ! hatr$ ( ! ,s\!rn] ?an ! coldly 
!oretical suff]ance ( ! ,nor!rn] :5     

jo9$1 z x is1 ) a p]sonal di/a/e s      
pron\nc$4  ,9 ! ,s\? x is q diff]5t4    
,!re c\ld h>dly be an /hetic av]sion = !
 race1 :5 = g5]ations blacks & :ites h  
liv$ toge!r1 :5 all ! s]vants ( ! home h
 be5 col\r$1 & ! *ildr5 h gr[n up on !  
plantations ) _! little black playmates4
 ,!re has be5 a good deal 9 ! easy      
good-nature ( ! negro :i* ! ,s\!rn :ite 
man has always f\nd sympa!tic1 & he     
respond$ 9 =m] times to ! dis9t]e/$     
fai?fulness ( ! slaves ) a real         
atta*m5t4 ,& al?\gh ?is may h be5 su*   
fondness z "o feels = a fai?ful dog or  
an intellig5t horse1 !re 0 9 x1         
nev]!less1 no trace ( t physical        
repulsion felt by ! ,nor!rn]4 ,! same is
 fundam5tally true to-day1 & !          
rhetorical emphasis ( ! physical        
antipa?y t[>d ! black :i* "o f9ds 9     
,s\!rn spee*es is c]ta9ly 9 "p          
hypocritical4 ,x is true t ev5 to-day ! 
poore/ :ite man w\ld ?9k himself too    
good to m>ry ! mo/ admirable col\r$     
woman2 b ! reason ( ?is w\ld lie 9      

social pr9ciples1 & n1 z politicians    
w\ld l to make x appe>1 9 any in/9ctive 
racial av]sion1 s9ce s long z ! negroes 
7 9 slav]y ! :ites _h no av]sion to su* 
p]sonal contam9ation4  ,! great         
opposition :i* n[ exi/s is two-fold3 x  
is on ! "o h& political & on ! o!r      
social4 ,! political situation ( ! ,s\? 
has be5 inde$ dom9at$ 9 ! la/ =ty ye>s  
by ! negro "q4 ,!re h be5 f\r di/9ct    
p]iods ( developm5t2 ! fir/ goes f ! end
 ( ! ,civil ,w> to #ahge4 ,x 0 ! "t :5 !
 negro _h fir/ receiv$ ! suffrage &     
become a political factor1 ! mo/ dre>y  
"t :i* ! ,s\? ev] knew4 ,x 0            
economically ru9$1 0 ov]run ) a disgu/+ 
army ( unscrupul\s politicians1 :o want$
 no?+ b to p]v]t ! ignorant col\r$ vot]s
 = ! l[e/ political ends4 ,! victori\s  
p>ty 9 ! ,nor? s5t its m5ials d[n to    
organize ! col\r$ qu>ry1 & by m]e numb]s
 to outdo all indep5d5t activities ( !  
:ite population4  ,"o c easily und]/& :y
 a ,s\!rn hi/orian %\ld say t ! ,s\!rn  
,/ates look back )\t bitt]ness on ! ye>s

 ( ! w>1 :5 brave m5 met brave m5 on !  
field ( battle2 b t !y are furi\s :5 !y 
rememb] ! ye>s :i* foll[$1 :5 ! victors1
 p>tly out ( mi/ak5 philan?ropy1 p>tly  
out ( ?\ghtlessness & indiff]5ce1 &     
p>tly out ( evil int5t1 ha/5$ to put !  
re9s ( gov]nm5t into ! h&s ( a race :i* 
0 h>dly out ( ,african b>b>ism2 & ?us   
utt]ly di%e>t5$ ! m5 & wom5 :o _h built 
up ! spl5did culture ( ! ,old ,s\?4     
,p]haps !re 0 no phase ( ,am]ican       
hi/ory1 he says1 s fill$ ) poetry &     
romantic *>m z ! life ( ! ,s\? 9 ! la/  
t5 ye>s be=e ! w>2 & c]ta9ly no p]iod   
has be5 s full ( mi/akes1 unc]ta9ties1 &
 crime z ! decade imm$iately foll[+4 ,a 
reaction _h to come1 & x came 9 ! tw5ty 
ye>s betwe5 #ahge & #ahie4 ,! ,s\?      
betook itself to devi\s me?ods at !     
ballot-box4 ,x 0 recogniz$ t            
falsification ( election returns 0 an   
evil1 b x 0 ?\ght to be a worse evil = !
 c\ntry to be h&$ ov] to ! l[ dom9ation 
( illit]ate negroes4 ,! political p[] ( 
! negro has be5 brok5 9 ?is way4 ,aga9 &

 aga9 ! same me?od 0 resort$ to1 until  
f9ally ! public op9ion ( ! ,s\? approv$ 
( x1 & ^? :o juggl$ ) ! ballot-box 7 n  
pursu$ by ! arm ( ! law1 because ! g5]al
 op9ion 0 ) !m4  ,!re has be5 ano!r & m 
important fact4 ,sl[ly all p>ty         
opposition betwe5 ! :ites vani%$1 & !   
race "q became ! sole political issue4  
,to be sure1 !re h be5 free-trad]s &    
protectioni/s 9 ! ,s\?1 & repres5tatives
 ( all o!r p>ty pr9ciples2 b all g5u9e  
p>ty life flagg$ & all less important   
di/9ctions vani%$ at ! ballot-box :5 !  
:ites ralli$ aga9/ ! blacks1 & s9ce !   
negroes vot$ inv>iably ) ! ,republican  
p>ty1 :i* _h set !m free1 ! entire :ite 
population ( ! ,s\? has become          
,democratic4 ,by ?is political          
consolidation1 ! p[] ( ! negro has be5  
fur!r re/rict$4  ,p h gradually become  
conv9c$1 h[ev]1 t political life        
/agnates :5 l>ge /ates h only ! "o fix$ 
idea1 z if hypnotiz$ by ! race issue4 ,!
 ne$ has be5 felt anew ( p>ticipat+ once
 m 9 all ! great problems :i* int]e/ !  

nation & :i* create ! p>ties4 ,! ,s\?   
looks back long+ly on ! "t :5 x us$ to  
furni% ! mo/ brilliant /atesm5 ( !      
nation4 ,! ,s\? has become also aw>e t s
 soon z public op9ion all[s a sy/ematic 
corruption ( ! ballot-box1 !n e k9d (   
selfi%ness & corruption has an easy     
*ance to creep 94  ,let once ! election 
returns be falsifi$ 9 ord] to wipe out a
 negro majority1 & !y may be falsifi$ ! 
next "t 9 fav\r ( "s comm]cial          
conspiracy4 ,an abyss op5s up :i* is    
truly bottomless4 ,s a ?ird p]iod has   
arriv$4 ,9 place ( nullify+ ! negro     
suffrage by illegal means1 ! ,s\? has   
be5 ?9k+ out legal measures = limit+ x4 
,! ,con/itution prescribes m]ely t no "o
 %all be depriv$ ( 8 vote by reason ( 8 
col\r1 b x has be5 left to ! sev]al     
/ates to det]m9e :at ! o!r conditions   
%all be :i* gov]n ! "r to vote4 ,?us any
 /ate is free to place a c]ta9 prop]ty  
condition1 or to require a c]ta9 degree 
( education f e man :o votes2 b all su* 
conditions mu/ apply to all inhabitants 

( ! /ate alike2 ?us1 = in/ance1 9 f\r   
/ates1 & only 9 ^? f\r1 d wom5 enjoy !  
suffrage4 ,n[ ! ,s\!rn ,/ates h comm5c$ 
to make ext5sive use ( ?is /ate         
privilege4 ,!y are n all[$ to exclude ! 
negro z a negro s9ce ! ,nor!rn ,/ates h 
add$ ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t ( !            
,con/itution1 & !re w\ld be no hope (   
alt]+ ?is4 ,b s long z ! educational    
/atus ( ! negro is s f> beh9d t ( ! :ite
 man1 ! numb] ( ^? :o _c read is /ill s 
l>ge t a heavy bl[ is /ruck at negro    
political dom9ation :5 a /ate decides to
 re/rict ! suffrage to ^? :o c read &   
und]/& ! ,con/itution4 ,x is cle> t at !
 same "t ! te/ ( ?is :i* necess>ily has 
to be made leaves ! covet$ free-play to 
! :ite man's discretion4  ,! la/ few    
ye>s h witness$ a great advance ( ?is   
new movem5t4 ,! political p[] ( ! negro 
is less ?an ev]1 & ! =m] illegal        
measures to circumv5t x are no long]    
ne$$4 ,x _c be d5i$ t 9 two ways ?is    
works directly 9 ! int]e/s (            
civilization4 ,on ! "o h&1 x incites !  

negro population to take measures = !   
education ( its *ildr51 s9ce by go+ to  
s*ool ! negro c comply ) ! conditions ( 
suffrage4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x frees ,s\!rn  
politics f ! oppressive race "q1 & all[s
 real p>ty problems to become once m    
active issues among ! :ites4 ,!         
political contra/ is1 !re=e1 to-day     
some:at less5$1 al?\gh bo? p>ties reg>d 
x r z a m]e cessation ( ho/ilities2 s9ce
 x is by no means c]ta9 t ,nor!rn       
political =ces at ,wa%+ton w n once m   
undo ?is infr+em5t on ! negroes' rights1
 & :e!r once m1 9 case ( a real p>ty    
division betwe5 ! ,s\!rn :ites1 !       
negroes w n h ! decid+ vote4 ,if !      
doctr9>ianism ( ! ,nor? %\ld actually   
prevail & be able to set aside ^!       
exam9ations 9 read+ & 9 intellig5ce :i* 
h be5 aim$ aga9/ ! negro1 on ! gr\nd t  
!y are contr>y to ! ,con/itution1 x w\ld
 inde$ fru/rate a great movem5t t[>d    
political peace4 ,:5 ! abolitioni/s at !
 end ( ! ,civil ,w> grant$ ! suffrage to
 ! negroes1 !y 7 at lea/ able to adduce 

"o v good excuse2 !y claim$ t ! ,s\!rn  
,/ates w\ld cont9ue 9 "s new =m to hold 
! negro 9 subjection if he 0 n protect$ 
by ei!r a milit>y gu>d or by 8 "r to    
vote1 & s9ce ! army 0 to be disb&$ ! "r 
to vote 0 giv5 him4 ,to-day !re is no   
su* dang]2 ! legal exclusion ( ! ,s\!rn 
negro f ! ballot-box mu/ be acc\nt$ an  
advance4  ,! social "q1 h[ev]1 is ev5 m 
important to-day ?an ! political "o1 & x
 is "o :i* gr[s day by day4 ,we h said  
already t ! ,s\!rn] has no in/9ctive    
av]sion to ! negro race1 & 8 desire =   
racial purity is n an in/9ct b a !ory1 (
 :i* ! fa!rs ( ! pres5t :ite man knew   
no?+4 ,to be sure1 ! situation _c be    
simply =mulat$1 b x probably comes ne>e/
 to ! tru? to say t ! :ite man's hatr$  
is ! inh]it$ in/9ct ( ! slave-hold]4 ,9 
all 8 s5tim5ts ! ,s\!rn] is dom9at$ by !
 once natural feel+ t ! negro is 8      
helpless subject4 ,! :ite man is n cruel
 9 ?is2 he wants to protect ! negro & to
 be k9d1 b he c all[ him no w ( 8 own4  
,he has accu/om$ himself to ! slavi%    

ob$i5ce ( ! negro1 z ! opium-eat] is    
accu/om$ to 8 opium4 ,& to give up !    
p>alyz+ drug is intol]able to 8 n]v\s   
sy/em4  ,! ev]y:]e repeat$ cry t !      
purity ( ! race is 9 dang]1 if social   
equality is e/abli%$1 is only a pretext2
 x is 9 tru? ! social equality itself   
:i* calls =? ! hy/]ical excitem5t4 ,no  
:ite man1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,s\? w\ld g    
into ! d9+-room ( a hotel 9 :i* a s+le  
negro woman %\ld be sitt+2 b ?is is n   
because a m]e proximity w\ld be         
disagreeable1 z x w\ld actually be to ! 
,nor!rn]1 b because he c\ld n endure su*
 appe>ance ( equality4 ,s soon z a      
little :ite *ild sits beside ! negro    
woman1 s t %e is se5 to be a s]vant & h]
 socially inf]ior /ation is made pla91  
!n h] pres5ce is no long] felt to be at 
all disagreeable4  ,9 8 fight aga9/     
social equality ) ! negro1 ! ,s\!rn]    
resorts to m & m viol5t means2 & :ile he
 works himself up to an increas+ pit* ( 
excitem5t by ! en]gy ( 8 opposition1 !  
result+ social humiliation increases !  

embitt]m5t ( ! negro4 ,t no :ite hotel1 
re/aurant1 !atre1 or sleep+-c> is op5 to
 ! black is a matt] ( c\rse2 ?is is     
virtually true also 9 ! ,nor?4 ,b x has 
contribut$ v mu* to r5ew$ disaffection1 
t also ! ord9>y railroad tra9s & /reet  
c>s beg9 to make a simil> di/9ction4  ,!
 ,s\? is putt+ a premium on e k9d ( h>% 
social affront to ! black man1 &        
rel5tlessly puni%es ! slighte/ social   
recognition4 ,:5 ! presid5t ( a negro   
college 0 ! gue/ ( a ,nor!rn hotel & !  
*amb]-maid refus$ to put 8 room to      
rights & 0 !re=e dismiss$1 ! ,s\? got   
toge!r1 by a popul> subscription1 a l>ge
 purse = ?is h]o9e4 ,x is only f ?is    
po9t ( view t "o c und]/& ! great       
excitem5t :i* swept ?r\gh ! ,s\? :5     
,presid5t ,roosevelt _h ! c\rage to     
invite to 8 table ,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton1 !
 mo/ di/+ui%$ negro ( ! c\ntry4         
,pr(essor ,basset1 ! hi/orian1 has      
decl>$1 amid ! fi]ce res5tm5t ( ! ,s\?1 
t1 ) ! exception ( ,g5]al ,lee1 ,book]  
,wa%+ton is ! greate/ man :o has be5    

born 9 ! ,s\? = a hundr$ ye>s4 ,b :o    
inquires aft] ! m]its ( a s+le man :5 ! 
pr9ciple ( social inequality is at /ake8
 ,if ! ,presid5t _h work$ = sev]al mon?s
 f e>ly to late at 8 desk ) ,book] ,t4  
,wa%+ton1 ! fact w\ld h pass$ unnotic$4 
,b x is simply unp>donable t he invit$  
him to ! lun*eon table1 & ev5 v ?\ghtful
 m5 h %ak5 _! heads 9 ! op9ion t ?is    
affront to ! social sup]iority ( ! :ite 
man w v sadly %>p5 ! mutual antagonism4 
,we mu/ n ov]look 9 ?is connection !    
v>i\s m9or circum/ances :i* h /r5g!n$ ! 
l+]+ feel+ ( ! slave-own]4 ,fir/ ( all1 
!re is ! unre/ra9$ s5suality ( ! negro1 
:i* has l$ him "t aft] "t to attempt    
crim9al aggressions on :ite wom51 & s   
contribut$ inf9itely to ! mis]y ( 8     
situation4 ,x is a gross exagg]ation :5 
! ,s\!rn demagogue reit]ates aga9 & aga9
 t no man 9 ! ,s\? c feel t 8 wife1 8   
si/]1 or daught] is secure f ! be/iality
 ( ! blacks2 & yet x _c be d5i$ t su*   
crimes are %ock+ly frequ5t1 & !y are ! m
 significant1 s9ce ! cont9ual fe> ( ?is 

dang] s]i\sly ?reat5s ! gr[? ( f>m+ life
 ) its lonely f>m-h\ses4 ,"h ! b>b>ities
 ( lyn* law h come 91 & ! rapid gr[? (  
racial hatr$ may be se5 9 ! increas$    
numb] ( lyn*+s dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,b e    
lyn*+ reacts to inoculate hatr$ & cruel 
f]ocity 9 ! public organism1 & s !      
be/ial in/9cts & ! lawless puni%m5ts "w 
toge!r to debase ! masses 9 ! ,s\!rn    
,/ates4  ,x is n only a "q ( !          
immorality ( ! negro & ! lyn* c\rts ( ! 
:ite man1 b 9 o!r ways ! negro %[s      
himself incl9$ to crime1 & ! :ite man to
 all sorts ( lawless acts aga9/ him4 ,! 
negroes are disproportionately repres5t$
 9 ,s\!rn prisons1 al?\gh ?is comes     
p>tly f ! fact t ! black man is puni%$ =
 ! slighte/ misdemean\r1 :ile ! :ite man
 is readily let (f4 ,9 fact1 x is       
difficult 9 ! ,s\? to f9d a jury to     
convict a :ite man ( any crime done     
aga9/ a negro4 ,?is application ( a     
two-fold /&>d ( ju/ice leads quickly to 
a g5]al arbitr>9ess :i* fits only too   
well ) ! natural in/9cts ( !            

slave-hold]4 ,arbitr>y privileges 9     
place ( equal rights h always be5 !     
ess5tial po9t 9 8 exi/5ce1 & s x happ5s 
t ev5 :]e no negroes are 9 "q ,s\!rn    
juries h& d[n v]dicts :i* sc&alize !    
:ole c\ntry4 ,inde$1 !re is no d\bt t   
secret attempts h ev5 be5 made1 9 all   
sorts ( devi\s =ms1 to re-e/abli% ! /ate
 ( slav]y4 ,= "s small misdemean\r      
negroes are condemn$ to pay a v heavy   
f9e1 & to furni% ?is !y h to let        
!mselves out to "s sort ( contract lab\r
 "u :ite ma/]s1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+ 
z slav]y4 ,"h aga9 ! :ole c\ntry is     
horrifi$ :5 ! facts come to be kn[n4 ,b 
no means h yet be5 ?\ght ( = less5+ !   
bitt] hatr$ :i* exi/s1 & s long z ! %>p 
social contra/ rema9s !re w cont9ue to  
be evasions & violations ( ! law1 to    
give v5t to ! hatr$ & bitt] feel+4  ,:at
 n[ may "o look =1 t %all put an end to 
^! unhappy do+s8 ,! ,africans h _h _!   
,zioni/s1 :o wi% to lead !m back to _!  
native =e/s 9 ,africa1 & _m p h rec5tly 
fanci$ t ! problem w\ld be solv$ by     

=cible deportation to ! ,philipp9es4 ,^!
 dreams are useless2 n9e million p _c be
 dump$ on ! o!r side ( ! ocean1 _c be   
torn f _! homes4 ,lea/ ( all c\ld !y be 
br\ght to comb9e ) ! entirely diff]5t   
population ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,m ?an t1 ! 
,s\? itself w\ld fight too? & nail aga9/
 los+ s _m lab\r]s2 x w\ld be           
indu/rially ru9$1 & w\ld be m griev\sly 
torn up ?an x 0 aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 if 9 
fact "s magic %ip c\ld c>ry e black to !
 negro republic ( ,lib]ia1 on ! ,african
 coa/4 ,= ! same reason x is            
impracticable to br+ toge!r all negroes 
9 "o or two ,s\!rn ,/ates & leave !m to 
"w out _! own salvation4 ,9 ! fir/      
place1 no /ate w\ld be will+ to draw ?is
 black lot1 :ile ! :ite population ( !  
o!r ,s\!rn ,/ates w\ld suff] fully z    
mu*4 ,! /ud5t ( social politics1 f9ally1
 _c d\bt = a mom5t t ! negro progresses 
only :5 he is 9 con/ant contact ) :ite  
m51 & deg5]ates ) fe>ful spe$ :5 he is  
left to himself4  ,among ^? negroes :o h
 be5 call$ to be ! lead]s ( _! p1 & :o  

=m an indep5d5t op9ion ( ! situation1 "o
 f9ds two v diff]5t t5d5cies4 ,"o ( ^!  
is to re=m f ! top d[n1 ! o!r f ! bottom
 up4 ,! en]gies ( ,dubois are typical ( 
! fir/ t5d5cy1 ,book] ,wa%+ton's ( !    
second4 ,dubois1 & _m ( ! mo/ educat$ & 
advanc$ negroes ) him1 believe 9 !      
special mission ( ! negro race4 ,! negro
 does n want to be1 & ought n to be1 a  
second ord] ( ,am]ican1 b ! ,unit$      
,/ates are de/9$ by ,provid5ce to       
develop two great & div]se b co-op]at+  
peoples1 ! ,am]icans & ! negroes4 ,x is 
!re=e ! "w ( ! ,african n simply to     
imitate ! :ite man's culture1 b to      
develop indep5d5tly a special culture   
suit$ to 8 own national traits4 ,!y feel
 in/9ctively t a few great m5 ( special 
physiognomy1 two or ?ree g5iuses com+ f 
_! race1 w d m = ! hon\r ( _! p & = !   
belief 9 its possibilities1 ?an ! sl[   
elevation ( ! great mass4 ,!y lay /rong 
emphasis on ! fact t 9 8 music1         
religion1 & hum\r ! negro has develop$  
/rongly individual traits1 & t ! p :o   

=ty ye>s ago 7 9 slav]y h develop$ 9 a  
g5]ation "u unfav\rable circum/ances a  
numb] ( %9+ orators1 politicians1 &     
writ]s4 ,?us !y feel a mo/ natural      
ambition to make away = ! be/ & /ronge/1
 to elevate !m1 & to incite !m to _!    
highe/ a*ievem5ts4 ,! ideal is ?us1 9 ! 
"w ( ! mo/ gift$ lead]s to pres5t to !  
_w a new negro culture1 by :i* ! "r (   
indep5d5t exi/5ce = ! black race 9      
,am]ica may be secur$4  ,book] ,wa%+ton 
& 8 fri5ds wi% to g a quiet] road2 & he 
has ) him ! sympa?ies ( ! be/ :ite p 9 !
 c\ntry4 ,!y look = salvation n f a few 
brilliantly exceptional negroes1 b f !  
sl[ & /eady enlight5m5t ( ! masses2 & _!
 real lead]s are to be n ^? :o accompli%
 great ?+s z individuals1 b r !y :o be/ 
s]ve 9 ! sl[ "w ( uplift+ _! p4 ,^! m5  
see cle>ly t !re are to-day no          
indications ( really great accompli%m5ts
 & indep5d5t feats 9 ! way ( culture1 & 
t su* ?+s are h>dly to be look$ = 9 !   
imm$iate future4 ,at ! v be/ x is a "q (
 an unusual tal5t = imitat+ an ali5     

culture4  ,if1 !n1 "o c h>dly speak (   
brilliant g5ius 9 ! upp] /rata--& x is  
to be admitt$ t ,book] ,wa%+ton himself 
is n a really great1 indep5d5t1 & comm&+
 p]sonality--x w\ld be on ! o!r h& mu* m
 di/ort$ to e/imate ! negro f 8 l[e/    
/rata1 f ! lazy & crim9al individuals4  
,! great mass ( negroes is un$ucat$ &   
possesses no manual tra9+ = an          
occupation2 b x is hone/1 heal?y1 & fit 
social mat]ial1 :i* only ne$s to be     
tra9$ 9 ord] to become valuable to !    
:ole community4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! negro    
ought to le>n :at he has once le>n$ z a 
slave--a manual trade2 he %\ld p]fect   
himself 9 "w ( ! h&s or 9 "s hone/      
agricultural occupation1 n seek to      
create a new civilization1 b m mode/ly  
to id5tify 8 race ) ! de/9ies ( ! :ite  
nation by real1 hone/1 ?\ghtful1 true1 &
 indu/ri\s lab\r4 ,brilliant writ]s !y d
 n ne$ s mu* z good c>p5t]s &           
s*ool-tea*]s2 nor notable individual    
escapades 9 ! t\rney-field ( culture s  
mu* z a g5]al dissem9ation ( te*nical   

tra9+4 ,!y ne$ s*ools = manual tra9+ &  
in/itutes = ! developm5t ( te*nical     
tea*]s4  ,book] ,wa%+ton's own          
in/itution 9 ,tuskegee has set ! mo/    
admirable example1 & ! mo/ ?\ghtful m5 9
 ! ,nor? & ,s\? alike are v ready to    
help along all 8 plans4 ,!y hope &      
believe t s soon z ! masses ( col\r$ p h
 begun to %[ !mselves some:at m useful  
to ! indu/ry ( ! c\ntry z h&-work]s1    
exp]t lab\r]s1 & f>m]s1 t !n ! mutual   
embitt]m5t w gradually die out & ! fight
 = social equality sl[ly vani%4 ,= on   
?is po9t ! m ?\ghtful m5 d n deceive    
!mselves2 social equality is no?+ b a   
phrase :5 x is appli$ to ! relation (   
millions ( p to o!r millions4 ,among !  
:ites !mselves no "o ev] ?9ks ( any real
 social equality2 ! own] ( a plantation 
no m invites 8 :ite workm5 9 to eat )   
him ?an he w\ld invite a col\r$ man4 ,& 
:5 ! ,s\!rn :ite replies scornfully to  
any "o :o *all5ges 8 prejudices1 ) !    
conv9c+ "q1 8,w\ld y let y\r si/] m>ry a
 nigg]80 he is =gett+1 ( c\rse1 t he    

himself w\ld n let 8 si/] m>ry n9e-t5?s 
( ! :ite m5 ( 8 community4 ,social      
equality c be pr$icat$ only ( small     
gr\ps1 & 9 all exactness only (         
individuals4  ,?us x might be said t    
peace is advanc$ to-day *iefly by !     
increas+ ex]tions = ! te*nical indu/rial
 education ( ! black workman4 ,b x is n 
to be =gott5 t ! negro himself1 & ) him 
_m philan?ropi/s ( ! ,nor?1 compreh5ds !
 :ole situation v diff]5tly f ! ,s\!rn  
support]s ( ! movem5t4 ,^! latt] are    
cont5t$ ) rec5t t5d5cies1 because !     
negro's vote is curtail$ 9 ! political  
sph]e1 & because he comes to be class$  
socially ) ! day-lab\r] & artisan4 ,!   
negro1 h[ev]1 looks on ?is z a tempor>y 
/age 9 8 developm5t1 & hopes 9 good "t  
to outgr[ x4 ,he is glad t ! election   
returns are no long] falsifi$ on 8      
acc\nt1 & t legal means h be5 resort$   
to4 ,b ( c\rse he hopes t he w soon gr[ 
beyond ^! conditions1 & be f9ally fav\r$
 once m ) ! suffrage1 j z any :ite man  
is4  ,x is mu* ! same 9 ! social sph]e4 

,he may be satisfi$ = ! pres5t t !      
advantages ( manual tra9+ & f>m lab\r   
are br\ght to ! =e1 b ?is mu/ only be to
 lead 8 race up /ep by /ep until x has  
develop$ f a m]e work+ class to entire  
social equality4 ,t :i* ! negro approves
 = ! mom5t is :at any :ite man 9 !      
,s\!rn ,/ates w\ld fix z a p]man5t      
condition4 ,& s x appe>s t ev5 9 ?is    
wise no real solution ( ! problem has   
be5 rea*$1 al?\gh a cessation (         
ho/ilities has be5 decl>$4 ,b all ^!    
ef=ts on ! "p ( lead]s & philan?ropi/s1 
^! delib]ations ( ! be/ :ites & blacks 9
 bo? ! ,nor? & ,s\?1 are /ill f> f c>ry+
 weight ) ! g5]al public2 & ?us1 al?\gh 
! beg9n+s t[>d improvem5t are good1 x   
rema9s t on ! outside ! situation looks 
to-day d>k] ?an ev] be=e4  ,:oev] frees 
himself f !oretical doctr9es w h>dly    
d\bt t ! lead+ :ites ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates h
 to-day once m ! bett] insight1 s9ce !y 
"k ! negro bett] ?an ! ,nor!rn]s d4 ,!y 
dem& t ?is limitation ( ! negro 9 8     
political rights & 9 8 daily occupation 

%all be p]man5t1 & t ?us an organic     
situation %all come ab\t 9 :i* ! negro1 
al?\gh f> remov$ f an undes]v$ slav]y1  
%all be equally f> f ! complete enjoym5t
 ( t civilization :i* 8 own race has n  
work$ out4 ,t is1 he is to be           
politically1 economically1 & socially   
dep5d5t4 ,if ?is _h happ5$ at ! outset1 
! mutual hatr$ :i* n[ exi/s w\ld nev] h 
be5 s fi]ce2 & if ! ,african succe$s    
mat]ially he w h>dly notice ! diff]5ce1 
:ile ! :ite man w feel ) satisfaction t 
8 sup]iority has be5 v9dicat$4 ,!       
condition ( ! isl& ( ,jamaica is a good 
in/ance 9 po9t4 ,its inhabitants are    
/rik+ly sup]ior to ! debas$ negroes ( ! 
,republic ( ,hayti4  ,b x is n to be    
=gott5 t hi/ory has repeat$ly %[n h[    
impossible x is = a p numb]+ millions1 )
 limit$ rights1 to dwell 9 ! mid/ ( an  
entirely free race4 ,oppression &       
inju/ice con/antly arise f ! limitation 
( rights1 & !nce gr[ retaliation &      
crime4 ,& ! h\r 9 :i* ! ,am]ican p n>r[ 
d[n ! rights ( t5 million blacks may be 

! />t+-po9t = fe>ful /ruggles4 ,! fact  
rema9s t ! real solution ( ! "q is n[h]e
 9 sight4 ,! negro "q is ! only really  
d>k cl\d on ! horizon ( ! ,am]ican      
nation4                                 
,,*apt] ,,n9e                           
,int]nal ,political ,problems   ,!      
problems ( population1 especially ^?    
conc]n+ ! immigration & ! negro1 h tak5 
consid]able ( our att5tion4 ,we %all be 
able to survey problems ( int]nal       
politics m quickly1 s9ce we h already   
met mo/ ( !m 9 consid]+ ! ,am]ican =m ( 
gov]nm5t4 ,! insane programme ( ^? :o   
desire no gov]nm5t at all1 t is1 an>*y1 
is "o ( ! ,am]ican's political problems 
only :5 ! de$ ( "s =eign assass9 gives  
him a sudd5 fright4 ,!n all sorts (     
propositions are on foot to we$ out     
an>*ism /em & root2 b aft] a little "t  
!y subside4 ,"o sees h[ difficult x is  
to draw ! l9es1 & ! idea ( suppress+    
free political spee* is too mu* aga9/ ! 
fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,am]ican       
democracy4 ,b ! fundam5tal pr9ciples (  

an>*ism1 or r its fundam5tal confusions1
 h s little hope ( influ5c+ !           
cons]vative ideas ( ! ,am]icans1 t !re  
ne$ be no fe> ( an>*ism creep+ into !   
national m9d4 ,9 s f> z !re is any su*  
problem 9 ,am]ica1 x is connect$ solely 
) ! "q ( immigration4 ,up to ! pres5t   
"t1 ! gov]nm5t has be5 cont5t to =bid   
ackn[l$g$ an>*i/s to l&2 b ?is involves 
su* an un-,am]ican int]m$dl+ ) private  
convictions t ! regulation w h>dly be   
tol]at$ mu* long]4 ,! true ,am]ican1 9  
any case1 believes 9 /ate ord9ances &   
loves 8 gov]nm5tal ma*9]y4  ,?is        
app>atus itself ( gov]nm5t has _m       
details :i* (f] problems1 inde$1 & are  
mu* discuss$4 ,"s ( its elem5ts h be5   
add$ rec5tly by ,presid5t ,roosevelt2 ! 
mo/ important ( !m is ! newly creat$    
,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce & ,lab\r4 ,?is new 
division ( ! gov]nm5t1 ) ov] t5 ?\s&    
(ficials1 embraces also ! ,bureau (     
,corporations1 :i* is design$ to collect
 /ati/ics reg>d+ tru/s & ! ov]com+ ( _! 
influ5ce2 b ! /ruggle promises to be a  

two-sid$ "o4 ,to ! pres5t adm9i/ration  
belongs also ! creation ( a g5]al /aff =
 ! ,army1 & on ?is head !re seems to be 
a unanim\s op9ion t ! ,army is di/9ctly 
b5efit$ by ! measure4 ,9 "s o!r         
directions1 moreov]1 ! make-up ( ! ,army
 has become m simil> to ,european       
models2 new s*ools ( w> h be5 f\nd$ & ! 
plan ( hold+ great manuvres introduc$4  
,! weakness ( ! milit>y sy/em is t      
pref]m5ts g accord+ to s5iority4 ,x is  
cle> to all t a m]ely me*anical         
advancem5t ( (fic]s is n advantage\s to 
! milit>y s]vice2 & yet ev]ybody is     
afraid1 if ! uni=m pr9ciple is giv5 up &
 p]sonal pref]m5t is introduc$1 t all   
sorts ( regrettable political & social  
influ5ces w be br\ght to be> 9 ! matt]4 
,_m p]sons see a difficult problem "h2 !
 "y (fic] has almo/ no inc5tive to-day  
to special ex]tions4  ,! gov]nm5t has m 
& v>i\s plans ) reg>d to ! ,navy4 ,!re1 
too1 x seems z if a g5]al /aff simil> to
 t ( ! ,army is indisp5sable4 ,! /eady  
gr[? ( ! ,navy itself is assur$1 s9ce   

ev]yone recognizes t ,am]ica c\ld n c>ry
 out its pres5t policy )\t a /rong      
fleet4 ,! fleet1 :i* dates virtually f  
#ahhb1 won ! he>ts ( ! imp]iali/ic      
public by its victories at ,manila &    
,santiago2 & its gr[? is n[h]e s]i\sly  
oppos$4 ,likewise1 ! ,navy is introduc+ 
m l>ge manuvres4 ,! real difficulty lies
 9 lack ( m52 x becomes m & m difficult 
to get (fic]s & sailors2 & ev5 9 ! "q ( 
mann+ a %ip1 ! inevitable negro "q plays
 a "p4  ,!re are _m op5 que/ions also 9 
reg>d to ! diplomatic & consul> s]vice4 
,! ,unit$ ,/ates ma9ta9s an uncommonly  
l>ge numb] ( consuls1 ^: ent]prise is   
n[h]e conte/$1 b ^: prep>ation1 tact1 & 
p]sonal integrity (t5 leave a good deal 
to be desir$4 ,_! remun]ation ?r\gh fees
 contributes a good deal t[>d creat+    
un:olesome conditions4 ,! p]sonnel ( !  
diplomatic s]vice is p]haps /ill m      
unequal ?an t ( ! consul>4 ,s9ce e>ly   
times ! ,unit$ ,/ates has _h ! disc]nm5t
 to s5d "s ( its mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 to fill
 important ambassadorial positions4 ,at 

a "t :5 ! int]national relations ( !    
c\ntry 7 /ill insignificant1 su* a      
position 0 (t5 giv5 to di/+ui%$ au?ors &
 poets1 :o repres5t$ _! c\ntry at a     
=eign c\rt 9 an intellectual & cultivat$
 way1 & contribut$ mu* to its e/eem4    
,?is c happ5 no long]1 & yet ,am]ica has
 _h aga9 & aga9 ! good =tune to s5d to  
diplomatic positions m5 ( uncommon      
calib]2 s*ol>s l ,&rew ,d4 ,:ite1       
/atesm5 l ,john ,hay1 & brilliant juri/s
 l ,*oate4 ,! dang] /ill subsi/s1 h[ev]1
 t m5 :o are m]ely ri*1 & :o h done     
small s]vices to ,s5ators1 expect 9     
return a diplomatic appo9tm5t1 = ! sake 
( ! social glory4 ,!re is a gr[+ desire 
to make ! diplomatic s]vice a regul>    
c>e]1 9 :i* a man progresses /ep by /ep4
  ,z to ! po/al s]vice1 ! =emo/ problem 
is n[ t ( free deliv]y 9 rural di/ricts4
 ,! trem5d\s ext5t ( ! c\ntry & ! ?9ness
 ( its population _h at fir/ made x a   
matt] ( c\rse t ! f>m] %\ld fet* 8 own  
mail f ! ne>e/ village4 ,! rural        
lett]-c>ri] 0 unkn[n1 z he is /ill      

unkn[n 9 small t[ns2 e man 9 ! village  
goes to ! po/-(fice to get 8 newspap]s &
 lett]s4 ,b l e c\ntry at ! pres5t "t1 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates is try+ to *eck !        
cont9ual afflux ( population into !     
cities4 ,x is obvi\s t specially ) !    
intellectual make-up ( ! ,am]ican1 e    
ef=t mu/ be made to make rural life less
 monoton\s & tiresome1 & t x is necess>y
 mo/ ( all to e/abli% ready             
communication betwe5 ! remote f>m-h\ses 
& ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,! m frequ5tly & easily 
! f>m+ p receive _! lett]s & magaz9es1 s
 mu* ! less d !y feel tempt$ to leave ! 
soil4 ,= ?is reason ! v exp5sive rural  
deliv]y has spread rapidly4 ,9 ! la/ ye>
 n9e ?\s& new appo9tm5ts 7 made 9 ?is   
s]vice4 ,ano!r important problem        
connect$ ) ! ,po/-,(fice is ! fact t x  
does n pay = itself1 because x c>ries   
pr9t$ matt] at unpr(itably l[ rates1 & 9
 ?is way has /imulat$ to an extraord9>y 
degree ! s5d+ ( catalogues & adv]tis+   
matt]4 ,"o c see h[ f> ?is goes f ! fact
 t a %ort "t ago a factory = m$ic9e s5t 

out s _m copies ( a booklet adv]tis+ its
 specific ?r\gh ! s-call$ 8te/imonials10
 t a railway tra9 ) eight l>ge freight  
c>s 0 necess>y to c>ry !m to ! ne>e/    
po/-(fice4 ,"p ( ! difficulty comes f ! 
private own]%ip ( ! railroads1 ^:       
contracts ) ! gov]nm5t = c>ry+ ! mails  
involve c]ta9ly no loss to ! /ockhold]s4
  ,9 simil> wise1 all ( ! great         
dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t h _! problems1 l>ge
 or small1 & ! mo/ important ( ^! mu/ be
 dealt ) :5 we come to speak ( !        
economic situation4 ,b !re is "o problem
 t is common to all bran*es ( !         
gov]nm5t2 x is ! mo/ important "o :i*   
conc]ns int]nal affairs1 & al?\gh x is  
discuss$ some:at less actively to-day   
?an 9 =m] ye>s1 x cont9ues none ! less 9
 "s new =m or o!r to worry ! p>ties1 !  
gov]nm5t1 & m especially public op9ion4 
,x is ! "q ( civil-s]vice re=m4  ,we h  
t\*$ on ?is "q be=e :5 we spoke ( !     
/ruggles betwe5 p>ties1 & ( ! motives   
:i* br+ ! individual into ! p>ty s]vice4
 ,"s ?+s rema9 to be said by way (      

completely elucidat+ "o ( ! mo/         
important problems ( ,am]ican public    
life4 ,to comm5ce )1 if we ab/ract f !  
civil s]vice 9 city & /ate--al?\gh ! "q 
is mu* ! same !re--t is1 if we take into
 acc\nt only ! f$]al s]vice--we f9d ov] 
a hundr$ ?\s& (ficial appo9tm5ts3 & ! "q
 is--,%all ^! appo9tm5ts1 ) _! assur$   
sal>ies1 be di/ribut$ to adh]5ts ( !    
p>ty 9 p[]1 *iefly ) ref]5ce to _!      
s]vices to ! p>ty1 or %all ^! positions 
be remov$ f all t\* ) ! p>ties & giv5 to
 ! be/ & able/ applicants8 ,x is cle> t 
! problem c\ld easily be s exhibit$ t ! 
appo9tm5t ( ! be/ & mo/ capable         
applicant1 )\t ref]5ce to 8 p>ty1 %\ld  
seem to be absolutely & unequivocally   
necess>y1 & z if any o!r op9ion c\ld    
proce$ only f ! desire to "w corruption4
 ,! situation is n q s simple1 h[ev]4   
,9 ! fir/ place1 e "o is aw>e t ! highe/
 adm9i/rative positions are inv>iably   
places ( confid5ce1 :]e x is v necess>y 
t ! incumb5t %all be "o 9 ?\ght &       
purpose ) ! ,executive2 & ?is is m ?an  

ev] necess>y 9 a democracy compos$ ( two
 p>ties4 ,if ! majority ( ! p elects a  
c]ta9 ,presid5t 9 ord] to c>ry out !    
convictions ( "o p>ty 9 opposition to ! 
o!r1 ! w ( ! p w\ld be fru/rat$ if !    
upp] memb]s ( ! gov]nm5tal /affs 7 n to 
be imbu$ ) ! same p>ty ideas4 ,a        
,republican ,presid5t c\ld n "w toge!r )
 a ,democratic ,secret>y ( ,/ate )\t    
sacrific+ ! effici5cy ( 8 adm9i/ration1 
& /ruggl+ along on su* compromises z    
w\ld ultimately make mean+less ! exi/5ce
 ( two organiz$ p>ties4 ,a ,republican  
,secret>y ( ,/ate mu/ h1 h[ev]1 if he is
 to be sp>$ a good deal ( friction1 an  
assi/ant secret>y ( /ate ) :om he is    
politically 9 h>mony2 & s x goes on d[n4
  ,b if we beg9 at ! bottom & "w up1 !  
situation looks diff]5t4 ,! book-keep]  
to ! m9i/ry1 ! small po/al cl]k1 or !   
mess5g] boy 9 ! treasury1 has no        
opportunity to realize 8 p]sonal        
convictions4 ,he has m]ely 8 regul> task
 to p]=m1 & is n imm$iately conc]n$ :e!r
 ! policy ( /ate is ,republican or      

,democratic1 imp]iali/ic or             
anti-imp]iali/ic4 ,we h !n to ask--,:]e 
lie ! b\nd>ies betwe5 ^? high] positions
 9 :i* ! private convictions ( !        
incumb5ts ought prop]ly to be ) !       
adm9i/ration1 & ^? l[] positions :]e    
p>ty que/ions are 9 no way involv$8     
,op9ions v>y v widely z to :]e ?is      
b\nd>y lies4 ,"s put x r l[1 & insi/ t !
 ,am]ican by 8 :ole political tra9+ is s
 ?or\ghly a creature ( ! p>ty1 t true   
h>mony 9 /ate (fices c be _h only if !  
:ole s]vice f top to bottom is peopl$ ) 
adh]5ts ( ! rul+ p>ty2 & ?is op9ion1    
al?\gh x may be refut$ on good gr\nds1  
is nei!r absurd nor di%one/4 ,!         
population ( ,g]many is divid$ to-day   
into a civil & a social-democratic p>ty1
 & x appe>s to ! dom9ant civil p>ty by  
no means unnatural to exclude !         
social-democrats s f> z possible f      
p>ticipation 9 ! public s]vice4  ,x is q
 possible1 moreov]1 = ea* p>ty to furni%
 compet5t incumb5ts = all ! lead+       
positions2 & s long z capable m5 c be   

f\nd :o w acquit !mselves well 9 (fice1 
!re is ( c\rse no reason = *>g+ ! p>ty )
 gre$ or spoils-ga!r+1 z if ! public    
funds 7 a pure gift1 & x 7 unwor?y to   
accept an (ficial appo9tm5t giv5 9      
recognition ( s]vices to ! p>ty4 ,we h  
already emphasiz$ h[ extremely ,g]man   
conceptions diff] f ,am]ican on ?is     
po9t1 & h[ ! cu/om>y reit]ation 9       
,g]many ( ! unfav\rable comm5ts made by 
c]ta9 ,am]ican re=m en?usia/s1 leads to 
mu* misund]/&+4 ,x is well-kn[n t       
,g]many has1 = in/ance1 = ! univ]sity   
pr(essors a sy/em ( /ate appo9tm5t1 :i* 
re/s :olly on p]sonal recomm5dation2 ?is
 9 %>p contra/ to ,engl&1 :]e ! c&idates
 = e vacant *air mu/ compete1 & :]e no  
"o c be call$ :o does n compete2 or )   
,france1 :]e ! positions are aw>d$ on ! 
basis ( an exam9ation4  ,! consid]ations
 :i* we h /at$ are n at all to be tak5 z
 an argum5t aga9/ civil-s]vice re=m1 b  
only z an indication t ! problem is     
complicat$ & has its pros & cons4 ,9    
fact1 ! gr\nds = ! wide/ possible       

ext5sion ( a civil-s]vice indep5d5t (   
p>ty are _m & urg5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! 
s]vice itself dem&s x4 ,! appo9tm5ts by 
p>ty are really appo9tm5ts on ! basis ( 
recomm5dations & wi%es ( political      
lead]s4 ,! ,s5ators1 = in/ance1 f a     
c]ta9 /ate advise ! ,presid5t z to :o   
%\ld be appo9t$ = po/ma/]s 9 ! mo/      
important po/-(fices2 & ! small]        
positions are simil>ly fill$ on !       
recomm5dation ( less influ5tial         
politicians4  ,!re=e1 x is only to a    
limit$ ext5t t !re is any real e/imation
 ( ! capacity & fitness ( ! propos$     
incumb5t4 ,public op9ion is always      
wat*ful1 h[ev]1 & ! politician is       
g5]ally afraid to press an appo9tm5t :i*
 he kn[s w\ld be disapprov$ by public   
op9ion1 or :i* w\ld lat] be se5 to be   
absurd1 w\ld damage 8 own political     
cr$it1 & p]haps ev5 wreck 8 political   
future4  ,x is equally true t !         
political p>ties h become exp]t 9 sift+ 
human mat]ial & f9d+ j ! "r p = !       
places2 & t1 moreov]1 ! ,am]ican ) 8    

extraord9>y capacity = adaptation &     
organization easily f9ds himself at home
 9 any position & fills x cr$itably4 ,& 
yet x rema9s1 t 9 ?is way ! be/         
int5tion$ appo9t] works 9 ! d>k1 & t a  
te*nical exam9ation w\ld m accurately   
select ! fitte/ man f among ! v>i\s     
c&idates4  ,mo/ ( all1 by ?is me?od (   
appo9tm5t on ! gr\nd ( political        
influ5ce1 :]e ! petitions ( ! incumb5t's
 local fri5ds1 comm5datory lett]s f     
well-kn[n m51 & ! ?\s& devices ( !      
wire-pull] play an important "p1 ! feel+
 ( individual responsibility is always  
l>gely lo/4 ,! head ( ! dep>tm5t mu/    
rely on local repres5tatives1 & ^!      
politicians aga9 "k t !y d n !mselves   
actually make ! appo9tm5ts2 & ! c&idate 
is put into (fice ) no ex]tion on 8 own 
"p--almo/ passively4  ,x is n to be d5i$
 t 9 ?is way _m an unwor?y man has come 
to (fice4 ,! v l[e/ political s]vices h 
be5 rew>d$ ) ! be/ positions4 ,political
 c&idates h _h to promise be=e _!       
election to make c]ta9 appo9tm5ts to    

(fice :i* _h no?+ at all to d ) !       
fitness ( ! appo9tee2 & su* appo9tee1 :5
 actually in/at$1 has n only neglect$ 8 
(fice1 b sometimes crim9ally misus$ x = 
embezzlem5t & fraudul5t contracts1 =    
gov]nm5t deals 9 :i* he has _h "s       
p]sonal advantage1 or = ! smuggl+ 9 (   
fri5ds & relatives to inf]ior positions4
 ,politicians h too (t5 s\ght to exact  
all sorts ( devi\s p]sonal & political  
s]vices f ^? :om !y h previ\sly         
recomm5d$ = (fice 9 ord] to hu% !m up4  
,?r\gh ! intrigues ( su* m5 all sorts ( 
unnecess>y positions h be5 creat$1 9    
ord] to provide = political fri5ds f !  
public treasury2 & ! conte/ = ^! p]sonal
 nom9ations has consum$ untold "t &     
/r5g? 9 ! legislative *amb]s4 ,no "o c  
fail to see t su* sores w develop ov] & 
ov] 9 ! political organism s long z !   
pr9ciple is recogniz$ ( mak+ (ficial    
appo9tm5ts on ! basis ( p>ty allegiance4
 ,:ile crim9al misuse ( su* a practice  
is ! exception1 & ! hon\rable endeav\r  
to pick out ! be/ c&idates & _! hone/   

p]=mance ( duty are ! rule1 nev]!less e 
?\ghtful fri5d ( ! c\ntry's welf>e mu/  
wi% to make all su* exceptions          
impossible4  ,!re is ano!r unfav\rable  
effect :i* su* a sy/em mu/ h1 )9 ! p>ty 
itself4 ,a man :o is put into (fice by  
politicians1 unless he is a /rong man1 w
 lab\r 9 ! int]e/s ( 8 b5efactors1 w    
c>ry p>ty politics into places :]e !y d 
n belong1 & be ready to let ! p>ty rob  
him ( a c]ta9 portion ( 8 sal>y z a     
contribution to ! p>ty treasury1 z has  
be5 cu/om>y = a long "t4 ,9 ?is way     
sal>ies h be5 increas$ 9 ord] t a       
consid]able portion might r$\nd to !    
p>ty treasury1 & ?us ! means be won =   
br++ ! p>ty victori\sly ?r\gh ! next    
elections2 & 9 ?is way ! (ficial has be5
 able to assure himself z good an (fice1
 or p]haps a bett] "o1 9 ! future4 ,!   
same ?+ happ5s once m 9 city politics   
:]e ! funds levi$ on city (ficials h    
made a consid]able %>e ( ! p>ty's       
assets4 ,!re has be5 good reason1 !re=e1
 :y public op9ion has = a long "t dem&$1

 & ) increas+ en]gy1 an entire *ange 9  
su* a /ate ( ?+s2 & aside f ! positions 
( actual confid5ce1 9 :i* 9 fact only m5
 ( a c]ta9 political fai? c\ld be ( any 
s]vice1 x has dem&$ t public (fices be  
put on a non-p>tisan basis & giv5 out ) 
a view solely to ! effici5cy ( !        
appo9tee4  ,su* a problem h>dly exi/$   
dur+ ! fir/ =ty ye>s ( ,am]ican         
con/itutional gov]nm5t2 (ficials 7      
appo9t$ 9 a bus9ess-l way4 ,a man 9     
(fice /ay$ !re z long z he did 8 duties 
well1 & ! adv5t ( a new p>ty 9 ! high]  
positions _h v little influ5ce on ! l[] 
ones4 ,x 0 deem$ tyranny to dismiss a   
compet5t (ficial 9 ord] to put a p>ty   
adh]5t 9 8 position4 ,! /ati/ics %[ t at
 t "t n m ?an =ty-two *anges on ! av]age
 7 made on su* political gr\nds e ye>4  
,! opposite practice fir/ arose 9 !     
cities1 & especially 9 ,new ,york1 :5ce 
x spread to ! /ate1 :]e 9 #ahah a :ole  
regim5t ( p>ty foll[]s 0 e/abli%$ 9 !   
gov]nm5t (fices ( ! /ate by ,van ,bur54 
,& "u ,presid5t ,jackson ! pr9ciple     

f9ally became adopt$ 9 ! f$]al gov]nm5t4
 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahcj1 x became an unwritt5
 law t (ficial positions %\ld be !      
spoils ( victory at ! elections & g to !
 fav\r$ p>ty4 ,p 7 aw>e t !re 0 no bett]
 way ( gett+ p>ty adh]5ts to be         
indu/ri\s ?an to promise !m positions if
 !y w\ld help ! p>ty to ga9 its victory4
 ,! reaction comm5c$ at ab\t ! middle ( 
! la/ c5tury1 closely foll[+ on a simil>
 movem5t 9 ,engl&4  ,z ! p[] ( ! ,engli%
 ,p>liam5t grew1 popul> repres5tatives  
_h dem&$ _! %>e 9 ! di/ribut+ ( (fices1 
& an obnoxi\s trad+ 9 sal>ies _h become 
preval5t4 ,:5 at la/ ! abuses became too
 frequ5t1 j be=e ! middle ( ! la/       
c5tury1 ,engl& in/itut$ (ficial         
exam9ations 9 ord] to we$ out ! obvi\sly
 unfit c&idates4 ,x 0 n really a true   
competition1 s9ce ! c&idate 0 /ill      
appo9t$ to (fice by ! politicians4 ,b ! 
exam9ation made sure ( a m9imal am\nt ( 
prop] tra9+4  ,! ,am]ican ,congress     
foll[$ ?is example dur+ ! fifties4      
,c]ta9 gr\ps ( m9or positions 7 made1 = 

:i* appo9tm5t c\ld be _h only aft] an   
exam9ation4 ,engl& n[ w5t fur!r on !    
same c\rse1 & ,am]ica foll[$ h] lead4   
,on bo? sides ( ! ocean ! insignificant 
exam9ation ( ! c&idate :o _h back+1     
became a g5]al exam9ation = all :o wi%$ 
to apply2 s t ! position came to be giv5
 to ! be/ c&idate4 ,! ,civil-,s]vice    
,commission 0 in/itut$ by ,presid5t     
,grant1 & = ?irty ye>s its b5efic5t     
influ5ce has /eadily gr[n1 & x has made 
great inroads on ! old sy/em4 ,! regul> 
politicians :o c\ld n endure be+ depriv$
 ( ! positions :i* !y wi%$ to pl$ge to  
_! campaign support]s h naturally tri$  
"t aft] "t to /em ! curr5t1 & ) "s      
success4 ,9 #ahge ,congress discont9u$ !
 sal>ies :i* _h be5 paid !              
,commission]s2 !n competitive           
exam9ations 7 giv5 up1 & 9 _! /ead s+le 
exam9ations in/itut$ = c&idates :o _h   
be5 recomm5d$ by political influ5ce4  ,b
 "h1 if any:]e1 public op9ion has be5   
/rong] ?an p>ty _s4 ,"u ,presid5t       
,hayes1 & !n "u ,g>field & ,ar?ur1 !    

competitive sy/em 0 p>tly re9/at$1 &    
:ile ! numb] ( positions :i* 7 op5 only 
to ^? :o _h successfully pass$ ! public 
exam9ations increas$1 at ! same "t !    
repreh5sible taxation ( (ficials = p>ty 
ends 0 f9ally /opp$4 ,?is did n prev5t a
 c]ta9 small] numb] ( positions f reta9+
 _! p>tisan complexion2 & ! op9ions &   
p>ty cre$ ( ^! incumb5ts cont9u$ to be  
important1 s t :5ev] "o p>ty succe$$    
ano!r1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( *ange 0 /ill     
necess>y4 ,s !re rema9 two great        
divisions ( ! public s]vice--! political
 (fices :i* ! ,presid5t fills by        
appo9tm5t 9 co-op]ation ) ! ,s5ate1 & ! 
s-call$ 8classifi$0 (fices :i* are giv5 
out on ! basis ( public exam9ations4    
,public op9ion & ! s9c]e support]s (    
civil-s]vice re=m1 among :om is         
,presid5t ,roosevelt himself1 are work+ 
all ! "t = an increase 9 ! numb] (      
classifi$ positions & a correspond+     
decrease 9 ! political gr\p4  ,! op5    
oppon5ts ( ?is movem5t1 ( :om !re are _m
 9 bo? p>ties1 are h>d at "w 9 !        

opposite direction1 & are too (t5       
support$ by ! fa9t-he>t$ fri5ds ( !     
re=m1 :o recognize its !oretical        
advantages1 b h "s practical b5efit to  
d]ive by pursu+ ! me?ods :i* !y decry4  
,!re is no d\bt t aga9 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s  
"s /eps h be5 tak5 backw>d1 & on v>i\s  
pretexts _m important positions h be5   
)drawn f ! classifi$ s]vice & re/or$ to 
,s5atorial patronage4  ,! actual        
situation is z foll[s4 ,!re are #aad1jjj
 non-classifi$ positions1 ) a total     
sal>y ( #de1jjj1jjj1 & #aba1jjj         
classifi$ positions :i* br+ a sal>y (   
#he1jjj1jjj4 ,among ! =m]1 :]e no       
competition exi/s1 ov] #gg1jjj are      
po/ma/]%ips2 !n !re are consul>1        
diplomatic1 & o!r high positions1 & a   
l>ge numb] ( places = lab\r]s4 ,9 !     
classifi$ s]vice1 !re are #ag1jjj       
positions = (ficials :o live 9 ,wa%+ton1
 #e1jjj ( :i* are 9 ! treasury4 ,!      
committees on ! commission h ab\t #djj  
diff]5t k9ds ( exam9ations to give4 ,la/
 ye> #dg1jge p]sons 7 exam9$ = admission

 to ! civil s]vice2 #ba1jjj ( ^! = !    
gov]nm5t s]vice1 #c1jjj = ! cu/oms1 &   
#ba1jjj = ! po/al s]vice4 ,!re 7 ab\t   
#a1jjj exam9ations m = advancem5ts 9    
(fice & ex*ange f "o "p ( ! s]vice to   
ano!r1 & #dci p]sons 7 exam9$ = s]vice 9
 ! ,philipp9es4 ,out ( all ^! applicants
 #cc1gci pass$ ! exam9ations1 & ( ^!    
#aa1gfd obta9$ positions :i* are !irs = 
life1 indep5d5t ( any *ange :i* may take
 place at ! ,:ite ,h\se4 ,x is a matt] (
 c\rse t ! security :i* ^! positions    
give ( life-long employm5t is ! highe/  
inc5tive to fai?ful s]vice & consci5ti\s
 & indu/ri\s lab\r4  ,! diff]5ce betwe5 
! two s]vices 0 aga9 cle>ly br\ght out 9
 ! la/ great sc&al1 :i* greatly /irr$ up
 ! f$]al adm9i/ration4 ,! ,po/-,(fice   
,dep>tm5t _h clos$ a numb] ( contracts =
 c]ta9 ut5sils f :i* c]ta9 (ficials1 or 
at lea/ _! relatives1 made consid]able  
pr(its4 ,ev]y?+ _h be5 mo/ discreetly   
hidd51 & x took an inve/igation ( sev]al
 mon?s to uncov] ! crook$ness4 ,b :5    
ev]y?+ _h come out1 x appe>$ t !        

(ficials :o 7 s]i\sly involv$ all       
belong$ to ! unclassifi$ s]vice1 :ile ! 
classifi$ s]vice ( ! ,po/-,(fice 0 f\nd 
to be an admirable example ( consci5ti\s
 & fai?ful (fice-hold+4 ,c]ta9 x is t   
su* crim9al misuse1 ev5 among !         
confid5tial positions1 is a r>e         
exception2 x is no less sure t !        
temptations are mu* great] !re4 ,a man  
:o holds (fice1 n because he is         
peculi>ly fitt$ = x1 b because he has   
be5 g5]ally useful 9 politics1 kn[+ z he
 does t ! next "t ! p>ties *ange places 
8 t]m ( (fice w be up1 w always be too  
ready to use 8 position = ! p>ty r ?an =
 ! c\ntry1 & f9ally = himself & 8       
pocket-book r ?an = 8 p>ty4  ,n[1 if    
civil-s]vice re=m is to spread or ev5 to
 take no /eps backw>d1 public op9ion mu/
 be arm$ = cont9ual battle aga9/ p>ty   
politicians4 ,b x is an insult to !     
c\ntry :51 z too (t5 happ5s1 "s "o tries
 to make x appe> t ! oppon5ts ( re=m are
 consci\sly corrupt4 ,! difficulty ( !  
problem lies j 9 ! fact t mo/ hon\rable 

motives may be upp]mo/ on bo? sides2 &  
"o has to recognize ?is1 al?\gh "o may  
be conv9c$ t ! re=m] has ! bett]        
argum5ts on 8 side4 ,! fill+ ( positions
 by p>ty adh]5ts1 z a rew>d = _!        
s]vices1 puts an extraord9>y am\nt (    
will+ lab\r at ! s]vice ( ! p>ty4 ,&    
und\bt$ly ! p>ty sy/em is necess>y 9    
,am]ica1 & dem&s = its exi/5ce j su* a  
trem5d\s am\nt ( "w4 ,! non-classifi$   
positions are to ! ,am]ican p>ty        
politicians exactly :at ! ord]s & titles
 :i* he c aw>d are to ! ,european mon>*2
 & ! dy$-9-!-wool p>ty lead] w\ld 9 all 
hone/y be glad to ?r[ ov]bo>d ! :ole    
8humbug0 ( civil-s]vice re=m1 s9ce he   
w\ld r see 8 p>ty victori\s--t is1 8    
p>ty pr9ciples ackn[l$g$ 9 high f$]al   
places--?an see 8 c\ntry s]v$ z         
economically1 fai?fully1 & ably z       
possible4 ,9 fact1 ! regul> p>ty        
politician has come to look on ! frequ5t
 %ake-up among (fice-hold]s z an ideal  
condition4 ,j z no ,presid5t c be elect$
 m ?an twice1 he conceives x to be      

uns\nd & un-,am]ican to leave an (ficial
 too long 9 any "o position4  ,! full   
significance ( ! problem comes out :5 "o
 realizes t ! same is true once m 9 !   
sep>ate /ate1 & aga9 9 e municipality4  
,! /ates & cities h _! classifi$ s]vice1
 appo9tm5t to :i* is indep5d5t ( p>ty   
allegiance1 z ( gov]nor or mayor1 & 9   
addition to ?is confid5tial positions = 
:i* ! gov]nor & legislature or ! mayor &
 city c\ncil are responsible4 ,municipal
 s]vice has attract$ an increas+ am\nt (
 public att5tion 9 rec5t ye>s1 ow+ to ! 
extremely great abuses :i* x c h>b\r4   
,fraudul5t contracts1 ! grant ( h&some  
monopolies to /reet railway1 gas1       
electric-light1 telephone1 & pi]        
companies1 ! pur*ase ( l& & mat]ial =   
public build+s1 & ! lay+ out ( new      
/reets--all ^! ?+s1 ow+ to !            
extraord9>ily rapid gr[? (              
municipalities1 af=d su* ri*            
opportunities = !ft1 & ?is c be s easily
 hidd5 f ! /ate attorney1 t frightfully 
l>ge numb]s ( unscrupul\s p h be5       

attract$ into public life4 ,& ! m t     
purely municipal politics call = a k9d (
 p>ty s]vice :i* is v little edify+ or  
int]e/+ to a g5tleman 9 frock & silk    
hat1 s mu* ! m o!r k9ds ( m5 =ce _! way 
into politics 9 l>ge cities & get       
control ( ! popul> vote1 n 9 ord] to    
support c]ta9 pr9ciples1 b to secure =  
!mselves positions f ! w9n+ p>ty1 ( :i* 
! sal>y is wor? some?+ & ! di%one/      
p]quisites may be 8wor?0 a great deal m4
 ,ev5 "h aga9 ! s]vice to ! city is n   
necess>ily bad1 & c]ta9ly n s bad z !   
sc&al-mong]+ press ( ! opposite p>ty    
g5]ally repres5ts x4 ,mo/ ( !           
(fice-hold]s are dec5t p1 :o are cont5t$
 ) ! mod]ate sal>y & mode/ social hon\r 
( _! positions4 ,nev]!less1 a good deal 
t is impure does creep 91 & ! s]vice    
w\ld be m effici5t if x c\ld be made    
indep5d5t ( ! p>ty ma*9e4 ,public op9ion
 is sure ( ?is4  ,ea* p>ty is naturally 
conv9c$ t ! greate/ blame belongs ) !   
o!r1 & 9 /rict logic "o c no m accuse "o
 p>ty ( corruption ?an ! o!r4 ,!        

,republican p>ty 9 a c]ta9 s5se :ets !  
g5]al in/9ct = gre$ m ?an ! ,democratic1
 s t its oppon5ts l to call x 8! "m (   
corruption40 ,x is a "p ( ! ,republican 
confession ( fai?1 9 consequ5ce ( its   
c5traliz+ _s1 t ! /ate _c leave ev]y?+  
to free competition1 b mu/ itself ex]t a
 regulat+ influ5ce2 ?us ! ,republican   
does n believe 9 free-trade1 & he ?9ks x
 q "r = an indu/ry or any economic      
ent]prise :i* is go+ badly1 or :i*      
fancies t x is n prosp]+ en\gh1 or :i* =
 any reason at all w\ld l to make m     
money1 to apply to ! /ate = protection1 
& to be fav\r$ at ! exp5se ( ! re/ ( !  
community4 ,! pr9ciple ( complete       
equality is "h lo/1 & ! _s ( pref]5ce1 (
 fav\rs = ! few aga9/ ! _m1 & ( !       
employm5t ( public cr$it = ! advantage (
 ! av>ici\s1 is virtually recogniz$4 ,& 
:5 ?is _s has once spread & gone ?r\gh  
all p>ty life1 !re is no way ( prev5t+ a
 situation 9 :i* e "o applies to !      
public funds = 8 own enri*m5t1 & !      
/ronge/ indu/ries secure monopolies &   

influ5ce ! legislatures 9 _! fav\r by e 
means :i* ! p>ty has at its disposal4   
,! ,democrats1 on ! o!r h&1 desire equal
 rights = all1 & free competition betwe5
 all economic ent]prises2 !y approve (  
all c5trifugal & individuali/ic         
t5d5cies4 ,& yet if ! /ate does n ex]t  
"s regulative influ5ce1 ! less moral    
elem5ts ( society w misuse _! fre$om1 & 
!y w be fre] 9 ! end ?an ! citiz5s :o   
scrupul\sly & /rictly gov]n !mselves4 ,&
 ! _s ( unre/ra9t & immorality w be ev] 
m 9 evid5ce4 ,! ,democratic p>ty w be   
=c$ to make concessions to ?is idea if x
 desires to reta9 its dom9ation ov] !   
masses1 & any "o :o fir/ beg9s to make  
concessions to individual crook$ness is 
necess>ily inoculat$4 ,?us x happ5s t 9 
! ,republican p>ty !re is a t5d5cy to   
introduce corruption f above1 & 9 !     
,democratic p>ty f bel[4  ,if 9 a l>ge  
t[n1 say1 ! ,republican p>ty is dom9ant1
 ! *ief public enemies w be ! indu/rial 
corporations1 ) _! trem5d\s means & _!  
wat]$ securities2 b if ! ,democratic    

p>ty is upp]mo/1 ! wor/ enemies w be !  
liquor deal]s1 procur]s1 & gambl]s4     
,correspond+ly1 9 ! =m] case1 ! hon\r ( 
! city c\ncil :i* closes huge contracts 
) /ock companies w succumb1 :ile 9 !    
latt] x w be ! consci5ce ( ! policeman  
on ! corn] :o pockets a little          
consid]ation :5 ! b>-keep] wants to keep
 op5 beyond ! legal h\r4 ,& s9ce !      
temptation to take small bribes are t5  
?\s& times m frequ5t ?an ! *ances =     
graft on a l>ge scale1 ! total damage to
 public morals is ab\t ! same 9 bo?     
cases4 ,b we mu/ repeat once m t ^!     
del9qu5cies are aft] all ! exception r  
?an ! rule1 & happily are = ! mo/ "p    
expiat$ beh9d ! b>s ( a p5it5ti>y4  ,mo/
 ( all1 x mu/ be insi/$ t public op9ion 
is all ! "t foll[+ up ^! excresc5ces on 
p>ty life1 & t public op9ion presses    
=w>d ye> by ye> at an absolutely sure   
pace1 & purifies ! public atmosph]e4    
,all ^! evil conditions are easy to     
*ange4 ,:5 ,frankl9 came to ,engl& he 0 
al>m$ to see :at fe>ful corruptions     

prevail$ 9 ,engli% (ficial life2 su* a  
?+ 0 unkn[n at t "t 9 ,am]ica4 ,n[      
,engl& has long ago wip$ out ! blot1 &  
,am]ica1 :i* fell into its political    
mire a half-c5tury lat]1 w soon be out  
aga9 & free2 j z x has got rid ( o!r    
nuisances4 ,e ye> br+s "s advance1 & !  
/ud5t ( ,am]ican conditions %\ld n let  
himself be deceiv$ by appe>ances4  ,on !
 surface1 = in/ance1 ! la/ mayoralty    
election 9 ,new ,york ,city w\ld seem to
 indicate a d[nw>d t5d5cy4 ,new ,york   
two ye>s previ\sly _h turn$ out !       
sc&al\s ,tammany ,hall gang ) ,van ,wyck
 & 8 brutal extortioni/1 ,*ief ( ,police
 ,dev]y1 by a non-p>tisan alliance ( all
 dec5t p 9 ! city4 ,new ,york _h elect$ 
by a h&some majority ,se? ,l[1 !        
,presid5t ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 to be 
its mayor1 & !reby _h in/at$ ! pr9ciple 
t1 ! be/ municipal gov]nm5t mu/ use only
 bus9ess me?ods & be indep5d5t (        
political p>ties4 ,se? ,l[ 0 support$ by
 di/+ui%$ re=m]s 9 bo? p>ties1 & 0      
brilliantly successful 9 plac+ ! entire 

city gov]nm5t on a di/9ctly high] level4
 ,! public s*ools1 ! g5]al hygi5e1 !    
highways1 & ! police =ce 7 all ?or\ghly 
cleans$ ( impure elem5ts & re=m$ )\t    
reg>d to p>ty1 on ! pure/ & mo/         
bus9ess-l pr9ciple4  ,& !n came ! day = 
ano!r election4 ,once m ! indep5d5t     
vot]s1 includ+ ! be/ m5 9 bo? p>ties1 ! 
intellectual lead]s & ! socially dom9ant
 =ces ( ! city1 7 b&$ toge!r aga9 to    
save _! city ( ?ree million inhabitants 
f p>ty politics1 & to insure by _!      
co-op]ation a cont9uance ( ! hone/1     
bus9ess-l adm9i/ration4 ,!y made ,se?   
,l[ _! c&idate aga92 he 0 oppos$ by     
,mc,clellan1 ! c&idate ( ,tammany ,hall1
 ! p>ty :i* l\dly decl>es t 8,to !      
victors belong ! spoils10 & t ! ?\s&s ( 
municipal (fices are to be ! prey ( p>ty
 adh]5ts4 ,?is 0 ! c&idate ( ! p>ty :i* 
admitt$ t all ! hopes ( ! wor/          
prolet>iat1 ( pro/itution & vagabondage1
 dep5d$ on its success2 ! c&idate ( a   
p>ty :i* decl>$ t x w\ld ev]y:]e rek9dle
 ! 8r$ light10 t x w\ld n en=ce !       

unpopul> temp]ance laws1 & t x w\ld     
leave ! city 8wide op540 ,on ! day (    
election #bea1jjj votes 7 ca/ = ,mayor  
,l[1 b #cac1jjj = ,colonel ,mc,clellan4 
,n[1 does ?is really indicate t !       
majority ( ! city ( ,new ,york consi/s (
 gambl]s1 extortion]s1 & crim9als8 ,"o  
:o read ! ,republican campaign lit]ature
 issu$ be=e ! election might suppose s4 
,aft] read+ on e /reet corn] & f5ce & on
 giant bann]s ! campaign cry1 8,vote =  
,l[ & keep ! graft]s out10 "o might ?9k 
t #cjj1jjj pick-pockets _h unit$ to =ce 
out a clean adm9i/ration & to place     
corruption on ! ?rone4 ,b on look+ m    
closely at ! situation "o mu/ see t no  
su* ?+ 0 9 "q4 ,se? ,l[ _h furni%$ a    
clean adm9i/ration1 yet n a p]fect "o1 &
 8 mi/akes _h s s]i\sly disaffect$ _m   
citiz5s t !y w\ld r endure ! corruption 
( ,tammany ,hall ?an ! brusqu5ess &     
v>i\s aggravations :i* ?reat5$ f 8 side4
  ,( ^! grievances1 a typical "o 0 !    
limitation ( ,g]man in/ruction 9 !      
public s*ools4 ,f ! p$agogical po9t (   

view1 ?is 0 n :olly wrong2 & lead+      
educationi/s1 ev5 ,g]man ones1 _h       
recomm5d$ ! /ep4 ,b at ! same "t ! great
 ,g]man population 0 bitt]ly (f5d$1 & ! 
:ole discussions ( ! s*ool bo>d _h ang]$
 ! ,g]man citiz5s en\gh to cool (f      
consid]ably _! en?usiasm = re=m4 ,!n on 
top ( ?is1 ,l['s adm9i/ration _h        
rigor\sly en=c$ c]ta9 laws ( ,sunday    
obs]vance :i* ! ,g]man "p ( ! population
 cordially hat$4 ,"h1 too1 ,mayor ,l[ 0 
und\bt$ly "r2 he 0 en=c+ ! law2 b :5 two
 ye>s previ\sly he _h wi%$ to w9 ov] !  
,g]man vote1 he _h promis$ m ?an he c\ld
 fulfill4 ,b1 mo/ ( all1 ,se? ,l[ 0     
socially an ari/ocrat1 :o _h no common  
feel+ ) ! masses2 & :5ev] he spoke 9    
popul> assemblies he display$ no        
magnetism4 ,e "o felt too ke5ly t he    
look$ d[n on !m f 8 exalt$ social       
height4  ,aga9/ him 7 ! ,tammany p1 (   
:om at lea/ "o ?+ mu/ be said3 !y "k ! p
 & _! ne$s4 ,!y h gr[n up among ! p4 ,9 
contra/ to _m a ,republican up/>t :o1   
accord+ to ! ,european fa%ion1 is s]vile

 to 8 sup]iors & h>% ) 8 inf]iors1 ^!   
,tammany m5 are h>% to _! sup]iors--t   
is1 !y %ake ! n]ves ( ! m ref9$--b are  
s]vile be=e ! masses & comply ) e wi%4  
,& mo/ ( all1 !y are really ! fri5ds ( !
 populace1 s9c]ely true & helpful to x4 
,moreov]1 j ^! great masses h m to suff]
 "u a good adm9i/ration ?an "u ! corrupt
 gov]nm5t :i* lets e "o d z he likes4   
,^! p d n notice t ! /rict1 hygi5ic     
adm9i/ration r$uc$ ! dea?-rate & ! li/ (
 casualties1 & improv$ ! public s*ools2 
b !y notice :5 = su* improvem5ts !y h to
 pay a c5t m 9 taxation1 or h to put    
saf] /aircases or fire-escapes on _!    
h\ses1 or to ab&on tott]+ /ructures1 or 
if !y are n all[$ to beg )\t a p]mit1 or
 are =bidd5 to ?r[ refuse 9 ! /reets4 ,9
 %ort1 ^! p notice a slight exp5se or an
 insignificant prohibition1 & d n see t 
9 ! end !y are greatly b5efit$4 ,& s1 :5
 ! day ( reckon+ comes1 :5 ! election   
campaigns are f\ght1 9 :i* di/+ui%$     
re=m]s deliv] s*ol>ly addresses on !    
advantages ( a non-p>tisan adm9i/ration 

:ile ! c&idates ( ! p excite !m )       
promises t !y %all be free f all ^!     
oppressive burd5s--x is no wond] t ,se? 
,l[ is n return$ to ! ,city ,hall1 & t  
,mc,clellan1 :o by ! way is a highly    
educat$ & cultur$ politician1 is entru/$
 ) ! city gov]nm5t4  ,su* an outcome is 
n a triumph = vice & di%on\r4 ,9 two    
ye>s ! re=m]s w probably conqu] aga91   
s9ce e adm9i/ration makes its enemies & 
s excites opposition4 ,b !re c be no    
d\bt t ev5 on ?is occasion public       
op9ion1 ) its desire to re=m1 has       
triumph$1 al?\gh ! (ficial fri5ds ( re=m
 7 outdone2 su* a man z ! =m] ,*ief (   
,police1 ,dev]y1 w be impossible 9 !    
future4 ,public op9ion sees to x t :5 ! 
two p>ties /& 9 opposition ! fight is   
f\ght ea* successive "t on a high]      
level4 ,& ,tammany ( to-day z comp>$ ) !
 ,tammany ( ye>s gone by is ! be/       
evid5ce = ! victory ( public op9ion & ! 
re=m]s4                                 
,,*apt] ,,t5                            
,ext]nal ,political ,problems   ,!      

attitude ( ,am]ica 9 int]national       
affairs c h>dly be ref]r$ to any "o     
special trait ( m9d4 ,if "o 7 to seek a 
simple =mula1 "o w\ld h to recognize 9 x
 a c]ta9 anti!sis ( mood2 an opposition 
:i* "o enc\nt]s 9 ! ,am]ican p "u ! mo/ 
v>i$ circum/ances1 & :i* p]haps dep5ds  
on ! fact t x is a p :i* has develop$ an
 entirely new culture1 al?\gh on ! basis
 ( ! high culture ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,:5 we  
come to speak ( ,am]ican intellectual   
life we %all h aga9 to consid] ?is      
extraord9>y comb9ation ( traits4 ,! p   
are y\?ful & yet mature2 !y are fre%] & 
m spontane\s ?an ^? ( o!r mature        
nations1 & wis] & m mature ?an ^? ( o!r 
y\?ful nations2 & ?us x is t 9 !        
attitude ( ! ,am]icans t[>d =eign       
affairs ! love ( peace & ! delight 9 w> 
comb9e to make a contra/ :i* has r>ely  
be5 se54 ,d\btless !re is an app>5t     
contradiction "h1 b ?is contradiction is
 ! hi/orical m>k ( ! national ,am]ican  
temp]am5t2 & x is n to be suppos$ t !   
contradiction is solv$ by ascrib+ ^!    

div]se op9ions to div]se elem5ts 9 !    
population1 by say+1 = in/ance1 t "o    
gr\p ( citiz5s is m w>like1 ano!r m     
peaceable2 t p]haps ! love ( ho/ile     
int]f]5ce spr+s f ! easily excit$       
masses1 :ile ! love ( peace is to be    
s\ght 9 _! m ?\ghtful lead]s1 or t      
p]haps1 on ! o!r h&1 ! masses are       
peaceably indu/ri\s :ile _! lead]s draw 
!m into w>4  ,su* is n at all ! case4   
,!re is n any su* contra/ betwe5 !      
masses & ! classes2 p]sonal diff]5ces ( 
op9ion !re are & "s individuals are m   
volatile ?an o!rs1 b ! craze = expansion
 9 its newe/ =m f9ds /rong support]s &  
viol5t oppon5ts 9 all p>ties &          
occupations4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature  
is1 t j ^? :o %[ ! love = w> mo/        
en]getically are none ! less conc]n$1 & 
mo/ e>ne/ly s1 = ! advance ( peace4     
,presid5t ,roosevelt is ! mo/ /rik+     
example ( ! pr(\nd comb9ation ( ^!      
oppos+ t5d5cies 9 "o human brea/4  ,e   
movem5t t[>d peace1 9 fact e            
int]national attempt t[>d do+ away ) !  

horrors ( w>1 has f\nd 9 ! ,new ,_w !   
mo/ jeal\s & en?usia/ic support]s2 :5ev]
 two nations h come to bl[s ! sympa?ies 
( ! ,am]icans h always be5 on ! side ( !
 weak] nation1 no matt] :i* seem$ to be 
! side ( ju/ice4 ,& ! m]e circum/ance t 
two nations h gone to w> puts ! /rong]  
p[] 9 a bad light 9 ! eyes ( ,am]ica4   
,! nation has gr[n /rong by peaceful    
indu/ry2 its greate/ /r5g? has la9 9    
trade & ! arts1 its be/ population has  
come across ! ocean 9 ord] to escape !  
milit>y burd5s ( ,europe2 & ! policy ( !
 f\nd]s ( ! ,republic1 n[ become a      
tradition1 0 always to hold alo( f any  
deal+s ) ! qu>relsome cont95t ( ,europe4
 ,dur+ ! %ort "t ( its exi/5ce1 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates has settl$ =ty-n9e int]national 
disputes 9 a peaceable c\rt (           
arbitration1 & (t5times ^! h be5 9      
extremely important matt]s2 & ,am]ica   
has be5 a p>ty 9 ov] half ( ! disputes  
:i* h be5 settl$ be=e a c\rt (          
arbitration 9 rec5t times4 ,am]ica 0 an 
important p>ticipant 9 ! f\nd+ ( !      

,peace ,tribunal at ,! ,hague4 ,:5      
negotiations = t tribunal ?reat5$ to be 
fru/rat$ by ! oppos+ nations ( ,europe1 
! ,am]ican gov]nm5t s5t its             
repres5tatives to ! v c5tre ( !         
opposition1 & won a victory = ! side (  
peace4  ,x is almo/ a matt] ( c\rse t x 
is ! munific5t gift ( an ,am]ican :i*   
has erect$ a palace at ,! ,hague = ?is  
int]national ,peace ,tribunal4 ,:ile !  
,european nations are groan+ "u ! burd5 
( _! /&+ armies1 & are weak5$ by w>s ov]
 religi\s matt]s or ! succession (      
dyna/ies1 happy ,am]ica kn[s no?+ ( ?is2
 h] pride is ! fre$om ( h] citiz5s1 h]  
battles are f\ght out at ! ballot-box4  
,! disputes betwe5 sects & royal h\ses  
are unkn[n 9 ! ,new ,_w2 its only       
neighb\rs are two oceans on ! ea/ & we/1
 & on ! nor? & s\? good fri5ds4 ,no end 
( progress rema9s to be made1 b ev]y?+  
works toge!r "u ! protection ( !        
,am]ican ,con/itution to produce a      
spl5did home 9 ! ,new ,_w = peace4      
,am]ica is ! "o _w p[] :i* makes =      

peace2 & x w only dep5d on ! future gr[?
 ( ?is nation1 :i* has be5 orda9$ to    
become su* an example1 :e!r ! idea (    
peace w f9ally prevail ?r\gh\t ! _w ov] 
! immoral settlem5t ( disputes by m]e   
=ce ( arms4  ,all ?is is n m]ely !      
programme ( a p>ty or ( a gr\p ( p1 b ! 
confession ( fai? ( e ,am]ican4 ,!      
,am]ican f9ds no problem "h1 s9ce none  
w\ld dispute ! cont5tion4 ,x has all    
impress$ itself s fully on !            
consci\sness ( ! ,am]ican p t x gives to
 ! :ole nation a feel+ ( moral          
sup]iority4 ,nor is ?is m]ely ! pa?os   
utt]$ 9 moral orations2 x is !          
conviction ) :i* e *ild gr[s up & ) :i* 
e f>m] goes to 8 pl\gh1 e artisan &     
m]*ant to 8 ma*9e & desk1 & ! ,presid5t 
to 8 executive *amb]4 ,& ?is conviction 
is s admirable t x has always be5       
contagi\s1 & all ,europe has become q   
accu/om$ to consid]+ ! ,republic across 
! wat] z ! firme/ p>tisan ( peace4 ,!   
,republic has 9 fact be5 ?is1 is n[1 &  
always w be s2 :ile ! riddle is--h[ x c 

be su* a fri5d ( peace :5 x 0 conceiv$ 9
 w>1 has settl$ its mo/ s]i\s problems  
by w>1 has gone to w> aga9 & aga91 has  
almo/ play$ ) decl>ations ( w>1 is at w>
 to-day1 & presumably w be at w> _m     
times aga94  ,! ,spani% w> has %[n      
cle>ly to ,european onlook]s ! o!r side 
( ! %ield1 & _m h at once conclud$ t !  
boa/$ ,am]ican love ( peace has be5 f ! 
fir/ a gr& hypocrisy1 t at lea/ "u      
,mc,kinley's adm9i/ration an entirely   
new _s _h sudd5ly seiz$ ! ,new ,_w4 ,b  
,mc,kinley's pr$ecessor1 ,clevel&1 9 !  
disputes aris+ betwe5 ,engl& &          
,v5ezuela1 _h wav$ ! sabre until x hiss$
 s l\dly t x 0 n at all due to !        
,am]ican love ( peace b r to ,engl&'s   
preoccupation 9 ! ,transvaal :i* prev5t$
 ! ,presid5t's message & ! national love
 ( int]f]5ce f /irr+ up a w>4 ,& x is n[
 sev]al ye>s s9ce ! successor (         
,mc,kinley mov$ into ! ,:ite ,h\se1 yet 
,mc,kinley's w> is /ill go+ on2 = al?\gh
 a w> has nev] be5 (ficially decl>$ 9 ! 
,philipp9es1 w> seems ! only correct "n 

= ! condition :i* !re prevails4  ,?is   
,philipp9e "q is a real political       
problem4 ,t ,am]ica is to s]ve ! int]e/s
 ( peace is c]ta92 e "o is agre$ on t2 &
 ! great majority ( ! p 0 also          
en?usia/ically 9 fav\r ( end+ ! ,spani% 
misrule 9 ,cuba4 ,b ! same is n true ( !
 w> 9 ! ,philipp9es1 & becomes less true
 e day4 ,! en?usia/s h subsid$1 ! masses
 h become indiff]5t1 :ile ! politicians 
c>ry on ! discussion2 & s9ce x is a "q (
 motives :i* _c be put aside = ! pres5t1
 & :i* at any "t may s excite ! nation z
 to become ! c5tre ( political          
discussion1 x is well wor? :ile to look 
m fully into ^! po9ts4  ,! imp]iali/s   
say t ! ev5ts 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean h     
foll[$ exactly ! traditions ( ! l&2 t   
expansion has always be5 a fundam5tal   
in/9ct ( ! nation2 t its :ole developm5t
 %[s t f ! day :5 ! ,union 0 f\nd$ x    
comm5c$ to increase its t]ritory4 ,!    
trem5d\s expansion ga9$ by ! pur*ase (  
,l\isiana 0 foll[$ by ! annexation (    
,florida1 & /ill lat] by t ( ! great    

tract call$ ,texas4 ,9 ! w> ) ,mexico ! 
region betwe5 ,texas & ,cali=nia 0      
acquir$4 ,alaska 0 next ga!r$ 94 ,! n>r[
 /rip orig9ally occupi$ by ! ,?irte5    
,/ates became a huge c\ntry )9 a c5tury1
 & ?us ! nation simply rema9s true to   
its traditions 9 /ret*+ out ov] ! ocean 
& c>ry+ ! ,/>s & ,/ripes t[>d ,asia4    
,to ?is ! anti-imp]iali/s reply1 on !   
contr>y1 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates is repudiat+ 
an hon\rable hi/ory & trampl+ d[n t :i* 
has be5 sacr$ = c5turies4 ,= if !re has 
be5 any und]ly+ pr9ciple at all to guide
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 mom5ts ( p]plexity1 x
 has be5 a firm fai? 9 ! rights ( p to  
gov]n !mselves4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has    
nev] ex*ang$ or acquir$ a foot ( l& )\t 
! cons5t ( ^? :o dwelt !reon4 ,:]e su*  
l&s h held no?+ b ! scatt]$ dwell+s (   
isolat$ coloni/s !re exi/$ no national  
cons5t to be consult$1 & :]e !re 7 no p 
no national self-gov]nm5t c\ld come 9   
"q2 nei!r ,l\isiana1 ,cali=nia1 nor     
,alaska 0 settl$ by a real nation1 &    
,texas _h ( itself decid$ to become     

indep5d5t ( ,mexico4 ,b ! ,philipp9es   
are inhabit$ by t5 million p1 ) /rik+   
national traits & an organiz$ w2 & !    
,unit$ ,/ates1 = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 n[ 
misuses its /r5g? by oppress+ ano!r     
nation & =c+ its own w on a pro/rate p4 
,n[ ! imp]iali/s reply !y d n mean at   
all to dispute ! "r ( self-gov]nm5t1 a  
pr9ciple on :i* ! greatness ( our nation
 is f\nd$4 ,b x is a n>r[ & absurd      
conception ( self-gov]nm5t :i* reg>ds e 
p1 h[ev] backw>d & unruly1 capable !re(1
 & div9ely privileg$ to misrule itself4 
,! "r ( self-gov]nm5t mu/ be des]v$2 x  
is ! highe/ possession ( civiliz$       
nations1 & !y h e>n$ x by lab\r &       
self-discipl9e4 ,! ,am]icans d]ive _! "r
 to gov]n !mselves f ! toil ( ?irty     
g5]ations4 ,! ,filip9os h /ill to be    
educat$ up to su* a plane4 ,to ?is !    
anti-imp]iali/s enquire1 ,is t to be    
call$ education :i* subdues1 l rebels1 a
 p desir\s ( fre$om8 ,are y help+ ^? p  
by s5d+ soldi]s to ass]t y\r sov]eignty8
  ,& ! imp]iali/s reply aga9 t we h     

suffici5tly %[n1 9 ! case ( ,cuba1 h[   
s]i\sly we take our moral obligations   
t[>d weak] peoples4 ,:5 we _h done away 
by =ce ( arms ) all ,spani% dom9ation 9 
,am]ica1 & _h ,cuba q 9 our p[]1 all    
,europe 0 conv9c$ t we %\ld nev] relax  
our hold1 & t ! w> w\ld result simply 9 
a m]e annexation ( ! ri* isl&2 9 %ort1 t
 we %\ld pursue a typical ,european     
policy4 ,b we h %[n ! _w t ,am]ica does 
n s5d h] sons to battle m]ely =         
aggr&izem5t1 b only 9 a moral cause2 j z
 we dem&$ ( ! conqu]$ ,spani>ds no      
indemnity1 s we h made a g5]al sacrifice
 = ,cuba4 ,we h lab\r$ tirelessly = !   
hygi5e & ! education ( ! isl&1 h /r5g!n$
 its trade & awak5$ to new life ! c\ntry
 :i* _h be5 desolat$ by ,spani% misrule1
 &1 hav+ f9i%$ ! "w1 we h re/or$ to     
,cuba h] fre$om & h] "r ( self-gov]nm5t2
 & we recognize t we owe a simil> duty  
to ! ,philipp9es4 ,we h n s\ght to obta9
 ^? isl&s4 ,at ! outset ( ! w> no       
,am]ican =esaw t ! isl& k+dom 9 !       
tropics1 t5 ?\s& miles away1 w\ld fall  

into our h&s2 b :5 ! *a9 ( ev5ts br\ght 
x ab\t1 we c\ld n escape ! call ( duty4 
,7 we to leave ! discont5t$ ,philipp9e  
population once m to ! cruelty ( _!     
,spani% ma/]s1 or 7 we to displace !    
,spani>ds & !n leave ! wild race ( !    
isl&s to _! own an>*y1 & ?us invoke su* 
int]nal ho/ilities z w\ld aga9 wipe out 
all ! beg9n+s :i* _h be5 made t[>d      
culture8 ,0 x n r our duty to protect ^?
 :o turn$ to u1 aga9/ ! v5geance ( _!   
enemies1 & be=e all else to e/abli% ord]
 & quietude8 ,! anti-imp]iali/s         
retort--! quietude ( a grave-y>d4 ,if   
,am]ica's policy _h be5 truly unselfi%1 
x %\ld h made e prep>ation = deal+ ) !  
,philipp9es z x _h dealt ) ,cuba2 in/ead
 ( fight+ ) ! ,filip9os we %\ld at once 
h co-op]at$ ) ,agu9aldo & s5t ov] a     
civil in/ead ( a milit>y regim5t4 ,nor  
is ! _w deceiv$ into suppos+ t our boa/$
 civil rule 9 ! ,philipp9es is any?+ m  
?an a "n1 us$ 9 ord] some:at to pacify !
 s5tim5tali/s ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates2   
:ile 9 reality our rule is a milit>y "o1

 & ! small success ( a few well-mean+   
civil (ficials m]ely di/racts ! _w's    
att5tion f ! con/ant outbreaks ( w>4 ,we
 h n work$ f ! po9t ( view ( !          
,philipp9es1 b f t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4   
,! imp]iali/s answ] t x is no disgrace  
to h be5 patriotic to our ,fa!rl&2 !    
national hon\r requires u1 inde$1 to    
rema9 = ! pres5t 9 ! ,philipp9es1 & n to
 take d[n ! flag :i* we h hoi/$ s       
triumphantly4 ,we %\ld n flee be=e a few
 disaffect$ races liv+ 9 ^? isl&s4 ,!n !
 o!r side replies1 y h n protect$ !     
hon\r ( y\r nation1 b y h work$ its     
disgrace4 ,! hon\r ( ,am]ica has be5 !  
moral /atus ( its army2 x 0 ,am]ica's   
boa/ t its army _h nev] lo/ ! respect ( 
an enemy1 & t x _h held /rictly alo( f e
 unnecess>y cruelty4 ,b ,am]ica has     
le>n$ a diff]5t lesson 9 ! ,philipp9es1 
& su* a "o z all ?\ghtful p]sons h      
=ese52 = :5 a nation accu/om$ to a      
temp]ate climate goes to ! tropics to w>
 ) wild races :i* h gr[n up 9 cruelty & 
! love ( rev5ge1 x necess>ily =gets its 

moral /&>ds1 & gives free re9 to ! l[e/ 
& wor/ t is 9 x4 ,! ,am]ican =ces h     
le>n$ !re1 to _! disgrace1 to conqu] by 
deception & trick]y2 to be cruel &      
rev5geful1 & s return torture = torture4
  ,!n ! imp]iali/s say t ?is is n a "q (
 ! army :i* 0 l&$ 9 ! tropical isl&s1 b 
( ! :ole ,am]ican p1 :i* und]took new   
duties & responsibilities = ! isl&s1 &  
wi%$ to try1 n only its milit>y1 b also 
its political1 economic1 & social p[]s  
along new l9es4 ,a p also mu/ gr[ & h   
its high] aspirations4 ,! y\?ful p]iod (
 ! ,am]ican nation is ov]2 manhood has  
arriv$1 :5 new & dang]\s                
responsibilities h to be assum$4 ,to ?is
 ! anti-imp]iali/s reply1 t a nation is 
surely n gr[+ morally :5 x gives up !   
pr9ciples :i* h always be5 its sole     
moral /r5g?4 ,if x gives up believ+ 9 ! 
fre$om ( e nation & c>ries on a w> (    
subjugation1 x has r5\nc$ all moral     
developm5t1 & in/ead ( gr[+ x beg9s     
int]nally to decay4 ,b ?is1 ! imp]iali/s
 say1 is absurd--s9ce1 outw>dly1 at     

lea/1 we are /eadily gr[+2 our          
reputation be=e o!r nations is increas+ 
) our milit>y developm5t2 we h become a 
p[]ful factor 9 ! p[]s ( ! _w1 & our    
,philipp9e policy %[s t our navy c      
conqu] ev5 9 remote p>ts ( ! e>?1 & t 9 
! future ,am]ica w be a p[] to reckon ) 
ev]y:]e4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 say ! o!rs1  
our nation held a /rong position s long 
z1 9 accordance ) ! ,monroe ,doctr9e1 x 
0 able to keep any ,european p[] f gett+
 a foo?old on ! ,am]ican cont95ts1 & s  
long z we made ! "r ( self-gov]nm5t a   
fundam5tal pr9ciple ( our int]national  
politics4 ,b ! in/ant we adopt$ a policy
 ( conque/ & assum$ ! "r to subjugate   
inf]ior peoples because our armies 7 !  
/rong]1 ! ,monroe ,doctr9e became at    
once & = ! fir/ "t an empty phrase1 if n
 a piece ( arrogance4 ,we are no bett]  
?an ! next nation2 we h no "r to prev5t 
o!rs f act+ l ourselves1 & we h         
sacrific$ our /rong position1 & %all be 
l$ f w> to w>1 & ! =tunes ( w> are      
always unc]ta94  ,! imp]iali/s reply    

some:at m temp]ately3--,ah1 b ! new     
isl&s w contribute v mu* to our trade4  
,_! possession means ! beg9n+ ( a       
comm]cial policy :i* w put ! :ole       
,pacific ,ocean at ! disposal ( !       
,am]ican m]*ant4 ,:o c =esee :at        
trem5d\s developm5ts may come f avail+  
ourselves ( regions ly+ s advantage\sly8
 ,:5 ,congress 9 #ahjc />t$ to buy !    
great ,prov9ce ( ,l\isiana f ,france1   
!re 7 also n>r[-m9d$ prote/s4 ,at t "t1 
too1 anti-imp]iali/s & fanatics became  
excit$1 & said t x 0 money ?r[n away2 ! 
l& w\ld nev] be populat$4 ,:ile to-day1 
a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ! _w prep>es to     
celebrate ! anniv]s>y ( ! pur*ase (     
,l\isiana by a magnific5t exposition at 
,/4 ,l\is--a transaction :i* has meant =
 ! c\ntry a trem5d\s ga9 9 weal? &      
culture4 ,am]ica is de/9$ to be !       
mi/ress ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & z soon z 
! canal is built across ! i/hmus !      
economic importance ( ! ,philipp9es w   
appe> m cle>ly e day4 ,! anti-imp]iali/s
 d5y ?is4 ,! f9ancial /atem5t ( ! entire

 w> ) ,spa9 to ! pres5t mom5t %[s t     
#fjj1jjj1jjj h be5 wa/$ & t5 ?\s& "y m5 
sacrific$ )\t any advantage be+ s mu* z 
9 sight4 ,:]eto ! imp]iali/s            
reply3--,!re are o!r advantages4 ,w> is 
a tra9+4 ,! be/ ?+ :i* ! nation c w9 is 
n ri*es1 b /r5g?2 & 9 ! v prosp]ity (   
,am]ica ! weak5+ effect ( luxury is     
greatly to be fe>$4 ,! n]ves ( ! nation 
are /eel$ 9 ! s*ool ( w>1 & its muscles 
h>d5$4 ,b ! o!r side says t our         
civilization requires ?\s&s ( h]oic de$s
 ( ! mo/ div]se k9ds1 m ?an x ne$s ^? ( 
! field ( battle2 & t ! ,am]ican doctr9e
 ( peace is mu* bett] adapt$ to /r5g!n !
 moral c\rage ( ! nation & to /imulate x
 ?an ! mod]n tra9+ ( w>1 :i*1 9 ! end1  
is only a "q ( exp5diture & sci5ce4 ,:at
 we *iefly ne$ is s]i\s & moral         
republican virtue4 ,! incitem5ts t[>d   
acquisition & ! _s ( w>1 on ! o!r h&1   
de/roy ! _s ( our democracy1 & bre$     
un-,am]ican1 autocratic ambitions4 ,w>  
/r5g!ns ! bl9d fai? ( ! lead]s 9 _! own 
dictatorial sup]iority1 & s annihilates 

! feel+ ( indep5d5ce & responsibility 9 
! individual2 & ?is is j ! way = !      
nation to lose its moral & political    
integrity4 ,! true patriotism :i* our   
y\? ought to le>n is n f\nd 9 noisy     
j+oism1 b 9 ! sil5t fidelity to !       
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce ( our fa!rs4  
,?us ! op9ions are wag$ aga9/ "o ano!r1 
& s !y w cont9ue to be4 ,we mu/         
emphasize m]ely aga9 & aga9 t t majority
 :i* to-day is on ! side ( ! imp]iali/s 
believes at ! same "t en?usia/ically 9 !
 int]national movem5t = peace1 & q      
dis9t]e/$ly fav\rs1 z f> z possible1 !  
idea ( ! peace tribunal4 ,mo/ ( all1 !  
treatm5t ( ,cuba c]tifies to ! hon\rable
 & peaceful t5d5cies ( ! dom9ant p>ty4  
,t :i* 0 done "u ,wood's adm9i/ration = 
! hygi5e ( a c\ntry :i* _h always be5   
/rick5 ) yell[ fev]1 = ! s*ool &        
judicial sy/ems ( t un=tunate p1 is     
rem>kable2 & ! read9ess ) :i* ! new     
republic 0 aft]w>d recogniz$1 & ) :i*1  
f9ally1 by special treaties ext5sive    
t>iff r$uctions 7 made to a p really    

dep5d5t on trade ) ,am]ica1 makes "o ( !
 mo/ hon\rable pages 9 ,am]ican hi/ory4 
,& all ?is happ5$ ?r\gh ! initiative (  
^! same m5 ^: ,philipp9e policy has be5 
/yl$ 9 ! ,s5ate ,napoleonic4 ,?us ! fact
 rema9s t !re is an almo/ inexplicable  
mixture 9 ! ,am]ican nature ( ju/ice &  
covetiv5ess1 consci5ce & indiff]5ce1    
love ( peace & love ( w>4  ,! late/     
phase 9 expansion has be5 t[>d ! s\?4   
,am]ica has assum$ control ( ,panama4   
,con/itutionally1 ! case is some:at     
diff]5t "h4 ,panama belong$ to !        
,republic ( ,colombia1 & :5 ! gov]nm5t (
 ,colombia1 :i* conducts itself = ! mo/ 
"p l ! k+ & 8 advis]s 9 a comic op]a1   
tri$ to extort m money ?an 0 ?\ght j f  
,wa%+ton be=e x w\ld sign ! treaty giv+ 
! ,unit$ ,/ates a "r to build a canal   
?r\gh ,panama1 & at fir/ pret5d$ to     
decl9e ! treaty altoge!r1 a revolution  
broke out 9 ! "p ( ! c\ntry :i* 0 *iefly
 affect$4 ,panama decl>$ itself an      
indep5d5t /ate1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates       
recogniz$ its claim to indep5d5ce1 &    

conclud$ ! canal treaty1 n ) ,colombia1 
b ) ! up/>t gov]nm5t ( ,panama4 ,?is 0  
really "p & p>cel ( ! g5]al imp]iali/ic 
movem5t4 ,we ne$ n ask :e!r ! ,am]ican  
gov]nm5t enc\rag$ ,panama to sec$e2 x   
c]ta9ly did no?+ ( ! sort (ficially1    
al?\gh x is p]fectly c]ta9 t ! h&ful ( p
 9 ,panama w\ld n h _h ! slighte/ *ance 
( escap+ unpuni%$ by ,colombia if x _h n
 be5 = ,am]ican protection2 inde$1 x    
seem$ to feel sure be=eh& t ! ,unit$    
,/ates w\ld keep ,colombia at bay4 ,& 9 
fact1 ! baby republic 0 recogniz$ ) all 
! spe$ ( telegraph & cable1 & ! treaty 0
 sign$ be=e ,panama _h become q aw>e (  
its own indep5d5ce2 :ile at ! same "t   
,colombia's endeav\r to br+ ! rebelli\s 
di/rict into l9e 0 suppress$ ) all !    
au?ority ( h] mighty neighb\r4  ,x is n 
to be d5i$ t ?is transaction call$ into 
play new pr9ciples ( int]national       
politics2 nor c x be excus$ on ! gr\nd t
 new gov]nm5ts h be5 quickly recogniz$  
be=e4 ,nev] be=e _h ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
decl>$ a rebellion successful s long z !

 old gov]nm5t /ill /ood1 & ! new "o 0   
able to hold out only by virtue ( !     
int]f]5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates itself4 ,x  
is to be admitt$ t ?is 0 an imp]iali/ic 
innovation1 z 0 ! subjugation ( !       
,filip9os4 ,b we %\ld n be s n>r[ z to  
condemn a pr9ciple because x is new4    
,all pa/ hi/ory makes ! expansion (     
,am]ican influ5ce necess>y2 ! same =ces 
:i* make a /ate great cont9ue to "w     
?r\gh its lat] hi/ory4 ,am]ica mu/ keep 
on 9 its ext5sion1 & if ! me?ods by :i* 
! pres5t nations gr[ are necess>ily     
diff]5t f ^? by :i* ! little ,union 0   
able to /ret* out into un9habit$ regions
 a hundr$ ye>s ago1 !n1 ( c\rse1 !      
expansion ( ! tw5tie? c5tury mu/ take on
 o!r =ms ?an x _h 9 ! n9ete5?4 ,b       
expansion itself _c /op1 nor c x be     
alt]$ by m]e citations f ! ,decl>ation (
 ,indep5d5ce1 or po9t+s to ! petty      
traditions ( prov9cial days4 ,! fight   
:i* ! anti-imp]iali/s are wag+ is       
?or\ghly ju/ifi$ 9 s f> z x is a fight  
aga9/ c]ta9 outgr[?s ( su* expansion :i*

 h appe>$ 9 ! ,philipp9es1 & mo/ ( all  
:5 x is aga9/ ! loss to ! ,republic1    
?r\gh expansion1 ( its moral pr9ciples &
 ( its f9] & deep] feel+s ?r\gh !       
intoxication ( p[]4 ,b ! fight is       
hopeless if x is wag$ aga9/ expansion   
itself4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is   
m>k$ out4                    99       99
       99       99       99  ,x requires
 no special gift ( prophecy to po9t out 
t ! next expansion w be t[>d ! nor?4 ,j 
z ! relations 9 ,panama 7 fairly obvi\s 
a half ye> be=e ! cata/rophe came1 !    
suspicion _c be n[ put by t at a "t n f>
 h5ce ! ,/>s & ,/ripes w wave 9 !       
nor?we/]n "p ( ,canada1 & t !re too !   
,unit$ ,/ates w be unwill+ to l[] its   
flag4  ,a newspap] is publi%$ 9 ,bo/on  
:i* ann\nces e day1 at ! top ( ! page1 9
 bold type1 t x is ! fir/ duty ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates to annex ,canada4 ,on !   
o!r h&1 "o he>s ! op9ion t no?+ c\ld be 
worse = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an to receive  
?is imm5se1 ?9ly populat$ t]ritory ev5 z
 a gift4 ,!re are ! same diff]5ces (    

op9ion on ! o!r side ( ! b\nd>y2 "s say 
t ! ,canadians are glad to be free f !  
problems :i* face ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f its
 municipal politics1 its boss rule 9    
political p>ties1 & f ! negro &         
,philipp9e que/ions1 & t ,canadian      
fidelity to ! ,engli% ,cr[n is n to be  
d\bt$ = a mom5t4 ,:ile o!rs admit q     
op5ly t to be annex$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
is ! only natural ?+ t c happ5 to       
,canada4 ,! imm$iate future w probably  
see "s sort ( compromise4 ,x is :olly   
unlikely t ! ea/]n "p ( ,canada1 9 view 
( all its traditions1 w prove untrue to 
its "m c\ntry2 :]eas ! we/]n "p (       
,canada is "u some:at diff]5t economic  
conditions2 x has s diff]5t a hi/ory1 & 
is to-day s mu* m closely relat$ to !   
,unit$ ,/ates ?an to ,engl& t !         
political sep>ation w h>dly cont9ue v   
long4 ,! ?\s&s :o h gone f ! ,unit$     
,/ates across ! ,canadian fronti] 9 ord]
 to settle ! unpeopl$ ,nor?we/ w1 9 ! n 
di/ant future1 give rise to "s occasion 
9 :i* economic & political logic w      

decree a transf] ( ! allegiance ( ,we/]n
 ,canada1 ) ! exception ( a n>r[ /rip ( 
l& along ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,! area ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates w\ld !n include a new     
region ( ab\t #bej million acres ( :eat 
l&s1 ( :i* to-day h>dly two millions are
 9 cultivation4  ,! ,canadian problem1 (
 c\rse1 arose nei!r to-day nor ye/]day4 
,! fir/ p]man5t colony 9 ,canada 0 a    
,fr5* colony1 begun 9 ! ye> #afjd4      
,fr5*m5 f\nd$ ,quebec 9 ! ye> #afjh1 &  
,fr5* settlem5ts develop$ along ! ,/4   
,lawr5ce ,riv]4 ,9 ! ye> #agei ,g5]al   
,wolfe conqu]$ ,quebec = ! ,engli%1 & 9 
! foll[+ ye> ! :ole ( ,canada fell into 
_! p[]4 ,engli% & ,scot* immigrants     
settl$ m & m num]\sly 9 ,upp] ,canada4  
,! c\ntry 0 divid$ 9 #agia 9 two        
prov9ces1 :i* 7 lat] call$ ,ont>io &    
,quebec2 & 9 #ahfg1 by an act ( !       
,briti% ,p>liam5t1 ,ont>io1 ,quebec1    
,new ,brunswick1 & ,nova ,scotia 7 made 
into "o c\ntry4 ,a %ort "t !reaft] !    
gov]nm5t ( ! new c\ntry b\ght !         
possessions ( ! ,hudson ,bay ,company1 &

 soon aft]w>d ! l>ge we/]n region call$ 
,manitoba 0 organiz$ z a di/9ct prov9ce4
 ,9 #ahga ,briti% ,columbia 0 tak5 91 & 
9 ! eighties ?is ext5sive we/]n l& 0    
divid$ into f\r prov9ces4 ,dur+ ?is "t  
!re 7 all sorts ( int]ruptions1 w>s ) ! 
,indians1 & disputes ov] b\nd>ies2 b !re
 has nev] be5 op5 w>f>e betwe5 ,canada &
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! _m controv]sies t h
 aris5 h be5 settl$ by treaty1 & a c\rt 
( arbitration met ev5 rec5tly 9 ,london 
to settle a dispute ab\t b\nd>ies :i* = 
_m ye>s _h occasion$ mu* feel+4 ,x 0 a  
"q :e!r ! b\nd>y ( ! ,nor?we/ %\ld lie s
 z to leave to ,canada a way to ! coa/  
)\t cross+ ,unit$ ,/ates t]ritory4 ,!   
b\nd>ies 7 def9$ by ! treaties z ly+ a  
c]ta9 di/ance f ! coa/2 0 ?is coa/ meant
 to be ma9l&1 or 0 x coa/l9e m>k$ out by
 ! (f-ly+ gr\ps ( isl&s8 ,?is 0 a "q (  
great economic importance = a "p (      
,canada4 ,! c\rt decid$ 9 fav\r ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 b ! decision does n      
belong on "o ( ! mo/ hon\rable pages (  
,am]ican hi/ory4 ,x _h be5 agre$ t bo?  

,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld appo9t    
di/+ui%$ juri/s to ! c\rt ( arbitration2
 & ?is ! ,engli% did1 :ile ! ,unit$     
,/ates s5t prejudic$ politicians4 ,?is  
has creat$ "s embitt]m5t 9 ,canada1 & ! 
mood is n to-day entirely fri5dly1      
al?\gh ?is w d\btless give way 9 view ( 
! great economic developm5t :i* works   
t[>d union ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,su* a   
union w\ld be h9d]$ v mu* m by ! fri5dly
 relations exi/+ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
& ,engl&4 ,at ! "t :5 ! family qu>rel   
betwe5 "m & daught] c\ntries _h made an 
op5 brea*1 x seem$ almo/ c]ta9 t ,am]ica
 w\ld take ! fir/ good opportunity (    
robb+ ,engl& ( h] ,canadian possessions4
 ,ev5 be=e ! e>ly colonies decid$ on    
revolution1 !y tri$ to draw ! nor!rn    
prov9ces into _! tra94 ,& :5 ! new      
,union 0 =m$1 x seem$ a mo/ natural ?+ =
 all ,engli% speak+ inhabitants ( !     
,am]ican ,cont95t to p>ticipate !re94 ,x
 0 no fri5dl9ess t[>d ,engl& t div]t$ ! 
expansion ( ! "y c\ntry t[>d ! s\? r ?an
 t[>d ! nor?4 ,x 0 r ! influ5ce ( !     

,s\!rn ,/ates ( ! ,f$]ation :i* enc\rag$
 ! expansion t[>d ! s\?1 because 9 t way
 _! adjac5t t]ritory 0 increas$1 & !re) 
! numb] ( ! slave /ates repres5t$ 9     
,congress2 & ! in/itution ( slav]y 0    
!reby bett] protect$ f ,nor!rn          
int]f]5ce4 ,engl& 0 ! h]$it>y foe ( !   
c\ntry = an entire c5tury1 & e s*ool boy
 le>n$ f 8 hi/ory book to hate ,engl& & 
to desire rev5ge4 ,b ?is has be5 :olly  
*ang$ 9 rec5t ye>s by ! sympa?y :i*     
,john ,bull %[$ dur+ ! ,spani% w>1 & by 
8 f>-see+ magnanimity %[n on a hundr$   
occasions4 ,!re are already prep>ations 
mak+ = a special c\rt ( arbitration to  
sit on all ,anglo-,am]ican disputes1 & !
 mood ( ! ,am]ican p is c]ta9ly incl9$  
to avoid ev]y?+ t w\ld unnecess>ily (f5d
 ,engl&4 ,am]ican politicians w\ld ?us  
hesitate v long be=e attempt+ s bold a  
/ep z ! annexation ( ,canada2 & ?us x is
 t ! ,canadian problem gets into !      
programme ( nei!r p>ty4 ,ano!r          
consid]ation :i* p]haps makes a diff]5ce
 is t no p>ty is q sure :i* side w\ld be

 ! ga9]2 :e!r among ! millions ( p 9 !  
,canadian ,we/ !re w\ld be f\nd to be m 
,republicans or ,democrats4 ,!re=e1     
,canada is n n[ an issue betwe5 !       
p>ties4 ,nev]!less1 ! problem gr[s m & m
 important 9 public op9ion1 & h[ev] mu* 
,congress may be conc]n$ to avoid a w> )
 ,engl&1 & det]m9$ nev] delib]ately to  
br+ ab\t any disloyalty 9 ,canada1 we   
may be c]ta9 t once ! ,am]ican f>m]s &  
gold m9]s 9 ,nor?we/]n ,canada h set !  
pro-,am]ican ball roll+1 !n ! g5]al mood
 w spe$ily *ange & ! fri5dly resolutions
 t[>d ,engl& :i* w be propos$ by        
,s5ators w s\nd v feeble4  ,! mo/       
natural desire1 :i* seems to be         
wide-spread1 is = reciprocity ) ,canada4
 ,bo? c\ntries are aw>e t !y are ea*    
o!r's be/ pur*as]s1 & yet !y put        
difficulties 9 ! way ( import+ ea* o!r's
 products4 ,am]ican indu/ry has already 
inve/$ m ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj = bran*       
factories 9 ,canada1 9 ord] to avoid    
duties2 & ! indu/ry ( ,new ,engl& w\ld  
d\btless be mu* b5efit$ if ,canadian    

coal might be deliv]$ duty-free along ! 
,atlantic coa/2 nev]!less1 ! *ief       
disadvantages 9 ! pres5t arrangem5ts    
fall to ,canada4 ,a treaty 0 conclud$ 9 
#ahed :i* gu>ante$ free entrance to !   
m>kets ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = all ,canadian
 natural products1 & dur+ ! twelve ye>s 
9 :i* ! treaty 0 9 =ce1 ,canadian       
exports increas$ f\rfold4 ,!n ! ,am]ican
 protective t>iff 0 re/or$2 & :ile1 =   
example1 ! agricultural products :i*    
,canada sold to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahff 
am\nt$ to m ?an #be1jjj1jjj1 !y _h      
decreas$ by ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury 
to #g1cfg1jjj2 & all ,canadian exports  
to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ! exception ( co9 
& preci\s metals1 9 spite ( ! trem5d\s  
gr[? ( bo? c\ntries1 _h increas$ at !   
same "t only #e p] c5t4 ,canada1 on !   
o!r h&1 cont5t$ h]self ) mode/ duties1 s
 t ! comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ,canada
 has increas$ f #bh1jjj1jjj 9 ! ye>     
#ahff to #aag1jjj1jjj 9 ! ye> #aijj4 ,! 
necess>y result ( ?is policy ( exclusion
 on ! "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has          

necess>ily be5 clos] economic relations 
betwe5 ,canada & ,engl&4 ,! ,canadian   
exports to ,great ,brita9 h increas$    
/eadily1 & ! bold plans ( ^? :o are     
to-day agitat+ a t>iff union = all      
,great ,brita9 w\ld1 ( c\rse1 specially 
b5efit ,canadian comm]ce4  ,b ! ,unit$  
,/ates kn[s ?is1 & does n fail to ?9k on
 ! future4 ,! agitation = new comm]cial 
treaties ) ,canada does n spr+ f !      
support]s ( free-trade1 b f "s mo/      
cons]vative protectioni/s1 & may be     
ascrib$ ev5 to ,mc,kinley & ,d+ley2 &   
?is agitation is /eadily gr[+4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1 ,canada is by no means unanim\sly  
en?usia/ic = ! univ]sal ,briti%         
reciprocity alliance4 ,! indu/rial      
sections ( ,ea/]n ,canada see ?+s )     
diff]5t eyes f ! agr>ians ( ,we/]n      
,canada1 & op9ions are j z div]se z !y  
are 9 ,engl&4 ,! economic ne$s ( ! ,ea/ 
& ,we/ are s fundam5tally diff]5t1 &    
s9ce ! ,we/ s greatly ne$s reciprocity1 
x is com+ m & m to look = a solution (  
?is problem by seek+1 ?r\gh a union ( ! 

,we/ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 all t :i* ,engl&
 _c (f]4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,canada1 :i*     
comprises rem>kably effective &         
intellig5t m51 is aim+ to nip ! incipi5t
 disaffection ( ! ,we/ 9 ! bud1 by means
 ( its railroad policy4 ,railroad l9es  
connect to-day ! we/]n portion ( ,canada
 mu* m closely ) ! ea/]n portion ?an ) !
 nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,!     
economic possibilities ( ,we/]n ,canada 
are enorm\s1 & w\ld suffice = a         
population ( a hundr$ million4 ,! supply
 ( lumb] exce$s t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    
,its gold regions are m ext5sive1 its   
coal & iron supplies are inexhau/ible1  
its nickel m9es ! ri*e/ 9 ! _w2 x has   
twice ! supply ( fi% ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 
& its arable l&s c\ld fe$ ! population (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe toge!r4      
,ev]y?+ dep5ds on mak+ ! mo/ ( ^!       
possibilities1 & ! ,canadian ( ! ,we/   
looks ) natural envy on ! huge progress 
:i* ! entirely simil> regions ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates are mak+1 & is mov$ to reflect  
h[ diff]5t ?+s w\ld be ) him if only !  

b\nd>y l9es c\ld be alt]$4  ,m ?an any?+
 else1 h[ev]1 ! ,we/]n] feels t a _s (  
ent]prise1 indu/rial en]gy1 & indep5d5t 
=ce is ne$$ to exploit ^! enorm\s       
natural res\rces1 su* z ! inhabitants ( 
a dep5d5t colony c nev] h4 ,ev5 :5 a    
colony l ,canada possesses a c]ta9      
indep5d5ce 9 ! adm9i/ration ( its own   
affairs1 x is /ill only ! appe>ance & n 
! fact ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,"o sees cle>ly 
h[ col\rless & dull ! intellectual life 
( ,canada is1 & h[ 9 comp>ison ) ! v    
diff]5t life ( ,engl& on ! "o h&1 & ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates on ! o!r1 ! colonial _s   
saps & und]m9es ! _s ( initiative4 ,! p 
d n suff] "u su* a rule2 !y d n feel !  
political lack ( fre% air1 b !y take on 
a subdu$ & li/less way ( life1 try+ to  
adapt !mselves to an ali5 political     
s*eme1 & n hav+ ! c\rage to speak out   
boldly4 ,?is depression is ev9c$ 9 all  
_! do+s2 & ?is is n ! _s :i* w develop !
 res\rces ( ,we/]n ,canada4 ,b ?is      
inf9ite1 new c\ntry attracts to its     
pione] lab\rs fre% en]gies :i* are f\nd 

s\? ( ! ,canadian l9e & across ! ocean4 
,! ,scot*1 ,g]mans1 ,sw$es1 & especially
 ,am]icans emigrate ?i!r 9 great numb]s4
 ,! f>m]s 9 ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates are   
to-day v glad to sell _! small hold+s1 9
 ord] to pur*ase broad tracts ( new1    
fre% gr\nd 9 ,canada1 :]e !re is /ill no
 lack ( room4 ,!y w be ! lead]s 9 ?is   
new developm5t ( ! ,we/4 ,& :ile !y br+ 
) !m _! love ( "w & ent]prise1 !y are ( 
c\rse )\t sympa?y ) ,canadian           
traditions2 nor d !y feel any patriotism
 t[>d ! c\ntry3 _! firme/ convictions   
po9t t[>d su* political fre$om z !      
,unit$ ,/ates (f]s4 ,:e!r ! t>iff s*emes
 ( ,engl& w be able to w9 back "s       
advantages = ,canada1 only ! future c   
say4 ,x is m likely t inasmu* z !       
,philipp9e agitation has ext5d$ !       
influ5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates into !       
tropics1 ! climatic equilibrium w be    
re/or$ by ano!r ext5sion into !         
,canadian ,nor?we/4                     
99       99       99       99       99  
,! relations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,cuba 

& to ! ,philipp9es1 to ,panama & to     
,canada1 h be5 regulat$ by ! imm$iate   
ne$s ( ! c\ntry )\t br++ into special   
prom95ce any g5]al pr9ciples4 ,economic 
int]e/ & g5]al e?ics h s f> suffic$1 &  
only "h & !re has m5tion be5 made ( !   
fundam5tal doctr9es conta9$ 9 !         
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,! case (    
,s\? ,am]ica is q diff]5t2 ! policy ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates t[>d ,s\? ,am]ica is      
dictat$ to-day nei!r by economic int]e/s
 nor moral pr9ciples2 9 fact1 x is a    
mock]y ( morals & a great prejudice to  
,am]ican indu/ry4 ,! sole s\rce ( ?is   
policy is an ab/ract political doctr9e1 
:i* a long "t ago 0 bo? economically &  
morally necess>y1 b is to-day entirely  
)\t value2 ?is is ! ,monroe ,doctr9e4 ,!
 obs]vance ( ?is fam\s doctr9e is "o ( !
 mo/ int]e/+ in/ances ( ! survival ( an 
outliv$ political pr9ciple1 & ! bl9d way
 9 :i* ?is prejudice is /ill fav\r$ by !
 masses1 s t ev5 ! lead+ politicians    
w\ld n d>e1 at ! pres5t "t1 to def5d !  
real int]e/s ( ! c\ntry by oppos+ ?is   

doctr9e1 %[s cle>ly h[ democracy fav\rs 
rule ( ?umb1 & h[ ! ,am]ican p is 9 its 
?\ght cons]vative to ! la/ degree4 ,!   
,monroe ,doctr9e has done ! ,unit$      
,/ates good s]vice1 & r$\nd$ to bo? its 
pr(it & its hon\r4 ,& s no "o v5tures to
 di/urb x1 al?\gh x has long ceas$ to   
br+ any?+ except disadvantage4 ,"s ( !  
be/ p "k ?is2 b :]e ! p rule x is z true
 z :]e a mon>* rules1 t ! mis=tune (    
rul]s is n to wi% to he> ! tru?4  ,!    
bl9d folly ( ! ,am]icans 9 hold+        
t5aci\sly to ! antiquat$ ,monroe        
,doctr9e is surpass$ only by ! madness (
 ^? ,europeans :o wi% to take up arms   
aga9/ t doctr9e4 ,all ! decl>ations ( ! 
,old ,_w to ! effect t ! ,monroe        
,doctr9e is an unhe>d ( piece (         
arrogance1 & t ! ,am]icans h no "r to   
ass]t !mselves 9 su* a way1 & t x is    
high "t =cibly to call _! "r 9 "q1 are  
hi/orically %ort-sight$ z well z        
dang]\s4 ,!y are unhi/orical1 because   
!re really 0 a "t :5 ?is doctr9e 0      
necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1

 & :51 !re=e1 ! c\ntry _h a "r to ass]t 
su* doctr9e2 & n[ t x has be5 sil5tly   
respect$ = a hundr$ ye>s1 any prote/    
aga9/ x comes too late4 ,opposition to !
 doctr9e f ! side ( ,europe w\ld be     
fooli%1 because no ,european c\ntry has 
any really vital reason = call+ x 9 "q1 
& !re w\ld be a v lively w> inde$ if    
,europe 7 to try to ov]/ep ! ,monroe    
,doctr9e z long z ! great mass ( !      
,am]ican p /ill hold x sacr$4 ,! ,monroe
 ,doctr9e mu/ & w succumb1 b x w only be
 ?r\gh ! convictions ( ! ,am]icans1 nev]
 because "s ,european nation ?reat5s to 
batt] d[n ! wall4 ,! logic ( ev5ts is1  
aft] all1 /rong] ?an ! m]e in]tia (     
inh]it$ doctr9es4 ,! h\r seems ne> :5 ! 
error & folly ( ! ,monroe ,doctr9e are  
ab\t to be felt 9 wid] circles ?an ev]  
be=e4 ,! opposite side is already ably  
support$ 9 addresses & essays4 ,soon !  
opposition w rea* ! newspap]s1 :i* are  
to-day1 ( c\rse1 /ill unanim\s on !     
popul> side2 & :5ev] a :olesome movem5t 
comm5ces among ! ,am]ican p x g5]ally   

spreads ) irresi/ible spe$4 ,we h se5 h[
 rapidly ! imp]iali/ic idea took hold on
 ! masses1 & ! repudiation ( ! !ory (   
,monroe w foll[ q z rapidly2 s9ce !     
nation _c1 = ! sake ( a m]e :im1        
p]man5tly =get its be/ int]e/s4 ,x is   
only a "q ( ov]com+ ! in]tia ( long     
cu/om4  ,! _s ( ! ,monroe ,doctr9e 0    
abroad long be=e ! "t ( ,monroe4 ,x 0   
agre$1 f ! e>lie/ days ( ! f$]al        
gov]nm5t1 t ! new nation %\ld keep      
itself cle> ( all political entanglem5t 
) ,europe1 t x w\ld n mix 9 ) ! de/9ies 
( ,european peoples1 & t x w\ld expect (
 ^? peoples t !y %\ld n spread !        
b\nd>ies ( _! possessions ov] to !      
,am]ican cont95ts4 ,:5 ,presid5t        
,wa%+ton1 9 #agif1 took 8 f>ewell ( !   
nation1 he recomm5d$ an ext5sion (      
comm]cial relations ) ,europe1 b entire 
alo(ness f _! political affairs4 8,!    
nations ( ,europe10 he said1 8h         
important problems :i* d n conc]n u z a 
free p4 ,! causes ( _! frequ5t          
misund]/&+s lie f> outside ( our        

prov9ce1 & ! circum/ance t ,am]ica is   
geographically remote w facilitate our  
political isolation1 & ! nations :o g to
 w> w h>dly *all5ge our "y nation1 s9ce 
x is cle> t !y w h no?+ to ga9 by x40   
,?is feel+1 t ,am]ica 0 to h no?+ to d )
 ,european politics1 & t ! ,european    
nations %\ld on no condition be all[$ to
 ext5d _! sph]e ( action on to !        
,am]ican cont95ts1 grew /eadily4 ,?is   
national conviction re/$ prim>ily on two
 motives3 fir/ly1 ,am]ica want$ to be   
sure ( its national id5tity4 ,x felt    
in/9ctively t1 if x 7 to become involv$ 
9 ,european conflicts1 ! ,european p[]s 
might int]f]e 9 ! de/9ies ( ! small] &  
gr[+ nation1 & t ! dang] ( su* int]f]5ce
 w\ld increase trem5d\sly if ! great    
nations ( ,europe 7 to ga9 a foo?old 9 !
 neighb\rhood ( ! "y republic on ?is    
side ( ! ocean4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is  
nation felt t x _h a moral mission to   
p]=m4 ,! c\ntries ( ,europe 7 groan+ "u 
oppression1 :]eas ?is nation _h ?r[n (f 
! ,engli% yoke1 & propos$ to keep ! new 

cont95t free f su* misrule4 ,9 ord] to  
make x ! !atre = an exp]im5t ( mod]n    
democracy1 no absolute mon>*s 7 to set  
foot 9 ?is new _w2 ! self-gov]nm5t ( ! p
 0 to rema9 unque/ion$1 & e republic 0  
to be free to "w out its own salvation4 
,?us ! desire = self-protection & a     
moral int]e/ 9 ! fight aga9/ absolutism 
h prescrib$ a c\rse ( hold+ alo( f      
,european affairs1 & ( dem&+ t ,europe  
%\ld n rea* out t[>d ! ,am]ican         
cont95ts4 ,?is has become a c>d9al      
pr9ciple 9 ,am]ican politics4 ,!        
opportunity soon came to express ?is    
pr9ciple v visibly 9 int]national       
politics4 ,! ,holy ,alliance betwe5     
,au/ria1 ,russia1 & ,prussia 0 believ$  
by ,am]ica1 ev] s9ce #ahbb1 to h be5    
arrang$ 9 ord] to rega9 = ,spa9 !       
,spani% colonies 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,engl& 
wi%$ to ally itself ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b
 !y1 ) excell5t tact1 /e]$ _! c\rse     
alone4 ,9 #ahbb ! ,unit$ ,/ates         
recogniz$ ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,c5tral      
,am]ican republics2 & 9 #ahbc1 ,presid5t

 ,monroe1 9 8 message to ,congress1 :i* 
0 probably p5n$ by ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 
:o 0 !n ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 set d[n ?is  
policy 9 black & :ite4 ,monroe _h       
previ\sly ask$ ex-,presid5t ,jeff]son = 
8 op9ion1 & ,jeff]son _h writt5 t our   
fir/ & fundam5tal maxim %\ld be1 nev] to
 involve ourselves 9 ,european disputes2
 & our second1 nev] to p]mit ,europe to 
m$dle 9 cis-,atlantic affairs1 ,nor? &  
,s\? ,am]ica hav+ _! own int]e/s1 :i*   
are fundam5tally diff]5t f ^? ( ,europe4
 ,n[ ! message ( ,presid5t ,monroe      
conta9$ ! foll[+ decl>ations3 8,t we    
%\ld consid] any attempt on _! "p ( !   
alli$ p[]s to ext5d _! sy/em to any     
portion ( ?is hemisph]e z dang]\s to our
 peace & safety10 & 8t we c\ld n view   
any int]position = ! purpose ( oppress+ 
gov]nm5ts on ?is side ( ! wat] ^:       
indep5d5ce we _h ackn[l$g$1 or controll+
 9 any mann] _! de/9y by any ,european  
p[]1 9 any o!r light ?an z a            
manife/ation ( an unfri5dly disposition 
t[>d ! ,unit$ ,/ates40  ,?us ! fam\s    

,monroe ,doctr9e 0 ann\nc$ to ! _w1 &   
became an int]national factor           
suffici5tly pot5t ev5 to prev5t         
,napoleon f realiz+ 8 plans reg>d+      
,mexico1 & 9 m rec5t times to protect   
,v5ezuela f ! consequ5ces ( h] misde$s4 
,& al?\gh1 at j t "t ( ! ,v5ezuelan     
dispute1 ! old ,monroe ,doctr9e 0 9 s f>
 modifi$ t ! ,presid5tial message conc$$
 to ,european p[]s _! "r to press _!    
claims by =ce ( arms1 s long z !y claim$
 no p]man5t "r ( occupation1 nev]!less !
 discussions end$ ) ! extreme dem& t    
=eign p[]s %\ld be cont5t ) ! promise ( 
a ,s\? ,am]ican /ate to pay its debts1 &
 %\ld receive no security2 nor did !    
,unit$ ,/ates give security = ! paym5t1 
ei!r4 ,aft] eighty ye>s ! doctr9e is    
/ill ass]t$ z x has be5 f ! fir/1 al?\gh
 ! situation is 9 all respects v        
diff]5t4 ,a few brief in/ances ( ^!     
*anges mu/ suffice u4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 
! two fundam5tal motives :i* gave rise  
to ! doctr9e1 & 9 :i* all important     
docum5ts are s cle>ly enunciat$ f ! "t (

 ,wa%+ton to t ( ,monroe1 h long s9ce   
ceas$ to exi/4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ,europe
 z ! l& ( tyranny & ,am]ica z a         
democratic free soil1 no long] holds2   
nor c ! notion be bol/]$ up any long]1  
ev5 = political ends4 ,9 ! fir/ place   
all c\ntries ( ,we/]n ,europe n[ enjoy  
popul> repres5tation1 :ile ! ,lat9      
republics ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ) ! exception 
( ,*ili & ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1 are !   
mo/ absurd trave/ies ( fre$om &         
democracy4 ,conditions 9 ,v5ezuela &    
,colombia are n[ pretty well kn[n4 ,x   
has be5 %[n1 = in/ance1 t ab\t "o-t5? ( 
! population consi/s ( highly cultivat$ 
,spani>ds1 :o take no "p 9 politics1 &  
suff] "u a %ameless adm9i/rative        
misrule2 t "s eight-t5?s m are a h>mless
 & ignorant prolet>iat ( p>tly ,spani% &
 p>tly ,indian desc5t--p :o likewise h  
no political int]e/1 & :o are afraid ( !
 m5 9 p[]--:ile ! rema9+ t5?1 :i* is (  
mix$ ,spani%1 ,indian1 & negro blood1   
holds 9 its h&s ! s-call$ republican    
gov]nm5t1 & keeps itself 9 p[] ) e      

device ( extortion & deception1 & f "t  
to "t splits up into p>ties :i* ?r[ !   
:ole c\ntry into an upro>1 m]ely = !    
p]sonal advantages ( ! p>ty lead]s4     
,ev5 9 ,am]ica !re is no long] a        
political back-woodsman :o supposes t a 
republic l :at ! f\nd]s ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates _h 9 m9d1 c ev] be made out ( su*
 mat]ial2 & :51 9 spite ( ?is1 z 9 !    
negro "q1 "s "o gets up at ! decisive   
mom5t ( e discussion & tries to conjure 
) ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ev5 su*  
an appeal n[ (t5 misses its effect4     
,s9ce ! ,am]icans h gone into !         
,philipp9es !y c no long] hold x an     
axiom t e gov]nm5t mu/ be ju/ifi$ by !  
ass5t ( ! gov]n$4 ,p h le>n$ to und]/& t
 ! "r ( self-gov]nm5t mu/ be e>n$1 & is 
des]v$ only z ! rew>d ( h>d "w2 t       
nations :i* h n yet gr[n to be ord]ly & 
peaceable ne$ education l *ildr5 :o are 
n yet ( age & d n "k :at is good = !m4  
,to say t ! pitiable citiz5 ( a corrupt 
,s\? ,am]ican republic is fre] ?an !    
citiz5 ( ,engl&1 ,france1 or ,g]many    

w\ld be ridicul\s2 to protect ! an>*y ( 
^! c\ntries aga9/ ! introduction ( "s   
,european political sy/em is at ! pres5t
 "t n a moral obligation1 surely1 :i* ! 
,am]ican ,republic ne$ feel itself call$
 on to p]=m4 ,! democratic idea1 z      
realiz$ 9 ,am]ican life1 has become mu* 
m influ5tial on ! gov]nm5ts ( ,europe   
?an on ^? ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 not)/&+ _!    
l(ty con/itutions1 :i* are fill$ ) ! mo/
 high-fl[n moral & philosophical        
utt]ances1 b are obey$ by no "o4  ,n[ ! 
o!r motive :i* support$ ! ,monroe       
,doctr9e1 namely1 ! security ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates & ( _! peaceful isolation1 has   
to-day n ! slighte/ validity2 on !      
contr>y1 x is ! sup]/iti\s fai? 9 ?is   
doctr9e :i* might conceivably endang] ! 
peace ( ! c\ntry4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is only 
9 s f> z ! doctr9e applies to ,s\?      
,am]ica1 n to ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,x w\ld  
inde$ be impossible = ! ,unit$ ,/ates to
 all[1 say ,cuba1 9 pass+ f ,spani% h&s1
 to come into possession ( ano!r        
,european nation2 9 fact1 no "p (       

,c5tral ,am]ica c\ld become ! seat ( new
 ,european colonies )\t soon becom+ a   
seat ( w>4 ,! con/ruction ( ! canal     
across ! i/hmus confirms & insures !    
moral & political lead]%ip ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! ,antilles4 
,b ! situation is q diff]5t 9 ,s\?      
,am]ica4 ,! ,am]icans are too apt to    
=get t ,europe is mu* ne>] to ! ,unit$  
,/ates ?an1 = in/ance1 ! ,arg5t9e       
,republic1 & t if "o wants to g f ,new  
,york to ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1 ! quicke/
 way to g is by way ( ,europe4 ,& !     
,unit$ ,/ates h really v little         
indu/rial int]c\rse or sympa?y ) ! ,lat9
 republics4 ,a ,european p[] adjo9s !   
,unit$ ,/ates f ! ,atlantic to !        
,pacific ,ocean2 & ! fact t ,engl&1 at  
"o "t _! greate/ enemy1 abuts along ?is 
:ole bord] has nev] ?reat5$ ! peace ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates2 b x is suppos$ to be an  
in/ant calamity if ,italy or ,engl& or  
,holl& gets hold ( a piece ( l& f> away 
9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 paym5t ( debts or to  
ensure ! safety ( misus$ coloni/s4  ,s  

long z ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 small & weak1  
?is exagg]at$ fe> ( unkn[n developm5ts 0
 intelligible2 b n[ t ! c\ntry is l>ge &
 /rong1 & ! suppos$ contra/ betwe5 !    
,old & ,new ,worlds no long] exi/s1 s9ce
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are mu* m ne>ly l !    
c\ntries ( ,europe ?an l ! ,s\? ,am]ican
 republics1 any argum5t = ! ,monroe     
,doctr9e on ! gr\nd ( misgiv+s or fe>   
comes to be d[nright hy/]ical4 ,9 !     
pres5t age ( ocean cables1 geographical 
di/ances disappe>4 ,! ,am]ican deals ) !
 ,philipp9es z if !y 7 be=e 8 door1     
al?\gh !y are mu* f>!r f ,wa%+ton ?an   
any ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntry is f ,europe4  
,occasions = dispute ) ,european        
c\ntries may1 on ! o!r h&1 come up at   
any "t )\t ! slighte/ ref]5ce to ,s\?   
,am]ica1 s9ce ! ,unit$ ,/ates h n[      
become an int]national p[]2 x requires  
m]ely an objectionable refusal to admit 
imports1 "s diplomatic mi%ap1 or "s     
unfairness 9 a matt] ( t>iff4  ,if1 on !
 o!r h&1 ! ,european c\ntries 7 to h    
colonies 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 z !y h 9       

,africa1 no m occasions = compla9t or   
dissatisfaction w\ld accrue to ! ,unit$ 
,/ates ?an f ! simil> colonies 9        
,africa4 ,no ,russian or ,fr5* or       
,italian colony 9 ,s\? ,am]ica w\ld ev] 
9 ! _w give rise to a difficulty ) !    
,unit$ ,/ates ?r\gh any real opposition 
( int]e/s1 & c\ld only d s because a    
doctr9e =bidd+ su* colonies1 :i* _h be5 
adopt$ "u q diff]5t circum/ances1 0 /ill
 bol/]$ up & def5d$4 ,if ! ,monroe      
,doctr9e 7 to-day to be appli$ no f>!r  
?an ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ,s\? ,am]ica 7 to
 be exempt$1 ! possibilities ( a        
conflict ) ,european p[]s w\ld be       
consid]ably decreas$4 ,t :i* 0 meant    
orig9ally to gu>antee peace1 has1 "u !  
n[ :olly alt]$ conditions1 become !     
greate/ m5ace ( w>4  ,b ! ma9 po9t is n 
t ! motives :i* fir/ l$ to ! ,monroe    
,doctr9e are to-day invalid2 ! highe/   
int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dem& t ?is    
moribund doctr9e be def9itely giv5 up4  
,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 nev] d\bt$ t !     
exclusion ( ! ,old ,_w c\ntries f ! new 

,am]ican cont95ts 0 only ! conclusion ( 
a premise1 to ! effect t ! ,am]icans    
!mselves propos$ to conf9e _! political 
int]e/s to _! own cont95t4 ,t 0 a wise  
policy 9 ! times ( ,wa%+ton & ,monroe2 &
 :e!r or n x w\ld h be5 wise 9 ! "t (   
,mc,kinley1 x 0 9 any case at t "t ?r[n 
ov]4 ,! ,am]icans h unit$ ) ! ,european 
=ces to d battle 9 ,*9a2 !y h ext5d$ _! 
own dom9ion t[>d ,asia2 !y h s5t m5-(-w>
 to ,europe on political missions2 9    
%ort1 ! ,am]icans h = ye>s be5 ext5d+ _!
 political influ5ce ar\nd ! _w1 &       
,secret>y ,hay has = a long "t play$ an 
influ5tial "p 9 ! ,european conc]t (    
p[]s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates h too (t5 def5d$ 
_! ,monroe claim on ! gr\nd ( _! own    
alo(ness f ^! p[]s to feel ju/ifi$ 9    
urg+ ! claim :5 !y no long] d keep alo(4
  ,!re is ano!r & m important           
consid]ation4 ,! real int]e/ ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates ) reg>d to ,s\? ,am]ica is solely
 t t l& %all develop z f> z possible1 t 
its enorm\s treasures %all be exploit$1 
& t out ( a prosp]\s comm]cial cont95t  

important trade advantages %all accrue  
to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is is possible    
only by ! e/abli%m5t ( ord] !re--!      
in/ant t]m9ation ( an>*y4 ,z long z !   
,monroe ,doctr9e is s unnecess>ily held 
to1 ! mis]able & impolitic /agnation ( t
 ravag$ c\ntry c nev] be bett]$1 s9ce   
all ! consequ5ces ( t doctr9e "w j 9 !  
opposite direction4 ,x is suffici5tly   
cle> t progress w n be made until fre%1 
heal?y1 ent]pris+ =ces come 9 f outside2
 b n[ s soon z an ,engli%man or ,g]man  
or o!r ,european und]takes to e>n 8     
livelihood !re1 he is at once expos$ to 
! %ameless extortion & o!r *ican]y ( !  
s-call$ gov]nm5ts4 ,& :5 ,european      
capital wi%es to help ! developm5t ( ^! 
c\ntries1 x is giv5 absolutely no       
protection aga9/ _! wret*$ politics4 ,& 
all ?is is m]ely because ! *>t]$ rascals
 9 p[] "k t !y c kill & /eal ) impunity1
 s long z ! sacr$ ,monroe ,doctr9e is   
!re1 l an en*ant$ wall1 betwe5 !m & ! "m
 c\ntries ( _! victims2 !y "k only too  
well t no evil c come to !m1 s9ce !     

