,david ,turn]1 ,*>les ,franks & ! ,onl9e ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read+ ,team4 ,,lit]>y ,,& ,,philosophical ,,essays ,,h>v>d ,,classics ,v#cb ,,cont5ts ,,t ,,we ,,%\ld ,,n ,,judge ,,( ,,our ,,happ9ess ,,until ,,aft] ,,our ,,dea? ,,t ,,to ,,philosophise ,,is ,,to ,,le>ne ,h[ ,,to ,,die ,,( ,,! ,,in/itution ,,& ,,education ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,fri5d%ip ,,( ,,bookes ,,by ,,montaigne ,,montaigne ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,classic8 ,,by ,,*asles-,,augu/9 ,,sa9te-,,beuve ,,! ,,poetry ,,( ,,! ,,celtic ,,races ,,by ,,erne/ ,,r5an ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,race ,,by ,,got?old ,,ephraim ,,less+ ,,lett]s ,,^u ,,! ,,ae/hetic ,,education ,,( ,,man ,,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,fri$ri* ,,von ,,s*ill] ,,fundam5tal ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,metaphysic ,,( ,,morals ,,transition ,,f ,,popul> ,,moral ,,philosophy ,,to ,,! ,,metaphysic ,,( ,,morals ,,immanuel ,,kant ,,byron ,,& ,,goe! ,,by ,,giuseppe ,,mazz9i ,,introductory ,,note ,mi*el ,eyquem ,de ,montaigne1 ! f\nd] ( ! mod]n ,essay1 0 born ,febru>y #bh1 #aecc1 at ! *ateau ( ,montaigne 9 ,pirigord4 ,he came ( a family ( weal?y m]*ants ( ,bordeaux1 & 0 educat$ at ! ,college de ,guy5ne1 :]e he _h among 8 tea*]s ! great ,scotti% ,lat9i/1 ,george ,bu*anan4 ,lat] he /udi$ law1 & held v>i\s public (fices2 b at ! age ( ?irty-eight he retir$ to 8 e/ates1 :]e he liv$ ap>t f ! civil w>s ( ! "t1 & devot$ himself to /udy & ?\ght4 ,:ile he 0 travel+ 9 ,g]many & ,italy1 9 #aehj-ha1 he 0 elect$ mayor ( ,bordeaux1 & ?is (fice he fill$ = f\r ye>s4 ,he m>ri$ 9 #aefe1 & _h six daught]s1 only "o ( :om grew up4 ,! fir/ two books ( 8 ,essays appe>$ 9 #aehj2 ! ?ird 9 #aehh2 & f\r ye>s lat] he di$4 ,^! are ! ma9 ext]nal facts ( ,montaigne's life3 ( ! man himself ! portrait is to be f\nd 9 8 book4 ,x is myself ,i portray1 he decl>es2 & !re is n[h]e 9 lit]ature a volume ( self-revelation surpass+ 8 9 *>m & c&or4 ,he is frankly egoti/ical1 yet mode/ & unpret5ti\s2 pr(\ndly wise1 yet con/antly prote/+ 8 ignorance2 le>n$1 yet c>eless1 =getful1 & inconsi/5t4 ,8 !mes are z wide & v>i$ z 8 obs]vation ( human life1 & he has writt5 ! f9e/ eulogy ( fri5d%ip ! _w has kn[n4 ,bacon1 :o knew 8 book & borr[$ f x1 wrote on ! same subject2 & ! contra/ ( ! essays is ! true reflection ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! p]sonalities ( _! au?ors4 ,%ortly aft] ,montaigne's dea? ! ,essays 7 translat$ into ,engli% by ,john ,florio1 ) less ?an exact accuracy1 b 9 a /yle s full ( ! flavor ( ! age t we /ill read ,montaigne 9 ! v]sion :i* ,%akespe>e knew4 ,! gr\p ( examples "h pr9t$ exhibits ! au?or 9 a v>iety ( moods1 easy1 s]i\s1 &1 9 ! essay on ,fri5d%ip1 z ne>ly impassion$ z 8 philosophy ev] all[$ him to become4 ,read]1 be "h a well-mean+ ,booke4 ,x do? at ! fir? entrance =ew>ne !e1 t 9 contriv+ ! same ,i h propos$ unto my selfe no o!r ?an a famili> & private end3 ,i h no respect or consid]ation at all1 ei!r to ?y s]vice1 or to my glory3 my =ces are n capable ( any su* desseigne4 ,i h v[$ ! same to ! p>ticul> commodity ( my k9sfolks & fri5ds3 to ! end1 t los+ me 7:i* !y are likely to doe ere long71 !y may !re9 f9d "s l9eam5ts ( my conditions & hum\rs1 & by t meanes res]ve m :ole1 & m lively fo/] ! k & acqua9tance !y h _h ( me4 ,_h my int5tion be5e to =e/al & pur*ase ! _w's op9ion & fav\r1 ,i w\ld surely h adorn$ myselfe m qua9tly1 or kept a m grave & solemne m>*4 ,i desire !re9 to be del9eat$ 9 m9e owne g5u9e1 simple & ord9>ie fa%ion1 )\t cont5tion1 art or /udy2 = x is myself e ,i p\rtray4 ,my imp]fections %all !re9 be read to ! life1 & my naturall =me disc]n$1 s f>re-=? z publike rev]5ce ha? p]mitt$ me4 ,= if my =tune _h be5e to h liv$ among ^? nations :i* yet are said to live "u ! sweet lib]ty ( ,nature's fir/ & uncorrupt$ lawes1 ,i assure !e1 ,i w\ld mo/ will+ly h p\rtray$ my selfe fully & nak$4 ,?us1 g5tle ,read]1 myself ,i am ! gr\ndworke ( my booke3 x is !n no reason ?\ %\lde/ employ ?y "t ab\t s frivol\s & va9e a subject4 ,!re=e f>ewell4 ,f ,,montaigne1 ,! ,fir/ ( ,m>*1 #aehj4 ,,t ,,we ,,%\ld ,,n ,,judge ,,( ,,our ,,happ9esse ,,untill ,,aft] ,,our ,,dea? scilicet ultima semp] ,expect&a dies hom9i e/1 dicique beatus ,ante obitum nemo1 supremaque fun]a debat4 ,footnote3 ,ovid4 ,met4 #a1 iii4 #ace4 ,we mu/ expect ( man ! late/ day1 ,nor ere he die1 he's happie1 c we say4 ,! v *ildr5 are acqua9t$ ) ! /orie ( ,croesus to ?is purpose3 :o be+ tak5 by ,cyrus1 & by him condemn$ to die1 ^u ! po9t ( 8 execution1 cri$ out al\d3 ,oh ,solon1 ,solon6 :i* words ( 81 be+ report$ to ,cyrus1 :o inquir+ :at he meant by !m1 told him1 hee n[ at 8 owne co/ v]ifi$ ! adv]tisem5t ,solon _h be=e times giv5 him2 :i* 01 t no man1 :at *e]efull & bl&i%+ c\nt5ance soev] =tune %ew$ !m1 may rightly deeme himselfe happie1 till su* "t z he h pass$ ! la/ day ( 8 life1 by reason ( ! unc]ta9tie & vicissitude ( humane ?+s1 :i* by a v light motive1 & slight occasion1 are (t5 *ang$ f "o to ano!r cleane contr>y /ate & degree4 ,& !re=e ,agesilaus answ]$ "o t c\nt$ ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia happy1 because be+ v "y1 he _h gott5 ! g>l& ( s mightie & great a dom9ion3 yea b said he1 ,priam at ! same age 0 n unhappy4 ,( ! ,k+s ( ,mac$on t succe$$ ,alex&] ! ,great1 "s 7 aft]w>d se5e to become ,joyn]s & ,scriv5]s at ,rome3 & ( ,tyrants ( ,sicilie1 ,s*oolema/]s at ,cor9?4 ,"o t _h conqu]$ halfe ! _w1 & be5 ,emp]\r ov] s _m1 ,armies1 became an humble & mis]able sut] to ! raskally (fic]s ( a k+ ( ,a,egypte3 ,at s high a rate did t great ,pompey pur*ase ! irkesome prolong+ ( 8 life b = five or six mone?s4 ,& 9 our fa!rs daies1 ,lod[icke ,s=ze1 t5? ,duke ( ,millane1 "u :om ! ,/ate ( ,italic _h s long be5e turmoil$ & %ak51 0 se5e to die a wret*$ prison] at ,lo*es 9 ,france1 b n till he _h liv$ & l+]$ t5 ye>es 9 ?raldom1 :i* 0 ! wor/ ( 8 b>ga9e4 ,! faire/ ,que5e1 wife to ! greate/ ,k+ ( ,*ri/5dome1 0 %e n lately sc5e to die by ! h&s ( an execution]8 ,oh unwor?ie & b>b>\s cruelties ,& a ?\s& su* examples4 ,=1 x seeme? t z ! sea-bill[es & surg+ waves1 rage & /orme aga9/ ! surly pride & /ubborne height ( our build+s1 s are !re above1 c]ta9e spirits t envie ! ris+ prosp]ities & greatnesse he]e bel[4 ,vsque adeb res humanas vis abdita quadam ,obt]it1 et pul*ros fasces savsque secures ,proculc>e1 ac ludibrio sibi hab]e videtur4 ,footnote3 ,,lucret4 ,i4 v4 #abdc4 ,a hidd5 p[] s m5s /ates ha? out-worne ,faire swords1 fi]ce scept]s1 signes ( hon\rs borne1 ,x seemes to trample & d]ide 9 scorne4 ,& x seeme? ,=tune do? sometimes n>r[ly wat* ! la/ day ( our life1 !reby to %ew h] p[]1 & 9 "o mom5t to ov]?r[ :at = _m ye>es toge!r %e _h be5 erect+1 & makes u cry aft] ,lab]ius1 ,nimirum hoc die una plus vixi1 mihi quam viv5dum fuit4 ,footnote3 ,,ma*ob1 #a1 ii4 #g4 ,?us x is1 ,i h liv$ long] by ?is "o day ?an ,i %\ld4 ,s may t good advice ( ,solon be tak5 ) reason4 ,b =somu* z he is a ,philosoph]1 ) :om ! fav\rs or disfav\rs ( =tune1 & good or ill lucke h no place1 & are n reg>d$ by him2 & puissances & greatnesses1 & accid5ts ( qualitie1 are well-nigh indiff]5t3 ,i deeme x v likely he _h a fur!r rea*1 & meant t ! same good =tune ( our life1 :i* dep5de? ( ! tranquillitie & cont5tm5t ( a welborne m9de1 & ( ! resolution & assurance ( a well ord]$ s\le1 %\ld nev] be ascrib$ unto man1 untill he h be5e sc5e play ! la/ act ( 8 com$ie1 & )\t d\bt ! h>de/4 ,9 all ! re/ !re may be "s maske3 ei!r ^! sophi/icall disc\rses ( ,philosophie are n 9 u b by c\nt5ance1 or accid5ts t nev] t\* u to ! quick1 give u alwaies leasure to keep our c\nt5ance setl$4 ,b :5 t la/ "p ( dea?1 & ( our selves comes to be act$1 !n no dissembl+ w availe1 !n is x high "t to speake pla9e ,engli%1 & put (f all viz>ds3 !n :atsoev] ! pot conta9e? mu/ be %ewne1 be x good or bad1 f\le or cleane1 w9e or wat]4 ,nam v]a voces tum demum pectore ab imo ,ejiciuntur1 et eripitur p]sona1 manet res4 ,footnote3 ,,luceet4 #a4 iii4 #eg4 ,= !n are s5t true spee*es f ! he>t1 ,we are ourselves1 we leave to play a "p4 ,loe he]e1 :y at ?is la/ ca/1 all our lives o!r actions mu/ be tride & t\*$4 ,x is ! ma/]-day1 ! day t judge? all o!rs3 x is ! day1 sai? an aunci5t ,writ]1 t mu/ judge ( all my =epass$ ye>es4 ,to dea? doe ,i ref]re ! essay ,footnote3 ,assay1 exact weigh+4 ( my /udies fruit4 ,!re %all wee see :e!r my disc\rse proce$ f my he>t1 or f my m\?4 ,i h sc5e div]s1 by _! dea?1 ei!r 9 good or evill1 give reputation to all _! =epass$ life4 ,scipio1 fa!r-9-law to ,pompey1 9 well dy+1 repair$ ! ill op9ion :i* untill t h\re m5 _h ev] held ( him4 ,epam9ondas be+ dem&$ :i* ( ! ?ree he e/eem$ mo/1 ei!r ,*abrias1 or ,iphicrates1 or himselfe3 ,x is necess>y1 said he1 t we be sc5e to die1 be=e y\r "q may well be resolv$4 ,footnote3 ,answ]$4 ,v]ily1 we %\ld /eale mu* f him1 if he %\ld be weigh$ )\t ! hon\r & greatnesse ( 8 end4 ,god ha? will$ x1 z he pleas$3 b 9 my "t ?ree ( ! mo/ execrable p]sons t ev] ,i knew 9 all abom9ation ( life1 & ! mo/ infam\s1 h be5e se5 to die v ord]ly & quietly1 & 9 e circum/ance compos$ ev5 unto p]fection4 ,!re are "s brave & =tunate dea?s4 ,i h se5e h] cut ! tw9e ( "s man's life1 ) a progresse ( wond]ful advancem5t1 & ) s wor?ie an end1 ev5 9 ! fl[re ( 8 gr[? & spr+ ( 8 y\?1 t 9 m9e op9ion1 8 ambiti\s & haughtie c\ragi\s signes1 ?\ght no?+ s high z might int]rupt !m :o )\t go+ to ! place :]e he pret5d$1 ariv$ !re m glori\sly & wor?ily ?an ei!r 8 desire or hope aim$ at1 & by 8 fall =e-w5t ! p[] & "n1 :i!r by 8 c\rse he aspir$4 ,:5 ,i judge ( o!r m5's lives1 ,i ev] respect h[ !y h behav$ !mselves 9 _! end2 & my *iefe/ /udy is1 ,i may well demeane my selfe at my la/ gaspe1 t is to say1 quietly & con/antly4 ,,t ,,to ,,philosophise ,,is ,,to ,,le>ne ,,h[ ,,to ,,die ,cic]o sai?1 t to ,philosophise is no o!r ?+ ?an = a man to prep>e himselfe to dea?3 :i* is ! reason t /udie & contemplation do? 9 "s sort )draw our s\le f u1 & sev]ally employ x f ! body1 :i* is a k9d ( appr5tisage & resemblance ( dea?2 or else x is1 t all ! wisdome & disc\rse ( ! _w1 do? 9 ! end resolve ^u ?is po9t1 to tea* u n to fe>e to die4 ,truly ei!r reason mockes u1 or x only aime? at our cont5tm5t1 & 9 f9e1 b5ds all h] travell to make u live well1 & z ! holy ,scripture sai?1 at our ease4 ,all ! op9ions ( ! _w conclude1 t pleasure is our end1 h[beit !y take div]s meanes unto & = x1 else w\ld m5 reject !m at _! fir/ comm+4 ,=1 :o w\ld give e>e unto him1 t = x's end w\ld e/abli% our pa9e & di/urbance8 ,! diss5tions ( philosophicall sects 9 ?is case are v]bal3 ,transcurramus sol]tissimas ,hugos ,footnote3 ,travails1 lab\rs4 ,let u run ov] su* ov]-f9e fool]ies & subtill trifles4 ,!re is m wilfulnesse & wrangl+ among !m1 ?an p]ta9s to a sacr$ pr(ession4 ,b :at p]son a man und]takes to act1 he do? ev] !re)al6 p]sonate 8 owne4 ,all?\gh !y say1 t 9 v]tue x selfe1 ! la/ scope ( our aime is voluptu\snes4 ,x please? me to importune _! e>es /ill ) ?is ^w1 :i* s mu* (f5ds _! he>+4 ,& if x imply any *ief pleasure or exce$+ cont5tm5ts1 x is r due to ! assi/ance ( v]tue1 ?an to any o!r supply1 voluptu\snes be+ m /rong1 s9n[ie1 /urdie1 & manly1 is b m s]i\sly voluptu\s4 ,& we %\ld give x ! "n ( pleasure1 m favorable1 sweet]1 & m naturall2 & n t]me x vigor1 f :i* x ha? 8 d5om9ation4 ,%\ld ?is bas] s5suality des]ve ?is faire "n1 x %\ld be by compet5cie1 & n by privilege4 ,i f9de x lesse void ( incommodities & crosses ?an v]tue4 ,& besides t h] ta/e is m fleet+1 mom5t>ie1 & fad+1 %e ha? h] fa/s1 h] eyes1 & h] travels1 & bo? sweat & blood4 ,fur!rmore %e ha? p>ticul>ly s _m w\nd+ passions1 & ( s sev]all sorts1 & s fil?ie & loa?some a societie wait+ ^u h]1 t %ee is equival5t to p5it5cie4 ,wee are 9 ! wrong1 to ?9ke h] incommodities s]ve h] z a provocation & season+ to h] sweetnes1 z 9 nature "o contr>ie is vivifi$ by ano!r contr>ie3 & to say1 :5 we come to v]tue1 t l successes & difficulties ov]:elme x1 & yeeld x au/]e & inaccessible4 ,:]eas mu* m prop]ly !n unto voluptu\snes1 !y ennobl$1 %>p51 animate1 & raise t div9e & p]fect pleasure1 :i* x m$itates & procure? u4 ,truly he is v]ie unwor?ie h] acqua9tance1 t c\nt]-ballance? h] co/ to 8 fruit1 & kn[es nei!r ! graces nor use ( x4 ,^? :o g ab\t to in/ruct u1 h[ h] pursuit is v h>d & labori\s1 & h] jovisance ,footnote3 ,enjoym5t well-pleas+ & delightfull3 :at else tell !y u1 b t %ee is ev] unpleasant & irksome8 ,= :at humane meane ,footnote3 ,human meana4 man's life is subject1 x is n ) an equall c>e3 z well because accid5ts are n ( su* a necessitie1 = mo/ m5 passe _! :ole life )\t feel+ any want or pov]tie1 & o!rsome )\t feel+ any griefe or sicknes1 z ,x5ophilus ! ,musitian1 :o liv$ an hundr$ & six ye>es 9 p]fect & cont9uall heal?3 z also if ! wor/ happ51 dea? may at all times1 & :5soev] x %all please u1 cut (f all o!r inconv5i5ces & crosses4 ,b z = dea?1 x is inevitable4 did ev] atta9e unto an absolute enjoy+ ( x8 ,! p]fecte/ h be5e cont5t b to aspire & approa* h]1 )\t ev] possess+ h]4 ,b !y are deceiv$2 see+ t ( all ! pleasures we "k1 ! pursute ( !m is pleasant4 ,! ent]prise is p]ceiv$ by ! qualitie ( ! ?+1 :i* x ha? reg>d unto3 = x is a good portion ( ! effect1 & consub/antiall4 ,t happ9es & felicitie1 :i* %9e? 9 v]tue1 repl5i%e? h] approa*es & appurt5ances1 ev5 unto1 ! fir/ entrance & utmo/ b>re4 ,n[ ( all ! b5efits ( v]tue1 ! contempt ( dea? is ! *iefe/1 a meane t furni%e? our life ) an ease-full tranquillitie1 & gives u a pure & amiable ta/e ( x3 )\t :i* e o!r voluptu\snes is ext+ui%$4 ,loe1 "h ! reasons :y all rules enc\nt] & agree ) ?is article4 ,& albeit !y all leade u ) a common accord to despise pov]tie1 & o!r accid5tal6 crosses1 to :i* ,omnes eodem cogimur1 omnium ,v]satur urna1 s]ius1 ocius ,sors exitura1 et nos 9 aet]num ,exilium impositura cymbae1 ,footnote3 ,hor4 ,i4 iii4 ,od4 iii4 #be4 ,all to "o place are driv'n1 ( all ,%ak't is ! lot-pot1 :]e-h5ce %all ,soon] or lat] drawne lots fall1 ,& to dea?s boat = aye en?rall4 ,& by consequ5ce1 if %e makes u affe>d1 x is a cont9ual subject ( torm5t1 & :i* c no way be eas$4 ,!re is no />t+-hole w hide u f h]1 %e w f9de u :]esoev] we are1 we may z 9 a suspect$ c\ntrie />t & turne "h & !re3 quae quasi saxum ,tantalo semp] imp5det4,footnote3 ,cic4 ,de ,f94 ,i4 i4 ,:i* ev]more hangs l ! /one ov] ! head ( ,tantalus3 ,our lawes doe (t5 condemne & s5d malefactors to be execut$ 9 ! same place :]e ! crime 0 committ$3 to :i* :ile/ !y are go+1 leade !m along ! faire/ h\ses1 or ent]ta9e !m ) ! be/ *e]e y c1 non ,siculae dapes ,dulcem elaborabunt saporem3 ,non avium1 ci?>aeque cantus ,somnum r$uc5t4 ,footnote3 ,hor4 ,i4 iii4 ,od4 i1 #ab4 ,n all ,k+ ,d5ys da9tie f>e1 ,c pleas+ ta/e = !m prep>e3 ,no song ( birds1 no musikes s\nd ,c lullabie to sleepe pr(\nd4 ,doe y ?9ke !y c take any pleasure 9 x8 or be any ?+ delight$8 & t ! f9all int5t ( _! voiage be+ /ill be=e _! eies1 ha? n alt]$ & altoge!r di/ract$ _! ta/e f all ^! commodities & allurem5ts8 ,audit it]1 num]atque dies1 spatioque vi>um ,metitur vitam1 torquetur pe/e futura4 ,footnote3 ,claud1 9 ,ruff4 #a4 ii4 #acg ,he he>es 8 j\rney1 c\nts 8 daies1 s measures he ,8 life by 8 waies l5g?1 vext ) ! ill %all be4 ,! end ( our c>i]e is dea?1 x is ! necess>ie object ( our aime3 if x affright u1 h[ is x possible we %\ld /ep "o foot fur!r )\t an ague8 ,! rem$ie ( ! vulg> sort is1 n to ?9k on x4 ,b f :at brutall /upiditie may s grosse a bl9dnesse come ^u him8 he mu/ be made to bridle 8 ,asse by ! taile1 ,qiti capite ipse suo in/ituit ve/igia retro4 ,footnote3 ,lucret4 #a4 iv4 #dgd ,:o do? a c\rse contr>ie runne ,) 8 head to 8 c\rse begunne4 ,x is no m>vell if he be s (t5 tak5 tripp+2 "s doe no soon] he>e ! "n ( dea? spok5 (1 b !y are afraid1 yea ! mo/ "p w crosse !mselves1 z if !y he>d ! ,devill nam$4 ,& because m5tion is made ( x 9 m5s wils & te/am5ts1 ,i w>rant y !re is none w set 8 h& to !m1 til ! physitian ha? giv5 8 la/ doome1 & utt]ly =sak5 him4 ,& ,god kn[es1 be+ !n betwe5e su* pa9e & fe>e1 ) :at s\nd judgm5t !y endure him4 ,= s mu* z ?is syllable s\nd$ s unpleasantly 9 _! e>es1 & ?is voice seem$ s ill bod+ & unluckie1 ! ,romans _h le>n$ to allay & dilate ! same by a ,p]iphrasis4 ,9 liew ( say+1 he is dead1 or he ha? end$ 8 daies1 !y w\ld say1 he ha? liv$4 ,s x be life1 be x pa/ or no1 !y are com=t$3 f :om we h borr[$ our phrases quondam1 alias1 or late su* a "o4 ,x may haply be1 z ! common say+ is1 ! "t we live is wor? ! mony we pay = x4 ,i 0 borne betwe5e elev5 ( ! clocke & noone1 ! la/ ( ,febru>ie #aecc1 accord+ to our computation1 ! ye>e beg9n+ ! fir/ ( ,janu>ie4 ,x is b a =tnight s9ce ,i 0 #ci ye>es old4 ,i want at lea/ z mu* m4 ,if 9 ! meane "t ,i %\ld tr\ble my ?\ghts ) a matt] s f>re f me1 x 7 b folly4 ,b :at8 we see bo? "y & old to leave _! life aft] "o selfe-same condition4 ,no man dep>ts o!rwise f x1 ?an if he b n[ came to x1 see+ !re is no man s craz$1,footnote3 ,infirm b$rell1 ,footnote3 ,b$ridd54 or decrepit1 s long z he rememb]s ,me?usalem1 b ?9kes he may yet live tw5tie ye>es4 ,moreov]1 seely ,footnote3 ,simple1 weak4 creature z ?\ art1 :o ha? limit$ ! end ( ?y daies8 ,happily ?\ presume/ ^u physitians reports4 ,r consid] ! effect & exp]i5ce4 ,by ! common c\rse ( ?+s long s9ce ?\ live/ by extraord9>ie fav\r4 ,?\ ha/ alreadie ov]-pa/ ! ord9>ie te>mes ( common life3 ,& to prove x1 rememb] b ?y acqua9tances1 & tell me h[ _m m ( !m h di$ be=e !y came to ?y age1 ?an h ei!r atta9$ or outgone ! same3 yea1 & ( ^? t ?r\gh r5\ne h ennobl$ _! life1 if ?\ b regi/] !m1 ,i w lay a wag]1 ,i w f9de m t h di$ be=e !y came to five & ?irty ye>s1 ?an aft]4 ,x is consonant ) reason & pietie1 to take example by ! humanity ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o end$ 8 humane life at ?ree & ?irtie ye>es4 ,! greate/ man t ev] 01 be+ no m ?an a man1 ,i meane ,alex&] ! ,great1 end$ 8 dayes1 & di$ also ( t age4 ,h[ _m sev]all meanes & waies ha? dea? to surprise u6 ,quid quisque vitet1 nunquam hom9i satis ,cautum e/ 9 horas ,footnote3 ,hor4 #a4 ii4 ,od4 xiii4 #ac4 ,a man c nev] take good he$1 ,h\rely :at he may %un & spe$4 ,i omit to speak ( agues & pleurisies2 :o w\ld ev] h imag9$ t a ,duke ( ,brittanie %\ld h be5e /ifl$ to dea? 9 a ?rong ( p1 z :ilome 0 a neighb\r ( m9e at ,lyons1 :5 ,pope ,clem5t made 8 entrance !re8 ,ha/ ?\ n se5e "o ( our late ,k+s sla9e 9 ! midde/ ( 8 sports8 & "o ( 8 ance/ors die mis]ably by ! *ocke ,footnote3 ,%ock4 ( an hog8 ,es*ilus =e ?reatn$ by ! fall ( an h\se1 :5 he /ood mo/ ^u 8 gu>d1 /ruck5 dead by ! fall ( a tortoise %ell1 :i* fell out ( ! tallants ( an eagle fly+ 9 ! air8 & ano!r *oak$ ) ! k]nell ( a grape8 ,& an ,emp]\r die by ! scrat* ( a combe1 :ile/ he 0 comb+ 8 head8 ,& ,aemylius ,lepidus ) hitt+ 8 foot aga9/ a doore-seele8 ,& ,aufidius ) /umbl+ aga9/ ! ,consull-*amb] doore z he 0 go+ 9 !reat8 ,& ,cornelius ,gallus1 ! ,praetor1 ,tigill9us1 ,capta9e ( ! ,romane wat*1 ,lod[ike1 sonne ( ,guido ,gonzaga1 ,m>quis ( ,mantua1 end _! daies betwe5e wom5s ?ighs8 ,& ( a f>re worse example ,speusippus1 ! ,platonian philosoph]1 & "o ( our ,popes8 ,poore ,bebius a ,judge1 :ile/ he demurre? ! sute ( a pla9tife b = eight daies1 be hold1 8 la/ expir$3 ,& ,caius ,iulius a ,physitian1 :ile/ he 0 anno9t+ ! eies ( "o ( 8 pati5ts1 to h 8 owne sight clos$ = ev] by dea?4 ,& if among/ ^! examples1 ,i may adde "o ( a bro!r ( m9e1 call$ ,capta9 ,sa9t ,m>t91 a man ( ?ree & tw5tie ye>es ( age1 :o _h alreadie giv5 good te/imonie ( 8 wor? & =w>d val\r1 play+ at t5nis1 receiv$ a bl[ ) a ball1 t hit him a little above ! "r e>e1 )\t app>ance ( any contusion1 bruse1 or hurt1 & nev] sitt+ or re/+ ^u x1 di$ )9 six h\res aft] ( an apoplexie1 :i* ! bl[ ( ! ball caus$ 9 him4 ,^! s frequ5t & ord9>y examples1 hapn+1 & be+ /ill be=e our eies1 h[ is x possible = man to =go or = get ! remembrance ( dea?8 & :y %\ld x n cont9ually seeme unto u1 t %ee is /ill ready at h& to take u by ! ?roat8 ,:at matt] is x1 w y say unto me1 h[ & 9 :at mann] x is1 s long z a man doe n tr\ble & vex himselfe !re)8 ,i am ( ?is op9ion1 t h[soev] a man may %r[d or hide himselfe f h] d>t1 yea1 7 x "u an oxe-hide1 ,i am n ! man w\ld %r9ke backe3 x suffice? me to live at my ease2 & ! be/ recreation ,i c h1 t doe ,i ev] take2 9 o!r matt]s1 z little va9 glori\s1 & exempl>e z y li/4 --praetul]im delirus in]sque vid]i1 ,dum mea delect5t mala me1 vel d5ique fallant1 ,quam sap]e et r+i ,footnote3 ,hor4 #a4 ii4 ,episi4 ii #abf ,a dot>d ,i _h r seeme1 & dull1 ,soon] my faults may please make me a gull1 ,?an to be wise1 & beat my vex$ scull4 ,b x is folly to ?9ke t way to come unto x4 ,!y come1 !y goe1 !y trot1 !y daunce3 b no spee* ( dea?4 ,all t is good sport4 ,b if %e be once come1 & on a sudd5 & op5ly surprise1 ei!r !m1 _! wives1 _! *ildr51 or _! fri5ds1 :at torm5ts1 :at out cries1 :at rage1 & :at despaire do? !n ov]:elme !m8 saw y ev] any?+ s droop+1 s *ang$1 & s di/ract$8 ,a man mu/ looke to x1 & 9 bett] times =e-see x4 ,& might t bruti% c>eless5esse lodge 9 ! m9de ( a man ( und]/&+ 7:i* ,i f9d altoge!r impossible7 %e sels u h] w>e at an ov]de]e rate3 7 %e an enemie by mans wit to be avoid$1 ,i w\ld advise m5 to borr[ ! weapons ( c[>dl9esse3 b s9ce x may n be1 & t be y ei!r a c[>d or a runaway1 an hone/ or valiant man1 %e ov]takes y1 ,nempe et fugacem p]sequitur virum1 ,nec p>cit imbellis juv5tae ,poplitibus1 timidoque t]go4 ,footnote3 ,hor4 #a4 iii4 ,od4 ii4 #ad4 ,%ee p]secutes ! man t flies1 ,%ee sp>es n weake y\? to surprise1 ,b on _! hammes & backe turn'd plies4 ,& t no temp] ( cuirace ,footnote3 ,cuirass4 may %ield or def5d y1 ,ille licet f]ro cauius se condat et a]e1 ,mors tam5 inclusum protraket inde caput4 ,footnote3 ,prop]t4 #a4 iii4 et xvii4 #e ,?\gh he ) yron & brasse 8 head empale1 ,yet dea? 8 head enclos$ !nce w hale4 ,let u le>ne to /&1 & combat h] ) a resolute m9de4 ,& be+ to take ! greate/ advantage %e ha? ^u u f h]1 let u take a cleane contr>y way f ! common1 let u remove h] /rang5esse f h]1 let u conv]se1 frequ5t1 & acqua9t our selves ) h]1 let u h no?+ s mu* 9 m9de z dea?1 let u at all times & seasons1 & 9 ! uglie/ mann] t may be1 yea ) all faces %ap5 & repres5t ! same unto our imag9ation4 ,at ! /umbl+ ( a horse1 at ! fall ( a /one1 at ! lea/ prick ) a p9ne1 let u pres5tly rum9ate & say ) our selves1 :at if x 7 dea? x selfe8 & !reupon let u take he>t ( grace1 & call our wits toge!r to confront h]4 ,amidde/ our bankets1 fea/s1 & pleasures1 let u ev] h ?is re/ra9t or object be=e u1 t is1 ! remembrance ( our condition1 & let n pleasure s mu* mislead or transport u1 t we altoge!r neglect or =get1 h[ _m waies1 our joyes1 or our fea/+s1 be subject unto dea?1 & by h[ _m hold-fa/s %ee ?reat5s u & !m4 ,s did ! ,a,egyptians1 :o 9 ! midde/ ( _! banquet+s1 & 9 ! full ( _! greate/ *e]e1 caus$ ! anatomie ,footnote3 ,skeleton ( a dead man to be br\ght be=e !m1 z a memor&um & w>n+ to _! gue/s4 ,omnem cr$e diem tibi diluxisse supremum1 ,grata sup]v5iet2 quae non sp]abitur1 hora8 ,footnote3 ,hor4 #a4 i4 ,epi/4 iv4 #ac4 ,?9ke e day %9es on !e z ?y la/1 ,welcome x w come1 :]e( hope 0 pa/4 ,x is unc]ta9e :]e dea? looks = u2 let u expect h] ev]ie :]e3 ! prem$itation ( dea?1 is a =e?9k+ ( lib]tie4 ,he :o ha? le>n$ to die1 ha? unle>n$ to s]ve4 ,!re is no evill 9 life1 = him t ha? well conceiv$1 h[ ! privation ( life is no evill4 ,to "k h[ to die1 do? free u f all subjection & con/ra9t4 ,paulus ,a,emilius answ]$ "o1 :om t mis]able k+ ( ,mac$on 8 prison] s5t to entreat him he w\ld n lead him 9 triumph1 ,let him make t reque/ unto himselfe4 ,v]ily1 if ,nature af=d n "s helpe 9 all ?+s1 x is v h>d t art & indu/rie %\ld goe f>re be=e4 ,( my selfe1 ,i am n mu* giv5 to melan*oly1 b r to dream+ & sluggi%ness4 ,!re is no?+ :]e) ,i h ev] m ent]ta9$ my selfe1 ?an ) ! imag9ations ( dea?1 yea 9 ! mo/ lic5ti\s times ( my age4 ,iucundum1 cum atas florida v] ag]et ,footnote3 ,catul4 ,eleg4 iv4 #af4 ,:5 my age fl\ri%+ ,did sp5d its pleasant spr+4 ,be+ among/ faire ,ladies1 & 9 e>ne/ play1 "s h ?\ght me busi$1 or mus+ ) my selfe1 h[ to dige/ "s jeal\sie1 or m$itat+ on ! unc]ta9tie ( "s conceiv$ hope1 :5 ,god he kn[es1 ,i 0 ent]ta9+ my selfe ) ! remembrance ( "s "o or o!r1 t b few daies be=e 0 tak5 ) a burn+ fev]1 & ( 8 soda9e end1 comm+ f su* a fea/ or meet+ :]e ,i 0 my selfe1 & ) 8 head full ( idle conceits1 ( lore1 & m]ry glee2 suppos+ ! same1 ei!r sickness or end1 to be z ne]e me z him4 ,iam fu]it1 nec po/1 unquam revoc>e licebit4 ,footnote3 ,lucr4 ,i4 iii4 #idg4 ,n[ "t w\ld be1 no m ,y c ?is "t re/ore4 ,i did no m tr\ble my selfe or fr[ne at su* conceit1 ,idea4 ?an at any o!r4 ,x is impossible we %\ld n appreh5d or feele "s motions or />t+s at su* imag9ations at ! fir/1 & comm+ soda9ely ^u u2 b d\btlesse1 he t %all manage & m$itate ^u !m ) an imp>tiall eye1 !y w assur$ly1 9 tract ,c\rse4 ( "t1 become famili> to him3 ,o!rwise1 = my "p1 ,i %\ld be 9 cont9uall fe>e & agonie2 = no man did ev] m di/ru/ 8 life1 nor make lesse acc\nt ( 8 cont9uance3 ,nei!r c heal?1 :i* hi!rto ,i h s long enjoi$1 & :i* s seldome ha? be5e craz$1 ,enfeebl$4 l5g!n my hopes1 nor any sicknesse %ort5 !m ( x4 ,at e m9ute me ?9kes ,i make an escape4 ,& ,i uncessantly record unto my selfe1 t :atsoev] may be done ano!r day1 may be effect$ ?is day4 ,truly haz>ds & dang]s doe little or no?