/atesm5 at ,wa%+ton are b\nd d[n to a   
prejudice1 & requir$ scrupul\sly to     
protect e hair on _! preci\s heads4 ,all
 ?is prev5ts any infusion ( good blood f
 com+ into ^! c\ntries1 & s ab&ons ! l& 
entirely to ! indol5ce ( its            
inhabitants4 ,! conditions w\ld be      
economically s\nd]1 9 almo/ e "p ( ,s\? 
,am]ica1 if m immigrants came 91 & m    
especially if ^? t came c\ld take a l>g]
 "p 9 ! gov]nm5ts4  ,x w\ld be some:at  
diff]5t if ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 to admit1 z
 a consequ5ce ( ! ,monroe ,doctr9e1 its 
own responsibility = ! public           
adm9i/ration ( ^! c\ntries1 = _! debts &
 = :atev] crimes !y commit2 9 o!r words1
 if ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 virtually to annex
 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,!re is no ?\ght ( ?is2 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates h rec5tly1 9 ! ,v5ezuela 
matt]1 cle>ly decl9$ all responsibility4
 ,if1 :ile decl9+ ! responsibility1 !   
,unit$ ,/ates p]si/ 9 affirm+ ! ,monroe 
,doctr9e1 !y are to be *>g$ inevitably )
 help+ on an>*y1 artificially hold+ back
 ! progress ( "o ( ! ri*e/ & lea/       

develop$ portions ( ! e>?1 & !reby hurt+
 _! own comm]cial outlook m ?an any     
,european protective t>iff c\ld possibly
 d4 ,! great] "p ,europe takes 9 ,s\?   
,am]ica1 s mu* ! m w trade & comm]ce    
prosp]2 & 9 ?is pione] lab\r1 z hi/ory  
has %[n1 ! pati5t ,g]man is ! be/       
advance-ag5t4 ,almo/ all ! comm]cial    
relations betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & !    
,s\? ,am]ican republics are m$itat$ by  
,european1 & especially ,g]man1 bus9ess 
h\ses4 ,! trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ,s\?
 ,am]ica is to-day a/oni%+ly small1 b :5
 f9ally ! ,monroe b>ri] falls away x w  
develop enorm\sly4  ,9 all ?is ,am]ica  
has n1 f its previ\s policy1 d]iv$ ev5 !
 mode/ advantage ( ende>+ itself to !   
inhabitants ( ^! ,s\? ,am]ican          
republics4 ,q on ! contr>y1 ! ,monroe   
,doctr9e s\nds l ! r+ ( a sword 9 ! ,s\?
 ,am]ican e>4 ,! ,am]ican ( ! s\? is too
 vividly rem9d$ t1 al?\gh ! prov9ce ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates is aft] all only a f9ite  
portion ( ! ,new ,_w1 ! nation has1     
nev]!less1 set itself up z ! ma/] ( bo? 

cont95ts2 & ! natural consequ5ce is1 t  
all ! small & weak c\ntries jo9 =ces    
aga9/ ! "o great c\ntry & brood         
cont9ually ov] _! mi/ru/4 ,! attempts ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates to w9 ! sympa?ies ( !   
re/ ( ,am]ica h br\ght no v great       
results--s9ce1 9 ! ,/ates1 sympa?y has  
be5 temp]$ ) contempt1 & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica 
) fe>4 ,9 %ort1 ! unprejudic$ ,am]ican  
mu/ come back e "t to ! cet]um c5seo t !
 ,monroe ,doctr9e mu/ f9ally be giv5 up4
  ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 mu/ always be        
emphasiz$--t all ! motives speak+ aga9/ 
! doctr9e w be effici5t only s f> z !y  
appeal to ! s\l ( ! ,am]ican p1 & ov]?r[
 !re ! economically suicidal ,monroe    
,doctr9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,europe w\ld ga9
 no?+ by try+ to te> 9 pieces ! sacr$   
p>*m5t2 no possible ,european int]e/ 9  
,s\? ,am]ica w\ld comp>e 9 importance ) 
! loss ( fri5d%ip ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& 
s long z ! ov]:elm+ majority ( ,am]icans
 holds to its delusions1 ! ho/ility w\ld
 be a v bitt] "o4 ,inde$1 !re w\ld be no
 sur] way ( /opp+ ! gradual ab&onm5t ( !

 doctr9e ?an = ,europe to attempt to    
dispute its validity4  ,! process (     
dissolution mu/ take place 9 ,am]ica2 b 
! natural int]e/ & ne$s ( ! c\ntry s    
dem& ?is developm5t t x may be          
confid5tly expect$4 ,a new "t has come3 
! prov9ciality ( ! ,monroe ,doctr9e no  
long] does = ,am]ica z a _w p[]1 & ev5ts
 foll[ _! logical developm5t2 ! "t w n  
be long be=e ! l& ( ! ,/>s & ,/ripes w h
 ext5d$ across ,we/]n ,canada to        
,alaska1 & h annex$ ! :ole ( ,c5tral    
,am]ica2 :ile ! ,lat9 republics ( ,s\?  
,am]ica1 on ! o!r h&1 w h be5 spr9kl$ 9 
) ,engli%1 ,italian1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man    
colonies2 & mo/ ( all1 ^? republics     
!mselves1 by ! lapse ( ! ,monroe        
,doctr9e1 w h be5 won ov] to law & ord]1
 progress & economic heal?4 ,! ,unit$   
,/ates are too s\nd & too ideali/ic to  
cont9ue to oppose ! dem&s ( progress = !
 sake ( a m]e feti%4  ,?us ! dom9ion (  
?is _w p[] w gr[4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,army1
 & ev5 m ( ! ,navy1 w help 9 ?is gr[?2  
ev5 if ! dreams ( ,capta9 ,hobson are n 

realiz$4 ,to be sure1 ! dang]s w also   
gr[ apace2 ) a great navy comes ! desire
 to use x4 ,nev]!less1 "o mu/ n ov]look 
! fact t int]national politics are mu*  
less a subject ( public ?\ght &         
discussion 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ,europe4 ,= !
 ,am]ican ?9ks fir/ly ( int]nal         
politics1 & secondly ( int]nal politics1
 & la/ly ( int]nal politics2 & only at  
"s di/ant day does he plan to m$itate on
 =eign affairs4 ,unless ! focus ( public
 att5tion is di/9ctly transf]r$1 ! idea 
( expansion w meet ) suffici5t resi/ance
 to *eck its undue gr[?4  ,!re is       
specially a ?or\gh-go+ di/ru/ (         
milit>ism1 & an in/9ctive fe> t x works 
aga9/ democracy & fav\rs despotism2 &   
!re is1 inde$1 no d\bt t ! increas+ly   
important relations betwe5 ?is c\ntry & 
=eign p[]s put m au?ority into ! h&s ( !
 ,presid5tial & ,s5atorial olig>*y ?an !
 g5]al public likes to see4 ,e slighte/ 
concealm5t on ! "p ( ! ,presid5t or 8   
,cab9et goes aga9/ ! feel+s ( ! nation1 
& ?is /ate ( feel+ w h>dly alt]2 x comes

 f ! dep?s ( ! ,am]ican "*4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 x is comb9$ ) a positive belief 9 ! 
moral mission ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* are
 de/9$ to ga9 _! _w-wide influ5ce1 n by 
might1 b by ! =ce ( exempl>y atta9m5t1 (
 complete fre$om1 admirable             
organization1 & h>d "w4 ,any "o :o      
obs]ves ! pr(\nd s\rces ( ?is belief w  
be conv9c$ t any diff]5t feel+s 9 !     
public s\l1 any gre$ ( p[]1 & any       
imp]iali/ic in/9cts1 are only a pass+   
intoxication4 ,9 its pr(\nde/ be+1      
,am]ica is a p[] = peace & = e?ical     
ideals4     ,,"p ,,two ,,economic ,,life
                                        
,,*apt] ,,elev5                     ,!  
,_s ( ,self-,initiative   8,! _s aids6 f
 anxi\s scruples fre$1 ,i write1 #8,9 ! 
beg9n+ 0 ! de$6'0 ,o!rs might write3 ,9 
! beg9n+ 0 ! inexhau/ible weal? ( !     
soil2 & /ill o!rs1 if _! memory is %ort1
 might be tempt$ to say3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 7 !
 tru/s6 ,"o :o wi%es to und]/& ! almo/  
fabul\s economic developm5t ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates mu/1 inde$1 n simply consid] its 

ore deposits & gold m9es1 its coal & oil
 fields1 its :eat l&s & cotton di/ricts1
 its great =e/s & ! supplies ( wat]4 ,! 
,s\? ,am]icans live no less 9 a c\ntry  
prosp]$ by nature1 & s also d ! ,*9ese4 
,s\? ,africa (f]s entirely simil>       
conditions to ^? ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican     
cont95t1 & yet its developm5t has be5 a 
v diff]5t "o2 &1 f9ally1 a consid]ation 
( ! peculi> =ms ( ,am]ican indu/rial    
organization1 z1 = in/ance1 ! tru/s1    
reveals m]ely symptoms & n ! real causes
 :i* h be5 at "w4  ,! colossal indu/rial
 successes1 along ) ! great evils &     
dang]s :i* h come ) !m1 mu/ be und]/ood 
f ! make-up ( ! ,am]ican "*4 ,j z we h  
trac$ ! political life ( ,am]ica back to
 a p[]ful in/9ct = self-det]m9ation1 !  
free self-guidance ( ! individual1 s we 
%all "h f9d t x is ! in/9ct = free      
self-initiative :i* has set 9 motion ?is
 trem5d\s economic fly-:eel4 ,! pressure
 to be up & do+ has op5$ ! e>?1 till$ ! 
fields1 creat$ indu/ries1 & develop$ su*
 te*nical skill z to-day may ev5 dream (

 dom9at+ ! _w4  ,b to grant t !         
ess5tials ( su* movem5ts are n to be    
f\nd 9 casual ext]nal circum/ances1 b   
mu/ lie 9 ! m5tal make-up ( ! nation1   
might lead 9 ?is case to ascrib+ ! *ief 
influ5ce to q a diff]5t m5tal trait4 ,! 
av]age ,european1 p]meat$ z he is ) ,old
 ,_w culture1 is1 9 fact1 conv9c$ t ?is 
int5se economic activity is ! simple    
result ( unb\nd$ gre$4 ,! se>* = gold & 
! pursuit ( ! doll>1 we (t5 he>1 h      
de/roy$ 9 ! ,am]ican s\l e f9] ambition2
 & s9ce ! ,am]ican has no high] desire =
 culture1 he is free to *ase 8 mammon ) 
undisguis$ & %ameless gre$4 ,! b>b>ity (
 8 s\l1 x is said1 gives him a          
consid]able economic advantage ov] o!rs 
:o h "s he>t z well z a pocket-book1 &  
^: feel+s incl9e to ! humane4  ,:e!r su*
 a contemptu\s allegation is a useful   
weapon 9 ! economic /ruggle1 is n "h 9  
"q4 ,"o :o desires to und]/& ! hi/orical
 developm5t ( ev5ts 9 ! ,new ,_w is b\nd
 to see 9 all su* talk no?+ b di/ortion1
 & to realize t ,europe c\ld face its   

own economic future ) less appreh5sion  
if x w\ld e/imate ! p[]s ( its great    
competitor m temp]ately & ju/ly1 & w\ld 
ask itself hone/ly if x c\ld n le>n a ?+
 or two "h & !re4  ,m]ely to ape        
,am]ican do+s w\ld1 9 ! end1 avail no?+2
 t :i* proce$s f intellectual &         
temp]am5tal traits c be effectively     
adopt$ by o!rs only if !y c acquire !   
same traits4 ,x is useless to organize  
simil> factories or tru/s )\t imitat+ 9 
e respect ! m5 :o fir/ s organiz$       
!mselves4 ,:e!r ?is la/ is necess>y1 he 
alone c say :o has und]/ood 8 neighb\rs 
at _! be/1 & ,i has n be5 cont5t$ to    
make a m]ely ?\ghtless & un*>itable     
judgm5t4 ,a magnific5t economic life su*
 z t ( ,am]ica c nev] spr+ f impure     
e?ical motives1 & ! p]son is v nave :o  
supposes t a great bus9ess 0 ev] built  
up by m]e impud5ce1 deception1 &        
adv]tis+4 ,e m]*ant kn[s t ev5          
adv]tisem5ts b5efit only a solid        
bus9ess1 & t !y run a bad "o into !     
gr\nd4 ,& x is /ill m nave to suppose t 

! economic /r5g? ( ,am]ica has be5 built
 up ?r\gh und]h&$ competition )\t       
respect to law or ju/ice1 & impell$ by  
no?+ b a b>b>\s & purely mat]ial        
ambition4 ,"o might bett] believe t !   
tw5ty-/ory (fice build+s on l[]         
,broadway are support$ m]ely by !       
flag/ones 9 ! /reet2 9 po9t ( fact1 no  
m]e pass]-by :o does n actually see !   
f\ndations ( su* colossal /ructures c h 
an idea ( h[ deep d[n "u ! soil ^!      
f\ndations g 9 ord] to f9d b$-rock4 ,j s
 ! colossal fabric ( ,am]ican indu/ry is
 able to t[] s high only because x has  
its f\ndation on ! h>d rock ( hone/     
conviction4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 we might  
look into ! ,am]ican's gre$ = gold4 ,a  
,g]man obs]ves imm$iately t ! ,am]ican  
does n prize 8 possessions mu* unless he
 has work$ = !m himself2 ( ?is !re are  
innum]able pro(s1 9 spite ( ! opposite  
appe>ances on ! surface4 ,"o ( ! mo/    
int]e/+ ( ^! is ! abs5ce ( ! bridal d[]4
 ,9 ,g]many or ,france1 ! man looks on a
 weal?y m>riage z "o ( ! mo/ reliable   

means ( gett+ an income2 !re are :ole   
pr(essions :i* dep5d on a man's ek+ out 
8 entirely inadequate sal>y f prop]ty   
:i* he inh]its or gets by m>riage2 & !  
eag] se>* = a h&some d[ry--9 fact1 !    
g5]al comm]cial "* ( m>riage 9 reputable
 ,european society ev]y:]e--always      
surprises ,am]icans4 ,!y "k no?+ ( su* a
 ?+ at home4 ,ev5 :5 ! p>5ts ( ! bride  
are prosp]\s1 x is unusual = a "y c\ple 
to live beyond ! means ( ! husb&4       
,ev]y:]e "o sees ! daught]s ( weal?y    
families /epp+ into ! mode/ homes ( _!  
husb&s1 & ^! husb&s w\ld feel x to be a 
disgrace to dep5d on _! prosp]\s        
fa!rs-9-law4 ,an actual d[ry receiv$ f !
 bride's p>5ts dur+ _! lifetime is      
virtually unkn[n4 ,ano!r in/ance (      
,am]ican contempt = une>n$ weal?1 :i*   
especially contra/s ) ,european cu/oms1 
is ! disapproval :i* ! ,am]ican always  
has = lott]ies4 ,if he 7 really b5t on  
gett+ money1 he w\ld f9d ! d[] & !      
lott]y a ready means2 :]eas1 9 fact1 !  
lott]y is n only 9 all its =ms =bidd5 by

 law1 b public op9ion :olly disapproves 
( games ( *ance4 ,! ,presid5t ( ,h>v>d  
,univ]sity1 9 a public address giv5 a   
%ort "t s9ce1 9 :i* he spoke be=e a l>ge
 audi5ce ( ! *ange 9 moral attitude1 0  
able to give a /rik+ illu/ration ( !    
trans=mation 9 ! fact t two g5]ations   
ago ! city ( ,bo/on conduct$ a lott]y1 9
 ord] to raise money = rebuild+ a       
univ]sity /ructure :i* _h be5 de/roy$ by
 fire4 ,he %[$ vividly h[ su* a         
transaction w\ld be entirely un?9kable  
to-day1 & h[ all ,am]ican feel+s w\ld   
revolt at rais+ money = s good a cause z
 an educational in/itution by s immoral 
a means z a public lott]y4 ,! entire    
audi5ce receiv$ ?is z a matt] ( c\rse1  
app>5tly )\t a suspicion z to h[ _m     
ca!drals are be+ built 9 ,europe to-day 
f tickets at half a doll>4 ,x 0 amus+ to
 obs]ve h[ ,c>negie's fri5d1 ,s*wab1 :o 
_h be5 ! greatly admir$ manag] ( ! /eel 
works1 fell 9 public e/eem :5 news came 
f ! ,rivi]a t he 0 to be se5 at !       
gam+-tables ( ,monaco4 ,! true ,am]ican 

despises any "o :o gets money )\t work+ 
= x4 ,money is n ! ?+ :i* is consid]$1 b
 ! mann] ( gett+ x4 ,?is is :at !       
,am]ican c>es =1 & he prizes ! gold he  
gets prim>ily z an indication ( 8       
ability4  ,at fir/ sight x looks z if   
?is dis9cl9ation to gambl+ 7 n to be    
tak5 s]i\sly4 ,x w\ld signify no?+ t !  
police discov] "h & !re a company (     
gambl]s :o h b>ricad$ ! door2 b a       
,european might say t !re is ano!r sort 
( speculative fev] :i* is v preval5t4   
,ev5 ,am]icans on ! /ock ex*ange (t5    
say1 ) a smile3 ,we are a gambl+ nation2
 & f ! po9t ( view ( ! brok] x w\ld be  
s4 ,he sees h[ all classes ( p inve/ 9  
speculative securities1 & h[ ! public   
int]e/s itself 9 %>es :i* are subject to
 ! greate/ fluctuations2 h[ ! cab-driv] 
& ! hotel wait] pore n]v\sly ov] !      
quotations1 & h[ new m9+ /ocks &        
indu/rial %>es are gre$ily b\ght by     
s*ool tea*]s & comm]cial cl]ks4 ,! brok]
 sees 9 ?is ! p's desire = gambl+1      
because he is himself ?or\ghly aw>e ( ! 

great risks :i* are tak51 & kn[s t !    
inve/ors c see only a few ( ! factors   
:i* det]m9e prices4  ,b 9 ! public m9d  
all ?is buy+ & sell+ looks v diff]5t4 ,!
 small man1 inve/+ a few doll>s 9 su*   
d\btful c]tificates1 nev] ?9ks ( himself
 z a gambl]2 he ?9ks t he und]/&s !     
m>ket2 he is n tru/+ to luck1 b foll[s !
 quotations day by day = a long "t1 &   
asks 8 fri5ds = 8tips10 until he is     
conv9c$ t 8 own discretion & cunn+ w    
give him an advantage4 ,if he 7 to ?9k (
 8 ga9 z matt] ( *ance1 z ! brok] ?9ks x
 is1 he w\ld n only n inve/ 8 money1 b  
w\ld be no long] attract$ by !          
transactions4 ,& :5ev] he loses1 he /ill
 goes on1 believ+ t he w be able ! next 
"t to figure out ! turn ( ! m>ket m     
accurately4  ,! same is true ( ! wag]s  
:i* ! ,anglo-,saxon is always mak+1     
because he loves excitem5t4 ,= him a    
wag] is n a true wag] :5 x is m]ely a "q
 ( *ance4 ,bo? sides make calculations1 
& h _! special consid]ations :i* !y     
believe w det]m9e ! outcome1 & ! w9n]   

feels 8 ga9 to be e>n$ by 8 %rewdness4  
,an ord9>y game ( *ance does n attract !
 ,am]ican--a fact :i* may be se5 ev5 9 !
 grotesque game ( pok]4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1
 ! ,am]ican's av]sion to tipp+ s]vants  
reveals1 p]haps1 ! same trait4 ,! social
 inf]iority :i* he feels to be impli$ 9 
! acceptance ( a fee1 goes aga9/ !      
self-respect ( ! individual2 b !re is ! 
additional dis9cl9ation "h to receiv+   
money :i* is n /rictly e>n$4  ,!re are  
positive traits correspond+ to ^!       
negative ones2 & especially among !m may
 be notic$ ! use to :i* money is put    
aft] x is gott54 ,if ! ,am]ican 7 really
 mis]ly1 he w\ld n di/ribute 8 prop]ty )
 su* a free h&4 ,gett+ money excites    
him1 b keep+ x is less int]e/+1 & "o    
sees n seldom ! ri*e/ m5 tak+ elaborate 
precautions t only a small "p ( _! money
 %all fall to _! *ildr51 because !y ?9k 
t ! possession ( money :i* is n         
self-e>n$ is n a bless+4 ,f ^! motives  
"o may und]/& at once ! magnific5t      
g5]osity %[n t[>d public ent]prises4    

,public munific5ce _c well be gaug$ by  
/ati/ics1 & especially n 9 ,am]ica4 ,mo/
 ( ! gifts are made quietly1 & ( c\rse !
 small gifts :i* are nev] he>d ab\t     
outweigh ! l>g] ones2 &1 nev]!less1 "o c
 h a fair idea ( ,am]ican g5]osity by   
consid]+ only ! l>ge gifts made = public
 ends4 ,if we consid] only ! gifts (    
money :i* are great] ?an "o ?\s& doll>s1
 & :i* g to public in/itutions1 we h 9 !
 ye> #aijc ! pretty sum ( #gf1ice1jjj4  
,!re c be no d\bt t all ! gifts "u "o   
?\s& doll>s w\ld make an equal sum4  ,( 
^! public b5efactions1 #dj1gjj1jjj w5t  
to educational in/itutions4 ,9 t ye>1 = 
in/ance1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity receiv$ 9 all
 #e1jjj1jjj1 ,columbia ,univ]sity       
#c1jjj1jjj1 & ,*icago ,univ]sity ov]    
#aj1jjj1jjj2 ,yale receiv$ #fjj1jjj1 & !
 negro in/itute 9 ,tuskegee ! same      
am\nt2 ,johns ,hopk9s & ! ,univ]sity (  
,p5nsylvania receiv$ ab\t half ( a      
million ea*4 ,hospitals & simil>        
in/itutions 7 rememb]$ ) #ba1gbf1jjj2   
#g1ehc1jjj 7 giv5 to public libr>ies1   

#c1iif1jjj = religi\s purposes1 &       
#b1ibg1jjj to museums & art collections4
 ,any "o :o lives 9 ,am]ica kn[s t ?is  
read9ess to give is g5]al1 f ! ,c>negies
 & ,rockefell]s d[n to ! work+-m51 & t x
 is easy to obta9 money f private purses
 = any good und]tak+4  ,"o sees cle>ly1 
aga91 t ! real attraction :i* ! ,am]ican
 feels = money-mak+ does n lie 9 ! hav+ 
b only 9 ! gett+1 f ! p]fect equanimity1
 positively amaz+ to ! ,european1 ) :i* 
he be>s 8 losses4 ,to be sure1 8        
irrepressible optimism /&s him 9 good   
/ead2 he nev] loses hope1 b is confid5t 
t :at he has lo/ w soon be made up4 ,b  
?is w\ld be no com=t to him if he did n 
c>e mu* less = ! possession ?an = !     
gett+ ( x4 ,! ,am]ican *ases aft] money 
) all 8 might1 exactly z on ! t5nis-c\rt
 he tries to hit ! ball1 & x is ! game  
he likes & n ! prize4 ,if he loses he   
does n feel z if he _h lo/ a "p (       
himself1 b only z if he _h lo/ ! la/ set
 9 a t\rnam5t4 ,:51 a %ort "t ago1 !re 0
 a t]rific cra% 9 ! ,new ,york /ock     

m>ket & hundr$s ( millions 7 lo/1 a     
lead+ ,p>isian pap] said3 8,if su* a    
f9ancial crisis _h happ5$ "h 9 ,france1 
we %\ld h _h panics1 cata/rophies1 a    
slump 9 r5tes1 suicides1 /reet riots1 a 
m9i/]ial crisis1 all 9 "o day3 :ile     
,am]ica is p]fectly quiet1 & ! victims (
 ! battle are sitt+ d[n to collect _!   
wits4 ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are     
obvi\sly two entirely diff]5t worlds 9  
_! civilization & 9 _! way ( ?9k+40  ,z 
to ! e/imation ( money & its acquirem5t1
 ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are inde$ z  
f> ap>t z possible1 :ile ,g]many /&s 9  
betwe54 ,! ,fr5*man prizes money z su*2 
if he c get x )\t lab\r1 by inh]itance  
or d[ry1 or by gambl+1 s mu* ! bett]4   
,if he loses x he loses a "p ( himself1 
& :5 he has e>n$ en\gh to be sure ( a   
livelihood1 he retires f money-mak+     
pursuits z soon z possible4 ,x is well  
kn[n t ! ambition ( ! av]age ,fr5*man is
 to be a r5ti]4 ,! ,am]ican has exactly 
! opposite idea4 ,n only does he endure 
loss ) indiff]5ce & despise ga9 :i* is n

 e>n$1 b he w\ld n = any price give up !
 occupation ( mak+ money4 ,:e!r he has  
mu* or little1 he keeps pati5tly at "w2 
&1 z no s*ol> or arti/ w\ld ev] ?9k (   
say+ t he _h done en\gh "w1 & w\ld f n[ 
on become a sci5tific or lit]>y r5ti] & 
live on 8 reputation1 s no ,am]ican1 z  
long z he keeps 8 heal?1 ?9ks ( giv+ up 
8 regul> bus9ess4  ,! pr(ession ( liv+ f
 ! income ( inve/m5ts is virtually      
unkn[n among m51 & ! "y m5 :o take up no
 money-mak+ pr(ession because !y 8don't 
ne$ to10 are able to reta9 ! social     
respect ( _! fell[s only by und]tak+ "s 
sort ( "w = ! commonweal?4 ,a man :o    
does n "w at any?+1 no matt] h[ ri* he  
is1 c nei!r get nor keep a social /atus4
  ,?is also indicates1 !n1 t ! ,am]ican 
does n want 8 money m]ely z a means =   
mat]ial com=t4 ,( c\rse1 weal?y         
,am]icans are becom+ m & m accu/om$ to  
provide e ?9kable luxury = _! wives &   
daught]s4 ,n[h]e is s mu* exp5d$ =      
dresses1 jewelry1 equipages & s]vice1 = 
c\ntry h\ses & ya*ts1 works ( art &     

private libr>ies2 & _m m5 h to keep     
pretty /eadily at "w ye> 9 & ye> out 9  
ord] to meet _! heavy exp5ditures4 ,& ! 
same ?+ is repeat$ all d[n ! social     
scale4 ,accord+ to ,european /&>ds1 ev5 
! work+-man lives luxuri\sly4 ,b1 9     
spite ( ?is1 no p]son :o has really come
 into ! c\ntry w d5y t mat]ial pleasures
 are less s\ght aft] = !mselves 9 ! ,new
 ,_w ?an 9 ! ,old4 ,x always /rikes !   
,european z rem>kable h[ v indu/ri\s    
,am]ican society is1 & h[ relatively    
little b5t on pleasure4 ,x has (t5 be5  
said t ! ,am]ican has n yet le>n$ h[ to 
enjoy life2 t he kn[s v well h[ to make 
money1 b n h[ to enjoy x4 ,& t is q     
true2 except t x leaves out ( acc\nt !  
ma9 po9t--:i* is1 t ! ,am]ican takes !  
ke5e/ delight 9 ! employm5t ( all 8     
faculties 9 8 "w1 & 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 own 
initiative4 ,?is gives him m pleasure   
?an ! sp5d+ ( money c\ld br+ him4  ,x   
is1 !re=e1 fundam5tally false to        
/igmatize ! ,am]ican z a mat]iali/1 & to
 d5y 8 idealism4 ,a p is suppos$ to be  

?or\ghly mat]iali/ic :5 its sph]e (     
int]e/s comprises problems relat+ only  
to ! _w ( matt]1 & fancies itself to be 
highly ideali/ic :5 x is ma9ly conc]n$ )
 intangible objects4 ,b ?is is a pure   
confusion ( ideas4 ,9 philosophy1 inde$1
 ! di/9ction betwe5 mat]iali/ic &       
ideali/ic sy/ems ( ?\ght is to be ref]r$
 to ! importance ascrib$ to mat]ial & to
 immat]ial objects4 ,mat]ialism is1 !n1 
t pseudo-philosophical !ory :i* supposes
 t all reality d]ives f ! exi/5ce (     
mat]ial objects2 & x is an ideali/ic    
sy/em :i* reg>ds ! exi/5ce ( matt] z    
dep5d5t on ! reality ( ?\ght4 ,b x is   
m]e play on words to call nations       
reali/ic or ideali/ic on ! /r5g? ( ^!   
metaphysical conceptions1 in/ead ( us+ !
 words 9 _! social & e?ical             
significations4 ,= 9 ! e?ical _w a      
mat]iali/ic position w\ld be "o 9 :i* ! 
aim ( life 0 enjoym5t1 :ile t po9t (    
view w\ld be ideali/ic :i* f\nd its     
motive n 9 ! pleasant consequ5ces ( !   
de$1 b 9 ! value ( ! de$ itself4  ,if we

 hold fa/ to ! mean+ ( mat]ialism &     
idealism 9 ?is e?ical s5se1 we %all see 
cle>ly t x is entirely indiff]5t :e!r ! 
p :o h ^! diametrically oppos$ views (  
life are !mselves busy ) tangible or )  
intangible ?+s4 ,! man :o looks at life 
mat]iali/ically acts1 n = ! act itself1 
b = ! com=table consequ5ces :i* t act   
may h2 & ^! consequ5ces may satisfy !   
selfi% pleasure z well if !y are        
immat]ial z if !y are mat]ial objects4  
,x is indiff]5t :e!r he works = !       
satisfaction ( ! appetites1 = ! ho>d+ up
 ( treasures1 or = ! gratification to be
 f\nd 9 politics1 sci5ce1 & art4 ,he is 
/ill a mat]iali/ s long z he has n      
devotion1 s long z he uses art only z a 
means to pleasure1 sci5ce only z a s\rce
 ( fame1 politics z a s\rce ( p[]2 &1 9 
g5]al1 s long z ! lab\r t he does is    
only ! means to an end4 ,b ! man :o is  
an ideali/ 9 life acts because he       
believes 9 ! value ( ! de$4 ,x makes no 
diff]5ce to him :e!r he is work+ on     
mat]ial or intellectual conc]ns2 :e!r he

 speaks or rhymes1 pa9ts1 gov]ns1 or    
judges2 or :e!r he builds bridges &     
railroad tracks1 dra9s swamps &         
irrigates des]ts1 delves into ! e>?1 or 
h>nesses ! =ces ( nature4 ,9 ?is s5se ! 
culture ( ! ,old ,_w ?reat5s at a ?\s&  
po9ts to become crassly mat]iali/ic1 & n
 lea/ ( all j :]e x mo/ l\dly boa/s (   
intellectual weal? & looks d[n )        
contempt on ev]y?+ :i* is mat]ial4 ,& 9 
?is s5se ! culture ( ! ,new ,_w is gr[+ 
to ! v pure/ idealism1 & by no means    
lea/ :]e x is busy ) problems ( !       
natural _w ( matt]1 & :]e x is heap+ up 
economic weal?4  ,?is is ! ma9 po9t3 ,! 
economic life means to ! ,am]ican a     
realiz+ ( ef=ts :i* are 9 !mselves      
preci\s4 ,x is n ! means to an end1 b is
 its own end4 ,if two blades ( grass gr[
 :]e "o grew be=e1 or two railroad      
tracks :]e !re 0 b "o2 if production1   
ex*ange1 & comm]ce increase & und]tak+  
?rives1 !n life is creat$1 & ?is is1 9  
itself1 a preci\s ?+4 ,! ,european ( !  
,cont95t e/eems ! indu/rial life z      

hone/1 b n z noble2 economic activities 
seem to him good = support+ himself & 8 
family1 b 8 duty is m]ely to supply     
economic ne$s :i* are n[ exi/+4  ,!     
m]*ant 9 ,europe does n feel himself to 
be a free creator l ! arti/ or s*ol>3 he
 is no discov]]1 no mak]2 & ! m5tal     
en]gy :i* he exp5ds he feels to be sp5t 
9 s]v+ an inf]ior purpose1 :i* he s]ves 
only because he has to live4 ,t creat+  
economic values c itself be ! v highe/  
sort ( accompli%m5t1 & 9 itself alone   
desirable1 :e!r or n x is useful = !    
p]son :o creates1 & t x is great 9      
itself to spread & increase ! life ( !  
national economic organization1 has be51
 inde$1 felt by _m great m]*ants 9 !    
hi/ory ( ,europe1 & _m a ,hanseatic     
lead] realizes x to-day4 ,b ! :ole body 
( p 9 ,europe does n "k ?is1 :ile       
,am]ica is ?or\ghly fill$ ) ! idea4 ,j z
 ,hutt5 once cri$3 8,jahrhund]t1 es i/  
e9e ,lu/1 9 dir zu leb53 die            
,wiss5s*aft5 und die ,kn/e blh510 s !   
,am]ican might exclaim3 ,x is a pleasure

 to live 9 our day & g5]ation2 indu/ry &
 comm]ce n[ d ?rive4 ,e individual feels
 himself exalt$ by be+ a "p ( su* a     
mighty :ole1 & ! g5]al intellectual     
effects ( ?is temp] %[ !mselves 9 !     
entire national life4  ,a nation c nev] 
d its be/ 9 any direction unless x      
believes ?or\ghly 9 ! intr9sic value (  
its "w2 :atev] is done m]ely ?r\gh      
necessity is nev] ( great national      
significance1 & second-rate m5 nev]     
a*ieve ! highe/ ?+s4 ,if ! fir/ m9ds ( a
 nation look d[n ) contempt on economic 
life1 if !re is no real belief 9 ! ideal
 value ( indu/ry1 & if creative m9ds    
hold alo( f x1 t nation w necess>ily be 
outdone by o!rs 9 ! economic field4 ,b  
:]e ! able/ /r5g? engages ) ideali/ic   
en?usiasm 9 ! s]vice ( ! national       
economic problems1 ! nation rew>ds :at !
 p d z done 9 ! "n ( civilization1 & !  
love ( fame & "w toge!r spur !m on m ?an
 ! mat]ial ga9 :i* !y w get4 ,inde$1 ?is
 ga9 is itself only _! measure ( success
 9 ! s]vice ( civilization4  ,! ,am]ican

 m]*ant works = money 9 exactly ! s5se t
 a great pa9t] works = money2 ! high    
price :i* is paid = 8 picture is a v    
welcome indication ( ! g5]al            
appreciation ( 8 art3 b he w\ld nev] get
 ?is appreciation if he 7 work+ = !     
money in/ead ( 8 arti/ic ideals4        
,economically to op5 up ?is gigantic    
c\ntry1 to br+ ! fields & =e/s1 riv]s & 
m\nta9s into ! s]vice ( economic        
progress1 to incite ! millions (        
inhabitants to h new ne$s & to satisfy  
^! by _! own res\rcefulness1 to increase
 ! weal? ( ! nation1 & f9ally           
economically to rule ! _w & )9 ! nation 
itself to raise ! economic p[] ( !      
individual to undreamt-( importance1 has
 be5 ! "w :i* has fasc9at$ ! ,am]ican4  
,& e individual has felt 8 co-op]ation  
to be ennobl$ by 8 firm belief 9 ! value
 ( su* an aim = ! culture ( ! _w4  ,to  
f9d "o's self 9 ! s]vice ( ?is "w (     
progress attracts ev5 ! small boy4 ,z a 
,g]man boy comm5ces e>ly to write v]ses 
or draw little sket*es1 9 ,am]ica ! "y  

f>m] lad or city ur*9 tries to come     
someh[ into ?is national1 indu/rial     
activity2 & :e!r he sells newspap]s on !
 /reet or milks ! c[ on a neighb\r's    
f>m1 he is pr\d ( ! few c5ts :i* he br+s
 home--n because x is money1 b because  
he has e>n$ x1 & ! co9s are ! only      
possible pro( t 8 activities h          
contribut$ to ! economic life ( 8       
c\ntry4 ,x is ?is alone :i* spurs him on
 & fills him ) ambition2 & if ! "y      
newspap] boy becomes a great railroad   
presid5t1 or ! f>m]'s lad a weal?y      
factory own]1 & bo?1 al?\gh wor? _!     
millions1 /ill "w on f morn+ till night 
consum$ by ! ?\ght ( add+ to ! economic 
life ( _! nation1 & to ?is end und]take 
all sorts ( new ent]prises1 ! lab\r     
itself has be51 f beg9n+ to end1 its own
 rew>d4 ,! cont5t ( su* a man's life is 
! "w ( economic progress4  ,m5 :o h s   
felt h made ! nation great1 & no        
,am]ican w\ld admit t a man :o gave 8   
life to gov]nm5t or to law1 to art or   
sci5ce1 w\ld be able to make 8 life at  

all m significant or valuable = ! ends (
 culture4 ,?is is n mat]ialism4 ,?us x  
happ5s t ! mo/ fav\r$ y\?s1 ! socially  
mo/ compet5t tal5ts1 g into economic    
life1 & ! sons ( ! be/ families1 aft] _!
 c\rse at ! univ]sity1 /ep              
en?usia/ically into ! bus9ess h\se4 ,"o 
c see m]ely f ord9>y conv]sation h[     
?or\ghly ! value ( economic usefulness  
is impress$ on ! p4 ,!y speak 9 ,am]ica 
( indu/rial movem5ts ) z mu* g5]al      
int]e/ z "o w\ld f9d manife/$ 9 ,europe 
ov] politics1 sci5ce1 or art4 ,m5 :o d n
 !mselves anticipate buy+ or sell+      
securities 9 ! /ock m>ket1 nev]!less    
discuss ! rise & fall ( v>i\s indu/rial 
& railroad %>es z !y w\ld discuss       
,congressional debates2 & any new       
indu/rial und]tak+ 9 a giv5 city fills !
 citiz5s ) pride1 z may be ga!r$ f _!   
*ance conv]sations4  ,! c5tral po9t (   
?is :ole activity is1 !re=e1 n gre$1 nor
 ! ?\ght ( money1 b ! _s (              
self-initiative4 ,x is n surpris+ t ?is 
has gone ?r\gh su* a lively developm5t4 

,j z ! _s ( self-det]m9ation 0 ! product
 ( ,colonial days1 s ! _s (             
self-initiative is ! necess>y outcome ( 
pione] life4 ,! m5 :o came ov] to ! ,new
 ,_w expect$ to battle ) ! natural      
elem5ts2 & ev5 :]e nature _h lavi%$ h]  
treasures1 ^! _h /ill to be conqu]$2 !  
=e/s mu/ be fell$ & ! m>%es dra9$4      
,inde$1 ! v spot to :i* ! economic _w   
comes to-day to celebrate ! hundr$?     
anniv]s>y ( ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase1 ! city
 ( ,/4 ,l\is1 :i* has to-day #h1jjj     
factories1 x mu/ n be =gott5 0 ?ree     
g5]ations ago a wild]ness4  ,f ! days :5
 ! fir/ pione]s j\rney$ inl& f ! coa/1  
to ! "t1 ov] two hundr$ ye>s lat]1 :5 ! 
railroad tracks 7 c>ri$ ov] ! ,rocky    
,m\nta9s f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific    
,ocean1 ! hi/ory ( ! nation has be5 ( a 
long /ruggle ) nature & ( h>d-e>n$      
conque/s2 & = _m ye>s ?is fight 0 c>ri$ 
on by m5 :o toil$ s+le-h&$1 z x 7--by   
?\s&s ( pione]s work+ all at once1 b f> 
ap>t4 ,! man :o c\ld n hold out "u      
protract$ lab\r 0 lo/2 b ! difficulty ( 

! task spurr$ on ! en]gies ( ! /rong &  
develop$ ! _s ( self-initiative to !    
utmo/4 ,x 0 =tunate t ! m5 :o came ov]  
to und]take ?is "w _h be5 9 a way       
select$ = x3 = only ^? :o _h resolution 
_h v5tur$ to leave _! native he>?-/ones4
 ,only ! mo/ en]getic risk$ ! voyage    
across ! ocean 9 ^? times1 & ?is desire 
to be up & do+ f\nd complete            
satisfaction 9 ! ,new ,_w2 =1 z ,em]son 
said3 8,am]ica is ano!r "n =            
opportunity40  ,! h]itage ( ! pione]    
days _c vani%1 ev5 "u ! pres5t *ang$    
conditions4 ,?is desire to realize "o's 
self by be+ economically busi$ is inde$ 
augm5t$ to-day by _m o!r consid]ations4 
,bo? ! political & ! social life ( !    
democracy dem& equality1 & !re=e exclude
 all social classes1 & titles1 & all    
hon\r>y political di/9ctions4 ,n[1 su*  
uni=mity w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be un5durable 9 
a society :i* _h no real di/9ctions1 &  
!re=e inevitably su* di/+ui%+ factors z 
are n exclud$ come to be m & m          
important4 ,a di/9ction betwe5 classes  

on ! basis ( prop]ty c be met 9 mon>*ial
 c\ntries by a di/9ction 9 title &      
family1 & s made at lea/ v mu* less     
important ?an 9 democratic nations4 ,&  
?us x necess>ily comes ab\t t1 :]e an   
(ficial diff]5tiation is object$ to on  
pr9ciple1 weal? is s\ght z a means to   
su* discrim9ation4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  
h[ev]1 weal? has ?is great significance 
only because x is felt to measure !     
individual's successful initiative2 & ! 
simple equation betwe5 prosp]ity & real 
"w is m g5]ally recogniz$ by ! popul>   
m9d ?an ! actual conditions ju/ify4 ,?us
 x happ5s also t ! ,am]ican sets 8 /&>d 
( life high4 ,he wi%es 9 ?is way to     
express ! fact t he has pass$ life's    
exam9ation well1 t he has be5 ent]pris+1
 & has won ! respect ( ^? ar\nd him4    
,?is desire = a high /&>d ( liv+ :i*    
spr+s f ! int5se economic en?usiasm     
works back !reon1 & greatly /imulates x 
once m4  ,"o ( ! fir/ consequ5ces ( ?is 
_s ( initiative is1 t e sort ( true     
lab\r is naturally respect$1 & nev]     

involves any dise/eem4 ,9 fact1 "o sees 
cont9ually 9 ?is c\ntry m5 :o g f "o k9d
 ( lab\r to ano!r :i*1 accord+ to       
,european ideals1 w\ld be ?\ght less    
hon\rable4 ,! ,am]ican is especially    
will+ to take up a second>y occupation  
besides 8 regul> call+ 9 ord] to        
increase 8 income1 & ?is leads1         
sometimes1 to /rik+ contra/s4 ,( c\rse  
!re are "s limits to ?is1 & social      
etiquette is n :olly )\t influ5ce1      
al?\gh ! ,am]ican w seldom admit x4 ,no 
"o is surpris$ if a prea*] gives up !   
m9i/ry 9 ord] to become an editor or    
(ficial 9 an indu/rial organization2 b e
 "o is a/oni%$ if he becomes ag5t = an  
insurance company2 amaz$ if he goes to  
sell+ a pat5t m$ic9e1 & w\ld be         
positively sc&aliz$ if he 7 to buy a    
be]-saloon4  ,x is mu* ! same )         
avocations4 ,if ! /ud5t 9 ! univ]sity   
tutors o!r /ud5ts1 x is q "r2 if1 dur+ !
 univ]sity vacation1 he becomes bell-boy
 9 a summ] hotel1 or dur+ ! s*ool ye>   
att5ds to furnaces 9 ord] to cont9ue 8  

/udies1 p are sorry t he has to d ?is1 b
 /ill acc\nt him p]fectly respectable2 b
 if1 on ! o!r h&1 he turns b>b] or      
arti/'s model1 he is lo/1 because be+ a 
model is passive--x is n do+ any?+2 &   
cutt+ hair is a m5ial s]vice1 n         
compatible ) ! dignity ( ! /ud5t4 ,& ?us
 x is t ! social feel+ 9 ! ,new ,_w     
practically corrects ! !oretical maxims 
z to ! equal dignity ( e k9d ( lab\r1   
al?\gh1 inde$1 su* maxims are v mu* m   
g5]ally recogniz$ ?an 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,&  
ev]y:]e ! decid+ pr9ciple (             
diff]5tiation is ! matt] (              
self-initiative4  ,! broadly manife/    
social equality ( ! c\ntry1 ( :i* we    
%all h to speak m m9utely 9 ano!r       
connection1 w\ld be actually impossible 
if ?is belief 9 ! equival5ce ( all k9ds 
( "w did n rule ! national m9d4 ,:e!r ! 
"w br+s mu* or little1 or requires mu*  
or little prep>ation1 is ?\ght to be    
unimportant 9 det]m9+ a man's /atus2 b x
 is important t 8 life involves         
initiative1 or t he n m]ely passively   

exi/s4  ,a p :i* places indu/rial       
initiative s high mu/ be indu/ri\s2 &1 9
 fact1 !re is no pr(\nd] impression to  
be _h ?an t ! :ole population is busily 
at "w1 & t all pleasures & ev]y?+ :i*   
presupposes an idle mom5t are !re m]ely 
to refre% p & prep>e !m = m "w4 ,9 ord] 
to be p]man5tly indu/ri\s1 a man has to 
le>n be/ h[ to utilize 8 p[]s2 & j 9 ?is
 respect ! ,am]ican nation has gone     
ahead ( e o!r p4 ,fir/ly1 x is sob]4 ,a 
man :o takes liquor 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! day 
_c accompli% ! greate/ am\nt ( "w4 ,:5 !
 ,am]ican is work+ he does n t\* alcohol
 until ! end ( ! day1 & ?is is z true ( 
! millionaire & bank presid5t z ( !     
lab\r] or conductor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !    
,am]ican workman kn[s t only a          
well-n\ri%$ body c d ! mo/ "w1 & :at !  
workman saves by n buy+ be] & br&y he   
puts into roa/ beef4 ,x has (t5 be5     
obs]v$1 & especially rem>k$ on by ,g]man
 obs]v]s1 t 9 spite ( 8 extraord9>y     
t5sion1 ! ,am]ican nev] ov]does4 ,!     
work+-man 9 ! factory1 = example1 seldom

 p]spires at 8 "w4 ,?is comes f a k ( h[
 to "w s z 9 ! end to get out ( "o's    
self ! greate/ possible am\nt4  ,v mu* !
 same may be said ( ! admirable way 9   
:i* ! ,am]icans make ! mo/ ( _! "t4     
,sup]ficial obs]v]s h (t5 suppos$ !     
,am]ican to be always 9 a hurry1 :]eas !
 opposite is ! case4 ,! man :o has to   
hurry has badly dispos$ ( 8 "t1 &1      
!re=e1 has n ! necess>y am\nt to f9i%   
any "o piece ( "w4 ,! ,am]ican is nev] 9
 a hurry1 b he s disposes 8 preci\s "t t
 no?+ %all be lo/4 ,he w n wait nor be a
 mom5t idle2 "o ?+ foll[s closely aft]  
ano!r1 & ) admirable precision2 ea* task
 is f9i%$ 9 its turn2 appo9tm5ts are    
made & kept on ! m9ute2 & ! result is1 t
 n only no unseemly ha/e is necess>y1 b 
also !re is "t = ev]y?+4 ,x is a/oni%+  
h[ well-kn[n m5 9 political1 economic1  
or intellectual life1 :o are load$ ) a  
?\s& responsibilities & an app>5tly     
unreasonable am\nt ( "w1 h1 by d9t ( !  
wond]ful disposition ( _! own "t & t (  
_! assi/ants1 really en\gh = ev]y?+ &   

ev5 to sp>e4  ,among ! _m ?+s = :i* !   
,am]ican has "t1 by reason ( 8          
economical managem5t ( x1 are ev5 "s :i*
 seem unnecess>y = a busy man4 ,he      
exp5ds1 = example1 an extraord9>y l>ge  
fraction ( 8 "t 9 att5d+ to 8 co/ume &  
p]son1 9 sport1 & 9 read+ newspap]s1 s t
 ! notion :i* is curr5t 9 ,europe t !   
,am]ican is n only always 9 a hurry1 b  
has "t = no?+ outside ( 8 "w1 is        
entirely wrong4  ,?is sav+ ( /r5g? by ! 
prop] disposal ( "t corresponds to a    
g5]al practicality 9 e sort ( "w4       
,bus9ess is c>ri$ on 9 a bus9ess-l way4 
,! bank]1 ^: resid5ce is fill$ )        
sumptu\s treasures ( art1 all[s no?+    
unpractical to come into 8 (fice = !    
sake ( adornm5t4 ,a c]ta9 /rict         
application to duty is ! feel+ "o gets f
 e "w-room2 & :ile ! =eign] feels a     
c]ta9 b>r5ness ab\t x1 ! ,am]ican feels 
t any?+ diff]5t %[s a lack ( e>ne/ness &
 practical good s5se4 ,! extreme        
punctuality ) :i* ! ,am]ican h&les 8    
correspond5ce is typical ( him4         

,/ati/ics %[ t no o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w s5ds
 s _m lett]s = e inhabitant1 & e bus9ess
 lett] is repli$ to on ! same day )     
matt]-(-fact concis5ess4 ,x is l a      
trem5d\s app>atus t accompli%es !       
greate/ lab\r ) ! lea/ friction1 by     
means ( ! precise adaptation ( "p to "p4
  ,a nation :i* is aft] self-initiative 
mu/ inspire ! _s ( initiative 9 e s+le  
co-op]ator4 ,no?+ is m *>act]i/ic ( ?is 
economic body ?an ! int5sity ) :i* ea*  
workman--tak+ ! ^w 9 its broade/        
s5se--?9ks & acts = himself4 ,9 ?is     
respect1 too1 outsid]s (t5 misund]/& !  
situation4 ,"o he>s (t5 f travell]s 9   
,am]ica t ! c\ntry mu/ be dw>f+ to !    
intellig5ce ( its workm51 because x uses
 s mu* ma*9]y t ! individual workman    
comes to see only a small "p ( :at is   
be+ done 9 ! factory &1 s to say1 works 
! same id5tical lev] = life4 ,he op]ates
 always a c]ta9 small "p ( "s o!r "p ( !
 :ole4 ,no?+ c\ld be less exact1 & a    
p]son :o comes to su* a conclusion is n 
aw>e t ev5 ! smalle/ duties are         

extremely complex1 & t1 !re=e1          
specialization does n at all introduce  
an undesirable uni=mity 9 lab\r4 ,x is  
specialization on ! "o h& :i* gu>antees 
! highe/ ma/]y1 & on ! o!r lets !       
workman see ev5 m ! complexity ( :at is 
go+ on1 & inspires him to get a full    
compreh5sion ( ! ?+ 9 h& & p]haps to    
sugge/ a few improvem5ts4  ,any man :o  
is at all conc]n$ ) ! entire field (    
op]ations1 or :o is mov+ con/antly f "o 
special process to ano!r1 c nev] come to
 t fully absorb$ /ate ( ! att5tion :i*  
takes cognizance ( ! slighte/ detail4   
,only ! man :o has conc5trat$ himself & 
specializ$1 le>ns to note f9e details2 &
 x is only 9 ?is way t he becomes s mu* 
a ma/] 9 8 special dep>tm5t t any "o    
else :o attempts to direct him succe$s  
m]ely 9 int]f]+ & spoil+ ! output4 ,9   
%ort1 su* a workman is face to face )   
intricate natural processes1 & is le>n+ 
/raight f nature4 ,x is 9 ! matt] (     
indu/rial te*nique exactly z 9 sci5ce4  
,a p]son n acqua9t$ ) sci5ce f9ds x     

endlessly monoton\s1 & _c und]/& h[ a   
p]son %\ld sp5d 8 :ole life /udy+       
beetles or deciph]+ ,assyrian           
inscriptions4 ,b a man :o kn[s ! me?od (
 sci5ce realizes t ! n>r[] a field (    
/udy becomes1 ! m full ( v>iety &       
unexpect$ beauties x is f\nd to be4 ,!  
triumph ( te*nical specialization 9     
,am]ica lies j 9 ?is4 ,if a s+le man    
works at "s special "p ( "s special     
detail ( an indu/rial process1 he m & m 
comes to f9d 9 8 n>r[ prov9ce an amaz+  
intricacy :i* ! casual obs]v] look+ on  
_c ev5 suspect2 & only ! man :o sees ?is
 complexity is able to discov] new      
processes & improvem5ts on ! old4 ,s x  
is t ! specializ$ workman is he :o      
con/antly contributes to p]fect         
te*nique1 proposes modifications1 & 9   
g5]al ex]cises all ! intellig5ce he has1
 9 ord] to br+ himself on 9 8 pr(ession4
 ,j z we h se5 h[ ! _s (                
self-det]m9ation :i* resides at !       
p]iph]y ( ! body politic has be5 !      
peculi> /r5g? ( ,am]ican political life1

 s ?is free initiative 9 ! p]iph]y1 ?is 
economic res\rcefulness ( ! n>r[        
speciali/s1 is ! peculi> /r5g? ( all    
,am]ican indu/ry4  ,! _s (              
self-initiative does n "k pett9ess4 ,any
 "o :o goes into economic life m]ely = !
 sake ( :at he c get out ( x1 ?9ks x    
clev] to ga9 small1 unfair pr(its2 b    
:osoev] views 8 indu/ry 9 a purely      
ideali/ic _s1 & really has "s inn]      
prompt+s1 is fill$ ) an int]e/ 9 ! :ole 
play--sees an economic ga9 9 any?+ :i*  
pr(its bo? capital & lab\r1 & only !re1 
& s has a l>ge outlook ev5 )9 8 n>r[    
prov9ce4 ,! ,am]icans con/antly compla9 
( ! economic smallness ( ,europe1 & ev5 
! well-in=m$ lead]s ( ,am]ican indu/ry  
freely ass]t t ! actual advance 9       
,am]ican economic culture does n lie 9 !
 natural res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 b r 9 !   
broad1 free initiative ( ! ,am]ican p4  
,! cont95tal ,europeans1 x is said1     
fru/rate _! own economic endeav\rs by   
be+ p5ny-wise & obs]vant ( detail 9 !   
wrong place1 & by lack+ ! c\rage to     

laun* big und]tak+s4 ,!re is no d\bt t x
 0 ! lavi%ness ( nature :i* fir/ly set  
,am]ican initiative at "w on a broad    
scale4 ,! b\ndless prairies & t[]+      
m\nta9s :i* ! pione]s saw be=e !m       
inspir$ !m to und]take great ?+s1 & to  
ov]look small h9drances1 & 9 lay+ out _!
 fir/ plans to ov]look small details4   
,am]ican capta9s ( indu/ry (t5 say t !y 
purposely pay no att5tion to a good _m  
,european me?ods1 because !y f9d su*    
p$antic endeav\r to economize & to      
a*ieve m9ute p]fections to be wa/eful ( 
"t & unpr(itable4  ,! same _s is f\nd1 z
 well1 9 fields o!r ?an ! indu/rial4 ,:5
 ! ,am]ican travels he pref]s to pay out
 r\nd sums r ?an to haggle ov] ! price (
 ?+s1 ev5 al?\gh he pays consid]ably m  
!reby ?an he o!rwise w\ld4 ,& no?+ makes
 him m angry ?an to f9d t in/ead ( /at+ 
a high price at ! outset1 ! p]son ) :om 
he is deal+ ekes out 8 pr(it by small   
additional *>ges4 ,?is l>ge po9t ( view 
involves su* a contempt ( petty detail z
 to a/oni% ,europeans4 ,ma*9es co/+     

hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( doll>s1 :i* 7 new     
ye/]day1 are disc>d$ to-day1 because "s 
improvem5t has be5 discov]$2 & ! be/ is 
ev]y:]e f\nd none too good to be us$ 9  
?is magnific5t indu/rial sy/em4 ,if !   
outlay is to correspond to ! result1 !re
 mu/ be no p>simony4  ,a simil> trait is
 reveal$ 9 ! way 9 :i* e man behaves    
t[>d 8 neighb\r4 ,x is only ! petty man 
:o is envi\s1 & envy is a ^w :i* is n   
f\nd 9 ! ,am]ican vocabul>y4 ,if "o's   
own advantage is n ! goal1 b g5]al      
economic progress1 !n ! success ( ano!r 
man is almo/ z great a pleasure z "o's  
own success4 ,x is = ! ,am]ican an      
/hetic delight to obs]ve1 & 9 _s to     
co-op]ate ) economic progress all along 
! l9e2 & ! m o!rs accompli% ! m ea* "o  
realizes ! magnific5ce ( ! :ole         
indu/rial life4 ,m5 try to excel "o     
ano!r1 z !y h to d :]ev] !re is free    
competition2 & su* rivalry is ! be/ &   
sure/ condition = economic progress4    
,am]icans use e means 9 _! p[] to       
succe$1 b if ano!r man comes out ahead  

!y nei!r grumble nor indulge 9 envy1 b r
 ga!r _! /r5g? = a new ef=t4 ,ev5 ?is   
economic /ruggle is c>ri$ on 9 ! _s (   
sport4 ,! fight itself is ! pleasure4 ,!
 *ess-play] :o is *eckmat$ 9 an excit+  
game is n sorry t he play$1 & does n    
envy ! w9n]4  ,?is conviction1 t "o     
nei!r envies nor is envi$1 :]eby all    
competitive /ruggle comes to be p]vad$ )
 a c]ta9 _s ( co-op]ation1 ennobles all 
indu/rial activities1 & ! imm$iate      
effect is a feel+ ( mutual confid5ce4 ,!
 degree to :i* ,am]icans tru/ "o ano!r  
is by no means realiz$ on ! ,european   
,cont95t4 ,a man relies on !            
self-respect ( 8 comm]cial associates 9 
a way :i* seems to ! ,european m9d almo/
 fatu\s1 & yet h]e9 lies j ! /r5g? &    
security ( ! economic life ( ?is c\ntry4
  ,x is int]e/+1 9 a rec5tly publi%$    
h>angue aga9/ ! ,/&>d ,oil ,company1 to 
read :at a high-h&$1 ,napoleonic policy 
,rockefell] has pursu$1 & !n1 9 ! mid/ (
 ! fi]ce accusations1 to f9d x /at$ t   
agreem5ts involv+ millions ( doll>s & ! 

economic fate ( ?\s&s ( p 7 made m]ely  
orally4 ,all 8 conf$]ates took ! ^w (   
,rockefell] to be z good z 8 writt5     
contract1 & su* mutual confid5ce is     
ev]y:]e a matt] ( c\rse1 :e!r x is a    
millionaire :o agrees to pay out a =tune
 or a /reet ur*9 :o goes (f to *ange    
five c5ts4 ,j z public1 s also          
comm]cial1 affairs get on ) v few       
precautions1 & e man takes 8 neighb\r's 
*eck z ! equival5t ( money4 ,! :ole     
economic life reveals ev]y:]e ! pr(\nde/
 confid5ce2 & und\bt$ly ?is circum/ance 
has contribut$1 m ?an almo/ any?+ else1 
to ! successful gr[? ( l>ge             
organizations 9 ,am]ica4  ,! _s (       
self-initiative goes out 9 ano!r        
direction4 ,x makes ! ,am]ican          
optimi/ic1 & s sure ( success t no turn 
( =tune c disc\rage him4 ,& su* an      
optimism is necess>y to ! man :o        
und]takes great ent]prises4 ,x 0 an     
und]tak+ to cross ! ocean1 & ano!r to   
press on f ! coa/ to ! int]ior2 x 0 an  
und]tak+ to br+ nature to t]ms1 to      

conjure up civilization 9 a wild c\ntry1
 & to ov]come enemies on all h&s2 & yet 
ev]y?+ has seem$ to succe$4 ,) !        
expansion ( ! c\ntry has gr[n !         
individual's love ( expansion1 8 delight
 9 und]tak+ new ent]prises1 n m]ely to  
hold 8 own1 b to g on & to /ake 8 hon\r 
& =tune & entire p]sonality 9 ! hope (  
realiz+ some?+ z yet h>dly dream$ (4    
,any ,yankee is intoxicat$ ) ! idea (   
succe$+ 9 a new ent]prise2 he plans su* 
?+s at 8 desk 9 s*ool1 & ! m v5turesome 
!y are ! m he is fasc9at$4  ,no?+ is m  
*>act]i/ic ( ?is adv5tur\s _s ?an ! way 
9 :i* ,am]ican railroads h be5 project$4
 ,9 o!r c\ntries railroads are built to 
connect t[ns :i* already exi/4 ,9       
,am]ica ! railroad has creat$ new t[ns2 
! eng9e] & capitali/ h n laid _! tracks 
m]ely :]e ! l& 0 already till$1 b 9 e   
place :]e !y c\ld =esee t a population  
c\ld support itself4 ,at fir/ came !    
railroad1 & !n ! m5 to support x4 ,!    
freight c> came fir/1 & !n ! soil 0     
exploit$ & made to supply ! freight4    

,we/]n communities h almo/ all gr[n up  
ar\nd ! railway /ations4 ,to be sure1 e 
railway company has done ?is 9 its own  
int]e/1 b ! :ole und]tak+ has be5       
imm$iately productive ( new             
civilization4  ,any p]son :o            
optimi/ically believes t a problem has  
only to be discov]$ 9 ord] to be solv$1 
w be sure to develop t intellectual     
quality :i* has always *>act]iz$ !      
,am]ican3 ! _s ( inv5tion4 ,!re is no   
o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w :]e s mu* is inv5t$4  
,?is is %[n n m]ely 9 ! fact t an       
enorm\s numb] ( pat5ts is grant$ e ye>1 
b also :]e !re is no?+ to pat5t1 !      
,yankee ex]cises 8 +5uity e day4 ,f !   
simple/ tool up to ! mo/ complicat$     
ma*9e1 ,am]ican inv5tion has improv$ &  
p]fect$1 & made ! !oretically correct   
practically s]viceable z well4 ,to be   
sure1 ! co/ ( human lab\r 9 a ?9ly      
settl$ c\ntry has _h a great influ5ce on
 ?is developm5t2 b a special tal5t also 
has la9 9 ?is direction--a real g5ius = 
solv+ practical problems4 ,e "o kn[s h[ 

mu* ! ,am]ican has contribut$ to !      
p]fection ( ! telegraph1 telephone1     
inc&esc5t light1 phonograph &           
sew+-ma*9e1 to wat*-mak+ ma*9]y1 to !   
/eamboat & locomotive1 ! pr9t+-press &  
typewrit]1 to ma*9]y = m9+ & eng9e]+1 & 
to all sorts ( agricultural &           
manufactur+ devices4 ,inv5tion &        
ent]prise are se5 work+ toge!r 9 ! fact 
t e new ma*9e1 ) all its improvem5ts1   
goes at once to e "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,e f>m]
 9 ! f>!/ ,we/ wants ! late/            
agricultural ma*9]y2 e artisan adopts ! 
newe/ improvem5ts2 9 e (fice ! newe/ &  
mo/ approv$ telegraphic & telephonic    
appliances are us$2 9 %ort1 e man       
appropriates ! v late/ devices to fur!r 
8 own success4 ,( c\rse1 9 ?is way !    
comm]cial value ( e improvem5t is       
greatly increas$1 & ?is enc\rages !     
inv5tor to /ill fur!r productiv5ess4 ,x 
s happ5s t l>g] sums ( money are lavi%$ 
9 p]fect good fai? 9 ord] to solve c]ta9
 problems ?an any ,european c\ld imag9e4
 ,if an inv5tor c conv9ce a company t 8 

pr9ciple is s\nd1 ! company is ready to 
advance millions ( doll>s = new         
exp]im5ts until ! ma*9e is p]fect$4  ,! 
extraord9>ily wide adoption ( e inv5tion
 does n mean t mo/ inv5tions are made by
 su* m5 z ,edison & ,bell & _!          
colleagues4 ,e factory workman is q z   
mu* conc]n$ to improve ! tools :i* 8    
nation uses1 & e artisan at 8 b5* is    
busy ?9k+ out ?is or t little *ange 9 a 
process or me?od2 & _m ( !m1 aft] _! "w1
 frequ5t ! public libr>ies 9 ord] to "w 
?r\gh te*nical books & ! ,pat5t         
,reports4 ,x is no wond] t an ,am]ican  
manufactur]1 on he>+ t a new ma*9e _h   
be5 discov]$ 9 ,europe1 cons]vatively   
decl>$ t he did n "k :at ! ma*9e 01 b   
knew = sure t ,am]ica w\ld improve on x4
  ,only "o consequ5ce ( ! _s (          
self-initiative rema9s to be spok5 (--! 
absolute dem& = op5 competition4 ,9 ord]
 to ex]cise initiative1 a man mu/ h     
absolutely free play2 & if he believes 9
 ! intr9sic value ( economic culture1 he
 w be conv9c$ t free play = ! developm5t

 ( indu/rial p[] is ab/ractly & entirely
 "r4 ,?is does n :olly exclude an       
artificial protection ( c]ta9 economic  
in/itutions :i* are weak--z1 = in/ance1 
! protection ( c]ta9 indu/ries by means 
( a high t>iff--s long z 9 e l9e all m5 
are free to compete ) "o ano!r4         
,monopoly is ! only ?+--because x       
/rangles competition--:i* (f5ds ! in/9ct
 ( ! ,am]ican2 & 9 ?is respect ,am]ican 
law goes fur!r ?an a ,european w\ld     
expect4 ,"o might suppose t1 believ+ z  
!y d 9 free initiative1 ,am]icans w\ld  
claim ! "r ( mak+ su* indu/rial         
comb9ations z !y lik$4 ,:5 sev]al       
p>allel railroads1 :i* trav]se sev]al   
/ates & compete sev]ely ) "o ano!r1     
f9ally make a common agreem5t to ma9ta9 
prices1 !y seem at fir/ sight to be     
ex]cis+ a natural privilege4 ,! traffic 
:i* suff]s no long] by competition is   
h&l$ at a less exp5se by ?is            
consolidation1 & s ! companies !mselves 
& ! travell+ public are bo? b5efit$4 ,b 
! law ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates takes a diff]5t 

po9t ( view4 ,! av]age ,am]ican is      
suspici\s ( a monopoly1 ev5 :5 x is own$
 by ! /ate or city2 he is conv9c$ f !   
beg9n+ t ! s]vice w 9 "s way or o!r be  
inf]ior to :at x w\ld be "u free        
competition2 & mo/ ( all1 he dislikes to
 see any indu/rial prov9ce h$g$ 9 s t   
competitors are no long] free to come 94
 ,! reason :y ! tru/s h ang]$ & excit$ !
 ,am]ican to an (t5 exagg]at$ degree is1
 t !y approa* p]il\sly ne> to be+       
monopolies4  ,?is _s ( self-initiative  
"u free competition exi/s1 ( c\rse1 n   
alone 9 individuals4 ,t[ns1 cities1     
c\nties1 & /ates ev9ce collectively j ! 
same attitude2 ! same optimism & _s (   
inv5tion & initiative1 & ! same pione]  
c\rage1 inspire ! collective w ( city & 
/ate4 ,especially 9 ! ,we/1 v>i\s cities
 & communities d ?+s 9 a sportsmanlike  
way4 ,x is z if "o city or /ate 7 play+ 
foot-ball aga9/ ano!r1 & ex]t+ e ef=t to
 w93 & "h once m !re is no petty        
jeal\sy4 ,x 0 f su* an optimi/ic _s (   
ent]prise1 c]ta9ly1 t ! city ( ,/4 ,l\is

 resolv$ to invite all ! _w to its      
exposition1 & t ! ,/ate ( ,miss\ri gave 
its en?usia/ic approval & support to its
 capital city4 ,! sums to be laid out on
 su* bold und]tak+s are put at a g5]\s  
figure1 & no "o asks anxi\sly :e!r he is
 ready or able to und]take su* a ?+1 b  
he is fasc9at$ by ! ?\ght t su* an      
indu/rial fe/ival ar\nd ! cascades (    
,=e/ ,p>k1 ne> ! ,city ( ,/4 ,l\is1 w   
/imulate ! :ole indu/rial life ( !      
,mississippi ,valley4 ,"o already sees t
 ,miss\ri is dispos$ to become a        
,p5nsylvania ( ! ,we/1 & to develop h]  
ri* res\rces into a great indu/ry4  ,we 
mu/ n suppose1 9 all ?is1 t su* a _s (  
initiative involves no risk1 or t no    
disadvantages foll[ into ! b>ga94 ,x may
 be easily pr$ict$ t1 j by reason ( !   
en]gy :i* is s intr9sic to x1           
self-initiative w sometime ov]/ep !     
b\nds ( peace & h>mony4 ,initiative w   
become recklessness1 c>elessness (      
nature1 c>elessness ( "o's neighb\r1 &1 
f9ally1 c>elessness ( "o's self4  ,a    

reckless treatm5t ( nature has1 9 fact1 
*>act]iz$ ! ,am]ican pione] f ! fir/4 ,!
 weal? ( nature has seem$ s             
inexhau/ible1 t ! pione]s f\nd x natural
 to draw on _! pr9cipal in/ead ( liv+ on
 _! income4 ,ev]y:]e !y us$ only ! be/  
:i* !y f\nd2 !y cut d[n ! f9e/ =e/s     
fir/1 & saw$ up only ! be/ p>ts ( ! be/ 
logs4 ,! re/ 0 wa/$4 ,! f>m]s till$ only
 ! be/ soil1 & nature 0 dismantl$ &     
deplet$ 9 a way :i* a ,european1 :o is  
accu/om$ to precaution1 f9ds positively 
s9ful4 ,& ! "t is n[ pass$ :5 ?is c g on
 safely4 ,good1 arable l& c n[h]e be _h 
= no?+ to-day2 ! cutt+ d[n ( huge =e/s  
has already _h a bad effect on ! ra9fall
 & wat] supply1 & _m ef=ts are n[ be+   
made to atone = ! s9s ( ! pa/ by        
protect+ & replant+4 ,int5sive me?ods   
are be+ introduc$ 9 agriculture2 b ! "w 
( ?\ghtful m9ds meets ) a good deal (   
resi/ance 9 ! recklessness ( ! masses1  
:o1 s f> z nature is 9 "q1 ?9k v little 
( _! *ildr5's *ildr51 b are gre$y =     
in/ant pr(its4  ,! man1 moreov]1 :o     

ard5tly desires to play an important "p 
9 indu/ry is easily tempt$ to be        
indiff]5t ( 8 fell[s4 ,we h %[n t an    
,am]ican is n jeal\s or di/ru/ful ( !m1 
t he gives & expects frankness1 & t he  
respects _! rights4 ,b :5 he once beg9s 
to play1 he wants to w9 at any co/2 &   
!n1 s long z he obs]ves ! rules ( !     
game1 he consid]s no?+ else2 he has no  
pity1 & w nev] let 8 und]tak+ be int]f]$
 ) by s5tim5tal reasons4 ,!re is no d\bt
 at all t ! l>ge/ ,am]ican indu/rial    
ent]prises h ru9$ _m promis+ lives2 no  
d\bt t ! v m5 :o give freely to public  
ends h driv5 _! *>iots ov] _m indu/rial 
corpses4 ,! ,am]ican1 :o is s           
incomp>ably good-natur$1 amiable1       
oblig+1 & high-m9d$1 admits himself t he
 is %>p 9 trade1 & t ! ,am]ican         
indu/rial _s requires a sort ( milit>y  
discipl9e & mu/ be brutal4 ,if ! capta9 
( indu/ry 7 anxi\sly consid]ate (       
p]sons' feel+s1 he w\ld nev] h a*iev$   
indu/rial success any m ?an a           
compassionate & te>ful army w\ld w9 a   

victory4  ,b ! ,am]ican is h>d] on      
himself ?an on any "o else4 ,we h %[n   
h[1 9 8 "w1 he cons]ves 8 p[]s &        
utilizes !m economically2 b he sets no  
b\nds to ! intellectual /ra91 ! int5sity
 ( 8 n]v\s activities1 & only too (t5 he
 ru9s 8 heal? 9 ! too great /ra9 :i*    
br+s 8 success4 ,! bodies ( ?\s&s h     
f]tiliz$ ! soil = ?is great indu/rial   
tree--m5 :o h exhau/$ _! p[] 9 _!       
exagg]at$ comm]cial ambitions4 ,! real  
secret ( ,am]ican success is t1 m ?an   
any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w1 %e works ) ! "y  
m5 & uses !m up4 ,"y m5 are 9 all !     
important positions :]e high            
intellectual t5sion is requir$4  ,9 o!r 
directions1 too1 ! valuable _s (        
self-initiative %[s great weaknesses &  
dang]s4 ,! confid5ce :i* ! ,am]ican     
gives 8 neighb\r 9 bus9ess (t5 comes to 
be inexcusable c>elessness4 ,9 read+ !  
exposures made ( ! ,%ip-,build+ ,tru/1  
"o sees h[1 )\t a di%one/ int5t1 crimes 
c actually be committ$ m]ely ?r\gh      
?\ghtless confid5ce4 ,"o sees t ea* "o (

 ! great capitali/s "h involv$ reli$ on 
! o!r1 :ile no "o really inve/igat$ =   
himself4  ,!re is ano!r evil aris+ f !  
same int5se activity1 al?\gh1 to be     
sure1 x is m a matt] ( ! pa/ ?an ( !    
future4 ,?is is ! vulg> display ( weal?4
 ,:5 economic usefulness is ! ma9       
ambition1 & ! only measure ( success is 
! money :i* is won1 x is natural t "u m 
or less primitive social conditions e "o
 %\ld wi% to atte/ 8 m]its by display+  
weal?4 ,l>ge diamonds h !n mu* ! same   
function z titles & ord]s2 !y are !     
symbols ( successful endeav\r4 ,9 its   
vulg> =m all su* display is n[ virtually
 relegat$ to undevelop$ sections ( !    
c\ntry4 ,9 ! p>ts :]e culture is old]1  
:]e weal? is 9 its second or ?ird       
g5]ation1 e "o kn[s t 8 prop]ty is m    
useful 9 ! bank ?an on 8 p]son4  ,9     
spite ( ?is1 ! nation exp5ds an unduly  
l>ge "p ( its pr(its 9 p]sonal adornm5t1
 9 luxuries ( ! toilet1 9 horses &      
c>riages & exp5sive resid5ces4 ,!       
,am]ican is b\nd to h ! be/1 & feels    

himself l[]$ if he has to take ! second 
be/4 ,! mo/ exp5sive seats 9 an         
auditorium are always ! be/ fill$1 & !  
op]a is ?9ly att5d$ only :5 x is giv5 at
 r$uc$ prices4 ,x is j 9 ! mo/ exp5sive 
hotels t "o has to engage a room be=eh&4
 ,ev]y:]e t exp5diture c be obs]v$ by   
o!rs1 ! ,am]ican w\ld r r5\nce a        
pleasure entirely ?an enjoy x 9 a mode/ 
way4 ,he wants to appe> ev]y:]e z a     
prosp]\s & sub/antial p]son1 & !re=e has
 a decid$ t5d5cy to live beyond 8 means4
 ,extravagance is1 !re=e1 a great       
national trait4 ,ev]y?+1 :e!r l>ge or   
small1 is done ) a free h&4 ,9 ! kit*5 (
 ! ord9>y man mu* is ?r[n away :i* !    
,european c>efully saves = 8 n\ri%m5t2 &
 9 ! kit*5s ( ! gov]nm5t (ficials a     
hundr$ ?\s& cooks are at "w1 z if !re 7 
e day a banquet4 ,ev5 :5 ! ,am]ican     
economizes he is fundam5tally           
extravagant4 ,8 fav\rite way ( sav+ is  
by buy+ a life insurance policy2 b :5 "o
 sees h[ _m millions ( doll>s su*       
companies sp5d 9 adv]tis+ & o!rwise     

compet+ ) "o ano!r1 & :at prodigi\s     
am\nts !y take 91 "o _c d\bt t !y also  
are a means ( sav+ = weal?y m51 :o1 aft]
 all1 d n "k :at real economy is4  ,if !
 :ole outw>d life is p]vad$ by ?is      
pione] _s ( self-initiative1 !re is     
ano!r factor :i* is n to be ov]look$2 x 
is ! neglect ( ! /hetic4 ,any "o :o     
loves beauty desires to see 8 ideal     
realiz$ at ! pres5t mom5t1 & ! pres5t   
itself becomes = him expressive ( ! pa/1
 :ile ! man ^: only desire is to be     
active z an economic factor looks only  
into ! future4 ,! b>e pres5t is almo/   
valueless1 s9ce x is t :i* has to be    
ov]come2 x is ! mat]ial :i* ! ent]pris+ 
_s has to %ape creatively into some?+   
else4 ,! pione] _c be int]e/$ 9 ! pres5t
 z a survivor ( ! pa/2 x %[s to him only
 t :i* is to d1 & admoni%es 8 s\l to    
prep>e = new a*ievem5t4 ,on ,italian    
soil "o's eye is (f5d$ by e false note 9
 ! g5]al h>mony4 ,! pres5t1 9 :i* ! pa/ 
/ill lives1 fills "o's consci\sness1 & !
 repose ( /hetic contemplation is ! *ief

 emotion4 ,b a man :o ru%es f "o        
und]tak+ to ano!r seeks no unity or     
h>mony 9 ! pres5t2 8 ret9a is n s5sitive
 to ugl9ess1 because 8 eye is =ev] pe]+ 
into ! future2 & if ! pres5t 7 to be    
complete & f9i%$1 ! ent]pris+ _s w\ld   
regret su* p]fection & acc\nt x a       
loss--a re/riction ( 8 fre$om1 an end to
 8 creation4 ,x w\ld mean m]e pleasure &
 n action4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,am]ican       
expresses 8 pure idealism 9 speak+ ( !  
8glory ( ! imp]fect40  ,! ,italian is n 
to be disp>ag$ = be+ unlike ! ,am]ican &
 = lett+ 8 eye re/ on pleas+ cont\rs )\t
 ask+ :at new und]tak+s c\ld be devis$  
to make reality express 8 own _s (      
initiative4 ,"o mu/ also n blame !      
,am]ican if he does n scrut9ize 8 vi/as 
) ! eye ( a ,flor5t9e1 if he is n (f5d$ 
by ! ugly rema9s ( 8 nation's pa/1 !    
scaffold+ ( civilization1 or if he looks
 at !m ) pride1 not+ h[ re/lessly 8     
c\ntrym5 h /uck to _! "w 9 ord] to %ape 
a future f ! pa/4 ,9 fact1 "o c h>dly   
take a /ep 9 ! ,new ,_w )\t ev]y:]e com+

 on "s cry+ contra/ betwe5 mighty gr[? &
 ! oppressive rema9s ( outgr[n or       
abortive activities4 ,z "o comes d[n !  
monum5tal /eps ( ! ,metropolitan        
,museum1 9 :i* priceless treasures ( art
 are collect$1 "o sees 9 front ( "o a   
wret*$1 tumbl$-d[n hut :]e sundry       
refre%m5ts are sold1 on a dirty         
build+-lot ) a brok5 f5ce4 ,x looks z if
 x _h be5 br\ght f ! annual c\nty fair (
 "s remote di/rict into ?is weal?ie/    
/reet ( ! _w4  ,( c\rse su* a ?+ is     
/rik+ly (f5sive1 b x di/urbs only a     
p]son :o is n look+ ) ! eye ( !         
,am]ican1 :o c !re=e n und]/& ! true    
e?ical mean+ ( ,am]ican culture1 its    
e>ne/ look+ =w>d into ! future4 ,if !   
incomplete pa/ no long] met ! ,am]ican's
 eye 9 all its pov]ty & ugl9ess &       
smallness1 he w\ld h lo/ ! ma9spr+ ( 8  
life4 ,t :i* is complete does n int]e/  
him1 :ile t :i* he c /ill "w on :olly   
fasc9ates & absorbs him4 ,x is true "h1 
z 9 e dep>tm5t ( ,am]ican life1 t       
sup]ficial poli% w\ld be only an        

imitation ( success2 friction & t :i* is
 /hetically disorganiz$1 b = ?is v      
reason e?ically valuable1 give to 8 life
 its significance & to 8 indu/ry its    
incomp>able progress4                   
,,*apt] ,,twelve                        
,! ,economic ,rise   ,introite1 nam et  
hic dii sunt--"h1 too1 ! gods are on _! 
?rone4 ,! exploit+ ( ! c\ntry1 ! op5+ ( 
! m9es1 ! build+ ( factories &          
railroads1 trade & b>t]1 are n 9 "q "h z
 ! m]e means ( livelihood1 b z a        
spontane\s & creative lab\r1 :i* is     
und]tak5 specifically 9 ! int]e/s (     
progress4 ,9 ?is confession ( fai? we h 
f\nd ! significance ( ,am]ican indu/rial
 life1 9 ! _s ( self-initiative its     
greate/ /r5g?4 ,only su* m5 z desire to 
take "p 9 ! economic era ( creation1 to 
meet _! neighb\rs op5ly & tru/+ly & to  
rely on _! spok5 ^w1 9 %ort1 to believe 
9 ! intr9sic wor? ( indu/ry--only su* m5
 c weave ! wond]ful fabric ( ,new ,_w   
indu/ry4 ,a race ( m5 c>ry+ on comm]ce  
m]ely 9 ord] to live1 feel+ no idealism 

impell+ !m to indu/ry1 w\ld nev]1 ev5 9 
?is ri*ly-end[$ ,am]ica1 h produc$ su*  
tangible results or ga9$ su* p[]4       
,nev]!less1 ! c\ntry itself mu/ n be    
=gott5 by reason ( its inhabitants4 ,x 0
 ! orig9al inducem5t to ! inhabitants to
 turn s indu/ri\sly to ! spade & pl\gh4 
,:]e ! spade has dug1 x has br\ght up   
silv] & gold1 coal & iron2 & :]e ! pl\gh
 has turn$1 x has evok$ a mammo? gr[? ( 
:eat & corn4 ,seas & riv]s1 bays &      
m\nta9s h produc$ a happy configuration 
( ! l& & po9t$ out ! r\tes = traffic2   
oil-wells h fl[n freely1 & ! wat]p[] is 
inexhau/ible2 ! supply ( fi% & f[l1 !   
h>ve/s ( tropical fruits & ( cotton h   
be5 suffici5t to supply ! _w4 ,& all ?is
 0 comm5c$ by nature1 be=e ! fir/       
,am]ican set 8 foot on ! cont95t4  ,&   
:ile x 0 ! lavi% h& ( nature :i* fir/   
br\ght prosp]ity to ! inhabitants1 ?is  
prosp]ity became1 9 its turn1 a new     
/imulus to ! economic exploitation (    
fur!r natural res\rces4 ,x provid$ !    
capital = new und]tak+s2 x also help$ on

 ! extraord9>y gr[? ( economic dem&1 x  
made ! f>m] & ! artisan ! be/ patrons ( 
?riv+ indu/ries1 & made ! economic      
circulatory sy/em pulsate ) increas+    
/r5g? ?r\gh ! national organization4    
,!re are1 besides ! purely economic     
conditions1 c]ta9 political &           
adm9i/rative ones4 ,am]ican hi/ory has  
develop$ 9 a free atmosph]e su* z _c be 
_h 9 c\ntries ) anci5t traditions1 &    
:i*1 ev5 9 ! ,new ,_w1 at lea/ 9 ! ea/]n
 "p ( x1 is disappe>+ day by day4 ,(    
c\rse1 su* elb[-room has n be5 an       
unqualifi$ bless+4 ,x has be5 att5d$ by 
evils & has made sacrifices necess>y4 ,b
 ^! h always t\*$ ! individual4 ,!      
community has ga9$ by ! fre$om (        
economic conditions4 ,= in/ance1        
railroads1 su* z 7 built ?r\gh ! :ole   
,we/ dur+ ! pione] ye>s ( ,am]ica1 w\ld 
n be p]mitt$ = a mom5t by a ,g]man      
gov]nm5t4 ,su* flimsy bridges1 su*      
r\gh-&-ready road-b$s1 su* inadequate   
precautions on cross+s 7 ev]y:]e a s]i\s
 m5ace2 b ^? :o 7 injur$ 7 soon =gott51 

:ile ! economic bless+s ( ! new         
railroads :i* transport$ hundr$s ( ?\s&s
 ( p into un9habit$ regions1 & left !m  
to ga!r ! treasure ( ! soil1 cont9u$4   
,!y c\ld nev] h be5 built if p _h wait$ 
until !y 7 able to con/ruct by approv$  
me?ods4 ,aft] ! great pione] railroads  
_h accompli%$ _! mission1 ! "t came :5  
!y 7 replac$ by bett] /ructures4 ,& !y h
 be5 built ov] _m times1 until to-day ! 
traffic is suffici5tly safe4 ,x /ill    
belongs1 9 a way1 to ! confession ( fai?
 ( ?is religion ( self-initiative t ea* 
man %all be free to risk n only 8       
prop]ty1 b also 8 own life1 = ! sake (  
ent]prise4 ,no bo>d ( commission]s may  
int]f]e to tell an ,am]ican n to skirt a
 precipice4  ,su* in/ances ( complete   
fre$om1 :]e life & limb are unsafe1     
disappe> day by day4 ,guide-po/s are put
 at e railroad cross+1 & civil          
au?orities take m & m int]e/ 9 safety   
appliances = factories & 9 ! security ( 
city build+s2 9 fact1 hygi5ic           
regulations 9 "s ,ea/]n cities to-day g 

ev5 fur!r ?an !y g 9 ,g]many4           
,nev]!less1 9 su* matt]s z involve n    
dang]s1 b m]ely traditions or pref]5ces1
 a l>ge am\nt ( democratic fre$om c /ill
 be _h 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,ov] ! broad       
prairies !re are no signs lawfully w>n+ 
p]sons to turn to ! "r & n to walk on ! 
grass4 ,! ,am]ican himself n only reg>ds
 ?is c\ntry z ! l& ( 8unlimit$          
possibilities10 b m specially he reg>ds 
! ,european ,cont95t z ! c\ntry (       
impossible limitations4 ,bureaucracy is 
to 8 m9d ! wor/ enemy ( indu/rial life1 
because x ev]y:]e provides ! mo/ trivial
 ob/acles to t _s ( adv5ture & d>+ :i*  
seeks to press on into ! future2 & 9 !  
end x is sure to br+ all ent]prise to a 
/&/ill4 ,x is important = ?is fre$om t !
 :ole economic legislation is regulat$1 
fir/ ( all1 n by ! ,union1 b by ! sev]al
 /ates1 & t ?us e v>iety ( indu/rial    
life go+ on 9 any /ate %all be s well   
repres5t$ t e attempt to br+ up         
artificial re/ra9ts %all be nipp$ 9 !   
bud4  ,to ?is negative factor is to be  

add$ a positive "o4 ,e "o kn[s t !      
mighty gr[? ( ! ,am]ican indu/ry & ( its
 :ole comm]cial life w\ld n h be5       
possible )\t ! c>efully adapt$          
protective t>iff ( rec5t ye>s4 ,! ,d+ley
 & ! ,mc,kinley t>iff laws h n1 ( c\rse1
 produc$ t great advance1 b !y h        
p[]fully aid$ x4 ,& at ! same "t enorm\s
 sums h be5 d]iv$ !refrom & exp5d$ by ! 
gov]nm5t 9 improv+ ! wat]-ways & h>b\rs4
 ,! gov]nm5t has sp5t va/ sums 9 help+  
agriculture1 & done mu* to irrigate !   
arid portions ( ! c\ntry4 ,economic     
problems 9 g5]al receive great          
consid]ation 9 ,wa%+ton & 9 e /ate      
capital4 ,besides su* g5]al political   
activities1 !re are m special ones4 ,!  
nation's agriculture1 = in/ance1 is     
trem5d\sly assi/$ by sci5tific rese>*es1
 :i* are c>ri$ on by ! ,dep>tm5t (      
,agriculture4 ,! army ( ,am]ican consuls
 is incomp>ably al]t 9 seek+ out        
fav\rable op5+s = ,am]ican trade ) o!r  
nations1 & ! consul> reports are        
di/ribut$ promptly & free ( *>ge f      

,wa%+ton to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4  ,!    
political attitude ( ! nation works 9   
/ill ano!r way to fav\r g5]al prosp]ity4
 ,! c\ntry has a unifi$ organization :i*
 fav\rs all economic ent]prises4 ,al?\gh
 sev5te5 times z l>ge z ,g]many1 !      
c\ntry is nev]!less "o spl5did unit )\t 
int]nal cu/oms b>ri]s1 "u "o law1 & free
 f sectional di/ru/s4 ,=1 :]ev]         
comm]cial int]c\rse goes on betwe5      
diff]5t /ates1 ! common f$]al law is 9  
=ce4  ,p]haps ev5 m important ?an !     
national unity is ! democratic equality 
?r\gh\t ! population4 ,h[ev] div]se ^!  
eighty million p may be1 !y =m a        
homog5e\s pur*as+ public4 ,e new /yle or
 fa%ion spreads l wild-fire f ,new ,york
 to ,san ,francisco1 & 9 spite ( _!     
diff]5ces1 ! day-lab\r] & ! millionaire 
bo? h a c]ta9 simil>ity ( ta/es &       
requirem5ts1 s t ! indu/rial produc] & !
 di/ributor f9d x easy to make & keep 9 
/ock all articles :i* are call$ =4      
,in/ead ( ! freaki% & fanciful dem& :i* 
makes ! ,european indu/rial life s      

difficult1 ev]ybody 9 ,am]ica wants !   
same patt]n z 8 neighb\r1 p]haps a      
little f9] & bett]1 b /ill ! same g5]al 
?+4 ,& ?is br+s x ab\t t produc]s c     
manufacture 9 l>ge quantities1 &        
:olesale production & ! ease ( plac+    
w>es on ! m>ket enc\rage aga9 ! uni=mity
 ( ta/e & requirem5t1 & help on ! popul>
 t5d5cy t[>d mutual imitation ?r\gh\t ! 
c\ntry4  ,b n[1 in/ead ( rec\nt+ !      
conditions :i* h help$ to make ! /ory1  
we mu/ n>rate ! /ory itself4 ,! ,g]man c
 li/5 to x ) pleasure1 s9ce x is ab\t "o
 ( ,g]many's be/ patrons--a nation :i*  
always buys f ,g]many 9 proportion to   
its own prosp]ity1 & "o ^: adv]sity w\ld
 br+ mis=tune to ,g]many4 ,! /ory c be  
mo/ quickly told 9 figures1 z is !      
fav\rite ,am]ican way2 =1 if ! ,am]ican 
has a special mania1 x is to heap up all
 sorts ( /ati/ics4  ,we %all be/ /udy ! 
/ati/ical v>iations ?r\gh long int]vals 
( "t1 9 ord] n to be l$ a/ray by        
tempor>y fluctuations4 ,:51 a few ye>s  
ago1 an indu/rial & f9ancial relapse _h 

set 9 9 ,g]many1 & ,engl& 0 suff]+ f !  
w> 9 ! ,transvaal1 :ile ,am]ica 0       
und]tak+ a gigantic "w ( organization   
:i* promis$ to h m>vell\s results1 !    
,unit$ ,/ates sudd5ly appe>$ z !        
economic mi/ress ( ! _w1 to ! a/oni%m5t 
& appreh5sion ( all o!r c\ntries4 ,soon 
aft] t ,g]man trade & indu/ry began to  
revive & ,engl& recov]$ itself1 :ile 9  
,am]ica indu/rial extravagance &        
f9ancial inflation 7 br++ ab\t _!       
necess>y evil consequ5ces4 ,!n ! public 
op9ion ( o!r c\ntries swung at once to !
 o!r extreme1 z if ,am]ica's success _h 
be5 entirely spuri\s4 ,p sudd5ly turn$  
ab\t & believ$ t ! "t ( ,am]ican        
prosp]ity 0 ov]1 rejoic$ ) gh\li% glee  
ov] ! weakness ( ! enemy1 despis$ 8     
foolh>d9ess1 & gossip$ ab\t 8 indu/rial 
lead]s4 ,b x 0 only 9 o!r c\ntries t m5 
l ,s*wab1 ! presid5t ( ! ,/eel ,tru/1 _h
 be5 look$ on z a ,napoleon ( indu/ry2 &
 :5 he 0 n able to reta9 8 position1    
,european pap]s 7 z pleas$ z if a       
,napoleonic army _h be5 wip$ out4 ,su*  

insignificant ev5ts ( ! day are able to 
di/ort ! judgm5t ( great movem5ts2      
picturesque mi%aps /rike ! att5tion1 &  
are tak5 to indicate great movem5ts4  ,!
 actual advance 9 economic life ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates 0 n su* a sudd5 ?+ z x    
seem$ to n]v\s ,europe1 nor 0 !re any   
rev]se su* z ,europe delight$ to record4
 ,to be sure1 ,am]ica has pass$ ?r\gh   
sev]al great crises2 b h] hi/ory is     
nev]!less "o ( /eady1 ev5 & heal?y      
developm5t 9 economic organization4 ,!  
,am]ican himself is incl9$ to believe t 
sev]e crises are n to be fe>$ any m2 b  
h[ev] t may be1 ! long-pr$ict$ d[nfall  
has n come to-day1 & is n ev5 9 sight4  
,! g5]al progress p]si/s1 & ! decl9e 9  
/ock-m>ket securities1 :i* has be5 "h & 
!re abroad ! signal = al>m1 is itself a 
"p ( ! s\nd developm5t4 ,:5 "o looks at 
! :ole rise "o realizes t ! "y nation's 
developm5t has be5 great & p[]ful1 & su*
 z 0 nev] be=e kn[n 9 ! hi/ory (        
civilization4 ,figures w %[ ?is bett]   
?an adjectives4 ,:at n[ d ! ,unit$      

,/ates produce8 ,! :eat ( ! c\ntry      
am\nt$1 9 ! ye> #ahej1 to only #ajj     
million bu%els2 9 #ahgj to #bce         
millions2 #ebb millions 9 #aijj2 #fcg 9 
#aijc4 ,! corn h>ve/ 0 #eib millions 9  
#ahej2 #a1jid 9 #ahgj2 #b1aje 9 #aijj2  
#b1bdd 9 #aijc4 ,!re 7 #eb million p\nds
 ( wool 9 #ahej2 #afb 9 #ahgj2 #bhh 9   
#aijj2 #caf 9 #aijb4 ,b cotton is 8k+40 
,9 #ahej ! cotton h>ve/ am\nt$ to #b4c  
million bales2 #c4a millions 9 #ahgj2   
#i4d 9 #aijj & #aj4g 9 #aijc2 #aaj1jjj  
tons ( sug> 7 produc$ 9 #ahej & la/ ye> 
#caj1jjj tons4 ,! dread$ ,am]ican       
petroleum 0 n fl[+ 9 #ahej4 ,x appe>s 9 
! /ati/ical tables ( #ahei 9 ! mode/    
quantity ( #h1djj gallons2 9 #ahgj !re 7
 #bbj million gallons2 9 #aijj1 #b1ffa  
million1 & 9 #aijc !re 7 #c1gjg million 
gallons4 ,! coal output ( ! c\ntry began
 9 #ahbj ) #cfe tons & am\nt$ 9 #ahej to
 #c million tons2 9 #ahgj to #cc        
million2 9 #aijj to #bdj million2 9     
#aijb to #bfi million tons4 ,9 ! middle 
( ! la/ c5tury #efc1jjj tons ( iron ore 

7 m9$2 #a4f million tons 9 #ahgj2 #ac4g 
9 #aijj1 & #ah million 9 #aijc4 ,!      
manufacture ( /eel began 9 #ahfg )      
#ai1jjj tons & 9 #ahgj am\nt$ to #fh1jjj
 tons1 to #aj4a million tons 9 #aijj2   
#ad4i millions 9 #aijb4 ,( copp]1 #fej  
tons 7 m9$ 9 #ahej2 #ab1jjj tons 9      
#ahgj2 #bgj1jjj tons 9 #aijj2 & #bid1jjj
 tons 9 #aijb4 ,! silv] production 9 !  
middle ( ! c5tury 0 e/imat$ at #ej1jjj2 
9 #ahgj at #af1jjj1jjj1 & 9 #aijj at    
#gd1jjj1jjj2 9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s x has    
gone back to #ga1jjj1jjj4 ,! highe/ po9t
 0 rea*$ 9 #ahib1 ) #hb1jjj1jjj4 ,on !  
o!r h&1 ! production ( gold has gr[n    
/eadily 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 al?\gh x _h 
rea*$ its fir/ high po9t back 9 !       
fifties4 ,9 ! ye> #ahec1 #fe1jjj1jjj    
wor? ( gold 0 produc$4 ,! am\nt decreas$
 sl[ly b /eadily to #cj1jjj1jjj 9 ! ye> 
#ahhc1 & has s9ce ris5 almo/ /eadily    
until 9 #aijc x am\nt$ to #gd1jjj1jjj4  
,! total output ( m9]als 0 valu$ at     
#bah1jjj1jjj 9 #ahgj1 & #a1jfc1jjj1jjj 9
 #aijj4  ,?is /eady gr[? ( natural      

products is repeat$ 9 ! agricultural &  
indu/rial sph]es4 ,! numb] ( f>ms 0 giv5
 at #a4d million 9 ! middle ( ! la/     
c5tury1 ) ! total value (               
#c1ifg1jjj1jjj2 9 #ahgj !re 7 #b4f      
million f>ms valu$ at #h1idd1jjj1jjj2 & 
9 #aijj !re 7 #e4g million1 valu$ at    
#bj1ead1jjj1jjj4 ,9 #ahgj1 #e4i million 
p engag$ 9 agriculture2 #aj4d million 9 
#aijj4 ,! total value ( agricultural    
products am\nt$1 9 #ahgj1 to            
#a1ieh1jjj1jjj1 & 9 #aijj to            
#c1gfd1jjj1jjj4 ,all dome/ic            
animals--cattle1 horses1 mules1 %eep &  
pigs--am\nt$ 9 #ahej to #edd1jjj1jjj2 9 
#ahgj to #a1hbb1jjj1jjj2 9 #aijj to     
#b1bbh1jjj1jjj1 & 9 #aijc to            
#c1ajb1jjj1jjj4  ,! greate/ gr[?1 h[ev]1
 is %[n 9 indu/ry4 ,9 #ahej !re 7       
#abc1jjj indu/rial plants ) #ieg1jjj    
employees1 pay+ wages ( #bcf1jjj1jjj1 & 
) an output wor? #a1jai1jjj1jjj4 ,9     
#ahgj !re 7 #beb1jjj factories1 ) #b    
million workm51 pay+ #gge1jjj1jjj 9     
wages1 & ) an output wor?               

#d1bcb1jjj1jjj2 9 #ahij !re 7 #c1eej1jjj
 factories1 #d4g million workm51 a sal>y
 li/ ( #b1bhc1jjj1jjj1 & a product wor? 
#i1cgb1jjj1jjj4 ,9 #aijj !re 7 #eab1jjj 
factories1 ) #e4g million workm51 a     
pay-roll ( #bgc1ejj1jjj1 & an output    
wor? #ac1jci1jjj1jjj4 ,/ati/ics "h _c be
 br\ght up to ! pres5t "t1 s9ce a c>eful
 indu/rial c5sus is made only e t5 ye>s2
 b ?is glance ov] ! half c5tury %[s at  
once t !re has be5 a v /eady increase1 &
 t x is no mu%room gr[? due to ! rec5tly
 enact$ protective t>iffs4  ,! economic 
rise ( ! nation is well reflect$ 9 its  
=eign comm]ce4 ,if we disreg>d ! imports
 & exports ( preci\s metals1 !          
int]national comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
%[s a total import 9 ! ye> #aijc (      
#a1jbe1gai1bcg1 & a total export (      
#a1dbj1ada1fgi4 ,we mu/ analyze ^! two  
figures 9 sev]al ways1 & comp>e !m )    
simil> figures 9 ! pa/4 ,9 "o way !y %[ 
a decrease1 s9ce 9 ! ye> #aijc ! exports
 exce$$ ! imports by ov] #cid millions1 
b 9 ! prec$+ ye> by #dgg millions4 ,?is 

unfav\rable *ange is n f any decrease 9 
exports1 b f a rem>kable increase 9     
imports2 9 fact1 ! exports 7 #ch        
millions m ?an dur+ ! previ\s ye>1 :ile 
! imports 7 #abb millions m4  ,?us1 9 ! 
ye> #aijc1 ! total =eign trade ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates exce$$ t ( all previ\s    
ye>s1 & rea*$ ! a/oni%+ figure (        
#b1dde1jjj1jjj4 ,al?\gh be=e ! ye> #aijj
 ! total trade 0 less ?an two billions1 
x rea*$ ! sum ( "o billion z e>ly z !   
ye> #ahgb2 exports & imports toge!r     
am\nt$ 9 #ahcj to #acd millions2 9 #ahej
 to #cag millions2 9 #ahfj to #fhg      
millions2 9 #ahgj to #hbh millions2 9   
#ahhj to #a1ejc millions2 9 #ahij to    
#a1fdg millions1 & 9 #aijj to #b1bdd    
millions4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! balance (   
trade %ift$ frequ5tly4 ,9 #ahjj1 =      
in/ance1 !re 0 an import balance ( #ba  
millions1 & simil>ly 9 ! decades end+ 9 
#ahaj1 #ahbj1 & #ahcj4 ,9 ! decade :i*  
end$ 9 #ahdj !re 0 an av]age export     
balance ( #bi millions4 ,! tables turn$ 
9 ! next decade end+ 9 ! ye> #ahej1 :5  

!re 0 an av]age import balance ( #bi    
millions2 9 ! decade end+ #ahfj1 ( #bj  
millions1 & 9 ! foll[+ decade1 ( #dc    
millions4 ,b !n ! exports sudd5ly       
increas$1 & h exce$$ ! imports = ! la/  
tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,9 #ahhj ! imports 7   
#ffg millions1 & ! exports #hce         
millions2 9 #ahij ! imports 7 #ghi      
millions1 & ! exports #heg millions2 9  
#aijj ! imports 7 #hdi millions1 & !    
exports #a1cid millions2 9 #aija !      
imports 7 #hbc1 & ! exports #a1dhg2 9   
#aijb ! imports 7 #ijc1 & ! exports     
#a1cha2 & 9 #aijc1 z giv5 above1 !      
imports 7 #a1jbe1 & ! exports #a1dbj    
millions4  ,let u n[ look at ! ,am]ican 
imports m closely4 ,lett+ all our       
figures repres5t million doll>s1 we le>n
 t dur+ ! la/ ye> imports ( bread/uffs &
 live animals 7 #bab2 ( raw mat]ials    
#chc2 ( half-f9i%$ products #ig2 (      
manufactur$ products #afi1 & ( articles 
( luxury 9 g5]al #ade4 ,! food products 
import$1 :i* comprise to-day #ba p] c5t4
 ( all imports1 compris$ #ca p] c5t4 9  

#ahhj2 & at t "t ! necess>y manufactur$ 
articles 7 also a l>g] proportion ( !   
:ole1 be+ !n #bj p] c5t4 aga9/ #af p]   
c5t4 to-day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 raw mat]ials1
 :i* 7 !n #be p] c5t41 are to-day #ch p]
 c5t41 & articles ( luxury h increas$ f 
#aj to #ad p] c5t4 ( ! total imports4 ,(
 ! half-manufactur$ products import$1 ! 
mo/ important 7 ! *emicals1 valu$ at #ch
 millions2 !n come wood5 w>es wor? #aa1 
oil wor? #aj1 iron wor? #h1 sk9s & lea!r
 wor? #e millions4 ,( raw mat]ials ! mo/
 valuable 7 sk9s & furs1 :i* am\nt$ la/ 
ye> to #eh millions2 raw silk 0 next1 ) 
#ej2 vegetable fibres1 su* z hemp1 #cd2 
rubb] #cb1 iron & /eel #cj4 ,?is la/    
figure is an exceptional "o1 & is due to
 ! fact t dur+ ! ye> ! ,am]ican /eel    
indu/ries 7 tax$ to _! utmo/ by         
consum]s' dem&s4 ,9 ! ye> #aijb ! iron &
 /eel imports 7 only #i1 & 9 #aija only 
#c millions4 ,! imports ( raw *emicals  
am\nt$ to #bc millions1 & t9 ! same2    
wool #ba1 copp] #bj2 wood #aa1 & cotton 
#aa4  ,! exports1 arrang$ accord+ to !  

s\rces ( production1 am\nt$1 la/ ye>1 to
 #hgc million doll>s' wor? (            
agricultural products1 #djg ( factory   
products1 #eg ( products ( ! =e/1 #ci ( 
m9es1 & #g f fi%]ies4 ,( ! rema9d]1 #f  
millions 7 f o!r dome/ic s\rces1 & #bg  
_h come f o!r c\ntries4 ,! agricultural 
exports rea*$ _! highe/ po9t 9 #aija1 :5
 !y am\nt$ to #idc1 & also ! export (   
manufactur$ articles is n[ #c4d less ?an
 9 #aija & #bf less ?an 9 #aijj4 ,b !   
/ati/ics ( manufactures %[ suffici5tly t
 !re has be5 no decrease 9 output1 b    
m]ely t ! home consumption has increas$4
 ,ap>t f ^! accid5tal fluctuations ( !  
pa/ ?ree ye>s1 ! exports h /eadily      
increas$4 ,9 #ahjj ! agricultural       
exports 7 #be millions2 ! indu/rial #b2 
9 #ahej ! =m] 7 #ajh1 ! latt] #ag2 9    
#ahhj !y 7 #fhe & #ajb respectively1 & 9
 #aijj !y 7 #hce & #dcc4  ,if we look at
 ! =eign trade ) reg>d to ! c\ntries    
trad$ )1 we %all f9d ,europe fir/ 9 bo? 
exports & imports4 ,9 ! ye> #aijc !     
imports f ,europe to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7  

#edg1 ! exports to ,europe #a1jbi2 !    
imports f ,canada & ,mexico 7 #ahi1 & ! 
exports !reto #bae4 ,f ,s\? ,am]ica !   
imports 7 #ajg1 ! exports #da2 f ,asia !
 imports 7 #adg1 ! exports #eh2 f       
,au/ralia !y 7 #ba & #cg1 & f ,africa   
#ab & #ch4  ,! trade balances )         
individual c\ntries 9 ,europe 7 z       
foll[s3 ,engl& b\ght f ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
#ebc million doll>s' wor?1 & sold !     
value ( #ahj2 !n comes ,g]many1 :i*     
b\ght #agd & sold #aaa2 ,france b\ght   
only #gj & sold #hg2 ,au/ria b\ght #f & 
sold #aj2 ,russia b\ght #g & sold ! same
 am\nt4 ,aft] ,engl& & ,g]many ! be/    
pur*as] 0 ,canada1 :i* import$ f !      
,unit$ ,/ates #abc & export$ !reto #ed4 
,g]many imports m f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 
f any o!r c\ntry4 ,g]many imports v mu* 
less f ,russia1 & /ill less f ,au/ria & 
,great ,brita94 ,among ! c\ntries to :i*
 ,g]many exports h] w>es ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 has ?ird place1 ,engl& & ,au/ria hav+ !
 fir/ & second4 ,am]ica imports f       
,g]many fir/ly drugs & dye-/uffs1 !n    

manufactur$ cotton1 silk1 & iron goods1 
books1 pictures1 & works ( art1 clay    
w>e1 *9a1 li?ographs1 toys1 etc4 ,no o!r
 class am\nts to m ?an #aj million m>ks4
 ,!re is a /eady increase 9 almo/ e     
class1 & ! total imports f ,g]many 7 #ag
 p] c5t4 l>g] la/ ye> ?an dur+ ! ye>    
previ\s2 #ga p] c5t4 m ?an 9 #ahih2 #ach
 p] c5t4 m ?an 9 #ahhj2 #aih p] c5t4 m  
?an 9 #ahge1 & #cdc p] c5t4 m ?an 9     
#ahgj4  ,! pr9cipal export ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates to ,g]many is cotton4 ,t5 ye>s   
ago ! am\nt export$ 0 #cd million       
doll>s' wor?2 9 #aija1 x 0 #gf2 9 !     
foll[+ ye> only #gj1 b 9 ! ye> #aijc1   
#hd1 ! am\nt export$ 9 t ye> be+        
#ieg1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,! exports ( :eat to
 ,g]many am\nt$ 9 #ahif to only #j4fjh  
million doll>s2 9 ! foll[+ ye> to #a4i2 
9 ! next ye> to #c4a2 9 #ahii to #g4f2 &
 9 #aijb to #ad4i2 b 9 #aijc to only    
#aa4a4 ,! exports ( corn fluctuate /ill 
m widely4 ,9 ! ye> #aija ,g]many b\ght  
#ag millions1 9 #aijc only #f4f4 ,!     
exportation ( petroleum rea*$ its l>ge/ 

figure 9 #aijj1 ) #h millions1 & 9 #ahic
 0 #f4c4  ,en\gh ( ^! dry figures4 ,!y  
w\ld look /ill m /rik+ if comp>$ ) !    
/ati/ics ( o!r c\ntries4 ,m :eat gr[s 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 & 
m corn ?an 9 all ! o!r c\ntries put     
toge!r2 m cattle & hogs are slaught]$   
?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 & ?ree-f\r?s ( !  
_w's cotton h>ve/ is gr[n 9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates4 ,no o!r c\ntry m9es s mu* coal1 
petroleum1 iron1 copp]1 & lead1 or      
produces s mu* lea!r or *>coal4 ,9 %ort1
 ! mo/ important articles ent]+ into    
manufactures are m pl5tiful ?an 9 any   
o!r c\ntry ( ! _w4 ,b ev5 on look+ ov]  
^! figures ( int]national trade1 "o does
 n get s adequate an impression ( !     
imm5se economic activity z by actually  
see+ ! :eels ( ?is great ma*9e 9 motion4
 ,"o mu/ see ! p[] /ations at ,niag>a1 !
 /eel works ( ,pittsburg1 !             
slaught]-h\ses ( ,*icago1 ! textile     
factories ( ,new ,engl&1 ! pr9t+-presses
 ( ,new ,york1 ! wat* factories (       
,massa*usetts & ,ill9ois1 !             

gra9-elevators ( ,buffalo1 ! mills (    
,m9neapolis1 ! locomotive & %ip works   
ne> ,philadelphia1 & ! wat] front ( ,new
 ,york ,city1 9 ord] to und]/& !        
trem5d\s =ces :i* are con/antly at "w4  
,a s+le factory turns out #a1ejj        
locomotives e ye>4 ,a ,*icago factory   
:i* makes h>ve/+ ma*9]y cov]s #adj      
acres1 employs #bd1jjj m51 & has made   
two million ma*9es :i* are n[ 9 use4 ,x 
has fifty %ips to br+ its wood & iron1 &
 e day loads a hundr$ freight c>s ) its 
f9i%$ products4 ,& ent]prise on ?is l>ge
 scale is f\nd n m]ely 9 /aple articles1
 b 9 m trivial w>es4 ,x is a famili>    
fact t 9 ,g]many ! l>ge dep>tm5t /ores  
make v sl[ progress aga9/ small %ops1   
:ile 9 ,am]ica ! great %ops meet at once
 ) popul> fav\r4 ,_! huge adv]tisem5ts 9
 newspap]s & magaz9es vie ) _! %op w9d[s
 9 attract+ trade4 ,x is no?+ uncommon =
 ! manufactur] ( a breakfa/ food or "s  
*emical prep>ation to sp5d ov] a million
 doll>s a ye> = humor\s adv]tisem5ts4 ,9
 ! ,ladies' ,home ,j\rnal "o ins]tion on

 ! adv]tis+ pages co/s six doll>s p]    
l9e1 & ! l9es are %ort4 ,a %ort "t ago a
 soap conc]n leas$ ! back outside cov] (
 a magaz9e = a p]iod ( "t & paid        
#aej1jjj !re=4  ,m impressive1 h[ev]1   
?an any?+ t ! travell] is able to see   
to-day is ! comp>ison ) :at exi/$       
ye/]day4 ,our figures h v well %[n t !  
spe$ ( developm5t has be5 rapid ev]y:]e 
& sometimes almo/ explosive4 ,a typical 
example ( ?is is f\nd 9 agricultural    
ma*9]y4 ,! mann] ( till+ ! gr\nd 0 :olly
 revolutioniz$ 9 #ahgj1 :5 ! fir/       
pl\gh+-ma*9e 0 (f]$ = sale to ! ,am]ican
 f>m]4 ,s9ce !n improvem5ts h be5 made  
cont9ually1 until to-day e f>m] rides on
 8 ma*9es2 & ! /eam-pl\gh1 :i* s[s &    
h>r[s at ! same "t1 has r$uc$ ! am\nt ( 
"t sp5t on ^! processes to "o-fifte5? ( 
:at x =m]ly 01 & ! co/ ( e %eaf ( :eat  
to "o-qu>t]4 ,! ma*9es ( to-day s[ &    
f]tilize at ! same "t1 & place ! se$s at
 j ! desir$ dep? b5ea? ! surface4 ,!re  
are o!r ma*9es :i* take ! corn f ! cob1 
at ! same "t cutt+ up ! cobs1 & turn out

 a bu%el ( corn 9 a m9ute1 = :i* a good 
lab\r] us$ to take two h\rs4  ,!        
?re%+-flail 0 ab&on$ long ago1 & !      
comb9$ m[+ & ?re%+ ma*9e is p]haps ! mo/
 clev] inv5tion ( all4 ,x cuts ! k]nels 
f ! /alk1 ?re%es & w9n[s !m1 & packs !m 
9 bags2 & all ?is z quickly z ! horses  
are able to travel d[n ! field4 ,!      
ma*9es :i* sep>ate ! cotton f ! cotton  
se$ are ! only ?+ t makes x possible to 
ga!r a h>ve/ ( t5 million bales4 ,9 =m] 
times x took a p]son ab\t t5 h\rs to    
remove ! se$s f a p\nd & a half (       
cotton4 ,! ma*9e cleans #g1jjj p\nds 9 !
 same "t4  ,9 j ! same way ! inv5tive   
g5ius ( ! ,am]ican has ev]y:]e increas$ 
! output ( 8 factories4 ,8 *ief aim is  
to save lab\r1 & h5ce to devise         
automatic processes :]ev] !y are        
possible1 s t turn+ a crank or t\*+ a   
lev] %all accompli% z mu* z h>d "w once 
accompli%$4 ,?is cont9ual process (     
inv5tion & improvem5t1 & ! f]tile       
res\rcefulness ( e workman & capitali/1 
_! read9ess to introduce e improvem5t   

)\t delay & )\t reg>d to exp5se1 h      
contribut$ m to ! enorm\s economic      
progress ?an all ! protective t>iff or  
ev5 ?an ! natural res\rces ( ! soil     
itself4  ,extreme j+oes see 9 ?is huge  
gr[? only ! beg9n+ ( some?+ yet to come1
 & 9 _! dreams imag9e a day :5 ,am]ica  
%all rule ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,b no "o %\ld
 be deceiv$ by su* ideas4 ,! ?\ghtful   
,am]ican kn[s v well t1 = in/ance1 !    
great increase ( 8 export trade has by  
no means ov]come all ob/acles4 ,he kn[s 
t ,am]ican wages are high1 & t prosp]ity
 makes !m m s1 because ! ,am]ican       
workman is bett] able ?an ! ,european to
 dem& 8 %>e ( all pr(its4 ,also !       
?\ghtful ,am]ican does n expect to ga9 !
 ,european m>ket by 8dump+0 8 w>es4 ,9 !
 appreh5sion ( dull times he may snat*  
an exp$i5t = gett+ rid ( accumulations  
:i* ! home m>ket w n take (f 8 h&s4 ,9  
ord9>y times indu/ry w n d ?is1 because 
x kn[s ! demoraliz+ effect produc$ on ! 
home c\ntry :5 x is kn[n t ! manufactur]
 is sell+ m *eaply abroad ?an at home4  

,! ,am]ican is afraid ( demoraliz+ !    
dome/ic m>ket m ?an any?+ else2 s9ce1   
ow+ to ! /rong t5d5cy t[>d indu/rial    
imitation1 any economic depression      
spreads rapidly1 & c easily cause a     
g5]al collapse ( prices4 ,ev5 !         
elaborate pa9s tak5 to replace human    
lab\r 9 ! ,am]ican lab\r-sav+ ma*9es are
 (t5 q made up = by ! ?\ghtless wa/e (  
by-products & by ! g5]al high-h&$ness ( 
conduct+ bus9ess4  ,:ile ,am]ica has a  
trem5d\s advantage 9 ! fact t coal c be 
readily br\ght to ! indu/rial c5tres1 & 
t ! products c be deliv]$ *eaply ?r\gh\t
 ! c\ntry1 x /&s "u ! disadvantage t mo/
 ( its exports are %ipp$ 9 =eign        
bottoms1 s t ! freight *>ges g to       
=eign]s2 = ! ,am]ican m]*ant-m>9e is    
:olly inadequate to ! ne$s ( ,am]ican   
trade4 ,if ,am]ica is /rong by reason ( 
protective t>iff1 ,engl& int5ds1 p]haps1
 to rem9d h] daught] c\ntry t ! ,am]ican
 game c be play$ by two4 ,protection is 
no monopoly4 ,:ile ! natural weal? ( ?is
 c\ntry is inexhau/ible1 ! ,am]ican kn[s

 t ! l>ge/ pr(its w g to ! c\ntry :i*   
manufactures !m2 & :ile ! ,am]ican is   
en]getic & intellig5t 9 gett+ a foo?old 
9 =eign m>kets1 he f9ds t o!r nations   
also h "s c\nt]balanc+ virtues :i* he   
nei!r has nor c get4 ,fir/ ( ^! is !    
pati5ce to /udy =eign requirem5ts1 & !n 
! ways ( gu>d+ aga9/ wa/efulness4 ,he   
has "o incomp>able advantage1 z we h    
se5--8 economic idealism1 8 belief 9 !  
intr9sic value ( economic progress1 8   
/riv+ to be economically creative 9 ord]
 to satisfy ! re/lessness :i* is 9 him4 
,! economic drawback ( ?is po9t ( view  
is n f> to seek4 ,! _s ( individual     
initiative awak5s 9 ! workman ! dem& =  
equal rights1 & int5sifies ! fight      
betwe5 capital & lab\r m ?an 9 any o!r  
c\ntry1 & puts su* *a9s on indu/ry z are
 sp>$ to ,am]ica's competitors 9 !      
m>kets ( ! _w4 ,9 %ort1 ! ?\ghtful      
,am]ican kn[s v well t ! m>kets ( ! _w  
are to be won = 8 products only "o by   
"o1 & t he w meet competitors :o are 8  
equals2 t !re w be difficulties on      

difficulties1 & t ! home m>ket f "t to  
"t w make heavy imports necess>y4 ,he   
kn[s t he _c hope simply to ov]?r[ !    
indu/ry ( all ,europe1 nor to make !    
indu/rial capta9s ( ! ,new ,_w dictators
 ( ! e>?4  ,t :i* he does expect1 h[ev]1
 is sure to happ52 namely1 t ! progress 
( ,am]ica w be 9 ! future z /eady z x   
has be5 9 ! pa/4 ,! h>ve/s ( all ! /ates
 w n always prosp]1 nor speculators be  
always cont5t$ ) _! pr(its1 b ! bus9ess 
life ( ! nation z a :ole1 unless all    
signs fail1 ne$ fe> no setbacks or s]i\s
 panics4  ,! ,unit$ ,/ates h gone ?r\gh 
six sev]e crises--9 #ahad1 #ahai1 #ahcg1
 #aheg1 #ahgc1 & #ahic4 ,!re is mu* to  
indicate t ! trite idea ( ! rhy?mical   
recurr5ce ( crises w be giv5 up h5ce=?4 
,& al?\gh j n[1 aft] ye>s ( great       
expansion1 contraction is sett+ 91 /ill 
! times are n to be comp>$ ) prec$+     
crises1 & p>ticul>ly n ) ! bitt] days ( 
#ahic4 ,let u exam9e :at happ5$ 9 t ye>4
 ,! unhappy exp]i5ces ( ! e>ly n9eties  
result$ naturally f an abnormal         

expansion ( cr$it4 ,five or six ye>s (  
prosp]ity _h gone be=e1 & !re) e indu/ry
 :i* contribut$ to p]sonal gratification
 0 /imulat$ to excess4 ,an unreasonable 
craze = build+ w5t ov] ! c\ntry1 & real 
e/ate rose con/antly4 ,b ! c\ntry _h n  
develop$ economically 9 o!r directions  
to a correspond+ degree4 ,too _m        
sup]flu\s und]tak+s _h be5 />t$1 & h\ses
 & l&s 7 ev]y:]e heavily mortgag$4 ,z   
e>ly z #ahij ?+s began to tremble1 &    
?ree ye>s lat] ! f9al cra% came4 ,m ?an 
#ae1jjj bankruptcies foll[$ "o ano!r    
dur+ t ye>1 ( :i* ! total obligations 7 
#cej1jjj1jjj2 & 9 ! ?ree foll[+ ye>s    
matt]s 7 h>dly any bett]4 ,ev]y?+ 0     
p>alyz$4 ,! f>m] 0 9 debt1 ! artisan out
 ( employm5t1 ! m9] _h to be f$ by      
*>ity1 & s9ce ! pur*as+ p[] ( millions (
 p 0 de/roy$1 !re 0 no "o to support    
indu/ry & trade4 ,x 0 a v]itable        
economic collapse1 ) all ! symptoms (   
dang]2 b ! organism recov]$ )\t ! aid ( 
a physician1 by its own heal?y reaction1
 & 9 su* wise t a relapse w h>dly take  

place 9 ! future4  ,! cata/rophe prep>$ 
= ! return to /r5g? by de/roy+ _m       
bus9ess conc]ns :i* 7 n fit to survive1 
& leav+ only ! /ronge/ 9 ! field4 ,b ?is
 result is1 ( c\rse1 n a la/+ "o1       
because 9 prosp]\s ye>s all sorts ( poor
 bus9esses />t up aga92 good ye>s       
/imulate sup]flu\s production4 ,!       
p]man5t result 0 ! lesson :i* indu/ry   
le>n$1 9 prud5ce & economy4 ,!re is v   
mu* 9 ?is direction /ill to be le>n$1   
yet ! la/ crisis accompli%$ a great     
deal4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! /ock-y>ds a s+le  
company _h =m]ly ?r[n away annually     
portions ( ! animals :i* w\ld h yield$  
six million p\nds ( lime1 #cj million   
p\nds ( fat1 & #aje million p\nds (     
f]tiliz]1 & a few ye>s lat] ! total     
divid5ds ( t company 7 paid by !        
by-products :i* _h be5 ?r[n away a %ort 
"t be=e4 ,! same ?+ has happ5$ 9 ! m9es 
& oil-wells1 9 ! fields & 9 ! =e/s4     
,ow+ to ! special gift :i* ! ,am]ican   
has = inv5tion1 ?is p]iod br\ght out a  
great numb] ( devices look+ t[>d        

economy4 ,9 iron factories & coal m9es1 
& 9 a ?\s& places :]e indu/ry 0 busy1   
exp5ses 7 cut d[n & pr(its 7 increas$1 m
 lab\r-sav+ devices 7 inv5t$1 & all     
sorts ( processes 7 accompli%$ by +5i\s 
ma*9es4 ,am]ican indu/ry d]iv$          
advantages f ?is p]iod 9 :i* ! nation _h
 to be economical1 :i* x w nev] outlive4
  ,al?\gh su* great economy helps out 9 
bad times1 x does n 9 itself revive     
trade4 ,x is difficult to say :]e & h[ !
 revival set 91 s9ce ! mo/ div]se       
factors mu/ h be5 at "w4 ,b ! =mation ( 
! great tru/s 0 n a cause ( su* revival1
 b m]ely a symptom ( x4 ,! real         
comm5cem5t seems to h be5 ! great h>ve/ 
:i* ! c\ntry enjoy$ 9 ! fall ( #ahig4   
,:5 :eat 0 sc>ce 9 ,russia & ,india1 &  
!re=e ?r\gh\t ! _w1 ,am]ica reap$ !     
l>ge/ h>ve/ 9 ye>s1 & despite ! enorm\s 
quantity ! ,european dem& c>ri$ prices  
up f week to week4 ,! f>m] :o 9 #ahid _h
 receiv$ =ty-n9e c5ts = ea* bu%el (     
:eat1 n[ receiv$ eighty-"o c5ts1 & at ! 
same "t _h 8 b9s full4 ,( c\rse !re c\ld

 be only "o result4 ,! f>m]s :o _h be5  
economiz+ & almo/ impov]i%$ = sev]al    
ye>s became v prosp]\s1 & call$ = all   
sorts ( ?+s :i* !y _h _h to g )\t--bett]
 wagons & f>m+ implem5ts1 bett] clo?+1 &
 bett] food4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e agriculture
 is s important1 ?is means prosp]ity =  
all indu/ries4  ,! %ops 9 e village 7   
busy once m1 & ! l>ge indu/ries aga9    
/>t$ up "o by "o4 ,! effect on !        
railroads 0 /ill m important4 ,! good   
times _h /imulat$ ! build+ ( _m compet+ 
l9es ( railroad1 :i* 7 v good = !       
c\ntry1 b less pr(itable to _! own]s4 ,!
 lean ye>s j pass$ _h br\ght great      
demoralization to ^! l9es4 ,"o railroad 
aft] ano!r _h gone into a receiv]'s h&s1
 & ! s]vice 0 crippl$4 ,e possible c5t 0
 sav$ & coa*es & road-b$s 7 sp>+ly      
r5ew$4 ,n[ came an enorm\s freight dem& 
to c>ry ! great h>ve/ to m>ket1 & to    
s]ve ! newly reviv$ indu/ries4 ,!       
railroads rapidly recov]$2 _! s]vice 0  
re/or$4 ,! railroads br\ght prosp]ity   
once m to ! iron & /eel indu/ries2 new  

rails & ties 7 absolutely necess>y1 & ! 
/eel indu/ry />t$ =w>d & set ev]y?+ else
 9 motion ) x4 ,artisans became prosp]\s
 aga9 & fur!r /imulat$ ! indu/ries :i*  
!y patroniz$2 coal 0 want$ ev]y:]e1 & s 
! m9es awak5$ to new life4  ,!n !       
,spani% ,w> 0 begun & br\ght to ! nation
 an unexpect$ am\nt ( self-confid5ce1   
:i* quick5$ once m its indu/rial        
activity4 ,su* 7 ! int]nal conditions   
:i* made = gr[?1 & ! ext]nal conditions 
7 equally fav\rable4 ,9 #ahih ,am]ica   
h>ve/$ #fge million bu%els ( :eat1 & !  
enorm\s quantity ( #aa million bales (  
cotton4 ,by *ance1 moreov]1 ! production
 ( gold increas$ to #fd1jjj1jjj2 & ?is1 
) ! enorm\s sums :i* =eign c\ntries paid
 = ,am]ican gra91 consid]ably increas$ !
 money 9 circulation4 ,?is 0 ! "t = !   
/ock m>ket to enjoy a simil> boom4 ,dur+
 ! crisis x _h n]v\sly )held f activity 
& look$ ) di/ru/ on ! ,we/ & ,s\?1 :i* 7
 n[ be+ prosp]$ by great h>ve/s4 ,ev]y?+
 _h =m]ly be5 mortgag$ 9 ^? regions1 & f
 ! despair ( ! ,we/]n f>m] ! ill-advis$ 

silv] s*emes _h aris5 to fill ! ea/]n "p
 ( ! c\ntry ) anxiety4 ,b n[ ! election 
( ,mc,kinley _h assur$ ! safety ( !     
curr5cy2 ! silv] issue 0 laid l[2 !     
debts ( ! ,we/]n f>m] _h be5 paid )9 a  
few ye>s by magnific5t crops1 & ! ,we/]n
 ,/ates _h come into a heal?y /ate (    
prosp]ity4 ,n[ ! /ock m>kets c\ld pluck 
up c\rage4 ,9 ! /ock m>ket ( ,new ,york 
9 ! ye> #ahid only #di1jjj1jjj %>es 7   
b\ght & sold4 ,9 #ahig ! m>ket began to 
recov]1 & #gg1jjj1jjj %>es 7 ex*ang$2 9 
#ahih !re 7 #aab1jjj1jjj1 & 9 #ahii1    
#age1jjj1jjj %>es4  ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahih-ii
 ! =mation ( tru/s comm5c$ 9 good e>ne/1
 & ?is 0 a glad day = ! /ock m>kets4    
,l>ge am\nts ( capital :i* _h be5 only  
cauti\sly (f]$ n[ s\ght inve/m5t1 & s9ce
 ! m>ket quotations c\ld rise m quickly 
?an indu/ries c\ld gr[1 x 0 a fav\rable 
"t = reorganiz+ indu/ry & mak+ great    
comb9ations ) a capital proportion$ to !
 happy indu/rial outlook4 ,9 ! ,/ate (  
,new ,j]sey alone1 a /ate :i* specially 
invit$ all su* organizations by means ( 

its v l5i5t laws ( incorporation1       
hundr$s ( su* comb9ations 7 incorporat$ 
) a total nom9al capital ( ov]          
#d1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,to be sure1 9 j ?is    
connection !re 0 v soon a recoil4 ,9    
,decemb] ( #ahii1 a great _m ( ^!       
wat]$-/ock issues collaps$1 al?\gh !    
indu/ries !mselves w5t on unh>m$4 ,b ?is
 activity ( ! /ock m>ket1 9 spite ( its 
fluctuat+ quotations1 0 ( b5efit to     
indu/rial life4  ,mean:ile weal? 9 t[n &
 c\ntry increas$1 ow+ to ! g5]al        
activity ( all factors4 ,9 a few ye>s ! 
numb] ( sav+s-banks acc\nts 0 d\bl$1 &  
railroads _h only ! "o compla9t--t !y   
c\ld n get en\gh c>s to c>ry all ! :eat1
 corn1 wood1 iron1 cattle1 coal1 cotton1
 & manufactures (f]$ = transportation4  
,9 two ye>s ! numb] ( money-ord]s s5t   
?r\gh ! po/-(fices increas$ by #g       
millions1 & ! numb] ( lett]s & packages 
by #cfa millions4 ,n[1 too1 came a "t ( 
magnific5t philan?ropy2 private end[m5ts
 = education & art increas$ 9 "o ye> m  
?an #ej1jjj1jjj4  ,along ) all ?is came 

an increase 9 =eign trade2 "h1 too1 bad 
times _h prep>$ ! way4 ,:5 ! home m>ket 
0 pro/rate1 indu/ry _h s\ght ) great    
en]gy to get a foot+ 9 =eign m>kets2 &  
by l[ prices1 assidu\s /udy ( =eign     
dem&s1 & good workman%ip1 x _h sl[ly    
conqu]$ "o field aft] ano!r1 s t :5 good
 times came !re 0 a spl5did f\ndation   
built = a =eign comm]ce4 ,am]ica sold   
bicycles & agricultural ma*9]y1 boots1  
cotton clo?1 pap]1 & wat*es1 & ev5tually
 rails1 bridges1 & locomotives 9        
quantities :i* w\ld nev] h be5 ?\ght (  
be=e ! panic4 ,& ! c\ntry became at !   
same "t m ?an ev] indep5d5t ( ,european 
indu/ry4 ,9 #ahij ,am]ica b\ght         
#ceg1jjj1jjj ( =eign manufactures & sold
 ( h] own only #aea1jjj1jjj4 ,9 #ahii   
its pur*ases 7 #ajj1jjj1jjj less & its  
exports ne>ly #bjj1jjj1jjj m4  ,& at !  
same "t1 ow+ to ! trem5d\s crops1 !     
total export ( native products rea*$ !  
sum ( #a1bcc1jjj1jjj1 & !re) ! ,unit$   
,/ates _h = ! fir/ "t rea*$ ! highe/    
place among ! export+ c\ntries ( ! _w--a

 position :i* _h =m]ly belong$ to ,great
 ,brita94 ,! trade balance ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates1 ev5 9 ! fir/ ye> ( prosp]ity1   
#ahih1 br\ght #fae1jjj1jjj into !       
c\ntry4 ,! ye> 9 :i* ! ,am]ican ,navy1  
by a rapid succession ( victories1      
demon/rat$ t ! nation 0 politically a _w
 p[]1 br\ght ! assurance t x 0 no less a
 _w p[] comm]cially4 ,already ! ,russian
 trans-,sib]ian ,railway 0 us+ ,am]ican 
rails1 ,am]ican companies 7 build+      
bridges 9 ,india1 ,am]ican cotton goods 
driv+ out ,briti% competition 9 ,*9a1 & 
! movem5t 0 /ill go+ on4 ,"o l>ge h>ve/ 
foll[$ ano!r4  ,! :eat h>ve/ 9 #aija    
rea*$ ! unprec$5t$ figure ( #gcf million
 bu%els1 & 9 #aijb ( #ihg millions4 ,9 !
 same ye> !re 7 #fgj million bu%els (   
b>ley1 & z _m z #b1ebc million bu%els ( 
corn4 ,a corn h>ve/ is almo/ always     
pr(itable1 because x keeps & c easily be
 /or$ until ! "r "t comes to sell x2 &  
!n1 too1 ! f>m]s are always ready to use
 x = fe$1 :i* fur!r helps its price4    
,corn has done m ?an any o!r h>ve/ to   

br+ weal? into ! ,we/4 ,! cotton crop   
/ay$ at its t5-million m>k1 & ne>ly #gj 
million b>rels ( petroleum fl[$ e ye>4  
,! dem&s made on ! railroads increas$   
mon? by mon?1 until f9ally la/ ye> !re 7
 weeks 9 :i* no freight c\ld be receiv$1
 because ! freight y>ds 7 full ( unload$
 c>s4 ,& at ! head ( ev]y?+ mov$ ! iron 
& /eel indu/ries4 ,! l>g] ! h>ve/s ! m  
lively 0 ! indu/ry ( ! c\ntry1 & ! m    
busy ! factories & railroads became ! m 
! iron indu/ry prosp]$4 ,! manufacture (
 iron & /eel increas$ /eadily1 & 9 #ahih
 am\nt$ to #aa4i million met]-tons (    
pig-iron1 & #i million ( /eel2 9 #aijj1 
to #ad ( pig-iron & #aj ( /eel2 9 #aijb1
 to #ah & #ae3 :ile ! production ( !    
entire e>? 0 only #dd & #cf             
respectively4  ,b 9 spite ( ?is trem5d\s
 gr[?1 ! prices also rose4 ,railroads   
:i* 9 ! spr+ _h made contracts = new    
rails 7 able a few mon?s lat] to sell _!
 old rails at prices :i* 7 #be p] c5t4  
high] ?an ! =m] price ( new rails1      
because mean:ile ! price ( /eel _h ris5 

enorm\sly4 ,if x is true t ! iron       
indu/ry c be tak5 z an index ( national 
prosp]ity1 !re is no d\bt at all t      
prosp]ity 0 "h4 ,no city 9 ! c\ntry     
exp]i5c$ su* a gr[? 9 its bank+ z       
,pittsburg1 :]e ! bank+ transactions 9  
#ahii am\nt$ to #a1ejj1jjj1jjj4  ,?is   
tempe/u\s expansion 9 e direction1 :i*  
la/$ f #ahig to #aijc1 is no long] go+  
on4 ,a c\nt]-movem5t has set 9 aga94 ,s 
_m factors are at "w t x is h>d to say  
:]e ! reaction comm5c$1 al?\gh und\bt$ly
 ! great coal /rikes 7 ! fir/ important 
indication4 ,! fev]i% build+ activity ( 
! c\ntry is v l>gely ov]1 & ?is decrease
 has consid]ably affect$ ! /eel indu/ry4
 ,p]haps ! refusal ( bank]s fur!r to    
c\nt5ance ! f9ancial op]ations ( !      
railroads has be5 an ev5 m important    
matt]4 ,dur+ ! ye>s ( prosp]ity !       
railroads _h obta9$ cr$it s easily t !  
scale ( exp5diture on mo/ railroads _h  
become too lavi%1 & 9 p>ticul> l>ge sums
 _h be5 sp5t 9 conv]t+ railroad %>es    
into bonds4 ,n[ ! f9ancial _w began to  

react & refus$ to furni% any m funds1   
:]eon ! railroads1 :i* 7 among ! be/    
patrons ( ! /eel indu/ry1 _h to retr5*4 
,& ?is depress$ ! /ate ( bus9ess1 & !   
o!rwise some:at dim9i%$ indu/ry cut d[n 
! freight traffic4 ,o!r indu/ries _h to 
suff] :5 ! build+ & iron indu/ries      
decl9$4 ,! pur*as+ p[] ( ! work+-man has
 decreas$ some:at1 & g5]al indu/ry is a 
trifle dull4 ,?is has affect$ /ock      
quotations1 & n]v\sness 9 f9ancial      
circles has be5 increas$ by ! mi%aps &  
miscalculations ( well-kn[n op]ators4   
,?is has work$ back 9 v>i\s directions1 
& s x is natural t pessimi/s at home & !
 de> fri5ds ( ! c\ntry abroad h pr$ict$ 
a panic4  ,b x w n come4 ,! situation   
has be5 too l>gely correct$1 & ! c\ntry 
has le>n$ a la/+ lesson f previ\s ye>s4 
,:5 a collapse came 9 ! e>ly n9eties1   
aft] a "t ( prosp]ity & ov]-exp5diture 9
 e sort ( und]tak+1 ! national situation
 0 9 e way diff]5t4 ,!re 0 a great deal 
( real weakness1 & !re 7 _m unnecess>y &
 uncons]vative bus9ess v5tures on foot4 

,all ?is is diff]5t to-day4 ,! cr$it :i*
 ! railroads at t "t _h ov]drawn on _h  
be5 us$ to lay ?\s&s ( miles ( tracks   
:]e z yet !re 0 no population4 ,dur+ !  
rec5t ye>s ( prosp]ity1 on ! contr>y1 ! 
railroads h be5 ext5d$ relatively       
little1 & ! exp5ditures h be5 ma9ly =   
improv$ equipm5t & s]vice4 ,! railroads 
h be5 made m effici5t & sub/antial1 _!  
indebt$ness is less1 & ! consid]able    
contraction ( bus9ess _c d !m s]i\s h>m4
 ,inde$1 _m p]sons believe t ! great    
/ra9 :i* ! boom ( ! la/ few ye>s has put
 on ! railroads has be5 a decid$        
disadvantage to !m4 ,! excessive traffic
 has di/urb$ regul> bus9ess1 increas$ ! 
dang] f accid5ts1 & consid]ably rais$ ! 
*>ges = ma9t5ance4 ,9 g5]al1 ! railroads
 w\ld pref] a normal to an abnormal     
traffic dem&4  ,! same is true (        
indu/ry4 ,su* trem5d\s pressure z ! la/ 
few ye>s h br\ght _c be borne )\t loss4 
,! factories 7 oblig$ to hire work+-m5  
mu* bel[ ! av]age grade ( intellig5ce1 &
 ! slight decl9e ( indu/rial dem& has   

made x possible to dismiss ! inf]ior m5 
& to keep only ! m effici5t4 ,indu/ry   
itself is to-day l ! railroads1 ?or\ghly
 s\nd & prosp]\s1 & ! small fluctuations
 9 pr(its are n ne>ly s great z !       
decl9es 9 m>ket quotations4  ,f9ancial  
op]ations & lab\r are l>gely indep5d5t (
 ea* o!r4 ,! output c be undi/urb$ :5 ! 
value ( %>es is be+ wip$ out 9 ! m>ket4 
,am]ican /ocks d n repres5t ! actual    
value ( ! indu/rial plants :i* h be5    
comb9$ to =m a tru/1 b repres5t 9 "p    
c]ta9 advantages :i* x is calculat$ w   
accrue f ! consolidation (              
bus9ess--economies ( adm9i/ration &     
obviation ( competition4 ,! real        
economic life w n be damag$ if su* %>es1
 :i* = ! mo/ "p h rema9$ 9 ! /rongboxes 
( ! v ri*1 decl9e f _! fictiti\s values4
 ,su* fluctuations h always happ5$1 &   
may happ5 9 ! v height ( prosp]ity1 )\t 
do+ any h>m to indu/ry itself4 ,?us1 =  
in/ance1 9 #ahih an enorm\s             
ov]-speculation comm5c$ 9 copp] %>es4   
,_! price 0 artificially rais$ & rais$1 

& 9 ! summ] ( #ahii ?is h\se built ( %>e
 c]tificates collaps$1 & great 0 ! fall 
!re(2 b ! price ( copp] itself 0        
un9flu5c$4 ,a p\nd ( copp] 9 ! ye> #ahig
 br\ght only ! av]age price ( #aa c5ts2 
9 #ahii its av]age price 0 #ag c5ts1    
al?\gh ! copp] securities 7 go+ d[n     
/eadily4 ,n only is indu/ry itself on a 
s\nd basis1 & ! improvem5ts :i* x       
introduc$ 9 ! la/ panic are n only /ill 
9 =ce1 b also c]ta9 ne$s h n[ be5 met at
 home :i* =m]ly 7 met only by =eign     
c\ntries2 & at ! same "t comm]ce has be5
 s en]getically c>ri$ into o!r c\ntries1
 t !re is n[ a readi] outlet ?an ev] 9  
case ! dome/ic pur*as+ p[] %\ld aga9 be 
susp5d$4  ,b !re are /ill m important   
factors4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! rec5t &      
complete indep5d5ce ( ?is c\ntry f      
,european capital4 ,s9ce ye> aft] ye> ! 
exports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,europe h  
exce$$ ! imports by hundr$s ( millions (
 doll>s1 ! debt :i* ,europe s contract$ 
has be5 paid = ! mo/ "p by return+ !    
indu/rial & o!r bonds :i* ,europe own$  

aga9/ ,am]ica4 ,x 0 ?is :i* _h greatly  
contribut$ to ! crisis 9 ! e>ly n9eties2
 ,europe )drew h] capital4 ,9 #ahib !   
,unit$ ,/ates paid back #ejj1jjj1jjj (  
,european capital1 & to-day v little is 
left to pay4 ,9 #ahic ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
export$ #ajh1jjj1jjj 9 gold1 b import$  
only #bb1jjj1jjj4 ,9 ! ye> #ahih !      
imports ( gold to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7     
#aje1jjj1jjj m ?an ! exports4 ,la/ ye> !
 balance 0 /ill 9 fav\r ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates2 & x w\ld be impossible to-day1 9
 case ( any /r+5cy 9 ! money m>ket ( !  
c\ntry1 = ! )drawal ( ,european capital 
to precipitate a panic4  ,ano!r factor  
is t ! political situation is n[ c]ta91 
z x 0 n at ! "t ( ! la/ panic4 ,! silv] 
s*emes ( ! ,we/ !n fill$ ! c\ntry )     
appreh5sion1 :]eas to-day !re are no su*
 political fe>s4 ,h[ev] ! ,presid5tial  
election may turn out1 !re w be no      
dang]\s exp]im5ts tri$ ) ! curr5cy2 &   
ev5 if bo? p>ties %\ld mildly oppose !  
tru/s1 ! nation nev]!less kn[s t j !    
=mation ( ^! tru/s has contribut$ to !  

/ead9ess & security ( economic          
prosp]ity1 t x has done away )          
unnecess>y competition1 has br\ght ab\t 
an ord]ly & uni=m production1 & t al?\gh
 ! pur*as]s ( wat]$ /ocks may h be5     
bitt51 ! pur*as]s ( ! f9i%$ products h  
suff]$ little inconv5i5ce4  ,!n !re are 
two o!r factors ^: significance =       
economic solidity _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,!  
fir/ ( ^! is ! increas+ indep5d5ce ( !  
agricultural ,we/1 & ! second is !      
indu/rial revival ( ! ,s\?4 ,! f9ancial 
condition ( ! ,new ,york ,/ock ,ex*ange 
to-day no m repres5ts ! indu/rial life (
 ! :ole nation1 z x did t5 ye>s ago4 ,! 
,we/1 :i* be=e ! panic ( #ahic 0 up to  
its e>s 9 debts own$ by ! ,ea/1 is n[1  
by reason ( six trem5d\s h>ve/s1        
prosp]\s & indep5d5t1 & its pur*as+ p[] 
& bus9ess ent]prise are no long] affect$
 by ! fluctuations ( ,wall ,/reet4 ,ev5 
if ! %>es ( all ,new ,j]sey corporations
 %\ld collapse1 ! nation c\ld cont9ue to
 buy & sell1 produce1 manufacture1 &    
transport1 because ! ,we/]n agricultural

 /ates w\ld suff] no relapse (          
prosp]ity4 ,!y h paid (f _! mortgages & 
laid money by2 ! f>m] has b\ght 8       
daught] a p>l\r organ1 s5t 8 sons to    
college1 & b5t all 8 en]gies to mak+ 8  
,we/ into an economic p>adise4          
,migration has once m set 9 f ! ,ea/]n  
to ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 :ile dur+ ! poor    
ye>s x _h almo/ /opp$2 & ,we/]n economic
 influ5ce is ass]t+ itself m & m 9 !    
political field4  ,! same is m or less  
true ( ! ,s\?4 ,9 =m] times1 :5ev] a    
cotton h>ve/ br\ght prosp]ity1 ! ,s\?   
/ill did n take ! tr\ble to utilize its 
ample res\rces outside ( ! plantations4 
,x did n try to m9e its coal & iron     
deposits1 nor exploit its =e/s1 nor gr[ 
:eat & corn1 nor manufacture cotton into
 clo?1 nor ! cottonse$ into oil4 ,x left
 all ?is to ! ,nor?4 ,b dur+ h>d times !
 ,s\? has le>n$ its lesson1 & at ! "t ( 
! la/ great revival ! :ole ,s\? develop$
 an almo/ undream$-( economic activity4 
,! exploitation ( =e/s & coal & iron    
deposits made great /rides1 & !         

factories turn$ out articles to ! value 
( #b1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,cotton is /ill !     
/aple article ( ! ,s\?1 b ! bales no    
long] h to be s5t to ! ,nor? to be made 
into clo?4 ,z e>ly z #ahii !re 7 #e     
million sp9dles 9 op]ation1 & !         
manufacture ( cotton has made ! ,s\? m  
indep5d5t ?an any numb] ( bales produc$ 
= export c\ld h made x4  ,?is economic  
indep5d5ce ( "o ano!r ( l>ge sections ( 
! c\ntry1 & at ! same "t ( ,european    
capital1 comb9$ ) ! l>ge increase (     
comm]ce ) ! :ole _w1 ! improvem5t 9     
economic appliances1 & a surpris+ gr[? 9
 te*nical sci5ce & te*nical in/ruction1 
has creat$ a national economic situation
 :i* is s diff]5t f t :i* prevail$ 9 !  
beg9n+ ( ! n9eties1 t !re is no analogy 
to ju/ify ! pessimi/ 9 pr$ict+ ano!r su*
 panic4 ,x _h to come at t "t4          
,indu/rial =ces _h suff]$ a s]i\s disa/]
 & _h to g back to camp 9 ord] to       
recup]ate4 ,s9ce !n !y h be5 /rid+ =w>d1
 sw]v+ a little n[ & !n1 x may be1 to   
avoid "s ob/acle1 b !y are /ill m>*+ on 

z !y h m>*$ = sev5 ye>s ) firm & /eady  
/ep1 & keep+ "t ) ! _w-p[] tune :i* !   
national gov]nm5t is play+4             
,,*apt] ,,?irte5                        
,! ,economic ,problems   ,we h aim$ to  
speak ( ! ,am]ican z he appe>s 9 !      
economic _w--( ! ,am]ican 9 8 actual    
economic life & /rife--r ?an m]ely ( 8  
inanimate manufactures4 ,t is1 we h wi%$
 specially to %[ :at =ces h be5 at "w 9 
8 s\l to keep him ?us busi$ ) progress4 
,& al?\gh we h gone some:at fur!r1 9    
ord] to trace ! economic uplift ( ! la/ 
decades1 nev]!less we h *iefly aim$     
m]ely to %[ ! work+s ( 8 m9d & he>t--n !
 economic hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican1 b !      
,am]ican z little by little he builds t 
hi/ory1 has be5 ! po9t ( int]e/4  ,se5 f
 ?is po9t ( view1 ev]y?+ :i* /&s 9 !    
=egr\nd ( ! actual conflict becomes (   
second>y int]e/4 ,! problems lead+ to   
p>ty grievances :i* are solv$ n[ "o way1
 n[ ano!r1 & :i* specially conc]n       
diff]5t portions ( society1 diff]5t     
occupations or geographical sections1   

contribute v little to reveal ! traits t
 are common to all sections1 & t mu/1   
!re=e1 belong to ! typical ,am]ican "*4 
,if we h giv5 less ?\ght to ! political 
problems ( ! day ?an to ! great endur+  
pr9ciples ( democracy1 we ne$ /ill less 
conc]n ourselves ) ! disputes ( ! mom5t 
9 ! economic field4 ,! problems (       
protection1 ( indu/rial organization1 ( 
bimetallism1 & ( lab\r unions are n     
problems = :i* a solution c be attempt$ 
"h4  ,& nev]!less1 we mu/ n pass by all 
! v>i\s consid]ations :i* be> on ^!     
que/ions4 ,we might neglect !m z        
problems ( ,am]ican economy2 & purely   
te*nical matt]s1 l bank re=m or         
irrigation1 we %all inde$ n discuss4 ,b 
z problems :i* pr(\ndly p]plex !        
national m9d1 ex]cise its be/ p[]s1 &   
develop its ,am]icanism1 silv]1 tru/s1  
t>iff1 & lab\r unions require m9ut]     
consid]ation4 ,! life & endeav\r ( !    
,am]icans are n describ$ if _!          
passionate int]e/ 9 su* economic        
difficulties is n tak5 into acc\nt2 n1  

once m1 z problems :i* objectively      
influ5ce ! develop+ nation1 b z problems
 :i* agitate ! _s ( ! ,am]ican4 ,an     
exhau/ive treatm5t is1 ( c\rse1 out ( ! 
"q1 if = no o!r reason ?an t x w\ld     
di/ort our p]spective ( ?+s4 ,_h we only
 ! objective side ( ! problems to       
consid]1 we might1 p]haps1 d\bt ev5 :e!r
 !re 7 any problems2 :e!r !y 7 n r      
simple ev5ts1 br++ 9 _! tra9 c]ta9      
obvi\s consequ5ces1 :e!r deplorable or  
desirable4 ,^! economic problems are1   
inde$1 n 9 ! lea/ problematical4 ,!     
silv] "q w n be br\ght up aga92 ! tru/s 
w n be dissolv$2 ! protective t>iff w n 
be tak5 (f & lab\r unions w n be gott5  
rid (4 ,^! are all natural processes1 r 
?an problems2 b ! fact t ^! ev5ts "w    
div]sely on m5's feel+s1 are greet$ "h )
 delight & !re ) con/]nation1 & are     
accompani$ by a g5]al *orus ( joy & pa91
 gives ! impression t !y are problems4  
,?is impression seizes ! ,am]ican       
himself s pr(\ndly t 8 own reaction     
comes to be an objective factor (       

importance 9 mak+ hi/ory4 ,x is n to be 
d\bt$ t ! c\rse ( ^! mu*-discuss$       
economic movem5ts is consid]ably        
influ5c$ by prejudices1 s5tim5ts1 &     
hobbies4                            ,!  
,silv] ,"q  ,p]haps ! p[] ( m]e ideas--(
 ^? :i* are cle>1 &1 ev5 m1 ^? :i* are  
confus$--is %[n 9 none ( ^! problems m  
/rongly ?an 9 ! silv] "q4 ,if any       
problem has be5 really solv$1 x is ?is  
"o2 & /ill no "o c say t x has dropp$   
out ( ! ,am]ican m9d1 al?\gh1 = /rategic
 reasons1 politicians ignore x4 ,! sp>ks
 ( ! fire /ill gl[ "u ! a%es ( two      
,presid5tial campaigns4 ,! silv] s*emes 
h too /rongly fix$ public att5tion to be
 s quickly =gott51 & any day may see !m 
revive aga94 ,j "h ! possibility (      
prejudices :i* w\ld n pr(it by exp]i5ce 
has be5 rem>kably l>ge1 s9ce ! "q (     
curr5cy involves su* complicat$         
conceptions t fallaci\s argum5ts are    
difficult to refute4 ,& su* a situation 
is j ! "o :]e ! battle ( op9ions c be   
wag$ ! hotte/3 ! silv] "q has1 9 fact1 m

 excit$ ! nation ?an any o!r economic   
problem ( ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,& !re c be no 
d\bt t _m valid argum5ts h be5 urg$ on !
 wrong side1 & "s unt5able !ses on ! "r 
side4  ,! />t+-po9t ( ! discussion lay 9
 ! law ( #ahgc1 :i*1 = ! fir/ "t 9 !    
,unit$ ,/ates1 exclud$ silv] co9 f !    
(ficial curr5cy4 ,!re _h already be5    
diff]5ces ( op9ion be=e ! passage ( ?is 
law4 ,! fri5ds ( silv] say t 9 #agib !  
,unit$ ,/ates p]mitt$ ! co9age ( bo?    
silv] & gold )\t limit1 & t silv] 0 !   
actual monet>y /&>d4 ,&1 al?\gh by      
accid5ts ( production ! relative value (
 ! preci\s metals1 :i* _h be5 #ae to #a1
 lat] became #af to #a1 nev]!less ! two 
metals cont9u$ to be reg>d$ equally     
important until ! surreptiti\s crime (  
#ahgc4 ,x 0 a secret crime1 !y say1     
because ! law 0 debat$ & publi%$ at a "t
 :5 ! nation c\ld h no cle> idea ( :at x
 meant4 ,! ,civil ,w> _h driv5 gold co9 
out ( ! c\ntry1 e "o 0 us+ pap]1 & no "o
 /opp$ to ask :e!r ?is pap] w\ld be     
r$eem$ 9 gold or silv]1 & no "o 0       

accu/om$ to see+ gold co9s 9            
circulation4 ,g5]al ,grant1 :o 0        
,presid5t at t "t1 sign$ ! bill )\t any 
suspicion t x 0 any?+ m ?an a te*nical  
measure1 mu* less t x 0 a crim9al holdup
 ( ! nation on ! "p ( ! ri*4 ,& great 0 
! disa/]2 = ! law demonetiz$ silv]1     
br\ght a /r+5cy ( gold1 l[]$ prices     
trem5d\sly1 depress$ ! condition ( !    
nation1 & br\ght ! f>m]s to pov]ty1 s x 
0 said4  ,! oppon5ts ( bimetallism      
recognize no tru? 9 ?is /ory4 ,!y say t 
9 ! fir/ ?ird ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! silv]
 doll> 0 c\nt$ equal to ! gold doll>1 at
 ! ratio ( #ae ounces to #a ounce (     
metal2 b s9ce ?is ratio did n cont9ue to
 correspond ) ! m>ket price1 & ! gold ( 
! c\ntry w5t to ,europe1 because x !re  
br\ght a bett] value1 ! (ficial ratio 0 
*ang$ z e>ly z #ahcd to #af to #a4 ,?is 
rate put a small premium on gold1 &     
virtually e/abli%$ a gold /&>d =        
,am]ican curr5cy4 ,! own]s ( silv] m9es 
no long] _h silv] co9$ 9 ! c\ntry1      
because !y c\ld get m money = _! silv]  

b>s abroad2 & s1 z a matt] ( fact1 dur+ 
! next decade only #h million silv]     
doll>s 7 co9$1 & ?is d5om9ation         
virtually w5t out ( circulation4 ,only !
 fractional silv] curr5cy c\ld be kept 9
 ! c\ntry1 & t only by resort+ to !     
trick ( mak+ ! co9s proportionately     
light] ?an ! legal weight ( ! silv]     
doll>4  ,! curr5cy became1 !re=e1 to all
 int5ts & purposes1 a gold "o1 & nobody 
0 discont5t$ ) x1 because silv] 0 !n    
less m9$4 ,f #ahea to #ahee1 = in/ance1 
! av]age silv] production ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates 0 only #cge1jjj1 :ile t ( gold 0 
#fb1jjj1jjj4 ,!n came ! lean ye>s ( !   
,rebellion4 ,! gov]nm5t borr[$ f !      
banks1 9 ! autumn ( #ahfa1 #ajj1jjj1jjj 
9 gold1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> issu$          
#aej1jjj1jjj ( unsecur$ gre5backs4      
,!reupon ! natural laws ( ex*ange drove 
all s\nd curr5cy out ( ! c\ntry1 &      
#aej1jjj1jjj m gre5backs 7 soon issu$4  
,! premium on gold w5t high] & high]1 & 
rea*$ its highe/ po9t 9 #ahfd1 :5 !     
price 0 #ahe p] c5t4 ( ! normal value4  

,aft] ! w> confid5ce 0 re/or$1 ! pap]   
doll> rose f #dc to #hj c5ts2 b !       
quantity ( pap] 9 circulation 0 s       
trem5d\s t metallic money 0 nev] se51 & 
n until ! e>ly sev5ties did conditions  
become solid en\gh = ! treasury to take 
/eps to r$eem ! gre5backs4  ,b ?is 0 j !
 "t :5 all ! civiliz$ nations 7 adopt+ !
 gold /&>d--a "t 9 :i* ! production (   
gold _h become incr$ibly l>ge4 ,! two   
decades betwe5 #ahej & #ahgj _h br\ght  
five times z mu* gold bullion into ! _w 
z ! prec$+ two decades1 & ! lead+       
f9anci]s ( all c\ntries 7 agre$ t x 0   
high "t to make gold ! univ]sal /&>d (  
ex*ange4 ,! g5]al movem5t 0 begun 9 !   
conf]5ce ( #ahfg held 9 ,p>is4 ,g]many  
l$ 9 adopt+ ! gold /&>d2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 foll[$ 9 #ahgc4 ,! gold doll>1 :i* s9ce
 ! middle ( ! c5tury _h be5 ! actual    
/&>d ( ,am]ican curr5cy1 became n[ !    
(ficial /&>d1 & silv] co9age 0          
discont9u$4 ,!re 0 no?+ ( secrecy or    
prem$itat$ inju/ice1 = ! debates la/$   
?r\gh sev]al sessions ( ,congress4  ,if1

 nev]!less1 ! s-call$ crime rema9$      
unnotic$1 & s _m ,s5ators fail$ to "k   
:at !y 7 do+1 ?is 0 n because !         
transactions w5t on 9 secret1 nor       
because ! use ( pap] money _h made e "o 
=get ! problems ( metallic curr5cy1 b r 
because no "o felt at t "t t he w\ld be 
injur$ by ! new measure1 al?\gh !       
att5tion ( ev]ybody _h be5 call$ to !   
discussions4 ,! own]s ( silv] m9es      
!mselves _h no int]e/ 9 hav+ _! m9]al   
made into co91 & no "o 0 di/urb$ to see 
silv] g out ( circulation4 ,all ! tr\ble
 & all ! hue & cry ab\t a secret plot   
did n comm5ce until sev]al ye>s lat]1   
:51 = entirely indep5d5t reasons1       
circum/ances _h consid]ably *ang$4 ,!   
/ep _h be5 tak51 h[ev]1 & ! pr9ciple has
 n be5 repudiat$4 ,! unlimit$ co9age (  
silv] has n be5 p]mitt$ by ! ,unit$     
,/ates s9ce #ahgc4  ,nev]!less1 silv] 0 
de/9$ soon aga9 to become regul>        
curr5cy4 ,h>d times foll[$ ! ye> #ahgc1 
prices fell & ! value ( silv] fell ) !m1
 & bimetallic co9age _h be5 discont9u$4 

,bimetalli/s connect$ ^! facts1 & said t
 ! price ( silv] fell because !         
comm]cial _w _h /opp$ co9+ x4 ,= ?is    
reason ! only o!r co9$ metal1 :i* 0     
gold1 became de>1 :i* meant1 ( c\rse1 t 
prices became *eap1 & t ! f>m] got a l[ 
price = 8 h>ve/s4 ,& ?us ! population 0 
driv5 into a sort ( panic4  ,a ready    
exp$i5t 0 sugge/$3 x 0 to co9 silv] once
 m1 s9ce t w\ld c>ry (f ! surplus &     
raise ! price2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 !      
increas$ am\nt ( co9 9 circulation w\ld 
br+ prices up & re/ore ! prosp]ity ( !  
f>m]s & artisans4 ,?is is ! ma9 argum5t 
:i* 0 fir/ he>d 9 #ahgf1 & 0 cri$ abroad
 ) increas+ l\dness until tw5ty ye>s    
lat] x 0 n m]ely prea*$1 b %\t$ by      
fr5zi$ masses1 & /ill 9 #aijj1 misl$ !  
,democratic p>ty4 ,b ! desire = an      
increas$ m$ium ( circulation is by no   
means ! same z ! dem& = silv] co9age4   
,aft] ! ,civil ,w> ! public _h dem&$ m  
gre5backs j z clamor\sly z x n[ dem&$   
silv]4 ,x 0 also conv9c$ t no?+ b       
curr5cy 0 ne$$ to make high values1 no  

matt] :at ! value ( ! curr5cy itself4   
,s f> z ^! ma9 facts are conc]n$1 :i* h 
be5 s unju/ly br\ght into connection1   
!re c be no d\bt t ! depreciation (     
silv] 0 br\ght ab\t only 9 v small "p by
 ! co9age laws4 ,to be sure1 ! cessation
 ( silv] co9age by sev]al l>ge comm]cial
 p[]s _h its effect on ! value ( silv]2 
b ,india1 ,*9a1 & o!r c\ntries rema9$   
ready to absorb l>ge am\nts ( silv] =   
co9age2 & 9 fact ! consumption ( silv]  
increas$ /eadily = a long "t4 ,! real   
po9t 0 t ! production ( silv] increas$  
trem5d\sly at j ! "t :5 ! production (  
gold 0 fall+ (f4 ,f #ahea to #ahge1     
#abg1jjj1jjj wor? ( gold on an av]age 0 
m9$ annually1 b f #ahgf to #ahij !      
av]age 0 only #ajh1jjj1jjj2 :ile1 on !  
o!r h&1 ! av]age production ( silv] 9 ^?
 fir/ tw5ty-five ye>s 0 only            
#ea1jjj1jjj1 b 9 ! foll[+ fifte5 ye>s   
came up to #aaf1jjj1jjj4 ,! output (    
gold !re=e decreas$ #ae p] c5t41 :ile t 
( silv] increas$ #abg p] c5t4 ,( c\rse1 
!n silv] depreciat$4 ,n[ ! future 0 soon

 to %[ t increas$ co9age ( silv] w\ld n 
raise its price4 ,above all1 x 0 an     
arbitr>y miscon/ruction to ascribe bad  
times to ! lack ( circulat+ m$ium4 ,lat]
 times h %[n t1 "u ! complicat$ cr$it   
sy/em ( ! c\ntry1 prices d n dep5d on ! 
am\nt ( legal t5d] 9 circulation 9 !    
indu/rial _w4 ,! spe$ ( circulation is a
 factor ( equal importance ) ! am\nt (  
x2 &1 mo/ important ( all1 is ! total   
cr$it1 :i* has no relation to ! am\nt ( 
metallic curr5cy4 ,:5 m money 0 co9$ x  
rema9$ = ! "t be+ unus$1 & c\ld n be put
 9 circulation until ! indu/rial        
situation recov]$ f its depression4     
,?us ! bad times ( ! sev5ties 7         
virtually indep5d5t ( co9age            
legislation3 b public agitation _h set  
91 & z e>ly z #ahgh met ) consid]able   
success4 ,9 t ye> ! s-call$ ,bl& ,bill 0
 pass$1 ov] ! veto ( ,presid5t ,hayes1  
:i* requir$ ! treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 to pur*ase & co9 silv] b>s to ! value (
 n less ?an #b million1 & n m ?an f\r   
million1 doll>s e mon?4 ,?is measure    

satisfi$ nei!r ! "o side nor ! o!r4 ,!  
silv]ites want$ unlimit$ co9age ( silv]2
 =1 if a limit 0 put1 ! /&>d 0 /ill     
gold1 ev5 ?\gh ! price ( silv] %\ld be  
some:at help$4 ,! o!r side saw simply t 
! curr5cy ( ! c\ntry w\ld be flood$ )   
depreciat$ metal1 & "o :i* 0 really an  
un(ficial & illegal circulat+ m$ium4 ,x 
0 kn[n t ! silv]1 aft] be+ co9$ into    
doll>s1 w\ld be wor? m ?an its m>ket    
value1 & x 0 already pr$ict$ t all !    
actual gold ( ! c\ntry w\ld be tak5     
abroad & replac$ by silv]4 ,! 8gold     
bugs0 also saw t ?is legislation w\ld   
artificially /imulate ! m9+ ( silv] if  
!re %\ld actually be any increase 9 its 
price4  ,! new law 0 ?us a bad          
compromise betwe5 two p>ties1 al?\gh to 
_m x seem$ l a safe middle way betwe5   
two dang]s4 ,"s recogniz$ 9 ! unlimit$  
co9age ( silv] ! dang]s ( a depreciat$  
curr5cy1 b believ$ t ! adoption ( ! gold
 /&>d w\ld be no less dang]\s1 because  
gold 0 too sc>ce to satisfy ! ne$s ( !  
comm]cial _w4 ,x 0 said t free silv]    

w\ld poison ! social organism & free    
gold w\ld /rangle x1 & t limit$ silv]   
co9age1 along ) unlimit$ gold co9age1   
w\ld !re=e be ! only safe ?+4  ,b x soon
 appe>$ t su* legal provisions w\ld h no
 effect 9 re/or+ ! value ( ! :ite metal4
 ,al?\gh ! gov]nm5t facilitat$ 9 e way !
 circulation ( ! new silv] co9s1 !y     
nev]!less came back to ! treasury4 ,no  
matt] h[ _m silv] doll>s 7 di/ribut$ z  
wages1 !y f\nd _! way at once to !      
retail %ops1 !n to ! banks1 & !n to     
,wa%+ton4 ,x appe>$ t ! nation c\ld n   
keep m ?an sixty or sev5ty million      
doll>s' wor? 9 circulation1 :ile !re 7  
already m ?an #djj1jjj1jjj ly+ idle 9   
,wa%+ton4 ,! banks boycott$ silv] at    
fir/2 b ! m important fact 0 t ! price (
 silv] did n rise1 b kept on fall+4 ,x 0
 ! am\nt produc$ & naturally consum$1 & 
n ! am\nt co9$1 :i* regulat$ ! price (  
silv]4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhi ! relative values 
( silv] & gold 7 z #bb to #a2 & ! true  
value ( ! silv] doll> co9$ "u ! ,bl&    
,bill 0 only sev5ty-two c5ts4 ,congress 

n[ propos$ to take a m s]i\s measure    
look+ t[>d a high] price = silv]4  ,9   
,july1 #ahij1 a law 0 pass$ :]eby !     
treasury 0 oblig$ to buy f\r & "o-half  
million ounces ( silv] e mon? at ! m>ket
 price1 & aga9/ ?is to issue treasury   
c]tificates to ! correspond+ am\nt1 :i* 
%\ld be r$eemable ei!r 9 gold or silv]2 
s9ce1 z t law decl>$1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
ass]t$ ! equal /atus ( ! two metals4 ,! 
law did n prescribe ! numb] ( silv]     
c]tificates :i* 7 to be issu$1 s9ce !   
weight ( silv] to be pur*as$ 0 fix$ & ! 
value ( x dep5d$ on ! m>ket4 ,only a few
 mon?s aft]w>d x became cle> t ev5 ?is  
en]getic /roke w\ld n mu* help ! price (
 silv]4 ,! silv] & gold doll>s w\ld h   
be5 really equal to ea* o!r if an ounce 
( silv] _h br\ght a m>ket price ( #a4bi4
 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahij1 silv] came up to     
#a4ba an ounce1 & fell ! next ye> to    
#a4jj1 & 9 #ahib to #j4he4 ,b :ile !    
price ( silv] 0 fall+1 gold 0 rapidly   
leav+ ! c\ntry4  ,9 ,april1 #ahic1 !    
gold res]ve ( ! treasury fell = ! fir/  

"t bel[ ! traditional hundr$ millions4  
,x 0 a "t ( sev]e economic depression4  
,! silv]ites /ill believ$ t ! rise (    
silv] _h n comm5c$ because its pur*ase 0
 re/rict$ to mon?ly in/allm5ts1 & !y    
clam\r$ = unlimit$ pur*ases ( silv]4 ,b 
! nation oppos$ ?is policy en]getically4
 ,presid5t ,clevel& call$ an extra      
session ( ,congress1 & aft] a bitt]     
fight 9 ! ,s5ate1 ! law provid+ = !     
pur*ases ( silv] & issue ( silv]        
c]tificates 0 repeal$1 9 ,novemb] (     
#ahic4 ,! ,democratic p>ty _h split on  
?is measure1 & !n arose ! two divisions1
 ! ,gold ,democrats :o foll[$ ,clevel&1 
& ! ,silv] ,democrats :o f\nd a lead] a 
ye> lat] 9 ,bryan1 & dictat$ ! policy ( 
! ,democratic p>ty = ! foll[+ decade4   
,look+ on ,am]ican economic hi/ory f !  
e>ly sev5ties to ! middle n9eties )\t   
prejudice1 "o _c d\bt n only t ! entire 
legislation relative to co9age has _h   
sc>cely any influ5ce on ! price ( gold &
 silv]--s9ce ! price ( silv] has fall5  
/eadily 9 spite ( ! enorm\s am\nts      

pur*as$--b also t ! g5]al indu/rial     
situation1 ! movem5t ( prices1 & !      
volume ( bus9ess h be5 v little affect$ 
by ^! f9ancial measures4  ,! /ronge/    
influ5ce :i* !y h _h has be5 a moral "o4
 ,bus9ess became active & =eign comm]ce 
reviv$ z soon z ! confid5ce 9 ! ,am]ican
 curr5cy 0 re/or$4 ,?is result1 ( c\rse1
 contradict$ ! expectations & wi%es ( ! 
apo/les ( silv]4 ,int]national confid5ce
 decl9$ 9 proportion z a legal t5d] /&+ 
= a depreciat$ metal 0 =c$ into         
circulation4 ,x 0 n ! am\nt ( silv]1 b !
 fe> ( o!r c\ntries z to :at t am\nt    
might become1 :i* mo/ injur$ ,am]ican   
comm]ce4 ,& ! great a*ievem5t (         
,clevel&'s ,adm9i/ration 0 to reassure !
 _w ( our solidity4  ,o!rwise ! economic
 fluctuations dep5d$ on ev5ts :i* 7 v   
little relat$ to ! actual am\nt ( gold  
on h&4 ,if1 9 c]ta9 ye>s1 ! am\nt (     
circulation increas$1 x 0 ! result r ?an
 ! cause ( indu/rial activity2 & :51 9  
o!r ye>s1 a speculative movem5t         
collaps$1 less money 0 us$ aft]w>d1 b ! 

%ortage ( money did n cause ! collapse4 
,!n1 too1 h>ve/s 7 sometimes good & at  
o!r times bad1 & =eign comm]ce *ang$ 9  
dep5d5ce on q ext]nal ev5ts 9 ,europe4  
,!re 71 moreov]1 c]ta9 te*nical         
improvem5ts 9 agricultural & indu/rial  
processes :i* rapidly l[]$ prices & :i* 
took effect at indep5d5t times &        
seasons4  ,! ye> #ahic 0 a "t 9 :i* a   
great _m factors work$ 9 "o direction4  
,! ov]build+ ( railways & a too great   
expansion ( iron indu/ries _h be5 foll[$
 by a t]rible reaction2 a surplus (     
commodities on all ! m>kets ( ! _w caus$
 prices to fall1 & ! int]national di/ru/
 ( silv] legislation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
made ! situation worse4 ,european       
capital1 on :i* all und]tak+s !n dep5d$1
 0 hurri$ly )drawn2 ?\s&s ( bus9esses   
fail$1 & small m5 fell into debt4 ,!    
actual panic did n la/ long1 &          
,clevel&'s successful move ( #ahic      
re/or$ ! int]national confid5ce4 ,b !   
situation ( ! g5]al public 0 n s readily
 improv$4 ,?is 0 ! psy*ological mom5t 9 

:i* ! silv] "q1 :i* _h hi!rto int]e/$   
relatively re/rict$ circles1 s sudd5ly  
came to excite ! entire nation t 9 #ahif
 ! ma9 issue ( ! ,presid5tial campaign 0
 silv] or gold curr5cy4 ,! silv] craze  
spread mo/ rapidly among ! f>m]s1 :o _h 
suff]$ m f ov]production ?an _h !       
manufactur]s4 ,! manufactur] sold 8 w>es
 m *eaply1 b 9 great] quantities1       
because he improv$ 8 me?ods1 &1 moreov]1
 he b\ght 8 raw mat]ials m *eaply4 ,b ! 
fall 9 ! prices ( :eat & corn & o!r     
agricultural products :i* affect$ ! f>m]
 0 only 9 small "p due to m int5sive    
cultivation1 b r to ! great] area ( l&  
:i* _h be5 plant$4 ,! f>m] 9 "o /ate 0 n
 b5efit$ by ! fact t great areas 9 "s   
o!r /ate 7 n[ = ! fir/ "t laid d[n to   
:eat & corn4 ,z prices fell he produc$  
no m1 & ?us agriculture suff]$ m sev]ely
 ?an indu/ry4 ,:ile ! f>m] 0 able to get
 = two %eaves ( :eat only z mu* z he us$
 to get = "o1 he ?\ght1 ( c\rse1 t 8    
patrons _h too little money1 & 0 readily
 conv9c$ t if m money c\ld only be co9$1

 he w\ld get good prices aga94  ,!re 0  
ano!r argum5t 9 addition to ?is1 :i*    
c\ld /ill ev5 m easily be impos$ on !   
ignorant1 & n only on ! f>m]1 b on all  
classes t 7 9 debt4 ,silv] 0 *eap] ?an  
gold1 & if debts 7 paid 9 x ! cr$itor   
lo/ & ! debtor won4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t !  
conflict ( int]e/s betwe5 ! great       
capitali/s & ! lab\r+ masses began to   
ar\se political excitem5t4 ,di/ru/ f\nd 
its way into a good "p ( ! population1 &
 f9ally a hatr$ ( capitali/s &          
monopolies1 & ( ! /ock m>ket mo/ ( all4 
,?is hatr$ v5t$ itself 9 a mad clam\r = 
silv]4 ,if ,congress w\ld au?orize an   
unlimit$ silv] co9age at ! ratio ( #af  
to #a1 :ile ! m>ket ratio 0 d[n to #cc  
to #a--s t ! silv] doll> w\ld be wor?   
h>dly fifty c5ts1 & s t ! f>m] c\ld sell
 8 :eat or maize = a doll> :5 x 0 really
 wor? b half a doll>--!n at la/ ! robb]s
 on ! /ock ex*ange w\ld be well come up 
)4 ,9 reality1 ^! two argum5ts          
contradict$ ea* o!r1 = ! f>m] w\ld be   
b5efit$ by m silv] money only if ! m>ket

 value ( silv] c\ld be br\ght up to t ( 
gold2 :ile he w\ld be fav\r$ 9 ! paym5t 
( debts only if gold c\ld be br\ght d[n 
to ! value ( silv]4 ,b once let !re be  
any sort ( di/ress1 & any gho/ ( relief 
haunt+ ! g5]al m9d1 !n logic is totally 
=gott54 ,a new fai? arises1 ! p[] ( :i* 
lies 9 sugge/ion4 ,! call = free-silv]  
co9age at ! old ratio ( #af to #a       
fasc9at$ ! agricultural masses z well z 
! l[] classes 9 cities1 j z ! idea ( a  
future /ate ( socialism fasc9ates ,g]man
 work+-m5 to-day4  ,& j z "o _c und]/& !
 ,g]man p )\t tak+ into acc\nt _!       
sociali/ic delusions1 s "o _c und]/& !  
,am]ican masses to-day )\t trac+ out !  
c\rse ( ! silv] propag&a4 ,x 0 !        
organiz+ p[] ( a wat*word :i* gave !    
delusion su* significance1 & :i*1 =     
p]haps ! fir/ "t1 gave voice to !       
av]sion :i* ! masses felt t[>d ! weal?y 
classes2 & s1 l ! sociali/ic movem5t 9  
,g]many1 x took effect 9 f> wid] circles
 ?an ! po9ts ov] :i* ! discussion />t$  
w\ld h ju/ifi$4  ,b ! masses c\ld h>dly 

be /irr$ up to su* a p[]ful agitation   
m]ely on ! basis ( ! speci\s argum5ts   
spread ab\t by ignorant fanatics1 or ev5
 ) ! sub/antial support ( ! indebt$     
f>m]4 ,9 ! middle n9eties ! lit]ature ( 
! silv] "q swell$ enorm\sly4 ,a m]e     
appeal to ! passions ( ^? :o hat$       
capital w\ld n h be5 en\gh1 & ev5 !     
argum5t t ! am\nt ( money 9 a c\ntry    
alone regulates prices c\ld h be5 refut$
 once = all4 ,a f9ancial & an           
intellectual impetus 7 bo? necess>y to !
 agitation1 & bo? 7 to be _h4 ,di/+ui%$ 
political economi/s saw cle>ly c]ta9    
unfairnesses & evils 9 a simple gold    
/&>d1 & urg$ _m an argum5t = bimetallism
 :i* ! masses did n :olly foll[1 b :i*  
provid$ mat]ial = g5]al discussion4 ,&  
f9ancial aid = ! silv] side fl[$ freely 
f ! pockets ( ^? :o own$ silv] m9es4 ,( 
c\rse1 !re 0 no d\bt t ^! m9e-own]s w\ld
 be trem5d\sly prosp]$ by any radical   
legislation = silv]4 ,9 ! days ( ! ,bl& 
,bill ev5 ! poore/ silv] m9es 7 9 active
 op]ation1 :]eas n[ ev]y?+ 0 quiet4 ,!  

discussions :i* o/5sibly urg$ ! "r ( !  
poor man aga9/ ! ri* said no?+ at all ( 
! deep s*emes ( ! silv]-m9e own]s4 ,^!  
m5 did n urge _! claims op5ly1 b !y paid
 _! money & play$ ! game %rewdly4  ,we h
 already fully comp>$ ! political traits
 ( ! two p>ties2 & x w be und]/ood at   
once t ! conte/ = silv]1 z a movem5t = !
 rights ( ! poor man aga9/ ^? ( !       
capitali/1 w\ld h to be (ficially wag$  
by ! ,democratic p>ty1 :ile !           
,republican p>ty w\ld1 ( c\rse1 take !  
o!r side4 ,! nation f\ght out ! great   
battle 9 two heat$ ,presid5tial         
campaigns2 & 9 #ahif z well z 9 #aijj1 !
 conte/ 0 decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! gold       
curr5cy4 ,! curr5cy legislation ( !     
,republican ,congresses has held to a   
cons]vative c\rse4 ,9 ,m>*1 ( #aijj1 !  
treasury 0 in/ruct$1 on dem&1 to r$eem  
all ,unit$ ,/ates notes 9 gold1 s t all 
! money 9 circulation came to h         
absolutely ! same value4 ,! old silv]   
c]tificates1 ( :i* to-day #dej1jjj1jjj  
are 9 circulation1 c at any "t be       

ex*ang$ = gold co91 & ! ,secret>y ( !   
,treasury 0 entirely "r 9 %[+ 9 8 la/   
annual report t x 0 ?is wise provision  
alone :i* obviat$ a panic at ! "t :5    
/ock m>ket quotations dropp$ s sudd5ly 9
 ! ye> #aijc4 ,?us ! f9ances ( ! c\ntry 
are def9itely on a gold basis4  ,b1 z we
 h said1 we are n int]e/$ 9 ! mat]ial   
aspects ( ! curr5cy situation1 & /ill   
less %all we und]take a pr(\nd          
discussion ( bimetallism1 z sci5tific   
circles are to-day consid]+ x4 ,!       
significance ( a limit$ d\ble /&>d1     
especially 9 view ( ! comm]ce ) ! ,ea/1 
& ( ! effect x w h 9 quiet+ !           
int]national /ruggle to get ! yell[     
metal1 is mu* discuss$ by ?\ghtful      
p]sons4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates h s5t a special
 commission to visit o!r c\ntries 9 ord]
 to p]suade !m t "s int]national        
agreem5t z to ! monet>y recognition (   
silv] is desirable4  ,all ?is does n    
int]e/ u4 ,we c>e = ! silv] "q only z a 
social movem5t4 ,no o!r problem has s   
pr(\ndly mov$ ! nation2 ev5 ! que/ions (

 expansion & imp]ialism h s f> ar\s$    
less g5]al int]e/4 ,x is only too likely
 t if h>d times return once m1 ! old    
craze w be reviv$ 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,!  
silv] intoxication is n ov] to-day1 & ! 
we/]n "p ( ! c\ntry is m]ely = ! mom5t  
too busy br++ its trem5d\s crops to     
h>ve/1 & c>ry+ its gold back home1 to   
?9k ( any?+ else4                       
,! ,t>iff ,"q  ,! silv] "q1 :i* 0 ( su* 
great significance ye/]day1 0 v         
complicat$1 & only v few :o discuss$ x  
knew all ! difficulties :i* x involv$4  
,?is is n true ( ! t>iff "q1 :i* may at 
any "t become ! ma9 political issue4 ,z 
! problem ( protective t>iff is g5]ally 
discuss$1 x involves only ! simple/     
ideas4  ,! dispute has come f a conflict
 ( pr9ciple & motive1 b n f any diff]5ce
 ( op9ion z to ! effect ( protective    
measures4 ,"h & !re x has be5 ma9ta9$1 z
 x has 9 o!r c\ntries1 t ! =eign] pays !
 t>iff2 & ?is argum5t has1 inde$1       
occasion$ ke5 & complicat$ discussions4 
,b1 = ! mo/ "p1 no academic que/ions are

 involv$1 r conditions m]ely :i* are    
obvi\s to all1 b t[>d :i* p feel v      
diff]5tly1 accord+ to _! occupation1    
geographical position1 & political      
convictions4 ,! /ruggle is n to be      
conceiv$ z "o betwe5 protective t>iff & 
free trade1 b r z betwe5 m or less      
protective t>iff--s9ce1 9 spite (       
v>iations1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h1 f ! v     
outset1 enact$ a t>iff great] ?an ! ne$s
 ( ! public treasury1 ) ! idea (        
protect+ dome/ic lab\r f =eign          
competition4  ,inde$1 x c be said t !   
policy ( protection belongs ev5 to !    
prehi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t x has  
contribut$ measurably to build+ up !    
,union4 ,:ile ,am]ica 0 an ,engli%      
colony1 ,engl& took c>e to suppress     
,am]ican indu/ries2 agriculture & trade 
7 to con/itute ! bus9ess ( ! coloni/s4  
,! ,w> = ,indep5d5ce alt]$ ! situation1 
& native indu/ries began to develop1 &  
!y _h made a brave />t 9 _m /ates be=e !
 w> 0 end$4 ,b z soon z ! ties ) ,engl& 
_h be5 brok51 ! sep>ate /ates manife/$  

div]se int]e/s1 & int]f]$ 9 _! trade )  
"o ano!r by enact+ cu/oms regulations4  
,x look$ z if a t>iff w> on ,am]ican    
soil w\ld be ! fir/ fruits ( fre$om f ! 
common oppressor4 ,!re 0 no c5tral p[]  
to repres5t common int]e/s1 to fix uni=m
 rev5ues = ! g5]al good1 & uni=m        
protection = ! indu/ry ( ! c\ntry4 ,& :5
 "o /ate aft] ano!r 0 p]suad$ to give up
 its individual rights to ! ,f$]ation1  
"o ( ! ma9 consid]ations 0 ! annulm5t ( 
su* int]/ate cu/oms1 :i* 7 h9d]+        
economic developm5t1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a 
uni=m protection = indu/ry4 ,! t>iff law
 ( #aghi conta9$1 fir/ ( all1 su*       
provisions z ensur$ ! necess>y public   
rev5ue1 t>iff on goods 9 ^: manufacture 
! ,am]icans did n compete2 & !n o!r     
t>iffs :i* 7 meant to protect ,am]ican  
indu/ries4  ,s1 at ! outset1 ! pr9ciple 
( protective t>iff 0 made an (ficial    
policy by ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & s9ce1 ?r\gh
 ! highly div]sifi$ hi/ory ( m ?an elev5
 decades1 ! nation has /ill held        
in/9ctively to ?is policy1 we c h>dly   

d\bt t ! ext]nal & int]nal conditions "u
 :i* ! c\ntry has /ood h be5 fav\rable  
to su* a policy4 ,! trem5d\s natural    
res\rces1 especially ( iron1 copp]1     
lumb]1 fur1 cotton1 wool1 & o!r raw     
mat]ials1 & ! inexhau/ible supply (     
en]gy 9 ! coal-fields1 oil-wells1 &     
wat]-falls1 h af=d$ ! mat]ial conditions
 )\t :i* an indu/rial indep5d5ce w\ld h 
be5 impossible4 ,! optimi/ic ,am]ican   
has f\nd himself 9 ?is l& ( pl5ty ) 8   
en]gy1 8 inv5tive g5ius1 & 8 _s (       
self-det]m9ation4 ,x 0 pr$e/9$ t !      
nation %\ld n only till ! fields1       
produce raw mat]ials1 & engage 9 trade1 
b t x %\ld set /\tly to "w to develop   
its own indu/ries4 ,!re=e1 x seem$      
natural to pass laws to help ^! along1  
al?\gh ! non-indu/rial portions ( !     
c\ntry1 & all classes :i* 7 n engag$ 9  
indu/ry1 7 = a "t inconv5i5c$ by high]  
prices4  ,once laun*$1 ! c\ntry drift$  
fur!r & fur!r 9 ! direction ( protective
 duties4 ,9 #ahjd a t>iff 0 enact$ on   
iron & on glassw>e1 ) unque/ionably     

protective int5t4 ,x is true t1 9 g5]al1
 ! pr9cipal increases 9 ! beg9n+ ( !    
c5tury 7 plann$ to accel]ate ! national 
income4 ,! ,w> ( #ahab especially caus$ 
all t>iffs to be d\bl$4 ,b ?is w> /irr$ 
up patriotism & a g5]al belief 9 !      
abilities ( ! nation4 ,native indu/ries 
7 n[ support$ by patriotic en?usiasm1 s 
t 9 #ahaf ! duties on cotton & wooll5   
goods & on manufactur$ iron 7 increas$ =
 ! sake ( protection4 ,& ! movem5t w5t  
on4 ,new t>iff clauses 7 enact$1 & new  
fri5ds won ov]1 (t5 9 _! own selfi%     
int]e/s1 until ! e>ly ?irties4 ,!       
reaction />t$ 9 ! ,s\?1 :i* pr(it$ lea/ 
f ! high t>iff4 ,compromises 7          
introduc$1 & _m ( ! heavie/ duties 7    
tak5 (f4 ,by ! e>ly =ties1 :5 ! movem5t 
laps$1 duties _h be5 r$uc$ by ab\t #bj  
p] c5t4  ,at ?is "t ! divid$ op9ions 9  
fav\r ( rais+ or l[]+ duties comm5c$ to 
play an important "p 9 politics4        
,protective t>iff & t>iff r$uction 7 !  
wat*words ( ! two p>ties4 ,9 #ahdb !    
,protectioni/ p>ty got ! re9s (         

gov]nm5t1 & at once put heavy duties on 
iron1 pap]1 glass1 & cotton & wooll5    
goods4 ,f\r ye>s lat]1 t>iffs 7 some:at 
r$uc$1 ow+ to ,democratic influ5ces2 b !
 pr9ciple ( protection 0 /ill ass]t$1 z 
is %[n by ! fact t tea & c(fee1 :i* 7 n 
gr[n 9 ! c\ntry1 7 n tax$1 :ile         
indu/rial manufactur$ articles 7 tax$ on
 ! av]age #cj p] c5t4 ,! ,democrats     
cont9u$ to ass]t _! influ5ce1 & won a   
victory "h & !re4 ,wool 0 admitt$ free 9
 #aheg4 ,!n came bad times4 ,aft] a     
sev]e comm]cial crisis1 imports decreas$
 & !re) ! cu/oms rev5ues4 ,! dem& = high
 t>iff !n increas$1 & ! ,republicans got
 control ( ,congress1 & enact$ 9 ! ye>  
#ahfa ! ,morrill ,t>iff1 :i*1 al?\gh    
/rongly protective1 0 ev5 m /rongly a   
,republican p>ty measure4 ,x aim$ to    
discrim9ate 9 protect+ ! indu/ries ( ^? 
/ates :i* ! ,republican p>ty desir$ to  
w9 ov]4 ,!n came ! ,civil ,w>1 ! enorm\s
 exp5se ( :i* requir$ all cu/oms & taxes
 to be greatly increas$4  ,! w> t>iff ( 
#ahfd 0 enact$ = ! sake ( rev5ue1 b its 

effect 0 decid$ly protective4 ,& :5 ! w>
 0 ov]1 & t>iffs might h be5 r$uc$ s f> 
z rev5ue w5t1 indu/ries 7 s accu/om$ to 
! artificial protection t no "o 0 will+ 
to take (f duties4 ,"s cu/oms1 ev5 su* z
 ^? on wooll5 & copp]1 7 consid]ably    
increas$ 9 ! next few ye>s1 :ile ^? on  
c(fee & tea 7 aga9 entirely remov$4  ,9 
g5]al1 x 0 a "t ( unc]ta9 fluctuations 9
 ! t>iff until ! ye> #ahhc1 :5 ! :ole   
matt] 0 ?or\ghly revis$4 ,9 c]ta9       
directions1 ! cu/oms 7 l[]$2 9 o!rs1    
increas$4 ,specially ! high] grades (   
manufactur$ articles 7 put "u a high]   
t>iff1 :ile ! *eap] articles us$ by !   
g5]al public 7 tax$ m lightly4 ,a %ort  
"t aft] ?is1 ,presid5t ,clevel&1 z lead]
 ( ! ,free-,trade ,democrats1 came out )
 a fam\s message aga9/ protection4 ,!   
unexpect$ result 01 t aft] ! t>iff "q _h
 ?us once m be5 br\ght to ! front1 !    
,republicans ga9$ a complete victory =  
_! side1 & enact$ a t>iff m extreme ?an 
any :i* _h gone be=e1 & :i* protect$ n  
only exi/+ indu/ries1 b also su* z x 0  

hop$ might spr+ up4 ,ev5 sug> 0 n[ put  
on ! free li/1 because x _h be5 tax$    
m]ely = rev5ue1 & n = protection4 ,:ile1
 on ! o!r h&1 almo/ all manufactur$     
articles :i* 7 made 9 ! c\ntry 7 highly 
protect$4 ,?is 0 specially ! case )     
velvet1 silk1 wooll51 & metal goods4    
,?is 0 ! well-kn[n ,mc,kinley ,t>iff4   
,! ,democrats won ! next election1      
al?\gh n on ! issue ( indu/rial         
legislation1 & z soon z !y came into p[]
 !y upset ! high t>iffs4 ,_! ,wilson    
,t>iff ,bill ( #ahid1 ! result ( long   
controv]sies1 %[$ little int]nal        
consi/5cy4 ,too _m compromises _h be5   
f\nd necess>y ) ^! or ^? influ5tial     
indu/ries 9 ord] to pass ! bill at all4 
,yet1 on ! :ole1 cu/oms 7 consid]ably   
l[]$1 & = ! fir/ "t 9 a long :ile raw   
mat]ials1 su* z wool1 7 put on ! free   
li/4 ,b ,democratic rule did n la/ long4
 ,mc,kinley 0 victori\s 9 #ahif1 & 9 !  
foll[+ ye> ! ,d+ley ,t>iff 0 pass$ 9    
accordance ) ,republican ideas (        
protection1 & x is /ill 9 =ce4  ,! total

 rev5ues d]iv$ f ?is s\rce 9 ! ye> #aijb
 7 #bea1jjj1jjj1 & 9 #aijc 7            
#bhj1jjj1jjj4 ,let u analyze ! fir/     
am\nt4 ,its relative importance 9 !     
total rev5ue may be se5 f ! fact t !    
int]nal duties on liquor1 tobacco1 etc41
 am\nt$ to #bga1jjj1jjj1 & t ! po/al    
budget = ! ye> 0 #aba1jjj1jjj4 ,! cu/oms
 duties ( #bea1jjj1jjj are (ficially    
divid$ into five classes4 ,! fir/ is    
live animals & bread/uffs1 ) sug> at !  
head br++ 9 #eb1jjj1jjj4 ,! sug> duty _h
 n exi/$ t5 ye>s be=e1 b ! ,wilson      
,t>iff ( #ahid c\ld n h be5 enact$ if ! 
beet-sug> ,s5ators f ,l\isiana _h n be5 
toss$ a bone4 ,9 #ahie ! rev5ue on sug> 
am\nt$ to #ae1jjj1jjj1 & 9 #aija to     
#fb1jjj1jjj4 ,aft] sug>1 9 ?is ye> (    
#aijc1 came fruits & nuts ) #e1         
vegetables ) #c1 meat1 fi%1 & rice )    
only #a million doll>s ea*4 ,! second   
class comprises raw mat]ials4 ,wool     
yield$ #aj4i1 sk9s #b4f1 coal #a million
 doll>s1 & e o!r class /ill less4 ,9 !  
?ird class are ! semi-manufactur$       

products1 ) *emicals yield+ #e4d1 t9    
plate #b4i1 wood5-w>e #a4h1 silk #a4a1 &
 fur #a million doll>s4 ,! f\r? class   
comprises f9i%$ products4 ,l95 goods    
yield$ #ad1 wooll5 goods #ac1 cotton    
goods #aj1 metallic w>es #f1 porcela9   
#e4f1 lea!r goods #c4a1 & wood5 & pap]  
w>es ea* #a million doll>s4 ,articles ( 
luxury make ! la/ class1 ) tobacco br++ 
#ah4g1 silk goods #af1 laces #ac1       
alcoholic dr9ks #aj1 jewelry #b4d1      
fea!rs #a4d1 & toys #a4c million doll>s4
 ,! total imports = ! ye> 7             
#ijc1jjj1jjj1 ( :i* #cif1jjj1jjj ent]$  
free ( duty2 b ( ^! la/ only #aj p] c5t4
 7 half or :olly f9i%$ products1 #ij p] 
c5t4 be+ food or raw mat]ials4 ,! duty 0
 collect$ f imports wor? #ejg1jjj1jjj1 &
 #fd p] c5t4 came f manufactur$         
articles4 ,?us ! ,d+ley ,t>iff 0 a      
complete victory = protection4  ,no "o  
n[ asks to h ! duties rais$1 b !        
,democratic p>ty is try+ all ! "t to h  
!m l[]$1 s t ! "q is really :e!r !y %all
 be l[] or rema9 :]e !y are4 ,( c\rse1 !

 ,republicans h a capital argum5t :i*   
looks unansw]able--success4 ,! hi/ory ( 
,am]ican protection1 !y say1 is ! hi/ory
 ( ,am]ican indu/rial progress4 ,! ye>s 
dur+ :i* native indu/ry has be5 protect$
 f =eign competition by means ( heavy   
duties h be5 ! times ( great developm5t1
 & ye>s ( depression1 disa/]1 & panic h 
regul>ly foll[$ :5ev] free-trad]s h     
remov$ duties4 ,! t>iff has nev] be5    
high] ?an "u ! ,mc,kinley & ! ,d+ley    
bills1 & nev] has ! economic advance be5
 m rapid or =ceful4 ,:at is ! use1 !y   
say1 ( repres5t+ to ! work+-man t he    
c\ld buy a suit s mu* *eap] if ! tax on 
wooll5 goods 7 remov$8 ,= if x 71 &     
free-trade 7 to be g5]ally adopt$1 he   
w\ld g ab\t )\t employm5t1 8 wife &     
*ildr5 w\ld be turn$ out into ! /reet1 &
 he w\ld be unable to buy ev5 ! *eape/  
suit4 ,:]eas to-day1 he is well able to 
pay ! price :i* is ask$4 ,! weal? (     
fancy ) :i* ?is sort ( argum5t is       
con/antly v>i$1 & trick$ out ) ^w &     
phrase suit$ to e ta/e1 is almo/        

ov]p[]+4 ,b ! alt]native betwe5 ! high  
wage :i* c af=d to pay = ! exp5sive     
suit1 & ! l[] wage :i* _c af=d to pay = 
! *eap suit1 becomes /ill m cog5t s9ce !
 fanatical protectioni/ is able to prove
 t "u a high t>iff wages h 9 fact ris51 
:ile ! price ( ! suit has n4 ,yet !     
extreme free-trad] c prove1 ) equal     
c]ta9ty1 t "u free-trade ! suit w\ld    
actually be mu* *eap]1 :ile wages w\ld 9
 ! end be ev5 high]4  ,x _c be d\bt$ t a
 numb] ( indu/ries are to-day v prosp]\s
 :i* c\ld n h gott5 ev5 a foo?old except
 by a c5tury ( protection4 ,& no        
,democrat d5ies ?is4 ,b he d\bts :e!r ! 
hot-h\se =c+ ( su* indu/ries has b5efit$
 ! c\ntry1 & he believes t ! artificial 
p]petuation ( great indu/rial           
comb9ations1 :i* h be5 able1 by means ( 
a protective t>iff1 to put an           
artificially high price on ! food & o!r 
necess>y articles us$ by ! masses1 has  
work$ inf9itely m h>m ?an good4  ,x is  
und\bt$ly true t _m indu/ries h n only  
be5 protect$1 b h actually be5 creat$4  

,! t9 plate indu/ry is1 p]haps1 ! be/   
example ( ?is4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates us$ to  
obta9 ! t9 plates ne$$ 9 indu/ry f      
,wales1 & at unreasonably high prices4  
,twice ! ,am]icans tri$ to introduce !  
indu/ry at home1 b 7 at once und]sold by
 ! ,engli% & 8froz5 out40 ,!n !         
,mc,kinley ,t>iff put a duty on t9 plate
 ( #gj p] c5t4 ad valorem1 & ! ,am]ican 
indu/ry 0 able to make headway4 ,9      
#ahia1 #a1jcf million p\nds ( t9 plate 7
 import$1 & none 0 produc$ at home2 two 
ye>s lat] only #fbh million p\nds 7     
import$1 & #ajj million p\nds           
manufactur$ at home2 & t5 ye>s lat] only
 #aag million p\nds came ov] ! sea1 :ile
 #hid million p\nds 7 produc$ 9 ?is     
c\ntry4 ,x has be5 mu* ! same 9 !       
manufacture ( wat*es4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates  
import$ all _! wat*es a few ye>s ago4   
,!y 7 !n tax$ #aj p] c5t4 = rev5ue1 be+ 
acc\nt$ articles ( luxury1 & c\ld n be  
pr(itably made inside ! c\ntry4 ,b :5   
,congress tax$ !m #be p] c5t41 ! indu/ry
 grew up4 ,x produc$ at fir/ wat*es aft]

 ,european models2 b ,am]ican +5uity    
soon came to be ext5d$ to ?is field1    
improv$ ma*9]y = ! manufacture ( wat*es 
0 devis$1 & n[ a trem5d\s indu/ry       
provides e ,am]ican s*ool-boy ) a wat*  
:i* is bett] & *eap] ?an ! correspond+  
,european article4 ,ev5 ! silk indu/ry  
may well be consid]$ ! fo/] *ild (      
protection4  ,! free-trad]s reply1 t all
 ?is may h be5 v well = a p]iod (       
transition f an agricultural to an      
indu/rial /ate2 b t ! great *ange has n[
 be5 complet$1 & ! burd5some duties :i* 
keep our prices high might p]fectly well
 be dropp$1 s9ce our indu/ries are n[   
/rong en\gh to compete ) =eign          
indu/ries4  ,b j at ?is po9t !          
,republican comes out less optimi/ically
 ?an be=e4 ,he says t ,am]ican indu/ry  
has inde$ develop$ ) fabul\s spe$1 & t !
 indu/rial exports ( ! c\ntry1 :i* n[   
am\nt to #cj p] c5t4 ( ! total1 are a   
great %[+1 b ?is is a symptom :i* ought 
n to be ov]rat$4 ,:5 prices ?r\gh\t !   
re/ ( ! _w fell1 & ,engl& 0 p>alyz$ = ! 

mom5t1 al?\gh ! dome/ic dem& _h n yet   
rea*$ its height1 conditions comb9$ s   
fav\rably1 x is true1 z to cause !      
export trade 9 ,am]ican manufactur$     
articles to increase rapidly4 ,b ?is may
 n be p]man5t4 ,indu/ry is /ill n able  
to fill all ! dem&s ( ! home m>ket2 on !
 contr>y1 at ! v "t :5 ,am]ican iron &  
/eel indu/ries seem$ likely to conqu]   
=eign m>kets1 x 0 f\nd t "s sudd5       
increase 9 dome/ic requirem5ts          
necessitat$ l>ge importations4 ,:ile !  
iron & /eel exports decreas$ by         
#be1jjj1jjj betwe5 #aijj & #aijc1 !     
imports dur+ ! same "t increas$         
#ca1jjj1jjj1 & iron & /eel include mo/ly
 unf9i%$ products4  ,?us ev5 ! /ronge/ &
 mo/ p[]ful indu/ries greatly ne$       
protection /ill aga9/ =eign competition4
 ,x is1 ,?omas ,re$ has said1 entirely  
mi/ak5 to look on protection z a sort ( 
m$ic9e1 to be left (f z soon z possible4
 ,x is n m$ic9e1 b n\ri%m5t4 ,! high    
t>iff has n only nurs$ infant indu/ries1
 b x is to fe$ !m ?r\gh life4 ,= x is n 

a happy exp$i5t1 b a sy/em :i* is       
ju/ifi$ by its results1 & ( :i* ! f9al  
import is t ! ,am]ican m>ket is = !     
,am]ican p4 ,protection is a wall beh9d 
:i* ! ,am]ican p c c>ry on _! indu/rial 
life1 & s arrange x t wages %all be n   
only absolutely b relatively great] ?an 
wages 9 ,europe4  ,at a "t :5 ev]y?+    
look$ s prosp]\s z 9 ! la/ few ye>s (   
indu/rial activity1 x is difficult to   
conte/ ! p[]ful argum5t :i* !           
,republicans make 9 appeal+ to success4 
,e "o is afraid t a *ange 9 t>iff might 
turn back ?is tide4 ,& if !re h be5     
rev]ses 9 ! la/ few ye>s x has be5 po9t$
 out t speculators & corporation        
magnates h be5 ! *ief suff]]s1 & !y are 
! ones :o1 lea/ ( all1 w\ld wi% ! t>iffs
 remov$4  ,x has be5 an unfav\rable "t1 
!re=e1 = ! free-trad]s1 & _! really     
p[]ful p>ty has be5 r fa9t-he>t$ 9 its  
fight aga9/ ! ,d+ley ,t>iff4 ,its       
satisfaction ) ! ,wilson ,t>iff 0 n     
unmix$1 & al?\gh x c\ld tru?fully say t 
! law z actually pass$ 0 n a ,democratic

 measure s9ce x receiv$ six hundr$ & =ty
 am5dm5ts 9 ! ,s5ate1 nev]!less x       
realizes t ! legislative measures ( !   
la/ ,democratic rgime pleas$ nobody     
?or\ghly & contribut$ a good deal to !  
subsequ5t ,republican victory4          
,nev]!less1 ! ,democrats feel t !       
,republican argum5ts are fallaci\s4 ,x  
is n ! protective t>iff1 !y say1 :i* has
 br\ght ab\t ,am]ican prosp]ity1 b !    
natural weal? ( ! c\ntry1 toge!r ) !    
en]gy & intellig5ce ( its inhabitants4  
,! high level ( education1 ! free       
gov]nm5t1 ! pione] ard\r ( ! p1 & !     
bless+s ( quick & rapid railway         
connections h made ,am]ica great &      
prosp]\s4 ,if1 inde$1 any legal exp$i5ts
 h be5 decisive 9 produc+ ?is happy     
result1 ^! h be5 ! free-trade measures1 
s9ce ! ,republicans q ov]look ! fact t !
 ma9 factor mak+ = our success has be5 !
 absolute free-trade prevail+ betwe5 !  
=ty-five /ates4 ,:at w\ld h become (    
,am]ican indu/ries if ! /ates _h enact$ 
t>iffs aga9/ "o ano!r1 z ! c\ntry does  

aga9/ ! re/ ( ! _w1 & z ! c\ntries (    
,europe d aga9/ "o ano!r8 ,! entire     
fre$om ( trade f ,ma9e to ,cali=nia1 & f
 ,canada to ,mexico1 t is1 ! total      
abs5ce ( all legislative h9drances & !  
possibility ( free ex*ange ( natural    
products & manufactures )\t paym5t (    
duties1 has made ,am]ican indu/ry :at x 
is2 & x is ! same idea :i* ! ,democrats 
*]i% = ! :ole _w4 ,!y desire to get =   
,am]ica ! advantages f free-trade :i*   
,engl& has d]iv$4  ,all ! well-kn[n     
free-trade argum5ts--moral1 political1 &
 economic--are !n urg$2 & x is %[n1 aga9
 & aga91 t e nation w succe$ be/ 9 !    
long run by c>ry+ on only su* indu/ries 
z x is able to 9 free competition ) !   
_w4 ,x is true1 admitt$ly1 t if our     
t>iff 7 remov$ a numb] ( manufactures   
w\ld h to be discont9u$1 & t ! lab\r]s  
w\ld = a "t be )\t "w1 z happ5s :5ev] a 
new ma*9e is discov]$1 or :5ev] means ( 
transportation are facilitat$4 ,!       
imm$iate effect is to take lab\r f !    
workman4 ,b 9 a %ort "t adaptation takes

 place1 & 9 ! end ! new conditions      
automatically provide a mu* great] numb]
 ( workm5 ) pr(itable employm5t ?an     
be=e4 ,am]ica w\ld lose a "p ( ! home   
m>ket if %e adopt$ free-trade1 b w\ld be
 able to op5 z _m m doors to =eign      
c\ntries z recomp5se4 ,h] total         
production w\ld 9 ! end be great]1 & all
 articles ( consumption w\ld be *eap]1 s
 t ! workm5 c\ld buy ! same w>es ) a    
less am\nt ( lab\r1 & ! adju/m5t ( !    
,am]ican scale ( wages w\ld bett] enable
 ! ,am]icans to compete ) ! lab\r ( o!r 
c\ntries4  ,b no d\bt ! times d n fav\r 
su* logic4 ,! ,am]icans are too ready to
 believe ! /atem5t ( ,h>rison1 t ! man  
:o buys a *eap] coat is ! *eap] man4 ,& 
q too easily ! protectioni/s reply to   
all argum5ts aga9/ exclud+ =eign goods )
 ! opposite %[+ t1 9 spite ( ! high     
t>iff1 ! imports f abroad are /eadily   
increas+4 ,"u ! ,d+ley ,t>iff1 9 ! ye>  
#aijc1 n only ! raw mat]ials1 b also !  
half & :olly manufactur$ articles1 &    
articles ( luxury1 import$ increas$ to a

 degree :i* _h nev] be5 rea*$ 9 ! ye>s (
 ! ,wilson ,t>iff4 ,! raw mat]ials      
import$ "u a ,democratic t>iff rea*$ _! 
high po9t 9 #ahig1 ) #bjg1jjj1jjj2 :5 ! 
,d+ley ,t>iff 0 adopt$ ! figure decreas$
 to #ahh1jjj1jjj1 b !n rose rapidly &   
am\nt$ 9 #aijb to #cbh1jjj1jjj1 & 9     
#aijc to #chc1jjj1jjj4 ,f9i%$ products  
decl9$ at fir/ f #afe1jjj1jjj to        
#id1jjj1jjj1 b increas$ 9 #aijc to      
#afi1jjj1jjj4 ,articles ( luxury sank f 
#ib1jjj1jjj to #gd1jjj1jjj1 b !n m\nt$  
/eadily until 9 ! ye> #aijc !y 7 at !   
unprec$5t$ figure ( #ade1jjj1jjj4  ,9   
spite ( ?is1 ! ,democratic outlook is   
improv+2 n because p incl9e to          
free-trade1 b because !y feel t ! t>iff 
mu/ be revis$1 t c]ta9 duties mu/ be    
decreas$1 & o!rs1 s f> z reciprocity c  
be arrang$ ) o!r c\ntries1 aboli%$4     
,ev]ybody sees t ! int]national trade   
balance ( la/ ye> %[s a movem5t :i* _c  
keep on4 ,am]ica _c1 9 ! long run1 sell 
:]e %e does n buy4 ,%e w n f9d x        
pr(itable to become ! cr$itor ( o!r     

nations1 & w feel x to be a wis] policy 
to close comm]cial treaties ) o!r       
nations to ! advantage ( bo? sides4     
,reciprocity is n a !ory ( ! ,democratic
 p>ty m]ely1 b is ! sub-consci\s wi% ( !
 entire nation1 z may be conclud$ f !   
fact t ,mc,kinley's la/ great spee*     
voic$ ?is new desire4  ,he _h1 m ?an any
 "o else1 a f9e sc5t = com+ political   
t5d5cies2 & 8 greatness always consi/$ 9
 voic+ to-day :at ! p w\ld be com+ to   
want by to-morr[4 ,on ! fif? (          
,septemb]1 #aija1 at ! ,buffalo         
,exposition1 he made a memorable spee*1 
9 :i* he said3 8,we mu/ n repose 9      
fanci$ security t we c =ev] sell ev]y?+ 
& buy little or no?+4 ,if su* a ?+ 7    
possible1 x w\ld n be be/ = u or = ^? ) 
:om we deal4 ,we %\ld take f our cu/om]s
 su* ( _! products z we c use )\t h>m to
 our indu/ries & lab\r4 ,reciprocity is 
! natural outgr[? ( our wond]ful        
indu/rial developm5t "u ! dome/ic policy
 n[ firmly e/abli%$4 ,:at we produce    
beyond our dome/ic consumption mu/ h a  

v5t abroad4 ,! excess mu/ be reliev$    
?r\gh a =eign outlet1 & we %\ld sell    
any:]e we c & buy :]ev] ! buy+ w enl>ge 
our sales & productions1 & !reby make a 
great] dem& = home lab\r4 ,! p]iod (    
exclusiv5ess is pa/4 ,! expansion ( our 
trade & comm]ce is ! press+ problem4    
,comm]cial w>s are unpr(itable4 ,a      
policy ( good w & fri5dly trade         
relations w prev5t reprisals4           
,reciprocity treaties are 9 h>mony ) !  
_s ( ! times4 ,measures ( retaliation   
are n4  8,if p]*ance "s ( our t>iffs are
 no long] ne$$ = rev5ue or to enc\rage &
 protect our indu/ries at home1 :y %\ld 
!y n be employ$ to ext5d & promote our  
m>kets abroad80  ,?is 0 ! same          
,mc,kinley ^: "n _h be5 ! appreh5sion ( 
,europe1 & :o 9 fact m ?an any "o else 0
 morally responsible = ! high-t>iff     
movem5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! unique    
position :i* 8 s]vice ( protection _h   
won him 9 ! p>ty1 w\ld p]haps h enabl$  
?is "o man to lead ! ,republican p>ty   
d[n f its high t>iff to reciprocity4 ,b 

,mc,kinley has unhappily pass$ away1 &  
no "o is "h to take 8 place4  ,8        
successor has n _h1 9 ! fir/ place1 a   
great int]e/ 9 que/ions ( comm]ce4 ,he  
has necess>ily lack$1 moreov]1 su* /rong
 au?ority )9 8 p>ty z w\ld enable him to
 br+ oppos+ int]e/s into l9e on su* a   
new policy4 ,! "y ,presid5t 0 too mu*   
suspect$ ( look+ askance on great       
indu/rial companies4 ,if he _h plac$    
himself at ! head ( ! ,republicans :o 7 
hop+ to r$uce ! t>iff1 he w\ld h be5    
br&$ z a free-trad]1 & w\ld n h be5     
cr$it$ ) t really w>m feel+ = protect$  
,am]ican indu/ries :i* 9 ! case (       
,mc,kinley 0 tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,m 
?an t1 ! oppon5ts det]r$ him1 & w\ld h  
det]r$ any "o else :o might h come 9    
,mc,kinley's foot/eps1 or p]haps ev5    
,mc,kinley himself1 ) ! gho/ ( bad times
 :i* are to come :5ev] a c]ta9 feel+ (  
insecurity is spread+ ?r\gh ! comm]cial 
_w4  ,ev]ybody felt t1 if ! "q ( t>iff  
%\ld be op5$ up1 un=ese5 disputes might 
ensue4 ,on que/ions ( t>iff e indu/ry   

wields a lev] 9 its own fav\r1 & !      
,wilson ,t>iff _h suffici5tly %[n h[    
long & h[ tragi-comic c be ! c\rse f !  
law propos$ to ! law accompli%$4 ,x 0   
felt ev]y:]e t if ! c\ntry %\ld be      
br\ght into unre/ by ! fact t no indu/ry
 c\ld "k = "s ye>s :at its future 0 to  
be or :]e ,congress might *ance to take 
(f protection1 t all indu/ry w\ld be    
greatly injur$4 ,!re c\ld be no new     
und]tak+s = ye>s1 & :atev] ! ultimate   
result might be1 ! m]e feel+ ( unc]ta9ty
 w\ld make a crisis suffici5t to turn ! 
tide ( prosp]ity4 ,& ,am]ican           
reciprocity 0 aft] all only a matt] (   
philan?ropy2 = ! exp]i5ce ) ,canada &   
,hawaii1 x 0 said1 only %[$ t           
reciprocity meant b5evol5ce on ! "p (   
,am]ica4  ,if ,am]ica is to be          
philan?ropical1 !re is en\gh to d 9 o!r 
ways2 b if ,am]ica is to pres]ve h]     
comm]cial int]e/s & h] prosp]\s         
indu/ries1 x is absolutely necess>y n to
 /ir up tr\ble & pu% ! c\ntry once m    
into t>iff di/urbances & expose indu/ry 

to d\bts & misgiv+s4 ,& ?is gho/ has    
made its impression4 ,mc,kinley's words 
h ar\s$ only a fa9t e*o 9 ! p>ty4 ,!    
ne$1 h[ev]1 :i* he in/9ctively felt     
rema9s1 & public op9ion kn[s x4 ,x is   
only a "q z to :5 public op9ion w be    
/rong] ?an p>ty op9ion4  ,!re is ano!r  
?+ :i* gives ! anti-protectioni/s a     
bett] *ance4 ,democrats say t high t>iff
 has fav\r$ ! tru/s4 ,?is may be true or
 false1 & /ati/ics speak = bo? views4 ,b
 "h is a wat*word = ! p>ty :i* makes a  
deep impression1 = ! tru/s are popul>ly 
hat$4 ,?is1 too1 may be "r or wrong1 &  
may be /ill m easily argu$ = bo? sides1 
b ! fact rema9s1 & ! s$uctive idea t    
aboli%+ high t>iff w deal a fatal bl[ to
 ! hat$1 extortionate1 & tyrannical     
tru/s gets m hold on ! masses day by    
day4 ,9 va9 ! protectioni/s say t !re is
 n a real monopoly 9 ! :ole c\ntry2 t e 
in/ance ( extortionate price calls out  
competition at once1 & injures ! tru/   
:i* *>ges su* price2 t protection       
b5efits ! small & poor companies z mu* z

 ! l>ge1 & t an attempt to injure ! l>ge
 companies by free-trade enactm5ts w\ld 
kill all small companies on ! in/ant4   
,&1 besides1 politics ought n to be run 
9 ! _s ( hatr$4 ,b ! embitt]m5t exi/s1 &
 argum5ts avail little4 ,x is           
inconte/able t1 ( all ! motives :i* are 
to-day felt to "w aga9/ protection1 ! "o
 mo/ effective ) ! masses is _! hatr$ ( 
! tru/s4 ,h]e) we are l$ f ! t>iff "q to
 ?is o!r problem--! tru/s4              
,! ,tru/ ,"q  8,von d] ,p>tei5 ,hass und
 ,gun/ v]wirrt0--to be hat$ & to be     
fav\r$ by ! p>ties is ! fate ( ! tru/s4 
,b ! odd ?+ is t !y are n hat$ by "o    
p>ty & fav\r$ by ! o!r2 b bo? p>ties    
alike op5ly pr(ess _! hatr$ & yet %[ _! 
fav\r by refra9+ aft] all f any action4 
,& ?is inconsi/5cy is n due to any      
int5tional deception4  ,to be sure1 a   
good deal ( x is political policy4 ,!   
evils & dang]s ( _m tru/ =mations are s 
obvi\s t no p>ty w\ld l to praise !m    
op5ly1 & no p>ty w disp5se ) ! *eap &   
easy notoriety ( decl>+ itself = op5    

competition & aga9/ all monopolies4 ,on 
! o!r h&1 ! p[] ( ! tru/s is s great t  
nei!r p>ty d>es to break ) !m1 & ea* has
 its special fav\rites1 :i* c\ld n be   
(f5d$ )\t prejudic+ its campaign funds4 
,nev]!less1 ! deep] reason does n lie 9 
! matt] ( exp$i5cy1 b r 9 ! fact t no   
relief has be5 propos$ :i* promises to  
be satisfactory4 ,"s want to treat !    
evil sup]ficially1 z a quack doctor     
tries to allay second>y symptoms2 & o!rs
 want1 z ,presid5t ,roosevelt has said1 
to end ! disease by kill+ ! pati5t4 ,!  
fact t ?is inv5tive nation has /ill n   
solv$ its great economic problem1 is    
probably because ! tru/s h gr[n         
necess>ily f ! organic conditions (     
,am]ican life1 & w\ld cont9ue to exi/ 9 
spite ( all legislative h9drances :i*   
might be propos$ aga9/ !m4  ,:5 ,que5   
,elizabe?1 9 violation ( ! _s (         
,anglo-,saxon law1 di/ribut$ 9 ! c\rse (
 a ye> ne>ly fifty indu/rial monopolies1
 & caus$ ! price ( "s commodities to be 
d\bl$1 ! ,h\se ( ,commons prote/$ 9     

#afja1 & ! ,que5 solemnly decl>$ t %e   
w\ld revoke all privileges :i* endang]$ 
indu/rial fre$om2 & f t "t on1          
monopolies 7 done away )4 ,! ,am]ican p 
are _! own sov]eign1 & ! effect (       
monopolies is n[ ab\t ! same z x 0 9    
,engl& ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,b ! ,new  
,_w sov]eign _c issue a proclamation    
revok+ ! monopolies :i* x has grant$1 or
 at lea/ x kn[s t ! monopolies1 if tak5 
f "o1 w\ld be snat*$ by ano!r4 ,x is    
true t ! pres5t =m ( tru/s c\ld be made 
illegal = ! future1 b "s o!r =m w\ld    
appe>1 to compass ! same ends2 & if     
c]ta9 economic dep>tm5ts %\ld be lib]at$
 by a free-trade legislation1 ! same    
=ces w\ld ga!r at o!r po9ts4 ,we mu/    
consid] ! ess5ce ( ! matt] r ?an its    
outw>d =m4  ,! ess5ce is c]ta9ly n1 z ! 
oppon5ts ( tru/s l to repres5t1 t a few 
p]sons are enri*$ at ! exp5se ( _m2 t ! 
masses are plund]$ to heap up weal? = a 
small clique4 ,! ess5ce ( ! movem5t does
 n lie 9 ! di/ribution ( weal?1 b 9 !   
di/ribution ( p[]4 ,! significance ( !  

movem5t is t 9 rec5t times ! control (  
economic ag5cies has _h to become m     
/rongly conc5trat$4 ,x is a m]e att5dant
 circum/ance t 9 ! =mation ( ! tru/s    
l>ge f9anci]s h pocket$                 
disproportionately l>ge pr(its1 & t !   
lead+ tru/ magnates are ! ri*e/ m5 ( !  
c\ntry4 ,! significance ( _! position   
lies 9 ! confid5ce :i* is put 9 !m4 ,b !
 actual economic endeav\r has be5 = !   
organiz$ control ( l>g] & l>g]          
und]tak+s4 ,x has be5 v natural = !     
necess>y consolidation ( small] p>ts    
into new & l>g] units to be accompli%$  
by m5 :o are !mselves ri* en\gh to reta9
 a controll+ %>e 9 ! :ole bus9ess2 b ?is
 is a second>y factor1 & ! same result  
c\ld h be5 _h if m]e ag5ts _h be5       
appo9t$ by ! own]s to all ! great       
positions ( confid5ce4  ,almo/ ! same   
movem5t has gone on 9 o!r economic      
sph]es ?an ! indu/rial4 ,railroad       
companies are all ! "t be+ consolidat$  
into l>ge companies1 controll$ by few] &
 few] m51 until f9ally a v few1 l       

,morgan1 ,v&]bilt1 ,rockefell]1         
,h>riman1 ,g\ld1 ,hill1 & ,cassatt1     
virtually control ! :ole railroad sy/em4
 ,b ?is economic movem5t 9 ! railroad _w
 w\ld n really /op if ! /ate 7 to take  
ov] all ! railroads1 & a s+le badly paid
 secret>y ( railroads %\ld be sub/itut$ 
= ! gr\p ( millionaires4 ,! ma9 po9t is 
t ! sav+s ( ! :ole c\ntry are inve/$ 9  
^! und]tak+s1 & are look+ = ! l>ge/     
possible returns1 & get ^! only :5      
lead]%ip & control are /rongly          
c5traliz$4  ,! v obvi\s opul5ce ( !     
lead]s naturally excites popul>         
criticism1 b x has be5 (t5 %[n t ! weal?
 ( ^! ri* p has n increas$ relatively to
 ! av]age prosp]ity ( o!r classes1 & !  
corporations !mselves make x possible to
 di/ribute ! pr(its sav$ by conc5tration
 ?r\gh\t ! population4 ,! fam\s ,unit$  
,/ates ,/eel ,company _h la/ ye> #fi1jjj
 /ockhold]s1 & ! %>es ( ,am]ican        
railroads are own$ by m ?an a million p4
 ,= in/ance1 ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad   
alone has #cd1jjj /ock & bond hold]s1 :o

 intru/ ! control to a v few capitali/s4
 ,9 fact1 ! :ole railway sy/em belong+  
to a million p is controll$ by ab\t a   
doz5 m52 & ! ,/eel ,company ) its       
#fi1jjj own]s is manag$ by tw5ty-f\r    
directors1 :o 9 turn are guid$ by ! two 
presid5ts ( ! adm9i/ration & f9ance     
committees4 ,! *ief po9t is ?us n !     
conc5tration ( own]%ip1 b ! conc5tration
 ( p[]4  ,?is same movem5t t[>d         
conc5tration has tak5 place 9 ! bank+   
bus9ess2 & "h ! po9t is c]ta9ly1 n t "o 
man or a few m5 own a ma9 %>e 9 ! banks1
 b only t a few m5 are put 9 *>ge ( a   
gr\p ( f9ancial in/itutions = ! sake (  
organiz$ managem5t4 ,9 ?is way ! public 
is m uni=mly & sy/ematically s]v$1 & !  
banks are m secure1 by reason ( _!      
mutual co-op]ation4  ,among ! directors 
( ! ,bank ( ,comm]ce !re are1 = in/ance1
 directors ( two life-insurance         
companies :i* h a capital (             
#gej1jjj1jjj1 & ( eight tru/ companies2 
& ! directors ( ^! tru/ companies are at
 ! same "t directors ( o!r banks1 s t !y

 all make a complete *a9 ( f9ancial     
in/itutions4 ,& !y /& m or less "u !    
influ5ce ( ,morgan4 ,!re is1 likewise1  
ano!r sy/em ( banks1 ( :i* ! *ief is !  
,national ,city ,bank1 :i* is dom9at$ by
 ,rockefell]2 & ^! p]sonal connections  
betwe5 banks are cont9u$ to ! indu/rial 
ent]prises1 & !n on to ! railroad       
companies4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,rockefell]    
influ5ce dom9ates n only banks & tru/   
companies ^: capital is m ?an           
#djj1jjj1jjj1 ! fam\s ,/&>d ,oil        
,company ) a capital ( #ajj1jjj1jjj1 !  
,lackawanna ,/eel ,company wor?         
#fj1jjj1jjj1 & ! gas companies ( ,new   
,york wor? #adg1jjj1jjj1 b also ! ,/4   
,paul ,railroad1 :i* is capitaliz$ at   
#bcj1jjj1jjj1 ! ,miss\ri1 ,kansas &     
,texas at #adh1jjj1jjj1 & ! ,miss\ri    
,pacific at #bab1jjj1jjj4  ,x is c]ta9ly
 true t su* trem5d\s influ5ce "u pres5t 
conditions c be gott5 only by m5 :o     
actually own a huge capital4 ,& yet !   
ess5tial economic feature is always !   
consolidation ( control1 :i* is f\nd    

necess>y 9 e prov9ce ( indu/ry1 & :i*   
entirely ov]tops ! "q ( own]%ip4 ,x has 
be5 e/imat$ t ! tw5ty-f\r directors ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,company ex]t a     
controll+ influ5ce 9 two hundr$ o!r     
corporations2 t back ( !m are ! l>ge/   
banks 9 ! :ole c\ntry1 ab\t half !      
railroads1 ! l>ge/ coal1 oil1 & electric
 companies1 & ! lead+ telegraph1        
express1 & life-insurance companies1    
etc4 ,!y control corporations ) a       
capital ( n9e billions ( doll>s3 & su*  
consolidation is n to be undone by any  
artificial devices ( legislation4  ,if  
economic life1 by reason ( ! dim5sions  
:i* x has assum$ 9 ! la/ decades1       
requires ?is weld+ toge!r ( int]e/s 9 e 
dep>tm5t1 !n ! =mation ( syndicates &   
tru/s is only a phase 9 ! necess>y      
developm5t2 & to prev5t ! =mation (     
tru/s w\ld affect ! =m1 & n ! ess5ce ( !
 movem5t4 ,inde$1 ! =m has already *ang$
 a numb] ( times4 ,! e>lie/ tru/s 7 s   
organiz$ t a numb] ( /ock companies     
unit$ z su* & intru/$ _! bus9ess to a   

new company1 :i* 0 ! 8tru/40 ,t sy/em 0 
successfully aboli%$2 ! tru/ itself     
seem$ unassailable1 b ! /ate c\ld revoke
 ! *>t]s ( ! subsidi>y companies1       
because by ! law ( mo/ /ates ^! latt]   
might cont9ue only s long z !y c>ri$ on 
! functions nam$ 9 _! *>t]s2 t is1 s    
long z !y c>ri$ on ! transaction ( _!   
affairs !mselves4 ,a /ock company has n 
! "r1 possess$ by an individual1 to     
intru/ its prop]ty to ano!r4 ,& if !    
/ock companies :i* came toge!r into a   
tru/ 7 dissolv$1 ! tru/ did n exi/4 ,9  
?is way ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york proce$$    
aga9/ ! ,sug> ,tru/1 ,ohio aga9/ ! ,/&>d
 ,oil ,company1 & ,ill9ois aga9/ !      
,*icago ,gas ,company4  ,b ! c\rse (    
ev5ts has %[n t no?+ 0 ga9$ by ?is4     
,al?\gh x 0 recogniz$ t corporations    
c\ld n legally comb9e to =m a tru/1     
nev]!less ! /ockhold]s controll+ ! /ock 
( sep>ate companies c\ld jo9 z          
individuals & contribute _! p]sonal     
hold+s to a new company :i* 0 virtually 
a tru/2 & 9 ?is =m ! tru/s :i* _h be5   

demoli%$ 7 at once reorganiz$4 ,moreov]1
 ( c\rse any numb] ( /ock companies c   
simply dissolve & m]ge into "o l>ge     
company1 or !y may keep _! individuality
 b make important trade agreem5ts ) "o  
ano!r1 & s indirectly fulfil ! purposes 
( a tru/4 ,9 %ort1 ! ways ( br++ ass5t+ 
indu/rial ent]prises "u "o managem5t & s
 ( virtually mak+ a giv5 indu/ry into a 
monopoly1 are manifold4  ,to promote !  
developm5t ( tru/s1 !re 0 no?+ necess>y 
b success at ! outset4 ,if ! fir/ tru/s 
7 successful1 ! device w\ld be imitat$ s
 long z !re 0 any prospect ( pr(it4 ,x  
really happ5$ t ?is imitation w5t on    
f9ally z a sort ( mania1 :]e no special 
sav+ ( pr(its c\ld be pr$ict$2 "o tru/  
foll[$ ano!r1 & ! ye> #aijc saw #bcc    
purely indu/rial tru/s incorporat$1 (   
:i* #ca _h a capital ( ov] #ej1jjj1jjj  
ea*1 & ( :i* ! total capitalization 0   
ov] n9e billions4  ,at fir/ sight x     
might look z if ?is movem5t w\ld be     
really sympa!tic to ! ,am]ican p 9      
g5]al4 ,! love ( size g5]at$ 9 ! nation 

by ! lavi%ness ( nature mu/ welcome ?is 
consolidation ( int]e/1 & ! /rong _s (  
self-initiative claim+ ! "r (           
individuals to unite & "w toge!r mu/    
surely fav\r all sorts ( co-op]ation4 ,z
 a fact n[ an opposite t5d5cy op]ates1  
:i* aft] all spr+s f ! same _s (        
self-initiative4 ,! freely act+         
individual mu/ n be prev5t$ by a /rong] 
=ce f us+ ! /r5g? he has4 ,ev]y?+ :i*   
excludes free competition & makes !     
individual economically helpless seems  
immoral to ! ,am]ican4 ,t is old        
,anglo-,saxon law4  ,! common law (     
,engl& has at all times condemn$        
agreem5ts :i* t5d t[>d monopoly1 & ?is  
view dom9ates ! ,am]ican m9d ) a =ce q  
surpris+ to ! ,european :o has become   
accu/om$ at lea/ to monopolies own$ by !
 /ate4 ,! laws ( almo/ all ! sep>ate    
/ates decl>e agreem5ts t5d+ t[>d a      
monopoly to be illegal2 & f$]al         
legislation1 9 its anti-tru/ measures ( 
#ahhg & #ahij1 has second$ ?is idea )\t 
do+ m ?an =mulat+ ! national idea (     

ju/ice4 ,! law ( ! c\ntry =bids1 =      
in/ance1 all agreem5ts look+ to !       
re/riction ( trade betwe5 diff]5t /ates 
( ! c\ntry or ) =eign nations4 ,s5ator  
,=ak]1 9 ,febru>y1 #aijd1 call$ d[n     
public displeasure by propos+ a law :i* 
p]mitt$ su* agreem5ts re/rict+ comm]ce s
 long z ! re/riction 0 reasonable4 ,x 0 
fe>$ at once t ! c\rts w\ld ?9k !mselves
 ju/ifi$ 9 excus+ e sort ( re/ra9t &    
monopoli/ic h9drance4 ,& yet !re is no  
d\bt t ! int]pretation ( :at %\ld       
con/itute 8re/riction0 to comm]ce 0 q z 
arbitr>y a matt] z ! int]pretation ( :at
 %\ld be 8reasonable40 ,inde$1 !        
economic consolidation ( compet+        
organizations by no means necess>ily    
cuts (f ! b5efic5t effects (            
competition4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ! ,nor!rn  
,securities ,company unit$ sev]al       
p>allel railway l9es1 x ass]t$ ju/ly t !
 sev]al roads "u _! sep>ate corps (     
(ficials w\ld /ill compete = public     
fav\r4 ,yet ! public & ! c\rt object$ to
 ! consolidation4 ,! "o real h9drance to

 ! propagation ( tru/s lies 9 ?is g5]al 
dread ( e artificial *eck to free       
competition4  ,_m circum/ances :i* h    
fav\r$ ! =mation ( tru/s are obvi\s4 ,9 
! fir/ place1 ! tru/ c c>ry on bus9ess m
 *eaply ?an ! compon5t companies        
individually4 ,! g5]al adm9i/ration is  
simplifi$ by do+ away ) p>allel         
positions1 & all exp5ses incid5t to     
bus9ess competition are sav$4 ,!n1 too1 
x c make l>g] pr(its s9ce :5 competition
 /ops1 ! fix+ ( prices lies q ) itself4 
,?is is ( c\rse n true1 9 s f> z o!r    
c\ntries are able to compete2 b "h comes
 9 ! function ( ! protective t>iff1 :i* 
p]mits ! tru/ to raise its prices until 
!y equal ^? ( =eign m>kets plus ! t>iff4
  ,! good times :i* ,am]ica has enjoy$ =
 "s ye>s h also fav\r$ ! developm5t (   
tru/s4 ,:5 ! h>ve/s are good & !        
factories all busy1 high prices are     
readily paid4 ,! tru/s c d ev5 bett] ?an
 s+le companies by %utt+ d[n unpr(itable
 plants & adapt+ ! v>i\s rema9+ plants =
 mutual co-op]ation4 ,!n1 too1 _! great 

res\rces enable !m to procure ! be/     
bus9ess intellig5ce4 ,9 addition to all 
?is came a s]ies ( fav\rable ext]nal    
circum/ances4 ,fir/ 0 ! rapid gr[? (    
,am]ican capital :i* 0 seek+ inve/m5t4  
,9 ! sev5ties1 ! be/ railroad companies 
_h to pay a rate ( #g p] c5t4 9 ord] to 
attract inve/ors2 n[ !y pay #c p] c5t4  
,capital lies idle 9 great quantities & 
accumulates fa/] ?an x c f9d inve/m5t4  
,?is has necess>ily put a premium on !  
organization ( new tru/s4 ,!n1 too1 !re 
0 ! well-kn[n uni=mity ( ! m>ket1 s     
*>act]i/ic ( ,am]ica4 ,! desire to      
imitate on ! "o side1 & pati5ce & good  
nature on ! o!r1 give to ?is trem5d\s   
region ( consumption ext5d+ f !         
,atlantic to ! ,pacific ,ocean a        
uni=mity ( dem& :i* greatly fav\rs      
manufacture on a gigantic scale4 ,?is is
 9 %>p contra/ ) ! div]sity (           
requirem5ts 9 ,europe4  ,x has be51     
d\btless1 also important t ! ,am]ican   
feels relatively little atta*$ to 8     
special bus9ess4 ,j z he loves 8 ,fa!rl&

 really z a conception1 z an ideal      
sy/em1 b feels less b\nd to ! special   
piece ( soil :]e he 0 born & w leave 8  
own f>m if he is a f>m] & g we/w>d 9    
se>* ( bett] l&1 s ! ,am]ican           
passionately loves bus9ess z a me?od1   
)\t be+ ov] atta*$ to 8 own p>ticul>    
firm4 ,if ! op5+ is fav\rable1 he gives 
up 8 bus9ess readily to emb>k on ano!r1 
j z he gives up an old-fa%ion$ ma*9e 9  
fav\r ( an improv$ "o4  ,j ?is quality (
 m9d is s diff]5t f ! ,g]man t "h w\ld  
be probably ! greate/ h9drance to !     
organization ( tru/s 9 ,g]many4 ,!      
,g]man feels himself to h gr[n up 9 8   
special bus9ess1 :i* he may h inh]it$ f 
8 fa!r1 j z ! peasant has gr[n up on 8  
f>m1 & he does n c>e to become ! m]e    
employee ( a l>ge tru/4 ,ano!r          
contributory m5tal trait has be5 !      
fri5dly confid5ce :i* ! ,am]ican bus9ess
 man puts 9 8 neighb\r4 ,! "n is "h     
appropriate2 ! tru/s 9 fact repose to a 
high degree on mutual tru/1 & tru/s l ! 
,am]ican c\ld n develop :]ev] !re %\ld  

be mutual di/ru/ or jeal\sy 9 ! bus9ess 
_w4 ,f9ally1 ! laws !mselves h be5      
fav\rable1 9 s f> z !y h fav\r$ ! issue 
( pref]r$ /ock 9 a way v conv5i5t to    
tru/s1 b "o :i* w\ld n h be5 approv$ 9  
,europe4 ,&1 moreov]1 ! tru/s h made    
consid]able use ( ! div]sity exi/+      
betwe5 ! laws ( diff]5t /ates4  ,!re h  
be5 ret>d+ factors1 too4 ,we h m5tion$ !
 mo/ important ( all--! legal           
disc\nt5ance ( all bus9ess agreem5ts    
t5d+ to create a monopoly or to re/ra9  
trade4 ,!re h be5 o!rs1 h[ev]4 ,"o      
purpose ( ! tru/s is to put prices up & 
s to make ! necessities ( life de>]4 ,x 
is ! p :o pay ! prices--! same p :o     
elect ,congress & det]m9e ! t>iffs & !  
laws2 s t e tru/ works 9 ! k t putt+ up 
prices t5ds imm$iately to "w back on    
bus9ess by call+ =? t>iff revision &    
anti-tru/ laws4  ,"o s\rce ( great pr(it
 to ! tru/s has be5 ! possibility (     
re/rict+ output4 ,?is me?od promis$ ga9 
:]e natural products 7 9 "q1 su* z oil1 
tobacco1 & sug>1 ( :i* ! quantity is    

limit$1 & fur!r = all te*nical pat5ts4  
,:]e1 h[ev]1 !re is no su* limitation ! 
mo/ p[]ful corporation w n be able to   
avoid competition1 & if x tries to buy  
up compet+ factories to /op su*         
competition1 /ill m are built at once1  
solely ) ! purpose ( extort+ a high     
ransom f ! tru/s2 & ?is game is ru9\s4  
,9 o!r dep>tm5ts aga9 consolidation (   
bus9ess means v little economy2         
,morgan's m>9e tru/ is said n to h      
succe$$ = ?is reason4 ,9 %ort1 n all    
indu/ries are susceptible ( be+ organiz$
 z tru/s1 & ! dazzl+ pr(its ( c]ta9     
fav\r$ tru/s too easily misl$ ^? :o 7 9 
pursuit ( =tune into =gett+ ! diff]5ce  
betwe5 diff]5t bus9esses4 ,tru/s 7 =m$  
:]e !y c\ld n be pr(itable4 ,p]haps !   
real f\nd]s !mselves did n ov]look !    
diff]5ce2 b !y c\nt$ on ! great hungry  
public to ov]look x1 until at lea/ mo/ (
 ! %>es %\ld h be5 dispos$ (4  ,z a     
fact1 h[ev]1 ! reluctance ( ! great     
inve/+ public has be5 a decid$ly re/ra9+
 factor too4 ,! securities spoil$ be=e !

 public _h absorb$ !m2 ev]y:]e !        
compla9t w5t up ( undige/$ securities4  
,! public came e>ly to suspect t !      
promot]s 7 mak+ _! pr(its n out ( !     
legitimate economies to be sav$ by !    
tru/s1 b by enorm\sly ov]capitaliz+ !m &
 tak+ l>ge blocks ( /ock = !mselves4    
,!re 0 /ill ano!r unfav\rable influ5ce  
on public op9ion4 ,! ma9 pr(its ( a     
protect$ tru/ lie 9 its be+ able to sell
 m de>ly ?an x c\ld if expos$ to =eign  
competition4 ,b n[ if ! consolidat$     
indu/ry itself proposes to sell to o!r  
c\ntries1 x mu/ ( c\rse /ep d[n to !    
prevail+ level ( prices4 ,x mu/ !re=e   
sell m *eaply abroad ?an at home4 ,b ?is
 is soon f\nd out1 & creates a v        
unfav\rable impression4 ,! ,am]ican is  
will+ to pay high prices1 z f> z t goes2
 b :5 he has to pay a price d\ble :at ! 
same factory *>ges = ! same goods :5    
deliv]$ 9 ,europe1 he f9ds ! ?+ :olly   
unnatural1 & w prote/ at ! next         
election4 ,?us !re h be5 pl5ty ( factors
 to c\nt]act ! fav\rable conditions1 & !

 hi/ory ( tru/s has c]ta9ly n be5 = _!  
promot]s a simple tale ( easy pr(its4   
,n[1 if we d n ask :at has fav\r$ or    
h9d]$ ! tru/s1 nor h[ !y h b5efit$ or   
jeop>diz$ _! f\nd]s1 b r look ab\t to   
see :at _! effect on ! nation has be5 & 
w be1 "s good features appe> at once4   
,h[ev] mu* money may h be5 lo/1 or r1   
h[ev] fictiti\s values may h be5 wip$   
out 9 ! m>ket1 ! great ent]prises are   
aft] all increas+ ! productive capacity 
( ! nation & its indu/rial /r5g? 9 !    
fight ) o!r peoples4 ,!y give a broad   
scope to bus9ess1 & br+ ab\t relations &
 mutual adaptations :i* w\ld nev] h     
develop$ 9 ! *aotic /ruggl+ ( small     
conc]ns4 ,!y produce at ! same "t by !  
conc5tration ( control an inn] solid>ity
 :i* all[s "o "p to function = ano!r 9  
case !re are h9drances or disa/]s to any
 "p ( ! great organism1 & ?is is        
und\bt$ly a trem5d\s factor = ! g5]al   
good4 ,a mis*ance :i*1 "u =m]           
conditions1 w\ld h be5 disa/r\s c be    
surviv$ n[ "u ?is sy/em ( mutual        

int]dep5d5ce3 ?us x c h>dly be d\bt$ t !
 comb9$ action ( ! banks 9 ! ye> #aijc  
prev5t$ a panic2 s9ce1 :5 /ocks began to
 fall1 ! banks 7 able to co-op]ate z !y 
w\ld n h be5 able previ\sly to _! close 
affiliation4  ,fur!rmore1 economic weal?
 c n[ be creat$ m advantage\sly = !     
nation4 ,! sav+ ( funds :i* 7 =m]ly sp5t
 9 direct competition is a true economy1
 & ! tru/s h ass]t$ aga9 & aga9 t z a   
matt] ( fact !y d n put up prices1 b t  
!y make suffici5t pr(its 9 sav+ :at _h  
=m]ly be5 wa/$ 9 bus9ess ho/ilities4    
,c]ta9ly ! tru/s make x possible to     
isolate useless or sup]annuat$ plants1  
)\t caus+ a heavy loss to ! own]s1 & ?us
 ! national indu/ry is ev5 m freely     
adaptable to *ang+ circum/ances ?an     
be=e2 & ?is advantage accrues to !      
entire c\ntry4 ,! _s ( ent]prise is     
rem>kably enc\rag$ & ! highe/ premiums  
are put on individual a*ievem5t4 ,almo/ 
all ! m5 :o hold responsible positions 9
 ! mammo? works ( ! ,/eel ,tru/ h work$ 
up1 l ,c>negie himself1 f ! bottom ( !  

ladd]1 & made _! millions simply by     
work+ bett] ?an _! fell[s4  ,on ! o!r   
h&1 ! tru/s h _! drawbacks4 ,"o ( ! mo/ 
regrettable to ! ,am]ican m9d is _!     
moral effect4 ,! ,am]ican di/ru/s su*   
extreme conc5tration ( p[] & capital2 x 
looks t[>d ari/ocracy1 olig>*y1 &       
tyranny4 ,at ! same "t ! masses are     
demoraliz$1 & 9 v _m cases individual   
initiative is /rangl$4 ,!re are1 z x 71 
no?+ b (ficials obey+ ord]s2 no m5 act+ 
:olly on _! own responsibility4 ,"w     
ceases to be a pleasure1 because ev]y?+ 
goes by clock-"w2 ! tru/ sup]s$es !     
indep5d5t m]*ant & manufactur] j z !    
ma*9e has sup]s$$ ! indep5d5t artisan4  
,! tru/s h o!r demoraliz+ effects4 ,_!  
res\rces are s trem5d\s z 9 ! end to d  
away ) all opposition4 ,! indep5d5t man 
:o hopes to oppose ! great rival1 c too 
easily be put 9 a position 9 :i* he is  
made to *oose betwe5 begg>y & !         
repudiation ( all 8 pr9ciples4 ,ev]ybody
 kn[s ! %ameless hi/ory ( ! ,/&>d ,oil  
,company1 :i* has /rangl$ n m]ely weak  

proprietors1 b1 mu* m1 has /rangl$ /rong
 consci5ces4 ,!n1 too1 ! :ole sy/em (   
ov]-capitalization is immoral4 ,l>ge    
tru/s c h>dly be =m$ except by pur*as+ !
 subsidi>y companies at fancy prices1 & 
issu+ /ock :i* 9 l>ge "p repres5ts !    
premium paid to ! promot]s4 ,inde$1 ?is 
:ole sy/em ( community ( int]e/s :i*    
puts ?\s&s ( corporations into ! h&s ( a
 few m5 :o ev]y:]e play into "o ano!r's 
h&s1 mu/ br+ x ab\t t ^! m5 w soon gr[  
c>eless & ov]look "o ano!r's            
irregul>ities 9 a way :i* w ?reat5 sob] 
bus9ess traditions4 ,! :ole c\ntry 0    
%ock$ on he>+ ! revelations ( !         
,%ipbuild+ ,tru/1 & see+ ) :at crim9al  
c>elessness ! organization w5t on 9 a   
little gr\p ( fri5ds1 & h[ ! me?ods (   
pok]-play+ 7 appli$ to transactions (   
great mom5t4 ,! fundam5tal objection1   
h[ev]1 is always t x is immoral to kill 
competition by agreem5ts :i* create a   
monopoly4  ,n[1 :at c be done to obviate
 ^! evils8 ,app>5tly ! fir/ ?+ w\ld be a
 revision ( ! t>iff2 & yet ev5 _!       

oppon5ts mu/ agree t !re is only an     
indirect relation betwe5 ! protective   
t>iff & ! tru/s4 ,x is true t ! high    
t>iffs h help$ to create ^? indu/ries   
:i* h n[ come toge!r 9 tru/s1 & if !    
indu/ries 7 to be wip$ out1 ( c\rse !re 
w\ld be no?+ left ( consolidations4 ,b x
 is surely n true t ! tru/s are !       
imm$iate effect ( ! t>iff1 & ! m a      
revis$ t>iff 7 to let 9 =eign           
competition s mu* ! m w\ld ! national   
indu/ries ne$ to =m !mselves into tru/s 
= ! sake ( ! b5efits ( consolidat$      
managem5t4 ,all ! bus9ess advantages &  
all ! moral evils ( tru/s w\ld /ill     
rema91 ev5 ?\gh ! divid5ds 7 to s9k4 ,& 
! tru/s w\ld n be c>ri$ (f ! field      
unless ,am]ican indu/ry itself %\ld     
utt]ly succumb to ! =eign enemy4  ,mo/ (
 all1 h[ev]1 x seems cle> t any policy  
prejudicial to ! conditions ( production
 & di/ribution w\ld fir/ ( all1 & mo/   
sadly1 hit ! competitors ( ! tru/s4 ,!re
 is no absolute monopoly 9 any ,am]ican 
indu/ry4 ,inde$1 ev5 ! ,sug> ,ref9+     

,company has a few outside competitors1 
& !re is a legion ( indep5d5t produc]s  
outside ( ! ,/eel ,tru/ :o are !mselves 
9 "p organiz$ 9 gr\ps1 & 9 _m indu/ries 
! tru/s d n comprise ev5 half ( !       
manufactur]s4 ,n[1 if ! high t>iff wall 
%\ld be torn d[n s t a flood ( *eap     
=eign manufactures c\ld come 91 x is    
c]ta9 t ! fir/ suff]]s w\ld be ! small  
indep5d5t companies1 :i* w\ld be dr[n$  
out1 :ile ! mighty tru/s w\ld swim = a  
long "t4 ,inde$1 ! de/ruction ( su* home
 competition w\ld greatly b5efit !      
tru/s4 ,"s ( ! /ronge/ ( ^! w\ld h>dly  
be rea*$ at all by a r$uction ( !       
t>iff--z1 = in/ance1 ! /ronge/ ( !m1 !  
,petroleum ,tru/1 :i* does n enjoy any  
protection4 ,& x is also to be ask$ if  
tru/s d n prosp] 9 free-trade ,engl&8 ,s
 soon z ! wat] is squeez$ out ( _!      
/ocks1 z has 9 good "p lately happ5$1 ! 
tru/s w\ld /ill h a great advantage aft]
 protective duties %\ld be aboli%$4 ,&  
at ! same "t ! necess>y depression (    
wages :i* w\ld result f t movem5t w\ld  

endang] ! :ole indu/rial fabric4        
,moreov]1 ! social & moral evils ( !    
tru/s w\ld p]si/4 ,!re=e ! ,republican  
p>ty1 :i* is j n[ 9 p[]1 w take no "p 9 
solv+ ! tru/ "q by r$uc+ ! t>iff4  ,^?  
,republicans :o oppose ! tru/s are mu* m
 incl9$ to proce$ to f$]al legislation4 
,presid5t ,roosevelt has1 9 a numb] (   
spee*es :i* are among ! mo/ significant 
contributions to ! :ole discussion1     
po9t$ to ?is way aga9 & aga94 ,!        
situation is complicat$ & has %ift$ f "t
 to "t4 ,! real difficulty lies 9 !     
d\ble sy/em ( legislative p[] :i* we h  
already explicitly describ$4 ,we h se5 t
 all legislative p[] :i* is n expressly 
conf]r$ on ! ,union belongs to ! sev]al 
/ates2 specially has ea* /ate ! "r to   
regulate ! comm]cial companies to :i* x 
has giv5 *>t]s4 ,b if ! company is su* a
 "o z op]ates betwe5 sev]al /ates--z1 = 
in/ance1 "o :i* transports goods f "o   
/ate to ano!r--x is regulat$ by f$]al   
law4 ,n[1 z long ago z ! ye> #ahij1 9 ! 
s-call$ ,%]man ,act1 ,congress pass$    

draconic regulations aga9/ int]/ate     
tru/s4 ,! law ?reat5s ) f9e &           
imprisonm5t any p>ty to a contract :i*  
re/ricts int]/ate comm]ce4 ,x c be said 
( ?is law t x entirely did away ) !     
tru/s 9 _! orig9al =m1 9 :i* ! v>i\s    
companies !mselves compos$ ! tru/4 ,at !
 same "t ! f$]al (ficials 7 /rongly     
second$ by ! judicial do+s ( ! sep>ate  
/ates1 z we h already se54 ,b ! effect  
has only be5 to drive indu/ry into new  
=ms1 & =ms :i* are n am5able to f$]al   
regulations1 b fall "u ! jurisdiction ( 
! sep>ate /ates4 ,corporations 7 =m$ :i*
 h _! home 9 a c]ta9 /ate1 b :i* by !   
trem5d\s capital ( _! memb]s h be5 able 
to acquire factories di/ribut$ all ?r\gh
 ! c\ntry4 ,inde$1 !y are n real tru/s  
any m1 & ! "n is kept up only because ! 
new corporations h desc5d$ f tru/s &    
accompli% ! same purpose4  ,( c\rse1 ?is
 *ange w\ld h be5 ( no advantage = !    
sev]al companies if ! /]n _s %[n by     
,congress 9 ?is legislation _h be5      
manife/$ once m by ! sep>ate /ates1 t   

is1 if ea* sep>ate /ate _h =bidd5 :at ! 
,union _h =bidd52 b s long z a s+le /ate
 9 ! :ole =ty-five p]mitt$ great] fre$om
 to bus9ess ?an ! o!rs1 ( c\rse all new 
companies w\ld be c>eful to seek out t  
/ate & settle !re4 ,&1 :at 0 m          
important1 w\ld !re pay taxes--a fact   
:i* t5d$ to p]suade e /ate to enact     
conv5i5t tru/ laws4  ,n[1 x is n a "q   
betwe5 "o /ate & =ty-f\r o!rs1 b r      
betwe5 ! div]sities ( all ! =ty-five4   
,almo/ e /ate has its peculi>           
provisions1 & if its laws are fav\rable 
to ! tru/s ?is is because1 z ea* /ate   
says1 if x 7 to /& on high moral gr\nds 
x w\ld only hurt itself by driv+ away   
pr(itable tru/s1 & w\ld n b5efit ! :ole 
c\ntry1 because ! tru/s w\ld simply fly 
away & roo/ 9 "s o!r /ate4 ,m especially
 ! indu/rially backw>d ,we/]n ,/ates    
w\ld be always ready to ent]ta9 ! tru/s 
& pass mo/ hospitable laws1 = ! sake ( !
 rev5ue :i* !y c\ld !reby get = _! local
 purposes4 ,& s x is q hopeless to      
expect ! tru/s to be uproot$ by !       

legislation ( ! sep>ate /ates4 ,if all  
=ty-five /ates 7 to pass laws su* z     
gov]n /ock companies 9 ,massa*usetts1   
!re w\ld be no ne$ ( fur!r legislation2 
& x is also no accid5t1 ( c\rse1 t !re  
are v few tru/s 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 
,all ! great tru/s ^: directors reside 9
 ! metropolis h _! (ficial home across !
 riv] 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,j]sey1 :i* has  
made great concessions to ! companies4  
,if ^! companies are to be rea*$ by law1
 ! sure/ way seems to be by tak+ a      
radical /ep & remov+ ! sup]vision ( l>ge
 /ock companies f ! s+le /ates1 &       
transf]r+ x to ! f$]al gov]nm5t2 ?is is 
! way :i* ,presid5t ,roosevelt has      
repeat$ly recomm5d$4 ,9 our political   
section we h explicitly %[n t su* a     
*ange _c be introduc$ by an act (       
,congress1 b only by an am5dm5t to !    
,con/itution1 :i* _c be made by         
,congress1 s9ce x is 9 itself a product 
( ! ,con/itution4 ,congress w\ld be able
 only to take ! initiative1 & two-?irds 
( bo? h\ses w\ld h to support !         

proposition to *ange ! ,con/itution2 &  
?is *ange w\ld h to be ratifi$ by       
?ree-f\r?s ( ! /ate legislatures        
!mselves4 ,n[1 x w\ld be difficult to   
get a two-?irds majority 9 bo? h\ses on 
any "q ho/ile to tru/s2 b x is q out ( !
 "q to induce ! ?ree-f\r?s ( ! /ates to 
cripple _! own rights 9 s important a   
matt] z ! regulation ( /ock companies2  
p>ticul>ly z 9 economic matt]s local p[]
 is necess>y to local optimism1 & !     
weak] /ates w\ld nev] cons5t to give up 
su* rights1 s9ce !y w\ld be =c$ to see  
indu/rial laws fram$ accord+ to !       
requirem5ts ( ! m highly develop$ /ates4
 ,0 ! ,presid5t1 !n1 9 8 spee*es1 l ,don
 ,quixote1 tilt+ aga9/ ! w9dmills2 or 0 
he propos+1 z "s ( 8 oppon5ts said1 q   
impracticable solutions 9 ord] to div]t 
att5tion f su* a h&y solution z t (     
t>iff r$uction8 ,& 0 he declaim+ l\dly  
aga9/ ! tru/s be=e ! public 9 ord]      
really to help on ! fri5ds ( capital8   
,p]haps ano!r po9t ( view may be f\nd4  
,x may be t ,presid5t ,roosevelt propos$

 a con/itutional am5dm5t 9 ord] to ar\se
 discussion along c]ta9 l9es1 & 9 ord]  
specially to h ! *ance ( demon/rat+ t   
f$]al control ( ^? ov]gr[n bus9ess      
ent]prises is necess>y1 & t _! control  
by ! sev]al /ates is dang]\s4 ,x looks  
inde$ z if su* discussion w\ld h be5    
highly sup]flu\s if n ins9c]e1 if x 7   
true t ! sole way ( help+ ! situation 7 
! q impossible con/itutional am5dm5t4   
,b su* is n ! case2 !re is ano!r way (  
rea*+ ! same end )\t meet+ !            
difficulties involv$ 9 *ang+ !          
,con/itution4 ,( c\rse1 ! ,presid5t 0 n 
free to discuss ?is means1 nor ev5 to   
m5tion x4 ,?is way is1 we ?9k1 = !      
,supreme ,c\rt to rev]se its =m]        
decision1 & to modify its def9ition (   
int]/ate comm]ce 9 clos] accord ) !     
late/ developm5ts ( ! tru/s4 ,we h se5 t
 !re are dra/ic laws relat+ to int]/ate 
comm]ce :i* h ov]?r[n all ! e>li] tru/s2
 b a corporation claim+ home 9 ,new     
,j]sey1 al?\gh own+ factories 9 diff]5t 
/ates & dep5d5t on ! co-op]ation (      

sev]al /ates = its output1 is to-day    
treat$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt z a          
corporation p]ta9+ to "o /ate4 ,if1 n[1 
! ,supreme ,c\rt 7 to decide t su* a    
corporation transacts int]/ate comm]ce1 
!n all ! sev]ity ( ! exi/+ f$]al laws   
w\ld apply to su* corporations1 & ev]y?+
 :i* c\ld be accompli%$ by an am5dm5t to
 ! ,con/itution w\ld be effect$ by t "o 
decision4 ,( c\rse1 ! ,presid5t c\ld n  
sugge/ ?is1 s9ce ! ,supreme ,c\rt is    
co-ord9ate ) ! ,executive2 yet if public
 att5tion %\ld be awak5$ by su* a       
discussion1 ev5 ! judges ( ! ,supreme   
,c\rt might consid] ! matt] 9 a new     
light4  ,to be sure1 ?is w\ld at ! same 
"t require ! ,supreme ,c\rt some:at to  
modify its previ\s int]pretation ( !    
,anti-,tru/ ,law itself1 & n m]ely its  
application2 s9ce o!rwise1 if ! tru/s   
come "u f$]al jurisdiction1 ! law might 
wipe out ! new tru/s1 z x did ! old1    
in/ead m]ely ( regulat+ !m4 ,9 view ( ! 
rec5tly publi%$ memoirs ( ,s5ator ,ho>1 
!re c be no d\bt t ! ,supreme ,c\rt has 

int]pret$ ! law =bidd+ ! re/ra9t ( trade
 m /rictly ?an 0 orig9ally int5d$ 9 !   
bill :i* ,ho> himself drew up4 ,congress
 meant to ref] to agreem5ts 9 re/ra9t ( 
trade 9 a n>r[1 te*nical s5se1 :ile !   
c\rt has int]pret$ ?is law z if x 7 to  
apply to e agreem5t :i* m]ely regulates 
production or sale 9 any place4 ,b ?is  
unnecess>ily sev]e con/ruction ( ! law  
by ! unexpect$ v]dict ( ! c\rt c ( c\rse
 be set aside by a fur!r ,congressional 
measure1 & !re=e (f]s no difficulty4  ,!
 ,adm9i/ration might proce$ 9 /ill ano!r
 way4 ,a good deal has be5 said ( great]
 publicity 9 public affairs1 & 9 ! la/  
few ye>s en]getic measures h already be5
 tak5 at ! in/ance ( ! ,presid5t4 ,_m ( 
! evils ( tru/s lie 9 _! concealm5t ( ! 
conditions "u :i* !y h be5 organiz$2 & !
 new ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce is emp[]$ to  
take (ficial te/imony conc]n+ all su*   
matt]s1 & to dem& ?is "u oa?4 ,:e!r ?is 
w be an ultimate ga9 is d\bt$ by _m1    
s9ce ^? acqua9t$ ) ! matt] say t !      
secrets ( mod]n book-keep+ make x       

impossible to inspect ! g5]al condition 
( a l>ge indu/rial conc]n :5 its        
promot]s desire to conceal ! tru?4 ,:ile
 if "o 7 to g back ( ! books & lay b>e e
 individual fact to ! public eye1 !     
corporations w\ld be consid]ably injur$ 
9 _! legitimate bus9ess4 ,& 9 any case1 
?is new ef=t at publicity has s f> no   
judicial sanction4 ,"o l>ge tru/ has    
already refus$ to give ! in=mation      
desir$ because its c\nsel holds !       
,congressional law to be                
uncon/itutional1 & ?is matt] w h to be  
settl$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt4  ,! mo/     
?\ghtful m9ds are com+ sl[ly to ! op9ion
 t nei!r t>iff provisions nor           
legislation is necess>y1 b t ! matt] w  
ev5tually regulate itself4 ,! great     
collapse ( m>ket values has op5$ ! eyes 
( _m p1 & ! fall 9 ! price ( commodities
 manufactur$ by tru/s works 9 mu* ! same
 direction4 ,p see1 m & m1 t mo/ ( !    
evils are m]ely su* tr\bles z all infant
 organisms pass ?r\gh4 ,! railroads ( ! 
c\ntry 7 also at fir/ enorm\sly         

ov]capitaliz$1 b ! tr\ble has cur$      
itself 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,! surpluses h   
be5 sp5t on improvem5ts1 & railroad %>es
 to-day repres5t actual values4 ,su* a  
*ange has 9 fact already set 9 among !  
tru/s4 ,pat]nal regulation by !         
gov]nm5t1 :i* prescribes h[ indu/ry %all
 g on1 is always ess5tially di/a/eful to
 ,am]icans4 ,exact regulative measures  
:i* %all be j _c be fram$ be=eh& by any 
gov]nm5t4 ,ev5 ,adam ,smi? believ$1 =   
in/ance1 t ! =m ( organization kn[n z a 
/ock company 0 suitable = only a few    
k9ds ( bus9ess4 ,! ,am]ican pref]s to   
submit all su* que/ions to ! actual     
bus9ess te/4 ,all exp]im5tal und]tak+s  
are sift$ by natural selection1 & !     
undesirable & unnecess>y ones fall      
?r\gh4 ,x is true t _m lose _! prop]ty 9
 su* exp]im5ts1 b t is only a :olesome  
w>n+ aga9/ ?\ghtless und]tak+s & aga9/  
ha/y belief t ! me?ods pr(itable 9 "o   
field mu/ be pr(itable 9 e o!r4 ,x is   
true t "h & !re a man w make l>ge pr(its
 r too easily1 b ,roosevelt has well    

said t x is bett] t a few p become too  
ri* ?an t none prosp]4  ,! developm5t ( 
affairs %[s mo/ ( all t prices c be     
inflat$ = a %ort "t1 b t !y sl[ly come  
back to a reasonable figure s long z !re
 are no real monopolies4 ,! exp]i5ce ( !
 la/ t5 ye>s tea*es1 moreov]1 t ! mo/   
important factor :i* works aga9/ ! tru/s
 is ! desire = indep5d5ce on ! "p (     
capitali/s1 :o d n = a long "t will+ly  
subord9ate !mselves to any corporation1 
b are always tempt$ to break away & />t 
once m an indep5d5t conc]n4  ,& comp>+ !
 situation 9 #aijd ) t ( #aijj1 "o sees 
t 9 spite ( ! seem+ gr[? ( ! tru/ idea1 
! tru/s !mselves h become m solid by !  
squeez+ out ( fictiti\s valuations2 !y  
are m mode/1 cont5t !mselves ) less     
pr(its1 & !y are mu* less dang]\s       
because ( ! competition :i* has gr[n up 
ar\nd !m4 ,! tru/s :i* orig9ally rul$ "s
 :ole indu/ry ?r\gh ! c\ntry are to-day 
satisfi$ if !y control two-?irds ( x4 ,a
 s+le fundam5tal ?\ght rema9s firm1 t ! 
developm5t ( indu/ry dem&s a c5traliz$  

control4 ,?is idea works itself out m & 
m1 & w\ld rema9 9 spite ( any artificial
 ob/ruction :i* might be put be=e x4 ,b 
! opposite t5d5cies are too deeply root$
 9 human nature1 9 ,anglo-,saxon law1 & 
9 ! ,am]ican's desire = self-initiative1
 to let ?is c5tralization g to dang]\s  
limits4  ,b ^? :o w n believe t ! tru/s1
 ) _! enorm\s capitals1 c be adequately 
re/ra9$ 9 ?is way1 may easily cont5t    
!mselves ) t factor :i*1 z ! la/ few    
ye>s h %[n1 speaks m en]getically ?an   
c\ld ,congress itself--?is is organiz$  
lab\r4 ,! "q ( capital 9 ,am]ican       
economy is regulat$ f9ally by ! "q (    
lab\r4                            ,!    
,lab\r ,"q  ,z ! negro "q is ! mo/      
important problem ( int]nal politics1 s 
! lab\r "q is ! mo/ important 9 ,am]ican
 economic life2 & "o :o has wat*$ !     
great /rikes ( rec5t ye>s1 ! trem5d\s   
losses due to ! conflicts betwe5 capital
 & lab\r1 may well believe t1 l ! negro 
"q1 ?is is a problem :i* is f> f be+    
solv$4 ,yet ?is may n be ! case4 ,) !   

negro pessimism is ju/ifi$1 because !   
difficulties are n only unsolv$1 b seem 
unsolvable4 ,! lab\r "q1 h[ev]1 has     
rea*$ a po9t 9 :i* a real organic       
solution is no long] impossible4 ,(     
c\rse1 prophecies are dang]\s2 & yet x  
looks z if1 9 spite ( h>d words1 !      
,unit$ ,/ates h come to a condition 9   
:i* lab\r]s & capitali/s are pretty well
 satisfi$1 & m s p]haps ?an 9 any o!r   
l>ge indu/rial nation4 ,x might be m    
exact to say t ! ,am]icans are ne>] !   
ideal condition = ! ,am]ican capitali/ &
 ! ,am]ican lab\r]1 s9ce ! same "q 9 o!r
 c\ntries may ne$ to be solv$ on :olly  
diff]5t l9es4  ,9 fact1 ! ,am]ican      
problem _c be look$ into )\t c>efully   
scrut9iz+ h[ f> ! factors are peculi> to
 ?is nation4 ,m]ely because c]ta9 g5]al 
factors are common to ! :ole indu/rial  
_w1 su* z capital1 ma*9]y1 l& values1   
lab\r1 m>kets1 & pr(its1 ! social       
politician is incl9$ to leave out (     
acc\nt ! specific =m :i* ! problem takes
 on 9 ea* c\ntry4 ,! diff]5ces are      

*iefly ( temp]am5t1 ( op9ions1 & ( mode 
( life4  ,x is1 inde$1 a psy*ological   
factor :i* makes ! ,am]ican lab\r "q v  
diff]5t f ! ,g]man problem4 ,?is fact is
 neglect$1 "t aft] "t1 9 ! discussions (
 ,g]man !ori/s & bus9ess m54 ,x is1 =   
in/ance1 almo/ inv>iably affirm$ 9      
,g]many t ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t has done  
almo/ no?+ t[>d insur+ ! lab\r] aga9/   
illness1 accid5t1 or old age1 & t !re=e 
,am]ica is 9 ?is respect f> inf]ior to  
,g]many4 ,x c easily be =ese51 !y say1 t
 ,am]ican manufactur]s w be consid]ably 
imp$$ 9 ! _w's m>ket z soon z ! progress
 ( civilization =ces !m to yield ?is to 
! work+-man4  ,! fact is t su* an       
opprobrium betrays a lack ( und]/&+ (   
,am]ican "*4 ,! satisfaction felt 9     
,g]many ) ! laws = work+-m5's insurance 
is fully ju/ifi$2 = !y are d\btless     
excell5t "u ,g]man conditions1 b !y     
might n seem s satisfactory to ! av]age 
,am]ican nor to ! av]age ,am]ican       
lab\r]4 ,he looks on x z an int]e/+     
economic exp]im5t1 admirable = !        

ill-paid ,g]man work+-man1 b :olly      
undesirable = ! ,am]ican4 ,! accusation 
t ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t fails 9 its duty  
by n provid+ = ^? :o h s]v$ ! community1
 is ! m unju/1 s9ce ,am]ica exp5ds on ! 
av]age #adj1jjj1jjj 9 p5sions = invalid 
vet]ans & _! wid[s1 & is equally g5]\s  
:]ev] public op9ion sees good cause =   
g5]osity4  ,x _c be d\bt$ t ! ,am]ican  
lab\r] is a diff]5t sort ( creature f ! 
,cont95tal lab\r]2 8 mat]ial surr\nd+s  
are diff]5t1 & 8 way ( life1 8 dwell+1  
clo!s & food1 8 intellectual n\ri%m5t & 
8 pleasures1 w\ld seem to ! ,european   
workm5 l luxuries4 ,! numb] ( indu/rial 
lab\r]s 9 ! ye> #ahhj 0 #b4g million1 & 
!y e>n$ #idg1jjj1jjj2 9 #ahij x 0 #d4b  
million e>n+ #a1hia1jjj1jjj2 & 9 #aijj  
!re 7 #e4c million lab\r]s e>n+         
#b1cbj1jjj1jjj2 !re=e1 at ! "t ( ! la/  
c5sus1 ! av]age annual wage 0 #dcg4 ,?is
 av]age figure1 h[ev]1 includes m51     
wom51 & *ildr54 ,! av]age pay ( gr[n m5 
alone am\nts to #ejj4 ,?is figure gives 
to ! ,g]man no cle> idea ( ! relative   

prosp]ity ( ! work+-man )\t "s idea ( ! 
relation betwe5 ,g]man & ,am]ican       
prices4  ,"o reads (t5 t ev]y?+ is twice
 z exp5sive 9 ,am]ica z 9 ,g]many1 :ile 
"s say t ! ,am]ican doll> is wor? only z
 mu* z ! ,g]man m>k--t is1 t ! ,am]ican 
prices are f\r times ! ,g]man2 & /ill   
o!rs say t ,am]ican prices are n a bit  
high] ?an ,g]man4 ,! l>ge               
,g]man-,am]ican /eam%ips buy all _!     
provisions ( meat 9 ,new ,york r ?an 9  
,hamburg or ,brem51 because ! ,am]ican  
prices are less4 ,if "o consults1 on !  
o!r h&1 a doctor or lawy] 9 ,new ,york1 
or employs a b>b] or any "o else = 8    
p]sonal s]vices1 he w f9d x a fact t !  
,am]ican price is f\r times z high z !  
,g]man4 ,! same may be said ( articles (
 luxury2 = b\quets & !atre tickets !    
doll> is equal to ! m>k4 ,x is ! same ) 
h\sehold s]vice 9 a l>ge t[n2 an ord9>y 
cook receives five doll>s p] week1 & !  
pay ( bett] ones increases z ! squ>e (  
_! abilities4 ,?us we see at once t an  
actual comp>ison ( prices betwe5 !      

,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe _c be made4 ,a  
doll> buys five m>ks' wor? ( roa/ beef &
 "o m>k's wor? ( roses4  ,9 g5]al1 x c  
be said t ! ,am]ican is bett] (f z      
reg>ds all articles :i* c be made 9 l>ge
 quantities1 & worse (f 9 articles (    
luxury & matt]s ( p]sonal s]vice4 ,!    
ready-made suit ( clo!s is no de>] 9    
,am]ica ?an 9 ,g]many & probably bett] =
 ! price1 :ile ! cu/om-made suit ( a    
fir/-class tailor co/s ab\t f\r times   
:at x w\ld co/ 9 ,g]many4 ,all 9 all1 we
 might say t an ,am]ican :o lives 9     
great /yle & sp5ds #ej1jjj a ye> c get  
no great] mat]ial com=ts ?an ! man 9    
,g]many :o sp5ds a ?ird z mu*--t is1    
#gj1jjj m>ks4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! man :o    
keeps h\se ) s]vants1 b )\t luxuries1   
sp5d+1 say1 #e1jjj a ye>1 lives ab\t l a
 man 9 ,g]many :o sp5ds #aj1jjj m>ks--t 
is1 ab\t half z mu*4 ,b any "o :o1 l !  
av]age lab\r]1 sp5ds #ejj 9 ,am]ica1    
unque/ionably gets q z mu* z he w\ld get
 ) ! equal am\nt ( #b1ajj m>ks 9        
,g]many4  ,b ! m skill$ artisan gets    

#ijj on ! av]age--t is1 ab\t ?ree times 
z mu* z ! ,g]man skill$ workman2 s t1   
comp>$ ) ! wages ( high]-paid classes1 !
 work+-m5 are paid relatively mu* m ?an 
9 ,europe4 ,! av]age lab\r] lives on !  
same plane z ! ,g]man ma/] artisan2 & if
 he is dissatisfi$ ) ! furni%+s ( 8 home
 x is n because he ne$s m *airs &       
tables1 b because he has a fancy = a new
 c>pet or a new ba?-tub4 ,9 ?is         
connection we are speak+ always ( c\rse 
( ! real ,am]ican1 n ! rec5t immigrants 
f ,s\!rn & ,ea/]n ,europe1 :o are h]d$  
toge!r 9 ! wor/ p>ts ( l>ge cities1 & :o
 sell _! lab\r at ! l[e/ rate4 ,! native
 ,am]ican lab\r] & ! bett] class (      
,g]man & ,iri% immigrants are well clo!d
 & f$ & read ! newspap]s1 & only a small
 "p ( _! wages goes = liquor4  ,m       
important ?an ! economic prosp]ity ( !  
,am]ican work+-man1 ?\gh n :olly        
indep5d5t ( x1 is ! social self-respect 
:i* he enjoys4 ,! ,am]ican work+-man    
feels himself to be q ! equal ( any o!r 
citiz51 & ?is n m]ely 9 ! legal s5se4   

,?is results *iefly f ! int5se political
 life ( ! c\ntry & ! democratic =m (    
gov]nm5t1 :i* kn[s no social            
pr]ogatives4 ,x results also f ! abs5ce 
( social ca/e4 ,!re is a consid]able    
class feel+1 b no artificial l9es :i*   
h9d] any man f work+ up into any        
position4 ,! mo/ mode/ lab\r] kn[s t he 
may1 if he is able1 "w up to a di/+ui%$ 
position 9 ! social /ructure ( ! nation4
  ,& ! mo/ important ?+ ( all is        
probably ! high value put on indu/ry z  
su*4 ,we h spok5 ( ?is 9 depict+ ! _s ( 
self-initiative4 ,9 fact1 ! backgr\nd ( 
national conceptions z to ! wor? ( lab\r
 mu/ be ! *ief factor 9 det]m9+ ! social
 condition ( ! work+-man4 ,:5 a nation  
comes to t way ( ?9k+ :i* makes         
intellectual activities ! :ole ( its    
culture1 :ile economic life m]ely s]ves 
! function ( secur+ !--outw>d com=ts ( !
 nation z x /ret*es on t[>d its goal (  
culture1 !n ! indu/rial classes mu/     
cont5t !mselves ) an inf]ior position1 &
 ^? :o d bodily lab\r1 ) ! lea/ possible

 am\nt ( p]sonal consid]ation4 ,b :5 a  
nation1 on ! o!r h&1 believes 9 !       
intr9sic wor? ( indu/rial culture1 !n ! 
lab\r by :i* a man lives becomes a      
measure ( 8 moral wor?1 & ev5           
intellectual ef=t f9ds its imm$iate     
e?ical ju/ification only 9 m9i/]+ to !  
complex social life2 t is1 only s f> z x
 is indu/ry4  ,su* n[ is ! conception ( 
! ,am]ican4 ,:e!r a p]son makes laws1 or
 poetry1 or railway ties1 or %oes1 or   
d>n+-ne$les1 ! ?+ :i* gives moral value 
to 8 life's "w is m]ely its g5]al       
usefulness4 ,9 spite ( all intellectual 
& /hetic diff]5ces1 ?is mo/ important   
elem5t ( activity is common to all1 & ! 
manual lab\r]1 s f> z he is indu/ri\s1  
is equal to ^? :o "w ) _! bra9s4 ,on !  
o!r h&1 ! social p>asite1 :o p]haps has 
inh]it$ money & uses x only = enjoym5t1 
is g5]ally felt to be on a l[] plane ?an
 ! factory h& :o does 8 duty4 ,= !      
,am]ican ?is is n an artificial         
pr9ciple1 b an in/9ctive feel+1 :i* may 
n d away ) all ! ?\s& diff]5t %ad+s (   

social position1 b nev]!less consigns !m
 to a second>y place4 ,"o may disapprove
 ( su* an indu/rial conception (        
society1 & l bett]1 = example1 ! /hetic 
conception ( ! ,japanese1 :o tea* _! y\?
 to despise m]cantile bus9ess &         
ta/efully to arrange fl[]s4 ,b x is cle>
 t :]e su* an indu/rial conception      
prevails 9 a nation ! work+-man w feel a
 great] self-respect & great] indep5d5ce
 ( 8 surr\nd+s1 s9ce ! millionaire is   
also !n only a fell[-workman4           
,und\bt$ly j ?is self-respect ( !       
,am]ican lab\r] makes him ! great       
indu/rial =ce :i* he is4 ,! ,am]ican    
manufactur] pays high] wages ?an any ( 8
 competitors 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w & is n   
disconc]t$ at ?is load1 because he kn[s 
t ! self-respect+ work+-man equalizes ! 
diff]5ce ( price by m int5se &          
intellig5t lab\r4 ,x is true t !        
p]fection ( lab\r-sav+ ma*9]y is a      
trem5d\s advantage "h1 b aft] all x is !
 p]sonal quality ( ! work+-man :i* has  
br\ght ab\t t 9 s _m indu/ries t5       

,am]ican workm5 d m ?an fifte5 or1 z    
exp]ts (t5 say1 tw5ty ,italian workm54  
,! ,am]ican manufactur] pref]s to hire a
 hundr$ heads r ?an a ?\s& h&s1 ev5 if !
 wages are equal1 & ev5 ! gre$y         
capitali/ pref]s ! lab\r] :o is wor?    
?irty doll>s a week to "o :o is wor?    
only tw5ty4 ,! m ! work+-man feels      
himself to be a free co-op]ator1 ! m    
intellig5tly does he address himself to 
! "w4 ,we he> con/antly ( improvem5ts   
:i* artisans h ?\ght out1 & ?is         
indep5d5t initiative ( !irs does n 9 !  
lea/ impair ! discipl9e ( indu/ry4      
,am]ican discipl9e does n mean          
inf]iority & ! giv+ up ( "o's own       
judgm5t1 b is a free will+ness to       
co-op]ate &1 = ! common end1 to intru/ !
 lead]%ip to "s "o else4 ,?is o!r p]son 
is exalt$ to ! tru/wor?y position (     
lead] by ! desire ( ^? conc]n$1 s t ea* 
man is c>ry+ out 8 own w 9 obey+ !      
=eman4  ,!re=e1 ev]y?+ :i* 9 any wise   
sav\rs ( compassion is entirely out ( ! 
"q = him4 ,9 fact1 ! fri5dly b5evol5ce1 

h[ev] graci\sly express$1 int5d$ to     
rem9d ! workman t he is aft] all a human
 creature1 p]haps ! fri5dly provision ( 
a h\se to live 9 or ( "s sort ( /ate    
help = 8 family1 mu/ always be unwelcome
 to him1 s9ce x implies t he is n able1 
l o!r fa!rs ( a family1 to be =e?\ghtful
 & provid5t4 ,he pref]s to d ev]y?+ :i* 
is necess>y himself4 ,he insures himself
 9 a life-insurance company &1 l anybody
 else1 he looks out = 8 own             
int]e/s--tries to improve 8 conditions  
by secur+ good contracts ) 8 employ]1 by
 arrang+ organizations ( 8 fell[-workm51
 & by means ( 8 political rights4 ,b    
:atev] he accompli%es1 he enjoys x      
because he has work$ 9 free competition 
aga9/ oppos+ int]e/s4 ,any mat]ial      
b5efits :i* he might pur*ase by endur+ !
 patroniz+ attitude ( capitali/s or     
legislators w\ld be felt to be an actual
 d]ogation4  ,& ?us x happ5s t social   
democracy1 9 ! te*nical s5se1 makes no  
advance among ,am]ican workm54 ,!       
,am]ican lab\r] does n feel t 8 position

 is inf]ior2 he kn[s t he has an equal  
opportunity ) ev]ybody else1 & ! idea ( 
entire equality does n attract him1 &   
w\ld ev5 deprive him ( :at he holds mo/ 
valuable--namely1 8 self-initiative1 :i*
 aims = ! highe/ social rew>d z a       
recognition ( ! highe/ individual       
a*ievem5t4 ,am]ican society kn[s no     
unwritt5 law :]eby ! work+-man ( to-day 
mu/ be ! same to-morr[1 & ?is gives to !
 :ole lab\r "q 9 ,am]ica its di/9ction f
 ! lab\r "q 9 ,european ari/ocratic     
c\ntries4 ,9 mo/ cases ! sup]iors h     
!mselves once be5 lab\r]s4 ,millionaires
 :o to-day preside ov] ! de/9ies ( ?\s&s
 ( work+-m5 h (t5 !mselves begun ) !    
%ovel or hod4 ,! workman kn[s t he may  
set 8 ambition z high z he likes1 & to  
ex*ange 8 equal opportunity = an        
equality ( rew>d w\ld mean = him to s9k 
back into t social condition 9 :i*      
indu/ry is ?\ght to be only a means to  
some?+ else1 & n 9 itself a valuable    
activity4 ,al?\gh ,bellamy may already  
dream ( ! common umbrella1 8 native     

c\ntry is probably fur!r f social       
democracy ?an any c\ntry 9 ,europe1     
because ! _s ( self-initiative is "h    
/rong] ?an any:]e else1 & because !     
g5]al public is aw>e t no class         
di/9ctions cut x (f f ! highe/ positions
 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x kn[s t ev]y?+ dep5ds on 
indu/ry1 en]gy1 & intellig5ce4  ,?is    
does n h9d] ! work+-m51 9 _! fight =    
bett] conditions ( lab\r1 f adopt+ _m   
sociali/ic t5ets4 ,! ,am]ican calls x   
socialism ev5 to dem& t ! gov]nm5t own  
railways1 telegraph l9es1 express       
companies1 or coal-fields1 or t ! city  
conduct tramways1 or gas or             
electric-light works4 ,socialism ( ?is  
sort is und\bt$ly progress+1 al?\gh ! m 
extravagant ideas f9d m wordy orators to
 support !m ?an he>]s to give belief4 ,x
 is also v *>act]i/ic t ! lab\r lead]s d
 n make su* agitation _! life "w1 b (t5 
aft] a few ye>s g ov] to "o or ano!r    
civil occupation4 ,! relation betwe5    
work+-man & capitali/1 moreov]1 is      
always felt to be tempor>y4 ,a man is on

 "o side ( ! l9e to-day & on ! o!r      
to-morr[4 ,!re is no firm b\nd>y betwe5 
gr\ps ( m51 b m]ely a di/ribution 9     
tempor>y gr\ps2 & ?is sep>ates !        
,am]ican lab\r unions f ev5 ! ,engli%   
unions1 ) :i* o!rwise !y h mu* 9 common4
  ,_m o!r conditions by :i* ! ,am]ican  
work+-man's life is sep>at$ f !         
,engli%man's are ( an economic sort4 ,x 
is rememb]$1 = in/ance1 h[ successful ! 
,engli% unions h be5 9 e/abli%+         
co-op]ative /ores1 :ile 9 ,am]ica !y h  
fail$ 9 ?is4 ,! dep>tm5t %ops 9 ! l>ge  
cities h be5 able to sell *eap] & bett] 
goods1 & h be5 9 e way m popul>4 ,b     
en\gh ( comp>+ ,am]ica ) ! ,old ,_w--we 
mu/ discuss ! actual situation 9 ! ,new4
  ,! lab\r movem5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates    
really began 9 ! ?ird decade ( ! la/    
c5tury4 ,( c\rse1 only ! ,nor? is 9 "q2 
9 ! ,s\? slav]y exclud$ all alliances & 
indep5d5t movem5ts = improv+ ! condition
 ( ! manual lab\r]4 ,!re _h be5 small   
/rikes z e>ly z ! eighte5? c5tury1 b !  
real movem5t began ) ! factories :i* 7  

built dur+ ! n9ete5?4  ,f ! v beg9n+ !  
dem& = %ort] h\rs & high] wages 7 ! ma9 
issues4 ,at ! same "t ! ,am]ican _w 0   
fill$ m or less ) fanta/ic notions (    
co-op]ation1 & ^! influ5c$ ! c\rse (    
affairs4 ,bo/on & ,new ,york 7 ! c5tres 
( ! new movem5t4 ,z e>ly z #ahbe 9 ,new 
,york !re appe>$ ! fir/ exclusively     
lab\r newspap]1 ! 8,lab\r ,advocate02 x 
comm5c$ a lit]ature :i* 0 to increase l 
an avalan*e4 ,! lab\r]s figur$          
indep5d5tly 9 politics 9 #ahcj1 :5 !y _h
 _! own c&idate = gov]nor4 ,b all       
political endeav\rs ( ! work+ p h be5   
m]e episodes1 & ! *ief lab\r movem5ts ( 
! c5tury h tak5 place outside (         
politics2 ! lead+ unions h g5]ally f\nd 
t _! /r5g? lay 9 r5\nc+ political       
agitation4 ,only :5 legal measures = or 
aga9/ ! int]e/s ( lab\r]s h be5 9 "q1   
has !re be5 "s mix+ 9 ) politics1 b !   
,am]ican workm5 h nev] become a         
political p>ty4  ,at ! beg9n+ ( !       
?irties1 work+-m5 ( diff]5t indu/ries   
unit$ = ! fir/ "t 9 a l>ge organization1

 su* z lat] became ! regul> =m4 ,b at ! 
outset ( ! movem5t !re appe>$ also !    
opposite movem5t f ! side ( !           
capitali/s4 ,= in/ance1 9 #ahcb m]*ants 
& %iphold]s 9 ,bo/on met solemnly to    
decl>e x _! duty to oppose ! comb9ations
 ( work+ p :i* 7 =m$ = ! illegal purpose
 ( prev5t+ ! individual workman f mak+ a
 free *oice z reg>ds 8 h\rs ( lab\r1 & =
 ! purpose ( mak+ tr\ble ) _! employ]s1 
:o already paid high wages4  ,!         
organization ( ! work+-man & t ( !      
employ] h gr[n /eadily1 & ! nation      
itself has virtually play$ ! rle ( an   
att5tive b neutral spectator4 ,9 ! case 
( direct conflict ! sympa?y ( ! c\ntry  
has almo/ always be5 on ! side ( !      
work+-man1 s9ce 9 ! concrete case ! mo/ 
impressive po9t 0 g5]ally n ! opposition
 betwe5 capital & lab\r1 b ! p]sonal    
contra/ ( ! ne$y day-lab\r] & ! ri*     
employ]2 & ! s5tim5tality ( ! ,am]ican  
has always fav\r$ ! weak] classes4 ,!   
nation h[ev]1 has %[n an equal am\nt (  
sympa?y t[>d capital :5ev] a g5]al matt]

 ( legislation 0 9 "q2 t is1 :5ev] !    
problem has seem$ m !oretical ?an       
p]sonal4 ,9 su* cases ! capitali/s h    
always be5 felt to be ! pione]s ( !     
,am]ican nation by putt+ _! ent]prise   
into all sorts ( new und]tak+s1 apply+  
_! capital & intellig5ce to economic    
life2 s t !y h seem$ to a great] ext5t 9
 ne$ ( national protection ?an !        
workman1 :o may always be easily replac$
 by "s "o else4  ,consid]+ ! matt] z a  
:ole1 x c be said inde$ t ! nation has  
pres]v$ a g5]al neutrality1 & let bo?   
p>ties virtually alone4 ,a *ange has v  
rec5tly tak5 place4 ,! new conditions ( 
! indu/rial /ruggle make x cle>] day by 
day t !re are ?ree p>ties to ! conflict1
 r ?an two2 t is1 n only capitali/ &    
lab\r]1 b also ! g5]al public1 :i* is   
dep5d5t on ! indu/rial output1 & !re=e s
 imm$iately conc]n$ 9 ! settlem5t (     
diff]5ces z to seem1 ev5 9 concrete     
cases1 entitl$ to take active "p4 ,!    
turn+-po9t came p]haps dur+ ! coal /rike
 9 ! w9t] ( #aijb-jc1 :5 ! ,presid5t    

himself /ood out to repres5t ?is ?ird   
p>ty4 ,b we mu/ foll[ ! developm5t m    
m9utely--mu/ speak ( ! lab\r            
organizations z !y exi/ to-day1 ( !     
results ( legislation1 ( ! weapons      
employ$ by ! lab\r]s & ^? us$ by !      
capitali/s1 ( _! advantages &           
disadvantages1 & ( ! late/ ef=ts to     
solve ! problem4 ,?ree =ms ( work+-m5's 
organizations c be discrim9at$ to-day--!
 ,knights ( ,lab\r1 ! indep5d5t         
trades-unions1 & ! f$]at$ trades-unions4
  ,! ,knights ( ,lab\r are by pr9ciple  
diff]5t f bo? ( ! o!r gr\ps2 & _!       
influ5ce1 al?\gh once v great1 is n[    
wan+4 ,_! fundam5tal idea is a moral "o1
 :ile t ( _! rivals is a practical "o4  
,?is is1 ( c\rse1 n to be tak5 z mean+ t
 ! lab\r unions pursue immoral ends or !
 ,knights ( ,lab\r unpractical ones4 ,! 
,knights ( ,lab\r began v mode/ly 9     
#ahfi z a secret organization1 some:at l
 ! ,free ,masons1 hav+ an elaborate     
initiation & some:at unusual proc$ures4 
,_! con/itution began ) ! motto1 8,lab\r

 is noble & sacr$10 & _! fir/ endeav\rs 
7 = ! intellectual uplift+ ( ! lab\r] & 
opposition to ev]y?+ :i* made lab\r mean
 or unwor?y4 ,! ord] grew /eadily1 b at 
! same "t ! practical int]e/s ( diff]5t 
gr\ps ( work+-m5 necess>ily came into   
prom95ce4 ,9 ! middle eighties1 :5 !y   
gave up _! secret obs]vances1 ! society 
_h ab\t a million memb]s1 & its bann]   
/ill proclaim$ ! "o s5tim5t t indu/ry & 
virtue n weal? are ! true measure (     
individual & national greatness4 ,_!    
memb]s1 !y insi/$1 ought to h a l>g] %>e
 ( ! ?+s :i* !y produc$1 s z to h m "t =
 _! intellectual1 moral1 & social       
developm5t4 ,9 ?is moral _s1 ! society  
work$ en]getically aga9/ /rikes & = !   
peaceful settlem5t ( all disputes4  ,its
 pr9cipal weakness 0 p]haps t1 :5 !     
memb]%ip became l>ge1 x began to take "p
 9 politics2 ! ,knights dem&$ a re=m 9  
taxation1 9 ! curr5cy1 9 ! cr$it sy/em1 
& a numb] ( o!r matt]s 9 l9e ) /ate     
socialism4 ,x 0 also a s\rce ( weakness 
t1 ev5 9 local meet+s1 work+-m5 (       

diff]5t trades came toge!r4 ,?is 0 (    
c\rse q 9 accordance ) ! e?ical ideal ( 
! society4 ,z f> z ! moral problems ( ! 
workm5 are 9 "q1 ! bak]1 tailor1 mason1 
plumb]1 electrician1 & s on1 h _m       
int]e/s :i* are id5tical2 b practically 
x turn$ out t "o gr\p _h little int]e/ 9
 its neighb\r gr\ps1 & (t5times ev5     
/rongly conflict+ int]e/s 7 discov]$4   
,?us ?is mix$ organization decl9$ 9     
fav\r ( lab\r societies :i* compris$    
memb]s ( "o & only "o trade1 s t at !   
pres5t "t ! ,knights ( ,lab\r are said  
to numb] only #bjj1jjj & _! importance  
is greatly r$uc$4 ,x is /ill und\bt$ t !
 ideali/ic =mulation 9 :i* !y pres5t$ ! 
int]e/s ( lab\r to ! nation has done mu*
 to ar\se ! public consci5ce4  ,at !    
pres5t "t ! typical =m ( organization is
 ! trades-union1 & betwe5 ! indep5d5t & 
! f$]at$ trades-unions !re is no        
fundam5tal diff]5ce4 ,!re are to-day ov]
 two million work+-m5 unit$ 9           
trades-unions2 ! numb] increases daily4 
,& ?is numb]1 :i* comprises only        

two-fif?s ( all wage-e>n]s1 is kept d[n1
 n because only two-fif?s ( ! memb]s (  
ea* trade c agree to unite1 b because _m
 trades exi/ :i* are n am5able to su*   
organization2 ! unions include almo/ all
 m5 work+ 9 "s ( ! mo/ important trades4
 ,! high] ! employm5t & ! m x dem&s (   
prep>ation1 ! /rong] is ! organization (
 ! employ$4 ,pr9t]s1 = in/ance1 almo/   
all belong to _! union1 & 9 ! build+ &  
tobacco trades !re are v few :o are n   
memb]s4 ,! m9]s' union includes ab\t    
#bjj1jjj m51 :o repres5t a population ( 
ab\t a million s\ls4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x    
w\ld be useless & impossible to p]fect a
 close organization :]e new individuals 
c be br\ght 9 any day & put to "w )\t   
any exp]i5ce or tra9+2 ?us ord9>y       
day-lab\r]s are n organiz$4 ,! numb] (  
two million ?us repres5ts ! mo/         
important trades1 & includes ! mo/      
skill$ work]s4  ,! olde/ trades-union 9 
,am]ica is ! ,int]national              
,typographical ,union1 :i* began 9      
#ahej4 ,x is to be notic$ at once t !   

di/9ction betwe5 national & int]national
 trades-unions is a :olly sup]ficial "o1
 = 9 ! hundr$s ( s-call$ int]national   
unions !re has be5 no ef=t to /ret* out 
across ! ocean4 8,int]national0 means   
only t citiz5s ( ,canada &1 9 a few     
cases1 ( ,mexico are admitt$ to         
memb]%ip4 ,x has be5 ! exp]i5ce ( o!r   
c\ntries1 too1 t ! pr9t+ trades 7 ! fir/
 to organize4 ,9 ,am]ica ! hatmak]s     
foll[$ 9 #ahed1 ! iron f\nd]s 9 #ahei1 &
 ! numb] ( organiz$ trades increas$     
rapidly dur+ ! sixties & sev5ties4 ,!   
special repres5tation ( local int]e/s   
soon dem&$1 on ! "o h&1 ! division ( !  
l>g] societies into local gr\ps1 &1 on !
 o!r1 ! affiliation ( ! l>g] societies  
hav+ some:at simil> int]e/s4 ,?us x has 
come ab\t t ea* locality has its local  
union1 & ^! unions are affiliat$ 9 /ate 
organizations = purposes ( /ate         
legislation & completely unifi$ 9       
national or int]national organizations4 
,on ! o!r h&1 ! unions belong+ to       
diff]5t trades are pl$g$ locally &      

nationally to mutual support4 ,b "h x is
 no long] a "q1 z ) ! ,knights ( ,lab\r1
 ( ! mix+ up ( div]se int]e/s1 b (      
sy/ematic mutual aid on practical l9es4 
,! l>ge/ union ( ?is sort is ! ,am]ican 
,f$]ation ( ,lab\r1 :i* began its       
exi/5ce 9 ,pittsburg 9 #ahha1 & has     
organiz$ a v]itable lab\r republic4 ,!  
,f$]ation took w>n+ at ! outset f ! sad 
fate ( previ\s f$]ations1 & resolv$ to  
play no "p 9 politics1 b to devote      
itself exclusively to indu/rial         
que/ions4 ,x recogniz$ ! indu/rial      
autonomy & ! special "* ( ea* affiliat+ 
trades-union1 b hop$ to ga9 def9ite     
results by co-op]ation4 ,!y fir/ dem&$  
an eight-h\r day & aim$ to =bid !       
employm5t ( *ildr5 "u f\rte5 ye>s ( age1
 to prev5t ! competition ( prison lab\r 
& ! importation ( contract lab\r2 !y    
ask$ = a *ange 9 laws relat+ to !       
responsibility ( factory own]s & = !    
organization ( societies1 = ! e/abli%m5t
 ( gov]nm5t bureaus = lab\r /ati/ics1 & 
mu* else ( a simil> sort4 ,at fir/ !    

,f$]ation _h bitt] qu>rels ) ! ,knights 
( ,lab\r1 & p]haps ev5 z bitt] a "o )   
sociali/ic vision>ies 9 its own ranks4  
,b a firm & heal?y basis 0 soon         
e/abli%$1 & s9ce ! ,f$]ation assi/$ 9 e 
way ! =mation ( local1 prov9cial1 & /ate
 organizations1 ! p>ts grew ) ! help ( !
 :ole & ! :ole ) ! help ( ! p>ts4       
,to-day ! ,f$]ation includes #aaa       
int]national trades-unions ) #bi /ate   
organizations1 #edb c5tral organizations
 = cities1 & also #a1hej local unions   
:i* are outside ( any national or       
int]national organizations4 ,! int]e/s (
 ?is ,f$]ation are repres5t$ by #bej    
weekly & mon?ly pap]s4 ,! head (fice is 
naturally ,wa%+ton1 :]e ! f$]al gov]nm5t
 has its seat4 ,gomp]s is its           
indefatigable presid5t4 ,outside ( ?is  
,f$]ation are all ! trades-unions (     
railway employees & sev]al unions (     
masons & /onecutt]s4 ,! railway         
employees h always held alo(2 _! union  
dates f #ahic1 & is said to comprise    
#bjj1jjj m54  ,! trades-unions are n op5

 to e "o2 ea* memb] has to pay 8        
initiation fees & make contributions to 
! local union1 & ?r\gh x to ! g5]al     
organization4 ,_m ( ! trades-unions ev5 
require an exam9ation = entrance2 ?us ! 
conditions = admission into ! union (   
electrical work]s are s difficult t     
memb]%ip is recogniz$ among ! employ]s  
!mselves z ! sure/ evid5ce ( a          
work+-man's compet5ce4 ,e memb] is fur!r
 pl$g$ to att5d ! regul> meet+s ( !     
local bran*1 & 9 ord] t ^! local        
societies may n be too unwieldy1 !y are 
g5]ally divid$ into di/ricts :5 ! numb] 
( memb]s becomes too great to admit (   
all meet+ toge!r4 ,! cig>mak]s ( ! ,city
 ( ,new ,york1 = example1 h a           
trades-union ( #f1jjj memb]s1 :i* is    
divid$ into t5 small] bodies4 ,e s+le   
society 9 ! c\ntry has its own (ficials4
 ,if ! "w ( ! (ficial takes all 8 "t1 he
 receives a sal>y equal to ! regul> pay 
= "w 9 8 trade4 ,! small organizations  
s5d delegates to ! /ate & national      
f$]ations2 & :]ev] ^! prov9cial or f$]al

 affiliations repres5t diff]5t trades1  
ea* ( ^! trades has its own             
repres5tative1 & all decisions are made 
) t te*nical =mality :i* ! ,am]ican     
ma/]s s well4 ,9 accordance ) ?is       
p>liam5t>y rig\r1 e memb] is absolutely 
pl$g$ to comply ) ! decisions ( !       
delegates4 ,any "o :o refuses to obey :5
 a /rike is ord]$ !reby loses all 8     
rights4  ,! rights enjoy$ by ! memb]s ( 
! trades-unions are 9 fact consid]able4 
,fir/ly1 ! local union is a club & an   
employm5t ag5cy1 & especially 9 l>ge    
cities ^! two functions are v important 
= ! ,am]ican work+-man4 ,!n !re are !   
arrangem5ts = insurance & aid4 ,?us !   
g5]al union ( cig>mak]s ( ! c\ntry1 :i* 
comb9es #dad local unions hav+ a total  
memb]%ip ( #cd1jjj m51 has giv5 9 ! la/ 
tw5ty ye>s #hch1jjj = ! support (       
/rikes1 #a1dec1jjj = aid to ill memb]s1 
#gid1jjj = ! families ( deceas$ memb]s1 
#gce1jjj = travell+ exp5ses1 & #iag1jjj 
= unemploy$ memb]s2 & mo/ ( ! l>ge      
unions c\ld %[ simil> figures4 ,yet ^!  

are ! less] advantages4 ,! really       
decisive ?+ is ! concessions :i* h be5  
won 9 ! economic fight1 & :i* c\ld nev] 
h be5 gott5 by ! work+-m5 individually4 
,nev]!less1 to-day n a few m5 hold (f f 
! unions & get rid ( pay+ _! dues1      
because !y "k t :atev] organiz$ lab\r c 
a*ieve1 w also help ^? :o /ay outside4  
,! ma9 cont5tion ( ^! trades-unions     
ref]s to legislation & wages1 & no small
 "p ( _! "w goes 9 fight+ = _! own      
exi/5ce--t is1 9 fight+ = ! recognition 
( ! union lab\r] z oppos$ to ! non-union
 man--a factor :i* d\btless is becom+ m 
& m important 9 ! indu/rial disputes4   
,_m a /rike has n _h wages or %ort h\rs 
( lab\r or ! l 9 view1 b has aim$ solely
 to =ce ! employ]s (ficially to         
recognize ! trades-unions1 to make      
contracts ) ! union delegates r ?an )   
individual m51 & to exclude all         
non-union lab\r]s4  ,! newly introduc$  
cont5tion = ! union label is 9 ! same   
class4 ,! labels 7 fir/ us$ 9 ,san      
,francisco1 :]e x 0 aim$ to exclude !   