+ approa* u at our end3 ,& if we consid]1 h[ _m m !re rema9e1 besides ?is accid5t1 :i* 9 numb] m ?an millions seeme to ?reat5 u1 & hang ov] u2 we %all f9d1 t be we s\nd or sicke1 lu/ie or weake1 at sea or at l&1 abroad or at home1 fight+ or at re/1 9 ! midde/ ( a battell or1 9 our b$s1 %e is ev] alike ne]e unto u4 ,nemo alt]o fragilior e/1 nemo 9 cra/9um sui c]tior3 ,no man is weak] !n o!r2 none sur] ( himselfe 7to live7 till to morr[4 ,:atsoev] ,i h to doe be=e dea?1 all leasure to end ! same seeme? %ort unto me1 yea 7 x b ( "o h\re4 ,"s body1 n long s9ce turn+ ov] my writ+ tables1 f\nd by *ance a memoriall ( some?+ ,i w\ld h done aft] my dea?3 ,i told him 7z inde$ x 0 true71 t be+ b a mile f my h\se1 & 9 p]fect heal? & lu/ie1 ,i _h made ha/e to write x1 because ,i c\ld n assure my self ,i %\ld ev] come home 9 safety3 ,z "o t am ev] hat*+ ( m9e owne ?\ghts1 & place !m 9 my selfe3 ,i am ev] prep>$ ab\t t :i* ,i may be3 nor c dea? 7come :5 %e please7 put me 9 m9d ( any new ?+4 ,a man %\ld ev]1 z mu* z 9 him lie?1 be ready boot$ to take 8 j\rney1 & above all ?+s1 looke he h !n no?+ to doe b ) himselfe4 ,quid brevi =tes jaculamur aevo ,multa3 ,footnote3 ,hor4 #a4 ii4 ,od4 ,xiv ,to aime :y are we ev] bold1 ,at _m ?+s 9 s %ort hold8 ,= !n we %all h worke suffici5t1 )\t any m accrease4 ,"s man compla9e? m t dea? do? h9d] him f ! assur$ c\rse ( an hop$ = victorie1 ?an ( dea? x selfe2 ano!r cries out1 he %\ld give place to h]1 be=e he h m>ri$ 8 daught]1 or direct$ ! c\rse ( 8 *ildr5s br++ up2 ano!r bewaile? he mu/ =goe 8 wives company2 ano!r moane? ! losse ( 8 *ildr51 ! *iefe/ commodities ( 8 be+4 ,i am n[ by meanes ( ! m]cy ( ,god 9 su* a tak+1 t )\t regret or griev+ at any worldly matt]1 ,i am prep>$ to dislodge1 :5soev] he %all please to call me3 ,i am e :]e free3 my f>ewell is soone tak5 ( all my fri5ds1 except ( my selfe4 ,no man did ev] pre p>e himselfe to quit ! _w m simply & fully1 or m g5]ally spake ( all ?\ghts ( x1 ?an ,i am assur$ ,i %all doe4 ,! deade/ dea?s are ! be/4 --,mis]1 de mis] 7aiunt7 omnia ademit4 ,vna dies infe/a mihi tot praemia vitae3 ,footnote3 ,luce4 #a4 iii4 #ida4 ,o wret*1 ,o wret* 7fri5ds cry71 "o day1 ,all joyes ( life ha? tane away3 ,& ! build]1 --man5t 7sai? he7 op]a int]rupta1 m9aeque ,murorum +5tes4 ,footnote3 ,virg4 ,a54 #a4 iv4 #hh4 ,! workes unf9i%t lie1 ,& walls t ?reatn$ hie4 ,a man %\ld designe no?+ s long a=e-h&1 or at lea/ ) su* an int5t1 z to passionate,footnote3 ,long passionately4 himselfe to see ! end ( x2 we are all borne to be do+4 ,cum mori>1 m$ium solv> et int] opus ,footnote3 ,ovid4 ,am4 #a4 ii4 ,el4 x4 #cf ,:5 dy+ ,i my selfe %all sp5d1 ,ere halfe my bus9esse come to end4 ,i w\ld h a man to be do+1 & to prolong 8 lives (fices z mu* z lie? 9 him1 & let dea? seize ^u me :ile/ ,i am sett+ my cabiges1 c>elesse ( h] d>t1 b m ( my unp]fect g>d54 ,i saw "o die1 :o be+ at 8 la/ gaspe1 uncessantly compla9$ aga9/ 8 de/9ie1 & t dea? %\ld s unk9dly cut him (f 9 ! midde/ ( an hi/orie :i* he _h 9 h&1 & 0 n[ come to ! fifte5? or sixte5? ( our ,k+s4 ,illud 9 8 rebus non addunt1 nec tibi e>um1 ,iam desid]ium r]um sup] insidet uno4 ,footnote3 ,luce4 #a4 iii4 #dd4 ,fri5ds adde n t 9 ?is case1 n[ no m ,%alt ?\ desire1 or want ?+s wi%t be=e4 ,a man %\ld rid himselfe ( ^! vulg> & hurtful hum\rs4 ,ev5 z ,*ur*y>ds 7 fir/ place adjoyn+ unto *ur*es1 & 9 ! mo/ frequ5t$ places ( ! ,city1 to enure 7z ,lycurgus said7 ! common p1 wom5 & *ildr51 n to be sk>$ at ! sight ( a dead man1 & to ! end t cont9uall spectacle ( bones1 sculs1 tombes1 graves & burials1 %\ld =ew>ne u ( our condition1 & fatall end4 ,qu9 etiam exhil>>e viris convivia ca$e ,mos olim1 et misc]e epulis spectacula dira ,c]tantum f]ro1 saepe et sup] ipsa cad5tum ,pocula1 resp]sis non p>co sangu9e m5sis4 ,footnote3 ,syl4 #a4 xi4 #ea ,nay m1 ! mann] 0 to welcome gue/s1 ,& ) dire %ewes ( slaught] to mix fea/s4 ,( !m t f\ght at %>pe1 & ) bords ta9t$ ,( !m ) mu* bl\d1 :o o'er full cups fa9t$4 ,& ev5 z ! ,a,egyptians aft] _! fea/+s & c>\s+s caus$ a great image ( dea? to be br\ght 9 & %ew$ to ! gue/s & byt&]s1 by "o t cri$ al\d1 ,dr9ke & be m]ry1 = su* %alt ?\ be :5 ?\ art dead3 ,s h ,i le>n$ ?is cu/ome or lesson1 to h alwaies dea?1 n only 9 my imag9ation1 b cont9ually 9 my m\?4 ,& !re is no?+ ,i desire m to be in=m$ ( ?an ( ! dea? ( m52 t is to say1 :at words1 :at c\nt5ance1 & :at face !y %ew at _! dea?2 & 9 read+ ( hi/ories1 :i* ,i s att5tively obs]ve4 ,x appe>e? by ! %uffl+ & hudl+ up,footnote3 ,collect+ ( my examples1 ,i affect,footnote3 ,l no subject s p>ticul>ly z ?is4 ,7 ,i a compos] ( books1 ,i w\ld keepe a regi/]1 comm5t$ ( ! div]s dea?s1 :i* 9 tea*+ m5 to die1 %\ld aft] tea* !m to live4 ,dice>cus made "o ( t title1 b ( ano!r & lesse pr(itable end4 ,"s man w say to mee1 ! effect exce$s ! ?\ght s f>re1 t !re is no f5ce s sure1 or cunn+ s c]ta9e1 b a man %all ei!r lose or =get if he come once to t po9t2 let !m say :at !y li/3 to prem$itate on x1 give? no d\bt a great advantage3 & x is no?+1 at ! lea/1 to goe s f>re )\t dismay or alt]ation1 or )\t an ague8 ,!re belongs m to x3 ,nature h] selfe l5ds h] h&1 & gives u c\rage4 ,if x be a %ort & viol5t dea?1 wee h no leisure to fe>e x2 if o!rwise1 ,i p]ceive t accord+ z ,i engage my selfe 9 sicknesse1 ,i doe naturally fall into "s disda9e & contempt ( life4 ,i f9de t ,i h m adoe to dige/ ?is resolution1 t ,i %all die :5 ,i am 9 heal?1 ?an ,i h :5 ,i am tr\bl$ ) a fev]3 =somu* z ,i h no m su* fa/ hold on ! commodities ( life1 :]e( ,i beg9 to lose ! use & pleasure1 & view dea? 9 ! face ) a lesse undant$ looke1 :i* makes me hope1 t ! fur!r ,i goe f t1 & ! ne>] ,i approa* to ?is1 s mu* m easily doe ,i ent] 9 composition = _! ex*ange4 ,ev5 z ,i h tri$ 9 _m o!r occurr5ces1 :i* ,caes> affirm$1 t (t5 "s ?+s seeme great]1 be+ f>re f u1 ?an if !y bee ne]e at h&3 ,i h f\nd t be+ 9 p]fect heal?1 ,i h mu* m be5e fright$ ) sicknesse1 ?an :5 ,i h felt x4 ,! jollitie :]e9 ,i live1 ! pleasure & ! /r5g? make ! o!r seeme s disproportionable f t1 t by imag9ation ,i amplifie ^! commodities by "o moitie1 & appreh5d$ !m mu* m heavie & bur!nsome1 ?an ,i feele !m :5 ,i h !m ^u my %\ld]s4 ,! same ,i hope w happ5 to me ( dea?4 ,consid] we by ! ord9>y mutations1 & daily decl9ations :i* we suff]1 h[ ,nature deprives u ( ! sight ( our losse & empair+2 :at ha? an ag$ man left him ( 8 y\?s vigor1 & ( 8 =epa/ life8 ,heu s5ibus vita portio quanta manet ,footnote3 ,com4 ,gal4 #a4 i4 #af4 ,alas to m5 9 ye>es h[ small ,a "p ( life is left 9 all8 ,caes>1 to a tir$ & craz$ ,footnote3 diseas$ ,s\ldi] ( 8 gu>d1 :o 9 ! op5 /reet came to him1 to beg leave he might cause himselfe to be put to dea?2 view+ 8 decrepit behavi\r1 answ]$ pleasantly3 ,doe/ ?\ ?9ke to be alive !n8 ,7 man all at once to fall into x1 ,i doe n ?9ke we %\ld be able to be>e su* a *ange1 b be+ faire & g5tly l$ on by h] h&1 9 a sl[1 & z x 7 unp]ceiv$ desc5t1 by little & little1 & /ep by /ep1 %e r\les u into t mis]able /ate1 & day by day seekes to acqua9t u ) x4 ,s t :5 y\? failes 9 u1 we feele1 nay we p]ceive no %ak+ or trans*ange at all 9 our selves3 :i* 9 ess5ce & v]itie is a h>d] dea?1 ?an t ( a langui%+ & irkesome life1 or t ( age4 ,=somu* z ! leape f an ill be+ unto a n be+1 is n s dang]\s or /eepie2 z x is f a delightfull & fl\ri%+ be+ unto a pa9full & sorr[full condition4 ,a weake b5d+1 & fa9t /opp+ bodie ha? lesse /r5g? to be>e & "u goe a heavie burd53 ,s ha? our s\le4 ,%e mu/ bee r\z$ & rais$ aga9/ ! viol5ce & =ce ( ?is adv]s>ie4 ,= z x is impossible %e %\ld take any re/ :ile/ %e fe>e?3 :]e( if %e be assur$ 7:i* is a ?+ exce$+ humane ,footnote3 human condition7 %e may boa/ t x is impossible unquietnesse1 torm5t1 & fe>e1 mu* lesse ! lea/ displeasure %\ld lodge 9 h]4 ,non vultus in/antis tyranni ,m5te quatit solida1 neque ,au/]1 ,dux inquieti turbidus ,adria1 ,nec fulm9antis magna ,jovis manus4 ,footnote3 ,hor4 ,i4 iii4 ,od4 iii4 ,no urg+ tyrants ?reatn+ face1 ,:]e m9de is f\nd c x displace1 ,no tr\bl\s w9d ! r\gh seas ,ma/]1 ,nor ,joves great h&1 ! ?und]-ca/]4 ,%e is made ,mi/ris ( h] passions & concupisc5ce1 ,lady ( indulg5ce1 ( %ame1 ( pov]tie1 & ( all = tunes injuries4 ,let him t c1 atta9e to ?is advantage3 ,h]e9 consi/s ! true & sov]aigne lib]ty1 t af=ds u meanes :]e) to jea/ & make a scorne ( =ce & inju/ice1 & to d]ide imprisonm5t1 gives ,footnote3 ,gyves1 %ackles or fett]s4 --9 manicis1 et ,comp$ibus1 savo te sub cu/ode t5ebo4 ,ipse ,deus simui atque volam1 me solvet3 op9or ,hoc s5tit1 mori>4 ,mors ultima l9ea r]um e/4 ,footnote3 ,hor4 ,i4 i4 ,ep4 xvi4 #gf4 ,9 gyves & fett]s ,i w hamp] !e1 ,"u a ,jayl] t %all cruell be3 ,yet1 :5 ,i w1 ,god me deliv] %all1 ,he ?9kes1 ,i %all die3 dea? is end ( all4 ,our religion ha? _h no sur] humane f\ndation ?an ! contempt ( life4 ,disc\rse ( reason do? n only call & summon u unto x4 ,= :y %\ld we fe>e to lose a ?+1 :i* be+ lo/1 _c be moan$8 b also1 s9ce we are ?reat5$ by s _m k9ds ( dea?1 !re is no m inconv5i5ce to fe>e !m all1 ?an to endure "o3 :at matt] is x :5 x comme?1 s9ce x is unavoidable8 ,socrates answ]$ "o t told him1 ,! ?irty tyrants h condemn$ !e to dea?4 ,& ,nature !m1 said he4 ,:at fondnesse is x to c>ke & c>e s mu*1 at t in/ant & passage f all exemption ( pa9e & c>e8 ,z our bir? br\ght u ! bir? ( all ?+s1 s %all our dea? ! end ( all ?+s4 ,!re=e is x z great follie to weepe1 we %all n live a hundr$ ye]es h5ce1 z to waile we liv$ n a hundr$ ye]es agoe4 ,dea? is ! beg9n+ ( ano!r life4 ,s wept we1 & s mu* did x co/ u to ent] into ?is life2 & s did we spoile u ( our anci5t vaile 9 entr+ into x4 ,no?+ c be griev\s t is b once4 ,is x reason s long to fe> a ?+ ( s %ort "t8 ,long life or %ort life is made all "o by dea?4 ,= long or %ort is n 9 ?+s t are no m4 ,ari/otle sai?1 !re are c]ta9e little bea/s along/ ! riv] ,hyspanis1 t live b "o day2 %e :i* dies at #h o'clocke 9 ! morn+1 dies 9 h] y\?1 & %e t dies at #e 9 ! aft]noon1 dies 9 h] decrepitude1 :o ( u do? n laugh1 :5 we %all see ?is %ort mom5t ( cont9uance to be _h 9 consid]ation ( good or ill =tune8 ,! mo/ & ! lea/ is ours1 if we comp>e x ) et]nitie1 or equall x to ! la/+ ( m\nta9s1 riv]s1 />s1 & trees1 or any o!r liv+ creature1 is n lesse ridicul\s4 ,b nature compels u to x4 ,dep>t 7sai? %e7 out ( ?is _w1 ev5 z y came into x4 ,! same way y came f dea? to life1 returne )\t passion or amazem5t1 f life to dea?3 y\r dea? is b a peece ( ! worlds ord]1 & b a p>cell ( ! worlds life4 --int] se mortales mutua vivunt1 ,et quasi cursores vitae lampada tradunt4 ,footnote3 ,lucret4 ii4 #gd4 #gg4 ,mortall m5 live by mutuall ent]c\rse3 ,& yeeld _! life-tor*1 z m5 9 a c\rse4 ,%al ,i n *ange ?is goodly contexture ( ?+s = y8 ,x is ! condition ( y\r creation3 dea? is a "p ( y\rselves3 y flie f y\rselves4 ,! be+ y enjoy is equally %>$ betwe5e life & dea?4 ,! fir/ day ( y\r bir? do? z wel addresse y to die1 z to live4 ,prima quae vitam d$it1 hora1 c>psit4 ,footnote3 ,s54 ,h]4 ,sw4 ckor4 ,iii4 ,! fir/ h\re1 t to m5 ,gave life1 /rait1 cropt x !n4 ,nasc5tes morimur1 f9isque ab orig9e p5det3 ,footnote3 ,manil4 ,at4 l4 iv ,z we are borne we die2 ! end ,do? ( ?' orig9all dep5d4 ,all ! "t y live1 y /eale x f dea?3 x is at h] *>ge4 ,! cont9uall worke ( y\r life1 is to contrive dea?3 y are 9 dea?1 dur+ ! "t y cont9ue 9 life3 =1 y are aft] dea?1 :5 y are no long] liv+4 ,or if y _h r h x s1 y are dead aft] life3 b dur+ life1 y are /ill dy+3 & dea? do? m rudely t\* ! dy+ ?an ! dead1 & m lively & ess5tially4 ,if y h pr(it$ by life1 y h also be5e f$ !reby1 dep>t !n satisfi$4 ,cur non ut pl5us vitae conviva rec$is8 ,footnote3 ,lucret4 #a4 iii4 #ihb4 ,:y l a full-f$ gue/1 ,dep>t y n to re/8 ,if y h n kn[ne h[ to make use ( x3 if x 7 unpr(itable to y1 :at ne$ y c>e to h lo/ x to :at end w\ld y enjoy x long]8 --cur amplius add]e qua]is ,rursum quod p]eat male1 et +ratum occidat omne8 ,footnote3 ,lucret4 #a4 iii4 #ihi4 ,:y seeke y m to ga9e1 :at mu/ aga9e ,all p]i% ill1 & passe ) griefe or pa9e8 ,life 9 itselfe is nei!r good nor evill3 x is ! place ( good or evill1 accord+ z y prep>e x = !m4 ,& if y h liv$ "o day1 y h se5e all3 "o day is equal to all o!r daies4 ,!re is no o!r light1 !re is no o!r night4 ,?is ,sunne1 ?is ,moone1 ^! ,/>res1 & ?is disposition1 is ! v same :i* y\r =efa!rs enjoy$1 & :i* %all also ent]ta9e y\r po/]itie4 ,non alium vid]e patres1 aliumve nepotes ,aspici5t4 ,footnote3 ,manil4 i4 #ebc4 ,no o!r saw our ,sires ( old1 ,no o!r %all _! sonnes behold4 ,& if ! wor/ happ51 ! di/ribution & v>ietie ( all ! acts ( my com$ie1 is p]=m$ 9 "o ye>e4 ,if y h obs]v$ ! c\rse ( my f\re seasons2 !y conta9e ! infancie1 ! y\?1 ! viriltie1 & ! old age ( ! _w4 ,he ha? plai$ 8 "p3 he kn[es no o!r wil9esse belong+ to x1 b to beg9 aga9e1 x w ev] be ! same1 & no o!r4 ,v]samur ibidem1 atque insumus usque1 ,footnote3 ,lucret4 #a4 iii4 #abc4 ,we /ill 9 "o place turne ab\t1 ,/ill !re we are1 n[ 91 n[ out4 ,atque 9 se sua p] ve/igia volvitur annus4 ,footnote3 ,virg4 ,georg4 #a4 ii4 #djc4 ,! ye>e into x selfe is ca/ ,by ^? same /eps1 t x ha? pa/4 ,i am n purpos$ to devise y o!r new sports4 ,nam tibi prat]ea quod ma*9]1 inv5iamque ,quod placeat nihil e/2 eadem suni omnia semp]4 ,footnote3 ,lucret4 #a4 ii4 #igh4 ,else no?+1 t ,i c devise or frame1 ,c please !e1 = all ?+s are /ill ! same4 ,make roome = o!rs1 z o!rs h done = y4 ,equalitie is ! *iefe gr\nd-worke ( equitie1 :o c compla9e to be compreh5d$ :]e all are conta9$8 ,s may y live long en\gh1 y %all nev] dim9i% any?+ f ! "t y h to die3 x is bootlesse2 s long %all y cont9ue 9 t /ate :i* y fe>e1 z if y _h di$1 be+ 9 y\r swa?+-clo!s1 & :5 y 7 suck+4 --licet1 quot vis1 viv5do v9c]e secla4 ,mors /]na tam51 nihilom9us ilia manebit4 ,footnote3 ,ib4 #aabf4 ,?\gh ye>es y live1 z _m z y w1 ,dea? is et]nall1 dea? rema9e? /ill4 ,& ,i w s please y1 t y %all h no discont5t4 ,9 v]a nescis nullum =e morte alium te1 ,qui possit vivus tibi te lug]e p]emptum1 ,/ansque jac5tem4 ,footnote3 ,idt4 #a4 ,iii4 #i4 ,?\ "k'/ n !re %all be n o!r ?\1 ,:5 ?\ art dead inde$1 t c tell h[ ,alive to waile !e dy+1 ,/&+ to waile !e ly+4 ,nor %all y wi% = life1 :i* y s mu* desire ,nec sibi enim quisquam tum se vitamque requirit1 ,footnote3 ib4 #ifc4 ,nec desid]ium no/ri nos afficit ullum4 ,footnote3 ,ib4 #iff4 ,= !n none = himselfe or life requires3 ,nor are we ( our selves affect$ ) desires4 ,dea? is lesse to be fe>$ ?an no?+1 if !re 7 any?+ lesse ?an no?+4 --multo mortem m9us ad nos esse put&um1 ,si m9us esse pote/ quam quod nihil esse videmus4 ,footnote3 ,ib4 #igj4 ,dea? is mu* less to u1 we ought e/eeme1 ,if lesse may be1 ?an :at do? no?+ seeme4 ,nor alive1 nor dead1 x do? conc]n y no?+4 ,alive because y are3 ,dead1 because y are no m4 ,moreov]1 no man dies be=e 8 h\re4 ,! "t y leave beh9de 0 no m y\rs ?an t :i* 0 be=e y\r bir?1 & conc]ne? y no m4 ,respice enim quam nil ad nos anteacta vetu/as ,temporis aet]ni fu]it4 ,footnote3 ,ib4 #ajaf4 ,= m>ke1 h[ all antiquitie =egone ,( all "t ere we 71 to u 0 none4 ,:]esoev] y\r life end$1 !re is x all4 ,! pr(it ( life consi/s n 9 ! space1 b r 9 ! use4 ,"s man ha? liv$ long1 t ha? a %ort life1 ,foll[ x :il/ y h "t4 ,x consi/s n 9 numb] ( ye]es1 b 9 y\r w1 t y h liv$ long en\gh4 ,did y ?9ke y %\ld nev] come to ! place1 :]e y 7 /ill go+8 ,!re is no way b ha? an end4 ,& if company may solace y1 do? n ! :ole _w walke ! same pa?8 --,omnia te1 vita p]functa1 sequ5tur4 ,footnote3 ,ib4 #ajab4 ,life pa/1 all ?+s at la/ ,%all foll[ !e z ?\ ha/ pa/4 ,doe n all ?+s move z y doe1 or keepe y\r c\rse8 ,is !re any ?+ gr[s n old toge!r ) y\rselfe8 ,a ?\s& m51 a ?\s& bea/s1 & a ?\s& o!r creatures die 9 ! v in/ant t y die4 ,nam nox nulla diem1 neque noctem aurora sequuta e/1 ,que non audi]it mi/us vagitibus aegris ,ploratus1 mortis comites et fun]is atri4 ,footnote3 ,id4 i4 ii4 #ehg4 ,no night ensu$ day light2 no morn+ foll[$ night1 ,:i* he>d n moan+ mixt ) sick-m5s groan+1 ,) dea?s & fun]als joyn$ 0 t moan+4 ,to :at end recoile y f x1 if y _c goe backe4 ,y h se5e _m :o h f\nd good 9 dea?1 end+ !reby _m _m mis]ies4 ,b h y se5e any t ha? receiv$ hurt !reby8 ,!re=e x is me]e simplicitie to condemne a ?+ y nev] approve1 nei!r by y\rselfe nor any o!r4 ,:y doe/ ?\ compla9e ( me & ( de/9ie8 ,doe we (f] !e any wrong8 is x = !e to direct u1 or = u to gov]ne !e8 ,al?\gh ?y age be n come to h] p]iod1 ?y life is4 ,a little man is a :ole man z well z a great man4 ,nei!r m5 nor _! lives are measur$ by ! ,ell4 ,*iron refus$ immortalitie1 be+ in=m$ ( ! conditions !re(1 ev5 by ! ,god ( "t & ( cont9uance1 ,saturne 8 fa!r4 ,imag9e truly h[ mu* an ev]-dur+ life w\ld be lesse tol]able & m pa9full to a man1 ?an is ! life :i* ,i h giv5 him4 ,_h y n dea? y w\ld !n uncessantly curse1 & cry out aga9/ me1 t ,i _h depriv$ y ( x4 ,i h ( purpose & unwitt+ly bl5d$ "s bitt]nesse among/ x1 t s see+ ! commoditie ( its use1 ,i might h9d] y f ov]- gre$ily embrac+1 or indiscreetly call+ = x4 ,to cont9ue 9 ?is mod]ation t is1 nei!r to fly f life nor to run to dea? 7:i* ,i require ( y7 ,i h temp]$ bo? ! "o & o!r betwe5e sweetnes & s[r5es4 ,i fir/ taught ,?ales1 ! *iefe/ ( y\r ,sages & ,wisem51 t to live & die 7 indiff]5t1 :i* made him answ] "o v wisely1 :o ask$ him :]e=e he di$ n3 ,because1 said he1 x is indiff]5t4 ,! wat]1 ! e>?1 ! aire1 ! fire1 & o!r memb]s ( ?is my univ]se1 are no m ! in/rum5ts ( ?y life ?an ( ?y dea?4 ,:y fe>e/ ?\ ?y la/ day8 ,he is no m guiltie1 & conf]re? no m to ?y dea?1 ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,x is n ! la/ /ep t cause? we>9ess3 x only decl>es x4 ,all daies m>* t[>ds dea?1 only ! la/ comes to x4 ,behold he]e ! good precepts ( our univ]sall "m ,nature4 ,i h (t5times be?\ght my self :5ce x proce$e?1 t 9 times ( w>re1 ! visage ( dea? 7:e!r wee see x 9 u or 9 o!rs7 seeme? )\t all comp>ison mu* lesse dreadful & t]rible unto u1 ?an 9 our h\ses1 or 9 our b$s1 o!rwise x %\ld be an armie ( ,physitians & :9]s1 & %e ev] be+ "o1 !re mu/ ne$s bee mu* m assurance among/ c\ntrie-p & ( base condition1 ?an 9 o!rs4 ,i v]ily believe1 ^! fe>efull lookes1 & a/oni%+ c\nt5ances :]e) we encompass x1 are ^? t m amaze & t]rifie u ?an dea?3 a new =me ( life2 ! out cries ( mo!rs2 ! wail+ ( wom5 & *ildr52 ! visitation ( dismaid & sw\n+ fri5ds2 ! assi/ance ( a numb] ( pale-look+1 di/ract$1 & :9+ s]vants2 a d>ke *amb]2 tap]s burn+ r\nd ab\t2 our c\* beset r\nd ) ,physitians & ,prea*]s2 & to conclude1 no?+ b horror & a/oni%m5t on e side ( u3 are wee n already dead & buri$8 ,! v *ildr5 are afraid ( _! fri5ds1 :5 !y see !m mask$2 & s are we4 ,! maske mu/ z well be tak5 f ?+s z f m51 :i* be+ remov$1 we %all f9d no?+ hid "u x1 b ! v same dea?1 t a seely,footnote3 weak1 simple v>let1 or a simple maid-s]vant1 did latt]ly suff] )\t amazem5t or fe>e4 ,happie is t dea? :i* takes all leasure f ! prep>ations ( su* an equipage4 ,,( ,,! ,,in/itution ,,& ,,education ,,( ,,*ildr52 ,,to ,,! ,,ladie ,,diana ,,( ,,foix1 ,,c\ntesse ,,( ,,gurson ,i nev] knew fa!r1 h[ crook$ & de=m$ soev] 8 sonne 71 t w\ld ei!r altoge!r ca/ him (f1 or n ackn[l$ge him = 8 owne3 & yet 7unlesse he be me]ely besott$ or bl9d$ 9 8 affection7 x may n be said1 b he pla9ly p]ceive? 8 defects1 & ha? a feel+ ( 8 imp]fections4 ,b s x is1 he is 8 owne4 ,s x is 9 my selfe4 ,i see bett] ?an any man else1 t :at ,i h set d[ne is n\ght b ! fond imag9ations ( him :o 9 8 y\? ha? ta/$ no?+ b ! p>+1 & se5 b ! sup]ficies ( true le>n+3 :]e( he ha? reta9$ b a g5]all & %apelesse =me3 a smacke ( e ?+ 9 g5]all1 b no?+ to ! purpose 9 p>ticul>3 ,aft] ! ,fr5* mann]4 ,to be %ort1 ,i "k !re is an art ( ,phisicke2 a c\rse ( lawes2 f\re p>ts ( ! ,ma!matikes2 & ,i am n altoge!r ignorant :at !y t5d unto4 ,& p]haps ,i also "k ! scope & drift ( ,sci5ces 9 g5]all to be = ! s]vice ( our life4 ,b to wade fur!r1 or t ev] ,i tir$ my selfe ) plodd+ ^u ,ari/otle 7! ,mon>* ( our mod]ne doctr9e #a7 or ob/9ately cont9u$ 9 se>* ( any "o sci5ce3 ,i confesse ,i nev] did x4 ,nor is !re any "o art :]e( ,i am able s mu* z to draw ! fir/ l9eam5ts4 ,& !re is no s*oll] 7be he ( ! l[e/ =me7 t may n repute himselfe wis] ?an ,i1 :o am n able to oppose him 9 8 fir/ lesson3 & if ,i be =c$ to x1 ,i am con/ra9$ v]ie imp]t95tly to draw 9 matt] f "s g5]all disc\rse1 :]eby ,i exam9e1 & give a guesse at 8 naturall judgem5t3 a lesson z mu* unkn[ne to !m z !irs is to me4 ,i h n dealt or _h comm]ce ) any excell5t booke1 except ,plut>ke or ,s5eca1 f :om 7z ! ,danaides7 ,i draw my wat]1 uncessantly fill+1 & z fa/ empty+3 "s ?+ :]e( ,i fa/5 to ?is pap]1 b to my selfe no?+ at all4 ,& t\*+ bookes3 ,hi/orie is my *iefe /udie1 ,poesie my only delight1 to :i* ,i am p>ticul>ly affect$3 = z ,clean!s said1 t z ! voice be+ =ciblie p5t 9 ! n>r[ gullet ( a trumpet1 at la/ issue? =? m /rong & %rill]1 s me seemes1 t a s5t5ce cunn+ly & closely c\*$ 9 measure keep+ ,posie1 d>ts x selfe =? m furi\sly1 & w\nds me ev5 to ! quicke4 ,& conc]n+ ! naturall faculties t are 9 me 7:]e( behold "h an essay71 ,i p]ceive !m to fa9t "u _! owne bur!n2 my conceits1 ,footnote3 ,ideas4 & my judgem5t m>* b unc]ta9e1 & z x 7 grop+1 /agg]+1 & /umbl+ at e ru%3 ,& :5 ,i h gone z f> z ,i c1 ,i h no :it pleas$ my selfe3 = ! fur!r ,i saile ! m l& ,i descrie1 & t s dimm$ ) fogges1 & ov]ca/ ) cl\ds1 t my sight is s weakn$1 ,i _c di/+ui% ! same4 ,& !n und]tak+ to speake indiff]5tly ( all t pres5ts x selfe unto my fantasie1 & hav+ no?+ b m9e owne naturall meanes to imploy !re91 if x be my hap 7z commonly x is7 among good ,au?ors1 to light ^u ^? v]ie places :i* ,i h und]tak5 to treat (f1 z ev5 n[ ,i did 9 ,plut>ke read+ 8 disc\rse ( ! p[] ( imag9ation1 :]e9 9 reg>d ( ^? wise m51 ,i ackn[l$ge my selfe s weake & s poore1 s dull & grose-head$1 z ,i am =c$ bo? to pittie & disda9e my selfe1 yet am ,i pleas$ ) ?is1 t my op9ions h (t5 ! grace to jump ) !irs1 & t ,i foll[ !m a lo(e-(f1 ,footnote3 ,at a di/ance4 & !reby possesse at lea/1 t :i* all o!r m5 h n2 :i* is1 t ,i "k ! utmo/ diff]5ce betwe5e !m & my selfe3 all :i* not)/&+1 ,i suff] my inv5tions to run abroad1 z weake & fa9t z ,i h produc$ !m1 )\t bungl+ & bot*+ ! faults :i* ?is comp>ison ha? discov]$ to me 9 !m4 ,a man _h ne$ h a /rong backe1 to und]take to m>* foot to foot ) ^! k9d ( m54 ,! indiscreet writ]s ( our age1 amid/ _! triviall ,footnote3 ,commonplace4 compositions1 int]m+le & wre/ 9 :ole s5t5ces tak5 f anci5t ,au?ors1 suppos+ by su* fil*+-!ft to pur*ase hon\r & reputation to !mselves1 doe cleane contr>ie4 ,=1 ?is inf9ite v>ietie & dissemblance ( lu/res1 makes a face s wan1 s il-favor$1 & s uglie1 9 respect ( !irs1 t !y lose mu* m ?an ga9e !reby4 ,^! 7 two contr>ie hum\rs3 ,! ,philosoph] ,*risippus 0 wont to foi/-9 among/ 8 bookes1 n only :ole s5t5ces & o!r long-long disc\rses1 b :ole bookes ( o!r ,au?ors1 z 9 "o1 he br\ght 9 ,euripides 8 ,m$ea4 ,& ,apollodorus 0 wont to say ( him1 t if "o %\ld draw f out 8 bookes :at he _h /olne f o!rs1 8 pap] w\ld rema9e blanke4 ,:]eas ,epicurus cleane contr>ie to him 9 ?ree hundr$ volumes he left beh9d him1 _h n made use ( "o allegation4 ,footnote3 ,citation4 ,x 0 my =tune n long s9ce to light ^u su* a place3 ,i _h langui%+ly trac$ aft] "s ,fr5* words1 s nak$ & %all[1 & s void ei!r ( s5se or matt]1 t at la/ ,i f\nd !m to be n\ght b me]e ,fr5* words2 & aft] a t$i\s & we>isome travell1 ,i *anc$ to /umble ^u an high1 ri*1 & ev5 to ! cl\ds-rais$ piece1 ! desc5t :]e( _h x be5 some:at m pleasant or easie1 or ! asc5t rea*+ a little fur!r1 x _h be5 excusable1 & to be borne )-all2 b x 0 su* a /eepie d[ne-fall1 & by me]e /r5g? hew5 out ( ! ma9e rocke1 t by read+ ( ! fir/ six words1 me ?\ght ,i 0 c>ri$ into ano!r _w3 :]eby ,i p]ceive ! bottome :5ce ,i came to be s l[ & deep1 z ,i dur/ nev] m adv5ture to g ?r\gh x2 =1 if ,i did /uffe any "o ( my disc\rses ) ^? ri* spoiles1 x w\ld manife/ly cause ! sotti%nesse ,footnote3 ,fooli%ness4 ( o!rs to appe>e4 ,to reprove m9e owne faults 9 o!rs1 seemes to me no m unsuff]able ?an to repreh5d 7z ,i doe (t57 ^? ( o!rs 9 my selfe4 ,!y ought to be accus$ e :]e1 & h all places ( ,sanctu>ie tak5 f !m3 yet d ,i "k h[ ov] boldly1 at all times ,i adv5ture to equall my selfe unto my fil*+s1 & to m>* h& 9 h& ) !m2 n )\t a fond h>die hope1 t ,i may p]haps be able to ble>e ! eyes ( ! ,judges f disc]n+ !m4 ,b x is z mu* = ! b5efit ( my application1 z = ! good ( m9e inv5tion & =ce4 ,& ,i doe n furi\sly front1 & bodie to bodie wre/le ) ^? old *ampions3 x is b by flights1 advantages1 & false (f]s ,i seek to come )9 !m1 & if ,i c1 to give !m a fall4 ,i d n ra%ly take !m ab\t ! necke1 ,i doe b t\* !m1 nor doe ,i g s f> z by my b>ga9e ,i w\ld seeme to doe2 c\ld ,i b keepe ev5 ) !m1 ,i %\ld !n be an hone/ man2 = ,i seeke n to v5ture on !m1 b :]e !y are /ronge/4 ,to doe z ,i h se5 "s1 t is1 to %r\d !mselves "u o!r armes1 n d>+ s mu* z to %[ _! f+]s ends un>m$1 & to bot* up all _! works 7z x is an easie matt] 9 a common subject1 namely = ! wis] sort7 ) anci5t inv5tions1 "h & !re hudl$ up toge!r4 ,& 9 ^? :o endeav\r$ to hide :at !y h fil*$ f o!rs1 & make x _! owne1 x is fir/ a manife/ note ( inju/ice1 !n a pla9e argum5t ( c[>dl9esse2 :o hav+ no?