,*9ese workm5 f competition ) ,am]icans4
 ,n[ ! labels are us$ all ov] ! c\ntry4 
,e box ( cig>s1 e brick1 hat1 or piano  
made 9 factories :i* employ union lab\r1
 be>s ! copyright$ device :i* assures ! 
pur*as+ public t ! w>es 7 made "u       
approv$ social & political conditions4  
,! abs5ce ( ! label is suppos$ to be a  
w>n+2 b = ! population ( t5 millions :o 
are connect$ ) lab\r unions1 x is m ?an 
a w>n+2 x is an invitation to boycott1 &
 ?is is und\bt$ly felt z a consid]able  
pressure by manufactur]s4 ,! m !        
factories are ?us compell$ to conc$e to 
! unions1 & ! m inducem5ts ! unions ?us 
(f] to prospective memb]s1 & ! fa/]     
!re=e ^! come 91 ! m p[] ! unions       
acquire4 ,s ! label has become to-day a 
mo/ effective weapon ( ! unions4  ,b ?is
 is only ! means to an end4 ,we mu/     
consid] ^! ends !mselves1 & fir/ ( all  
lab\r legislation4 ,mo/ /rik+ & yet     
hi/orically necess>y is ! div]sity 9 !  
/atutes ( diff]5t /ates1 :i* 0 =m]ly v  
great b is gradually dim9i%+4 ,! ,new   

,engl& /ates1 & especially              
,massa*usetts1 h gone fir/1 & /ill n s  
fa/ z public op9ion has (t5 desir$4 ,9 !
 ?irties !re 7 _m lively fights = !     
legislative regulation ( ! work+ h\rs 9 
factories1 & yet ev5 ! t5 h\rs a day =  
wom5 0 n e/abli%$ until mu* lat]2 on !  
o!r h&1 ! employm5t ( *ildr5 9 factories
 0 legislat$ on at t "t1 & 9 ?is        
direction ! movem5t progress$ m rapidly4
  ,a consid]able /ep 0 tak5 9 #ahfi1 :5 
,massa*usetts e/abli%$ at ! exp5se ( !  
/ate a bureau = lab\r /ati/ics1 ! fir/ 9
 ! _w2 ?is 0 requir$ to "w up e ye> a   
report on all phases ( ! lab\r          
"q--economic1 indu/rial1 social1        
hygi5ic1 educational1 & political4 ,"o  
/ate aft] ano!r imitat$ ?is /ati/ical   
bureau1 & especially x l$ to !          
e/abli%m5t ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,lab\r at    
,wa%+ton1 :i* has already _h a _w-wide  
influ5ce4 ,dur+ ! sev5ties !re foll[$   
/rict laws = ! sup]vision ( factories1 =
 precaution>y measures1 & hygi5ic       
improvem5ts4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r /ates came    

aft]1 b none dep>t$ widely f ! example (
 ,massa*usetts1 :i* 0 also ! fir/ /ate  
to make repeat$ r$uctions 9 ! work+-day4
 ,"h x foll[$ ! example ( ! f$]al       
gov]nm5t4 ,to be sure1 ! r$uction ( !   
work+-day among f$]al employees 0 fir/  
m]ely a political cat]+ to ! lab\r vote1
 b ! ,f$]ation kept to ! po9t & !       
sep>ate /ates foll[$4 ,tw5ty-n9e /ates  
n[ prescribe eight h\rs z ! day = all   
public employees & ! f$]al gov]nm5t does
 ! same4  ,! legislative *anges 9 !     
judicial sph]e h be5 also ( importance =
 trades-unions4 ,accord+ to ,old ,engli%
 law at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x 0
 conspiracy = workm5 to unite = !       
purposes :i* ! trades-unions to-day hold
 be=e !mselves4 ,?is doctr9e (          
conspiracy1 :i* to be sure f ! beg9n+   
dep5d$ l>gely on ! arbitr>y             
int]pretation ( ! judges1 has be5 weak5$
 f "t to "t ?r\gh ! c5tury1 & has f9ally
 giv5 away to legal conceptions :i* put 
no ob/acles 9 ! way ( ! peaceful        
alliance ( work+-m5 = ! purpose ( obta9+

 bett] conditions ( lab\r4 ,!y          
especially reg>d ! /rike z lawful s long
 z viol5ce is n resort$ to4 ,ne>ly all  
/ates h n[ pass$ laws :i* s n>r[ ! old  
conception ( crim9al conspiracy t x no  
long] /&s 9 ! way ( trades-unions4 ,o!r 
legal provisions conc]n ! company /ores4
 ,9 "s m9+ di/ricts f> remov$ f public  
%ops1 ! company /ore may /ill be f\nd1  
:]e ! company buys ! articles ne$$ by   
its employees & sells ^! ?+s to !m at a 
high price4 ,b ne>ly e /ate has legally 
done away ) ?is sy/em2 x 01 inde$1 "o ( 
! e>lie/ dem&s ( ! trades-unions4  ,!re 
h be5 great improvem5ts too 9           
legislation relat+ to ! responsibility (
 employees4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon law makes  
an employ] responsible = injury suff]$  
by ! workm5 by reason ( 8 "w1 b n       
responsible if ! injuries are due to !  
c>elessness ( a fell[-workman4 ,! p5alty
 fell !n on ! "o :o _h neglect$ 8 duty4 
,x 0 said t ! workman on tak+ up 8      
duties mu/ h kn[n :at ! dang]s 74 ,b ! m
 complicat$ ! conditions ( lab\r h      

become1 ! m ! security ( any individual 
has dep5d$ on a great _m fell[-lab\r]s  
:o c\ld n be id5tifi$1 s t ! old law    
became mean+less4 ,!re=e1 ! pressure (  
trades-unions has 9 ! la/ half c5tury   
/eadily alt]$ & improv$ ! law 9 ?is     
respect4 ,am]ican /ate law to-day       
virtually recognizes ! responsibility ( 
! employ] = e accid5t1 ev5 :5 due to !  
c>elessness ( "s o!r lab\r] ?an ! "o    
injur$4  ,?us on ! :ole a progress has  
be5 made all along ! l9e4 ,x is true t  
"s /ates h /ill mu* to d 9 ord] to come 
up ) ! mo/ advanc$ /ates1 & ! lab\r     
unions h /ill _m dem&s 9 /ore :i* h s f>
 be5 n[h]e compli$ )--z1 = in/ance1 t = 
! introduction ( ! ,swiss ref]5dum1 & s 
=?4 ,gov]nm5t insurance is n on ?is     
programme--"o po9t 9 :i* ! ,am]ican     
work+-man rema9s individuali/ic4 ,he    
pref]s to make provision = ^? dep5d5t on
 him1 aga9/ old age1 accid5t & illness1 
9 8 own way1 by memb]%ip 9 unions or    
insurance companies4 ,z a fact1 m ?an   
half ! lab\r+ m5 are insur$4 ,!n too !  

numb] ( indu/rial conc]ns is increas+   
:i* make a volunt>y provision = _!      
employees aga9/ illness & old age4 ,?is 
0 />t$ by railroad companies1 & ! l>ge/ 
sy/ems fully realize t x is 9 _! int]e/ 
to secure /eady lab\r by putt+ a p5sion 
clause 9 ! contract4 ,:5 a workman takes
 "w "u companies :i* (f] su* ?+s1 he    
feels x to be a volunt>y indu/rial      
agreem5t1 :ile /ate insurance w\ld (f5d 
8 s5se ( indep5d5ce4  ,! /ate has _h to 
deal ) ! lab\r "q aga9 9 ! matt] (      
/rikes1 lock\ts1 boycotts1 & black-li/s4
 ,dur+ ! la/ two decades ( ! n9ete5?    
c5tury1 !re 7 #bb1gic /rikes 9 ! c\ntry1
 :i* involv$ #aag1eji work]s2 ! loss 9  
wages to ! workm5 0 #beg1jjj1jjj & 9    
pr(it to ! employ]s #abb1jjj1jjj2       
besides t #af1jjj1jjj 7 contribut$ to   
aid ! /rikes1 s t ! total loss made ab\t
 #djj1jjj1jjj4 ,! problems "h 9 "q are (
 c\rse mu* m important ?an ! m]e        
f9ancial loss4 ,ab\t #ea p] c5t4 ( ^!   
/rikes result$ successfully = ! workm51 
#ac p] c5t4 p>tially successfully1 & 9  

#cf p] c5t4 ! employ]s won4  ,s9ce      
#agda1 :5 ! bak]s ( ,new ,york ,city    
left "w & 7 imm$iately condemn$ =       
conspiracy1 !re has be5 no lack ( /rikes
 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! fir/ great /rike 0 among
 sailors 9 #ahjc1 b frequ5t /rikes did n
 occur until ab\t #ahcj4 ,! fir/ /rike (
 really hi/orical importance 0 on !     
railroads 9 #ahgg2 great irregul>ities &
 _m /reet riots accompani$ ! cessation (
 "w1 & ! /ate militia _h to be call$ out
 to suppress ! di/urbances 9 ,c9c9nati1 
,/4 ,l\is1 ,*icago1 & ,pittsburg4 ,!    
losses 7 trem5d\s1 ! :ole l& suff]$ f ! 
tumults1 & 9 ! end ! work+-m5 won no?+4 
,:5 9 ! ye> #ahhc all ! telegraph]s 9 ! 
c\ntry left _! "w & dem&$ additional    
paym5t = work+ on ,sunday1 mo/ ( !      
c\ntry 0 9 sympa?y ) !m2 b "h too !     
employ]s1 al?\gh !y lo/ millions (      
doll>s1 7 successful4 ,9 #ahhf !re 7    
great /rikes aga9 9 ! railroad sy/ems ( 
! ,s\?we/4  ,! bitt]ness rea*$ its      
highe/ po9t 9 #ahib1 :5 ! ,c>negie ,/eel
 ,works at ,home/ead 7 ! sc5es (        

disord]4 ,wages 7 ! matt] "u dispute2 ! 
company1 :i* c\ld n come to an agreem5t 
) ! lab\r union1 propos$ to exclude     
organiz$ lab\r & introduc$ non-union    
workm54 ,! union s\ght by ! use (       
viol5ce to prev5t ! /rang]s f work+2 !  
company call$ = aid f ! /ate2 ! union   
/ill oppos$ ev5 ! militia1 & actual     
battles took place1 :i* only !          
decl>ation ( m>tial law by ! gov]nor1   
aft] ! loss ( _m lives1 0 able to       
suppress4  ,! ,*icago /rike 9 #ahid 0 m 
ext5sive4 ,x began ) a /rike 9 !        
,pullman factories 9 ,*icago1 & at its  
height succe$$ 9 /opp+ ! traffic on a   
qu>t] ( all ,am]ican railroads4 ,!      
int]ruption ( railway connections meant 
a loss to e p]son 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! total 
loss is e/imat$ at #hj1jjj1jjj4 ,! wor/ 
accompanim5ts ( /rikes soon             
appe>$--riots1 intimidations1 assaults1 
& murd]s4 ,& aga9 x 0 necess>y to call  
out troops to re/ore peace4 ,great wage 
disputes foll[$ pres5tly 9 ! iron & /eel
 trades2 b ^! 7 all surpass$ 9 inn]     

significance by ! great coal /rike ( !  
w9t] be=e la/4  ,! conditions ( lab\r 9 
! an?racite coal m9es ( ,p5nsylvania 7  
unfav\rable to ! lab\r]s4 ,!y _h bett]$ 
!mselves 9 a /rike 9 #aijj1 b ! app>5tly
 adequate wages = a day's lab\r yield$ a
 v small annual income1 s9ce !re 0      
little employm5t at "s seasons ( ! ye>4 
,! work+-m5 felt t ! coal tru/s refus$  
to raise ! wages by juggl+ ) argum5ts2 !
 capitali/s tri$ to prove to !m t !     
pr(it on coal did n p]mit a high] wage4 
,b ! lab\r]s knew too well t ! app>5tly 
l[ pr(its 7 due only to ! fact t ! tru/s
 _h wat]$ _! /ock1 & especially t ! coal
 m9es 7 op]at$ 9 connection ) railroads 
"u ! same own]%ip1 s t all pr(its c\ld  
be br\ght on ! books to ! cr$it ( !     
railroads in/ead ( ! m9es4 ,!           
trades-unions ?\ght ! "t 0 ripe = dem&+ 
eight h\rs a day1 a t5 p] c5t4 increase 
9 wages1 & a fundam5tal recognition (   
trades-unions1 along ) a few o!r        
te*nical po9ts4 ,! organiz$ m9]s1 "u _! 
lead]1 ,mit*ell1 (f]$ to wait a mon?1   

:ile ! po9ts ( diff]5ce might be        
discuss$ betwe5 bo? p>ties2 ,s5ator     
,hanna1 ^: dea? a %ort "t lat] took f   
politics "o ( ! w>me/ fri5ds ( lab\r1   
(f]$ 8 s]vices z m$iator1 & left no d\bt
 t ! workm5 w\ld accept "s compromise4  
,9 spite ( ?is mod]ation ( ! work+-m51 !
 repres5tatives ( ! m9e own]s refus$ 9  
any way to treat ) !m4 ,_! /&po9t 0 t if
 !y recogniz$ ! trades-unions 9 _!      
delib]ations1 !y 7 beg9n+ on a c\rse :i*
 !y might n "k h[ to /op2 if eight h\rs 
7 dem&$ to-day by ! trades-unions1 sev5 
h\rs might be dem&$ 9 ! same way next   
ye>4 ,! employ]s ?\ght x high "t once = 
all to break up ! dictatorial p[] ( !   
trades-unions4 ,presid5t ,ba] expla9$ t 
trades-unions are a m5ace to all        
,am]ican indu/ry4 ,! /rike cont9u$4 ,n[ 
! an?racite m9]s produce five million   
tons e mon?1 :i* supply all ! homes 9 ! 
ea/]n "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,a cold w9t] came  
on1 & ! lack ( coal ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry    
br\ght ab\t a condition :i* resembl$ !  
mis]y & suff]+s ( a "t ( siege4 ,9 _m   

places x 0 n ev5 a matt] ( price1 al?\gh
 ?is 0 f\r times :at x ord9>ily is1 b ! 
supply ( coal 0 actually us$ up4 ,s*ools
 & *ur*es _h to be clos$ 9 _m places4 ,&
 n[ ! public und]/ood at la/ p]fectly   
cle>ly t1 if ! trades-unions want$ to   
ex]t _! :ole p[]1 ! c\ntry w\ld be      
absolutely helpless "u _! tyranny4      
,nev]!less1 ! embitt]m5t turn$ mo/      
/rongly aga9/ ! employ]s1 :o /ill       
affirm$ t !re 0 no?+ to arbitrate1 b t !
 workm5 simply mu/ give 94  ,! workm5 !n
 put !mselves on ! wrong side by ?reat5+
 ) viol5ce all m5 :o came to take _!    
places 9 ! m9es2 inde$1 !y =c$ back by  
b>b>\s me?ods ! eng9e]s :o came to pump 
out ! wat] :i* 0 collect+ 9 ! m9es4     
,troops _h to be call$1 b at t mom5t !  
,presid5t took ! fir/ /eps t[>d a       
solution ( ! problem by call+           
repres5tatives ( bo? p>ties to ,wa%+ton4
 ,a commission 0 f9ally appo9t$1 compos$
 ( repres5tatives ( bo? p>ties &        
well-kn[n m5 :o 7 neutrally incl9$1 &   
aft] ,pi]pont ,morgan on ! side ( !     

capitali/s gave ! signal to cons5t to   
arbitration1 ! coal m9]s w5t back to "w4
 ,! commission met1 & "s "t lat] 9 ! ye>
 #aijc decid$ ab\t half ( ! po9ts "u    
dispute 9 fav\r ( ! m9]s1 ! o!r half    
aga9/ !m4 ,?is 0 by no means ! la/      
/rike2 ! build+ trades 9 _m p>ts ( !    
c\ntry1 & specially 9 ,new ,york1 7     
?or\ghly demoraliz$ dur+ ! ye> #aijc1 ! 
movem5t proce$+ f ! /rikes ( #e1jjj     
bridge build]s3 !n too1 ! textile work]s
 ( ! ,ea/ & m9]s ( ! ,s\? h be5 re/less4
 ,& at ! pres5t "t1 e day sees "s small 
/rike or o!r inaugurat$1 & any day may  
see "s v l>ge /rike decl>$4 ,x 0 ! coal 
/rike1 h[ev]1 :i* set ! nation ?9k+ &   
%[$ up ! dang]s :i* are ?reat5+4  ,!    
results ( ! coal /rike _h %[n ! fri5ds (
 trades-unions m cle>ly ?an ev] ! /r5g? 
:i* lies 9 unity4 ,!y _h se5 t results  
c\ld be a*iev$ by unit$ ef=ts su* z c\ld
 nev] h be5 gott5 by ! unorganiz$       
work+-man4 ,!y _h se5 ) satisfaction t !
 trades-unions _h tak5 a cons]vative "p 
by putt+ (f ! great /rike z long z      

possible2 & !y _h se5 t ! employ]s w\ld 
n h cons5t$ = _! "p to any arbitration4 
,9 ! end n only _m ( ! union dem&s _h   
be5 grant$1 b1 m ?an t1 ! policy ( !    
trades-unions _h be5 put 9 ! mo/        
fav\rable light4 ,a :ole c\ntry _h to   
suff]1 human lives 7 sacrific$ &        
millions lo/1 & 9 ! end ! trades-unions 
won _! po9t2 if ! m9e own]s _h be5 will+
 9 ! autumn to d :at !y _h to d 9 w9t]1 
a great deal ( injury w\ld h be5 sp>$4  
,b ! trades-unions c\ld tru?fully say t 
!y _h be5 true to _! policy & _h always 
pref]r$ peace to w>4 ,! majority ( votes
 )9 ! trades-unions 0 aga9/ ?\ghtless & 
unnecess>y /rife1 aga9/ decl>+ a /rike  
until all o!r means _h be5 tri$4 ,_m p  
felt t ! int]e/s ( t neutral p>ty1 !    
nation at l>ge1 7 bett] look$ out = by !
 m ?\ghtful union lead]s ?an by su*     
capitali/s z 7 ! ,p5nsylvania coal      
magnates4  ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 felt t !   
mo/ calmly plann$ /rikes c lead to      
embitt]m5t & viol5ce1 & ! tyrannical &  
murd]\s suppression ( ! non-union       

work+-man4 ,& "h ! ,am]ican s5se (      
fre$om is t\*$4 ,e man has ! "r to      
decide freely "u :at conditions he %all 
"w2 ! /rike-break] 0 reg>d$ z a h]o1 & !
 tru/s did _! be/ to conv9ce ! _w t !   
int]f]5ce ( ! trades-unions 9 ! movem5ts
 ( non-union workm5 is a m5ace to       
,am]ican democracy4 ,! unioni/s admit t 
x is unlawful p[] :i* !y h us$1 b pret5d
 t !y _h a moral "r2 !y say t e         
work+-man has a claim on ! factory m ?an
 8 weekly wage3 = he has contribut$ to  
its success2 he has 9 a way a moral %>e1
 :i* br+s him no income1 b :i* ought to 
assure him ( 8 position4 ,& n[1 if dur+ 
a /rike an outside p]son comes 9 & takes
 8 place1 x is l be+ robb$ ( some?+ :i* 
he owns1 & he has ! "r ( ass]t+ 8 claim 
) su* means z any man w\ld use on be+   
assault$4  ,capitali/s turn$ aga9/ !    
trades-unions ) ! great] con/]nation1   
because ^! latt] put n only ! indep5d5t 
work+-man1 b also ! companies1 9 a      
p[]less position4 ,!y %[$ t _! "r to    
manage _! own prop]ty 0 gone1 & t !     

capitali/ 0 no long] ! own] ( 8 own     
factory ! in/ant he 0 n able to treat ) 
! individual work+-man1 b =c$ to subject
 himself to ! repres5tatives (          
trades-unions4 ,x 0 easy to %[ t :ile   
he1 z und]tak] ( ! bus9ess1 _h to take  
all ! risks & be always en]getic &      
indu/ri\s1 ! work+-m5 7 simply %[+ _!   
gre$ & laz9ess by want+ %ort] days1 & t 
!y w\ld nev] be really satisfi$4 ,x 0   
affirm$ t ! be/ workman 0 an unwill+    
p>ty to ! /rike1 & t he w\ld m gladly   
att5d to 8 "w ?an to trades-union       
politics1 & t z a fact he let 8         
trades-union be run by irresponsible    
good-=-no?+s1 :o play$ ! "p (           
demagogues4 ,e man :o _h ev] sav$ a c5t 
& laid x up1 ought to be on ! side ( !  
capitali/4  ,b ! public took a r diff]5t
 attitude1 & felt t ! gr\p ( capitali/s 
_h be5 reveal$ 9 a bad light by ! /rike1
 & :5 _! repres5tatives came to in/ruct 
! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 a      
brusque way1 on ! rights ( prop]ty1 !   
public began to revise its traditional  

ideas4 ,! public came to see t su* l>ge 
corporations z 7 "h 9 "q 7 no long]     
private ent]prises 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( !  
^w2 t a /eel tru/ or coal tru/ _c be su*
 an indep5d5t factor 9 ! commonweal? z a
 groc]y %op 9 a c\ntry t[n4 ,x 0 felt t 
! trem5d\s gr[? ( ! bus9ess 0 ! product 
( national =ces1 & 9 "p dep5d5t on      
public fran*ises2 :]e=e1 ! bus9ess      
itself1 al?\gh privately own$1 nev]!less
 _h a semi-public "*1 s t ! public %\ld 
n be refus$ ! "r to int]f]e 9 its       
managem5t4 ,belief 9 /ate socialism1 9  
/ate own]%ip ( railroads & m9es1 made   
great progress 9 ^? days2 & ! conviction
 made /ill great] progress t ! work+-man
 has a moral "r to take an active h& 9  
manag+ ! bus9ess 9 :i* he works4  ,& s  
public op9ion has come r\nd to ?9k t    
viol5ce on ! "p ( work+-m51 & refusal to
 treat ) trades-unions on ! "p (        
employ]s1 are equally to be condemn$4 ,!
 community w h>dly aga9 p]mit capital & 
lab\r to fight out _! battles 9 public &
 make ! :ole nation suff]4 ,x dem&s t1  

n[ t lab\r is actually organiz$ 9       
unions1 disputes %all be br\ght up =    
settlem5t be=e delegates f bo? sides1 & 
t :]e ^! _c come to a solution ! matt]  
%all be br\ght be=e a neutral c\rt (    
arbitration :i* bo? sides agree to      
recognize4  ,( c\rse ^! disputes w      
cont9ue to arise1 s9ce ! price (        
manufactur$ articles is always *ang+2 ! 
employ] w always try to l[] wages 9 dull
 times1 & ! lab\r]s w try to =ce wages  
up dur+ busy times4 ,b x may be expect$ 
t ! lead]s ( trades-unions w be able to 
consid] ! :ole situation intellig5tly & 
to guide ! masses ( work+-m5 c>efully   
?r\gh _! ambitions & disappo9tm5ts4     
,al?\gh ! employ]s ( lab\r cont9ue to   
ass]t t1 s soon z !y are h&$ ov] to !   
m]cies ( ! trades-unions1 ! _s (        
ent]prise w be entirely ?rottl$ &       
capital w decl9e to (f] itself1 because 
all pr(it is sacrific$ to ! selfi%      
tyranny ( ! work+ p1 nev]!less1 exp]i5ce
 does n %[ ?is to be true4              
,trades-unions are conv9c$ t1 9 ^! days 

( ma*9]y1 too small a "p ( ! pr(it falls
 to ! lab\r+ man2 b !y "k p]fectly well 
t !y !mselves c prosp] only :5 ! indu/ry
 z a :ole is prosp]\s1 & t x _c prosp]  
if x is burd5$ by too high wages4       
,trades-unions "k also t aft] all !y w  
be able to ga9 _! po9t 9 c\rts (        
arbitration & else:]e only s long z !y h
 ! sympa?y ( ! public on _! side1 & t e 
undue encroa*m5t on ! pr(its ( capital &
 e disc\ragem5t ( ! _s ( ent]prise w    
quickly lose !m ! sympa?y ( ! ,am]ican  
nation4 ,if !y really attack ,am]ican   
indu/ry1 public op9ion w g aga9/ !m4 ,t 
!y "k1 & !re=e ! confid5ce is ju/ifi$ t1
 aft] all1 _! dem&s w nev] endang] !    
true int]e/s ( capital4 ,capitali/s "k  
to-day t !y w always h trades-unions to 
deal )1 & t x w be be/ to adapt !mselves
 to ! situation4 ,_m ?\ghtful capta9s ( 
indu/ry admit t ! discipl9e (           
trades-unions has _h "s salut>y effect1 
& t "s ( _! propositions1 su* z ! slid+ 
wage-scale1 h help$ on indu/ry4  ,?us   
bo? p>ties are ab\t to recognize ea* o!r

 ) a consid]able und]/&+4 ,!y           
in/9ctively feel t ! same condition has 
develop$ itself on bo? sides2 on ! "o   
side capital is comb9$ 9 tru/s1 & on !  
o!r lab\r has organiz$ into unions4     
,tru/s suppress ! competition ( capital1
 trades-unions kill ! non-union         
competitor4 ,! tru/s use z weapons high 
divid5ds1 pref]5tial rates1 & monopoly (
 raw mat]ial2 ! unions use ! weapons (  
old-age insurance1 free aid dur+        
illness1 ! union label1 /rikes1 &       
boycotts4 ,bo? sides h /r5g!n$ _!       
position by ! consolidation ( _m        
int]e/s2 j z ! /eel works are alli$ )   
l>ge banks1 railroads1 /eam%ip l9es1    
copp] m9es1 & oil companies1 s ! lead]s 
( trades-unions take c>e to spread !    
disputes ( "o indu/ry into o!r          
indu/ries4  ,moreov]1 bo? p>ties fight  
alike by means ( artificially limit+ !  
m>ket2 & ?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ dang]\s  
factor ( all4 ,:ile ! tru/s are         
cont9ually ab&on+ factories or          
tempor>ily %utt+ !m d[n 9 ord] to       

curtail production1 s ! trades-unions   
re/rict ! (f]+ ( lab\r4 ,n e man :o     
wants to le>n a trade is admitt$ to an  
appr5tice%ip2 ! trades-union does n all[
 "y m5 to come 9 :ile old m5 :o h       
exp]i5ce are out ( "w4 ,! regulation ( !
 fl[ ( lab\r into ! trades :i* require  
tra9+1 & ! refusal ( union m5 to "w )   
non-union m51 are c]ta9ly ! mo/         
tyrannical features ( ! situation2 b !  
trades-unions are n emb>rass$ to f9d    
high-s\nd+ argum5ts = _! c\rse1 j z !   
tru/s h f\nd = _! own simil> do+s4  ,?+s
 w cont9ue 9 ?is way on bo? sides1 no   
d\bt2 & ! nation at l>ge c be cont5t1 s 
f> at lea/ z1 ?r\gh ?is conc5tration &  
/rict discipl9e on bo? sides1 ! outcome 
( ! lab\r "q is consid]ably simplifi$4  
,z long z ! mass ( capitali/s is split  
up & t ( work+-m5 *aotically divid$1    
arbitration is difficult1 & ! results   
are n b9d+4 ,b :5 two well-organiz$     
p>ties oppose ea* o!r 9 a bus9ess-l way1
 ) mutual consid]ation & respect1 !     
conf]5ce w be %ort1 bus9ess-l1 &        

effective4  ,! next ?+ necess>y is      
simply an arrangem5t :i* %all be s f> z 
possible automatic = appo9t+ an         
unprejudic$ c\rt ( arbitration 9 any    
case :5 ! two p>ties are n able to      
agree4 ,9 ?is matt] public op9ion has   
gone en]getically to "w4 ,9 ,decemb]1   
#aija1 at ! in/igation ( ! ,national    
,civic ,league1 a conf]5ce ( lead+      
repres5tatives ( capital & lab\r 0      
call$1 & ?is appo9t$ a /&+ commission to
 pass on disputes betwe5 employ]s &     
lab\r]s4 ,all ?ree p>ties 7 repres5t$   
"h--capital by ! presid5ts ( ! l>ge/    
tru/s1 railroads1 & banks1 trades-unions
 by ! lead]s ( _! v>i\s organizations1 &
 ! public by su* m5 z ,grov] ,clevel&1  
,*>les ,francis ,adams1 ,ar*bi%op       
,irel&1 ,presid5t ,eliot1 & o!rs1 :o    
enjoy ! confid5ce & e/eem ( ! :ole      
nation4  ,x has be5 object$ t ! millions
 ( unorganiz$ work+-m5 are n repres5t$1 
b 9 fact ^! neutral lead+ m5 ( ! nation 
are at ! same "t ! repres5tatives (     
unorganiz$ lab\r4 ,if ^! 7 9 any o!r way

 to be repres5t$ by delegates1 !y w\ld h
 to organize 9 ord] to *oose su*        
delegates4 ,b ?is is j :at unorganiz$   
lab\r does n wi% to d4 ,ev]y?+ looks z  
if ?is p]man5t commission w\ld h !      
confid5ce ( ! nation &1 al?\gh creat$   
un(ficially1 w\ld contribute a good deal
 to prev5t ! outbreak ( real indu/rial  
w>s4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t ! nation is  
ready to g fur!r1 & t if ! two          
well-organiz$ p>ties1 toge!r ) ! m5 9   
:om bo? sides put _! confid5ce1 are /ill
 n able to come to h>moni\s agreem5t1   
nor ev5 to ! appo9tm5t ( a c\rt (       
arbitration1 !n ! nation w q likely     
appo9t an (ficial & legally au?oriz$    
bo>d = compulsory arbitration4  ,!      
example ( ,new ,zeal& is enc\rag+ 9 ?is 
direction1 al?\gh ! exp]i5ce ( a small  
c\ntry may n be imm$iately applicable to
 a l>ge "o4 ,nev]!less1 !re is "s wi% to
 imitate t example1 & to disreg>d !     
outrag$ feel+s ( capitali/s :o pr$ict t 
,am]ican indu/ry w collapse utt]ly if ! 
c\ntry becomes sociali/ic en\gh to      

appo9t arbitrators ) ! p[] to prescribe 
to capital :at wages x %all pay1 & h[   
o!rwise x %all c>ry on bus9ess4 ,!      
nation has le>n$ a good deal 9 ! la/ two
 or ?ree ye>s4  ,a peaceable solution ( 
! problem is promis$ also f ano!r       
direction4 ,! dramatic w>s h conc]n$    
g5]ally v l>ge companies1 :i* employ    
?\s&s ( workm54 ,! :ole ?+ has be5      
repeat$1 h[ev]1 on a m mode/ scale1 :]e 
?\s&s ( work+ p /ood oppos$ n to l>ge   
tru/s b to hundr$s ( small employ]s1 :o 
7 n sep>at$ f ! work+-m5 by any social  
cleft4 ,"h ! battles h (t5 be5 m        
disa/r\s = ! employ]s & _! helplessness 
be=e small unions m pat5t4 ,!n x became 
natural = !m to imitate ! example ( !   
workm5 & to =m organizations to regulate
 ! situation4  ,! fir/ employ]s' union 0
 =m$ 9 #ahij by ! own]s ( newspap]s1 =  
:om sudd5 /rikes are ( c\rse especially 
disa/r\s4 ,= t5 ye>s v few trades foll[$
 ?is example2 b 9 ! la/ few ye>s        
trades-unions ( employ]s h be5 quietly  
=m+ 9 almo/ all trades1 & "h ! situation

 has be5 mu* m fav\rable f ! outset =   
br++ employ] & lab\r] to a mutual       
und]/&+4 ,:ile ! employ]s 7 n organiz$1 
an und]/&+ 0 h>d to arrive at2 b n[ bo? 
sides are able to make contracts :i* mu/
 be 9 all respects advantage\s1 & "o ( !
 mo/ important clauses has regul>ly be5 
t disputes %all be submitt$ to a c\rt ( 
arbitration4  ,:e!r ?is solution w be a 
s\rce ( great satisfaction to ! public  
seems d\btful1 s9ce1 z soon z local     
employ]s & work+-m5 close an agreem5t = 
(f5sive & def5sive co-op]ation1 ! g5]al 
public is left 9 ! lur*1 & an absolute  
monopoly is creat$4 ,:51 = in/ance1 9 a 
l>ge city1 all ! proprietors 9 !        
electric trades h agre$ to employ only  
union workm51 & all workm5 h agre$ to "w
 = only su* z belong to ! employ]s'     
union1 x is h>dly possible = a new      
employ] to /ep 9 z competitor & l[]     
prices1 s9ce he w\ld h difficulty 9     
gett+ workm54 ,! consequ5ce is t e h\se 
own] 9 ! city :o wants an electric bell 
mu/ pay su* prices z ! employ]s' &      

workm5's unions h se5 fit to agree on4  
,free competition is kill$4  ,! problem 
( s-call$ economic fre$om is ?us op5$ up
 aga94 ,trades-unions are1 ( c\rse1 !   
product ( free & lawful agreem5t1 b "o (
 _! mo/ important a*ievem5ts is to pl$ge
 !mselves to furni% ! employ]s' union ) 
a c]ta9 numb] ( workm51 :i* is suffici5t
 = all ne$s4 ,9 return = ?is !y receive 
! promise ( ! employ]s to hire only     
memb]s ( ! work+-m5's union4 ,! result  
is1 !n1 t ! workman himself becomes a   
m]e pawn1 & is dealt ab\t l a ,*9ese    
coolie4  ,x is cle> t ^! late/ movem5ts 
are able to contribute a great deal1 &  
already h s contribut$1 to !            
reconciliation ( capital & lab\r & to an
 appreciation ( _! common int]e/s4 ,! "r
 is be+ m & m conc$$ to lab\r unions (  
controll+ c]ta9 matt]s :i* relate to !  
discipl9e & conditions ( "w1 & m        
assurance is giv5 to ! work+-m5 (       
p]man5t employm5t1 s t !y are able to   
br+ up _! families ) m confid5ce &      
security4 ,& cases ( dispute are m & m  

look$ on z diff]5ces ( op9ion betwe5    
p>tn]s ( equal rank4  ,a good deal may  
/ill be done on bo? sides2 especially ! 
lab\r unions mu/ be m /rict 9 _!        
discipl9e3 !y mu/ become responsible =  
see+ t _! memb]s refra9 f e sort (      
viol5ce dur+ wage w>s1 & t e violation (
 law1 p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to             
/rike-break]s1 is avoid$4 ,x is true t  
lab\r unions h always prea*$ calmness1 b
 h nev]!less look$ on will+ly :5        
individual memb]s or gr\ps ( memb]s1 9  
_! ang]1 h indulg$ 9 lawlessness &      
crime4 ,?is mu/ be /opp$4 ,x 0 9 ! wi%  
to avoid su* responsibility t lab\r     
unions h hi!rto /ruggl$ aga9/ be+ =c$ to
 become legal corporations2 !y h n wi%$ 
to be legally liable = damages committ$ 
by _! memb]s4 ,b su* legal liability w  
be absolutely necess>y if contracts     
betwe5 ! unions ( employ]s & ^? (       
lab\r]s are to become important4 ,x is  
p]haps ev5 m necess>y = bo? sides to    
le>n :at app>5tly ,am]ican public op9ion
 has =gott51 t a c\rt ( arbitration mu/ 

really arbitrate judicially & n m]ely   
hit on compromises4  ,! lab\r "q is /ill
 n solv$ 9 ,am]ica2 b "o mu/ close "o's 
eyes to ! ev5ts ( rec5t ye>s 9 ord] to  
?9k t x is unsolvable1 or ev5 unlikely  
to be solv$ soon4 ,! p]iod ( w>f>e seems
 9 ! ,ea/ ne>ly ov]2 bo? sides h f\nd   
ways ( ass]t+ !mselves )\t impair+ !    
progress ( ! nation's indu/ry4 ,& !     
nation kn[s t its progress w be m rapid 
9 proportion z bo? p>ties ma9ta9 _!     
equilibrium & protect indu/rial life f !
 tyranny ( monopolies1 :e!r ( capital or
 lab\r4     ,,"p ,,?ree ,,intellectual  
,,life                                  
,,*apt] ,,f\rte5                     ,! 
,_s ( ,self-,p]fection   ,!re are ?ree  
capital cities 9 ! ,unit$               
,/ates--,wa%+ton ! political capital1   
,new ,york ! comm]cial1 & ,bo/on !      
intellectual capital4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ,wa%+ton
 is s completely subord9at$ to !        
political life t ev5 ! outw>d aspect ( !
 city is m>k$ly diff]5t f t ( o!r       
,am]ican cities2 buy+ & sell+ sc>cely   

exi/4 ,9 spite ( its ?ree hundr$ ?\s&   
inhabitants1 "o is rem9d$ ( ,potsdam or 
,v]sailles2 diplomats1 legislators1 &   
(ficials set ! keynote4 ,wa%+ton is     
unique 9 ! c\ntry1 & no o!r l>ge city   
tries to compete ) x2 unless1 inde$1 on 
a v small scale a few /ate capitals1 l  
,albany1 :i* are situat$ away f !       
comm]cial c5tres4 ,be+ unique1 ,wa%+ton 
rema9s isolat$1 & its influ5ce is conf9$
 to ! political sph]e4 ,z a result1 !re 
is a slight feel+ ( ! unnatural1 or ev5 
! unreal1 ab\t x2 any movem5ts emanat+ f
 ,wa%+ton :i* are n political1 h>dly    
come to _! full fruition4 ,& al?\gh !   
city aspires to d1 & does d1 mu* = art1 
culture1 & especially = sci5ce1 its     
g5]al initiative seems always to be ly+ 
"u ! weight ( (ficialdom4 ,x w nev]     
become ! capital ( intellect4  ,9 a l   
way1 ,new ,york is really in=m$ by b a  
s+le impulse--! /ruggle = economic      
greatness4 ,?is is ! mean+ & ! moral (  
its life4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,new ,york is 
n1 l ,wa%+ton1 unique4 ,*icago makes    

t]rific /rides 9 emulation ( ,new ,york2
 & yet1 s f> z "o n[ sees1 ! city ( ?ree
 million dwell]s ar\nd ! m\? ( ! ,hudson
 w cont9ue to be ! economic c5tre ( !   
,new ,_w4 ,! :olesale m]*ants1 ! bank]  
pot5tates1 & ! corporation attorneys set
 !re ! pace1 z ! s5ators & diplomats 9  
,wa%+ton1 & dom9ate all ! activities ( !
 metropolis4 ,?r\gh _! influ5ce ,new    
,york has become ! c5tre ( luxury &     
fa%ion1 & weal? ! mo/ p[]ful factor 9   
its social life4 ,all ?is _c take place1
 & 9 su* extreme wise1 )\t affect+      
pr(\ndly ! o!r factors ( culture4 ,!    
comm]cial _s c be detect$ 9 ev]y?+ t    
comes f ,new ,york4 ,on ! surface x     
looks z if ! metropolis ( comm]ce &     
luxury might p]haps be usurp+ = itself a
 lead+ place 9 o!r matt]s4 ,& x is true 
t ! politics ( ,new ,york are important1
 & t h] newspap]s h influ5ce ?r\gh\t !  
l&4 ,b yet a real political c5tre %e w  
nev] become2 new & great political      
impulses d n )/& h] comm]cial atmosph]e4
 ,new ,york is ! *ief cle>+h\se =       

politics & indu/ry2 purely political    
ideas x trans=ms into comm]cial4  ,?is  
is /ill m true ( /rictly intellectual   
movem5ts4 ,"o mu/ n be misl$ by ! fact t
 !re is no o!r city 9 ! l& :]e s _m     
au?ors reside1 :]e s _m books & magaz9es
 are publi%$1 or s _m works ( art ( all 
k9ds are sold2 or yet :]e s _m apo/les (
 re=m lift up _! voices4 ,t ! millions (
 inhabitants 9 ,new ,york con/itute !   
greate/ !atre = moral & social re=ms1   
does n prove t ! true spr+s ( moral     
en]gy lie !re4 ,& ! fl\ri%+ /ate ( h]   
lit]>y & arti/ic activities proce$s1    
once m1 f h] economic greatness r ?an f 
any real productive en]gy or            
intellectual fruitfulness4 ,! comm]cial 
side ( ! intellectual life ( ,am]ica has
 v naturally c5tr$ itself 9 ,new ,york &
 !re organiz$2 b ?is outw>d connection  
betwe5 intellect & ! metropolis ( trade 
has v little to d ) real intellectual   
initiative4 ,su* association r weak5s   
?an /r5g!ns ! true intellectual life2 x 
subjects art to ! influ5ce ( fa%ion1    

lit]ature to ! dem&s ( comm]ce1 & w\ld  
make sci5ce b[ to ! exig5cies (         
practical life2 9 %ort1 x makes imm95t  
all ! dang]s ( sup]ficiality4 ,!        
intellectual life ( ,new ,york may be   
outw>dly respl5d5t1 b x pays = ?is 9    
dep?2 x br+s into be+ no movem5ts (     
pr(\nd significance1 & !re=e has no /&+ 
z a national c5tre 9 ^! respects4 ,z !  
intellectual life ( ! political capital 
be>s ! /amp ( (ficialdom1 s is t ( !    
comm]cial capital m>k$ ) ! sup]ficiality
 *>act]i/ic ( trade & luxury4           
,intellectual life w orig9ate new ?\ghts
 & spread !m ?r\gh ! c\ntry only :5 x is
 e>ne/1 pure1 & deep2 & in=m$1 above    
all1 ) an ideal4  ,! capital ( !        
intellectual life is ,bo/on1 & j z      
ev]y?+ :i* comes out ( ,wa%+ton is t+$ )
 politics1 or out ( ,new ,york )        
comm]ce1 s are all ! activities ( ,bo/on
 m>k$ by an intellectual /riv+ = ideal  
excell5ce4 ,ev5 its comm]ce & politics  
are imbu$ ) its ideals4  ,x is surpris+ 
h[ ?is peculi> feature ( ,bo/on /rikes  

ev5 ! sup]ficial obs]v]4 ,! ,european1  
:o aft] ! prescrib$ fa%ion l&s at ,new  
,york & travels to ,philadelphia1       
,wa%+ton1 ,*icago1 & ,niag>a1 & !n w9ds 
up 8 j\rney ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9     
,bo/on1 has 9 ?is la/ place g5]ally !   
impression t he has already come back f 
! ,new ,_w into ! ,old4 ,! admirable    
traditions ( culture1 ! ?or\ghly        
intellectual "* ( ! society1 !          
pr$om9ance ( int]e/s :i* are n          
comm]cial--9 fact1 ev5 ! qua9t &        
picturesque look ( ! city--ev]y?+ /rikes
 him z be+ s entirely diff]5t f :at 8   
fancy _h pictur$1 f its ,old ,_w po9t ( 
view1 z be+ specifically ,am]ican4 ,& no
 less is x diff]5t f :at ! re/ ( 8      
exp]i5ce ( ! ,new ,_w has giv5 him4 ,n  
until he kn[s ! c\ntry m ?or\ghly does  
he beg9 to und]/& t really 9 ?is ,yankee
 city ! true _s ( ! purely ,am]ican life
 is embodi$4  ,! ,am]ican himself       
recognizes ?is lead+ position ( ,bo/on 9
 ! intellectual life ( 8 c\ntry1 al?\gh 
he (t5 recognizes x ) mix$ feel+s4 ,he  

is fond1 ) ! light irony ( ,holmes1 to  
call ,bo/on 8! hub ( ! univ]se40 ,he    
likes to poke fun at ! ,bo/on woman by  
call+ h] a 8blue-/ock+10 & ! comic pap]s
 habitually affirm t 9 ,bo/on all       
cabbies speak ,lat94 ,b ?is does n      
obscure f him ! k t almo/ ev]y?+ :i* is 
intellectually exalt$ & significant 9   
?is c\ntry has come f ,bo/on1 t         
,massa*usetts1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,bo/on1  
has become ! =emo/ example 9 all matt]s 
( education & ( real culture1 & t !re1  
on ! gr\nd ( ! olde/ & l>ge/ academy ( !
 c\ntry--,h>v>d ,univ]sity--! true home 
( ,new ,_w ideals is to be f\nd4 ,& !   
intellectual pre-em95ce ( ,new ,engl& is
 no less recognizable 9 ! repres5tatives
 ( its culture :i* ,bo/on s5ds =? ?r\gh 
! c\ntry2 ! arti/ic triumph ( !         
,columbian ,exposition may be ascrib$ to
 ,*icago1 b v _m ( ! m5 :o accompli%$   
?is "w came f ,massa*usetts2 ! re=m     
movem5t aga9/ ,tammany belongs to !     
moral annals ( ,new ,york1 b ^? work]s  
^: moral en?usiasm ga9$ ! victory are f 

,new ,engl&4 ,?is lat5t impression1 t   
all ! be/ /hetic & moral & intellectual 
impulses orig9ate 9 ,new ,engl&1 becomes
 especially deep ! in/ant "o turns "o's 
gaze into ! pa/4 ,! true picture is at !
 pres5t day some:at ov]laid1 because ow+
 to ! indu/rial developm5t ( ! ,we/ !   
emigration f ,new ,engl& has tak5 on su*
 l>ge proportions t ! ess5tial traits ( 
,massa*usetts h be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! :ole  
l&4 ,9 pa/ times1 h] peculi> pre-em95ce 
0 mu* m m>k$4  ,:oev] traces back !     
orig9s ( ,am]ican intellectual life mu/ 
g to ! f\r? decade ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 
,!n ! colonies 9 ! ,s\!rn & ,middle     
,/ates 7 fl\ri%+ z well z ! ,nor!rn     
colonies ( ,new ,engl&2 b only 9 ^! la/ 
0 !re any real initiative t[>d          
intellectual culture4 ,9 ! ye> #afcf1   
only eight ye>s aft] ! f\ndation (      
,bo/on1 ,h>v>d ,college 0 f\nd$ z !     
fir/1 & = a long :ile ! only1 s*ool (   
high] le>n+4 ,& among ! products ( !    
pr9t+-press :i* ?is c\ntry gave =? 9 !  
:ole sev5te5? c5tury su* an a/oni%+     

majority comes f ,new ,engl& t ,am]ican 
lit]>y hi/ory has no ne$ to consid] !   
o!r colonies ( t "t4 ,! mo/ consid]able 
lit]>y figure ( ! c\ntry at t "t 0      
,cotton ,ma!r1 a ,bo/onian4 ,! eighte5? 
c5tury p]petuat$ ^! traditions4 ,!      
greate/ ?9k] ( ! c\ntry1 ,jona?an       
,edw>ds1 0 develop$ at ,h>v>d1 & ,b5jam9
 ,frankl9 0 br\ght up 9 ,bo/on4 ,!      
lit]ature ( ,new ,engl& 0 ! be/ :i* !   
c\ntry _h s f> produc$1 & :5 ! "t came =
 break+ away politically f ,engl&1 !n 9 
! same way ! moral en]gy & en?usiasm (  
,bo/on took front rank4  ,n until ^!    
days ( political indep5d5ce did ! true  
hi/ory ( ! free & indep5d5t intellectual
 life ( ,am]ica beg94 ,n[ "o "n foll[$  
close on ano!r1 & mo/ ( ! great ones    
p]ta9$ to ,new ,engl&4 ,poets l         
,longfell[1 ,l[ell1 & ,holmes 7         
,bo/onians2 ,:itti] & ,haw?orne also    
sprang f ! soil ( ,new ,engl&4 ,"h1 too1
 appe>$ ! intellectually lead+ magaz9es2
 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury ! ,nor?       
,am]ican ,review1 9 ! second half !     

,atlantic ,mon?ly4 ,"h ! religi\s       
movem5t ( ,unit>ianism work$ itself out1
 & "h 0 =m$ t s*ool ( philosoph]s 9 ^:  
mid/ /ood ! %9+ figure ( ,ralph ,waldo  
,em]son4 ,"h s\nd$ ! mo/ pot5t words    
aga9/ slav]y2 "h ,p>k]1 ,g>rison1       
,phillips1 & ,sumn] p\r$ =? _! *>ges    
aga9/ ! ,s\? into ! mid/ ( a public     
morally ar\s$4 ,"h1 also1 fir/ fl\ri%$ !
 quiet "w ( sci5tific inve/igation4     
,s9ce ! day :5 ,ticknor & ,ev]ett /udi$ 
9 ,gtt+5 9 ! ye> #ahae1 !re sprang up 9 
,massa*usetts1 m ?an any:]e else1 !     
cu/om :i* caus$ "y ,am]ican s*ol>s to   
frequ5t ,g]man s*ools ( high] le>n+4 ,! 
hi/orians ,prescott1 ,sp>ks1 ,bancr(t1  
,p>kman1 & ,motley 7 among ?is numb]4   
,"h 9 ,bo/on 0 ! classic gr\nd = !      
cultivation ( s]i\s music1 & "h 0 f\nd$ 
! fir/ l>ge public libr>y4 ,& all ^!    
movem5ts h cont9u$ d[n to ?is day4 ,none
 ( ! traditions are dead2 & any "o :o is
 n deceiv$ by sup]ficial impressions    
kn[s t ! mo/ ess5tial traits ( ,bo/on & 
,new ,engl& are ! ones :i*1 9 respect to

 intellectual life1 lead ! nation4 ,q z 
! m>ble ,capitol at ,wa%+ton is ! symbol
 ( ! political p[] ( ,am]ica1 & !       
sky-scrap]s ( l[] ,broadway are ! symbol
 ( ,am]ica's economic life1 s we may say
 ! elm-%ad$ college y>d ( ,h>v>d is !   
symbol ( ,am]ican intellectual capacity 
& accompli%m5t4  ,x may seem a/oni%+ at 
fir/ t a s+le vic9ity c atta9 su*       
em95ce1 & especially t s small a "p ( ! 
,union is able to impress its "* on !   
:ole wide l&4 ,! ph5om5on1 h[ev]1       
becomes almo/ a matt] ( c\rse1 if we put
 be=e ourselves h[ ?is _w-p[] sl[ly grew
 f ! v smalle/ beg9n+s1 & h[ ?is gr[?   
did n take place by successive increm5ts
 ( l>ge & compact masses ( p :o _h _!   
own culture & _! own indep5d5t _s1 b    
took place by ! cont9ual immigration (  
w&]]s :o 7 deta*$ & isolat$1 & :o jo9$  
!mselves to t :i* 0 already "h1 & s     
became assimilat$4 ,!n1 z soon z a      
beg9n+ _h be5 made1 & 9 a c]ta9 place a 
specific expression _h be5 giv5 to      
intellectual life1 ?is way ( ?9k+ & ?is 

g5]al attitude necess>ily became !      
prevail+ ones1 & 9 ?is way spread abroad
 f>!r & f>!r4 ,if 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1  
in/ead ( ! little ,new ,engl& /ates1 !  
,s\!rn colonies1 say1 _h develop$ a     
*>act]i/ic & indep5d5t intellectual     
life1 !n by ! same process ( con/ant    
assimilation ! "* & ?\ght ( ,virg9ia    
might h impress$ itself on ! :ole nation
 z h ! "* & ?\ght ( ,massa*usetts4 ,yet 
x 0 by no means an accid5t t ! _s :i* 0 
de/9$ to be mo/ vital did n proce$ f !  
pleasure-lov+ ,virg9ians1 b r came f !  
sev]ely e>ne/ settl]s ( ! ,nor?4  ,! way
 ( ?9k+ ( ^? ,nor!rn coloni/s c be      
admirably *>act]iz$ by a s+le ^w--!y 7  
,puritans4 ,! ,puritan _s influ5c$ !    
inn] life ( ,bo/on ,bay 9 ! sev5te5?    
c5tury1 & consequ5tly ! inn] life ( !   
:ole c\ntry d[n to our "t1 m deeply & m 
pot5tly ?an any o!r factor4 ,!          
,puritanical _s signifies some?+        
incomp>ably preci\s--x is mu* m         
admirable ?an its detractors dream (2 & 
yet at ! same "t1 x c>ries ) x its      

decid$ limitations4 ,= ne>ly ?ree hundr$
 ye>s ! g5ius ( ,am]ica has n\ri%$      
itself on ^! virtues & has suff]$ by ^! 
limitations4 ,t :i* ! ,puritans /rove = 
0 j :at _! "n signifies--purity2 purity 
9 ! s]vice ( ,god1 purity ( "*1 &1 9 an 
evil "t1 purity ( life4 ,fill$ ) !      
religi\s doctr9es ( ,calv9ism1 t little 
b& ( w&]]s _h cross$ ! ocean 9 spite ( !
 sev]e/ trials1 9 ord] to f9d free scope
 = _! ,puritan ideals2 _h left t same   
,engl& :]e1 "s "t lat] "u ,cromwell1 !y 
7 to a*ieve a victory1 al?\gh a %ort &  
aft] all insignificant "o4 ,!y mu* m c>$
 = ! spotlessness ( _! fai? ?an = any   
outw>d victory1 & e impulse ( _! dev\t &
 simple lives 0 in=m$ by _! convictions4
 ,"u ^! circum/ances x 0 no accid5t t "h
 ! intellectual & moral ideals 7 n      
obscur$ by any economic or political    
preoccupations2 b f ! v outset 7 acc\nt$
 9 !mselves ( prime importance4 ,h>v>d  
,college 0 f\nd$ z a s*ool = ! ,puritan 
cl]gy1 & almo/ ! entire ,am]ican        
lit]ature1 :i* is to say ! lit]ature (  

,new ,engl&1 ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is     
purely religi\s1 or at any rate is      
?or\ghly p]meat$ ) ! ,calv9i/ic way (   
?\ght4  ,( c\rse1 ext]nally ?is is all  
entirely *ang$1 & x is almo/ a typical  
example ( ?is trans=mation1 t ,h>v>d1   
once a sem9>y = m9i/]s1 to-day prep>es n
 "o-fiftie? "p ( its five ?\s& /ud5ts = 
! cl]ical call+4 ,inde$1 z e>ly z ! ye> 
#agjj1 ,yale ,univ]sity 0 f\nd$ 9       
,connecticut1 l>gely 9 ! aim ( creat+ a 
=tress = ! old fai?1 because ,h>v>d _h  
become too mu* a place ( free ?\ght2 & !
 great s*ol> ( ,h>v>d1 ! prea*] ,jona?an
 ,edw>ds1 w5t away f ,bo/on 9 ang]      
because x seem$ to him1 ev5 9 ! eighte5?
 c5tury1 t ! old ,calv9i/ic traditions  
_h be5 lo/4 ,& !n f9ally1 9 ! n9ete5?   
c5tury1 appe>$ ,unit>ianism--a cre$ :i* 
became ! mo/ en]getic enemy ( ,calv9ism4
 ,^! *anges & disruptions 71 h[ev]1 r an
 int]nal matt]4 ,!y 7 actually no?+ b   
small diff]5ces )9 ! ,puritan community4
 ,f ! meagre days ( ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs   
d[n to ! "t :5 ,em]son 9 rhapsodic      

flights prea*$ ! e?ical idealism (      
,fi*te1 & ,longfell[ wrote 8 8,psalm (  
,life10 ! old ,puritan _s rema9$        
pr$om9ant4  ,"o fundam5tal note s\nd$   
?r\gh ! :ole4 ,life 0 n to be liv$ = !  
sake ( pleasure1 b = ! sake ( duty4     
,exi/5ce got its s5se & value only 9    
e?ical endeav\r2 self-p]fection 0 !     
great duty :i* took prec$5ce ov] all    
o!rs4 ,among ! p>ticul>ly dogmatic t5ets
 ( ! ,calv9i/ic !ology ?is self-se>*+   
became1 9 ! la/ resort1 p]haps a some:at
 dispirit+ se>*+ aft] inn] signs by :i* 
,god 0 expect$ to %[ some:at arbitr>ily 
8 fav\r4 ,m broadly tak51 h[ev]1 x      
signifi$ r a cont9ual se>*+ ( !         
consci5ce--a consci\s suppression (     
impure1 ( worldly1 & ( selfi% impulses2 
& s 9 effect x 0 an untir+ moral        
purification4 ,& if 9 ?is !ological     
atmosph]e x appe>$ z if ,god _h l$ a    
s+ul>ly l>ge numb] ( pr$e/9$ spirits    
toge!r into ! ,new ,engl& colonies1 !   
reason 0 obvi\sly ?is--t 9 su* a        
community ( e>ne/1 self-se>*+ *>act]s a 

moral purity develop$ su* z 0 to be f\nd
 n[h]e 9 ! wild turmoil ( ! ,old ,_w4   
,:5 ! entire life is s p]meat$ by e?ical
 ideals1 !re inde$ ! nobl] "p ( man's   
nature _c be conqu]$ by l[] in/9cts or  
by ! sordid dem&s ( e-day life4  ,su* a 
place c\ld n fail to be a fav\rable     
environm5t = any intellectual und]tak+s4
 ,!re s]i\s books 7 m welcome ?an !     
m]ely amus+ ones :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ! re/ ( !
 colonies4 ,9 ,new ,engl& m 0 done =    
education1 ! developm5t ( law & ! s]vice
 ( ,god1 ?an = any outw>d %[ or mat]ial 
prosp]ity4 ,9 %ort1 ! life ( ! intellect
 ?rove !re f ! v outset4 ,& yet ( c\rse 
?is _s ( culture necess>ily took a turn 
v diff]5t f :at x _h be5 9 ! "m l&1     
diff]5t f :at x 0 on ! ,cont95t1 &      
diff]5t f :at x w\ld h be5 if ! ,s\!rn  
colonies _h be5 intellectually dom9ant4 
,= ! ,puritan1 absolutely ! :ole (      
culture 0 view$ f ! moral po9t ( view4  
,b ! moral judgm5t leads always to !    
individual2 nei!r 9 ! physical nor 9 !  
psy*ical _w c any?+ be f\nd :i* has an  

e?ical value except ! good w ( !        
individual4 ,no "w ( culture has any    
value 9 itself2 x becomes e?ically      
significant only 9 its relation to !    
individual w1 & all intellectual life   
has e?ically a s+le aim--to s]ve !      
highe/ developm5t ( ! individual4 ,f ?is
 po9t ( view1 !re=e1 sci5ce1 poetry1 &  
art h no objective value3 = ! ,puritan1 
!y are no?+ to accept & to make himself 
subord9ate to2 b !y are !mselves        
subord9ate means m]ely t[>d t "o end--! 
p]fection ( ! man4 ,life 0 a moral      
problem1 = :i* art & sci5ce became      
important only 9 s f> z !y n\ri%$ ! inn]
 gr[? ( e aspirant4 ,9 ! language ( !   
new] "t we might say t a community      
develop$ "u ,puritan influ5ces c>$      
consid]ably m = ! culture ( its         
individual memb]s ?an = ! creation ( ?+s
 intellectual1 t ! intellectual work]   
did n set out to p]fect art & sci5ce1 b 
aim$ by means ( art & sci5ce to p]fect  
himself4  ,( c\rse !re mu/ be "s        
reciprocal work+ betwe5 ! g5]al body (  

culture & ! sep>ate p]sonalities1 b !   
great t5d5cy _h to be v diff]5t f t :i* 
x w\ld h be5 _h ! *ief emphasis be5 laid
 on /hetic or intellectual productions z
 su*4 ,9 ,europe dur+ ! decisive p]iods 
! />t+-po9t has be5 & to-day is1 !      
objective2 & ?is has only second>ily    
come to be significant = ! subjective   
individual life4 ,b 9 ,puritan ,am]ica !
 s\l's welf>e /ood 9 ! =egr\nd1 & only  
second>ily 0 ! /riv+ = self-p]fection1  
self-se>*+1 & self-culture made to      
contribute to ! advance ( objective     
culture4 ,z a consequ5ce individual     
*>act]s h _h to be m>k$ly f9e ev5 at a  
"t 9 :i* all creative a*ievem5ts (      
endur+ significance 7 v few4 ,j 9 !     
opposite way ! hi/ory ( ! culture (     
non-puritanical ,europe has %[n !       
greate/ creative a*ievem5ts at ! v times
 :5 p]sonal morals 7 at _! l[e/ ebb4  ,b
 ! _s ( self-p]fection c h /ill an      
entirely diff]5t s\rce4 ,9 e?ical       
idealism ! p]fection ( p]sonality is its
 own end2 b ?is p]fection ( ! individual

 may also be a means to an end1 an      
in/rum5t = br++ ab\t ! highe/ possible  
capacity = a*ievem5t 9 practical life4  
,?is is ! logic ( utilit>ianism4 ,=     
utilit>ianism z well z = ,puritan       
idealism ! gr[? ( sci5ce & art1 & !     
developm5t ( moral in/itutions1 are no?+
 9 !mselves1 b are significant only z !y
 "w backw>d on ! m9ds ( ! individuals4  
,idealism dem&s ! intellectual life = ! 
sake ( ! individual s\l's welf>e1       
utilit>ianism = ! sake ( ! individual's 
outw>d success4 ,a great] anti!sis c\ld 
h>dly be ?\ght (2 & nev]!less ! desire =
 self-p]fection is common to bo?1 & =   
bo? ! increase ( ! national products (  
culture are at ! outset indiff]5t4 ,x is
 cle> t bo? ( ^! t5d5cies 9 _!          
sociological results w always rea* out  
f> beyond _! initial aims4 ,puritanism &
 utilit>ianism1 al?\gh !y beg9 ) !      
individual1 nev]!less mu/ be> _! fruits 
9 ! :ole intellectual /atus ( ! nation4 
,e?ical idealism aims n only to receive1
 b also to give4 ,to be sure1 x gives   

especially 9 ord] to inspire 9 o!rs its 
own _s ( self-p]fection1 b 9 ord] s to  
inspire & s to "w x mu/ give expression 
to its inn] ideals by ! creation (      
objects ( art & sci5ce4 ,utilit>ianism1 
on ! contr>y1 mu/ e>ly set su* a premium
 on all a*ievem5ts :i* make = prosp]ity 
t 9 ! same way aga9 ! individual1 f     
purely utilit>ian motives1 is incit$ to 
br+ 8 ?\ght to a creative issue4 ,!     
intellectual life ( ! nation :i* is     
in=m$ ) ,puritan & utilit>ian impulses1 
w !re=e1 aft] a c]ta9 p]iod1 advance to 
a new & national /age ( culture2 b !    
highe/ a*ievem5ts w be made p>tly 9 !   
s]vice ( moral ideals1 p>tly 9 ! s]vice 
( te*nical culture4 ,z ! result ( ! fir/
 t5d5cy1 hi/ory1 law1 lit]ature1        
philosophy1 & religion w come to _!     
fl[]+2 9 consequ5ce ( ! second t5d5cy1  
sci5ce & te*nique4  ,9 mod]n ,cont95tal 
,europe1 bo? ^! t5d5cies h be5 r weakly 
develop$4 ,f ! outset idealism has _h an
 intellectual & /hetic bias4 ,any great 
moral e>ne/ness has be5 m]ely an episode

 9 ! ?\ght ( ^? nations2 & 9 ! same way1
 too1 utilit>ianism has play$ really a  
subord9ate rle 9 _! intellectual life1  
because ! desire = free initiative has  
nev] be5 a /rik+ feature 9 !            
intellectual physiognomy4 ,! love (     
tru?1 ! enjoym5t ( beauty1 & ! social   
premiums = all :o m9i/] to ?is love &   
pleasure h be5 9 ,cont95tal ,europe m   
pot5t factors 9 ! national intellectual 
life ?an ei!r e?ical idealism or        
practical utilit>ianism4 ,& x is only   
because ( its /eady assimilation ( all  
,european immigrants t ! ,puritan _s ( !
 ,new ,engl& colonies has become !      
fundam5tal trait ( ! c\ntry1 & t moral  
e>ne/ness has n be5 a m]e episode also 9
 ! life ( ,am]ica4  ,!re is no fur!r    
pro( necess>y t1 along ) idealism1      
utilit>ianism has 9 fact be5 an effici5t
 factor 9 all intellectual activities ( 
,am]ica4 ,inde$1 we h v closely trac$   
out h[ deeply ! desire = self-initiative
 has work$ on ! population & be5 !      
actual spr+ ( ! economic life ( all     

classes4 ,b = ! ,am]ican x has be5 also 
a matt] ( c\rse t ! successful results (
 initiative presuppose1 9 addition to   
en]gy ( "*1 te*nical tra9+ & ! be/      
possible lib]al education4 ,"h & !re1 to
 be sure1 !re appe>s a successful       
self-made man--a man :o = 8 lack ( mak+ 
has only himself to ?ank--& he comes    
=w>d to w>n "y p to be w>y ( ! high]    
culture1 & to prea* to !m t ! s*ool (   
practical life is ! sole high-road to   
success4 ,b ! exempl>y organization ( ! 
great comm]cial corporations is itself a
 demon/ration aga9/ any su* fallaci\s   
p>adoxes4 ,precisely !re ! p]son ) ! be/
 tra9+ is always plac$ at ! head1 & !   
actual results ( ,am]ican te*nique w\ld 
be /ill undreamt ( if ! ,am]ican _h     
pref]r$1 be=e ! solid intellectual ma/]y
 ( 8 problems1 really no?+ b en]gy or   
8da%0 or1 say1 m]e audacity4 ,! issues  
:i* really s]i\sly int]e/ ! ,am]ican are
 n betwe5 ! adh]5ts ( culture & !       
adh]5ts ( m]e pu%1 undet]r$ by any      
culture2 ! mat]ial value ( ! highe/     

possible intellectual culture has come  
to be a dogma4 ,! real issues are ma9ly 
ev5 to-day ^? betwe5 ! ,puritanical &   
utilit>ian ideals ( self-p]fection4 ,(  
c\rse ^? mo/ 9 ! heat ( battle are n    
aw>e ( ?is2 & yet :5 9 ! ?\s&fold       
discussions ! "q comes up :e!r ! high]  
s*ools & colleges %\ld h fix$ c\rses (  
in/ruction = ! sake ( imp>t+ a uni=m &  
g5]al culture1 or :e!r on ! o!r h&      
specialization %\ld be all[$ to /ep 9 & 
s to advance ! "t = ! te*nical tra9+1 !n
 ! ,puritans ( ,new ,engl& & !          
utilit>ians ( ! ,middle ,/ates are rang$
 aga9/ ea* o!r4  ,9 fact1 x is !        
,middle1 & a little lat] on ! ,we/]n1   
,/ates1 :]e along ) ! trem5d\s          
developm5t ( ! in/9ct ( individual      
initiative ! pressure = ! utilit>ian    
exploitation ( ! high] intellectual p[]s
 has be5 mo/ lively4 ,also ?is side ( ! 
,am]ican _s has n sprung up to-day nor  
ye/]day2 & its influ5ce is nei!r an     
immoral nor a morally indiff]5t =ce4    
,utilit>ianism has decid$ly its own     

e?ics4 ,x is ! robu/ e?ics ( !          
,phili/9e1 ) its r trivial ref]5ces to !
 greate/ good ( ! greate/ numb] &       
citations ( ! g5]al welf>e4 ,b5jam9     
,frankl91 = in/ance1 prea*$ no mean     
morality1 along ) 8 lab\rs = politics & 
sci5ce2 b 8 words1 8,hone/y is ! be/    
policy10 put morality on a level ) !    
lightn+-rod :i* he inv5t$4 ,bo? are     
means t[>d human prosp]ity4 ,al?\gh born
 & br$ 9 ,bo/on1 ,frankl9 did n feel    
himself at home !re1 :]e = ! be/ p life 
0 ?\ght to be 8a trembl+ walk ) ,god40  
,= him ,philadelphia 0 a m cong5ial     
field ( activity4 ,to-day !re is no s+le
 place :i* is specially not$ = its      
utilit>ian turn ( m9d4 ,x is r a matt] (
 g5]al dissem9ation1 = ! influ5ce ( !   
entire ,we/]n population goes 9 ?is     
direction4 ,b no "o %\ld = a mom5t      
imag9e t ?is utilit>ian movem5t has     
ov]come or de/roy$ ! ,puritan _s4 ,!    
actual /ate ( ! national culture c be   
und]/ood only z a work+ toge!r ( ^! two 
types ( ! _s ( self-p]fection2 & ev5    

to-day1 ! ,puritan _s is ! /rong]--! _s 
( ,new ,engl& is 9 ! lead4  ,all t we h 
s f> spok5 ( relates to t :i* is        
di/9ctly ( national orig92 ov] & above  
?is !re is mu* :i* ! ,am]ican has adopt$
 f o!r nations4 ,! mo/ div]se factors "w
 to make ?is importation f =eign ?\ght m
 easy4 ,! weal? & ! fondness = travel ( 
! ,am]ican1 8 craze = collections1 & 8  
desire to h 9 ev]y?+ ! be/--?is 9       
addition to ! un9t]rupt$ /ream (        
immigration & mu* else--h all br\ght x  
ab\t t any?+ :i* is =eign is only too   
quickly adopt$ 9 ! national culture4 ,n 
until v lately has a m or less consci\s 
reaction aga9/ ?is sort ( ?+ /epp$ 91   
p>tly ?r\gh ! increas$ /r5g!n+ ( !      
national consci\sness1 b m specially    
?r\gh ! surpris+ly quick rise ( native  
a*ievem5t4 ,! "t = imitation 9          
ar*itecture has gone by & ! pre/ige ( ! 
,engli% romance is at an end4 ,& yet    
to-day ,engli% lit]ature1 ,fr5* art1 &  
,g]man music /ill ex]cise "h _! due &   
pot5t influ5ce4  ,n[1 9 addition to ^!  

influ5ces :i* spr+ f ! culture ( =eign  
nations1 come f9ally ^? impulses :i* are
 n peculi> to any "o nation1 b spr+ up 9
 e c\ntry out ( ! l[] in/9cts &         
pleasures4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ! _w m]e love (   
div]sion tries to /ep 9 & to usurp !    
place ( /hetic pleasure4 ,ev]y:]e       
curiosity & s5sational ab&on are apt to 
und]m9e purely logical int]e/s1 &       
ev]y:]e a m]e excitability tries to     
assume ! rle ( moral ard\r4 ,ev]y:]e !  
weak & trivial moral1 /hetic1 &         
intellectual appeals ( ! v>iety /age may
 come to be pref]r$ ov] ! s]i\s appeals 
( ! drama4 ,x is said t ?is t5d5cy1 :i* 
0 always deeply root$ 9 man's nature1 is
 felt m noticeably 9 our n]v\s &        
excitable times ?an x 0 9 ! old days4 ,9
 a simil> way "o may say t x %[s out    
/ill /rong] 9 ,am]ica ?an x does 9 o!r  
c\ntries4 ,! reason = ?is is cle>4      
,political democracy is responsible = "p
 ( x2 = 9 ! "n ( t equality :i* x       
po/ulates1 x in/9ctively l5ds m         
c\nt5ance to ! /hetic ta/es1 ! judgm5t1 

& ! moral inspiration ( ! but*]1 ! bak] 
& c&le/ick-mak] ?an is really desirable 
if "o has at he>t ! developm5t (        
absolute culture4 ,p]haps an ev5 m      
important factor is ! purely economic   
circum/ance t 9 ,am]ica ! masses possess
 a great] pur*as+ p[] ?an 9 any o!r     
c\ntry1 & = ?is reason are able to ex]t 
a m imm$iate influ5ce on ! intellectual 
life ( ! l&4 ,! great public is n m     
trivial 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an else:]e2 x
 is r1 z 9 e democracy1 m mature &      
self-conta9$2 b 9 ,am]ica ?is great     
public is m ?an else:]e 9 ! mat]ial     
position to buy great newspap]s1 & to   
support !atres2 & is ?us able to ex]t a 
degrad+ influ5ce on ! intellectual level
 ( bo? newspap] & !atre4  ,9 ?is way1   
!n1 ! t5d5cy ( ! l[] classes t[>d ^? ?+s
 :i* are trivial may sometimes conceal !
 f9e traits 9 ! picture ( ! national    
intellectual life2 j z ! read9ess =     
imitation may1 = a "t1 br+ 9 _m a =eign 
trait4 ,b nev]!less1 !re is 9 fact a    
cle>ly recognizable1 a free & indep5d5t 

intellectual life1 :i* ev]y:]e reveals !
 opposition or ! balance betwe5         
,puritanism & utilit>ianism1 & :i* is   
ev]y:]e dom9at$ by t s+le wi% :i* is    
common bo? to ,puritans & to            
utilit>ians--! desire = ! be/ possible  
developm5t ( ! individual1 ! desire =   
self-p]fection4  ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x rema9s 
a some:at artificial ab/raction to pick 
out a s+le trait--ev5 if t is ! mo/     
typical--f ! intellectual make-up ( !   
nation1 s ( c\rse x is und]/ood f !     
outset t all ! o!r peculi>ities ( !     
,am]ican "w toge!r ) ?is "o to col\r &  
%ape 8 real intellectual life4 ,ev]y:]e1
 = in/ance1 "o notes ! easily k9dl$     
en?usiasm ( ! ,am]ican & 8 inexhau/ible 
v]satility1 8 religi\s temp]am5t & 8    
/rongly m>k$ feel+ ( decorum1 8 lively  
s5se ( ju/ice & 8 en]gy1 & p]haps mo/ ( 
all 8 :imsical hum\r4 ,ea* "o ( ^!      
admirable traits involves "s correspond+
 fail+4 ,x is natural t impetu\s        
en?usiasm %\ld n make = t dogg$ p]si/5ce
 :i* s (t5 has br\ght victory to v>i\s  

,g]man intellectual movem5ts2 s1 too1 a 
nice feel+ = =m gr[s easily impati5t :5 
x is a "q ( intellectual "w requir+ a   
broad & some:at c>eless h&l+4 ,devotion 
to ! sup]s5su\s is incl9$ to lead to    
sup]/ition & my/icism1 :ile a too       
s5sitive feel+ = fair play may develop  
into hy/]ical sympa?y = t :i* is m]ely  
puny2 v]satility1 z is well kn[n1 is    
only too apt to come out 9 fickle       
dilettante activities1 & ! hum\r t bobs 
up at e mom5t de/roys easily en\gh !    
dignity ( ! mo/ s]i\s occasion4 ,& yet  
all ?is1 :e!r good or bad1 is a second>y
 matt]4 ,! _s ( self-p]fection rema9s ! 
c5tral po9t1 & x mu/ be always f ?is    
po9t t we survey ! :ole field4  ,a      
social community :i* believes its *ief  
duty to be ! highe/ p]fection ( !       
individual w direct its ma9 att5tions to
 ! *ur* & ! s*ool4 ,! *ur* life 9       
,am]ica is1 = political reasons1 almo/  
entirely sep>at$ f ! influ5ce ( ! /ate2 
b ! =ce ) :i* e p]son is drawn into "s  
*ur* circle has n = ?is reason lo/1 b r 

ga9$1 /r5g?4 ,! :ole social ma*9e is    
devis$ 9 ! int]e/s ( religion1 & !      
impati5ce ( ! sects & *ur*es aga9/ "o   
ano!r is slight inde$ z comp>$ ) !      
intol]ance ( ! *ur*es z a :ole aga9/    
irreligion4 ,! b\nd>ies are drawn z     
widely z possible1 s t e?ical culture or
 ev5 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce may be includ$ "u 
! head ( religion2 b c\ntless purely    
social influ5ces make /rongly t[>d br++ 
! _s ( wor%ip 9 "s wise into e man's    
life1 s t an h\r ( consecration prec$es 
! week ( "w1 & e "o 9 ! mid/ ( 8 e>?ly  
turmoil he$s ! ?\ght ( et]nity1 9 :atev]
 way he w4 ,& ^! social means are ev5   
/rong] ?an any political ones c\ld be4  
,!re is v mu* :i* contributes to deep5 !
 religi\s feel+ ( ! p & to increase !   
effici5cy ( ! *ur*es4 ,! v num]\sness ( 
! diff]5t sects is n ! lea/ factor 9 ?is
 direction1 = x all[s e individual      
consci5ce to f9d some:]e its peculi>    
religi\s satisfaction4 ,an additional   
impulse is ! high position :i* woman    
occupies1 = %e is m religi\sly end[$ ?an

 man4 ,& yet ano!r factor is ! _m social
 functions :i* ! *ur*es h tak5 on       
!mselves4 ,9 ?is la/ !re is mu* t may   
seem to ! /rang] too secul>3 ! *ur* :i* 
is at ! same "t a club1 a circulat+     
libr>y1 & a place to l\nge 91 seems at  
fir/ sight to lose some?+ ( its dignity2
 b j because x has wov5 itself 9 by su* 
c\ntless ?reads to ! web ( daily life1 x
 has come to pass t no "p ( ! social    
fabric is q indep5d5t ( x4 ,( c\rse !   
ext]nal appe>ance ( a l>ge city does n  
/rongly indicate ?is /ate ( ?+s2 b ! t[n
 & c\ntry on ! o!r h& give evid5ce ( !  
/rong religi\s t5d5cy ( ! population1   
ev5 to ! sup]ficial obs]v]2 & he w n    
und]/& ! ,am]icans if he leaves out (   
acc\nt _! religi\s inw>dness4 ,!        
influ5ce ( religion is ! only "o :i* is 
/rong] ?an t ( politics itself1 & !     
accompli%$ pr(essional politicians are  
%>p to guide _! p>ty away f any dang]\s 
competition ) t factor4  ,! *ur* owes   
its p[] m or less to ! unconsci\s       
s5tim5ts 9 ! s\l ( ! p1 :]eas ! high    

position & support ( ! public s*ool is !
 "o end t[>d :i* ! consci\s volition ( !
 entire nation is b5t ) firme/          
det]m9ation4 ,"o mu/ picture to "o's    
self ! huge ext5t ( ! ?9ly populat$     
c\ntry1 ! incomp>able div]sity ( !      
population :i* has come 91 br++ _m      
diff]5ces ( race & language1 & f9ally ! 
outlay ( /r5g? :i* has be5 necess>y to  
op5 up ! soil to cultivation1 9 ord] to 
h an idea ( :at huge lab\rs x has tak5  
to plant ! l& f ! ,atlantic to !        
,pacific ) a ?ick s[+ ( s*ools4 ,!      
desire = ! be/ possible s*ool sy/em is =
 ! ,am]ican actually m ?an a social     
duty--x has become a passion2 & al?\gh  
"h & !re x may h gone a/ray1 x has nev] 
be5 afraid ( any difficulty4  ,!        
,european :o is accu/om$ to see ! "q (  
education left to ! gov]nm5t c h>dly    
realize ) :at int5sity ?is entire       
population p>ticipates 9 ! solution (   
!oretical problems & 9 ! ov]com+ (      
practical difficulties4 ,no weekly pap] 
or magaz9e & no lecture programme ( any 

association ( ?9k+ m5 c\ld be f\nd 9 :i*
 que/ions ( nurture & education are n   
treat$4 ,p$agogical publications are    
innum]able1 & ! numb] ( ^? :o are       
te*nically in=m$ is ne>ly id5tical ) !  
numb] ( ^? :o h br\ght up *ildr54 ,!    
discussions 9 ,g]many ov]1 we may say1  
high s*ools & te*nical s*ools1 ov] mod]n
 & anci5t languages1 or ! high]         
education ( wom51 int]e/ a relatively   
small circle z comp>$ ) simil>          
discussions 9 ,am]ica4 ,! m]e fact t ?is
 ef=t t[>d ! be/ s*ool in/ruction has s 
deeply tak5 hold ( all classes (        
society1 & t x leads all p>ties & sects 
& all p>ts ( ! c\ntry to a unit$ &      
self-consci\s /ruggle =w>d is 9 itself (
 ! highe/ value = ! education ( ! :ole  
p4  ,9 ! broad basis ( ! public s*ool is
 built a great sy/em ( high] in/ruction1
 & ! ,european does n easily f9d ! "r   
po9t ( view f :i* to take ?is4 ,!       
hundr$s ( colleges1 univ]sities1        
pr(essional s*ools1 & polyte*nics seem  
to ! casual obs]v] v (t5 l a m]ely      

het]og5e\s & disord]$ collection (      
sep>ate in/itutions1 because !re seems  
to be no common /&>d1 no g5]al level1 no
 common po9t ( view1 & no common end2 9 
%ort1 !re seems to be no sy/em4 ,&      
nev]!less1 !re is at ! bottom ( x all an
 excell5t sy/em4 ,x is "h t "o f9ds !   
mo/ elaborate & a/oni%+ a*ievem5t ( !   
,am]ican _s1 held toge!r 9 "o sy/em by !
 pr9ciple ( imp]ceptible gradations2 &  
no o!r organization1 specially no m]e   
imitation ( =eign examples1 c\ld s      
completely br+ to expression ! ,am]ican 
desire = self-p]fection4  ,! topics (   
s*ool & univ]sity w\ld n make up "o-half
 ( ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican popul> education4
 ,9 no o!r c\ntry ( ! _w is ! nation s  
mu* & s sy/ematically in/ruct$ outside (
 ! s*ool z 9 ,am]ica1 & ! ?\s& =ms 9 :i*
 popul> education is provid$ = ^? :o h  
gr[n beyond ! s*ools1 are once m a      
lively te/imony to ! tireless in/9ct =  
p]sonal p]fection4 ,ev5+ s*ools1 summ]  
s*ools1 univ]sity ext5sion c\rses1      
lecture in/itutes1 society classes1 &   

debat+ clubs1 all "w toge!r to t end2 & 
to omit ^! w\ld be to give no true      
hi/ory ( ,am]ican culture4 ,! backgr\nd 
( all ?is1 h[ev]1 is ! great national   
/ock ( public libr>y books1 f :i* ev5 ! 
poore/ p]son c f9d ! be/ books & /udy !m
 amid ! mo/ delightful surr\nd+s4  ,!   
popul> educational libr>ies1 toge!r ) ! 
amaz+ly pr(use newspap] & magaz9e       
lit]ature1 succe$ 9 rea*+ ! :ole p2 &1 9
 turn1 ^! in/itutions w\ld n h become s 
l>ge z !y are if ! p !mselves _h n      
possess$ a /rong desire = improvem5t4   
,?is ?ir/ = read+ is aga9 no?+ new2 =   
,hopk9son1 :o 0 acqua9t$ ) bo? ,engl& & 
,am]ica 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 
report$ ) surprise ! diff]5ce 9 ?is     
respect betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,& s9ce t
 "t ! developm5t has gone on & on until 
to-day ! magaz9es are pr9t$ by ! hundr$s
 ( ?\s&s1 & hi/orical romances 9        
editions ( half a million copies2 :ile  
public libr>ies exi/ n only 9 e small   
city1 b ev5 9 ! villages1 & ^? 9 ! l>ge 
cities are h\s$ 9 build+s :i* are truly 

monum5ts ( ar*itecture4 ,z ! influ5ce ( 
books has gr[n1 ! native lit]ature has  
increas$ & ! arts ( modell+ & sculpture 
h come =w>d at an equal pace1 z means ( 
popul> culture4 ,museums h aris51       
or*e/ras be5 e/abli%$1 ! !atre develop$1
 & an intellectual life has sprung up   
:i* is ready to measure itself aga9/ !  
be/ t ,european culture has produc$4 ,b 
! real f\ndation ( ?is is ev5 to-day n !
 creative g5ius1 b ! av]age citiz51 9 8 
/riv+ aft] self-p]fection & culture4    
,once e ye> ! ,am]ican p g ?r\gh a p]iod
 ( =mal m$itation & moral reflection4 ,9
 ! mon? ( ,june all ! s*ools close4     
,colleges & univ]sities %ut _! doors = !
 long summ] vacation2 & !n1 at ! end ( !
 ye> ( /udy1 accord+ to an old ,am]ican 
cu/om1 "s s]i\s message is deliv]$ to ^?
 :o are ab\t to leave ! in/itutions4 ,to
 make su* a f>ewell spee* is acc\nt$ an 
hon\r1 dep5d+1 ( c\rse1 on ! rank ( !   
in/itution1 & ! be/ m5 9 ! c\ntry are   
glad to be ask$4 ,?us x happ5s t1 9 !   
few weeks ( ,june1 hundr$s ( ! lead+    

m5--s*ol>s1 /atesm51 noveli/s1 re=m]s1  
politicians1 (ficials1 &                
philan?ropi/s--vie ) "o ano!r 9 impress+
 on ! y\? ! be/1 deepe/1 & mo/ inspir+  
s5tim5ts2 & s9ce ^! spee*es are copi$ 9 
! newspap]s & magaz9es1 !y are virtually
 said to ! :ole p4 ,! m important       
utt]ances g5]ally ar\se discussions 9 ! 
columns ( ! newspap]s1 & s ! mon? (     
,june comes to be a "t ( reflection &   
m$itation1 & ( a c]ta9 refre%m5t (      
inspiration & a revival ( moral /r5g?4  
,n[1 if "o looks ov] ^! spee*es1 "o sees
 t !y g5]ally are conc]n$ ) "o ( two    
great !mes4 ,"s ( !m appeal to ! y\?1   
say+2 ,le>n & cultivate y\rselves1 = ?is
 is ! only way 9 :i* y w arrive at      
becom+ useful memb]s ( society3 :ile !  
o!rs urge2 ,cultivate y\rselves1 = !re  
is 9 life no?+ m preci\s ?an a full &   
h>moni\s developm5t ( ! s\l4 ,! latt]   
s5tim5t is t ( ! ,puritan1 :ile ! =m] is
 t ( ! utilit>ian4 ,& yet !             
individuali/ic t5d5cy is 9 bo? cases !  
same4 ,9 bo? cases y\? is urg$ to f9d   

its goal 9 ! p]fection ( ! individual4  
,,*apt] ,,fifte5                   ,!   
,s*ools & ,popul> ,education   ,! ,dut* 
population ( ,new ,am/]dam />t$ a s*ool 
sy/em 9 ! ye> #afba4 ,! fir/ public     
,lat9 s*ool 0 f\nd$ 9 ,bo/on 9 ! ye>    
#afce4 ,! o!r colonies soon foll[$4     
,cle>ly ! ,engli% gov]nor ( ,virg9ia1   
,b]keley1 _h n q grasp$ ! _s ( ! ,new   
,_w1 :5 at ab\t t "t he wrote home1 t1  
?ank ,god1 no public s*ools & no        
pr9t+-press exi/$ "h1 & :5 he add$ 8    
hope t !y w\ld n be introduc$ = a hundr$
 ye>s1 s9ce le>n+ br+s irreligion &     
disob$i5ce into ! _w1 & ! pr9t+-press   
dissem9ates !m & fights aga9/ ! be/     
int5tions ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,= t matt] x 0  
precisely ,virg9ia :i* 0 ! fir/ colony1 
ev5 be=e ,bo/on & ,new ,york1 to consid]
 ! "q ( education4 ,z e>ly z #afai !    
treasur] ( ! ,virg9ia ,company _h       
propos$1 9 ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t1 t       
#ae1jjj acres ( l& %\ld be set aside 9 !
 int]e/s ( a s*ool = high] education4 ,!
 ,engli% *ur*es became int]e/$ 9 ! plan1

 & an abundant supply ( money 0 got     
toge!r4 ,gr\nd & build+s _h be5 procur$ 
= l[] & high] in/ruction & all 0 9 work+
 ord]1 :5 9 #afbb ! fe>ful ,indian w>   
upset ev]y?+4 ,! build+s 7 de/roy$1 &   
all ?\ght ( public education 0 = a long 
"t giv5 up4 ,?is is h[ t condition came 
ab\t :i* s well pleas$ ,gov]nor         
,b]keley4 ,b ?is mi%ap to ! ,virg9ia    
colony %[s at once h[ ! ,am]ican sy/em (
 education has n be5 able to progress 9 
any sy/ematic way1 b has suff]$ frequ5t 
rev]ses ?r\gh w> or political           
di/urbance4 ,& x has develop$ 9 !       
diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry at a v diff]5t  
pace1 sometimes ev5 9 q diff]5t         
directions4 ,x 0 n until aft] ! ,civil  
,w>--t is1 )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s--t ^!    
diff]5ces h to a l>ge ext5t be5 wip$    
out4 ,x is only to-day t "o c speak ( a 
g5]al ,am]ican sy/em4 ,! outsid] w1     
!re=e1 come to a bett] und]/&+ ( !      
,am]ican educational sy/em if he beg9s 8
 /udy ) conditions z !y are to-day1 = !y
 are m unifi$ & !re=e easi] to und]/&1  

?an if he 7 to try to und]/& h[ ! pres5t
 has hi/orically come f ! complicat$ & r
 un9t]e/+ pa/4  ,s we %all n ask h[ !   
educational sy/em has develop$1 b r :at 
x is to-day & :at x aims to be4 ,ev5 !  
pres5t-day conditions may easily lead a 
,g]man into "s confusion1 because he is 
naturally incl9$ to comp>e !m ) !       
conditions at home1 & su* a comp>ison is
 n always easy4 ,!re=e1 we mu/ picture  
to ourselves fir/ ( all ! fundam5tal    
po9ts 9 ! sy/em1 & describe its pr9cipal
 v>iations f ! conditions 9 ,g]many4 ,a 
few broad /rokes w suffice = a fir/     
inspection4  ,! unit ( ! sy/em 9 its    
complete/ =m is a f\r ye>s' c\rse (     
in/ruction4 ,= ! easi] survey we may ?9k
 ( a b\nd>y drawn at :at 9 ,g]many w\ld 
be betwe5 ! ,ob]sekunda & ,prima ( a    
,gymnasium or ,reals*ule4 ,n[1 ?ree su* 
units ( ! sy/em lie be=e & two aft] ?is 
l9e ( dem>cation4 ,! son ( a well-to-d  
family1 :o is to /udy m$ic9e 9 ,h>v>d   
,univ]sity1 w probably rea* ?is l9e (   
dem>cation 9 8 eighte5? ye>4 ,if he is  

advanc$ accord+ to ! normal s*eme he w h
 ent]$ a prim>y s*ool at six ye>s ( age1
 ! gramm> s*ool at t51 & ! high s*ool at
 f\rte54 ,?us he w complete a twelve    
ye>s' c\rse 9 ! public s*ools4 ,n[ he   
crosses our l9e ( dem>cation 9 8        
eighte5? ye> & ent]s college4 ,& z soon 
z he has f9i%$ 8 f\r ye>s' c\rse 9      
college he beg9s 8 m$ical /udies 9 !    
univ]sity1 & he is tw5ty-six ye>s old :5
 he has f9i%$4 ,if we c\nt 9 two ye>s ( 
e>ly prep>ation 9 ! k9d]g>t51 we %all   
see t ! :ole s*eme ( education involves 
tw5ty-two ye>s ( /udy4 ,n[1 x is inde$  
possible t our "y m$ical /ud5t w h      
progress$ some:at m rapidly2 p]haps he w
 h rea*$ ! high s*ool aft] six in/ead ( 
eight ye>s ( /udy2 p]haps he w f9i% 8   
college c\rse 9 ?ree ye>s1 & x may be t 
he w nev] h gone to k9d]g>t54 ,b we h at
 fir/ to conc]n ourselves ) ! complete  
plan ( education1 n ) ! v>i\s *anges &  
abbreviations ( x1 :i* are v prop]ly    
all[$ & ev5 fav\r$4  ,! l9e :i* we call 
! great b\nd>y is ! "t :5 ! lad ent]s   

college4 ,n[1 :at is ! great            
significance ( ?is mom5t8 ,! ,g]man1 :o 
?9ks 9 t]ms ( ,gymnasium & ,univ]sitt1  
is almo/ sure to fall into a            
misappreh5sion2 = college is nei!r ! "o 
nor ! o!r4 ,s f> z ! /udies !mselves g1 
x co9cides r well ) ! ,prima ( !        
,gymnasium & ! fir/ two or ?ree seme/]s 
9 ! philosophical faculty ( ! ,g]man    
univ]sity4 ,& yet ev5 ?is by no means   
tells "o :at a college really is4 ,above
 all1 x does n expla9 :y ! ,am]ican     
makes ! *ief division at ! "t ( ent]+   
college1 :ile ! ,g]man makes x :5 he    
ent]s ! m$ical or law s*ool4 ,?is ne$s  
to be expla9$ mo/ cle>ly1 because v     
important factors are "h involv$1 :i*   
be> on ! future ( ,am]ican civilization4
 ,& s we mu/ give especial att5tion to  
college & ! pr(essional s*ools4 ,b t    
discussion is to be res]v$ = ! *apt] on 
! univ]sities4 ,= ! pres5t1 we h only to
 deal ) ! sy/em ( in/ruction 9 ^? s*ools
 :i* prep>e = college4  ,& s1 leav+ !   
k9d]g>t5 out ( ! "q1 we %all deal ) ^?  

?ree in/itutions :i* we h call$ prim>y1 
gramm>1 & high s*ools4 ,usually1 ! fir/ 
two ( ^! are class$ toge!r z "o eight   
ye>s' c\rse ( tra9+4 ,! ,european w be  
/ruck at once t 9 ?is sy/em !re is only 
"o normal plan ( public education4 ,!   
future m]*ant1 :o goes to ! high s*ool &
 ends 8 /udies 9 ! eighte5? ye>1 has to 
foll[ ! same c\rse ( /udy 9 ! prim>y &  
gramm> s*ools z ! peasant & lab\r] :o   
/udies only until 8 f\rte5? ye>1 & !n   
leaves s*ool to "w 9 ! field or !       
factory4 ,& ?is "y m]*ant1 al?\gh he    
goes into bus9ess :5 he is eighte5 ye>s 
old1 pursues exactly ! same /udies z !  
/ud5t :o is lat] to g to college & !    
univ]sity4 ,n[ 9 fact1 9 j ?is          
connection ! actual conditions are      
admirably adapt$ to ! mo/ div]se        
requirem5ts2 ! public s*ools f9d an     
admirable complem5t 9 private s*ools2 &1
 m ?an t1 c]ta9 v complicat$            
diff]5tiations h be5 br\ght ab\t )9 !   
s+le s*ool1 9 ord] to ov]come ! mo/     
s]i\s defects ( ?is uni=mity4           

,nev]!less1 ! pr9ciple rema9s2 ! sy/em  
is uni=m1 & ! ,am]ican himself f9ds !re9
 its *ief m]it4  ,! motive = ?is is     
cle>4 ,e "o1 ev5 ! mo/ humble1 %\ld f9d 
8 way op52 e "o mu/ be able to press on 
z f> z 8 own intellig5ce p]mits2 9 o!r  
words--words :i* ! ,am]ican p$agogue is 
v fond ( utt]+--! public s*ool is to    
make ! _s ( ca/e impossible4 ,x is to   
wipe out ! b\nd>ies betwe5 ! diff]5t    
classes ( society1 & x is to see to x1 t
 if ! f>m]'s lad ( "s remote village    
feels )9 himself "s high] aspiration1 & 
wants to g beyond ! gramm> s*ool to !   
high s*ool & ev5 to college1 he %all f9d
 no ob/acle 9 8 way4 ,8 advance mu/ n be
 imp$$ by 8 sudd5ly f9d+ t 8 entrance   
into ! high s*ool w\ld ne$ "s diff]5t   
sort ( previ\s tra9+4  ,?is g5]al       
int]m+l+ ( ! classes ( society is ?\ght 
to be ! panacea ( democracy4 ,! y\ng]   
g5]ations are to be remov$ f all ^?     
influ5ces :i* keep _! p>5ts ap>t1 & out 
( all ! classes ( society ! /urdie/ y\? 
are to be free ( all prejudice & free to

 rise to ! highe/ positions4 ,only 9 ?is
 wise c new s\nd blood fl[ ?r\gh !      
social organism2 only s c ! great evils 
incid5t to ! =mation ( ca/es :i* h h9d]$
 old ,europe 9 its mighty progress be f 
! v outset avoid$4 ,! classic my?       
relates ( ! h]o :o ga9$ 8 /r5g? because 
he kiss$ ! e>?4 ,9 ?is way ! ,am]ican p 
believe t !y w become /rong only by     
return+ ) e fre% g5]ation to ! soil1 &  
if ! ,g]man ,gymnasia 7 a hundr$ times  
bett] ?an !y are1 & if !y 7 able to     
prep>e a boy f e>ly *ildhood = ! highe/ 
intellectual accompli%m5t1 ,am]ica w\ld 
/ill f9d !m unsuit$ to h] ne$s1 because 
f ! outset !y are design$ = only a small
 portion ( ! p1 & = ?is reason !y make x
 almo/ impossible = ! great mass ( boys 
to proce$ to ! univ]sities f ! ord9>y   
public s*ools4  ,all ( ?is is !         
traditional confession ( belief ( !     
p$agogue ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,b n[ s9ce       
,am]ica1 9 ! mo/ rec5t times1 has       
nev]!less begun to gr[ 9 its social     
/ructure consid]ably m l antiquat$      

,europe1 & sees itself less & less able 
to ov]come ! t5d5cies to a _s ( ca/e1 s 
a sort ( mild compromise has be5 made   
betwe5 ! democratic cre$ & ari/ocratic  
t5d5cies1 especially 9 ! l>ge cities ( !
 ,ea/4 ,nev]!less1 any "o :o keeps 8    
eyes op5 w admit t1 s f> z ! public     
s*ool goes1 intellectual self-p]fection 
is 9 e way fav\r$1 s t e s+le *ild ( ! p
 may rise z high z he w4 ,gramm> s*ool  
leads to ! high s*ool1 & ! high s*ool   
leads to college4  ,!re is ano!r factor 
:i* is closely relat$ to ! =ego+4       
,education is free & obligatory4 ,9 old5
 times !re 0 m ! t5d5cy = ! p>5ts ( !   
*ildr51 r ?an = ! g5]al taxpay]1 to pay 
= ! ma9t5ance ( ! s*ools4 ,inde$1 !re 7 
times 9 :i* ! remission ( ! special     
s*ool tax 0 consid]$ almo/ an act (     
*>ity1 :i* only ! poore/ ( ! p>5ts w\ld 
accept4 ,b n[ x is q diff]5t4 ,! s*ool  
sy/em kn[s no diff]5ce betwe5 ri* &     
poor1 & x is a fundam5tal pr9ciple t !  
support ( ! s*ools is a matt] = ! :ole  
community4 ,! only "q is 9 reg>d to !   

high s*ool1 s9ce aft] all only a small  
p]c5tage ( s*ool *ildr5 comes z f> z !  
high s*ool2 & x is unju/1 "s say1 to    
burd5 ! g5]al taxpay] ) ! exp5ses ( su* 
s*ool4  ,nev]!less1 on ?is po9t !       
op9ions ( ^? h won :o conceive t x is ! 
duty ( ! community to nurture any ef=t  
t[>d self-culture1 ev5 9 ! poore/ *ild4 
,! *ief motive 9 old5 times1 :]e=e !    
exp5ses ( ! s*ools 7 paid by all1 0 t ! 
s*ool 0 lead+ t[>d religion2 to-day !   
(ficial motive = ! application ( taxes  
to ! ma9t5ance ( s*ools is ! conviction 
t only an educat$ & cultivat$ p c rule  
itself4 ,! "r to vote1 x is said1       
presupposes ! "r to an education by     
means ( :i* e citiz5 becomes able to    
read ! pap]s ( ! day & to =m 8 own      
indep5d5t op9ion on public matt]s4 ,b   
s9ce e public s*ool is op5 also to !    
daught]s ( ! citiz5s :o possibly want ! 
"r to vote1 b d n s f> h x1 x becomes   
cle> t ! above-m5tion$ political motive 
is n ! :ole ( ! matt]4 ,x is en\gh =    
te*nical discussions ( taxation1 b :at !

 community is really work+ = is !       
greate/ possible numb] ( ! mo/ highly   
educat$ individuals4 ,free in/ruction is
 fur!r supplem5t$ 9 v>i\s /ates--z1 =   
in/ance1 9 ,massa*usetts--by supply+    
text-books gratis4 ,"s o!r /ates g s f> 
z to supply ! ne$y *ildr5 ) clo?+4 ,!   
obligatory "* ( education goes ) ! fact 
t x is free4 ,9 ?is respect1 too1 ! laws
 ( diff]5t /ates are widely div]g5t4 ,"s
 require sev51 o!rs eight1 /ill o!rs ev5
 n9e ye>s1 ( s*ool tra9+4 ,& ! s*ool ye>
 itself is fix$ diff]5tly 9 diff]5t     
/ates4  ,^! diff]5ces betwe5 ! /ates    
po9t at once to a fur!r fact :i* has be5
 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,am]ican s*ool sy/em f !
 v beg9n+4 ,responsibility = ! s*ools   
re/s at ! p]iph]y2 & 9 extremely happy  
fa%ion ! au?ority is s divid$ t all     
v>iations1 :]ev] !y occur1 are          
adaptations to local conditions2 &      
nev]!less unity is pres]v$4 ,a labile   
equilibrium ( ! v>i\s adm9i/rative      
factors is br\ght ab\t by h>moni\s      
di/ribution ( ! au?ority1 & ?is is1 9   

all dep>tm5ts ( public life1 ! peculi>  
faculty ( ! ,am]icans4  ,! f$]al        
gov]nm5t1 z su*1 has no direct influ5ce 
on education4 ,! tirelessly active      
,bureau ( ,education at ,wa%+ton1 :i* is
 "u ! direction ( ! admirable p$agogue1 
,mr4 ,h>ris1 is ess5tially a bureau =   
advice & in=mation & = ! tak+ (         
/ati/ics4 ,! legal ord9ances p]ta9+ to  
s*ool sy/ems is a matt] = ! individual  
/ate1 & ! /ate aga9 leaves x to !       
individual community1 )9 c]ta9 limits ( 
c\rse & "u /ate sup]vision1 to build    
s*ools & to organize !m1 to *oose _!    
tea*]s1 _! plans ( education1 & _!      
s*ool-books4 ,& at e po9t "h1 exactly z 
9 ! /rik+ example ( ! f$]al             
,con/itution1 ! responsibility is divid$
 betwe5 ! legislative & ! executive     
bodies4 ,! /ate inspector ( s*ools is   
co-ord9ate ) ! /ate legislature1 & !    
s*ool inspector ( a city or a c\ntry    
di/rict1 :o is elect$ n[ by ! mayor1 n[ 
by ! c\ncil1 n[ p]haps directly by !    
community1 is a sort ( te*nical         

speciali/ ) consid]able discretion>y    
p[]2 he is co-ord9at$ to ! s*ool        
committee1 :i* is elect$ by ! community1
 & :i* directs ! exp5ditures & confirms 
all appo9tm5ts4  ,! responsibility = !  
moral & intellectual /&>ds1 = !         
practical conditions1 & = ! f9ancial    
liabilities incurr$ by e s*ool1 re/s    
!re=e imm$iately ) ! community1 :i* has 
to pay = _! support1 & ^: *ildr5 are to 
d]ive advantage4 ,& nev]!less1 ! g5]al  
ov]sight ( ! /ate sees to x t nei!r     
:imsicality nor c>elessness abuses ?is  
"r1 nor dep>ts too widely f approv$     
traditions4 ,^! au?orities are fur!r    
supplem5t$ 9 t ! /ate legislature is m  
or less able to make up = diff]5ces     
betwe5 ri* & poor di/ricts & betwe5 !   
city & ! c\ntry1 besides directly c>ry+ 
on c]ta9 normal s*ools 9 :i* ! tea*]s = 
! elem5t>y & gramm> s*ools are tra9$4   
,v great & v div]se advantages are !    
imm$iate outcome ( ?is adm9i/rative     
sy/em4 ,fir/ly1 an int]e/ 9 ! well-be+ (
 ! s*ools is develop$ 9 e /ate1 city1 & 

t[n1 & ! _s ( self-p]fection is unit$ ) 
! _s ( self-det]m9ation4 ,secondly1 !re 
is a good deal ( free play = local      
diff]5ces--diff]5ces betwe5 /ates &     
diff]5ces )9 ! /ate4 ,no?+ w\ld h be5 m 
unsuitable ?an 9 ?is :ole trem5d\s      
t]ritory to in/itute a rigidly fix$     
s*ool sy/em1 z say by "s f$]al laws or  
"s int]/ate agreem5ts4 ,if !re 7 ! same 
educational provisions = ! negro /ates (
 ! ,s\? & = ! ,yankee /ates ( ,new      
,engl&1 = ! ?ickly settl$ regions ( !   
,ea/ & ! prairies ( ! ,we/1 ^!          
provisions w\ld be ei!r empty words or  
else !y w\ld t5d to drag d[n ! m highly 
educat$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry to ! level ( !  
l[e/ di/ricts4 ,! ,g]man :o objects to  
?is on ! gr\nd ( uni=mity1 does s       
because he is too apt to ?9k ( ! great  
simil>ity :i* exi/s betwe5 ! diff]5t    
sections ( ,g]many4 ,! only prop] basis 
= a comp>ison1 h[ev]1 w\ld be 8 tak+    
,europe z a :ole into consid]ation4  ,if
 n[ ! outw>d unity ( ?is sy/em :i* we h 
describ$ is nev]!less to be ma9ta9$1 x  

is absolutely necess>y t ?is =m %all be 
fill$ ) v diff]5t cont5ts4 ,& ?is       
introduction ( div]sity is intru/$ to ! 
/ate legislatures & local au?orities1 :o
 are famili> ) ! special conditions4 ,9 
?is way ! s-call$ s*ool ye> 9 ! s*ool   
ord9ances ( a ri* /ate may be ab\t twice
 z long z 9 ano!r /ate ^: poor]         
population is p]haps n able entirely to 
d )\t ! economies ( *ild lab\r4 ,b !    
diff]5ces betwe5 ! s*ools take          
p>ticul>ly su* a =m t ! atta9m5ts ( !   
diff]5t s*ools1 correspond+ to ! culture
 & prosp]ity ( ! /ate 9 :i* !y are1 & ( 
! community1 are consci\sly design$ to  
be q diff]5t4 ,! remot] rural s*ools    
:i*1 on acc\nt ( ! pov]ty ( _! patronage
 p]haps1 h to get on ) "o badly tra9$   
tea*] & h to c>ry on f\r grades (       
in/ruction 9 "o s*ool-room1 & o!r s*ools
 :i* employ only univ]sity graduates1   
:i* br+ _! s*ol>s toge!r 9 sumptu\s     
build+s1 af=d !m laboratories &         
libr>ies1 & h all ! weal? ( a great city
 to back !m--^! s*ools _c s]i\sly ent]  

into competition ) ea* o!r4 ,two ye>s ( 
/udy 9 "o place w mean m ?an f\r 9      
ano!r2 & !re is no special dang] 9 ?is1 
s9ce ?is v inequality has br\ght x ab\t 
t ! completion ( "o grade 9 a s*ool by  
no means c>ries ) x ! "r to ent] ! next 
high] grade ( any o!r s*ool4 ,x is n !  
case t a s*ol> :o has pass$ ?r\gh any   
gramm> s*ool :atsoev] w be welcome 9 e  
high s*ool4 ,?is is regulat$ by an      
entrance exam9ation = ! high] s*ool1 :i*
 w n accept m]ely ! c]tificate (        
graduation f a l[]4  ,!re are /ill o!r  
=ms ( ?is diff]5tiation4 ,9 ! fir/      
place1 ! s*ools h %[n a gr[+ t5d5cy to  
e/abli% v>i\s p>allel c\rses1 betwe5 :i*
 ! s*ol>s are all[$ to *oose4 ,9 !      
simple/ case !re is1 p]haps1 on ! "o h& 
a v practical plan ( education1 & a     
second c\rse :i* is r m lib]al2 or1     
aga91 !re may be a c\rse = ^? :o are n  
mean+ to /udy fur!r1 & ano!r c\rse = ^? 
:o are prep>+ = ! entrance exam9ations  
to "s high] s*ool4 ,! fiction ( uni=mity
 is pres]v$ 9 ?is way4 ,! *ild does n1 z

 9 ,g]many1 *oose betwe5 diff]5t s*ools2
 b he *ooses betwe5 plans ( education 9 
! same s*ool1 & e day ! t5d5cy deep5s to
 make ?is elective sy/em m & m labile4  
,b ! mo/ mod]n p$agogues are n cont5t   
ev5 ) ?is1 & insi/1 especially 9 ! grade
 ( ! high s*ool1 t ! make-up ( ! c\rse (
 /udy mu/ be m & m1 z !y say1 adapt$ to 
! individuality ( ! s*ol>s2 or1 z o!rs  
?9k1 to ! :imsies ( ! p>5ts & ! s*ol>s4 
,s9ce1 9 accordance ) ?is1 ! entrance   
exam9ations = ! colleges leave          
consid]able free play = ! *oice (       
specialties1 ?is movem5t w probably g on
 develop+ = "s "t4 ,x appeals v clev]ly 
to ! in/9cts ( bo? ! ,puritans & !      
utilit>ians4 ,! ,puritan dem&s !        
developm5t ( all individual gifts1 & !  
utilit>ian wants ! prep>ation = an      
individual c>e]4 ,nev]!less1 !re are "s 
indications ( an opposite t5d5cy4 ,ev5 !
 utilit>ian beg9s to und]/& t he is be/ 
fitt$ = ! fight :o bases 8 pr(ession on 
! broade/ f\ndation--:o beg9s1 !re=e1 ) 
8 specialization z late z possible4 ,& !

 ,puritan1 too1 _c :olly =get t no?+ is 
m important = 8 p]sonal developm5t ?an !
 tra9+ ( ! w 9 ! p]=mance ( duty1 9 !   
ov]com+ ( p]sonal inhibitions1 & t !re=e
 = ! s*ol> ^? /udies may well be ! mo/  
valuable :i* at ! fir/ he seems lea/    
incl9$ to pursue4 ,fur!r diff]5tiation  
results f ! almo/ univ]sal opportunity  
to pass ?r\gh ! s*ools 9 a some:at %ort]
 "t4 ,x is also possible = a /ud5t to   
progress m rapidly 9 "o bran* ( /udy1 & 
s 9 diff]5t bran*es to advance at       
diff]5t rates4  ,we h ov] & above all ^!
 ?+s1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! l>ge cities1 a 
factor ( diff]5tiation :i* has s f> be5 
q left out ( acc\nt4 ,?is is ! private  
s*ool4 ,! goal = ! /ud5t :o wants to    
advance is n ! diploma ( graduation1 b  
prep>ation = ! entrance exam9ations :i* 
are next high]4 ,?is prep>ation c p]haps
 be obta9$ m ?or\ghly1 m quickly1 & "u m
 =tunate social conditions1 9 a private 
s*ool1 :i* *>ges a high tuition1 b 9 ?is
 way is able to engage ! v be/ tea*]s1 &
 able p]haps to h small] classes ?an !  

public s*ools4 ,& su* a private s*ool w 
be able to ext5d its influ5ce ov] all   
education4 ,l>ge & admirably conduct$   
in/itutions h gr[n up1 (t5 9 "s rural   
vic9ity1 :]e sev]al hundr$ "y p]sons    
lead a h>moni\s life toge!r & are       
educat$ f _! e>lie/ y\?1 com+ home only 
dur+ vacation4 ,9 su* ways ! private    
s*ool has tak5 on ! mo/ v>i\s =ms1      
correspond+ to obvi\s ne$s4 ,!y f9d     
ju/ly ! enc\ragem5t ( ! /ate4  ,?is     
div]sity :i* we h sket*$ ( public &     
private educational in/itutions br+s u  
at once to ano!r pr9ciple1 :i* has be5 &
 always w be ( great significance 9     
,am]ican mat]ial & intellectual         
hi/ory--! pr9ciple t ev]y:]e %>p        
dem>cations betwe5 ! in/itutions (      
diff]5t grades are avoid$1 & t in/ead1  
slid+ gradations & easy transitions are 
br\ght ab\t1 by means ( :i* any         
in/itution c advance )\t any h9drance4  
,?is is 9 e case ! secret ( ,am]ican    
success--free play = ! creations (      
private initiative4 ,! slighte/         

aspiration mu/ be all[$ to "w itself    
out1 & ! mo/ mode/ ef=t mu/ be help$    
along4 ,:]e any?+ :i* is capable ( life 
has sprung up1 x %\ld be all[$ to gr[4  
,%>p dem>cation ) (ficial uni=mity w\ld 
make t impossible2 = only :]e su*       
unnoticeably small /eps =m !            
transitions1 is any cont9u\s inn] gr[?  
to be expect$4 ,we h emphasiz$ ! local  
diff]5ces4 ,! gramm> s*ool 9 ,new ,york 
is probably m effici5t ?an ! high s*ool 
9 ,oklahoma1 & ! high s*ool 9 ,bo/on w  
c>ry its /ud5ts probably z f> z "s      
little college 9 ,utah4  ,! ?\s&s (     
in/itutions :i* exi/ af=d a cont9u\s    
transition betwe5 su* extremes1 & e s+le
 in/itution c set its own goal z high z 
x wi%es to4 ,a s*ool does n1 by any act 
( law1 pass into a high] class2 b x     
p]fects itself by ! fact t ! community  
introduces improvem5ts1 makes new       
*anges1 appo9ts bett] & bett] tea*]s1   
augm5ts ! curriculum1 & adds to its     
physical equipm5t4 ,9 su* ways1 ! s*ool 
ye> by ye> imp]ceptibly raises its /&>d4

 ,& ! same is true ( ! private s*ool4   
,ev]y?+ is a matt] ( gr[?1 & 9 spite ( !
 outw>d uni=mity ( ! sy/em e s*ool has  
its individual /&>d4 ,if "o 7 to require
 t only su* in/itutions %\ld exi/ z _h  
di/9ctly limit$ & simil> aims1 !n !     
,am]ican w\ld look on ?is z he w\ld on  
an attempt to =ce all cities to be ei!r 
( t5 ?\s&1 a hundr$ ?\s&1 or a million  
inhabitants4 ,( c\rse1 all ?is w\ld h to
 be *ang$1 if z 9 ,g]many1 c]ta9 s*ool  
grades c>ri$ ) !m c]ta9 privileges4 ,9  
,am]ica no s*ool diploma c>ries         
(ficially any privilege at all4 ,x is ! 
entrance exam9ation1 & n ! te/s =       
graduation1 :i* is decisive2 & if !re is
 any "q ( fill+ a position1 ! p>ticul>  
s*ools :i* ! c&idates h gone ?r\gh are !
 ?+s :i* are *iefly tak5 into acc\nt4   
,we mu/ m5tion "o m trait :i*           
diff]5tiates ! ,am]ican f ! ,g]man s*ool
 sy/em4 ,! ,am]ican public s*ool is     
co-educational4 ,co-education means     
!oretically t boys & girls are entitl$  
to common education1 b practically x    

means t boys are also tol]at$4 ,! idea t
 ! s*ool %\ld n recognize diff]5ces (   
sex is mo/ firmly root$ 9 !             
,middle-,we/]n ,/ates1 :]e ! population 
is some:at coldly matt] ( fact2 b x has 
spread ?r\gh ! entire c\ntry4 ,x is said
 t family life l5ds ! au?ority = su* an 
int]m+l+ ( boys & girls2 t1 ?r\gh a     
con/ant & mutual influ5ce1 ! boys are   
ref9$ & ! girls are made h>dy2 & t1 dur+
 ! ye>s ( developm5t1 sexual t5sion is  
dim9i%$4 ,x is "o ( ! *ief attractions t
 ! private s*ool (f]s to small] circles 
t x gives up ?is h>d5+ ( ! girls & ref9+
 ( ! boys1 & is always ei!r a boys' or a
 girls' s*ool4  ,ev5 m /rik+ ?an !      
pres5ce ( girls 9 ! boys' s*ools is1    
p]haps1 ! great numb] ( wom5 :o figure z
 tea*]s4 ,! employm5t ( wom5 tea*]s     
began 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates aft] ! ,civil  
,w>1 because z a direct result ( !      
decimation ( ! population !re 7 n m5    
tea*]s en\gh4 ,s9ce t "t ?is practice   
has increas$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 & al?\gh 
high s*ools g5]ally try to get m5       

tea*]s1 ! m elem5t>y s*ools are really  
:olly 9 ! h&s ( wom54 ,m5 d n compete = 
! l[] s*ools1 s9ce ! competition ( !    
wom5 has br\ght d[n ! wages1 & m        
remun]ative1 n to say m attractive1     
situations are to be f\nd 9 pl5ty4      
,wom51 on ! o!r h&1 flock 9 9 great     
numb]s1 s9ce _! :ole education has made 
!m look =w>d to "s pr(essional activity1
 & no o!r call+ seems s peculi>ly adapt$
 to ! fem99e nature4 ,! m]its &         
drawbacks ( co-education & ( !          
pr$om9ance ( wom5 tea*]s _c be sep>at$ f
 ! g5]al "q ( woman's rights2 & s ! due 
treatm5t ( ^! conditions mu/ be put (f  
until we come to consid] ! ,am]ican     
woman f all sides4  ,x is n difficult to
 criticise r %>ply ! s*ool sy/em1 & any 
"o liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( ,am]ican life w feel 
x a duty to deliv] 8 criticism )\t      
p>simony4 ,a sy/em :i* expects ! be/ x  
is to h1 f ! initiative ( ! p]iph]y1 mu/
 also expect ! ceaseless critical       
co-op]ation ( ! :ole nation4  ,9 ?is    
way1 !n1 cry+ & und5iable evils are (t5 

po9t$ out4 ,we he> ( political int]f]5ce
 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! s*ools1 & ( ! defici5t
 te*nical k ( local au?orities1 ( !     
insuffici5t prep>ation ( ! wom5 tea*]s1 
! poorness ( ! me?ods ( in/ruction1 (   
wa/e ( "t1 ( arbitr>y p$agogical        
exp]im5ts1 & ( mu* else4 ,9 e reproa*   
!re is a k]nel ( tru?4 ,! connection ( !
 s*ools ) politics is 9 a c]ta9 s5se    
unavoidable1 s9ce all city gov]nm5t is a
 p>ty gov]nm5t4 ,& ! attempts to sep>ate
 elections = ! s*ool committee entirely 
f politics w probably1 = a long "t yet1 
meet ) only slight success4 ,s9ce1      
h[ev]1 e p>ty is able to put its h& on  
discrete & compet5t m51 ! only great    
dang] is le/ ! majority ( ^? conc]n$    
misuse _! influ5ce = p>ty ends1 & p]haps
 deal out s*ool positions & advancem5ts 
z a rew>d = political s]vices4  ,su* ?+s
 c]ta9ly happ52 b !y nev] escape !      
notice ( ! opposite p>ty1 & are         
fai?fully exploit$ 9 ! next ye>'s       
election4 ,9 ?is way any great abuses   
are quickly *eck$4 ,! secret do+s1 :i* h

 no?+ to d ) politics1 are a great deal 
m dang]\s4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! enorm\s s*ool
 budgets ( ! l>ge cities (f] !          
possibility = a deplorable plund]+ ( !  
public treasury1 :5 x is a "q ( buy+ new
 l& = s*ool-h\ses1 ( clos+ build+       
contracts1 or ( introduc+ c]ta9         
text-books4 ,a committee-man :o 9 ^!    
ways is will+ to abuse 8 influ5ce is    
able to d]ive a consid]able pr(it2 & s x
 may well happ5 t m5 come to be on !    
s*ool bo>ds ?r\gh political influ5ce or 
?r\gh a pr(ess$ int]e/ 9 s*ool matt]s1  
:o h really no o!r aim ?an to get some?+
 out ( x4 ,x is v h>d 9 su* matt]s to   
arrive at a really fair judgm5t1 s9ce ! 
rival claimants :o are unsuccessful are 
v apt to frame ! op9ion t !y h be5 s    
because ! successful man _h             
8connections40  ,?is %>ply suspici\s    
t5d5cy & _s ( ov]-wat*fulness on ! "p ( 
! public are c]ta9ly v useful 9 pres]v+ 
! complete integrity ( ! s*ools1 b !y   
occasion su* a consid]able tumult (     
rum\r t x easily misleads "o's judgm5t z

 to ! real condition ( ! in/itutions4 ,9
 g5]al1 ! s*ool committees appo9t$ 9 !  
local elections p]=m _! "w 9 all        
consci5ti\sness4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ! fact 
t !y are r frequ5tly ignorant ( ?+s :i* 
!y ne$ to "k2 b ! t5d5cy to leave all   
te*nical que/ions 9 ! h&s ( p$agogical  
speciali/s1 & to und]take any           
innovations only at ! advice ( ! s*ool  
sup]9t5d5t & directors1 is s g5]al t on 
! :ole ?+s d n g q s badly z "o might   
expect4  ,! prep>ation ( ! tea*]s leaves
 v mu* to be wi%$4 ,^? tea*]s :o h be5  
educat$ 9 high] sem9>ies are by no means
 num]\s en\gh to fill all ! public s*ool
 positions2 & ev5 less does ! numb] (   
college graduates suffice = ! ne$s ( !  
high s*ools4 ,! fact t ! tea*+ pr(ession
 is rem>kably v]s$ 9 p$agogics only     
app>5tly relieves ?is defect2 = ev5 ! v 
be/ me?ods ( tea*+ are ( c\rse no       
sub/itute = a firm grasp ( ! subject :i*
 is be+ taught4 ,9 ! elem5t>y s*ools !  
lack ( !oretical tra9+ 9 a tea*] is1 (  
c\rse1 less felt4 ,! in/9ct ( ! tea*]1  

h] int]e/ 9 ! *ild1 h] tact & sympa?y1 9
 %ort ! p]sonal elem5t1 are :at is "h   
mo/ important4 ,& s9ce all ?is1 ev5 9 ! 
sup]ficially educat$ woman1 spr+s purely
 f h] fem9ity1 & s9ce ! en]getic wom5   
are extraord9>ily eag] & self-sacrific+1
 s x happ5s t almo/ ev]y:]e ! elem5t>y  
s*ools are bett] conduct$ by _! wom5    
tea*]s ?an are ! high s*ools4  ,s f> z  
me?od goes1 a great deal too mu* /ress  
is laid on ! text-book2 too mu* is      
taught me*anically out ( ! book1 & too  
little is directly imp>t$ by ! tea*]4 ,!
 tea*] submits passively to ! text-book2
 & ! ,am]ican himself is incl9$ to def5d
 ?is1 s9ce 8 democratic belief 9 ! p[] (
 black & :ite is unlimit$4 ,be=e all1 he
 reg>ds x z ! *ief aim ( ! public s*ool 
to prep>e ! citiz5 = ! indep5d5t read+ (
 newspap]s & books4 ,!re=e1 ! s*ol>s are
 expect$ to become z mu* acqua9t$ z     
possible ) ! use ( books4 ,!re is no    
d\bt t ! ,am]ican s*ool *ildr5 read m   
newspap]s 9 lat] life ?an d ! ,european1
 & x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t = ! mo/  

"p ! text-books are notably good4       
,p]haps1 9 reg>d to attractiv5ess1 !y   
ev5 g r too f>4 ,9 ?is way n only !     
books ( natural hi/ory1 b also ( hi/ory 
& lit]ature1 are cr[d$ ) illu/rations4  
,! geographies are g5]ally lavi%ly      
gott5-up volumes ) all sorts ( ent]ta9+ 
pictures4 ,! appeals to ! eye1 bo? by   
means ( ! text-books & ev5 m by ! aid ( 
demon/rations & exp]im5ts1 are c>ri$    
really to excess4 ,ev5 ! blackbo>ds1 :i*
 run along all f\r walls ( ! s*ool      
rooms1 enc\rage ! tea*] to appeal r m to
 ! eye ?an to ! e>4  ,also !            
mu*-discuss$ exp]im5tation ) new        
p$agogical ideas is an un=tunate fact   
:i* _c be d5i$4 ,a c5tral au?ority1 :i* 
0 held fully responsible = a l>ge       
di/rict1 w\ld ( c\rse be cons]vative2 b 
:]e ! details ( tea*+ are left entirely 
to e local s*ool inspector1 !n ( c\rse  
_m %all[ re=ms & _m unnecess>y exp]im5ts
 ) d\btful me?ods w be und]tak54 ,!     
s*ool inspector w feel himself mov$ to  
display 8 mod]n _s & to %[ 8 p$agogical 

effici5cy 9 j ^! ways4 ,& _m a private  
s*ool1 9 ord] to make itself attractive 
to ! public1 is oblig$ to introduce !   
late/ p$agogical foibles & to make all  
sorts ( concessions1 p]haps aga9/ its w4
 ,to-day ! me?od ( writ+ w be oblique1  
to-morr[ v]tical1 & ! day aft] to-morr[ 
8re=m$ v]tical40 ,! pupils to-day are   
taught to spell1 to-morr[ to pron\nce   
syllables1 ! next day to take ! :ole ^w 
z ! lea/ unit 9 language2 & a day lat]  
!y may be taught ! mean+ ( ! words by   
means ( appropriate movem5ts4  ,x is n q
 easy = a pr(essional psy*ologi/1 :o    
lectures e ye> to hundr$s ( /ud5ts 9 t  
subject1 to say op5ly t ?is irregul> &  
(t5 dilettante craze = re=m is enc\rag$ 
by no?+ m ?an by ! int]e/ 9 psy*ology   
:i* rages ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! public   
has be5 dissatisfi$ ) tea*]s1 & conceiv$
 ! idea t ev]y?+ w\ld be bett] if !     
p$agogues conc]n$ !mselves m ) !        
psy*ical life ( _! pupils4 ,& s9ce = ?is
 purpose e "m & e tea*] has ! mat]ials  
at h&1 !re has sprung up a              

pseudo-psy*ological /udy ( unexampl$    
dim5sions4 ,x is only a small /ep f su* 
a /udy to v radical re=ms4 ,yet ev]y?+  
"h comes back 9 ! end to ! indep5d5t    
int]e/s & initiative ( ! tea*]2 & al?\gh
 _m ( ^! re=ms are amateuri% & immature1
 !y are nev]!less bett] ?an ! opposite  
extreme w\ld be--t is1 ?an a body (     
indiff]5t & ?\ghtless tea*]s )\t any    
initiative at all4  ,x is also n to be  
d5i$ t ! ,am]ican s*ool wa/es a good    
deal ( "t1 & accompli%es ! same         
intellectual result ) a mu* great]      
outlay ( "t ?an ! ,g]man s*ool4 ,!re are
 pl5ty ( reasons = ?is4 ,fir/ly1 x is   
conspicu\s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry t ,saturday 
is a day ( vacation4 ,?is is incid5tal  
to ! ,puritan ,sunday4 ,! s*ool day     
beg9s at n9e o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & ! long
 summ] vacations are ev]y:]e reg>d$ z   
times = idl5ess1 & are almo/ nev] brok5 
9 on by any sort ( "w4 ,aga91 ! home    
duties requir$ ( ! s*ool *ildr5 are few]
 ?an are requir$ ( ! ,g]man *ild1 & all 
! in/ruction is less exact+4 ,! ,am]ican

 girls w\ld h>dly be able to /& s great 
a burd5 if ! s*ools dem&$ ! same z !    
,g]man boys' s*ools4 ,h]e)1 h[ev]1 "o   
mu/ n =get t ?is "t :i* is tak5 f "w is 
d$icat$ v specially to ! developm5t ( ! 
body1 to sport & o!r active ex]cises1 & 
9 ?is way ! p]fection ( ! :ole man is by
 no means neglect$4 ,moreov]1 ,am]ica   
has be5 able1 at lea/ s f>1 to af=d !   
luxury ( ?is loss ( "t2 ! national weal?
 p]mits its "y m5 to take up ! e>n+ ( _!
 daily bread lat] ?an ,european         
conditions w\ld all[4  ,:5 ! wor/ has   
be5 said & duly weigh$1 x rema9s t !    
sy/em z a :ole is "o ( :i* ! ,am]ican   
may well be pr\d--a sy/em s ?or\ghly    
ela/ic z to be suit$ to all p>ts ( !    
c\ntry & to all classes ( society4 ,x is
 a sy/em :i* indubitably1 ) its broad   
f\ndation 9 ! popul> s*ool1 embodies all
 ! requirem5ts = ! s\nd developm5t (    
y\?1 & "o1 f9ally1 :i* is adapt$ to a   
nation accu/om$ to individualism1 & :i* 
meets ! national requirem5t ( p]fection 
( ! individual4  ,& n[ f9ally we may    

give a few figures by way ( ori5tation4 
,9 ! ye> #aijb out ( ! population ( ov] 
#ge1jjj1jjj1 #ag1dfj1jjj pupils att5d$  
in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,?is numb] w\ld be 
increas$ by m ?an half a million if     
private k9d]g>t5s1 manual tra9+ s*ools1 
ev5+ s*ools1 s*ools = ,indians1 & s =? 7
 tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! prim>y &          
int]m$iate s*ools h #af1dgi1agg s*ol>s1 
& private s*ools ab\t #a1bdj1jjj4 ,?is  
ratio is *ang$ 9 fav\r ( ! private      
in/itutions :5 we come to ! next /ep    
above1 = ! public high s*ools h #efj1jjj
 & ! private ones #aej1jjj /ud5ts4 ,!   
rema9d] is 9 high] in/itutions ( le>n+4 
,to consid] = ! mom5t only ! public     
s*ools2 in/ruction is imp>t$ by #abg1ebi
 male & #bic1gei female tea*]s4 ,!      
av]age sal>y ( a male tea*] is m ?an #df
 a mon?1 & ( ! female tea*] #ci4 ,!     
exp5ditures 7 some?+ ov] #bac1jjj1jjj2 &
 ( ?is ab\t #fi p] c5t4 came f ! local  
taxes1 #af p] c5t4 f ! /ate taxes1 & !  
rema9d] f fix$ end[m5ts4 ,aga91 if we   
consid] only ! cities ( m ?an #h1jjj    

inhabitants1 we f9d ! foll[+ figures3 9 
#aijb ,am]ica _h #ehj su* cities1 )     
#be1jjj1jjj inhabitants1 #d1agd1hab     
s*ol>s & #ij1gdd tea*]s 9 ! municipal   
public s*ools1 & #hgg1baj /ud5ts 9      
private s*ools4 ,^! municipal sy/ems h  
#e1jbe sup]9t5d5ts1 inspectors1 etc4 ,! 
:ole outlay = s*ool purposes am\nt$ to  
ab\t #aaj1jjj1jjj4  ,! high s*ools are  
especially *>act]i/ic4 ,! increase (    
att5dance 9 ^! s*ools has be5 mu* fa/]  
?an t ( ! population4 ,9 #ahij !re 7    
only #ei pupils = e #aj1jjj inhabitants2
 9 #ahie !re 7 #gi2 & 9 #aijj !re 7 #ie4
 ,x is noticeable t ?is increase is     
entirely 9 ! public s*ools4 ,( ^? #ei   
s*ol>s 9 #ahij1 #cf 7 9 public high     
s*ools & #bc 9 private4 ,by #aijj !re 7 
#be 9 private1 b #gj 9 ! public s*ools4 
,( ! /ud5ts 9 ! public high s*ools #ej  
p] c5t4 /udi$ ,lat91 #i p] c5t4 ,fr5*1  
#ae p] c5t4 ,g]man4 ,! pr9cipal c\rses (
 /udy are ,engli% gramm>1 ,engli%       
lit]ature1 hi/ory1 geography1 ma!matics1
 & physics4 ,9 ! private s*ools #bc p]  

c5t4 took ,fr5*1 #ah p] c5t4 ,g]man1 #aj
 p] c5t4 ,greek4 ,only #aa p] c5t4 (    
/ud5ts 9 ! public high s*ools g to      
college1 b #cb p] c5t4 ( ^? 9 private   
s*ools4 ,out ( ! #a1igh private high    
s*ools 9 ! ye> #aijj1 #ide 7 = /ud5ts ( 
special religi\s sects2 #cfa 7 ,roman   
,ca?olic1 #ih 7 ,episcopalian1 #if      
,bapti/1 #ic ,presbyt]ian1 #fe ,me?odi/1
 #ee ,quak]1 #cb ,lu!ran1 etc4 ,!re 7 m 
?an #a1jjj private high s*ools n "u !   
influ5ce ( any *ur*4 ,"o real factor (  
_! influ5ce is f\nd 9 ! /ati/ical fact  
t1 9 ! public high s*ools1 !re are #bf  
s*ol>s = e tea*]1 :ile 9 ! private      
s*ools only #aa4  ,! foll[+ figures w   
suffice to give an idea ( ! great       
diff]5ces :i* exi/ betwe5 ! diff]5t     
/ates3 ,! numb] ( s*ol>s 9 high s*ools 9
 ! /ate ( ,massa*usetts is #ae to e     
#a1jjj citiz5s2 9 ! /ate ( ,new ,york1  
#aa2 9 ,ill9ois1 #i2 9 ,texas1 #g2 9 !  
,c>ol9as1 #e2 & 9 ,oklahoma1 #c4 ,9 !   
private high s*ools ( ! :ole c\ntry !   
boys 7 slightly 9 ! majority2 #ej4c p]  

c5t4 aga9/ #di4g p] c5t4 ( girls4 ,9    
ord] to give at lea/ a glimpse ( ?is    
abyss1 we may say t 9 ! public high     
s*ool ! boys 7 only #da4f p] c5t41 :ile 
! girls 7 #eh4d p] c5t4  ,s mu* = !     
s*ools prop]4 ,we %all lat] consid] !   
high] in/itutions--colleges1            
univ]sities1 & s =?--:ile ! actual      
expanse ( ! s*ool sy/em 9 ,am]ica1 z we 
h said be=e1 is broad] /ill4 ,9 ! fir/  
place1 ! k9d]g>t51 a contribution :i*   
,g]many has made1 des]ves notice4 ,v few
 creations ( ,g]man ?\ght h won su*     
complete acceptance 9 ! ,new ,_w z      
,froebel's sy/em ( education2 & seldom1 
inde$1 is ! ,g]man orig9 ( an in/itution
 s frankly & freely recogniz$4 ,froebel 
is ev]y:]e prais$1 & ! ,g]man ^w        
8,k9d]g>t50 has be5 univ]sally adopt$ 9 
! ,engli% language4  ,miss ,peabody1 (  
,bo/on1 took ! "p ( pione]1 back 9 !    
fifties4 ,v soon ! movem5t spread to ,/4
 ,l\is & to ,new ,york1 s t 9 #ahge !re 
7 already ab\t "o hundr$ k9d]g>t5s )    
#c1jjj *ildr54 ,to-day !re mu/ be ab\t  

#e1jjj k9d]g>t5s di/ribut$ ov] ! c\ntry1
 ) ab\t a qu>t] ( a million *ildr54     
,dur+ ?is developm5t v>i\s t5d5cies h   
be5 noticeable4 ,at fir/ consid]able    
/ress 0 laid on giv+ "s rational sort ( 
occupation to ! *ildr5 ( ! ri* :o 7 n q 
old en\gh = s*ool4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1        
philan?ropic int]e/ 9 ! *ildr5 ( ! v    
poore/ "p ( ! population became ! lead+ 
motive--! *ildr51 t is1 :o1 )\t su*     
c>eful nurture1 w\ld be expos$ to       
dang]\s influ5ces4 ,bo? ( ^! ne$s c\ld  
be satisfi$ by private initiative4      
,sl[ly1 h[ev]1 ^! two extremes came to  
meet2 n only ! ri*e/ & poore/1 b also ! 
*ildr5 ( ! great middle classes f ! f\r?
 to ! six? ye>1 7 gradually br\ght "u   
?is sort ( s*ool tra9+4 ,z soon z !     
sy/em 0 recogniz$ to be a ne$ ( ! entire
 community1 x 0 naturally adopt$ into ! 
popul> sy/em ( in/ruction4 ,to-day two  
hundr$ & fifty cities h k9d]g>t5s z a "p
 ( _! s*ool sy/ems4  ,mean:ile !re has  
sprung up /ill ano!r t5d5cy1 :i* took   
its orig9 9 ,*icago4 ,*icago probably   

has ! be/ in/itution ) a f\r ye>s' c\rse
 = ! prep>ation ( tea*]s = ! k9d]g>t54  
,9 ?is s*ool n only ! pr(essional       
tea*]s1 b ! mo!rs1 are welcom$4 ,& ?r\gh
 ! means ( ?is in/itution 9 ,*icago1 !  
endeav\r is sl[ly spread+ to educate    
mo!rs ev]y:]e h[ to br+ up _! *ildr5 :o 
are /ill 9 ! nurs]y s z to be bodily1   
intellectually1 & morally s\nd4 ,!      
actual goal ( ?is v reasonable movem5t  
may well be ! disappe>ance ( ! (ficial  
k9d]g>t54 ,! *ild w !n f9d appropriate  
direction & inspiration 9 ! natural     
surr\nd+s ( its home1 & ! k9d]g>t5 w1 z 
at fir/1 limit itself *iefly to ^? ri*  
families :o wi% to pur*ase _! fre$om f  
p>5tal c>es1 & to su* poor families z h 
to "w s h>d t !y h no "t left to look   
aft] _! *ildr54 ,a sl[ reaction1        
moreov]1 is go+ on among ! public s*ool 
tea*]s4 ,! *ild :o comes out ( !        
,froebel s*ool into ! prim>y s*ool is   
said to be some:at desultory 9 8        
activities1 & s p]haps ?is great        
popul>ity ( ! k9d]g>t5 w gradually      

decrease4 ,nev]!less1 = ! mom5t !       
k9d]g>t5 mu/ be recogniz$ z a pass+     
fa%ion ( v great importance1 &1 s f> z x
 devotes itself philan?ropically to     
*ildr5 9 ! poor di/ricts1 its value c   
h>dly be ov]e/imat$4  ,n[1 all ?is      
in/ruction ( ! *ild be=e he goes to     
s*ool is mu* less significant & less    
widely dissem9at$ ?an ^? ?\s&fold modes 
( in/ruction :i* are c>ri$ on = !       
developm5t ( m5 & wom5 aft] !y h pass$  
_! s*ool days4 ,any "o :o kn[s ?is      
c\ntry w at once call to m9d !          
innum]able c\rses ( lectures1 clubs (   
/udy1 ,*autauqua in/itutions1 univ]sity 
ext5sion c\rses1 wom5's clubs1 summ] &  
correspond5ce s*ools1 free sci5tific    
lectures1 & _m o!r su* in/itutions :i* h
 develop$ "h m pl5tifully ?an 9 any o!r 
c\ntry4 ,aft] hav+ dwelt on ! k9d]g>t51 
"o is some:at tempt$ to ?9k also ( ^! z 
m5 & wom5 g>d5s4 ,!re is really "s      
resemblance to a sort ( intellectual    
g>d51 :]e no pa9ful ef=t or h>d "w is   
laid out = ! "y m5 & wom5 :o w&] !re    

c>elessly to pluck ! fl[]s4 ,b x is1    
p]haps1 r too easy = ! tra9$ p]son to be
 unju/ to su* in=mal means ( culture4 ,x
 is really h>d to view ! latt] 9 q ! "r 
p]spective4 ,:osoev] has once fre$      
himself f all prejudices1 & look$       
c>efully into ! psy*ic life ( !         
intellectual middle classes1 w feel at  
once ! incomp>able value ( ^! peculi>   
=ms ( intellectual /imulation1 & _!     
great significance = ! self-p]fection ( 
! great masses4  ,:ile ! k9d]g>t5 0     
import$ f ,g]many1 ! univ]sity ext5sion 
movem5t came f ,engl&4 ,?is movem5t1 :i*
 0 v popul> ab\t a decade ago1 is       
decid$ly n[ on ! wane4 ,^? =ms ( popul> 
education :i* are di/9ctly ,am]ican h   
%[n !mselves to possess ! mo/ vig\r4    
,!re is "o "n :i*1 above all o!rs1 is   
*>act]i/ic ( ^! native in/itutions4 ,x  
is ,*autauqua4 ,?is is ! old ,indian "n 
= a lake :i* lies v pleasantly situat$ 9
 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ab\t two h\rs by 
tra9 f ,buffalo4 ,! "n ( ! lake has gone
 ov] to ! village on its banks1 ! "n ( !

 village has be5 c>ri$ ov] to t sy/em ( 
in/ruction :i* 0 fir/ begun !re1 & n[ e 
in/itution is call$ ,*autauquan :i* is  
modell$ aft] t sy/em4 ,ev5 to-day !     
s*ool at ,*autauqua is ! f\nta9-head ( !
 :ole movem5t4 ,e summ]1 & p>ticul>ly   
?r\gh ,july & ,augu/1 :5 ! s*ool-tea*]s 
h _! vacation1 "s t5 ?\s& m5 & wom5 ga!r
 toge!r to p>ticipate 9 a few weeks (   
recreation & intellectual /imulation4 ,!
 life !re is quiet & simple2 conc]ts &  
lectures are giv5 9 ! op5 air 9 an      
amphi!atre :i* seats sev]al ?\s&1 & !re 
are small] classes ( sy/ematic          
in/ruction 9 all dep>tm5ts ( le>n+4 ,!  
tea*]s 9 special c\rses are mo/ly       
pr(essors4 ,! lectur]s 9 ! g5]al ga!r+s 
are well-kn[n politicians1 (ficials1    
s*ol>s1 m9i/]s1 or o!rwise di/+ui%$     
p]sonalities4 ,= ! sake ( recreation1   
!re are excursions1 dramatic p]=mances1 
& conc]ts4 ,a few h\rs ( sy/ematic "w e 
day s]ve z a /imulus = ?\ght & culture1 
:ile ! mutual influ5ce ( ! m5 & wom5 :o 
are s br\ght toge!r & ! :ole atmosph]e (

 ! place g5]ate a real moral en?usiasm4 
,! special c\rses :i* range f ,greek1 ! 
/udy ( ! ,bible1 & ma!matics to         
political economy1 philosophy1 &        
p$agogics1 are supplem5t$ on ! "o h& by 
exam9ations f :i* ! p>ticipators get a  
c]tificate 9 black & :ite :i* is highly 
priz$ among tea*]s2 & on ! o!r side1 by 
sugge/ions = ! fur!r c>ry+ on by private
 read+ ( ! /udies :i* !y h elect$4 ,!   
en?usia/ic bann]-be>] ( ,*autauqua is   
/ill to-day "o ( its f\nd]s1 ,bi%op     
,v9c5t4 ,he has done m ?an any "o else  
t[>d br++ h>mony into ! monoton\s &     
intellectually hungry lives ( hundr$s ( 
?\s&s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & especially (  
public s*ool tea*]s4 ,& 9 ?is "w !      
in/ruction1 ! religi\s /r5g!n+1 !       
in/illation ( p]sonal cont5tm5t1        
patriotic en?usiasm1 /hetic joy 9 life1 
& moral inspiration1 are n to be        
sep>at$4  ,:5 ,!odore ,roosevelt1 :o 0  
!n gov]nor ( ,new ,york1 spoke 9 !      
,*autauqua amphi!atre to m ?an t5 ?\s&  
p]sons1 he turn$ en?usia/ically to      

,bi%op ,v9c5t & said1 8,i "k ( no?+ 9 ! 
:ole c\ntry :i* is s fill$ ) bless+ = ! 
nation40 ,& :5 he _h f9i%$1 ! :ole      
audi5ce gave him ! ,*autauqua salute2 t5
 ?\s& h&k]*iefs 7 wav$ 9 ! air--an      
extraord9>y sight1 :i* 9 ,*autauqua     
signifies ! greate/ appreciation4 ,?is  
cu/om began ye>s ago1 :5 a deaf s*ol> _h
 giv5 a lecture1 & :ile ! ?und]+        
applause 0 s\nd+ :i* ! speak] himself   
c\ld n he>1 ,bi%op ,v9c5t br\ght out ?is
 visible tok5 ( gratification2 & ?is =m 
( applause n only became a tradition    
!re1 b also spread to all o!r ,*autauqua
 in/itutions ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,to-day  
!re are m ?an ?ree hundr$ ( ^!1 _m ( !m 
9 beautifully situat$ summ] resorts1 &  
"s equipp$ ) spl5did libr>ies1 banquet  
halls1 cas9os1 & clubs4 ,"s ( ^!        
conc5trate _! en]gies 9 p>ticul> l9es ( 
le>n+1 & ( c\rse !y are v diff]5t 9     
scope & m]it4 ,& nev]!less ! fundam5tal 
trait ( idealism %[s ?r\gh all ^! popul>
 academies4  ,among o!r v>ieties (      
popul> in/ruction !re are ! attempts at 

univ]sity ext5sion1 :i* are v famili>4  
,! *ief aim is "h to utilize ! tea*+    
=ces & o!r means ( in/ruction ( ! high] 
educational in/itutions = ! b5efit ( !  
great masses4 ,(t5 ! ?+ has be5 treat$ z
 if x 7 a matt] ( c\rse1 9 a political  
democracy1 t colleges & univ]sities     
ought n to conf9e !mselves to ! n>r[    
circles ( _! actual /ud5ts1 b %\ld g out
 & d[n to ! artisans & lab\r]s4 ,b x 0  
always ass]t$ t ?is education %\ld n    
consi/ m]ely 9 ent]ta9+ lectures1 b %\ld
 involve a =m ( tea*+ t presuppos$ a    
c]ta9 p>ticipation & s]i\s application  
on ! "p ( ! att5dants4 ,& ! *ief        
emphasis has be5 laid on hav+ e subject 
treat$ 9 a s]ies ( f six to twelve      
meet+s1 on di/ribut+ to ! he>]s a       
concise outl9e ( ! lectures ) ref]5ces  
to lit]ature1 on all[+ ! audi5ce aft] ! 
lecture to ask z _m que/ions z x desir$1
 & on hold+ a writt5 exam9ation at ! end
 ( ! c\rse4 ,any "o :o has pass$ a c]ta9
 numb] ( ^! exam9ations receives a      
c]tificate4 ,9 "o ye>1 = example1 !re 7 

#dc places 9 :i* ! ,univ]sity (         
,philadelphia gave su* c\rses (         
lectures4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago has   
arrang$ z _m z #ada c\rses ( six        
lectures ea*1 9 #ib diff]5t places4 ,o!r
 high] in/itutions h done likewise2 & if
 inde$ ! lead+ univ]sities ( ! ,ea/ h   
entirely decl9$ to take "p1 nev]!less ! 
c\ntry1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,we/1 is ev]y:]e 
scatt]$ ) su* lecture c\rses4  ,^!      
lectures c be divid$ into two gr\ps2 ^? 
:i* are in/ructive & educate _! he>]s1 &
 ^? :i* are inspir+ & awak5 en?usiasm4  
,! fir/ are g5]ally illu/rat$ )         
/]eopticon pictures1 ! la/ are illu/rat$
 ) poetical quotations4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e 9
 ! _w1 ! educational lectures are (t5   
m]ely tiresome1 & ! inspir+ ones m]ely  
bomba/ic4 ,b ! reason = ! rapid decl9e 9
 ?is :ole movem5t is probably n ! bad   
quality ( ! lectures1 b ! great         
inconv5i5ce :i* ! lectur]s feel 9 go+ s 
f> f _! accu/om$ haunts4 ,x is n to be  
d\bt$ t v mu* good has come aft] all f  
?is =m ( in/ruction4 ,! summ] s*ools h a

 simil> relation to ! high] in/itutions1
 b a mu* m ?or\gh-go+ "*2 & :ile !      
univ]sity ext5sion movem5t is wan+1 !   
summ] s*ool in/ruction is on ! increase4
 ,fir/ ( all1 ev5 ! lead+ univ]sities   
take "p 9 x1 al?\gh x is mo/ly ! second 
viol9s :o r5d] ! music2 t is to say1    
y\ng] in/ructors r ?an ! v5]able        
pr(essors are ! ones :o tea*4 ,high     
s*ool tea*]s & m9i/]s (t5 return 9 ?is  
way to _! alma mat]1 & ! necessity (    
devot+ "o's self = six weeks to a s+le  
subject gives to ! :ole ent]prise a v   
mu* m s*ol>ly "*4 ,t int]e/+ summ] s*ool
 :i* 0 held a few ye>s ago 9 ,cambridge 
is /ill rememb]$1 :5 ,h>v>d invit$ at   
its own exp5se #a1djj ( ! mo/ e>ne/     
,cuban s*ool tea*]s1 & in/ill$ 9 !m     
?r\gh six long weeks some?+ ( ,am]ican  
culture4  ,aga91 & ?is q indep5d5t ( !  
high] in/itutions & ( any =mal c\rses1  
!re are ! in/itutions = free lectures4  
,inde$1 !re are s _m t "o might almo/   
call !m lecture factories4 ,! receptive 
attitude ( ! ,am]ican public ( all      

classes t[>d lectures surpasses !       
compreh5sion ( ! ,european4 ,9 _m       
circles1 inde$1 ?is is positively a     
passion2 & ! extraord9>y pl5tifulness ( 
opportunity1 ( c\rse1 discipl9es &      
/r5g!ns ! dem&1 :i* took its orig9 9 !  
same /rong _s ( self-p]fection4  ,a     
fav\rable fact is und\bt$ly ! high      
p]fection to :i* ! lecture has be5      
cultivat$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,z comp>$ )        
,european c\ntries1 a l>g] proportion ( 
lectures may fairly be call$ works ( art
 z reg>ds bo? _! cont5t & _! =m4 ,!     
,am]ican is fir/ ( all an arti/ 9 any   
sort ( en?usia/ic & p]suasive           
exposition4 ,= ?is v reason 8 lectures  
are s mu* m effective ?an :atev] he     
pr9ts1 & = ?is reason1 too1 ! public    
flocks to he> him4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s has  
also be5 fav\r$ by ! g5]al cu/om ( go+  
to political meet+s & li/5+ to political
 spee*es4 ,9 ,bo/on & its suburbs1 =    
example1 al?\gh x is n l>g] ?an         
,hamburg1 no less ?an five public       
lectures p] day on ! av]age are deliv]$ 

betwe5 ,septemb] & ,june4 ,9 contra/ to 
,g]man views1 x is consid]$ entirely    
appropriate = lectur]s on all public    
occasions to receive f9ancial           
comp5sation2 j z any ,g]man s*ol> w\ld  
accept f a publi%] "s emolum5t = 8      
lit]>y productions4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 n 
true ( lectures at congresses1 clubs1 or
 popul> ga!r+s4 ,9 a /ate l             
,massa*usetts1 e little t[n has its     
woman's club1 ) regul> ev5+s = lectures 
by outside speak]s2 & ! condition ( !   
treasury practically decides :e!r "o or 
two hundr$ doll>s %all be paid = "s     
draw+ speak] :o w give a di/+ui%$ look  
to ! programme2 or :e!r ! club w be     
satisfi$ ) "s tea*] f ! next t[n :o w   
deliv] 8 la/ ye>'s lecture on ,p]icles1 
or ! tub]cle bacillus1 = tw5ty doll>s4  
,& s x is ?r\gh ! entire c\ntry2 !      
quantity decreases z "o goes ,s\?1 & !  
quality z "o goes ,we/4  ,all ?is is no 
new ph5om5on 9 ,am]ican life4 ,9 ! ye>  
#afci lectures on religi\s subjects 7 s 
mu* a matt] ( c\rse 9 ,new ,engl&1 &    

,bo/onians 7 s confirm$ 9 ! habit ( go+ 
to lectures1 t a law 0 pass$ conc]n+ !  
giv+ ( su* lectures4 ,x said t ! poor p 
7 tempt$ by ! lectur] to neglect _!     
affairs & to h>m _! heal?1 z ! lectures 
la/$ well into ! night4 ,sci5tific      
lectures1 h[ev]1 came into popul>       
appreciation n e>li] ?an ! n9ete5?      
c5tury4 ,9 ! fir/ decade ( t c5tury1 !  
fam\s *emi/1 ,silliman1 ( ,yale         
,univ]sity1 atta9$ a great success 9    
popul> sci5tific lectures4 ,aft] !      
?irties 8lyceums0 fl\ri%$ ?r\gh\t ! l&1 
:i* 7 educational societies =m$ = !     
purpose ( e/abli%+ public lecture       
c\rses4  ,to be sure1 ^! 7 g5]ally      
disconnect$ lectures1 9 :i* political & 
social topics pr$om9at$4 ,^? 7 ! classic
 days ( oratory1 :5 m5 l ,web/]1 ,*ann+1
 ,ev]ett1 ,em]son1 ,p>k]1 ,mann1 ,sumn]1
 ,phillips1 ,bee*]1 ,curtis1 & o!rs     
en?us$ ! nation ) _! spl5did rhetoric1 &
 pres5t$ to ! masses ) pa?os t we no    
long] "k ^? great argum5ts :i* l$ to !  
,civil ,w>4 ,! activities ( lat] decades

 emphasiz$ ! intellectual side4 ,spl5did
 in/itutions h n[ be5 organiz$ = popul> 
lectures & lecture c\rses 9 all ! lead+ 
cities4 ,?us ! ,peabody ,in/itute 9     
,baltimore1 ! ,pratt ,in/itute 9 ,new   
,york1 ! ,arm\r ,in/itute 9 ,*icago1 & !
 ,drexel ,in/itute 9 ,philadelphia h    
come into exi/5ce4 ,! catalogue ( !     
lectures & c\rses :i*1 = in/ance1 !     
,pratt ,in/itute ann\nces e w9t] fills a
 :ole volume2 & nev]!less1 e "o :o pays 
8 annual fee ( five doll>s is entitl$ to
 take "p 9 all ( !m4 ,e day f morn+ to  
night he may li/5 to lectures by m5 :o  
are m or less well kn[n ?r\gh\t !       
c\ntry1 & :o come specially to ,new     
,york 9 ord] to give _! %ort c\rses ( "s
 six lectures4  ,! highe/ und]tak+ ( ?is
 sort is ! ,l[ell ,in/itute 9 ,bo/on4 ,9
 #ahch1 aft] a t\r ?r\gh ,egypt1 ,john  
,a4 ,l[ell add$ a codicil to 8 w1 :]eby 
he gave half ( 8 l>ge income = ! free1  
popul>1 sci5tific in/ruction ( 8 native 
t[n4 ,! plan t has be5 foll[$ = sixty   
ye>s is ( invit+ e w9t] eight or t5 ( ! 

mo/ di/+ui%$ ?9k]s & inve/igators 9     
,am]ica & ,engl& to give cycles ( six or
 twelve connect$ lectures4 ,! pl5tiful  
means ( ?is f\ndation h made x possible 
to br+ 9 ! really mo/ important m52 & on
 ! o!r h&1 = j ?is reason an invitation 
to deliv] ! ,l[ell ,lectures has come to
 be e/eem$ a high hon\r 9 !             
,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,m5 l ,lyell &       
,tyndall & _m o!rs h come across !      
ocean2 ev5 ,agassiz1 ! well-kn[n        
geologi/1 came to ! ,new ,_w fir/ z a   
,l[ell lectur]1 & !n lat] settl$ at     
,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,up to ?is "t "s five
 ?\s& lectures h be5 held be=e l>ge     
audi5ces by ?is in/itute4 ,! great      
advantage :i* ?is has be5 to !          
population ( ,bo/on c 9 no wise be      
e/imat$1 nor c x ev] be kn[n h[ mu* ?is 
influ5ce has done = ! _s (              
self-p]fection 9 ,new ,engl&4  ,9 a     
c]ta9 s5se1 h[ev]1 we h already ov]/epp$
 ! field ( popul> education4 ,! high    
/&>d ( ! ,l[ell ,in/itute & ! position (
 its speak]s h br\ght x ab\t t almo/ e  

c\rse has be5 an orig9al exposition (   
new sci5tific l9es ( ?\ght4 ,:ile ! o!r 
popul> c\rses h got _! mat]ial          
second-h&1 or h be5 at lea/ = ! speak] a
 repetition ( 8 habitual disc\rses to   
/ud5ts1 9 ! ,l[ell ,in/itute ! results (
 new inve/igations h be5 ! ma9 ?+4 ,& s 
we h come already to ! doma9 (          
productive sci5ce1 ( :i* we %all h lat] 
to treat4  ,"o :o looks some:at m deeply
 w realize t1 outside ! ,l[ell          
,in/itute1 !re is no ?\ght 9 by f> !    
l>g] "p ( ^! lectures & read+s1 (       
orig9al sci5tific endeav\r4 ,& ! "q     
inevitably comes up1 :e!r ! intellectual
 life ( ! c\ntry does n lose too mu* (  
its /r5g? because ! memb]s ( ! community
 :o %\ld be especially devot$ to        
intellectual production are entic$ 9 s  
_m diff]5t ways into ! pa?s ( m]e       
reproduction4 ,to be sure1 x is nev] a  
pr(essional duty ) ^! m51 b ! temptation
 is s great z to ov]come ! lat5t        
resi/ance ( ev5 ! be/ ( !m4 ,!re are a  
few1 x is true1 :o see _! highe/ goal 9 

^! popul> & arti/ic expositions ( _!    
dep>tm5t ( sci5ce2 & a few :o feel t _! 
highe/ call1 _! mo/ s]i\s life-"w1 is to
 be> sci5ce philan?ropically out to !   
masses4 ,b x is diff]5t ) mo/ ( !m4 ,_m 
l ! rew>ds2 x is su* an easy way = !    
ready speak]1 p]haps1 ( d\bl+ 8 sal>y f 
! univ]sity3 & especially ! y\ng] m5 ^: 
income is small1 f9d x h>d to resi/ !   
temptation1 al?\gh j !y are ! ones :o   
ought to give all _! free en]gy to      
becom+ pr(ici5t 9 special l9es (        
inve/igation4 ,yet ev5 ?is is n ! *ief  
motive4 ,9 c\ntless cases :]e any       
f9ancial return to ! speak] is out ( !  
"q1 ! love ( rhetoric ex]ts a simil>    
temptation4 ,! *ief motive1 d\btless1 is
 t ! ,am]ican popul> op9ion is s        
extraord9>ily influ5c$ by ! spok5 ^w1 & 
at ! same "t popul> eloqu5ce is spread  
abroad s widely by ! press1 t n only a  
m]e pass+ reputation1 b also a /rong &  
la/+ influ5ce on ! ?\ght ( ! p1 c mo/   
readily be gott5 9 ?is way4  ,& s ev]y?+
 works toge!r to br+ a l>ge am\nt (     

intellectual en]gy into ! s]vice ( ! p4 
,! individual is h>dly able to resi/ !  
temptation2 & c]ta9ly v _m ?us h>m      
s]i\sly _! be/ en]gies4 ,_!             
popul>ization ( k dim9i%es _! own       
s*ol>%ip4 ,!y gr[ adapt$ to half-educat$
 audi5ces2 _! pleasure & capacity = !   
highe/ sort ( sci5tific "w are weak5$ by
 ! s$uctive applause :i* foll[s on e    
pretty turn ( ?\ght1 & by ! deep effect 
( sup]ficial argum5ts :i* avoid &       
conceal all ! real difficulties4 ,?is is
 mo/ especially true ( t m]ely me*anical
 repetition :i* is enc\rag$ by !        
possession ( a lecture manuscript4 ,if x
 is true t ,w5dell ,phillips repeat$ 8  
spee* on ! ,lo/ ,arts two ?\s& times1 x 
0 d\btless a unique case1 & is h>dly    
possible to-day4 ,nev]!less1 to-day we  
f9d mo/ regrettably frequ5t repetitions2
 & a few compet5t intellects h entirely 
ab&on$ _! activities on regul> academic 
l9es to travel ?r\gh ! c\ntry on lecture
 t\rs4 ,= in/ance1 a brilliant hi/orian 
l ,john ,fiske1 w\ld und\bt$ly h        

accompli%$ mu* m ( p]man5t importance if
 he _h n writt5 e "o ( 8 books1 9 ! fir/
 in/ance1 z a set ( lectures :i* he     
deliv]$ be=e "s doz5 mix$ audi5ces4  ,on
 ! o!r h&1 we mu/ n suppose t ^!        
lectures be=e educational in/itutions   
are all ha/ily & me*anically produc$4   
,if ! lectures 7 s trivial _! prep>ation
 w\ld dem& little en]gy1 & _! deliv]y   
w\ld mu* less satisfy ! ambition ( ^? :o
 write !m2 & s1 on bo? acc\nts1 !y w\ld 
be mu* less dang]\s = ! highe/          
productiv5ess ( _! au?ors4 ,! level is  
really extremely high4 ,ev5 ! audi5ce ( 
! smalle/ t[n is r pamp]$2 x dem&s ! mo/
 f9i%$ p]sonal address & a c]ta9 t+e (  
individuality 9 ! exposition4 ,& s ev5  
?is =m ( production r$\nds some:at to ! 
intellectual life ( ! nation4 ,! (t5    
repeat$ attempt to depict "s phase (    
reality1 uniquely & completely 9 a      
"o-h\r lecture1 or to elucidate a       
problem 9 su* a %ort "t1 leads          
necess>ily to a ma/]y 9 ! art ( ! essay4
 ,success 9 ?is l9e is made easi] by !  

m>k$ feel+ = =m :i* ! ,am]ican          
possesses4 ,9 a surpris+ly l>ge numb] ( 
,am]ican books1 ! *apt]s read l         
well-r\nd$ & complete addresses4 ,! book
 is really a succession ( essays1 & if  
"o looks m c>efully1 "o w (t5 discov] t 
ea* "o 0 obvi\sly fir/ ?\ght out z a    
lecture4 ,?us ! entire sy/em ( popul>   
education by means ( lectures has work$1
 beyond d\bt1 h>mfully on creative      
production1 b fav\rably on ! developm5t 
( arti/ic =m 9 sci5tific exposition1 on 
! art ( essay1 & on ! popul>            
dissem9ation ( natural & social sci5ces 
& ( hi/ory & economics mo/ ( all4  ,if  
"o wi%$ to pu% ! inquiry fur!r1 & to ask
 :e!r ^! advantages outweigh !          
disadvantages1 ! ,am]ican w\ld decl9e to
 discuss ! problem )9 ^! limits2 s9ce ! 
prime factor1 :i* is ! effect on !      
masses :o are seek+ cultivation1 w\ld be
 left out ( acc\nt4 ,! "w ( ! s*ol> is n
 to be e/imat$ solely ) ref]5ce to      
sci5ce or to its practical effects1 b   
always ) ref]5ce to ! p's ne$ =         

self-p]fection4 ,& ev5 if pure sci5ce 9 
its high] so>+s 7 to suff] !reby1 !     
,am]ican w\ld say t 9 sci5ce1 z ev]y:]e 
else1 x is n a "q ( brilliant           
a*ievem5ts1 b ( moral values4 ,= !      
totality ( ! nation1 he w\ld say1 x is  
morally bett] to br+ s]i\s intellectual 
awak5+s into e quiet corn] ( ! l&1 ?an  
to inscribe a few great a*ievem5ts on ! 
tablets ( fame4 ,su* is ! sacrifice :i* 
democracy dem&s4 ,& yet to-day ! p5dulum
 beg9s v sl[ly to sw+ back4 ,a c]ta9    
division ( lab\r is creep+ 9 :]eby      
productive & reproductive activities are
 m cle>ly di/+ui%$1 & ! be/ intellectual
 en]gies are res]v$ = ! highe/ sort (   
"w1 & sav$ f be+ wa/$ on m]ely trivial  
tasks4  ,b ev5 ! effect on ! masses has 
n be5 :olly fav\rable4 ,we h se5 h[     
sup]ficiality has be5 greatly enc\rag$4 
,x is1 inde$1 an artificial fe$+-gr\nd =
 t immode/y :i* we see to spr+ up s     
readily 9 a political democracy1 & :i*  
gives out its op9ion on all que/ions )\t
 be+ really in=m$4 ,to be sure1 !re is  

no lack ( admiration = :at is great2 on 
! contr>y1 su* admiration becomes (t5   
hy/]ical4 ,b s9ce x is n bas$ on any    
suffici5t k1 x rema9s aft] all          
undiscrim9at+2 ! man :o admires )\t     
und]/&+1 =ms a judgm5t :]e he %\ld      
decl9e to take any attitude at all4 ,x  
may be1 inde$1 t ! village population "u
 ! influ5ce ( ! la/ lecture c\rse is    
talk+ ab\t ,cromwell & ,elizabe? in/ead 
( ab\t ! la/ village sc&al2 b if ! way 9
 :i* x talks has n be5 modifi$1 "o _c   
say t a *ange ( topic signifies any     
elevation ( /&>d4 ,& if1 inde$1 !       
village is /ill to gossip1 x w seem to  
_m m mode/ & m amiable if x gossips ab\t
 "s indiff]5t neighb\r1 & n ab\t        
,cromwell4  ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ n fail 
to recognize t1 especially 9 ! l>ge     
in/itutions1 z ! ,*autauquas1 & 9 !     
univ]sity ext5sion c\rses & ! summ]     
s*ools1 ev]y?+ possible is done to      
escape ?is con/ant dang]4 ,9 ! fir/     
place1 ! s+le lectures are v mu*        
disc\rag$1 & a c\rse ( six to tw5ty     

lectures r is giv5 on a s+le topic2 !n !
 writt5 exam9ations1 ) _! c]tificates1 &
 f9ally1 ! con/ant guidance 9 private   
read+ h _! due effect4 ,inde$1 ! smalle/
 wom5's club is p>ticul> to put be=e its
 memb]s ! v be/ books :i* relate to !   
subjects ( _! lectures2 & small] gr\ps  
are g5]ally =m$ to /udy c>efully ?r\gh  
toge!r "s r l>ge treatise4  ,! total    
am\nt ( actual in/ruction & intellectual
 inspiration com+ to ! p outside ( !    
s*ools1 is1 9 ^! ways1 immeasurable4 ,& 
! disadvantages ( sup]ficiality are     
some:at outweigh$ by a great increase & 
enri*m5t ( p]sonality4 ,( c\rse1 "o c\ld
 ask :e!r ?is traditional way is really 
! %orte/ to its goal4 ,"s may ?9k t !   
same exp5diture ( "t & en]gy w\ld give a
 bett] result if x 7 made on a book r   
?an on a c\rse ( lectures4 ,yet ! "o    
does n exclude ! o!r4 ,he>+ ! lecture   
incites to ! read+ ( ! book2 & n[h]e is 
m read+ done ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re
 is "o o!r diff]5t & q important factor 
9 ! situation4 ,! man :o reads is       

isolat$1 & any p]sonal influ5ce is      
suppress$4 ,at a lecture1 on ! o!r h&1 !
 peculi>ly p]sonal elem5t is br\ght to !
 front1 bo? 9 ! speak] & 9 ! he>]--!    
spok5 ^w t\*es s mu* m imm$iately &     
vitally ?an ! pr9t$ ^w1 & gives to ?\ght
 an individual col\r+4 ,mo/ ( all1 !    
li/5] is mu* m p]sonally appeal$ to ?an 
! read]2 8 v pres5ce 9 ! hall is a      
public ann\ncem5t ( 8 p>ticipation4 ,he 
feels himself call$1 ) ! o!r he>]s1 to a
 common task4 ,& 9 ?is way a moral      
motive is add$ to ! intellectual4 ,!y   
bo? "w toge!r to fill ! life ( e man ) !
 desire = culture4 ,p]*ance ! imp]sonal 
book may bett] satisfy ! p]sonal desire 
= self-p]fection1 & yet ! lecture w be m
 apt to keep x alive & /r5g!n x z a =ce 
9 "* & 9 life4  ,x is indiff]5t :e!r ?is
 sy/em ( popul> education1 ^! lectures  
be=e ! public1 has really br\ght ) x !  
greate/ possible culture & enlight5m5t4 
,x is at lea/ cle> t !y h spread ev]y:]e
 ! mo/ pr(\nd desire = culture &        
enlight5m5t1 & = ?is reason !y h be5 !  

necess>y sy/em = a p s in=m$ ) ! _s (   
individual self-p]fection4              
,,*apt] ,,sixte5                        
,! ,univ]sities   ,:5 ,am]ican indu/ry  
began1 a %ort "t ago1 to di/urb         
,european circles1 p v mu* exagg]at$ !  
dang]1 because ! ev5t 0 s entirely      
unexpect$4 ,! 8,am]ican p]il0 0 at !    
door be=e any "o knew ab\t x1 or ev5    
suppos$ t ,am]ica really possess$ an    
indu/ry :i* am\nt$ to any?+4 ,x w n be  
long be=e ,europe w exp]i5ce a l        
surprise 9 ! intellectual sph]e4 ,a     
great "w w c]ta9ly appe>1 z if          
accompli%$ 9 a mom5t1 be=e any "o       
supposes t ,am]ica s mu* z dreams (     
sci5ce & inve/igation4 ,at ! "t1 p      
t>dily said to !mselves t su* indu/ry   
c\ld only h be5 built on firm rock1 &   
nev] w\ld h be5 able to spr+ up if      
,am]ican economic life _h really be5    
f\nd$1 z 0 !n suppos$1 on av>ice &      
corruption4 ,& simil>ly1 9 !            
intellectual sph]e1 p w h to trace ?+s  
back1 & say 9 retrospect t su*          

a*ievem5ts c\ld n be br\ght =? sudd5ly1 
& t s]i\s & compet5t sci5tific "w       
?r\gh\t ! c\ntry mu/ really h gone be=e4
 ,x is n "h1 9 ?is _w ( intellectual    
lab\r1 z 9 ! economic _w2 !re is no "q (
 ?reat5+ rivalry1 !re is no sci5tific   
competition2 !re is no?+ b co-op]ation4 
,& yet ev5 "h no p c1 )\t dang] to its  
own a*ievem5ts1 af=d to ignore :at ano!r
 nation has done4 ,! soon] t ,europe1 & 
9 p>ticul> ,g]many1 acqua9ts itself ) ! 
intellectual life ( ,am]ica1 s mu* m    
organically & pr(itably ! future lab\r 9
 common w develop4 ,= any "o :o kn[s !  
real situation c already realize1 )\t ! 
gift ( prophecy1 t 9 sci5ce m ?an 9 o!r 
sph]es ! future w belong to ^! two      
c\ntries4  ,on ! "p ( ,g]many to-day !re
 prevails an almo/ disc\rag+ ignorance (
 ev]y?+ :i* p]ta9s to ,am]ican          
univ]sities2 & we may say1 at once1 t if
 we speak ( sci5ce we %all ref] to no?+ 
b ! univ]sities4 ,z 9 ,g]many1 s x is 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 %>p & notable contra/
 to ,france & ,engl&1 t ! academic tea*]

 is ! real prie/ ( sci5ce4 ,9 ,engl& &  
,france1 x is n cu/om>y = ! great       
inve/igator to be at ! same "t ! daily  
tea*] ( y\?4 ,9 ,am]ica & ,g]many he is 
exactly ?is4 ,am]ica has1 to be sure1   
hi/orians & national economi/s l        
,rhodes1 ,lodge1 ,roosevelt1 ,s*\l]1 &  
o!rs :o are outside ( academic circles2 
& v _m lawy]s1 doctors & prea*]s1 :o are
 sci5tifically productive2 & h] mo/     
conspicu\s physici/s1 s f> z reputation 
goes1 l ,edison1 ,bell1 ,tesla1 & s _m  
o!rs1 are advanc+ sci5ce indirectly     
?r\gh _! discov]ies & inv5tions4        
,/rictly speak+1 ! (ficials ( !         
sci5tific in/itutions at ,wa%+ton are   
likewise outside ( ! univ]sities1 & !   
greate/ intellectual effici5cy has      
always be5 f\nd among ^! m54 ,nev]!less1
 x rema9s true t on ! :ole1 ! sci5tific 
life ( ! nation goes on 9 ! univ]sities1
 & t ! academic in/ruction convey$ !re  
is ! mo/ p[]ful s\rce ( /r5g? to !      
entire ,am]ican p4  ,! ,g]man /ill has  
no confid5ce 9 ,am]ican sci5ce1 is fond 

( dwell+ on ! amus+ newspap] reports (  
,we/]n 8univ]sities0 :i* are (t5        
equival5t to a ,g]man ,sekunda1 or on ^?
 extraord9>y conditions :i* prevail$ 8a 
%ort "t ago0 9 ! /udy ( m$ic9e4 ,?is    
8%ort "t ago0 means1 h[ev]1 9 !         
intellectual life ( ,g]many an entirely 
diff]5t l5g? ( "t f t :i* x means 9 !   
,new ,_w4 ,"o is almo/ tempt$ to comp>e 
! intellectual developm5t ( ,g]many &   
,am]ica by epo*s 9 ord] to get a prop]  
means ( comp>+ int]vals ( "t 9 ^!       
respective c\ntries4 ,! primitive times 
( ! ,g]mans1 f ! days ( ,tacitus d[n to 
_! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity "u          
,*>lemagne 9 ab\t ! ye> #hjj1 w\ld      
correspond1 !n1 to ! "o hundr$ & fifty  
ye>s f ! discov]y ( ,am]ica up to !     
beg9n+ ( ! ,puritan era 9 #afcj4 ,! next
 p]iod w\ld embrace 9 ,g]many sev5      
hundr$ ye>s m--up to ! "t :5 ,g]many    
fre$ itself f ,rome4 ,9 ,am]ica ?is w\ld
 be aga9 a c5tury & a half1 up to #aggf1
 :5 ! nation fre$ itself f ,engl&4 ,!n  
foll[ aft] ! ,re=mation dur+ a p]iod (  

?ree hundr$ ye>s1 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 !
 ,r5aissance ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 !     
d[nfall ( ! ,napoleonic influ5ce1 &1    
f9ally1 ! w> = fre$om4 ,& once aga9 !   
correspond+ int]vals on ?is side ( !    
ocean h be5 ( v mu* %ort] duration2     
fir/ly ye>s ( w>1 !n ! /hetic rise 9 !  
middle ( ! c5tury1 !n ! suff]+s ( !     
,civil ,w>1 ! p]iod ( recon/ruction1 &1 
f9ally1 peace4 ,aft] #ahac a new p]iod  
comm5ces1 :i* ends 9 #ahgj ) ! ,g]man   
amalgamation into a nation4 ,hi/orically
 incomp>able ) ,g]many's great w> aga9/ 
! ,fr5*1 ,am]ica _h 9 #ahih an          
insignificant w> ) ,spa92 b = ! national
 consci\sness ( ! ,am]icans x play$1    
p]haps1 no less important a rle4 ,9     
fact1 !re began at t "t probably a c]ta9
 culm9ation 9 ,am]ican intellectual     
developm5t :i* 9 its six ye>s is        
comp>able 9 effect ) :at ! ,g]mans w5t  
?r\gh dur+ sev]al decades aft] !        
,franco-,prussian ,w>4 ,inde$1 all t    
happ5$ 9 ,am]ica a hundr$ ye>s ago is   
felt to lie z f> back z ! ev5ts :i* took

 place 9 ,g]many ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago2  
&1 9 matt]s ( high] education &         
sci5tific rese>*1 conditions h probably 
*ang$ m 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s ?an !y h *ang$  
dur+ fifty ye>s 9 ,g]many4  ,! _m false 
ideas1 h[ev]1 dep5d = cr$5ce1 s f> z !y 
h any f\ndation1 n alone on ! reports ( 
! previ\s condition ( ?+s1 b also on    
mislead+ acc\nts ( ! conditions to-day4 
,= ev5 ! be/-int5tion$ n>rator is v apt 
to be misl$1 because he f9ds x s h>d to 
free himself f ord9>y ,g]man            
conceptions4 ,! position ( ! ,g]man     
s*ools ( high] education is s easily    
grasp$1 :ile t 9 ,am]ica is s           
complicat$1 t ! ,g]man is always tempt$ 
to br+ cle>ness & ord] into :at he sees 
z confusion1 by =c+ x into ! simple     
s*eme to :i* he is accu/om$1 & ?us to   
misund]/& x4  ,! ,g]man travell] is     
c]ta9 to />t f ! di/9ction s famili> to 
him betwe5 ! ,gymnasium & ! univ]sity ) 
f\r faculties1 & he always cont5ts      
himself ) mak+ b "o inquiry3 8,is ?is   
in/itution a univ]sity ) f\r faculties80