+ ( any wor? 9 !mselves to make %[ (1 w yet "u ! c\nt5ance ( o!rs suffici5cie goe ab\t to make a faire (f]3 ,moreov] 7oh great fooli%nesse7 to seek by su* cos5+ ,footnote3 ,*eat+4 tricks to =e/all ! ignorant approbation ( ! common sort1 no?+ fe>+ to discov] _! ignorance to m5 ( und]/&+ 7^: praise only is ( value7 :o w soone trace out su* borr[$ w>e4 ,z = me1 !re is no?+ ,i w doe lesse4 ,i nev] speake ( o!rs1 b t ,i may ! m speake ( my selfe4 ,?is conc]ne? n ^? m+le-mangles ( _m k9ds ( /uffe1 or z ! ,grecians call !m ,rapsodies1 t = su* are publi%$1 ( :i* k9d ,i h 7s9ce ,i came to ye>es ( discretion7 se5 div]s mo/ +5i\s & wittie2 among/ o!rs1 "o "u ! "n ( ,capilupus2 besides _m ( ! anci5t /ampe4 ,^! are wits ( su* excell5ce1 z bo? "h & else:]e !y w soone be p]ceiv$1 z our late fam\s writ] ,lipsius1 9 8 le>n$ & labori\s "w ( ! ,politikes3 yet :atsoev] come ( x1 = s mu* z !y are b follies1 my int5t is n to smo!r !m1 no m ?an a bald & ho>ie picture ( m9e1 :]e a ,pa9t] ha? drawne n a p]fect visage1 b m9e owne4 ,=1 h[soev]1 ^! are b my humors & op9ions1 & ,i deliv] !m b to %[ :at my conceit ,footnote3 notion is1 & n :at ought to be beleev$4 ,:]e9 ,i ayme at no?+ b to display my selfe1 :o p]adv5ture 7if a new pr5ti%ip *ange me7 %all be ano!r to morr[4 ,i h no au?oritie to pur*ase beliefe1 nei!r d ,i desire x2 kn[+ well t ,i am n suffici5tly taught to in/ruct o!rs4 ,"s hav+ read my prec$5t ,*apt] ,footnote3 ,( ,p$antism1 told me n long s9ce 9 m9e owne h\se1 ,i %\ld some:at m h ext5d$ my selfe 9 ! disc\rse conc]n+ ! in/itution ( *ildr54 ,n[ 7,madam7 if !re 7 any suffici5cie 9 me t\*+ t subject1 ,i c\ld n bett] employ ! same ?an to be/[ x z a pres5t ^u t little lad1 :i* ere long ?reatne? to make a happie issue f out y\r honorable woombe2 = 7,madame7 y are too g5]\s to beg9 ) o!r ?an a man *ilde4 ,& hav+ _h s great a "p 9 ! conduct ( y\r successeful m>riage1 ,i may *all5ge "s "r & int]e/ 9 ! greatnesse & prosp]itie ( all t %all proce$ f x3 moreov]1 ! anci5t & rightfull possession1 :i* y f "t to "t h ev] _h1 & /ill h ov] my s]vice1 urge? me ) m ?an ord9>ie respects1 to wi% all hon\r1 well-f>e & advantage to :atsoev] may 9 any sort conc]ne y & y\rs4 ,& truly1 my mean+ is b to %[ t ! greate/ difficultie1 & import+ all humane k1 seeme? to be 9 ?is po9t1 :]e ! nurture & in/itution ( "y *ildr5 is 9 "q4 ,=1 z 9 matt]s ( husb&rie1 ! labor t mu/ be us$ be=e s[+1 sett+1 & plant+1 yea 9 plant+ itselfe1 is mo/ c]ta9e & easie4 ,b :5 t :i* 0 s[51 set & plant$1 comme? to take life2 be=e x come to rip5esse1 mu* adoe1 & great v>ietie ( proce$+ belonge? to x4 ,s 9 m51 x is no great matt] to get !m1 b be+ borne1 :at cont9uall c>es1 :at dilig5t att5dance1 :at d\bts & fe>es1 doe daily wait to _! p>5ts & tutors1 be=e !y c be nurtur$ & br\ght to any good8 ,! =e-%ew ( _! incl9ation :ile/ !y are "y is s unc]ta9e1 _! hum\rs s v>iable1 _! promises s *ang+1 _! hopes s false1 & _! proce$+s s d\btful1 t x is v h>d 7yea = ! wise/7 to gr\nd any c]ta9e judgm5t1 or assur$ successe ^u !m4 ,behold ,cymon1 view ,!mi/ocles1 & a ?\s& o!rs1 h[ !y h diff]$1 & fall5 to bett] f !mselves1 & deceive ! expectation ( su* z kn[e !m4 ,! "y :elps bo? ( ,dogges & ,be>es at fir/ sight %ew _! naturall disposition1 b m5 headlong embrac+ ?is cu/ome or fa%ion1 foll[+ t humor or op9ion1 admitt+ ?is or t passion1 all[+ ( t or ?is law1 are easily *ang$1 & soone disguis$2 yet x is h>d to =ce ! naturall prop5sion or read9esse ( ! m9d1 :]eby x foll[e?1 t = want ( he$ie =e-sight 9 ^? t c\ld n guide _! c\rse well1 !y (t5 employ mu* "t 9 va9e1 to addresse "y *ildr5 9 ^? matt]s :]eunto !y are n naturally addict$4 ,all :i* difficulties not)/&+1 m9e op9ion is1 to br+ !m up 9 ! be/ & pr(itable/ /udies1 & t a man %\ld slightly passe ov] ^? fond presages1 & deceiv+ progno/ikes1 :i* we ov] precisely ga!r 9 _! infancie4 ,& 7)\t (f5ce be x said7 me ?9ks t ,plato 9 8 ,commonweal? all[$ !m too- too mu* au?oritie4 ,madame1 ,le>n+ joyn$ ) true k is an especiall & gracefull ornam5t1 & an implem5t ( wond]ful use & consequ5ce1 namely1 9 p]sons rais$ to t degree ( =tune :]e9 y are4 ,& 9 good tru?1 le>n+ ha? n h] owne true =me1 nor c %e make %ew ( h] beaute\s l9eam5ts1 if %e fall into ! h&s ( base & vile p]sons4 ,=1 z fam\s ,torquato ,tasso sai?3 ,philosophie be+ a ri* & noble ,que5e1 & kn[+ h] owne wor?1 graci\sly smile? ^u & lov+ly embrace? ,pr9ces & noble m51 if !y become suit]s to h]1 admitt+ !m z h] m9ions1 & g5tly affoord+ !m all ! fav\rs %e c2 :]eas ^u ! contr>ie1 if %e be woo$1 & su$ unto by cl[nes1 me*anicall fell[es1 & su* base k9d ( p1 %e holds h]selfe disp>ag$ & disgrac$1 z hold+ no proportion ) !m4 ,& !re=e see we by exp]i5ce1 t if a true ,g5tleman or nobleman foll[ h] ) any att5tion1 & woo h] ) importunitie1 he %all le>ne & "k m ( h]1 & prove a bett] s*oll] 9 "o ye>e1 ?an an ung5tle or base fell[ %all 9 sev51 ?\gh he pursue h] nev] s att5tively4 ,%e is mu* m readie & fi]ce to l5d h] fur!rance & direction 9 ! conduct ( a w>re1 to attempt hon\rable actions1 to comm& a p1 to treat a peace ) a pr9ce ( =ra9e nation1 ?an %e is to =me an argum5t 9 ,logick1 to devise a ,syllogisme1 to canvase a case at ! b>re1 or to prescribe a receit ( pills4 ,s 7noble ,ladie7 =somu* z ,i _c p]swade myselfe1 t y w ei!r =get or neglect ?is po9t1 conc]n+ ! in/itution ( y\rs1 especially hav+ ta/$ ! sweetnesse !re(1 & be+ desc5d$ ( s noble & le>n$ a race4 ,= we yet possesse ! le>n$ compositions ( ! anci5t & noble ,e>les ( ,foix1 f out ^: h]oicke loynes y\r husb& & y take y\r (-spr+4 ,& ,francis ,"l ( ,c&ale1 y\r wor?ie uncle1 do? daily br+ =? su* fruits !re(1 z ! k ( ! mat*lesse qualitie ( y\r h\se %all h]eaft] ext5d itselfe to _m ages2 ,i w !re=e make y acqua9t$ ) "o conceit ( m9e1 :i* contr>ie to ! common use ,i hold1 & t is all ,i am able to affoord y conc]n+ t matt]4 ,! *>ge ( ! ,tutor1 :i* y %all appo9t y\r sonne1 9 ! *oice ( :om consi/e? ! :ole sub/ance ( 8 education & br++ up2 on :i* are _m bran*es dep5d+1 :i* 7=asmu* z ,i c adde no?+ ( any mom5t to x7 ,i w n t\* at all4 ,& = t po9t1 :]e9 ,i presume to advise him1 he may s f> =? give cr$it unto x1 z he %all see j cause4 ,to a g5tleman borne ( noble p>5tage1 & heire ( a h\se t ayme? at true le>n+1 & 9 x w\ld be discipl9$1 n s mu* = gane or commoditie to himselfe 7because s abject an end is f> unwor?ie ! grace & fav\r ( ! ,muses1 & besides1 ha? a reg>d or dep5d5cie ( o!rs7 nor = ext]nall %ew & ornam5t1 b to adorne & enri* 8 inw>d m9de1 desir+ r to %ape & in/itute an able & suffici5t man1 ?an a b>e le>n$ man2 my desire is !re=e1 t ! p>5ts or ov]se]s ( su* a g5tleman be v circumspect1 & c>eful 9 *us+ 8 director1 :om ,i w\ld r comm5d = hav+ a well compos$ & temp]ate bra9e1 ?an a full /uft head1 yet bo? w doe well4 ,& ,i w\ld r pref] wisdome1 judgem5t1 civill cu/omes1 & mode/ behavi\r1 ?an b>e & me]e lit]all le>n+2 & t 9 8 *>ge he hold a new c\rse4 ,"s nev] cease brawl+ 9 _! s*oll]s e>es 7z if !y 7 /ill p\r+ 9 a tonell7 to foll[ _! booke1 yet is _! *>ge no?+ else b to repeat :at ha? be5e told !m be=e4 ,i w\ld h a tutor to correct ?is "p1 & t at fir/ entrance1 accord+ to ! capacitie ( ! wit he ha? 9 h&1 he %\ld beg9 to make %ew ( x1 mak+ him to h a smacke ( all ?+s1 & h[ to *oose & di/+ui% !m1 )\t helpe ( o!rs1 sometimes op5+ him ! way1 o!r times leav+ him to op5 x by himselfe4 ,i w\ld n h him to inv5t & speake alone1 b suff] 8 disciple to speake :5 8 turne comme?4 ,socrates1 & aft] him ,arcesilaus1 made _! s*oll]s to speake fir/1 & !n w\ld speake !mselves4 ,obe/ pl]umque iis qui disc]e volunt1 auctoritas eorum qui doc5t3 ,footnote3 ,,cic4 ,de ,nat4 #a4 i ,mo/ commonly ! au?oritie ( !m t tea*1 h9d]s !m t w\ld le>ne4 ,x is !re=e meet t he make him fir/ trot-on be=e him1 :]eby he may ! bett] judge ( 8 pace1 & s guesse h[ long he w hold out1 t accord+ly he may fit 8 /r5g?2 = want ( :i* proportion we (t5 m>re all4 ,& to "k h[ to make a good *oice1 & h[ f> =? "o may proce$ 7/ill keep+ a due measure71 is "o ( ! h>de/ lab\rs ,i "k4 ,x is a signe ( a noble1 & effect ( an undant$ _s1 to "k h[ to second1 & h[ f> =? he %all condesc5d to 8 *ildi% proce$+s1 & h[ to guide !m4 ,z = myselfe1 ,i c bett] & ) m /r5g? walke up ?an d[ne a hill4 ,^? :i*1 accord+ to our common fa%ion1 und]take ) "o selfe-same lesson1 & l man] ( education1 to direct _m spirits ( div]s =mes & diff]5t hum\rs1 x is no m>vell if among a multitude ( *ildr51 !y sc>ce meet ) two or ?ree t reap any good fruit by _! discipl9e1 or t come to any p]fection4 ,i w\ld n only h him to dem& an accompt ( ! words conta9$ 9 8 lesson1 b ( ! s5se & sub/ance !re(1 & judge ( ! pr(it he ha? made ( x1 n by ! te/imonie ( 8 memorie1 b by ! witnesse ( 8 life4 ,t :at he lately le>n$1 he cause him to set =? & p\rtray ! same into sundrie %apes1 & !n to accommodate x to z _m diff]5t & sev]all subjects1 :]eby he %al p]ceive1 :e!r he h yet appreh5d$ ! same1 & !re9 enfe(f$ himselfe1 ,footnote3 ,tak5 possession4 at due times tak+ 8 in/ruction f ! in/itution giv5 by ,plato4 ,x is a signe ( cruditie & indige/ion = a man to yeeld up 8 meat1 ev5 z he swall[$ ! same2 ! /omacke ha? n wr\ght 8 full op]ation1 unlesse x h *ang$ =me1 & alt]$ fa%ion ( t :i* 0 giv5 him to boyle & concoct4 ,wee see m5 gape aft] no reputation b le>n+1 & :5 !y say1 su* a "o is a le>n$ man1 !y ?9ke !y h said en\gh2 ,our m9de do? move at o!rs pleasure1 & ty$ & =c$ to s]ve ! fantasies ( o!rs1 be+ br\ght "u by au?oritie1 & =c$ to /oope to ! lure ( _! b>e lesson2 wee h be5e s subject$ to h>pe ^u "o /r+1 t we h no way left u to descant ^u volunt>ie2 our vigor & lib]tie is cleane ext9ct4 ,nunquam tutelae suae fiunt3 ,!y nev] come to _! owne tuition4 ,x 0 my hap to bee famili>lie acqua9t$ ) an hone/ man at ,pisa1 b su* an ,ari/otelian1 z he held ?is infallible position2 t a con=mitie to ,ari/otles doctr9e 0 ! true t\*/one & squire ,footnote3 ,squ>e4 ( all solid imag9ations & p]fect v]itie2 =1 :atsoev] _h no coh]5cie ) x1 0 b fond ,*im]aes & idle humors2 inasmu* z he _h kn[ne all1 se5e all1 & said all4 ,?is proposition ( 8 be+ some:at ov] amply & injuri\sly int]pret$ by "s1 made him a long "t aft] to be tr\bl$ 9 ! inquisition ( ,rome4 ,i w\ld h him make 8 s*oll] n>r[ly to sift all ?+s ) discretion1 & h>b\r no?+ 9 8 head by m]e au?oritie1 or ^u tru/4 ,ari/otles pr9ciples %all be no m axiomes unto him1 ?an ! ,/oikes or ,epicurians4 ,let ?is div]sitie ( judgem5ts be propos$ unto him1 if he c1 he %all be able to di/+ui% ! tru? f falsehood1 if n1 he w rema9e d\btful4 ,*e non m5 *e sap] dubbi> m'aggrata4 ,footnote3 ,,dante1 ,inf]no1 cant4 xi4 #ic4 ,no lesse x please? me1 ,to d\bt1 ?an wise to be4 ,= if by 8 owne disc\rse he embrace ! op9ions ( ,x5ophon or ( ,plato1 !y %all be no long] !irs1 b 84 ,he t me]ely foll[e? ano!r1 trace? no?+1 & seeke? no?+3 ,non sumus sub ,rege1 sibi quisque se v9dicet3 ,footnote3 ,,s54 ,epi/4 xxxiii4 ,we are n "u a ,k+s comm&1 e "o may *all5ge himselfe1 = let him at lea/ "k t he kn[e?4 ,x is requisite he endev\r z mu* to fe$ himselfe ) _! conceits1 z lab\r to le>ne _! precepts2 :i*1 s he "k h[ to applie1 let him h>dily =get1 :]e or :5ce he _h !m4 ,tru? & reason are common to all1 & are no m prop] unto him t spake !m h]et(ore1 !n unto him t %all speake !m h]eaft]4 ,& x is no m accord+ to ,platoes op9ion ?an to m9e1 s9ce bo? he & ,i und]/& & see alike4 ,! ,bees d "h & !re sucke ?is & cull t fl[]1 b aft]w>d !y produce ! hony1 :i* is peculi>ly _! owne1 !n is x no m ,?yme or ,majoram4 ,s ( peeces borr[$ ( o!rs1 he may lawfully alt]1 trans=me1 & conf\nd !m1 to %ape out ( !m a p]fect peece ( worke1 altoge!r 8 owne2 alwaies provid$ 8 judgem5t1 8 travell1 ,footnote3 ,travail1 labor4 /udie1 & in/itution t5d to no?+1 b to frame ! same p]fect4 ,let him h>dily conceale :]e or :5ce he ha? _h any helpe1 & make no %ew ( any?+1 b ( t :i* he ha? made himselfe4 ,pirates1 pil*]s1 & borr[]s1 make a %ew ( _! pur*ases & build+s1 b n ( t :i* !y h tak5 f o!rs3 y see n ! secret fees or bribes ,lawy]s take ( _! ,cli5ts1 b y %all manife/ly discov] ! alliances !y make1 ! hon\rs !y get = _! *ildr51 & ! goodly h\ses !y build4 ,no man makes op5 %ew ( 8 receits1 b e "o ( 8 gett+s4 ,! good t comes ( /udie 7or at lea/ %\ld come7 is to prove bett]1 wis] & hone/]4 ,x is ! und]/&+ p[] 7said ,epi*>mus7 t see? & he>e?1 x is x t pr(ite? all & dispose? all1 t move?1 swaye?1 & rule? all3 all ?+s else are b bl9d1 s5selesse1 & )\t _s4 ,& truly 9 b>r+ him ( lib]tie to doe any ?+ ( himselfe1 we make him !reby m s]vile & m c[>d4 ,:o w\ld ev] enquire ( 8 s*oll] :at he ?9ke? ( ,rhetorike1 ( ,gramm>1 ( ?is or ( t s5t5ce ( ,cic]o8 ,:i* ?+s ?or\ghly fe!r$ 7z if !y 7 oracles7 are let flie into our memorie2 9 :i* bo? lett]s & syllables are sub/antiall p>ts ( ! subject4 ,to "k by roat is no p]fect k1 b to keep :at "o ha? committ$ to 8 memories *>ge1 is comm5dable3 :at a man directly kn[e?1 t w he dispose (1 )\t turn+ /ill to 8 booke or look+ to 8 patt]n4 ,a me]e booki% suffici5cie is unpleasant4 ,all ,i expect ( x is an imbelli%+ ( my actions1 & n a f\ndation ( !m1 accord+ to ,platoes m9d1 :o sai?1 con/ancie1 fai?1 & s9c]itie are true ,philosophie2 z = o!r ,sci5ces1 & t5d+ else:]e1 !y are b g>i% pa9t+s4 ,i w\ld fa9e h ,paluel or ,pompey1 ^? two excell5t daunc]s ( our "t1 ) all _! nimbl5esse1 tea* any man to doe _! l(tie tricks & high cap]s1 only ) see+ !m done1 & )\t /irr+ out ( 8 place1 z "s ,p$anticall fell[es w\ld in/ruct our m9ds )\t mov+ or putt+ x 9 practice4 ,& glad w\ld ,i be to f9d "o t w\ld tea* u h[ to manage a horse1 to tosse a pike1 to %oot-(f a peece1 to play ^u ! lute1 or to w>ble ) ! voice1 )\t any ex]cise1 z ^! k9d ( m5 w\ld tea* u to judge1 & h[ to speake well1 )\t any ex]cise ( speak+ or judg+4 ,9 :i* k9d ( life1 or z ,i may t]me x1 ,pr5ti%ip1 :at action or object soev] pres5ts itselfe into our eies1 may s]ve u 9 /ead ( a suffici5t booke4 ,a prettie pranke ( a boy1 a knavi% tricke ( a page1 a fooli% "p ( a lackey1 an idle tale or any disc\rse else1 spok5 ei!r 9 je/ or e>ne/1 at ! table or 9 companie1 are ev5 z new subjects = u to worke ^u3 = fur!rance :]e(1 comm]ce or common societie among m51 visit+ ( =ra9e c\ntries1 & obs]v+ ( /range fa%ions1 are v]ie necess>y1 n only to be able 7aft] ! mann] ( our yong gallants ( ,france7 to report h[ _m paces ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,rotonda is 9 l5g? or bread?1 or :at ri* g>m5ts ! curtezan ,signora ,livia we>e?1 & ! wor? ( h] hos52 or z "s d1 nicely to dispute h[ mu* long] or broad] ! face ( ,n]o is1 :i* !y h se5e 9 "s old ru9es ( ,italie1 ?an t :i* is made = him 9 o!r old monum5ts else-:]e4 ,b !y %\ld pr9cipally obs]ve1 & be able to make c]ta9e relation ( ! hum\rs & fa%ions ( ^? c\ntries !y h se5e1 t !y may ! bett] "k h[ to correct & prep>e _! wits by ^? ( o!rs4 ,i w\ld !re=e h him beg9 ev5 f 8 infancie to travell abroad2 & fir/1 t at "o %oot he may hit two m>kes he %\ld see neighb\r- c\ntries1 namely :]e languages are mo/ diff]5t f ours2 =1 unlesse a mans tongue be fa%ion$ unto !m 9 8 y\?1 he %all nev] atta9e to ! true pronunciation ( !m if he once gr[ 9 ye>es4 ,moreov]1 we see x receiv$ z a common op9ion ( ! wis] sort1 t x agree? n ) reason1 t a *ilde be alwaies nuzzl$1 cock]$1 d&l$1 & br\ght up 9 8 p>5ts lap or sight2 =somu* z _! naturall k9dnesse1 or 7z ,i may call x7 t5d] fondnesse1 cause? (t51 ev5 ! wise/ to prove s idle1 s ov]-nice1 & s base-m9d$4 ,= p>5ts are n capable1 nei!r c !y f9d 9 _! he>ts to see !m *eckt1 correct$1 or *a/is$1 nor indure to see !m br\ght up s meanly1 & s f> f da9t9esse1 & _m times s dang]\sly1 z !y mu/ ne$s be4 ,& x w\ld grieve !m to see _! *ildr5 come home f ^? ex]cises1 t a ,g5tleman mu/ necess>ily acqua9t himselfe )1 sometimes all wet & bemyr$1 o!r times sweatie & full ( du/1 & to dr9ke be+ ei!r extreme hot or exce$+ cold2 & x w\ld tr\ble !m to see him ride a r\gh-untam$ horse1 or ) 8 weapon furi\sly inc\nt] a skilful ,f5c]1 or to h&le or %oot-(f a musket2 aga9/ :i* !re is no rem$y1 if he w make him prove a suffici5t1 compleat1 or hone/ man3 he mu/ n be sp>$ 9 8 y\?2 & x w come to passe1 t he %all _m times h occasion & be =c$ to %ocke ! rules ( ,physicke4 ,vitamque sub dio et trepidis agat ,9 rebus4 ,footnote3 ,hor4 ,i4 i4 ,od4 ii4 #d4 ,leade he 8 life 9 op5 aire1 ,& 9 affaires full ( despaire4 ,x is n suffici5t to make 8 m9de /rong1 8 muskles mu/ also be /r5g!n$3 ! m9d is ov]-borne if x be n second$3 & x is too mu* = h] alone to dis*>ge two (fices4 ,i h a feel+ h[ m9e pante?1 be+ joyn$ to s t5d] & s5sible ,footnote3 ,s5sitive4 a bodie1 & t lie? s heavie ^u x ,& 9 my lecture1 ,i (t5 p]ceive h[ my ,au?ors 9 _! writ+s sometimes comm5d examples = magnanimitie & =ce1 t r proce$ f a ?icke sk9 & h>dnes ( ! bones4 ,i h kn[ne m51 wom5 & *ildr5 borne ( s h>d a con/itution1 t a bl[ ) a cudgell w\ld lesse hurt !m1 ?an a filip w\ld doe me1 & s dull & blocki%1 t !y w nei!r /ir tongue nor eyebr[es1 beat !m nev] s mu*4 ,:5 wre/l]s goe ab\t to c\nt]feit ! ,philosoph]s pati5ce1 !y r %ew ! vigor ( _! s9newes ?an ( _! he>t4 ,= ! cu/ome to be>e travell1 is to tol]ate griefe3 ,labor callum obducit dolori4 ,footnote3 ,cic4 ,tusc4 ,qu4 ,i4 ii4 ,lab\r worke? a h>dnesse ^u sorr[4 ,hee mu/ be enur$ to suff] ! pa9e & h>dnesse ( ex]cises1 t s he may be induc$ to endure ! pa9e ( ! colicke1 ( caut]ie1 ( fals1 ( spra9s1 & o!r diseases incid5t to mans bodie3 yea1 if ne$ require1 pati5tly to be>e imprisonm5t & o!r tortures1 by :i* suff]ance he %all come to be _h 9 m e/eeme & accompt3 = accord+ to "t & place1 ! good z well z ! bad man may haply fall into !m2 we h se5 x by exp]i5ce4 ,:osoev] /rive? aga9/ ! lawes1 ?reats good m5 ) mis*iefe & extortion4 ,moreov]1 ! au?oritie ( ! ,tutor 7:o %\ld be sov]aigne ov] him7 is by ! cock]+ & pres5ce ( ! p>5ts1 h9dr$ & int]rupt$3 besides ! awe & respect :i* ! h\%old be>es him1 & ! k ( ! meane1 possibilities1 & greatnesse ( 8 h\se1 are 9 my judgem5t no small lets ,footnote3 ,h9drances49 a "y ,g5tleman4 ,9 ?is s*oole ( comm]ce1 & societie among m51 ,i h (t5 not$ ?is vice1 t 9 lieu ( tak+ acqua9tance ( o!rs1 we only endev\r to make our selves kn[ne to !m3 & we are m ready to utt] su* m]*&ize z we h1 ?an to +rosse & pur*ase new commodities4 ,sil5ce & mode/ie are qualities v conv5i5t to civil conv]sation4 ,x is also necess>y t a "y man be r taught to be discreetly-sp>+ & close-h&$1 ?an prodigally-wa/full & lavi% 9 8 exp5ces1 & mod]ate 9 husb&+ 8 weal? :5 he %all come to possesse x4 ,& n to take pepp] 9 ! nose = e fooli% tale t %all be spok5 9 8 pres5ce1 because x is an uncivil importunity to contradict :atsoev] is n agree+ to our hum\r3 let him be pleas$ to correct himselfe4 ,& let him n seeme to blame t 9 o!rs :i* he refuse? to doe himselfe1 nor goe ab\t to )/& common fa%ions1 ,licet sap]e s9e pompa1 s9e invidia3 ,footnote3 ,,s54 ,epi/4 ciii4 f4 ,a man may bee wise )\t o/5tation1 )\t envie4 ,let him avoid ^? imp]i\s images ( ! _w1 ^? uncivil behavi\rs & *ildi% ambition :]e)1 ,god wot1 too-too _m are posse/3 t is1 to make a faire %ew ( t :i* is n 9 him3 endev\r+ to be reput$ o!r ?an inde$ he is2 & z if repreh5sion & new devices 7 h>d to come by1 he w\ld by t meane acquire into himselfe ! "n ( "s peculi> v]tue4 ,z x p]ta9e? b to great ,poets to use ! lib]tie ( arts2 s is x tol]able b 9 noble m9ds & great spirits to h a prehem95ce above ord9>ie fa%ions4 ,si quid ,socrates et ,ari/ippus contra morem et consuetud9em fec]unt1 idem sibi ne arbitretur lic]e3 ,magis enim illi et div9is bonis hanc lic5tiam assequebantur3 ,footnote3 ,,cic4 ,(f4 #a4 i4 ,if ,socrates & ,ari/ippus h done ought aga9/ cu/ome or good mann]1 let n a man ?9ke he may doe ! same3 = !y obta9$ ?is lic5ce by _! great & excell5t good p>ts3 ,he %all be taught n to ent] ra%ly into disc\rse or conte/+1 b :5 he %all enc\nt] ) a ,*ampion wor?ie 8 /r5g?2 ,& !n w\ld ,i n h him imploy all ! tricks t may fit 8 turne1 b only su* z may /& him 9 mo/ /ead4 ,t he be taught to be curi\s 9 mak+ *oice ( 8 reasons1 lov+ p]t95cy1 & by consequ5ce brevitie4 ,t above all1 he be in/ruct$ to yeeld1 yea to quit 8 weapons unto tru?1 z soone z he %all disc]ne ! same1 :e!r x proce$ f 8 adv]s>ie1 or ^u bett] advice f himselfe2 = he %all n be pref]r$ to any place ( em95cie above o!rs1 = repeat+ ( a prescript ,footnote3 ,fix$ be=eh&4 "p2 & he is n engag$ to def5d any cause1 fur!r ?an he may approove x2 nor %all he bee ( t trade :]e ! lib]tie = a man to rep5t & re-advise himselfe is sold = readie money1 ,neque1 ut omnia1 que praescripta et imp]ata s9t1 def5dat1 necessitate ulla cogitur3 ,footnote3 ,,cic4 ,acad4 ,qu4 ,i4 iv4 ,nor is he in=c$ by any necessitie to def5d & make good all t is prescrib$ & comm&$ him4 ,if 8 tutor agree ) my hum\r1 he %all frame 8 affection to be a mo/ loyall & true subject to 8 ,pr9ce1 & a mo/ affectionate & c\ragi\s ,g5tleman 9 al t may conc]ne ! honor ( 8 ,sov]aigne or ! good ( 8 c\ntrie1 & endev\r to suppresse 9 him all mann] ( affection to und]take any action ,o!rwise ?an = a publike good & dutie4 ,besides _m inconv5i5ces1 :i* greatly prejudice our lib]tie by reason ( ^! p>ticul> bonds1 ! judgm5t ( a man t is wag$ & b\ght1 ei!r x is lesse free & hone/1 or else x is blemi%t ) ov]sight & +ratitude4 ,a me]e & precise ,c\rti] c nei!r h law nor w to speake or ?9ke o!rwise ?an fav\rablie ( 8 ,ma/]1 :o among s _m ?\s&s ( 8 subjects ha? made *oice ( him alone1 to in/itute & br+ him up ) 8 owne h&4 ,^! fav\rs1 ) ! commodities t foll[ m9ion ,footnote3 ,favorite4 ,c\rti]s1 corrupt 7n )\t "s col\r ( reason7 8 lib]tie1 & dazle 8 judgem5t4 ,x is !re=e commonly sc5e t ! ,c\rti]s- language diff]s f o!r m5s1 9 ! same /ate1 & to be ( no great cr$it 9 su* matt]s4 ,let !re=e 8 consci5ce & v]tue %9e 9 8 spee*1 & reason be 8 *iefe direction1 ,let him be taught to confesse su* faults z he %all discov] 9 8 owne disc\rses1 albeit none o!r p]ceive !m b himselfe2 = x is an evid5t %ew ( judgem5t1 & effect ( s9c]itie1 :i* are ! *iefe/ qualities he ayme? at4 ,t wilfully to /rive1 & ob/9ately to conte/ 9 words1 are common qualities1 mo/ app>5t 9 base/ m9des3 ,t to readvise & correct himselfe1 & :5 "o is mo/ e>ne/1 to leave an ill op9ion1 are r>e1 noble1 & ,philosophicall conditions4 ,be+ 9 companie1 he %all be put 9 m9de1 to ca/ 8 eyes r\nd ab\t1 & e :]e3 ,= ,i note1 t ! *iefe places are usually seez$ ^u by ! mo/ unwor?ie & lesse capable2 & t height ( =tune is seldome joyn$ ) suffici5cie4 ,i h sc5e t :il/ !y at ! upp] end ( a bo>d 7 busie ent]ta9+ !mselves ) talk+ ( ! beautie ( ! hang+s ab\t a *amb]1 or ( ! ta/e ( "s good cup ( w9e1 _m good disc\rses at ! l[] end h utt]ly be5 lo/4 ,he %all weigh ! c>riage ( e man 9 8 call+1 a ,he>dsman1 a ,mason1 a ,/rang]1 or a ,travell]2 all mu/ be imploy$2 e "o accord+ to 8 wor?2 = all helps to make up h\%old2 yea1 ! follie & ! simplicitie ( o!rs %all be z in/ructions to him4 ,by controll+ ! graces & mann]s ( o!rs1 he %all acquire unto himselfe envie ( ! good & contempt ( ! bad4 ,let him h>dly be posse/ ) an hone/ curiositie to se>* out ! nature & causes ( all ?+s3 let him survay :atsoev] is r>e & s+ul> ab\t him2 a build+1 a f\nta9e1 a man1 a place :]e any battell ha? be5 f\ght1 or ! passages ( ,caes> or ,*>lema9e4 ,quae tellus sit l5ta gelu1 qua putris ab ae/u1 ,v5tus 9 ,italiam quis b5e vela f]at4 ,footnote3 ,prop4 #a4 iv4 ,el4 iii4 #ci4 ,:at l& is p>*t ) heat1 :at clog'd ) fro/4 ,:at w9d drives k9dly to ?' ,italian coa/4 ,he %all endev\r to be famili>ly acqua9t$ ) ! cu/omes1 ) ! meanes1 ) ! /ate1 ) ! dep5dances & alliances ( all ,pr9ces2 !y are ?+s soone & pleasant to be le>n$1 & mo/ pr(itable to be kn[ne4 ,9 ?is acqua9tance ( m51 my int5d+ is1 t hee *iefely compreh5d !m1 t live b by ! memorie ( bookes4 ,he %all1 by ! help ( ,hi/ories1 9 =me himselfe ( ! wor?ie/ m9ds t 7 9 ! be/ ages4 ,x is a frivol\s /udie1 if a man li/1 b ( unvaluable wor? to su* z c make use ( x1 & z ,plato sai?1 ! only /udie ! ,lac$emonians res]v$ = !mselves4 ,:at pr(it %all he n reap1 t\*+ ?is po9t1 read+ ! lives ( our ,plut>k8 ,alwayes condition$1 ! ma/] be?9ke himselfe :]eto 8 *>ge t5de?1 & t he impr9t n s mu* 9 8 s*oll]s m9d ! date ( ! ru9e ( ,c>?age1 z ! mann]s ( ,hanniball & ,scipio1 nor s mu* :]e ,m>cellus di$1 z because he 0 unwor?y ( 8 devoire ,footnote3 ,task4 he di$ !re3 t he tea* him n s mu* to "k ,hi/ories z to judge ( !m4 ,x is among/ ?+s t be/ agree ) my hum\r1 ! subject to :i* our spirits doe mo/ div]sly applie !mselves4 ,i h read 9 ,titus ,livius a numb] ( ?