 ,& :5 he is told t x is n1 he is       
conv9c$ to 8 entire satisfaction t x is 
!re=e only a ,gymnasium4 ,inde$1 v _m ( 
! educat$ ,g]mans :o h liv$ 9 ,am]ica = 
"s decades w\ld /ill "k no bett]2 &1    
nev]!less1 ! conditions are really n    
complicat$ until "o tries to make !m fit
 into ?is ab/ract ,g]man s*eme4 ,!      
pr9ciple ( gradations :i* is manife/ 9  
all ,am]ican in/itutions is 9 itself    
fully z simple z ! ,g]man pr9ciple ( %>p
 dem>cations4 ,mo/ =eign]s d n ev5 g s  
f> z to ask :e!r a giv5 in/itution is a 
univ]sity4 ,!y are q cont5t to f9d out  
:e!r ! ^w univ]sity is a "p ( its "n4   
,if !y !n asc]ta9 f ! catalogue t !     
/udies are ab\t ! same z ^? :i* are     
drill$ into ! pupils ( a ,sekunda1 !y c 
atte/ ! %ameful fact3 8,!re are no      
univ]sities 9 ,am]ica to be 9 any wise  
comp>$ ) ! ,g]man univ]sities40  ,9 !   
fir/ place1 x %\ld be said t ! ^w       
8univ]sity0 is n us$ 9 ,am]ica 9 ! same 
s5se z 9 ,g]many1 b is almo/ completely 
int]*angeable ) ! ^w 8college10 z a r   

colorless addition to ! prop] "n ( any  
in/itution :atsoev]1 s long only z its  
curriculum goes beyond t ( ! high s*ool1
 & s long also z x is n exclusively     
design$ to tra9 m9i/]s ( ! gospel1      
doctors1 or lawy]s4 ,a high] s*ool =    
m$ical in/ruction is call$ a 8m$ical    
s*ool10 & !re are simil>ly 8law s*ools0 
& 8div9ity s*ools10 :]eas1 9 ! college  
or univ]sity1 z ! t]m is g5]ally us$1 ^!
 ?ree subjects are n taught4 ,college is
 ! old] ^w1 & s9ce ! in/itutions 9 !    
,ea/ are 9 g5]al ! old] ones1 ! "n      
college has be5 & /ill is 9 t region ! m
 common4 ,b 9 ! ,we/1 :]e 9 g5]al !     
in/itutions are on a consid]ably l[]    
level1 ! new] "n ( univ]sity is ! m     
usual4 ,no confusion necess>ily arises f
 ?is1 s9ce ! in/itutions :i* are /yl$ n[
 college & n[ univ]sity repres5t        
c\ntless gradations1 & ! g5]al t]m is   
)\t special significance4 ,no "o w\ld   
?9k ( say+ t :5 he 0 "y he w5t to a     
univ]sity1 any m ?an he w\ld say t on a 
j\rney he visit$ a city4 ,9 ord] to make

 ! /atem5t entirely cle>1 he w\ld add ! 
explicit "n ( ! in/itution4 ,e speciali/
 kn[s t a man :o has sp5t f\r ye>s 9    
,taylor ,univ]sity 9 ,indiana or at     
,blackburn ,univ]sity 9 ,ill9ois1 or at 
,lel& ,univ]sity 9 ,l\isiana1 or at o!r 
simil> 8univ]sities10 w n be ne>ly s    
well educat$ z a man :o has be5 to ,yale
 ,college or ,pr9ceton ,college or      
,columbia ,college4 ,! prop] "n is !    
only significant designation1 & !       
addition ( 8college0 or 8univ]sity0     
tells no?+4  ,out ( ?is circum/ance !re 
has indep5d5tly develop$1 9 rec5t ye>s 9
 p$agogical circles1 a second s5se = !  
^w 8univ]sity40 ,by 8univ]sity0 !re is  
com+ to be und]/ood an in/itution :i* is
 n only a college or a univ]sity 9 ! old
 s5se1 b :i* fur!rmore has v>i\s        
pr(essional s*ools4 ,ev5 9 ?is s5se ( ! 
^w1 x is n exactly ! same z ! ,g]man    
conception1 s9ce su* an in/itution      
includes ! college1 :]eas !re is no?+ 9 
,g]many :i* w\ld correspond to ?is      
collegiate dep>tm5t4 ,moreov]1 "h       

belongs also a "p ( :at ! ,g]mans h only
 9 ! te*nological in/itute4 ,f9ally1 !re
 is "o m usage :i* arises 9 a way f a   
confusion ( ! two t we h m5tion$4 ,"s   
p]sons are incl9$ to mean by 8univ]sity0
 a fir/-class college1 & by 8college0 an
 in/itution ( an inf]ior /&>d2 & s1     
f9ally1 ! prop] "n ( ! in/itution is !  
only ?+ to g by1 & ! entire high] sy/em 
( education 9 ! c\ntry c be und]/ood    
only 9 ?is way4  ,!re=e1 we %all ab/ract
 f ! designations ( ^! in/itutions1 &   
consid] only :at !y really are4 ,we h   
be=e u ! fact t hundr$s ( high]         
in/itutions ( le>n+ exi/ )\t any %>p    
dem>cation betwe5 !m2 t is1 !y =m a     
closely grad$ scale1 comm5c+ ) second>y 
s*ools & lead+ up to univ]sities1 ( :i* 
"s are 9 _m respects comp>able ) ! be/  
in/itutions ( ,g]many4 ,9 ! second      
place1 ! gr\p+s ( ! /udies 9 ^!         
in/itutions are entirely diff]5t f ^?   
:i* prevail 9 ,g]many1 especially ow+ to
 ! fact t emphasis is laid on ! college1
 :i* ,g]many does n h4 ,x c\ld n be     

diff]5t2 & ?is condition is1 9 fact1 !  
pat5t ( ,am]ican success4 ,if we try to 
und]/& ! conditions ( to-day f ^? (     
ye/]day1 ! real unity ( ?is sy/em comes 
out %>ply4 ,:at 01 !n1 we h to ask1 !   
national ne$ = high] in/ruction at ! "t 
:5 ^! /ates organiz$ !mselves into "o   
nation8  ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! p _h to h   
prea*]s1 :ile x 0 cle>1 nev]!less1 t !  
/ate1 & !re=e ! entire political        
community1 0 indep5d5t ( any *ur*1 & mu/
 nev] %[ any fav\r to "o sect ov] ano!r4
 ,& s x became ! duty ( ea* sep>ate sect
 to prep>e its own prea*]s = _! religi\s
 c>e]s z well or z badly z x 0 able4 ,! 
p1 aga91 _h to h lawy]s & judges4 ,n[ ! 
judges1 9 accordance ) ! democratic _s1 
7 elect$ f ! p1 & e man _h ! "r to plead
 8 own case 9 c\rt3--s t if any man     
propos$ to educate & prep>e himself to  
plead o!r m5's cases = !m1 x 0 8 own    
bus9ess to give himself ! prop]         
education & n ! bus9ess ( ! community4  
,he _h to become an appr5tice "u        
exp]i5c$ attorneys1 & ! community _h n  

to conc]n itself 9 ! matt]1 nor ev5 to  
see to x t su* te*nical prep>ation 0    
gr\nd$ on real le>n+4 ,s*ool-tea*]s 7   
necess>y1 b 9 ord] to satisfy ! dem&s ( 
! times x 0 h>dly necess>y = ! tea*] to 
g 9 8 own /udies v mu* beyond ! memb]s (
 8 classes4 ,a few m ye>s ( tra9+ ?an   
c\ld be _h 9 ! public s*ools 0          
desirable1 b !re 0 no ?\ght ( s*ol>%ip  
or sci5ce4 ,on ! l[e/ level ( all1 a    
hundr$ ye>s ago1 /ood ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e4
 ,x 0 a purely practical occupation1 (  
:i* anybody might le>n ! te*nique )\t   
any special tra9+4 ,he might be an      
appr5tice ) "s old] physician1 or he    
might pick x up 9 a numb] ( o!r ways4   
,z soon z we h und]/ood ! e>ly          
conditions 9 ?is way1 we c see at once  
h[ !y w\ld h fur!r to develop4 ,x is    
obvi\s t 9 _! own int]e/s ! sects w\ld h
 to f\nd s*ools = prea*]s4 ,!           
adm9i/rators ( ju/ice w\ld ( c\rse      
consult toge!r & f\nd s*ools ( law1 9   
:i* e man :o paid 8 tuition might be    
prep>$ = ! legal c>e]4 ,doctors w\ld h  

to come toge!r & f\nd m$ical s*ools :i*1
 once m1 e "o ) a public s*ool tra9+    
w\ld be free to att5d4 ,f9ally1 ! l>g]  
communities w\ld feel ! necessity ( hav+
 s*ools = tra9+ _! tea*]s4 ,9 all ?is ! 
pr9ciple ( social selection w\ld h to   
ent] 9 at once4 ,s9ce !re 7 no =mal     
provisions :i* might prescribe & fix    
/&>ds ( excell5ce1 s ev]y?+ w\ld be     
regulat$ by ! laws ( supply & dem&4 ,!  
s*ools :i* c\ld furni% successful       
lawy]s1 doctors1 tea*]s1 & cl]gym5 w\ld 
become prosp]\s1 :ile ! o!rs w\ld lead a
 mode/ exi/5ce or p]haps disappe>4 ,x   
w\ld n be1 h[ev]1 m]ely a "q ( ! good or
 bad s*ools1 b ( s*ools hav+ entirely   
diff]5t /&>ds1 & ^! adapt$ to purely    
local conditions4 ,! old] /ates w\ld1 ( 
c\rse1 dem& bett] ?+s ?an ! new pione]  
/ates2 ?ickly settl$ localities w\ld fix
 high] requirem5ts ?an rural di/ricts2  
ri* di/ricts high] ?an poor4 ,9 ?is way 
"s s*ools w\ld h a long] c\rse ( /udy   
?an o!rs1 & "s s*ools dem& m previ\s    
tra9+ z a condition ( entrance ?an o!rs4

 ,s x w\ld soon come to mean no?+ to say
 simply t "o _h tak5 ! legal1 or m$ical1
 or !ological c\rse1 z ! "o s*ool might 
(f] a f\r ye>s' c\rse & ! o!r a c\rse ( 
two ye>s1 & ! "o1 moreov]1 might dem&   
college tra9+ z prep>ation1 & ! o!r     
m]ely a gramm>-s*ool education4 ,e s*ool
 has its own "n1 & ?is "n is ! only ?+  
:i* *>act]izes its /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,9 
?is way !re is no h>m at all if !re are 
?ree or f\r m$ical s*ools 9 "o city1 &  
if _! sev]al diplomas ( graduation are (
 entirely diff]5t value4  ,:at is !     
result ( ?is8 ,x is a ?reefold "o4 ,9 ! 
fir/ place1 popul> initiative is        
/imulat$ to ! utmo/1 & e p]son & e      
in/itution is enc\rag$ to d its be/4    
,!re are no =mal regulations to hamp]   
ent]pris+ impulses1 to keep back c]ta9 m
 advanc$ regions1 or to approve         
m$iocrity ) an artificial seal (        
au?ority4 ,9 ! second place1 te*nical   
education is able to adapt itself       
?or\ghly to all ! untold local factors1 
& to give to e region su* s*ools ( high]

 tra9+ z x ne$s1 )\t pull+ d[n any m    
advanc$ sections ( ! c\ntry to an       
artificially m$iocre level m adapt$ to !
 :ole c\ntry4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! free   
competition betwe5 ! diff]5t in/itutions
 insures _! ceaseless progress4 ,!re are
 no h>d & fix$ b\nd>y l9es1 & :atsoev]  
does n advance surely rec$es2 t :i*     
leads to-day is surpass$ to-morr[ if x  
does n adapt itself to ! late/          
requirem5ts4 ,?is is true bo? z reg>ds !
 quality ( ! tea*]s & _! means (        
in/ruction1 z reg>ds ! l5g? ( ! c\rse1 &
 m especially ! conditions ( entrance4  
,^! la/ h /eadily gr[n ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4
 ,fifty ye>s ago ! v be/ in/itutions 9 !
 mo/ advanc$ portions ( ! c\ntry dem&$  
no m = entrance ?an ! pr(essional s*ools
 ( ?ird class situat$ 9 m rural regions 
dem& to-day4 ,& ?is t5d5cy goes /eadily 
onw>d day by day4 ,if !re 7 any great   
dep>tures made1 ! in/itutions w\ld be   
dis9tegrat$2 ! s*ools :i* prep>e pupils 
w\ld n be able sudd5ly to come up to new
 requirem5ts1 & !re=e few s*ol>s w\ld be

 able to prep>e = greatly modifi$       
entrance exam9ations4 ,9 ?is way1 betwe5
 ! cons]vative hold+ to hi/oric         
traditions & ! /riv+ to progress & to   
exce$ o!r in/itutions by ! highe/       
possible effici5cy1 a compromise is     
br\ght ab\t :i* results 9 a gradual b n 
ov]-ha/y improvem5t4  ,we h s f>        
entirely left out ( acc\nt ! /ate4 ,we c
 speak "h only ( ! individual /ate4 ,!  
c\ntry z a :ole has z little to d )     
high] education z ) l[]4 ,b ! s+le /ate 
has1 9 fact1 a significant task--inde$1 
a d\ble "o4 ,s9ce x aims at no monopoly1
 b r gives ! free/ play to individual   
initiative1 we h recogniz$ ! fundam5tal 
pr9ciple t re/rictions are plac$ n[h]e4 
,on ! o!r h&1 x becomes ! duty ( ! /ate 
to l5d a help+ h& :]ev] private         
activities h be5 f\nd insuffici5t4 ,?is 
c happ5 9 two ways3 ei!r ! /ate may help
 to support private in/itutions :i*     
already exi/1 or x may e/abli% new ones 
( its own1 :i* 9 t case (f] free tuition
 to ! sons & daught]s ( all taxpay]s4   

,^! s-call$ /ate univ]sities are1 9 a   
way1 ! cr[n+ feature ( ! free public    
s*ool sy/em4 ,:]ev] !y exi/1 ! sons (   
f>m]s h ! advantage ( free in/ruction f 
! k9d]g>t5 to ! degree ( doctor (       
philosophy4  ,n[ private initiative is  
weake/ :]e ! population is poor or /&s  
on a l[ level ( culture1 s t few c be   
f\nd to contribute suffici5t funds to   
support good in/itutions1 & at ! same "t
 ! ri* citiz5s ( ^! less advanc$ /ates  
pref] to s5d _! *ildr5 to ! univ]sities 
( ! mo/ advanc$ /ates4 ,! result is1 &  
?is is :at is h>de/ = ! =eign] to       
und]/&1 t ! high] in/itutions ( le>n+   
:i* are subsidiz$ by ! /ate /& = a grade
 ( culture inf]ior to t ( ! private     
in/itutions1 & t n only ! lead+         
univ]sities1 l ,h>v>d1 ,columbia1 ,johns
 ,hopk9s1 ,yale1 ,*icago1 ,cornell1 &   
,/an=d1 c>ry on _! "w )\t ! help ( !    
/ate1 b also t ! lead+ ,ea/]n ,/ates pay
 out mu* less = high] in/ruction ?an d !
 ,we/]n4 ,! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 :i*  
/&s at ! head 9 matt]s ( education1 does

 n give a c5t to its univ]sities1 :ile  
,ohio entirely supports ! ,ohio ,/ate   
,univ]sity & gives aid to six o!r       
in/itutions4  ,! second task ( ! /ates 9
 educational matt]s is %>$ alike by all 
( !m2 ! /ate sup]vises all in/ruction1  
&1 m ?an t1 ! /ate legislature conf]s on
 ! individual in/itution ! "r to aw>d   
grades1 diplomas1 & degrees to its      
/ud5ts4 ,no in/itution may *ange its    
organization )\t a civil p]mit4 ,z      
culture has advanc$ ! /ate has f\nd x   
necess>y to make ! requirem5ts 9 ! v>i\s
 pr(essional s*ools r high4 ,9 practice1
 once m1 a cont9ual compromise has be5  
necess>y betwe5 ! ne$ to advance & !    
desire to /ay1 by traditions :i* h be5  
prov$ & tri$ & f\nd practical4 ,"h1 once
 aga91 any univ]sal s*eme ( organization
 w\ld h de/roy$ ev]y?+4 ,if a high /&>d 
_h be5 fix$ x w\ld h h9d]$ private      
initiative1 & giv5 a set-back to ,s\!rn 
& ,we/]n /ates & robb$ !m ( ! impulses  
to developm5t4 ,a l[] univ]sal /&>d1 on 
! o!r h&1 w\ld h imp$$ ! advance ( ! m  

progressive portions ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re=e 
! v>i\s /ate gov]nm5ts h tak5 a happy   
middle position 9 ^! matt]s1 & _!       
responsibility = ! sep>ate in/itutions  
has be5 made ev5 less complete 9 t !    
degrees ( ^! in/itutions c>ry 9 !mselves
 no actual rights4 ,e /ate has its own  
laws = ! admission ( a lawy] to its b>1 
or to ! public practice ( m$ic9e1 & x is
 only to a small degree t ! diplomas (  
pr(essional s*ools are recogniz$ z      
equival5t to a /ate exam9ation4  ,!     
hi/ory ( ! pr(essional s*ools = lawy]s1 
m9i/]s1 tea*]s1 & physicians 9 ,am]ica  
is by no means ! hi/ory ( ! univ]sities4
 ,we h s f> left out ( acc\nt ! college1
 :i* is ! nucleus ( ,am]ican education4 
,let u n[ g back to x4 ,we saw 9 !      
beg9n+ ( ! developm5t ( ^! /ates a      
social community 9 :i* prep>ation = !   
pr(essions ( tea*+1 prea*+1 law or      
m$ic9e impli$ a te*nical & specializ$   
tra9+1 :i* e "o c\ld obta9 = himself )\t
 any consid]able prep>ation4 ,!re 0 no  
?\ght ( a broad1 lib]al education4 ,n[1 

to be sure1 ! level ( s*ol>%ip requir$ =
 entrance into ! pr(essional s*ools has 
/eadily ris51 ! duration & "* ( !       
in/ruction has be5 /eadily improv$2 b   
ev5 to-day ! impression has n fad$ f !  
public consci\sness1 & is inde$ fav\r$  
by ! great diff]5ces 9 m]it betwe5 !    
special s*ools1 t su* a practical       
introduction to ! treatm5t ( disease1 to
 c\rt proc$ure1 ! ma/]y ( te*nical      
problems1 or to ! art ( tea*+1 does n 9 
itself develop educat$ m54 ,all ?is is  
specializ$ pr(essional tra9+1 :i* no m  
broad5s ! m9d ?an w\ld ! pr(essional    
prep>ation = ! call+ ( ! m]*ant or      
manufactur] or capta94 ,:e!r a man :o is
 prep>$ = 8 special c>e] is also an     
educat$ man1 dep5ds on ! sort ( g5]al   
culture t he has become famili> )4 ,x is
 ?\ght important = a man to h _h a      
lib]al education be=e ent]+ ! comm]cial 
h\se or ! m$ical s*ool1 b x is felt to  
be indiff]5t :e!r he has le>n$ 8        
pr(ession at ! /ock ex*ange or at !     
cl9ic4  ,! ,european w f9d x h>d to     

foll[ ?is tr5d ( ?\ght4 ,9 ,europe !    
highe/ in/itutions ( le>n+ are s closely
 alli$ to ! le>n$ pr(essions1 & ^!      
!mselves h hi/orically develop$ s       
completely f ! le>n$ /udies1 t          
pr(essional erudition & g5]al culture   
are well-nigh id5tical4 ,& ! g5]al sy/em
 ( di/9ctions & m]its fav\rs 9 e way !  
le>n$ pr(essions4 ,h[ mu* ( ?is1 h[ev]1 
spr+s out ( special conditions may be   
se51 = in/ance1 f ! fact t 9 ,g]many an 
equal social position is giv5 to ! (fic]
 ( ! army & to ! s*ol>4 ,ev5 ! ,am]ican 
is1 9 8 way1 n q consi/5t1 9 s f> z he  
has at all times hon\r$ ! pr(ession ( ! 
m9i/ry ) a degree ( e/eem t is indep5d5t
 ( ! previ\s prep>ation :i* ! m9i/] _h  
be=e ent]+ 8 !ological s*ool4 ,?is fact 
has come f ! lead+ position :i* !       
cl]gym5 held 9 ! ,am]ican colonial days1
 & ! close relation :i* exi/s betwe5 !  
/udy ( !ology & g5]al philosophy4  ,!   
fact t by *ance "o _h tak5 ! pr(ession (
 law1 or tea*+1 or m$ic9e1 did n exalt  
"o 9 ! eyes ( "o's contempor>ies above !

 great mass ( av]age citiz5s :o w5t ab\t
 _! hone/ bus9ess4 ,! sep>ation ( ^? :o 
7 call$ to social lead]%ip 0 se5 to     
require1 !re=e1 "s pr9ciple :i* %\ld be 
diff]5t f any pr(essional tra9+4 ,at ?is
 po9t we come on yet ano!r hi/orical    
factor4 ,! nation grew /ep = /ep ) its  
comm]cial activities & und]tak+s4 ,s    
long z x 0 a "q ( ga9+ & develop+ new   
t]ritory1 ! highe/ tal5t1 ! be/ /r5g? & 
pr\de/ p]sonalities ent]$ ! s]vice ( ?is
 nationally significant "w4 ,x 0 a matt]
 ( c\rse t no second>y position 9       
society %\ld be ascrib$ to ^! capta9s ( 
comm]ce & ( indu/ry4 ,! highe/ degree ( 
culture :i* !y 7 able to atta9          
necess>ily fix$ ! /&>d ( culture = !    
:ole community2 &1 !re=e1 ! traditional 
concept ( ! g5tleman z ! man ( lib]al   
culture & ref9em5t came to h t great    
social significance :i* 0 res]v$ 9      
,g]many = ! le>n$ pr(essions4  ,9 its   
out] =m1 ! education ( su* a g5tleman 0 
borr[$ f ,engl&4 ,x 0 a f\r ye>s' c\rse 
com+ aft] ! high s*ool1 & lay+ special  

/ress on ! classical languages1         
philosophy1 & ma!matics--a c\rse :i*1 up
 to ! e>ly tw5ties1 kept a "y man 9     
contact ) ! f9e arts & ! sci5ces1 ) no  
?\ght = ! practical e>n+ ( a livelihood2
 :i*1 !re=e1 kept him f\r ye>s long] f !
 tumult ( ! _w1 & 9 an ideal community (
 m5 :o 7 do+ z he 0 do+2 :i* develop$   
him 9 "w1 9 sport1 9 morals & social    
address4 ,su* 0 ! tradition2 !          
in/itution 0 call$ a college aft] !     
,engli% prec$5t4 ,any man :o w5t to     
college belong$ to ! educat$ class1 & x 
0 indiff]5t :at pr(ession he took up2 no
 /udies ( ! pr(essional s*ool 7 able to 
replace a college education4 ,n[1 x     
necess>ily happ5$ t ! endeav\r to h     
/ud5ts ent] ! pr(essional s*ools ) z    
?or\gh prep>ation z possible l$         
ev5tually to dem& ( e "o :o und]took a  
pr(essional c\rse ! complete college    
education4 ,9 fact1 ?is la/ /ate (      
developm5t is already rea*$ 9 ! be/     
in/itutions ( ,am]ica4 ,= in/ance1 9    
,h>v>d & 9 ,johns ,hopk9s1 ! diploma ( a

 f\r ye>s' college c\rse is dem&$ =     
entrance into ! legal1 m$ical1 or       
!ological faculty4 ,b 9 popul> op9ion ! 
divid+ l9e betwe5 common & sup]ior      
education is /ill ! l9e betwe5 s*ool &  
college1 & n1 z 9 ,g]many1 betwe5 lib]al
 & te*nical in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,"o :o 
has successfully pass$ ?r\gh college    
becomes a graduate1 a g5tleman (        
di/9ction2 he has ! degree ( ba*elor (  
arts1 & ^? :o h ?is degree are und]/ood 
to h _h a high] education4  ,?is :ole   
complex ( relations is reflect$ )9 !    
college itself4 ,x is suppos$ to be a   
f\r ye>s' c\rse :i* comes aft] ! high   
s*ool1 & we h se5 t ! high s*ool itself 
has no fix$ /&>d ( in/ruction4 ,! small 
prairie college may be no bett] ?an !   
,t]tia or ,sekunda ( a ,g]man           
,reals*ule1 :ile ! l>ge & influ5tial    
colleges are c]ta9ly n at all to be     
comp>$ simply ) ,g]man s*ools1 b r ) !  
,g]man ,prima ( a ,gymnasium1 toge!r ) !
 fir/ two or ?ree seme/]s 9 !           
philosophical faculty ( a univ]sity4    

,betwe5 ^! extremes !re is a long1 slid+
 scale1 repres5t$ by ov] six hundr$     
colleges4 ,we mu/ n[ be> 9 m9d t !      
college 0 meant to be ! high] s*ool = ! 
g5]al cultivation ( g5tlem54 ,( c\rse1 f
 ! outset ?is ideali/ic dem& 0 n free f 
utilit>ian consid]ations2 ! same        
in/ruction c\ld well be utiliz$ z ! mo/ 
appropriate practical tra9+ ( !         
s*ool-tea*]1 & if s1 ! college becomes  
second>ily a sort ( te*nical s*ool =    
p$agogues4 ,b1 !n1 9 ! same way z !     
entrance into legal & m$ical faculties 0
 gradually made m difficult1 until n[ ! 
be/ ( ^! s*ools dem& collegiate         
prep>ation1 s also did ! tra9+ s*ool =  
tea*]s necess>ily become ( m & m        
pr(essional "*1 until x gradually q     
outgrew ! college4 ,! culm9ation is a   
philosophical faculty :i*1 f its side1  
presupposes ! college1 & :i*1 !re=e1    
takes ! /ud5t ab\t :]e a ,g]man /ud5t   
ent]s 8 f\r? seme/]--a te*nical s*ool = 
specializ$ critical sci5ce lay+ ma9     
/ress on sem9>ies1 laboratories1 &      

lectures = advanc$ /ud5ts4 ,su* a       
cont9uation ( ! college /udy beyond ! "t
 ( college--t is1 = ^? :o h be5 graduat$
 f college--is call$ a graduate s*ool1 &
 its goal is ! degree ( doctor (        
philosophy4 ,! graduate s*ool is 9 ?is  
way p>allel ) ! law1 m$ical1 or div9ity 
s*ool1 :i* likewise presuppose t _!     
/ud5ts h be5 graduat$ f college4  ,!    
utilit>ian elem5t inevitably affects !  
college f ano!r side4 ,a college ( !    
high] type w n be a s*ool ) a rigid     
curriculum1 b w adapt itself m or less  
to ! individuality ( its /ud5ts4 ,if x  
is really to give ! mo/ x c1 x mu/1 at  
lea/ dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! college c\rse1 
be some:at l a philosophical faculty1 & 
all[ "s selection among ! v>i\s         
/udies3--s t e man c be/ p]fect 8       
peculi> tal5t & c satisfy 8 incl9ations 
= "o or o!r sort ( le>n+4 ,s soon1 n[1 z
 su* academic fre$om has be5 in/itut$1 x
 is v liable to be us$ = utilit>ian     
purposes4 ,! future doctor & ! future   
lawy] 9 _! election ( college /udies w h

 ! pr(essional s*ool already 9 m9d1 & w 
be prep>+ !mselves = _! pr(essional     
/udies4 ,! lawy] w probably /udy m      
hi/ory1 ! doctor w /udy biology1 !      
!ologian languages1 ! future manufactur]
 may /udy physics1 ! bank] political    
economy1 & ! politician w take up       
gov]nm5t4 ,& s ! ideal tra9+ s*ool =    
g5tlem5 w n be m]ely a place = lib]al   
education1 b at ! same "t w provide its 
own sort ( unte*nical pr(essional tra9+4
  ,inasmu* z ev]y?+ really te*nical is  
/ill exclud$1 & ! majority ( college    
/ud5ts ev5 to-day come = no?+ m ?an a   
lib]al education1 x rema9s true t !     
college is fir/ ( all a place = !       
developm5t & ref9em5t ( p]sonal "*2 a   
place 9 :i* ! "y ,am]ican sp5ds ! ri*e/ 
& happie/ ye>s ( 8 life1 :]e he =ms 8   
fri5d%ips & intellectual pref]5ces :i*  
are to la/ ?r\gh\t 8 life1 & :]e ! n>r[ 
conf9es ( s*ool life are outgr[n & !    
conf9es ( pr(essional education n yet   
begun2 :]e1 9 %ort1 ev]y?+ is broad &   
free & sunny4 ,= ! ,am]ican ! attraction

 ( academic life is :olly c5tr$ 9 !     
college2 ! college /ud5t is ! only "o :o
 lives ! true /ud5t life4 ,^? :o /udy 9 
! f\r pr(essional faculties are         
comp>able r to ! ,g]man m$ical /ud5ts ( 
! la/ cl9ical seme/]s--s$ate1           
semi-pr(essional m54 ,! college is ! s\l
 ( ! univ]sity4 ,! college is to-day1 m 
?an ev]1 ! s\l ( ! :ole nation4  ,we h  
to m5tion "o m factor1 & we %all h      
br\ght toge!r all :i* are ( prime       
importance4 ,we h se5 t ! pr(essional & 
! collegiate s*ools _h at ! outset      
diff]5t po9ts ( view1 & 71 9 fact1      
entirely indep5d5t4 ,x 0 inevitable t z 
!y develop$ !y %\ld come into clos] &   
clos] relations4 ,! "n ( ! college      
rema9$ dur+ ?is developm5t ! g5]al      
designation4 ,special faculties h gr\p$ 
!mselves ab\t ! college1 :ile a common  
adm9i/ration keeps !m toge!r4 ,!re are  
c]ta9 local difficulties 9 ?is4 ,accord+
 to ! orig9al idea1 a college ought to  
be 9 a small1 rural1 & attractively     
situat$ spot4 ,! "y man %\ld be remov$ f

 ord9>y conditions2 & z he goes to ,j5a1
 ,m>burg1 & ,gtt+51 s he %\ld g to      
,pr9ceton or ,new ,hav51 or ,palo ,alto1
 9 ord] to be away f l>ge cities 9 a    
little academic _w :i* is inspir$ only  
by ! glory ( fam\s tea*]s & by ! y\?ful 
happ9ess ( _m /ud5t g5]ations4 ,a m$ical
 or law s*ool1 on ! o!r h&1 belongs1    
accord+ to ,am]ican tradition1 9 "s l>ge
 city1 :]e !re is a pl5ty ( cl9ical     
mat]ial at h&1 & :]e great attorneys are
 9 contact ) ! c\rts4 ,x s happ5$ t !   
college1 z x grew up into a complete    
univ]sity1 0 especially fav\r$ if x     
happ5$ to be 9 ! vic9ity ( a l>ge city1 
l ,h>v>d ,college 9 ,cambridge1 :i* _h  
all ! attractions ( rural quiet &       
nev]!less 0 sep>at$ f ! l>ge city (     
,bo/on only by ! ,*>les ,riv] bridge4 ,9
 lat] times1 to be sure1 s9ce ! idyllic 
side ( college life is ev]y:]e on !     
wane1 & ! outw>d equipm5t1 especially ( 
laboratories1 libr>ies1 etc41 has       
ev]y:]e to gr[1 x is a noticeable       
advantage = ev5 collegiate prosp]ity to 

h ! res\rces ( a l>ge city at h&4 ,&1   
!re=e1 ! in/itutions 9 ^! cities1 l ,new
 ,york1 ,baltimore1 ,*icago1 & ,san     
,francisco1 develop m rapidly ?an _m    
colleges :i* 7 once fam\s b :i* lie 9 m 
isolat$ places4  ,at ! head ( !         
adm9i/ration !re is always a presid5t1 a
 man ^: functions are some?+ betwe5 ^? (
 a ,rektor & a ,kultus-,m9i/]1 mo/      
ne>ly1 p]haps1 comp>able ) a ,kurator1 &
 yet mu* m indep5d5t1 mu* m dictatorial4
 ,! direction ( ! univ]sity is actually 
conc5trat$ 9 8 p]son1 & ! rise or fall (
 ! in/itution is 9 l>ge measure dep5d5t 
on 8 (ficial lead]%ip4 ,9 old5 times !  
presid5t 0 almo/ always a !ologian1 & at
 ! same "t 0 apt to be pr(essor 9 moral 
philosophy4 ,?is is true to-day ( none b
 small c\ntry colleges1 & ev5 !re !     
,puritan tradition disappe>s z f9ancial 
& adm9i/rative problems come to be      
important4 ,! l>ge univ]sities h lately 
come almo/ always to place a pr(essor ( 
! philosophical faculty at _! head4     
,almo/ inv>iably ^! are m5 ( lib]al     

end[m5ts4 ,mo/ly !y are m5 ( wide       
outlook1 & only su* m5 are fit = ^!     
positions1 :i* belong to ! mo/          
influ5tial & important 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!   
op9ions ( m5 l ,eliot ( ,h>v>d1 ,hadley 
( ,yale1 ,butl] ( ,columbia1 ,%urman (  
,cornell1 ,rems5 ( ,johns ,hopk9s1      
,:eel] ( ,cali=nia1 ,h>p] ( ,*icago1    
,jordan ( ,lel& ,/an=d1 ,wilson (       
,pr9ceton1 & ( _m o!rs1 are respect$ &  
s\ght on all que/ions ( public life1 ev5
 9 matt]s ext5d+ f> beyond education4   
,! univ]sity presid5t is elect$ = a life
 t]m by ! adm9i/rative c\ncil--a        
delib]ative body ( m5 :o1 )\t emolum5ts1
 s]ve ! de/9ies ( ! univ]sity1 & 9 a    
c]ta9 s5se are ! congress ( ! univ]sity 
z comp>$ ) ! presid5t4 ,!y confirm      
appo9tm5ts1 regulate exp5ditures1 &     
!oretically conduct all ext]nal bus9ess 
= ! univ]sity1 al?\gh practically !y    
foll[ 9 l>ge "p ! recomm5dations ( !    
faculties4 ,! tea*+ body is compos$     
ev]y:]e ( pr(essors1 assi/ant pr(essors1
 & in/ructors4 ,all ^! receive a fix$   

/ip5d4 ,!re are no su* ?+s z private    
tuition fees1 & unsal>i$ tea*]s1 l !    
,g]man ,privatdoc5t51 are virtually     
unkn[n4 ,! in/ruction consi/s1 9 g5]al1 
( c\rses la/+ ?r\gh a ye> & n a seme/]4 
,! academic ye> beg9s1 9 mo/ cases1 at !
 end ( ,septemb] & closes at ! end (    
,june4  ,dur+ 8 f\r ye>s' college c\rse 
! /ud5t pref]s to rema9 true to "s "o   
college4 ,if ?is is a small in/itution1 
he is v apt1 on be+ graduat$1 to att5d  
"s high] in/itution4 ,ev5 ! /ud5ts 9    
pr(essional s*ools g5]ally come back ye>
 aft] ye> to ! same s*ool till !y f9i%  
_! /udies4 ,x is only 9 ! graduate      
s*ool--t is1 ! ,g]man philosophical     
faculty--t migration aft] ! ,g]man mann]
 has come 9 fa%ion2 "h1 9 fact1 ! /ud5t 
frequ5tly /udies "o ye> "h & "o ye> !re1
 9 ord] to he> ! be/ speciali/s 9 8     
sci5ce4 ,except 9 ! /ate in/itutions ( !
 ,we/1 ! /ud5t pays a r\nd sum = ! ye>2 
9 ! l>g] in/itutions f "o hundr$ to "o  
hundr$ & fifty doll>s4 ,9 ! small]      
colleges ! f\r ye>s' c\rse ( /udy is    

almo/ :olly prescrib$1 & only 9 ! f9al  
ye> is !re a c]ta9 fre$om ( *oice4 ,!   
high] ! college /&s 9 ! matt] (         
s*ol>%ip1 s mu* ! m its lecture         
programme approa*es t ( a univ]sity2 & 9
 ! =emo/ colleges ! /ud5t is f ! v      
beg9n+ almo/ entirely free 9 8 selection
 ( /udies4  ,a fre$om 9 elect+ betwe5   
/udy & laz9ess is less kn[n4 ,! /ud5t   
may elect 8 own lectures2 he mu/1 h[ev]1
 att5d at lea/ a c]ta9 numb] ( ^!1 & mu/
 g5]ally %[ 9 a semi-annual exam9ation t
 he has sp5t 8 "t to "s purpose4 ,!     
exam9ations at ! end ( ! special c\rses 
are 9 ! college sub/itut$ = a f9al      
exam9ation4 ,any man receives a degree  
:o has pass$ ! writt5 exam9ations 9 a   
c]ta9 numb] ( c\rses4 ,! exam9ations    
conc]n n only :at has actually be5 said 
9 ! lectures1 b at ! same "t try to br+ 
out h[ mu* ! /ud5t has le>n$ outside 9 !
 way ( read+ text-books & se>*+ into    
lit]ature4 ,orig9ally ! /ud5ts room$ 9  
college build+s1 b ) ! gr[? ( ^!        
in/itutions ?is factor ( college life   

has decl9$4 ,9 ! l>g] univ]sities !     
/ud5t is1 9 matt]s ( 8 daily life1 z    
free z ! ,g]man2 b dwell+ 9 college     
dormitories /ill rema9s ! mo/ popul>    
mode ( liv+1 s9ce x l5ds a social       
attraction to academic life4  ,to g ov] 
f ?is g5]al plan to a m concrete        
pres5tation1 we may p]haps sket* briefly
 a picture ( ,h>v>d ,college1 ! olde/ & 
l>ge/ academy 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! colony (   
,massa*usetts e/abli%$ 9 #afcf a little 
college 9 ! vic9ity ( ! newly f\nd$ city
 ( ,bo/on4 ,! place 0 call$ ,cambridge 9
 commemoration ( ! ,engli% college 9 :i*
 "s ( ! coloni/s _h receiv$ _!          
education4 ,:5 9 #afch a "y ,engli%     
m9i/]1 ,john ,h>v>d1 left ?is little    
academy half 8 =tune1 x 0 decid$ to "n !
 college = its fir/ b5efactor4 ,! /ate  
_h giv5 #djj1 ,john ,h>v>d ab\t #hjj4 ,!
 s*ool build+ 0 "o little /ructure1 !   
numb] ( /ud5ts 0 v small1 & !re 7 a few 
cl]gym5 = tea*]s4 ,on ! same spot to-day
 /&s ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 l a little city 
)9 a city1 ) fifty ample build+s1 ) #eej

 memb]s ( ! tea*+ /aff1 ov] five ?\s&   
/ud5ts1 ) a regul> annual budget ( a    
million & a half doll>s1 & 9 ! enjoym5t 
( beque/s :i* add ye> by ye> millions to
 its regul> end[m5ts4  ,?is gr[? has be5
 con/ant1 outw>dly & inw>dly2 & x has   
gr[n 9 p[] & 9 fre$om 9 a way t well    
befits ! _s ( ,am]ican in/itutions4     
,s9ce ! colonial rgime ( ! sev5te5?     
c5tury gave to ! new in/itution a       
delib]ative body ( sev5 m5--! s-call$   
,corporation--?is body has p]petuat$    
itself )\t int]ruption d[n to ! pres5t  
"t by its own vote1 & )\t *ang+ any     
pr9ciple ( its con/itution has develop$ 
! home ( ,puritanism into ! !atre ( !   
free/ inve/igation1 & ! s*ool into a    
great univ]sity ( ! _w4  ,n[1 z !n1 !re 
/&s at ! head ?is body ( sev5 memb]s1   
ea* ( :om is elect$ = life4 ,to belong  
to ?is is e/eem$ a high hon\r4 ,beside  
^!1 !re is ! bo>d ( ov]se]s ( ?irty     
memb]s1 elect$ by ! graduates f among _!
 own numb]4 ,five m5 are elect$ e ,june 
to hold (fice = six ye>s 9 ?is advisory 

c\ncil4 ,e ,h>v>d man1 five ye>s aft] he
 has receiv$ 8 degree ( ba*elor1 has !  
"r to vote4 ,e appo9tm5t & all policies 
( ! univ]sity mu/ be confirm$ by ?is    
bo>d ( ov]se]s4 ,only ! be/ sons ( !    
alma mat] are elect$ to ?is body4 ,?us !
 univ]sity adm9i/ration has an upp] &   
l[] h\se1 & x is cle> t ) su* closely   
knit int]nal organization ! de/9y ( !   
univ]sity is bett] gu>d$ ?an x w\ld be  
if appo9tm5ts & exp5ditures 7 dep5d5t on
 ! caprice & political intrigues ( !    
p>ty politicians 9 ! /ate legislature4  
,j on ?is acc\nt ,h>v>d has decl9$1 =   
almo/ a hundr$ ye>s1 all aid f ! /ate2  
al?\gh ?is 0 once cu/om>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t1 say 9 
contra/ ) ,g]many1 ?is self-gov]nm5t ( !
 univ]sity implies any great]           
adm9i/rative rights = ! pr(essors4 ,!   
,g]man pr(essors h mu* m adm9i/rative   
influ5ce ?an _! colleagues 9 ,am]ica4   
,if1 inde$1 ! advice ( ! pr(essors 9    
matt]s ( new appo9tm5ts or promotions is
 important1 nev]!less ! adm9i/rative    

bodies are 9 no wise (ficially b\nd to  
foll[ ! recomm5dations ( ! faculty4  ,! 
presid5t ( ! univ]sity is ,*>les ,w4    
,eliot1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ & influ5tial     
p]sonality 9 ! :ole intellectual life ( 
,am]ica4 ,eliot comes f an old ,puritan 
family ( ,new ,engl&4 ,he 0 a pr(essor (
 *emi/ry 9 8 ?irty-fif? ye>2 & 8 essays 
on me?ods ( in/ruction1 toge!r ) 8      
tal5ts = organization1 _h awak5$        
consid]able att5tion1 :5 ! ov]se]s1 9   
spite ( lively prote/ations f v>i\s     
sides1 7 prompt$ by ke5 insight 9 ! ye> 
#ahfi to call him to ?is high (fice4 ,x 
w\ld be an exagg]ation to say t !       
trem5d\s gr[? ( ,h>v>d 9 ! la/ ?ree     
decades is :olly ! "w ( ,eliot2 = ?is   
developm5t is1 fir/ ( all1 ! result ( t 
rem>kable progress :i* ! intellectual   
life ( ! :ole l& has und]gone4 ,b ! fact
 t ,h>v>d dur+ all ?is "t has kept 9 ! v
 front rank among all academic          
in/itutions is c]ta9ly due to ! ef=ts ( 
,presid5t ,eliot2 & once aga91 if !     
progress at ,h>v>d has result$ 9 "p f ! 

sci5tific awak5+ ( ! :ole c\ntry1 ?is   
national movem5t 0 itself 9 no small    
measure ! "w ( ! same man4 ,8 influ5ce  
has ext5d$ out beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ,new 
,engl& & f> beyond all univ]sity        
circles1 & has made itself felt 9 ! :ole
 educational life ( ! c\ntry4 ,he 0 nev]
 a man aft] ! ta/e ( ! masses2 8 quiet &
 di/+ui%$ res]ve are too cool &         
delib]ate4 ,& if to-day1 on great       
occasions1 he is g5]ally ! mo/ important
 speak]1 ?is is really a triumph = cle> 
& solid ?\ght ov] ! m]e tricks (        
blatancy & rhetoric4 ,?r\gh\t ! c\ntry  
he is kn[n z ! incomp>able ma/] ( %ort &
 pregnant ,engli%4  ,8 life "w has      
conta9$ no?+ ( ! spasmodic2 nor h 8     
re=ms be5 9 any case sudd5 ones4 ,to    
:atev] has be5 necess>y he has          
consecrat$ 8 pati5t en]gy1 go+ fe>lessly
 t[>d ! goal :i* he recogniz$ z "r1 &   
mov+ sl[ly & surely =w>d4 ,ye> by ye> he
 has ex]t$ an influ5ce on ! imm$iate    
circles ( 8 community1 & s indirectly on
 ! :ole l&1 to br+ up ! conditions =    

entrance into college & pr(essional     
s*ools until at ! pres5t "t all !       
special faculties ( ,h>v>d dem& z an    
entrance requirem5t a complete college  
c\rse4 ,he has made ,h>v>d ,college ov] 
into a mod]n academy1 9 :i* e /ud5t is  
entirely free to select ! c\rse ( /udies
 :i* he desires1 & has introduc$ ?r\gh !
 entire univ]sity & = all "t1 ! _s (    
imp>tial inve/igation4 ,ev5 ! !ological 
faculty has gr[n "u 8 influ5ce f a      
sect>ian in/itution ( ! ,unit>ian ,*ur* 
into a non-sect>ian ,*ri/ian in/itution 
9 :i* future prea*]s ( e sect are able  
to obta9 _! prelim9>y tra9+4 ,& ?is     
indefatigable innovator is to-day1 z he 
n[ has complet$ 8 sev5tie? ye>1 press+  
=w>d ) y\?ful en]gies to new goals4 ,j z
 he has introduc$ into ! college !      
opportunity ( p]fectly free             
specialization1 s n[ he cle>ly sees t if
 a college education is necess>y = e    
future /ud5t 9 ! special dep>tm5ts ( !  
univ]sity1 t ! college c\rse mu/ be     
%ort5$ f f\r to ?ree ye>s1 or 9 o!r     

words1 mu/ be compress$4 ,!re is mu*    
opposition to ?is idea4 ,all traditions 
& v _m app>5tly weighty argum5ts seem to
 speak aga9/ x4 ,nev]!less1 any /ud5t ( 
av]age intellig5ce & en]gy c n[ get !   
,h>v>d ,a4 ,b4 9 ?ree ye>s2 be=e long   
?is w be ! rule1 & 9 a %ort "t ! entire 
c\ntry w h foll[$ 9 ! /eps ( ?is re=m4  
,x is true t ,eliot's di/+ui%$ position 
has contribut$ v mu* to 8 outw>d        
success--t position :i* he has fill$ =  
?irty-five ye>s1 & :i* 9 itself         
gu>antees a peculi> influ5ce on academic
 life4 ,b ! decisive ?+ has be5 8       
p]sonality4 ,he is en?usia/ic & yet     
cons]vative1 bold & yet pati5t1 always  
glad to consid] ! objections ( ! y\nge/ 
tea*]2 he is religi\s1 & nev]!less a    
confid5t expon5t ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,fir/ (
 all1 he is ?r\gh & ?r\gh an ari/ocrat3 
8 int]e/ is 9 ! s+le1 gift$1 & solid    
p]sonality r ?an 9 ! masses2 & 8        
conception ( ! inequality ( man is !    
prime motive ( 8 :ole endeav\r4 ,b at ! 
same "t he is ! be/ ( democrats1 = he   

lays ! greate/ /ress on mak+ x possible 
= ! e>ne/ _s to press on & em]ge f !    
l[e/ classes ( ! p4 ,h>v>d has set its  
roots z nev] be=e ?r\gh ! :ole c\ntry1 &
 !reby has drawn on ! intellectual &    
moral en]gies ( ! entire nation4  ,"u ! 
presid5t come ! faculties1 ( :i* ea* "o 
is presid$ ov] by a dean4 ,! l>ge/      
faculty is ! faculty ( arts & sci5ces1  
^: memb]s lecture bo? = ! college & = ! 
,graduate ,s*ool4 ,!re is really no %>p 
di/9ction1 & ! ann\ncem5t ( lectures    
says m]ely t c]ta9 elem5t>y c\rses are  
design$ = y\ng] /ud5ts 9 ! college1 & t 
c]ta9 o!rs are only = advanc$ /ud5ts4   
,moreov]1 ! sem9>ies & laboratory c\rses
 = sci5tific rese>* are op5 only to     
/ud5ts ( ! ,graduate ,s*ool4 ,! re/ is  
common gr\nd4  ,z always happ5s1 !      
faculty includes v unlike mat]ial1 a    
numb] ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ inve/igators1    
along ) o!rs :o are fir/ ( all tea*]s4  
,9 g5]al1 ! old] g5]ation ( m5 belongs  
to t "t 9 :i* ! ability to tea* 0 ?\ght 
m important ?an pure s*ol>%ip4 ,on ! o!r

 h&1 ! middle g5]ation is mu* devot$ to 
productive inve/igations4 ,! y\nge/     
g5]ation ( in/ructors is some:at divid$4
 ,a "p holds ! ideal ( creative rese>*1 
ano!r "p is 9 a sort ( reaction>y mood  
aga9/ ! mod]n high e/imation (          
specializ$ "w2 & has r a t5d5cy once m  
to emphasize ! ideali/ic side ( academic
 activity--! beauty ( =m & ! cultivat+  
value ( belles-lettres z oppos$ to ! dry
 details ( s*ol>%ip4 ,?is la/ is g5]ally
 acc\nt$ ! peculi> "w ( ,g]man influ5ce1
 & 9 opposition to ?is !re is a dem& =  
,gallic poli% & t sci5tific             
connoisseur%ip ( ! ,engli% g5tleman4    
,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ^! m5 are ?9k+ n ( ! ma9  
fact1 b r ( c]ta9 insignificant         
excresc5ces ( ,g]man "w1 & s9ce aft] all
 no?+ b ! real "w ( inve/igation c lead 
to new a*ievem5ts :i* ju/ify 9 a real   
univ]sity any advancem5t to high]       
academic positions1 !re is no gr\nd =   
fe>+ t ?is reaction>y mood w ex]t any   
p>ticul>ly h>mful influ5ce on m s]i\s   
circles ( work]s4 ,su* a movem5t may be 

ev5 welcom$ z a w>n+ aga9/ a possible   
ossification ( sci5ce4 ,p>ticul>ly !    
college w\ld be untrue to its ideals1 if
 x 7 to =get ! humanities 9 fav\r (     
sci5tific matt]s ( fact4  ,! lectures   
naturally foll[ ! pr9ciple ( ?or\gh-go+ 
specialization1 & "o :o reads ! ,annual 
,report w probably be surpris$ to       
discov] h[ _m /ud5ts take up ,assyrian  
or ,icel&ic1 ,old ,bulg>ian1 or ,middle 
,iri%4 ,! same specialization is c>ri$  
into ! sem9>ies = ! advanc$ /ud5ts2 ?us1
 = in/ance1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( philosophy1  
!re are special sem9>ies = e?ics1       
psy*ology1 metaphysics1 logic1          
sociology1 p$agogy1 ,greek1 & mod]n     
philosophy4 ,! !ological faculty is !   
smalle/4 ,9 spite ( an admirable tea*+  
/aff !re rema9s some?+ /ill to d be=e ! 
_s ( sci5ce is br\ght into p]fect h>mony
 ) ! /rongly sect>ian "* ( ! ,am]ican   
*ur*es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! faculty ( law is
 recogniz$ z ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 9 !         
,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! 
,anglo-,am]ican law & ! ,romano-,g]man  

has br\ght x ab\t t ! entire arrangem5t 
& me?od ( /udy "h are ?or\ghly diff]5t f
 ! ,g]man4 ,f ! v beg9n+ law is taught  
by ! /udy ( actual decisions2 !         
introduction ( ?is 8case sy/em10 9      
opposition to ! usual text-book sy/em1 0
 ! mo/ decisive advance ( all & fix$ !  
reputation ( ! law faculty4 ,& ?is sy/em
 has be5 gradually introduc$ into o!r   
lead+ s*ools ( law4 ,! legal c\rse la/s 
?ree ye>s1 & ea* ye> has its prescrib$  
c\rses ( lectures4 ,9 ! fir/ ye>1 =     
in/ance1 /ud5ts take up contracts1 !    
p5al code1 prop]ty rights1 & civil      
processes4 ,p]haps ! dep>ture f ! ,g]man
 me?od ( tea*+ law is mo/ *>act]i/ically
 %[n by ! fact t ! law /ud5ts are f ! v 
fir/ day ! mo/ indu/ri\s /ud5ts ( all4  
,^! "y m5 h pass$ ?r\gh _! r easy       
college days1 & :5 n[ !y leave ^? e>ly  
ye>s ( /udy 9 ! elm-%ad$ college y>d &  
)draw to ,au/9 ,hall1 ! law build+ ( !  
univ]sity1 !y feel t at la/ !y are      
beg9n+ _! s]i\s life-"w4 ,9 ! upp] /ory 
( ,au/9 ,hall !re is a l>ge read+-room =

 ! /ud5ts1 ) a legal ref]5ce libr>y (   
ov] sixty ?\s& volumes4 ,?is hall is    
fill$ ) /ud5ts1 ev5 late at night1 :o   
are q z busy z if !y 7 "y b>ri/]s       
indu/ri\sly work+ away on _! beg9n+     
practice4  ,! ,g]man me?od is mu* m     
foll[$ 9 ! f\r-ye> m$ical c\rse (       
/udies1 & /ill !re are "h /rik+         
diff]5ces4 ,! m$ical faculty ( ,h>v>d1  
:i* is locat$ 9 ,bo/on on acc\nt ( !    
l>g] hospitals to be f\nd 9 ! city1 is  
at ?is mom5t 9 ! mid/ ( mov+4 ,already  
"w has be5 comm5c$ on a new m$ical      
quadrangle ) ! mo/ mod]n & sumptu\s     
edifices4 ,9 some:at ! same way1 ! c\rse
 ( /udies is r "u process ( re=mation4  
,x is 9 ! /age ( exp]im5tation1 & (     
c\rse x is true ?r\gh\t ! _w t ! a/oni%+
 advance ( m$ic9e has creat$ new        
problems = ! univ]sities4 ,x seems      
impossible n[ = a /ud5t to ma/] ! :ole  
prov9ce1 s9ce 8 /udy "t is ( c\rse      
limit$4 ,! late/ attempt at re=m is     
along ! l9e ( ! greate/ possible        
conc5tration4 ,! /ud5t is expect$ =     

sev]al mon?s morn+ & night to /udy only 
anatomy1 to he> anatomical lectures1 to 
dissect & to use ! microscope2 & !n aga9
 = sev]al mon?s he devotes himself      
entirely to physiology1 & s on4 ,mu* is 
hop$1 secondly1 f ! intuitive me?od (   
in/ruction4 ,:ile 9 ,g]many ! tea*+ (   
physiology is *iefly by means ( lectures
 & demon/rations1 e ,h>v>d /ud5t has 9  
addition dur+ ! p]iod ( physiological   
/udy to "w "o hundr$ & eighty h\rs on   
prescrib$ exp]im5ts1 s t two h\rs (     
exp]im5tation foll[ e "o-h\r lecture4 ,9
 c]ta9 l9es ( practical in/ruction1     
especially 9 pa?ological anatomy1 !     
,am]ican is at a disadvantage comp>$ ) !
 ,g]man1 s9ce ! supply ( mat]ial =      
autopsy is limit$4 ,popul> democratic   
s5tim5t is v /rong aga9/ ! idea t a man 
:o dies 9 a public poor-h\se mu/ fall a 
prey to ! dissect+ knife4 ,! cl9ical    
demon/rations are n giv5 9 special      
univ]sity cl9ics1 b r 9 ! l>ge municipal
 hospitals1 :]e all ! *ief physicians   
are pl$g$ to give practical in/ruction 9

 ! =m ( demon/rations4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 
!re is an increas+ t5d5cy to give to !  
/udy ( m$ic9e a c]ta9 mobility2 9 o!r   
words1 to all[ a r e>ly specialization4 
,z to ! sub/ance itself :i* is taught1  
,h>v>d's m$ical s*ool is v mu* l a      
,g]man univ]sity1 & becomes daily m     
simil>4 ,9 ! ,am]ican z 9 ! ,g]man      
univ]sity1 ! microscope & ! retort h    
tak5 prec$5ce ov] ! m$ic9e *e/4  ,h>v>d 
has ab\t five ?\s& /ud5ts4 ,any boy :o  
wi%es to ent] mu/ pass1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! 
summ]1 a six-day writt5 exam9ation2 & ^!
 exam9ations are conduct$ 9 ab\t =ty    
diff]5t places ( ! c\ntry "u !          
sup]vision ( (fic]s ( ! univ]sity4 ,any 
"o com+ f o!r univ]sities is c>efully   
grad$ accord+ to ! /&>d ( s*ol>%ip ( 8  
p>ticul> in/itution4 ,! am\nt ( /udy    
requir$ is n easily det]m9$4 ,unlike !  
,g]man plan1 e c\rse ( lectures is      
conclud$ at ! end ( ! ye> ) a ?ree-h\r  
exam9ation1 & only ! man :o passes !    
exam9ation has ! c\rse 9 "q put to 8    
cr$it4 ,:oev] dur+ ! f\r1 or p]haps     

?ree1 college ye>s has tak5 eighte5     
?ree-h\r lecture c\rses ext5d+ ?r\gh !  
ye> receives ! ba*elor's degree4 ,9     
practice1 inde$1 ! matt] becomes        
enorm\sly complicat$1 yet ext5sive      
adm9i/rative ma*9]y regulates e case )  
due ju/ice4 ,9 ! legal & m$ical         
faculties1 ev]y?+ is dep5d5t on ! f9al  
exam9ations ( ! ye>4 ,9 ! philosophical 
two1 or m (t5 ?ree1 ye>s ( /udy aft] !  
ba*elor's degree lead to ! doctorate (  
philosophy4  ,! graduate /ud5t always   
works indu/ri\sly ?r\gh ! ye>1 b !      
college /ud5t may be "o ( v>i\s types4  
,"p ( ^! m5 "w no less indu/ri\sly ?an !
 advanc$ /ud5ts2 :ile ano!r "p1 & by no 
means ! wor/1 w\ld n = any?+ be guilty (
 su* misbehavi\r4 ,^! m5 are n 9 ,h>v>d 
to le>n facts1 b !y h come to college = 
a c]ta9 atmosph]e--9 ord] to assimilate 
by reflection1 z !y say4 ,( c\rse1 !    
lectures ( en?usia/ic pr(essors & a good
 book or two belong to ?is atmosph]e2 & 
yet1 :o c say t ! h\rs sp5t at ! club1  
on ! foot-ball field1 at ! !atre1 9 !   

,bo/on hotel1 on ! riv] or on horseback 
d n contribute q z mu*--n to m5tion !   
in=mal discussions ab\t ,god & ! _w1    
especially ! lit]>y & a?letic worlds1 z 
!y sit toge!r at _! w9d[ seats on !     
crimson cu%ions & smoke _! cig>ettes8   
,h>v>d has ! reputation ?r\gh ! c\ntry (
 be+ ! ri* man's univ]sity1 & x is true 
t _m live "h 9 a degree ( luxury ( :i*  
few ,g]man /ud5ts w\ld ev] ?9k4 ,& yet  
!re are z _m :o g ?r\gh college on ! mo/
 mode/ means1 :o p]haps e>n _! own      
livelihood or receive f9ancial aid f !  
college4 ,a sy/ematic evasion ( lectures
 or excessive dr9k+ or c>d-play+ plays  
no role at all4 ,! di/9ctly y\?ful      
exub]ance ( ! /ud5ts is dis*>g$ mo/     
especially 9 ! field ( sport1 :i* gets  
an incomp>able influ5ce on ! /ud5ts'    
m9ds by means ( ! fri5dly rivalry betwe5
 diff]5t colleges4 ,! foot-ball game    
betwe5 ,h>v>d & ,yale 9 ,novemb]1 or !  
base-ball game 9 ,june1 or ! ,new       
,london races1 are national ev5ts1 = :i*
 special tra9s transport ?\s&s (        

visitors4 ,next to ! hi/orical          
traditions x is inde$ sport1 :i* holds !
 body ( ,h>v>d /ud5ts mo/ firmly toge!r1
 & ^? :o belong to ! same class mo/     
firmly ( all--t is1 ^? :o are to receive
 _! ,a4 ,b4 9 ! same ye>4 ,ye> aft] ye> 
! ,h>v>d graduates come back to ,bo/on 9
 ord] to see _! old class-mates aga94   
,!y "k t to be a ,h>v>d man means = _!  
:ole life to be ! body-gu>d ( ! nation4 
,!y w /& = ,h>v>d1 _! sons w g to       
,h>v>d1 & to ,h>v>d !y w contribute )   
g5]\s h&s out ( _! mat]ial prosp]ity4   
,h>v>d reflects all ! int]e/s ( !       
nation1 & all its social contra/s4 ,x   
has its political1 religi\s1 lit]>y &   
musical clubs1 its sci5tific & social   
organizations1 its daily pap] = !       
discussion ( ,h>v>d's int]e/s1 edit$ by 
/ud5ts1 & ?ree mon?ly magaz9es2 x has   
its public & s]i\s p>liam5t>y debates1 &
 mo/ popul> ( all1 op]atic p]=mances 9 !
 burlesque ve9 giv5 by /ud5ts4 ,?\s&s ( 
mo/ div]se p]sonalities "w out _! life  
problems 9 ?is little city ( lecture    

halls1 laboratories1 museums1 libr>ies1 
banquet halls1 & club build+s1 :i* are  
scatt]$ ab\t ! anci5t elm-%ad$ y>d4 ,ea*
 /ud5t has come1 9 ! ard\r & ambition ( 
y\?1 to ^! halls :]e s _m intellectual  
lead]s h taught & s _m great m5 ( !     
outside _w h sp5t _! /ud5t ye>s2 & ea*  
"o goes away once m into ! _w a bett] & 
/rong] man4  ,"o ?+ t a ,european       
visitor p>ticul>ly expects to f9d 9 !   
lecture room ( an ,am]ican univ]sity is 
n f\nd 9 ,h>v>d4 ,!re are no wom5 /ud5ts
 9 ! s*ool4 ,wom5 graduates :o are well 
advanc$ are admitt$ to ! sem9>ies & to  
sci5tific rese>* 9 ! laboratories1 b !y 
are exclud$ f ! college2 & ! same is    
true ( ,yale1 ,columbia1 ,pr9ceton1 &   
,johns ,hopk9s4 ,( c\rse1 ,h>v>d has no 
prejudice aga9/ ! high] education (     
wom52 b ,h>v>d is itself an in/itution =
 m54 ,9 an indirect way1 ! tea*+ /aff ( 
,h>v>d ,univ]sity is utiliz$ = ! b5efit 
( wom51 s9ce only a /one's ?r[ f !      
,h>v>d ,college gate is ,radcliffe      
,college1 :i* is = wom51 & 9 :i* only   

,h>v>d in/ructors give lectures4  ,?is  
picture ( ! l>ge/ univ]sity w /& z      
typical = ! o!rs1 al?\gh ( c\rse ea* "o 
( ! great academies has its own         
peculi>ities4 ,:ile ,h>v>d seeks to     
unite humanit>ian & specializ$ "w1      
,johns ,hopk9s aims to give only !      
latt]1 :ile ,yale & ,pr9ceton aim m     
p>ticul>ly at ! =m]4 ,johns ,hopk9s 9   
,baltimore is a work%op ( productive    
inve/igation1 & 9 ! prov9ce ( natural   
sci5ces & m$ic9e ,johns ,hopk9s has be5 
a brilliant example to ! :ole c\ntry4   
,yale ,univ]sity1 9 ,new ,hav51 /&s fir/
 ( all = culture & p]sonal developm5t1  
al?\gh _m a %9+ "n 9 s*ol>%ip is grav5  
on ! tablets ( ,yale4 ,columbia         
,univ]sity1 9 ,new ,york1 gets its      
peculi> "* f t great city :i* is its    
backgr\nd2 & ?is to a mu* great] ext5t  
?an ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 :i* has     
creat$ its own environm5t & atmosph]e on
 ! f>!/ outskirts ( t great city4       
,*icago1 & ,cornell ,univ]sity at       
,i?aca1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1    

,ann ,arbor 9 ,mi*igan1 ,b]keley &      
,/an=d 9 ,cali=nia are ! pr9cipal       
in/itutions :i* admit wom51 & !re9 are  
outw>dly di/+ui%$ f ! l>ge in/itutions (
 ! ,ea/4  ,! male /ud5ts f ! ,we/ h     
some:at less poli%1 b are c]ta9ly n less
 indu/ri\s4 ,! ,we/]n /ud5ts come       
g5]ally out ( m mode/ conditions1 & are 
!re=e less indiff]5t ) reg>d to _! own  
future4 ,! /ud5t f ,ann ,arbor1         
,m9nesota1 or ,nebraska w\ld comp>e ) ! 
/ud5t at ,yale or ,pr9ceton ab\t z a    
/ud5t at ,knigsb]g or ,breslau w\ld     
comp>e ) "o at ,heidelb]g or ,bonn4     
,along ) t he comes f a l[] level (     
public s*ool education4 ,! ,we/]n       
in/itutions are =c$ to cont5t !mselves )
 less exact+ conditions = entrance1 & ! 
,s\? has at ! pres5t "t no academies at 
all :i* are to be comp>$ s]i\sly ) !    
great univ]sities ( ! c\ntry4  ,next to 
,h>v>d ! olde/ univ]sity is ,yale1 :i* a
 %ort "t ago celebrat$ its two-hundr$?  
anniv]s>y4 ,aft] ,yale comes ,pr9ceton1 
^: f\ndation took place 9 ! middle ( !  

eighte5? c5tury4 ,yale 0 f\nd$ z a      
prote/ aga9/ ! lib]al t5d5cies ( ,h>v>d4
 ,puritan or?odoxy _h be5 r ov]ridd5 at 
,h>v>d1 & s creat$ = itself a m secure  
=tress 9 ! colony ( ,connecticut4 ,9 ?is
 ! mass ( ! population 0 /rictly 9      
sympa?y ) ! *ur*2 ! free _s ( ,h>v>d 0  
too advanc$ = ! p1 & rema9$ s 9 a c]ta9 
way = ne>ly two c5turies4 ,!re9 has la9 
! /r5g? ( ,yale4 ,until a %ort "t ago   
,yale _h ! m popul> place 9 ! nation2 x 
0 ! democratic rally+-gr\nd 9 contra/ ) 
,h>v>d1 :i* 0 too haughtily ari/ocratic4
 ,yale 0 ! religi\s & ! cons]vative     
/ronghold z contra/$ ) ! free ?\ght &   
progress ( ,h>v>d4 ,= "s "t x seem$ z if
 ! opposition ( ,yale aga9/ ! mod]n _s  
w\ld really prejudice its high] int]e/s1
 & x sl[ly fell some:at f its great     
hi/oric position4 ,b rec5tly1 "u its "y1
 widely kn[n presid5t1 ,hadley1 !       
political economi/1 x has be5 mak+      
en]getic & v successful endeav\rs to    
recov] its lo/ position4  ,! hi/ory (   
,columbia ,univ]sity1 9 ,new ,york1     

began z e>ly z #aged4 ,at t "t x 0 ,k+'s
 ,college1 :i* aft] ! ,w> = ,indep5d5ce 
0 re*ri/5$ ,columbia ,college4 ,b ! real
 greatness ( ,columbia began only 9 !   
la/ few decades1 ) a developm5t :i* is  
unp>allel$4 ,"u its presid5t1 ,se? ,l[1 
! fam\s m$ical1 legal1 & political      
economical faculties 7 br\ght into clos]
 relations ) ! college1 ! ,graduate     
,s*ool 0 organiz$1 ,tea*]s' ,college 0  
develop$1 ! g5]al entrance conditions 7 
br\ght up1 & on ,morn+side ,heights a   
magnific5t new univ]sity quadrangle 0   
erect$4 ,:5 ,se? ,l[ left ! univ]sity1  
aft] t5 ye>s ( irreproa*able & ma/]ly   
adm9i/ration1 9 ord] to become ,mayor ( 
,new ,york 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,re=m p>ty1 he
 0 succe$$ 9 ! presid5cy by ,butl]1 a "y
 man :o s9ce 8 e>lie/ ye>s _h %[n       
extraord9>y tal5ts = adm9i/ration1 & :o 
= _m ye>s z editor ( ! be/ p$agogical   
magaz9e _h become ?or\ghly famili> ) !  
ne$s ( academic in/ruction4 ,columbia is
 fav\r$ by e circum/ance4 ,if signs are 
n deceptive1 ,columbia w soon /& ne>e/  

to ,h>v>d at ! head ( ,am]ican          
univ]sities4 ,:ile ,h>v>d & ,yale1      
,pr9ceton1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,columbia are
 ! mo/ successful creations ( !         
,colonial days1 ,johns ,hopk9s &        
,*icago1 ,cornell & ,lel& ,/an=d are !  
*ief repres5tatives ( ^? in/itutions :i*
 h rec5tly be5 f\nd$ by private         
munific5ce4 ,! /ate univ]sities (       
,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 ,nebraska1 ,kansas1
 ,m9nesota1 ,miss\ri1 & ,cali=nia may be
 m5tion$1 f9ally1 z ! mo/ notable /ate  
univ]sities4  ,johns ,hopk9s 0 an able  
railroad presid5t1 :o di$ aft] a long   
life1 9 #ahgc1 & bequea!d sev5 million  
doll>s = a univ]sity & academy to be    
f\nd$ 9 8 native city ( ,baltimore4 ,!  
adm9i/rative c\ncil elect$ ,gilman z its
 presid5t1 & x is ,gilman's memorable   
s]vice to h accompli%$ t ( :i* ,am]ica 0
 mo/ 9 ne$ 9 t mom5t ( transition--an   
academy :i* %\ld conc5trate its entire  
/r5g? on ! fur!rance ( s]i\s sci5tific  
inve/igation q )\t concessions to !     
,engli% college idea1 )\t any attempt to

 rea* a great circle ( /ud5ts1 or )\t   
any ef=t to annex a legal or !ological  
faculty4 ,its sole aim 0 to attract     
really em95t speciali/s z tea*]s 9 its  
philosophical faculties1 to equip       
laboratories & sem9>ies 9 ! mo/ approv$ 
mann]1 to fill ^! ) advanc$ /ud5ts1 & to
 inspire ^! /ud5ts ) a zeal = sci5tific 
productiv5ess4 ,?is exp]im5t has succe$$
 rem>kably4 ,x is cle> to-day t ! fur!r 
developm5t ( ! ,am]ican univ]sity w n   
consi/ 9 develop+ ! special pr(essional 
s*ool1 b w r comb9e ! ideals ( ! college
 ) ! ideals ( orig9al rese>*4 ,b at t "t
 :5 ! new _s :i* _h be5 import$ f       
,g]many began to f]m5t1 x 0 ( ! fir/    
importance t "s su* in/itution %\ld     
av[$ly1 )\t be+ hamp]$ by any           
traditions1 take up ! cause ( t me?od   
:i* seeks to initiate ! future          
s*ool-tea*] into ! secrets ( !          
laboratory4 ,s9ce ,gilman retir$1 a %ort
 "t ago1 ! fam\s *emi/1 ,ira ,rems51 has
 tak5 8 place4 ,a brilliant pr(essor (  
,johns ,hopk9s1 ,/anley ,hall1 has      

und]tak5 a simil> exp]im5t on a mu* m   
mode/ scale1 9 ! city ( ,worce/]1 ) !   
millions :i* 7 giv5 by ! philan?ropi/   
,cl>k4 ,8 ,cl>k ,univ]sity has rema9$   
some?+ ( a torso1 b has likewise succe$$
 9 advanc+ ! impulse = productive sci5ce
 9 _m directions1 especially 9 psy*ology
 & education4  ,9 ! ye> #ahfh1 ,cornell 
,univ]sity 0 f\nd$ 9 ! t[n ( ,i?aca1 f !
 gifts ( ,ezra ,cornell2 & ?is univ]sity
 _h almo/ exactly opposite aims4 ,x has 
aim$ to create a univ]sity = ! p1 :]e e 
man c\ld f9d :at he ne$$ = 8 own        
education2 x has become a /ronghold = ! 
utilit>ian _s4 ,! truly ,am]ican _s (   
re/less initiative has p]haps n[h]e 9 ! 
academic _w f\nd m *>act]i/ic expression
 ?an 9 ?is en]getic dwell+-place (      
sci5ce4 ,! fir/ presid5t 0 ! em95t      
hi/orian1 ,&rew ,d4 ,:ite1 :o 0 appo9t$ 
lat] to 8 happy mission z ,ambassador to
 ,b]l94 ,at ! pres5t day ! philosoph]   
,%urman /&s at ! helm1 ^: ef=ts 9       
colonial politics are widely kn[n4      
,s5ator ,/an=d1 ( ,cali=nia1 aim$ to    

accompli% = ! extreme ,we/ ! same ?+ t  
,cornell _h done = ! ,ea/1 :5 9 memory (
 8 deceas$ son he appli$ 8 entire       
prop]ty to ! f\ndation ( an academy 9 ! 
vic9ity ( ,san ,francisco4 ,lel& ,/an=d 
is1 s f> z its f9ancial end[m5t goes1   
probably ! ri*e/ univ]sity 9 ! c\ntry4  
,z f> z its int]nal effici5cy has gone1 
! ?irty million doll>s h n meant s mu*1 
s9ce ! ,we/ has to dep5d on its own     
/ud5ts & x has to take !m z x f9ds !m4  
,9 spite ( ?is1 ! univ]sity accompli%es 
an excell5t "w 9 _m directions "u !     
lead]%ip ( ! zologi/ ,jordan1 its       
possibly too en]getic presid5t4 ,:ile   
its rival1 ! ,/ate ,univ]sity (         
,cali=nia1 ne> ! ,gold5 ,gate ( ,san    
,francisco1 is p]haps ! mo/ sup]bly     
situat$ univ]sity 9 ! _w1 ,lel& ,/an=d c
 lay claim to be+ ! m picturesque4 ,x is
 a dream 9 /one conjur$ up "u !         
,cali=nian palms4 ,f9ally1 q diff]5t1 m 
/r5u\s ?an all o!rs1 "s say m ,*icagoan1
 is ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 to :i* !    
petroleum pr9ce1 ,rockefell]1 has       

deflect$ "s twelve million doll>s4 ,!   
,univ]sity ( ,*icago has ev]y?+ & (f]s  
ev]y?+4 ,x pays ! highe/ sal>ies1 x is  
op5 ! :ole ye> ?r\gh1 x has             
accommodations = wom51 & welcomes summ] 
gue/s :o come to /ay only a c\ple (     
mon?s4 ,x has ! ri*e/ programme (       
collat]al lectures1 ( univ]sity         
publications & ( its own p]iodicals1 has
 an organic alliance ) no end ( small]  
colleges 9 ! c\ntry1 has obs]vatories on
 ! hill-tops & laboratories by ! sea2 &1
 :atev] x lacks to-day1 x is b\nd to h  
to-morr[4 ,x is almo/ uncanny h[ busily 
& en]getically ?is univ]sity has        
develop$ itself 9 a few ye>s "u !       
di/+ui%$ & brilliant presid5tial policy 
( ,h>p]4 ,"o mu/ admire ! great "w4 ,x  
is possible t ?is place is /ill n equal 
to ! old] ,ea/]n univ]sities z ! home ( 
quiet maturity & reflection2 b = h>d1   
s*ol>ly "w x has few rivals 9 ! _w4     
,johns ,hopk9s & ,cornell1 ,/an=d &     
,*icago1 h be5 c>efully design$ & built 
accord+ to "o consi/5t plan1 :ile ! /ate

 univ]sities h develop$ sl[ly out (     
small colleges m l ! old in/itutions (  
,colonial days4 ,_! hi/ory is = ! mo/ "p
 unev5tful2 x is a /eady & toilsome     
work+ to ! top1 :i* has be5 limit$ n s  
mu* by ! f9ances ( ! /ates1 b r by !    
conditions ( ! s*ools 9 ! regions ab\t  
!m4 ,! l>ge/ /ate univ]sity is t (      
,mi*igan1 at ,ann ,arbor1 n f> f        
,detroit4 ,9 numb] ( /ud5ts x is next to
 ,h>v>d4 ,"o ( its specialties is a     
homopa?ic m$ical faculty 9 addition to !
 allopa?ic4  ,x w\ld be a great mi/ake  
to suppose t1 ) ! blossom+ out ( ! l>ge 
& middle-siz$ univ]sities1 all ( :i* h  
colleges z "o ( _! dep>tm5ts1 ! small   
colleges h ceas$ to play _! "p4 ,q on ! 
contr>y2 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! small college 
situat$ 9 rural seclusion has f\nd a new
 task to "w out 9 contra/ to ! great    
univ]sities4 ,x is only 9 ! small       
college t ! "y /ud5t is able to come    
into p]sonal contact ) ! pr(essor1 &    
only !re c 8 special individuality be   
tak5 into acc\nt by 8 alma mat]4 ,"o    

s*eme does n fit all ! /ud5ts1 & n only 
9 ^? regions :]e ! homely college       
repres5ts ! highe/ atta9able in/ruction 
( its k9d1 b also 9 _m di/ricts ( !     
mature/ culture1 ! college is = _m y\?s 
! mo/ fav\rable place = developm5t4 ,?us
 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates w\ld feel a great 
loss to ! cause ( culture if su* old    
colleges z ,williams1 ,br[n1 ,amh]/1 &  
,d>tm\? %\ld simply deliv] ov] its      
/ud5ts to ,h>v>d4  ,^! small] colleges  
fulfil a special mission1 !re=e1 & !y d 
_! be/ :5 !y d n try to seem m ?an !y   
really are4 ,!re 0 ! dang] t ! colleges 
w\ld ?9k !mselves improv$ by introduc+  
"s fragm5ts ( rese>* "w into _!         
curriculum1 & s spoil+ a good           
humanit>ian college by (f]+ a bad       
imitation ( a univ]sity4 ,( c\rse1 !re c
 be no talk ( a %>p sep>ation betwe5    
college & univ]sity1 = ! reasons :i* we 
h emphasiz$ _m times be=e4 ,x is        
necess>y1 z we h se51 t !re %\ld be a   
long cont9u\s scale f ! smalle/ college 
up to ! l>ge/ univ]sity4 ,x is true t _m

 ( ! small in/itutions are entirely     
sup]flu\s1 & n capable ( any great      
developm5t1 & s f ye> to ye> "s are b\nd
 to disappe> or to be absorb$ by o!rs4  
,_m are really bus9ess ent]prises1 & _m 
m are sect>ian in/itutions4 ,b 9 g5]al  
!re exi/s among ^! in/itutions a heal?y 
/ruggle = exi/5ce :i* prosp]s ! /ronge/ 
( !m & makes !m d _! be/4 ,! "r (       
exi/5ce ( _m ( ! small & isolat$        
pr(essional s*ools is mu* m que/ionable4
 ,almo/ all ! be/ m$ical1 legal1 &      
!ological s*ools ( ?is ord] h already   
be5 assimilat$ to ?is or t college1 & ! 
gr[+ toge!r ( ! academies :i* />t$      
sep>ately & f small beg9n+s into organic
 univ]sities is 9 con=mity ) ! c5traliz+
 t5d5cy ev]y:]e 9 progress 9 our "t4    
,_m ( ! small] colleges are1 l all !    
/ate in/itutions1 op5 to bo? sexes4     
,besides ^!1 h[ev]1 !re ?rive c]ta9     
colleges :i* are exclusively = wom54 ,! 
be/ kn[n ( ^! are ,bryn ,mawr1 ,vass>1  
,wellesley1 ,smi?1 ,radcliffe1 & ,b>n>d4
 ,b>n>d ,college1 9 ,new ,york1 /&s 9 ! 

same relation to ,columbia ,univ]sity z 
,radcliffe ,college does to ,h>v>d4 ,e  
"o ( ^! lead+ wom5's colleges has its   
own physiognomy1 & appeals r to its     
special type ( "y woman4 ,vass>1        
,wellesley1 ,smi?1 & ,bryn ,mawr lie 9  
quiet1 retir$ little t[ns or villages3 &
 ! f\r ye>s ( college life sp5t toge!r  
by some?+ l a ?\s& bloom+1 happy "y wom5
 betwe5 ! ye>s ( eighte5 & tw5ty-two1 9 
college halls :i* are surr\nd$ by       
attractive p>ks1 are f\r ye>s (         
extraord9>y *>m4 ,only ,bryn ,mawr &    
,radcliffe lay any special /ress on !   
advanc$ critical "w ( ! graduates4 ,9   
,smi?1 ,vass>1 & ,wellesley x is mo/ly a
 matt] ( assimilation1 & ! /&>d (       
s*ol>%ip is n mu* high] ?an t ( ! ,g]man
 ,arbituri5t5exam51 toge!r ) possibly "o
 or two seme/]s ( ! philosophical       
faculty4 ,9 ,wellesley1 wom5 are almo/ !
 only tea*]s2 :ile 9 ,bryn ,mawr almo/  
all are m51 & 9 ,smi? ! tea*]s are bo?  
m5 & wom54  ,9 /ati/ical language1 !    
foll[+ conditions are f\nd to hold4 ,if 

= ! mom5t we put college & graduate     
s*ools toge!r z ! 8philosophical        
faculty10 !re /udi$ 9 ! ye> #aijj 9 !   
philosophical faculties1 #a1cjh /ud5ts =
 e million inhabitants2 9 ! legal       
faculties #aff1 9 ! m$ical #ccc1 & 9 !  
!ological faculties #ajf4 ,t5 ye>s      
previ\sly ! correspond+ figures 7 #hgg1 
#gb1 #bff1 #aab1 respectively1 &        
tw5ty-five ye>s ago !y 7 #gdd1 #fa1     
#aif1 & #abj1 respectively4 ,?us !      
increase 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s has be5 a      
rem>kable "o2 !ology alone %[s "s       
dim9ution 9 its numb]s4 ,if we consid]  
n[ ! philosophical faculties m closely1 
we discov] ! surpris+ fact t 9 ! la/    
decade ! male /ud5ts h increas$ #fa p]  
c5t41 :ile ! female h increas$ #adi p]  
c5t4 ,! degrees conf]r$ 9 ! ye> #aijj 7 
z foll[s3 college degrees ( ba*elor (   
arts--to m5 #e1abi1 to wom5 #b1adj4 ,!  
degree ( ba*elor ( sci5ce1 :i* is       
some:at l[] 9 its /&>d1 & requires no   
classical prep>ation1 0 giv5 to #b1dgc  
m5 & #eia wom54 ,! degree ( doctor (    

philosophy to #cbb m5 & #bj wom54 ,!    
private end[m5t ( all colleges toge!r   
am\nts to #cfj million doll>s1 ( :i*    
#afj million consi/ 9 income-be>+       
securities4 ,! annual income am\nt$ to  
#bh millions1 n c\nt+ donations ( t ye>1
 ( :i* #aa millions came f ! fees (     
/ud5ts1 ab\t #g millions 7 ! int]e/ on  
end[m5ts1 & #g4e millions 7 contribut$  
by ! gov]nm5t4 ,?us ! /ud5t pays ab\t   
#ci p] c5t4 ( :at 8 tuition co/s4 ,!    
l>g] donations = ! ye> am\nt$ to ab\t   
#ab millions m4 ,! numb] ( colleges = m5
 or = bo? sexes 0 #dhj1 = wom5 alone    
#ada4 ,?is figure says v little2 s9ce1 9
 ! case ( _m wom5's in/itutions1 ! "n   
college is m mon/r\sly abus$ ?an 9 any  
o!r1 & 9 ! ,we/ & ,s\? is assum$ by e   
up/>t girls' s*ool4 ,!re are only #ac   
wom5's colleges :i* come up to a high   
/&>d1 & x may at once be add$ t ! numb] 
( polyte*nic & agricultural s*ools ^:   
conditions = entrance correspond on !   
av]age to ^? ( ! colleges am\nts to #dc4
 ,also ^! /& on _m diff]5t levels1 & at 

! head ( !m all is ! ,massa*usetts      
,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 9 ,bo/on1 :i* is
 n[ "u ! brilliant lead]%ip ( ,presid5t 
,prit*ett4 ,almo/ all ! te*nical s*ools 
are /ate in/itutions4  ,!re 71 9 ! ye>  
#aijj1 #aea m$ical faculties hav+       
#be1bac /ud5ts3 all except ?ree provide 
a f\r ye>s' c\rse ( /udy4 ,besides ^!1  
!re 7 #g1ibh d5tal /ud5ts /udy+ 9 #ed   
d5tal s*ools1 & #d1jdb /ud5ts ( ph>macy 
9 #ec sep>ate in/itutions4 ,!re 7       
#ab1eaf law /ud5ts1 & #h1jji !ological  
/ud5ts4 ,out ( ! law /ud5ts #aea1 & ( ! 
!ological #aha1 7 wom54                 
,,*apt] ,,sev5te5                       
,sci5ce   ,"o :o surveys1 )\t prejudice1
 ! academic life ( ! c\ntry 9 ref]5ce to
 sci5tific "w w receive a deep          
impression ( ! en]gy & c>efulness ) :i* 
?is enorm\s national ma*9]y ( education 
fur!rs ! high] intellectual life4 ,& !  
cont9u\s gradation ( in/itutions by :i* 
! high] academy is able to adapt itself 
to e local ne$1 s t no lea/ remnant (   
free initiative c be lo/ & unlimit$     

developm5t is made possible at e po9t1  
mu/ be recogniz$ by e "o z ! be/        
conceivable sy/em = ! c\ntry4  ,x is n  
to be d5i$ t x br+s ) x c]ta9           
difficulties & disadvantages4 ,!        
adm9i/rative difficulties :i* proce$ f !
 app>5t incomp>ability ( ! in/itutions  
are really n s]i\s1 al?\gh ! =eign] :o  
is accu/om$ to uni=mity 9 8 univ]sities1
 ,gymnasia1 c]tificates & doctorial     
diplomas1 is incl9$ to ov]emphasize ^!  
difficulties 9 ,am]ica4 ,! real         
disadvantages ( ! sy/em ( cont9u\s      
gradations is f\nd1 n 9 ! out]          
adm9i/ration1 b 9 its inn] me?ods4 ,!   
,g]man und]graduate takes ! attitude (  
"o :o le>ns2 8 tea*] mu/ be ?or\ghly    
well in=m$1 b no "o expects a           
s*ool-tea*] himself to advance sci5ce4  
,! graduate /ud5t1 on ! o!r h&1 is      
suppos$ to take a critical attitude1 &  
!re=e 8 tea*] has to be a tea*] (       
me?ods--t is1 he mu/ be a productive    
inve/igator4 ,:]ev]1 z 9 ,g]many1 !re   
lies a %>p di/9ction betwe5 ^! two      

prov9ces1 x is easy to keep ! _s (      
inve/igation pure2 b :]e1 z 9 ,am]ica1  
"o m]ges into ! o!r1 ! pr9ciples at /ake
 are f> too likely to be confus$4 ,m5 :o
 fundam5tally are no?+ b able           
s*ool-tea*]s are !n able to "w up & /&  
beside ! be/ inve/igators 9 ! univ]sity 
faculties1 because ! pr9ciple (         
promotion on ! gr\nd ( sci5tific        
production solely _c be s cle>ly sep>at$
 f ! me?ods ( selection :i* are adapt$  
to ! l[] grades ( in/ruction4 ,to be    
sure1 ?is has its advantages 9 o!r      
directions2 because1 9 s f> z !re is no 
%>p dem>cation1 ! _s ( inve/igation c   
also gr[ f above d[n1 & !re=e 9 _m a    
small] college !re w be m productive    
sci5ti/s tea*+ ?an w\ld be f\nd1 p]haps1
 9 a ,g]man s*ool2 b yet ! influ5ces ( !
 l[] on ! high] dep>tm5ts ( in/ruction  
are ! pr$om9ant ones4 ,inve/igation     
?rives be/ :5 ! "y s*ol> kn[s t 8       
advancem5t dep5ds ultimately on /rictly 
sci5tific a*ievem5ts1 & n on "w ( a     
popul> sort1 nor on success 9 ! tea*+ ( 

second-h& k4 ,?is fact has (t5 be5      
br\ght home to ! public m9d 9 rec5t     
ye>s1 & ! lead+ univ]sities h already m 
& m recogniz$ ! pr9ciple ( consid]+     
sci5tific a*ievem5ts to be ! ma9 gr\nd =
 pref]m5t4  ,b productive s*ol>%ip is   
int]f]$ ) 9 /ill o!r ways4 ,pr(essors   
are (t5 too mu* busi$ ) adm9i/rative    
conc]ns2 & al?\gh ?is sort (            
adm9i/rative influ5ce may be attractive 
= _m pr(essors1 its ex]cise requires mu*
 sacrifice ( "t4 ,m p>ticul>ly1 !       
pr(essors ( mo/ in/itutions1 al?\gh !re 
are _m exceptions among ! lead+         
univ]sities1 are ov]load$ ) lectures1 & 
h]e9 ! grad$ transition f l[ to high    
works unfav\rably4 ,especially 9 ,we/]n 
in/itutions1 ! adm9i/rative bodies d n  
see :y ! univ]sity pr(essor %\ld n      
lecture z _m h\rs 9 ! week z a s*ool    
tea*]2 & mo/ dang]\s ( all1 z we h      
already m5tion$ 9 speak+ ( popul>       
education1 is ! fact t ! s*ol> is       
tempt$1 by high social & f9ancial       
rew>ds1 to give sci5tifically           

unproductive popul> lectures & to write 
popul> essays4  ,& ! li/ ( factors :i* h
 work$ aga9/ sci5tific productiv5ess c  
be /ill fur!r increas$4 ,to be sure1 x  
w\ld be false "h to repeat ! old tale t 
! ,am]ican pr(essor is ?reat5$ 9 8      
fre$om by ! :imsical dem&s ( ri*        
patrons1 :o h f\nd$ or h&somely end[$ _m
 ( ! univ]sities4 ,t is m]ely newspap]  
gossip2 & ! ?ree or f\r cases :i* h     
busi$ public op9ion 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s & h 
be5 ridicul\sly ov]e/imat$1 are f\nd1 on
 clos] inspection1 to h be5 cases :i*   
c\ld h come up z well 9 any non-p>tisan 
in/itution 9 ! _w4 ,!re may h be5       
mi/akes on bo? sides2 p]haps ! univ]sity
 c\ncils h act$ ) unnecess>y rig\r or   
lack ( tact1 b x has yet to be prov$ t  
!re has be5 actual inju/ice any:]e4 ,ev5
 9 small colleges purely sci5tific      
activity nev] int]f]es ) ! welf>e ( a   
pr(essor4 ,a blatant disrespect =       
religion w\ld hurt 8 fur!r prospects    
!re1 to be sure1 j z 9 ! ,we/]n /ate    
in/itutions ! committees appo9t$ by !   

legislature w\ld dislike a ho/ile       
political attitude4 ,yet n ev5 9 !      
smalle/ college has any pr(essor ev]    
suff]$ ! lea/ prejudice by reason ( 8   
sci5tific lab\rs4 ,sci5ce 9 ,am]ica is n
 hamp]$ by any lack ( academic fre$om4  
,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,am]ican univ]sity lacks
 "o ( ! mo/ important =ces ( ,g]man     
univ]sities--! ,privatdoc5t1 :o lives   
only = sci5ce1 & )\t comp5sation places 
8 tea*+ abilities 9 ! s]vice ( 8 own    
sci5tific developm5t4 ,! "y ,am]ican    
s*ol> is welcome only :]e a paid        
position is vacant2 b if he f9ds no     
empty in/ructor%ip 9 a l>ge univ]sity1  
he is oblig$ to be cont5t ) a position 9
 a small college1 :]e ! entire          
intellectual atmosph]e1 z reg>ds !      
/udies1 app>atus1 & am\nt ( "w exact$1  
all "w aga9/ 8 desire to be             
sci5tifically productive1 & f9ally      
p]haps kill x entirely4 ,! l>ge         
univ]sities are j beg9n+ to in/itute !  
sy/em ( volunt>y doc5ts--:i*1 to be     
sure1 enc\nt]s adm9i/rative             

difficulties4 ,!re is also a dang]\s    
t5d5cy t[>d academic 9-bre$+4 ,! =m]    
/ud5ts ( an in/itution are always       
noticeably pref]r$ = any vacant         
position1 & ! claims ( capable s*ol>s   
are (t5 disreg>d$ = ! sake ( q          
insignificant m54 ,sci5tific            
productiv5ess meets fur!r ) ! mat]ial   
ob/acle ( ! high co/ ( pr9t+ 9 ,am]ica1 
:i* makes x (t5 m difficult = ! "y /ud5t
 "h ?an 9 ,g]many to f9d a publi%] = 8  
works4  ,aga9/ all ?is !re are "s       
ext]nal advantages3 fir/1 ! lavi%ness ( 
! accessories ( inve/igation4 ,!        
equipm5t ( laboratories1 libr>ies1      
museums1 obs]vatories1 special          
in/itutes1 & ! fitt+ out ( exp$itions   
yield _! due b5efits4 ,!n !re are v>i\s 
sorts ( free assi/ance--fell[%ips1      
travell+ s*ol>%ips1 & o!r               
f\ndations--:i* make e ye> _m "y s*ol>s 
free = sci5tific "w4 ,!re is also !     
admirable 8sabbatical ye>40 ,! l>ge     
univ]sities give e pr(essor leave (     
abs5ce e sev5? ye>1 ) ! express purpose 

( all[+ him "t = 8 own s*ol>ly lab\rs4  
,ano!r fav\rable circum/ance is !       
excell5t habit ( "w :i* e ,am]ican      
acquires dur+ 8 /ud5t ye>s2 & "h x is n 
to be d\bt$ t ! ,am]ican is on ! av]age1
 & 9 consequ5ce ( 8 sy/em has to be1 m  
indu/ri\s ?an ! ,g]man av]age /ud5t4 ,f 
! beg9n+ ( 8 c\rse1 he is cr$it$ ) only 
su* lecture c\rses z he has pass$       
exam9ations on1 & ^! are s arrang$ z to 
necessitate n only pres5ce at !         
lectures1 b also ! /udy ( prescrib$     
treatises2 ! /ud5t is oblig$ to apply   
himself ) consid]able dilig5ce4 ,a /ud5t
 :o %\ld give himself entirely to idl+1 
z may happ5 9 ,g]many1 w\ld n f9i% 8    
fir/ college ye>4 ,if ! local foot-ball 
gossip is no m s5sible ?an ! talk at    
duell+ clubs1 at lea/ ! practice ( dr9k+
 be] 9 ! morn+ & play+ skat h no evil   
c\nt]p>t ( comp>able importance 9       
,am]ica4 ,! ,am]ican /ud5t recreates    
himself on ! a?letic field r ?an 9 !    
ale-h\se4 ,g]many is exce$+ly sp>+ ( "t 
& /r5g? dur+ s*ool ye>s1 b lets bo? be  

wa/$ 9 ! univ]sities to ! great         
advantage ( a /rong p]sonality "h & !re1
 b to ! injury ( ! av]age man4 ,am]ica  
wa/es a good deal ( "t dur+ s*ool ye>s1 
b is m sp>+ dur+ ! college & univ]sity  
c\rses1 & !re accu/oms ea* /ud5t to     
good1 h>d "w4  ,& mo/ ( all1 !          
intellectual make-up ( ! ,am]ican is    
especially adapt$ to sci5tific          
a*ievem5ts4 ,?is temp]am5t1 ow+ to !    
hi/orical developm5t ( ! nation1 has s  
f> address$ itself to political1        
indu/rial1 & judicial problems1 b a     
return to !oretical sci5ce has set 92 & 
!re1 mo/ ( all1 ! happy comb9ation (    
inv5tiv5ess1 en?usiasm1 & p]si/5ce 9    
pursuit ( a goal1 ( intellectual fre$om 
& ela/icity1 ( feel+ = =m & ( ideali/ic 
in/9ct = self-p]fection w yield1 p]haps 
soon1 rem>kable triumphs4  ,we h hi!rto 
spok5 only ( ! fur!rance ( sci5ce by !  
high] in/itutions ( le>n+1 b we mu/ look
 at lea/ ha/ily on :at is be+ done      
outside ( academic circles4 ,we see1 !n1
 fir/ ( all1 ! magnific5t gov]nm5t      

in/itutions at ,wa%+ton :i*1 )\t do+ any
 tea*+1 are 9 ! sole s]vice ( sci5ce4 ,!
 cultivation ( ! sci5ces by tw5ty-eight 
special in/itutions & an army ( #f1jjj  
p]sons1 conduct$ at an annual exp5se ( m
 ?an #h1jjj1jjj1 is c]ta9ly a unique    
feature ( ,am]ican gov]nm5t4 ,!re is no 
o!r gov]nm5t 9 ! _w :i* is organiz$ =   
su* a _m-sid$ sci5tific "w2 & nev]!less1
 ev]y?+ :i* is done !re is closely      
relat$ to ! true int]e/s ( gov]nm5t--t  
is1 n to ! int]e/s ( ! dom9ant political
 p>ty1 b to ^? ( ! great self-gov]n+    
nation4 ,all ! in/itutes1 z diff]5t z !y
 are 9 _! special "w1 h ?is 9 common--t 
!y "w on problems :i* relate to !       
c\ntry1 population1 products1 & ! g5]al 
conditions ( ,am]ica1 s t !y meet fir/ (
 all ! national ne$s ( an economical1   
social1 intellectual1 political1 &      
hygi5ic sort1 & only 9 a second>y way   
contribute to ab/ract sci5ce4  ,! "w (  
^! gov]nm5t in/itutes is peculi>1       
moreov]1 9 t ! results are publi%$ 9 _m 
h&somely gott5-up volumes1 & s5t free ( 

co/ to hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( applicants4 ,! 
in/itutions are devot$ p>tly to sci5ce &
 p>tly to political economy4 ,among !   
sci5tific in/itutes are ! admirable     
,bureau ( ,geological ,survey1 :i* has  
six hundr$ (ficials1 & und]takes n only 
geological b also palontological &      
hydrographic inve/igations1 & c>ries on 
m9]alogical & li?ological laboratories2 
!n ! ,geodetic ,survey1 :i* /udies !    
coa/s1 riv]s1 lakes1 & m\nta9s ( !      
c\ntry2 ! ,m>9e ,obs]vatory1 = tak+     
a/ronomical obs]vations2 ! ,wea!r       
,bureau1 :i* conducts m ?an "o hundr$ & 
fifty meteorological /ations2 ! ,bureau 
( ,biology1 :i* makes a special /udy ( !
 geographical di/ribution ( plants &    
animals2 ! ,bureau ( ,botany1 :i* /udies
 especially all problems connect$ )     
se$s2 ! ,bureau ( ,=e/ry1 :i*           
sci5tifically works on que/ions ( !     
national timb] supply2 ! important      
,bureau ( ,entomology1 :i* has /udi$ )  
great success ! relations ( insects to  
agriculture2 ! ,bureau ( ,agriculture1  

:i* /ati/ically works out exp]im5ts on  
plant+1 & :i* directs gov]nm5t exp]im5t 
/ations situat$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 !     
,dep>tm5t ( ,fi%]ies1 :i* conducts      
/ations = m>9e biology2 & _m o!rs4      
,among ! political economic in/itutes 9 
! broad s5se ( ! ^w are ! ,bureau (     
,lab\r1 :i* und]takes purely            
sociological inve/igations into lab\r   
conditions2 ! ,corporation ,bureau1 :i* 
/udies ! conditions ( organiz$ bus9ess2 
! ,bureau ( ,g5]al ,/ati/ics2 ! ,c5sus  
,bureau1 :i* e t5 ye>s takes a c5sus m  
complete ?an t ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,!     
,c5sus ( #ahij consi/$ ( #ci l>ge folio 
volumes1 & ! collect+ ( in=mation alone 
co/ #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,c5sus ( #aijj is   
/ill 9 c\rse ( publication4 ,! ,bureau (
 ,education also belongs "h1 :i* /udies 
purely !oretically ! /ati/ics (         
education4 ,!n !re are ! ,bureau (      
,immigration & sev]al o!rs4 ,all ^!     
bureaus are really design$ to imp>t     
in/ruction & advice2 !y h no au?ority to
 en=ce any measures4 ,b ! extraord9>y   

publicity :i* is giv5 to _! pr9t$       
reports gives !m a v consid]able        
influ5ce2 & ! ?or\ghness ) :i* !        
inve/igations are c>ri$ on1 ?anks to !  
lib]al appropriations ( ,congress1 makes
 ( ^! bureaus sci5tific & economic      
in/itutions ( ! highe/ ord]4  ,we h /ill
 to speak ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! gov]nm5t    
bureaus1 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,9  
#ahcf ! gov]nm5t came into ! possession1
 by beque/1 ( ! :ole prop]ty ( !        
,engli%man ,smi?son1 z a pr9cipal ) :i* 
an in/itution %\ld be f\nd$ be>+ 8 "n1 &
 s]v+ ! advance & dissem9ation ( sci5ce4
 ,x 0 nev] kn[n j :y ?is ,oxonian &     
m9]alogi/ left 8 l>ge prop]ty to ! city 
( ,wa%+ton1 :i* !n numb]$ only #e1jjj   
inhabitants4 ,al?\gh he _h nev] visit$  
,am]ica1 he wrote to a fri5d3 8,! be/   
blood ( ,engl& fl[s 9 my ve9s2 my fa!r's
 family is f ,nor?umb]l&1 my "m's is    
relat$ to k+s4 ,b ,i desire to h my "n  
rememb]$ :5 ! titles ( ! ,nor?umb]l&s & 
! ,p]cys %all h be5 =gott540 ,8 in/9ct  
guid$ him aright1 & ! ,smi?sonian       

,in/itution is to-day an intellectual   
c5tre 9 ,wa%+ton--t city :i* is !       
political c5tre ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,x %\ld be
 m5tion$1 9 pass+1 t ,congress accept$ !
 beque/ only aft] lively opposition2 x 0
 object$ t to receive ! gift ( a =eign] 
0 b5ea? ! dignity ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,z a    
fact1 h[ev]1 ! success ( ! in/itution is
 n due s mu* to ?is =eign end[m5t z to !
 able lab\rs ( its ?ree presid5ts3 !    
physici/ ,h5ry1 :o s]v$ f #ahdf to      
#ahgh1 ! zologi/ ,baird f #ahgh to      
#ahhg1 & ! physici/ ,langley1 :o has be5
 at ! head s9ce #ahhg4 ,all ?ree h be5  
successful 9 f9d+ ways by :i* ! in/itute
 c\ld s]ve ! gr[? & dissem9ation (      
sci5ce4  ,x 0 agre$ f ! outset n to f\nd
 a univ]sity :i* w\ld compete ) o!rs    
already exi/+1 b an in/itute to         
complem5t all exi/+ in/itutions1 & to be
 a sort ( c5tre among !m4 ,! great      
in/itution 0 divid$ into ! foll[+       
divisions3 fir/1 ! ,national ,museum1 9 
:i* ! visible results ( all ! national  
exp$itions & excavations are ga!r$ &    

arrang$4 ,! ,am]ican idea is t a        
sci5tific museum %\ld n be a s]ies (    
articles ) _! labels1 b r a s]ies (     
in/ructive labels1 illu/rat$ by typical 
specim5s4 ,only 9 ?is way1 x is ?\ght1  
does a museum really help to educate !  
masses4 ,! collection1 :i* is visit$ e  
ye> by m ?an #cjj1jjj p]sons1 includes  
#gej1jjj e?nological & an?ropological   
objects2 almo/ #b1jjj1jjj zological1    
#djj1jjj botanical1 & almo/ #cjj1jjj    
palontological specim5s4 ,!n !re is !   
,national ,zological ,p>k1 :i* conta9s  
animal species t are dy+ out2 !         
,a/rophysical ,obs]vatory1 9 :i*        
,langley c>ries on 8 fam\s exp]im5ts on 
! invisible portion ( ! sol> spectrum2 !
 ,e?nological ,bureau1 :i* specially    
/udies ! ,indian2 & mu* else4 ,!        
dep>tm5t ( ex*anges ( ?is in/itute is a 
unique affair2 x negotiates ex*anges    
betwe5 sci5ti/s1 libr>ies1 & o!r        
,am]ican in/itutions1 & also betwe5 ^! &
 ,european in/itutions4 ,z ext]nal z ?is
 s]vice may seem1 x has become          

indisp5sable to ! "w ( ,am]ican sci5ce4 
,moreov]1 ! libr>y ( ! in/itution is    
among ! mo/ important 9 ! c\ntry2 & its 
zological1 e?nological1 physical1 &     
geological publications1 :i* are        
di/ribut$ free to #d1jjj libr>ies1      
already fill hundr$s ( volumes4  ,any "o
 exam9+ ! _m-sid$ & happily circum/anc$ 
sci5tific "w ( ^! tw5ty-eight in/itutes 
at ,wa%+ton w come to feel t ! equipm5t 
c\ld be us$ to bett] advantage if actual
 tea*+ 7 to be und]tak51 & t !          
organization ( ! in/itutes into a       
national univ]sity attract+ /ud5ts f all
 p>ts ( ! c\ntry w\ld t5d to /imulate _!
 a*ievem5ts4 ,9 fact1 ! ?\ght ( a       
national univ]sity z ! cr[n+ po9t ( !   
educational sy/em ( ! c\ntry has always 
be5 ent]ta9$ 9 ,wa%+ton2 & ^? :o fav\r  
?is idea are able to po9t to ,george    
,wa%+ton z ! "o :o fir/ conceiv$ su* a  
plan4 ,9 spite ( vigor\s agitation1 ?is 
plan is /ill n realiz$1 *iefly because !
 traditions ( ! c\ntry make education ! 
conc]n ( ! sep>ate /ates1 & res]ve x =  

su* in/itutions z are indep5d5t (       
politics4  ,x is a diff]5t "q1 :e!r ! "t
 w n come :5 ! nation w desire an       
in/itution ( a high] sort--"o :i* w n   
rival ! o!r l>ge univ]sities ( ! c\ntry1
 b w /& above !m all & assume new       
duties4 ,a purely sci5tific in/itution  
might exi/1 admitt+ /ud5ts only aft] !y 
h pass$ _! doctorial exam9ation1 & ( :i*
 ! pr(essors %\ld be elect$ by ! vote ( 
_! colleagues ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,!re is   
mu* ne$ ( su* a univ]sity2 b ! "t may n 
be ripe = x n[1 & x may be a matt] ( !  
f> future4 ,& yet at ! pres5t rate at   
:i* sci5ce is develop+ 9 ! c\ntry1 ! f> 
future means only t5 or fifte5 ye>s     
h5ce4 ,:5 ! "t is ripe1 ! ne$$ hundr$s (
 millions ( doll>s w be =?com+4  ,= !   
pres5t1 a sort ( half-way /ation to a   
national univ]sity at ,wa%+ton has be5  
rea*$4 ,?is is ! ,c>negie ,in/itute1 ^: 
effici5cy c s f> n be :olly e/imat$4 ,) 
a provisional capital ( #aj1jjj1jjj giv5
 by ,&rew ,c>negie1 x is propos$ to aid 
sci5tific inve/igations ?r\gh\t !       

c\ntry1 & on ! recomm5dation ( compet5t 
m5 to advance to "y sci5ti/s ! necess>y 
means = productive inve/igations4 ,!re  
is1 un=tunately1 a dang] "h t 9 ?is way 
! o!r univ]sities & f\ndations ( !      
c\ntry may feel reliev$ ( _!            
responsibility1 & s relax _! ef=ts4 ,x  
may be t p w look to ! c5tre = t :i*    
=m]ly came f ! p]iph]y1 & t 9 ?is way ! 
g5]al indu/ry w become less int5se4 ,mo/
 ( all1 ! ,c>negie ,in/itute has1 up to 
?is po9t1 lack$ broad fruitful ideas & a
 real programme ( :at x proposes to d4  
,if ! in/itute _c d bett] ?an x has s f>
 done1 x is to be fe>$ t its arbitr>y & 
unsy/ematic aid w d1 9 ! long run1 m h>m
 ?an good to ! sci5tific life ( !       
c\ntry4  ,! same g5]al conditions1 on a 
small] scale & ) _m v>iations1 are f\nd 
outside ( ,wa%+ton 9 a hundr$ diff]5t   
sci5tific museums &                     
collections--biological1 hygi5ic1       
m$ical1 hi/orical1 economic1 &          
exp]im5tal in/itutions2 zological &     
botanical g>d5s2 a/ronomical            

obs]vatories2 biological /ations1 :i*   
are f\nd sometimes "u /ate or city      
adm9i/ration1 sometimes "u private or   
corporate managem5t4 ,?us ! ,m>9e       
,laboratory at ,woods ,hole is a        
meet+-place e summ] = ! be/ biologi/s4  
,sometimes important collections c be   
f\nd 9 ! mo/ unlikely places--z1 =      
in/ance1 9 ! hi/oric museum ( ! city (  
,salem1 :i*1 al?\gh x has gone to sleep 
to-day1 is /ill pr\d ( its hi/ory4 ,!   
l>ge cities1 h[ev]1 l ,new ,york1       
,philadelphia1 ,bo/on1 ,*icago1 &       
,baltimore1 h e/abli%$ admirable        
in/itutions1 on :i* sci5tific "w ev]y:]e
 dep5ds4 ,!n !re are ! political        
capitals1 su* z ,albany1 ) _!           
in/itutions4 ,t ,g]man :o is mo/        
?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) conditions (        
sci5tific collections1 ,pr(essor ,mey]1 
! director ( ! sci5tific museums at     
,dresd51 has giv5 8 op9ion 9 8 admirable
 "w on ! museums ( ! ,ea/]n ,unit$      
,/ates z foll[s3 8,i h receiv$ a pr(\nd 
impression ( ,am]ican capabilities 9 ?is

 direction1 & c ev5 say t ! museums (   
natural hi/ory ( t c\ntry are g5]ally on
 a high] plane ?an ^? ( ,europe4 ,we h1 
s f> z build+s & adm9i/rative ma*9]y g1 
v few good & _m mod]ate or d[nright poor
 museums1 :ile ! ,am]icans h _m m good &
 _m few] bad ones2 & ^? :i* are poor are
 improv+ at ! rapid ,am]ican pace1 :ile 
) u improvem5t is hopelessly sl[40  ,!re
 is /ill ano!r important factor 9 !     
sci5tific societies1 ^: memb]%ip1 to be 
sure1 is *iefly compos$ ( ! p]sonnel ( !
 high] educational in/itutions1 b :i*   
nev]!less ex]t an indep5d5t influ5ce on 
sci5tific life4 ,! ,national ,academy ( 
,sci5ce is (ficially at ! head4 ,x 0    
f\nd$ 9 #ahfc1 hav+ a hundr$ memb]s &   
elect+ five new memb]s ea* ye>4 ,:ile   
its annual meet+s 9 ,wa%+ton obs]ve only
 ! ord9>y sci5tific programme1 ! society
 has z a special function ! advis+ (    
,congress & ! gov]nm5t on sci5tific     
matt]s4 ,?us1 ?is academy drew up !     
plans = organiz+ ! ,geological ,survey &
 = replant+ ! national =e/s4 ,!         

political atmosph]e ( ,wa%+ton1 h[ev]1  
has n be5 too fav\rable to ! success ( !
 ,academy1 & x has nev] atta9$ !        
national significance ( ! ,p>is &       
,london academies4  ,! ,am]ican         
,hi/orical ,association has a simil> "*2
 & its transactions are publi%$ at !    
exp5se ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! popul>          
associations1 ( c\rse1 rea* mu* l>g]    
circles2 ?us1 = in/ance1 ! ,am]ican     
,society = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 :i* 
has exi/$ = fifty ye>s1 has ab\t ! same 
functions z ! ,g]man                    
,natur=s*]v]sammlung4 ,x br+s toge!r at 
its annual meet+s1 :i* are always held 9
 diff]5t places1 a ?\s& or s sci5ti/s1 &
 holds 9 diff]5t sections a great _m    
lectures4 ,/ill m popul> are ! meet+s ( 
! simil>ly organiz$ ,national           
,educational ,association1 :i* br+s     
toge!r m ?an t5 ?\s& memb]s at its summ]
 meet+s1 :i* are (t5 held 9 pleasant &  
retir$ spots4 ,9 ^! & simil> sessions1  
sci5tific "w is popul>iz$1 :ile 9 !     
specializ$ societies x is /imulat$ t[>d 

great] pr(undity4 ,9 fact1 !re is no    
m$ical1 natural-hi/orical1 legal1       
!ological1 hi/orical1 economic1         
philological1 or philosophical specialty
 :i* has n its special national         
societies ) annual congresses4 ,x is    
increas+ly ! cu/om to hold ^! popul>    
sessions dur+ ! summ] holidays1 b !     
/rictly sci5tific congresses dur+ ! fir/
 week 9 ,janu>y4 ,! physicians1 by      
exception1 meet at ,ea/]4 ,9 ord] t !   
bus9ess-l sep>ation ( subjects may n    
exclude a c]ta9 contact ( sci5tific     
neighb\rs1 x is increas+ly ! plan to    
organize gr\ps ( congresses2 ?us1 ! sev5
 societies ( anatomy1 physiology1       
morphology1 plant physiology1 psy*ology1
 an?ropology1 & folk-lore always meet at
 ! same "t 9 ! same city4  ,besides ^!  
w&]+ meet+s1 f9ally1 !re are ! local    
societies4 ,( ^!1 ! vet]an is ! ,academy
 9 ,philadelphia4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by ,frankl9
 9 #agdc1 & s f> z its memb]%ip goes1   
may claim to h a national "*4 ,9 a      
simil> way ! ,am]ican ,academy1 f\nd$ 9 

#aghj1 has its home 9 ,bo/on4 ,!n !re   
are ! ,new ,york ,academy1 ! ,wa%+ton   
,academy1 :i* has rec5tly enl>g$ s z to 
include memb]s f ! :ole c\ntry1 & :i*   
ultimately w probably m]ge into !       
,national ,academy2 ! academies (       
,baltimore1 ,*icago1 ,new ,hav51 & a    
hundr$ small] associations1 :i* = ! mo/ 
"p are n m]ely int]e/$ 9 spread+        
sci5tific in=mation1 b 9 help+ on !     
results ( sci5ce4  ,we _c hope to call !
 complete roll "h ( sci5tific           
production4 ,our purpose 0 m]ely to     
relate "s ( ! fav\rable & unfav\rable   
influ5ces "u :i* ! ,am]ican has to make 
8 contribution to ! sci5ce ( ! day4     
,m]ely = a fir/ ori5tation1 we may give 
"s m detail$ acc\nts 9 a few dep>tm5ts4 
,at fir/ sight1 "o might be tempt$ to   
give a sket* ( pres5t-day production by 
directly depict+ ! production ) ref]5ce 
to ! special high] in/itutions4 ,mu* m  
?an 9 ,g]many1 ! results ( sci5tific    
rese>* are br\ght be=e ! public eye ) ! 
(ficial seal ( "s univ]sity4 ,e l>ge    

educational in/itution publi%es its own 
contributions to _m diff]5t sci5ces2    
?us1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 :i* p]haps 
goes fur!/ 9 ?is respect1 publi%es      
j\rnals ( sociology1 p$agogy1 biblical  
/udies1 geology1 a/ronomy1 botany1 etc42
 &1 besides ^!1 regul> s]ies ( /udies 9 
sci5ce1 gov]nm5t1 classical philology1  
,g]manic & ,romance languages1 ,engli%  
philology1 an?ropology1 & physiology4   
,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity publi%es      
ma!matical1 *emical1 & biological       
magaz9es2 a j\rnal = exp]im5tal m$ic9e1 
"o = psy*iatry1 = mod]n philology1 =    
hi/ory1 & ,assyriology4 ,among !        
p]iodical publications ( ,h>v>d         
,univ]sity1 ! a/ronomical1 zological1   
cryptogamic1 e?nological1 ,ori5tal1     
classical philological1 mod]n           
philological1 hi/orical1 & economic     
j\rnals are ! be/ kn[n4 ,columbia1      
,p5nsylvania1 & sev]al o!r univ]sities  
publi% equally _m j\rnals4 ,!re are also
 a great _m books publi%$ "u ! auspices 
( in/itutions ( le>n+1 :i* relate to    

exp$itions or o!r special matt]s4 ,?us1 
= in/ance1 ,yale ,univ]sity1 on !       
occasion ( its two-hundr$? anniv]s>y 9  
#aija1 publi%$ commemorative sci5tific  
pap]s by its pr(essors 9 tw5ty-five l>ge
 volumes2 ! pap]s !mselves rang+ f su*  
subjects z ! ,h9du epic & ,greek metre  
to !rmo-dynamics & physiological        
*emi/ry4  ,! v>i\s univ]sities h always 
be5 kn[n to h _! sci5tific specialties4 
,t ( ,johns ,hopk9s is natural sci5ce2 (
 ,columbia1 ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t2 (      
,h>v>d1 lit]ature & philosophy4 ,b !    
univ]sities are1 ( c\rse1 n conf9$ to _!
 specialties2 = in/ance1 ,johns ,hopk9s 
has done v mu* 9 philology1 ,columbia 9 
biology1 & :ile ,h>v>d has be5 fam\s =  
its lit]>y m51 l ,longfell[1 ,holmes1   
,norton & ,*ild1 x has also _h su*      
di/+ui%$ m5 on its faculty z ! zologi/  
,agassiz1 ! botani/ ,gray1 & ! a/ronom] 
,pick]+4  ,x may be m natural to        
classify sci5tific production accord+ to
 ! sep>ate sci5ces4 ,! li/ is too long  
to be giv5 entire4 ,! v5]able subject ( 

philosophy is g5]ally plac$ fir/ 9 !    
univ]sity catalogues ( lectures4 ,?is   
subject %[s at once h[ mu* & h[ little  
is be+ done4 ,a ,g]man1 to be sure1 is  
apt to h false /&>ds 9 ?is matt]2 = if  
he ?9ks ( ,g]man philosophy1 he recalls 
! names ( ,kant1 ,s*op5hau]1 ,fi*te1 &  
,hegel2 & he asks :at ,am]ica has       
produc$ to comp>e ) ^!4 ,b we h se5 t ! 
"w ( productive sci5ce 0 comm5c$ 9 !    
,new ,_w only a few decades ago1 & = ?is
 reason we mu/ comp>e ! pres5t day 9    
,am]ica ) ! pres5t day 9 ,g]many2 & to  
be j1 we %\ld comp>e ! ,am]ican s*ol>   
only ) ! y\ng] & middle-ag$ ,g]mans :o h
 develop$ "u ! sci5tific conditions ( ! 
la/ ?irty ye>s--t is1 ) m5 n ov] sixty  
ye>s old4 ,"y g5iuses are n pl5tiful1   
ev5 9 ,g]many to-day2 & n only are m5 l 
,kant & ,hegel lack+ 9 philosophy1 b    
also 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce2 m5 l     
,ranke & ,helmholtz seem n to belong to 
our day ( specialization4 ,a new wave ( 
ideali/ic & broadly g5]aliz+ ?\ght is   
advanc+4 ,! "t ( great ?9k]s w come     

aga92 b a "y c\ntry is n to be blam$ = !
 _s ( ! times1 nor ought its pres5t     
accompli%m5t to be measur$ aft] ! /&>ds 
( happi] days4 ,if we make a p]fectly   
fair comp>ison1 we %all f9d t ,am]ican  
philosophy is at pres5t up to t ( any   
o!r c\ntry4  ,ext]nally1 9 ! fir/ place1
 ,am]ica makes a massive %[+1 ev5 if we 
leave out ( acc\nt philosophical        
lit]ature ( ! m popul> sort4 ,:ile1 =   
example1 ,engl& has only two really     
important philosophical magaz9es1       
,am]ica has at lea/ five :i* are z good 
z ! ,engli%2 & if philosophy is tak5 9 !
 cu/om>y wid] s5se1 sociological &      
p$agogical j\rnals mu/ be includ$1 :i*  
are n[h]e surpass$4 ,! emphasis is laid 
diff]5tly 9 ,am]ica & ,g]many2 & ?is    
diff]5ce1 :i* may be se5 9 almo/ all    
sci5ces1 g5]ally1 ?\gh n always1 has    
deep] gr\nds ?an m]ely p]sonal ones1 &  
is 9 e case apt to di/ort ! judgm5t ( a 
=eign]4 ,am]ica1 = in/ance1 is a/oni%+ly
 unproductive 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4  
,e ne$ seems to be satisfi$ by          

translations f ! ,g]man or by v         
p]functory text-book compilations4 ,on !
 o!r h&1 ! !ory ( k1 e?ics1 & above all 
psy*ology1 are v prosp]\s4 ,disputes 9  
epi/emology h always be5 c>ri$ on 9     
,am]ica1 & ! ,calv9i/ic !ology1 m       
especially1 arriv$ at important         
conclusions4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5?  
c5tury liv$ ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 :o 0      
p]haps ! greate/ metaphysical m9d 9 !   
hi/ory ( ,am]ica4 ,! transc5d5tal way ( 
?\ght1 :i* is pr(\ndly plant$ 9 !       
,am]ican s\l1 0 nurtur$ by ,g]man       
idealism1 & f\nd expression ?r\gh !     
g5ius ( ,em]son4 ,!n1 9 m sy/ematic &   
academic ways1 !re h be5 philosoph]s l  
,port] & ,mc,cosh1 :o /ood "u ,scot*    
influ5ce & f\ght aga9/ positivism2 o!rs1
 l ,h>ris & ,ev]ett1 :o h repres5t$     
,g]man t5d5cies2 :ile ,drap]1 ,fiske1   
,cope1 ,leconte1 & o!rs h prea*$ !      
philosophy ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! front ranks   
to-day ( philosoph]s are ,ladd1 ,dewey1 
,full]ton1 ,b[ne1 ,ormond1 ,h[ison1     
,santayana1 ,palm]1 ,/rong1 ,hibb51     

,creighton1 ,lloyd1 & mo/ influ5tial (  
all1 ,royce1 ^: late/ "w1 8,! ,_w & !   
,individual10 is p]haps ! mo/           
significant epi/emological sy/em ( our  
day4  ,psy*ology is ! mo/ fav\r$ ( all !
 philosophical discipl9es 9 ,am]ica at !
 pres5t "t4 ,?is is %[n outw>dly 9 !    
gr[? ( laboratories = exp]im5tal        
psy*ology1 :i* 9 size & equipm5t f>     
exce$ ^? ( ,europe4 ,am]ica has m ?an   
=ty laboratories4 ,=emo/ 9 ?is          
psy*ological movem5t is ,william ,james1
 :o is1 next to ,wundt1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$  
psy*ologi/ liv+1 & ^: rem>kable analysis
 ( consci\s ph5om5a has be5 set d[n ) a 
fre%ness & livel9ess1 an en]gy &        
discrim9ation1 :i* are highly *>act]i/ic
 ( ,am]ican intellect4 ,!n !re are o!r  
well-kn[n inve/igators l ,/anley ,hall1 
,cattell1 ,baldw91 ,ladd1 ,san=d1       
,tit*5]1 ,angell1 ,miss ,calk9s1        
,scripture1 & _m o!rs4 ,9 p$agogy1 :i*  
is n[ disport+ itself 9 a great display 
( pap] & ink1 ! names ( ,h>ris1 ,eliot1 
,butl]1 ,hall1 ,da ,g>mo1 & ,hanus are !

 mo/ respect$4  ,j z !ological &        
metaphysical speculations1 ev] s9ce !   
e>ly ,colonial days1 h prec$$ pres5t-day
 sci5tific philosophy1 s 9 ! sci5ce (   
hi/ory sy/ematic inve/igators 7 prec$$ 9
 e>ly days by ! ,colonial hi/orians1    
beg9n+ ) ,brad=d & ,w9?rop4 ,a p :i* are
 s re/less to make hi/ory1 s pr\d ( _!  
do+s1 s grateful to _! h]oes1 & :i* m   
?an any o!r p base _! law & public      
policy av[$ly on prec$5t1 w necess>ily h
 enjoy$ ! rec\nt+ ( _! own pa/4 ,am]ica 
has _h a sy/ematic hi/ory1 h[ev]1 only  
s9ce ! ?irties1 & two p]iods ( "w are   
g5]ally di/+ui%$2 an e>li] "o1 9 :i*    
hi/orians und]took to cov] ! :ole       
subject ( ,am]ican hi/ory1 or at lea/ v 
l>ge portions ( x1 & a lat] p]iod       
embrac+ ! la/ decade1 9 :i* hi/orical   
int]e/ has be5 devot$ to m9ut] /udies4  
,bancr(t & ,p>kman /& = ! fir/ movem5t4 
,george ,bancr(t began to write 8 hi/ory
 9 #ahcj1 & work$ pati5tly !reon = half 
a c5tury4 ,by #ahhc ! developm5t ( !    
c\ntry1 f its discov]y up to ! adoption 

( ! ,am]ican ,con/itution1 _h be5       
complet$ 9 a ?or\gh-go+ fa%ion4 ,p>kman 
0 ! great] g5ius1 & "o :o op5$ an       
entirely new p]spective 9 ,am]ican      
hi/ory by 8 inve/igations & fasc9at+    
descriptions ( ! w>s betwe5 ! ,engli% & 
! ,fr5* coloni/s4 ,! great works (      
,hildre? & ,tuck] %\ld also be m5tion$  
"h4  ,! p]iod ( specializ$ "w1 ( c\rse1 
cov]s less gr\nd4 ,! l>ge monographs (  
,h5ry ,adams1 ,john ,fiske1 ,rhodes1    
,s*\l]1 ,mc,master1 ,eggle/on1          
,roosevelt1 & ( ,von ,hol/1 if an       
adoptive son ( ,am]ica may be includ$1  
are acc\nt$ ! be/ pieces ( "w4 ,!y h    
describ$ ,am]ican hi/ory p>tly by       
geographical regions & p>tly by p]iods2 
& !y %[ great div]sity ( /yle1 z may be 
se5 by comp>+ ! m>tial tone ( ,hol/ & ! 
maje/ic calmness ( ,rhodes4 ,to ^! mu/  
be add$ ! biographies1 ( :i* ! be/ kn[n 
=m ! s]ies ( 8,am]ican ,/atesm540       
,am]icans are p>ticul>ly fond ( /udy+ a 
portion ( national hi/ory f ! life ( "s 
especially active p]sonality4 ,!n too1 =

 tw5ty ye>s1 !re has be5 a consid]able &
 indisp5sable fabrication ( hi/orical   
rese>*4 ,l>ge g5]al works & ref]5ce     
books1 l ^? ( ,w9sor1 ,h>t1 & o!rs2 !   
biographies1 ar*ive /udies1             
correspond5ces1 local hi/ories1 (t5     
publi%$ by le>n$ societies2 s]ies (     
monographs1 j\rnals1 ! *ief ( :i* is !  
,am]ican ,hi/orical ,review--9 %ort1    
ev]y?+ necess>y to ! mod]n cultivation (
 hi/orical sci5ce are to be f\nd        
abundantly4 ,! ,revolution1 ! beg9n+s ( 
! ,f$]ation1 ! ,civil ,w>1 & ,congress  
are specially fav\r$ topics4 ,x is almo/
 a matt] ( c\rse t ! indep5d5t          
inve/igation into ,european hi/ory is v 
little attempt$2 al?\gh v good ?+s h be5
 done1 su* z ,prescott's "w on ,spani%  
hi/ory1 ,motley's ,rise ( ! ,dut*       
,republic2 & 9 rec5t times1 = in/ance1  
,taylor has made important /udies 9     
,engli% hi/ory1 ,p]k9s 9 ,fr5*1 ,h5d]son
 9 ,g]man1 ,?ay] 9 ,italian1 ,lea &     
,em]ton 9 ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 ,mahan 9
 ! hi/ory ( naval w>f>e1 & simil>ly     

o!rs4  ,?is lively int]e/ 9 philosophy &
 hi/ory is itself en\gh to disprove !   
old fable t ,am]ican sci5ce is direct$  
only t[>d mat]ial ends4 ,p]haps1 to be  
sure1 "s "o might say t philosophy is   
practic$ to bett] mank9d & hi/ory to    
tea* politicians "s practical lessons1  
:ile bo? /atem5ts are 9 po9t ( fact     
false4 ,no su* *>ge1 h[ev]1 c be made   
aga9/ classical philology2 & yet no "o c
 read ! transactions1 :i* con/itute _m  
volumes1 ( ! five hundr$ memb]s ( !     
,philological ,association1 or read !   
numb]s ( ! ,am]ican j\rnal ( ,philology1
 or ! classical /udies publi%$ by       
,h>v>d1 ,cornell1 & ,*icago1 )\t feel+  
di/9ctly t "h is sci5tific "w ( !       
/ricte/ sort1 & t ! me?ods (            
inve/igations are /eadily improv+4 ,!   
movem5t is y\ng] 9 ?is dep>tm5t ?an 9 ! 
o!rs4 ,to be sure1 ! classical au?ors h 
be5 well kn[n 9 ,am]ica = two c5turies2 
b 9 no prov9ce has ! dilettanteism ( !  
,engli% g5tleman s ?or\ghly prevail$4 ,x
 0 n until ! "y philologians comm5c$ to 

visit ,g]man univ]sities1 & especially  
,gtt+51 t a ?or\gh-go+ philology 0      
introduc$4 ,& su* a "w z ! =ty-f\r      
/ud5ts ( ! great classici/1             
,gild]sleeve1 publi%$ on ! occasion ( 8 
sev5tie? bir?day1 w\ld h be5 impossible 
tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! greate/ int]e/ is    
devot$ to syntactical inve/igation1 9   
:i* ! be/-kn[n works are ^? ( ,goodw91  
,gild]sleeve1 & ,hale2 :ile !re are "s  
works on lexicography & comp>ative      
languages1 & few] /ill on textual       
criticism4 ,e classical philologian kn[s
 ! names ( ,hadley1 ,beck1 ,all51 ,lane1
 ,w>r51 ,smy?1 ,:ite1 ,:eel]1 ,%orey1   
,dressi]1 & _m o!rs4  ,!re is an unusual
 int]e/ 9 ,ori5tal philology1 :i* is    
slightly influ5c$ inde$ by practical    
motives4 ,= in/ance1 ! great religi\s   
int]e/ tak5 9 ! ,bible--n by sci5ti/s1 b
 by ! g5]al public--has s5t out special 
exp$itions & done mu* to advance ! /udy 
( cunei=m inscriptions4 ,! ,assyrian    
collections ( ! ,univ]sity (            
,p5nsylvania are acc\nt$1 9 _m respects1

 ! mo/ complete 9 exi/5ce4 ,its curator1
 ,hilpre*t1 is well kn[n1 & ,lyon1      
,haupt1 & o!rs almo/ z well4 ,:itney1 ( 
,yale1 0 und\bt$ly ! lead] 9 ,sanskrit4 
,lanman1 ( ,h>v>d1 is 8 mo/ fam\s       
successor1 & besides him are ,jackson1  
,buck1 ,bloomfield1 & o!rs4 ,toy is !   
great au?ority on ,semitic languages4   
,x w\ld lead u too f> away if we 7 to   
foll[ philological sci5ce into mod]n    
languages4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! ,engli%
 language & lit]ature are ! mo/ /udi$2 9
 fact1 ,engli% philology has _h its real
 home 9 ! ,new ,_w s9ce ! days ( ,*ild4 
,francis ,james ,*ild1 "o ( ! mo/ w9n+  
p]sonalities 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican      
s*ol>%ip1 has contribut$ mu* on ,*auc] &
 anci5t ,engli% dramas2 & z 8 great "w1 
has ga!r$ toge!r ,engli% & ,scotti%     
ballads into a collection ( t5 volumes4 
,?is "w has (t5 be5 e/eem$ z ,am]ica's  
greate/ contribution to philology4      
,kittr$ge1 :o has succe$$ ,*ild at      
,h>v>d1 works on mu* ! same l9es4       
,l\nsbury is kn[n especially = 8        

brilliant works on ,*auc]2 ,manley has  
also /udi$ ,*auc] & ! pre-,%akesp]ian   
drama2 ,gumm]e ! e>ly ballads1 :ile     
,w5dell & ,furness are ! great          
,%akesp]ian s*ol>s4 ,! ,ar?urian leg5ds 
h be5 especially /udi$ by ,s*(ield1     
,mead1 ,bruce1 & o!rs2 ! ,anglo-,saxon  
language by ,bright1 ,cook1 ,br[n1 &    
,callaway4 ,l[ell 0 ! fir/ great critic 
( lit]ature1 & he has be5 foll[$ by     
,gates & _m o!rs4 ,! belles-lettres     
!mselves h giv5 rise to a l>ge hi/orical
 & critical lit]ature1 su* z ! admirable
 g5]al works ( ,/eadman1 ,ri*>dson1 &   
,tyl]1 & ! monographs by ,woodb]ry1     
,cabot1 ,norton1 ,w>n]1 & ,higg9son4 ,! 
v be/ "w1 h[ev]1 on ,am]ican lit]ature1 
9 spite ( all asp]sions ca/ on ! extreme
 ari/ocrat1 is ,b>rett ,w5dell's        
8,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica40 ,we might  
m5tion a long li/ ( works on ,romance & 
,g]manic languages & lit]ature4 ,at lea/
 emphasis mu/ be laid on "o1 ,kuno      
,francke's extraord9>y book on 8,social 
,influ5ces 9 ,g]man ,lit]ature10 ! "w ( 

! mo/ gift$ h]ald ( ,g]man culture 9    
,am]ica4 ,we may also m5tion ! works (  
,?omas & ,hempl 9 ,g]manic1 & ,todd1    
,elliot1 & ,cohn 9 romance languages4   
,political economy is ! fav\rite /udy ( 
! ,am]ican1 s9ce ! hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry  
has be5 det]m9$ by economic factors m   
directly ?an t ( any o!r nation1 & s9ce 
all ! diff]5t economic p]iods h be5 liv$
 ?r\gh 9 ! /ill surveyable pa/4 ,9 a    
s5se1 ! c\ntry looks l a trem5d\s       
exp]im5tal laboratory ( political       
economy4 ,! c\ntry is s unev5ly develop$
 t ! mo/ div]se economic /ages are to be
 f\nd 9 regions :i* are geographically  
ne> ea* o!r1 & ev]y?+ goes on1 z x 71 "u
 ! sci5tific magnify+ glass ( !         
/ati/ical /ud5t4 ,rem>kably en\gh1 !    
actual hi/ory ( economics has be5 r     
neglect$ 9 ,am]ican /udies1 9 spite ( _m
 beg9n+s made 9 ,g]many on ! hi/ory (   
,am]ican economics4 ,! *ief att5tion ( !
 nation has be5 giv5 r to ! sy/ematic   
analysis & d$uctive inve/igation (      
special conditions4 ,9 political economy

 !re are1 ( c\rse1 fir/ ! well-kn[n     
agitators l ,h5ry ,c>ey1 ! great        
protectioni/ ( ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury2  
,h5ry ,george1 ! s+le-tax !ori/1 ^:     
book1 8,progress & ,pov]ty10 f\nd 9     
#ahgi extraord9>y circulation2 &        
,bellamy1 ^: 8,utopia0 0 9 mu* ! same   
/yle3 & ! political tracts on economic  
subjects are f> too num]\s to ?9k (     
m5tion+4 ,! really sci5tific works =m   
ano!r gr\p4 ,at fir/ we f9d ! pione]    
ef=ts ( ! sev5ties & eighties--,wells's 
"w on t>iff & comm]ce1 ,*>les ,francis  
,adams's "w on railways1 ,sumn]'s on !  
hi/ory ( ,am]ican f9ance1 ,atk9son's on 
production & di/ribution1 ,wright's on  
wages1 ,knox's on bank+1 & ! g5]al      
treatises ( ,walk]1 :o conduct$ !       
c5suses ( #ahgj & #ahhj4 ,9 rec5t times 
! *ief works are ^? ( ,hadley on        
railroads1 ( ,cl>k on capital1 ( ,james 
on political f9ance & municipal         
adm9i/ration1 ( ,ely on taxation1 (     
,taussig on t>iff1 silv] & wages1 (     
,j5ks on tru/s1 ( ,brooks on lab\r      

movem5ts1 ( ,seligman on ! politics (   
taxation1 ( ,h4 ,c4 ,adams on sci5tific 
f9ance1 ( ,gross on ! hi/ory ( ,engli%  
economics1 ( ,patt5 on economic !ory1 & 
( ,l[ell on ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t4        
,moreov]1 ! political economi/s & /ud5ts
 ( gov]nm5t h an unusually l>ge numb] ( 
j\rnals at _! disposal4 ,9 sociology !re
 are ,gidd+s1 ,small1 & ,w>d1 kn[n      
ev]y:]e1 & aft] !m ,willcox1 ,ripley1 & 
o!rs4  ,we h sp5t too mu* "t ov] !      
hi/orical discipl9es4 ,let u look at !  
opposite pole ( ! sci5tific globe f !   
m5tal sci5ces to ! natural sci5ces1 & at
 fir/ to ma!matics4 ,ma!maticians 7     
especially late 9 wak+ up to really     
sci5tific a*ievem5ts2 & ?is 0 sc>cely t5
 ye>s ago1 s t all ! productive         
ma!maticians are ! y\ng] pr(essors4 ,( !
 old] p]iod1 !re are b ?ree ma!maticians
 ( great importance--,b5jam9 ,peirce1   
p]haps ! mo/ brilliant ( ,am]ican       
ma!maticians1 & 8 pupils1 ,hill &       
,newcomb4 ,_! *ief int]e/ has be5       
ma!matical a/ronomy4 ,( _! g5]ation are 

also ,will>d ,gibbs 9 ma!matical        
physics1 ,mc,clintock 9 algebra1 &      
,*>les ,peirce 9 ma!matical logic4 ,9 ! 
la/ t5 ye>s1 x is no long] a "q ( a few 
great names4 ,! y\ng] g5]ation has tak5 
its inspiration f ,g]many & ,france1 &  
is busily at "w 9 pure ma!matics2 !re   
are ,moore & ,dixon1 ( ,*icago2 ,/orey &
 ,tab]1 ( ,cl>k2 ,b*] & ,osgood1 (      
,h>v>d2 ,:ite at ,evan/on2 ,van ,vleck  
at ,wesleyan1 & _m o!rs4  ,we f9d aga91 
9 ! natural sci5ces1 t ! ,am]ican by no 
means fav\rs only practical /udies4 ,!re
 is no less practical a sci5ce ?an      
a/ronomy1 & yet we f9d a s]ies ( great  
successes4 ,?is is ext]nally noticeable 
9 a g5]al int]e/ 9 a/ronomy2 no o!r     
c\ntry 9 ! _w has s _m well-equipp$     
obs]vatories z ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & no o!r
 c\ntry manufactures su* p]fect         
a/ronomical l5ses4 ,am]ica has p]fect$ !
 te*nique ( a/ronomy4 ,rol&1 = in/ance1 
has improv$ ! a/ronomical spectroscope1 
& ,pick]+ has made brilliant            
contributions to photometry4 ,!         

catalogue ( />s by ,g\ld & ,langley is  
an indisp5sable "w1 & ,am]ica has       
contribut$ its full %>e to ! obs]vation 
( a/]oids & comets4 ,newcomb1 h[ev]1 :o 
is ! lead] s9ce =ty ye>s1 has done ! mo/
 brilliant "w1 9 8 ?or\gh computations (
 /ell> pa?s & masses4 ,we %\ld also n   
=get ,*&l]'s det]m9ation ( magnitudes1  
,"y's "w on ! sun1 ,newton's on         
meteorites1 & ,b>n>d's on comets4       
,surpris+ly en\gh1 ! developm5t (       
sci5tific physics has be5 less brilliant
 s f>4 ,only 9 optics has really any?+ (
 high importance be5 done2 b 9 ?is field
 !re h be5 su* accompli%m5ts z          
,mi*elson's measurem5ts ( lightwaves1   
,r[l&'s /udies ( concave grat+s1        
,newcomb's measurem5ts on ! spe$ (      
light1 & ,langley's /udies ( ! ultra-r$ 
rays4 ,9 all o!r fields ! "w is some:at 
disconnect$2 al?\gh1 to be sure1 9 !    
bran*es ( electricity1 ac\/ics1 & heat1 
important discov]ies h be5 made by      
,tr[bridge1 ,woodw>d1 ,b>us1 ,wood1     
,cross1 ,ni*ols1 ,hall1 ,b4 ,o4 ,pi]ce1 

,sab9e1 & _m o!rs4 ,9 purely te*nical   
subjects1 especially ^? relat$ to       
electricity1 mu* has be5 done ( s]i\s   
sci5tific importance2 & ^! triumphs 9   
te*nical bran*es are1 ( c\rse1 fam\s    
?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,f ! h& tool ( ! workman  
to locomotives & bridges1 ,am]ican      
me*anics h be5 victori\s4 ,appli$       
physics has yield$ ! mod]n bicycle1 !   
sew+-ma*9e1 ! pr9t+-press1 tool-mak+    
ma*9]y1 & a ?\s& o!r sub/itutes =       
muscul> lab\r2 has also p]fect$ !       
telegraph1 ! inc&esc5t lamp1 ! telephone
 & ! phonograph1 & e day br+s "s new    
laurel to ! ,am]ican inv5tor4 ,b x is n 
to be suppos$ t ,edison1 ,tesla1 & ,bell
 are ! sole repres5tatives ( ,am]ican   
physics4 ,quiet sci5tific "w ( ! highe/ 
ord] is c>ri$ on 9 a doz5 laboratories4 
,meteorology ought to be m5tion$ z a    
bran* ( physics2 x has be5 fav\r$ by !  
l>ge field ( obs]vation :i* ,am]ica (f]s
 & has develop$ brilliantly "u ,f]rel1  
,haz51 ,greely1 ,h>r+ton1 ,m5d5hall1    
,rot*1 & o!rs4  ,x is /ill m true (     

*emi/ry ?an ( physics t advance has be5 
indep5d5t ( ! indu/rial application (   
sci5ce4 ,! lead+ *emi/s h all work$ 9 ! 
int]e/s ( pure sci5ce2 & ?is "w />t$ at 
! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 ,b5jam9     
,silliman1 ( ,yale1 ! editor ( ! fir/   
magaz9e = natural sci5ce1 laid !        
f\ndations = 8 sci5tific s*ool4 ,he 0   
foll[$ 9 succe$+ g5]ations by ,h>e1     
,smi?1 ,hunt1 & mo/ notably ,cooke1 ^:  
/udies on ! p]iodic law & ! atomic      
weight ( oxyg5 are specially valuable4  
,( lat] m5 !re are ,will>d ,gibbs1 !    
,ne/or ( *emical !rmo-dynamics1 :o      
became fam\s by 8 !ory ( ! phase rule1 &
 ,wolcott ,gibbs ?r\gh 8 /udies on      
complex acids4 ,crafts is kn[n = 8      
rese>*es into organic comp\nds1 &       
,mallet by classical inve/igations into 
! atomic weight ( alum9um4 ,o!r valuable
 contributions h be5 ,hillebr&'s        
analysis ( m9]als1 ,/ieglitz's organic  
syn!ses1 ,noyes's /udies on ions1 ! "w (
 ,cl>k & ,ri*>ds on atomic weights1     
,goo*'s te*nical discov]ies1 ,hill's    

syn!tic production ( b5zol comp\nds1    
,w>r5's "w ) m9]al oils1 ,bask]ville's  
/udy ( ?orium1 n to m5tion ! highly     
priz$ text-books ( ,ira ,rems51 !       
discov]] ( sac*>94 ,among !             
physiological & agricultural *emi/s1 !  
be/ kn[n are ,*itt5d51 ,pfaff1 ,atwat]1 
& ,hilg>d4 ,! pione] ( physical *emi/ry 
is ,ri*>ds1 ( ,h>v>d1 probably ! only   
,am]ican pr(essor s f> :o has be5 call$ 
to ! position ( a full pr(essor at a    
,g]man univ]sity4 ,he rema9$ 9 ,am]ica1 
al?\gh invit$ to ,gtt+54 ,bancr(t &     
,noyes are at "w on ! same bran* (      
*emi/ry4  ,! "w 9 *emi/ry is alli$ 9 _m 
ways to m9]alogy1 petrography1 &        
geology4 ,oddly en\gh1 m9]alogy has     
c5tr$ di/9ctly at "o place--,yale       
,univ]sity4 ,! eld] ,dana us$ to "w !re1
 ^: 8,sy/em ( ,m9]alogy0 fir/ appe>$ 9  
#ahcg1 & :ile frequ5tly revis$ has      
rema9$ = half a c5tury ! /&>d book 9 any
 language2 ,dana's *emical              
classification ( m9]als has also f\nd   
g5]al acceptance4 ,8 son1 !             

cry/allograph]1 work$ "h1 z also ,bru% &
 ,p5field1 :o has inve/igat$ m k9ds (   
/one ?an any o!r liv+ man4 ,beside ^!   
well-kn[n lead]s1 !re are su* m5 z      
,lawr5ce ,smi?1 ,cooke1 ,g]?1 ,%ep>d1 & 
,wolff4 ,! advances 9 geology h be5 /ill
 m brilliant1 s9ce nature made ,am]ica  
an incomp>able field ( /udy4 ,hall _h   
already made an e>ly beg9n+ "h1 & ,dana 
& ,:itney1 ,hayd5 & ,k+1 ,p[ell &       
,gilb]t1 ,davis1 ,%al]1 & ,brann] h     
cont9u$ ! "w4 ,rema9s ( ! ,glacial ,epo*
 & m\nta9 =mation h be5 ! fav\rite      
topics4 ,& ! inve/igation :i* has       
frequ5tly be5 connect$ ) practical m9+  
int]e/s is among ! mo/ important1 & 9   
,europe ! mo/ highly reg>d$ ( ,am]ican  
sci5tific a*ievem5ts4  ,closely relat$  
to ! geological are ! geographical      
/udies4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ,bureau ( ,survey  
figures prom95tly "h1 by reason ( its   
magnific5t equipm5t4 ,mo/ fam\s are !   
coa/ surveys ( ,pa*e & ,m5d5hall1 & ! l&
 surveys ( ,rog]s1 ,:itney1 & ,gannet4  
,! hydrographic inve/igations ( ,maury h

 p]haps _h m influ5ce on geography1 & 8 
physical geography ( ! ocean has op5$ up
 new l9es ( inquiry2 ,guyot has done mo/
 to spread ! int]e/s ( geography4       
,am]icans h always be5 greatly int]e/$ 9
 exp$itions to dang]\s l&s1 :]e=e _m    
,am]icans h be5 pione]s1 mission>ies1 & 
sci5tific travell]s4 ,9 ?is _s ,lewis & 
,cl>k explor$ ! ,nor?we/1 ,wilkes cross$
 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ,p]ry w5t to ,japan1
 & ,/anley to ,africa2 o!rs h travell$  
to ,s\? ,am]ica1 & _m exp$itions h be5  
/>t$ = ! ,nor? ,pole s9ce ! fir/        
exp$ition ( ,kane 9 #ahec4 ,palontology 
has be5 well repres5t$ 9 ,am]ica1 & has 
contribut$ a good deal to ! advance 9   
geology4 ,hall comm5c$ ! "w ) /udies on 
inv]tebrate fossils2 !n came ,hyatt1 :o 
/udi$ fossil cephalopods1 ,scudd] fossil
 insects1 ,bee*] bra*iopods2 & !n       
,leidy1 ,cope1 ,osborne1 & above all1 ! 
great sci5ti/1 ,m>%--all ( :om h /udi$  
fossil v]tebrates4  ,almo/ e "o ( ^! m5 
0 at ! same "t a sy/ematic zologi/4     
,especially 9 =m] days1 _m "y m5 devot$ 

!mselves to sy/ematic zology "u !       
lead]%ip ( ,audubon1 ^: pione] "w on 8,!
 ,birds ( ,am]ica0 appe>$ 9 #ahbg2 !n   
lat] ( ,say1 ! fir/ inve/igator (       
butt]flies & mussels2 & /ill lat] (     
,l\is ,agassiz1 ! great /ud5t (         
jelly-fi%1 hydroids & polyps1 ^: son1   
,alex&] ,agassiz1 has c>ri$ on ! fam\s  
/udies ( coral isl&s4 ,besides ^! m5 h  
lab\r$ ,le,conte1 ,gill1 ,pack>d1 &     
,v]rill 9 ! prov9ce ( inv]tebrates2     
,baird1 ,ridgeway1 ,hunt+ton1 ,all51    
,m]iam1 & ,jordan 9 ! field (           
v]tebrates4 ,at ! pres5t "t int]e/ 9    
,am]ica z well z 9 ,europe is turn+ t[>d
 hi/ology & embryology4 ,"h1 too1 ! two 
,agassizes h tak5 ! lead1 ! s5ior       
,agassiz ) 8 /udies on turtles1 ! y\ng] 
,agassiz 9 /udies on />fi%es4 ,next to  
!irs come ! admirable works ( ,wyman1   
,:itman1 ,brooks1 ,m9ot1 ,m>k1 &        
,wilson1 & ! inve/igations ( ,dav5port  
on ! subject ( v>iation4 ,! ph5om5on (  
life has be5 /udi$ n[ by zologi/s & aga9
 by biologi/s & physiologi/s4 ,"h belong

 ! rese>*es into ! consci\s life ( l[]  
animals c>ri$ on by ,lee & ,p>k]1 & !   
excell5t inve/igations ( !              
,g]man-,am]ican ,jacques ,loeb1 (       
,cali=nia1 :o has plac$ ! tropisms (    
animals & ! processes ( f]tilization 9 a
 :olly new light4 ,( 8 colleagues 9     
physiology1 ! be/ kn[n are ,b[dit*1     
,h[ell1 ,port]1 & ,meltz]4  ,! highe/   
organism :i* ! natural sci5ti/ c /udy is
 man1 tak5 n hi/orically1 b             
an?ropologically4 ,! ,am]ican has be5   
=c$ to turn to an?ropology & to         
e?nology1 s9ce circum/ances h put at 8  
h& "s hundr$ types ( ,indians1 ) ! mo/  
div]se languages & cu/oms1 & s9ce1      
moreov]1 peoples h /ream$ f e "p ( ! _w 
to ?is c\ntry2 millions ( ,african      
negroes are "h1 ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) !    
rema9s ( =m] ,indian life1 & ! /range   
civilizations ( ,c5tral ,am]ica h left  
_! rema9s ne> by4 ,! ,e?nological       
,bureau at ,wa%+ton & ! ,peabody ,museum
 at ,h>v>d h in/itut$ _m exp$itions &   
inve/igations4 ,9 rec5t times ! works ( 

,morgan1 ,hale1 ,br9ton1 ,p[ell1 ,dall1 
,putnam1 ,mc,gee1 & ,boas h op5$ new    
p]spectives1 especially on ! subject ( !
 ,am]ican ,indian4  ,! ,am]ican flora   
has contribut$ no less new mat]ial to   
sci5ce ?an ! ,am]ican fauna4 ,european  
botani/s _h comm5c$ ! "w ) t\rs (       
obs]vation1 :5 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury
 ,asa ,gray began 8 admirable life-"w4  
,he 0 9 ! close/ sympa?y ) ,european    
botani/s1 & publi%$ 9 all m ?an f\r     
hundr$ pap]s on ! classification &      
sy/ematic /udy ( ! pr(use mat]ial4 ,gray
 di$ 9 #ahhh1 und\bt$ly ! greate/       
botani/ t ,am]ica has produc$4 ,8 lab\rs
 h be5 supplem5t$ by 8 tea*]1 ,torrey2  
by ,*apman1 :o work$ up ! s\!a/]n "p ( !
 c\ntry2 by sci5tific travell]s1 su* z  
,wright & ,watson2 by ,engelmann1 :o    
/udi$ cacti2 ,bebb1 :o /udi$ ! fields2  
by ,c\lt]1 ! exp]t on ! plants ( !      
,rocky ,m\nta9s2 by ,bailey & _m o!rs4  
,?is great "w is m or less p]vad$ by !  
ideas ( ,gray2 b 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s x   
has bran*$ (f 9 sev]al directions "u a  

numb] ( lead]s4 ,f>l[ has rea*$ out into
 cryptogamic botany1 ,goodale into plant
 physiology1 & ,s>g5t into d5drology4   
,!re has be51 moreov]1 consid]able      
specialization & subdivision ( lab\r 9 !
 botanical g>d5s ( ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 &
 ,/4 ,l\is1 & ! h]b>ia & botanical      
in/itutes ( v>i\s univ]sities & ( !     
agricultural exp]im5t /ations4 ,^!      
in/itutions put =? publications "u !    
editor%ip ( su* able botani/s z         
,rob9son1 ,trelease1 ,f]nald1 ,smi?1 &  
,true2 & ^! works are n excell$ by ^? ( 
any o!r c\ntry4  ,we h _h1 p]haps1 too  
mu* ( m]e names2 & yet ^! h be5 only    
examples1 calculat$ to %[ ! /r5g? & !   
weakness ( ! sci5tific developm5t (     
,am]ica4 ,we h s\ght specially to keep  
)9 ! limits ( ! 8philosophical          
faculties40 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to g into
 ! subjects ( !ology1 law & m$ic9e1 & ( 
te*nology 9 a simil> way2 b x w\ld lead 
too f>4 ,yet :e!r ! unprejudic$ obs]v]  
consid]s su* discipl9es z we h describ$1
 or :e!r he looks out into neighb\r+    

academic fields1 he w f9d ! same fl\ri%+
 condition ( ?+s--a bold1 heal?y1 &     
intellig5t progress1 ) a complete       
und]/&+ ( ! true aim ( sci5ce1 )        
tireless indu/ry1 able organization1 &  
optimi/ic en]gy4  ,( c\rse1 ! actual    
a*ievem5ts are v unev52 !y are1 9 "s    
directions1 sup]ior to ^? ( ,engl& &    
,france--9 a few directions ev5 to ^? ( 
,g]many1 b 9 o!rs f> inf]ior to ,g]man  
atta9m5ts4 ,we h se5 t ! conditions a   
%ort "t ago 7 un=tunate = sci5ce1 & t   
only rec5tly h !y giv5 way to m         
fav\rable factors4 ,mo/ p see su*       
fav\rable factors fir/ ( all 9 !        
f9ancial support (f]$ to ! inve/igator2 
b ! *ief aid = su* "w does n lie 9 !    
provid+ ( appliances4 ,end[m5ts c d no m
 ?an supply books1 app>atus1            
laboratories1 & collections = ^? :o wi% 
to /udy1 b all t nev] makes a great     
sci5ti/2 ! av]age level ( /udy may be   
improv$ by mat]ial support1 b x w nev]  
be br\ght above a c]ta9 level (         
m$iocrity4 ,=1 aft] all1 sci5ce dep5ds  