+s1 :i* p]adv5ture o!rs nev] read1 9 :om ,plut>ke haply read a hundr$ m ?an ev] ,i c\ld read1 & :i* p]haps ! au?or himselfe did nev] int5d to set d[ne4 ,to "s k9d ( m5 x is a me]e gramaticali /udie1 b to o!rs a p]fect anatomie ,footnote3 ,dissection1 analytical exposition4 ( ,philosophie2 by meanes :]e( ! secrete/ "p ( our nature is se>*$ into4 ,!re are 9 ,plut>ke _m ample disc\rses mo/ wor?y to be kn[ne3 = 9 my judgem5t1 he is ! *iefe "w- ma/] ( su* works1 :]e( !re are a ?\s&1 :]eat he ha? b slightly glanc$2 = ) 8 f+] he do? b po9t u out a way to walke 91 if we li/2 & is sometimes pleas$ to give b a t\* at ! quicke/ & ma9e po9t ( a disc\rse1 f :5ce !y are by dilig5t /udie to be drawne1 & s br\ght into op5 m>ket4 ,z t say+ ( 81 ,t ! inhabitants ( ,asia s]v$ b "o alone1 because !y c\ld n pron\nce "o onely syllable1 :i* is ,non1 gave p]haps bo? subject & occasion to my fri5d ,boetie to compose 8 booke ( volunt>ie s]vitude4 ,if x 7 no m b to see ,plut>ke wre/ a slight action to mans life1 or a ^w t seeme? to be>e no su* s5ce1 x w s]ve = a :ole disc\rse4 ,x is pittie m5 ( und]/&+ %\ld s mu* love brevitie2 )\t d\bt _! reputation is !reby bett]1 b we ! worse4 ,plut>ke _h r we %\ld comm5d him = 8 judgem5t ?an = 8 k1 he love? bett] to leave a k9d ( long+-desire 9 u ( him1 ?an a satietie4 ,he knew v]ie well t ev5 9 good ?+s too mu* may be said3 & t ,alex&ridas did ju/ly reprove him :o spake v]ie good s5t5ces to ! ,ephores1 b !y 7 ov] t$i\s4 ,oh /rang]1 quo? he1 ?\ speake/ :at ?\ oughte/1 o!rwise !n ,footnote3 ,?an4 ?\ %\lde/4 ,^? t h leane & ?9 bodies /uffe !m up ) bumba/+4 ,footnote3 ,padd+4 ,& su* z h b poore matt]1 w puffe x up ) l(tie words4 ,!re is a m>vel\s cle]5esse1 or z ,i may t]me x an enlightn+ ( mans judgem5t drawne f ! comm]ce ( m51 & by frequ5t+ abroad 9 ! _w2 we are all s contriv$ & compact 9 our selves1 t our sight is made %ort] by ! l5g? ( our nose4 ,:5 ,socrates 0 demaund$ :5ce he 01 he answ]$1 n ( ,a!ns1 b ( ! _w2 = he1 :o _h 8 imag9ation m full & f>!r /ret*+1 embrac$ all ! _w = 8 native ,citie1 & ext5d$ 8 acqua9tance1 8 societie1 & affections to all man- k9d3 & n z we d1 t looke no fur!r ?an our feet4 ,if ! fro/ *ance to nip ! v9es ab\t my village1 my ,prie/ do? pres5tly argue t ! wra? ( ,god hangs ov] our head1 & ?reatne? all mank9d3 & judge? t ! ,pippe ,footnote3 ,a disease4 is alreadie falne ^u ! ,canibals4 ,9 view+ ^! inte/9e & civill broiles ( ours1 :o do? n exclaime1 t ?is worlds va/ frame is ne]e unto a dissolution1 & t ! day ( judgem5t is readie to fall on u8 nev] rememb]+ t _m worse revolutions h be5 se5e1 & t :ile/ we are plung$ 9 griefe1 & ov]:elm$ 9 sorr[1 a ?\s& o!r p>ts ( ! _w besides are bless$ ) happ9esse1 & wall[ 9 pleasures1 & nev] ?9ke on u8 :]eas1 :5 ,i behold our lives1 our lic5ce1 & impunitie1 ,i wond] to see !m s milde & easie4 ,he on ^: head x haile?1 ?9ks all ! ,hemisphe>e besides to be 9 a /orme & tempe/4 ,& z t dull-pat$ ,savoy>d said1 t if ! seelie ,footnote #ca3 ,simple4 ,k+ ( ,france c\ld cunn+ly h manag$ 8 =tune1 he might v]ie well h made himselfe *iefe ,/ew>d ( 8 ,lords h\sehold1 ^: imag9ation conceiv$ no o!r greatnesse ?an 8 ,ma/]s2 we are all ins5sible ( ?is k9d ( err\r3 an err\r ( great consequ5ce & prejudice4 ,b :osoev] %all pres5t unto 8 inw>d eyes1 z x 7 9 a ,table1 ! ,idea ( ! great image ( our univ]sall "m ,nature1 attir$ 9 h] ri*e/ robes1 sitt+ 9 ! ?rone ( h] ,maje/ic1 & 9 h] visage %all read s g5]all & s con/ant a v>ietie2 he t !re9 %all view himselfe1 n himselfe alone1 b a :ole ,k+dome1 to be 9 respect ( a great circle b ! smalle/ po9t t c be imag9$1 he onely c value ?+s accord+ to _! ess5tiall greatnesse & proportion4 ,?is great univ]se 7:i* "s multiplie z ,species "u "o ,g5us7 is ! true look+-glasse :]e9 we mu/ looke1 if we w "k :e!r we be ( a good /amp or 9 ! "r byase4 ,to conclude1 ,i w\ld h ?is worlds-frame to be my ,s*oll]s *oise-booke4 ,footnote3 ,book ( examples ,s _m /range hum\rs1 sundrie sects1 v>y+ judgem5ts1 div]se op9ions1 diff]5t lawes1 & fanta/icall cu/omes tea* u to judge rightly ( ours1 & in/ruct our judgem5t to ackn[l$ge 8 imp]fections & naturall weaknesse1 :i* is no easie an appr5ti%ip3 ,s _m innovations ( e/ates1 s _m fals ( ,pr9ces1 & *anges ( publike =tune1 may & ought to tea* u1 n to make s great accompt ( ours3 ,s _m names1 s _m victories1 & s _m conque/s buri$ 9 d>ke oblivion1 makes ! hope to p]petuate our names b ridicul\s1 by ! surpris+ ( t5 ,argo-letti]s1 ,footnote3 ,m\nt$ ,b[m54 or ( a small cottage1 :i* is kn[ne b by 8 fall4 ,! pride & fi]c5esse ( s _m /range & gorge\s %ewes3 ! pride-puft maje/ie ( s _m c\rts1 & ( _! greatnesse1 ought to confirme & assure our sight1 undaunt$ly to be>e ! affronts & ?und]-claps ( ours1 )\t feel+ our eyes3 ,s _m ?\s&s ( m51 l[laide 9 _! graves a=e u1 may enc\rage u n to fe>e1 or be dismai$ to g meet s good companie 9 ! o!r _w1 & s ( all ?+s else4 ,our life 7said ,pi?agoras7 drawes ne>e unto ! great & popul\s assemblies ( ! ,olympike games1 :]e9 "s1 to get ! glorie & to w9 ! goale ( ! games1 ex]cise _! bodies ) all indu/rie2 o!rs1 = gre$9esse ( ga9e1 br+ ?i!r m>*&ise to sell3 o!rs !re are 7& ^? be n ! wor/7 t seek aft] no o!r good1 b to m>ke h[ :]e=e1 & to :at end1 all ?+s are done3 & to be spectators or obs]v]s ( o!r m5s lives & actions1 t s !y may ! bett] judge & direct _! owne4 ,unto examples may all ! mo/ pr(itable ,disc\rses ( ,philosophic be sort$1 :i* ought to be ! t\*- /one ( human actions1 & a rule to squ>e !m by1 to :om may be said1 ---quid fas opt>e1 quid asp] ,vtile nummus habet1 patriae *>isque prop9quis ,quantum el>giri deceat1 quem te ,deus esse lussit1 et humana qua p>te locaius es 9 re4 ,footnote3 ,p]s4 ,sat4 iii4 #fi4 ,quid sumus1 aut quidnam victuri gignimur4 ,footnote3 ,ib4 #fg4 ,:at ?\ maie/ wi%1 :at pr(it may come cle>e1 ,f new-/ampt coyne1 to fri5ds & c\ntrie de>e ,:at ?\ ought'/ give3 :om ,god w\ld h !e bee1 ,& 9 :at "p mong/ m5 he plac$ !e4 ,:at we are1 & :]e=e1 ,to live he] we 7 bore4 ,:at x is to "k1 & n to "k 7:i* ought to be ! scope ( /udie71 :at val\r1 :at temp]ance1 & :at ju/ice is3 :at diff]5ce !re is betwe5e ambition & av>ice1 bondage & fre$ome1 subjection & lib]tie1 by :i* m>kes a man may di/+ui% true & p]fect cont5tm5t1 & h[ f>-=? "o ought to fe>e or appreh5d dea?1 griefe1 or %ame4 ,et quo quemque modo fugiatque4 f]atque laborem4 ,footnote3 ,virg4 ,a54 #a4 iii4 #hec4 ,h[ ev'ry lab\r he may plie1 ,& be>e1 or ev'ry lab\r flie4 ,:at w>ds or spr+s move u1 & ! causes ( s _m motions 9 u3 ,= me seeme?1 t ! fir/ disc\rses1 :]e) 8 conceit %\ld be spr9kl$1 ought to be ^? t rule 8 mann]s & direct 8 s5se2 :i* w bo? tea* him to "k himselfe1 & h[ to live & h[ to die well4 ,among ! lib]all ,sci5ces1 let u beg9 ) t :i* makes u free3 ,inde$1 !y may all1 9 "s sort /ead u1 z an in/ruction to our life1 & use ( x1 z all o!r ?+s else s]ve ! same to "s purpose or o!r4 ,b let u make especiall *oice ( t :i* may directly & p]t95tly s]ve ! same4 ,if we c\ld re/ra9e & adapt ! appurt5ances ( our life to _! "r byase & naturall limits1 we %\ld f9d ! be/ "p ( ! ,sci5ces t n[ are 9 use1 cleane out ( fa%ion ) u3 yea1 & 9 ^? t are mo/ 9 use1 !re are c]ta9e by-wayes & deep-fl[s mo/ pr(itable1 :i* we %\ld d well to leave1 & accord+ to ! in/itution ( ,socrates1 limit ! c\rse ( our /udies 9 ^? :]e pr(it is want+4 ----sap]e aude1 ,incipe3 viv5di qui recte prorogat horam1 ,ru/icus expectat dum defluat amnis1 at ille ,labitur1 et labetur 9 omne volubilis avum4 ,footnote3 ,hor4 ,i4 i4 ,epi/4 ii4 #dj4 ,be bold to be wise3 to beg91 be /rong1 ,he t to live well do? ! "t prolong1 ,cl[ne-l expects1 till d[ne ! /reame be run1 ,t runs1 & w run1 till ! _w be done4 ,x is m]e simplicitie to tea* our *ildr51 ,quid moveant ,pisces1 animosaque signa ,leonis1 ,lotus et ,hesp]ia quid ,capricornus aqua4 ,footnote3 ,prop4 ,i4 ,el4 i4 #he4 ,:at ,pisces move1 or hot brea?'d ,leos beames1 ,or ,capricornus ba?'d 9 we/]n /reames1 ! k ( ! />res1 & ! motion ( ! eigh? sphe>e1 be=e _! owne2 ,greek text quote omit$ ,footnote3 ,anacr4 ,od4 xvii4 #aj1 #ab4 ,:at longs x to ! seav5 />s1 & me1 ,or ^? ab\t ,bootes be4 ,anaxim5es writ+ to ,py?agoras1 sai?1 ,) :at s5se c ,i amuse my selfe 9 ! secrets ( ! ,/>res1 hav+ cont9ually dea? or bondage be=e m9e eyes8 ,= at t "t ! ,k+s ( ,p]sia 7 mak+ prep>ations to w> aga9/ 8 ,c\ntrie4 ,all m5 ought to say s3 ,be+ beat5 ) ambition1 ) av>ice1 ) ra%nesse1 & ) sup]/ition1 & hav+ su* o!r enemies unto life )9 him4 ,:]e=e %all ,i /udy & take c>e ab\t ! mobility & v>iation ( ! _w8 ,:5 hee is once taught :at is fit to make him bett] & wis]1 he %all be ent]ta9$ ) ,logicke1 naturall ,philosophy1 ,geometry1 & ,rhetoricke1 !n hav+ setl$ 8 judgem5t1 looke :at sci5ce he do? mo/ addict himselfe unto1 he %all 9 %ort "t atta9e to ! p]fection ( x4 ,8 lecture %all be somtimes by way ( talke & sometimes by booke3 8 tutor may n[ & !n supply him ) ! same ,au?or1 z an end & motive ( 8 in/itution3 sometimes giv+ him ! pi? & sub/ance ( x ready *ew$4 ,& if ( himselfe he be n s ?r\ghly acqua9t$ ) bookes1 t hee may readily f9d s _m notable disc\rses z are 9 !m to effect 8 purpose1 x %all n be amisse t "s le>n$ man bee appo9t$ to keepe him1 company1 :o at any "t ( ne$ may furni% him ) su* munition z hee %all /& 9 ne$ (2 t hee may aft]w>d di/ribute & disp5se !m to 8 be/ use4 ,& t ?is k9d ( lesson be m easie & naturall ?an t ( ,gaza1 :o w make "q8 ,^? are b h>%1 ?ornie1 & unpleasant precepts2 va9e1 idle & immat]ial words1 on :i* small hold may be tak52 :]e9 is no?+ to quick5 ! m9de4 ,9 ?is ! _s f9de? sub/ance to bide & fe$ ^u4 ,a fruit )\t all comp>ison mu* bett]1 & t w soone be ripe4 ,x is a ?+ wor?y consid]ation1 to see :at /ate ?+s are br\ght unto 9 ?is our age2 & h[ ,philosophie1 ev5 to ! wise/1 & m5 ( be/ und]/&+1 is b an idle1 va9e & fanta/icall "n1 ( small use & lesse wor?1 bo? 9 op9ion & effect4 ,i ?9ke ^! ,sophi/ries are ! cause ( x1 :i* h =e/all$ ! wayes to come unto x3 ,!y doe v ill t goe ab\t to make x seeme z x 7 inaccessible = *ildr5 to come unto1 sett+ x foor? ) a wrimpl$ ,footnote3 wr9kl$4 ga/lie1 & fr[n+ visage2 :o ha? mask$ h] ) s c\nt]fet1 pale1 & hide\s a c\nt5ance8 ,!re is no?+ m beaute\s1 no?+ m delightful1 no?+ m gamesome2 & z ,i may say1 no?+ m fondly wanton3 = %e pres5te? no?+ to our eyes1 & prea*e? no?+ to our e>es1 b sport & pa/ime4 ,a sad & l[r+ looke pla9ly decl>e? t t is n h] haunt4 ,demetrius ! ,gram>ian1 f9d+ a companie ( ,philosoph]s sitt+ close toge!r 9 ! ,temple ( ,delphos1 said unto !m1 ,ei!r ,i am deceiv$1 or by y\r plausible & pleasant lookes1 y are n 9 any s]i\s & e>ne/ disc\rse among/ y\r selves2 to :om "o ( !m1 nam$ ,h]acleon ! ,meg>ian1 answ]$1 ,t belonge? to !m1 :o busie !mselves 9 seek+ :e!r ! future t5se ( ! v]be 1 ha? a d\ble1 or t lab\r to f9d ! d]ivation ( ! comp>atives1 omitt$ & ( ! sup]latives omitt$1 x is !y t mu/ *afe 9 int]ta9+ !mselves ) _! sci5ce3 z = disc\rses ( ,philosophie !y are wont to glad1 rejoyce1 & n to vex & mole/ ^? t use !m4 ,depr5das animi torm5ta lat5tis 9 agro ,corpore1 depr5das et gaudia2 sumit utrumque ,inde habitum facies4 ,footnote3 ,juv51 ,,sat4 ix1 #ah ,y may p]ceive ! torm5ts ( ! m9d1 ,hid 9 sicke bodie1 y ! joyes may f9d2 ,! face su* habit takes 9 ei!r k9d4 ,t m9d :i* h>b\re? ,philosophie1 ought by reason ( h] s\nd heal?1 make t bodie also s\nd & heal?ie3 x ought to make h] cont5tm5t to ?r\gh-%9e 9 all ext]i\r p>ts3 x ought to %ap5 & modell all outw>d demean\rs to ! modell ( x3 & by consequ5ce arme him t do? possesse x1 ) a graci\s /\tnesse & lively audacite1 ) an active & pleas+ ge/ure1 & ) a setl$ & *e]efull c\nt5ance4 ,! mo/ evid5t tok5 & app>ant signe ( true wisdome is a con/ant & uncon/ra9$ rejoyc+1 ^: e/ate is l unto all ?+s above ! ,moone1 t is ev] cle>e1 alwaies bright4 ,x is ,b>oco ,footnote3 ,mnemonic words inv5t$ by ! s*ola/ic logicians & ,b>alipton ,footnote3 ,mnemonic words inv5t$ by ! s*ola/ic logicians1 t makes _! foll[]s prove s base & idle1 & n ,philosophie2 !y "k h] n b by he>e-say2 :at8 ,is x n %ee t cle]e? all /ormes ( ! m9d8 ,& tea*e? mis]ie1 fam9e1 & sicknesse to laugh8 ,n by reason ( "s imag9>ie ,epicicles ,footnote3 ,a t]m ( ! old a/ronomy41 b by naturall & palpable reasons4 ,%ee ayme? at no?+ b v]tue2 x is v]tue %ee seekes aft]2 :i* z ! s*oole sai?1 is n pit*t on ! top ( an high1 /eepie1 or inaccessible hill2 = !y t h come unto h]1 affirme t cleane-contr>ie %ee keeps h] /&1 & holds h] mansion 9 a faire1 fl\ri%+1 & pleasant pla9e1 :5ce z f an high wat* t[]1 %e survaie? all ?+s1 to be subject unto h]1 to :om any man may ) great facilitie come1 if he b "k ! way or entrance to h] palace3 =1 ! pa!s t lead unto h] are c]ta9e fre% & %adie gre5e allies1 sweet & fl[rie waies1 ^: asc5t is ev51 easie1 & no?+ we>isome1 l unto t ( heav5s vaults4 ,=somu* z !y h n frequ5t$ ?is v]tue1 :o glori\sly1 z 9 a ?rone ( ,maje/ie sits sov]aigne1 goodly1 triumphant1 lovely1 equally delici\s1 & c\ragi\s1 prote/+ h] selfe to be a pr(ess$ & irreconcileable enemie to all %>pnesse1 au/]itie1 fe>e1 & compulsion2 hav+ nature = h] guide1 =tune & voluptu\snesse = h] companions2 !y accord+ to _! weaknesse h imag9>ily fa9$ h]1 to h a fooli%1 sad1 grim1 qu>el\s1 spitefull1 ?reatn+1 & disda9full visage1 ) an horride & unpleasant looke2 & h plac$ h] ^u a craggie1 %>pe1 & unfrequ5t$ rocke1 amid/ des]t cliffes & unc\? crags1 z a sc>-cr[1 or bugbe>e1 to affright ! common p )4 ,n[ ! tut\r1 :i* ought to "k t he %\ld r seek to fill ! m9d & /ore ! w ( 8 disciple1 z mu*1 or r m1 ) love & affection1 ?an ) awe1 & rev]5ce unto v]tue1 may %ew & tell him1 t ,poets foll[ common hum\rs1 mak+ him pla9ly to p]ceive1 & z x 7 palpably to feele1 t ! ,gods h r plac$ lab\r & sweat at ! entrances :i* lead to ,v5us *amb]s1 ?an at ! doores t direct to ,pallas cab9ets4 ,& :5 he %all p]ceive 8 s*oll] to h a s5sible feel+ ( himselfe1 pres5t+ ,bradamant ,footnote3 ,a w>like h]o9e 9 ,boi>do's ,orl&o ,innamorato & ,ario/o's ,orl&o ,furioso4 or ,angelica ,footnote3 ,! fai?less pr9cess1 on acc\nt ( :om ,orl&o goes mad1 9 ! same poems4 be=e him1 z a ,mi/resse to enjoy1 embeli%$ ) a naturall1 active1 g5]\s1 & unspott$ beautie n uglie or ,giant-l1 b bli! & livelie1 9 respect ( a wanton1 s(t1 affect$1 & artificiall-fl>+ beautie2 ! "o attir$ l unto a "y man1 coyf$ ) a bright-%9+ helmet1 ! o!r disguis$ & dre/ ab\t ! head l unto an impud5t h>lot1 ) embroyd]ies1 frizel+s1 & c>canets ( pe>les3 he w no d\bt deeme 8 owne love to be a man & no woman1 if 9 8 *oice he diff] f t effem9ate %ephe>d ( ,phrygia4 ,9 ?is new k9d ( lesson he %all decl>e unto him1 t ! prize1 ! glorie1 & height ( true v]tue1 consi/$ 9 ! facilitie1 pr(it1 & pleasure ( 8 ex]cises3 s f> f difficultie & incumbrances1 t *ildr5 z well z m51 ! simple z soone z ! wise1 may come unto h]4 ,discretion & temp]ance1 n =ce or way-w>dnesse are ! in/rum5ts to br+ him unto h]4 ,socrates 7v]tues *iefe favorite7 t he might ! bett] walke 9 ! pleasant1 naturall1 & op5 pa? ( h] progresses1 do? volunt>ily & 9 good1 e>ne/1 quit all compulsion4 ,%ee is ! nurse & fo/]-"m ( all humane ,footnote3 ,human4 pleasures1 :o 9 mak+ !m j & upright1 %e also makes !m sure & s9c]e4 ,by mod]at+ !m1 %e keepe? !m 9 ure ,footnote3 ,practice4 & brea?4 ,9 limit+ & cutt+ !m (f1 :om %e refuse?2 %e :ets u on t[>d ^? %e leave? unto u2 & pl5te\sly leaves u !m1 :i* ,nature please?1 & l a k9d "m give? u ov] unto satietie1 if n unto we>isomnesse1 unlesse we w p]adv5ture say t ! rule & bridle1 :i* /aye? ! drunk>d be=e drunk5nesse1 ! glutton be=e surfett+1 & ! let*] be=e ! los+ ( 8 haire1 be ! enemies ( our pleasures4 ,if common =tune faile h]1 x cle]ely scapes h]2 or %e c>es n = h]1 or %e frames ano!r unto h]selfe1 altoge!r h] owne1 n s fleet+ nor s r[l+4 ,%e kn[e? ! way h[ to be ri*1 mightie & wise1 & h[ to lie 9 sweet-p]fum$ b$s4 ,%e love? life2 %e delights 9 beautie1 9 glorie1 & 9 heal?4 ,b h] prop] & p>ticul> (fice is1 fir/ to "k h[ to use su* goods temp]ately1 & h[ to lose !m con/antly4 ,an (fice mu* m noble ?an sev]e1 )\t :i* all c\rse ( life is unnaturall1 turbul5t1 & de=m$1 to :i* "o may lawfully joyne ^? rocks1 ^? incumbrances1 & ^? hide\s mon/]s4 ,if s x happ51 t 8 ,disciple prove ( s diff]5t a condition1 t he r love to give e>e to an idle fable ?an to ! report ( "s noble voiage1 or o!r notable & wise disc\rse1 :5 he %all he>e x2 t at ! s\nd ( a ,drum or clang ( a ,trumpet1 :i* are wont to r[se & arme ! y\?ly heat ( 8 companions1 turne? to ano!r t calle? him to see a play1 tumbl+1 jugl+ tricks1 or o!r idle lose-"t sports2 & :o = pleasures sake do? n deeme x m delightsome to returne all sweatie & we>ie f a victori\s combat1 f wre/l+1 or rid+ ( a horse1 ?an f a ,t5nis-c\rt or danc+ s*oole1 ) ! prize or hon\r ( su* ex]cises2 ,! be/ rem$y ,i "k = su* a "o is1 to put him pr5tice to "s base occupation1 9 "s good t[ne or o!r1 yea1 7 he ! sonne ( a ,duke2 accord+ to ,platoes rule1 :o sai? ,t *ildr5 mu/ be plac$1 n accord+ to _! fa!rs conditions1 b ! faculties ( _! m9d4 ,s9ce x is ,philosophie t tea*e? u to live1 & t infancie z well z o!r ages1 may pla9ly read h] lessons 9 ! same1 :y %\ld x n be imp>t$ unto "y ,s*oll]s8 ,vdum et molle lutum e/1 nunc nunc prop]&us1 et acri ,f+5dus s9e f9e rota4 ,footnote3 ,,pes4 ,sat4 iii4 #bc4 ,he's moi/ & s(t m\ld1 & mu/ by & by ,be ca/1 made up1 :ile :eele :irls readily4 ,we are taught to live :5 our life is well-nigh sp5t4 ,_m s*oll]s h be5 infect$ ) t loa?some & m>r[-wa/+ disease be=e ev] !y came to read ,ari/otles treatise ( ,temp]ance4 ,cic]o 0 wont to say1 ,t c\ld he out-live ! lives ( two m51 he %\ld nev] f9d leasure to /udy ! ,lyrike ,poets4 ,& ,i f9d ^! ,sophi/]s bo? worse & m unpr(itable4 ,our *ilde is engag$ 9 great] matt]s2 ,& b ! fir/ fifte5e or sixte5e ye>es ( 8 life are due unto ,p$antisme1 ! re/ unto action3 let u !re=e imploy s %ort "t z we h to live 9 m necess>ie in/ructions4 ,x is an abuse2 remove ^! ?ornie quiddities ( ,logike1 :]eby our life c no :it be am5d$1 & betake our selves to ! simple disc\rses ( ,philosophy2 "k h[ to *use & fitly to make use ( !m3 !y are mu* m easie to be conceiv$ ?an "o ( ,bocace 8 tales4 ,a *ilde comm+ f nurse is m capable ( !m1 ?an he is to le>ne to read or write4 ,philosophy ha? disc\rses1 :]e( infancie z well z decay+ old-age may make good use4 ,i am ( ,plut>kes m9d1 :i* is1 t ,ari/otle did n s mu* ammuse 8 great ,disciple ab\t ! arts h[ to frame ,syllogismes1 or ! pr9ciples ( ,geometric1 z he endev\r$ to in/ruct him ) good precepts conc]n+ val\r1 pr[esse1 magnanimitie1 & temp]ance1 & an undant$ assurance n to fe>e any ?+2 & ) su* munition he s5t him1 be+ yet v]ie "y1 to subdue ! ,empire ( ! _w1 only ) #cjjjj footm51 #djjj horsem51 & #dbjjj ,cr[nes 9 monie4 ,z = o!r arts & sci5ces2 he sai? ,alex&] hon\r$ !m1 & comm5d$ _! excell5cie & coml9esse2 b = any pleasure he tooke 9 !m1 8 affection c\ld n easily be drawne to ex]cise !m4 --petite h9c juv5esque s5esque ,f9em animo c]tum1 mis]isque viatica canis4 ,footnote3 ,sat4 v4 #fd ,"y m5 & old1 draw h5ce 79 y\r affaires7 ,y\r m9ds set m>ke1 provision = gray haires4 ,x is t :i* ,epicurus said 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 lett] to ,memiceus3 ,nei!r let ! y\nge/ %un nor ! olde/ we>ie himselfe 9 philosophy+1 = :o do? o!rwise seeme? to say1 t ei!r ! season to live happily is n yet come1 or is already pa/4 ,yet w\ld ,i n h ?is "y g5tleman p5t-up1 nor c>elesly ca/-(f to ! he$lesse *ol]1 or melan*oly hum\r ( ! ha/y ,s*oole-ma/]4 ,i w\ld n h 8 budd+ _s corrupt$ ) keep+ him fa/-ti$1 & z x 7 lab\r+ f\rte5e or fifte5e h\res a day po>+ on 8 booke1 z "s doe1 z if he 7 a day-lab\r+ man2 nei!r doe ,i ?9ke x fit1 if at any "t1 by reason ( "s solitairie or melan*oly complexion1 he %\ld be sc5e ) an ov]-indiscreet application giv5 to 8 booke1 x %\ld be *]i%$ 9 him2 =1 t do? (t5 make him bo? unapt = civill conv]sation & di/racts him f bett] imploym5ts3 ,h[ _m h ,i sc5e 9 my daies1 by an ov]-gre$y desire ( k1 become z x 7 fooli%8 ,c>neades 0 s deeply plung$1 & z ,i may say besott$ 9 x1 t he c\ld nev] h leasure to cut 8 haire1 or p>e 8 nailes3 nor w\ld ,i h 8 noble mann]s obscur$ by ! incivilitie & b>b>isme ( o!rs4 ,! ,fr5* wisdome ha? long s9ce prov]bially be5 spok5 ( z v]ie apt to conceive /udy 9 h] y\?1 b mo/ unapt to keepe x long4 ,9 good tru?1 we see at ?is day t !re is no?+ loveli] to behold ?an ! "y *ildr5 ( ,france2 b = ! mo/ "p1 !y deceive ! hope :i* 0 =e-appreh5d$ ( !m3 = :5 !y once become m51 !re is no excell5cie at all 9 !m4 ,i h he>d m5 ( und]/&+ hold ?is op9ion1 t ! ,colleges to :i* !y are s5t 7( :i* !re are /ore7 doe ?us besot !m3 :]eas to our s*oll]1 a cab9et1 a g>d91 ! table1 ! b$1 a solit>9esse1 a companie1 morn+ & ev5+1 & all h\res %all be alike unto him1 all places %all be a /udy = him3 = ,philosophy 7z a =m] ( judgem5ts1 & model] ( cu/omes7 %all be 8 pr9cipall lesson1 hav+ ! privilege to ent]m$dle h] selfe ) all ?+s1 & 9 all places4 ,isocrates ! ,orator1 be+ once reque/$ at a great banket to speake ( 8 art1 :5 all ?\ght he _h reason to answ]1 said1 ,x is n n[ "t to doe :at ,i c1 & :at %\ld n[ be done1 ,i _c doe x2 ,=1 to pres5t orations1 or to ent] into disputation ( ,rhetorike1 be=e a companie assembl$ toge!r to be m]rie1 & make good *e]e1 w\ld be b a m$ley ( h>% & j>r+ musicke4 ,! l may be said ( all o!r ,sci5ces4 ,b t\*+ ,philosophy1 namely1 9 t po9t :]e x treate? ( man1 & ( 8 duties & (fices1 x ha? be5 ! common judgem5t ( ! wise/1 t 9 reg>d ( ! pleasantnesse ( h] conv]satione1 %e ought n to be reject$1 nei!r at banquets nor at sports4 ,& ,plato hav+ invit$ h] to 8 solemne fea/1 we see h[ k9dly %e ent]ta9e? ! companie ) a milde behavi\r1 fitly sut+ h] selfe to "t & place1 not)/&+ x be "o ( 8 le>n$'/ & pr(itable disc\rses4 ,a,eque paup]ibus prode/1 locupletibus aque1 ,et neglecta aeque pu]is s5ibusque nocebit4 ,footnote3 ,,hor4 #a4 i4 ,epi/4 #abe4 ,poore m5 alike1 alike ri* m5 x ease?1 ,alike x1 scorn$1 old & "y displease?4 ,s d\btlesse he %all lesse be idle ?an o!rs2 = ev5 z ! paces we be/[ walk+ 9 a gall]ie1 al?\gh !y be twice z _m m1 we>ie u n s mu* z ^? we sp5d 9 go+ a set j\rney3 ,s our lesson be+ pa/ ov]1 z x 71 by *ance1 or way ( enc\nt]1 )\t /rict obs]vance ( "t or place1 be+ appli$ to all our actions1 %all be dige/$1 & nev] felt4 ,all sports & ex]cises %all be a "p ( 8 /udy2 runn+1 wre/l+1 musicke1 danc+1 hunt+1 & manag+ ( armes & horses4 ,i w\ld h ! ext]ior demeanor or dec5cie1 & ! disposition ( 8 p]son to be fa%ion$ toge!r ) 8 m9d3 =1 x is n a m9d1 x is n a body t we erect1 b x is a man1 & we mu/ n make two p>ts ( him4 ,& z ,plato sai?1 ,!y mu/ n be erect$ "o )\t ano!r1 b equally be direct$1 no o!rwise ?an a c\ple ( horses mat*$ to draw 9 "o selfe-same teeme4 ,& to he>e him1 do? he n seeme to imploy m "t & c>e 9 ! ex]cises ( 8 bodie3 & to ?9ke t ! m9de is toge!r ) ! same ex]cis$1 & n ! contr>ie8 ,z = o!r matt]s1 ?is in/itution ought to be direct$ by a sweet- sev]e mildnesse2 ,n z "s d1 :o 9 liew ( g5tly-bidd+ *ildr5 to ! banquet ( lett]s1 pres5t !m ) no?+ b horror & crueltie4 ,let me h ?is viol5ce & compulsion remov$1 !re is no?+ t1 9 my seem+1 do? m ba/>dise & dizzie a welborne & g5tle nature3 ,if y w\ld h him /& 9 awe ( %ame & puni%m5t1 doe n s mu* enure him to x3 accu/ome him pati5tly to endure sweat & cold1 ! %>pnesse ( ! w9d1 ! heat ( ! sunne1 & h[ to despise all haz>ds4 ,remove f him all nic5esse & qua9tnesse 9 clo?+1 9 ly+1 9 eat+1 & 9 dr9k+3 fa%ion him to all ?+s1 t he prove n a faire & wanton-pul+ boy1 b a lu/ie & vigor\s boy3 ,:5 ,i 0 a *ild1 be+ a man1 & n[ am old1 ,i h ev] judg$ & believ$ ! same4 ,b among/ o!r ?+s1 ,i c\ld nev] away ) ?is k9d ( discipl9e us$ 9 mo/ ( our ,colleges4 ,x _h p]adv5ture be5 lesse hurtfull1 if !y _h some:at incl9$ to mildnesse1 or g5tle entreatie4 ,x is a v]ie prison ( captivat$ y\?1 & proves dissolute 9 puni%+ x be=e x be s4 ,come ^u !m :5 !y are go+ to _! lesson1 & y he>e no?+ b :ipp+ & brawl+1 bo? ( *ildr5 torm5t$1 & ma/]s besott$ ) ang] & *af+4 ,h[ wide are !y1 :i* g ab\t to allure a *ilds m9d to g to its booke1 be+ yet b t5d] & fe>efull1 ) a /e>ne-fr[n+ c\nt5ance1 & ) h&s full ( rods8 ,oh wick$ & p]nici\s mann] ( tea*+6 :i* ,qu9tillian ha? v wel not$1 t ?is imp]i\s k9d ( au?oritie1 namely1 ?is way ( puni%+ ( *ildr51 drawes _m dang]\s inconv5i5ces )94 ,h[ mu* m dec5t 7 x to see _! s*ool-h\ses & =mes /rew$ ) gre5e b\ghs & fl[]s1 ?an ) bl\dy bur*5-twigs8 ,if x lay 9 me1 ,i w\ld doe z ! ,philosoph] ,speusippus did1 :o caus$ ! pictures ( ,gladness & ,joy1 ( ,flora & ( ! ,graces1 to be set up r\nd ab\t 8 s*ool-h\se4 ,:]e _! pr(it lie?1 !re %\ld also be _! recreation4 ,^? meats ought to be sugr$ ov]1 t are heal?ful = *ildr5s /omakes1 & ^? made bitt] t are hurtfull = !m4 ,x is /range to see h[ c>efull ,plato %ewe? him selfe 9 fram+ ( 8 lawes ab\t ! recreation & pa/ime ( ! y\? ( 8 ,citie1 & h[ f> he ext5ds him selfe ab\t _! ex]cises1 sports1 songs1 leap+1 & danc+1 :]e( he sai?1 t sev]e antiquitie gave ! conduct & patronage unto ! ,gods !mselves1 namely1 to ,apollo1 to ! ,muses1 & to ,m9]va4 ,m>ke b h[ f>-=? he endevore? to give a ?\s& precepts to be kept 9 8 places ( ex]cises bo? ( bodie & m9d4 ,z = le>n$ ,sci5ces1 he /&s n mu* ^u !m1 & seeme? 9 p>ticul> to comm5d ,poesie1 b = ,musickes sake4 ,all /rang5esse & selfe-p>ticul>itie 9 our mann]s & conditions1 is to be %unn$1 z an enemie to societie & civill conv]sation4 ,:o w\ld n be a/oni%$ at ,demophons complexion1 *iefe /ew>d ( ,alex&]s h\sehold1 :o 0 wont to sweat 9 ! %ad[1 & quiv] = cold 9 ! sunne8 ,i h se5e "s to />tle at ! smell ( an apple m ?an at ! %ot ( a peece2 "s to be fright$ ) a m\se1 "s readie to ca/ _! gorge ,footnote3 ,vomit4 at ! sight ( a messe ( creame1 & o!rs to be sc>$ ) see+ a fe!r b$ %ak53 z ,g]manicus1 :o c\ld n abide to see a cock1 or he>e 8 cr[+4 ,!re may haply be "s hidd5 prop]tie ( nature1 :i* 9 my judgem5t might easilie be remov$1 if x 7 tak5 9 "t4 ,in/itution ha? gott5 ?is ^u me 7,i mu/ confesse ) mu* adoe7 =1 except be]e1 all ?+s else t are mans food agree indiff]5tly ) my ta/e4 ,! bodie be+ yet s\ple1 ought to be accommodat$ to all fa%ions & cu/omes2 & 7alwaies provid$1 8 appetites & desires be kept "u7 let a yong man boldly be made fit = al ,nations & companies2 yea1 if ne$ be1 = al disord]s & surfet+s2 let him acqua9t him selfe ) al fa%ions2 ,t he may be able to d al ?+s1 & love to d none b ^? t are comm5dable4 ,"s /rict ,philosoph]s comm5d n1 b r blame ,cali/h5es1 = los+ ! good fav\r ( 8 ,ma/] ,alex&]1 only because he w\ld n pl$ge him z mu* z he _h drunke to him4 ,he %all laugh1 je/1 dally1 & debau* himselfe ) 8 ,pr9ce4 ,& 9 8 debau*+1 ,i w\ld h him out-g al 8 fell[es 9 vigor & con/ancie1 & t he omit n to doe evill1 nei!r = want ( /r5g? or k1 b = lacke ( w4 ,multum int]e/ utrum pecc>e quis nolit1 aut nesciat3 ,footnote3 ,,hor4 ,epi/4 xvii4 #bc4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce1 :e!r "o h no w1 or no wit to doe amisse4 ,i ?\ght to h hon\r$ a g5tleman 7z great a /rang]1 & z f> f su* riot\s disord]s z any is 9 ,france7 by enquir+ ( him 9 v]ie good companie1 h[ _m times 9 all 8 life he _h b9 drunke 9 ,g]manie dur+ ! "t ( 8 abode !re1 ab\t ! necess>ie affaires ( our ,k+2 :o tooke x ev5 z ,i meant x1 & answ]$ ?ree times1 tell+ ! "t & mann] h[4 ,i "k "s1 :o = want ( t qualitie1 h be5 mu* p]plex$ :5 !y h _h occasion to conv]se ) t nation4 ,i h (t5 not$ ) great admiration1 t wond]full nature ( ,alcibiades1 to see h[ easilie he c\ld sute himselfe to s div]s fa%ions & diff]5t humors1 )\t prejudice unto 8 heal?2 sometimes exce$+ ! sumptu\snesse & pompe ( ! ,p]sians1 & n[ & !n surpass+4 ! au/]itie & frugalitie ( ! ,lac$emonians2 z re=m$ 9 ,sp>ta1 z voluptu\s 9 ,ionia4 ,omnis ,ati/ippum decuit color1 et /atus1 et res4 ,footnote3 ,,hor4 ,epi/4 xvii4 #be4 ,all col\rs1 /ates1 & ?+s are fit ,= c\rtly ,ari/ippus wit4 ,su* a "o w\ld ,i frame my ,disciple1 --quem duplici panno pati5tia velat1 ,mirabor1 vita via si conv]sa decebit4 ,:om pati5ce clo!s ) sutes ( d\ble k9d1 ,i muse1 if he ano!r way w f9d4 ,p]sonavnque f]et non inconc9nus utramque4 ,footnote3 ,,cic4 ,tusc4 ,qu4 #a4 iv4 ,he n unfitly may1 ,bo? p>ts & p]sons play4 ,loe "h my lessons1 :]e9 he t acte? !m1 pr(ite? m ?an he t b kn[e? !m1 :om if y see1 y he>e1 & if y he>e him1 y see him4 ,god =bid1 sai? "s bodie 9 ,plato1 t to ,philosophize1 be to le>ne _m ?+s1 & to ex]cise ! arts4 ,hanc amplissimam omnium artium b5e viv5di discipl9am1 vita magis quant litt]is p]sequntd sunt ,footnote3 ,ib4 #bi4 ,?is discipl9e ( liv+ well1 :i* is ! ample/ ( all o!r arts1 !y foll[$ r 9 _! lives ?an 9 _! le>n+ or writ+4 ,leo ,pr9ce ( ! ,phliasians1 enquir+ ( ,h]aclides ,ponticus1 :at art he pr(ess$1 he answ]$1 ,sir1 ,i pr(esse nei!r art nor sci5ce2 b ,i am a ,philosoph]4 ,"s reprov$ ,diog5es1 t be+ an ignorant man1 he did nev]!lesse m$dle ) ,philosophie1 to :om he repli$1 ,s mu* ! m reason h ,i & to great] purpose doe ,i m$dle ) x4 ,hegesias praid him ^u a "t to reade "s booke unto him3 ,y are a m]ry man1 said he3 ,z y *use naturall & n pa9t$1 "r & n c\nt]feit figges to eat1 :y doe y n likewise *use1 n ! pa9t$ & writt51 b ! true & naturall ex]cises8 ,he %all n s mu* repeat1 z act 8 lesson4 ,9 8 actions %all he make repetition ( ! same4 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 :e!r !re bee wisdome 9 8 ent]prises1 integritie 9 8 demeanor1 mode/ie 9 8 je/ures1 ju/ice 9 8 actions1 judgem5t & grace 9 8 spee*1 c\rage 9 8 sicknesse1 mod]ation 9 8 sports1 temp]ance 9 8 pleasures1 ord] 9 ! gov]nm5t ( 8 h\se1 & indiff]5ce 9 8 ta/e1 :e!r x be fle%1 fi%1 w9e1 or wat]1 or :atsoev] he fe$e? ^u4 ,qui discipl9am suam non o/5tationem sci5tiae s$ legem vitae putet3 quique obtemp]et ipse sibi1 et decretis p>eat ,footnote3 ,ib4 ,i4 ii4 ,:o ?9ks 8 le>n+ n an o/5tation ( k1 b a law ( life1 & himselfe obayes himselfe1 & do? :at is decre$4 ,! true mirror ( our disc\rses is ! c\rse ( our lives4 ,zeuxidamus answ]$ "o t dem&$ ( him1 :y ! ,lac$emonians did n draw into a booke1 ! ord9ances ( pr[esse1 t s _! yong m5 might read !m2 x is1 sai? he1 because !y w\ld r accu/ome !m to de$s & actions1 ?an to bookes & writ+s4 ,comp>e at ! end ( fifte5e or sixte5e ye>es "o ( ^! collegiall ,lat9iz]s1 :o ha? imploy$ all t :ile onely 9 le>n+ h[ to speake1 to su* a "o z ,i meane4 ,! _w is no?+ b babl+ & words1 & ,i nev] saw man t do? n r speake m ?an he ought1 ?an lesse4 ,not)/&+ halfe our age is consum$ t way4 ,we are kept f\re or five ye>es le>n+ to und]/& b>e words1 & to jo9e !m into clauses1 !n z long 9 proportion+ a great bodie ext5d$ into f\re or five p>ts2 & five m at lea/ ere we c succ9ctly "k h[ to m+le1 jo9e1 & int]lace !m h&somly into a subtil fa%ion1 & into "o coh]5t orbe4 ,let u leave x to ^? ^: pr(ession is to doe no?+ else4 ,be+ once on my j\rney to ,orleans1 x 0 my *ance to meet ^u t pla9e t lie? on ?is side ,cl]y1 ) two ,ma/]s ( ,arts1 travel+ t[>d ,bordeaux1 ab\t fiftie paces "o f ano!r2 f> (f beh9d !m1 ,i descride a tr\pe ( horsem51 _! ,ma/] rid+ =mo/1 :o 0 ! ,e>le ( ,ro*efocault2 "o ( my s]vants enquir+ ( ! fir/ ( ^? ,ma/]s ( ,arts1 :at ,g5tleman he 0 t foll[$ him2 suppos+ my s]vant _h meant 8 fell[-s*oll]1 = he _h n yet se5 ! ,e>les tra9e1 answ]$ pleasantly1 ,he is no g5tleman1 ,sir1 b a ,gram>ian1 & ,i am a ,logitian4 ,n[1 we t contr>iwise seek n to frame a ,gram>ian1 nor a ,logitian1 b a compleat g5tleman1 let u give !m leave to misp5d _! "t2 we h else-:]e1 & some:at else ( m import to doe4 ,s t our ,disciple be well & suffici5tly /or$ ) matt]2 words w foll[ apace1 & if !y w hot foll[ g5tly1 he %all hale !m on p]=ce4 ,i he>e "s excuse !mselves1 t !y _c expresse _! mean+1 & make a semblance t _! heads are s full /uft ) _m goodly ?+s1 b = want ( eloqu5ce !y c nei!r titt] nor make %[ ( !m4 ,x is a me]e fopp]ie4 ,& w y "k :at1 9 my seem+1 ! cause is8 ,!y are %ad[s & ,*im]aes1 proce$+ ( "s =melesse conceptions1 :i* !y _c di/+ui% or resolve )91 & by consequ5ce are n able to produce !m 9 z-mu* z !y und]/& n !mselves3 ,& if y b m>ke _! e>ne/nesse1 & h[ !y /amm] & lab\r at ! po9t ( _! deliv]le1 y w\ld deeme t :at !y g )all1 is b a conceiv+1 & !re=e no?+ ne]e d[nely+2 & t !y doe b licke t imp]fect & %apelesse lump ( matt]4 ,z = me1 ,i am ( op9ion1 & ,socrates w\ld h x s1 t he :o _h a cle>e & lively imag9ation 9 8 m9d1 may easilie produce & utt] ! same1 al?\gh x be 9 ,b]gamaske ,footnote3 ,a ru/ic dialect ( ! nor? ( ,italy4 or ,wel%1 & if he be dumbe1 by signes & tok5s4 ,v]baque praevisam rem non invita sequ5tur4 ,footnote3 ,,hor4 ,art4 ,poet4 #caa4 ,:5 matt] we =e-"k1 ,words volunt>ie fl[4 ,z "o said1 z poetically 9 8 prose1 ,cum res animum occupav]e1 v]ba ambiunt2 ,footnote3 ,,s$4 ,controv4 #a4 vii4 prae4 ,:5 matt] ha? posse/ _! m9ds1 !y hunt aft] words3 & ano!r3 ,ipsa res v]ba rapiunt3 ,footnote3 ,,cic4 de ,f94 ,i4 iii4 c4 #e4 ,?+s !mselves w cat* & c>ry words3 ,he kn[es nei!r ,ablative1 ,conjunctive1 ,sub/antive1 nor ,gram>1 no m do? 8 ,lackey1 nor any ,oy/]-wife ab\t ! /reets1 & yet if y h a m9d to x he w int]ta9e y1 y\r fill1 & p]adv5ture /umble z little & z seldome aga9/ ! rules ( 8 tongue1 z ! be/ ,ma/] ( arts 9 ,france4 ,he ha? no skill 9 ,rhetoricke1 nor c he ) a preface =e-/all & captivate ! ,g5tle ,read]s good w3 nor c>e? he greatly to "k x4 ,9 good soo?1 all ?is g>i% pa9t+ is easilie defac$1 by ! lu/re ( an 9-br$ & simple tru?2 = ^! da9ties & qua9t devices s]ve b to ammuse ! vulg> sort2 unapt & incapable to ta/e ! mo/ solid & firme meat3 z ,af] v]ie pla9ly decl>e? 9 ,cornelius ,tacitus4 ,! ,ambassad\rs ( ,samos be+ come to ,cleom5es ,k+ ( ,sp>ta1 prep>$ ) a long prolix ,oration1 to /ir him up to w> aga9/ ! tyrant ,policrates1 aft] he _h li/n$ a good :ile unto !m1 8 answ] 03 ,t\*+ y\r ,exordium or beg9n+ ,i h =gott5 x2 ! middle ,i rememb] n2 & = y\r conclusion ,i w d no?+ 9 x4 ,a fit1 & 7to my ?9k+7 a v]ie good answ]2 & ! ,orators 7 put to su* a %ift2 z !y knew n :at to replie4 ,& :at said ano!r8 ! ,a!nians f out two ( _! cunn+ ,ar*itects1 7 to *use "o to erect a notable great frame2 ! "o ( !m m affect$ & selfe presum+1 pres5t$ himselfe be=e !m1 ) a smoo? =e- prem$itat$ disc\rse1 ab\t ! subject ( t piece ( worke1 & !reby drew ! judgem5ts ( ! common p unto 8 lik+2 b ! o!r 9 few words spake ?us3 ,lords ( ,a!ns1 :at ?is man ha? said ,i w p]=me4 ,9 ! greate/ e>ne/nesse ( ,cic]oes eloqu5ce _m 7 drawn into a k9d ( admiration2 ,b ,cato je/+ at x1 said1 ,h we n a pleasant ,consull8 ,a quicke cunn+ ,argum5t1 & a wittie say+1 :e!r x g be=e or come aft]1 x is nev] out ( season4 ,if x h no coh]5ce ) t :i* goe? be=e1 nor ) :at comme? aft]2 x is good & comm5dable 9 x selfe4 ,i am none ( ^? t ?9k a good ,ryme1 to make a good ,poeme2 let him h>dly 7if s he please7 make a %ort syllable long1 x is no great matt]2 if ! inv5tion be r>e & good1 & 8 wit & judgem5t h cunn+ly play$ _! "p4 ,i w say to su* a "o2 he is a good ,poet1 b an ill ,v]sifi]4 ,emunciae n>is1 durus compon]e v]sus4 ,footnote3 ,,hor4 #a4 i4 ,sat4 iv4 ,a man ^: s5se c\ld f9ely pi]ce1 ,b h>% & h>d to make a v]se4 ,let a man 7sai? ,horace7 make 8 worke loose all seames1 measures1 & joynts4 ,tempora c]ta moddsque1 et quod prius ord9e v]bum e/1 ,footnote3 ,ib4 #eh4 ,po/]ius facias1 praepon5s ultima primis3 ,inv5ias etiam disjecti membra ,poetae4 ,footnote3 ,ib4 #fb4 ,set times & moods1 make y ! fir/ ^w la/1 ,! la/ ^w fir/1 z if !y 7 new ca/3 ,yet f9d ?' unjoynt$ ,poets jo9ts /& fa/4 ,he %all = all t1 no?+ ga9-say himselfe1 e piece w make a good %ew4 ,to ?is purpose answ]$ ,m5&] ^? t *id him1 ! day be+ at h&1 9 :i* he _h promis$ a ,com$y1 & _h n begun ! same1 ,tut-tut1 said he1 x is alreadie f9i%$1 !re wante? no?+ b to adde ! v]se unto x2 =1 hav+ rang$ & ca/ ! plot 9 8 m9d1 he made small accompt ( feet1 ( measures1 or cad5ces ( v]ses1 :i* inde$ are b ( small import 9 reg>d ( ! re/4 ,s9ce great ,rons>de & le>n$ ,bellay h rais$ our ,fr5* ,poesie unto t height ( hon\r :]e x n[ is3 ,i see n "o ( ^! petty ballad-mak]s1 or pr5tise dogrell rym]s1 t do? n bomba/ 8 lab\rs ) high-swell+ & heav5-disimb[ell+ words1 & t do? n m>%all 8 cad5ces v]ie ne]e z !y doe4 ,plus sonat quam valet4 ,footnote3 ,s51 ,epi/4 xl4 ,! s\nd is m ?an ! weight or wor?4 ,& = ! vulg> sort !re 7 nev] s _m ,poets1 & s few good3 b z x ha? be5 easie = !m to repres5t _! rymes1 s come !y f> %ort 9 imitat+ ! ri* descriptions ( ! "o1 & r>e inv5tions ( ! o!r4 ,b :at %all he doe1 if he be urg$ ) sophi/icall subtilties ab\t a ,sillogisme8 ,a gammon ( ,bacon makes a man dr9k1 dr9k+ qu5*e? a mans ?ir/2 ,ergo1 a gammon ( bacon qu5*e? a mans ?ir/4 ,let him mock at x1 x is m wittie to be mockt at ?an to be answ]$4 ,let him borr[ ?is pleasant c\nt]-craft ( ,ari/ippus2 ,:y %all ,i unb9d t1 :i* be+ b\nd do? s mu* tr\ble me8 ,"s "o propos$ c]ta9e ,logicall quiddities aga9/ ,clean!s1 to :om ,*risippus said2 use su* jugl+ tricks to play ) *ildr51 & div]t n ! s]i\s ?\ghts ( an ag$ man to su* idle matt]s4 ,if su* fooli% wiles1 ,contorta et aculeata sophismata1 ,footnote3 ,cic4 ,acad4 ,qu4 #a4 iv4 ,intricate & /+$ sophismes1 mu/ p]swade a lie1 x is dang]\s3 b if !y proove void ( any effect1 & move him b to laught]1 ,i see n :y he %all bew>e ( !m4 ,"s !re are s fooli% t w g a qu>t] ( a mile out ( ! way to hunt aft] a qua9t new ^w1 if !y once get 9 *ace2 ,aut qui non v]ba rebus aptant1 s$ res extr9secus arcessunt1 quibus v]ba conv5iant3 ,or su* z fit n words to matt]1 b fet* matt] f abroad1 :]eto words be fitt$4 ,& ano!r1 ,qui alicujus v]bi decore plac5tis1 voc5tur ad id quod non proposu]ant scrib]e3 ,footnote3 ,s54 ,epi/4 liii4 ,:o are allur$ by ! grace ( "s pleas+ ^w1 to write :at !y int5d$ n to write4 ,i doe m will+ly w9de up a wittie notable s5t5ce1 t s ,i may sew x ^u me1 ?an unw9de my ?read to g fet* x4 ,contr>iwise1 x is = words to s]ve & wait ^u ! matt]1 & n = matt] to att5d ^u words1 & if ! ,fr5* tongue _c rea* unto x1 let ! ,gaskonie1 or any o!r4 ,i w\ld h ! matt]s to surm\nt1 & s fill ! imag9ation ( him t h>k5e?1 t he h no remembrance at all ( ! words4 ,x is a naturall1 simple1 & unaffect$ spee* t ,i love1 s writt5 z x is spok51 & su* ^u ! pap]1 z x is 9 ! m\?1 a pi?ie1 s9n[ie1 full1 /rong1 comp5di\s & mat]iall spee*1 n s delicate & affect$ z vehem5t & pi]c+4 ,hac demum sapiet dictio qua f]iet4 ,footnote3 ,epitaph on ,lucan1 #f4 ,9 f9e1 t ^w is wisely fit1 ,:i* /rikes ! f5ce1 ! m>ke do? hit4 ,r difficult ?an t$i\s1 void ( affection1 free1 loose & bold1 t e memb] ( x seeme to make a bodie2 n ,p$anticall1 nor ,fri]-l1 nor ,lawy]-l1 b r d[ne "r1 ,s\ldi]-l4 ,z ,suetonius calle? t ( ,julius ,caes>1 :i* ,i see no reason :]e=e he calle? x4 ,i h sometimes pleas$ myselfe 9 imitat+ t lic5ci\snesse or wanton hum\r ( our y\?s1 9 we>+ ( _! g>m5ts2 z c>elessly to let _! cloaks hang d[ne ov] "o %\ld]2 to we>e _! cloakes sc>fe or bawdrikewise1 & _! /ock+s loose hang+ ab\t _! legs4 ,x repres5ts a k9d ( disda9ful fi]c5esse ( ^! =ra9e embelli%+s1 & neglect c>elesnesse ( art3 ,b ,i comm5d x m be+ imploy$ 9 ! c\rse & =me ( spee*4 ,all mann] ( affectation1 namely ,footnote3 ,especially1 9 ! livel9esse & lib]tie ( ,france1 is unseemely 9 a ,c\rti]4 ,& 9 a ,mon>*ie e ,g5tleman ought to addresse himselfe unto ,footnote3 ,aim at a ,c\rti]s c>riage4 ,!re=e d we well some:at to incl9e to a native & c>elesse behavi\r4 ,i l n a contexture1 :]e ! seames & pieces may be se53 ,z 9 a well compact bodie1 :at ne$ a man di/+ui% & numb] all ! bones & ve9es sev]ally8 ,quae v]itati op]am dat oratio1 incomposita sit et simplex ,footnote3 ,s54 ,epi/4 xl ,quis accurate loquitur nisi qui vult putide loqui ,footnote3 ,ib4 ,epi/4 ixxr4 ,! spea* t int5de? tru? mu/ be pla9e & unpolli%t3 ,:o speake? elaborately1 b he t meanes to speake unfav\rably8 ,t eloqu5ce (f]e? injurie unto ?+s1 :i* altoge!r drawes u to obs]ve x4 ,z 9 app>ell1 x is a signe ( pusillanimitie = "o to m>ke himselfe1 9 "s p>ticul> & unusuall fa%ion3 s likewise 9 common spee*1 = "o to hunt aft] new phrases1 & unaccu/om$ qua9t words1 proce$e? ( a s*ola/icall & *ildi% ambition4 ,let me use none o!r ?an are spok5 9 ! hals ( ,p>is4 ,ari/ophanes ! ,gram>ian 0 some:at out ( ! way1 :5 he reprov$ ,epicurus1 = ! simplicitie ( 8 words1 & ! end ( 8 art oratorie1 :i* 0 onely p]spicuitie 9 spee*4 ,! imitation ( spee*1 by reason ( ! facilitie ( x1 foll[e? pres5tly a :ole nation4 ,! imitation ( judg+ & inv5t+ comes m sl[4 ,! great] numb] ( ,read]s1 because !y h f\nd "o self-same k9d ( g[ne1 suppose mo/ falsely to holde "o l bodie4 ,outw>d g>m5ts & cloakes may be borr[$1 b nev] ! s9ews & /r5g? ( ! bodie4 ,mo/ ( ^? t conv]se ) me1 speake l unto ^! ,essayes2 b ,i "k n :e!r !y ?9k alike4 ,! ,a!nians 7z ,plato av]re?7 h = _! "p great c>e to be flu5t & eloqu5t 9 _! spee*2 ,! ,lac$emonians endev\r to be %ort & comp5di\s2 & ^? ( ,creet lab\r m to bee pl5tifull 9 conceits ?an 9 language4 ,& ^! are ! be/4 ,z5o 0 wont to say1 ,t he _h two sorts ( disciples2 ! "o he call$ ,greek ^w omitt$1 curi\s to le>ne ?+s1 & ^? 7 8 d>l+s1 ! o!r he t]m$ ,greek ^w omitt$1 :o respect$ no?+ m ?an ! language4 ,yet c no man say1 b t to speake well1 is mo/ graci\s & comm5dable1 b n s excell5t z "s make x3 & ,i am griev$ to see h[ we imploy mo/ "p ( our "t ab\t t onely4 ,i w\ld fir/ "k m9e owne tongue p]fectly1 !n my neighb\rs ) :om ,i h mo/ comm]ce4 ,i mu/ ne$s ackn[l$ge1 t ! ,greeke & ,lat9e tongues are great ornam5ts 9 a g5tleman1 b !y are pur*as$ at ov]-high a rate4 ,use x :o li/1 ,i w tell y h[ !y may be gott5 bett]1 *eap]1 & mu* soon] ?an is ord9>ily us$1 :i* 0 tri$ 9 myselfe4 ,my late fa!r1 hav+1 by all ! meanes & indu/rie t is possible = a man1 s\ght among/ ! wise/1 & m5 ( be/ und]/&+1 to f9d a mo/ exquisite & readie way ( tea*+1 be+ advis$ ( ! inconv5i5ces !n 9 use2 0 giv5 to und]/& t ! l+r+ :ile1 & be/ "p ( our y\?1 t we imploy 9 le>n+ ! tongues1 :i* co/ !m no?+1 is ! onely cause we c nev] atta9e to t absolute p]fection ( skill & k ( ! ,greekes & ,romanes4 ,i doe n beleeve t to be ! onely cause4 ,b s x is1 ! exp$i5t my fa!r f\nd out 0 ?is2 t be+ yet at nurse1 & be=e ! fir/ loos+ ( my tongue1 ,i 0 deliv]$ to a ,g]mane 7:o di$ s9ce1 a mo/ excell5t ,physitian 9 ,france7 he be+ !n altoge!r ignorant ( ! ,fr5* tongue1 b exquisitely readie & skilfull 9 ! ,lat9e4 ,?is man1 :om my fa!r _h s5t = ( purpose1 & to :om he gave v]ie great ent]ta9m5t1 _h me cont9ually 9 8 armes1 & 0 m9e onely ov]se]4 ,!re 7 also joyn$ unto him two ( 8 c\ntrim51 b n s le>n$2 ^: *>ge 0 to att5d1 & n[ & !n to play ) me2 & all ^! toge!r did nev] ent]ta9e me ) o!r ?an ! ,lat9e tongue4 ,z = o!rs ( 8 h\sehold1 x 0 an inviolable rule1 t nei!r himselfe1 nor my "m1 nor man1 nor maid-s]vant1 7 suff]$ to speake "o ^w 9 my companie1 except su* ,lat9e words z e "o _h le>n$ to *at & prattle ) me4 ,x 7 /range to tell h[ e "o 9 ! h\se pr(it$ !re94 ,my ,fa!r & my ,"m le>n$ s mu* ,lat9e1 t = a ne$ !y c\ld und]/& x1 :5 !y he>d x spok51 ev5 s did all ! h\sehold s]vants1 namely su* z 7 ne]e/ & mo/ ab\t me4 ,to be %ort1 we 7 all s ,lat9iz$1 t ! t[nes r\nd ab\t u _h _! %>e ( x2 insomu* z ev5 at ?is day1 _m ,lat9e names bo? ( workm5 & ( _! tooles are yet 9 use among/ !m4 ,& z = myselfe1 ,i 0 ab\t six ye>s old1 & c\ld und]/& no m ,fr5* or ,p]igord9e ?an ,arabike2 & t )\t art1 )\t bookes1 rules1 or gramm]1 )\t :ipp+ or :9+1 ,i _h gott5 z pure a ,lat9 tongue z my ,ma/] c\ld speake2 ! r because ,i c\ld nei!r m+le or conf\nd ! same ) o!r tongues4 ,if = an ,essay !y w\ld give me a ,!me1 :]eas ! fa%ion 9 ,colleges is1 to give x 9 ,fr5*1 ,i _h x 9 bad ,lat9e1 to r$uce ! same into good4 ,& ,ni*olas ,gr\*y1 :o ha? writt5 ,de comitiis ,romanorum1 ,william ,gu]5te1 :o ha? comm5t$ ,ari/otele3 ,george ,bu*anan1 t fam\s ,scotti% ,poet1 & ,m>ke ,antonie ,muret1 :om 7:ile he liv$7 bo? ,france & ,italie to ?is day1 ackn[l$ge to h be5 ! be/ orator3 all :i* h be5e my famili> tutors1 h (t5 told me1 t 9 m9e infancie ,i _h ! ,lat9e tongue s readie & s p]fect1 t !mselves fe>$ to take me 9 h&4 ,& ,bu*anan1 :o aft]w>d ,i saw att5d+ on ! ,m>%all ( ,brissacke1 told me1 he 0 ab\t to write a treatise ( ! in/itution ( *ildr51 & t he tooke ! model & patt]ne f m9e3 = at t "t he _h ! *>ge & br++ up ( ! "y ,e>le ( ,brissack1 :om s9ce we h sc5e prove s wor?y & s valiant a ,capta9e4 ,z = ! ,greeke1 :]e9 ,i h b small und]/&+1 my fa!r purpos$ to make me le>ne x by art2 ,b by new & uncu/om$ meanes1 t is1 by way ( recreation & ex]cise4 ,we did tosse our decl9ations & conjugations to & fro1 z !y doe1 :o by way ( a c]ta9e game at tables le>ne bo? ,ari?metike & ,geometrie4 ,=1 among/ o!r ?+s he _h especially be5e p]suad$ to make me ta/e & appreh5d ! fruits ( dutie & sci5ce by an un=c$ k9de ( w1 & ( m9e owne *oice2 & )\t any compulsion or rigor to br+ me up 9 all mildnesse & lib]tie3 yea ) su* k9de ( sup]/ition1 t1 :]eas "s are ( op9ion t sudd5ly to awak5 "y *ildr51 & z x 7 by viol5ce to />tle & fright !m out ( _! dead sleepe 9 a morn+ 7:]e9 !y are m heavie & deep] plung$ ?an we7 do? greatly tr\ble & di/emp] _! bra9es1 he w\ld e morn+ cause me to be awak5$ by ! s\nd ( "s in/rum5t2 & ,i 0 nev] )\t a s]vant :o to t purpose att5d$ ^u me4 ,?is example may s]ve to judge ( ! re/2 z also to comm5d ! judgem5t & t5d] affection ( s c>efull & lov+ a fa!r3 :o is n to be blam$1 ?\gh hee reap$ n ! fruits answ]able to 8 exquisite toyle & pa9efull manur+4 ,footnote3 ,cultivation4 ,two ?+s h9d]$ ! same2 fir/ ! b>r5nesse & unfit soyle3 = h[beit ,i 7 ( a s\nd & /rong con/itution1 & ( a tractable & yeeld+ condition1 yet 0 ,i s heavie1 s sluggi%1 & s dull1 t ,i c\ld n be r\z$ 7yea 7 x to goe to play7 f out m9e idle dr[z9esse4 ,:at ,i saw1 ,i saw x p]fectly2 & "u ?is heavy1 & z x 7 ,le!-complexion did ,i bre$ h>die imag9ations1 & op9ions f>re above my ye>es4 ,my _s 0 v sl[1 & w\ld goe no fur!r ?an x 0 l$ by o!rs2 my appreh5sion blocki%1 my inv5tion poore2 & besides1 ,i _h a m>vel\s defect 9 my weake memorie3 x is !re=e no wond]1 if my fa!r c\ld nev] br+ me to any p]fection4 ,secondly1 z ^? t 9 "s dang]\s sicknesse1 mov$ ) a k9d ( hope-full & gre$ie desire ( p]fect heal? aga9e1 give e>e to e ,lea* or ,emp]ike1 ,footnote3 ,doctor or quack4 & foll[ all c\nsels1 ! good man be+ exce$+ly fe>efull to commit any ov]sight1 9 a matt] he tooke s to he>t1 suff]$ himselfe at la/ to be l$ away by ! common op9ion1 :i* l unto ! ,cranes1 foll[e? ev] ^? t g be=e1 & yeeld$ to cu/om] hav+ ^? no long] ab\t him1 t _h giv5 him 8 fir/ directions1 & :i* !y _h br\ght out ( ,italie4 ,be+ b six ye>es old ,i 0 s5t to ! ,college ( ,gui5ne1 !n mo/ fl\ri%+ & reput$ ! be/ 9 ,france1 :]e x is impossible to adde any ?+ to ! great c>e he _h1 bo? to *use ! be/ & mo/ suffici5t ma/]s t c\ld be f\nd1 to reade unto me1 z also = all o!r circum/ances p>ta9+ to my education2 :]e9 contr>y to usuall cu/omes ( ,colleges1 he obs]v$ _m p>ticul> rules4 ,b s x is1 x 0 ev] a ,college4 ,my ,lat9 tongue 0 =?) corrupt$1 :]e( by reason ( discont9uance1 ,i aft]w>d lo/ all mann] ( use3 :i* new k9d ( in/itution /ood me 9 no o!r /ead1 b t at my fir/ admittance x made me to ov]skip "s ( ! l[] =mes1 & to be plac$ 9 ! highe/4 ,= at ?irte5e ye>es ( age1 t ,i left ! ,college1 ,i _h read ov] ! :ole c\rse ( ,philosophie 7z !y call x7 b ) s small pr(it1 t ,i c n[ make no acc\nt ( x4 ,! fir/ ta/e or feel+ ,i _h ( bookes1 0 ( ! pleasure ,i tooke 9 read+ ! fables ( ,ovids ,metamorphosies2 =1 be+ b sev5 or eight ye>es old1 ,i w\ld /eale & seque/] my selfe f all o!r delights1 only to reade !m3 ,=somu* z ! tongue :]e9 !y 7 writt5 0 to me naturall2 & x 0 ! easie/ booke ,i knew1 & by reason ( ! matt] !re9 conta9$ mo/ agree+ ) my "y age4 ,= ( ,k+ ,ar?ur1 ( ,lancelot du ,lake1 ( ,amadis1 ( ,huon ( ,burdeaux1 & su* idle "t consum+ & wit-besott+ tra% ( bookes :]e9 y\? do? commonly ammuse x selfe1 ,i 0 n s mu* z acqua9t$ ) _! names1 & to ?is day "k n _! bodies1 nor :at !y conta9e3 ,s exact 0 my discipl9e4 ,:]eby ,i became m c>elesse to /udie my o!r prescript lessons4 ,& well did x fall out = my purpose1 t ,i _h to deale ) a v discreet ,ma/]1 :o out ( 8 judgem5t c\ld ) su* dext]ite w9ke at & second my unt[>dl9esse1 & su* o!r faults t 7 9 me4 ,= by t meanes ,i read ov] ,virgils ,a,eneados1 ,t]5ce1 ,plautus1 & o!r ,italian ,com$ies1 allur$ !reunto by ! pleasantnesse ( _! sev]all subjects3 ,_h he be5e s fooli%ly- sev]e1 or s sev]ely fr[>d z to crosse ?is c\rse ( m9e1 ,i ?9ke v]ily ,i _h nev] br\ght any ?+ f ! ,college1 b ! hate & contempt ( ,bookes1 z do? ! greate/ "p ( our ,nobilitie4 ,su* 0 8 discretion1 & s w>ily did he behave himselfe1 t he saw & w\ld n see3 hee w\ld fo/] & increase my long+3 suff]+ me b by /eal? & by snat*es to glut my selfe ) ^? ,bookes1 hold+ ev] a g5tle h& ov] me1 conc]n+ o!r regul> /udies4 ,=1 ! *iefe/ ?+ my fa!r requir$ at _! h&s 7unto ^: *>ge he _h committ$ me7 0 a k9de ( well condition$ mildnesse & facilitie ( complexion4 ,footnote3 ,eas9ess ( disposition4 ,&1 to say tru?1 m9e _h no o!r fault1 b a c]ta9e dull langui%+ & heavie slo?fullnesse4 ,! dang] 0 n1 ,i %\ld doe ill1 b t ,i %\ld doe no?+4 ,no man did ev] suspect ,i w\ld prove a bad1 b an unpr(itable man3 =esee+ 9 me r a k9d ( idl5esse ?an a volunt>y craft9esse4 ,i am n s selfe-conceit$ b ,i p]ceive :at ha? foll[$4 ,! compla9ts t are daily buzz$ 9 m9e e>es are ^!2 t ,i am idle1 cold1 & neglig5t 9 (fices ( fri5d%ip1 & dutie to my p>5ts & k9sfolkes2 & t\*+ publike (fices1 t ,i am ov] s+ul> & disda9full4 ,& ^? t are mo/ injuri\s _c aske1 :]e=e ,i h tak51 & :y ,i h n pai$8 b may r dem&1 :y ,i doe n quit1 & :]e=e ,i doe n give8 ,i w\ld take x z a fav\r1 !y %\ld wi% su* effects ( sup]]ogation 9 me4 ,b !y are unju/ & ov] p>tiall1 t w goe ab\t to exact t f me :i* ,i owe n1 ) m vig\r ?an !y w exact f !mselves t :i* !y owe2 :]e9 if !y condemne me1 !y utt]ly cancell bo? ! gratify+ ( ! action1 & ! gratitude1 :i* !reby w\ld be due to me4 ,:]eas ! active well do+ %\ld be ( m consequ5ce1 proce$+ f my h&1 9 reg>d ,i h no passive at all4 ,:]e=e ,i may s mu* ! m freely dispose ( my =tune1 by h[ mu* m x is m9e1 & ( my selfe t am mo/ m9e owne4 ,not)/&+1 if ,i 7 a great blazon] ( m9e owne actions1 ,i might p]adv5ture b>re su* repro*es1 & ju/ly upraid "s1 t !y are n s mu* (f5d$1 because ,i doe n en\gh1 z = t ,i may1 & x lies 9 my p[] to doe mu* m ?an ,i doe4 ,yet my m9de ceas$ n at ! same "t to h peculi> unto x selfe well setl$ motions1 true & op5 judgem5ts conc]n+ ! objects :i* x knew2 :i* alone1 & )\t any helpe or communication x w\ld dige/4 ,& among/ o!r ?