*iefly on ! p]sonal factor2 & good m5 c 
d ev]y?+1 ev5 on n>r[ means4  ,! m      
important factor 9 ! opul5ce :i* sci5ce 
n[ enjoys is an indirect "o2 x improves 
! social /atus ( sci5tific work]s1 s t  
bett] human mat]ial is n[ attract$ to ! 
sci5tific c>e]4 ,z long z sci5tific life
 meant pov]ty & dep5d5ce1 ! only p      
attract$ to x 7 m5 ( ! s*ooltea*+ /amp2 
! bett] m5 h crav$ some?+ full] &       
great]1 & h wi%$ to exp5d _! /r5g? 9 ! m
 ?or\ghly liv+ prov9ce ( indu/rial &    
comm]cial life1 :]e alone ! great social
 premiums 7 to be f\nd4 ,b n[ ! case is 
diff]5t4 ,sci5ce has be5 recogniz$ by ! 
nation2 sci5tific & univ]sity life has  
become ri* 9 significance1 ! pr(essor is
 no long] a s*ool-tea*]1 & ! "r k9d ( "y
 s*ol> is /epp+ into ! ar5a4 ,ano!r     
factor is work+ 9 ! same direction4     
,sub/antial families are com+ to ! ?ird 
g5]ation1 :5 !y g ov] f trade to art &  
sci5ce4 ,! sons ( ! be/ p ) great       
vitality & great p]sonality pref] n[ to 
"w 9 ! laboratory r ?an 9 ! bank4 ,ea*  

"o br+s ,yankee intellig5ce & ,yankee   
en]gy ) him4 ,?is social reappraisem5t (
 sci5ce1 & its effect on ! quality ( m5 
:o become productive s*ol>s1 are ! be/  
indication ( ! com+ greatness ( ,am]ican
 sci5ce4                                
,,*apt] ,,eighte5                       
,lit]ature   ,:at does ! ,am]ican read8 
,9 8,jrn ,uhl10 ! appr5tice 9 ! ,hamburg
 book%op says to 8 fri5d3 8,if ,i am to 
tell y h[ to be wise & cunn+1 !n g :]e  
!re are no books4 ,d y "k1 if ,i _h n _h
 my fa!r1 ,i %\ld h gone to ,am]ica--= a
 fact6 ,& x w\ld h gone h>d ) anybody :o
 pok$ a book at me40 ,9 t way _m a man 9
 ,europe1 :o is long pa/ 8 appr5tice%ip1
 /ill pictures to himself ,am]ica3 ,ov] 
9 ,am]ica nobody bo!rs ab\t books4 ,& he
 w\ld n cr$it ! /atem5t t n[h]e else are
 s _m books read z 9 ,am]ica4 ,!        
,am]ican's fondness = read+ f9ds cle>e/ 
expression 9 ! gr[? ( libr>ies1 & 9 few 
matt]s ( civilization is ,am]ica s well 
fitt$ to tea* ! ,old ,_w a lesson4      
,europe has _m l>ge & anci5t collections

 ( books1 & ,g]many m ?an all ! re/2 b  
!y s]ve only "o s+le purpose--t (       
sci5tific inve/igation2 !y are !        
laboratories ( rese>*4 ,!y are *iefly   
lodg$ ) ! great univ]sities1 & ev5 !    
l>ge municipal libr>ies are mo/ly us$ by
 ^? :o ne$ mat]ial = productive lab\rs1 
or wi% to become conv]sant ) special    
topics4  ,exactly ! same type ( l>ge    
libr>y has gr[n up 9 ,am]ica2 & "h1 too1
 x is *iefly ! univ]sities ^: /ock (    
books is at ! s]vice ( ! sci5tific _w4  
,besides ^!1 !re are special libr>ies   
belong+ to le>n$ societies1 /ate law    
libr>ies1 special libr>ies ( gov]nm5t   
bureaus & ( museums1 & l>ge/ ( all !    
,libr>y ( ,congress4 ,! collection ( su*
 sci5tific books began at ! e>lie/      
colonial p]iod1 & at fir/ "u !ological  
auspices4 ,! ,calv9i/ ,*ur*1 m ?an any  
o!r1 incl9$ to ! /udy ( books4 ,z e>ly z
 #agij ! catalogue ( ,h>v>d ,college    
conta9$ #cej pages1 ( :i* #aej 7 tak5 up
 by !ological works4 ,h>v>d has to-day  
almo/ a million books1 mo/ly 9 !        

dep>tm5t ( lit]ature1 philology1 hi/ory1
 philosophy1 & jurisprud5ce4 ,!re are1  
moreov]1 9 ,bo/on ! /ate libr>y ( law1 )
 ov] a hundr$ ?\s& volumes2 ! ,a!num1 ) 
m ?an two hundr$ ?\s& books2 ! l>ge     
sci5tific libr>y ( ! ,in/itute (        
,te*nology1 & _m o!rs4 ,simil>ly1 9 o!r 
l>ge cities1 ! univ]sity libr>ies are ! 
nucleus = sci5tific lab\rs1 & are       
surr\nd$ by admirable special libr>ies1 
p>ticul>ly 9 ,new ,york1 ,*icago1 &     
,philadelphia4 ,!n1 too1 ! small        
academic t[ns1 l ,pr9ceton1 ,i?aca1 ,new
 ,hav51 & o!rs1 h valuable collections (
 books1 :i* 9 special subjects are (t5  
unique4 ,= _m ye>s ! ,am]ican univ]sity 
libr>ies h be5 ! *ief pur*as]s ( !      
special collections left by deceas$     
,european pr(essors4 ,& x (t5 happ5s1   
especially ?r\gh ! gift ( grateful      
alumni1 t collections ( ! greate/       
sci5tific value1 :i* c\ld n be          
duplicat$1 come into ! possession ev5 ( 
less] in/itutions4  ,9 _m dep>tm5ts (   
inve/igation1 ,wa%+ton takes ! lead ) ! 

l>ge collection ( ! v>i\s sci5tific1    
economic1 & te*nical bureaus ( !        
gov]nm5t4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ^! is ! unique  
m$ical libr>y ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,!n !re
 is ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 ) _m m ?an a 
million volumes1 :i* to-day has an      
(ficial "r to "o copy ( e book publi%$ 9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & s may claim to be a 
national libr>y4 ,x is /ill n comp>able 
to ! _m-sid$ & complete collection ( !  
,briti% ,museum2 ! national libr>y is   
"o-sid$1 or at lea/ %[s /rik+ gaps4     
,hav+ />t$ z ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 x   
has1 aside f its "o copy ( e ,am]ican   
book & ! books on natural sci5ce belong+
 to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 few books
 except ^? on politics1 hi/ory1         
political economy1 & law4 ,! lack (     
space = books1 :i* exi/$ until a few    
ye>s ago1 made x seem inexp$i5t to sp5d 
money = purposes o!r ?an ! conv5i5ce (  
,congressm54 ,b ! ,am]ican p1 9 its love
 = books1 has n[ erect$ su* a build+ z !
 _w _h nev] be=e se5 devot$ to ! /or+ ( 
books4 ,! new ,congressional ,libr>y 0  

op5$ 9 #ahig1 & s9ce ! /acks h /ill room
 = sev]al million volumes1 ! libr>y w   
soon gr[ to an all-r\nd complet5ess l t 
at ,london4 ,?is libr>y has a specially 
valuable collection ( manuscripts &     
correspond5ces4  ,all ! collections (   
books :i* we h s f> m5tion$ are         
virtually l ^? ( ,g]many4 ,b s9ce !y    
mo/ly date f ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !        
,am]ican libr>ies are m mod]n1 & conta9 
less dead weight 9 ! way ( unus$ folios4
 ,mu* m important is _! greatly sup]ior 
accessibility4 ,_! read+-rooms are m    
com=table & bett] light$1 _! catalogues 
m conv5i5t1 libr>y h\rs long]1 &1 above 
all1 books are mu* m easily & quickly   
deliv]$4 ,brooks ,adams said rec5tly1   
ab\t ! libr>y at ,wa%+ton z a place =   
"w1 t ?is build+ is well-nigh p]fect2 x 
is l>ge1 light1 conv5i5t1 & well provid$
 ) att5dants4 ,9 ,p>is & ,london1 "o    
works 9 du/y1 =bidd+1 & ov]cr[d$ rooms1 
:ile "h ! read+-rooms are num]\s1       
attractive1 & com=table4 ,9 ! ,national 
,libr>y at ,p>is1 "o has to wait an h\r 

= a book2 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 half an  
h\r2 & 9 ,wa%+ton1 five m9utes4 ,?is    
rapid s]vice1 :i* makes su* a great     
diff]5ce to ! /ud5t1 is f\nd ev]y:]e 9  
,am]ica2 & ev]y:]e ! books are h\s$ 9   
build+s :i* are palatial1 al?\gh p]haps 
n s beautiful z ! ,wa%+ton ,libr>y4     
,/ill1 all ^! diff]5ces are uness5tial2 
9 pr9ciple ! academic libr>ies are alike
 9 ! ,new & ,old ,worlds4 ,! great      
diff]5ce betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica beg9s 
) ! libr>ies :i* are n le>n$1 b :i* are 
design$ to s]ve popul> education4 ,!    
,am]ican public libr>y :i* is n =       
sci5ce1 b = education1 is to ! ,european
 c\nt]p>t z ! ,pullman express tra9 to !
 village po/-*aise4  ,! sci5tific       
libr>ies ( ,bo/on1 includ+ t ( ,h>v>d   
,univ]sity1 conta9 ne>ly two million    
pr9t$ works2 b ! l>ge/ libr>y ( all is  
di/9ct f ^!4 ,x is h\s$ on ,copley      
,squ>e1 9 a r5aissance palace by ! side 
( ! ,art ,museum1 & opposite ! mo/      
beautiful *ur* 9 ,am]ica4 ,! /aircase ( 
yell[ m>ble1 ! wond]ful wall-pa9t+s1 !  

fasc9at+ arcade on ! inn] c\rt1 & !     
sunlit halls are inde$ beautiful4 ,& 9 &
 out1 f e>ly morn+ till late ev5+1      
weekday & ,sunday1 move ! p ( ,bo/on4 ,!
 /ream ( m5 divides 9 ! l[] ve/ibule4   
,"s g to ! newspap] room1 :]e sev]al    
hundr$ daily newspap]s1 a doz5 ( !m     
,g]man1 hang on racks4 ,o!rs w&] to !   
magaz9e rooms1 :]e ! weekly & mon?ly    
pap]s ( ! _w are wait+ to be read4 ,o!rs
 asc5d to ! upp] /ories1 :]e ,s>g5t's   
fam\s pictures ( ! ,prophets allure !   
lov] ( art1 9 ord] to look ov] m        
valuable special editions & ! art       
magaz9es1 geographical *>ts1 & musical  
works4 ,! l>ge/ /ream ( all goes to !   
second floor1 p>tly into ! huge quiet   
read+-room1 p>tly into ! rotunda1 :i*   
conta9s ! catalogue1 p>tly into ! hall  
conta9+ ! fam\s frescoes ( ! ,holy      
,grail1 :]e ! books are giv5 out4 ,"h a 
million & a half books are deliv]$ e ye>
 to be tak5 home & read4 ,& no "o has to
 wait2 an app>atus c>ries ! applicant's 
c>d ) wond]ful spe$ to ! /acks1 & !     

desir$ book is s5t back 9 automatic c>s4
 ,little *ildr5 mean:ile w&] into !     
juv5ile room1 :]e !y f9d ! be/ books =  
*ildr54 ,& ev]y?+ invites ev5 ! lea/    
pati5t read] to sit d[n quietly ) "s    
sort ( a volume--ev]y?+ is s tempt+1 s  
conv5i5t & com=table1 & s surpass+ly    
beautiful4 ,& all ?is is free to !      
humble/ work+-man4  ,& /ill1 if ! citiz5
 ( ,massa*usetts 7 to be ask$ ( :at     
feature ( ! public libr>ies he is mo/   
pr\d1 he w\ld probably n m5tion ?is     
magnific5t palace 9 ,bo/on1 ! capital ( 
! /ate1 b r ! #cej free public libr>ies 
scatt]$ ?r\gh ! small] cities & t[ns (  
?is /ate1 :i* is aft] all only "o-?ird z
 l>ge z ,bav>ia4 ,x is ^! _m libr>ies   
:i* d ! broade/ "w = ! p4 ,ea* little   
collection1 :]ev] x is1 is ! c5tre (    
intellectual & moral enlight5m5t1 &     
plants & n\ri%es ! desire =             
self-p]fection4 ,( c\rse1 ,massa*usetts 
has done m 9 ?is respect ?an any o!r "p 
( ! c\ntry--especially m ?an ! ,s\?1 :i*
 is backw>d 9 ?is respect4 ,b !re is no 

long] any city ( mod]ate size :i* has n 
a l>ge public libr>y1 & !re is no /ate  
:i* does n enc\rage 9 e possible way !  
e/abli%m5t ( public libr>ies 9 e small  
community1 giv+ f9ancial aid if x is    
necess>y4  ,public libr>ies h become !  
fav\rite ,*ri/mas pres5t (              
philan?ropi/s1 & :ile ! hospitals1      
univ]sities1 & museums h /ill no reason 
= compla9t1 ! *ur*es n[ f9d t sup]flu\s 
millions are less apt to g to gay *ur*  
w9d[s ?an to well-*os5 book collections4
 ,9 ! ye> #aijj !re exi/$ m ?an #e1chc  
public libr>ies hav+ ov] a ?\s& volumes2
 ( ^! #add _h m ?an fifty ?\s&1 & #ed _h
 m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& volumes4 ,all      
toge!r conta9$1 accord+ to ! /ati/ics ( 
#aijj1 m ?an =ty-f\r million volumes & m
 ?an sev5 million pamphlets2 & ! av]age 
gr[? 0 ov] #h p] c5t4 ,!re are probably 
to-day1 !re=e1 fifte5 million volumes m 
on ! %elves4 ,! _m ?\s& libr>ies :i* h  
few] ?an #iii books are ov] & above all 
?is4  ,! make-up ( su* public libr>ies  
may be se5 f ! sample catalogue gott5   

out by ! ,libr>y ,association a few ye>s
 s9ce1 z a typical collection ( five    
?\s& books4 ,?is catalogue :i*1 ) !     
exception ( ! mo/ important =eign       
classics1 conta9s only books 9 ,engli%1 
includ+1 h[ev]1 _m translations1 conta9s
 #bbg g5]al ref]5ce books1 #gef books on
 hi/ory1 #fce on biography1 #dac on     
travel1 #cee on natural sci5ce1 #fid 9  
belles-lettres1 #hji novels1 #bbe on    
art1 #bbj on religion1 #dbd on social   
sci5ce1 #bfh on te*nical subjects1 etc4 
,! co/ ( ?is sample collection is       
#ab1jjj4 ,! proportions betwe5 ! sev]al 
divisions are ab\t ! same 9 l>g]        
collections4 ,9 small] collections1     
belles-lettres h a some:at great] %>e4  
,! g5]al int]e/ tak5 by ! nation 9 ?is  
matt] is %[n by ! fact t ! fir/ edition 
( tw5ty ?\s& copies ( ?is sample        
catalogue1 ( six hundr$ pages1 0 soon   
exhau/$4  ,! _m-sid$ness ( ?is catalogue
 po9ts also to ! manifold functions ( ! 
public libr>y4 ,x is meant to raise !   
educational level ( ! p1 & ?is c be done

 9 ?ree ways3 fir/1 int]e/ may be       
/imulat$ along new l9es2 second1 ^? :o  
wi% to p]fect !mselves 9 _! own subjects
 or 9 :atsoev] special topics1 may be   
provid$ ) te*nical lit]ature2 & ?ird1 ! 
g5]al desire = lit]>y ent]ta9m5t may be 
satisfi$ by books ( ! be/ or at lea/ n (
 ! wor/ sort4 ,! directors ( libr>ies   
see _! duties to lie 9 all ?ree         
directions4 ,! libr>ies guide ! ta/es & 
int]e/s ( ! g5]al public1 & try to      
replace ! ord9>y s]vant-girl's novel ) !
 be/ romances ( ! day & %all[ lit]ature 
) works :i* are truly in/ructive4 ,& no 
community is q cont5t until its public  
libr>y has become a sort ( g5]al        
meet+-place & sub/itute = ! saloon & !  
club4 ,am]ica is ! work+-man's p>adise1 
& attractive en\gh to ! ri* man2 b !    
ord9>y man ( ! middle classes1 :o 9     
,g]many f9ds 8 *ief com=t 9 ! ,bi]halle1
 w\ld f9d little com=t 9 ,am]ica if x 7 
n = ! public libr>y1 :i* (f]s him a     
home4 ,?us ! public libr>y has come to  
be a recogniz$ in/rum5t ( culture along 

) ! public s*ool2 & 9 all ,am]ican      
outpo/s ! s*ool tea*] & libr>ian are    
among ! pione]s4  ,! le>n$ libr>y _c d  
?is4 ,to be sure1 ! univ]sity libr>y c  
help to spread in=mation1 & conv]sely ! 
public libr>y makes room = ?\s&s (      
volumes on all sorts ( sci5tific topics4
 ,b ! emphasis is laid v diff]5tly 9 !  
two cases1 & if x 7 n s nei!r libr>y    
w\ld be/ fulfil its purpose4 ,! extreme 
quiet ( ! ref]5ce libr>y & ! bu/le & /ir
 ( ! public libr>y d n g toge!r4 ,9 ! "o
 direction ,am]ica has foll[$ ! dignifi$
 traditions ( ,europe2 9 ! o!r1 x has   
op5$ new pa?s & travell$ on at a rapid  
pace4 ,e ye> discov]s new ideas & plans1
 new s*emes = equipm5t & ! selection (  
books1 = catalogu+1 & = o!rwise ga9+ 9  
utility4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ! libr>y 9     
,provid5ce comm5c$ to po/ a complete li/
 ( books & writ+s p]ta9+ to ! subject ( 
e lecture :i* 0 giv5 9 ! city1 x 0 !    
initiation ( a great movem5t4 ,! juv5ile
 dep>tm5ts are ! product ( rec5t ye>s1 &
 are con/antly increas+ 9 popul>ity4    

,!re are ev51 9 "s cases1 dep>tm5ts =   
bl9d read]s4 ,! /ate commissions are    
new1 & s also ! travell+ libr>ies1 :i*  
are c>ri$ f "o village to ano!r4  ,!    
great s*ools = libr>ians are also new4  
,! ,g]man libr>ian is mo/ly a s*ol>2 b !
 ,am]ican believes t he has improv$ on !
 ,european libr>y sy/ems1 n s mu* by 8  
ample f9ancial res\rces z by hav+ brok5 
) ! academic cu/om1 & hav+ secur$       
libr>ians ) a special libr>y tra9+4 ,&  
s9ce !re are su* (ficials 9 _m ?\s&     
libr>ies1 & ! great in/itutions create a
 con/ant dem& = su* p]sons1 ! libr>y    
s*ools1 :i* (f] g5]ally a ?ree ye>s'    
c\rse1 h be5 f\nd v successful4         
,admitt$ly1 all ?is te*nical app>atus is
 exp5sive2 ! ,bo/on libr>y exp5ds e ye> 
a qu>t] ( a million doll>s =            
adm9i/rative exp5ses4 ,b ! ,am]ican     
taxpay] supports ?is m gladly ?an any   
o!r burd51 kn[+ t ! public libr>y is !  
be/ weapon aga9/ alcoholism & crime1    
aga9/ corruption & discont5t1 & t !     
democratic c\ntry c fl\ri% only :5 !    

in/9ct ( self-p]fection z x exi/s 9 e   
,am]ican is ?or\ghly satisfi$4  ,! read+
 ( ! ,am]ican nation is n to be e/imat$ 
:olly by ! books 9 public libr>ies1 s9ce
 x also includes a trem5d\s quantity (  
pr9t$ mat]ial t goes to ! home ( e      
citiz54 ,?ree hundr$ & =ty ,am]ican     
publi%]s place _! w>es e ye> on ! m>ket1
 & ! "p b\ght by ! public libr>ies is a 
v small proportion4 ,a successful novel 
g5]ally rea*es its ?ird hundr$ ?\s&2 (  
c\rse1 su* gigantic editions are limit$ 
to novels & s*ool-books4 ,! numb] (     
annual book publications is mu* small]  
?an 9 ,g]many2 b x mu/ be consid]$ t1   
fir/1 ! ,am]ican electrotype process    
does n l5d itself to new & revis$       
editions2 & t small bro*ures are replac$
 9 ,am]ica by ! magaz9e articles4 ,on ! 
o!r h&1 ! numb] ( copies publi%$ is     
p]haps l>g] ?an 9 ,g]many4 ,& !n1 too1  
among ! upp] classes1 a great _m ,g]man1
 ,fr5*1 & ,italian books are pur*as$ f  
,europe4  ,! great feature = all classes
 ( ! population is ! trem5d\s production

 ( p]iodical lit]ature4 ,/ati/ics %[ t 9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ye> #aijc1 !re 7   
publi%$ #b1cjj daily pap]s1 m ?an       
#ae1jjj weeklies1 #b1hjj mon?lies1 &    
#bjj qu>t]lies--9 all1 #ba1jjj          
p]iodicals4 ,^! are m p]iodicals ?an are
 publi%$ 9 all ,europe2 9 ,g]many alone 
!re are #g1ejj4 ,! trem5d\s significance
 ( ^! figures1 p>ticul>ly z comp>$ ) !  
,european1 becomes cle> only :5 "o      
consid]s ! numb] ( copies :i* ^!        
p]iodicals circulate4 ,n m]ely !        
newspap]s ( ! ?ree cities hav+ ov] a    
million inhabitants1 b also ^? ( ! l>g] 
prov9cial t[ns1 rea* a circulation (    
hundr$s ( ?\s&s2 & m surpris+ /ill is ! 
unp>allel$ circulation ( ! weekly &     
mon?ly pap]s4 ,huge piles ( magaz9es1   
conta9+ ! mo/ s]i\s sort ( essays1 are  
sold f e news-/& 9 a few h\rs4 ,&       
anybody :o kn[s ,new ,engl& is n        
surpris$ at ! /atem5t :i* ,t4 ,w4       
,higg9son makes 9 8 recollections1 t he 
came once to a small ,massa*usetts      
village ( only tw5ty-f\r homes1 n9ete5 (

 :i* subscrib$ to ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 a
 publication :i* is mo/ ne>ly comp>able 
to ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au4  ,! surpris+ly 
l>ge sales ( exp5sive books among ri*   
families is q z gratify+ z ! huge       
consumption ( magaz9es among ! middle   
classes4 ,editions de luxe are (t5 sold 
entire at fabul\s prices be=e ! edition 
is out1 & illu/rat$ sci5tific works co/+
 hundr$s ( doll>s always f9d a ready    
sale4 ,^! are m]ely ! symptoms ( ! fact 
t e ,am]ican home has its bookcases     
proportionate to its res\rces1 & l>ge   
private libr>ies are f\nd n m]ely 9 !   
homes ( s*ol>s & speciali/s4 ,9 !       
palaces ( m]*ant pr9ces1 ! libr>y is (t5
 ! h&some/ room1 al?\gh x is sometimes s
 pap]$ ) books t x looks z if ! ar*itect
 _h suppli$ !m along ) ! rugs & *&eli]s4
 ,"o m commonly f9ds t ! libr>y is !    
real liv+-room ( ! h\se4 ,if "o looks   
ab\t 9 su* treasure ap>tm5ts1 "o soon   
loses ! s5se ( wond] completely2 r>e    
editions & valuable curiosities are !re 
br\ght toge!r ) ! greate/ c>e &         

intellig5ce into an appropriate home4   
,!re are probably v few ,g]man private  
h\ses ) collections ( books & pa9t+s    
comp>able1 = in/ance1 to t ( ,j4        
,montgom]y ,se>s 9 ,bo/on4 ,! :ole      
int]ior is s wond]fully h>moni\s t ev5 !
 autograph poems & lett]s ( ,goe! &     
,s*ill] seem a matt] ( c\rse4 ,b f !    
book-%elves ( ! millionaire to !        
c>efully select$ little %elf ( ! poor   
s*ool-ma'am1 f ! monum5tal home ( !     
national libr>y to ! mode/ little libr>y
 build+ ( e small village1 f ! n]v\s &  
rapid p]usal ( ! s*ol> to ! sl[ mak+-out
 ( ! work+-man :o pores ov] 8 newspap]  
on ! /reet corn]1 or ( ! %op-girl ) !   
late/ novel 9 ! elevat$ tra91 !re is    
ev]y:]e life & activity c5tr+ ar\nd ! _w
 ( pr9t1 & ?is popul>ity ( books is gr[+
 day by day4  ,by f> ! mo/ ( :at !      
,am]ican reads is writt5 by ,am]icans4  
,?is does n mean t any important book   
:i* appe>s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w escapes    
him2 on ! contr>y j z ! ,am]ican ev]y:]e
 wants only ! be/1 uses ! late/ ma*9es &

 li/5s to ! mo/ fam\s musicians1 s 9 !  
matt] ( lit]ature he is obs]vant ( e new
 t5d5cy 9 poetry1 :e!r f ,norway or     
,italy1 & ! great works ( ! _w's        
lit]ature h _! ?\ghtful read]s4 ,!re are
 probably m p]sons :o read ,dante 9     
,bo/on ?an 9 ,b]l94 ,( ,g]man           
intellectual productions1 ! sci5tific   
books are mo/ read1 & if /rictly        
sci5tific !y are read 9 ! orig9al by !  
be/ educat$ ,am]icans2 ! popul> books   
are mo/ly read 9 translation4 ,( !      
belles-lettres1 ,s*ill] & ,less+ are    
g5]ally put aside ) ! s*ool-books1 :ile 
,goe! & ,he9e rema9 welcome2 & beside !m
 are translations ( mod]n /ory-writ]s f 
,freytag & ,spielhag5 d[n to ,sud]mann4 
,fr5* lit]ature is m apt to be read 9 ! 
orig9al ?an ,g]man1 b ) increas+ di/a/e4
 ,! moral feel+ ( ! ,am]ican is sep>at$ 
by su* a *asm f ! atmosph]e ( ! ,p>isian
 romance t mod]n ,fr5* lit]ature has    
nev] become s popul> 9 ,am]ica z x has 9
 ,g]many4  ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 ,engli%  
lit]ature ( e sort has by f> ! greate/  

influ5ce2 ,engli% magaz9es are little   
read or appreciat$1 :ile ,engli% poetry1
 novels1 dramas1 & works ( g5]al int]e/ 
are z mu* read 9 ,am]ica z 9 ,engl&4    
,books s unlike z ! novels ( ,mrs4 ,w>d1
 ( ,du ,mauri]1 & ( ,kipl+ h ab\t ! same
 v l>ge circulation2 & all ! /&>d       
lit]ature ( ,engl&1 f ,*auc] to ,br[n+1 
=ms ! educational backgr\nd ( e         
,am]ican1 especially ( e ,am]ican woman4
 ,9 spite ( all ?is1 x rema9s true t !  
mo/ ( t :i* is read 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is
 writt5 by ,am]icans4  ,h[ & :at does ! 
,am]ican write8  ,europe has a ready    
answ]1 & pieces toge!r a m5tal picture (
 8e*t am]ikanis*e0 lit]ature out ( its  
unfri5dly prejudices1 mo/ly rem9isc5t ( 
,buffalo ,bill & ,b>num's circus4 ,x is 
/ill n =gott5 h[ ,engl& sudd5ly         
celebrat$ ,joaqu9 ,mill]'s freaki% &    
in>ti/ic poems ( ! ,we/]n prairie z !   
great ,am]ican a*ievem5t1 & call$ ?is   
ta/eless v]sifi]1 :o 0 :olly unrecogniz$
 9 8 own c\ntry1 ! ,am]ican ,byron4 ,he 
0 n only unimportant1 b he 0 n typically

 ,am]ican4 ,& ( ,am]ican hum\r !        
,european obs]v] has ab\t z j an op9ion4
 ,no?+ b ridicul\s c>icatures are       
consid]$4 ,m>k ,twa9's fir/ writ+s1 ^:  
sole secret 0 _! wild exagg]ation1 7 m  
popul> 9 ,g]many ?an 9 ,am]ica2 :ile !  
truly ,am]ican hum\r ( ,l[ell or ,holmes
 has la9 unnotic$4 ,! ,am]ican is       
suppos$ to be q de/itute ( any s5se = =m
 or measure1 & to be 9 e way in>ti/ic2 &
 if any true poet 7 to be grant$ to !   
,new ,_w1 he w\ld be expect$ to be noisy
 l ,niag>a4 ,9 ?is s5se ! real lit]ature
 ( ,am]ica has hi!rto rema9$            
un-,am]ican1 p]haps too un-,am]ican4 ,= 
! ma9 ?+ :i* x has lack$ has be5 =ce4   
,!re h be5 m5 l ,uhl&1 ,geibel1 &       
,heyse1 b !re has s f> be5 no "o l      
,hebbel4  ,!re is no absolutely new note
 9 ,am]ican lit]ature1 & especially no  
"o trait :i* is common to all ,am]ican  
writ+s & :i* is n f\nd 9 any ,european4 
,if !re is any?+ unique 9 ,am]ican      
lit]ature1 x is p]haps ! peculi>        
comb9ation ( elem5ts long famili>4 ,an  

en?usia/ic ,am]ican has said t to be    
,am]ican means to be bo? fre% & mature1 
& ?is is 9 fact a comb9ation :i* is new1
 & :i* well *>act]izes ! lit]>y         
temp]am5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,to be fre% & "y  
g5]ally means to be immature1 & to be   
mature & season$ means to h lo/ !       
en?usiasm & fre%ness ( y\?4 ,( c\rse1   
?is is n a contradiction realiz$4 ,x    
w\ld be impossible1 = in/ance1 to be bo?
 nave & mature2 b ! ,am]ican is n & nev]
 has be5 nave4 ,j z ?is nation has nev] 
_h a *ildhood1 has nev] orig9at$        
ballads1 epics1 & popul> songs1 l o!r   
peoples dur+ _! nave beg9n+s1 because   
?is nation br\ght ) x f ,europe a f9i%$ 
culture2 s ! vigor\s y\?fulness 9 !     
national lit]>y temp]am5t has 9 x no?+ (
 nave simplicity4 ,x is ! en?usiasm (   
y\?1 b n ! innoc5ce ( boyhood4 ,x w\ld  
also be impossible to be bo? fre% &     
decad5t2 ! ,am]ican is mature b n       
ov]-ripe1 n weak5$ by ! sceptical ennui 
( s5ility4  ,to be fre% means to be     
confid5t1 optimi/ic & eag]1 lively1     

unspoil$1 & c\rage\s2 x means to /rive  
t[>d "o's be/ ideals ) ! ard\r ( y\?2   
:ile to be mature means to und]/& ?+s 9 
_! hi/oric connection1 9 _! true        
proportions1 & ) a due feel+ = =m2 to be
 mature means to be simple1 & reposeful1
 & n brea?lessly anxi\s ov] ! outcome ( 
?+s4 ,to be sure1 ?is optimi/ic feel+ ( 
/r5g?1 ?is en?usia/ic self-confid5ce1 is
 h>dly able to seize ! ?+s :i* are f9e/ 
& mo/ subtle4 ,x looks only into ! full 
sunlight1 nev] into ! %ad[s ) _! less   
obvi\s beauties4 ,!re are no half-tones1
 no s5tim5tal & unc]ta9 moods2 wond] &  
m$itation come into ! s\l only )        
pessimism4 ,& mo/ ( all1 ! en?usiasm (  
y\? n only looks on b wants to "w1 to   
*ange & to make ov]2 & s ! ,am]ican is  
less an arti/ ?an an insi/5t h]ald4     
,beh9d ! obs]v] /&s always ! re=m]1     
en?usia/ic to improve ! _w4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 ! disillusionm5t ( maturity %\ld h  
cool$ ! passions1 soo!d hot inspiration1
 & put ! brea?less tragic muse to sleep4
 ,x avoids dramatic excitem5t1 holds    

alo(1 & looks on ) quiet fri5dl9ess &   
sob] und]/&+ ( mank9d4 ,s x happ5s t    
f9i%$ art is incompatible ) su* an      
en?usia/ic eag]ness to press onw>d1 &   
s5su\s emotion is incompatible ) su* an 
idealism4 ,& s we f9d 9 ! ,am]ican      
temp]am5t a f9i%$ feel+ = =m1 b a m     
e?ical ?an arti/ic cont5t1 & we f9d     
hum\r )\t its fav\rite att5dant (       
s5tim5t4 ,( c\rse1 ! exceptions cr[d    
quickly to m9d to contradict ! =mula3 _h
 n ,poe ! demoniac inspiration2 0 n     
,haw?orne a ?or\gh arti/2 did n ,:itman 
violate all rules ( =m2 & does n ,h5ry  
,james see ! half-tones8 ,& /ill su*    
v>iations f ! usual are due to          
exceptional circum/ances1 & e =mula c   
apply only 9 a g5]al way4  ,/ill1 9 ^!  
g5]al traits1 "o c see ! work+s ( great 
=ces4 ,?is en?usia/ic self-confid5ce &  
y\?ful optimism 9 lit]ature are only    
ano!r expression ( ,am]ican initiative1 
:i* has develop$ s p[]fully 9 ! fight ) 
nature dur+ ! colonial & pione] days1 & 
:i* has made ! indu/rial p[] ( ,am]ica4 

,&1 z ,b>rett ,w5dell has %[n1 n a      
little ( ?is en?usia/ic & spontane\s "* 
is inh]it$ f ! old ,engli% /ock ( ?ree  
hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,9 ,engl& itself1 !    
indu/rial developm5t *ang$ ! p2 !       
subjects ( ,que5 ,victoria 7 v little l 
^? ( ,que5 ,elizabe?2 ! spontaneity (   
,%akespe>e's "t no long] suits ! smug & 
insul> ,john ,bull4 ,b t same ,engli%   
/ock f\nd 9 ,am]ica conditions t 7 well 
calculat$ to ar\se its spontaneity &    
en?usiasm4  ,!n1 on ! o!r h&1 ! cle>1   
compos$1 & =mal maturity :i* di/+ui% !  
lit]>y "w ( ! new nation is traceable   
pr9cipally to ! excell5t influ5ce (     
,engli% lit]ature4 ,! anci5t culture (  
,engl& sp>$ ?is nation a p]iod (        
immaturity4 ,!n1 too1 !re has be5 !     
intellectual dom9ation ( ! ,new ,engl&  
,/ates1 ^: ,puritan _s has giv5 to      
lit]ature its e?ical quality1 & at !    
same "t contribut$ a c]ta9 quiet        
sup]iority to ! common turmoil4 ,?r\gh\t
 ! c5tury1 & ev5 to-day1 almo/ all ( !  
be/ lit]ature orig9ates ) ^? :o are     

consci\sly react+ aga9/ ! vulg> ta/e4 ,j
 because ! numb] ( sell]s & read]s (    
books is s mu* great] ?an 9 ,europe1 !  
unlit]>y circles ( read]s :o1 z ev]y:]e1
 enjoy ! broadly vulg>1 mu/ by _! numb]s
 excite ! disgu/ ( ! real fri5d (       
lit]ature2 & ?is consci\s duty (        
opposition1 :i* becomes a sort (        
mission1 %>p5s ! arti/ic consci\sness1  
=tifies ! feel+ ( =m1 & /ruggles aga9/  
all t is immature4  ,und\bt$ly ^!       
ext]nal conditions are z responsible =  
_m ( ! fail+s ( ,am]ican lit]ature z =  
its excell5ces2 mo/ ( all = ! lack (    
%ad+ & twilight tones1 ( all t is       
dreamy1 pessimi/ic1 s5tim5tal1 &        
8decad5t40 ,?is is a lack 9 ! ,am]ican  
life :i* 9 o!r important connections is 
d\btless a great advantage4 ,!re are no 
old ca/les1 no crumbl+ ru9s1 no         
picturesque cu/oms1 no *ur* my/icism1   
nor wond]ful symbols2 !re are no /rik+  
contra/s betwe5 social gr\ps1 no        
romantic vagabondage1 & none ( !        
fasc9at+ pomp ( mon>*y4 ,ev]y:]e is     

solid & heal?y cont5tm5t1 ?rifty & well 
clo!d1 on broad /reets1 & "u a bright   
sun4 ,x is no accid5t t true poets h n  
describ$ _! own surr\nd+s1 b h tak5 _!  
mat]ial s f> z x has be5 ,am]ican1 z did
 ,haw?orne1 f ! colonial times :i* 7    
already a "p ( ! romantic pa/1 or out ( 
! ,indian leg5ds1 or lat] f ! remote    
adv5tur\s life ( ! ,we/1 or f ! negro   
life 9 f> ,s\!rn plantations2 ! daily   
life surr\nd+ ! poet 0 n yet suitable = 
poetry4 ,& by be+ s cruelly cle> & )\t  
atmosph]e z n to invite poetic treatm5t1
 x has left ! :ole lit]ature some:at    
gl>+ly %>p1 sane1 & homely4  ,fiction   
/&s 9 ! c5tre ( ! *>act]i/ic lit]>y     
productions2 b also lit]ature 9 ! broad]
 s5se1 includ+ ev]y?+ :i* int]prets     
human de/9ies1 z hi/ory & philosophy1 or
 ev5 m broadly includ+ all ! writt5     
products ( ! nation1 ev]y?+ reflects !  
ess5tial traits ( ! lit]>y temp]am5t4 ,9
 fact1 ! practical lit]ature1 especially
 ! newspap]1 reveals ! ,am]ican         
physiognomy mo/ cle>ly4 ,9 bett] circles

 9 ,am]ica1 x is prop] to deplore !     
newspap] z a lit]>y product1 & to look  
on x z a necess>y evil2 & d\btless mo/  
newspap]s s]ve up a great deal t is     
trivial & vulg>1 & treat x 9 a trivial &
 vulg> way4 ,b no "o is =c$1 except by 8
 own love = ! s5sational1 to *oose 8    
daily read+ out ( ?is majority4         
,ev]ybody kn[s t !re is a m9ority (     
e>ne/ & admirable pap]s at 8 disposal4  
,ap>t f newspap] politics & ap>t f !    
admirable indu/rial organization ( !    
newspap]--bo? ( :i* we h previ\sly spok5
 (--! newspap]s ( ! c\ntry are a lit]>y 
product ^: high m]it is too (t5         
und]e/imat$4 ,! ,am]ican newspap]s1 & ( 
^! n m]ely ! l>ge/1 are an intellectual 
product ( well-ma9ta9$ uni=mity ( /&>d4 
,to be sure1 ! /yle is (t5 light1 !     
logic uns\nd1 ! in=mation sup]ficial2 b1
 tak5 z a :ole1 ! newspap] has unity &  
"*4 ,?\s&s ( loose-jo9t$ intellects cr[d
 into j\rnalism e ye>--m ?an 9 any o!r  
c\ntry2 b ,am]ican j\rnalism1 l ! nation
 z a :ole1 has an amaz+ p[] (           

assimilation4 ,j z ?\s&s ( ,russians &  
,italians l& e ye> 9 ! rags ( _!        
wret*$ness1 & 9 a few ye>s become e>ne/ 
,am]ican citiz5s1 s _m l& on ! %ores (  
,am]ican j\rnalism :o 7 n int5d$ to be !
 tea*]s or ent]ta9]s ( humanity1 & :o   
nev]!less 9 a few ye>s are q assimilat$4
 ,! ,am]ican newspap]s1 f ,bo/on to ,san
 ,francisco1 are alike 9 /yle & ?\ght2 &
 x mu/ be said1 9 spite ( all           
prejudices1 t ! ,am]ican newspap] is    
c]ta9ly lit]ature4 ,! ,am]ican kn[s no  
diff]5ce betwe5 unpolitical *att] writt5
 ) a lit]>y ambition & unlit]>y comm5t  
writt5 ) a political ambition4 ,9 "o    
s5se ! :ole newspap] is political1 :ile 
at ! same "t x is no?+ b feuilleton1 f !
 editorials1 ( :i* e l>ge newspap] has  
?ree or f\r ea* day1 to ! small         
p>agraphs1 notes1 & ann\ncem5ts ) :i* ! 
editorial page g5]ally closes4 ,f !     
,wa%+ton lett] to ! sport+ gossip1      
ev]y?+ tries 9 a way to h arti/ic m]it1 
& ev]y?+ be>s ! /amp ( ,am]ican         
lit]ature4 ,no?+ is p$antic4 ,!re is (t5

 a great lack ( in=mation & (           
p]spective--p]haps1 ev51 (              
consci5ti\sness 9 ! exam9ation (        
compla9ts--b ev]y?+ is fre%1 optimi/ic1 
cle> & =cible1 & always humor\s betwe5 !
 l9es4  ,9 ! weekly pap]s1 ,am]ica      
a*ieves /ill m4 ,! light1 fre%1 & direct
 ,am]ican /yle !re f9ds its mo/ cong5ial
 field4 ,! same is true ( ! mon?ly pap]s
 9 a some:at m ambiti\s & p]man5t way4  
,! lead+ social & political mon?lies1 l 
! v5]able ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 :i*   
errs m]ely 9 lay+ too mu* emphasis on ! 
names ( its well-kn[n contributors1 &   
o!rs are q up to ! be/ ,engli% reviews4 
,! m purely lit]>y ,atlantic ,mon?ly1   
:i* 0 f\nd$ 9 #aheg by a small circle ( 
,bo/on fri5ds1 ,l[ell1 ,longfell[1      
,em]son1 ,holmes1 ,:itti]1 & ,motley1 & 
:i* has always attract$ ! be/ tal5t ( ! 
c\ntry1 is mo/ ne>ly comp>able to !     
,revue des ,deux ,mondes4 ,e mon?ly pap]
 specially cultivates t lit]>y =m = :i* 
,am]ica has %[n ! mo/ pron\nc$ tal5t--! 
essay4 ,! magaz9e essay entirely takes !

 place ( ! ,g]man bro*ure1 a =m :i* is  
almo/ unkn[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,! bro*ure1     
dep5d+ z x does :olly on its own m]its  
to attract ! att5tion ( ! public1 mu/ be
 9 "s way s5sational to make up = its   
dim9utive size2 :ile an essay :i* is    
br\ght be=e ! read] on ! responsibility 
( a magaz9e ne$s no su* motive p[]4 ,x  
is "o among _m1 & takes its due place1  
be+ only "o ( ! items ( int]e/ t make up
 ! magaz9e4  ,:ile 9 ,g]man lit]>y      
circles ! problems ( ! day are mo/ly    
argu$ 9 bro*ures1 & ! essay is a        
m9iature book really writt5 = ! easy    
in/ruction ( a public :i* w\ld n read   
long books1 ! ,am]ican essay is half-way
 betwe54 ,x is liv+ & satirical l !     
,g]man bro*ure1 b cons]vative &         
in/ructive l ! ,g]man 8,abh&lung40 ,only
 :5 a numb] ( essays on relat$ topics   
come f ! same p5 are !y put toge!r &    
publi%$ z a sep>ate book4 ,we h already 
m5tion$ t ,am]ica is ov]suppli$ ) su*   
volumes ( essays1 :i* h almo/ all ! same
 hi/ory--!y 7 fir/ lectures1 !n magaz9e 

articles1 & n[ !y are revis$ & publi%$ 9
 book =m4 ,_! value is1 ( c\rse1 v      
div]se2 b 9 g5]al1 !y are int]e/+ &     
important1 (t5 epo*-mak+1 & ! =m is     
admirable4 ,a di/+ui%$ treatm5t1 po9t$  
hum\r1 a ri* & cle> diction1 uncommonly 
happy metaphors1 & a c>eful poli% are   
unit$ s z to make "o =get ! und5iable   
ha/e ) :i* ! mat]ial is ga!r$ & !       
sup]ficiality ( ! conclusions arriv$ at4
 ,s x happ5s t ! essayi/s :o appe> 9    
book =m are mu* m appreciat$ by ! read+ 
public ?an _! ,g]man colleagues1 & t e  
ye> sees sev]al hundr$ su* volumes put  
on ! m>ket4 ,! motto1 8fre% & mature10  
is n[h]e m appropriate4  ,b ! ,am]ican  
rema9s an ,am]ican1 ev5 9 ! app>5tly    
int]national realm ( sci5ce4 ,x is a    
matt] ( c\rse = an hi/orian to write 9 !
 p]sonal /yle4 ,p>kman1 ,motley1        
,prescott1 & ,fiske are v diff]5t types 
( hi/orians2 & nev]!less1 !y h 9 common 
! same way ( approa*+ ! subject & ( giv+
 to x =m & life4 ,b ev5 9 s purely a    
sci5tific "w z ,william ,james's        

two-volume 8,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology10 "o
 f9ds su* =cible & conv9c+ turns (      
?\ght1 s p]sonal a =m giv5 to ab/ract   
facts1 & su* fre%ness toge!r ) su* ripe 
ma/]y1 z c\ld come only f an ,am]ican4  
,oratory may be acc\nt$ an (f-%oot (    
actual lit]ature4 ,a nation (           
politicians mu/ res]ve an hon\rable     
place = ! orator1 & = _m ye>s ?\s&s (   
factors 9 public life h contribut$ to   
develop oratory1 to enc\rage ! slighte/ 
tal5t = speak+1 & to rew>d able speak]s 
well4 ,e great movem5t 9 ,am]ican hi/ory
 has be5 initiat$ by eloqu5t speak]s4   
,be=e ! ,revolution1 ,adams & ,otis1    
,qu9cy & ,h5ry1 precipitat$ !           
,revolution by _! burn+ words4 ,& no "o 
c discuss ! great movem5t lead+ up to ! 
,civil ,w> )\t consid]+ ! oratory (     
,*oate1 ,clay1 ,calh\n1 ,hayne1         
,g>rison1 & ,sumn]2 ( ,w5dell ,phillips1
 ! great popul> lead]1 & ,edw>d ,ev]ett1
 ! great academician1 & ( ,daniel       
,web/]1 ! greate/ /atesman ( !m all4  ,9
 ! pres5t times ( peace1 ! orator is    

less important ?an ! essayi/1 & mo/ ( ! 
p>ty spee*es to-day h n ev5 a mode/     
place 9 lit]ature4 ,b if "o foll[s a    
,presid5tial campaign1 li/5s to ! lead+ 
lawy]s ( ! c\rts1 or foll[s ! p>liam5t>y
 debates ( univ]sity /ud5ts1 "o kn[s t !
 rhetorical tal5t ( ! ,am]ican has n di$
 s9ce ^? days ( quick5+1 & w\ld spr+ up 
aga9 /rong & vigor\s if any great       
subject1 great] ?an 7 silv] co9age or ! 
,philipp9e policy1 %\ld excite aga9 !   
nation4 ,ke5ness ( und]/&+1 admirable   
s5se ( =m 9 ! s+le s5t5ce z 9 ! /ructure
 ( ! :ole1 />tl+ comp>isons1 tell+      
ridicule1 c>eful managem5t ( ! climax1 &
 ! tone ( conviction seem to be         
ev]ybody's gift4 ,"h & !re ! phrase is  
holl[ & ?\ght is sacrific$ to s\nd1 b ! 
g5]al t5d5cy goes t[>d brevity &        
simplicity4 ,a mo/ delightful v>iation (
 oratory is f\nd 9 table eloqu5ce2 !    
true ,am]ican aft]-d9n] spee* is a f9i%$
 "w ( art4 ,(t51 ( c\rse1 !re are ord9>y
 spee*es :i* simply g f "o /ory to      
ano!r1 q cont5t m]ely to relate !m well4

 ,9 ! be/ spee*es ! po9t$ anecdote is n 
lack+ ei!r1 b x m]ely decorates !       
introduction2 ! speak] !n approa*es 8   
real subject half playfully & half 9    
e>ne/1 v sympa!tically1 & seem+ always  
to let 8 ?\ghts *oose words = !mselves4 
,! spee*es at ! ,capitol are sometimes  
bett] ?an ^? 9 ! ,rei*/ag2 b ^? at      
,am]ican banquets are n only bett] ?an !
 spee*es at ,fe/ess5 & ,komm]s51 b !y   
are also qualitatively diff]5t--true    
lit]>y works ( art1 = :i* ! ,am]ican is 
especially fitt$ by ! fre%ness1 hum\r1  
en?usiasm1 & s5se ( symmetry :i* are    
naturally 84  ,:oev] looks ab\t among   
j\rnali/s1 essayi/s1 hi/orians1 &       
orators w return m ?an once to ! subject
 ( belles-lettres2 & ?is is tru] 9      
,am]ica ?an else:]e4 ,z we h already    
se51 pure lit]ature is /rongly bias$    
t[>d ! practical2 x is glad to s]ve     
great ideas1 :e!r moral or social4      
,poetry itself is sometimes an essay or 
s]mon4 ,we ne$ n ?9k "h ( romances :i*  
m]ely s]monize1 & are !re=e arti/ically 

second-rate1 su* z 8,uncle ,tom's       
,cab910 or ( su* lit]>y rubbi% z        
,bellamy's 8,utopia02 ev5 true poets l  
,:itti] mu/1 9 ! hi/ory ( emancipation1 
be class$ ) ! political writ]s4 ,&      
al?\gh ! problem novel 9 ! ?ree-volume  
,engli% =m is n fav\r$ 9 ,am]ica because
 ( its poor lit]>y =m1 ! %ort satirical 
& clean-cut society novel1 :i* may break
 away at any mom5t into ! essay or      
j\rnali/ic mann]1 has become all ! m    
popul>4 ,fur!r1 ?is be+ ! "t ( ,am]ica's
 indu/rial /ruggle1 society has n become
 s intellectually ari/ocratic t be+ a   
poet is a life pr(ession4 ,! lead+      
noveli/s h _h to be active 9 almo/ all  
fields ( lit]ature2 !y h frequ5tly begun
 z j\rnali/s1 & h g5]ally be5 essayi/s1 
editors1 or pr(essors at ! same "t4  ,! 
eighte5? c5tury 0 unfruitful = ! ,new   
,_w1 9 lyric z 9 epic lit]ature4 ,!     
lit]>y hi/ory discov]s _m names1 b !y   
are ( m5 :o creat$ no?+ orig9al1 & :o _c
 be comp>$ ) ! great ,engli% g5iuses4   
,am]ica 0 int]nally z well z ext]nally  

dep5d5t on ,engl&2 & if "o comp>es !    
utt] intellectual unfruitfulness (      
,canada to-day ) ! fev]i% activity ( h] 
s\!rn neighb\r1 "o w inevitably ask :e!r
 political colonies c ev] create        
lit]ature4 ,:5 fre$om 0 fir/ obta9$ by !
 colonies1 a condition ( new equilibrium
 0 rea*$ aft] a c\ple ( decades (       
unc]ta9ty & unre/1 & !n ,am]ican        
lit]ature woke up4 ,ev5 !n x 0 n free1 &
 did n c>e to be free1 f ,engli%        
prec$5ts2 & yet !re 7 orig9al           
p]sonalities :i* came to ! front4       
,wa%+ton ,irv+ 01 z ,?ack]ay said1 !    
fir/ ambassador :i* ! ,new ,_w (        
lit]ature s5t to ! ,old4 ,engli%        
influ5ces are unmi/akable 9 ! tales (   
,irv+1 al?\gh he 0 a /rong & orig9al    
writ]4 ,8 8,sket*-,book10 publi%$ 9     
#ahai1 has rema9$ ! mo/ popul> ( 8      
books1 & ! poetic muse has nev] be5     
hunt$ away f ! %ores ( ! ,hudson :]e    
,rip ,van ,w9kle pass$ 8 long slumb]s4  
,! ,am]ican novel _h /ill n appe>$4 ,!  
romances ( ,br[n1 laid 9 ,p5nsylvania1 7

 highly in>ti/ic 9 spite ( _! =cible    
pres5tation4 ,!n ,james ,f5imore ,coop] 
discov]$ ! unt\*$ treasures ( ! inf9ite 
wild]ness4 ,8 8,spy0 appe>$ 9 #ahba1 &  
he 0 at once hail$ z ! ,am]ican ,scott4 
,9 ! next ye> appe>$ 8,! ,pione]s10 !   
fir/ ( 8 ,lea!r-/ock+ ,tales ( wild     
,indian life4 ,& aft] ,coop]'s ?irty-two
 romances !re foll[$ _m tales by less]  
writ]s4 ,miss ,s$gwick 0 ! fir/ woman to
 atta9 lit]>y popul>ity1 & h] romances 7
 ! fir/ :i* depict$ ! life ( ,new       
,engl&4 ,at ! same "t a ,new ,engl& y\? 
began to write v]ses :i*1 by _! s]5e    
beauty1 7 incomp>ably above all e>li]   
lyric attempts ( 8 native l&4 ,bryant's 
fir/ volume ( poems appe>$ 9 #ahba1 &   
!re) ,am]ica _h a lit]ature1 & ,engl&'s 
s>ca/ic "q1 8,:o ev] reads an ,am]ican  
book80 0 n ask$ aga94  ,! movem5t       
quickly grew to its fir/ culm9ation4 ,a 
brilliant p]iod comm5c$ 9 ! ?irties1 :5 
,haw?orne1 ,holmes1 ,em]son1 ,longfell[1
 ,?oreau1 ,curtis1 & ,m>g>et ,full]1 all
 ( ,new ,engl&1 became ! lum9>ies ( !   

lit]>y ,new ,_w4 ,& l ! prelude to a    
great epo* r+s ! song ( ! "o incomp>able
 ,edg> ,allan ,poe1 :o did n fight =    
ideas l a moral ,new ,engl&]1 b sang    
simply 9 ! love ( song4 ,poe's          
melan*oly1 demoniacal1 & melodi\s poetry
 0 a m>vell\s f\nta9 9 ! c\ntry ( h>d & 
sob] "w4 ,& ,poe 0 ! fir/ ^: fantasy    
trans=m$ ! %ort /ory into a ?+ ( !      
highe/ poetical =m4 ,9 ,new ,engl& no "o
 0 s pr(\ndly a poet z ,na?aniel        
,haw?orne1 ! au?or ( 8,! ,sc>let        
,lett]40 ,8 8,m>ble ,faun10 ( :i* ! sc5e
 is laid 9 ,italy1 may %[ him 9 8 fulle/
 maturity1 b 8 greate/ /r5g? lay 9 !    
romances ( ,massa*usetts1 :i* 9 _!      
emotional impressiv5ess & arti/ic f9i%  
are z beautiful z an autumn day 9 ,new  
,engl&4 ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son1 !        
rhapsodical philosoph]1 wrote poems     
teem+ ov] ) ?\ght1 & yet true poems1    
:ile ,:itti] 0 ! inspir$ b>d ( fre$om2 &
 besides ^! !re 0 ! trio ( fri5ds1      
,longfell[1 ,l[ell1 & ,holmes4 ,h>v>d   
pr(essors !y 71 & m5 ( di/+ui%$ ability1

 ^: lit]>y culture made !m ! prop]      
educators ( ! nation4 ,?omas ,w5twor?   
,higg9son is ! only "o ( ?is circle n[  
liv+1 rema9+ ov]1 z x 71 f t gold5 age4 
,he f\ght at fir/ to free ! slaves1 & !n
 he became ! /\t def5d] ( ! emancipation
 ( wom51 & is to-day1 z !n1 ! ma/] ( !  
reflective essay4 ,8 life is full (     
8*e]ful ye/]days02 8 fame is sure (     
8confid5t tomorr[s40  ,longfell[ is1 to 
! ,g]man1 ma9ly ! s5sitive transpos] (  
,g]man poetry2 8 sket*-book1 8,hyp]ion10
 op5$ up ! ,g]man _w ( my?1 & br\ght !  
,g]man romance across ! ocean4 ,8       
ballads & 8 delightful idyll (          
8,evangel9e0 clo!d ,new ,engl& life1 z x
 71 9 ,g]man s5tim5t2 & ev5 8 ,indian   
edda1 8,hiawa?a10 s\nds z if f a ,g]man 
tr\bad\r w&]+ ?r\gh ! ,indian c\ntry4   
,longfell[ became ! fav\rite poet ( !   
,am]ican home1 & ,am]ican y\? /ill makes
 its pilgrimage to ! h\se 9 ,cambridge  
:]e he once liv$4 ,l[ell 0 p]haps m     
gift$ ?an ,longfell[1 & c]ta9ly he 0 ! m
 _m-sid$4 ,8 art rang$ f ! pr(\nde/     

pa?os by :i* ,am]ican patriotism 0 ar\s$
 9 ^? days ( dang]1 to ! broade/ & mo/  
:imsical hum\r freely express$ 9 dialect
 v]ses2 & he also wrote ! mo/ f9i%$     
idyllic poetry & ke5ly satirical &      
critical essays4 ,x is common to exalt 8
 humor\s v]ses1 8,! ,bigl[ ,pap]s10 to !
 highe/ place ( typical lit]>y          
productions ( ,am]ica2 nev]!less1 8     
ess5tial quality 0 f9e & academic4 ,real
 ,am]ican hum\r und\bt$ly f9ds its tru] 
expression 9 ,holmes4 ,holmes 0 also a  
lyric poet1 b 8 greate/ "w 0 ! set (    
books by ! 8,autocrat40 ,8 8,autocrat ( 
! ,breakfa/ ,table0 has t s]i\s smile   
:i* makes _w lit]ature4 ,x 0 ! fir/ ( a 
long s]ies1 & at ! writ+ he 0 a pr(essor
 ( anatomy1 sixty-f\r ye>s old4  ,!n !re
 7 _m less] lights ar\nd ^! great ones4 
,at ! middle ( ! c5tury ,h>riet ,bee*]  
,/[e wrote h] 8,uncle ,tom's ,cab910 (  
:i* t5 ?\s& copies 7 sold e day = _m    
mon?s4 ,& romance lit]ature 9 g5]al     
began to increase4 ,at ! same "t appe>$ 
! beautiful songs ( ,bay>d ,taylor1 ^:  

lat] translation ( ,fau/ has nev] be5   
surpass$1 & ! sc>cely less admirable    
lyrics ( ,/$man & ,/odd>d4 ,s x happ5$ t
 at ! "t :5 ! ,civil ,w> broke out1     
,am]ica1 al?\gh defici5t 9 e sort (     
productive sci5ce except hi/ory1 _h a   
brilliant lit]ature4 ,sci5ce ne$$1 fir/ 
( all1 solid academic in/itutions1 :i*  
c\ld only be built pati5tly1 /one on    
/one--a "w :i* has be5 witness$ by ! la/
 ?ree decades ( ! c5tury4 ,poetry1      
h[ev]1 ne$$ only ! inn] voice :i* speaks
 to ! susceptible he>t1 & ! enc\ragem5t 
( ! p4 ,= sci5ce !re has be5 a /eady1   
quiet gr[?1 p>allel ) ! gr[? ( !        
in/itutions2 = lett]s !re h be5 *ang+   
=tunes1 times ( prosp]ity & times (     
/agnation4 ,:5 ! p[d] & smoke ( ! ,civil
 ,w> _h bl[n away ! happy days (        
lit]ature 7 ov]2 x began to langui%1 &  
only at ! pres5t day is x comm5c+ to    
?rive once m4  ,?is does n mean t !re   
has be5 no tal5t = ?ree decades1 or t ! 
g5]al int]e/ 9 lit]ature has flagg$4    
,ambiti\s writ]s ( romance l ,h[ells1   

,james1 ,craw=d1 & ,cable2 noveli/s l   
,aldri*1 ,bret ,h>te1 & ,hale1 ,m>y     
,wilk9s1 & ,s>ah ,orne ,jewett2 poets l 
,lani] & ,:itman1 & hum\ri/s l ,/ockton 
& ,m>k ,twa91 h done mu* excell5t "w1 & 
"w t is p>tly great1 & h %[n ! way to   
l>ge prov9ces ( lit]>y endeav\r4        
,nev]!less1 comp>$ ) ! great a*ievem5ts 
:i* _h gone be=e1 !irs is r a "t (      
int]mission4 ,& yet _m p]sons are q     
prep>$ to say t ,h[ells is ! greate/ (  
all ,am]ican au?ors1 & 8 reali/ic       
analyses among ! v be/ mod]n romances4  
,& ,h[ells himself pays ! same tribute  
to ,m>k ,twa9's lat] & matur] writ+s4   
,b !re is "o poet ab\t :om only ! future
 c really decide2 ?is is ,walt ,:itman4 
,8 8,leaves ( ,grass10 ) _! app>5tly    
=mless v]se1 7 greatly prais$ by "s2 by 
o!rs felt to be b>b>\s & ta/eless4 ,!re 
has be5 a dispute simil> to t ov]       
,z>a?u/ra ( ,nietzs*e4 ,& ev5 z reg>ds  
cont5t1 ,:itman may be comp>$ )         
,nietzs*e1 ! radical democrat ) !       
extreme ari/ocrat1 = ! exagg]at$        

democratic exaltation ( ! ego leads     
f9ally to a po9t 9 :i* e s+le man is an 
absolute dictator 9 8 own _w1 & !re=e   
comes to feel himself unique1 & pr\dly  
dem&s ! "r ( ! ,ueb]m5s*4 8,:5 !y fight1
 ,i keep sil5t1 g ba?+1 or sit m>vell+  
at myself10 says ?is prophet (          
democracy4 8,9 ord] to le>n1 ,i sat at !
 feet ( great ma/]s4 ,oh1 t ^! great    
ma/]s might return once m to le>n ( me40
 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ,am]ican & ,g]man  
intellects c\ld readily be trac$ fur!r1 
& 01 p]haps1 n :olly unfitt$ to reveal a
 c]ta9 broad lit]>y p]spective4 ,z we h 
comp>$ ,:itman & ,nietzs*e1 s we might  
comp>e ,bryant ) ,plat51 ,poe ) ,he9e1  
,haw?orne ) ,freytag1 ,l[ell ) ,uhl&1   
,:itti] ) ,rck]t1 ,holmes ) ,kell]1     
,h[ells ) ,fontane1 ,craw=d ) ,heyse1 & 
s on1 & we %\ld comp>e ?us contempor>ies
 ( r equal rank4 ,b su* a p>allelism1 ( 
c\rse1 c\ld n be drawn too f>1 s9ce x   
w\ld be easy to %[ 9 any su* pair       
important traits to belie ! comp>ison4  
,9 ! positively bewild]+ lit]ature (    

to-day1 ! novel & ! %ort /ory /rongly   
pr$om9ate4 ,! ,am]icans h always %[n a  
special aptitude & fondness = ! %ort    
/ory4 ,poe 0 ! true ma/] ( t =m1 & !    
grace ) :i* ,aldri* has told ! /ory (   
,m>jorie ,daw1 & ,davis ( ,van ,bibb]1 !
 en]gy ) :i* ,hale has cog5tly depict$ !
 ,man ,)\t a ,c\ntry1 or ,bret ,h>te !  
,am]ican pione]1 & ! intimacy ) :i*     
,miss ,wilk9s & ,miss ,jewett h         
p]petuat$ ! quiet] aspects ( human      
exi/5ce1 %[ a true in/9ct = art4 ,a     
pr(\nd appreciation1 fre% vig\r1 & f9e  
feel+ = =m1 graceful hum\r & all ! good 
qualities ( ,am]ican lit]ature1 comb9e  
to make ! %ort /ory a p]fect ?+4 ,x is n
 ! ,g]man ,novelle1 b is1 r1 comp>able  
to ! ,fr5* conte4 ,! %ort /ories are n  
all ( ! s+le type2 "s are mascul9e &    
o!rs fem99e 9 mann]4 ,! f9ely cut /ory1 
:i* is %ort because ! *>m ( ! incid5ts  
w\ld vani% if n>rat$ 9 great] detail1 is
 ( ! fem99e type4 ,&1 ( ! mascul9e1 is !
 /ory told 9 cold1 %>p relief1 :i* is   
%ort because x is en]getic & impati5t ( 

any protract$ waits4 ,9 bo? cases1      
ev]y?+ uness5tial is left out4 ,p]haps !
 ,am]ican is n[h]e m himself ?an "h2 &  
%ort /ories are produc$ 9 great numb]s &
 are specially fo/]$ by ! mon?ly        
magaz9es4  ,( hum\ri/s !re are few]     
to-day ?an =m]ly4 ,nei!r ! ref9$ hum\r (
 ,irv+1 ,l[ell1 & ,holmes1 nor ! broad] 
hum\r ( ,bret ,h>te & ,m>k ,twa91 f9ds  
_m repres5tatives ( real lit]>y         
importance4 ,!re are sev]al1 x is true1 
:o are delight$ ) ,dooley's contempor>y 
comm5t 9 ! ,iri% dialect1 b !re is a mu*
 tru] wit 9 ! delicately satirical      
society novels ( ,h5ry ,james1 & to a   
less degree 9 ^? ( ,grant1 ,h]rick1     
,bates1 & a hundr$ o!rs1 or 9 ! romances
 ( common life1 su* z ,we/cott's 8,david
 ,h>um40  ,! hi/orical romance has      
fl\ri%$ greatly4 ,at fir/ ! fantasy w5t 
to f> regions1 & ! traditional old      
figures ( romance 7 trick$ out 9 ! gaye/
 =eign co/umes4 ,! mo/ popul> ( all has 
be5 ,wallace's 8,b5 ,hur40 ,! ,am]icans 
h long s9ce foll[$ ! road :i* ,g]man    

writ]s h tak5 f ,eb]s to ,dahn &        
,wild5bru*1 & h reviv$ _! own national  
pa/4 ,to be sure1 ! trem5d\s editions ( 
^! books are due r to ! desire =        
in=mation ?an ! love ( poetry4 ,! public
 likes to le>n its national hi/ory :ile 
be+ ent]ta9$1 s9ce ! national           
consci\sness has develop$ s noticeably 9
 ! la/ decade & ! social life ( ,am]ica 
9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies has    
d\btless become ?us liv+ & real =       
millions ( ,am]icans4 /hetic motives    
pr$om9ate1 nev]!less1 & al?\gh books l  
,*ur*ill's 8,! ,crisis10 ,ba*ell]'s     
8,d'ri & ,i10 ,miss ,john/on's          
8,audrey10 ,=d's 8,janice ,m]$i?10 &    
o!rs simil> are m]ely books ( ! day1 & w
 be replac$ by o!rs on ! next           
,*ri/mas-trees1 nev]!less !y are works (
 consid]able arti/ic m]it4 ,!y are      
=cibly con/ruct$1 dramatic1 full (      
inv5tion & delightful diction4 ,x is    
und5iable t ! g5]al level ( ! ,am]ican  
romance is to-day n inf]ior to t (      
,g]many4  ,hi/orical romance aims1 fir/ 

( all1 to awak5 ! national consci\sness4
 ,s1 = in/ance1 ! romances ( ! v]satile 
physician1 ,weir ,mit*ell1 are fir/ (   
all hi/ories ( ! ,revolution>y p]iod ( !
 :ole nation1 &1 second>ily1 hi/ories ( 
e>ly ,p5nsylvania4 ,b ! /ory :i* dep5ds 
on local col\r fl\ri%es too4 ,"h %[s    
itself /rongly t trait :i* is           
di/+ui%able 9 ,am]ican writ+ ?r\gh !    
:ole c5tury1 f ,irv+1 ,coop]1 & ,bryant 
to ! pres5t day--! love ( nature4 ,almo/
 e "p ( ! c\ntry has f\nd "s writ] to   
celebrate its l&scape & cu/oms1 n m]ely 
! curi\s inhabitants ( ! prairie &      
gold-fields1 b ! outw>dly unromantic    
*>act]s ( ! ,new ,engl& village & !     
,t5nessee m\nta9s1 ( ! ,s\!rn           
plantations & ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,& new   
/ories ( ?is sort appe> e day4          
,especially ! new ,we/ figures prom95tly
 9 lit]ature2 & ! tireless ambition on  
:i* ! city ( ,*icago is f\nd$ is (t5    
depict$ ) mu* tal5t4 ,! novels ( ,full]1
 ,norris1 & o!rs are all extraord9>ily  
=ceful descriptions ( ,we/]n life &     

civilization4 ,! ,s\? ( to-day1 :i* %[s 
symptoms ( awak+ to new life1 is        
describ$ m f ! ,nor!rn ?an f ! ,s\!rn   
po9t ( view4 ,x is surpris+ t ! m5tal   
life ( ! ,am]ican negro has attract$ s  
little att5tion1 s9ce ! %ort /ories (   
,*e/nut po9t to unexplor$ treasures4  ,!
 long] ef=ts are always 9 prose1 & s9ce 
! "t ( ,evangel9e epic v]se has f\nd    
almo/ no repres5tative4 ,v]se is almo/  
:olly lyrical4 ,! hi/ory ( ,am]ican     
lyric is conta9$ 9 ! l>ge & admirable   
collections ( ,/$man1 ,ond]donk1 & o!rs2
 & x is ! hi/ory (1 p]haps1 ! mo/       
complete a*ievem5t ( ,am]ican lit]ature4
 ,"o :o kn[s ! ,am]ican only 9 ! usual  
c>icature1 & does n "k :at an ideali/ ! 
,yankee is1 w\ld be surpris$ to le>n t !
 lyric poem has become 8 fav\rite field4
 ,! romantic novel1 :i* appeals to !    
masses1 may h1 p]haps1 a comm]cial      
motive1 :ile ! book ( v]se is an        
entirely dis9t]e/$ production4 ,! lyric1
 9 its fre%1 int5se1 & f9i%$ way1       
reveals ! inn] be+ ( ,am]ican lit]ature1

 & surpris+ly mu* lyric v]se is be+     
writt5 to-day4 ,ev5 political newspap]s1
 l ! ,bo/on ,transcript1 publi% e day "s
 lyric poem2 & al?\gh "h z ev]y:]e _m   
volumes ( indiff]5t v]se see ! light (  
day1 /ill ! feel+ = =m is s g5]al t "o  
f9ds v seldom any?+ :olly bad & v (t5   
bits ( deep significance & beauty4 ,"h1 
too1 ! be/-kn[n ?+s are n ! mo/         
admirable4 ,we he> too mu* ( ,m>kham's  
8,! ,man ,) ! ,hoe10 & too little (     
,santayana's sonnets or ( ,joseph9e     
,pre/on ,peabody4 ,"h1 too1 local col\r 
is happily 9 evid5ce--z1 = in/ance1 9 ! 
well-kn[n v]ses ( ,riley4 ,! ,we/]n poet
 goes a diff]5t road f ! ,ea/]n4 ,! ,s\?
 has nev] aga9 s5t a mess5g] s full (   
melodies z ,sidney ,lani]4  ,!re is a   
/rong lyric t5d5cy also 9 ! dramatic    
compositions ( ! day4 ,! true drama has 
always be5 m neglect$ ?an any o!r bran* 
( art1 & if x is true t ! ,am]icans h   
pres]v$ ! temp]am5t & po9t ( view (     
,elizabe?an ,engl&1 x is high "t = "s   
,am]ican ,%akespe>e to /ep =?4 ,until   

n[1 extremely few plays ( real lit]>y   
wor? h be5 writt5 betwe5 ! ,atlantic & !
 ,pacific ,oceans4 ,dramati/s !re h be5 
always1 & ! /age is n[ m ?an ev] suppli$
 by native tal5t2 b lit]ature is too    
little consid]$ "h4 ,! rural dramas hav+
 ! local col\r ( ,virg9ia & ,new ,engl& 
are g5]ally bett] ?an ! society pieces3 
& ! v popul> dramatizations ( novels are
 /irr+1 b utt]ly *eap4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !  
,am]ican has (t5 appli$ ! lyric gift 9  
dramatic v]se1 & 9 dramas ( philosophic 
significance su* z ,santayana's         
admirable 8,lucif]0 or ,moody's 8,masque
 ( ,judgm5t40 ,! /unt$ gr[? ( ,am]ican  
dramatic writ+ is closely connect$ ) !  
hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican /age1 a subject :i* 
may lead u f lit]ature to ! si/] arts4  
,,*apt] ,,n9ete5                        
,art   ,! hi/ory ( ! !atre leads u once 
m back to ,puritan ,new ,engl&4 ,e "o   
kn[s t ! ,puritan reg>d$ ! !atre z ! v  
temple ( vice1 & ! =m] association ( !  
!atre & ! b>-room--a tradition t came f 
,engl&--naturally fail$ to make public  

op9ion m fav\rable4 ,9 ! ye> #agej      
!atrical productions 7 entirely =bidd5 9
 ,bo/on4 ,"o !atre 0 built 9 #agid1 & a 
few o!rs lat]1 b ! public feel+ aga9/   
demoraliz+ influ5ces ( ! /age s grew t  
"o !atre aft] ano!r 0 turn$ f its pr(ane
 uses & made ov] into a lecture hall or 
some?+ ( ! sort4 ,9 #ahci x 0 publicly  
decl>$ t ,bo/on %\ld nev] aga9 h a      
!atre4 ,nev]!less by #ahgj1 x _h five   
!atres1 & to-day x has fifte54 ,o!r     
cities h always be5 m lib]al t[>d !     
!atre1 & 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 s9ce    
#agcc1 n9ety-five !atres h be5 built1 ( 
:i* m ?an ?irty are /ill /&+ to-day & 9 
active op]ation4 ,?us ! ,puritan _s     
seems long s9ce to h disappe>$1 & !     
backw>dness ( ! drama seems n to be     
connect$ ) ! religi\s pa/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,b
 ?is is n ! case4  ,let u survey !      
situation4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no lack (    
!atres1 = almo/ e t[n has its 8op]a     
h\se10 & ! l>ge cities h really too _m4 
,nor is !re any lack ( hi/rionic tal5t2 
=1 al?\gh ! great ,%akespe>ian actor1   

,edw9 ,boo?1 has no wor?y successor1 we 
h /ill actors :o are greatly applaud$ & 
lov$--,mansfield1 ,so!rn1 ,jeff]son1    
,drew1 & ,gillette2 ,maude ,adams1 ,mrs4
 ,fiske1 ,blan*e ,bates1 ,h5rietta      
,crosman1 ,julia ,ar?ur1 ,julia ,m>l[e1 
,ada ,rehan1 ,nance ,o',neill1 & _m o!rs
 :o are c]ta9ly s9c]e arti/s2 & ! mo/   
brilliant actors ( ,europe1 ,irv+ &     
,tree1 ,dus1 ,b]nh>dt1 ,sorma1 &        
,campbell come almo/ e ye> to play 9 ?is
 c\ntry4 ,! ,am]ican's natural          
v]satility gives him a great advantage =
 ! !atrical c>e]2 & s x is no accid5t t 
amateur !atricals are n[h]e else s      
popul>1 especially among /ud5t m5 &     
wom54 ,! equipm5ts ( ! /age1 moreov]1   
leave v little to be desir$1 & ! sett+s 
sometimes surpass any?+ :i* c be se5 9  
,europe2 "o (t5 sees m>vell\s effects & 
mo/ conv9c+ illusions4 ,& ^!1 ) !       
,am]ican good hum\r1 v]ve1 &            
self-assurance1 & ! beauty ( ,am]ican   
wom51 br+ _m a graceful com$y & light   
op]a to a really arti/ic p]=mance4 ,!   

great public1 too1 is q cont5t1 & fills 
! !atres to ov]fl[+4 ,x seems almo/     
unju/ to criticise unfav\rably !        
c\ntry's !atres4  ,b ! g5]al public is n
 ! only nor ev5 ! mo/ important factor2 
! discrim9at+ public is n satisfi$4     
,arti/ic productions ( ! m s]i\s sort   
are dr[n$ out by a great tide ( wor?less
 ent]ta9m5ts2 & h[ev] amus+ or div]t+ ! 
com$ies1 f>ces1 rural pieces1 op]ettas1 
melodramas1 & dramatiz$ novels may be1  
!y are ?or\ghly unwor?y ( a p t is s    
ceaselessly /riv+ = cultivation &       
self-p]fection4 ,su* pieces %\ld n h !  
assurance to invade ! t]ritory ( true   
art4 ,&1 al?\gh ! lack ( good plays is  
less noticeable1 if "o looks at !       
ann\ncem5ts ( :at is to be giv5 9 ,new  
,york on any s+le ev5+1 x is trem5d\sly 
borne home on "o by ! bad practice (    
repeat+ ! plays night aft] night = _m   
weeks1 s t a p]son :o wants to see real 
art has soon se5 e production :i* is    
wor? :ile4 ,9 ?is respect ,new ,york is 
di/9ctly beh9d ,p>is1 ,b]l91 or ,vi5na1 

al?\gh ab\t on a level ) ,london2 & 9 ! 
o!r l>ge cities ( ,am]ica ! situation is
 r worse4 ,ev]y:]e ! /age cat]s to !    
vulg> ta/e1 & = "o ,hamlet !re are t5   
,gei%as4  ,x _c be o!rwise1 s9ce ! !atre
 is entirely a bus9ess matt] ) !        
manag]s4 ,sometimes !re is an arti/ l ! 
late ,daly1 :o is ready to conduct a    
!atre f ! truly arti/ic po9t ( view1 &  
:o (f]s admirable p]=mances2 b ?is is an
 exp5sive luxury1 & !re are few :o w    
af=d x4 ,x is a "q ( mak+ money1 & !re=e
 ( (f]+ humor\s or s5tim5tal pieces :i* 
fill ! !atre4 ,!re is ano!r fact ( :i* !
 ,european h>dly kn[s2 x is *eap] to    
engage a company to play a s+le piece = 
a :ole ye> ) me*anical regul>ity ?an to 
hire actors to give ! /udy necess>y to a
 div]sifi$ rep]toire4 ,aft] _m          
repetitions1 ev5 m$iocre actors c atta9 
a c]ta9 skill1 :ile 9 rep]toire only    
good actors are f\nd at all             
satisfactory1 & ! av]age w n be tol]at$ 
by ! pamp]$ public4 ,!n1 too1 !         
accessories are mu* *eap] = a s+le      

piece4  ,n[1 9 a t[n ( mod]ate size1 "o 
piece _c be repeat$ _m nights1 s t !    
companies h to travel ab\t4 ,! be/      
companies /ay n less ?an a week1 & if ! 
t[n is l>ge en\gh1 !y /ay f f\r to six  
weeks4 ,^! companies are kn[n by ! "n ( 
! piece :i* !y are pres5t+1 or by ! "n (
 ! lead+ actor1 ! 8/>40 ,! !atre 9      
itself is a m]e t5antless %ell4 ,9 e>ly 
fall ! :ole li/ ( companies :i* are to p
 its /age ?r\gh ! next ?irty weeks is   
arrang$4 ,9 ?is way1 x is true t ! small
 city is able to see ! be/ actors & !   
newe/ pieces4 ,yet "o sees h[ /]ile ?is 
pr9ciple is by consid]+ "s ( ! extreme  
cases4 ,jeff]son has play$ 8 ,rip ,van  
,w9kle & almo/ no?+ else = ?irty ye>s2 &
 ! "y p ( ,*icago1 ,philadelphia1 &     
,bo/on w\ld be v unhappy if he 7 n to   
come 9 ?is rle = a c\ple ( weeks e w9t]4
 ,& he has ?us become sev]al times a    
millionaire4  ,b ! bus9ess _s has n     
/opp$ ) ?is4 ,! hundr$s ( companies     
compete ) "o ano!r1 s t v naturally a   
!atrical tru/ has be5 =m$4 ,! syndicate 

( ,klaw1 ,erlang]  ,frohman 0 organiz$ 9
 #ahif ) ?irty-sev5 lead+ !atres 9 l>ge 
cities1 all pl$g$ to pres5t none b      
companies belong+ to ! syndicate1 :ile1 
9 return1 ! syndicate agre$ to keep !   
!atres busy e week 9 ! season4 ,!       
fav\rite actors & ! fav\rite companies 7
 secur$1 & ! indep5d5t actors :o resi/$ 
! tyranny f\nd t 9 mo/ ( ! l>ge cities  
only second-rate !atres 7 op5 to !m4 ,"o
 aft] ano!r _h to give 91 & n[ ! great  
tru/ "u ! comm& ( ,frohman has virtually
 ! :ole !atrical bus9ess ( ! c\ntry 9   
its h&s4 ,! tru/ op]ates %rewdly &      
squ>ely2 x kn[s its public1 (f]s v>iety1
 foll[s ! fa%ions1 gives ! great mimes  
_! fav\rite rles1 pays !m & ! !atre     
own]s well1 relieves ! actors f !       
/ruggle = promotion1 & va/ly amuses !   
public4 ,x is impossible to resi/ ?is   
situation1 :i* is s adv]se to art4  ,all
 are agre$ t !re is only "o way to bett]
 matt]s4 ,p]man5t companies mu/ be      
organiz$1 9 ! l>ge cities at fir/1 to   
play 9 rep]toire4 ,& ^! mu/ be          

subsidiz$1 s z n to be dep5d5t = _!     
support on ! ta/e ( ! g5]al public4 ,!n 
& !n only w ! dramatic art be able to   
?rive1 or ! !atre become an educational 
in/itution1 & s sl[ly cultivate a bett] 
dem&1 :i* 9 ! end w come to make ev5 !  
mo/ eclectic !atre self-support+4 ,s x  
has always be5 on ! ,european ,cont95t2 
pr9ces & municipalities h rivall$ ) "o  
ano!r to raise ! level ( dramatic art   
above :at x w\ld h to be if f9ancially  
dep5d5t solely on ! box-(fice4 ,9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates !re is c]ta9ly no lack (  
means or good w to enc\rage su* an      
educational in/itution4 ,untold millions
 g to libr>ies1 museums1 & univ]sities1 
& we may well ask :y ! slighte/ attempt 
has n be5 made to provide1 by gift or f 
! public treasury1 = a temple to !      
drama4  ,x is j "h t ! old ,puritan     
prejudice is /ill felt to-day4 ,! !atre 
is no long] "u ! ban ( ! law1 b no /ep c
 be tak5 t[>d a subv5tion ( ! !atre4    
,mo/ taxpay]s 9 ,am]ica w\ld look )     
disfav\r on any project to support a    

!atre f public funds4 ,:y a !atre m ?an 
a hotel or re/aurant8 ,! !atre rema9s a 
place ( frivol\s amusem5t1 & = t reason 
no millionaires h s f> end[$ a !atre4   
,m5 l ,c>negie "k too well t ! g5]al    
mass ( p w\ld blame !m if !y 7 to give  
_! millions to ! !atre1 z long z a s+le 
t[n 0 /ill wi%+ = its libr>y or its     
college4  ,! hi/ory ( music 9 ,am]ica   
has %[n :at c be atta9$ by end[m5t--h[ !
 public dem& c be educat$ s t ev5 ! v   
be/ art w f9ally be self-support+4 ,!   
developm5t ( ! ,bo/on ,symphony         
,or*e/ra1 :i* is /ill ! be/ musical     
organization 9 ! c\ntry1 is ?or\ghly    
typical4 ,x 0 realiz$ t symphony        
conc]ts1 l ! be/ giv5 9 ,g]many1 w\ld n 
be self-support+1 9 view ( ! defici5t   
musical education ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 #ahhj  
,bo/on _h two symphony or*e/ras1 b bo? 7
 ( little acc\nt4 ,!y 7 compos$ (       
ov]-busi$ musicians1 :o c\ld n sp>e ! "t
 ne$$ = /udy & rehe>sals4 ,!n "o ( ! mo/
 lib]al & appreciative m5 ( ! c\ntry1   
,h5ry ,lee ,higg9son1 came =w>d & engag$

 ! be/ musicians :om he c\ld f9d1 to    
give all _! "t & en]gy to an or*e/ra2 & 
he himself gu>ante$ ! exp5ses4 ,dur+ !  
fir/ few ye>s he paid out a =tune       
annually1 b ye> by ye> ! sum grew less1 
& to-day ,bo/on s ?or\ghly enjoys its   
tw5ty-f\r symphony conc]ts1 :i* are n   
surpass$ by ^? ( any ,european or*e/ra1 
t ! l>ge music-hall is too small to hold
 ^? :o wi% to att5d4 ,?is example has   
be5 imitat$1 & n[ ,new ,york1 ,*icago1  
,philadelphia1 & o!r cities h excell5t &
 p]man5t or*e/ras4  ,likewise v>i\s     
cities1 b especially ,new ,york1 enjoy a
 few weeks ( ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & ,italian  
op]a :i* is equal to ! be/ op]a 9       
,europe1 by a company t br+s toge!r !   
be/ s+]s ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,9 ! case 
( op]a ! love ( music has prevail$ ov] !
 prejudice aga9/ ! !atre4 ,extraord9>ily
 high subscriptions = ! boxes1 & a r$uc$
 r5tal ( ! ,metropolitan ,op]a ,h\se1   
:i* 0 erect$ by patrons ( art1 h giv5   
brilliant support to ! und]tak+4 ,)\t   
go+ into que/ions ( pr9ciple1 an        

imp>tial fri5d ( music mu/ admit t ev5 !
 p]=mances ( ,p>sifal 7 arti/ically n   
inf]ior to ^? ( ,bayreu?1 & ! audi5ce 0 
q z mu* 9 sympa?y ) ! great ma/]piece z 
are ! assemblages ( t\ri/s at ,bayreu?4 
,! arti/ic education proce$+ f ^! l>g]  
c5tres is felt ?r\gh ! entire c\ntry1 & 
!re is a gr[+ desire = less ambiti\s b  
p]man5t op]a companies4  ,! symphony & !
 op]a are n ! only evid5ces ( ! s]i\s   
love ( music 9 ,am]ica4 ,e l>ge city has
 its cons]vatory & its surplus ( tra9$  
music tea*]s1 & almo/ e city has        
societies :i* give oratorios1 &         
innum]able s++ clubs1 *amb] conc]ts1 &  
regul> musical fe/ivals4 ,ev5 ! conc]ts 
by o!r soloi/s ?an t fa%ionable fav\rite
 ( ,am]ican ladies1 ,pad]ewski1 are well
 att5d$4 ,& ^! are n new movem5ts2 op]a 
0 giv5 9 ,new ,york z e>ly z #agej1 & ! 
,engli% op]a ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0      
foll[$ 9 #ahbe by ,italian op]a4 ,also  
,baltimore1 ,philadelphia1 & ,new       
,orleans e>ly develop$ a love = music4  
,bo/on has be5 ! great c5tre = oratorio4

 ,! ,hndel & ,haydn ,society dates f    
#ahaj1 & 9 #ahbj a great _m conc]ts 7   
giv5 all ?r\gh ! ,ea/1 ev5 9 small t[ns4
 ,& ! influ5ce ( ! musical ,g]mans 0    
/rongly felt by ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,! 
,g]mania ,or*e/ra ( ,bo/on 0 f\nd$ 9    
#ahdh1 & n[ all ! ,we/]n cities :]e     
,g]man influ5ces are /rong1 su* z       
,milwaukee1 ,c9c9nati1 ,*icago1 & ,/4   
,l\is1 are c5tres ( music1 ) _m male    
*oruses & mu* private cultivation (     
music 9 ! home4  ,! *ur*es1 moreov]1 are
 a consid]able support to music4 ,!     
,puritan _s dislik$ secul> music no less
 ?an ! !atre2 b ! popul> hymns 7 always 
associat$ ) ! s]vice ( ,god1 & s ! love 
= music grew & its cultivation spread4  
,progress 0 made f ! simple/ melodies to
 fugue arrangem5ts2 organs & /r+$       
in/rum5ts 7 introduc$2 ! y\? 0 educat$ 9
 music1 & f9ally 9 ! la/ c5tury *ur*    
wor%ip 0 made m attractive by hav+ ! be/
 music obta9able4 ,& ?us1 ?r\gh ! :ole  
c\ntry1 *orus & solo s++ & in/rum5tal   
skill h be5 ev]y:]e fav\r$ by ! popul>  

religi\s in/9ct4  ,s mu* = ! p]=mance ( 
music4 ,musical composition has n rea*$ 
ne>ly su* a high po9t4 ,x is suffici5t  
to look ov] ! programmes ( rec5t ye>s4  
,wagn] leads among op]atic compos]s1 !n 
foll[ ,v]di1 ,g\nod1 & ,moz>t2 ,bee?ov5 
is ! sov]eign ( ! conc]t-hall1 & ,!     
,messiah & ,! ,creation are ! mo/ popul>
 oratorios4 ,sometimes a suspicion has  
be5 express$ t ,am]ican compos]s mu/ h  
be5 sy/ematically suppress$ by ! lead+  
,g]man conductors l ,damros*1 ,seidl1   
,g]icke1 ,?omas1 & ,paur4 ,b ?is is n   
remotely true4 ,! ,am]ican public is mu*
 m to be blam$2 =1 al?\gh s patriotic 9 
e o!r matt]1 x looks on e native musical
 composition ) di/ru/1 & w h>dly accept 
ev5 ! ,am]ican s+] or play] until he has
 fir/ won 8 laurels 9 ,europe4  ,/ill1  
!re has be5 "s composition 9 ,am]ica4   
,!re 7 religi\s compos]s 9 ! eighte5?   
c5tury1 & :5 ev]y?+ ,engli% 0 put away  
at ! "t ( ! ,revolution1 ! coloni/s     
replac$ ! psalm-tunes :i* !y _h br\ght  
ov] ) orig9al airs4 ,bill+s & 8 s*ool 7 

especially popul>1 al?\gh !re 0 an e>ly 
reaction aga9/ :at he 0 pleas$ to call  
fugues4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury br\ght =?     
little m ?an b&-ma/] music1 ) no sign ( 
inspiration 9 real or*e/ral or op]atic  
music4 ,only lately !re h /epp$ into !  
field su* em95t compos]s z ,mac,dowell1 
,pa9e1 ,*adwick1 ,/rong1 ,bee*1 ,buck1  
,p>k]1 & ,foot4 ,pa9e's op]a ( 8,az>a10 
,*adwick's ov]tures1 & ,mac,dowell's    
int]e/+ compositions %[ h[ ,am]ican     
music w develop4  ,m popul> 0 a mode/   
bran* ( musical composition1 ! song 9 ! 
/yle ( folk-songs4 ,am]ica has no actual
 folk-songs4 ,! av]age ,european imag9es
 8,yankee ,doodle0 to be ! real ,am]ican
 song1 anonym\s & dreadful z x is1 & 9  
diplomatic circles ! antiquat$ &        
bomba/ic 8,hail ,columbia0 is conceiv$  
to be ! (ficial hymn ( ,am]ica4 ,!      
,am]icans !mselves recognize nei!r ( ^! 
airs4 ,! 8,/> ,spangl$ ,bann]0 is ! only
 song :i* c be call$ national2 x 0      
writt5 9 #ahad to an old & probably     
,engli% melody4 ,! ,civil ,w> left c]ta9

 o!r songs :i* /ir ! brea/ ( e patriotic
 ,am]ican4  ,on ! o!r h&1 folk-songs h  
develop$ 9 only "o "p ( ! c\ntry--on !  
,s\!rn plantations--& ) a v local       
col\r+4 ,! negro slaves sang ^! songs   
fir/1 al?\gh x is unlikely t !y are     
really ,african songs4 ,!y seem to be   
,iri% & ,scot* ballads1 :i* ! negroes   
he>d on ! ,mississippi /eamboats4       
,bapti/ & ,me?odi/ psalm-tunes & ,fr5*  
melodies 7 also caught up by ! musical  
negroes & modifi$ to _! peculi> melody &
 rhy?m4 ,a rem>kable sadness p]vades all
 ^! ,s\!rn airs4  ,_m song compos]s h   
imitat$ ?is mo/ unique musical product (
 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! middle ( ! c5tury ,/eph5
 ,fo/] rose to rapid popul>ity ) 8 8,old
 ,folks at ,home10 :i* became ! popul>  
song1 rivall$ only by 8,home ,sweet     
,home10 :i* 0 tak5 f ! text ( an        
,am]ican op]a1 b ( :i* ! melody is said 
to h orig9at$ 9 ,sicily4 ,!re are to-day
 all sorts ( compos]s1 "s 9 ! s5tim5tal 
/yle & o!rs 9 ! light op]a ve91 ^: /reet
 tunes are in/antly sung1 :i/l$ & play$ 

on hurdy-gurdies f ! ,atlantic to !     
,pacific1 &1 wor/ ( all1 /rid5tly r5d]$ 
by ! graphophones1 ) megaphone          
atta*m5ts1 on v]&ahs 9 summ]4 ,!re are  
compos]s ( *ur* hymns1 ( m>*es  la      
,s\sa1 & writ]s ( piano pieces by !     
:olesale4 ,all s]i\s musicians agree t !
 ,am]ican1 unlike ! ,engli%man1 is      
decid$ly musically incl9$1 b he is !    
inconte/able ma/] ( only a v mode/      
musical art--he c :i/le z nobody else4  
,unlike ,am]ican music1 ,am]ican pa9t+s 
are no long] /range to ,europe4 ,9 ! art
 division ( ! la/ ,p>is ,exposition     
,am]icans took _! %>e ( ! hon\rs1 & !y  
are highly appreciat$ at mo/ ( ! ,b]l9 &
 ,muni* picture %[s4 ,s>g5t & ,:i/l] are
 ! be/ kn[n4 ,s>g5t1 z ! pa9t] ( elegant
 ladies1 prosp]\s m51 & int]e/+ *ildr51 
has und\bt$ly ! sure/ & mo/ ref9$ gift )
 8 bru% ( any son ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,:51 a  
few ye>s ago1 a l>ge exhibition ( 8     
works 0 br\ght toge!r 9 ,bo/on1 "o felt 
on /&+ be=e t ga!r+ ( ultra-polite &    
almo/ liv+ humanity1 t 9 him ! elegant  

_w has f\nd its mo/ brilliant1 ?\gh     
p]haps n its mo/ flatt]+1 transcrib]4   
,:i/l] is d\btless ! great]1 ! real     
sov]eign4 ,?is mo/ n]v\s ( all arti/s   
has reproduc$ 8 human victims )         
positively uncanny p]spicacity4 ,l ,h5ry
 ,james1 ! noveli/1 he fa?oms ea* human 
riddle1 & expresses x intangibly1       
my/]i\sly4 ,ev]y?+ is mood & sugge/ion1 
! dull & heavy is volatiliz$1 ! :ole is 
a sceptical r5d]+ 9 ri* twilight tones4 
,am]ica is pr\d ( bo? arti/s1 & /ill "o 
may d\bt :e!r ! art ( ! ,new ,_w w\ld be
 ju/ly repres5t$ if x s5t across ! ocean
 only ^! two pamp]$ & some:at :imsical  
arti/s4 ,fir/ly1 9 spite ( mu* brilliant
 o!r "w1 !y are bo? be/ kn[n z          
portraiti/s1 :ile x becomes pla9] e day 
t l&scape pa9t+ is ! mo/ typical        
,am]ican means ( expression4 ,! pr(\nd  
feel+ = nature1 :i* p]vades ,am]ican    
poetry & reflects ! national life &     
/ruggle !re)1 br+s ! ,am]ican to /udy   
l&scape4 ,_m p]sons ?9k ev5 t if        
,am]ican arti/s 7 to s5d ev] s _m easel 

pictures across ! ocean1 ! arti/ic      
public ( ,europe w\ld /ill h no adequate
 judgm5t ( ,am]ican pa9t+1 because ! be/
 tal5t is busi$ ) ! l>g] pieces int5d$ =
 wall decoration4 ,! great numb] (      
monum5tal build+s1 ) _! l>ge wall       
surfaces & ! desire = ambiti\s          
creations1 attract ! ,am]ican to-day to 
wall-pa9t+4 ,& !y try to /r5g!n !       
national "* ( ?is t5d5cy by a democratic
 argum5t4 ,! easel picture1 x is said1  
is a luxury design$ = ! h\se ( ! weal?y 
& is1 !re=e1 decad5t1 :ile ! art ( a    
nation :i* is work+ out a democracy mu/ 
p]ta9 to ! p2 & !re=e j z e>ly art      
adorn$ ! temples & *ur*es1 ?is art mu/  
adorn ! walls ( public build+s1         
libr>ies1 judicial *amb]s1 legislatures1
 !atres1 railway /ations & city halls4  
,& ! m ?is comes to be ! case1 ! less   
correct x is to judge ! p9ctile ef=ts ( 
! "t by ! fram$ pictures t come into !  
exhibitions4 ,moreov]1 _m ( ! m         
successful pa9t]s d n take ! tr\ble to  
s5d any ( _! works across ! ocean4      

,s>g5t & ,:i/l] also--& ?is is m        
important--speak a language :i* is n    
,am]ican1 :ile ! c\ntry has n[ develop$ 
its own gramm> ( pa9t+1 & ! mo/         
repres5tative arti/s are seldom se5 9   
,europe4 ,9 pa9t+1 z 9 s _m o!r bran*es1
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has develop$ f !       
prov9cial to ! cosmopolitan & f !       
cosmopolitan to ! national1 & is j n[   
tak+ ?is la/ /ep4 ,x is v *>act]i/ic t !
 untutor$ prov9cial has gr[n into !     
national only by pass+ ?r\gh a          
cosmopolitan /age4 ,! falt]+ p[]s ( !   
beg9n] d n a*ieve a self-consci\s       
expression ( national individuality     
until !y h fir/ indu/ri\sly &           
sy/ematically imitat$ =eign me?ods1 & s 
atta9$ a complete ma/]y ( ! m$ium (     
expression4  ,at fir/ ! c\ntry1 ^: poor 
population 0 n able to pay mu* att5tion 
to pictures1 turn$ entirely to ,engl&4  
,we/ & ,copley are ! only               
pre-,revolution>y ,am]icans ^: pictures 
possess any value4 ,! portraits ( _!    
pr$ecessors--z1 = in/ance1 ^? 9         

,memorial ,hall at ,h>v>d--are /iff1    
h>d1 & expressionless4 ,!n came ,gilb]t 
,/u>t at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ^:  
portraits ( ,george & ,m>?a ,wa%+ton are
 fam\s1 & :o %[$ himself an arti/ic     
g5ius & q ! equal ( ! great ,engli%     
portraiti/s4 ,john ,trumbull1 an (fic] 9
 ! ,revolution>y ,army1 :o liv$ at !    
same "t1 0 /ill m important = ! national
 hi/ory by 8 w> pictures1 ! be/ ( :i* 7 
consid]ably above contempor>y           
productions4 ,! hi/orical wall-pa9t+s   
:i* he made 9 #ahag1 = ! ,capitol at    
,wa%+ton1 are 9 8 lat] & inf]ior mann]4 
,!y seem to-day1 l ev]y?+ :i* 0 done 9 !
 e>ly "p ( ! c5tury to decorate !       
,capitol1 hackney$ & tiresome4 ,& if "o 
goes f ! ,capitol to ! ,congressional   
,libr>y1 :i* %[s ! condition ( art at ! 
end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 "o feels h[ f> !
 public ta/e ( ,trumbull's "t 0 f       
appreciat+ true art4 ,portraiture 0 !   
only art :i* atta9$ tol]able excell5ce1 
:]e1 besides ,/u>t1 !re 7 ,peale1       
,wright1 & ,savage4 ,!n came ! day ( !  

8,am]ican ,titian10 ,all/on1 ^:         
,biblical pictures 7 greatly prais$ = _!
 brilliant col\r+4  ,hi!rto arti/s _h   
gone to ,engl& to /udy or1 inde$1       
sometimes to ,italy4 ,9 ! second ?ird ( 
! c5tury !y w5t to ,dsseldorf2 !y pa9t$ 
,am]ican l&scapes1 ,am]ican popul> life1
 & hi/orical pictures ( ,am]ican h]oes1 
all 9 ,g]man fa%ion4 ,!y delight$ 9 g5re
 /udies 9 ! ,dsseldorf mann]1 & pa9t$ ! 
,hudson ,riv] all ba!d 9 ,g]man         
moonlight4 ,:ile ! popul> s*ool 0 /ill  
pa9t+ ! _w 9 blacki% br[n1 ! arti/ic    
secession began at ab\t ! "t ( ! ,civil 
,w>4 ,!n arti/s began to g to ,p>is &   
,muni*1 & ,am]ican pa9t+ develop$ m     
freely4 ,x 0 a "t ( e>ne/1 pr(\nd1 &    
indep5d5t /udy su* z _h s f> nev] be54  
,! arti/ le>n$ to draw1 le>n$ to see    
values1 &1 9 ! end1 to be natural4 ,!   
numb] ( arti/s n[ began to increase1 &  
to-day ,am]icans produce ?\s&s (        
pictures ea* ye>1 & "o :o sees !        
,european exhibitions 9 summ] & !       
,am]ican 9 w9t] does n feel t ! latt]   

are on a mu* l[] level4  ,s9ce ,all/on's
 "t ! lead]s 9 l&scape h be5 ,cole1     
,bi]/adt1 ,k5sett1 & ,gif=d2 9 g5re1    
,leslie1 ,woodville1 & p>ticul>ly ,m\nt2
 9 hi/orical pa9t+1 ,l5tze & ,:ite2 & 9 
portraiture1 ,inman & ,elliott4 ,! fir/ 
:o prea*$ ! new doctr9e ( individuality 
& col\r 0 ,hunt1 & 9 ! e>ly sev5ties !  
new s*ool j graduat$ f ,p>is & ,muni* 0 
bravely at "w4 ,!re are _m well-kn[n    
names 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 & x is a matt]
 r ( individual *oice :at pictures "o   
pref]s ( all ! l>ge numb]4 ,yet no "o   
w\ld omit ,george ,inness f ! li/1 s9ce 
he has se5 ,am]ican l&scapes m          
individually ?an any "o else4 ,besides 8
 pictures e "o kn[s ! m>9es ( ,w9sl[    
,hom]1 ! /reet sc5es ( ,*ilde ,hassam1 !
 heads ( ,eaton1 ! autumn =e/s (        
,ennek+1 ! apple trees 9 spr+-"t (      
,appleton ,br[n1 ! delicate l&scapes (  
,weir & ,tryon1 ! wall pictures (       
,abbey1 ,cox1 & ,l[1 ,gaug5gigl's little
 figure pa9t+s1 ,v$d]'s ambiti\s        
symbolism1 ! brilliant portraits (      

,cecilia ,beaux & ,*ase1 ! wom5's heads 
( ,t>bell1 ! ideal figures ( ,abbot     
,?ay]1 & ! works ( a hundr$ o!r ,am]ican
 arti/s1 n to m5tion ^? :o are really m 
famili> 9 ,london1 ,p>is1 & ,muni* ?an 9
 ,am]ica itself4  ,besides ! oil        
pictures1 !re are excell5t wat]-col\rs1 
pa/elles1 & et*+s2 &1 p]haps mo/        
*>act]i/ic ( all1 !re is ! /a9$ glass ( 
,la ,f>ge1 ,la?rop1 ! late ,mrs4        
,:itman1 ,goodhue1 & o!rs4 ,! work]s 9  
p5-&-ink are highly accompli%$1 ( :om ! 
be/ kn[n is ,gibson1 ^: ,am]ican wom5   
are n only arti/ic1 b h be5 socially    
influ5tial on ,am]ican ideals & mann]s4 
,8 sket*es = ,life h be5 !mselves models
 = real life4 ,nor %\ld we =get ,p5nell1
 ! ma/] ( atmosph]e 9 p5-&-ink4         
,sculpture has develop$ m sl[ly4 ,x     
presupposes a high] und]/&+ ( art ?an   
does pa9t+2 &1 besides t1 ! prudi%ness (
 ! ,puritan has affect$ x adv]sely4 ,:5 
,john ,brazee1 ! fir/ ,am]ican amateur  
sculptor1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5?       
c5tury1 ask$ advice ( ! presid5t ( !    

,new ,york ,academy ( ,arts1 he 0 told t
 he w\ld bett] wait a hundr$ ye>s be=e  
practic+ sculpture 9 ,am]ica4 ,! spee*  
admirably %[$ ! g5]al lack ( int]e/ 9   
pla/ic art4 ,b ! impetu\s pressure t[>d 
self-p]fection exi/+ 9 ! nation %ort5$ !
 c5tury into decades2 p began to j\rney 
?r\gh ,italy4 ,! pione]s ( sculpture 7  
,gre5\gh1 ,p[]s1 ,craw=d1 & ,palm]1 & _!
 /atues are /ill valu$ = _! hi/orical   
int]e/4 ,! !atrical g5re gr\ps ( ,john  
,rog]s became v popul>2 & ,r&olph       
,rog]s1 :o creat$ ! ,columbus bronze    
doors ( ! ,capitol1 0 really an arti/4  
,!n came ,/orey1 ,ball1 ,r9eh>t1 ,hosm]1
 ,mead1 & _m o!rs ) works ( great]      
maturity4 ,squ>es & public build+s 7    
fill$ ) monum5ts & bu/s :i*1 to be sure1
 7 g5]ally m int]e/+ politically ?an    
arti/ically1 & :i* to-day wait pati5tly 
= a *>itable e>?quake4 ,& yet !y %[ h[ !
 ta/e = pla/ic art has sl[ly work$      
upw>d4  ,m rec5t movem5ts1 :i* are      
connect$ ) ! names ( ,w>d1 ,w>n]1       
,p>tridge1 ,fr5*1 ,mac,monnies1 & ,/4   

,gaud5s1 h already left _m beautiful    
examples ( sculpture4 ,cities are       
jeal\sly wat*ful n[ t only real works ( 
art %all be erect$1 & t monum5ts :i* are
 to be se5 by millions ( p %all be      
really *>act]i/ic examples ( good art4  
,m ?an any?+ else1 sculpture has at l5g?
 come into a clos] sympa?y ) ar*itecture
 ?an p]haps x has 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,!  
admirable sculptural decorations ( !    
,*icago ,_w's ,fair1 ! effective ,dewey 
,triumphal ,ar* & ! p]man5t pla/ic      
decorations ( ! ,congressional ,libr>y1 
! m re/ra9$ & di/+ui%$ decorations ( !  
,c\rt ( ,appeals 9 ,new ,york ,city1 & (
 _m simil> build+s %[ cle>ly t ,am]ican 
sculpture has end$ its p]iod (          
immaturity4 ,su* a "w z ,/4 ,gaud5s's   
,%aw ,memorial 9 ,bo/on is among ! mo/  
beautiful examples ( mod]n sculpture2 & 
x is ?or\ghly ,am]ican1 n only because !
 negro regim5t m>*es beh9d ! m\nt$      
colonel1 b because ! ,am]ican subject is
 h&l$ 9 ! ,am]ican _s4 ,^! m5 are       
depict$ ) /rik+ vig\r1 & ! "y h]o rid+  

to 8 dea? is conceiv$ ) ,puritan        
sobriety4 ,vigor\s & mature is !        
,am]ican1 9 pla/ic art z well z 9       
poetry4  ,! developm5t ( ar*itecture has
 be5 a v diff]5t "o4 ,a p mu/ be h\s$1 &
 _c /ay out ( doors until x has le>n$   
:at is beautiful 9 ar*itecture4 ,p c\ld 
wait = poetry1 music1 & pa9t+ :ile !y 7 
busy 9 keep+ (f ! ,indians & fell+ !    
=e/s2 b !y _h to h h\ses at once4 ,&    
s9ce at t "t !y _h no indep5d5t int]e/s 
9 art1 !y imitat$ =ms ) :i* !y _h be5   
famili>1 & ev]y:]e p]petuat$ !          
ar*itectural ideas ( _! "m c\ntry4 ,b ! 
build] is at a disadvantage beside !    
pa9t]1 ! s+]1 & ! poet1 9 t :5 he       
imitates he _c ev5 d t z he w1 b is b\nd
 d[n by climate1 by social requirem5ts1 
& especially by 8 build+ mat]ial4 ,& :5 
he is plac$ 9 new surr\nd+s1 he is =c$  
to /rike out = himself4  ,al?\gh !      
,am]ican coloni/ rema9$ "u ! influ5ce ( 
,engli% ar*itecture1 8 environm5t =c$   
him 9 ! fir/ place to build 8 h\se (    
wood in/ead ( /one z 9 ,engl&1 & 9 wood 

he c\ld n s easily copy ! patt]n4 ,x _h 
to be a new v>iation ( ! old] art4 ,& s 
ar*itecture1 al?\gh x m slavi%ly foll[$ 
! "m c\ntry ?an any o!r art1 0 ! e>lie/ 
to /rike out 9 "s respects on an        
indep5d5t c\rse4 ,x borr[$ its =ms1 b   
orig9at$ _! applications2 & :ile x sl[ly
 adopt$ new ideas ( /yle & became       
gradually free ( ,european /yles1 x     
became free ev5 e>li] 9 _! te*nical     
application1 ow+ to ! new ,am]ican      
conditions4 ,m ?an any o!r feature ( h] 
civilization1 ,am]ican ar*itecture      
reveals ! entire hi/ory ( ! p f ! days  
:5 ! ,puritans liv$ 9 little wood5      
villages to ! pres5t era ( ! sky-scrap] 
( ! l>ge cities2 & 9 ?is gr[? m ?an 9 t 
( any o!r art ! :ole c\ntry p>ticipates1
 & specially ! ,we/1 ) its trem5d\s     
en]gy1 :i* is awkw>d ) ! viol9-b[ & !   
crayon b is well v]s$ 9 pil+ /one on    
/one4  ,9 colonial days1 ,engli%        
r5aissance ar*itecture 0 imitat$ 9 wood1
 a mat]ial :i* necessitat$ sl5d] columns
 & call$ = f9] detail & m graceful l9es 

?an 7 possible 9 /one4 ,"o sees to-day1 
especially 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 _m   
su* build+s q unalt]$2 & ! bett] ( ^! 9 
,salem1 ,cambridge1 & ,newport are1 9   
spite ( _! lightness1 sub/antial &      
di/+ui%$ z no ,european w\ld ?9k        
possible 9 s ord9>y a mat]ial z wood4   
,l>ge1 beautiful halls1 ) broad1 op5    
/aircases & broad balu/]s1 greet !      
visitor2 l>ge fireplaces1 ) h&somely    
c>v$ *imney-pieces1 high wa9scot+s on ! 
walls & beautiful beams across ! ceil+s4
 ,! m mode/ h\ses %[ ! same ?+ on a     
small] scale4 ,!re 0 ?is "o /yle ?r\gh !
 :ole t[n1 & its rules 7 reg>d$ z       
canonical4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry !re 
7 inconspicu\s traces ( ,spani%1 ,fr5*1 
& ,dut* influ5ce1 :i* survive to-day 9  
_m places1 especially 9 ! ,s\?1 &       
contribute to ! picturesqu5ess ( !      
ar*itectural :ole4  ,aft] !             
,revolution>y p]iod1 p wi%$ to break )  
,engli% traditions1 & ! immigration f _m
 diff]5t c\ntries br\ght a great v>iety 
( ar*itectural /imulation4 ,a "t ( g5]al

 imitation _h arriv$1 = 9 ar*itecture   
also ! c\ntry 0 to gr[ f ! prov9cial to 
! national ?r\gh a cosmopolitan /age4   
,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1          
ar*itecture 0 *iefly influ5c$ by !      
classic ,greek4 ,f>mh\ses masqu]ad$ z   
big temples1 & ! ?\ghtless application (
 ?is =m became s monoton\s t x 0 n      
cont9u$ v long 9 private h\ses4 ,!n !   
,capitol at ,wa%+ton 0 begun by ,latrobe
 & f9i%$ by ! m compet5t ,bulf9*1 & x   
became ! model = almo/ all /ate capitols
 ( ! ,union4 ,bulf9* himself design$ !  
fam\s ,/ate ,h\se ( ,massa*usetts1 b x 0
 ! ,puritan _s ( ,bo/on :i* select$ !   
au/]e ,greek temple to typify ! public  
_s4 ,! entire c5tury1 9 spite ( _m      
v>iations1 /ood "u ?is influ5ce1 & until
 rec5tly nobody has v5tur$ to put up a  
civil /ructure 9 a fre]1 m picturesque  
/yle4  ,_m ( ^! s+le /ate capitols built
 dur+ ! c5tury1 su* z ! old "o at       
,albany1 are admirable2 :ile !          
po/-(fices1 cu/om-h\ses1 & o!r build+s  
d$icat$ to f$]al uses h be5 put up until

 rec5tly *eaply & )\t ?\ght4 ,lately1   
h[ev]1 ! ar*itect has be5 giv5 fre]     
play4 ,mean:ile ta/e _h w&]$ f ! classic
 era to ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! ,engli%    
,go?ic _h come to be popul>4 ,! romantic
 took ! place ( ! classic1 & ! build+s 7
 made picturesque4 ,! effect ( ?is 0 mo/
 happy on *ur* edifices1 & ab\t ! middle
 ( ! c5tury ,ri*>d ,upjohn1 8! fa!r (   
,am]ican ar*itecture10 built a numb] (  
fam\s *ur*es 9 ! ,go?ic /yle4  ,b 9     
secul> edifices ?is _s w5t :olly to     
ar*itectural lawlessness4 ,p 7 too      
little tra9$ to pres]ve a discipl9e (   
/yle along ) ! fre$om ( ! picturesque4  
,& ev5 m un=tunate ?an ! lack ( tra9+ ( 
! ar*itect1 :o committ$ improprieties   
because unc]ta9 9 8 judgm5t1 !re 0 !    
ta/elessness ( ! p>v5u patron1 & ?is    
p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,we/4 ,!n came ! "t (    
unre/ & vulg> splurge1 :5 9 a s+le      
resid5tial /reet palaces f all p>ts ( ! 
_w 7 *eaply copi$1 & j z 9 ,europe      
=gott5 /yles 7 sup]ficially reproduc$4  
,! ,que5 ,anne /yle became fa%ionable2 &

 !n native colonial & ,dut* motives 7   
reviv$4  ,?is p]iod is n[ long pa/4 ,!  
la/ tw5ty-five ye>s 9 ! ,ea/ & ! la/ t5 
ye>s 9 ! ,we/ h se5 ?is ta/eless1       
hap-haz>d1 & ignorant exp]im5t+ )       
diff]5t /yles give place to build+ :i*  
is ?\ghtful1 indep5d5t1 & g5]ally       
beautiful2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 mu* t is ugly 
has cont9u$ to be built4 ,ar*itecture   
itself has develop$ a c>eful s*ool1 & ! 
public has be5 tra9$ by ! ar*itects4 ,( 
c\rse1 _m regrettable build+s survive f 
=m] p]iods1 s t ! g5]al impression      
to-day is (t5 v confus$2 b ! new] /reets
 9 ! resid5tial1 z well z ! bus9ess1    
portions ( cities & t[ns display ! fitt+
 homes & (fice build+s ( a weal?y1      
indep5d5t1 & art-lov+ p4 ,9 comp>ison ) 
,europe1 a negative feature may be      
rem>k$2 namely1 ! notable abs5ce (      
rococo t5d5cies4 ,x is sometimes f\nd 9 
int]ior decorations1 b nev] on ext]iors4
  ,! positive features :i* especially   
/rike ! ,european are ! preval5ce (     
,romanesque & ( ! sky-scrap]s4 ,! r\nd  

ar* ( ! ,romans comes m imm$iately f    
s\!rn ,france2 b s9ce its introduction  
to ,am]ica1 notably by ! ar*itectural   
g5ius ,ri*>dson1 ! r\nd ar* has become  
f> m popul> ?an 9 ,europe1 & has giv5   
rise to a *>act]i/ic ,am]ican /yle1 :i* 
is repres5t$ to-day 9 hundr$s (         
sub/antial build+s all ov] ! c\ntry4    
,!re is some?+ heavy1 rigid1 & at ! same
 "t en]getic1 9 ^! great ar*es re/+ on  
%ort massive columns1 9 ! great1 po9t$1 
r\nd t[]s1 9 ! heavy balconies & ! l[   
arcades4 ,! primitive =ce ( ,am]ica has 
f\nd its arti/ic expression "h1 & ! ease
 ) :i* ! new /yle has adapt$ itself to  
ca/le-l resid5ces1 banks1 museums1 &    
bus9ess h\ses1 & ! quickness ) :i* x has
 be5 adopt$1 9 ! old /reets ( ,bo/on z 9
 ! new] ones ( ,*icago & ,m9neapolis1   
all %[ cle>ly t x is a really liv+ /yle1
 & n m]ely an ar*itectural :im4  ,!     
,romanesque /yle grew f an arti/ic idea1
 :ile ! sky-scrap] has develop$ ?r\gh   
economic exig5cies4 ,new ,york is an    
isl&1 :]e=e ! /age ( h] great bus9ess   

life _c be ext5d$1 & e in* has _h to be 
mo/ advantage\sly employ$4 ,x 0 necess>y
 to build high] ?an comm]cial /ructures 
h ev] be5 c>ri$ 9 ,europe4 ,at fir/ ^!  
build+s 7 tw5ty /ories high1 b n[ !y are
 ev5 ?irty4 ,to re/ su* colossal        
/ructures on /one walls w\ld h          
necessitat$ mak+ ! walls ( ! l[] /ories 
s ?ick z to take up all ! mo/ desirable 
room1 & /one 0 !re=e replac$ by /eel4 ,!
 entire /ructure is simply a /eel       
framework1 lightly cas$ 9 /one4 ,h]e)   
arose q new ar*itectural problems4 ,!   
subdivision ( ! tw5ty-/ory faade 0 a mu*
 simpl] problem ?an ! disposal ( !      
int]ior space1 :]e p]haps tw5ty         
elevators h to be spe$+ up & d[n1 & t5  
?\s& m5 go+ 9 & out ea* day4 ,! problem 
has be5 admirably solv$4 ,! absolute    
adaptation ( ! build+ to its            
requirem5ts1 & its execution 9 ! mo/    
appropriate mat]ial--namely1 /eel &     
m>ble--! %ap+ ( ! rooms to ! requir$    
ends1 & ! c>ry+ out ( e detail 9 a      
?or\ghly arti/ic _s make a visit to !   

be/ (fice build+s ( ,new ,york an /hetic
 delight4 ,& s9ce v _m ( ^! are n[ built
 side ( "o ano!r1 !y give ! sky-l9e ( ! 
city a /r5g? & significance :i* /rike e 
"o :o is mature en\gh to f9d beauty 9 t 
to :i* he is n accu/om$4 ,:5 ! problem  
_h once be5 solv$1 x 0 natural = o!r    
indu/rial cities to imitate ,new ,york1 
& ! sky-scrap] is n[ plant$ all ov] !   
,we/4  ,am]ican ar*itecture ( to-day is 
happily situat$1 because ! population is
 rapidly gr[+1 is extraord9>ily weal?y1 
& s]i\sly fond ( art4 ,an ar*itect :o   
has to be economical1 mu/ make beauty   
second>y to utility4 ,9 ! we/]n "p ( !  
c\ntry1 consid]able economy is (t5      
ex]cis$ & mo/ly 9 ! v wor/ way4 ,!      
pret5ti\s appe>ance ( ! build+ is       
pres]v$1 b ! con/ruction is made *eap2 !
 ext]ior is made ( /ucco in/ead ( /one1 
& ! int]ior f9i% is n c>v$1 b press$4   
,?is may n1 aft] all1 be s mu* = ! sake 
( economy1 z by reason ( a defici5t     
/hetic s5se4 ,p :o w\ld n ?9k ( pref]r+ 
a *romo-li?ograph to an oil-pa9t+ d n z 

yet feel a simil> di/9ction betwe5      
ar*itectural mat]ials4 ,= ! mo/ "p1     
h[ev]1 ! build+s n[ erect$ are ri* &    
sub/antial4 ,! l>ge public & semi-public
 build+s1 c\rt-h\ses & univ]sities1 /ate
 capitols & city halls1 libr>ies &      
museums are g5]ally brilliant examples (
 ar*itecture4 ,! same is true ( !       
build+s = indu/rial corporation1 (fices1
 banks1 hotels1 life-insurance          
companies1 /ock-ex*anges1 c\nt+-h\ses1  
railway /ations1 !atres & clubs1 all (  
:i*1 by _! re/ra9$ beauty1 inspire      
confid5ce & attract ! eye4 ,^! are      
companies ) su* l>ge capital t !y nev]  
?9k ( ex]cis+ economy on _! build+s4 ,! 
ar*itect c d q z he likes4 ,new ,york   
has a doz5 l>ge hotels1 ea* "o ( :i* is1
 p]haps1 m spl5did 9 m>ble & o!r /ones  
?an any hotel 9 ,europe2 & :ile ,*icago1
 ,bo/on1 & o!r cities h few] su* hotels1
 !y h equally h&some ones4  ,! fabul\sly
 rapid & /ill relatively late gr[? (    
h&some public build+s 9 ! la/ decade is 
int]e/+ f /ill ano!r po9t ( view4 ,x    

reveals a trait 9 ! ,am]ican public m9d 
:i* we h repeat$ly contra/$ ) ! ?\ght ( 
,europe4 ,am]ican ambitions h gr[n out (
 ! desire = self-p]fection4 ,!          
,am]ican's own p]son mu/ be scrupul\sly1
 neatly1 & c>efully dress$1 8 own h\se  
mu/ be beautiful2 & only :5 ! :ole      
nation1 z x 71 has satisfi$ ! ne$s ( !  
individual c /hetic feel+ g out to !    
community z a :ole--f ! individual      
p]sons to ! city1 f ! private h\se to ! 
public build+4 ,x has be5 exactly !     
opposite on ! ,european ,cont95t4 ,!    
ideal individual 0 lat] ?an ! ideal     
community4 ,spl5did public build+s 7    
fir/ put up 9 ,europe1 :ile p resid$ 9  
ugly & un9vit+ h\ses4  ,!re 0 a p]iod 9 
:i* ! ,am]ican did n m9d /epp+ f 8 daily
 ba?1 & go+ f 8 sumptu\s home           
immaculately attir$ to a railway /ation 
or c\rt-h\se :i* 0 scream+ly hide\s &   
reek+ ) dirt4 ,& simil>ly !re 0 a "t 9  
:i* ! ,g]mans & ! ,fr5* mov$ 9 & out ( !
 wond]ful ar*itectural monum5ts ( _! pa/
 9 dirty clo?+1 & p]haps )\t hav+ ba!d =

 _m days4 ,9 ,g]many ! public build+ has
 influ5c$ ! individual1 & ev5tually     
work$ t[>d beautify+ 8 h\se4 ,9 ,am]ica 
! individual & ! private h\se h only v  
sl[ly spread _! /hetic ideals ?r\gh !   
public build+s4 ,! f9al results 9 bo?   
c\ntries mu/ be ! same4 ,!re is exactly 
! same contra/ 9 ! e?ical field2 :]eas 9
 ,g]many & ,france public morals h      
spread into private life1 9 ,am]ica     
individual morals h spread into public  
life4 ,z soon z ! transition has comm5c$
 x proce$s rapidly4  ,9 ,g]many few     
private h\ses are n[ built )\t a        
ba?room1 & 9 ,am]ica few public build+s 
)\t consid]ation = :at is beautiful4 ,! 
great *ange 9 railway /ations indicates 
! rapidity ( ! movem5t4 ,ev5 t5 ye>s ago
 !re 7 huge c>-%$s 9 ! cities1 & little 
huts 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 :i* s completely
 lack$ any pret5sions to beauty t /hetic
 criticism 0 simply out ( place4 ,n[1 on
 ! contr>y1 mo/ ( ! l>ge cities h       
palatial /ations1 ( :i* "s are among !  
mo/ beautiful 9 ! _w1 & _m railway      

companies h built attractive little     
/ations all along _! l9es4 ,z soon z su*
 a /ate ( ?+s has come ab\t1 a          
reciprocal influ5ce takes place betwe5 !
 individual & ! communal desire =       
p]fection1 & ! /hetic level ( ! nation  
rises daily4 ,s1 too1 ! diff]5t arts    
/imulate "o ano!r4 ,! ar*itect plans 8  
"w f ye> to ye> m ) ! pa9t] & sculptor 9
 m9d1 s t ! erection ( new build+s & !  
gr[? & weal? ( ! p b5efit n m]ely       
ar*itecture1 b ! o!r arts z well4  ,/ill
 o!r factors are do+ _! "p to elevate ! 
arti/ic life ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& "h   
p>ticul>ly works ! improv$ organization 
( ! arti/ic pr(essions4 ,9 =m] times1 ! 
true arti/ _h to pref] ,europe to 8     
native home1 because 9 8 home he f\nd no
 cong5ial spirits2 ?is is n[ :olly      
*ang$4 ,!re is /ill ! compla9t t !      
,am]ican cities are ev5 n[ no ,kun//dte2
 &1 comp>$ ) ,muni* or ) ,p>is1 ?is is  
/ill true4 ,b ,new ,york is no m & no   
less a ,kun//dte ?an is ,b]l94 ,9 all ! 
l>ge cities ( ,am]ica ! connoisseurs &  

patrons ( art h organiz$ !mselves 9     
clubs1 & ! national organizations (     
ar*itects1 pa9t]s1 & sculptors1 h become
 influ5tial factors 9 public life2 & !  
l>ge art s*ools ) well-kn[n tea*]s & !  
/udios ( private ma/]s h become great   
c5tres = arti/ic endeav\r4 ,a g5]al     
hi/orical /udy ( ar*itecture has ev5 be5
 introduc$ 9 univ]sities1 & already !   
erection ( a national academy ( art is s
 actively discuss$ t x w probably be v  
soon realiz$4 ,c]ta9ly e ,am]ican arti/ 
w cont9ue to visit ,europe1 z e ,g]man  
arti/ visits ,italy2 b all ! conditions 
are n[ ripe 9 ,am]ica = develop+ native 
tal5t on native soil4  ,! arti/ic       
education ( ! public is n less important
 nor f> beh9d ! pr(essional education ( 
! arti/4 ,we h discuss$ ! g5]al         
appreciation ( ar*itecture1 & ! same    
public education is quietly go+ on 9 !  
art museums4 ,( c\rse1 ! public art     
gall]ies ( ,am]ica are necess>ily f>    
beh9d ^? ( ,europe1 s9ce ! art treasures
 ( ! _w 7 = ! mo/ "p di/ribut$ :5       

,am]ica began to collect4 ,& yet x is   
surpris+ :at treasures h be5 secur$1 & 9
 "s bran*es ( mod]n pa9t+ & indu/rial   
art ! ,am]ican collections are n to be  
surpass$4 ,?us ! ,japanese collection ( 
pott]y 9 ,bo/on has n[h]e its equal1 & !
 ,metropolitan ,museum 9 ,new ,york     
leads ! _w 9 sev]al respects4 ,mod]n    
,g]man art is un=tunately ill repres5t$1
 b mod]n ,fr5* admirably4 ,"h is a l>ge 
field op5 = a prop] ,g]man ambition2    
,g]man art ne$s to be recogniz$ mu* m   
?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,x mu/ %[ t ,am]ican  
di/ru/ is absolutely unju/ifi$1 t x has 
made great] arti/ic advances ?an any o!r
 nation1 & t ,g]man pictures are q wor?y
 ( a l>ge place 9 ! collections4  ,!re  
are _m extraord9>y private collections  
:i* 7 ga!r$ dur+ ! cosmopolitan p]iod t 
! nation has gone ?r\gh4 ,j z =eign     
ar*itecture 0 imitat$1 s ! treasures (  
=eign c\ntries 9 art & decoration 7     
secur$ at any price2 & ow+ to ! great   
weal?1 ! mo/ valuable ?+s 7 b\ght1 (t5  
)\t intellig5t appreciation1 b nev] )\t 

a /imulat+ effect4 ,"o is (t5 surpris$  
to f9d fam\s ,european pa9t+s 9 private 
h\ses1 (t5 9 remote ,we/]n cities2 & !  
fact t = _m ye>s ,am]icans h be5 ! be/  
patrons ( art 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w1 c\ld n 
h be5 )\t its results4 ,at ! height (   
?is collect+ p]iod ,am]ican art itself  
probably suff]$3 a mod]ately good ,fr5* 
picture 0 pref]r$ to a bett] ,am]ican   
picture2 b all ^! treasures h indirectly
 b5efit$ native art1 & /ill d b5efit x1 
s mu* t ! bett] arti/s ( ! c\ntry are   
mu* oppos$ to ! absurd protective t>iff 
t is laid on =eign works ( art4 ,!      
,italian palace ( ,mrs4 ,g>dn] 9 ,bo/on 
conta9s ! mo/ sup]b private collection2 
b j "h "o sees t ! cosmopolitan p]iod ( 
collection & imitation is1 aft] all1    
m]ely an episode 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican  
art4 ,an ,italian palace has no organic 
place 9 ,new ,engl&1 al?\gh ! arti/ic   
m]its ( ! ,g>dn] collection are p]haps  
n[h]e surpass$4  ,! tempor>y exhibitions
 :i* are j n[ mu* 9 fa%ion h1 p]haps1 m 
influ5ce ?an ! p]man5t museums4 ,e l>ge 

city has its annual exhibitions1 & 9 !  
arti/ic c5tres1 "o special collection   
comes aft] ano!r4 ,& ! /ronge/ g5]al    
/imulation has emanat$ f ! great        
expositions4 ,:5 ! nation visit$        
,philadelphia 9 #ahgf1 ! ,am]ican       
arti/ic s5se 0 j wak+ up1 & ! impetus   
!re />t$ 0 ( decisive significance4 ,x  
is said t ! ta/e = col\r 9 h\sehold     
decoration & fitt+s1 = h&some c>pets &  
drap]ies1 came into ! c\ntry at t "t4   
,:5 ,*icago built its ,c\rt ( ,hon\r 9  
#ahic1 :i* 0 m beautiful ?an :at ,p>is  
c\ld d sev5 ye>s lat]1 ! c\ntry became =
 ! fir/ "t aw>e t ,am]ican art c\ld /&  
on its own feet1 & ?is /hetic           
self-consci\sness has /imulat$ endeav\r 
?r\gh ! entire nation4 ,9 ,*icago1 = !  
fir/ "t1 ! connection betwe5 ar*itecture
 & sculpture came prop]ly to be         
appreciat$2 &1 m ?an all else1 ! art ( !
 :ole _w 0 !n br\ght into ! ,am]ican    
,we/1 & t :i* previ\sly _h be5 famili>  
only to ! arti/ic section betwe5 ,bo/on 
& ,wa%+ton 0 (f]$ to ! masses 9         

,ill9ois1 ,mi*igan1 ,ohio1 & ,miss\ri4  
,*icago has rema9$ s9ce t "t "o ( !     
c5tres ( ,am]ican ar*itecture1 & !      
/hetic level ( ! entire ,we/ 0 rais$1   
al?\gh x is /ill bel[ t ( ! ,ea/]n      
,/ates4 ,& once m1 aft] a v %ort pause1 
,/4 ,l\is is ambiti\s en\gh to try !    
bold exp]im5t :i* ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 l
 ,b]l9 & ,muni*1 h always avoid$4 ,!    
,_w's ,fair at ,/4 ,l\is w surely give  
new impetus to ,am]ican art1 &          
especially to ! arti/ic endeav\r ( !    
,we/]n ,/ates4  ,if a feel+ = art is    
really to p]vade ! p1 ! influ5ce mu/ n  
beg9 :5 p]sons are old en\gh to visit a 
_w's fair1 b r 9 *ildhood4 ,! in/ruction
 9 draw+1 or r 9 art1 s9ce draw+ is only
 "o ( ! bran*es1 mu/ und]take ! /hetic  
education ( ! y\? 9 s*ool4 ,x _c be d5i$
 t ,am]ica has m ne$ ( su* /hetic tra9+ 
( *ildr5 ?an ,g]many4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon  
love ( sport leads ! y\? almo/ solely to
 ! bodily games :i* /imulate ! fancy mu*
 less ?an ! ,g]man games ( *ildr51 & o!r
 influ5ces are also lack+ to direct !   

*ildr5's emotional life 9 ! road (      
/hetic pleasure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be 
admitt$ t ! problem has be5 well solv$ 9
 ,am]ica4 ,! ,am]ican art tra9+ 9 s*ool1
 say on ! ,prang sy/em1 :i* m ?an       
#bj1jjj tea*]s are us+ 9 class          
in/ruction1 is a true developm5t ( !    
natural s5se ( beauty4 ,! *ild le>ns to 
obs]ve1 le>ns te*nique1 le>ns ! value ( 
l9es & col\rs1 & le>ns1 m ?an all1 to   
create beauty4 ,9 place ( m]ely copy+ he
 divides & fills a giv5 space           
h>moni\sly1 & s little by little goes on
 to make small works ( art4 ,g5]ations  
:i* h enjoy$ su* influ5ces mu/ look on  
_! environm5t ) new eyes1 & ev5 9 !     
poore/ surr\nd+s in/9ctively trans=m :at
 !y h1 9 ! int]e/s ( beauty4            
,correspond+ to ^! popul> /imulations ( 
! s5se ( beauty is ! wi% to decorate !  
surr\nd+s ( daily life1 mo/ ( all !     
int]ior2 ev5 9 m mode/ circles to make  
!m bright1 pleas+1 & livable1 :]eas !y h
 too long be5 b>e & mean+less4 ,! arts &
 crafts h tak5 great /eps =w>d1 h gott5 

! s]vices ( true arti/s1 & accompli%$   
wond]ful results4 ,! glitt]+ glasses (  
,tiffany & _m o!r ?+s f 8 _w-fam\s      
/udios are unsurpass$4 ,!re are also !  
wond]fully attractive silv] objects (   
,gorham1 ! clay vases ( ! ,rockwood     
,pott]y1 objects 9 cut-glass & pe>l1    
furniture 9 ,old ,engli% & ,colonial    
designs1 & mu* else ( a simil> nature4  
,& = ! arti/ic s5se x is m significant &
 important t at la/ ev5 ! *eap fabrics  
manufactur$ = ! l>ge masses reveal m & m
 an appreciation ( beauty4 ,ev5 ! *eap  
furniture & ornam5ts h to-day           
consid]able "*2 & no less *>act]i/ic is 
! g5]al dem&1 :i* is mu* great] ?an t ( 
,europe1 = ,ori5tal rugs4 ,! extravagant
 display ( fl[]s 9 ! l>ge cities1 !     
spl5did p>ks & p>k-ways su* z surr\nd   
,bo/on1 ! beautification ( l&scapes :i* 
,*>les ,eliot has s admirably effect$1 &
 9 social life ! increas+ fondness =    
col\r$ & /hetic symbols1 su* z ! gay    
academic co/umes1 ! beautiful typography
 & book-b9d+s1 & a ?\s& o!r ?+s ( ! same

 sort1 indicate a fre%1 vigor\s1 &      
int5se appreciation ( beauty4  ,:ile su*
 a s5se = visible beauty has be5        
develop$ by ! weal? & ! arti/ic         
in/ruction ( ! c\ntry1 "o special       
condition m has affect$ n only ! f9e    
arts b also poetry & lit]ature4 ,?is is 
! developm5t ( ! national feel+1 :i* m  
?an any?+ else has /imulat$ lit]>y &    
arti/ic life4 ,! ,am]ican feels t he has
 ent]$ ! exclusive circle ( _w p[]s1 &  
mu/ l ! be/ ( !m realize & express 8 own
 nature4 ,he is consci\s ( a mission1 & 
! national feel+ is unifi$ mu* less by a
 common pa/ ?an by a common ideal = !   
future4 ,8 national feel+ is n          
s5tim5tal1 b aggressive2 ! ,am]ican kn[s
 t 8 goal is to become typically        
,am]ican4 ,all ?is gives him ! c\rage to
 be individual1 to h 8 own po9ts ( view1
 & s9ce he has n[ /udi$ hi/ory & ma/]$  
te*nique1 ?is means no long] to be odd &
 freaki%1 b to be truly orig9al &       
creative4 ,he is n[ = ! fir/ "t ?or\ghly
 aw>e :at a weal? ( arti/ic problems is 

(f]$ by 8 own cont95t1 by 8 hi/ory1 by 8
 surr\nd+s1 & by 8 social conditions4 ,&
 j z ,am]ican sci5ce has be5 mo/        
successful 9 develop+ ! hi/ory1         
geography1 geology1 zology1 &           
an?ropology ( ! ,am]ican ,cont95t1 s n[ 
8 new art & lit]ature are look+ ab\t =  
,am]ican mat]ial4  ,8 hopes are high2 he
 sees indications ( a new art approa*+  
:i* w excite ! admiration ( ! _w4 ,he   
feels t ! great writ] is n f> (f :o w   
express ! ,new ,_w 9 ! great ,am]ican   
novel4 ,:o %all say t ^! hopes may n be 
realiz$ to-morr[8 ,= x is c]ta9 t he    
enjoys an unusual comb9ation ( fav\rable
 conditions = develop+ a _w =ce4 ,"h are
 a p ?or\ghly educat$ 9 ! appreciation (
 lit]ature & art--a p 9 ! hey-day (     
success1 ) _! national feel+ gr[+1 &    
hav+1 by reason ( _! economic prosp]ity1
 ! ample/ means = enc\rag+ art2 a p :o  
f9d 9 _! own c\ntry untold treasures (  
arti/ic & lit]>y problems1 & :o 9 !     
/ructure ( _! gov]nm5t & cu/oms fav\r   
tal5t :]ev] x is f\nd2 a p :o h le>n$   

mu* 9 cosmopolitan /udies & to-day h    
ma/]$ e te*nique1 :o h absorb$ !        
temp]am5t & ambitions ( ! mo/ div]se    
races & yet develop$ _! own consi/5t1   
national consci\sness1 9 :i* indomitable
 w1 f]tile inv5tion1 ,puritan morals1 & 
irrepressible hum\r =m a comb9ation t   
has nev] be=e be5 kn[n4 ,! times seem   
ripe = some?+ great4                    
,,*apt] ,,tw5ty                         
,religion   ,! individuali/ic conception
 ( life & ! religi\s conceptions ( ! _w 
fav\r ea* o!r4 ,! m t an individual's   
religi\s temp]am5t sees ?is e>?ly life  
m]ely z a prep>ation = ! heav5ly1 ! m he
 puts all 8 ef=ts into ! developm5t ( 8 
individual p]sonality4 ,g5]al concepts1 
civilizations1 & political p[]s _c1 z   
su*1 ent] ! gates ( heav52 & ! p]fection
 ( ! individual s\l is ! only ?+ :i*    
makes = et]nal salvation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
! m deeply individualism & ! desire =   
self-p]fection h tak5 hold on a p]son1 s
 mu* ! deep] is 8 conviction t ! %ort   
%rift be=e dea? is n ! :ole mean+ (     

human exi/5ce1 & t 8 crav+ = p]sonal    
developm5t h9ts at an exi/5ce beyond ?is
 _w4 ,?r\gh su* individualism1 x is     
true1 religion is 9 a s5se n>r[$2 ! idea
 ( immortality is unduly emphasiz$4 ,yet
 ! :ole life ( an individuali/ic nation 
is necess>ily religi\s4 ,! entire       
,am]ican p are 9 fact pr(\ndly religi\s1
 & h be5 f ! day :5 ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs   
l&$1 d[n to ! pres5t mom5t4  ,on ! o!r  
h&1 individualism _c decide :e!r we     
ought to look on ,god ) fe> or ) joy1 to
 conceive ,him z rev5geful or b5evol5t1 
to ?9k human nature s9ful or good4 ,!   
two mo/ indep5d5t ,am]ican ?9k]s ( !    
eighte5? c5tury1 ,jona?an ,edw>ds &     
,b5jam9 ,frankl91 repres5t "h ! two     
extremes4 ,! m5 :o h made ,am]ican      
hi/ory & culture took 9 e>ly times !    
po9t ( view ( ,edw>ds1 b take to-day r t
 ( ,frankl94  ,c x be said t ,am]ica is 
really religi\s to-day8 ,f fir/         
impressions1 a ,european may judge !    
opposite2 fir/ & mo/ ( all1 he obs]ves t
 ! gov]nm5t does n conc]n itself ) !    

*ur*4 ,article ,,vi ( ! ,con/itution    
expressly =bids ! fill+ ( any (fice or  
any political position ( hon\r 9 !      
,unit$ ,/ates be+ made dep5d5t on       
religion1 & ! fir/ am5dm5t adds t       
,congress may nev] pass a law aim+ to   
e/abli% any (ficial religion or to h9d] 
religi\s fre$om4 ,?is provision ( !     
,con/itution is closely foll[$ 9 !      
,con/itutions ( ! sev]al /ates4 ,!      
gov]nm5t has no?+ to d ) ! *ur*2 t is1 !
 *ur* lacks ! p[]ful support ( ! /ate   
:i* x receives 9 all mon>*ical c\ntries2
 & 9 fact ! /ate int]prets ?is          
neutrality prescrib$ by ! ,con/itution s
 rigor\sly t1 = example1 /ati/ics (     
religi\s adh]5ce = ! la/ great c5sus 7  
obta9$ f ! *ur* organizations1 because !
 /ate has n ! "r to inquire into !      
religi\s fai? ( citiz5s4 ,ecclesia/ics  
pass no /ate exam9ations to %[ _!       
fitness to prea*2 millions ( p belong to
 no *ur* organization2 ! l[] masses are 
n rea*$ by any *ur*1 & ! public s*ools h
 no religi\s in/ruction4 ,x might ?us   

appe> z if ! :ole c\ntry 7 z indiff]5t  
to religion z ,european hum\ri/s h      
decl>$ x to be1 9 say+ t ! ,almighty    
,doll> is ! ,am]ican's only god4  ,on   
look+ m closely1 "o f9ds v soon t !     
opposite is ! case4 ,al?\gh x is true t 
! /ate is n conc]n$ ) religion1 yet ?is 
provision ( ! ,con/itution 9 no wise    
signifies any wi% to enc\rage religi\s  
indiff]5ce4 ,! /ates :i* unit$ to =m !  
,f$]ation 7 pr(\ndly religi\s2 bo?      
,prote/ants & ,ca?olics _h come to !    
,new ,_w to f9d religi\s fre$om1 _h made
 great r5unciations to live 9 _! fai?   
untr\bl$ by ! p]secutions ( ! ,old ,_w1 
& e sect ( ,europe _h adh]5ts on ?is    
side ( ! ocean4 ,n a few ( ! /ates 71 9 
_! g5]al temp]am5t1 actually !ocratic4  
,n only 9 ,puritan ,new ,engl& _h ! *ur*
 all ! p[] 9 h] h&s1 b 9 ! colony (     
,virg9ia1 ! seat ( ! ,engli%            
,high-,*ur*m51 x 0 orig9ally ! law t "o 
:o rema9$ twice away f *ur* 0 flogg$1 & 
on ! ?ird "t puni%$ ) dea?4 ,:5 ,am]ica 
broke away f ,engl&1 almo/ e /ate _h its

 special & pron\nc$ religi\s complexion4
 ,! majority ( ! population 9 ! sep>ate 
colonies _h g5]ally =c$ _! religion on !
 :ole community1 & religi\s int]e/s 7   
ev]y:]e 9 ! =egr\nd4  ,al?\gh1 f9ally1  
,jeff]son's proposition con/itutionally 
to sep>ate *ur* & /ate 0 accept$1 ?is   
move is n to be int]pret$ z indiff]5ce1 
b r z a wi% to avoid religi\s conflicts4
 ,9 view ( su* pron\nc$ diff]5ces z ^?  
betwe5 ,puritans1 ,quak]s1              
,high-,*ur*m51 ,ca?olics1 etc41 !       
e/abli%m5t ( any *ur* z a /ate          
in/itution w\ld h requir$ a subord9ation
 ( ! o!r sects :i* w\ld h be5 felt z    
suppression4 ,! sep>ation ( ! *ur* f !  
/ate simply meant fre$om = e sect4 ,!n1 
too1 n all ! sep>ate /ates foll[$ !     
f$]al prec$5t2 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates     
especially fav\r$1 by _! taxation laws1 
! ,calv9i/ic fai? until ! beg9n+ ( !    
n9ete5? c5tury2 & ,massa*usetts 0 ! la/ 
to introduce complete religi\s          
neutrality1 z lately z #ahcc4 ,9 !      
,s\!rn ,/ates1 ! relations betwe5 *ur* &

 /ate 7 m easily sev]$2 & 9 ! ,middle   
,/ates1 ev5 dur+ colonial times1 !re 0  
g5]al religi\s fre$om4  ,:e!r or n !    
sep>ation 0 rapid or sl[1 or :e!r x took
 place "u ! passive submission1 or ?r\gh
 ! active ef=ts ( ! cl]gy1 ! *ur*es     
ev]y:]e soon became ! w>me/ support] (  
?is new condition ( ?+s4 ,all ! cl]gy   
f\nd t 9 ?is way ! int]e/s ( religion 7 
be/ pres]v$4 ,! /ate does no?+ to-day = 
! *ur*es except by way ( laws 9 s+le    
/ates aga9/ blasphemy & ! di/urbance (  
religi\s wor%ip1 & by ! recognition1 b n
 ! requirem5t1 ( *ur* m>riage4 ,!re are 
also remnants ( ! connection 9 !        
recogniz$ duty ( ! ,presid5t to appo9t !
 annual day ( ,?anksgiv+1 & 9 cases (   
signal dang] to appo9t days ( fa/+ &    
pray]1 & "o m remnant 9 ! fact t !      
legislatures are op5$ by daily pray]4   
,o!rwise1 ! /ate & *ur* move 9 sep>ate  
dim5sions ( space1 z x 71 & !re is no   
attempt to *ange ?is condition4  ,x 01  
!re=e1 no case ( an or?odox m9ority be+ 
=c$ to cont5t itself ) an un*ur*ly /ate2

 b nei!r p>ty nor sect nor /ate _h !    
slighte/ wi% to see *ur* & /ate unit$4  
,! appreciation ( ?is mutual indep5d5ce 
is s great t public op9ion turns at once
 aga9/ any *ur* :i* tries to ex]t a     
political influ5ce1 :e!r by support+ a  
c]ta9 political body 9 local elections  
or by try+ to obta9 public moneys = its 
educational in/itutions & hospitals4    
,:51 = in/ance1 ! pr9cipal anti-,ca?olic
 organization1 ! s-call$ ,am]ican       
,protective ,association1 became        
regrettably wide-spread1 x got its      
/r5g?1 n f any ,prote/ant ecclesia/ical 
opposition1 b only f ! political        
antipa?y aga9/ t *ur* :i* seem$ ! mo/   
incl9$ to introduce su* un-,am]ican side
 influ5ces 9 p>ty politics4 ,e "o felt t
 a great ,am]ican pr9ciple 0 !re at     
/ake4  ,?us ! legal /atus ( ! *ur*es is 
t ( a l>ge private corporation1 & nobody
 is requir$ to connect himself ) any    
*ur*4 ,special ecclesia/ical legislation
 is1 !re=e1 sup]flu\s2 e *ur* may       
organize1 appo9t (fic]s1 & regulate its 

prop]ty matt]s & discipl9>y que/ions z x
 likes1 & any disput$ po9ts are settl$  
by civil law1 z 9 ! case ( all          
corporations4 ,j z ) bus9ess companies1 
a c]ta9 sort ( collective responsibility
 is requir$2 b ! competition betwe5     
*ur*es1 z betwe5 indu/rial corporations1
 is unhamp]$1 & ! relation ( !          
individual to 8 *ur* is t ( ord9>y      
contract4 ,"o hundr$ & =ty-eight diff]5t
 sects appeal to-day = public fav\r4 ,to
 ! ,european ?is s\nds at fir/ l        
secul>ization1 l a l[]+ ( ! *ur* to !   
level ( a /ock company--l pr(anation4 ,&
 /ill no ,ca?olic bi%op nor ,or?odox    
m9i/] w\ld wi% x diff]5t4 ,n[ h[ does   
?is come ab\t8  ,9 ! fir/ place         
individualism has ev5 "h victori\sly    
c>ri$ ?r\gh its desire =                
self-det]m9ation4 ,nobody is b\nd to    
belong to any congregation1 & "o :o     
belongs is !re=e will+ to submit himself
 to its organization1 to subscribe to   
its by-laws1 & to support its           
exp5ditures4 ,nobody pays public taxes =

 any *ur*1 nor is "u ecclesia/ical      
au?ority :i* he does n freely recognize4
 ,! *ur* is1 !re=e1 ess5tially reliev$ (
 any suspicion ( int]f]+ ) individual   
fre$om4 ,! individual himself is = !    
same reason n only free to adopt or to  
reject religion1 b also to express 8    
p]sonal views 9 any =m or cre$ :atsoev]4
 ,only :]e ! *ur* ex]cises no au?ority  
on ?\ght or consci5ce c x be support$ by
 ! _s ( self-det]m9ation4 ,?us1 !       
,m5nonite ,*ur* has already develop$    
twelve sects1 ! ,bapti/ ?irte51 !       
,me?odi/ sev5te51 & all ( ^! are equally
 c\nt5anc$4 ,at ! same "t ! reproa* c   
nev] be made t ! *ur* owes its success  
to ! assi/ance ( ! /ate3 :at x does is  
by its own might2 & s its success is    
?or\ghly intr9sic & g5u9e1 its zeal is  
quick5$1 & its :ole activities kept ap>t
 f ! _w ( political /rife & direct$ t[>d
 ideals4  ,! *ur* :i* is n support$ by  
any writt5 laws ( ! /ate is n1 = t      
reason1 dep5d5t alone on ! religi\s     
ideals ( its adh]5ts1 b also on !       

unwritt5 law ( ! social community4 ,!   
less ! au?ority ( ! /ate1 ! m ! society 
z a :ole realizes its duties2 & :ile    
society rema9s indiff]5t z long z       
religion is en=c$ by ext]nal means1 x   
becomes en]getic z soon z x feels itself
 responsible = ! g5]al religi\s         
situation4 ,! *ur* has _h no great]     
=tune ?an 9 hav+ religion made indep5d5t
 ( ! /ate & made ! affair ( society at  
l>ge4 ,"h an obligation c\ld be         
develop$1 :i* is p]haps m firm &        
en]getic ?an t ( ! /ate1 b :i* is       
nev]!less n felt z an int]f]5ce1 fir/ly1
 because ! political individual is      
unt\*$1 & secondly1 because ! allegiance
 to a c]ta9 social class is n pr$et]m9$1
 b becomes ! goal & ! hon\rable         
a*ievem5t ( ! individual4 ,( c\rse1 ev5 
! social obligation w\ld n h develop$ _h
 !re n be5 a deep religi\s consci\sness 
liv+ 9 ! p2 b su* individual piety has  
be5 able to take mu* deep] root 9 a soil
 socially s fav\rable4 ,a religi\sly    
incl9$ population1 :i* has made         

*ur*l9ess a social & n a political      
obligation1 af=ds ! ,am]ican *ur* ! mo/ 
fav\rable condition = its success t c\ld
 be imag9$4  ,"o may see ev5 f ! gr\p+ (
 sects1 h[ mu* ! *ur* is support$ by    
society4 ,if any:]e democracy seems     
natural1 x %\ld be 9 ! eyes ( ,god2 &   
yet1 if ,am]icans %[ any:]e social      
dem>cations1 x is 9 ! prov9ce (         
religion4 ,?is is true1 n only ( diff]5t
 *ur*es :]e ! exp5se ( memb]%ip is s    
unequal t 9 l>ge cities ri* & poor are  
f>!r ap>t on ,sundays ?an on week-days1 
b x is true ( ! sects !mselves4         
,me?odi/s & ,episcopalians or ,bapti/s &
 ,unit>ians =m 9 g5]al utt]ly diff]5t   
social gr\ps1 & "o ( ^! sects is        
socially pr$om9ant 9 "o section ( !     
c\ntry1 ano!r 9 ano!r4 ,b j because     
religi\s diff]5ces are s closely relat$ 
to ! diff]5ces exi/+ 9 ! social _w1 !   
relations betwe5 ! sects are ?or\ghly   
fri5dly4 ,ea* has its natural sph]e4  ,x
 is c]ta9 t ! l>ge numb] ( sects are    
helpful 9 ?is direction1 s9ce !y make ! 

di/9ction betwe5 relat$ fai?s extremely 
small1 sometimes ev5 un9telligible to   
all except ! !ological epicure2 &1      
inde$1 !y (t5 re/ on purely local or    
ance/ral di/9ctions4 ,?us ! ,g]man      
,re=m$ & ! ,dut* ,re=m$ *ur*es are call$
 two sects1 & ev5 ! ,african ,me?odi/   
,episcopalians & ! ,col\r$ ,me?odi/     
,episcopalians wi% to be di/+ui%$ f ea* 
o!r z f ! o!r negro sects4 ,:]e l>ge    
p>ties oppose ea* o!r1 a w> = pr9ciples 
c break out2 b :]e ! religions m]ge into
 "o ano!r ?r\gh _m small gradations1 !  
consci\sness ( diff]5ce is less likely  
to be jo9$ to any feel+ ( opposition4 ,!
 real oppon5t ( *ur*es is ! common      
enemy1 ! a!i/1 al?\gh ! m /raitlac$     
congregations are n q sure t !          
,unit>ians1 :o are mo/ ne>ly comp>able  
to memb]s ( ! ,g]man ,prote/ant5v]e91   
are n be/ class$ ) ! a!i/s4 ,&1 la/ly1  
envy & jeal\sy d n belong to ! ,am]ican 
optimi/ic temp]am5t1 :i* does n grudge  
ano!r 8 success4 ,?us ev]y?+ works      
toge!r to make ! *ur*es get on          

peacefully ) "o ano!r4 ,! religion ( !  
c\ntry /ret*es f "o end to ! o!r1 l a   
brilliant & _m-hu$ ra9b[4  ,! comm+l+ ( 
*ur* & society is %[n ev]y:]e4 ,! *ur*  
is popul>1 religi\s wor%ip is obs]v$ 9 !
 home1 ! m9i/] is e/eem$1 div9e wor%ip  
is well att5d$1 ! "w ( ! *ur* is g5]\sly
 support$1 & ! cause ( religion is      
fav\r$ by ! social community4 ,^!       
outl9es may n[ be fill$ 9 by a few      
details4 ,! ,am]ican gr[s up ) a k ( !  
,bible4 ,! *ur*1 ,sabba?-s*ool1 & ! home
 influ5ces "w toge!r2 a true piety rules
 9 e f>m-h\se1 & :osoev] supposes ?is to
 be 9 anywise hypocrisy has no notion ( 
! actual conditions4 ,9 _m city homes ( 
artisans ! occupants d n "k ! ,bible & d
 n wi% to "k x2 b !y are 9 n[ise        
hypocritical1 & 9 ! c\ntry at l>ge      
religion is s firmly root$ t p are mu* m
 likely to make %am pret5ces ( g5]al    
enlight5m5t ?an ( religi\s belief4 ,?us1
 x is mo/ly a matt] ( c\rse t fe/ivals1 
banquets1 & o!r meet+s :i* 9 ,g]many    
w\ld n call = any religi\s demon/ration 

:atsoev]1 are op5$ & clos$ by pray]4    
,religi\s discussions are c>ri$ on )    
animation 9 e class ( society1 & "o :o  
travels ab\t ?r\gh ! c\ntry f9ds t      
bus9ess & religion are ! two great      
topics ( conv]sation1 :ile aft] !m come 
politics4 ,x is only among individuals  
:o are s religi\sly dispos$1 t su*      
vag>ies ( ! sup]natural consci\sness1 z 
spiritualism1 heal+ by pray]1 etc41 c\ld
 excite s mu* int]e/4 ,b also normal    
religi\s que/ions int]e/ an incomp>ably 
l>ge circle ( p2 n9e hundr$             
ecclesia/ical newspap]s & magaz9es are  
regul>ly publi%$ & circulat$ by !       
millions4  ,we h said1 fur!rmore1 t     
div9e s]vice is well att5d$1 & t cl]gym5
 are highly e/eem$4 ,9 ! non-political  
life1 especially 9 ! ,ea/1 ! great      
prea*]s are among ! mo/ influ5tial p ( !
 day4 ,! mo/ brilliant ecclesia/ic (    
rec5t decades 01 by common cons5t1      
,phillips ,brooks1 by ^: spee* &        
p]sonality e "o 0 attract$ & ennobl$2 & 
x has (t5 be5 said t at 8 dea?1 a few   

ye>s ago1 ! c\ntry m\rn$ z nev] be=e    
s9ce ! dea? ( ,l9coln4 ,no "o equal to  
him has appe>$ s9ce1 b !re are _m m9i/]s
 ^: e?ical influ5ce mu/ be acc\nt$ among
 ! great factors ( public life2 & ?is is
 true1 n only ( ! ,prote/ant m9i/]s1 b  
also ( sev]al ,ca?olic ecclesia/ics4  ,!
 same is true 9 ! m mode/ communities4  
,! influ5ce ( ! prea*] is m pr(\nd 9    
small communities ( ,am]ica ?an x is 9  
,g]many4 ,b x is weak5$ at once if !    
repres5tative ( ! *ur* desc5ds to       
politics4 ,he is welcom$ z an           
appropriate fell[-work] only 9 que/ions 
t bord] bo? on politics & on morals--z1 
= in/ance1 ! temp]ance "q4 ,! high      
position ( ! cl]gy is int]e/+ly %[n f ! 
fact t ! pr(ession is v (t5 recruit$ f !
 be/ classes ( society4 ,ow+ to !       
,am]ican ef=t to oblit]ate social       
diff]5tiation z mu* z possible1 x is    
difficult to make sure ( ! facts ( !    
situation2 b x seems pretty c]ta9 t ! m5
 :o /udy = ! m9i/ry1 especially 9 !     
,episcopalian1 ,presbyt]ian1            

,congregational1 & ,unit>ian *ur*es1 are
 bett] born ?an ! m5 :o become s*ool    
tea*]s & physicians4  ,! prea*] /eps    
into ! pulpit & faces 8 he>]s 9 a way   
:i* is typically ,am]ican4 ,( c\rse1 x  
is impossible to r$uce ! m9i/]ial be>+ 9
 ! #aid1jjj *ur*es ( ! c\ntry to a s+le 
=mula2 b "o ?+ may always be not$1 by ! 
,european1 9 contra/ to :at he has se5  
at home--! obvi\s ref]5ce ( ! s]mon to !
 worldly int]e/s ( ! congregation4 ,its 
out] =m already %[s ?is2 ! similes &    
metaphors are borr[$ f ord9>y & ev5     
vulg> life1 ! applications are (t5      
trivial1 b =cible & /rik+1 & ev5        
anecdotes are introduc$ & giv5 9        
colloquial =m4 ,m ?an t1 ! topic itself 
is *os5 s z to conc]n p]sonally ne>ly e 
"o sitt+ 9 ! pews2 ! late/ vexation or  
disappo9tm5t1 ! *]i%$ hope1 or ! duty   
ly+ ne>e/ to ! individual =ms !         
/>t+-po9t ( ! s]mon1 & ! words ( !      
,bible are br\ght home to ! ne$s ( !    
he>]s l an expect$ gue/4 ,! prea*] does 
n try to lure ! s\l away f daily life1 b

 he tries to br+ some?+ high] into t    
life & !re to make x liv+2 & if he is ! 
"r sort ( a prea*]1 ?is nev] works z a  
*eap5+ ( :at is div9e1 b z an exaltation
 ( :at is human4  ,d\btless x is j on   
?is acc\nt t ! *ur* is s popul> & !     
s]vices s well att5d$4 ,to be sure1     
frequ5tly ! m9i/] is a s5sational pulpit
 elocutioni/1 :o exploits ! late/ sc&al 
or ! newe/ "q ( ! day 9 ord] to int]e/ !
 public & attract ! curi\s to *ur*4 ,(t5
 ! worldly quality ( ! s]mon t5ds to    
ano!r =m ( depreciation4 ,! s]mon       
becomes a lecture 9 g5]al culture1 a    
sci5tific diss]tation1 or an educational
 ex]cise4 ,( c\rse1 ! ab&onm5t ( !      
/rictly religi\s =m ( s]mon br+s _m     
temptations to all except ! be/ prea*]s2
 yet1 9 g5]al1 ! ,am]ican s]mon is      
unusually p[]ful4  ,! popul>ity ( ! *ur*
 does n dep5d only on ! applicability ( 
! s]mon1 b 9 "p on social factors :i*   
are n ne>ly s /rong 9 any "p ( ,europe4 
,if ! congregation desires to br+ !     
g5]al public to *ur*1 x w ga9 its end   

mo/ surely by (f]+ attractions ( a      
religi\sly indiff]5t nature4 ,^!        
attractions may indirectly assi/ ! moral
 "w ( ! *ur*1 al?\gh _! imm$iate motive 
is to /imulate *ur*-go+4 ,! man :o goes 
to *ur* m]ely 9 ord] to he> ! excell5t  
music has necess>ily to li/5 to ! s]mon2
 & "o :o jo9s ! *ur* = ! sake ( its     
secul> advantages is at lea/ 9 t way    
deta9$ f ! frivol\s enjoym5ts (         
irreligi\s circles4 ,?us1 ! *ur* has    
gradually become a social c5tre )       
functions :i* are z unkn[n 9 ,g]many z !
 8p>l\rs0 :i* belong to e *ur* 9        
,am]ica4 ,! means ( social attraction   
mu/ naturally be adapt$ to ! "* ( !     
congregation2 ! picnics :i* are popul> 9
 ! small t[ns1 ) _! raffles & social    
games1 _! lemonade & cake1 w\ld n be    
appropriate to ! weal?y *ur*es on ,fif? 
,av5ue4 ,9 ! l>ge cities1 /hetic        
attractions mu/ be sub/itut$--spl5did   
w9d[s1 s(t c>pets1 f9e music1 elegant   
co/umes1 & fa%ionable baz>s = *>ity's   
sake4  ,b ! social enjoym5t consi/s n   

solely 9 :at goes on )9 ! walls ( !     
*ur*1 b specially 9 ! small cities &    
rural di/ricts ! *ur* is ! m$iator (    
almo/ all social int]c\rse4 ,a p]son :o 
moves to a new "p ( ! t[n or to an      
entirely new village1 allies himself to 
"s congregation if he is ( ! middle     
classes1 9 ord] to =m social            
connections2 & ?is is ! m natural s9ce1 
9 ! religi\s z 9 ! social life (        
,am]ica1 ! wom5 are ! mo/ active "p ( ! 
family4 ,ev5 ! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian       
,associations & simil> social           
organizations "u *ur* auspices play an  
important rle utt]ly unlike any?+ 9     
,europe4 ,9 ,g]many su* organizations   
are popul>ly acc\nt$ flabby1 & _! v "n  
has a /ale flav\r4 ,9 ,am]ica !y are !  
c5tres ( social activity1 ev5 9 l>ge    
cities1 & h an extraord9>y influ5ce on !
 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( memb]s :o meet toge!r
 9 ! spl5did club build+s1 & :o are z   
mu* int]e/$ 9 sport & education z 9     
religion4  ,h[ fully ! *ur* dom9ates    
social life may be se5 9 ! preval5t     

cu/om ( *ur* w$d+s4 ,! /ate does n make 
a civil w$d+ obligatory4 ,z soon z !    
local civil bo>d has (ficially lic5s$ ! 
m>ri$ c\ple1 ! w$d+ may legally be p]=m$
 ei!r by a civil (fic] or by a m9i/]2   
yet x is a matt] ( c\rse ) ! great      
majority ( ! population t ! r+s %all be 
ex*ang$ be=e ! alt>4 ,an av[$ a!i/ is n 
receiv$ 9 any social circles above t ( !
 ord9>y saloon1 & :ile a politician ne$ 
n fe> t 8 p>ticul> religion w prev5t 8  
be+ support$ by ! memb]s ( o!r *ur*es1  
he has no prospects = election to any   
(fice if he %\ld be f\nd an actual      
mat]iali/4 ,:5 ,+]soll1 :o 0 ! great    
confess$ a!i/ ( ! c\ntry1 travell$ f    
city to city = _m ye>s prea*+ some:at   
grotesquely & ) ! loos5ess ( a political
 agitator1 ! argum5ts ( ,david ,fri$ri* 
,/rauss1 9 return = an admission price1 
he f\nd ev]y:]e l>ge audi5ces = 8 /rik+ 
oratory1 b v few believ]s among all !   
curi\s li/5]s4  ,! man :o is conv9c$ t  
?is me*anical int]action ( mat]ial =ces 
is ! :ole reality ( ! _w1 & :o !re=e 9 8

 s\l recognizes no connection betwe5 8 w
 & a moral or spiritual p[]--9 %ort1 !  
man :o does n believe some?+1 no matt]  
:e!r he has le>n$ x f ! *ur* or f       
philosophy--is reg>d$ by ! typical      
,am]ican z a curi\s sort ( p]son & ( an 
inf]ior type2 ! ,am]ican does n q und]/&
 :at su* a man means by 8 life4 ,by     
pictur+ to "o's self ! hi/ory ( ,am]ica 
z ! hi/ory ( a p desc5d$ f ^? :o h be5  
religi\sly p]secut$1 & :o h made a home 
= su* z are p]secut$1 ev] s9ce ! days :5
 ! 8,mayfl[]0 l&$ ) ! ,puritans d[n to  
^! days :5 ! ,jews are flock+ ov] !     
ocean f ,russia & ! ,arm5ians f ,turkey1
 & by pictur+ h[ ?is p h _h to op5 up & 
ma/] ! c\ntry by h>d fight+ & h>d "w1 & 
h[ !y 7 !re=e con/ra9$ to a rigid s5se (
 duty1 a s]i\s conception ( life1 & an  
exi/5ce almo/ devoid ( pleasure1 & h[ n[
 all hi/orical & social traditions & all
 educational influ5ces /r5g!n ! belief 9
 ,god & ! /riv+ = ! s\l's salvation--"o 
sees t x _c be o!rwise1 & t ! moral     
c]ta9ty ( ! nation _c be %ak5 by s-call$

 argum5ts4  ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t "o   
he>s on all sides compla9ts aga9/ !     
increas+ ungodl9ess2 & x is n to be d5i$
 t ! prolet>iat ( ! l>ge cities is = !  
mo/ "p outside ( ! *ur*4 ,! population  
:i* owns no *ur* allegiance is e/imat$  
at five millions1 b among ^! !re is a   
relatively l>ge fraction ( indiff]5t    
p]sons1 :o are too lazy to g to *ur*2 a 
free-?9k+ animosity to religion is      
uncommon4 ,! ,am]ican :o feels t 8 *ur* 
no long] corresponds to 8 own belief has
 an ample opportunity to *oose among all
 ! _m sects "o :i* is j adapt$ to       
himself4 ,he w leave 8 own *ur* 9 ord]  
to jo9 "s o!r /raightway2 b ev5 if he   
leaves *ur* att5dance 9 future to 8 wife
 & daught]s1 or if he ) 8 :ole family   
leaves ! congregation1 ?is g5]ally means
 t he c s]ve ,god )\t a m9i/]4 ,real    
irreligion does n fit 8 "*2 & any d\bt  
:i* sci5ce may p]haps occasion 9 him    
ends1 n by %ak+ 8 religion1 b by mak+ x 
m lib]al4 ,?is process ( increas+ fre$om
 f dogma & ( intellectualization ( !    

*ur* goes on /eadily 9 ! upp] classes ( 
society4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,unit>ian    
,*ur* out ( ,or?odox ,calv9ism has be5  
mo/ influ5tial on ! intellectual life ( 
! nation1 b its fundam5tal religi\s tone
 has n be5 less5$ !reby4  ,to be *ur*ly 
means n only to comply ) ! ord9ances ( !
 *ur*1 b to contribute to ! funds ( !   
*ur* & to give "o's lab\r4 ,& s9ce !    
/ate does n impose any taxes 9 ! int]e/s
 ( ! *ur*1 mat]ial support is :olly     
dep5d5t on ! good w ( ! community4 ,9   
fact1 lay activity is ev]y:]e helpful4  
,( ?is ! ,sunday-s*ools are typical1 :i*
 are visit$ by eight million *ildr51 &  
support$ ev]y:]e by ! will+ lab\r (     
unpaid tea*]s4 ,! kn[n prop]ty belong+  
to *ur*es is e/imat$ at sev5 hundr$     
million doll>s1 & ! r5tal ( seats br+s  
!m h&some incomes4 ,m ?an ?is1 all *ur* 
prop]ty is exempt f taxation4           
,nev]!less1 s _m ecclesia/ical ne$s     
rema9 unsatisfi$ t a great deal ( money 
has to be rais$ by mite-boxes1 (ficial  
subscriptions1 & beque/s1 9 ord] = !    

*ur*es to meet _! exp5ses2 & !y seldom  
beg 9 va94 ,memb]s ( ! congregations    
c>ry on _! %\ld]s ! missions among !    
irreligi\s population 9 l>ge cities & ! 
hea!n ( =eign l&s1 ! exp5se ( *ur*      
build+s1 & ( s*ools & hospitals belong+ 
to ! sect1 & ! sal>ies ( m9i/]s4 ,!     
!ological faculties are likewise *ur*   
in/itutions1 :e!r !y are =mally connect$
 ) univ]sities or n4 ,!re are to-day    
#aed su* sem9>ies1 & ?is numb] has = "s 
"t rema9$ almo/ un*ang$4 ,9 #ahgj !re 7 
only #hj1 b !re 7 #adb 9 #ahhj1 & #ade 9
 #ahij4 ,x appe>s f ! /ati/ics t1 ( !   
pres5t #aed1 only #ba h m ?an a hundr$  
/ud5ts1 :ile twelve h less ?an t5       
/ud5ts4 ,! total numb] ( /ud5ts 0       
#h1jji1 & ( tea*]s #iid4 ,! prop]ty ( ^!
 !ological sem9>ies am\nts to ?irty-f\r 
million doll>s1 & m ?an a million 0 giv5
 !m dur+ ! la/ ye>4  ,! p$agogical      
function ( ! *ur* is n limit$ to !      
,sunday-s*ool = *ildr5 & ! sem9>ies =   
m9i/]s2 b 9 ^! two bran*es x has a      
monopoly1 :ile 9 all o!r fields1 f !    

elem5t>y s*ool to ! univ]sity1 x        
competes ) secul> in/itutions1 or m     
exactly1 x complem5ts _! "w4 ,we h      
already %[n h[ important a rle private  
initiative plays 9 ! educational life ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x is only natural t  
su* private in/itutions %\ld be welcom$ 
by a "p ( ! public :5 !y be> ! sanction 
( "o or ano!r religi\s fai?4 ,!re are   
gramm> s*ools1 high s*ools1 colleges1 & 
univ]sities ( ! mo/ div]se sects to meet
 ?is ne$2 & _! relation to religion     
itself is equally div]se1 & ranges f a v
 close to a v loose "o4 ,bo/on ,college1
 = in/ance1 is an excell5t ,ca?olic     
in/itution consi/+ ( a high s*ool &     
college "u ! in/ruction ( ,jesuits1 9   
:i* ! education is at e mom5t /rongly   
sect>ian4 ,! univ]sity ( ,*icago1 on !  
o!r h&1 is nom9ally a ,bapti/           
in/itution3 yet nobody asks :e!r a      
pr(essor :o is to be appo9t$ is a       
,bapti/2 no /ud5t is consci\s ( its     
,bapti/ "*1 & no lectures give any      
indication !re(4 ,its ,bapti/ quality is

 limit$ to ! /atute t ! presid5t ( !    
univ]sity & two-?irds ( ! bo>d ( ov]se]s
 mu/ be ,bapti/s1 z 0 ! f\nd] ( !       
in/itution4  ,:ile among ! l>g]         
univ]sities1 ,h>v>d1 ,columbia1 ,johns  
,hopk9s1 ,pr9ceton1 ,cornell1 & all /ate
 univ]sities1 are (ficially indep5d5t ( 
any sect1 ,yale is1 = in/ance1 said to  
be ,congregational1 al?\gh nei!r tea*]s 
nor /ud5ts tr\ble !mselves ) ! "q4 ,!   
small] colleges h a mu* m truly sect>ian
 "*2 & !re is no d\bt t ?is is approv$  
by l>ge circles1 especially 9 ! ,middle 
& ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,! sect>ian colleges   
outnumb] ! non-sect>ian2 &1 to take a   
r&om example1 we may note t 9 ! /ate (  
,mi*igan ! ,/ate ,univ]sity at ,ann     
,arbor is indep5d5t ( sect1 :ile ,adrian
 ,college is ,me?odi/1 ,albion ,college 
,episcopalian1 ,alma ,college           
,presbyt]ian1 ,detroit ,college         
,ca?olic1 ,hill$ale ,college ,bapti/1   
,hope ,college ,re=m$1 & ,olivet        
,college is ,congregational4 ,?is       
incl9ation1 especially noticeable 9     

c\ntry di/ricts1 to a religi\s education
 h[ev] s slightly col\r$1 %[s h[ deeply 
religion p]vades ! :ole p4  ,to foll[ ! 
sep>ate religions & _! div]se religi\s  
(f%oots _c be our purpose2 we mu/ be    
cont5t ) a few sup]ficial outl9es4 ,!re 
is no really new religi\s ?\ght to      
record2 an ,am]ican religion has1 s f>1 
n appe>$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! *ur* 9 ! ,new   
,_w has only to report h[ ,european     
religions h gr[n "u new conditions4 ,!  
app>5tly new associations are only      
unimportant v>iations4 ,"s en?usia/s h  
appe>$ f "t to "t to prea* a new        
religion ) orig9al di/ortions ( ! moral 
or social s5se1 b !y h express$ no moral
 ye>n+ ( ! "t1 & h rema9$ )\t any deep  
influ5ce4 ,?is re/s 9 good "p on !      
cons]vative nature ( ,am]icans4 ,!y     
snat* en?usia/ically at ! newe/         
improvem5ts & ! mo/ mod]n re=m1 b x mu/ 
be a re=m & n a revolution4 ,! hi/orical
 cont9uity mu/ be pres]v$4 ,! ,mormons1 
! ,spirituali/s1 & ! adh]5ts ( ,*ri/ian 
,sci5ce might1 ) "s propriety1 be call$ 

pure ,am]ican sects2 b al?\gh all ?ree (
 ^! excite mu* public curiosity1 !y h no
 importance among ^? religions :i* are  
mak+ ! civilization ( ! pres5t mom5t4   
,! religions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* h !  
mo/ communicants are ! ,me?odi/1        
,bapti/1 & ,roman ,ca?olic4 ,!          
religions1 h[ev]1 :i* h _h ! mo/        
important influ5ce on culture are !     
,congregational1 ,episcopalian1         
,presbyt]ian1 & ,unit>ian4 ,besides ^!1 
!re are ! ,lu!ran1 ! ,re=m$1 & ! ,jewi% 
*ur*es2 all ! o!r d5om9ations are small 
& un9flu5tial4 ,! *ur*es :i* we h nam$ c
 be m or less di/+ui%$ by _! locality1  
al?\gh !y are repres5t$ 9 almo/ e /ate4 
,! ,congregationali/s & ,unit>ians are  
specially num]\s 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1
 ! ,episcopalians & ,presbyt]ians 9 ,new
 ,york & ,p5nsylvania1 :ile ! ,me?odi/s 
are specially /rong 9 ! ,s\?1 ! ,bapti/s
 9 ! ,middle ,we/1 & ! ,ca?olics all    
?r\gh ! ,ea/4 ,su* special dem>cation   
re/s fir/ly on ! relation ( ! *ur*es to 
diff]5t races :i* h settl$ 9 diff]5t    

places2 ! ,episcopalians &              
,congregationali/s are ma9ly ,engli%1 ! 
,presbyt]ians are ,scot*1 ! ,ca?olics   
are ,iri% & ,s\? ,g]man1 ! ,lu!rans are 
,nor? ,g]man & ,sc&9avian1 ! ,re=m$     
,*ur* is ,g]man & ,dut*1 & ,me?odism has
 spread widely among ! negroes4  ,9     
close connection h]e) are ! social      
di/9ctions4 ,! ,me?odi/1 ,bapti/1 &     
,ca?olic religions are specially        
religions ( ! masses2 ! o!rs are m      
exclusive4 ,x is especially ^? religions
 ( ! l[] classes :i* yield to e t5d5cy  
t[>d break+ up into sects2 only         
,ca?olicism ma9ta9s a firm unity 9 !    
,new z 9 ! ,old ,_w4  ,! old ,calv9i/ic 
fai? :i* 0 br\ght ov] by ! ,puritans to 
! ,new ,engl& colonies /ill lives 9 !   
,congregational ,*ur*4 ,?is *ur* has    
play$ a great] political "p ?an any o!r 
f ! colonial days1 :5 no "o c\ld vote :o
 0 n a communicant1 d[n to ! "t :5 x    
took an active /& aga9/ slav]y4 ,its    
expansion 0 limit$ by an agreem5t ) !   
,presbyt]ian ,*ur*2 only s9ce ?is 0 giv5

 up1 has x ent]$ all ! /ates ( ! ,union4
 ,& yet to-day !re are 9 ,massa*usetts  
almo/ #gjj ,congregational *ur* build+s1
 & #djj 9 ! small ,/ate ( ,connecticut2 
b only #cjj 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 #ajj
 9 ,p5nsylvania1 a few 9 ! ,we/1 & /ill 
few] 9 ! ,s\?4  ,z 9 ! case ( all       
*ur*es1 ! proportion ( ! population     
belong+ to ?is *ur* c only be           
approximately giv54 ,s9ce ! (ficial     
c5sus may ask no que/ions conc]n+       
religion1 we h to rely on ! figures ( ! 
*ur* itself1 :i* regul>ly ref] to !     
actual memb]s 9 ! congregations4 ,n[ 9  
^! ,evangelical1 ,ca?olic1 & ,jewi%     
congregations1 ! conditions = memb]%ip  
are s unlike t ! figures are n directly 
comp>able2 & ev5 among ! ,evangelical   
*ur*es1 x is cle>ly false to f9d ! total
 numb] ( s\ls alli$ to t *ur*1 z ?is is 
usually f\nd1 by multiply+ ! numb] (    
communicants by "s av]age figure1 l     
#c4e4 ,9 view ( ! social & e?nical      
diff]5ces betwe5 ^! *ur*es1 ! p]c5tage (
 *ildr51 = in/ance1 is v diff]5t4 ,x may

 be said !n1 al?\gh ) caution1 t !      
,congregational population embraces ab\t
 two million s\ls2 b _! importance 9 !  
%ap+ ( ,am]ican civilization has greatly
 exce$$ _! num]ical repres5tation4 ,! _s
 ( ?is *ur* has l5t e?ical s]i\sness & a
 vigor\s s5se ( duty to ! :ole nation4  
,x has f\nd$ ! fir/ s*ools1 & is        
responsible = ! indep5d5ce ( ! c\ntry4  
,x is ev5 m necess>y to weigh ! votes & 
n to c\nt !m1 :5 we speak ( ! optimi/ic 
daught] *ur* ( au/]e ,calv9ism1 !       
,unit>ian4 ,probably n m ?an "o qu>t] ( 
a million p]sons belong to ! ,unit>ian  
,*ur*2 b ! influ5ce ( ^! p on lit]ature 
& life1 sci5ce & philosophy1 has be5    
incomp>able4 ,! *ur* has exi/$ (ficially
 s9ce #ahae1 al?\gh ! new fai? began to 
spread mu* e>li] )9 ! ,calv9i/ic ,*ur*  
itself4 ,!re is no?+ !ologically new "h1
 s9ce ! ma9 tea*+s1 t ! ,tr9ity is only 
a dogma1 t ,god is ,"o1 & t ,*ri/ 0 an  
exempl>y man b n ,god1 g back1 ( c\rse1 
to ! f\r? c5tury4 ,^! are ! ,arian      
ideas1 :i* h also be5 held 9 ,europe 9  

times pa/4 ,! significance ( ! ,am]ican 
,tr9it>ian controv]sy does n lie 9 !    
prov9ce ( !ology4 ,9 a s5se1 ! ,unit>ian
 ,*ur* has no b9d+ belief1 b aims only  
to be an influ5ce ( ev]-increas+ fai? 9 
,god1 :i* welcomes inve/igation1        
advance1 & diff]5ce ( individual ?\ght1 
)9 ! unity ( a moral & ideal view ( !   
univ]se4  ,?us x has be5 an entirely    
natural developm5t1 = example1 = !      
!ological faculty ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity to
 g ov] f ! ,congregational to !         
,unit>ian fai? z e>ly z ! second decade 
( ! la/ c5tury1 & 9 rec5t times to      
become non-sect>ian & broadly ,*ri/ian1 
fill+ its pr(essional *airs ) !ologians 
( ! mo/ div]se d5om9ations4 ,!          
significance = civilization does n lie 9
 ! ,unit>ian view ( ,god1 b 9 its       
anti-,calv9i/ic conception ( man4 ,?is  
*ur* says t man is n naturally s9ful1 b1
 be+ ! image ( ,god1 is naturally good1 
& t ! salvation ( 8 s\l is n det]m9$ by 
a pr$e/9ation ( div9e grace1 b by 8 own 
"r-will+4 ,*ann+ 0 ! ,unit>ian lead]1 & 

! ?9k]s & writ]s 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury  
foll[$ 9 8 foot/eps4 ,_! "w 0 a s\rce ( 
moral optimism4 ,?is confession has     
necess>ily rema9$ small by reason ( its 
radical !ology1 :i* too little satisfies
 ! imag9ation ( ! pr(\ndly pi\s2 b !    
,unit>ian ideas h come ev]y:]e into !   
wor%ip ( ari/ocratic *ur*es4  ,!        
,episcopalian fai?1 :i* is ,engli%      
,prote/antism1 came to ! %ores ( ! ,new 
,_w ev5 e>li] ?an ! fai? ( ,calv94 ,!   
,engli% fai? 0 organiz$ 9 ,virg9ia z    
e>ly z #afjg1 & = a long "t no o!r fai? 
0 ev5 tol]at$2 & 9 ! middle colonies !  
,engli% ,high ,*ur* spread rapidly "u ! 
influ5ce ( _m mission>ies f ,engl&4 ,!  
secession ( ! colonies f ! "m c\ntry 0  
de/9$ to br+ a *eck1 b soon aft] ! w> ! 
,episcopalian ,*ur* ( ,am]ica organiz$  
itself indep5d5tly1 & grew /eadily ?r\gh
 ! ,ea/4 ,x has to-day sev5ty-five      
bi%ops4 ,x is gov]n$ by a c\ncil :i*    
meets e ?ree ye>s 9 two divisions--an   
upp]1 :i* consi/s ( bi%ops1 & a l[]1    
compos$ ( delegates s5t f ! v>i\s       

dioceses4 ,! diocese elects its own     
bi%op4 ,_! cre$ is1 to all int5ts &     
purposes1 id5tical ) t ( ! ,*ur* (      
,engl&1 & "s two million s\ls are       
affiliat$ ) ?is *ur*4  ,also !          
,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ( ! ,new ,_w goes    
back to ! sev5te5? c5tury2 x 0 fir/     
def9itely organiz$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( !       
eighte5?1 "u ,scot* & ,iri% influ5ces4  
,x /&s on a ,calv9i/ic f\ndation1 b !   
*ur* gov]nm5t is ! di/+ui%+ feature2 at 
its head are ! eld]s1 ! ,presbyt]s4     
,twelve diff]5t sects h gr[n out ( ?is  
*ur*--z1 = in/ance1 ! ,cumb]l&          
,presbyt]ians1 :o broke away 9 a popul> 
religi\s movem5t 9 #ahaj2 o!r sects _h  
/>t$ already on ,european soil--z1 =    
in/ance1 ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ( ,wales1 
:i* is p]petuat$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,!          
,presbyt]ian population am\nts to ab\t  
f\r million s\ls4  ,! ,me?odi/ & ,bapti/
 congregations are mu* l>g]4 ,me?odism  
comes f t great movem5t1 at ! ,univ]sity
 ( ,ox=d 9 #agbi1 ( ,john & ,*>les      
,wesley1 ^: ,sacr$ ,club1 ) its         

,biblical bigotry1 01 on acc\nt ( its   
me?odical precision1 ridicul$ z !       
,me?odi/ ,club2 & ! nickname 0 accept$ &
 held to4 ,x 0 a "q ( br++ ! ,engli%    
*ur* clos] to ! he>t1 ( pr(\ndly mov+ e 
individual & in/ill+ a deep] piety 9 !  
p4 ,9 ord] to prea* ! ^w ( ,god1 x ne$$ 
nei!r pr(essional !ologians nor *ur*    
build+s2 laym5 7 to be ! prea*]s1 & !   
canopy ( heav5 _! *ur*4 ,! movem5t began
 to spread 9 ,am]ica 9 #agff1 & :ile 9  
,engl& x rema9$ = a long] "t nom9ally )9
 ! e/abli%$ *ur*1 ,am]ican ,me?odism    
took v e>ly a diff]5t c\rse f           
,episcopalianism4  ,! peculi>           
organization ( ! congregation is a      
prom95t feature4 ,c&idates = memb]%ip   
are accept$ aft] a six mon?s' probation1
 popul> pray]-meet+s are held at any    
*os5 spot1 ! lay prea*]s are p]mitt$ to 
deliv] religi\s talks )\t giv+ up _!    
secul> occupations1 & no pa/or may rema9
 long] ?an five ye>s ov] any            
congregation4 ,^! & o!r provisions are r
 9 ! nature ( concessions to ! religi\s 

ne$s ( ord9>y p2 ! special items ( fai? 
diff] slightly f ^? ( ! "m *ur*1 & are (
 comp>atively little significance4 ,!   
numb] ( communicants has gr[n rapidly1  
especially among ! negroes ( ! ,s\?1 ow+
 to ! l>ge camp-meet+s1 :]e _m p]sons s+
 & pray toge!r1 & "w !mselves up to a m 
or less hy/]ical po9t ( excitem5t "u !  
op5 sky4 ,z is usual among less         
cultivat$ classes1 ! t5d5cy to =m sects 
has be5 v great2 small gr\ps are        
cont9ually break+ away1 because !y _c   
believe 9 ?is or t feature ( ! ma9 *ur*4
 ,sev5te5 pr9cipal gr\ps may be         
di/+ui%$1 & "s ( ^! only by ! col\r ( ! 
communicants4 ,! ,me?odi/ ,episcopalians
 are by f> ! mo/ num]\s1 & all !        
,me?odi/ *ur*es toge!r mu/ embrace m ?an
 sixte5 million p4  ,! twelve or ?irte5 
sects ( ,bapti/s are 9 "s cases widely  
diff]5t 9 ! matt] ( fai?1 al?\gh ! ma9  
body ( regul> ,bapti/s are ,calv9i/ic1 &
 ! *ur* is organiz$ l ! ,calv9i/ic      
,congregational ,*ur*4 ,ea* congregation
 gov]ns itself1 & ! "o po9t :i* all h 9 

common is t !y r5\nce infant baptism2 he
 only may be baptiz$ :o is =mally able  
to ackn[l$ge ,*ri/1 & he mu/ be baptiz$ 
n by spr9kl+1 b by imm]sion4 ,?is cult  
orig9at$ 9 ,switz]l& at ! "t ( !        
,re=mation1 & gradually ga9$ adh]5ts all
 ?r\gh ,europe1 b x fir/ became widely  
spread 9 ,am]ica1 :]e x embraces ab\t   
twelve million p4 ,j z ,me?odism is a   
sort ( popul> =m ( ! ,episcopalian      
,*ur*1 ! ,bapti/ fai? is a popul>ization
 ( ! ,congregational ,*ur*4 ,! ma9      
division ( ! regul> ,bapti/s is made    
betwe5 ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn *ur*es1 a     
division :i* orig9at$ 9 ! middle ( !    
c5tury1 ow+ to ! div]sity ( op9ion ab\t 
slav]y2 & ! ?ird ma9 gr\p ( ,bapti/s is 
made up ( negroes4  ,! fir/ ,lu!rans to 
come to ! ,new ,_w 7 ,dut*m51 :o l&$ on 
,manhattan ,isl& 9 #afbc4 ,b ! ,dut*    
au?orities !re suppress$ all *ur*es     
except ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 & x 0 n until    
,new ,york came into ! h&s ( ! ,engli% t
 ! ,lu!ran ,*ur* got its fre$om4        
,lu!rans f ! ,palat9ate settl$ 9        

,p5nsylvania 9 #agaj1 & 9 ! middle ( !  
eighte5? c5tury began _! def9ite        
organization into synods "u ! influ5ce (
 _! pa/or1 ,mhl5b]g4 ,! *ur* grew 9     
consequ5ce ( ,g]man1 & lat] (           
,sc&9avian1 immigration4 ,mo/ ( its     
communicants /ill speak ,g]man1 ,sw$i%1 
,norwegian1 ,f9ni%1 & ,icel&ic1 & ^? :o 
speak ,engli% are mo/ly ( ,g]man desc5t4
 ,all toge!r !y make a population ( f\r 
million p]sons1 ( :om "o-fif? live 9    
,p5nsylvania4 ,! ,lu!rans h =m$ sixte5  
sects4  ,!re is ano!r small ,prote/ant  
sect1 :i* likewise orig9at$ 9 ,g]many2  
?is is ! sect ( ,m5nonites4 ,z is well  
kn[n1 !y comb9e ! ,bapti/ refusal (     
infant baptism ) ! pr9ciple (           
non-resi/ance4 ,!y came f ,g]many to    
,p5nsylvania at ! end ( ! sev5te5?      
c5tury 9 ord] to escape p]secution1 & 7 
!re kn[n z ! ,g]man ,fri5ds4 ,_! little 
b& has ! hon\r ( hav+ regi/]$1 9 #afhh1 
! fir/ prote/ aga9/ ,am]ican slav]y4 ,_!
 numb]s h s9ce be5 augm5t$ f ,holl&1    
,switz]l&1 ,g]many1 & ,russia1 & to-day 

! l>ge/ "p ( ! ,m5nonites is said to be 
9 ,am]ica--9 spite ( :i* !y numb] h>dly 
m ?an #aej1jjj p]sons4  ,9 _m respects !
 ,quak]s may be comp>$ ) ! ,m5nonites4  
,! ,quak] ,*ur* 0 f\nd$ 9 ! middle ( !  
sev5te5? c5tury by an ,engli%man1 ,john 
,fox1 & spread to ,am]ica z e>ly z      
#afef1 :]e x n[ numb]s1 p]haps1 #djj1jjj
 p]sons1 liv+ *iefly 9 ,indiana1 ,ohio1 
& ,p5nsylvania4 ,! ,quak]s lay great    
emphasis on sil5ce1 & ev5 9 _! meet+s !y
 obs]ve long pauses1 9 :i* ea* memb]    
communes ) ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! s9s = :i* a  
,quak] may be excommunicat$ f 8 *ur* are
 ! d5ial ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ or ( !     
div9e orig9 ( ! ,bible1 enli/m5t 9 !    
army1 enc\ragem5t ( w>1 trad+ 9 alcohol1
 drunk5ness1 blasphemy1 mak+ wag]s1     
p>ticipation 9 lott]ies1 giv+ an oa? 9  
c\rt1 & requir+ an oa?4 ,!y dress 9     
black or grey1 & are kn[n = _! mild1    
g5tle1 & yield+ *>act]s4  ,! ,roman     
,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ,am]ica is little      
diff]5t f ! ,*ur* 9 ,europe4 ,x has gr[n
 rapidly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ow+ to !   

trem5d\s numb]s ( ,iri%1 ,s\? ,g]man1   
,poli%1 ,hung>ian1 ,italian1 & ,spani%  
immigrants4 ,ca?olic mission>ies1 x is  
true1 7 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian m9i/]s 9 ! ,new 
,_w4 ,!y accompani$ ! ,spani%           
exp$itions1 & _! fir/ bi%op l&$ 9 #aebh4
 ,m>yl& 0 ! *ief ,engli% colony (       
,ca?olics1 :ile mo/ ( ! o!r colonies 7 v
 intol]ant ( ! ,romi% ,*ur*4 ,9 #agjj   
,new ,york1 :i* has to-day a half       
million ,ca?olics1 is said to h _h only 
sev5 ,ca?olic families2 & ev5 9 #ahjj ! 
,ca?olic population ( ! :ole ,unit$     
,/ates 0 e/imat$ at less ?an #aej1jjj4  
,9 #ahdj !y _h increas$ t5fold1 & numb] 
to-day probably t5 millions1 ) sixte5   
ar*bi%ops & a c>d9al4 ,! ,ca?olic       
c5tres1 9 ! ord] ( ! size (             
congregations1 are1 ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 
,*icago1 ,philadelphia1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,new 
,orleans1 ,baltimore1 ,clevel&1         
,buffalo1 ,new>k1 ,provid5ce1           
,pittsburg1 ,c9c9nati1 & ,milwaukee4  ,!
 ,jews1 :o are said to h fir/ come f    
,brazil 9 #afed1 h likewise increas$    

rapidly 9 rec5t ye>s1 ow+ to !          
extraord9>y immigration f ! ,ea/ (      
,europe4 ,!y mu/ numb] to-day ab\t a    
million p1 & if ! late/ e/imates are    
correct1 ne>ly "o-half ( ^! h n gone    
f>!r ?an ,new ,york ,city1 :i* w\ld     
!re=e h a l>g] ,jewi% population ?an any
 o!r city 9 ! _w4 ,! l>g] "p ( ^! p are 
,russian ,jews1 :o live toge!r 9 great  
pov]ty & are v little ,am]icaniz$4 ,!   
division made by ! c5sus into ,or?odox &
 ,re=m$ ,jews does n repres5t two sects1
 b m]ely a mann] ( gr\p+1 s9ce !        
congregations pres5t a v gradual        
transition f rigid ,asiatic or?odoxy to 
a re=m s complete z to be h>dly ,jewi%  
at all1 & 9 :i* ! rabbis are m]ely      
lectur]s on 8e?ical culture40  ,_m o!r  
*ur*es might be m5tion$1 su* z ! widely 
spread sect ( ,disciples ( ,*ri/1 :i*   
orig9at$ 9 ,am]ica1 or ! ,moravians1    
,dunk>ds1 & o!rs :i* h come f ,europe4  
,b x w be en\gh "h to speak ( only a few
 specially typical sects t h be5        
manufactur$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,! pr(ane        

expression is 9 place1 s9ce !y are all  
artificially devis$ organizations1 ^:   
f\nd]s h (t5 be5 ?\ght di%one/2 su* are 
! ,adv5ti/s1 ! ,mormons1 !              
,spirituali/s1 & ! ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s4  
,! ,adv5ti/s 7 ga!r$ 9 by ,william      
,mill]1 ( ,massa*usetts1 :o 9 ! ye>     
#ahca calculat$ f figures :i* he f\nd 9 
! ,bible t ,*ri/ w\ld appe> aga9 on e>? 
9 ! ye> #ahdc4 ,?is prophecy caus$ a    
great _m small congregations to spr+ up1
 & :5 ! mom5t\s ye> came & br\ght       
disillusionm5t1 & ev5 aft] a second     
simil> disappo9tm5t at a lat] ye>1 ^!   
congregations did n break up1 b cont5t$ 
!mselves ) ! less risky pr$iction t     
,*ri/ w\ld make ,8 appe>ance soon4 ,!re 
are ,adv5ti/s 9 all ! /ates1 &          
especially 9 ,mi*igan4 ,!y h brok5 up   
into small] sects1 ( :i* a few are      
always mak+ new computations = ! com+ ( 
,*ri/4 ,9 all1 !y am\nt to ab\t two     
hundr$ ?\s& p4  ,m fam\s1 or p]haps m   
notori\s1 are ! ,mormons4 ,_! fir/      
prophet1 ,joseph ,smi?1 began 9 #ahbc1  

:5 he 0 eighte5 ye>s ( age1 to h dreams 
9 :i* he 0 intru/$ ) a religi\s mission4
 ,f\r ye>s lat]1 ) ! help ( c]ta9 p]sons
 ( 8 dreams1 he 8discov]$0 ! ,book (    
,mormon--a set ( metal tablets on :i* ! 
hi/ory ( ,am]ica 0 writt5 9 8re=m$      
,egyptian0 *>act]s4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican    
colony _h be5 organiz$1 accord+ to !    
,book ( ,mormon1 by a race ( p :i* _h   
help$ to build ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 & :i* 9 
#fjj ,b4,c4 _h settl$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,!
 ,am]ican ,indians1 ! book says1 desc5d 
f ?is race2 & ,*ri/ also1 x says1 0 = a 
"t 9 ,am]ica4 ,f9ally1 an angel came :o 
appo9t$ ,smi? & a fri5d ( 8 z prie/s1 & 
!y !n began ! regul> =mation ( a *ur*4  
,miracles 7 rum\r$2 mission>ies 7 s5t   
out & congregations =m$ 9 sev]al /ates1 
ev5 be=e polygamy 0 orda9$4 ,9 #ahdc    
,smi? receiv$ ! inspir$ message :i*     
proclaim$ ! new ord9ance ( 8heav5ly     
m>riage40 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,smi? 0       
murd]$1 & 8 successor1 ,brigham ,"y1 :5 
ho/ile demon/rations became frequ5t1 l$ 
! gr\p ( believ]s on a bold exp$ition   

into :at 0 at t "t ! almo/ impassable   
,we/--to ,utah1 on ! ,great ,salt ,lake4
  ,! settlem5t grew1 & "u its rigor\sly 
!ocratic gov]nm5t made rem>kable        
economic progress4 ,a l>ge g>d5 0 plant$
 9 ! wild]ness1 & ,salt ,lake ,city is  
to-day a l>ge1 mod]n t[n on ! railroad  
l9e to ,cali=nia1 & ! ,mormons compose  
only half its population4 ,b !y alone & 
"u t]rific difficulties c>ri$           
civilization across ! prairies1 & z a   
tok5 ( _! indu/ry ! l>ge/ *ur* 9 ,am]ica
 /&s !re1 ! ,mormon ,temple1 :i* !y     
built by =ty ye>s ( lab\r1 exactly      
accord+ to ! plans :i* ,"y saw 9 a      
vision4 ,:ile p are readily admitt$ to !
 curi\s hall ( pray]1 no /rang]s are    
all[$ to ent] ! ,temple4 ,polygamy 0    
introduc$1 und\bt$ly1 f no immoral      
motives1 b f ! religi\s belief t an     
unm>ri$ woman w n g to heav54 ,economic 
motives may h help$ ! matt] along1 s9ce 
! prie/s p]mitt$ new m>riages only :5 ! 
contract+ p>ties _h suffici5t means to  
support sev]al families1 & s us$ !      

satisfaction ( polygam\s in/9cts z a    
rew>d = unusual economic indu/ry4  ,!   
/]n morality ( ! ,am]ican p has always  
look$ on ! ,mormon tribe z a ?orn 9 !   
fle%1 & yet x 0 difficult = a long "t = 
! f$]al gov]nm5t to suppress ! abuse4   
,s]i\s opposition began 9 ! e>ly        
eighties ) ! pass+ ( special laws2 ?\s&s
 ( ,mormons 7 put 9 prison1 & millions (
 doll>s 7 paid 9 f9es4 ,! ,mormons f\ght
 ) e legal means1 b 7 repudiat$ by !    
,supreme ,c\rt1 & f9ally gave 94 ,9 !   
ye> #ahij _! presid5t1 ,woodruff1       
publi%$ an ord9ance =bidd+ new polygam\s
 m>riages4 ,?is has n prev5t$ ! ,mormons
 f hold+ polygamy sacr$1 & !y h ab&on$ x
 only on compulsion4 ,! m>riages :i* 7  
solemniz$ be=e #ahij are /ill 9 =ce4    
,su* polygam\s families d n impress a   
/rang] unfav\rably1 s9ce1 9 spite ( its 
complexity1 _! family life appe>s to be 
a happy "o4 ,f ,utah ! sect has spread  
to ,idaho & o!r ,we/]n ,/ates1 &        
embraces n[ p]haps half a million p4    
,!re h be5 "s o!r curi\s religi\s       

congregations ) unusual m>riage         
ord9ances4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,oneida        
,community has _h an app>5tly mo/       
immoral =m ( cohabitation4 ,x is "h a "q
 n s mu* ( religion z ( a communi/ic &  
economic exp]im5t4 ,su* exp]im5ts are1 =
 ! mo/ "p1 %ort-liv$ & fl\ri% secretly4 
,celibacy is practis$ by fifte5         
communities ( ,%ak]s1 :o live 9 a       
communi/ic way4 ,!y broke away f !      
,quak]s at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & 
h unique religi\s ideas4 ,god1 &1 !re=e1
 e human s\l1 is ?\ght to be a d\ble    
pr9ciple1 bo? male & female4 ,! male    
pr9ciple 0 reveal$ 9 ,*ri/1 ! female 9  
an ,engli% woman1 ,anne ,lee1 a         
,quak]ess ^: visions dur+ imprisonm5t   
occasion$ ! =mation ( ?is sect4  ,!     
,%ak]s 7 s call$ because !y are 8%ak50  
by religi\s f]v\r2 & ! l[] classes ( !  
,am]ican populace are uncommonly        
pr$ispos$ to ?is ec/atic & hy/]ical     
religi\s excitem5t4 ,g5]al revivals1    
great camp-meet+s1 & hy/]ical &         
tumultu\s meet+s ( pray]1 ) !atrical    

conv]sions & div9e illum9ations1 h      
always play$ a prom95t role 9 ,am]ica4  
,?us at ! end ( ! fifties1 aft] a "t (  
decl9+ piety1 a wave ( religi\s         
conv]sion swept ov] ! c\ntry1 hav+ all !
 appe>ance ( a n]v\s epidemic4 ,! do+s (
 ! rapidly gr[+ ,salvation ,army also   
(t5 h a some:at neurotic "*4  ,x is     
difficult to say :y ?is is s4 ,z 9 e =m 
( hy/]ia1 sugge/ion is1 ( c\rse1 an     
important factor2 b ! manife/ations are 
s m>k$ t !re mu/ be "s special          
disposition !reto4 ,x almo/ seems z if a
 lack ( o!r /imulants produc$ a         
pa?ological dem& = religi\s excitem5t4  
,c]ta9ly 9 ^? portions ( ! c\ntry :i*   
are mo/ affect$1 ! life ( ! great       
masses1 at lea/ until rec5tly1 has be5  
col\rless & dull4 ,!re has be5 no       
/imulation ( ! fancy1 su* z is af=d$ by 
! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 or 9 =m] days 0       
provid$ by ! romantic ev5ts ( mon>*ical 
hi/ory4 ,p h lack$ ! /imulation (       
amusem5ts1 fe/ivals1 ! !atre & music2   
daily life has be5 h>d1 morality        

rigor\s1 & alcohol 0 ?\ght s9ful4 ,:]e  
religion has be5 ! s+le intellectual    
/imulus1 x has become an intoxicant = ! 
p9+ s\l3 & p]sons drank until !y obta9$ 
a sort ( hy/]ical relief f deadly       
reality4  ,! se$s ( my/icism easily take
 root on su* a soil1 & x is no accid5t t
 ! *ief my/ical movem5ts ( our times h  
gone on 9 ,am]ica1 ! c\ntry :i* s _m    
suppose to be ! !atre ( purely mat]ial  
int]e/s4 ,"h we f9d1 fir/ ( all1 !      
,spirituali/ic movem5t :i* began 9      
#ahdh1 :5 my/]i\s knock+s 7 he>d by !   
,fox family 9 a village ( ,new ,york    
,/ate4 ,! s\nds 7 int]pret$ z messages f
 dead fri5ds1 & z soon z ^! spirits     
comm5c$ _! mat]ial manife/ations x 0    
only a %ort /ep = !m to appe> 9 p]son4  
,! lead+ c>d ( ,spiritualism is its     
suppos$ pro( ( life aft] dea?1 & all its
 o!r features are second>y4  ,on ! o!r  
h&1 x is natural = a tea*+ :i* dep5ds on
 su* my/]i\s ph5om5a to turn its int]e/ 
to o!r supposably unexpla9$ ph5om5a1 &  
!re) to become a g5]al rally+-gr\nd =   

my/icism4 ,al?\gh ! ,spirituali/ic ,*ur*
 has ab\t fifty ?\s& memb]s1 ^! are by  
no means all ( ! actual ,spirituali/s 9 
,am]ica4 ,inde$1 if ,spiritualism 7 to  
be tak5 9 a broad] s5se1 includ+ a      
belief 9 telepa?ic influ5ces1 my/]i\s   
communications1 etc41 ! numb] ( believ]s
 w\ld m\nt into ! millions1 ) "s adh]5ts
 9 ! mo/ highly educat$ circles4 ,ev5 9 
enlight5$ ,bo/on a ,spirituali/ic *ur*  
/&s 9 ! be/ section ( ! t[n4 ,its       
s]vices h be5 griev\sly expos$ f "t to  
"t1 b ! deceptions h be5 quickly =gott51
 & ?is successful 8religi\s0 ent]prise  
is once m giv5 cr$5ce4 ,a %ort "t ago1 9
 ,philadelphia1 ! _s ( ,d>w9 0 con/ra9$ 
to write a pi\s f9al contribution to 8  
works = ! b5efit ( a well-pay+ audi5ce1 
on a typewrit] :i* /ood 9 ! middle ( !  
room1 & :i*1 ( c\rse1 c\ld be easily    
op]at$ electrically f "s o!r room4  ,to 
be sure1 x w\ld be unfair to say t all  
spiritualism is bas$ on deception1      
al?\gh ! lively wi% to see dead         
relatives1 or receive communications f  

!m1 puts a high premium on ! pi\s fraud4
 ,inde$1 x w\ld be ov]-ha/y to say t all
 ! spirituali/ic conceptions g aga9/ !  
laws ( nature2 =1 s9ce ! philosophy (   
,spiritualism has conceiv$ ( an e!r     
organism :i* p]vades ! molecul> body &  
survives dea?1 x has fairly clev]ly met 
! dem&s ( casual explanation4 ,& x may  
well be ?\ght probable t 9 ! _w ( m5tal 
influ5ces !re is mu* rema9+ to be f\nd  
out1 j z a hundr$ ye>s ago !re 7        
hypnotism & ,rntg5 rays2 s t ! zeal ( v 
_m p to assi/ 9 ! solv+ ( ^! my/]ies is1
 p]haps1 easily und]/ood4  ,b j :]e ^!  
mo/ s]i\s motives prevail & all idea (  
consci\s deception is exclud$1 "o sees !
 pr(\nd affiliation ( intellectual      
int]e/s ) ! my/ical t5d5cy4 ,ev5 !      
,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 :i* aims  
to inve/igate my/]i\s ph5om5a 9 a       
?or\ghly sci5tific way1 has1 aft] all1  
mo/ly held ! int]e/ ( m5 :o are m incl9$
 to my/icism ?an to sci5ce4 ,mrs4 ,pip]1
 ( ,arl+ton1 may be call$ ! mo/         
important spirituali/ic m$ium1 &        

,hodgson h] mo/ int]e/+ prophet4 ,! :ole
 movem5t is1 aft] all1 religi\s4        
,spiritualism has a ne> neighb\r 9      
,!osophy1 :i* is specially /rong 9      
,cali=nia4 ,! great lit]>y *>m ( ,h9du  
philosophy makes ?is =m ( my/icism m    
attractive to m9ds t are repell$ by its 
vulg> =ms4 ,h9du my/icism has1          
und\bt$ly1 a future 9 ,am]ica4  ,!re is 
a /ill l>g] circle ( p :o believe 9     
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 ! discov]y ( ,m>y     
,bak] ,g4 ,eddy4 ,:5 ,mrs4 ,eddy suff]$ 
a sev]e illness at ,lynn 9 #ahfg1 %e 0  
seiz$ by ! idea t all illness might be  
only an illusion or halluc9ation ( !    
s\l1 s9ce ,god alone is real1 & 9 ,him  
!re c be naught b good4 ,x 0 !re=e      
necess>y only to realize ?is deceptive  
unreality1 9 ord] to relieve ! s\l ( its
 error & s to rega9 heal?4 ,%e h]self   
became well & proce$$ to read h]        
pr9ciple ( m5tal heal+ into ! ,bible1 & 
s to develop a metaphysical sy/em4 ,%e  
comm5c$ h] "w ( heal+ )\t m$ic9e1 & 9   
#ahge publi%$ h] book1 8,sci5ce &       

,heal?1 ,) a ,key to ! ,holy            
,scriptures40 ,! book is a m$ium-siz$   
"w1 has a sy/em n unskilfully con/ruct$1
 al?\gh unskilfully express$1 & "o :o is
 famili> ) ! hi/ory ( philosophy w f9d 9
 x n "o orig9al ?\ght4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 !
 book mu/ be call$ "o ( ! mo/ successful
 ( mod]n times4 ,x is a r exp5sive book1
 b has be5 b\ght by ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s4  
,congregations h =m$ all ov] ! c\ntry1 &
 built "s magnific5t *ur*es2 &1 f9ally1 
! infecti\s bacillus ( ?is social malady
 has be5 waft$ across ! ocean4 ,! great 
feature ( ?is new sect is its practice (
 heal+2 !re are to-day "s ?irty         
in/itutions giv+ in/ruction 9 ! art (   
metaphysical heal+1 & ! public supports 
?\s&s ( spiritual heal]s4  ,! movem5t is
 b5efit$ by ! g5]al mi/ru/ ( academic   
m$ic9e :i* p]vades ! l[] classes (      
,am]ica1 z may be se5 f ! ridicul\s     
popul>ity ( pat5t m$ic9es4 ,! cult is   
also und\bt$ly help$ by actual & (t5    
surpris+ cures4 ,! heal+ p[] ( fai? is  
no new discov]y2 ! effects (            

auto-sugge/ion are always important 9   
n]v\s disord]s1 & !re are inde$ few     
pa?ological conditions 9 :i* n]v\s      
disord]s d n play a "p4 ,mrs4 ,eddy's   
disciples1 9 _! consultation (fices1 d )
 ! help ( ! inn] consi/5cy ( _!         
metaphysical sy/em1 :i* ! logic ( !     
av]age pati5t _c break d[n1 :at         
,ca?olicism does at ,l\rdes by /imulat+ 
! imag9ation4 ,! ma9 support ( ,*ri/ian 
,sci5ce is1 aft] all1 ! g5]al my/ical & 
religi\s disposition4 ,:]e religion     
plays su* a mighty rle 9 ! popul> m9d1  
religi\s vag>ies & p]v]sions mu/ be !   
ord] ( ! day2 b ev5 ! p]v]sions %[ h[   
?or\ghly ! :ole ,am]ican p is p]vad$ by 
! religi\s _s4  ,n only w\ld x be unfair
 to e/imate ! religion ( ,am]ica by its 
p]v]sions1 b ev5 if ! religi\s life ( ! 
c\ntry 7 amply describ$ 9 ! _m =ms ( its
 cons]vative congregations &            
confessions1 ! mo/ important ?+ w\ld be 
/ill unm5tion$3 ! _s ( moral            
self-p]fection common to all ! religions
 ( ! c\ntry4 ,to be sure1 x is n to be  

suppos$ t all ! morality 9 ?is nation is
 ( religi\s orig94 ,"o sees cle>ly t ?is
 is n ! case if "o looks at ,am]ican    
social e?ics1 :i* are indep5d5t (       
religi\s e?ics1 & if "o notices h[ (t5  
motives f ! two sph]es unite 9 br++ ab\t
 c]ta9 actions4 ,! ,am]icans w\ld h     
develop$ a m>k$ morality if !y _h n be5 
br\ght up 9 *ur*2 b ! *ur* has          
co-op]at$1 specially :5 ! nation 0 "y & 
:5 f>-rea*+ impulses 7 be+ develop$4 ,& 
:ile ! =ms ( fai? h *ang$1 ! moral ideas
 h rema9$ mu* ! same4  ,b5jam9 ,wadswor?
 0 presid5t ( ,h>v>d ,college 9 ! beg9n+
 ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & no great]       
religi\s contra/ c\ld be f\nd ?an t     
betwe5 him & 8 pres5t successor 9 (fice2
 betwe5 ! or?odox ,calv9i/ :o said t x  
is by ,god's unm]it$ grace t we are n   
all burn+ 9 ! flames ( hell1 z our s9s s
 ri*ly des]ve1 & ! lib]al ,unit>ian (   
to-day4 ,& yet ,presid5t ,eliot c\ld    
rightly say t1 ev5 aft] ^! two hundr$   
ye>s1 he gladly subscribes to all !     
moral t5ets ( 8 e>ly pr$ecessor4        

,wadswor? exhort$ p>5ts to tea* _! sons 
to live sob]ly1 virtu\sly1 & 9 ! fe> (  
,god2 to keep !m f idl5ess1 pride1 envy1
 & malice2 to tea* !m simple1 k9dly1 &  
c\rte\s behavi\r2 to see t !y le>n to be
 useful 9 ! _w1 & s m>ry & c>ry on _!   
daily bus9ess z to avoid temptation & to
 gr[ 9 grace & 9 ! fe> ( ,god4  ,b5jam9 
,frankl9's catalogue ( virtues :i* he   
desir$ to realize 9 himself1 03         
temp]ance1 sil5ce1 ord]1 simplicity1    
indu/ry1 hone/y1 ju/ice1 self-re/ra9t1  
purity1 peacefulness1 cont95ce1 &       
mode/y4 ,9 ?is he 0 n ?9k+ ( ! *ur*1 b 8
 worldly morals came to mu* ! same ?+ z 
! ,puritan's e?ics4 ,! goal is ev]y:]e  
moral self-p]fection--to le>n1 fir/ (   
all1 to gov]n "o's natural desires1 n = 
! sake ( ! effect on o!rs1 b = ! effect 
on "o's self4 ,to put x extremely1 !    
religi\s admonition might h read3 ,give1
 n t y\r neighb\r may h m1 b t y may h  
less2 n 9 ord] to give y\r neighb\r     
pleasure1 b to discipl9e y\rself 9      
ov]com+ gre$4 ,! social morality        

develop$ ! opposite motives2 & ev5      
to-day ! jo9+ ( bo? t5d5cies may be     
foll[$ ev]y:]e1 & especially 9 _m       
philan?ropic de$s4 ,! two extremes g    
toge!r3 social en?usiasm = be+ helpful1 
& ! fundam5tally religi\s in/9ct to give
 alms4  ,)9 ! circle ( ecclesia/ical    
influ5ces1 moral conc]n = ! self is     
ev]y:]e 9 great evid5ce--! desire to be 
sob]1 temp]ate1 indu/ri\s1 mode/1 &     
,god-fe>+4 ,x has be5 said t ^! c5turies
 ( self-ma/]y are ! cause ( ,am]ica's   
f9al triumph4 ,too _m o!r factors are   
!re left out ( acc\nt1 b und\bt$ly !    
!ocratic discipl9e :i* held back all    
immod]ation & indulg5ce1 & (t5          
intol]antly ext+ui%$ ! l[] in/9cts1 has 
pr(\ndly influ5c$ national life4 ,& to  
?is all *ur*es h contribut$ alike4 ,x   
seems z if ! ,calv9i/ic ,god ( sev]ity  
_h be5 complem5t$ by a ,god ( love2 b   
practically all *ur*es h work$ z if x 0 
necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 to improve        
radically evil m51 to conv]t evildo]s1 &
 to uproot natural in/9cts4 ,! ,am]ican 

*ur* is to-day :at x has always be51    
:e!r 9 or outside ( ,calv9ism1 a *ur*   
militant1 /rong 9 its battle aga9/      
unrighte\s desires4 ,to be *ur*ly means 
to be 9 ! battle-camp ( a p>ty2 9 ! camp
 itself !y make m]ry1 b e "o is arm$    
aga9/ ! enemy4  ,! f9al result 9 ! great
 masses ( p is an uncommonly high degree
 ( p]sonal purity z comp>$ ) ! masses ( 
,europe4 ,"h "o is n to ?9k ( ! slums ( 
l>ge cities nor ( ! masses ( /ill       
un-,am]icaniz$ immigrants f ,s\!rn      
,europe1 nor ( ^? p :o are "u ! influ5ce
 ( tempor>y abnormal conditions1 su* z !
 adv5tur]s :o flock toge!r :]ev] gold & 
silv] are discov]$4 ,"o mu/ look at ! p 
9 ! fields & ! "w-%ops1 9 ! c\ntry & !  
small city1 or at ! av]age citiz5 ( !   
l>ge city1 & "o w get f ^! bu/l+        
millions an impression ( moral          
e>ne/ness1 simplicity1 & purity4 ,^! p  
are poor 9 imag9ation & vulg>2 & yet "o 
feels t1 9 ! humble home :]e ! av]age   
man has probably gr[n up1 ! family      
,bible lay on ! table4 ,x is n accid5tal

 t ! zeal\s ,puritans ( ,colonial times 
believ$ n only t man is pres]v$ f       
hellfire by ! special grace ( ,god1 b   
also t ! coloni/s 7 a *os5 p & fav\r$ by
 ,god ) a rem>kably l>ge proportion :o  
enjoy$ ,8 grace4 ,!y saw a moral rig\r  
ev]y:]e ar\nd !m1 & c\ld n suppose t su*
 ,puritan liv+ 0 ! pa? to ev]la/+       
torm5t4 ,s9ce !n life has become        
endlessly complicat$1 ! pressure (      
circum/ances has increas$1 temptations  
are a ?\s&fold m num]\s1 & consequ5tly !
 g5]al level ( morality has %ift$4 ,mu* 
is to-day call$ h>mless :i* 0 !n call$  
s9ful2 b to-day1 z !n1 ! numb] ( ^? :o  
live above ! g5]al level ( moral        
requirem5ts is a/oni%+ly l>ge4  ,z      
ev]y:]e 9 ! _w1 s 9 ,am]ica2 temptation 
& di/ress fill ! prisons ) un=tunate &  
mi/ak5 human be+s4 ,b ?is fact belongs 9
 a :olly diff]5t social connection4 ,we 
are ?9k+ "h ( ! life ( ^? :o are n      
am5able to law2 = intemp]ance1 envy1    
incont95ce1 co>s5ess1 s]vility1         
brutality1 lack ( "* & k9dness1 &       

vulg>ity are1 9 !mselves1 n puni%able4  
,if we speak ( ^? :o are ?us )9 ! law1  
we f9d t life 9 ,am]ica is pur]1 simpl]1
 & m moral ?an 9 ,europe4 ,& ! av]age   
,am]ican :o lives = "s "t on ! ,cont95t 
( ,europe comes home dismay$ at !       
exagg]at$ & speci\s polit5ess ( ,europe 
& rejoic$ at ! great] humanity ( !      
,am]icans4 ,! incont95ce ( ,france1 !   
intemp]ance ( ,g]many1 ! bus9ess        
di%one/y ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 are fav\rite 
examples 9 ,am]ica ( ,european lack (   
virtue2 & aside f all local diff]5ces1 !
 ,am]icans believe t !y f9d ev]y:]e 9   
,europe ! symptoms ( moral decad5ce &   
laxity1 & on f9d+ ! same ?+s 9 l>ge     
,am]ican cities1 !y put ! blame on      
,europe4  ,at fir/ sight x looks z if "o
 :o lives 9 a glass h\se 7 ?r[+ /ones4  
,! =eign]1 on he>+ ( ,am]ican ,sabba?   
obs]vance1 piety1 temp]ance1 cont95ce1  
b5evol5ce1 & hone/y1 is at once incl9$  
to call up ! o!r side ( ! situation3 he 
has se5 cases ( hypocrisy1 he kn[s h[ _m
 divorces & bank robb]ies !re are2 he   

has he>d ab\t b5evol5ce f purely selfi% 
motives1 & ab\t corruption4  ,all ?is is
 true1 &1 nev]!less1 false4 ,on exam9+ !
 situation m closely1 ! =eign] w see t  
h[ev] _m s9s !re are1 ! life ( ! p is   
intr9sically pure & moral & dev\t4 ,x is
 true t !re are _m divorces1 & t ^! are 
made extremely easy 9 "s /ates2 b       
infidelity is seldom ! motive4 ,! cause 
lies 9 ! democratic _s (                
self-det]m9ation1 :i* wants to loos5    
bonds t individuals no long] freely     
recognize4 ,x might be said t ?is is a  
high] individual morality :i* ends      
m>riage :5 x has lo/ its inn] sanctity4 
,! ,am]ican divorce does n indicate any 
lack ( m>riage fidelity2 m>ri$ life is1 
?r\gh\t ! nation1 di/9ctly pur] ?an x is
 9 ,europe1 & ?is is /ill m true ( !    
life ( "y m54 ,to be sure1 x is easy to 
get mat]ial = piquant booklets1 z 8,f   
,d>ke/ ,am]ica10 & !re is v mu* vice 9  
,*icago1 ,new ,orleans1 & ,san          
,francisco4 ,! ,am]ican is no sa9t1 & a 
l>ge city is a l>ge city ! _w ov]4 ,b   

und\bt$ly ! sexual t5sion is incomp>ably
 less 9 ,am]ican life ?an 9 ,european1 z
 may be se5 by comp>+ ! life ( ,am]ican 
/ud5ts ) t ( ,g]man /ud5ts ( ! same age4
 ,?is is n due to defici5t romantic     
feel+1 = !re is n[h]e m flirt+ go+ on   
?an 9 ,am]ica2 b a g5u9e respect (      
womanhood1 )\t reg>d to social class1   
l5ds purity to ! life ( ! m54  ,x is    
true t ,am]ican temp]ance does n prev5t 
"s m5 f dr9k+ too mu*1 & ! regul>       
prohibition laws ( _m ( ! /ates h n     
succe$$ 9 suppress+ a desire =          
physiological /imulation2 & x may be ev5
 affirm$ t ! legal int]diction ( ! sale 
( alcohol 9 /ates or communities1 unless
 an ov]:elm+ majority ( ! population    
believes 9 ab/95ce1 has done m h>m ?an  
good4 ,b x is cle> t ! fight aga9/      
alcohol :i* has be5 c>ri$ on = a hundr$ 
ye>s1 & notably by ! *ur*1 has done an  
inf9ite am\nt ( good4 ,! :ole nation is 
/rongly set aga9/ tippl+1 & only ! dregs
 ( society ga!r 9 ! saloons4 ,& mu* m   
has be5 done by moral ?an by legislative

 influ5ce to suppress ! unhappy lic5ti\s
 & crim9al consequ5ces ( dr9k among !   
l[] classes2 & among high] classes !    
dead5+ intellectual influ5ce ( sitt+ 9  
be]-h\ses & s wa/+ /r5g?1 "t1 & moral   
vig\r1 is almo/ unkn[n4 ,9 good society 
"o does n dr9k 9 ! pres5ce ( ladies     
except at d9n]1 & ! total ab/a9] becomes
 !reby no m conspicu\s ?an ! man 9      
,g]many :o w n smoke2 & ^? :o dr9k at   
table are cont5t ) v little4 ,ev5+ table
 ga!r+s1 su* z ! ,g]man ,komm]se1 are   
acc\nt$ incorrect1 & drunk5ness is      
di%on\rable4 ,^! ideas are mak+ _! way  
among ! l[] classes2 railway companies &
 o!r corporations h n ! lea/ difficulty 
9 employ+ only temp]ance m54 ,!         
temp]ance movem5t1 9 spite ( its mi/akes
 & exagg]ations1 & aside f its great    
b5efit to ! heal? ( ! social organism1  
repres5ts a spl5did advance 9 moral     
self-control4 ,a nation :i* acc\nts z   
immoral all indulg5ce 9 alcohol t       
int]f]es ) self-control has made !reby a
 trem5d\s e?ical advance4  ,x w\ld be   

/ill easi] to expose ! c>icatures :i*   
are publi%$ relative to ,sabba?         
obs]vance4 ,"o may say x is hypocritical
 = ! law to =bid !atrical p]=mances on  
,sunday = :i* ! sc5es are *ang$ & !     
curta9 dropp$1 b to all[ sev]al ,new    
,york !atres to p]=m ! *eape/ vaudeville
 )\t curta9 & )\t a *ange ( sc5es4 ,b ! 
fact is m]ely t ! heavy immigration f   
,europe has br\ght ab\t conditions 9 !  
metropolis :i* d n accord ) ! ideas ( ! 
rural majority 9 ! /ate4 ,9 ,bo/on no "o
 w\ld ?9k ( evad+ su* a law1 because !  
!atres w\ld rema9 empty2 :]e ! attempt  
has be5 made to keep l>ge exhibitions   
op5 on ,sunday1 x has be5 unsuccessful4 
,! ,am]ican p /ill cl+ to a quiet       
,sabba? obs]vance1 & ! day ( re/ &      
m$itation is a national in/itution4 ,no 
law & no scruples =bid ! railway        
companies to run m tra9s on ,sunday ?an 
on o!r days1 z !y d 9 ,g]many2 b in/ead 
( ?is !re are few] railway tra9s1 & ^!  
are poorly patroniz$4 ,p d n travel on  
,sunday1 ev5 if !y no long] visit !     

grave-y>d1 :i* 0 ! ,puritan idea ( a    
p]missible ,sunday /roll4 ,concessions  
are m & m made to ,sunday amusem5ts1 x  
is true2 golf is play$ on ,sunday 9 _m  
places1 & 9 contra/ to ,engl& ! ,sunday 
newspap]s h become s volum9\s t if "o   
read _! fifty or sixty pages ?r\gh1 "o  
w\ld n h "t to g to *ur*4 ,b 9 ! ma9 !  
entire ,am]ican-born population1 )\t    
con/ra9t & !re=e )\t hypocrisy1 obs]ves 
,sunday z a day ( self-abnegation2 & ev5
 _m m5 :o are n ab/a9]s dur+ ! week dr9k
 no w9e on ,sunday4  ,! masses ( ! p are
 to a high degree tru?ful & hon\rable4  
,x has be5 well said t ! ,am]ican has no
 tal5t = ly+1 & mi/ru/ ( a man's ^w     
/rikes ! ,yankee z specifically         
,european4 ,f ! /reet ur*9 to ! m9i/] ( 
/ate1 frankness is ! pr$om9ant trait2 & 
all in/itutions are arrang$ = a         
?or\gh-go+ & (t5 exagg]at$ confid5ce4   
,we h %[n be=e t 9 ! means ( conveyance1
 su* z /reet c>s1 ! hone/y ( ! public is
 n wat*$1 t 9 ! c\ntry ! f>m-h\se door  
is h>dly lock$1 & t ! mo/ important     

m]cantile agreem5ts are conclud$ by a ^w
 ( m\? or nod ( ! head4 ,!re are        
sc\ndrels :o abuse all ?is1 :o sw9dle ! 
/reet-c> companies & circulate false    
*ecks2 b ! pres5t cu/oms c\ld nev] h    
aris5 if ! g5]al public _h n ju/ifi$ ?is
 bl9d confid5ce4 ,x is true t _m a bank 
ca%i] robs ! treasury2 b x is mu* m     
*>act]i/ic to see a newspap] boy1 :5 "o 
gives him five c5ts by mi/ake1 run aft] 
"o 9 ord] to return ! "r am\nt4 ,x is   
true t _m an ,iri% politician has ent]$ 
politics 9 ord] to /eal f ! public      
funds1 b x is a m *>act]i/ic fact t     
ev]y:]e lett]s too l>ge to g 9 !        
lett]-box are laid on top ( x 9 !       
confid5ce t !y w n be /ol54 ,a s*ool-boy
 :o lies to ! tea*] (t5 has1 9 ,europe1 
! sympa?y ( ! :ole class1 b n 9 ,am]ica2
 *ildr5 despise a lie1 & 9 ?is s5se !   
true ,am]ican rema9s a *ild ?r\gh life4 
,z ! ,am]ican education makes = hone/y1 
s x does = self-sacrifice1 :i* is ! f9e/
 result ( ! ,puritan idea (             
self-p]fection4 ,! ascetic sacrifice = !

 m]e sake ( sacrifice goes aga9/ !      
,am]ican love ( activity1 al?\gh if ! _m
 ,new ,engl& popul> tales are really    
tak5 f life1 ev5 ?is way ( pleas+ ,god  
is n uncommon 9 ! ,nor?-,ea/]n ,/ates4  
,b all classes ( ! population are will+ 
to make sacrifices = an end1 h[ev]      
ab/ract & imp]sonal4 ,! _s ( sacrifice  
is n g5u9e :5 x p>ades itself be=e !    
public2 x works 9 secret4 ,b anybody :o 
wat*es :at goes on quietly1 :o notes !  
life ( ! tea*]1 ! m9i/]1 & ! physician 9
 all c\ntry di/ricts1 :o sees h[ p>5ts  
sometimes suff] 9 ord] to give _! *ildr5
 a bett] education ?an !y !mselves _h1 w
 be surpris$ at ! inf9ite & pati5t      
sacrifices :i* are daily made by        
h>d-work+ p4 ,! _s ( quiet =be>ance1 s  
little noticeable on ! surface1 is cle> 
to e "o :o looks some:at deeply into    
,am]ican life4  ,?us ! m dang]\s =ms (  
mission>y activity h always attract$    
,am]icans2 & n[h]e else has ! nurse's   
pr(ession1 :i* requires s mu* pati5ce1  
attract$ s _m wom54 ,all ! _w kn[s !    

sacrific+ _s :i* 0 %[n dur+ ! w> aga9/  
slav]y1 & !re is no less ( t _s 9 times 
( peace4 ,e day "o obs]ves ! read9ess ( 
m5 to risk _! own lives 9 ord] to save  
^? ( o!rs2 & "o is surpris$ to see t !  
public und]/&s ?is z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,!
 m mode/ & naturally m frequ5t =m (     
self-sacrifice consi/s 9 giv+ ( "o's own
 possessions1 :e!r a small sum to !     
contribution-box ( ! ,salvation ,army1  
or a pres5t ( millions to b5evol5t      
in/itutions4 ,x is true t private       
b5efactions are op5 to int]pretation2   
sometimes !y are made = ! sake ( social 
recognition1 m (t5 !y are m]ely         
sup]ficial1 inconsid]ate1 or ill-tim$1 &
 !re=e !y are (t5 detrim5tal to !       
community4 ,b aft] all all[ances1 !     
volume ( contributions to all b5evol5t  
purposes is simply a/oni%+2 & "h1 too1 !
 hi/orical developm5t %[s t ( all       
motives ! religi\s has be5 ! /ronge/4   
,yet 9 all ^! movem5ts ! religi\s       
motive1 ! s\l's salvation1 has be5 only 
"o among o!r influ5ces t are r social4  

,am]ican philan?ropy is p]haps m (t5    
religi\sly col\r$ ?an x is 9 ,g]many2 b 
! m b5efaction comes to be 9 ! h&s (    
organizations ) a tra9$ adm9i/ration1 ! 
m ! social & economic factors appe>4 ,9 
! same way1 ,sunday obs]vance &         
temp]ance h come to be social problems  
:i* are almo/ di/9ct f ecclesia/ical    
consid]ations2 & if ! ,am]ican is hone/1
 upright1 & pure1 he himself sc>cely    
kn[s to-day :e!r he is s z a ,*ri/ian or
 z a g5tleman4 ,que/ions ( morality po9t
 ev]y:]e f religi\s to social           
consid]ations4     ,,"p ,,f\r ,,social  
,,life                                  
,,*apt] ,,tw5ty-,,"o                    
,! ,_s ( ,self-,ass]tion   ,on l&+ 9    
,new ,york1 ! ,european expects new     
impressions & surprises--mo/ ( all1 f ! 
evid5ces ( g5]al equality 9 ?is ,new    
,_w4 ,"s h he>d1 ) misgiv+s1 ( ! horrors
 ( up/>t equality2 b m look ) glad      
expectancy on ! c\ntry :]e no traditions
 ( ca/e impose di/9ctions betwe5 human  
be+s1 & :]e ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 

has solemnly recogniz$ z a fundam5tal   
tru? t all m5 are born free & equal4 ,^?
 :o fe> ! equality are g5]ally soon put 
at ease4 ,!y f9d t social classes1 ev5 9
 ,new ,york1 are nicely di/+ui%$2 no    
"w-/a9$ ov]alls are f\nd :]e a frock    
coat is 9 ord]4 ,! o!r travell]s are j z
 quickly disillusion$ 9 _! hopes (      
equality4 ,x is a %ort di/ance f !      
luxury ( ,fif? ,av5ue to mis]able t5em5t
 di/ricts2--an abrupt social contra/1 9 
all its ,old ,_w %>pness & h>dness4  ,if
 ! newcom]1 !n1 9 8 surprise turns to ^?
 :o "k ! c\ntry1 8 que/ions w be        
diff]5tly answ]$ by diff]5t p]sons4 ,!  
av]age citiz5 w try to save ! reputation
 ( equality4 ,no d\bt1 he says1 equality
 rules 9 ,am]ica--equality be=e ! law1 &
 equality ( political rights4 ,& su*    
av]age patriot w\ld be surpris$ to he> t
 ?is sort ( equality is f\nd 9 ,europe  
also4 ,b p]haps our newcom] *ances on a 
m9d ( less typical habit4 ,?is "o may   
reply1 ) ! incomp>ably sly w9k ( !      
?\ghtful ,am]ican1 t !re is no m        

equality 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ,europe4 ,we   
indulge 9 su* glitt]+ g5]alities 9 our  
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 to give our  
good local politicians a cong5ial !me on
 public holidays1 & s t badly paid %op  
cl]ks may solace !mselves ) su* brave   
ass]tions z a comp5sation = _! small    
pay4 ,b we are n s fooli% z to run amuck
 ( nature1 :i* aft] all has v wisely    
made m5 unlike "o ano!r4  ,b bo? replies
 are 9 a way false1 or1 at lea/1 d n t\*
 ! root ( ! matt]4 ,x is und5iable t "o 
c no long] speak ( an equality ( weal?  
or means ( enjoym5t1 or ev51 9 spite (  
occasional mode/ claims to ! contr>y1 ( 
an equal opportunity = education &      
developm5t4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 x is a      
mi/ake to suppose t on ?is acc\nt ! _s (
 equality is f\nd only 9 judicial &     
political sph]es4 ,!re is ano!r1 a      
social equality1 ( :i* mo/ ,am]icans are
 n consci\s1 because !y d n "k & c h>dly
 imag9e :at life w\ld be )\t su*        
equality2 !y d n m$itate on social      
equality1 because1 unlike political or  

legal equality1 x is n ab/ractly        
=mulative4 ,! ,am]ican is fir/ aw>e ( x 
aft] liv+ "s "t 9 ,europe1 & ! ,european
 grasps ! idea only aft] a s]i\s /udy ( 
,am]ican life4  ,! social s5tim5t (     
equality1 al?\gh v>i\sly t+$ yet        
virtually ! same ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$       
,/ates1 9 n[ise militates aga9/ social  
di/9ctions :i* result f diff]5ce (      
education1 weal?1 occupation1 &         
a*ievem5t4 ,b x does dem& t all ^!      
diff]5t di/9ctions %all be consid]$     
ext]nal to ! real p]sonality4           
,fundam5tally1 all ,am]icans are equal4 
,! /atem5t mu/ n be misund]/ood4 ,x by  
no means co9cides ) ! religi\s di/9ction
 t m5 are equal 9 ! eyes ( ,god1 & x is 
n to be associat$ ) any e?ical ideas (  
life4 ,equality be=e ,god1 & ! equal    
wor? ( a moral act1 :e!r done by !      
greate/ or ! humble/ ( ,god's *ildr51   
are n social conceptions2 !y are        
significant only 9 religi\s1 & n 9      
social1 life4 ,& ^! two sph]es c ev]y:]e
 be sep>at$4 ,x c ev5 be said t1 z      

pr(\ndly z religion p]vades e-day life 9
 ,am]ica1 ! *>act]i/ic pr9ciple (       
equality 9 ! social community is :olly  
indep5d5t ( ! e?ics ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4  
,x is /ill less a metaphysical          
conception4 ,! ,am]ican popul> m9d does 
n at all sympa?ize ) ! philosophical    
idea t individuality is only an         
appe>ance1 & t we are all fundam5tally  
"o be+4 ,! ,am]ican ?9ks plurali/ically1
 & br+s to 8 metaphysics a firm belief 9
 ! absolute significance ( ! individual4
 ,& f9ally1 ! ,am]ican pr9ciple (       
equality :i* we wi% to grasp is n       
rationally humanit>ian2 :e!r all human  
be+s are really equal is left out (     
acc\nt4 ,x is a "q actually ( ?is "o    
social community liv+ toge!r 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates & hav+ to regulate its social    
affairs4  ,let u suppose t a gr\p (     
simil>ly employ$ good fri5ds 7 on an    
excursion1 & t ! "y p = ! sake (        
div]sion 7 agre$ to repres5t = a :ile   
v>i\s sorts ( human occupation--"o is to
 play millionaire1 ano!r begg>1 /ill    

o!rs judge1 tea*]1 artisan1 lab\r]1 high
 (ficial1 & valet4 ,ea* "o plays 8 "p ) 
! greate/ ab&on2 "o comm&s & ! o!r      
obeys1 "o dictates & ! o!r trembles4 ,& 
yet beh9d x all !re is a pleasant feel+ 
t at bottom !y are all j alike1 & t !   
:ole game is wor? :ile m]ely because !y 
"k t "o is 9 fact z good z ano!r4 ,if a 
real begg> or s]vant 7 to come into !   
circle1 !re w\ld be no m fun1 & ! game  
w\ld be :olly mean+less4 ,/range z x may
 s\nd1 ?is feel+ is at ! bottom ( social
 life 9 ,am]ica4 ,e "o says to himself3 
,all ( u :o inhabit ?is incomp>able     
c\ntry are at bottom comrades2 "o bakes 
bread & ! o!r eats x1 "o sits on !      
coa*man's box & ! o!r rides inside2 b   
?is is all because we h agre$ s to      
assign ! rles4 ,"o comm&s & ! o!r obeys1
 b ) a mutual und]/&+ t ?is m]ely happ5s
 to be ! mo/ appropriate di/ribution (  
functions "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* we    
happ5 to be plac$4  ,! real man1 x is   
felt1 is n affect$ by ?is diff]5tiation1
 & x w\ld n be wor? :ile ei!r to comm&  

or to obey if all m5 did n tacitly      
und]/& t ea* e/eems ! o!r z an equal4 ,a
 division ( lab\r is necess>y1 b z long 
z any "o does ! "w apportion$ to him he 
belongs ( c\rse to ! frat]nal circle1 q 
z well z ! "o :o by reason ( indu/rial  
conditions or natural tal5ts comes to   
take a m di/+ui%$ or agreeable position4
 ,:oev] makes ?is claim hone/ly =       
himself assumes t e "o else does        
likewise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :osoev] ?9ks    
himself equal to ^? above him1 b sup]ior
 to ^? b5ea? him1 conceives ext]nal     
diff]5ces to be intr9sic1 & makes ?us a 
presumptu\s dem& = himself4 ,! man :o   
truly sees social equality z a real "p (
 ! social contract1 w feel t[>d ^? above
 z t[>d ^? bel[ him4 ,he w make 8 own   
claims good by ! v act ( recogniz+ !    
claims ( o!rs4 ,! _s ( social           
self-ass]tion requires ! intr9sic       
equality ( all "o's neighb\rs :o belong 
to ! social community 9 "q4  ,s long z  
"o seeks equality by try+ to imitate    
"o's m weal?y1 m educat$1 or m p[]ful   

neighb\rs & try+ to gloze ov] !         
diff]5ces1 or by consci\sly l[]+ "o's   
self to ! level ( ! poor1 ! un9flu5tial1
 & ! un$ucat$1 & ei!r by spiritual or by
 mat]ial aid oblit]at+ ! di/9ction1 "o  
is n really believ+ 9 equality1 b is    
consid]+ ! out] di/9ctions z some?+     
actual4 ,inde$1 ! zeal to wipe out      
di/9ctions is ! mo/ obvi\s admission t  
"o feels actual diff]5ces to exi/ 9 !   
social fabric4 ,:]e ! _s (              
self-ass]tion1 ) ! recognition ( "o's   
neighb\r z an equal social be+1         
prevails1 !re w be no lack ( /riv+ =    
outw>d simil>ity1 ( try+ to help "o's   
self along1 & ( help+ o!rs up to "o's   
own position2 b ?is is look$ on z a     
te*nical matt] & n z ref]r+ intr9sically
 to ! p>ticipants 9 ! social game4  ,x  
is d\btful :e!r a ,european c fully     
appreciate ?is social po9t ( view1      
because he is too apt to di/ort ! idea  
into an e?ical "o4 ,he is ready to      
ab/ract artificially f all social       
diff]5ces1 & to put ! e?ical idea (     

moral equality 9 ! /ead ( social        
diff]5tiation4 ,! social sy/em is       
second>y !n to ! moral sy/em1 z 9 fact  
religion actually tea*es4 ,! ,am]ican1  
h[ev]1 goes 9 j ! opposite direction4   
,he presupposes1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t ! 
citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are socially  
equal1 :e!r !y live 9 ! ,:ite ,h\se or  
"w 9 ! coal m9e2 & ?is po9t ( view is n 
dep5d5t on any e?ical !ory1 b is itself 
! basis ( su* a !ory4 ,:5 we 7 speak+ ( 
! influ5ce ( religion on morality1 we   
especially emphasiz$ ! fact t religi\s  
e?ics are ev]y:]e complem5t$ by a purely
 social e?ic1 & n[ we meet ?is new =m ( 
e?ics4 ,religion requires a morality (  
:i* ! pr9ciple is cle>ly1 ?\gh some:at  
d]ogatorily1 designat$ 9 philosophical  
discussions z ! morality ( submission1 &
 :i* f9ds its c\nt]p>t 9 ! e?ical !ories
 ( moral lord%ip--! =cible & consci\s   
suppression ( ! weak4 ,n[ ! ,am]ican    
con/ructs a morality ( comrade%ip :i* is
 z f> f ! morality ( submission z f t ( 
lord%ip2 :i* is unlike ei!r ! morality (

 ! pieti/ bas$ on ! religi\s idea (     
immortality1 or ! morality ( ,nietzs*e1 
bas$ on biological exig5cies4 ,?is      
morality ( comrade%ip is bas$ entirely  
on ! idea ( society4  ,?is does n mean t
 x is a "q ( fulfill+ moral requirem5ts 
9 ord] to escape social difficulties1 or
 to ga9 social advantages1 b ( recogniz+
 ?is morality simply z a social         
requirem5t4 ,su* actions may be call$   
moral because !y are unselfi% & arise f 
no o!r motive ?an t ( ! inn] desire2 &  
/ill !y are n1 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 moral   
because !y are n univ]sally valid1 &    
ref] no fur!r ?an ! circle ( ! special  
social community4 ,!y may be comp>$ to !
 requirem5ts :i* arise 9 "s communities 
out ( a peculi> conception ( hon\r2 b ! 
society "h is a :ole nation1 )\t ca/e & 
)\t di/9ction4 ,&1 moreov]1 an idea (   
hon\r gets its =ce f ! self-ass]tion ( a
 p]sonality1 :ile ! social morality ( ! 
,am]ican arises 9 a dem& = ! recognition
 ( ano!r4 ,! fundam5tal feel+ is t !    
:ole social int]play w\ld h no mean+1 & 

social ambition & success w\ld yield no 
pleasure1 if x 7 n cle>ly und]/ood t e  
o!r memb] ( ! social community is equal 
to "o's self1 & t he has ! absolute "r  
to make su* a claim4  ,! crim9al & ! man
 )\t hon\r h =feit$ t "r2 !y are exclud$
 f ! community & cut (f f ! social game4
 ,b di/9ctions ( position1 ( education1 
( h]$ity1 & ( prop]ty1 h no?+ to d ) ?is
 "r4 ,if we are to /rive = social       
success1 we mu/ be p]fectly sure at !   
outset t we are all comrades1 p>ticipat+
 9 ! v>i\s lab\rs ( ! great gay _w )    
mutual approval & mutual e/eem2 & we mu/
 %[ t we believe ?is1 by our actions4 ,&
 because "h x is n a "q ( rigor\s       
morality1 b r ( ! moral consequ5ces (   
social ideals1 ! e?ical goes by         
inappreciable /eps into ! e?ically      
indiff]5t1 into purely social cu/oms &  
habits2 & 9 _m cases into evils & abuses
 t foll[ f ! same social ideals4 ,we may
 picture to ourselves ! sali5t traits   
:i* are ess5tial to ?is _s ( social     
self-ass]tion4  ,a /rang] fir/ notices1 

p]haps1 ! p]fect confid5ce ) :i*        
ev]ybody goes ab\t 8 bus9ess1 )\t feel+ 
oppress$ by ^? above nor exalt$ by ^?   
b5ea? him4 ,he feels himself an equal   
among equals4 ,!re is no condesc5sion to
 ^? b5ea? nor s]vility to ^? above4 ,!  
typical ,am]ican feels himself 9 e      
social situation self-assur$ & equal2 he
 is simply ma/] ( himself1 polite b     
frank1 res]v$ b always k9d4 ,he dete/s  
patronage & condesc5sion z mu* z        
s]vility & obsequi\sness4 ,=            
condesc5sion emphasizes ! diff]5ce 9 !  
rank1 & presumes to *all5ge a possible  
=gett+ ( ?is diff]5ce by sugge/+ t bo? !
 p]sons d recognize ! di/9ction z       
intr9sic4 ,a man :o ass]ts 8 true       
equality & expects 9 e o!r hon\rable man
 ! same self-ass]tion1 sc>cely und]/&s  
h[ purely te*nical diff]5ces ( social   
position c affect ! inn] relations ( man
 to man4  ,"o :o gr[s up 9 su* a social 
atmosph]e does n lose 8 feel+ (         
assurance on com+ into q a diff]5t      
society4 ,ar*ibald ,=bes1 ! ,engli%man1 

describes some:]e ! ,am]ican w>         
correspond5t1 ,mac,gahan1 :o 0 ! son (  
an ,ohio f>m]1 z he appe>$ 9 a ,russian 
camp4 8,nev] be=e10 writes ,=bes1 8h ,i 
se5 a "y man appe> s confid5t among high
 (fic]s & (ficials4 ,!re 0 no trace 9 8 
mann] ( impud5ce or presumption4 ,x 0 z 
if he _h conceiv$ ! matt] on a s+le     
pr9ciple3 ,i am a man--a man :o1 9 an   
hon\rable way & = a specific purpose1   
:i* y "k or :i* ,i w gladly tell y1 ne$s
 some?+ :i* y are be/ able to give      
me--in=mation1 a pass1 or some?+ ( !    
sort2 !re=e ,i ask x ( y4 ,x is         
indiff]5t to ! logic ( ! situation :e!r 
y are a small lieut5ant or a g5]al 9    
comm&1 a mess5g] boy1 or an imp]ial     
*ancellor40 ,& "s "o else has add$1     
8,mac,gahan c\ld d any?+ ) ,ignatieff2  
he calmly paid c\rt to ,mme4 ,ignatieff1
 patroniz$ ,pr9ce ,gorts*ak(f1 & gave a 
fri5dly nod to ! ,gr& ,duke ,ni*olas40  
,x is n surpris+ t ,engli%m5 are ! ones 
:o feel ?is trait ( ! ,am]icans mo/     
m>k$ly4 ,engl&1 :i* is mo/ simil> to    

,am]ica politically1 is1 9 ?is respect (
 real belief 9 social equality1 mo/     
dissimil>2 & 9 curi\s contra/ to        
,russia1 :i* is politically ! v fur!/   
remov$ f ,am]ica1 b :i* 9 its common    
life has develop$ mo/ ( all a feel+ (   
social equality4 ,& /ill ! ,am]ican     
feel+ is v diff]5t f ! ,russian4 ,9 !   
,russian man1 all ! deep] s5sibilities  
are col\r$ by a religi\s conception2 he 
acc\nts himself at bottom1 nei!r bett]  
nor worse ?an ! mo/ mis]able3 :]eas !   
,am]ican feels1 on ! contr>y1 t he is at
 bottom n inf]ior to ! v be/4 ,!        
,russian s5se ( equality pulls d[n & !  
,am]ican exalts4  ,z = ! ,engli%man1    
,muirhead relates z foll[s 9 8 book1 8,!
 ,l& ( ,contra/s03 8,!re is some?+      
wond]fully r>e & delicate 9 ! f9e/      
blossoms ( ,am]ican civilization--some?+
 t c h>dly be p>allel$ 9 ,europe4 ,! m9d
 t has be5 br\ght up 9 an atmosph]e     
!oretically free f all false /&>ds &    
conv5tional di/9ctions acquires a       
s+ul>ly unbias$1 deta*$1 absolute1      

purely human way ( view+ life4 ,9 ,mat!w
 ,arnold's phrase1 #8x sees life /eadily
 & sees x :ole'2 j ?is attitude seems   
unatta9able 9 ,engl&2 nei!r 9 my read+  
nor my p]sonal exp]i5ce h ,i enc\nt]$   
:at ,i mean else:]e ?an 9 ,am]ica4444 ,!
 true-born ,am]ican is absolutely       
incapable ( compreh5d+ ! s5se ( diff]5ce
 betwe5 a "l & a plebeian t is =c$ on ! 
mo/ philosophical among ourselves by !  
m]e pressure ( ! social atmosph]e4 ,x is
 = him a f\r? dim5sion ( space2 x may be
 talk$ ab\t1 b practically x has no     
exi/5ce4444 ,! ,briti% radical          
philosoph] may atta9 ! height ( say+1   
#8,) a great sum obta9$ ,i ?is fre$om'2 
! ,am]ican may hone/ly reply1 #8,b ,i 0 
free-born4'0  ,b :at ,muirhead ?us says 
( ! col\r ( ! f9e/ fl[]s is true1 if we 
look m closely1 ( ! entire flora2 x may 
n be s delicate & exquisite z 9 ^!      
fl[]s2 x is (t5 mix$ ) crud] col\rs1 b e
 plant on ,am]ican soil1 if x is n j an 
ord9>y we$1 has a little ( t dye4  ,x is
 n correct to suppose t inequalities (  

weal? "w directly aga9/ ?is feel+4 ,9   
spite ( all ef=ts & ambitions t[>d weal?
 & ! t5d5cies to o/5tation1 ! ,am]ican  
lacks j t :i* makes ! possession (      
prop]ty a di/9ction ( p]sonal wor?--!   
(f5sive lack ( consid]ation t[>d        
inf]iors & ! envy ( sup]iors4 ,z gladly 
z ! ,am]ican gets ! be/ & de>e/ t 8     
purse c buy1 he feels no desire to      
impress ! diff]5ce on ^? :o are less    
prosp]\s4 ,he does n c>e to outdo !     
poor] man2 8 luxury signifies 8 p]sonal 
pleasure 9 exp5diture z an indication ( 
8 success 9 ! _w4 ,b s f> z he ?9ks ( ^?
 :o are look+ on1 x is ( ^? ri*] p]sons 
:om he w\ld l to imitate1 & n ( ^? :o c 
af=d less ?an himself4  ,envy 0 n plant$
 9 ! ,am]ican s\l4 ,envy is n direct$ at
 ! possession1 b at ! possessor2 &      
!re=e1 x recognizes t ! possessor is    
made bett] by :at he owns4 ,a p]son :o  
ass]ts himself /ra9s e n]ve to improve 8
 own condition1 b nev] envies ^? :o are 
m fav\r$4 ,& envy w\ld be to him z great
 a degradation z pure s]vility4         

,und\bt$ly "h is "o ( ! mo/ effective   
*ecks to socialism4 ,socialism may n    
spr+ directly f envy1 b a p giv5 to envy
 are v ready to li/5 to socialism2 & 9  
,am]ica socialism rema9s a =eign cult1  
:i* is prea*$ to deaf e>s4 ,a man :o    
feels himself inf]ior1 & :o envies 8    
weal?i] fell[s1 w\ld be glad to br+ ab\t
 an artificial equality by equaliz+     
own]%ip3 :]eas ! man :o acc\nts himself 
equal to e "o else is ready to conc$e ! 
ext]nal inequality :i* l5ds fre% impetus
 & c\rage\s endeav\r to 8 exi/5ce2 & ?is
 ! m z ! accumulation ( capital becomes 
an obvi\sly te*nical matt]1 n imm$iately
 contributory to ! enjoym5t ( life4 ,!  
billionaire enjoys no m ?an !           
millionaire1 b m]ely works ) a m        
complicat$ & p[]ful app>atus4 ,ev5      
direct economic dep5d5ce does n depress 
! _s ( self-ass]tion4 ,we %all h lat] to
 speak1 inde$1 ( /rong opposite         
t5d5cies1 & to speak ( social           
diff]5tiation2 b ?is trait rema9s       
ev]y:]e4 ,x is mu* m /rongly 9 evid5ce 9

 t[n & c\ntry ?an 9 ! l>ge city1 & mu* m
 9 ! ,we/ ?an 9 ! ,ea/4  ,! tok5s (     
greet+ are ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic4 ,an     
,am]ican d(fs 8 hat to ladies out (     
respect to ! sex2 b m5 meet "o ano!r )\t
 t =mality1 & ! f9] diff]5ces 9 ! nod ( 
! head1 expression ( ! eyes1 & movem5ts 
( ! hat indicate ! degree ( p]sonal     
famili>ity & lik+1 b n ( social         
position4 ,position is some?+ te*nical1 
pr(essional1 & ext]nal1 :i* is n 9 "q :5
 two m5 meet on ! /reet4 ,!y greet      
because !y "k ea* o!r1 & 9 ?is mutual   
relation ( p]sonal acqua9tance !y are   
m]ely equal human be+s1 & n !           
repres5tatives ( pr(essional grades4 ,! 
c>eful ,g]man adju/m5t ( ! arc ?r\gh :i*
 ! hat is c>ri$ & ( ! angle to :i* !    
body b5ds1 9 def]5ce to social position1
 /rikes ! ,am]ican z nons5sical4 ,!     
fundam5tal disreg>d ( titles & ord]s is1
 ( c\rse1 closely connect$ ) su* a      
feel+4 ,?is has two sides1 & has        
p>ticul>ly its exceptions1 :i* we %all n
 fail to speak (2 b1 on ! :ole1 titles &

 ord]s are "u ! ban4 ,! ,am]ican feels  
too cle>ly t e =m ( exaltation is at !  
same "t a degradation1 = x is only :5   
all are equal t no "o is inf]ior1 & s   
soon z "s "o is di/+ui%$1 ! pr9ciple ( !
 inequality is admitt$ & he 9 turn      
subord9ates himself to o!rs4  ,x w\ld be
 unfair to draw ! conclusion f ?is t    
,am]icans hate e sort ( subord9ation4   
,on ! contr>y1 "o :o wat*es ,am]ican    
workm5 at _! lab\r1 or /udies !         
organization ( great bus9ess h\ses1 or !
 play+ ( games "u ! direction ( a       
capta91 kn[s t = a specific purpose     
,am]ican subord9ation c become absolute4
 ,! mu*-boa/$ ,am]ican tal5t =          
organization c\ld n h be5 s brilliantly 
confirm$ if x _h n f\nd ev]y:]e an      
absolute will+ness = consci\s           
subord9ation4 ,b ! foot-ball play] does 
n feel himself inf]ior to ! capta9 ^:   
directions he foll[s4 ,! pr(\nd         
objection to subord9ation comes out only
 :]e x is n a "q ( divid+ up lab\r1 b ( 
! real classification & grad+ ( m54 ,x  

is naturally /ronge/1 !re=e1 9 reg>d to 
h]$it>y titles :]e ! di/9ction cle>ly _c
 be bas$ on ! p]sonal m]its ( !         
inh]itor4  ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+          
consequ5ces ( ?is feel+ is v noticeable 
to a /rang]4 ,! ,am]ican ?9ks t any k9d 
( "w :i* is hon\rable is 9 pr9ciple     
suitable = ev]ybody4 ,to be sure1 ?is   
looks diff]5tly 9 !ory & 9 practice2 !  
bank] does n c>e to be a comm]cial      
travell]1 nor ! comm]cial travell] a    
b>-t5d]1 nor ! b>-t5d] a /reet-clean]2 &
 ?is n m]ely because he reg>ds 8 own "w 
z pleasant]1 b z m respectable4         
,nev]!less1 x is at once conspicu\s )   
:at read9ess e useful sort ( lab\r is   
recogniz$ z hon\rable2 & :ile !         
,european ( ! bett] classes is vex$ by !
 qu]y h[ "o c "w & nev]!less rema9      
respectable1 ! ,am]ican f9ds x mu* h>d] 
to und]/& h[ "o c rema9 respectable )\t 
work+4 ,! way 9 :i* ?\s&s ( "y /ud5ts1  
bo? m5 & wom51 support !mselves dur+ _! 
ye>s ( /udy is typical4 ,! ,g]man /ud5t 
w\ld feel t "s sort ( tea*+ or writ+ 0 !

 only "w suitable to him2 at ! utmo/ he 
w\ld und]take type-writ+4 ,b we h se5 9 
connection ) ! univ]sities t ! ,am]ican 
/ud5t 9 n>r[ circum/ances is n afraid   
dur+ ! summ] vacations to "w z port] 9 a
 hotel1 or z horse-c> driv]1 9 ord] to  
/ay a ye> long] at ! univ]sity4 ,or     
p]haps1 dur+ ! /ud5t ye>1 he w e>n a "p 
( 8 bo>d by tak+ c>e ( a furnace4 ,&    
none ( ! sons ( millionaires :o sit     
beside him 9 ! lecture rooms w look d[n 
on him on t acc\nt4 ,! ?\ghtless fell[  
:o heaps up debts is despis$1 b n !     
day-lab\r]'s son1 :o deliv]s milk 9 !   
e>ly morn+ 9 ord] to devote 8 day to    
sci5ce4  ,?is is ev]y:]e ! backgr\nd (  
social conceptions4 ,no hon\rable "w is 
a discr$it1 because ! real social       
p]sonality is n t\*$ by ! casual role   
:i* may be assum$ 9 ! economic fabric4  
,!re=e x is q *>act]i/ic t ! only lab\r 
:i* is really dislik$ is su* z involves 
imm$iate p]sonal dep5d5ce1 su* z t (    
s]vants4 ,! *amb]-maid has g5]ally mu*  
easi] "w ?an ! %op girl2 yet all wom5   

flock to ! %ops & factories1 & few c>e  
to g into h\sehold s]vice4 ,almo/ all   
s]vants are immigrants f ,irel&1        
,scotl&1 ,sw$51 & ,g]many1 except !     
negroes & ! ,*9ese ( ! ,we/4 ,ev5 ! fir/
 g5]ation ( *ildr5 born 9 ! c\ntry      
decl9e to become s]vants4 ,) ! s+le     
individual1 x is ( c\rse a matt] (      
imitat+ 8 comrades & foll[+ g5]al       
prejudices2 b ^! prejudices h gr[n      
logically out ( ! social ideals4 ,!     
work+-man pr(essionally s]ves indu/ry & 
civilization1 :ile ! s]vant appe>s to h 
no o!r end ?an comply+ ) ! w ( ano!r    
p]son4 ,! work+-man adju/s himself to an
 ab/ract task1 q z 8 employ]2 :ile !    
s]vant sells a "p ( 8 free-w & !re=e 8  
social equality1 to ano!r man4  ,mo/    
notori\s is ! fix$ idea t black+ %oes is
 ! l[e/ ( all m5ial s]vices2 & ?is is an
 halluc9ation :i* afflicts n only ^?    
born 9 ! c\ntry1 b ev5 ! immigrant f    
,nor!rn ,europe1 z soon z he passes !   
,/atue ( ,lib]ty 9 ,new ,york h>b\r4 ,! 
problem ( gett+ %oes black$ w\ld be     

s]i\s 7 x n = ! sev]al million negroes 9
 ! c\ntry & ! heavy immigration f ,s\!rn
 ,europe :i* does n get ! in/ant        
prejudice aga9/ %oe-poli%4 ,b !         
!oretical problem ( :y s]vants w gladly 
"w v h>d1 b /rike :5 x comes to black+  
%oes1 is /ill n solv$4 ,!re is possibly 
"s vague idea t black+ %oes is a symbol 
( grovell+ at "s "o's feet1 & !re=e     
involves ! utmo/ sacrifice ( "o's       
self-respect4  ,closely connect$ ) ?is  
is ! ,am]ican av]sion aga9/ giv+ or     
accept+ fees4 ,any "o giv+ a fee 9 a    
/reet-c> w\ld n be und]/ood1 & !re are  
few ?+s s unsympa!tic to ! ,am]ican :o  
travels 9 ,europe z ! way 9 :i* ! l[]   
classes look = an obolus 9 return = e   
trivial s]vice or att5tion4 ,a small boy
 :o accompanies a /rang] = "s di/ance   
?r\gh a village /reet 9 ord] to po9t out
 ! way1 w\ld feel insult$ if he 7 (f]$ a
 co9 = 8 k9dness4 ,! wait]s 9 ! l>ge    
hotels are less (f5d$ by tips1 = !y h   
adopt$ ! cu/om br\ght ov] by ,european  
wait]s2 b ?is cu/om has n spread mu*    

beyond ! l>ge cities4 ,x is1 9 g5]al1   
/ill true t ! real ,am]ican w accept pay
 only 9 s f> z he c ju/ly dem& x = 8    
lab\r4 ,ev]y?+ above t makes him dep5d5t
 on ! k9dness ( "s "o else1 & is !re=e n
 a pr(essional1 b a p]sonal matt]1 & = !
 mom5t oblit]ates social equality4  ,j z
 any sort ( "w :i* does n involve !     
sacrifice ( ! work]'s free-w is suitable
 = e "o1 s ! individual is v mu* less   
id5tifi$ ) 8 occupation ?an he is 9     
,europe4 ,he v (t5 *anges 8 occupation4 
,a cl]gyman :o is tir$ ( ! pulpit goes  
into a m]cantile employm5t1 & a m]*ant  
:o has acquir$ "s new int]e/s proce$s to
 /udy until he is pr(ici5t 9 t field2 a 
lawy] ent]s ! indu/rial field1 a        
manufactur] ent]s politics1 a book deal]
 und]takes a retail furniture bus9ess1 &
 a lett]-c>ri] becomes a re/aurant      
keep]4 ,! ,am]ican does n feel t a man  
is made by ! accid5ts ( 8 indu/rial     
position1 b t ! real man puts 8         
pr(essional clo!s on or lays !m (f )\t  
be+ int]nally affect$4 ,! belief 9      

social equality m9imizes to ! utmo/ !   
significance ( a *ange ( occupation2 & x
 may be t ! well-kn[n v]satility &      
adaptability ( ! ,am]ican are ma9ly due 
to ?is fact4 ,= he is s mu* m consci\s  
?an any ,european t a *ange ( environm5t
 9 n[ise alt]s 8 p]sonality1 & !re=e    
requires no really new int]nal adju/m5t1
 :i* w\ld be difficult always1 b only an
 outw>d *ange--! ma/]y ( a new te*nique4
  ,a =eign] is mo/ a/oni%$ at ^! *anges 
( occupation :5 !y come aft] a sudd5    
rev]se ( =tune4 ,! read9ess & quietness 
) :i* an ,am]ican takes su* a ?+ w\ld be
 absolutely impossible1 if ! _s (       
self-ass]tion _h n taught him ?r\gh 8   
:ole life t outw>d circum/ances d n make
 ! man4 ,if a millionaire loses 8       
prop]ty to-day1 8 wife is ready to-morr[
 to op5 a bo>d+-h\se2 circum/ances h    
*ang$1 & z x has be5 h] lot 9 ! pa/ to  
conduct h] salon 9 a palace1 x is n[ h] 
bus9ess to provide a good noon-day meal 
= "y cl]ks4 ,%e enjoy$ ! fir/ a great   
deal m1 & yet x too br\ght its burd5s4  

,! *ange is "o ( occupation1 & does n   
*ange h] p]sonality4 ,! onlook] is aga9 
& aga9 rem9d$ ( actors :o play _! "p2 !y
 appe> to live 9 e rle = ! mom5t t !y   
are play+ x1 b x is really indiff]5t to 
!m at bottom :e!r !y are call$ on to    
play 9 a cloak ( erm9e or 9 blue-jeans4 
,"o is z good z ! o!r1 ev5 :5 ! p>ts    
require "o to swagg] ab\t & ! o!r to    
sweat4  ,if ! memb]s ( ! community feel 
!mselves really equal1 !y w lay special 
importance1 9 _! social int]c\rse1 on   
all su* factors z likewise d n acc5tuate
 ext]nal diff]5ces1 b b9d man to man )\t
 reg>d to position1 weal?1 or culture4  
,?is is ! reason ( ! rem>kable hold :i* 
sport has on ,am]ican life4 ,! ,am]ican 
likes sport ( e sort1 especially su*    
games z foot-ball & base-ball1 r[+1     
wre/l+1 t5nis & golf & polo1 9 all ( :i*
 bodily ex]cise is us$ 9 competition4   
,aft] ^! 9 fav\r come hunt+1 fi%+1      
ya*t+1 rid+1 swimm+1 & gymna/ic         
ex]cises4 ,! sport ( m\nta9-climb+ is   
less popul>1 & 9 g5]al ! ,am]ican is n a

 great walk]4  ,am]ican sport is1 inde$1
 comb9$ ) _m unsportsmanlike elem5ts4 ,9
 ! fir/ place1 bett+ has tak5 on su*    
proportions t f9ancial consid]ations are
 unduly influ5tial1 & ! id5tification ( 
oppos+ teams ) special clubs1           
univ]sities1 or cities too (t5 br+s x   
ab\t1 t ! sportsmanlike desire to see ! 
be/ side w9 is (t5 made second>y to !   
unsportsmanlike desire to see "o's own  
side w9 at any co/4 ,& yet ev5 ! f]v\r )
 :i* ! spectators on ! gr&-/& manife/ _!
 p>tisan%ip is only ano!r expression ( !
 fact t ! av]age ,am]ican is int5sely   
mov$ by sport2 & ?is int]e/ is s great z
 to ov]come all social di/9ctions &     
create1 = ! "t be+1 an absolutely equal 
fell[-feel+4  ,base-ball is ! mo/ popul>
 game1 & is play$ dur+ ! spr+ & summ]4  
,! autumn game ( foot-ball is too       
complicat$1 & has become too mu* ( a    
8sci5ce0 to be a ?or\ghly popul> game4  
,9 ! huge cr[ds :i* flock to see a      
univ]sity foot-ball game1 ! l>g] "p is n
 always aw>e ( :at is happ5+ at e mom5t1

 & c appreciate only ! m brilliant      
plays4 ,t5nis & golf are too exp5sive to
 be popul>2 & 9 golf1 moreov]1 ! success
 ( a play] is too indep5d5t ( ! skill ( 
8 antagoni/4 ,wat] sports are out ( ! "q
 9 _m localities4 ,b e lad 9 city or    
c\ntry plays base-ball4 ,x c be play$   
ev]y:]e1 c be easily foll[$ by          
spectators1 & comb9es ! int]e/ ( team "w
 ) ! m nave int]e/ 9 ! brilliant s+le   
play4 ,x is said t on e w>m ,saturday   
aft]noon1 base-ball mat*es are play$ 9 m
 ?an ?irty ?\s& places1 be=e audi5ces ( 
"s five million amateurs 9 sport4 ,ar\nd
 ! gr\nds sit lab\r+ m51 cl]gym51       
%op-boys1 pr(essors1 muck]s1 &          
millionaires1 all p>ticipat+ ) a        
community ( int]e/ & feel+ ( equality z 
if !y 7 worlds remov$ f ! petty bus9ess 
:]e social diff]5ces are consid]$4  ,!re
 is only "o m sov]eign p[] ?an ! _s (   
sport 9 break+ d[n all social           
di/9ctions2 x is ,am]ican hum\r4 ,we    
c\ld n speak ( political or intellectual
 life )\t emphasiz+ ?is irrepressible   

hum\r2 b we mu/ n =get x = a mom5t 9    
speak+ ( social life1 = its influ5ce    
p]vades e social situation4 ,! only "q  
is :e!r x is ! hum\r :i* ov]comes e     
di/urbance ( ! social equilibrium & s   
re/ores ! consci\sness ( free & equal   
self-ass]tion1 or :e!r x is ?is         
consci\sness :i* fo/]s hum\r & seeks    
expression 9 a good-natur$ lack (       
respect4 ,no immod]ation1 no improp]    
presumption1 & no pomposity c survive ! 
fir/ humor\s comm5t1 & ! ,am]ican does n
 wait long = ?is4 ,! soap-bubble is     
prick$ amid g5]al laught]1 & equality is
 re/or$4 ,:e!r x is 9 a small matt] or  
:e!r 9 a "q ( national importance1 a    
lat5t hum\r p]vades all social life4  ,n
 a s+le ,am]ican newspap] appe>s 9 !    
morn+ )\t "s political joke or :imsical 
comm5t1 a humor\s /ory1 or a satirical  
article2 & ^? :o are famili> ) ,am]ican 
pap]s & !n look into ! ,european        
newspap]1 f9d ! greate/ contra/ to be 9 
! abs5ce ( hum\r4 ,& ! same is true (   
daily life2 ! ,am]ican is always ready =

 a joke & has "o always on 8 lips1 h[ev]
 dry ! subject ( discussion may be1 &   
h[ev] div]se ! social 8position0 ( ^?   
pres5t4 ,a happy humor\s turn w rem9d !m
 all t !y are equal fell[-citiz5s1 & t  
!y are n to take _! diff]5t functions 9 
life too solemnly1 nor to suppose t _!  
v>i$ outw>d circum/ances introduce any  
real inequality4 ,z soon z ,am]icans he>
 a good /ory1 !y come at once to an     
und]/&+1 & x is well-kn[n t _m political
 p]sonalities h succe$$ because ( _!    
wit1 ev5 if its quantity 0 m ?an its    
quality4  ,am]ican hum\r is mo/         
typically utt]$ ) great s]i\sness2 ! mo/
 bit+ je/ or ! mo/ extravagant nons5se  
is br\ght out s demurely z n at all to  
sugge/ ! real int5t4 ,! ,am]ican is a   
ma/] at ?is1 & (t5 rem>ks ! ,engli%man's
 incapacity to foll[ him4 ,! famili>    
,am]ican criticism ( _! ,engli% c\s9s   
is1 9 spite ( ,pun*1 c]ta9ly            
exagg]at$--z if !re 7 no hum\r at all 9 
! c\ntry :i* produc$ ,dick5s4 ,b x _c be
 d5i$ t ,am]ican hum\r to-day is fre%] &

 m spontane\s4 ,& ?is may be 9 l>ge "p  
due to ! irrepressible feel+ ( equality 
:i* s c>ries hum\r into e social sph]e4 
,! assurance ( ?is feel+ also makes !   
,am]ican ready to c>icature himself or 8
 v be/ fri5d4 ,b x is necess>y          
especially to obs]ve ! masses1 !        
p>ticipants 9 a fe/ival1 citiz5s on vot+
 day1 popul> cr[ds on ! /reets or 9     
halls1 9 ord] to feel h[ all-p[]ful _!  
hum\r is4 ,a good ^w ?r[n 9 makes all ( 
!m =get _! political diff]5ces1 & an    
amus+ occurr5ce repays !m = e           
disappo9tm5t4 ,!y say1 ,let's =get !    
fooli% qu>rel ab\t trivial diff]5ces2 we
 w\ld r be good-natur$1 n[ t we are     
rem9d$1 9 spite ( all diff]5ces1 ( our  
social equality4  ,n[1 out ( ?is feel+ (
 equality !re spr+ f>-rea*+ duties4     
,especially !re are ^? :i* conc]n "o's  
self1 & ^! are ! same z proce$$ f !     
,puritan _s ( self-p]fection4 ,!y are ! 
same requirem5ts1 al?\gh !y are express$
 9 diff]5t e?ical language & some:at    
diff]5tly acc5tuat$4 ,! fundam5tal      

impulse 9 ?is gr\p ( feel+s is :olly    
un-,puritan & entirely social4 ,i ass]t 
myself to be equal to all o!rs :o are   
wor?y ( e/eem1 & !re=e ,i mu/ recognize 
= myself all ! duties :i* ^? :o are     
ri*]1 m educat$1 & m influ5tial impose  
on !mselves2 9 %ort1 ,i mu/ behave l a  
g5tleman4 ,! motto1 :i* c]ta9ly has no?+
 to d ) religion1 is noblesse oblige2 b 
! nobility consi/s 9 be+ a citiz5 (     
,am]ica1 & z su* subord9ate to no man4  
,! duties :i* accrue are1 h[ev]1 q      
simil> to religi\s obligations4 ,!      
g5tleman requires ( himself fir/ly      
self-control & social discipl9e4 ,also 9
 ?is connection we f9d a sexual purity  
:i* is n kn[n on ! ,cont95t2 "o may sit 
9 jovial m5's society aft] d9n] ) cig>s 
ar\nd ! fireplace a hundr$ times )\t ev]
 he>+ an unclean /ory3 & if a "y fell[  
tri$ to boa/ to 8 fri5ds ( 8 amor\s     
adv5tures1 9 ! ,european mann]1 he w\ld 
be snubb$4 ,n[h]e 9 ! _w is a "y girl s 
safe 9 ! protection ( a "y man4  ,!     
g5tleman is m>k$1 fir/ ( all1 by 8 "*2  

ev]y?+ :i* is l[1 unwor?y1 malici\s1 or 
ev5 petty is fundam5tally disagreeable  
to him4 ,! true ,am]ican is n to be     
judg$ by c]ta9 sc&al-mong]+ pap]s1 nor  
by city politics4 ,z kn[n 9 private     
life1 he is admirable 9 all 8 social    
attitudes4 ,he has a real di/a/e1 (t5 9 
"p /hetic1 = :at is vulg> or impure2 &  
?is is true 9 wid] z 9 m exclusive      
circles4 ,9 bus9ess he may look %>ply to
 8 own advantage2 b ev5 !re he is n /+y 
or trivial1 & he w seldom make use ( a  
petty advantage1 ( d\btful actions1 or  
di%on\rable flatt]y & obsequi\sness 9   
ord] to ga9 8 end1 nor be brutal t[>d a 
weak competitor4 ,t is oppos$ to !      
,am]ican national "*4 ,x is less oppos$1
 h[ev]1 to ! assimilat$ immigrant       
population1 especially ! ,iri%4  ,!     
relation ( "o man to 8 neighb\r is      
correspond+ly upright4 ,! _s (          
self-ass]tion educates to polit5ess1    
helpfulness1 good-nature1 & magnanimity4
 ,european books on ,am]ica are fond (  
say+ t ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,am]ican 

life is1 8,help y\rself40 ,if t is      
und]/ood to mean t ! individual p]son is
 n expect$ to keep quiet & wait = "s    
high] p[] to help him1 & is expect$1    
in/ead ( wait+ = ! gov]nm5t1 to g ahead 
& accompli% ?+s = himself1 x is true4   
,we h already ev]y:]e discov]$ !        
pr9ciple ( individual & private         
initiative to be ! great /r5g? ( !      
,am]ican /ate2 ! community is to act    
only :5 ! /r5g? ( ! individual is n     
suffici5t4 ,& ! ,am]ican believes 9     
self-help 9 /ill ano!r s5se4 ,he tea*es 
8 *ildr5 to ?9k e>ly ( economic         
indep5d5ce2 ! sons ev5 ( ! weal?y man   
are to beg9 ) a small income & "w up =  
!mselves4 ,"h ! traditions ( ! pione]s  
are 9 a way p]petuat$1 = !y _h to conqu]
 ! soil by _! own h>d "w4 ,?is tra9+ 9  
self-help has contribut$ v mu* to make !
 ,am]ican /rong1 & w d\btless cont9ue to
 be reg>d$ z ! prop] plan ( education1  
h[ev] mu* ! increas+ prosp]ity may t5d 9
 ! opposite direction4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! 
motto 8,help y\rself0 is ?or\ghly       

mislead+1 if x is tak5 to mean t e "o   
mu/ help himself because 8 neighb\r w n 
help him4 ,a read9ess to help 9 e way is
 "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ traits ( ! ,am]ican1 f 
! sup]ficial c\rtesy to ! noble/        
self-sacrifice4 ,! ,am]ican's unlimit$  
hospitality is well kn[n4 ,:]e x is a "q
 ( mutual social int]c\rse1 hospitality 
is no special virtue1 & ! lavi%         
extravagance ( pres5t-day hospitality is
 r a mi/ake4 ,b x is diff]5t :5 ! gue/  
is a /rang]1 :o has br\ght1 p]haps1     
m]ely a %ort note ( introduction4 ,!    
he>t9ess ) :i* su* an "o is promptly    
tak5 into ! h\se & provid$ ) e sort (   
conv5i5ce1 arises f a mu* deep] impulse 
?an m]e delight 9 well-to-d sociability4
 ,9 ! l>ge cities1 ! ,am]ican af=ds 8   
gue/s su* lodg+ & ent]ta9m5t z a        
,european is accu/om$ to be/[ only 9 !  
c\ntry4  ,m or less remotely1 all       
hospitality involves an idea ( ex*ange2 
! entirely "o-sid$ devotion beg9s fir/ 9
 philan?ropy4 ,:5 m5 feel !mselves      
ess5tially equal1 !y may welcome ext]nal

 dissimil>ities :i* incite !m to r$\bl$ 
ef=ts2 b !y w n l to see ?is unlik5ess g
 beyond a c]ta9 po9t4 ,diff]5ces ( p[]1 
education1 & weal? are necess>y to keep 
! social ma*9]y mov+2 b !re is a c]ta9  
l[] b\nd>y :]e helplessness1 illit]acy1 
& pov]ty d really ?reat5 ! true         
p]sonality4 ,& !n ! :ole significance ( 
social community is lo/4 ,"o's neighb\r 
mu/ n be debas$ nor depriv$ by outw>d   
circum/ances ( 8 inn] self2 he mu/ h at 
once ! means ( work+ = culture & /riv+ =
 p[] & possessions4 ,o!rwise1 an inn]   
unlik5ess w\ld arise :i* w\ld h to be   
recogniz$1 & :i* w\ld !n contradict !   
presuppositions ( democratic society4 ,!
 feel+ ( ju/ice is ar\s$ at ! sight (   
helplessness1 ! desire = re=m at ! sight
 ( illit]acy2 & pov]ty inspires eag]    
assi/ance4  ,9 its outw>d effects social
 helpfulness am\nts to ! same z religi\s
 b5evol5ce1 al?\gh !y are at bottom f>  
remov$1 & _! diff]5ce may be recogniz$1 
h[ev] mu* !y "w into "o ano!r4 ,9 ! _w (
 self-p]fection !re is pity = ! ne$y1 & 

b5evol5ce is (f]$ z a religi\s          
sacrifice4 ,9 ! _w ( self-ass]tion1 !   
consci\sness ( "r is upp]mo/1 :i* w n   
suff] ! debas+ influ5ce ( pov]ty2 & "h  
b5evol5ce is felt z a social duty by !  
p]=mance ( :i* social equality is       
pres]v$4 ,x is a natural consequ5ce (   
pity & sacrifice to enc\rage begg>y &   
unsy/ematic alms-giv+2 & ! fact t 9     
,am]ica ev]y?+ is direct$ aga9/ begg>y &
 aga9/ lett+ anybody feel t he is       
receiv+ alms1 speaks = ! pr$om9ance ( ! 
social ov] ! religi\s motive 9 ,am]ica4 
,! "o :o receives alms l[]s himself1    
:ile ! true social purpose is n 9 !     
*>itable int5t to help up ! fall51 b to 
protect ! social organism f !           
pa?ological symptom ( su* debasem5t2 !  
belief 9 equality & ! "r ( self-ass]tion
 mu/ n be tak5 f any individual 9       
,am]ica4 ,! o!r extreme1 /ate aid1 legal
 enactm5ts1 or illness & accid5t        
insurance1 or insurance aga9/ old age or
 lack ( employm5t1 w\ld be politically  
impossible4 ,!y w\ld be an attempt on ! 

individual's "r ( self-det]m9ation1 :i* 
w\ld be oppos$ = ! sake ( pr9ciple4 ,!  
,am]ican social sy/em dem&s1 r1         
developm5t along a l9e some:]e betwe5   
individual alms-giv+ & gov]nm5t         
insurance4 ,x is a "q ( creat+ p]man5t  
social organizations to d away ) pov]ty1
 illness1 depravity1 crime1 & di/ress 9 
a sy/ematic1 intellig5t fa%ion4  ,!     
connection ) ! /ate w\ld ?us be pres]v$1
 s9ce ! /ate poor-laws sup]vise &       
regulate su* organizations2 on ! o!r h&1
 ! connection ) individuals w\ld be     
pres]v$1 s9ce !y d]ive mo/ ( _! means f 
private gifts & enli/ a great deal (    
p]sonal s]vice1 p>ticul>ly t ( wom54    
,besides ^! private & semi-public       
organizations1 !re is ! co-op]ation (   
c]ta9 /ate in/itutions on ! "o h&1 & on 
! o!r ( quiet individual b5evol5ce1 =   
:i* any am\nt ( organization always     
leaves pl5ty ( scope4 ,c>e ( ! poor & ( 
*ildr51 social settlem5ts & educational 
funds1 :atev] ! =ms ( helpfulness1 !    
same _s ( almo/ exagg]at$ b5evol5ce     

inspires ! gift ( unlimit$ money1       
advice1 "t1 & /r5g?4 ,philan?ropy c\ld  
be improv$ 9 its outw>d te*nique 9 _m   
/ates4 ,too (t5 politics h a di/urb+    
influ5ce2 inexp]i5ce & religi\s n>r[ness
 are 9 evid5ce2 ef=ts are sometimes     
direct$ p>tly aga9/ "o ano!r2 & _m      
conditions ( di/ress aris+ f ! mix$     
population ( ! great ?9ly settl$ tracts 
( l&1 pres5t problems :i* are /ill      
unsolv$4 ,b ?is has no?+ to d ) !       
recognition ( ! b5evol5t traits (       
,am]ican "*4  ,! read9ess ( ! ,am]ican  
to give to good purposes is ! m         
impressive ! clos] "o looks4 ,f a       
di/ance1 "o sees gifts ( millions (     
doll>s :i* less impress "o2 ev]ybody    
kn[s t m5 l ,c>negie1 ,rockefell]1 &    
,v&]bilt make no sacrifices 9 contribut+
 sums ev5 9 sev5 figures4 ,b ! p]son :o 
is ne>] ! sc5e obs]ves t !re is also !  
wid['s mite1 & t ! well-to-d middle     
class (t5 gives away a proportion ( its 
income t seems almo/ too l>ge1 accord+  
to ,european ideas4 ,& ?is giv+ is nev] 

a ?\ghtless ?r[+ away2 ! giv] always    
inve/igates4 ,almo/ ev]ybody has a      
special int]e/1 :]e he fulfils 8        
b5evol5t duties ?\ghtfully &            
intellig5tly1 ,vanity h>dly figures at  
all2 ! l>ge/ gifts are (t5 anonym\s &   
unhe>d ( by ! newspap]s4 ,^? :o are (t5 
9 ! position ( appeal+ to ,am]ican      
public _s = good purposes1 soon lose !  
feel+ t !y are rem9d+ ! public ( a duty 
or ask+ = an (f]+4 ,! ,am]ican gives 9 a
 way :i* sugge/s t he is delight$ to be 
call$ on = s wor?y a cause2 he (t5 adds 
a ^w ( ?anks to a contribution :i* is   
l>g] ?an 0 expect$1 = hav+ 8 att5tion   
call$ to ! cause 9 h&4  ,& 8 b5evol5ce  
is n all a matt] ( ! *eck-book4 ,:e!r ! 
w9d has bl[n "s "o's hat (f 9 ! /reet1  
or "s great] mis*ance has br\ght        
unhapp9ess1 ! ,am]ican feels t he lives 
9 ! mid/ ( a k9dly dispos$ community4 ,a
 feel+ ( comrade%ip is always m or less 
9 evid5ce4 ,9 any case ( sudd5 accid5t  
or mis=tune1 ! way 9 :i* ! ,am]ican     
unselfi%ly l5ds a h&1 or ! cr[d         

in/9ctively organizes itself to give    
aid1 always a/oni%es a newcom]4  ,?is   
fundam5tal motive %[s itself 9 _m ways2 
magnanimity is "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic    
v>iations4 ,! ,am]ican takes no         
advantage ( ! weakness or mis=tune (    
ano!r2 he likes competition1 b t        
presupposes t ! competitors h equal     
advantages4 ,an oppon5t's disadvantage  
takes away ! pleasure ( victory4 ,dur+ !
 ,spani% ,w>1 ! ovations accord$ to !   
,spani% 8h]oes0 7 (t5 decid$ly beyond ! 
limits ( good ta/e2 & ev5 dur+ ! ,civil 
,w>1 :5 ! embitt]m5t 0 extreme1 p outdid
 !mselves 9 _! k9d treatm5t ( !         
prison]s4 ,& lead+ m5 ( ! ,nor? h lately
 propos$1 9 spirit$ public addresses1 to
 erect a national monum5t to ,g5]al     
,lee1 ! great lead] ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4  
,z 9 w> s x is 9 peace4 ,! presid5tial  
c&idates ( ! two p>ties arrang$ "s ye>s 
ago to speak 9 ! same places dur+ ! same
 week2 b "o ( !m 0 deta9$ by illness 9 8
 family1 & ! o!r cancell$ 8 spee*es 9   
ord] n to pr(it by ! mis=tune ( 8       

oppon5t4 ,9 ! case ( a diff]5ce ( op9ion
 :i* is settl$ by vote1 say 9 a small   
club or committee meet+1 ! *e]ful       
submission ( ! m9ority is g5]ally       
surpass$ by ! magnanimity ( ! majority4 
,?is same magnanimity is %[n 9 help+ !  
weak2 !re are no bett]-natur$1 m        
consid]ate1 & pati5t p ?an ! ,am]ican1 s
 long z ! social side ( life is 9 "q4   
,_! temp]am5tal coolness & hum\r /& !m 9
 good /ead4 ,at bottom x is ! feel+ t !y
 are all equal1 & t if "o has made a    
miss-/ep to-day & ne$s help1 "o ne$$ x  
"o's self ye/]day1 & may ne$ x aga9     
to-morr[4 ,! accid5t t "o is do+ "o's   
duty at ! mom5t :ile ano!r is c>eless1  
indiscreet1 or fooli% is n to be        
magnifi$ nor tak5 to mean t "o's self is
 a bett] sort ( a man4 ,su* k9dl9ess    
greatly makes = g5]al in=mality4  ,among
 ! curr5t compla9ts ( ,europeans is1 t !
 ,am]ican life lacks j ?is s]5e         
cordiality1 ! ,g]man ,gemtli*keit4 ,x is
 true1 inde$1 t ! rhy?m ( ,am]ican life 
is quick] & m en]getic2 s t ! /rang]1   

until he has become accu/om$ to ! m     
/r5u\s pace1 rema9s at fir/ oppress$ by 
a disagreeable s5se ( ha/e2 j z !       
,am]ican :o visits ,g]many has at fir/ a
 disagreeable feel+ ( hide-b\nd p$antry 
& c>eless indiff]5ce4 ,su* a fir/       
impression is sup]ficial4 ,z soon z !   
,am]ican is adapt$ to ! adagio ( ,g]man 
life1 he feels t ! sl[ness is n         
c>elessness2 & ! ,g]man1 :5 he has le>n$
 ! sm>t] m>*+ "t ( ,am]ican life1 kn[s 9
 ! same way t ! quick1 /rong acc5t by no
 means excludes s]5ity & com=t4 ,x is   
true t 9 ! two c\ntries ^! feel+s are   
diff]5tly di/ribut$4 ,! ,g]man          
,*ri/mas-tide is c]ta9ly m f]v5t & s]5e 
?an ! ,am]ican1 b x is a "q :e!r ,g]man 
popul> life has any holiday m w>mly     
solemniz$ ?an ! ,?anksgiv+ ,day ( ,new  
,engl&4 ,! ,am]ican nature fav\rs a     
purely social com=t :i* has less to d ) 
s5tim5t & feel+ ?an ) ! s5se (          
affiliation4  ,g]man in=mality develops 
itself always among social equals1      
because 9 ,g]many social diff]5ces seem 

to ext5d to ! deepe/ traits (           
p]sonality2 b social di/9ctions d n /& 9
 ! way ( ! sympa!tic int]c\rse (        
,am]icans1 because !y h>dly ev] =get t  
su* diff]5ces are ext]nal4 ,9 ?is s5se !
 ,s\? ,g]man enjoys m ,gemtli*keit ?an !
 ,nor? ,g]man1 & ! ,am]ican m ?an any   
,european4 ,! mo/ indiscrim9ately *os5  
gr\p c be br\ght to a unity ( feel+ by !
 m]e/ comical or pa!tic accid5t1 s t all
 social di/9ctions fall away l dead     
leaves4 ,9 ! mo/ dignifi$ assembly1 z at
 ! busie/ (fice1 a s+le ^w or je/       
creates unconsci\sly a sympa!tic mood1 9
 :i* ! y\nge/ mess5g] & ! mo/ important 
director come at once into equality4 ,a 
feel+ runs ?r\gh ! :ole social life1 z  
if "o w\ld l to say1 ) a jovial w9k1 t  
no "o believes really 9 all ! social    
di/9ctions1 b is look+ = :at is good 9 !
 inn] p]sonality4  ,! mo/ en]getic      
expression ( ?is inn] /riv+ = equality  
lies 9 ! feel+ ( ju/ice4 ,!re is no     
prov9ce 9 :i* ,am]ican & ,g]man feel+s  
are s diff]5t4 ,?is is especially true 9

 ! matt] ( p5al law4 ,a crime is        
naturally a crime "h z !re1 & !         
diff]5ces 9 p5alty are ma9ly due to     
diff]5t political1 social1 & indu/rial  
in/itutions4 ,! ,am]ican is p]haps      
a/oni%$ at ! rig\r ( ,g]man law reg>d+ !
 press or lse maje/1 & at ! mild        
puni%m5t = duell+1 or c]ta9 social      
del9qu5cies2 :ile ! ,g]man is amaz$ at !
 sev]e ,am]ican laws relat+ to temp]ance
 & at ! mild puni%m5t = sl&] ( (ficials1
 etc4 ,b all ?is does n %[ ! lea/       
diff]5ce 9 ! s5se ( ju/ice1 b only 9 !  
in/itution4 ,! real diff]5ce is deep]4  
,! ,g]man1 we might say1 lays ! *ief    
emphasis 9 see+ to x t on no acc\nt a   
crim9al %all evade ! law1 :ile !        
,am]ican w on no acc\nt let an innoc5t  
man be puni%$4 ,x is a matt] ( c\rse t e
 social community includes del9qu5ts1 & 
t = ! protection ( society a p5al code  
mu/ d its be/ to suppress1 to           
intimidate1 or to improve ! lawless w4  
,b 9 view ( su* necess>y ma*9]y1 !      
,am]ican feels t e ef=t %\ld be made t 8

 guiltless neighb\r %all n be mole/$1   
s9ce ! neighb\r is "o l himself4 ,x is  
bett] = a hundr$ guilty p]sons to escape
 ! puni%m5t !y des]ve ?an = a s+le      
innoc5t p]son to be 9 ! lea/ aggriev$4  
,! real di/9ctions1 !re=e1 d n lie 9 !  
p5al code1 b 9 ! way x is adm9i/]$2 to  
put x extremely1 ! ,g]man :o is accus$  
is guilty until he proves 8 innoc5ce1   
:ile ! ,am]ican is innoc5t until he is  
prov$ guilty4 ,a s+le example w make !  
matt] cle>4 ,any "o 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o
 has be5 *>g$ ) murd] or any o!r misde$ 
& on trial f\nd n guilty1 c nev] aga9   
dur+ 8 :ole life be tri$ = ! same crime2
 n ev5 if entirely new & conv9c+ evid5ce
 comes up lat]1 nor ev5 if he %\ld      
himself confess ! crime4 ,! ,am]ican    
juri/ says t ! /ate has be5 giv5        
suffici5t opportunity to prove !        
def5dant's guilt4 ,if ! c\nsel ( ! /ate 
z pla9tiff has n be5 able to conv9ce !  
jury1 ! accus$ man is legally innoc5t1 &
 is protect$ z a matt] ( pr9ciple f !   
dread ( any r5ewal ( ! accusation4 ,9   

,am]ican legal op9ion ! ,g]man me?od (  
proc$ure involves a c]ta9 arbitr>9ess1  
:i* accord+ to ! op9ion ( _m lawy]s1 is 
tol]at$ 9 ,g]many only because ( !      
admirable quality ( ! judges4 ,am]ican  
juri/s say t ab\t half ( ! te/imony     
admitt$ 9 ! ,g]man c\rt-room1 &         
two-?irds admitt$ 9 ! ,fr5*1 are        
entirely incompatible ) ! legal         
supposition t e man is innoc5t until    
prov$ guilty4  ,! diff]5t use ( ! oa? is
 also *>act]i/ic ( ^! two c\ntries4 ,!  
sworn te/imony on ! basis ( 8in=mation &
 belief0 is admitt$ )\t m ado1 & s two  
contradictory pieces ( evid5ce "u oa?   
are n only admissible1 b are v common2 &
 ! ,g]man acceptance ( ! oa? ( "o p>ty &
 exclusion ( t ( ! o!r seems a d[nright 
impossibility f ! po9t ( view ( ,am]ican
 law4 ,9 ! same category is ! requirem5t
 t ! v]dict ( ! jury %all be unanim\s4  
,! twelve jurym5 may n leave ! c\rt     
except "u surveillance until !y h       
pron\nc$ ! v]dict2 & ?us x happ5s t !y  
(t5 h to sleep & eat = days 9 ! c\rt    

h\se 9 ord] to be gu>d$ f outside       
influ5ces4 ,if aft] all !y c come to no 
agreem5t1 ! case is dropp$ & ! situation
 rema9s exactly z x 0 be=e ! trial2 & ! 
/ate attorney is free to br+ a new      
accusation4 ,only an unanim\s 8guilty0  
or 8n guilty0 c be accept$4 ,9 ?is      
connection1 too1 is f\nd ! unusual      
significance ( ! judicial injunctions1 &
 especially ( ! writ ( habeas corpus1   
d]iv$ f ,magna ,*>ta1 :i* says t no free
 man is to be depriv$ ( life1 lib]ty1 or
 prop]ty1 except accord+ to ! law ( ! l&
 & by ! v]dict ( 8 pe]s4  ,on look+ ov] 
! judicial practice ( ! c\ntry z a :ole1
 "o w feel1 q z 9 ,g]many1 t ?is great  
ma*9]y succe$s 9 puni%+ crime & protect+
 society2 b 9 ,am]ica ! in/9ctive fe> ( 
! law is accompani$ by a pr(\nd] feel+ t
 any innoc5t man is p]fectly safe4 ,e   
trial %[s1 9 a way1 mo/ cle>ly !        
negative side ( ! process1 t ! rights ( 
! def5dant are to be c>efully protect$4 
,& if a newcom] 9 ! c\ntry recalls c]ta9
 exagg]at$ reports 9 ,g]man newspap]s ( 

corruption 9 ,am]ican c\rts1 he %\ld be>
 9 m9d ! words ( ,*oate4 ,%ortly be=e   
go+ z ambassador to ,engl&1 he made a   
spee* be=e a society ( juri/s1 ( :i* he 
0 presid5t1 on ! advantages &           
disadvantages ( trial by jury4 ,z to !  
!oretical possibility ( brib]y 9 su*    
cases1 he said t he c\ld pass ! matt]   
ov]1 s9ce1 dur+ 8 exp]i5ce ( =ty ye>s 9 
law1 he _h n se5 a s+le case 9 :i* ev5  
"o memb] ( any jury _h be5 accus$ ( hav+
 be5 brib$4 ,unreliability 9 !          
adm9i/ration ( ju/ice w\ld d away at    
once ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,am]ican 
social life4 ,:5 m5 believe s9c]ely 9 _!
 equality1 !y naturally develop a /rong 
s5se ( ju/ice1 & reg>d ! protection ( ! 
innoc5t man aga9/ e sort ( prejudice1   
ho/ility1 dislike1 or disreg>d z ! v    
highe/ function ( ! law4  ,we h depict$ 
! bright] side ( ! ,am]ican s5se (      
equality1 & may n[1 ) a few /rokes1 put 
9 ! %ad[s4 ,no "o has d5i$ t !re are    
un=tunate features1 al?\gh "s ass]t t !y
 mu/ be accept$ or else m important     

advantages sacrific$4 ,a /rang] is at   
once /ruck by ! t5d5cy to uni=mity :i*  
arises f ! belief 9 g5]al equality4 ,!  
_s ( comrade%ip is unfav\rable to       
individual diff]5tiation1 no matt] :e!r 
x is a "q ( a man's hat & necktie or 8  
religion & 8 !ory ( ! univ]se4 ,he is   
expect$ to demon/rate 8 uni=mity by     
seem+ no diff]5t f e "o else4 ,9 outw>d 
matt]s ?is monotony is consid]ably      
fav\r$ by indu/rial conditions1 :i*     
produce /aple articles 9 great          
quantities & di/ribute !m f "o end ( !  
c\ntry to ano!r4 ,exactly ! same designs
 9 fa%ion1 arts & crafts1 furniture &   
ma*9]y are put on exhibition at ! same  
"t 9 ! %[-w9d[s f ,new ,york to ,san    
,francisco4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is !        
economic cu/om ( ! ,am]ican to replace  
ev]y?+ :i* he uses v frequ5tly4 ,?is is 
due to ! *eapness ( all manufactur$     
articles & ! high price ( ! manual lab\r
 :i* is necess>y to make repairs4 ,x is 
actually *eap] to buy new %oes &        
und]clo?+ at frequ5t int]vals ?an to h !

 old ones m5d$1 & ?is also provides e   
man ) ! late/ /yles4 ,if a new /yle (   
coll> is br\ght out to-day1 !re w1 say  
among ! ?\s&s ( ,h>v>d /ud5ts1 be h>dly 
a hundr$ to-morr[ we>+ ! old /yle4 ,?is 
t5d5cy is1 ( c\rse1 aid$ by ! g5]al     
prosp]ity1 :i* enables an unusually l>ge
 proportion ( p]sons to h consid]ably m 
?an !y ne$1 & to indulge1 p]haps        
imitatively1 9 ! fa%ionable luxuries ( !
 day4  ,z mu* z ! g5]al prosp]ity fav\rs
 ?is rapid adoption ( new fa%ions1 x is 
/ill cle> t weal? might1 9 itself1 also 
help its possessors to di/+ui% !mselves 
9 outw>d ways2 b ?is does n happ5 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates by reason ( ^! preval5t   
social ideals4 ,n[1 ! desire to d z o!rs
 d affects ev5 ! inn] life2 "o mu/ play 
! same game & mu/ read ! same novel1 n  
because "o ?9ks x is bett]1 b because   
o!rs d x1 & because "o feels 9 inn]     
accord ) ! social community only by lov+
 & hat+ ! same ?+s z x4 ,^? :o d n l :at
 o!rs l1 f9d !mselves extremi/s at once2
 !y are in/9ctively held (f by society z

 biz>re or ov]-int5se1 & relegat$ to !  
social p]iph]y4 ,!re are too few        
int]m$iate /ages betwe5 ! _m :o foll[ "o
 ano!r & ! few :o foll[ no "o1 & ! f9]  
%ad+s ( p]sonality are too mu* lo/ 9 ?is
 way4 ,am]icans ape "o ano!r z ! (fic]s 
( an army1 & n m]ely 9 uni=m1 b 9 !     
adju/m5t ( all _! habits & desires1     
until comrade%ip becomes /]ile uni=mity4
  ,9 _m ways ! ,am]ican inv5tive tal5t  
t5ds to relieve ! g5]al monotony4 ,b ?is
 ef=t all ! "t to discov] new solutions 
( ?is or t social problem1 new          
surprises1 new ent]ta9m5ts1 is itself   
only a sort ( game :i* is play$ at by   
all uni=mly4 ,! small city imitates !   
l>ge "o1 ! rural population imitates !  
metropolitan2 no pr(ession c>es to keep 
its own social individuality2 & ! press 
& politics ( ! entire c\ntry t5d to     
oblit]ate all pr(essional & local       
diff]5ces 9 social life1 & to make ( !  
:ole nation a huge assembly ( g5tlem5 & 
ladies :o1 :e!r high or l[1 desire to be
 j g5tlem5 & ladies at l>ge4 ,x is /ill 

n difficult to-day to di/+ui% a g5tleman
 ( ,omaha f a ,new ,york]2 b ?is is 9   
spite ( ! =m]1 :o1 z a matt] ( pr9ciple1
 aims to pres5t ! same appe>ance4 ,ea/ &
 ,we/1 & rec5tly 9 bo? ,nor? & ,s\?1 "o 
sees ! same c\nt5ance1 & x is seldom t  
"o he>s some?+ ( an intellig5t ef=t to  
k9dle local s5tim5t 9 contra/ to        
national uni=mity4 ,!re is an appeal to 
prov9cialism to free itself f ! sy/em ( 
empty mutual imitation1 & yet ev]ybody  
mu/ see t ! pr(\nde/ in/9cts ( ?is      
c\ntry are unfav\rable to ! developm5t (
 individual peculi>ities4  ,! dang]s (  
?is uni=mity are *iefly /hetic1 al?\gh x
 is n to be =gott5 t uni=mity v easily  
gr[s into intellectual m$iocrity1 & "u  
"s circum/ances may br+ ab\t a c]ta9    
e?ical li/lessness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !     
unfav\rable effects ( t good-nature :i* 
dom9ates ,am]ican life are all ( !m     
e?ical4 ,_! amiable good-nature is1 9 a 
c]ta9 s5se1 ! great virtue ( !          
,am]icans2 9 ano!r s5se1 _! great fail+4
 ,x is actually at bottom 8 good-nature 

:i* p]mits him ev]y:]e to ov]look       
c>elessness & crook$ness1 & s opposes ) 
a lat5t resi/ance all ef=ts at re=m4 ,! 
individual1 l ! nation1 has no gift =   
be+ cross2 m5 avoid = _! own1 b m       
especially = o!rs' sake1 ! disagreeable 
excitem5t4 ,s9ce ! c\ntry is prosp]\s & 
! _w wags pretty well1 no "o ought to   
grumble if he is n[ & !n impos$ on1 or  
if "s "o gets an advantage ov] him1 or  
makes misuse ( p[]4 ,among comrades     
nobody ought to play ! /]n pontiff4  ,an
 e>ne/ obs]v] ( ! c\ntry said1 n long   
s9ce1 t ! hope ( ! c\ntry does n lie 9  
^? amiable p :o nev] drop ! smile f _!  
lips1 b 9 ^? :o1 on due provocation1 get
 ?or\ghly excit$4 ,du/ is settl+ on !   
c\ntry1 & !re is no great excitem5t to  
%ake x (f4 ,! cobwebs ( economic int]e/s
 are be+ spun f po9t to po9t1 & w f9ally
 hide ! nation's ideals4 ,good-nature   
produces a great deal ( self-cont5t 9 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates1 & ^? are n ! wor/ fri5ds 
( ! c\ntry :o wi% x might h 8bad times0 
once m1 s t ?is pleasant smile might    

disappe>1 & ! g5]al indiff]5ce give     
place to a real agitation ( _s4 ,!      
affair ) ,spa9 br\ght no?+ ( ! sort2 !re
 0 only en\gh ang] to produce a pleasant
 prickl+ s5sation1 & ! easy victory     
/r5g!n$ 9 e way ! national feel+ (      
cont5tm5t4 ,!re h be5 a few l>ge        
disa/]s1 due to somebody's neglect (    
duty1 su* z ! burn+ ( a ,*icago !atre1  
:i* h done some?+ to /imulate ! public  
consci5ce & to impress on p h[ dang]\s x
 is to let ?+s g j z !y w2 b ev5 !      
disa/r\s accid5ts :i* result f ?is      
c>elessness are quickly =gott54  ,!     
%ad[s are d>ke/ :]e ! _s ( social       
equality attempts artificially to d away
 ) ^? diff]5ces :i* prop]ly exi/ 9 s*ool
 & family life4 ,x may be p>tly a       
reaction aga9/ ! ov]-/rict br++ up ( =m]
 g5]ations2 b ev]y:]e p$agogical maxims 
seem s5selessly aim+ to c>ry ov] ! idea 
( equality f ! great social _w into !   
nurs]y4 ,x has become a dogma to avoid  
all con/ra9t &1 if possible1 all        
puni%m5t ( *ildr51 & to make e          

correction & rebuke by appeal+ to _!    
insight & good-w4 ,?us ! :ole education 
& s*ool+ goes along ! l9e ( lea/        
resi/ance2 ! *ild mu/ foll[ all 8 own   
incl9ations4 ,& ?is idea is no?+ at     
bottom b a f9al consequ5ce ( !          
recognition ( social equality betwe5 all
 p]sons4 ,to con/ra9 ano!r p]son1 ev5 if
 he is a m]e *ild1 means to infr+e 8    
p]sonal lib]ty1 to (f] him an e?ical    
affront1 & s to accu/om him to a sort ( 
dep5d5ce t appe>s to be at v>iance ) !  
,am]ican idea4 ,( c\rse1 ! be/ p "k t   
lack ( discipl9e is n fre$om1 & t no    
/r5g? is cultivat$ 9 ! *ild t has always
 foll[$ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance & nev]   
exp]i5c$ any friction4 ,b ! mass ( p    
?\ghtlessly ov]looks ?is1 & is cont5t to
 see ev5 9 ! family ! respect ( *ildr5 =
 _! p>5ts & eld]s sacrific$ to ?is      
fav\rite dogma4  ,nature happily        
corrects _m ( ^! evils4 ,x may be sport1
 mo/ ( all1 :i* e>ly 9 ! *ild's life    
introduces a sev]e discipl9e2 & "h !    
,am]ican pr9ciple is sav$1 s9ce !       

outw>dly rigid discipl9e :i* is en=c$ on
 e p>ticipant 9 ! game is1 nev]!less1 at
 e mom5t felt to be 8 own w4 ,! boy has 
himself s\ght out 8 comrades4 ,if he _h 
also *os5 8 p>5ts !re w\ld be no?+ aga9/
 _! giv+ him a good1 s\nd puni%m5t      
occasionally1 in/ead ( yield+ indulg5tly
 to all 8 moods4 ,if sport & ! sev]e    
competition ( public life 7 n "h to     
save1 x w\ld be incompreh5sible t su*   
spoil$ *ildr5 %\ld gr[ up into a        
population :i* keeps itself s /rictly   
organiz$4 ,lack ( discipl9e rema9s1     
h[ev]1 9 evid5ce :]ev] ! con/ra9t appe>s
 to be artificial & n self-*os54 ,:]e1 =
 in/ance1 ! discipl9e ( ! army sometimes
 leads to situations :i* app>5tly       
contradict 8s\nd common s5se10 ! free   
,am]ican w nev] =get t ! uni=m is no?+ b
 an ext]nal detail ap>t f 8 inn] self4  
,& ev5 ! comm&+ g5]al w resort to !     
publicity ( ! press4 ,9 intellectual    
matt]s1 all ?is is repeat$ 9 ! lack (   
respect %[n 9 =m+ judgm5t2 e "o ?9ks    
himself compet5t to decide all que/ions1