+s1 ,i v]ily beleeve x w\ld h prov$ altoge!r incapable & unfit to yeeld unto =ce1 or /oope unto viol5ce4 ,%all ,i acc\nt or relate ?is qualitie ( my infancie1 :i* 01 a k9de ( boldnesse 9 my lookes1 & g5tle s(tnesse 9 my voice1 & affabilitie 9 my ge/ures1 & a dext]ite 9 con=m+ my selfe to ! p>ts ,i und]tooke8 = be=e ! age ( ! ,alt] ab undecimo turn me vix cep]at annus4 ,footnote3 ,virg4 ,buc4 ,ecl4 viii4 #ci4 ,ye>es _h ,i 7to make ev57 ,sc>ce two above elev54 ,i h "u-gone & repres5t$ ! *iefe/ "p 9 ! ,lat9 ,trag$ies ( ,bu*anan1 ,gu]5te1 & ( ,muret2 :i* 9 great /ate 7 act$ & plaid 9 our ,college ( ,gui5ne3 :]e9 ,&reas ,goveanus our ,rector pr9cipall2 :o z 9 all o!r p>ts belong+ to 8 *>ge1 0 )\t comp>ison ! *iefe/ ,rector ( ,france1 & my selfe 7)\t o/5tation be x spok57 0 reput$1 if n a *iefe-ma/]1 yet a pr9cipall ,actor 9 !m4 ,x is an ex]cise ,i r comm5d ?an disal[ 9 "y ,g5tlem53 & h se5e "s ( our ,pr9ces 79 imitation ( "s ( =m] ages7 bo? comm5dably & hone/ly1 9 _! prop] p]sons act & play "s p>ts 9 ,trag$ies4 ,x ha? h]et(ore be5 e/eem$ a lawfull ex]cise1 & a tol]able pr(ession 9 m5 ( honor1 namely 9 ,greece4 ,ari/oni tragico actori rem ap]it3 huic et g5us et =tuna hone/a erant3 nec ars1 quia nihil tale apud ,graecos pudori e/1 ea de=mabat4 ,footnote3 ,liv4 ,deo4 iii4 #a4 iv4 ,he imp>ts ! matt] to ,ari/on a ,play] ( trag$ies1 ^: prog5ie & =tune 7 bo? hone/2 nor did 8 pr(ession disgrace !m1 because no su* matt] is a disp>agem5t among/ ! ,grecians4 ,& ,i h ev] accus$ !m ( imp]t95cie1 t condemne & disal[ su* k9des ( recreations1 & blame ^? ( inju/ice1 t refuse good & hone/ ,com$ians1 or 7z we call !m7 ,play]s1 to ent] our good t[nes1 & grudge ! common p su* publike sports4 ,politike & wel ord]$ commonweal?s endev\r r c>efully to unite & assemble _! ,citiz5s toge!r2 z 9 s]i\s (fices ( devotion1 s 9 hone/ ex]cises ( recreation4 ,common societie & lov+ fri5d%ip is !reby *]i%$ & increas$4 ,& besides1 !y _c h m =mal & regul> pa/imes all[$ !m1 ?an su* z are act$ & repres5t$ 9 op5 view ( all1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! magi/rates !mselves2 ,& if ,i might be>e sway1 ,i w\ld ?9ke x reasonable1 t ,pr9ces %\ld sometimes1 at _! prop] *>ges1 gratifie ! common p ) !m1 z an argum5t ( a fa!rly affection1 & lov+ goodnesse t[>ds !m3 & t 9 popul\s & frequ5t$ cities1 !re %\ld be ,!atres & places appo9t$ = su* spectacles2 z a div]t+ ( worse inconv5i5ces1 & secret actions4 ,b to come to my int5d$ purpose !re is no bett] way to allure ! affection1 & to entice ! appetite3 o!rwise a man %all bre$ b asses lad5 ) ,bookes4 ,) j]ks ( rods !y h _! sat*els full ( le>n+ giv5 !m to keepe4 ,:i* to doe well1 "o mu/ n only h>bor 9 himselfe1 b w$ & m>ry ! same ) 8 m9de4 ,,( ,,fri5d%ip ,consid]+ ! proce$+ ( a ,pa9t]s worke ,i h1 a desire ha? possess$ mee to imitate him3 ,he make? *oice ( ! mo/ conv5i5t place & middle ( ev]ie wall1 !re to place a picture1 lab\r$ ) all 8 skill & suffici5cie2 & all void places ab\t x he fille? up ) antike ,boscage ,footnote3 ,foliat$ ornam5t or ,crotesko ,footnote3 ,grotesque works2 :i* are fanta/icall pictures1 hav+ no grace1 b 9 ! v>iety & /rang5esse ( !m4 ,& :at are ^! my compositions 9 tru?1 o!r ?an antike workes1 & mon/r\s bodies1 pat*$ & hudl$ up toge!r ( div]s memb]s1 )\t any c]ta9e or well ord]$ figure1 hav+ nei!r ord]1 dep5d5cie1 or proportion1 b casuall & fram$ by *ance8 ,def9it 9 piscem muli] =mosa sup]ne4 ,footnote3 ,hon4 ,art4 ,poet4 #d4 ,a woman faire = p>ts sup]ior1 ,ends 9 a fi% = p>ts inf]ior4 ,t\*+ ?is second po9t ,i goe z f>re z my ,pa9t]1 b = ! o!r & bett] "p ,i am f>re beh9de3 = my suffici5cy rea*e? n s f>re z t ,i d>e und]take a ri*1 a poli%$1 &1 accord+ to true skill1 an art-l table4 ,i h advis$ myselfe to borr[ "o ( ,/ev5 de la ,boetie1 :o ) ?is k9de ( worke %all hon\r all ! _w4 ,x is a disc\rse he entitl$ ,volunt>y ,s]vitude1 b ^? :o h n kn[ne him1 h s9ce v prop]ly rebaptiz$ ! same1 ,! ,aga9/-"o4 ,9 8 fir/ y\? he writ1 by way ( ,essaie1 9 hon\r ( lib]tie aga9/ ,tyrants4 ,x ha? long s9ce be5e disp]s$ among/ m5 ( und]/&+1 n )\t great & well des]v$ comm5dations3 = x is full ( wit1 & conta9e? z mu* le>n+ z may be3 yet do? x diff] mu* f ! be/ he c d4 ,& if 9 ! age ,i knew him 91 he w\ld h und]gone my dessigne to set 8 fantasies d[ne 9 writ+1 we %\ld d\btlesse see _m r>e ?+s1 & :i* w\ld v ne]ely appro* ! hon\r ( antiquity3 = especially t\*+ t "p ( natures gifts1 ,i "k none may be comp>$ to him4 ,b x 0 n long ( him1 t ev] ?is ,treatise came to mans view1 & ,i beleeve he nev] saw x s9ce x fir/ escap$ 8 h&s3 ) c]ta9e o!r notes conc]n+ ! edict ( ,janu>ie1 fam\s by reason ( our inte/9e w>re1 :i* haply may 9 o!r places f9de _! des]v$ praise4 ,x is all ,i c\ld ev] recov] ( 8 reliques 7:om :5 dea? seiz$1 he by 8 la/ w & te/am5t1 left ) s k9de remembrance1 heire & executor ( 8 libr>ie & writ+s7 besides ! little booke1 ,i s9ce caus$ to be publi%$3 ,to :i* 8 pamphlet ,i am p>ticul>ly mo/ b\nd51 = s mu* z x 0 ! in/rum5tall meane ( our fir/ acqua9tance4 ,= x 0 %ew$ me long "t be=e ,i saw him2 & gave me ! fir/ k ( 8 "n1 address+1 & ?us n\ri%+ t unspott$ fri5d%ip :i* we 7s long z x pleas$ ,god7 h s s9c]ely1 s entire & inviolably ma9ta9$ betwe5e u1 t truly a man %all n commonly he>e ( ! l2 & among/ our mod]ne m5 no signe ( any su* is sc5e4 ,s _m p>ts are requir$ to ! erect+ ( su* a "o1 t x may be c\nt$ a wond] if =tune once 9 ?ree ages contract ! l4 ,!re is no?+ to :i* ,nature ha? m address$ u ?an to societie4 ,& ,ari/otle sai? t p]fect ,law- giv]s h _h m reg>dfull c>e ( fri5d%ip ?an ( ju/ice4 ,& ! utmo/ drift ( its p]fection is ?is4 ,= g5]ally1 all ^? amities :i* are =g$ & n\ri%$ by voluptu\snesse or pr(it1 publike or private ne$1 are !reby s mu* ! lesse faire & g5]\s1 & s mu* ! lesse true amities1 9 t !y int]m$dle o!r causes1 scope1 & fruit ) fri5d%ip1 ?an x selfe alone3 ,nor doe ^? f\re anci5t k9des ( fri5d%ips1 ,naturall1 sociall1 hospitable1 & v5]ian1 ei!r p>ticul>ly or conjo9tly beseeme ! same4 ,t f *ildr5 to p>5ts may r be t]m$ respect3 ,fri5d%ip is n\ri%$ by communication1 :i* by reason ( ! ov]-great disp>itie _c bee f\nd 9 !m1 & w\ld happly (f5d ! duties ( nature3 = nei!r all ! secret ?\ghts ( p>5ts c be communicat$ unto *ildr51 le/ x might eng5d] an unbeseem+ famili>itie betwe5e !m1 nor ! admonitions & corrections 7:i* are ! *iefe/ (fices ( fri5d%ip7 c\ld be ex]cis$ f *ildr5 to p>5ts4 ,!re h nations be5e f\nd1 :]e1 by cu/ome1 *ildr5 kill$ _! p>5ts1 & o!rs :]e p>5ts slew _! *ildr51 !reby to avoid ! h9drance ( ent]be>+ ,footnote3 ,mutually support+4 "o ano!r 9 aft]-times3 = naturally "o dep5de? f ! ru9e ( ano!r4 ,!re h ,philosoph]s be5e f\nd disda9+ ?is naturall conjunction3 witnesse ,ari/ippus1 :o be+ urg$ ) ! affection he ought ,footnote3 ,ow$4 8 *ildr51 z proce$+ f 8 loyns1 began to spit1 say+1 ,t also t excrem5t proce$$ f him1 & t also we eng5dr$ wormes & lice4 ,& t o!r man1 :om ,plut>ke w\ld h p]swad$ to agree ) 8 bro!r1 answ]$1 ,i c>e n a /raw ! m = him1 ?\gh he came out ( ! same wombe ,i did4 ,v]ily ! "n ( ,bro!r is a glori\s "n1 & full ( lov+ k9dnesse1 & !re=e did he & ,i t]me "o ano!r sworne bro!r3 b ?is commixture1 divid5ce1 & %>+ ( goods1 ?is joyn+ weal? to weal?1 & t ! ri*es ( "o %all be ! pov]tie ( ano!r1 do? exce$+ly di/emp] & di/ract all bro!rly alliance1 & lovely conjunction3 ,if bro!rs %\ld conduct ! progresse ( _! advancem5t & ?rift 9 "o same pa? & c\rse1 !y mu/ necess>ily (t5times h9d] & crosse "o ano!r4 ,moreov]1 ! correspond5cie & relation t begette? ^! true & mutually p]fect amities1 :y %all x be f\nd 9 ^!8 ,! fa!r & ! sonne may v well be ( a f>re diff]+ complexion1 & s _m bro!rs3 ,he is my sonne1 he is my k9sman2 b he may be a foole1 a bad1 or a peevi%-m9d$ man4 ,& !n accord+ z !y are fri5d%ips :i* ! law & dutie ( nature do? comm& u1 s mu* ! lesse ( our owne volunt>ie *oice & lib]tie is !re requir$ unto x3 ,& our g5u9e lib]tie ha? no production m prop]ly h] owne1 ?an t ( affection & amitie4 ,sure ,i am1 t conc]n+ ! same ,i h assai$ all t might be1 hav+ _h ! be/ & mo/ indulg5t fa!r t ev] 01 ev5 to 8 extreme/ age1 & :o f fa!r to sonne 0 desc5d$ ( a fam\s h\se1 & t\*+ ?is r>e-se5e v]tue ( bro!rly concord v exempl>e3 ----et ipse ,notus 9 fratres animi pat]ni4 ,footnote3 ,hor4 #a4 ii4 ,qd4 li4 #f4 ,to 8 bro!rs kn[ne s k9de4 ,z to be>e a fa!rs m9de4 ,to comp>e ! affection t[>d wom5 unto x1 al?\gh x proce$ f our owne free *oice1 a man _c1 nor may x be plac$ 9 ?is ranke3 ,h] fire1 ,i confesse x to be m 7---neque enim e/ dea nescia no/ri ,quae dulcem curis miscet am>itiem47 ,footnote3 ,catul4 ,epig4 lxvi4 7,nor is t ,goddesse ignorant ( me1 ,^: bitt]-sweets ) my c>es mix$ be47 active1 m f]v5t1 & m %>pe4 ,b x is a ra% & wav]+ fire1 wav+ & div]s3 ! fire ( an ague subject to fits & /9ts1 & t ha? b sl5d] hold-fa/ ( u4 ,9 true fri5d%ip1 x is a g5]all & univ]sall heat1 & equally temp]$1 a con/ant & setl$ heat1 all pleasure & smoo?nes1 t ha? no prick+ or /++ 9 x1 :i* ! m x is 9 lu/full love1 ! m is x b a rag+ & mad desire 9 foll[+ t :i* flies u1 ,come segue la lepre il cacciatore ,alfr$do1 al caldo1 alia montagna1 a lito1 ,ne p9 l'e/ima poi *e presa v$e1 ,e sol dietro a *i fugge affretta il pi$e4 ,footnote3 ,ario/4 c4 x4 /4 #g4 ,ev'n z ! huntsman do? ! h>e pursue1 ,9 cold1 9 heat1 on m\nta9es1 on ! %ore1 ,b c>es no m1 :5 he h] ta'en espies ,spe$+ 8 pace only at t :i* flies4 ,z soone z x creepe? into ! t]mes ( fri5d%ip1 t is to say1 9 ! agreem5t ( wits1 x langui%e? & vani%e? away3 enjoy+ do? lose x1 z hav+ a corporall end1 & subject to satietie4 ,on ! o!r side1 fri5d%ip is enjoy$ accord+ z x is desir$1 x is nei!r br$1 n\ri%$1 nor increase? b 9 jovissance1 z be+ spirituall1 & ! m9de be+ ref9$ by use cu/ome4 ,"u ?is *iefe amitie1 ^! fad+ affections h sometimes f\nd place 9 me1 le/ ,i %\ld speake ( him1 :o 9 8 v]ses speakes b too mu* ( x4 ,s are ^! two passions ent]$ into me 9 k "o ( ano!r1 b 9 comp>ison nev]3 ! fir/ fly+ a high1 & keep+ a pr\d pit*1 disda9fully behold+ ! o!r to passe h] po9ts f>re "u x4 ,conc]n+ m>riage1 besides t x is a cov5ant :i* ha? no?+ free b ! entrance1 ! cont9uance be+ =c$ & con/ra9$1 dep5d+ else-:]e ?an f our w1 & a mat* ord9>ily conclud$ to o!r ends3 ,a ?\s& /range knots are !re9 commonly to be unknit1 able to break ! web1 & tr\ble ! :ole c\rse ( a lively affection2 :]eas 9 fri5d%ip !re is no comm]ce or bus9es dep5d+ on ! same1 b x selfe4 ,see+ 7to speake truly7 t ! ord9>y suffici5cy ( wom5 _c answ] ?is conf]5ce & communication1 ! nurse ( ?is sacr$ bond3 nor seeme _! m9des /rong en\gh to endure ! pull+ ( a knot s h>d1 s fa/1 & durable4 ,& truly1 if )\t t1 su* a g5u9e & volunt>ie acqua9tance might be contract$1 :]e n only m9des _h ?is entire jovissance1 ,footnote3 ,enjoym5t4 b also bodies1 a %>e ( ! alliance1 & :]e a man might :olly be engag$3 ,x is c]ta9e1 t fri5d%ip w\ld !reby be m compleat & full3 ,b ?is sex c\ld nev] yet by any example atta9e unto x1 & is by anci5t s*ooles reject$ !nce4 ,& ?is o!r ,greeke lic5ce is ju/ly abhorr$ by our cu/omes1 :i* not)/&+1 because accord+ to use x _h s necess>ie a disp>itie ( ages1 & diff]5ce ( (fices betwe5e lov]s1 did no m suffici5tly answ] ! p]fect union & agreem5t1 :i* "h we require3 ,quis e/ enim i/e amor amicitiae8 cur neque de=mem adolesc5tem quisquam amat1 neque =mosum s5em8 ,footnote3 ,cic4 ,tusc4 ,qu4 lv4 c4 #cc4 ,=1 :at love is ?is ( fri5d%ip8 :y do? no man love ei!r a de=m$ "y man1 or a beautifull old man8 ,= ev5 ! picture ! ,academic makes ( x1 w n 7z ,i suppose7 disav[e mee1 to say ?us 9 h] behalfe3 ,t ! fir/ furie1 enspir$ by ! son ( ,v5us 9 ! lov]s h>t1 ^u ! object ( t5d] y\?s-fl[]1 to :i* !y all[ all insol5t & passionate viol5ces1 an immod]ate heat may produce1 0 simply gr\nd$ ^u an ext]nall beauty2 a false image ( corporall g5]ation3 = 9 ! _s x _h no p[]1 ! sight :]e( 0 yet conceal$1 :i* 0 b 9 8 infancie1 & be=e ! age ( budd+4 ,=1 if ?is furie did seize ^u a base m9d$ c\rage1 ! meanes ( its pursuit 7 ri*es1 gifts1 fav\r to ! advancem5t ( dignities1 & su* l vile m]*&ice1 :i* !y reprove4 ,if x fell into a m g5]\s m9de1 ! int]positions ,footnote3 ,means ( approa*4 7 likewise g5]\s3 ,philosophicall in/ructions1 docum5ts ,footnote3 ,tea*+s4 to rev]5ce religion1 to obey ! lawes1 to die = ! good ( 8 c\ntrie3 examples ( valor1 wisdome & ju/ice2 ! lov] endevor+ & /udy+ to make himselfe acceptable by ! good grace & beauty ( 8 m9de 7t ( 8 body be+ long s9ce decay$7 hop+ by ?is m5tall society to e/abli% a m firme & p]man5t b>ga9e4 ,:5 ?is pursuit atta9$ ! effect 9 due season 7= by n requir+ 9 a lov]1 he %\ld br+ leasure & discretion 9 8 ent]prise1 !y require x exactly 9 ! belov$2 =asmu* z he 0 to judge ( an int]nall beauty1 ( difficile k1 & ab/ruse discov]y7 !n by ! int]position ( a spiritual beauty 0 ! desire ( a spiritual conception eng5dr$ 9 ! belov$4 ,! latt] 0 "h *iefe/2 ! corporall1 accid5tall & second1 altoge!r contr>ie to ! lov]4 ,& !re=e doe !y pref]re ! belov$1 & v]ifie t ! gods likewise pref]re ! same3 & greatly blame ! ,poet ,a,eschylus1 :o 9 ! love betwe5e ,a*illes & ,patroclus ascribe? ! lov]s "p unto ,a*illes1 :o 0 9 ! fir/ & be>dlesse y\? ( 8 adolesc5cy1 & ! faire/ ( ! ,graecians4 ,aft] ?is g5]al communitie1 ! mi/ris & wor?ie/ "p ( x1 pr$om9ant & ex]cis+ h] (fices 7!y say ! mo/ availefull commodity did !reby r$\nd bo? to ! private & publike74 ,t x 0 ! =ce ( c\ntries receiv$ ! use ( x1 & ! pr9cipall def5ce ( equitie & lib]tie3 witnesse ! com=table loves ( ,h]modius & ,ari/ogiton4 ,!re=e "n !y x sacr$ & div9e1 & x conc]ns n !m :e!r ! viol5ce ( tyrants1 or ! demisnesse ( ! p be aga9/ !m3 ,to conclude1 all t c be alleg$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,academy1 is to say1 t x 0 a love end+ 9 fri5d%ip1 a ?+ :i* ha? no bad ref]5ce unto ! ,/oical def9ition ( love3 ,amorem conatum esse amicitiae faci5dae ex pul*ritud9is specie3 ,footnote3 ,cic4 ,tusc4 ,qu4 ir4 c4 #cd4 ,t love is an endev\r ( mak+ fri5d%ip1 by ! %ew ( beautie4 ,i returne to my description 9 a m equitable & equall mann]4 ,omn9o amicitiae1 corroboratis jam confirmatisque +5iis et aetatibus1 judic&ae sunt4 ,footnote3 ,cic4 ,amic4 ,cle>ely fri5d%ips are to be judg$ by wits1 & ages already /r5g!n$ & confirm$4 ,z = ! re/1 ^? we ord9>ily call fri5des & amities1 are b acqua9tances & famili>ities1 ti$ toge!r by "s occasion or commodities1 by meanes :]e( our m9des are ent]ta9$4 ,9 ! amitie ,i speake (1 !y ent]mixe & conf\nd !mselves "o 9 ! o!r1 ) s univ]sall a commixture1 t !y we>e out & c no m f9de ! seame t ha? conjo9$ !m toge!r4 ,if a man urge me to tell :]e=e ,i lov$ him1 ,i feele x _c be express$1 b by answ]+2 ,because x 0 he1 because x 0 my selfe4 ,!re is beyond all my disc\rse1 & besides :at ,i c p>ticul>ly report ( x1 ,i "k n :at inexplicable & fatall p[]1 a meane & ,m$iatrix ( ?is indissoluble union4 ,we s\ght "o ano!r be=e we _h sc5e "o ano!r1 & by ! reports we he>d "o ( ano!r2 :i* wr\ght a great] viol5ce 9 u1 ?an ! reason ( reports may well be>e2 ,i ?9ke by "s secret ord9ance ( ! heav5s1 we embrac$ "o ano!r by our names4 ,& at our fir/ meet+1 :i* 0 by *ance at a great fea/1 & solemne meet+ ( a :ole t[ne%ip1 we f\nd our selves s surpriz$1 s kn[ne1 s acqua9t$1 & s comb9$ly b\nd toge!r1 t f !nce =w>d1 no?+ 0 s ne] unto u z "o unto ano!rs4 ,he writ an excell5t ,latyne ,satyre s9ce publi%$2 by :i* he excuse? & exp\nde? ! precipitation ( our acqua9tance1 s sudd5ly come to h] p]fection2 ,si!nce x mu/ cont9ue s %ort a "t1 & begun s late 7= we 7 bo? gr[ne m51 & he "s ye>es old] ?an my selfe7 !re 0 no "t to be lo/4 ,& x 0 n to bee modell$ or direct$ by ! pat]ne ( regul> & remisse ,footnote3 ,slight1 languid4 fri5d%ip1 :]e9 s _m precautions ( a long & preallable conv]sation ,footnote3 ,prec$+ int]c\rse4 are requir$4 ,?is ha? no o!r ,idea ?an ( x selfe1 & c h no ref]5ce b to itselfe4 ,x is n "o especiall consid]ation1 nor two1 nor ?ree1 nor f\re1 nor a ?\s&3 ,x is ,i wot n :at k9de ( qu9tess5ce1 ( all ?is commixture1 :i* hav+ seiz$ all my w1 induc$ ! same to plunge & lose x selfe 9 81 :i* likewise hav+ seiz$ all 8 w1 br\ght x to lose & plunge x selfe 9 m9e1 ) a mutuall gre$9esse1 & ) a semblable concurrance4 ,i may truly say1 lose1 res]v+ no?+ unto u1 t might prop]ly be call$ our owne1 nor t 0 ei!r 8 or m9e4 ,:5 ,lelius 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,romane ,consuls1 :o aft] ! condemnation ( ,tib]ius ,grac*us1 pursu$ all ^? t _h be5e ( 8 acqua9tance1 came to enquire ( ,caius ,blosius 7:o 0 "o ( 8 *iefe/ fri5ds7 :at he w\ld h done = him1 & t he answ]$1 ,all ?+s4 ,:at1 all ?+s8 repli$ he4 ,& :at if he _h will$ !e to burne our ,temples8 ,blosius answ]$1 ,he w\ld nev] h comm&$ su* a ?+4 ,b :at if he _h done x8 repli$ ,lelius4 ,! o!r answ]$1 ,i w\ld h obey$ him4 ,if hee 7 s p]fect a fri5d to ,grac*us z ,hi/ories report1 he ne$$ n (f5d ! ,consuls ) ?is la/ & bold confession1 & %\ld n h dep>t$ f ! assurance hee _h ( ,grac*us 8 m9de4 ,b yet ^? :o accuse ?is answ] z s$iti\s1 und]/& n well ?is my/]ie3 & doe n presuppose 9 :at t]mes he /ood1 & t he held ,grac*us 8 w 9 8 sleeve1 bo? by p[] & k4 ,!y 7 r fri5ds ?an ,citiz5s1 r fri5ds ?an enemies ( _! c\ntrey1 or fri5ds ( ambition & tr\ble4 ,hav+ absolutely committ$ !mselves "o to ano!r1 !y p]fectly held ! re9es ( "o ano!rs incl9ation3 & let ?is yoke be guid$ by v]tue & conduct ( reason 7because )\t !m x is altoge!r impossible to comb9e & proportion ! same74 ,! answ] ( ,blosius 0 su* z x %\ld be4 ,if _! affections misc>ri$1 accord+ to my mean+1 !y 7 nei!r fri5ds "o to o!r1 nor fri5ds to !mselves4 ,z = ! re/1 ?is answ] s\nds no m ?an m9e w\ld doe1 to him t w\ld 9 su* sort enquire ( me2 if y\r w %\ld comm& y to kill y\r daught]1 w\ld y doe x8 & t ,i %\ld cons5t unto x3 =1 t be>e? no witnesse ( cons5t to doe x3 because ,i am n 9 d\bt ( my w1 & z little ( su* a fri5ds w4 ,x is n 9 ! p[] ( ! worlds disc\rse to remove me f ! c]ta9tie ,i h ( 8 int5tions & judgm5ts ( m9e3 no "o ( its actions might be pres5t$ unto me1 "u :at %ape soev]1 b ,i w\ld pres5tly f9de ! spr+ & motion ( x4 ,our m9des h jump$ ,footnote3 ,agre$4 s unit$ly toge!r1 !y h ) s f]v5t an affection consid]$ ( ea* o!r1 & ) l affection s discov]$ & s\nd$1 ev5 to ! v bottome ( ea* o!rs he>t & entrails1 t ,i did n only "k 81 z well z m9e owne1 b ,i w\ld 7v]ily7 r h tru/$ him conc]n+ any matt] ( m9e1 ?an my selfe4 ,let no man comp>e any ( ! o!r common fri5d%ips to ?is4 ,i h z mu* k ( !m z ano!r1 yea ( ! p]fecte/ ( _! k9de3 yet wil ,i n p]swade any man to conf\nd _! rules1 = s a man might be deceiv$4 ,9 ^! o!r /rict fri5d%ips a man mu/ m>* ) ! bridle ( wisdome & precaution 9 8 h&3 ! bond is n s /rictly ti$ b a man may 9 "s sort di/ru/ ! same4 ,love him 7said ,*ilon7 z if y %\ld "o day hate him aga9e4 ,hate him z if y %\ld love him aga9e4 ,?is precept1 s abhom9able 9 ?is sov]aigne & mi/ris ,amitie1 is necess>ie & :olesome 9 ! use ( vulg> & cu/om>ie fri5d%ips3 t[>d :i* a man mu/ employ ! say+ ,ari/otle 0 wont s (t5 repeat1 ,oh y my fri5ds1 !re is no p]fect fri5d4 ,9 ?is noble comm]ce1 (fices & b5efits 7nurses ( o!r amities7 des]ve n s mu* z to bee acc\nt$ (3 ?is confusion s full ( our wills is cause ( x3 = ev5 z ! fri5d%ip ,i be>e unto my selfe1 admits no accrease1 ,footnote3 ,increase4 by any succ\r ,i give my selfe 9 any "t ( ne$1 :atsoev] ! ,/oickes allege2 & z ,i ackn[l$ge no ?anks unto my selfe = any s]vice ,i doe unto myselfe1 s ! union ( su* fri5ds1 be+ truly p]fect1 makes !m lose ! feel+ ( su* duties1 & hate1 & expell f "o ano!r ^! words ( division1 & diff]5ce3 b5efit1 good de$1 dutie1 obligation1 ackn[l$gem5t1 pray]1 ?anks1 & su* _! l4 ,all ?+s be+ by effect common betwe5e !m2 wils1 ?\ghts1 judgem5ts1 goods1 wives1 *ildr51 hon\r1 & life2 & _! mutual agreem5t1 be+ no o!r ?an "o s\le 9 two bodies1 accord+ to ! fit def9ition ( ,ari/otle1 !y c nei!r l5d or give ought to ea* o!r4 ,see "h ! reason :y ,lawmak]s1 to hon\r m>riage ) "s imag9>y resemblance ( ?is div9e bond1 inhibite donations betwe5 husb& & wife2 mean+ !reby to inf]re1 t all ?+s %\ld peculi>ly bee prop] to ea* ( !m1 & t !y h no?+ to divide & %>e toge!r4 ,if 9 ! fri5d%ip :]e( ,i speake1 "o might give unto ano!r1 ! receiv] ( ! b5efit %\ld b9de 8 fell[4 ,=1 ea* seek+ m ?an any o!r ?+ to doe ea* o!r good1 he :o yeelds bo? matt] & occasion1 is ! man %ewe? himselfe lib]all1 giv+ 8 fri5d t cont5tm5t1 to effect t[>ds him :at he desire? mo/4 ,:5 ! ,philosoph] ,diog5es want$ money1 he 0 wont to say t he r$em&$ ! same ( 8 fri5ds1 & n t he dem&$ x3 ,& to %[ h[ t is practis$ by effect1 ,i w relate an anci5t s+ul> example4 ,eudamidas ! ,cor9?iam _h two fri5ds3 ,*>ix5us a ,sycionian1 & ,are!us a ,cor9?ian2 be+ ^u 8 dea?-b$1 & v poore1 & 8 two fri5ds v ri*1 ?us made 8 la/ w & te/am5t3 ,to ,are!us1 ,i bequea? ! keep+ ( my "m1 & to ma9ta9e h] :5 %e %all be old3 ,to ,*>ix5us ! m>ry+ ( my daught]1 & to give h] z great a d[ry z he may3 & 9 case "o ( !m %all *ance to die be=e1 ,i appo9t ! survivor to sub/itute 8 *>ge1 & supply 8 place4 ,^? t fir/ saw ?is te/am5t laugh$ & mock$ at ! same2 b 8 heires be+ adv]tis$ !re(1 7 v well pleas$1 & receiv$ x ) s+ul> cont5tm5t4 ,& ,*>ix5us1 "o ( !m1 dy+ five daies aft] ,eudamidas1 ! sub/itution be+ decl>$ 9 fav\r ( ,are!us1 he c>efully & v k9dly kept & ma9ta9$ 8 "m1 & ( five tal5ts t he 0 wor? he gave two & a halfe 9 m>riage to "o only daught] he _h1 & ! o!r two & a halfe to ! daught] ( ,eudamidas1 :om he m>ri$ bo? 9 "o day4 ,?is example is v ample1 if "o ?+ 7 n1 :i* is ! multitude ( fri5ds3 ,=1 ?is p]fect amity ,i speake (1 is indivisible2 ea* man do? s :olly give himselfe unto 8 fri5d1 t he ha? no?+ left him to divide else-:]e3 moreov] he is griev$ t he is n d\ble1 triple1 or quadruple1 & ha? n _m s\les1 or sundry wils1 t he might conf]re !m all ^u ?is subject4 ,common fri5d%ips may bee divid$2 a man may love beauty 9 "o1 facility ( behavi\r 9 ano!r1 lib]ality 9 "o1 & wisdome 9 ano!r1 pat]nity 9 ?is1 frat]nity 9 t man1 & s =?3 b ?is amitie :i* possesse? ! s\le1 & swaies x 9 all sov]eigntie1 x is impossible x %\ld be d\ble4 ,if two at "o in/ant %\ld require helpe1 to :i* w\ld y run8 ,%\ld !y crave contr>y (fices ( y1 :at ord] w\ld y foll[8 ,%\ld "o commit a matt] to y\r sil5ce1 :i* if ! o!r knew w\ld greatly pr(it him1 :at c\rse w\ld y take8 ,or h[ w\ld y dis*>ge y\r selfe8 ,a s+ul> & pr9cipall fri5d%ip dissolve? all o!r duties1 & free? all o!r obligations4 ,! secret ,i h sworne n to reveale to ano!r1 ,i may )\t p]jurie imp>t x unto him1 :o is no o!r b my selfe4 ,x is a great & /range wond] = a man to d\ble himselfe2 & ^? t talke ( tripl+ "k n1 nor _c rea* into ! height ( x4 ,no?+ is extreme t ha? 8 l4 ,& he :o %al presuppose t ( two ,i love ! "o z wel z ! o!r1 & t !y ent]-love ,footnote3 ,love mutually4 "o ano!r1 & love me z mu* z ,i love !m3 he multipli$6 9 bro!rhood1 a ?+ mo/ s+ul>1 & a lonely "o1 & ?an :i* "o alone is also ! r>e/ to be f\nd 9 ! _w4 ,! rema9d] ( ?is hi/ory agree? v wel ) :at ,i said2 =1 ,eudamidas give? u a grace & favor to 8 fri5ds to employ !m 9 8 ne$3 he leave? !m z 8 heires ( 8 lib]ality1 :i* consi/e? 9 putt+ ! meanes into _! h&s to doe him good4 ,& d\btlesse ! =ce ( fri5d%ip is mu* m ri*ly %ew5 9 8 de$ ?an 9 ,are!us4 ,to conclude1 !y are imag9able effects to him t ha? n ta/$ !m2 & :i* makes me wond]fully to honor ! answ] ( t "y ,s\ldi] to ,cyrus1 :o enquir+ ( him :at he w\ld take = a horse ) :i* he _h lately ga9$ ! prize ( a race1 & :e!r he w\ld *ange him = a ,k+dome8 ,no surely1 my ,liege 7said he71 yet w\ld ,i will+ly =got him to game a true fri5d1 c\ld ,i b f9de a man wor?y ( s preci\s an alliance4 ,he said n ill1 9 say+ c\ld ,i b f9de4 ,=1 a man %all easily f9de m5 fit = a sup]ficiall acqua9tance2 b 9 ?is1 :]e9 m5 negotiate f ! v c5tre ( _! h>ts1 & make no sp>e ( any ?+1 x is mo/ requisite all ! w>ds & spr+s be s9c]ely wr\ght & p]fectly true4 ,9 conf$]acies1 :i* hold b by "o end1 m5 h no?+ to provide =1 b = ! imp]fections1 :i* p>ticul>ly doe int]e/ & conc]ne t end & respect4 ,x is no great matt] :at religion my ,physician or ,lawy] is (3 ?is consid]ation ha? no?+ common ) ! (fices ( t fri5d%ip !y owe mee4 ,s doe ,i 9 ! famili> acqua9tances t ^? :o s]ve me contract ) me4 ,i am no?+ inquisitive :e!r a ,lackey be *a/e or no1 b :e!r he be dilig5t3 ,i fe>e n a gam+ ,muleti]1 s mu* z if he be weake3 nor a hot swe>+ ,cooke1 z "o t is ignorant & unskilfull2 ,i nev] m$dle ) say+ :at a man %\ld doe 9 ! _w2 !re are ov] _m o!rs t doe x2 b :at my selfe doe 9 ! _w4 ,mihi sic usus e/3 ,tibi1 ut opus e/ facto1 face ,footnote3 ,t]4 ,heau4 act4 i4 sc4 i1 #bh4 ,s is x requisite = me3 ,doe ?\ z ne$full is = !e4 ,conc]n+ famili> table-talke1 ,i r acqua9t my selfe ) & foll[ a m]ry conceit$ ,footnote3 ,fanciful hum\r1 ?an a wise man3 ,& 9 b$ ,i r pref] beauty ?an goodnesse2 & 9 society or conv]sation ( famili> disc\rse1 ,i respect r suffici5cy1 ?\gh )\t ,preud'hommie1 ,footnote3 ,probity4 & s ( all ?+s else4 ,ev5 z he t 0 f\nd rid+ ^u an hobby-horse1 play+ ) 8 *ildr5 bes\ght him :o ?us surpriz$ him n to speake ( x untill he 7 a fa!r himselfe1 suppos+ ! t5d] fondnesse & fa!rly passion :i* !n w\ld posesse 8 m9de %\ld make him an imp>tiall judge ( su* an action2 s w\ld ,i wi% to speake to su* z _h tri$ :at ,i speake (3 b kn[+ h[ f> su* an amitie is f ! common use1 & h[ seld sc5e & r>ely f\nd1 ,i looke n to f9de a compet5t judge4 ,=1 ev5 ! disc\rses1 :i* /]ne antiquitie ha? left u conc]n+ ?is subject1 seeme to me b fa9t & =celesse 9 respect ( ! feel+ ,i h ( x2 ,& 9 t po9t ! effects exce$ ! v precepts ( ,philosophie4 ,nil ego contul]im jucundo sanus amico4 ,footnote3 ,hor4 #a4 i4 ,sat4 vii4 #dd ,= me1 be ,i well 9 my wit1 ,n\ght1 z a m]ry fri5d1 s fit4 ,anci5t ,m5&] acc\nt$ him happy t _h b met ! %ad[ ( a true fri5d3 v]ily he _h reason to say s1 especially if he _h ta/$ ( any3 = truly1 if ,i comp>e all ! re/ ( my =epass$ life1 :i* al?\gh ,i h1 by ! me]e m]cy ( ,god1 pa/ at re/ & ease1 & except ! losse ( s de>e a fri5d1 free f all griev\s affliction1 ) an ev]-quietnesse ( m9de1 z "o t h tak5 my naturall & orig9all commodities 9 good paym5t1 )\t se>*+ any o!rs3 if1 z ,i say1 ,i comp>e x all unto ! f\re ye>es ,i s happily enjoi$ ! sweet company & de>e- de>e society ( t wor?y man1 x is n\ght b a vap\r1 n\ght b a d>ke & yrkesome light4 ,s9ce ! "t ,i lo/ him1 quem semp] ac]bum1 ,semp] honoratum 7sic ,dii volui/is7 habebo1 ,footnote3 ,virg4 ,a,en4 iii4 #di4 ,:i* ,i %all ev] hold a bitt] day1 ,yet ev] hon\r'd 7s my ,god t' obey71 ,i doe b langui%1 ,i doe b sorr[3 & ev5 ^? pleasures1 all ?+s pres5t me )1 9 /ead ( yeeld+ me com=t1 doe b r$\ble ! griefe ( 8 losse4 ,we 7 cop>tn]s 9 all ?+s4 ,all ?+s 7 ) u at halfe2 me ?9kes ,i h /olne 8 "p f him4 --,nee fas esse iilla me voluptate hic frui ,decrevi1 tantisp] dum ille abe/ meus p>ticeps4 ,footnote3 ,t]4 ,heau4 act4 i4 sc4 i1 #ig4 ,i h set d[ne1 no joy enjoy ,i may1 ,z long z he my p>tn] is away4 ,i 0 s accu/om$ to be ev] two1 & s enur$ ,footnote3 ,accu/om$ to be nev] s+le1 t me ?9ks ,i am b halfe my selfe4 ,illam mea si p>tem animce tulit1 ,maturior vis1 quid moror alt]a4 ,nec *>us aeque nec sup]/es1 ,integ]8 ,ille dies utramque ,duxit ru9am4 ,footnote3 ,hor4 #a4 ii4 ,od4 xvii4 ,s9ce t "p ( my s\le rip] fate reft me1 ,:y /ay ,i he]e ! o!r "p he left me8 ,nor s de]e1 nor entire1 :ile he]e ,i re/3 ,t day ha? 9 "o m9e bo? oppre/4 ,!re is no action c betide me1 or imag9ation possesse me1 b ,i he>e him say+1 z inde$ he w\ld h done to me3 = ev5 z he did excell me by an inf9ite di/ance 9 all o!r suffici5cies & v]tues1 s did he 9 all (fices & duties ( fri5d%ip4 ,quis desid]io sit pudor aut modus1 ,tam *>i capitis8 ,footnote3 ,id4 #a4 i4 ,od4 xxiv4 ,:at mode/y or measure may ,i be>e1 ,9 want & wi% ( him t 0 s de>e8 ,o mis]o frat] adempte mihi6 ,omnia tecum una p]i]uni gaudia no/ra4 ,qua tuus 9 vita dulcis alebat amor4 ,footnote3 ,,catul4 ,eleg4 iv4 #bj1 #ib1 #bf1 #ie4 ,tu mea1 tu mori5s fregi/i commoda frat]4 ,footnote3 ,ib4 #ba4 ,tecum una tota e/ no/ra sepulta anima1 ,cujus ego int]itu tota de m5te fugavi ,hac /udia1 atque omnes delicias animi ,footnote3 ,,catul4 ,bl4 iv4 #id4 ,alloqu>8 audi]o nunquam tua v]ba loqu5tem8 ,footnote3 ,ib4 #be4 ,nunquam ego te vita frat] amabilior1 ,aspiciam po/hac8 at c]te semp] amabo4 ,footnote3 ,el4 i4 #i4 ,o bro!r re/ f mis]able me1 ,all our delights are p]i%$ ) !e1 ,:i* ?y sweet love did n\ri% 9 my brea?4 ,?\ all my good ha/ spoil$ 9 ?y dea?3 ,) !e my s\le is all & :ole en%r9de1 ,at ^: dea? ,i h ca/ out ( my m9de ,all my m9des sweet-meats1 /udies ( ?is k9de2 ,nev] %all ,i1 he>e !e speake1 speake ) !e8 ,!e bro!r1 ?an life de>]1 nev] see8 ,yet %alt !m ev] be belov'd ( mee4 ,b let u a little fe>e ?is yong man speake1 be+ b sixte5e ye>es ( age4 ,because ,i h f\nd ?is worke to h s9ce be5e publi%$ 7& to an ill end7 by su* z seeke to tr\ble & subv]t ! /ate ( our common-weal?1 nor c>+ :e!r !y %all re=me x or no2 :i* !y h fondly ins]t$ among o!r writ+s ( _! inv5tion1 ,i h revok$ my int5t1 :i* 0 to place x "h4 ,& le/ ! ,au?ors memory %\ld any way be int]ess$ ) ^? t c\ld n ?or\ghly "k 8 op9ions & actions1 !y %all und]/& t ?is subject 0 by him treat$ ( 9 8 infancie1 only by way ( ex]cise1 z a subject1 common1 b>eworne1 & wy]- drawne 9 a ?\s& bookes4 ,i w nev] d\bt b he beleev$ :at he writ1 & writ z he ?\ght3 = hee 0 s consci5ti\s t no lie did ev] passe 8 lips1 yea 7 x b 9 matt]s ( sport or play3 & ,i "k1 t _h x be5e 9 8 *oyce1 he w\ld r h be5e borne at ,v5ice ?an at ,s>lac2 & good1 reason :y3 ,b he _h ano!r maxime deepely impr9t$ 9 8 m9de1 :i* 01 c>efully to obey1 & religi\sly to submit himselfe to ! lawes1 "u :i* he 0 borne4 ,!re 0 nev] a bett] citiz51 nor m affect$ to ! welf>e & quietnesse ( 8 c\ntrie1 nor a %>p] enemie ( ! *anges1 innovations1 newfangles1 & hurly- burlies ( 8 "t3 ,he w\ld m will+ly h imploy$ ! utmo/ ( 8 endev\rs to ext+ui% & suppresse1 ?an to fav\r or fur!r !m3 ,8 m9de 0 modell$ to ! patt]ne ( o!r be/ ages4 ,b yet 9 ex*ange ( 8 s]i\s treatise1 ,i w "h set y d[ne ano!r1 m pi?ie1 mat]iall1 & ( m consequ5ce1 by him likewise produc$ at t t5d] age4 ,,( ,,books ,i make no d\bt b x %all (t5 befall me to speake ( ?+s :i* are bett]1 & ) m tru?1 h&l$ by su* z are _! crafts-ma/]s4 ,"h is simply an essay ( my natural faculties1 & no :it ( ^? ,i h acquir$4 ,& he t %all tax me ) ignorance %all h no great victory at my h&s2 = h>dly c\ld ,i give o!rs reasons = my disc\rses t give none unto my selfe1 & am n well satisfi$ ) !m4 ,he t %all make se>* aft] k1 let him seek x :]e x is !re is no?+ ,i pr(esse lesse4 ,^! are b my fantasies by :i* ,i endev\r n to make ?+s kn[n1 b my selfe4 ,!y may haply "o day be kn[ne unto me1 or h b9 at o!r times1 accord+ z =tune ha? br\ght me :]e !y 7 decl>$ or manife/$4 ,b ,i rememb] !m no m4 ,& if ,i be a man ( "s read+1 yet ,i am a man ( no rememb]+1 ,i conceive no c]ta9ty1 except x bee to give notice h[ f>re ! k ,i h ( x do? n[ rea*4 ,let no man busie himselfe ab\t ! matt]s1 b on ! fa%ion ,i give !m4 ,let t :i* ,i borr[ be survai$1 & !n tell me :e!r ,i h made good *oice ( ornam5ts to beautifie & set foor? ! inv5tion :i* ev] comes f mee4 ,= ,i make o!rs to relate 7n aft] m9e owne fantasie b z x be/ falle? out7 :at ,i _c s well expresse1 ei!r ?r\gh unskill ( language or want ( judgem5t4 ,i numb] n my borr[+s1 b ,i weigh !m4 ,& if ,i w\ld h made _! numb] to prevail1 ,i w\ld h _h twice z _m4 ,!y are all1 or almo/ all1 ( s fam\s & anci5t names1 t me ?9ks !y suffici5tly "n !mselves )\t mee4 ,if 9 reasons1 comp>isons1 & argum5ts1 ,i transplant any into my soile1 or conf\nd !m ) m9e owne1 ,i purposely conceale ! au?or1 !reby to bridle ! ra%nesse ( ^! ha/ie c5sures t are s headlong ca/ ^u all mann] ( compositions1 namely "y writ+s ( m5 yet liv+2 & 9 vulg>e t admit all ! _w to talke ( !m1 & :i* seeme? to conv9ce ! conception & publike designe alike4 ,i w h !m to give ,plut>* a b>b ,footnote3 ,?ru/1 taunt ^u m9e own lips1 & vex !mselves 9 wrong+ ,s5eca 9 mee4 ,my weaknesse mu/ be hidd5 "u su* great cr$its4 ,i w love him t %al trace or unfea!r me2 ,i meane ?r\gh cle>5esse ( judgem5t1 & by ! onely di/9ction ( ! =ce & beautie ( my disc\rses4 ,= my selfe1 :o = want ( memorie am ev] to seeke h[ to trie & ref9e !m by ! k ( _! c\ntry1 kn[e p]fectly1 by measur+ m9e owne /r5g?1 t my soyle is no way capable ( "s ov]-preti\s fl[]s t !re9 ,i f9d set1 & t all ! fruits ( my increase c\ld n make x am5ds4 ,?is am ,i b\nd to answ] = if ,i h9d] my selfe1 if !re be ei!r vanitie or fault 9 my disc\rses t ,i p]ceive n or am n able to disc]ne if !y be %[$ me4 ,= _m faults d (t5 escape our eyes2 b ! infirmitie ( judgem5t consi/e? 9 n be+ able to p]ceive !m :5 ano!r discov]e? !m unto u4 ,k & tru? may be 9 u )\t judgem5t1 & we may h judgm5t )\t !m3 yea1 ! ackn[l$gem5t ( ignorance is "o ( ! be/ & sure/ te/imonies ( judgem5t t ,i c f9de4 ,i h no o!r s]geant ( b& to m>%all my rapsodies ?an =tune4 ,& looke h[ my hum\rs or conceites pres5t !mselves1 s ,i %uffle !m up4 ,sometimes !y prease out ?icke & ?ree fold1 & o!r times !y come out langui%+ "o by "o4 ,i w h my naturall & ord9>ie pace sc5e z loose & z %uffl+ z x is4 ,z ,i am1 s ,i goe on plodd+4 ,& besides1 ^! are matt]s t a man may n be ignorant (1 & ra%ly & casually to speake ( !m4 ,i w\ld wi% to h a m p]fect und]/&+ ( ?+s1 b ,i w n pur*ase x s de>e z x co/4 ,my int5tion is to passe ! rema9d] ( my life quietly & n labori\sly1 9 re/ & n 9 c>e4 ,!re is no?+ ,i w tr\ble or vex myselfe ab\t1 no n = sci5ce x selfe1 :at e/eeme soev] x be (4 ,i doe n se>* & tosse ov] books b = an hone/] recreation to please1 & pa/ime to delight my selfe3 or if ,i /udie1 ,i only endev\r to f9d out ! k t tea*e? or h&le? ! k ( my selfe1 & :i* may in/ruct me h[ to die well & h[ to live well4 ,has meus ad metas sudet oportet equus4 ,footnote3 ,propeet4 #a4 iv4 ,el4 i4 #gj ,my horse mu/ sweat+ runne1 ,t ?is goale may be wonne4 ,if 9 read+ ,i =tune to meet ) any difficult po9ts1 ,i fret n my selfe ab\t !m1 b aft] ,i h giv5 !m a *>ge or two1 ,i leave !m z ,i f\nd !m4 ,%\ld ,i e>ne/ly plod ^u !m1 ,i %\ld loose bo? "t & my selfe1 = ,i h a skipp+ wit4 ,:at ,i see n at ! fir/ view1 ,i %all lesse see x if ,i op9ionate my selfe ^u x4 ,i doe no?+ )\t bli?nesse2 & an ov] ob/9ate cont9uation & plodd+ cont5tion do? dazle1 dul1 & we>ie ! same3 my sight is !reby conf\nd$ & dim9i%$4 ,i mu/ !re=e )draw x1 & at fittes goe to x aga9e4 ,ev5 z to judge well ( ! lu/re ( sc>let we are taught to ca/ our eyes ov] x1 9 runn+ ov] by div]s glances1 soda9e glimpses & reit]at$ repris+s4 ,footnote3 ,repeat$ obs]vations4 ,if "o booke seeme t$i\s unto me ,i take ano!r1 :i* ,i foll[ n ) any e>ne/nesse1 except x be at su* h\res z ,i am idle1 or t ,i am we>y ) do+ no?+4 ,i am n greatly affect$ to new books1 because anci5t ,au?ors are1 9 my judgem5t1 m full & pi?y3 nor am ,i mu* addict$ to ,greeke books1 =asmu* z my und]/&+ _c well rid ,footnote3 ,accompli%4 8 worke ) a *ildi% & appr5tise intellig5ce4 ,among/ mod]ne bookes me]ly pleasant1 ,i e/eeme ,bocace 8 ,decam]on1 ,rabelais1 & ! kisses ( ,john ! second 7if !y may be plac$ "u ?is title71 wor? ! pa9es-tak+ to reade !m4 ,z = ,amadis & su* l tra% ( writ+s1 !y _h nev] ! cr$it s mu* z to allure my y\? to delight 9 !m4 ,?is ,i w say m1 ei!r boldly or ra%ly1 t ?is old & heavie-pas$ m9de ( m9e w no m be pleas$ ) ,ari/otle1 or tickl$ ) good ,ovid3 8 facility & qua9t inv5tions1 :i* h]et(ore h s ravi%$ me1 !y c n[ a days sc>cely ent]ta9e me4 ,i speake my m9de freely ( all ?+s1 yea1 ( su* z p]adv5ture exce$ my suffici5cie1 & t no way ,i hold to be ( my jurisdiction4 ,:at my conceit is ( !m is told also to manife/ ! proportion ( my insight1 & n ! measure ( ?+s4 ,if at any "t ,i f9de my selfe di/a/$ ( ,platoes ,axio*us1 z ( a =celes worke1 due reg>d _h to su* an ,au?or1 my judgem5t do? no?+ beleeve x selfe3 ,x is n s fond-h>dy1 or selfe-conceit$1 z x dur/ d>e to oppose x selfe aga9/ ! au?ority ( s _m o!r fam\s anci5t judgem5ts1 :i* he repute? 8 reg5ts & ma/]s1 & ) :om hee _h r erre4 ,he *afe? )1 & condemne? himselfe1 ei!r to rely on ! sup]ficiall s5se1 be+ unable to pi]ce into ! c5tre1 or to view ! ?+ by "s false lu/re4 ,he is pleas$ only to w>rant himselfe f tr\ble & unrul9esse3 ,z = weaknesse1 he ackn[l$ge? & +5i\sly av[e? ! same4 ,he ?9ks to give a j int]pretation to ! app>5ces :i* 8 conception pres5ts unto him1 b !y are %all[ & imp]fect4 ,mo/ ( ,a,esopes fables h div]s s5ses1 & sev]all int]pretations3 ,^? :i* ,my?ologize !m1 *use "s k9de ( col\r well sut+ ) ! fable2 b = ! mo/ "p1 x is no o!r ?an ! fir/ & sup]ficiall glosse3 ,!re are o!rs m quicke1 m s9n[ie1 m ess5tiall1 & m int]nall1 into :i* !y c\ld nev] p5etrate2 & ?us ?9ke ,i ) !m4 ,b to foll[ my c\rse1 ,i h ev] deem$ t 9 ,poesie1 ,virgil1 ,lucretius1 ,catullus1 & ,horace1 doe d\btles by f> hold ! fir/ ranke3 & especially ,virgil 9 8 ,georgiks1 :i* ,i e/eeme to be ! mo/ accompli%$ peece ( worke ( ,poesie3 ,9 comp>ison ( :i* "o may easily disc]ne1 t !re are "s passages 9 ! ,a,eneidos to :i* ! ,au?or 7_h he liv$7 w\ld no d\bt h giv5 "s review or correction3 ,! fif? booke :]e( is 79 my m9d7 ! mo/ absolutely p]fect4 ,i also love ,lucan1 & will+ly read him1 n s mu* = 8 /ile1 z = 8 owne wor? & tru? ( 8 op9ion & judgem5t4 ,z = good ,t]5ce1 ,i all[ ! qua9tnesse & grace ( 8 ,lat9e tongue1 & judge him wond]full conceit$ & apt1 lively to repres5t ! motions & passions ( ! m9de1 & ! condition ( our mann]s3 our actions make me (t5 rememb] him4 ,i c nev] reade him s (t5 b /ill ,i discov] "s new grace & beautie 9 him4 ,^? t liv$ ab\t ,virgil's "t1 compla9$ t "s w\ld comp>e ,lucretius unto him4 ,i am ( op9ion t v]ily x is an unequall comp>ison2 yet c ,i h>dly assure my selfe 9 ?is op9ion :5soev] ,i f9de my selfe entangl$ 9 "s notable passage ( ,lucretius4 ,if !y 7 mov$ at ?is comp>ison1 :at w\ld !y say n[ ( ! fond1 h>dy & b>b>\s /upiditie ( ^? :i* n[ adayes comp>e ,ario/o unto him8 ,nay1 :at w\ld ,ario/o say ( x himselfe8 ,o seclum insipi5s et infacetutn4 ,footnote3 ,catul4 ,epig1 xl4 #h4 ,o age t ha? no wit1 ,& small conceit 9 x4 ,i ?9ke our ance/ors _h also m reason to cry out aga9/ ^? t blu%$ n to equall ,plautus unto ,t]5ce 7:o makes m %[ to be a ,g5tleman7 ?an ,lucretius unto ,virgil4 ,?is "o ?+ do? greatly advantage ! e/imation & pref]r+ ( ,t]5ce1 t ! fa!r ( ! ,roman eloqu5ce1 ( m5 ( 8 quality do? s (t5 make m5tion ( him2 & ! c5sure ,footnote3 ,op9ion4 :i* ! *iefe ,judge ( ! ,roman ,poets give? ( 8 companion4 ,x ha? (t5 come unto my m9de1 h[ su* z 9 our dayes give !mselves to compos+ ( com$ies 7z ! ,italians :o are v happy 9 !m7 employ ?ree or f\re argum5ts ( ,t]5ce & ,plautus to make up "o ( !irs4 ,9 "o onely com$y !y w huddle up five or six ( ,bocaces tales4 ,t :i* makes !m s to *>ge !mselves ) matt]1 is ! di/ru/ !y h ( _! owne suffici5cy1 & t !y are n able to und]goe s heavie a bur!n ) _! owne /r5g?4 ,!y are =c$ to f9de a body on :i* !y may rely & leane !mselves3 & want+ matt] ( _! owne :]e) to please u1 !y w h ! /ory or tale to busie & ammuse u3 :]e z 9 my ,au?ors x is cleane contr>y3 ,! elegancies1 ! p]fections & ornam5ts ( 8 mann] ( spee*1 make u neglect & lose ! long+ = 8 subject4 ,8 qua9tnesse & grace doe /ill reta9e u to him4 ,he is e :]e pleasantly conceit$1 ,footnote3 ,full ( pleasant notions4 ,liquidus puroque simillimus amni ,footnote3 ,hor4 #a4 ii4 ,epi/4 ,,ii4 #abj4 ,s cle>ely-neate1 s neately-cle>e1 ,z he a f9e-pure ,riv] 71 & do? s repl5i% our m9de ) 8 graces t we =get ^? ( ! fable4 ,! same consid]ation drawes me some:at fur!r4 ,i p]ceive t good & anci5t ,poets h %unn$ ! affectation & enque/1 n only ( fanta/icall1 new fangl$1 ,spagnioliz$1 & ,petr>*i/icall elevations1 b also ( m sweet & sp>+ inv5tions1 :i* are ! ornam5t ( all ! ,poeticall workes ( succe$+ ages4 ,yet is !re no compet5t ,judge t f9de? !m want+ 9 ^? ,anci5t ones1 & t do? n mu* m admire t smoo?ly equall neatnesse1 cont9u$ sweetnesse1 & fl\ri%+ comel9esse ( ,catullus 8 ,epigrams1 ?an all ! %>pe quips & witty girds :]e) ,m>tiall do? :et & embelli% ! conclusions ( 84 ,x is ! same reason ,i spake ( ere:ile1 z ,m>tiall ( himselfe4 ,m9us illi +5io labor&um fuit1 9 cuius locum mat]ia success]at4 ,footnote3 ,m>t4 ,praf4 #a4 viii4 ,he ne$$ ! lesse worke ) 8 wit1 9 place :]e( matt] came 9 supply4 ,! =m] )\t be+ mov$ or prick$ cause !mselves to be he>d l[d en\gh3 !y h matt] to laugh at e :]e1 & ne$ n tickle !mselves2 :]e z ^! mu/ h =a9e helpe3 accord+ z !y h lesse _s1 !y mu/ h m body4 ,!y leape on horsebacke1 because !y are n suffici5tly /rong 9 _! legs to m>* on foot4 ,ev5 z 9 our dances1 ^? base condition$ m5 t keepe danc+-s*ooles1 because !y are unfit to repres5t ! port & dec5cie ( our nobilitie1 endev\r to get comm5dation by dang]\s l(ty trickes1 & o!r /range tumbl]-l friskes & motions4 ,& "s ,ladies make a bett] %ew ( _! c\nt5ances 9 ^? dances1 :]e9 are div]s *anges1 cutt+s1 turn+s1 & agitations ( ! body1 ?an 9 "s dances ( /ate & gravity1 :]e !y ne$ b simply to tread a naturall measure1 repres5t an unaffect$ c>iage1 & _! ord9>y grace2 ,& z ,i h also se5e "s excell5t ,l\rdans1 or ,cl[nes1 attir$ 9 _! ord9>y worky-day clo!s1 & ) a common homely c\nt5ance1 affoord u all ! pleasure t may be _h f _! art3 b pr5tises & le>n]s t are n ( s high a =me1 besme>e _! faces1 to disguise !mselves1 & 9 motions c\nt]feit /range visages & antickes1 to enduce u to laught]4 ,?is my conception is no :]e bett] disc]n$ ?an 9 ! comp>ison betwe5e ,virgils ,a,eneidos & ,orl&o ,furioso4 ,! fir/ is se5e to so>e al(t ) full-spread w+s1 & ) s high & /rong a pit*1 ev] foll[+ 8 po9t2 ! o!r fa9tly to hov] & flutt] f tale to tale1 & z x 7 skipp+ f b\gh to b\gh1 always di/ru/+ 8 owne w+s1 except x be = "s %ort flight1 & = fe>e 8 /r5g? & brea? %\ld faile him1 to sit d[ne at e fields- end2 ,excursusque breves t5tat4 ,footnote3 ,virg4 ,a,en4 #a4 iv4 #aid4 ,out-lopes ,footnote3 ,w&]+s out4 sometimes he do? assay1 ,b v %ort1 & z he may4 ,loe "h !n1 conc]n+ ?is k9de ( subjects1 :at ,au?ors please me be/3 ,z = my o!r lesson1 :i* some:at m mixe? pr(it ) pleasure1 :]eby ,i le>ne to range my op9ions & addresse my conditions1 ! ,bookes t s]ve me !reunto are ,plut>ke 7s9ce he spake ,footnote3 ,0 translat$ by ,angot ,fr5*7 & ,s5eca2 bo? h ?is excell5t commodity = my hum\r1 t ! k ,i seeke 9 !m is !re s scatt]+ly & loosely h&l$1 t :osoev] reade? !m is n ti$ to plod long ^u !m1 :]e( ,i am uncapable4 ,& s are ,plut>kes little workes & ,s5ecas ,epi/les1 :i* are ! be/ & mo/ pr(itable p>ts ( _! writ+s4 ,x is no great matt] to draw mee to !m1 & ,i leave !m :]e ,i li/4 ,= !y succe$ n & dep5d n "o ( ano!r4 ,bo? jumpe ,footnote3 ,agree & suit toge!r1 9 mo/ true & pr(itable op9ions3 ,& =tune br\ght !m bo? into ! _w 9 "o age4 ,bo? 7 ,tutors unto two ,roman ,emp]\rs3 ,bo? 7 /rang]s1 & came f f>re ,c\ntries2 bo? ri* & mighty 9 ! common-weal?1 & 9 cr$it ) _! ma/]s4 ,_! in/ruction is ! prime & creame ( ,philosophy1 & pres5t$ ) a pla9e1 unaffect$1 & p]t95t fa%ion4 ,plut>ke is m uni=me & con/ant2 ,s5eca m wav+ & div]se4 ,?is do? lab\r1 =ce1 & ext5d himselfe1 to arme & /r5g!n v]tue aga9/ weaknesse1 fe>e1 & viti\s desires2 ! o!r seeme? no?+ s mu* to fe>e _! =ce or attempt1 & 9 a mann] scorne? to ha/5 or *ange 8 pace ab\t !m1 & to put himselfe ^u 8 gu>d4 ,plut>kes op9ions are ,platonicall1 g5tle & accommodable unto civill societie3 ,s5ecaes ,/oicall & ,epicurian1 fur!r f common use1 b 9 my conceit ,footnote3 ,op9ion4 m prop]1 p>ticul>1 & m solid4 ,x appe>e? 9 ,s5eca t he some:at incl9e? & yeelde? to ! tyrannic ( ! ,emp]ors :i* 7 9 8 daies2 = ,i v]ily believe1 x is ) a =c$ judgem5t he condemne? ! cause ( ^? noblie- m9d$ mur!r]s ( ,caes>2 ,plut>ke is e :]e free & op5 he>t$2 ,s5eca full-fraught ) po9ts & sallies2 ,plut>ke /uft ) matt]s4 ,! =m] do? move & enflame y m2 ! latt] cont5t1 please1 & pay y bett]3 ,?is do? guide y1 ! o!r drive y on4 ,z = ,cic]o1 ( all 8 works1 ^? t treat ( ,philosophie 7namely morall7 are !y :i* be/ s]ve my turne1 & squ>e ) my int5t4 ,b boldly to confess ! tru? 7=1 s9ce ! b>s ( impud5cie 7 brok5 d[ne1 all curb+ is tak5 away71 8 mann] ( writ+ seeme? v]ie t$i\s unto me1 z do? all su* l /uffe4 ,= 8 prefaces1 def9itions1 divisions1 & ,etymologies consume ! greate/ "p ( 8 works2 :atsoev] quick1 wittie1 & pi?ie conceit is 9 him is sur*>g$ & conf\nd$ by ^? 8 long & f>-fet*t preambles4 ,if ,i be/[ b "o h\r 9 read+ !m1 :i* is mu* = me1 & let me call to m9de :at sub/ance or juice ,i h drawne f him1 = ! mo/ "p ,i f9d no?+ b w9d & o/5tation 9 him2 = he is n yet come to ! argum5ts :i* make = 8 purpose1 & reasons t prop]ly conc]ne ! knot or pi? ,i seek aft]4 ,^! ,logicall & ,ari/otelian ord9ances are n avail full = me1 :o onely endeav\r to become m wise & suffici5t1 & n m wittie or eloqu5t4 ,i w\ld h "o beg9 ) ! la/ po9t3 ,i und]/& suffici5tly :at dea? & voluptu\snesse are3 let n a man busie himselfe to anatomize !m4 ,at ! fir/ read+ ( a booke ,i seeke = good & solid reasons t may in/ruct me h[ to su/a9e _! assaults4 ,x is nei!r grammaticall subtilties nor logicall quiddities1 nor ! wittie contexture ( *oice words or argum5ts & syllogismes1 t w s]ve my turne4 ,i l ^? disc\rses t give ! fir/ *>ge to ! /ronge/ "p ( ! d\bt2 8 are b fl\ri%es1 & langui% ev]y:]e4 ,!y are good = s*ooles1 at ! b>re1 or = ,orators & ,prea*]s1 :]e we may slumb]3 & ?\gh we wake a qu>t] ( an h\re aft]1 we may f9de & trace him soone en\gh4 ,su* a mann] ( spee* is fit = ^? judges t a man w\ld corrupt by hooke or crooke1 by "r or wrong1 or = *ildr5 & ! common p1 unto :om a man mu/ tell all1 & see :at ! ev5t w\ld be4 ,i w\ld n h a man g ab\t & lab\r by circumlocutions to induce & w9ne me to att5tion1 & t 7z our ,h]alds or ,cri]s d7 !y %all r+ out _! words3 ,n[ he>e me1 n[ li/51 or ho-yes4 ,footnote3 ,oyez1 he>4 ,! ,romanes 9 _! religion 7 wont to say1 ,hoc age2 ,footnote3 ,d ?is4 :i* 9 ours we say1 ,sursum corda4 ,footnote3 ,lift up y\r he>ts4 ,!re are s _m lo/ words = me4 ,i come readie prep>$ f my h\se4 ,i ne$e no allurem5t nor sawce1 my /omacke is good en\gh to dige/ raw meat3 ,& :]eas ) ^! prep>atives & fl\ri%es1 or preambles1 !y ?9ke to %>p5 my ta/e or /ir my /omacke1 !y cloy & make x wall[i%4 ,footnote3 ,mawki%4 ,%all ! privilege ( times excuse me f ?is sacrilegi\s boldnesse1 to deem ,platoes ,dialogismes to be z langui%+1 by ov]-fill+ & /uff+ 8 matt]8 ,& to bewaile ! "t t a man :o _h s _m ?\s&s ( ?+s to utt]1 sp5ds ab\t s _m1 s long1 s va9e1 & idle int]loqutions1 & prep>atives8 ,my ignorance %all bett] excuse me1 9 t ,i see no?+ 9 ! beautie ( 8 language4 ,i g5]ally enquire aft] bookes t use sci5ces1 & n aft] su* z in/itute !m4 ,! two fir/1 & ,pl9ie1 ) o!rs ( _! ranke1 h no ,hoc age 9 !m1 !y w h to doe ) m5 t h =ew>n$ !mselves2 or if !y h1 x is a mat]iall & sub/antial6 ,hoc age1 & t ha? 8 bodie ap>t ,i likewise love to read ! ,epi/les & ad ,atticum1 n onely because !y conta9e a mo/ ample in/ruction ( ! hi/oric & affaires ( 8 times1 b mu* m because 9 !m ,i descrie 8 private hum\rs4 ,= 7z ,i h said else:]e7 ,i am wond]full curi\s to discov] & "k ! m9de1 ! s\l1 ! g5u9e disposition & naturall judgem5t ( my au?ors4 ,a man ought to judge _! suffici5cie & n _! cu/omes1 nor !m by ! %ew ( _! writ+s1 :i* !y set =? on ?is _w's !atre4 ,i h sorr[$ a ?\s& times t ev] we lo/ ! booke t ,brutus writ ( ,v]tue4 ,oh x is a goodly ?+ to le>ne ! ,!orike ( su* z und]/& ! practice well4 ,b =somu* z ! ,s]mon is "o ?+ & ! ,prea*] an o!r1 ,i love z mu* to see ,brutus 9 ,plut>ke z 9 himself3 ,i w\ld r make *oice to "k c]ta9ly :at talk he _h 9 8 t5t ) "s ( 8 famili> fri5ds1 ! night =e-go+ ! battell1 ?an ! spee* he made ! morr[ aft] to 8 ,armie2 & :at he did 9 8 *amb] or closet1 ?an :at 9 ! s5ate or m>ket place4 ,z = ,cic]o1 ,i am ( ! common judgem5t1 t besides le>n+ !re 0 no exquisite ,footnote3 ,ov]elaborate4 eloqu5ce 9 him3 ,he 0 a good citiz51 ( an hone/1 g5tle nature1 z are commonly fat & burly m53 = s 0 he3 ,b to speake truly ( ?im8 full ( ambiti\s vanity & remisse nic5ess4 ,footnote3 ,ineffectual fa/idi\sness4 ,& ,i "k n well h[ to excuse him1 9 t he deem$ 8 ,poesie wor?y to be publi%$4 ,x is no great imp]fection to make bad v]ses1 b x is an imp]fection 9 him t he nev] p]ceiv$ h[ unwor?y !y 7 ( ! glorie ( 8 "n4 ,conc]n+ 8 eloqu5ce1 x is beyond all comp>ison1 & ,i v]ily beleeve t none %all ev] equall x4 ,cic]o ! y\ng]1 :o resembl$ 8 fa!r 9 no?+ b 9 "n1 comm&+ 9 ,asia1 *anc$ "o day to h _m /rang]s at 8 bo>d1 & among/ o!rs1 "o ,cae/ius sitt+ at ! l[] end1 z ! mann] is to ?ru/ 9 at great m5s tables3 ,cic]o inquir$ ( "o ( 8 m5 :at he 01 :o told him 8 "n1 b he dream+ on o!r matt]s1 & hav+ =gott5 :at answ]e 8 man made him1 ask$ him 8 "n twice or ?rice m3 ! s]vant1 because he w\ld n be tr\bl$ to tell him "o ?+ s (t51 & by "s circum/ance to make him to "k him bett]1 ,x is1 said he1 ! same ,cae/ius ( :om "s h told y t1 9 respect ( 8 owne1 make? no accompt ( y\r fa!rs eloqu5ce3 ,cic]o be+ sudda9ly moov$1 comm&$ ! said poore ,cae/ius to be pres5tly tak5 f ! table1 & well :ipt 9 8 pres5ce3 ,lo he]e an uncivill & b>b>\s ho/4 ,ev5 among/ ^? :i* 7all ?