 & ! mo/ compet5t judgm5ts ( o!rs are   
(t5 disc\nt$1 because e "o ?9ks himself 
q z good & desires to ass]t himself1 &  
feels 9 n[ise call$ on to li/5 ) respect
 to ! pr(\nd] k1 reason+1 or exp]i5ce ( 
ano!r4  ,we h s f> said no?+ ( ^? ^:    
self-ass]tion & claims to equality are !
 mo/ *>act]i/ic expression ( ,am]ican   
life--! ,am]ican wom54 ,we mu/ n m]ely  
add a ^w ab\t !m at ! end ( ! *apt]2 !y 
are1 at lea/1 a *apt] by !mselves4 ,& _m
 :o h /udi$ ,am]ican life w\ld say t !y 
are ! entire /ory4                      
,,*apt] ,,tw5ty-,,two                   
,! ,self-,ass]tion ( ,wom5   ,x is said 
t ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! only c\ntry 9 :i*
 p>5ts are disappo9t$ on ! appe>ance ( a
 boy baby1 b w greet ! arrival ( a girl 
) undisguis$ pleasure4 ,:o w blame !m8  
,:at1 aft] all1 w a boy baby come to be8
 ,he w g to "w e>ly 9 life1 :ile 8 si/]s
 are left to g on & on ) _! education4  
,he may "w = a position 9 society1 b x w
 be ma9ly 9 ord] to let 8 wife play a   
rle2 he may amass prop]ty1 b mo/ ( all 9

 ord] to provide b\ntifully = 8 daught]4
 ,he w h to /& all 8 life t %e may sit2 
w h to "w e>ly & late1 9 ord] t %e may  
%9e4 ,is x really wor? :ile to br+ up a 
boy8 ,b ! little pr9cess 9 ! cradle has1
 inde$1 a "r to look out on ! _w )      
laugh+ eyes4 ,%e w enjoy all !          
privileges :i* nature specially orda9$ =
 woman1 & w rea* out confid5tly1        
moreov]1 = ^? ?+s :i* nature design$    
peculi>ly = man4 ,no road is clos$ to   
h]2 %e c foll[ e incl9ation ( h] s\l1 & 
g ?r\gh life pamp]$ & imp]i\s4 ,w %e    
m>ry8 ,%e may n c>e to1 b nobody w ?9k  
if %e does n t x is because %e is n able
 to realize any *]i%$ desire4 ,w %e be  
happy8 ,human de/9y is1 aft] all1 de/9y2
 b s f> z nature & society1 mat]ial     
bless+s1 & intellectual consid]ations c 
contribute t[>d a happy life1 !n surely 
! "y ,am]ican woman is m fav\r$ by =tune
 ?an ei!r man or woman 9 any o!r "p ( ! 
_w c hope to be4 ,is ?is advantage ( h]s
 also a ga9 to ! family1 to society1 & !
 nation8  ,x is n p]fectly correct to   

speak ( ! ,am]ican woman z a type--!    
,s\!rn girl is s diff]5t f ! daught] (  
,new ,engl&1 ! wom5 ( ,cali=nia s       
diff]5t f ^? ( ,*icago1 & ! diff]5t     
elem5ts ( population are s mu* m        
traceable 9 wom5 ?an 9 m54 ,& yet "o    
does get a *>act]i/ic picture ( ! av]age
 woman4 ,x may be too mu* influ5c$ by ! 
fem99e figures :i* move 9 ! bett]       
circles to be a fai?ful av]age lik5ess4 
,p]haps ! "y girl /ud5t has be5 too (t5 
! model1 p]haps !re is a rem9isc5ce ( ! 
,gibson girl2 & nev]!less1 "o discov]s  
"s g5]al features ( su* y\? 9 ! fair    
wom5 ^: hair has turn$ grey1 & !re is   
some?+ common to ! daught]s ( di/+ui%$  
families & ! "y wom5 ( ! less fav\r$    
classes4  ,! ,am]ican woman is a tall1  
trim figure1 ) erect & firm c>riage2 %e 
is a bit l ! ,engli% girl1 & yet v      
diff]5t4 ,?is latt] is a trifle /iff1   
:ile ! ,am]ican girl is decid$ly        
graceful2 ! l9es ( h] figure are well   
m\ld$1 & h] appe>ance is always aid$ by 
! p]fect ta/e ( h] raim5t4 ,9 !         

expression ( h] face !re is resolution &
 self-control1 & ) ! resolution a subtle
 mis*iev\s expression :i* is bo? tactful
 & amiable4 ,& ) h] evid5t self-control 
!re is a c]ta9 w9some mobility & seem+ly
 unres]v$ graci\sness4 ,! /r5g? appe>s n
 to contradict ! grace1 ! det]m9ation n 
to be at v>iance ) ! playfulness2 h]    
eyes & play ( expression reveal !       
v]satile _s1 fre% en?usiasm1 & easy wit2
 yet h] =ehead %[s h[ e>ne/ly %e may ?9k
 & desire to be helpful 9 society1 & h[ 
little cont5t$ simply to flirt & to     
please m54  ,& !n h] expression may     
*ange s sudd5ly t "o asks 9 va9 :e!r ?is
 en]gy 01 p]haps1 m]ely put on2 0 p]haps
 a :imsical caprice2 p]haps h]          
intellectual v]satility 0 m]ely an      
elegant sup]ficiality4 ,is %e at bottom 
only 9 se>* ( enjoym5t8 ,is ?is %[ (    
indep5d5ce real moral self-ass]tion1 &  
?is decision real c\rage1 or does %e    
emancipate h]self m]ely out ( ennui2 is 
x a se>* = excitem5t8 ,& is h] eag]ness 
to rea* out = ev]y?+ m]ely an effect (  

h] environm5t :i* is ready to give      
ev]y?+8 ,b c\ld ?is slim figure really  
be s wond]fully s$uctive1 if h] eyes &  
features did n awak5 d\bt & unsolv$     
que/ions2 if ev]y?+ 7 cle>1 simple1 &   
obvi\s8 ,woman is ev]y:]e full (        
contradictions2 & if ! ,am]ican woman is
 diff]5t f all h] si/]s1 x is because ! 
contradictions 9 h] face & mi5 seem m   
mod]n1 m complex & unfa?omable4  ,b x is
 va9 to speak ( ! ,am]ican woman )\t    
consid]+ h] relations to h]             
environm5t--! backgr\nd1 z x 71 ( h]    
exi/5ce1 ! cu/oms & in/itutions "u :i*  
%e has gr[n up & cont9ues to live4 ,we  
mu/ speak ( ! education & s*ool+1 !     
/udies & occupations ( wom51 ( _! social
 & dome/ic position1 _! influ5ce1 & _!  
organiz$ ef=ts2 & !n we %all be bett]   
able critically to evaluate t 9 !       
,am]ican woman :i* is good1 & t :i* is  
p]haps om9\s4  ,! life ( ! ,am]ican girl
 is diff]5t f t ( h] ,european si/]s f !
 mom5t :5 %e ent]s s*ool4 ,public s*ool 
in/ruction is co-educational1 )\t       

exception 9 ! l[] grades1 & usually 9 ! 
upp]4 ,( ! six hundr$ & tw5ty-eight     
cities ( ! c\ntry1 five hundr$ &        
eighty-sev5 h public s*ools = boys &    
girls toge!r1 f ! prim>y to ! mo/       
advanc$ classes2 & ( ^? cities t rema91 
only ?irte51 & all ( !m are 9 ! ,ea/1   
sep>ate ! boys & girls 9 e grade4 ,9 !  
c\ntry1 boys & girls are always toge!r  
at s*ool4 ,9 private s*ools 9 cities1 ! 
in/ruction is m apt to be ap>t2 b !     
public s*ools educate #ia p] c5t4 ( !   
y\?--t is1 ab\t #g1gjj1jjj boys &       
#g1fjj1jjj girls4  ,co-education has be5
 adopt$ to a diff]5t ext5t 9 ! diff]5t  
/ates1 & ev5 9 ! diff]5t grades ( s*ool 
has n develop$ equally4 ,! in/ruction ( 
boys & girls toge!r has spread f !      
elem5t>y classes1 & :ile ! idea took !  
,we/ by /orm1 x 0 less imm$iately adopt$
 by ! cons]vative ,ea/4 ,practical      
exig5cies1 & especially ! matt] (       
economy1 h greatly affect$ ?is          
developm5t2 & yet1 on ! :ole1 x has be5 
fav\r$ by pr9ciple4 ,!re is no d\bt t1 q

 ap>t f ! exp5se1 a return to sep>ate   
in/ruction = boys & girls w\ld be reg>d$
 by ! majority ( ! p to-day z an        
unall[able /ep backw>d3 !re has be5     
consid]able !oretical discussion ( !    
matt]2 b ! fact rema9s t ! nation reg>ds
 ! great exp]im5t z successful4 ,?is    
does n mean t ! ,am]ican ?\ghtlessly    
ignores sex diff]5ces 9 education2 he is
 aw>e t ! bodily1 moral1 & intellectual 
/r5g? ( ! two sexes is diff]5t1 & t _!  
developm5t proce$s along diff]5t l9es4  
,b fir/ly1 ! ,am]ican s*ool sy/em1 z we 
h se51 leaves 9 g5]al great fre$om 9 !  
selection ( /udies4 ,! girls may take m 
,fr5*1 :ile ! boys 9 ! same class m (t5 
/udy ,lat92 & _m subjects are introduc$ 
9 ! curriculum expressly = "o or ! o!r  
sex--su* z sew+1 cook+1 & type-writ+ = !
 girls1 & c>p5try = ! boys4  ,x is said1
 moreov]1 t j z boys & girls eat ! same 
food at ! family table1 al?\gh x goes to
 make v diff]5t sorts ( bodies1 s too ! 
same intellectual n\ri%m5t w be dige/$ 9
 a diff]5t way1 & n "w aga9/ ! normal   

intellectual diff]5ces4 ,x is important 
only = ! in/ruction l ! n\ri%m5t to be (
 ! be/ sort1 & x is fe>$ t ! girls'     
s*ool w\ld drop bel[ ! level ( ! boys'  
s*ool if ! two 7 to be made di/9ct4     
,equal ?or\ghness is assur$ only by hav+
 "o s*ool4 ,oppon5ts ( ! idea affirm t  
?is "o s*ool is virtually no?+ b a boys'
 s*ool aft] all1 ) girls m]ely 9        
att5dance1 & t ! s*ool is n suffici5tly 
adapt$ to ! make-up ( ! "y girls4  ,!   
ma9 po9t1 h[ev]1 lies n 9 ! simil>ity ( 
in/ruction1 b 9 ! br++ toge!r ( boys &  
girls4 ,x is true t ! success ( exp5sive
 private s*ools 9 l>ge cities proves t  
!re is consid]able desire among p>5ts to
 h _! sons g to s*ool ) boys & _!       
daught]s only ) girls2 b ! nation1 z a  
:ole1 does n take ?is po9t ( view1 b    
believes t boys & girls1 gr[+ up z !y d 
toge!r 9 ! home & de/9$ to live toge!r z
 adults1 %\ld become accu/om$ to "o     
ano!r dur+ ! =mative p]iod ( s*ool      
in/ruction4 ,! girls1 x is said1 are    
made /rong] by actually work+ ) ! boys2 

_! s]i\sness is emphasiz$ & _! en]gy    
develop$1 :ile ! boys are ref9$ by      
contact ) ! g5tl] sex--induc$ to be     
c\rte\s1 & influ5c$ t[>d /hetic ?+s4 ,& 
if !ori/s 7 actually to fe> ! opposite  
result--t is1 t ! boys %\ld be made weak
 & hy/]ical & ! girls r\gh & co>se--!y  
w\ld ne$ only to look to practical      
exp]i5ce1 :i* speaks unanim\sly to !    
contr>y4  ,a /ill less well-gr\nd$ fe>  
is t ( ^? :o wi% to sep>ate ! sexes     
especially dur+ ! adolesc5t p]iod4 ,s f>
 z ?is exce$+ly complicat$ "q admits ( a
 brief summ+ up1 ! nation f9ds t !      
sexual t5sion is decreas$ by ! contact 9
 ! s*ool2 ! common intellectual lab\r1  
common ambitions1 & ! common anxieties  
awak5 comrade%ip & dim9i% all ideas (   
diff]5ce4 ,boys & girls :o daily & h\rly
 he> "o ano!r recite _! lessons1 & :o   
write toge!r at ! black-bo>d1 are = "o  
ano!r no objects ( romantic long+ or    
s$uctive my/]y4 ,su* a result may be    
deplor$ f ano!r po9t ( view--namely1 t =
 reasons n connect$ ) ! s*ool1 su*      

romanticism is desirable2 b "o mu/ admit
 t ! disc\ragem5t ( unripe passion 9 !  
ye>s ( developm5t means pur] & heal?i]  
relations betwe5 ! sexes1 bo? physically
 & m5tally4 ,all regrettable "o-sid$ness
 is done away )4 ,j z 9 ! /]eoscope a   
normal p]ception ( dep? is br\ght out by
 ! comb9ation ( two flat pictures1 s "h 
! con/ant comb9ation ( ! mascul9e &     
fem99e po9ts ( view results 9 a normal  
feel+ ( reality4  ,!n1 too1 ! s*ool 9   
?is wise prep>es ! way = lat] social    
int]c\rse4 ,boys & girls are br\ght     
toge!r )\t special sup]vision1 innoc5tly
 & z a matt] ( c\rse1 f ! nurs]y to e>ly
 manhood & womanhood4 ,x is only !      
artificial sep>ation ( ! two sexes1 !   
,am]ican says1 :i* produces t uns\nd    
condition ( ! fancy t makes ! relation (
 ! sexes on ! ,european ,cont95t s      
frivol\s & dubi\s4 ,! moral atmosph]e ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates is und\bt$ly mu* fre] f 
unheal?ful miasms4 ,a cool] & less      
s5sual temp]am5t contributes mu* to ?is1
 b ! comradely int]c\rse ( boys & girls 

f ! e>ly s*ool days to ! "t ( m>riage is
 und\bt$ly an equally purify+ =ce4 ,!   
small boy v e>ly feels himself ! natural
 protector ( 8 weak] playmate1 & ! girl 
c always1 :e!r 9 ! nurs]y or z a "y lady
 9 h] "m's p>l\r1 receive h] fri5ds     
alone1 ev5 :5 h] p>5ts are n at home4 ,a
 little coquetry keeps alive a c]ta9    
s5se ( diff]5ce1 always1 b any lea/     
transgression is entirely preclud$ on   
bo? sides4 ,! boy pr(\ndly respects 8   
girl fri5d z he does 8 own si/]1 & %e   
c\ld n be saf] ?an 9 8 protection4 ,!   
gallantry ( ! ,european is at bottom    
egoti/ic4 ,x is k9d 9 ord] to w91 &     
flatt]s 9 ord] to please2 :ile !        
gallantry ( ! ,am]ican is n aim$ to     
s$uce1 b to s]ve2 x does n play ) ! idea
 ( male submission1 b s9c]ely & truly   
gives ! woman fir/ place4  ,! only      
logical consequ5ce1 :5 boys & girls     
enjoy n only equival5t b absolutely     
equal s*ool tra9+1 is t _! fur!r        
education %all g on p>allel4 ,we h se5 !
 peculi> position ( ! ,am]ican college2 

h[ x is almo/ incomp>able ) any ,g]man  
in/itution1 be+ a sort ( int]m$iate     
memb] betwe5 ! high s*ool & true        
univ]sity--! sc5e ( a f\r-ye>           
intellectual activity1 resembl+ 9 "s    
respects ! ,g]man s*ool1 & 9 o!rs !     
,g]man univ]sity4 ,we h se5 h[ ! college
 removes ! "y man f ! p>5tal influ5ces f
 8 eighte5? to tw5ty-second ye>s1 &     
places him 9 a new1 small1 & academic _w
 ( special ideals :i* is c5tr$ ar\nd "s 
beautiful college y>d4 ,we h se5 h[ two 
?+s happ5 9 ^! ye>s2 on ! "o h&1 he is  
prep>$ = 8 future occupation1 especially
 if he is to ent] a pr(essional faculty 
( ! univ]sity1 & on ! o!r he receives a 
broad1 humanit>ian tra9+4 ,we h se5 also
 t ^! hundr$s ( colleges =m a scale ( v 
small gradations1 ^: diff]5t /eps are   
adapt$ to ! diff]5t social ne$s ( v>i\s 
sections ( ! c\ntry2 t ! bett] colleges 
are l a ,g]man ,prima1 ) ?ree or f\r    
seme/]s 9 ! philosophical faculty ( a   
univ]sity1 & t ! inf]ior colleges h>dly 
rea* ! level ( ! ,unt]prima4 ,9 su* an  

in/itution1 we h f\nd ! s\rce ( ! be/ t 
is 9 ,am]ican intellectual life4 ,n[ ?is
 in/itution op5s wide its doors to wom54
  ,"h1 9 tru?1 co-education is less     
prom95t4 ,! cons]vative t5d5cy ( ,ea/]n 
colleges has work$ aga9/ ! admission (  
wom5 into ! bett] ( !m1 & ! advantages (
 colleges = none b wom5 are s well      
atte/$ t ! ,ea/ at lea/ w h>dly make a  
*ange1 al?\gh ! ,middle & ,we/]n ,/ates 
look on x virtually z a s9 aga9/ inborn 
human rights1 to e/abli% colleges =     
any?+ b ! education ( bo? sexes alike4  
,x 0 easi] to oppose mix$ education 9 ! 
college sph]e ?an 9 ! s*ool1 because !  
common elem5t>y tra9+ 0 ne$$ at ! outset
 = bo? sexes1 :ile ! dem& = college     
tra9+ = wom5 came up mu* lat]1 :5 !     
tradition ( colleges = m5 0 already well
 e/abli%$4 ,h>v>d ,college 0 already two
 hundr$ ye>s old :51 = ! fir/ "t1 an    
,am]ican college z an exp]im5t admitt$  
wom52 ?is 0 ,ob]l9 ,college 9 ,ohio1 :i*
 began ! movem5t 9 #ahcc4 ,! fir/ wom5's
 college 0 e/abli%$1 ?ree ye>s lat]1 9  

,georgia--a pione] in/itution 9 ! ,s\?4 
,b progress 0 sl[4 ,x 0 n until #ahfb t 
! gov]nm5t gave t5 million acres ( l& = 
educational in/itutions2 & !n high]     
in/itutions became mu* m num]\s1        
especially 9 ! ,we/1 & f t "t x 0 agre$ 
t wom5 %\ld h equal privileges ) m5 9 ^!
 new colleges4 ,s9ce !n co-education 9  
college & univ]sity has gr[n to be m & m
 ! rule1 except 9 ! ,ea/4 ,all /ate     
colleges & univ]sities are op5 to wom51 
& also ! end[$ univ]sities--,br[n1      
,*icago1 ,cornell1 ,lel& ,/an=d1 & !    
,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania2 "s few o!rs1 
z ,yale1 ,columbia1 & ,johns ,hopk9s1   
all[ wom5 to att5d ! graduate s*ools or 
! pr(essional faculties1 b n ! college4 
,/ati/ics = all ! colleges 9 ! c\ntry %[
 t1 9 ! ye> #ahhj1 only #ea p] c5t4 7   
co-educational2 9 #ahij !re 7 #fe p]    
c5t41 & 9 #aijj1 #gb p] c5t4            
,practically1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ significant  
=m ( female college education is n !    
co-educational1 b "o :i* creates a      
special college p>adise = "y wom51 :]e  

!re are no male beguilem5ts &           
di/ractions4  ,!re are six pr9cipal     
in/itutions :i* h tak5 ! lead 9 mak+ !  
college life ( wom5 ! significant ?+ t x
 n[ is4 ,vass> ,college 0 ! fir/1       
e/abli%$ on ! ,hudson ,riv] 9 #ahfa2 !n 
came ,wellesley ,college1 ne> ,bo/on2   
,bryn ,mawr1 ne> ,philadelphia2 ,smi?   
,college1 9 ,nor?ampton2 ,radcliffe     
,college1 9 ,cambridge2 ,b>n>d1 9 ,new  
,york4 ,!re is a l>ge numb] ( simil>    
in/itutions1 z ,holyoke1 ,baltimore1 &  
o!rs 9 ev]-dim9i%+ s]ies d[n to         
in/itutions :i* are h>dly di/+ui%able f 
girls' high s*ools4 ,! numb] ( girls    
att5d+ /rictly wom5's colleges 9 ! :ole 
c\ntry1 9 #aijj1 0 #bc1ijj2 :ile 9 mix$ 
colleges & 9 ! collegiate dep>tm5ts (   
univ]sities !re 7 #ai1bjj wom5 /ud5ts--j
 a qu>t] ( ! total numb] ( college      
/ud5ts4 ,x is notable "h t ! /ud5ts 9   
wom5's colleges s9ce #ahij h increas$ by
 #gjj1 & 9 mix$ colleges by #i1jjj4 ,x  
may be m5tion$1 9 pass+1 t !re are      
#ce1jjj wom5 /ud5ts 9 normal s*ools4  ,!

 in/ruction 9 wom5's colleges is mo/ly  
by wom51 :o numb] #a1gdd--t is1 ab\t #ga
 p] c5t4 ( ! in/ructors--:ile 9 mix$    
colleges ! #heg wom5 are only #aj p]    
c5t4 ( ! tea*+ /aff4 ,9 ! lead+         
co-educational univ]sities1 l ,*icago1  
,ann ,arbor1 ,lel& ,/an=d1 ,b]keley1 &  
o!rs1 ! wom5 are almo/ :olly taught by  
m54 ,! lead+ wom5's colleges pursue     
diff]5t policies4 ,wellesley has almo/  
exclusively wom52 ,bryn ,mawr1 ,vass>1 &
 ,smi? h bo?2 ,radcliffe & ,b>n>d are   
peculi>1 9 t by _! by-laws ,radcliffe is
 taught only by ,h>v>d in/ructors1 &    
,b>n>d only by in/ructors 9 ,columbia   
,univ]sity4 ,?is id5tification ) ! tea*+
 /affs ( ,h>v>d & ,columbia assures ^!  
two wom5's colleges an especially high  
intellectual level4 ,& ! same ?+ is     
accompli%$1 ( c\rse1 = wom5 by _! be+   
admitt$ to full privileges 9 ,*icago1   
,/an=d1 & 9 ! l>ge /ate univ]sities1 su*
 z ,ann ,arbor4 ,b "o c realize ! :ole  
*>m & poetry ( wom5's colleges only on a
 visit to ! quiet groves ( ,wellesley1  

,bryn ,mawr1 ,vass>1 or ,smi?4  ,9      
broad1 h&somely kept p>ks !re lie       
scatt]$ ab\t attractive villas1         
monum5tal halls ( in/ruction1 club-h\ses
 & laboratories2 & "h "s ?\s& girls1    
seldom y\ng] ?an eighte5 nor old] ?an   
tw5ty-five1 sp5d f\r happy ye>s at "w & 
play1 ap>t f all worldly c>es4 ,!y r[1  
play t5nis & basket-ball1 & g ?r\gh     
gymna/ic ex]cises2 &1 z a result1 e girl
 leaves college fre%]1 heal?i]1 & /rong]
 ?an :5 %e ent]$ x4 ,& ! type ( pale1   
ov]-work$ neura/h5ic is unkn[n4 ,^!     
girls h _! own ambitions 9 ?is m9iature 
_w--_! positions ( hon\r1 _! meet+s1 _! 
clubs & social sets2 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 only 
p]sonality1 tal5t1 & temp]am5t c\nt1    
:ile weal? or p>5tal influ5ce does n    
come 9 "q4 ,! life is happy2 !re are    
danc+1 !atrical p]=mances1 & innum]able 
o!r div]sions f ! op5+ celebration 9 !  
fall to ! fe/ivities 9 ,june1 :5 !      
academic ye> closes4 ,& ! life is also  
e>ne/4 ,!re is no day )\t its h\rs (    
consci5ti\s lab\r 9 ! lecture hall1 !   

libr>y or /udy1 :e!r ?is is 9 prep>ation
 = lat] tea*+1 = pr(essional life or1 z 
is m (t5 ! case1 solely = ! h>moni\s    
developm5t ( all ! /ud5t's faculties4   
,"o :o looks on ^! fre% "y girls 9 _!   
light co/umes1 ! v5]able ,engli%        
mitre-caps on _! heads1 sitt+ 9 !       
alcoves ( ! libr>y or play+ 9 ! op5 air1
 or 9 _! =mal debates1 9 ! sem9>y or 9 !
 fe/ive procession on class-day1--sees t
 "h is a s\rce ( ! pure/ & subtle/      
idealism go+ out into ,am]ican life4    
,on su* a f\ndation re/s ! pr(essional  
tra9+ ( ! real univ]sity4 ,s9ce ! girl  
/ud5ts 9 all ! colleges ( ! c\ntry outdo
 ! m5 9 _! /udies1 w9 ! highe/ prizes1 &
 att5d ! mo/ difficult lectures1 ! old  
sl&] ab\t defici5t bra9 sub/ance & m5tal
 incapacity c no long] s]ve z a pretext 
= clos+ ! univ]sity to compet+          
womanhood4 ,9 fact1 ! graduate s*ools1  
:i* correspond to ! advanc$ portion ( a 
,g]man philosophical faculty1 & ! legal 
& m$ical faculties ( all /ate           
univ]sities & ( a few private           

univ]sities are op5 to wom54 ,b "o is n 
to suppose t ! numb] ( wom5 :o are ?us  
prep>+ = ! le>n$ pr(essions1 z t (      
m$ic9e1 law1 or ! m9i/ry1 is v l>ge4    
,!re are to-day #dd1jjj wom5 college    
/ud5ts1 b only #a1bec wom5 graduate     
/ud5ts2 & 9 #ahij !re 7 only #cfi4 ,!re 
are h>dly m ?an a ?\s& 9 ! purely       
pr(essional faculties1 & ^! =m only #c  
p] c5t4 ( ! total numb] ( /ud5ts4 ,!    
,am]ican wom5 /udy mo/ly 9 colleges1    
!re=e1 & _! aim is g5]ally to get a     
well-gr\nd$1 lib]al education1          
correspond+ to a ,gymnasium tra9+1      
toge!r ) a few seme/]s 9 ! philosophical
 faculty4 ,b !re are no limitations by  
pr9ciple2 woman z su* is d5i$ no        
8rights10 & ! v]dict is unanim\s t ?is  
national exp]im5t is te*nically         
successful4 ,!re is no indication (     
moral det]ioration1 ( a l[]$ level (    
in/ruction1 or ( a mutual h9drance      
betwe5 m5 & wom5 9 ! matt] ( /udy4 ,!   
univ]sity1 9 %ort1 op5s ! way to ! le>n$
 pr(essions4  ,:5 a ,european he>s ( !  

indep5d5t c>e]s ( ,am]ican wom51 he is  
apt to imag9e some?+ :i* is unkn[n to   
him--a woman 9 ! judicial wig or !      
m9i/]'s robe2 a woman doctor or         
univ]sity pr(essor4 ,?us he repres5ts to
 himself ! self-support+ wom51 & he     
easily =gets t _! numb] is vani%+ly     
small beside ! masses ( ^? :o e>n _!    
liv+ ) v mu* less prep>ation4 ,!        
pr(essional life ( ! ,am]ican woman1 h] 
in/9ct to support h]self1 & s to make   
h]self equal to ! man 9 ! social &      
economic worlds1 _c be und]/ood m]ely f 
figures2 = /ati/ics w\ld %[ a mu* l>g]  
p]c5tage ( wom5 9 o!r c\ntries :o e>n _!
 liv+1 :]e ! in/9ct = indep5d5ce is v   
mu* less4 ,! motive is ! ma9 po9t4 ,"o  
might say t ! ,european woman works     
because ! l& is too poor to support !   
family by ! lab\r ( ! man alone4 ,!     
,am]ican woman works because %e wants h]
 own c>e]4 ,9 travell+ ?r\gh ,europe1 "o
 notices wom5 toil+ pa9fully 9 ! fields2
 ?is is n necess>y 9 ,am]ica1 unless    
among ! negroes4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ,new      

,engl&1 "o sees a hammock 9 front ( e   
f>m-h\se1 & (t5 cat*es ! s\nd ( a piano2
 ! wives & daught]s h nev] ?\ght ( work+
 9 ! fields4 ,b wom5 cr[d into all      
occupations 9 ! cities1 9 ord] to h an  
indep5d5t exi/5ce & to make !mselves    
useful4 ,!y w\ld r "w 9 a factory or    
tea* ?an to /ay on ! f>m & sp5d _! "t at
 h\se-"w or embroid]y4  ,z a matt] (    
c\rse1 v _m families are actually 9 ne$1
 & innum]able motives may lead a woman  
to ! e>n+ ( a liv+4 ,b if "o comp>es !  
*anges 9 ! /ati/ics ( diff]5t           
employm5ts1 & looks into ! psy*ology ( !
 diff]5t k9ds ( occupation1 "o sees     
cle>ly t ! _s ( self-det]m9ation is !   
decisive factor1 & t wom5 compete mo/   
/rongly 9 ! pr(essions :i* involve "s   
rational int]e/1 & t !y "k :]e x pays to
 cr[d ! m5 out4 ,!re is no male         
pr(ession1 outside ( ! soldi]y & ! fire 
dep>tm5t1 into :i* wom5 h n felt        
!mselves call$4 ,betwe5 ! ,atlantic &   
,pacific oceans !re are #de female      
locomotive eng9e]s1 #ca elevator        

att5dants1 #afg masons1 #e pilots1 #aif 
blacksmi?s1 #fbe coal m9]s1 #c          
auctione]s1 & #a1cbj pr(essional        
huntresses4  ,ap>t f su* curiosities1 & 
look+ at only ! l>ge gr\ps1 we %all     
discov] ! foll[+ pr(essional activity ( 
wom53 ,9 #aijj1 :5 ! la/ c5sus 0 made1  
!re 7 #bc1ged1jjj m5 & #e1cai1jjj wom5  
at paid employm5t--t is1 only #ah p]    
c5t4 ( ! bread-w9n]s 7 wom54 ,( ^!1 only
 #iga1jjj 7 engag$ 9 agriculture z aga9/
 #i1djd1jjj m51 :ile 9 ! s-call$        
pr(essions1 ! intellectual occupations1 
!re 7 #dcj1jjj wom5 aga9/ #hbh1jjj m54  
,9 dome/ic positions1 !re 7 #b1jie1jjj  
wom5 aga9/ #c1dhe1jjj m52 9 trade !re 7 
#ejc1jjj aga9/ #d1bfc1jjj1 & 9          
manufactures #a1cac1jjj aga9/           
#e4ggb4jjj4 ,! total numb] ( wage-e>n+  
wom5 has /eadily increas$4 ,9 #ahij x   
am\nt$ to only #ag p] c5t41 & 9 #ahhj to
 only #ae p] c5t4 ,! proportions 9      
diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry are diff]5t1 & n
 only accord+ to ! local =ms ( indu/ry1 
b also to ! diff]5t /ages (             

civilization2 ! m advanc$ !             
civilization1 ! m ! wom5 g into         
intellectual employm5ts4 ,among a hundr$
 wage-e>n+ wom51 = in/ance1 9 ! ,nor?   
,atlantic ,/ates1 !re are only #a4i p]  
c5t4 engag$ 9 agriculture1 b #g4f p]    
c5t4 9 intellectual occupations1 #cg4e  
p] c5t4 engag$ 9 dome/ic s]vice1 #ab4i  
p] c5t4 9 trade1 & #dj4a p] c5t4 9      
manufactures4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,middle       
,/ates1 on ! o!r h&1 out ( a hundr$ wom5
 only #g4b p] c5t4 are 9 manufactures1  
#b4f p] c5t4 9 trade1 & #d4d p] c5t4 9  
intellectual pr(essions4  ,( ^!         
occupations1 ! mo/ int]e/+ are !        
intellectual1 dome/ic1 & trad+          
activities ( wom54 ,! great majority 9  
intellectual employm5ts are tea*]s2 !   
:ole /ory ( ,am]ican culture is told by 
! fact t !re are #cbg1jjj wom5          
p$agogues--an increase ( #hj1jjj 9 t5   
ye>s--& only #aaa1jjj male tea*]s4 ,!   
numb] ( physicians has increas$ f #d1eeg
 9 #ahij to #g1cii 9 #aijj2 b ?is is n  
om9\s 9 comp>ison ) _! #abd1jjj male    

colleagues4 ,!re are #eb1jjj musicians &
 music tea*]s1 #aa1jjj tea*]s 9 draw+1  
#e1ihd au?ors--a figure :i* has d\bl$   
s9ce #ahij2 & 9 ! newspap] _w ! tr\p (  
wom5 report]s & j\rnali/s has gr[n 9 t5 
ye>s f #hhh to #b1aic4 ,!re are #h1jjj  
wom5 (ficials employ$ by ! /ate1 ov]    
,i1#jjj ar*itects produce fem99e        
ar*itecture1 & #c1dje m9i/]s prea* !    
gospel4  ,turn+ to dome/ic activity1 we 
f9d ( c\rse ! int]national corps (      
h\se-s]vants to include ! great] "p2 !y 
numb] #a4bhc4jjj1 & ! /ati/ics d n say  
:e!r1 p]haps1 "o or two ( ^! :o h a :ite
 sk9 7 born 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is numb] 0    
#a1baf1jjj 9 #ahij1 s t x has increas$  
only #e4e p] c5t42 :ile dur+ ! same "t  
population has increas$ #bj4g p] c5t41 &
 ! increas+ weal? has greatly rais$ !   
dem& = s]vice4 ,let u comp>e ) ?is !    
increas$ numb] ( tra9$ nurses1 ^:       
occupation is an ardu\s b indep5d5t & 9 
itself useful c>e]4 ,! numb] ( tra9$    
nurses has increas$ f #da1jjj to        
#ajh1jjj--t is1 by #afc p] c5t4 ,!      

figures = all su* dome/ic employm5ts z  
admit ( social indep5d5ce h also        
increas$4 ,! female re/aurant keep]s h  
increas$ f #hf1jjj to #adg1jjj2 !       
bo>d+-h\se proprietresses numb] #ei1dee1
 d\ble ! figure ( t5 ye>s ago4 ,!       
indep5d5t pr(ession ( wa%]-woman        
attracts #cbe1jjj1 :ile !re are only    
#abd1jjj indep5d5t dome/ic lab\r]s z    
comp>$ ) #b1ded1jjj m5 9 ! same         
occupations4 ,! increase 9 ! figures =  
su* free pr(essions z are class$ "u     
trade & comm]ce is 9 "p ev5 m /rik+4 ,! 
numb] ( female insurance ag5ts1 :i* 9   
#ahij 0 less ?an #e1jjj1 is n[ m ?an    
#aj1jjj2 book-keep]s h increas$ f       
#bg1jjj to #gd1jjj2 sales-wom51 f       
#eh1jjj to #adi1jjj2 typi/s & /5ograph]s
 f #ba1jjj to #hf1jjj--t is1 f\rfold--& 
!re are n[ #bb1jjj telephone & telegraph
 op]ators4 ,! numb] ( %op-keep]s at     
#cd1jjj has n increas$ mu*1 & is        
relatively small beside ! #gef1jjj m54  
,!re are only #bfa wom5 :olesale m]*ants
 aga9/ #db1jjj m51 #idf wom5 comm]cial  

travell]s aga9/ #ia1jjj m52 ! pr(ession 
( lady bank] has decreas$ %amefully f   
#eaj to #bic1 al?\gh ?is is no gr\nd =  
despair+ ( ! future ( ,am]ican bank+1   
s9ce ! numb] ( bank]s o!r ?an wom5 has  
increas$ 9 ! same "t f #ce1jjj to       
#gb1jjj4  ,f9ally1 let u look at indu/ry
 & manufactures4 ,! numb] ( seam/resses 
has be5 ! same = t5 ye>s ) ma!matical   
exactitude2 t is1 #adf1jjj4 ,s9ce !     
population has increas$ by "o-fif?1 x is
 cle> t ?is =m ( "w has be5 unpopul>1   
d\btless because x involves p]sonal     
abasem5t & exposure to ! arbitr>9ess (  
cu/om]s1 & is !re=e unfav\rable to      
self-ass]tion4 ,at ! same "t ! work]s 9 
wooll5 & cotton factories h increas$ f  
#ib1jjj to #abj1jjj1 9 silk factories f 
#bj1jjj to #cb1jjj1 & 9 cig> factories f
 #bg1jjj to #dc1jjj4 ,!re are #cdd1jjj  
g>m5t-work]s1 #hf1jjj mill9]s1 #ae1jjj  
book-b9d]s1 #af1jjj pr9t]s1 #ag1jjj     
box-mak]s1 & #ci1jjj 9 ! %oe indu/ry4 ,!
 :ole picture %[s a body ( wom5 ^: lab\r
 is h>dly necess>y to support ! families

 ( ! nation1 b :o are firmly resolv$ to 
ass]t !mselves 9 economic & intellectual
 competition1 :o press _! way into all  
sorts ( occupations1 b avoid z f> z     
possible any?+ :i* re/ricts _! p]sonal  
indep5d5ce1 & seek out any occupation   
:i* augm5ts _! p]sonality & _!          
consci\sness ( indep5d5ce4 ,if all wom5 
:o 7 n born on ,am]ican soil1 or if s 7 
born ( col\r$ p>5tage1 7 omitt$ f ^!    
/ati/ics1 !n ! self-ass]t+ quality (    
,am]ican wom5 :o e>n _! liv+ w\ld come  
out incomp>ably m cle>ly4  ,! bread-w9n+
 activity ( wom5 is1 h[ev]1 only a      
fraction ( _! activity outside ( ! home4
 ,if ( ! #ci1jjj1jjj m5 9 ! c\ntry1     
#bc1ged1jjj h an occupation1 & ( !      
#cg1jjj1jjj wom5 only #e1cai1jjj "w = a 
liv+1 x is cle> t ! great majority (    
gr[n-up wom5 e>n no?+4 ,b nobody :o kn[s
 ,am]ican life w\ld take ^! wom5 :o e>n 
no wages f ! li/ ( ^? :o ex]t a great   
influ5ce outside ( ! family circle1 &   
ass]t !mselves 9 ! social organization4 
,betwe5 ! two broad oceans !re is h>dly 

any significant movem5t outside ( trade 
& politics :i* is n aid$ by unpaid wom51
 :o "w purely out ( ideal motives4      
,vanity1 ambition1 self-importance1 love
 ( div]sion1 & social aspirations ( all 
k9ds1 ( c\rse1 play a "p2 b ! actual    
lab\r :i* wom5 p]=m 9 ! int]e/s ( ! *ur*
 or s*ool1 ( public welf>e1 social re=m1
 music1 art1 popul> education1 c>e ( !  
sick1 beautification & sanitation (     
cities1 e day & ev]y:]e1 repres5ts      
inconte/ably a p[]ful inborn idealism4  
,only "o motive m1 :i* is by no means   
unideali/ic1 dictates ?is purely        
practical devotion2 x is ! motive (     
help+ on ?is v self-ass]tion ( wom54 ,"w
 is done = ! sake ( "w1 b m or less 9 ! 
consci\sness t "o is a woman & t :atev] 
good "o does1 raises ! position ( ! sex4
 ,?us1 9 wom5's clubs & organizations1  
?r\gh noisy agitation or quiet] fem99e  
influ5ces1 ! ,am]ican woman's _s (      
self-ass]tion impresses itself 9 a      
hundr$ ?\s& ways4 ,wom5 are ! majority 9
 e public lecture & 9 e broadly b5evol5t

 und]tak+2 s*ools & *ur*es1 ! c>e ( !   
poor & ! ill are enliv5$ by _! zeal1 & 9
 ?is respect ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ feel q     
alike4 ,c]ta9ly ?is influ5ce beyond !   
home does n end ) direct self-consci\s  
lab\r2 x goes on :]e !re are no wom5    
presid5ts1 secret>ies1 treasur]s1 &     
committee memb]s1 b :]ev] wom5 g =      
enjoym5t & relaxation4 ,wom5 =m a l>ge  
majority 9 art exhibitions1 conc]ts1    
!atres1 & 9 *ur* s]vices2 wom5 decide ! 
fate ( e new novel2 & ev]y:]e wom5 /& 9 
! =egr\nd1 wide awake & self-ass]tive4  
,x is incr$ible to ! ,european h[ v mu* 
! unselfi% & high-m9d$ wom5 ( ,am]ica   
are able to accompli%1 & h[ s _m ( !m c 
comb9e a va/ deal ( practical "w ) liv+ 
9 ! mid/ ( bu/l+ social affairs1 &      
!mselves ent]ta9+ p]haps 9 a brilliant  
way4 ,su* a woman w g e>ly 9 ! morn+ to 
! committee meet+ ( h] club1 inspect a  
s*ool or poor-h\se on ! way1 !n help to 
draw up by-laws = a society1 deliv] an  
address1 preside at "s o!r meet+1 & meet
 high (ficials 9 ! int]e/s ( "s public  

"w4 ,%e exp5ds h] en]gy = e new movem5t1
 keeps 9 t\* ) e new t5d5cy 9 art &     
lit]ature1 & is yet a pleasant &        
com=table "m 9 h] own home4 ,?is y\?ful 
fre%ness nev] succumbs to age4 ,9       
,bo/on1 ! wid[ ( ! zologi/ ,agassiz1    
al?\gh n[ eighty ye>s ( age1 is /ill    
tirelessly active z hon\r>y presid5t (  
,radcliffe ,college2 & ,julia ,w>d ,h[e1
 ! well-kn[n poetess1 9 spite ( h]      
eighty-f\r ye>s1 presides at e meet+ ( !
 ,bo/on ,au?ors' ,club1 /ill ) h] quiet 
b fre% & delightful hum\r4  ,! lead]%ip 
( wom5 :i* is a problem to be discuss$1 
z f> z public life is conc]n$1 is an    
absolute dogma :i* x w\ld be sacrilege  
to call 9 "q1 s f> z social & dome/ic   
life g4 ,j z ,l9coln said t ! ,am]ican  
gov]nm5t is a gov]nm5t 8( ! p1 by ! p1 &
 = ! p10 s c]ta9ly ,am]ican society is a
 gov]nm5t ( ! wom51 by ! wom51 & = !    
wom54 ,! "p :i* ! wife plays det]m9es s 
unconditionally ! social /atus ( e home1
 t ev5 a man :o has 8 own social        
ambitions c accompli% 8 end 9 no bett]  

way ?an by do+ ev]y?+ to fur!r ! plans &
 ev5 ! :ims ( 8 wife4 ,& ! luxury 9 :i* 
%e is ma9ta9$ is s entirely a symbol (  
social position t ! man comes           
in/9ctively to believe t he is himself  
enjoy+ society :5 he worries & ov]-works
 9 ord] to provide jewelry & funds = !  
elaborate ent]ta9m5ts ( 8 wife  ,j z !  
wife ( ! millionaire has h] place       
arrang$ to suit h]self1 s ! mode/       
t[nswoman does 9 h] small home1 & s also
 ! wife ( ! day lab\r]1 9 h] /ill n>r[] 
surr\nd+s4 ,! man pu%es ! baby c>riage1 
builds ! kit*5 fire1 & takes c>e ( !    
furnace1 s t 8 wife c att5d to gett+    
fa%ionable clo?+2 he d5ies himself cig>s
 9 ord] to s5d h] into ! c\ntry = !     
summ]4 ,& %e takes ?is z a matt] (      
c\rse4 ,%e has se5 ?is done f h]        
*ildhood by all m51 & %e w\ld be (f5d$  
if h] husb& 7 to d any?+ less4 ,!       
,am]ican woman's _s ( self-ass]tion w\ld
 be ar\s$ directly if social equality 7 
to be int]pret$ 9 su* a ridicul\s way z 
to make ! man any?+ b ! social inf]ior4 

,! outw>d noise w\ld make "o believe t !
 self-ass]tion ( ! fem99e s\l 7 mo/     
en]getically conc]n$ ) political rights2
 woman's suffrage is ! great wat*word4  
,b ! g5]al noise is deceptive2 ! dem&s =
 equal s*ool & college education = "y   
wom51 = admission to indu/rial positions
 on ! same foot+ ) m51 = an indep5d5t   
exi/5ce & life c>e] = e woman :o wants  
x1 & = social dom9ation--all ^! are     
impulses :i* really p]vade ! national   
consci\sness4 ,b ! dem& = equal suffrage
 is n ne>ly s univ]sal4 ,9 ! nature (   
?+s1 x is (t5 put =? by radical lectur]s
 on woman's rights2 & x is natural t "s 
l>ge societies support ! ef=ts1 & t ev5 
mascul9e logic %\ld (f] no objections 9 
_m cases4 ,! famili> argum5ts kn[n to   
all ! _w h h>dly be5 augm5t$ by a s+le  
new reason on ! woman's side4 ,b ! old  
argum5ts appe> on ! surface to be su*   
s\nd d$uctions f all ! fundam5tal       
political1 social1 & economic pr9ciples 
( ,am]ica t !y come "h to h new =ce4 ,if
 9 spite ( ?is _! practical success is  

/ill exce$+ly small1 & ! mo/ en]getic   
opposition is n f ! /rong] sex b f !    
wom5 !mselves1 x %[s cle>ly t !re is "s 
/rong oppos+ impulse 9 ! ,am]ican public
 m9d4 ,! social self-ass]tion ( wom51 9 
:i* e ,am]ican believes ) all 8 he>t1 is
 j z little likely ev] to lead to       
univ]sal political suffrage = wom5 z    
,am]ican indu/rial self-ass]tion w ev]  
lead to socialism4  ,b ! irony ( _w     
hi/ory has br\ght x ab\t t wom5 began ) 
j ^? rights :i* to-day "s ( !m are      
dem&+4 ,:5 ,engli% law 0 br\ght across !
 ocean by ! coloni/s 9 ! sev5te5?       
c5tury1 ! wom5 _h ! con/itutional "r to 
vote1 & 9 exceptional cases made use (  
x2 n "o ( ! con/itutions ( ! ?irte5     
/ates limit$ ! suffrage to m54 ,! ,/ate 
( ,new ,york 0 ! fir/ to improve or to  
injure its con/itution by add+ !        
qualification 8male10 9 ! ye> #aggh4 ,"o
 /ate foll[$ aft] ano!r1 & ,new ,j]sey 0
 ! la/1 9 #ahdd4 ,b j z ! la/ door 0    
clos$1 ! hue & cry 0 rais$ t !y all     
ought to be op5$4 ,! fir/ woman's       

conv5tion to make an urg5t appeal = !   
re/or+ ( ^! rights 0 held 9 ,new ,york 9
 #ahdh4 ,!re 0 a viol5t opposition2 b ! 
movem5t ext5d$ to a great _m /ates1 &   
f9ally1 9 #ahff1 a national organization
 0 =m$ :i* ask$ = a national law4 ,?is 0
 j aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 :5 ! am5dm5t giv+ 
! suffrage to ! negroes 0 ! *ief subject
 ( political discussion4 ,a petition )  
eighty ?\s& signatures 0 gott5 up urg+ t
 ! ,con/itution %\ld be int]pret$ s z to
 give wom5 ! "r to vote4 ,two wom5      
br\ght legal action1 :i* w5t up ?r\gh   
all ! c\rts to ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 b 0 !re
 decid$ aga9/ ! wom51 & !re=e ! sex has 
n ! suffrage4  ,no national movem5ts h1 
!re=e1 to-day any practical significance
 unless ?ree-qu>t]s ( all /ate          
legislatures c be induc$ to vote = an   
am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution 9 fav\r (     
woman's suffrage--t is1 to vote t no    
/ate be all[$ to exclude wom5 f !       
ballot4 ,?is is h>dly m likely to happ5 
?an a ,con/itutional am5dm5t to         
introduce h]$it>y mon>*y4 ,mean:ile1 !  

agitation 9 ! v>i\s /ates has by no     
means entirely /opp$4 ,"t aft] "t       
attempts h be5 made to alt] !           
con/itution ( a s+le /ate1 b            
unsuccessfully4 ,! only /ates to        
introduce complete woman's suffrage h   
be5 ,wyom+ 9 #ahfi1 ,colorado 9 #ahic1 &
 ,utah 9 #ahie4 ,kansas all[s wom5 to   
vote 9 municipal elections4 ,! agitation
 has be5 really successful 9 only "o    
direction2 x has succe$$ 9 gett+ f a    
majority ( ! /ates ! "r to vote = !     
local s*ool committees4  ,su* exp]i5ce z
 ! c\ntry has _h ) woman's suffrage has 
n be5 specially fav\rable to ! movem5t4 
,a good deal goes to %[ t1 ev5 if full  
privileges 7 grant$1 !y w\ld rema9 a    
dead lett] = ! ov]:elm+ majority ( wom54
 ,! av]age woman does n wi% to g into   
politics4 ,x has be5 affirm$ t 9 ! mod]n
 way ( liv+1 ) s]vants to d all !       
h\se-"w1 factories to d ! sp9n+ & weav+ 
& e sort ( economic conv5i5ce1 ! m>ri$  
woman has too little to d1 & ne$s !     
political field 9 :i* to give h] en]gies

 free play4 ,b s long z /ati/ics %[ t   
f\r-fif?s ( ! m>ri$ wom5 9 ! c\ntry d   
all _! h\se-"w1 & s long z su* a great  
v>iety ( e?ical1 intellectual1 /hetic & 
social duties lie be=e e woman1 x is no 
wond] t v few are eag] to take on new   
responsibilities at ! ballot-box4 ,^?1  
h[ev]1 :o w\ld make mo/ use ( ! suffrage
 w\ld be1 z ! wom5 :o oppose ! movem5t  
say1 ! wor/ female elem5t ( ! l>ge      
cities1 & !y w\ld br+ 9 all ! wor/ evils
 ( a l[ class ( vot]s l$ by demagogues4 
,political corruption at ! ballot w\ld  
receive a new & specially dang]\s       
impetus2 ! political ma*9es w\ld w9 new 
& disgu/+ /r5g? f ! feebl5ess ( ^! wom5 
to resi/ political pressure1 & in/ead ( 
wom5's ennobl+ & ref9+ political e?ics1 
z _! p>tisans hope1 !y w\ld be m apt to 
drag politics d[n to ! v dep?s4 ,^? :o  
oppose ! movem5t see a decid$ prejudice 
to political s\ndness ev5 9 ! m]e       
num]ical d\bl+ ( ! vot+ class4  ,mo/ (  
all1 ! cons]vative elem5t c ass]t1 ) an 
excell5t array ( facts1 t ! heal?y      

progress ( woman's self-ass]tion be/    
proce$s by keep+ away f politics & turn+
 directly t[>d ! improvem5t ( !         
conditions ( liv+ & ( in/ruction1 t[>d !
 op5+ up ( pr(essions1 ! fram+ (        
indu/rial laws1 &-o!r re=ms4 ,! radical 
political dem&s ( wom5 9 all o!r fields1
 & mo/ especially 9 ! sociali/ic        
direction1 incl9+ z !y naturally d to be
 extreme1 h work$ r to h9d] ?an to aid !
 social progress ( wom54 ,ev5 :]e !     
social indep5d5ce ( wom5 is prop]ly     
conte/$1 !re works ! det]r+ consid]ation
 t politics might br+ ab\t diff]5ces    
betwe5 husb& & wife4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 ! 
self-ass]tion ( wom5 9 political matt]s 
is h>dly a practical "q4 ,"o :o looks   
into _! tracts & propag&a feels = a long
 :ile t ! la/ "o he has read1 on :i* ev]
 side x is1 is wrong2 b :5 he has come  
to a po9t :]e he meets only ! old       
argum5ts revamp$1 he feels t on ! :ole !
 radical side has /ill less ju/ice ?an !
 o!r4 ,& ! nation has come to ! same    
conclusion4 ,we may ?us leave politics q

 out ( acc\nt 9 turn+ f9ally to ! ma9 "q
 :i* relates to wom52 ?is is1 ,h[ has   
?is rem>kable self-ass]tion ( woman     
affect$ ! life ( ! nation1 bo? on ! :ole
 & 9 special sph]es8  ,let u look fir/  
at ! sph]e ( ! family4 ,! situation "h  
is (t5 decid$ly mis9t]pret$2 ! frequ5t  
divorces 9 ,am]ica are cit$ v (t5 9 ord]
 to put ,am]ican family life 9 an       
unfav\rable light4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus  
report ( #aijj1 ! ratio ( divorc$ to    
m>ri$ m5 0 #j4f p] c5t41 & ( wom5 #j4h  
p] c5t42 :ile 9 #ahij ! respective      
figures 7 only #j4d p] c5t4 & #j4f p]   
c5t4 ,nev]!less1 ! total numb] ( divorc$
 p]sons is only #j4c p] c5t4 ( ! :ole   
population1 z comp>$ ) #e4a p] c5t4 :o  
are wid[s1 #cf4e p] c5t4 :o are m>ri$1 &
 #eg4i p] c5t4 ( ba*elors--) a small    
rema9d] unacc\nt$ =4 ,x is true t       
divorc$ p]sons :o h rem>ri$ are "h      
includ$ among ! m>ri$ p]sons2 b ev5 if !
 numb] ( dissolv$ m>riages is some:at   
great] ?an x appe>s 9 ! /ati/ics1 t fact
 %[s no?+ z to ! moral /atus ( m>riage 9

 ,am]ica4  ,anybody famili> ) ! c\ntry  
kn[s t1 mu* m (t5 ?an 9 ,europe1 ! real 
gr\nds :i* lead to divorce--n ! m]e     
legal pretexts giv5--are highly e?ical  
ones4 ,we h h9t$ at ?is :5 we analyz$ ! 
religi\s life2 ! ma9 reason is ! e?ical 
objection to cont9u+ ext]nally 9 a      
m>riage :i* has ceas$ to be spiritually 
cong5ial4 ,x is ! wom5 especially1 &    
g5]ally ! v be/ wom51 :o pref] to take !
 /ep1 ) all ! h>d%ips :i* x involves1 to
 prolong+ a m>riage :i* is spiritually  
hypocritical & immoral4 ,infidelity ( ! 
woman is ! gr\nd ( divorce 9 only a     
vani%+ly small numb] ( cases1 & ! sexual
 purity ( m>riage is on a high plane    
?r\gh\t ! p4 ,! pure atmosph]e ( ?is    
some:at unemotional p1 :i* makes x      
possible = any woman to w5d h] way )\t  
escort ?r\gh ! /reets ( a l>ge city 9 ! 
ev5+ & to travel alone across !         
,cont95t1 & :i* protects ! girl on !    
/reet f be+ />$ at or rudely acco/$1    
protects ev5 m ! m>ri$ woman4 ,al?\gh   
,fr5* society dramas are pres5t$ on !   

,am]ican /age1 "o feels f ! g5]al       
attitude ( ! public t x really fails to 
und]/& ! psy*ology ( :at is be+ p]=m$1  
because all ! e?ical presuppositions are
 s entirely diff]5t4 ,:at ! ,p>isian    
f9ds piquant1 ! ,new ,engl&] f9ds       
%ameless2 & ! woman ov] :om ! ,fr5*man  
smiles disgu/s ! ,am]ican4  ,& 9 /ill   
ano!r s5se ,am]ican m>riage is pur] ?an 
! ,european2 x lacks ! comm]cial elem5t4
 ,z *>act]i/ic z ?is fact is 9 economic 
life1 x is ev5 m significant 9 social   
life4 ,?is does n mean t ! man :o pays  
c\rt to ! daught] ( a millionaire is    
entirely unconsci\s ( ! economic        
advantages :i* su* a m>riage w\ld br+4  
,b ! sy/ematic se>*+ ar\nd = a d[ry1 )  
"s woman atta*$ to x1 is unkn[n 9 ! ,new
 ,_w1 & is ?or\ghly un-,am]ican4 ,?is   
may be se5 9 ,am]ican plays2 ! famili>  
,g]man com$ies1 9 :i* ! se>* = a ri*    
bride is a fav\rite motive1 /rike !     
,am]ican public z entirely vapid &      
hum\rless4 ,am]icans ei!r d n und]/& or 
else look d[n ) pity on ! m>ital        

depravity ( ! ,old ,_w1 & su* /age sc5es
 are z intr9sically =eign z ^? o!rs1 s  
famili> to ,europe1 9 :i* ! ri* "y      
nobleman :o aft] all m>ries ! poor      
gov]ness1 is held up z a rem>kable      
example ( magnanimity4  ,! purely human 
elem5ts are ! only ones :i* c\nt 9      
m>riage4 ,x is a cong5ial affiliation ( 
two p]sons1 )\t reg>d to social         
advantage or disadvantage1 if only !    
p]sons c>e = ea* o!r4 ,& ?is idea is    
common to ! :ole nation1 & gives m>riage
 a high moral /atus4 ,moreov]1 !        
surpass+ education ( ! "y ,am]ican      
woman1 h] college life1 works 9 "o way  
to exalt m>riage4 ,if %e has le>n$ any?+
 9 h] college atmosph]e1 x is moral     
s]i\sness4 ,%e has gone !re to face     
duties squ>ely & en]getically1 to acc\nt
 small ?+s small1 & l>ge ?+s l>ge2 & s1 
:5 %e approa*es ! new duty ( mak+ a     
home1 %e ov]comes all ob/acles !re )    
pr(\nd moral det]m9ation4  ,9 spite (   
?is1 "o may ask1 ,is h] developm5t 9 !  
"r direction = subsequ5t ev5ts8 ,:ile s 

mu* has contribut$ to ! exaltation &    
purity ( h] m>riage1 has %e n le>n$ a   
great deal else :i* t5ds r indirectly & 
p]haps unnoticeably to disorganize      
m>riage1 ! home1 ! family1 & ! p8 ,is ! 
increas+ social self-ass]tion ( woman   
really 9 ! int]e/s ( culture8 ,let u    
picture to ourselves ! contra/1 say )   
,g]many4 ,!re too ! int]e/s 9 ! social  
advance ( wom5 is lively on all sides2 b
 ! situation is :olly diff]5t4 ,f\r ma9 
t5d5cies may be easily pick$ out4 ,"o   
relates to a v small numb] ( exceptional
 wom5 :o h %[n great tal5t or p]haps    
real g5ius4 ,su* wom5 are to be         
emancipat$ & to h _! own life c>e]4 ,b !
 few :o are call$ to d great ?+s 9 art  
or sci5ce or o!rwise1 are n v apt to    
wait = o!rs to emancipate !m1 & ! numb] 
( ^! wom5 is s small t ?is movem5t has  
h>dly any social or economic importance 
9 comp>ison ) ! o!r ?ree :i* conc]n l>ge
 numb]s ( wom54  ,( ^! o!r ?ree1 ! fir/ 
conc]ns ! wom5 ( ! l[] classes1 :o      
?r\gh\t ,g]many are s poor t !y h to e>n

 a livelihood1 & are 9 dang] ( sacrific+
 _! family life4 ,! lev] is appli$ to   
improve _! social condition1 to put     
legal limits to ! lab\r ( wom51 & to    
protect !m1 s t ! poor man's wife %all h
 m opportunities 9 ! family4 ,ano!r     
movem5t is to b5efit ! daught]s ( m     
well-to-d p1 to give !m :5 !y m>ry1 a m 
intellectual c>e]1 to elevate ! wife    
?r\gh a broad] education above !        
pett9ess ( purely dome/ic int]e/s & !   
sup]ficiality ( ord9>y social life1 & s 
to make h] ! true comrade ( h] husb&4 ,&
 ! la/ movem5t conc]ns ^? millions (    
wom5 :o _c m>ry because wom5 are n only 
! m num]\s1 b also because "o-t5? (     
,g]man m5 w n m>ry4 ,!y are urg$ to     
replace ! advantages :i* !y w\ld h 9    
m>riage by a life occupation2 & al?\gh  
wom5 ( ! l[] classes h _h en\gh         
opportunity to "w1 ^? ( ! upp] classes h
 until rec5tly be5 exclud$ f any su*    
bless+4 ,a great deal has be5 done "h to
 improve ! situation & p>tly 9 direct   
imitation ( ! ,am]ican example4  ,b !   

real backgr\nd ( all ^! movem5ts 9      
,g]many has be5 ! conviction t m>riage  
is ! natural de/9y ( woman4 ,! aim has  
be5 to improve m>riage 9 ! l[] classes  
by reliev+ ! woman ( degrad+ lab\r1 9   
upp] classes by giv+ ! woman a sup]ior  
education2 & ! o!r two movem5ts are     
m]ely exp$i5ts to supply "s sort (      
sub/itute = life's pr(\nde/ bless+1 :i* 
is f\nd only 9 m>riage4 ,!re is no su*  
backgr\nd 9 ,am]ica2 !re is a desire to 
protect ,am]ican m>riage1 b x is n      
presuppos$ t m>riage is1 9 & ( itself1 !
 highe/ good = woman4 ,! completion (   
woman's de/9y lies r 9 giv+ to h] z to !
 man an intr9sically high life cont5t   
:e!r %e is m>ri$ or n m>ri$2 x is a "q (
 h] individual exi/5ce1 z ( 84 ,m>riage 
is ?us n ! c5tre1 & an indep5d5t c>e] is
 9 no s5se a comp5sation or a make%ift2 
ev5 ! bett]m5t ( m>riage is only int5d$ 
z a means ( bett]+ ! individual4 ,woman 
is on exactly ! same foot+ z man4 ,!    
fundam5tal ,g]man pr9ciple t woman's    
de/9y is f\nd 9 m>riage1 :ile ! man is  

m>ri$ only incid5tally1 involves at once
 ! inequality ( ! sexes2 & ?is          
fundam5tal inequality is only slightly  
less5$ by ^! f\r new ,g]man movem5ts4 ,x
 is a second>y consequ5ce t ! woman is  
gr[+ to be m ne>ly l ! man4 ,b accord+  
to ! ,am]ican po9t ( view1 h] fundam5tal
 equality is ! f\ndation pr9ciple2 bo?  
alike aim to exp& _! individual         
p]sonalities1 to h _! own valuable life 
cont5t1 & by m>riage to b5efit ea* o!r4 
,& only second>ily1 aft] m>riage is     
accompli%$1 does ! consequ5ce appe> t   
necess>ily ! woman has h] special duties
 & h] correspond+ special rights2 & !n !
 pr9ciple ( equality betwe5 ! two f9ds  
its limitations4 ,n[ :5 ?is takes place1
 ! self-ass]tion ( ! ,am]ican woman is  
f\nd to be n :olly fav\rable to !       
in/itution ( m>riage2 x gives ! m>ri$   
woman a m int]e/+ life cont5t1 b x      
incl9es ! unm>ri$ woman mu* less t[>d   
m>riage2 x robs society ( t great       
support ( m>riage--! feel+ t x is       
woman's de/9y4  ,"h1 aga91 ! mo/ div]se 

factors "w toge!r4 ,! social fre$om (   
communication betwe5 m5 & wom51 ! secure
 propriety ( associat+ ) m51 & !        
indep5d5t fre$om to g ab\t :i* is       
peculi> to ! ,am]ican girl's education  
give to ! unm>ri$ girl all ^? rights &  
advantages :i* 9 ,europe %e does n h    
until %e is m>ri$4 ,! ,am]ican girl has 
really no?+ b duties to face1 dome/ic   
c>es & p]haps q unaccu/om$ burd5s1 9    
case %e m>ries a man 9 limit$           
circum/ances2 ext]nally %e has no?+ to  
ga91 & int]nally %e is little di/urb$ by
 any great passion4 ,%e flirts f h] y\? 
up1 & is ! incomp>able mi/ress ( ?is    
little social art2 b ! mov+ passion is  
apt to be neglect$1 & "o may "q :e!r all
 h] mis*iev\s rogu]y & graceful coquetry
 are any?+ m ?an a social accompli%m5t1 
l danc+ or skat+ or play+ golf--:e!r x 9
 any way t\*es ! he>t4 ,x is a div]sion1
 & n a true life cont5t4  ,!n1 too1 !   
girl has a feel+ ( intellectual         
sup]iority :i* = ! mo/ "p is entirely   
ju/ifi$4 ,! ,european girl has be5      

br\ght up to believe 9 ! sup]iority ( ! 
man1 accu/om$ to feel t h] own gifts are
 incomplete1 t !y come to h real value  
only 9 conjunction ) a man1 & h] inf]ior
 sci5tific tra9+ sugge/s to h]          
unconsci\sly t %e w be intellectually   
exalt$ :5 %e allies h]self to "s man4 ,t
 w fill out h] intellectual p]sonality4 
,! ,am]ican girl has h>dly ev] su* an   
idea2 %e has le>n$ 9 ! s*ool-room h[    
fooli% boys are1 h[ lazy & c>eless1 &   
!n1 too1 %e has cont9u$ h] own education
 x may be ye>s aft] ! m5 ( h]           
acqua9tance h gone into practical life4 
,_m high s*ools h "o-?ird ( _! pupils   
boys & two-?irds girls1 & ! ratio gr[s 9
 fav\r ( ! girls4 ,moreov]1 ev]y?+ t5ds 
to give ! girl h] own aspirations &     
plans indep5d5t ( any man--aspirations  
:i* are n ess5tially fur!r$ or complet$ 
by h] m>riage alliance4 ,am]ican wom5   
(t5 laugh at ! way 9 :i* ,g]man wom5    
introduce ab/ract que/ions at !         
,kaffeeklats*3 8,n[ my husb& says--40 ,!
 intellectual p]sonality ( ! ,am]ican   

girl mu/ develop s mu* ! m indep5d5tly (
 male influ5ce z ! di/9ction :i*        
comm5ces 9 s*ool ye>s is ev5 m actual 9 
! ye>s ( maturity4 ,! old] ! ,am]ican   
man gr[s ! m he conc5trates himself on  
bus9ess or politics1 :ile 8 wife 9 a    
c]ta9 way cont9ues h] s*ool+1 devotes h]
 entire "t to e sort ( intellectual     
/imulation2 ! wife reads books1 :ile !  
husb& reads newspap]s4 ,x is und5iable t
 9 ! av]age ,am]ican home ! woman makes 
! pr(\nd] intellectual impression on e  
visitor1 & ! numb] ( wom5 is cont9ually 
gr[+ :o in/9ctively feel t !re is no    
advantage 9 m>ry+ a man :o is           
intellectually an inf]ior2 !y w\ld r    
rema9 s+le ?an contract a m>riage 9 :i* 
!y h to be ! intellectual head4  ,:ile1 
!re=e1 !re are nei!r novel social       
advantages nor any emotional urg5cy1 nor
 yet intellectual inducem5ts1 to p]suade
 wom5 to m>ry1 !re are o!r circum/ances 
:i* urge h] /rongly n to d s4 ,9 ! fir/ 
place1 m>riage may int]f]e directly ) ! 
life c>e] :i* %e has plann$ = h]self4 ,a

 woman :o has tak5 an occupation to save
 h]self f mis]y looks on m>riage ) a man
 :o e>ns en\gh to support a family z a  
sort ( salvation2 :ile ! woman :o has   
*os5 "s call+ because h] life means s   
mu* m if x is useful to ! _w1 :o is     
e>ne/ly devot$ to h] "w1 truly ambiti\s 
& ?or\ghly compet5t1 pond]s a long "t   
be=e %e goes into a m>riage :i*         
necess>ily puts an end to all ?is4 ,%e  
may well pref] to sacrifice "s s5tim5tal
 incl9ation to ! pr(\nd int]e/ %e feels 
9 h] "w4  ,! ,am]ican girl is1 moreov]1 
n fond ( dome/ic c>es4 ,x w\ld n be fair
 to say t %e is a bad h\se-keep]1 = !   
numb] ( wives :o h to get along )\t     
s]vants is mu* great] ?an 9 ,g]many4 ,& 
ev5 9 spite ( ! v>i\s economic          
advantages :i* %e enjoys1 x is und5iable
 t ! ,am]ican woman takes h] home duties
 s]i\sly1 looks aft] e detail1 & keeps !
 :ole matt] well 9 h&4 ,b nev]!less1 %e 
feels v diff]5tly t[>d h] capacities    
along ?is l9e4 ,! ,g]man woman feels t  
h] h\sehold is a s\rce ( joy2 ! ,am]ican

 woman1 t x is a necess>y evil4 ,!      
,am]ican woman loves to adorn h] home & 
tries to express 9 x h] own p]sonality1 
n less ?an h] ,g]man si/]2 b ev]y?+     
beyond ?is--! m]e te*nique ( h\se-keep+1
 clean+1 pur*as+1 repair+1 & hir+       
s]vants--%e feels to be1 aft] all1      
some:at degrad+4 ,! "y woman :o has be5 
to college attacks h] h\sehold duties   
s]i\sly & consci5ti\sly1 b ) ! feel+ t  
%e w\ld r sacrifice h]self by nurs+ !   
suff]+ pati5ts 9 a hospital4 ,! p]fect  
economic appliances = ,am]ican          
h\se-keep+ save a great deal ( lab\r :i*
 ! ,g]man wife has to p]=m1 & p]haps j  
on t acc\nt ! ,am]ican woman feels t !  
re/ ( x is vexati\s "w :i* wom5 h to d  
until "s new ma*9es c be devis$ to take 
_! places4 ,?is dis9cl9ation to h\sehold
 drudg]y p]vades ! :ole nation1 & x is  
only ! old] g5]ations 9 c\ntry di/ricts 
t take a pride 9 _! immaculate          
h\se-keep+1 :ile ! y\ng] g5]ations ev5  
!re h ! t5d5cy to %irk h\sehold "w4 ,!  
daught]s ( f>m]s w\ld r "w 9 a factory1 

because x is s mu* m /imulat+ & lively1 
?an iron+ or wa%+ di%es or t5d+ baby    
bro!r & si/] at home2 = ! same reason1  
!y w n become dome/ic s]vants = any "o  
else4 ,& s1 = ! upp] & ! l[] classes1 ! 
dis9cl9ation to h\se-"w /&s v mu* 9 !   
way ( m>riage4  ,?is dis9cl9ation       
affects m>riage 9 /ill ano!r way4       
,families are t5d+ m & m to give up     
sep>ate h\ses & live 9 family hotels1   
or1 if m mode/ly circum/anc$1 9         
bo>d+-h\ses4 ,! exp5se ( s]vants has    
some?+ to d ) ?is1 b ! m important      
factor is ! sav+ ( "w = ! wife4 ,!      
necess>y consequ5ce is ! dissolution (  
intimate family life4 ,:5 a doz5        
families eat ye> 9 & ye> out 9 ! same   
d9+-room1 ! close relations :i* %\ld    
prevail 9 ! family take on a v diff]5t  
%ad+4 ,& ?us x is t ! intellectual      
self-ass]tion ( wom5 works1 9 ! mo/     
div]se ways1 aga9/ ! =mation ( m>riages 
& aga9/ family life4 ,!re is "o argum5t1
 h[ev]1 :i* is always urg$ by ! oppon5ts
 ( woman's emancipation :i* is n        

valid--at lea/1 n = ,am]ica4 ,x is !    
blue-/ock+ bugbe>4 ,?is unattractive    
type ( woman is n produc$ by high]      
education 9 ,am]ica4 ,_m a "y ,am]ican  
girl1 :o has arriv$ at ye>s ( p]sonal   
indep5d5ce dur+ h] college life1 may h  
lo/ h] int]e/ 9 ! av]age sort ( m>riage2
 b %e has by no means lo/ ! attraction  
%e ex]ts on m54  ,! t5d5cy ( woman's    
self-ass]tion aga9/ m>riage appe>s to g 
ev5 fur!r2 ! exagg]at$ expression1 8race
 suicide10 has sometimes be5 us$4 ,x is 
true t ! increase ( native population1  
especially 9 ! m civiliz$ p>ts ( !      
c\ntry1 is om9\sly small2 ?is is        
probably ! result ( div]se factors4 ,!re
 are physicians1 = in/ance1 :o claim t !
 intellectual tra9+ ( wom5 & ! n]v\s    
excitem5t incid5t to _! indep5d5t1      
self-reliant attitude are among ! ma9   
causes2 b m important1 o!rs say1 are !  
volunt>y precautions :i* are dictat$ by 
! desire ( ease & com=t4 ,?is la/ is a  
s]i\s factor1 & !re lies beh9d x aga9 ! 
_s ( self-ass]tion2 ! woman wants to    

live out h] own life1 & h]              
individuali/ic in/9ct works aga9/ ! l>ge
 family4 ,b !re is no?+ "h :i* ?reat5s !
 :ole nation2 s9ce1 ev5 aside f ! v l>ge
 immigration :i* introduces heal?y1     
prolific1 & /urdy elem5ts1 ! bir?s ( !  
:ole c\ntry exce$ ^? ( almo/ any ( !    
,european nations4 ,9 ,g]many1 betwe5   
#ahij & #aijj1 = e ?\s& inhabitants !   
bir?s numb]$ annually #cf4b & ! dea?s   
#bb4e--s t !re 7 #ac4g m bir?s2 9 ,engl&
 ! bir?s 7 #cj4a & dea?s #ah4d1 ) a     
diff]5ce ( #aa4g2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !   
bir?s 7 #ce4a & dea?s #ag4d1 ) a        
diff]5ce ( #ag4g m bir?s4  ,( c\rse1 ^! 
figures w\ld make all anxiety seem      
ridicul\s1 if ! proportions 7 equally   
di/ribut$ ov] ! c\ntry1 & ?r\gh all !   
elem5ts ( ! population4 ,z a matt] (    
fact1 h[ev]1 !re are ! greate/          
diff]5ces4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 = in/ance1 
we may di/+ui% ?ree classes (           
population2 ^? :ite p]sons ^: p>5ts 7   
born 9 ! c\ntry1 & ^? ^: p>5ts 7        
=eign]s1 & ! blacks4 ,?is negro         

population ( ,massa*usetts has ! same   
bir? & dea? rate z ! negro else:]e2 = e 
?\s& p]sons !re are #ag4d m bir?s ?an   
dea?s4 ,= ! second class--t is1 !       
families ( =eign p>5tage--!re are       
actually #de4f m bir?s ?an dea?s2 :ile 9
 ! :ite families ( native p>5tage !re   
are only #c4h4 ,9 "s o!r ,nor? ,atlantic
 ,/ates1 ! condition is /ill worse2 9   
,new ,hamp%ire1 = in/ance1 ! excess (   
bir?s 9 families ( =eign p>5tage is     
#eh4e1 :ile 9 ^? ( native p>5tage !     
situation is actually rev]s$1 & !re are 
#aj4d m dea?s ?an bir?s4 ,s x happ5s t =
 all ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 ! native :ite
 population1 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 has a dea? 
prepond]ance ( #a4e = e ?\s&            
inhabitants2 s t1 9 ! intellectually    
sup]ior "p ( ! c\ntry1 ! /rictly native 
population is n ma9ta9+ itself4         
,int]e/+ /ati/ics rec5tly ga!r$ at      
,h>v>d ,univ]sity %[ t its graduates are
 also n hold+ _! own4 ,out ( #hha /ud5ts
 :o 7 graduat$ m ?an tw5ty-five ye>s    
ago1 #fcd are m>ri$1 & !y h #a1bfb      

*ildr54 ,on ! probable assumption t !y w
 h no m *ildr51 & t ^! are half males1  
we f9d t #hha /ud5t graduates 9 #ahgg   
leave 9 #aijb only #fca sons4 ,!        
climatic conditions _c be blam$ = ?is1  
s9ce ! surplus ( bir?s 9 families born (
 =eign p>5ts is n only v great1 b is f> 
great] ?an 9 any ( ! ,european c\ntries 
f :i* ^! immigrant p>5ts came4 ,(       
,european c\ntries1 ,hung>y has !       
greate/ excess ( bir?s--namely1 #dj4e1 z
 comp>$ ) #ac4g 9 ,g]many4 ,t population
 ( ,am]ica :i* comes f ,g]man1 ,iri%1   
,sw$i%1 ,fr5*1 & ,italian p>5tage has1  
ev5 9 ,new ,engl&1 a bir? surplus (     
#dd4e4 ,! g5]al conditions ( ! c\ntry   
seem1 !re=e1 fav\rable to fecundity1 &  
?is ca/s a great] suspicion on social   
conditions & ideals4 ,& ! circum/ance   
mu/ n be ov]look$1 t ! increas$ pressure
 ( wom5 into wage-e>n+ occupations      
less5s ! opportunities ( ! m51 & s      
contributes indirectly to prev5t ! man f
 />t+ 8 home e>ly 9 life4 ,9 %ort1 f    
:atev] side we look at x1 !             

self-ass]tion ( woman exalts h] at !    
exp5se ( ! family--p]fects ! individual1
 b injures society2 makes ! ,am]ican    
woman p]haps ! f9e/ fl[] ( civilization1
 b awak5s at ! same "t s]i\s fe>s = !   
propagation ( ! ,am]ican race4  ,!re are
 ?reat5+ cl\ds 9 o!r qu>t]s ( ! horizon4
 ,! mu*-discuss$ retroactive effect (   
fem99e emancipation on ! family %\ld n  
di/ract att5tion f its effect on culture
 z a :ole4 ,"h ! dissimil>ity to !      
,g]man conditions is obvi\s4 ,! ,g]man  
woman's movem5t aims to give ! woman a  
mo/ significant rle 9 g5]al matt]s (    
culture1 b /ill does n d\bt1 z a matt] (
 c\rse1 t ! g5]al tr5d ( culture w be   
det]m9$ by ! m54 ,j z x is a dogmatic   
presupposition 9 ,g]many t m>riage is ! 
mo/ desirable occupation = wom51 s x is 
tacitly presuppos$ t intellectual       
culture w take its actual /amp f ! m54  
,9 ,am]ica n only ?is view ( m>riage1 b 
ev5 ?is view ( culture1 has be5 oppos$ =
 a long "t2 & ! p behave z if bo? 7     
antiquat$ & sup]/iti\s notions1 devis$  

by ! /rong] sex = its own conv5i5ce1 & z
 if _! rev]sal w\ld b5efit ! entire     
race4  ,anybody :o looks ! matt] squ>ely
 9 ! face is n left to d\bt t ev]y?+ 9  
,am]ica is t5d+ n only to sacrifice !   
sup]iority ( man & to give ! woman an   
equal position1 b to rev]se ! old       
situation & make h] v mu* ! sup]ior4 ,9 
bus9ess1 law1 & politics1 ! ,am]ican man
 is /ill sov]eign1 & 9 spite ( ! _m wom5
 :o press into ! m]cantile pr(essions he
 is /ill 9 a position :]e he s]ves r ?an
 directs4 ,& x is v *>act]i/ic ( ! moral
 purity ( ! p t1 9 spite ( ! incomp>able
 social p[] ( wom51 !y h n a trace (    
p]sonal influ5ce on important political 
ev5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y dictate 9 matt]s
 ( education1 religion1 lit]ature & art1
 social problems1 & public morals4      
,pa9t+1 music1 & ! !atre cat] to woman1 
& = h] ! city is beautifi$ & purifi$2   
al?\gh %e does n d x h]self1 x is h]    
ta/e & feel+ :i* decide ev]y?+2 %e      
det]m9es public op9ion1 & di/ributes all
 ! rew>ds at h] good pleasure4 ,if !    

family problem is %[n 9 a lurid light by
 ! decrease ( bir?s 9 ! native ,new     
,engl& population1 ! problem ( culture  
comes out into broad daylight only 9 ^? 
figures :i* we h se5 be=e2 ! #cbg1fad   
wom5 tea*]s & ! #aaa1gaj m54  ,?us      
?ree-qu>t]s ( ,am]ican education is     
adm9i/]$ by wom52 & ev5 9 ! high s*ool  
:]e ! boys g till !y are eighte5 or     
n9ete5 ye>s old1 #eg4g p] c5t4 ( !      
tea*]s are wom52 & 9 ^? normal s*ools   
:]e bo? m5 & wom5 g to fit !mselves =   
tea*+1 #ga4c p] c5t4 ( ! in/ructors are 
wom54 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! "y m5 ( !      
c\ntry1 ev5 9 ! ye>s :5 boyhood rip5s to
 y\?1 receive ! l>g] "p ( _!            
intellectual impetus f wom5 tea*]s1 & t 
all ( ^? :o are go+ to be s*ool tea*]s &
 %ape ! "y s\ls ( ! nation are 9 _! turn
 pr$om9antly "u ! influ5ce ( wom54 ,9   
colleges & univ]sities ?is is /ill n !  
case1 b soon w be if ?+s are n *ang$2 ! 
great numb] ( "y wom5 :o pass _!        
doctorial exam9ations & become          
speciali/s 9 sci5ce w h m & m to seek   

univ]sity pr(essor%ips1 or else !y w h  
/udi$ 9 va94 ,& "h1 z 9 ! s*ool1 !      
economic conditions /rongly fav\r !     
woman2 s9ce %e has no family to support1
 %e c accept a position on a sal>y s mu*
 small] t ! man is m & m cr[d$ f !      
field4 ,& x may be cle>ly =ese5 t1 if   
o!r social factors d n *ange1 wom5 w    
ent] z competitors 9 e field :]e ! lab\r
 does n require specifically mascul9e   
/r5g?4 ,s x has be5 9 ! factories2 s x  
is 9 ! s*ools2 & s1 9 a few decades1 x  
may be 9 ! univ]sities & 9 ! *ur*es4    
,ev5 al?\gh ! pr(essorial *airs /ill    
belong = ! mo/ "p to m51 ! pres5ce (    
num]\s wom5 9 ! auditorium _c be :olly  
)\t influ5ce on ! r\t9e ( "w4 ,! lectur]
 is =c$ to notice1 z is ! speak] 9 any  
public ga!r+1 t at lea/ two-?irds ( 8   
he>]s pres5t ! *e]ful aspect ( gay      
mill9]y & lace coll>1 s t intellectual  
culture & public op9ion on non-political
 que/ions come m & m to be dom9at$ by   
wom5--z _m p]sons are beg9n+ to see4    
,mo/ ( !m greet ?is unique turn 9 human 

hi/ory z ! peculi> advantage ( ?is      
nation2 ! man looks aft] ! indu/ry &    
politics1 & ! woman aft] moral1         
religi\s1 arti/ic1 & intellectual       
matt]s4 ,if !re is any d\bt t %e is     
compet5t to d ?is1 mo/ ,am]icans are    
satisfi$ to obs]ve ! e>ne/ness &        
consci5ti\sness ) :i* ! ,am]ican woman  
att5ds to h] duties1 at ! zeal & success
 ) :i* %e applies h]self to h] /udies1 &
 at h] victory ov] m5 :]ev] %e competes4
  ,"h & !re1 h[ev]1 & _! numb] is       
increas+ e day1 m5 are feel+ t e>ne/ness
 is n necess>ily p[]1 zeal is n ma/]y1 &
 t success means little if ! judgm5t is 
pron\nc$ by ^? :o are p>tial to ! w9n]s4
 ,! triumph 9 indu/rial competition is  
no hon\r if x consi/s 9 bidd+ "u ! m>ket
 price4 ,9 fact1 x is n m]ely a "q ( !  
division ( lab\r1 b a fundam5tal *ange 9
 ! "* ( ! lab\r4 ,an imp>tial obs]v] ( !
 a*ievem5ts ( ,am]ican wom5 z tea*]s or 
z univ]sity /ud5ts1 9 pr(essional life  
or social re=m or any o!r public        
capacity1 is =c$ to admire ! p]=mance1 &

 ev5 to recognize c]ta9 unique m]its2 b 
he has to admit t x is a special sort ( 
"w1 & diff]5t f ! a*ievem5ts ( m54 ,!   
emancipation ( ! ,am]ican woman & h]    
high] education1 al?\gh c>ri$ almo/ to !
 la/ extreme1 give n ! slighte/         
indication ev5 yet t woman is able to   
accompli% 9 ! intellectual field ! same 
t man accompli%es4 ,:at %e does is n    
inf]ior1 b x is entirely diff]5t2 & ! "w
 :i*1 9 all o!r civiliz$ c\ntries1 is   
done by m5 _c 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be      
slipp$ into ! h&s ( wom5 )\t be+        
pr(\ndly alt]$ 9 "*4  ,! fem99e m9d has 
! t5d5cy to unify all ideas1 :ile a man 
r sep>ates indep5d5t classes4 ,ea* ( ^! 
positions has advantages & drawbacks4 ,!
 imm$iate products ( ! fem99e temp]am5t 
are tactfulness & /hetic insight1 sure  
in/9cts1 en?usiasm1 & purity2 &1 on !   
o!r h&1 a lack ( logical consecutiv5ess1
 a t5d5cy to ov]-ha/y g5]alization1     
und]e/imation ( ! ab/ract & ! deep1 & an
 incl9ation to be gov]n$ by feel+ &     
emotion4 ,ev5 ^! weaknesses may be      

beautiful 9 dome/ic life & attractive 9 
! social sph]e2 !y s(t5 ! h>d & bitt]   
life ( m54 ,b wom5 h n ! =ce to p]=m ^? 
public duties ( civilization :i* ne$ !  
h>d] logic ( man4 ,if ! entire culture (
 ! nation is womaniz$1 x w be 9 ! end   
weak & )\t decisive influ5ce on !       
progress ( ! _w4  ,! intellectual high  
life 9 colleges & univ]sities1 :i* seems
 to speak m cle>ly = ! intellectual     
equality ( wom51 br+s out exactly ?is   
diff]5ce4 ,t :i* is accompli%$ by ! be/ 
wom5's colleges is exempl>y & admirable2
 b x is 9 a _w :i* is1 aft] all1 a small
 artificial _w1 ) all r\gh places smoo!d
 ov] & illum9$ ) a s(t light in/ead ( ! 
h>d daylight4 ,al?\gh 9 ! mix$          
univ]sities wom5 (t5 d bett] ?an m51 x  
is n to be =gott5 t ! ,am]ican lecture  
sy/em1 ) its _m exam9ations1 puts a     
high] value on indu/ry1 att5tion1 &     
good-w ?an on critical acum5 or logical 
creativ5ess4 ,x _c be d5i$ t1 ev5 a %ort
 "t s9ce1 ! ,am]ican univ]sity cultivat$
 9 e dep>tm5t ! _s ( le>n+ r ?an (      

inve/igation--0 reproductive r ?an      
productive--& t ! m rec5t developm5t :i*
 has laid ! emphasis on productive      
inve/igation has gone on = ! mo/ "p 9 ! 
lead+ ,ea/]n univ]sities1 su* z ,h>v>d1 
,johns ,hopk9s1 ,columbia1 ,yale1 &     
,pr9ceton1 :]e wom5 are /ill n admitt$1 
:ile ! ,we/]n univ]sities1 & mo/ ( all !
 /ate univ]sities1 :i* are f\nd only 9 !
 ,we/1 :]e wom5 are 9 a majority1 belong
 9 _m respects to ! old type4 ,to be    
sure1 !re are sev]al ,am]ican wom5 ^:   
sci5tific "w is admirable1 & to be      
class$ ) ! be/ pr(essional a*ievem5ts ( 
! c\ntry2 b !y are /ill r>e exceptions4 
,! t5d5cy to le>n r ?an to produce      
p]vades all ! great masses ( wom52 !y   
/udy ) extraord9>y zeal up to ! po9t :]e
 critical production %\ld beg91 & !re !y
 are all too apt to /op4 ,& unless "o   
p]si/5tly looks at ! v few exceptions1  
"o w\ld h>dly ass]t t ! true _s ( sci5ce
 c\ld unfold & gr[ if ,am]ican wom5 7 to
 be its only gu>dians4  ,?is di/9ction  
is mu* pla9] 9 ! l[] walks ( life4 ,!   

half-educat$ ,am]ican man refra9s f     
judg+ :at is beyond 8 scope2 b an       
,am]ican woman :o has sc>cely a %r$ (   
education looks 9 va9 = any subject on  
:i* %e has n firm convictions already at
 h&1 & h] influ5ce ^u public            
op9ion--politics always ap>t--sp9s a web
 ( triviality & misconception ov] ! :ole
 culture4 ,cobwebs are n ropes1 & a good
 broom c sweep !m d[n2 b ! arrogance (  
?is fem99e lack ( k is ! symptom ( a    
pr(\nd trait 9 ! fem99e s\l1 & po9ts to 
dang]s spr++ f ! dom9ation ( wom5 9     
intellectual life4 ,9 no o!r civiliz$ l&
 is sci5tific m$ic9e s sy/ematically    
h9d]$ by quack doctors1 pat5t m$ic9es1 &
 m5tal heal+2 ! armies ( un$ucat$ wom5  
protect !m4 ,& 9 no o!r civiliz$ l& are 
e?ical conceptions s worm-eat5 by       
sup]/itions & spirituali/ic hocus-pocus2
 hy/]ical wom5 c>ry ! day4 ,9 no o!r    
c\ntry is ! /eady & s\nd advance (      
social & p$agogical re=m s *eck$ by     
:imsies & %ort-liv$ innovations1 & good 
s\nd "w held back by ! p>tisans (       

confus$ ideas2 "h ! wom5 "w havoc ) _!  
social & p$agogical al>ms4  ,?is does n 
mean1 h[ev]1 t a good deal ( ! "w (     
,am]ican wom5 is n bett] done by !m ?an 
x w\ld be by ! m54 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 
is no d\bt t ! assi/ance ( wom5 9 tea*+ 
has _h v happy results on ,am]ican      
culture4 ,:5 x 0 necess>y to tame ! wild
 ,we/ ( its pione] r\ghness & to        
introduce good mann]s1 ! mild] influ5ce 
( wom5 9 ! s*ool-room 0 f> m useful ?an 
t ( m5 c\ld h be52 & s f> z x is a "q ( 
mak+ ov] ! immigrant *ildr5 ( ! l>ge    
cities into "y ,am]icans1 ! pati5t woman
 tea*] is invaluable4 ,& ! drama ( !    
s*ool-room is play$ 9 o!r m public      
places2 9 a ?\s& ways ! p>ticipation (  
wom5 9 public life has ref9$ & ton$ d[n 
,am]ican culture & enri*$ & beautifi$ x1
 b n made x pr(\nd] or /rong]4 ,woman's 
inborn dilettanteism works too (t5 =    
sup]ficiality r ?an pr(undity4  ,& x is 
indubitable t ?is und]tak+ ( ! burd5s ( 
intellectual culture by woman has be5   
necess>y to ! nation's progress--a k9d (

 division ( lab\r imp]atively indicat$  
by ! trem5d\s economic & political      
duties :i* h preoccupi$ ! m54 ,no       
,european c\ntry has ev] _h to accompli%
 economically1 te*nically1 &            
politically1 9 s %ort a "t1 t :i* !     
,unit$ ,/ates has accompli%$ 9 ! la/    
fifty ye>s 9 p]fect+ its civilization4  
,! /r5g? ( ! m5 has be5 s ?or\ghly      
enli/$ t intellectual culture c\ld n h  
be5 develop$ or ev5 ma9ta9$ if ! zeal & 
e>ne/ness ( wom5 _h n = a "t tak5 up !  
"w4 ,b is ?is to be only = a "t8 ,w !   
man be?9k himself t 8 political &       
economic "o-sid$ness w 9 ! end hurt !   
nation8 ,?is is "o ( ! greate/ que/ions 
= ! future ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x is n a "q ( 
woman's retrograd+ or los+ any ( h]     
spl5did acquirem5ts2 no "o c\ld wi% t   
?is f9e intellectuality1 ?is womanly    
s]i\sness1 ?is desire = a mean+ 9 h]    
life %\ld be ?\ghtlessly sacrific$1 nor 
t ! si/]s & ! mo!rs ( ! nation %\ld ev] 
become m]e dolls or dome/ic ma*9es4     
,no?+ ( ?is %\ld be lo/ or ne$s to be   

lo/4 ,b a comp5satory movem5t mu/ be    
und]tak5 by ! m5 ( ! c\ntry 9 ord] to   
make up = amateuri% sup]ficiality & an  
inconsequ5tial logic ( ! emotions4  ,9  
itself1 ! intellectual dom9ation ( !    
wom5 w h ! t5d5cy to /r5g!n itself1 ! m 
! high] life be>s ! fem99e /amp4 ,= by s
 mu*1 m5 are less attract$ to x4 ,?us ! 
numb] ( male s*ool tea*]s becomes small]
 all ! "t1 because ! majority ( wom5    
tea*]s makes ! s*ool m & m a place :]e a
 man does n feel at home4 ,b o!r factors
 9 public op9ion "w /rongly 9 ! opposite
 direction2 indu/rial life has made its 
great /rides1 ! l& is op5$ up1 !        
deva/ations ( ! ,civil ,w> are repair$1 
int]nal di/urbances h yield$ to int]nal 
unity1 recognition among ! _w p[]s has  
be5 won1 & )9 a %ort "t ! weal? ( !     
c\ntry has increas$ _m fold4 ,x w be a  
natural reaction if ! en]gies ( m5 are  
some:at )drawn f indu/ry & agriculture1 
f politics & w>1 & once m be/[$ on ?+s  
intellectual4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is reaction w 
decide :e!r ! self-ass]tion ( ! ,am]ican

 wom5 w1 9 ! end1 h be5 an unalloy$     
bless+ to ! c\ntry or an affliction4    
,woman w nev] contribute mom5t\sly to ! 
culture ( ! _w by rema9+ intellectually 
celibate4                               
,,*apt] ,,tw5ty-,,?ree                  
,ari/ocratic ,t5d5cies   ,9 ! c>icatures
 ( ! ,am]ican :i* are s gladly drawn by 
! ,european1 & s innoc5tly believ$ 91   
!re is g5]ally1 beside ! %irt-sleev$    
cl[n :o bawls 8equality0 & ! b>b>ian :o 
*ases ! doll>1 ! ri* heiress b5t on     
swapp+ h] millions = a coronet4 ,! long+
 = bankrupt suitors ( und\bt$ p$igree is
 suppos$ to be ! "o symptom ( any social
 aspiration1 :i* ! ,yankee exhibits4 ,! 
,am]ican begs leave to diff]4 ,he is n  
surpris$ t ! "y ,am]ican woman ( good   
family1 ) h] f9e intellectual fre%ness &
 h] faculty ( adaptation1 %\ld be s\ght 
out by m5 ( all nations2 nor is he fill$
 ) awe if !re are "s suitors ( hi/oric  
l9eage among ! re/4 ,b ! day is long    
gone 9 :i* su* m>riages are look$ on z  
an enviable piece ( good =tune = !      

daught] ( any ,am]ican citiz54 ,ev5 !   
newspap]s lightly smile at su* m>riages 
to a title1 & !y are becom+ less & less 
frequ5t 9 ! really be/ circles (        
,am]ican society4 ,besides1 no su* *eap 
& sup]ficial aspirations are really     
indicative ( ari/ocratic t5d5cies4 ,!   
,am]ican is1 by pr9ciple1 v f> f mak+ 8 
way into ! int]national ari/ocracy (    
,europe1 & he nei!r does nor w he ev]   
attempt any artificial imitation (      
ari/ocratic in/itutions4  ,x is a       
capital mi/ake to suppose t ! ,am]ican1 
put face to face ) ,european pr9c$om1   
=gets or tries to hide 8 democracy4     
,ari/ocratic in/itutions1 p>ticul>ly ^? 
( ,engl&1 int]e/ him z a bit out (      
hi/ory2 he seeks su* social contact j z 
he w&]s ?r\gh qua9t ca/les1 )\t wi%+    
!reby to transf] 8 own c\ntry h\se on ! 
,hudson into a decay+ gr\p ( walls &    
turrets4 ,he takes an /hetic pleasure 9 
! brilliancy ( c\rts1 ! pomp ( milit>y  
life1 ! weal? & col\r ( symbols2 &1 q   
indep5d5tly ( t1 he feels inde$ a lively

 int]e/ 9 c]ta9 fasc9at+ figures (      
,european politics--mo/ ( all1 p]haps1 9
 ! ,g]man ,kais]4 ,b :e!r 8 int]e/ is   
hi/orical1 /hetic1 or p]sonal1 x is nev]
 accompani$ by any feel+ ( inf]iority to
 ! p]sons :o repres5t ^! ari/ocratic    
in/itutions4 ,:5 ,pr9ce ,h5ry1 on 8     
visit to ! ,new ,_w1 quickly won ! he>ts
 ( ,am]icans z a man1 !re 0 no?+ 9 !    
tone or acc5t ( ! greet+s address$ to   
him :i* 0 out ( accord ) ! fundam5tal   
key ( democracy4 ,! d9n] speak]s comm5c$
 _! spee*es 9 ! democratic fa%ion1 :i*  
is always fir/ to address ! presid+ ho/3
 8,mr4 ,mayor1 y\r ,royal ,highness40   
,at ! same "t ! peculi>ly democratic    
contempt = ?+s mon>*ical is disappe>+1  
too2 ! cultivat$ ,am]ican feels         
increas+ly t e =m ( /ate has aris5 f    
hi/oric conditions1 & t "o is n 9 & =   
itself bett] ?an ano!r4 ,he feels t he  
is n untrue to 8 republican fa!rl& 9    
atte/+ 8 respect = cr[n$ heads4 ,he %[s 
mo/ ( all 8 respect1 because x is j !   
fri5dly1 neighb\rly int]c\rse :i* makes 

possible a relation ( mutual            
recognition4 ,democracy is itself ! ga9]
 by giv+ up ! absurd pose ( look+ d[n on
 ari/ocracy4 ,?us x happ5s t1 ( rec5t   
ye>s1 ev5 native-born ,am]icans h       
sometimes receiv$ ,european ord]s4 ,!y  
"k well en\gh t x w n d to we> !        
button-hole decoration on ,am]ican soil1
 b !y feel x to be ungraci\s to decl9e  
:at is (f]$ 9 a fri5dly _s2 unless1     
inde$1 x is a politician :o wi%es to    
acc5tuate & propagate a c]ta9 pr9ciple4 
,democracy feels sure en\gh ( itself to 
be able to accept a c\rtesy :i* is (f]$1
 ) equal c\rtesy2 b nobody supposes1 = a
 mom5t1 t ,european mon>*ical           
decorations h any magic to exalt a man  
above 8 democratic equality4 ,inde$1 !  
feel+ ( entire equality1 & ! belief 9 a 
mutual recognition ( su* equality1 are  
almo/ ! presupposition ( mod]n times1 & 
only 9 ,iri% mass-meet+s d we /ill he>  
prote/s aga9/ ,european tyranny4 ,?is   
mu* is sure3 ,am]ica %[s n ! slighte/   
t5d5cy to become ari/ocratic by imitat+ 

! hi/oric ari/ocracies ( ,europe4  ,!re 
are _m :o seem to believe t1 !re=e1 !   
only ari/ocracy ( ,am]ica consi/s 9 !   
clique ( multi-millionaires :i* holds   
its c\rt 9 ,newport & ,fif? ,av5ue4 ,!  
:ole c\ntry obs]ves _! follies &        
ecc5tricities2 _! family ga!r+s are     
describ$ at l5g? by ! press1 q z any    
c\rt c]emonies are describ$ 9 ,european 
pap]s2 & to be tak5 into ?is sacr$      
circle is suppos$ to be ! life ambition 
( indu/ri\s millionaires4 ,_m ,am]icans 
:o are "u ! influ5ce ( ! s5sational     
press w\ld probably agree ) ?is2 &1     
judg+ by outw>d symptoms1 "o might 9    
fact suppose t ^! ,crsuses along !      
,cliff-walk at ,newport 7 really !      
responsible social lead]s ( ,am]ica4    
,?is mu/ seem v contemptible to all :o  
look on f a di/ance1 = ev]y?+ :i* !     
pap]s tell to ! f\r w9ds ( heav5 ab\t ^!
 p is an insult to real & s\nd ,am]ican 
feel+4 ,! f\nta9s ( p]fum]y1 ! d9n]s on 
horseback1 ! cotillons :]e ! fav\rs are 
sun-bur/s ( real gems--9 %ort1 !        

s5seless ?r[+ away ( weal? 9 ! m]e      
int]e/s ( rivalry & )\t ev5 any /hetic  
comp5sations1 _c pr(\ndly impress a     
nation ( pione]s4  ,on look+ m closely1 
"o sees t ! facts are n s bad1 & t !    
p5ny-a-l9]s r ?an ! multi-millionaires  
are responsible = su* s5sational        
v]sions4 ,9 fact1 9 spite ( _m          
extravagances1 !re is a great deal (    
ta/e & ref9em5t 9 ^? v circles2 mu* good
 s5se1 an appreciation ( true art1 hone/
 pleasure 9 sport1 especially if x is on
 a gr& scale2 poli%$ address1 accompli%$
 elegance 9 co/ume1 & at table a        
hospitality :i* pr\dly repres5ts a ri*  
c\ntry4 ,9 ! matt] ( /yle & address1 ^! 
p are 9 fact lead]s1 & des]ve to be4 ,_!
 society1 x is true1 is less int]e/+ ?an
 t ( _m v mu* m mode/ circles2 b ! same 
is true ?r\gh\t ! _w ( ^? p :o make     
pleasure _! sole duty 9 life4 ,_!       
o/5tati\s enjoym5ts display mu* less    
individuality1 & are m along prescrib$  
l9es1 ?an ^? ( ,european circles :i*    
live 9 a comp>able luxury--a fact :i* is

 due l>gely to ! univ]sal uni=mity (    
fa%ion t prevails 9 e class ( ,am]icans1
 & t is too little tol]ant ( individual 
picturesqu5ess4 ,9 spite ( all ?is1     
nei!r diplomatic ,wa%+ton1 nor          
intellectual ,bo/on1 nor hospitable     
,baltimore1 nor cons]vative             
,philadelphia1 nor indomitable ,*icago1 
nor cosmopolitan ,san ,francisco1 c po9t
 to any collection ( p]sons :i*1 9 t _w 
:]e "o is to be amus$ exp5sively at any 
co/1 is bett] qualifi$ to take ! lead   
?an j ! ,f\r ,hundr$ ( ,new ,york &     
,newport4  ,& yet !re is a fundam5tal   
error 9 ! :ole calculation4 ,x is simply
 n true t ^! circles ex]cise any sort ( 
lead]%ip = ! nation1 or h become !      
/>t+-po9t ( a ,new ,_w ari/ocracy4 ,!   
av]age ,am]ican1 if he is /ill ! true   
,puritan1 is outrag$ on read+ ( a w$d+  
c]emony :]e m money is sp5t on decorat+ 
! *ur* ?an ! comb9$ ye>ly sal>ies (     
?irty s*ool tea*]s1 or ( ! sons ( great 
indu/rial lead]s wa/+ _! days 9 dr9k+   
cocktails & rac+ _! automobiles4 ,if1 on

 ! o!r h&1 he is a true city-br$ man1 he
 takes a consid]able pleasure 9 read+ 9 
! newspap] ab\t ! design & equipm5t ( ! 
late/ ya*t1 ! decorations 9 ! ball-room 
( ! rec5tly built palace1 or ab\t !     
late/ divorce do+s 9 ^? elect circles4  
,! two sorts ( read]s--t is1 ! vex$ & ! 
amus$--agree only 9 "o ?+2--nei!r ( !m  
takes all ?is s]i\sly f ! national po9t 
( view4 ,! "o is outrag$ t 9 8 l>ge1    
heal?y1 & h>d-work+ c\ntry1 su* fold]ol 
& lic5ti\sness are gap$ at or tol]at$4  
,& ! o!r is pleas$ t 8 c\ntry has become
 s ri* & /rong z to be able to af=d su* 
luxuri\sness & extravagance2 he looks on
 quizzically z at a vaudeville !atre1 b 
ev5 he does n take ! actors 9 ?is social
 vaudeville ! lea/ bit s]i\sly4 ,! "o   
acc\nts ?is clique a sort ( moral slum1 
& ! o!r a quickly pass+ & int]e/+ fro?2 
& bo? p>ties ov]e/imate ! ecc5tric      
:imsies & und]e/imate ! actual con/ant  
influ5ce ( ^! circles 9 improv+ ! ta/e =
 art & 9 really ref9+ mann]s4 ,b ?is    
clique is acc\nt$ a real ari/ocracy     

m]ely by itself & by ! tradesm5 :o      
purvey to x4  ,9 spite ( ?is1 ,am]ican  
society is beg9n+ to %[ important       
diff]5tiations4 ,x is n a m]e s5tim5tal 
& fanciful ari/ocracy1 try+ to imitate  
,european mon>*ianism1 & x is n !       
pseudo-ari/ocracy danc+ ar\nd ! gold5   
d9n]-set2 x is an ari/ocracy ( lead+    
gr\ps ( p1 :i* has ris5 sl[ly 9 ! social
 life ( ! nation1 & n[ af=ds ! />t+-po9t
 ( a /eadily increas+ individuation (   
social lay]s4 ,! influ5ce ( weal? is n  
abs5t "h1 b x is n m]e weal? z su* :i*  
exalts ^! p to ! nobility2 nor is !     
hi/orical pr9ciple ( family inh]itance  
left out ( acc\nt1 al?\gh x is n m]ely !
 numb] ( "o's id5tifiable ance/ors t    
c\nts4 ,x is1 mo/ ( all1 ! pr(\nd] m>ks 
( education & ( p]sonal tal5t4 ,& out ( 
! comb9ation ( all ^! factors & _!      
int]p5etration proce$ a ,new ,_w gr\p ( 
lead]s1 :i* has 9 fact a national       
significance4  ,if "o 7 to "n a s+le    
p]son :o %\ld typically repres5t ?is new
 ari/ocracy1 x w\ld be ,!odore          

,roosevelt4 ,9 ! ye> #afdi1 ,claes      
,roosevelt settl$ 9 ,new ,ne!rl&s1 :i*  
is n[ ,new ,york1 & f g5]ation to       
g5]ation 8 /urdy desc5dants h work$ = ! 
public good4 ,james ,roosevelt1 !       
great-gr&fa!r ( ! ,presid5t1 gave 8     
s]vices )\t remun]ation to ! ,cont95tal 
,army 9 ! w> = indep5d5ce2 ! gr&fa!r    
left ! l>ge/ "p ( 8 =tune to *>itable   
purposes2 & ! fa!r 0 tirelessly active 9
 fur!r+ patriotic und]tak+s dur+ !      
,civil ,w>4 ,& z ?is family inh]it$ its 
public _s1 s also x inh]it$ sub/ance & a
 ta/e = sport & social life4  ,n[ ?is   
product ( old family traditions has be5 
greatly influ5c$ by ! be/ intellectual  
culture ( ,new ,engl&4 ,!odore          
,roosevelt is di/9ctly a ,h>v>d         
graduate2 all ! elem5ts ( 8 nature got  
new /r5g? f ! classic _w ( ,h>v>d4 ,!   
hi/ory ( 8 nation has be5 8 fav\rite    
/udy1 & he has writt5 hi/orical         
treatises ( great bread? ( view4 ,!re)  
he possesses a /rong tal5t =            
adm9i/ration1 & has advanc$ rapidly by  

reason ( 8 actual a*ievem5ts4 ,& ?us    
education1 public s]vice1 weal?1 &      
family traditions h comb9$ to make a "* 
:i* exalts ?is man socially mu* high]   
?an ! ,presid5tial (fice alone c\ld d4  
,mc,kinley 0 9 "s ways great]1 p]haps--b
 9 ,mc,kinley's _w !re 0 no ?ird        
dim5sion ( ari/ocratic diff]5tiation2 x 
0 a flat picture1 :]e "o might n ask nor
 expect any div]sification 9 ! o!r      
dim5sion4 ,roosevelt is ! fir/ ari/ocrat
 s9ce _m ye>s1 to come into ! ,:ite     
,h\se4  ,ari/ocratic %ad+s c occur 9 a  
c\ntry t is s firmly gr\nd$ 9 democracy 
only :5 ! movem5t goes 9 bo? directions1
 upw>d & d[nw>d1 & :5 x evolves on bo?  
sides4 ,if x 7 a "q on ! "o side ( dem&+
 rights & =c+ cr$5ce 9 pret5ti\s        
display1 & on ! o!r side ( dem&+ any    
sort ( submission f less fav\r$ p]sons  
or assign+ !m an inf]ior position1 !    
:ole ef=t w\ld be hopeless4 ,! claim to 
pr]ogative :i* is support$ by an        
o/5tation calculat$ to hypnotize ! vulg>
 & a correspond+ obsequi\sness ( ! weak1

 c d no?+ m ?an p]haps to pres]ve       
ari/ocracy aft] x has tak5 deep hi/oric 
root4 ,b su* a deg5]ate =m _c be ! fir/ 
/age ( ari/ocracy 9 a new c\ntry4 ,:5 a 
new ari/ocracy is =m$1 x mu/ boa/ n (   
pr]ogatives1 b ( duties1 & ! feel+ ( ^? 
n includ$ _c be "o ( inf]iority1 b (    
confid5ce4 ,& ?is is ! mood :i* is gr[+ 
9 ,am]ica4  ,su* duties are mo/ cle>ly  
recogniz$ by weal?1 & weal? has p]haps  
contribut$ mo/ to beg9 ! ari/ocratic    
diff]5tiation 9 ,am]ican society2 b x   
has n be5 ! weal? :i* goes into         
extravagant display or o!r arrogant     
demon/ration1 b ! weal? :i* works t[>d !
 civiliz$ advance ( ! nation4 ,h[ev] mu*
 x may contradict ! prejudices ( ! ,old 
,_w1 weal? alone does n conf] a social  
/atus 9 ,am]ica4 ,( c\rse1 prop]ty      
ev]y:]e makes indep5d5ce2 b s long z x  
rema9s m]ely ! p[] to hire ?+s done1 x  
creates no social diff]5tiation4 ,!     
,am]ican does n reg>d a man ) awe       
because he /&s well ) trades-p &        
/ock-brok]s1 b discrim9ates %>ply betwe5

 ! possessions & ! possessor4 ,9 8      
bus9ess life he is s accu/om$ to deal+ )
 imp]sonal corporations1 t ! p[] to     
disp5se l>ge sums ( money gives a man no
 p]sonal dignity 9 8 eyes4 ,j 9 ! ,we/]n
 cities1 :]e society c5tres ab\t        
que/ions ( money mu* m ?an 9 ! ,ea/1 !  
notion ( prop]ty diff]5tiation betwe5 m5
 is develop$ lea/ ( all s f> z x conc]ns
 social /ation4 ,! m]e circum/ance t "o 
man has speculat$ =tunately & ! o!r     
un=tunately1 t ! real e/ate ( "o has    
appreciat$ & ( ! o!r det]iorat$ 9 value1
 occasions no belief 9 ! inn] diff]5ce (
 ! two m52 ! *anges are purely economic1
 & sugge/ no?+ ( a social diff]5ce4  ,at
 mo/ !re is a c]ta9 curiosity1 s9ce     
prop]ty op5s up a _w ( possibilities to 
a man2 & he is consid]ably scrut9iz$ by 
8 neighb\rs to see :at he w d4 ,9 ?is   
s5se especially 9 ! small & middle-siz$ 
cities1 ! local magnates are ! c5tre (  
public int]e/1 j z ! billionaires are 9 
l>ge cities4 ,b to be ! object ( su*    
newspap] curiosity does n mean to be    

elevat$ 9 ! g5]al respect4 ,!           
millionaire is 9 ?is respect v mu* l !  
op]atic t5or2 or1 to put x less         
graci\sly1 ! h]o ( ! la/ poison+ case4  
,x is ! m a "q ( a m]e /imulation to !  
public fancy1 s9ce 9 reality ! diff]5ces
 are surpris+ly small4  ,if "o looks    
away f ! extravagant ecc5tricities (    
small circles1 ! diff]5ce 9 g5]al mode (
 life is on ! :ole v little 9 evid5ce4  
,! _m citiz5s 9 ! l>ge ,am]ican city :o 
h a prop]ty ( five to t5 million doll>s 
seem to live h>dly diff]5tly f !        
un=tunate _m :o h to get on ) only a    
simple million4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! av]age  
man ) a mode/ income ex]ts all 8 /r5g?  
to appe> 9 clo?+ & social habits z ri* z
 possible4 ,he does n take c>e to /ore  
up a d[ry = 8 *ildr51 & he lays by      
little because he does n c>e to become a
 bond-hold]2 he w\ld r "w to 8 dy+ day1 
& tea* 8 *ildr5 :ile !y are "y to /& on 
_! own feet4 ,s x happ5s t ! diff]5ces  
:i* actually exi/ are v little 9        
evid5ce2 ! bank] has 8 palace & 8 coa*1 

& 8 wife we>s sealsk92 b 8 %oe-mak] has 
also 8 own h\se1 8 horse & buggy1 & 8   
wife we>s a v good imitation ( seal--:i*
 "o has to rub aga9/ 9 ord] to          
recognize4  ,b ! situation becomes v    
diff]5t :5 x is a "q ( weal?1 n z a     
means ( actual enjoym5t1 b z a measure (
 ! p]sonal capacities t h e>n$ x4 ,!n ! 
:ole importance ( ! possession is inde$ 
transf]r$ to ! possessor4 ,we mu/ aga9  
emphasize ! fact t ?is is ! real impulse
 und]ly+ ,am]ican economic life--weal?  
is ! crit]ion ( individual a*ievem5ts1 (
 self-initiative2 & s9ce ! :ole nation  
/ret*es e n]ve 9 a re/less demon/ration 
( ?is self-initiative1 ! p]son :o is m  
successful ?an 8 neighb\rs ga9s         
necess>ily _! in/9ctive admiration4 ,!  
weal? won by lucky gambles 9 /ocks1 or  
inh]it$1 or d]iv$ f a m]ely accid5tal   
appreciation ( values or by a *ance     
monopoly1 is n respect$2 b ! weal?      
amass$ by caution & brilliant =esight1  
by indomitable en]gy & tireless         
initiative1 or by fasc9at+ orig9ality & 

c\rage1 meets ) full recognition4 ,!    
,am]ican sees 9 su* a creator ( mat]ial 
weal? ! model ( 8 pione] virtues1 ! born
 lead] ( economic progress1 & he looks  
up to him 9 s9c]e admiration1 & respects
 him f> high] ?an 8 neighb\r 9 ! next   
palace :o has accid5tally fall5 heir to 
a t5fold l>g] sum4 ,x is n ! p[] :i*    
weal? conf]s1 b ! p[] :i* has conf]r$   
weal?1 t is respect$4  ,& !n !re is a m 
important factor--! respect = t =ce (   
m9d :i* puts weal?1 ev5 if x is only a  
mode/ am\nt1 9 ! s]vice ( high] ends4   
,m5 h diff]5t ta/es2 "o :o builds       
hospitals may n und]/& ! importance (   
patroniz+ ! f9e arts2 "o :o supports    
univ]sities may d v little = ! *ur*2 or 
ano!r :o collects sculptures may h no   
int]e/ 9 ! education ( ! negro4 ,b !    
fundam5tal dogma ( ,am]ican society is t
 weal? conf]s di/9ction only on a man :o
 works = ideal ends2 & p]haps ! deepe/  
impulse t[>d ! accumulation ( weal?1    
aft] ! economic p[] :i* x conf]s1 is !  
desire = j ?is sort ( dignity4 ,& ?is   

desire is deep] und\bt$ly ?an ! wi% =   
pleasure1 :i* anyh[ is some:at limit$ by
 ! outw>d uni=mity ( ,am]ican life4 ,h[ 
f> social recognition is gott5 by       
public-spirit$ activities & h[ f> social
 recognition incites m5 to su* activity1
 is 9 any p>ticul> case h>d to decide4  
,b z a matt] ( fact1 a social condition 
has come ab\t 9 :i* ! noblesse oblige ( 
prop]ty is recogniz$ on all sides1 & 9  
:i* public op9ion is m discrim9at+ z to 
! social respect :i* %\ld be met$ out to
 ?is or t public de$1 ?an x c\ld be if x
 7 a "q ( conf]r+ ) ! greate/ nicety    
ord]s & titles ( diff]5t values4  ,! "r 
( ! individual to specialize 9 v>i\s    
directions1 to focus 8 b5efactions on   
,ca?olic deaf-mutes or on /ud5ts (      
insects1 on *ur* w9d[s1 or clay cyl9d]s 
) cunei=m inscriptions1 is recogniz$    
fully4 ,confid5t ( ! good-w ( m5 (      
prop]ty1 s _m div]se claims h aris51 t x
 w\ld be q impossible = a s+le man out (
 m]e g5]al sympa?y ) civilization to l5d
 a help+ h& 9 all directions4 ,!        

,am]icans e/eem j t c>efulness ) :i* !  
ri* man sees to x t 8 prop]ty is appli$ 
accord+ to 8 p]sonal ideas & k4 ,x is   
only !reby t 8 gifts h a pr(\nd p]sonal 
significance1 & are fundam5tally        
di/+ui%$ f s5tim5tal sacrifice or f     
o/5tati\s patronage4 ,giv+ is a s]i\s   
matt]1 to :i* weal?y m5 daily & h\rly   
devote consci5ti\s lab\r4 ,a man l      
,c>negie1 ^: useful beque/s already     
am\nt to m ?an a hundr$ million doll>s1 
c\ld dispose at once ( 8 entire prop]ty 
if he 7 9 a s+le week to respond        
fav\rably to all ! calls :i* are made on
 him4 ,he receives e day hundr$s ( su*  
lett]s ( reque/1 & gives almo/ 8 entire 
/r5g? to c>ry+ out 8 b5evol5t plans4  ,&
 ! same is true on a small] scale ( all 
classes4 ,e true ,am]ican feels t 8     
weal? puts him 9 a position ( public    
confid5ce1 & ! int5sity ) :i* he        
manife/s ?is conviction decides ! social
 e/eem 9 :i* 8 prop]ty is held4 ,! real 
ari/ocrats ( weal? 9 ?is "p ( ! _w are  
^? m5 :om public op9ion respects bo? = !

 ga9+ & ! us+ ( _! prop]ty2 bo? factors1
 9 a way1 h to be unit$4 ,! admirable   
p]sonal tal5ts :i* accumulate l>ge      
prop]ties1 & ! l(ty ideals :i* put !m to
 ! be/ uses1 may appe> to be q indep5d5t
 matt]s1 & inde$ !y sometimes d exclude 
ea* o!r1 b ! ari/ocratic ideal dem&s !  
two toge!r4 ,& ! ,am]icans notice :5    
ei!r "o is abs5t2 !y notice :5 weal? is 
amass$ 9 impos+ quantities1 b !n employ$
 trivially or selfi%ly2 or1 on ! o!r h&1
 :5 x is employ$ = ! v highe/ ends1 b 9 
! op9ion ( compet5t m5 has be5          
accumulat$ improp]ly4 ,! public feels m 
& m incl9$ to look into ! bus9ess me?ods
 ( m5 :o make l>ge gifts4 ,! ,am]ican   
does n recognize ! non olet1 & !re h (t5
 be5 lively discussions :5 ill-gott5    
weal? has be5 (f]$ 9 public b5efaction4 
,weal? gott5 by di/+ui%$ ent]prise &    
integrity1 & employ$ consci5ti\sly &    
?\ghtfully1 conf]s 9 fact high social   
di/9ction4 ,b x is only "o factor among 
o!rs4 ,a second factor is family        
tradition1 ! dignity ( a "n long        

respect$ = civil high-m9d$ness &        
ref9em5t4 ,a ,european has only ! b>e/  
impression ( ! great social significance
 ( ,am]ican g5ealogies1 & w\ld be       
surpris$ to see 9 ! l>ge libr>ies :ole  
walls ( book-%elves t conta9 no?+ b     
works on ! l9eage ( ,am]ican families4  
,! family tree ( ! s+le family (        
,:itney1 ( ,connecticut1 takes up ?ree  
?ick volumes am\nt+ to #b1gjj pages2 &  
!re ev5 exi/s a ?ick & h&some volume ) !
 g5ealogies ( ,am]ican families ( royal 
extraction4 ,!re are n only special     
pap]s devot$ to ! sci5tific /udy (      
g5ealogies1 b ev5 "s ( ! l>ge daily     
pap]s h a section devot$ to ?is subject4
 ,mu* ( ?is is m]e curiosity & sport--a 
fa%ionable :im1 :i* collects ance/ors   
mu* l co9s or po/age /amps4 ,al?\gh !   
pres]v+ ( family traditions & an        
expansive pride 9 hi/oric l9eage d n    
contradict democratic pr9ciples1 yet !  
int]e/ 9 p$igree1 if x takes real hold  
on ! public m9d1 v soon leads to a g5u9e
 social diff]5tiation4  ,su*            

diff]5tiation w be sup]ficial at fir/4  
,if none b desc5dants ( ,puritans :o    
came ov] 9 ! 8,mayfl[]0 are invit$ to a 
set ( dances1 a _s ( exclusiv5ess is %[n
 :i* is inde$ undemocratic2 b ?is sort (
 ?+ is 9 fact only a playful matt] 9    
,am]ican society4 ,! l>ge organizations 
t *oose _! memb]%ip on ! gr\nd ( peculi>
 ance/ry make no pret5ce to special     
privileges1 & _m ( !m are no?+ b        
philan?ropic societies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if
 ! ari/ocracy ( family 7 to assume      
special rights1 x w\ld be no innovation 
on ,am]ican soil1 because 9 ! e>lie/    
colonial days _m ( ! social diff]5ces ( 
,engli% society 7 br\ght ov]1 & !       
,engli% class _s did n disappe> until   
aft] ! ,revolution1 :5 ! y\ng] sons (   
,engli% g5tlem5 no long] came ov] to ?is
 c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 a consid]able _s (  
ari/ocracy p]si/$ until aft] ! ,civil   
,w>4  ,su* sup]ficial diff]5tiation has 
virtually disappe>$ to-day4 ,! m]e t9sel
 ( family ari/ocracy has be5 torn (f1 b 
= ?is reason ! real importance &        

a*ievem5ts ( c]ta9 families come out all
 ! m cle>ly4 ,! repres5tatives ( v5]able
 family names are look$ on ) peculi>    
public confid5ce2 & ! m ! ,am]ican      
nation becomes acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ^! 
families1 :i* h be5 active on ,am]ican  
soil = eight or t5 g5]ations1 ! m x     
respects _! desc5dants ( ! pres5t day4  
,x is true t conditions are /ill        
prov9cial1 & t almo/ no family has a    
national significance4 ,! names ( ! fir/
 families ( ,virg9ia1 :i* are univ]sally
 rev]$ 9 ! ,s\?1 are almo/ unkn[n 9 !   
,nor?2 ! desc5dants ( ,knick]bock]      
families1 ^: v "n mu/ n be m5tion$ 9    
,new ,york )\t a c]ta9 air ( solemnity1 
are v mu* less consid]$ 9 ,baltimore or 
,philadelphia2 & ! we/]n "p ( ! c\ntry  
is naturally /ill too "y to h e/abli%$  
su* traditions at all until rec5tly4 ,b 
! foll[+ is a typical example = ! ,ea/3 
,h>v>d ,univ]sity is gov]n$ by sev5 m5  
:o are *os5 to fill ?is responsible     
position1 solely because ! academic     
community has pr(\nd confid5ce bo? 9 _! 

integrity & 9 _! bread? ( view4 ,& yet x
 is no accid5t t among ^! sev5 m51 !re  
is n "o ^: family has n be5 ( s]vice to 
! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts = sev5          
g5]ations4 ,s t1 ev5 9 su* a model      
democratic community z ,puritan ,new    
,engl&1 ! names ( families t h play$ an 
important public "p 9 ! middle ( !      
sev5te5? c5tury are z mu* respect$ z !  
old 8mrkis*e ,adel0 9 ,prussia4 ,&      
al?\gh !y are )\t ! privileges (        
nobility1 ! :ole dignity ( ! pa/ is felt
 by e educat$ p]son to be pres]v$ 9 su* 
family names4  ,b ! mo/ important factor
 9 ! ari/ocratic diff]5tiation ( ,am]ica
 is high] education & culture1 & ?is    
becomes m important e day4 ,9 speak+ (  
univ]sities1 we h c>efully expla9$ :y   
high] culture is less closely connect$ )
 ! le>n$ pr(essions 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 !   
,european c\ntries4 ,we h se5 t ! le>n$ 
pr(essions are f$ by pr(essional & v    
practical s*ools1 :i* turn out a doctor1
 lawy]1 or prea*] )\t requir+ a broad & 
lib]al previ\s tra9+2 & h[1 on ! o!r h&1

 ! college has be5 ! indep5d5t          
in/itution = high] culture1 & h[ ^! two 
in/itutions h sl[ly gr[n toge!r 9 !     
c\rse ( "t1 s t ! college c\rse has come
 at l5g? to be ! regul> prep>ation = ^? 
:o att5d pr(essional s*ools4 ,n[1 9     
consid]+ ! social importance ( high]    
individual culture1 we h n to consid] ! 
le>n$ pr(essions1 b r ! g5]al college   
tra9+2 & 9 ?is respect we f9d und\bt$ly 
t common op9ion has sl[ly %ift$ t[>d an 
ari/ocratic po9t ( view4 ,! social      
importance ascrib$ to a college graduate
 is all ! "t gr[+4  ,x 0 kept back = a  
long "t by un=tunate prejudices4        
,because o!r ?an intellectual =ces _h   
made ! nation /rong1 & ev]y:]e 9 !      
=egr\nd ( public activity !re 7 vigor\s 
& influ5tial m5 :o _h n cont9u$ _!      
education beyond ! public gramm> s*ool1 
s ! masses in/9ctively believ$ t        
insight1 real en]gy1 & ent]prise 7 bett]
 develop$ 9 ! s*ool ( life ?an 9 ! _w ( 
books4 ,! college /ud5t 0 ?\ght ( z a   
weakl+1 9 a way1 :o might h _m f9e      

!ories ab\t ?+s1 b :o w\ld nev] take    
hold to help solve ! great national     
problems--a sort ( academic 8mugwump10 b
 n a lead]4 ,! bank+-h\se1 factory1 f>m1
 ! m9e1 ! law (fice1 & ! political      
position 7 all ?\ght bett] places = ! "y
 ,am]ican man ?an ! college lecture     
halls4 ,& p]haps ! unpractical "* (     
college /udies 0 no m fe>$ ?an !        
artificial social atmosph]e4 ,x 0 felt t
 an ideal atmosph]e 0 creat$ 9 ! college
 to :i* ! m9d 9 its be/ p]iod (         
developm5t too readily adapt$ itself1 s 
t x came out virtually unprep>$ = !     
crude reality ( practical life4 ,?is has
 be5 a dogma 9 political life ev] s9ce !
 ,presid5cy ( ,&rew ,jackson1 & almo/   
equally s 9 economic life4  ,?is has    
pr(\ndly *ang$ n[1 & *anges m ) e ye>4  
,x is n a "q ( id5tify+ ! high] culture 
) ! le>n$ pr(essions1 z 9 ,g]many--!re  
is no reason = ?is2 & su* a po9t ( view 
has develop$ 9 ,g]many only by an       
accid5t ( hi/ory4 ,9 ,am]ica x is /ill  
?\ght t a graduate ( "o ( ^! colleges--t

 is1 a man :o has gone ab\t z f> z !    
,g]man /ud5t ( philosophy 9 ! ?ird or   
f\r? seme/]--is equal to anybody 9      
culture1 no matt] :e!r he aft]w>d       
becomes a manufactur]1 or bank]1 or     
lawy]1 or a philologian4 ,! *ange has   
tak5 place 9 reg>d to :at is expect$ ( !
 college /ud5t2 di/ru/ has vani%$1 & p  
realize t ! intellectual discipl9e :i*  
he has _h until 8 tw5ty-second ye> 9 !  
artificial & ideal _w is aft] all ! be/ 
tra9+ = ! great duties ( public life1 & 
t academic tra9+1 less by its           
subject-matt] ?an by its me?ods1 is !   
be/ possible prep>ation = practical     
activity4  ,! man ( academic tra9+ is ! 
only "o :o sees ?+s 9 _! "r p]spective1 
& gives !m ! "r values4 ,ev5 ! l>ge     
m]*ant kn[s to-day t ! "y man :o left   
college at tw5ty-two w be1 :5 he is     
tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 g5]ally ahead ( 8
 contempor>ies :o left s*ool at sev5te5 
& 8w5t to "w40 ,! great self-made m5 d  
inde$ say a good deal to com=t ^? :o h  
_h only a s*ool tra9+1 b x may be not$ t

 !y s5d _! own sons to college4 ,z a    
matt] ( fact1 ! lead+ positions 9 !     
disposal ( ! nation are almo/ entirely 9
 ! h&s ( m5 ( academic tra9+1 & ! mi/ru/
 ( ! !oriz+ college _s has giv5 place to
 a situation 9 :i* univ]sity presid5ts &
 pr(essors h mu* to say on all practical
 que/ions ( public life1 & ! college    
graduates are ! real support]s ( e      
movem5t t[>d re=m & civilization4  ,all 
9 all1 x c no long] be d5i$ t a class ( 
national lead]s has ris5 above ! social 
life ( ! masses1 & n :olly1 z democracy 
w\ld really require1 by reason ( _!     
p]sonal tal5ts4 ,a weal?y man has a     
c]ta9 advantage by 8 weal?1 ! man (     
family by 8 l9eage1 ! man ( academic    
tra9+ by ! fact t 8 p>5ts 7 able to s5d 
him to ! univ]sity4 ,?is is nei!r       
plutocracy nor h]$it>y ari/ocracy1 nor  
intellectual snobb]y4 ,we h se5 t weal? 
w9s consid]ation only :5 well exp5d$1 t 
ance/ry br+s no privileges or           
pr]ogatives ) x1 & t an academic        
education is n equival5t to m]ely       

te*nical erudition4 ,! p]sonal factor is
 n lack+1 s9ce we h se5 t ! ri* man mu/ 
plan 8 b5efactions1 ! man ( family mu/  
play 8 public "p1 & t academic tra9+ is 
9 ! rea* ( e "y man :o w try = x4 ,!    
fundam5tal pr9ciples ( democracy are    
!re=e n de/roy$1 b !y are modifi$4 ,! _s
 ( self-ass]tion :i* calls = absolute   
equality is ev]y:]e br\ght face to face 
) m5 :o are sup]ior1 ^: claims _c be    
disc\nt$1 & :o are tacitly admitt$ to   
belong rightfully to an upp] class4     
,diff]5tiation1 once m1 works n m]ely   
upw>d1 b also d[nw>d2 ! public lead]    
pu%es himself ahead1 & at ! same "t !   
great masses are look+ = "s "o :om !y   
may foll[4 ,x is n a matt] ( subjection1
 b ( confid5ce--confid5ce 9 m5 :o are   
recogniz$ly bett] ?an _m o!rs4 ,!re c be
 no d\bt t a reaction is go+ on ?r\gh\t 
,am]ica to-day1 n aga9/ democracy1 b    
aga9/ ^? op9ions :i* h prevail$ 9 !     
democracy ev] s9ce ! days ( ! pione]s4  
,a great _m p feel in/9ctively t ! "t is
 ripe to oppose ! "o-sid$ness (         

dom9ation by ! masses2 p are =cibly     
impress$ by ! fact t 9 politics1        
gov]nm5t1 lit]ature & art1 ! great      
a*ievem5ts are ?w>t$ by vulg> influ5ces1
 t ! orig9al individual is impress$ into
 ! ord9>y m\ld1 & t dilettanteism &     
m$iocrity rule triumphant & keep out !  
be/ tal5ts f public life4 ,p see !      
tyranny ( gre$1 ! reproa* ( municipal   
corruption1 ! un:olesome influ5ce ( a   
s5sational press & ( unscrupul\s        
capital4 ,!y see h[ public life becomes 
blatant1 irresponsible1 & vulg>2 h[ all 
au?ority & respect mu/ disappe> if      
democracy is n to be curb$ at any po9t4 
,! "t has come1 a great _m feel1 9 :i* !
 moral influ5ce ( au?ority is ne$$1 & ! 
educational influ5ce ( ^? m cultivat$   
p]sons :o w n yield to ! /hetic ta/es ( 
! vulg> mu/ be infus$ into ! democracy4 
,! tra9$ man mu/ speak :]e ! masses w\ld
 o!rwise act f m]e caprice2 ! discipl9$ 
m9d mu/ lead :]e incompet5ce is head+ = 
bl9d alleys2 ! be/ m9ds mu/ h "s say & p
 mu/ be =c$ to li/51 s t o!r voices &   

op9ions %all h weight ?an ^? t make !   
babel ( ! /reets4 ,! eclectic mu/       
prevail ov] ! vulg> ta/e1 & ! pr(\nd ov]
 ! sup]ficial1 s9ce x is cle> t only 9 t
 way w ,am]ica advance beyond h] pres5t 
/age ( developm5t4 ,am]ica has creat$ a 
new political _w1 & mu/ n[ turn to      
/hetics & culture4 ,su* a reaction has n
 happ5$ to-day or ye/]day1 b has be5 go+
 on /eadily 9 ! la/ few decades1 &      
to-day x is s /rong z to ov]come all    
resi/ance4 ,! desire = ! beauty &       
dignity ( culture1 = au?ority &         
?or\ghness1 is creep+ into e corn] (    
,am]ican life4  ,! "t is already pass+  
:i* w\ld d away ) all discipl9e &       
submission 9 s*ool & family life2 public
 life br+s ! tra9$ exp]t ev]y:]e into   
prom95ce4 ,! disgu/ at ! vulg>ity (     
daily life1 z 9 ! visible appe>ance (   
city /reets1 increases rapidly4 ,! s5se 
( beauty is ev]y:]e at "w2 & m5 ( ta/e1 
education1 & traditions1 r ?an ! city   
fa!rs :o are elect$ by ! rabble1 are    
f9ally be+ call$ to positions (         

lead]%ip4 ,! democratic _s is n crumbl+1
 & c]ta9ly ! rights ( ! masses are n to 
be displac$ by ! rights ( ! bett]       
educat$ & m /hetic2 b democracy is 9 a  
way to be p]fect$1 to be br\ght z high z
 x c be br\ght by giv+ a repres5tation  
to really all ! =ces t are 9 ! social   
organism1 & by n p]mitt+ ! m ref9$ ones 
to be suppress$ by ! weight ( ! masses4 
,! nation has come to t maturity :]e !  
public is ready to let itself be l$ by !
 be/ m54  ,x is true t ! public ta/e    
/ill prevails too widely 9 _m bran*es ( 
social life2 !re is too mu* triviality2 
too _m in/itutions are built on ! false 
pr9ciples t ev]ybody kn[s be/ :at is    
good = him1 & too _m und]tak+s flatt] ! 
ta/e :i* !y %\ld educate4 ,b opposite   
t5d5cies are pres5t ev]y:]e4 ,! m !     
economic developm5t ( ! c\ntry is r\nd$ 
(f1 ! great] is its dem& = social       
diff]5tiation1 = ! recognition ( c]ta9  
influ5ces z sup]ior1 = subord9ation1 & =
 f9] organization4 ,j z economic life   
has long s9ce giv5 up free competition1 

& ! great corporations %[ admirably t   
subord9ation is necess>y to great       
purposes1 & ! _w ( lab\r has become an  
army ) /ricte/ discipl9e & bl9d         
allegiance1 s 9 ! non-economic _w a     
t5d5cy t[>d subord9ation1 individuation1
 & ari/ocracy becomes e mom5t m evid5t4 
,to ?is t5d5cy !re is add$ ! new        
conception ( ! /ate4 ,democracy is1 f ! 
outset1 individuali/ic4 ,we h se5       
ev]y:]e t ! fundam5tal =ce 9 ?is        
community is ! belief ( e man 9 8 own   
p]sonality & t ( o!rs4 ,! /ate has be5 !
 sum total ( individuals1 & ! /ate z    
some?+ m ?an ! individual has appe>$ z a
 b>e ab/raction4 ,! individual alone has
 ass]t$ itself1 p]fect$ & guid$ itself1 
& tak5 all ! initiative4 ,& ?is belief 9
 ! p]son is no less firm to-day2 b ano!r
 belief has come up4 ,?is is a belief 9 
! e?ical reality ( ! /ate4 ,public      
op9ion is /ill afraid t if ?is belief   
increases1 ! old confid5ce 9 ! value ( !
 individual1 & !re) ( all ! fundam5tal  
virtues ( ,am]ican democracy1 may be    

%ak54 ,b ! belief spreads f day to day1 
& produces its *ange 9 public op9ion4   
,politics are tr5d+ z are s _m o!r      
bran*es ( life2 ! emphasis is pass+ f ! 
individual to ! totality4 ,z we h se5 t 
! ,am]icans adorn$ _! h\ses be=e _!     
public build+s1 q ! opposite ( :at      
,europeans h done1 s !y h giv5 political
 value to ! millions ( individuals long 
be=e !y laid weight on ! "o collective w
 ( ! /ate4 ,! m5 :o w\ld h sacrific$    
ev]y?+ r ?an *eat _! neighb\rs h _h no  
consci5ti\s scruples 9 plund]+ ! /ate4  
,x is diff]5t to-day4 ,! feel+ gr[s t   
hon\r t[>d ! /ate1 sacrifice = x1 &     
confid5ce 9 x are ev5 m important ?an ! 
respect = ! totality ( individuals4 ,^! 
op9ions _c be spread abroad )\t hav+ _! 
f>-rea*+ consequ5ces2 ! /ate is visible 
only 9 symbols1 & its repres5tatives get
 _! significance by symboliz+ n !       
population1 b ! ab/ract /ate4 ,!        
individual repres5tative ( gov]nm5t is  
?us exalt$ p]sonally above ! democratic 
level4 ,to fill an (fice means n m]ely  

to d "w1 b to exp]i5ce a broad5+ (      
p]sonality1 mu* z t :i* ! prie/ feels 9 
8 (fice2 x is an enl>gem5t :i* dem&s on 
! o!r side respect & subord9ation4 ,?is 
t5d5cy is /ill 9 its beg9n+s1 & w nev]  
be s /rong z 9 ,europe1 because !       
self-ass]tion ( ! individual is too     
lively4 ,nev]!less1 ^! new notes 9 !    
h>mony are mu* l\d] & m p]si/5t ?an !y 7
 t5 ye>s ago4  ,?us !re are _m =ces :i* 
"w to *eck ! _s ( self-ass]tion2 9 spite
 ( ! livelie/ feel+ ( equality1 a social
 diff]5tiation is practically work+     
itself out 9 all ,am]ican life4         
,diff]5ces ( occupation are1 p]haps1 !  
lea/ significant2 a pr(ession :i* has   
su* a great claim to sup]iority z1 =    
in/ance1 t ( ! army (fic] 9 ,g]many1    
does n exi/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,p]haps !
 legal pr(ession w\ld be look$ on z !   
mo/ important1 & c]ta9ly x absorbs a v  
l>ge proportion ( ! be/ /r5g? ( !       
nation4 ,! high position giv5 ! juri/ is
 probably 9 good "p because1 unlike 8   
,cont95tal colleague1 z we h expla9$ at 

l5g?1 he actually takes "p 9 %ap+ ! law4
 ,9 a diff]5t way ! prea*] is v greatly 
respect$1 b 8 pr(ession decreases sl[ly 
9 attractiv5ess = ! be/ tal5ts ( !      
c\ntry4 ,! academic pr(essions1 on ! o!r
 h&1 h drawn su* tal5t m & m1 & w       
cont9ue to d s z ! di/9ction gr[s %>p]  
betwe5 ! college tea*] & ! real         
univ]sity pr(essor4 ,! pre-em95tly      
reproductive activities are naturally   
less entic+ ?an ^? :i* are creative1 &  
:]ev] tal5t is attract$ x quickly       
accompli%es great ?+s1 & ^! "w to       
improve ! social /atus ( ! pr(ession4 ,!
 political pr(ession1 z su*1 is f> d[n 9
 ! scale2 only gov]nors1 s5ators1 & !   
highe/ m9i/]ial (ficials play an        
important social "p4 ,( c\rse1 "o _c    
speak ( ! especial recognition (        
m]cantile or indu/rial pr(essions1      
because ^! (f] too great a v>iety (     
atta9m5t2 b c]ta9ly _! mo/ influ5tial   
repres5tatives are socially inf]ior to  
none 9 ! community4  ,social            
diff]5tiation does n re/ on a %>p       

discrim9ation ( pr(ession1 & yet x is   
realiz$ f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ circles (  
society1 & to a degree :i* fifty ye>s   
ago w\ld h greatly antagoniz$ at lea/ ! 
entire nor!rn "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,9         
,wa%+ton1 ! exclusive ho/ess invites    
only ! wives ( s5ators1 b n ^? (        
repres5tatives1 to h] table2 & 9 !      
,b[]y1 accord+ to ! acc\nts1 ! *ildr5 ( 
! peanut v5dor d n deign to play ) !    
*ildr5 ( ! hurdy-gurdy man1 :o are va/ly
 m humble4 ,! ,f\r ,hundr$ 9 ! l>ge city
 quietly b resolutely decl9e to invite  
newly made millionaires to d9n]2 & !    
seam/ress1 :o comes to ! h\se to sew or 
m5d1 refuses to sit d[n at table ) !    
s]vants4 ,already1 9 ! l>ge cities1 !   
*ildr5 ( bett] families are n s5t to    
public1 b to private s*ools4 ,!         
railroads h only "o class ( pass5g]     
coa*2 b ! be/ society decl9es t1 & rides
 9 ! ,pullman c>s4 ,! same di/9ctions   
hold ev]y:]e1 & n m]ely z a matt] (     
great] luxury = ! ri*1 b z a real social
 di/9ction4 ,at ! !atre1 ! p]son :o     

socially belongs 9 ! p>quet pref]s to   
sit 9 "o ( ! wor/ seats !re to go+ into 
! balcony1 :]e he does n belong1 ev5    
?\gh he might he> & see bett]4  ,!      
increas+ sympa?y ) badges1 co/umes1 &   
uni=ms--9 %ort1 ) ! symbols (           
diff]5tiation--is v typical4 ,!re 0 a "t
 9 :i* a free ,am]ican w\ld h refus$ to 
we> a special liv]y2 b to-day nobody    
objects1 f ! elevator boy to ! judge1 to
 we> ! m>ks ( (fice4 ,! holiday         
processions ( work+-m5 & vet]ans become 
gay] & gay]4 ,^? :o h se5 ! rec5t       
inaugurations ( ! presid5ts ( ,yale &   
,columbia h witness$ p>ades ( hundr$s ( 
gay &1 x seem$1 p>tly fanta/ic co/umes1 
su* z are n[ worn at e univ]sity        
celebration 9 ,am]ica--symbolic emblems 
:i* w\ld h seem$ impossible 9 ?is       
monoton\s democracy tw5ty ye>s ago4  ,! 
inn] life ( univ]sities gives also      
lively indication ( social cleavage4 ,9 
,h>v>d & ,yale1 !re are exclusive clubs 
( ! social lead]s among ! /ud5ts4 ,x is 
true t hundr$s ( /ud5ts g ?r\gh !       

univ]sity )\t pay+ any att5tion to su*  
?+s2 b !re are almo/ z _m m ^: *ief     
ambition is to be elect$ into an        
exclusive circle1 & :o w\ld feel        
comp5sat$ by no sort ( sci5tific success
 if !y 7 disappo9t$ 9 _! aspirations =  
club life4 ,9 ! same way _m families :i*
 h become weal?y 9 ! ,we/ move to ,new  
,york or ,bo/on1 9 ! va9 hope ( break+  
into society4 ,! social diff]5ce betwe5 
ne>-ly+ resid5tial sections is1 inde$1  
mu* great] ?an 9 ,europe2 & real e/ate  
on a /reet :i* comes to be occupi$ by   
socially inf]ior elem5ts rapidly        
depreciates1 because ! inhabitants ( any
 resid5tial section mu/ /& on ! same    
plane4  ,! trans=mations :i* ! place ( !
 ,presid5t 9 public consci\sness has    
gone ?r\gh are v *>act]i/ic4 ,a newly   
elect$ ,presid5t is to-day inaugurat$ ) 
almo/ mon>*ical pomp1 & he reviews !    
,navy1 z he nev] w\ld h ?\ght ( do+ "s  
ye>s ago4 ,he sits d[n fir/ at ! table &
 is s]v$ fir/4 ,an invitation to ! ,:ite
 ,h\se is felt z a comm& :i* takes      

prec$5ce ov] any o!r engagem5t4 ,all ?is
 has happ5$ rec5tly4 ,x 0 n long ago t  
p]sons refus$ an invitation to ! ,:ite  
,h\se1 because ( previ\s engagem5ts4 ,9 
social life all m5 7 m]ely 8g5tlem510   
reg>dless ( ! capacities :i* !y _h dur+ 
bus9ess h\rs1 & 9 matt]s ( invitation "o
 visit$ ! ho/ :o 0 fir/ to invite "o4   
,all ?is is diff]5t n[4  ,!re is ev5 "s 
indication ( ! use ( titles4 ,tw5ty ye>s
 ago /ud5ts address$ _! pr(essors ) a   
mi/]1 b to-day m (t5 ) ! title (        
pr(essor2 & ! abuse ( milit>y titles :i*
 goes on 9 ! ,we/ amuses ! :ole c\ntry4 
,9 ! army itself ari/ocratic t5d5cies   
are /rongly manife/1 b only "h & !re    
come to g5]al notice4 ,contr>y to ! _s (
 (ficial appo9tm5ts1 m5 are n advanc$ s 
rapidly :o "w up f a socially inf]ior   
level1 b ! social lite is fav\r$4       
,etiquette 9 social life is becom+ m    
complicat$2 !re is m =mality1 m         
symbolism 9 social int]c\rse4 ,a nation 
:i* pays e ye> m ?an six million doll>s 
= cut roses & f\r millions = c>nations  

has c]ta9ly le>n$ to decorate social    
life4 ,!re is ev5 m etiquette 9         
pr(essional life4 ,! pr(essional        
behavi\r ( lawy]s1 physicians1 & s*ol>s 
is 9 "s respects1 at lea/ 9 ! ,ea/1 m   
n>r[ly prescrib$ ?an x is ev5 9 ,europe4
  ,look+ at ! situation z a :ole1 "o    
sees ! p[] ( ?is new _s1 n s mu* 9 ^!   
petty symptoms z 9 ! great movem5ts (   
:i* we h spok5 at l5g? 9 o!r            
connections4 ,!re is ! _s ( imp]ialism 9
 =eign politics1 & x _c exp& 9 its pride
 )\t work+ aga9/ ! old democratic       
t5d5cies4 ,!re is ! _s ( milit>ism1     
triumphantly pr\d ( ! victori\s army &  
navy1 dem&+ /rict discipl9e & bl9d      
ob$i5ce to ! comm&]4 ,!re is ! _s (     
racial pride1 :i* p]secutes ! negro & ! 
,*9ese1 & h9d]s ! immigration ( ,ea/]n &
 ,s\!rn ,europeans4 ,!re is ! _s (      
c5tralization1 exalt+ ! p[] ( ! /ate    
above ! conflict+ desires ( !           
individual1 & 9 economic matt]s hop+ m f
 ! intellig5t initiative ( ! /ate z a   
:ole ?an f ! free competition (         

individuals1 & assign+ to ! ,f$]ation   
trem5d\s und]tak+s1 su* z ! irrigation (
 ! ,we/ & ! cutt+ ( ! ,panama ,canal4   
,!re is ! _s ( ari/ocracy1 tempt+ m & m 
! academically cultur$ & ! weal?y into !
 political ar5a4 ,!re is ! _s ( social  
diff]5tiation com+ into art & sci5ce1 & 
br++ to ! life ( ! nation ideals (      
beauty & ( k :i* are f> above ! vulg>   
compreh5sion4 ,eclectic ta/e is w9n+ a  
victory ov] popul> ta/e4 ,! judgm5t ( ! 
mo/ le>n$1 ! ref9em5t ( ! mo/ educat$1 &
 ! wisdom ( ! mo/ mature are be+ made   
prom95t be=e ! public m9d4 ,we h already
 se5 h[ ?is new _s gr[s & unfolds1 & h[ 
! "o-sid$ness & ecc5tricities (         
political1 economic1 intellectual1 &    
arti/ic democracy are be+ outgr[n day by
 day1 & h[ ! ,am]ica ( ,roosevelt's "t  
is %ap+ itself 9 accordance ) !         
civilizations ( ,we/]n ,europe4  ,!re   
are "s :o behold ?is developm5t ) pr(\nd
 conc]n4 ,t :i* has made ,am]ica's      
greatness1 :i* seem$ to be h] mission 9 
! _w1 0 ! belief 9 ! e?ical wor? ( !    

individual4 ,! doctr9es (               
self-det]m9ation1 self-initiative1 &    
self-ass]tion1 & ! civilization :i* re/$
 on su* a f\ndation1 h no?+ to hope &   
mu* to fe> f social diff]5tiation &     
imp]ialism4 ,ari/ocratic t5d5cies appe> 
to und]m9e ?is e?ical democracy1 & !    
imp]iali/ic symbols ( our day mock !    
traditions ( ! pa/4 ,!re w c]ta9ly be _m
 reactions aga9/ ^! ari/ocratic         
t5d5cies2 p]haps !y w be only small     
movem5ts work+ ?r\gh ! press & at !     
ballot-box aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts on ! _s (
 ! pa/ & aga9/ ! expansion ( (fice1 &   
h9d]+ ^? ari/ocratic t5d5cies :i* dep>t 
too f> f ! traditions ( ! masses4       
,p]haps1 "s day1 !re w be a great       
reaction4 ,p]haps ! trem5d\s p[]        
possess$ by ! lab\r+ classes 9 ! c\ntry 
w lead to battles = e?ical pr9ciples1 9 
:i* ! mod]n /hetic developm5t w be      
rev]s$2 x w\ld n be ! fir/ "t on        
,am]ican soil t e?ical re=m has produc$ 
social det]ioration1 = 8re=m0 means     
always ! victory ( nak$1 equaliz+ logic 

ov] ! cons]vative =ces :i* repres5t     
hi/oric diff]5tiation4 ,s ! ,revolution 
aboli%$ ! patrician society ( ,new      
,engl&1 ^: ari/ocratic memb]s survive 9 
! portraits ( ,copley2 & ! day may come 
:5 trades-unions w be victori\s ov] t   
ari/ocracy :i* ,s>g5t is n[ pa9t+4 ,ev5 
! re=m :i* emancipat$ ! slaves de/roy$ a
 true & *ivalr\s ari/ocracy 9 ! ,s\?4   
,b x is m likely t ! /eady developm5t w 
g on1 & t !re w be a h>moni\s           
co-op]ation betwe5 ! fundam5tal         
democratic =ces & ! less] ari/ocratic   
ones4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t t democracy ( :i*
 we h aim$ to describe ! real int5t1 w  
rema9 ! fundam5tal =ce "u ! ,am]ican    
,con/itution2 & h[ev] /rict milit>y     
discipl9e may become1 h[ev] ari/ocratic 
! social diff]5tiations1 h[ev]          
imp]iali/ic ! politics1 h[ev] esot]ic   
art & sci5ce1 und\bt$ly ! greate/ "q put
 by e ,am]ican to 8 bro!r w be3 8,:at d 
y1 purely z an individual1 am\nt to80 ,!
 e?ical rights & ! e?ical duties ( !    
individual w be ! ultimate /&>d1 &      

ari/ocratic pomp w always be suppress$ 9
 ,am]ica :5ev] x comm5ces to re/ra9 !   
passion = ju/ice & = self-det]m9ation4  
,! mo/ s]i\s ,am]icans are 9 ! position 
( ,tantalus2 !y see1 9 a ?\s& ways & at 
a ?\s& places1 t a c]ta9 advance c\ld be
 made if someh[ ! vulg> masses c\ld be  
got out ( ! way2 !y see h[ civic &      
national ends c\ld be atta9$ almo/ )\t  
tr\ble by ! ample means ( ! c\ntry1 if z
 9 ,europe1 ! mo/ intellig5t m9ds c\ld  
be put 9 control4 ,!y want all ?is mo/  
s]i\sly2 & yet !y _c h x1 because 9 !   
bottom ( _! he>ts !y really d n wi% x4  
,!y feel too pr(\ndly t ! ga9 w\ld be   
only app>5t1 t ! moral =ce ( ! nation   
w\ld be sacrific$ if a s+le citiz5 %\ld 
lose ! confid5ce t he himself is        
responsible = ! nation :i* he helps to  
guide & to make4 ,! easy atta9m5t (     
success is only a second>y matt]2 !     
purity ( ! individual w is ! ma9        
consid]ation4 ,) ?is /&s or falls       
,am]ican culture4 ,developm5t is fir/ ( 
all an e?ical problem2 j because ! _w is

 incomplete1 is h>d1 & unbeautiful1 &   
ev]y:]e ne$s to be trans=m$ by human    
lab\r1 j on t acc\nt human life is      
inexhau/ibly valuable4 ,?is is !        
fundam5tal ?\ght1 & w rema9 s z long z !
 ,new ,_w rema9s true to its ideals4 ,! 
f9] notes are only an ov]tone 9 ! great 
*ord2 x is only fa9tly disc]n$ t ! _w is
 valuable :5 x is beautiful--aft] x has 
be5 ma/]$ & complet$4  ,9 ?is opposition
 betwe5 ! e?ical & ! /hetic1 betwe5 !   
democratic & ! ari/ocratic1 ,am]ica w   
nev] sacrifice h] fundam5tal conviction1
 w nev] foll[ ari/ocratic t5d5cies fur!r
 ?an :]e !y are ne$$ to correct !       
dang]\s "o-sid$ness & ! excresc5ces (   
democratic individualism2 at lea/1 nev] 
s f> t any dang] w ?reat5 ! democracy4  
,! pride ( ! true ,am]ican is1 once & = 
all1 n ! ,am]ican c\ntry1 nor yet       
,am]ican a*ievem5ts1 b ! ,am]ican       
p]sonality4  ,"o :o seeks ! pr(\nde/    
reality t hi/ory has to (f]1 n 9 !      
temporal unfold+ ( ev5ts1 b 9 ! int]play
 ( human wills1 w agree ) ! ,am]ican's  

judgm5t ( himself4 ,look+ at ! p ( !    
,new ,_w ev5 f af>1 "o w f9d !          
fasc9ation1 novelty1 & greatness ( !    
,am]ican _w mission1 n 9 :at ! ,am]ican 
has accompli%$1 b 9 :at he desires & w  
desire4  ,nev]!less1 ?is w n seem /range
 or =eign to any ,g]man4 ,9 ! dep?s ( 8 
s\l1 he has himself a simil> play (     
desires4 ,9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 rev]5ce & 
fai?fulness develop$ 9 ! ,g]man s\l m   
/rongly ?an ! individuali/ic crav+ =    
self-det]m9ation & self-ass]tion2       
ari/ocratic love ( beauty & tru?        
develop$ be=e ! democratic _s (         
self-initiative4 ,b to-day1 9 mod]n     
,g]many1 ^! v in/9cts are be+ ar\s$1 j z
 9 mod]n ,am]ica ^? =ces are gr[+ :i* h 
long dom9at$ ! ,g]man s\l4  ,! ,am]ican 
/ill puts ! high] value on ! p]sonal1 ! 
,g]man on ! ov]-p]sonal2 ! ,am]ican on !
 intr9sic value ( ! creat+ w1 ! ,g]man  
on ! intr9sic value ( ! absolute ideal4 
,b e day sees ! diff]5ce r$uc$1 & br+s !
 two nations ne>] to a simil> attitude (
 m9d4 ,moreov]1 bo? ( ^! fundam5tal     

t5d5cies are equally ideali/ic1 & bo? ( 
^! nations are !re=e de/9$ to und]/& &  
to e/eem ea* o!r1 mutually to ext5d _!  
fri5d%ip1 to emulate ea* o!r1 & to "w   
toge!r1 s t 9 ! confus$ play ( temporal 
=ces ! intr9sically valuable %all be    
victori\s ov] ! tempor>y & fleet+1 !    
ideal ov] ! accid5tal4 ,= bo? nations   
feel toge!r1 9 ! dep?s ( _! be+1 t 9    
ord] to give mean+ to life man mu/      
believe 9 timeless ideals4              
,,! ,,end                         ,,!   
,mc,c,l,u,r,e ,,press1 ,,new ,,york     
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,transcrib]',s ,,notes    #a4 ,correct$
 8,kn/e blh50 to 8,kn/e blh50 on p4     
#bcg4  #b4 ,sil5tly correct$            
typographical errors4  #c4 ,reta9$      
ana*roni/ic & non-/&>d spell+s z pr9t$4 
#d4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4