+s consid]$7 h deem$ 8 eloqu5ce mat*lesse & incomp>able1 o!rs !re h be5 :o h n sp>$ to note "s faults 9 x4 ,z great ,brutus said1 t x 0 an eloqu5ce brok51 halt+1 & disjoynt$1 fractam et elumbem3 ,incoh]5t & s9n[lesse4 ,^? ,orators t liv$ ab\t 8 age1 reprov$ also 9 him ! curi\s c>e he _h ( a c]ta9e long cad5ce at ! end ( 8 clauses1 & not$ ^! words1 esse videatur1 :i* he s (t5 use?4 ,z = me1 ,i r l a cad5ce t falle? %ort]1 cut l ,iambikes3 yet do? he sometimes conf\nde 8 numb]s1 ,footnote3 ,confuse 8 rhy?m4 b x is seldome3 ,i h especially obs]v$ ?is "o place3 ,ego v]o me m9us diu s5em esse mallem1 quam esse s5em1 antequam essem8 ,footnote3 ,cic4 ,de ,s5ect4 ,b ,i _h r n be an old man1 s long z ,i might be1 ?an to be old be=e ,i %\ld be4 ,hi/orians are my "r h&1 = !y are pleasant & easie2 & !re)all ! man ) :om ,i desire g5]ally to be acqua9t$ may m lively & p]fectly be discov]$ 9 !m ?an 9 any o!r composition3 ! v>ictic & tru? ( 8 inw>d conditions1 9 grosse & by retale3 ! div]sitie ( ! meanes ( 8 collection & compos+1 & ( ! accid5ts t ?reat5 him4 ,n[ ^? t write ( m5s lives1 =asmu* z !y ammuse & busie !mselves m ab\t c\nsels ?an ev5ts1 m ab\t t :i* comme? f )9 ?an t :i* appe>e? outw>d2 !y are fitte/ = me3 ,& t's ! reason :y ,plut>ke above all 9 t k9d do? be/ please me4 ,inde$ ,i am n a little griev$ t we h n a doz5 ( ,la]tius1 or t he is n m kn[ne1 or bett] und]/ood2 = ,i am no lesse curi\s to "k ! =tunes & lives ( ^! great ma/]s ( ! _w ?an to und]/& ! div]sitie ( _! decrees & conceits4 ,9 ?is k9d ( /udie ( hi/orie a man mu/1 )\t di/9ction1 tosse & turne ov] all sorts ( ,au?ors1 bo? old & new1 bo? ,fr5* & o!rs1 if he w le>ne ! ?+s !y s div]sly treat (4 ,b me ?9kes t ,caes> above all do? s+ul>ly des]ve to be /udi$1 n onely = ! und]/&+ ( ! hi/orie z ( himselfe2 s mu* p]fection & excell5cie is !re 9 him m ?an 9 o!rs1 al?\gh ,salu/ be reckon$ "o ( ! numb]4 ,v]ily ,i read t au?or ) a little m rev]5ce & respects ?an commonly m5 reade pr(ane & humane ,workes3 sometimes consid]+ him by 8 actions & wond]s ( 8 greatnesse1 & o!r times waigh+ ! puritie & inimitable poli%+ & elegancie ( 8 tongue1 :i* 7z ,cic]o sai?7 ha? n onely exce$$ all hi/orians1 b haply ,cic]o himselfe3 ) su* s9c]itie 9 8 judgem5t1 speak+ ( 8 enemies1 t except ! false col\rs :]e) he goe? ab\t to cloake 8 bad cause1 & ! corruption & fil?9esse ( 8 pe/il5t ambition1 ,i am p]swad$ !re is no?+ 9 him to be f\nd fault )3 & t he ha? be5 ov]-sp>+ to speake ( himselfe2 = s _m notable & great ?+s c\ld nev] be execut$ by him1 unlesse he _h put m ( 8 owne into !m ?an he sette? d[ne4 ,i love ^? ,hi/orians t are ei!r v simple or mo/ excell5t4 ,! simple :o h no?+ ( _! owne to adde unto ! /orie & h b ! c>e & dilig5ce to collect :atsoev] come to _! k1 & s9c]ely & fai?fully to regi/] all ?+s1 )\t *oice or cull+1 by ! nak$ tru? leave our judgm5t m entire & bett] satisfi$4 ,su* among/ o!rs 7= examples sake7 pla9e & well-mean+ ,froiss>d1 :o 9 8 ent]prise ha? m>*$ ) s free & g5u9e a puritie1 t hav+ committ$ "s ov]sight1 he is nei!r a%am$ to ackn[l$ge nor afraid to correct ! same1 :]esoev] he ha? ei!r notice or w>n+ ( x2 & :o repres5te? unto u ! div]sitie ( ! newes !n curr5t & ! diff]5t reports t 7 made unto him4 ,! subject ( an hi/orie %\ld be nak$1 b>e1 & =melesse2 ea* man accord+ to 8 capacitie or und]/&+ may reap commoditie out ( x4 ,! curi\s & mo/ excell5t h ! suffici5cie to cull & *use t :i* is wor?ie to be kn[ne & may select ( two relations t :i* is mo/ likely3 f ! condition ( ,pr9ces & ( _! hum\rs1 !y conclude _! c\nsels & attribute fit words to !m3 !y assume a j au?oritie & b9d our fai? to !irs4 ,b truly t belongs n to _m4 ,su* z are betwe5e bo? 7:i* is ! mo/ common fa%ion71 x is !y t spoil all2 !y w ne$s *ew our meat = u & take ^u !m a law to judge1 & by consequ5ce to squ>e & encl9e ! /orie accord+ to _! fantasie2 =1 :]e ! judgem5t b5de? "o way1 a man _c *use b wre/ & turne 8 n>ration t way4 ,!y und]take to *use ?+s wor?y to bee kn[ne1 & n[ & !n conceal ei!r a ^w or a secret action f u1 :i* w\ld mu* bett] in/ruct u3 omitt+ su* ?+s z !y und]/& n z incr$ible3 & haply su* matt]s z !y "k n h[ to decl>e1 ei!r 9 good ,lat9 or tol]able ,fr5*4 ,let !m boldly en/all _! eloqu5ce & disc\rse3 ,let !m c5sure at _! pleasure1 b let !m also give u leave to judge aft] !m3 ,& let !m nei!r alt] nor disp5se by _! abridgem5ts & *oice any?+ belong+ to ! sub/ance ( ! matt]2 b let !m r s5d x pure & entire ) all h] dim5sions unto u4 ,mo/ commonly 7z *iefly 9 our age7 ?is *>ge ( writ+ hi/ories is committ$ unto base1 ignorant1 & me*anicall k9d ( p1 only = ?is consid]ation t !y c speake well2 z if we s\ght to le>ne ! ,gramm] ( !m2 & !y h "s reason1 be+ only hir$ to t end1 & publi%+ no?+ b _! tittle-tattle to aime at no?+ else s mu*4 ,?us ) /ore ( *oice & qua9t words1 & wyre drawne phrases1 !y huddle up & make a hodge-pot ( a lab\r$ contexture ( ! reports :i* !y ga!r 9 ! m>ket places or su* o!r assemblies4 ,! only good hi/ories are ^? t are writt5 by su* z comm&$ or 7 imploi$ !mselves 9 weighty affaires or t 7 p>tn]s 9 ! conduct ( !m1 or t at lea/ h _h ! =tune to manage o!rs ( l qualitie4 ,su* 9 a mann] are all ! ,graecians & ,romans4 ,= _m eye-witnesses hav+ writt5 ( "o same subject 7z x hapn$ 9 ^? times :5 ,greatnesse & ,k did commonly meet7 if any fault or ov]-sight h pa/ !m1 x mu/ be deem$ exce$+ light & ^u "s d\btful accid5t4 ,:at may a man expect at a ,phisitians h& t disc\rse? ( w>re1 or ( a b>e ,s*oll] treat+ ( ,pr9ces secret designes8 ,if we %all b note ! religion :i* ! ,romans _h 9 t1 wee ne$ no o!r example3 ,as9ius ,pollio f\nd "s mi/ak+ or ov]sight 9 ,caes>s ,comm5t>ies1 :]e9to he 0 falne1 only because he c\ld n possiblie ov]see all ?+s ) 8 owne eyes t hapn$ 9 8 ,armie1 b 0 fa9e to rely on ! reports ( p>ticul> m51 :o (t5 relat$ untru?s unto him3 or else because he _h n be5 curi\sly adv]tiz$ ,footnote3 ,m9utely in=m$4 & di/9ctly en=m$ by 8 ,lieut5ants & ,capta9es ( su* matt]s z !y 9 8 abs5ce _h manag$ or effect$4 ,:]eby may be se5 t no?+ is s h>d or s unc]ta9e to be f\nd out z ! c]ta9tie ( ! tru?1 si!nce ,footnote3 ,s9ce4 no man c put any assur$ confid5ce conc]n+ ! tru? ( a battel1 nei!r 9 ! k ( him t 0 ,g5]all or comm&$ ov] x1 nor 9 ! soldi]s t f\ght1 ( any?+ t ha? hapn$ among/ !m2 except aft] ! mann] ( a /rict po9t ( law1 ! sev]all witnesses are br\ght & exam9$ face to face1 & t all matt]s be nicely & ?or[ly sift$ by ! objects & trials ( ! successe ( e accid5t4 ,v]ily ! k we h ( our owne affaires is mu* m b>r5 & feeble4 ,b ?is ha? suffici5tly be5 h&l$ by ,bod91 & agree+ ) my conception4 ,some:at to aid ! weaknesse ( my memorie & to assi/ h] great defects2 = x ha? (t5 be5 my *ance to light ^u bookes :i* ,i suppos$ to be new & nev] to h read1 :i* ,i _h n und]/&+ dilig5tly read & run ov] _m ye>s be=e1 & all bescribl$ ) my notes2 ,i h a :ile s9ce accu/om$ my selfe to note at ! end ( my booke 7,i meane su* z ,i purpose to read b once7 ! "t ,i made an end to read x1 & to set d[ne :at c5sure or judgem5t ,i gave ( x2 t s x may at lea/ at ano!r "t repres5t unto my m9d ! aire & g5]all idea ,i _h conceiv$ ( ! ,au?or 9 read+ him4 ,i w "h set d[ne ! ,copie ( "s ( my annotations1 & especially :at ,i not$ ^u my ,guicci>d9e ab\t t5 ye>es s9ce3 7,= :at language soev] my books speake unto me ,i speake unto !m 9 m9e owne47 ,he is a dilig5t ,hi/oriograph] & f :om 9 my conceit a man may z exactly le>ne ! tru? ( su* affaires z pass$ 9 8 "t1 z ( any o!r writ] :atsoev]3 & ! r because himselfe ha? be5 an ,actor ( mo/ "p ( !m & 9 v]ie hon\rable place4 ,!re is no signe or app>ance t ev] he disguis$ or col\r$ any matt]1 ei!r ?r\gh hatr$1 malice1 fav\r1 or vanitie2 :]e( ! free & imp>tiall judgem5ts he give? ( great m51 & namely ( ^? by :om he _h be5 advanc$ or imploy$ 9 8 important *>ges1 z ( ,pope ,clem5t ! seav5?1 be>e? und\bt$ te/imony4 ,conc]n+ ! p>ts :]e9 he mo/ goe? ab\t to prevaile1 :i* are 8 digressions & disc\rses1 _m ( !m are v]ie excell5t & enri*$ ) faire ornam5ts1 b he ha? too mu* pleas$ himselfe 9 !m3 = endeav\r+ to omit no?+ t might be spok51 hav+ s full & l>ge a subject1 & almo/ inf9ite1 he prove? some:at langui%+1 & give? a ta/e ( a k9d ( s*ola/icall t$i\s babl+4 ,moreov]1 ,i h not$ ?is1 t ( s sev]all & div]s armes1 successes1 & effects he judge? (2 ( s _m & v>iable motives1 alt]ations1 & c\nsels1 t he relate?1 he nev] ref]re? any "o unto v]tue1 religion or consci5ce3 z if !y 7 all ext+ui%$ & bani%$ ! _w4 ,& ( all actions h[ glori\s soev] 9 app>ance !y be ( !mselves1 he do? ev] impute ! cause ( !m to "s vici\s & blame-wor?ie occasion1 or to "s commoditie & pr(it4 ,x is impossible to imag9e t among/ s inf9ite a numb] ( actions :]e( he judge?1 "s "o h n be5 produc$ & compass$ by way ( reason4 ,no corruption c\ld ev] possesse m5 s univ]sally b t "s "o mu/ ( necessity escape ! contagion2 :i* makes me to fe>e he ha? _h "s di/a/e or blame 9 8 passion1 & x ha? haply =tun$ t he ha? judg$ or e/eem$ ( o!rs accord+ to himselfe4 ,9 my ,philip de ,com9es !re is ?is3 ,9 him y %all f9d a pleas+- sweet & g5tly-glid+ spee*1 fraught ) a purely s9c]e simplicitie1 8 n>ration pure & unaffect$1 & :]e9 ! ,au?\rs unspott$ good mean+ do? evid5tly appe>e1 void ( all mann] ( vanitie or o/5tation speak+ ( himselfe1 & free f all affection or envie-speak+ ( o!rs2 8 disc\rses & p]swasions accompani$ m ) a well-mean+ zeale & me]e ,footnote3 ,pure4 v]itie ?an ) any lab\r$ & exquisite suffici5cie1 & all?r\gh ) gravitie & au?oritie1 repres5t+ a man well-borne & br\ght up 9 high negotiations4 ,^u ! ,memoires & hi/oric ( ,monsieur du ,bellay3 ,x is ev] a well-pleas+ ?+ to see matt]s writt5 by ^? t h z said h[ & 9 :at mann] !y ought to be direct$ & manag$3 yet c x n be d5i$ b t 9 bo? ^! ,lords !re w manife/ly appe>e a great decl9ation f a free lib]tie ( writ+1 :i* cle>ely %9e? 9 anci5t writ]s ( _! k9d3 z 9 ! ,"l ( l\9ille1 famili> unto ,sa9t ,lewis2 ,eg9>d1 ,*ancellor unto ,*>lema9e2 & ( m fre% memorie 9 ,philip de ,com9es4 ,?is is r a declamation or plead+ = ,k+ ,francis aga9/ ! ,emp]\r ,*>les ! fif?1 ?an an ,hi/oric4 ,i w n beleeve !y h alt]$ or *ang$ any ?+ conc]n+ ! g5]alitie ( matt]s1 b r to wre/ & turne ! judgem5t ( ! ev5ts _m times aga9/ reason1 to our advantage1 & to omit :atsoev] !y suppos$ to be d\btful or tickli% 9 _! ma/]s life3 !y h made a bus9ess ( x3 witnesse ! recoyl+s ( ! ,lords ( ,momorancy & ,byron1 :i* !re9 are =gott52 & :i* is m1 y %all n s mu* z f9d ! "n ( ! ,ladie ( ,e/ampes m5tion$ at all4 ,a man may sometimes col\r & haply hide secret actions1 b absolutely to conceal t :i* all ! _w kn[e?1 & especially su* ?+s z h drawne-on publike effects1 & ( su* consequ5ce1 x is an inexcusable defect1 or z ,i may say unp>donable ov]sight4 ,to conclude1 :osoev] desire? to h p]fect in=mation & k ( k+ ,francis ! fir/1 & ( ! ?+s hapn$ 9 8 "t1 let him addresse himselfe else:]e if he w give any cr$it unto me4 ,! pr(it he may reap "h is by ! p>ticul> description ( ! battels & exploits ( w>re :]e9 ^! g5tlem5 7 pres5t2 "s privie conf]5ces1 spee*es1 or secret actions ( "s pr9ces t !n liv$1 & ! practices manag$1 or negotiations direct$ by ! ,"l ( ,langeay1 9 :i* d\btless are v]ie _m ?+s well wor?y to be kn[ne1 & div]se disc\rses n vulg>e4 ,,montaigne ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,classic8 ,,by ,,*>les-,,augu/9 ,,sa9te-,,beuve ,,translat$ ,,by ,e4 ,,lee ,,introductory ,,note ,*>les ,augu/9 ,sa9te-,beuve1 ! =emo/ ,fr5* critic ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 &1 9 ! view ( _m1 ! greate/ lit]>y critic ( ! _w1 0 born at ,b\logne-sur-,m]1 ,decemb] #bc1 #ahjd4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e1 b soon ab&on$ x = lit]ature2 & be=e he gave himself up to criticism he made "s m$iocre attempts 9 poetry & fiction4 ,he became pr(essor at ! ,college de ,france & ! ,ecole ,normale & 0 appo9t$ ,s5ator 9 #ahfe4 ,a c\rse ( lectures giv5 at ,lausanne 9 #ahcg result$ 9 8 great ,hi/oire de ,port-,royal & ano!r giv5 at ,liege 9 8 ,*ateaubri& et son gr\pe litt]aire4 ,b 8 mo/ fam\s productions 7 8 critical essays publi%$ p]iodically 9 ! ,con/itutionnel ! ,moniteur & ! ,temps lat] collect$ 9 sets "u ! names ( ,critiques et ,portraits ,litt]aires ,portraits ,contempora9s ,caus]ies du ,lundi & ,n\veaux ,lundis4 ,at ! height ( 8 vogue1 ^! ,monday essays 7 ev5ts ( ,european importance4 ,he di$ 9 #ahfi4 ,sa9te-,beuve's "w 0 mu* m ?an lit]>y criticism z t type ( writ+ _h be5 g5]ally conceiv$ be=e 8 "t4 ,9 place ( ! m]e classification ( books & ! pass+ ( a judgm5t ^u !m z good or bad1 he s\ght to illum9ate & expla9 by ?r[+ light on a lit]>y "w f a /udy ( ! life1 circum/ances1 & aim ( ! writ]1 & by a comp>ison ) ! lit]ature ( o!r times & c\ntries4 ,?us 8 "w 0 hi/orical1 psy*ological1 & e?ical1 z well z e/hetic1 & dem&$ va/ le>n+ & a lit]>y outlook ( unp>allel$ bread?4 ,9 addition to ?is equipm5t he _h f9e ta/e & an admirable /yle2 & by 8 univ]sality1 p5etration1 & balance he rais$ to a new level ! pr(ession ( critic4 ,,montaigne ,:ile ! good %ip ,france is tak+ a some:at haphaz>d c\rse1 gett+ into unkn[n seas1 & prep>+ to d\ble :at ! pilots 7if !re is a pilot7 call ! ,/ormy ,cape1 :ile ! look-out at ! ma/-head ?9ks he sees ! spectre ( ! giant ,adama/or ris+ on ! horizon1 _m hon\rable & peaceable m5 cont9ue _! "w & /udies all ! same1 & foll[ out to ! end1 or z f> z !y c1 _! fav\rite hobbies4 ,i "k1 at ! pres5t "t1 a le>n$ man :o is collat+ m c>efully ?an has ev] yet be5 done ! diff]5t e>ly editions ( ,rabelais--editions1 m>k y1 ( :i* only "o copy rema9s1 ( :i* a second is n to be f\nd3 f ! c>eful collation ( ! texts "s lit]>y & maybe philosophical result w be d]iv$ ) reg>d to ! g5ius ( ! ,fr5* ,lucian-,ari/ophanes4 ,i "k ano!r s*ol> ^: devotion & wor%ip is giv5 to a v diff]5t man--to ,bossuet3 he is prep>+ a complete1 exact1 detail$ hi/ory ( ! life & works ( ! great bi%op4 ,& z ta/es diff]1 & human fancy is cut into a ?\s& %apes 7,montaigne said t71 ,montaigne also has 8 devotees1 he :o1 himself1 0 s little ( "o3 a sect is =m$ r\nd him4 ,9 8 lifetime he _h ,mademoiselle de ,g\rnay1 8 daught] ( alliance1 :o 0 solemnly devot$ to him2 & 8 disciple1 ,*>ron1 foll[$ him closely1 /ep by /ep1 only /riv+ to arrange 8 ?\ghts ) m ord] & me?od4 ,9 our "t amateurs1 intellig5t m51 practice ! religion "u ano!r =m3 !y devote !mselves to collect+ ! smalle/ traces ( ! au?or ( ! ,essays1 to ga!r+ up ! slighte/ relics1 & ,dr4 ,pay5 may be ju/ly plac$ at ! head ( ! gr\p4 ,= ye>s he has be5 prep>+ a book on ,montaigne1 ( :i* ! title w be--,mi*el de ,montaigne1 a collection ( un$it$ or little kn[n facts ab\t ! au?or ( ! ,essays1 8 book1 & 8 o!r writ+s1 ab\t 8 family1 8 fri5ds1 8 admir]s1 8 detractors4 ,:ile await+ ! conclusion ( ! book1 ! occupation & amusem5t ( a lifetime1 ,dr4 ,pay5 keeps u in=m$ 9 %ort pamphlets ( ! v>i\s works & discov]ies made ab\t ,montaigne4 ,if we sep>ate ! discov]ies made dur+ ! la/ five or six ye>s f ! jumble ( qu>rels1 disputes1 cavill+1 quack]y1 & law-suits 7= !re h be5 all ^?71 !y consi/ 9 ?is- - ,9 #ahdf ,m4 ,mace f\nd 9 ! 7!n7 ,royal ,libr>y1 among/ ! ,collection ,du ,puys1 a lett] ( ,montaigne1 address$ to ! k+1 ,h5ri ,,iv41 ,septemb] #b1 #aeij4 ,9 #ahdg ,m4 ,pay5 pr9t$ a lett]1 or a fragm5t ( a lett] ( ,montaigne ( ,febru>y #af1 #aehh1 a lett] corrupt & incomplete1 com+ f ! collection ( ! ,comtesse ,boni de ,ca/ellane4 ,b1 mo/ important ( all1 9 #ahdh1 ,m4 ,horace de ,viel-,ca/el f\nd 9 ,london1 at ! ,briti% ,museum1 a rem>kable lett] ( ,montaigne1 ,may #bb1 #aehe1 :5 ,mayor ( ,bordeaux1 address$ to ,m4 de ,matignon1 ! k+'s lieut5ant 9 ! t[n4 ,! great int]e/ ( ! lett] is t x %[s ,montaigne = ! fir/ "t 9 ! full dis*>ge ( 8 (fice ) all ! en]gy & vigilance ( :i* he 0 capable4 ,! pret5d$ idl] 0 at ne$ mu* m active ?an he 0 ready to own4 ,m4 ,det*ev]ry1 keep] ( ! records to ! mayoralty ( ,bordeaux1 f\nd & publi%$ 7#ahej7 a lett] ( ,montaigne1 :ile mayor1 to ! ,jurats1 or ald]m5 ( ! t[n1 ,july #cj1 #aehe4 ,m4 ,a*ille ,jub9al f\nd among ! manuscripts ( ! ,national ,libr>y1 & publi%$ 7#ahej71 a long1 rem>kable lett] f ,montaigne to ! k+1 ,h5ri ,,iv41 ,janu>y #ah1 #aeij1 :i* happily co9cides ) t already f\nd by ,m4 ,mace4 ,la/ly1 to omit no?+ & d ju/ice to all1 9 a ,visit to ,montaigne's ,*ateau 9 ,p]igord1 ( :i* ! acc\nt appe>$ 9 #ahej1 ,m4 ,b]tr& de ,sa9t-,g]ma9 describ$ ! place & po9t$ out ! v>i\s ,greek & ,lat9 inscriptions t may /ill be read 9 ,montaigne's t[] 9 ! ?ird-/orey *amb] 7! gr\nd floor c\nt+ z ! fir/71 :i* ! philosoph] made 8 libr>y & /udy4 ,m4 ,pay51 collect+ toge!r & criticis+ 9 8 la/ pamphlet ! v>i\s notices & discov]ies1 n all ( equal importance1 all[$ himself to be drawn into "s little exagg]ation ( praise2 b we _c blame him4 ,admiration1 :5 appli$ to su* noble1 p]fectly innoc5t1 & dis9t]e/$ subjects1 is truly a sp>k ( ! sacr$ fire3 x produces rese>* t a less ard5t zeal w\ld quickly leave aside1 & sometimes leads to valuable results4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld be well = ^? :o1 foll[+ ,m4 ,pay5's example1 intellig5tly und]/& & greatly admire ,montaigne1 to rememb]1 ev5 9 _! ard\r1 ! advice ( ! wise man & ! ma/]4 ,!re is m to d1 said he1 speak+ ( ! comm5tators ( 8 "t1 9 int]pret+ ! int]pretations ?an 9 int]pret+ ! ?+s !mselves2 & m bdoks ab\t books ?an on any o!r subject4 ,we d no?+1 b ev]y?+ sw>ms ) comm5tators2 ( au?ors !re is a great r>ity4 ,au?ors are ( great price & v sc>$ at all times--t is to say1 au?ors :o really increase ! sum ( human k4 ,i %\ld l all :o write on ,montaigne1 & give u ! details ( _! rese>*es & discov]ies1 to imag9e "o ?+1--,montaigne himself read+ & criticis+ !m4 ,:at w\ld he ?9k ( me & ! mann] 9 :i* ,i am go+ to speak ( him to ! public8 ,if su* a "q 0 put1 h[ greatly x w\ld suppress useless phrases & %ort5 idle discussions6 ,m4 ,pay5's la/ pamphlet 0 d$icat$ to a man :o des]ves equally well ( ,montaigne--,m4 ,gu/ave ,brunet1 ( ,bordeaux4 ,he1 speak+ ( ,m4 ,pay51 9 a "w 9 :i* he po9t$ out int]e/+ & v>i\s corrections ( ,montaigne's text1 said3 ,may he soon decide to publi% ! fruits ( 8 rese>*es3 he w h left no?+ = future ,montaignologues ,montaignologues6 ,great ,heav56 :at w\ld ,montaigne say ( su* a ^w co9$ 9 8 hon\r8 ,y :o occupy y\rselves s m]itori\sly ) him1 b :o h1 ,i ?9k1 no claim to appropriate him to y\rselves1 9 ! "n ( him :om y love1 & :om we all love by a great] or less] title1 nev]1 ,i beg ( y1 use su* words2 !y smack ( ! bro!rhood & ! sect1 ( p$antry & ( ! *att] ( ! s*ools--?+s utt]ly repugnant to ,montaigne4 ,montaigne _h a simple1 natural1 affable m9d1 & a v happy disposition4 ,sprung f an excell5t fa!r1 :o1 ?\gh ( no great education1 ent]$ ) real en?usiasm into ! movem5t ( ! ,r5aissance & all ! lib]al novelties ( 8 "t1 ! son correct$ ! excessive en?usiasm1 vivacity1 & t5d]ness he inh]it$ by a great ref9em5t & ju/ness ( reflection2 b he did n abjure ! orig9al gr\ndwork4 ,x is sc>cely m ?an ?irty ye>s ago t :5ev] ! sixte5? c5tury 0 m5tion$ x 0 spok5 ( z a b>b>\s epo*1 ,montaigne only except$3 !re9 lay error & ignorance4 ,! sixte5? c5tury 0 a great c5tury1 f]tile1 p[]ful1 le>n$1 ref9$ 9 p>ts1 al?\gh 9 "s aspects x 0 r\gh1 viol5t1 & seem+ly co>se4 ,:at x p>ticul>ly lack$ 0 ta/e1 if by ta/e is meant ! faculty ( cle> & p]fect selection1 ! extrication ( ! elem5ts ( ! beautiful4 ,b 9 ! succe$+ c5turies ta/e quickly became di/a/e4 ,if1 h[ev]1 9 lit]ature x 0 crude1 9 ! arts prop]ly s-call$1 9 ^? ( ! h& & ! *isel1 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ev5 9 ,france1 is1 9 ! quality ( ta/e1 f> great] ?an ! two succe$+ c5turies3 x is nei!r meagre nor massive1 heavy nor di/ort$4 ,9 art its ta/e is ri* & ( f9e quality1--at once unre/ra9$ & complex1 anci5t & mod]n1 special to itself & orig9al4 ,9 ! region ( morals x is unequal & mix$4 ,x 0 an age ( contra/s1 ( contra/s 9 all _! crudity1 an age ( philosophy & fanaticism1 ( scepticism & /rong fai?4 ,ev]y?+ 0 at /rife & 9 collision2 no?+ 0 bl5d$ & unit$4 ,ev]y?+ 0 9 f]m5t2 x 0 a p]iod ( *aos2 e ray ( light caus$ a /orm4 ,x 0 n a g5tle age1 or "o we c call an age ( light1 b an age ( /ruggle & combat4 ,:at di/+ui%$ ,montaigne & made a ph5om5on ( him 01 t 9 su* an age he %\ld h possess$ mod]ation1 caution1 & ord]4 ,born on ! la/ day ( ,febru>y1 #aecc1 taught ! anci5t languages z a game :ile /ill a *ild1 wak$ ev5 9 8 cradle by ! s\nd ( musical in/rum5ts1 he seem$ less fitt$ = a rude & viol5t epo* ?an = ! comm]ce & sanctu>y ( ! muses4 ,8 r>e good s5se correct$ :at 0 too ideal & poetical 9 8 e>ly education2 b he pres]v$ ! happy faculty ( say+ ev]y?+ ) fre%ness & wit4 ,m>ri$1 :5 pa/ ?irty1 to an e/imable woman :o 0 8 companion = tw5ty-eight ye>s1 he seems to h put passion only into fri5d%ip4 ,he immortalis$ 8 love = ,eti5ne de la ,boetie1 :om he lo/ aft] f\r ye>s ( ! sweete/ & close/ intimacy4 ,= "s "t c\nsellor 9 ! ,p>liam5t ( ,bordeaux1 ,montaigne1 be=e he 0 =ty1 retir$ f public life1 & flung away ambition to live 9 8 t[] ( ,montaigne1 enjoy+ 8 own society & 8 own intellect1 entirely giv5 up to 8 own obs]vations & ?\ghts1 & to ! busy idl5ess ( :i* we "k all ! sports & fancies4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,essays appe>$ 9 #aehj1 consi/+ ( only two books1 & 9 a =m repres5t+ only ! fir/ r\gh draft ( :at we h 9 ! lat] editions4 ,! same ye> ,montaigne set out on a voyage to ,switz]l& & ,italy4 ,x 0 dur+ t voyage t ! ald]m5 ( ,bordeaux elect$ him mayor ( _! t[n4 ,at fir/ he refus$ & excus$ himself1 b w>n$ t x w\ld be well to accept1 & enjo9$ by ! k+1 he took ! (fice1 ! m beautiful1 he said1 t !re 0 nei!r r5unciation nor ga9 o!r ?an ! hon\r ( its p]=mance4 ,he fill$ ! (fice = f\r ye>s1 f ,july #aehb to ,july #aehf1 be+ re-elect$ aft] ! fir/ two ye>s4 ,?us ,montaigne1 at ! age ( fifty1 & a little aga9/ 8 w1 re- ent]$ public life :5 ! c\ntry 0 on ! eve ( civil di/urbances :i*1 quiet$ & lull$ to sleep = a :ile1 broke out m viol5tly at ! cry ( ! ,league4 ,al?\gh1 z a rule1 lessons s]ve = no?+1 s9ce ! art ( wisdom & happ9ess _c be taught1 let u n d5y ourselves ! pleasure ( li/5+ to ,montaigne2 let u look on 8 wisdom & happ9ess2 let him speak ( public affairs1 ( revolutions & di/urbances1 & ( 8 way ( conduct+ himself ) reg>d to !m4 ,we d n put =w>d a model1 b we (f] our read]s an agreeable recreation4 ,al?\gh ,montaigne liv$ 9 s agitat$ & /ormy a "t1 a p]iod t a man :o _h liv$ ?r\gh ! ,t]ror 7,m4 ,daun\7 call$ ! mo/ tragic c5tury 9 all hi/ory1 he by no means reg>d$ 8 age z ! wor/ ( ages4 ,he 0 n ( ^? prejudic$ & afflict$ p]sons1 :o1 measur+ ev]y?+ by _! visual horizon1 valu+ ev]y?+ accord+ to _! pres5t s5sations1 alway decl>e t ! disease !y suff] f is worse ?an any ev] be=e exp]i5c$ by a human be+4 ,he 0 l ,socrates1 :o did n consid] himself a citiz5 ( "o city b ( ! _w2 ) 8 broad & full imag9ation he embrac$ ! univ]sality ( c\ntries & ( ages2 he ev5 judg$ m equitably ! v evils ( :i* he 0 witness & victim4 ,:o is x1 he said1 t1 see+ ! bloody havoc ( ^! civil w>s ( ours1 does n cry out t ! ma*9e ( ! _w is ne> dissolution1 & t ! day ( judgm5t is at h&1 )\t consid]+ t _m worse revolutions h be5 se51 & t1 9 ! mean "t1 p are be+ m]ry 9 a ?\s& o!r p>ts ( ! e>? = all ?is8 ,= my "p1 consid]+ ! lic5se & impunity t always att5d su* commotions1 ,i admire !y are s mod]ate1 & t !re is n m mis*ief done4 ,to him :o feels ! hail/ones patt] ab\t 8 e>s1 ! :ole hemisph]e appe>s to be 9 /orm & tempe/4 ,& rais+ 8 ?\ghts high] & high]1 r$uc+ 8 own suff]+ to :at x 0 9 ! imm5sity ( nature1 see+ !re n only himself b :ole k+doms z m]e specks 9 ! inf9ite1 he add$ 9 words :i* =e%ad[$ ,pascal1 9 words ^: outl9e & sali5t po9ts ,pascal did n disda9 to borr[3 ,b :oev] %all repres5t to 8 fancy1 z 9 a picture1 t great image ( our "m nature1 portray$ 9 h] full maje/y & lu/re1 :oev] 9 h] face %all read s g5]al & s con/ant a v>iety1 :oev] %all obs]ve himself 9 t figure1 & n himself b a :ole k+dom1 no bigg] ?an ! lea/ t\* or prick ( a p5cil 9 comp>ison ( ! :ole1 t man alone is able to value ?+s accord+ to _! true e/imate & gr&eur4 ,?us ,montaigne gives u a lesson1 a useless lesson1 b ,i /ate x all ! same1 because among ! _m unpr(itable ones t h be5 writt5 d[n1 x is p]haps ( great] wor? ?an mo/4 ,i d n mean to und]rate ! gravity ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* ,france is j n[ involv$1 = ,i believe !re is press+ ne$ to br+ toge!r all ! en]gy1 prud5ce1 & c\rage %e possesses 9 ord] t ! c\ntry may come out ) hon\r ,footnote3 ,?is essay appe>$ ,april #bh1 #ahea4 ,h[ev]1 let u reflect1 & rememb] t1 leav+ aside ! ,empire1 :i* z reg>ds int]nal affairs 0 a p]iod ( calm1 & be=e #ahab ( prosp]ity1 we :o utt] su* l\d compla9ts1 liv$ 9 peace f #ahae to #ahcj1 fifte5 long ye>s2 t ! ?ree days ( ,july only inaugurat$ ano!r ord] ( ?+s t = eighte5 ye>s gu>ante$ peace & 9 du/rial prosp]ity2 9 all1 ?irty-two ye>s ( repose4 ,/ormy days came2 tempe/s bur/1 & w d\btless bur/ aga94 ,let u le>n h[ to live ?r\gh !m1 b d n let u cry out e day1 z we are dispos$ to d1 t nev] "u ! sun 7 su* /orms kn[n z we are endur+4 ,to get away f ! pres5t /ate ( feel+1 to re/ore lucidity & proportion to our judgm5ts1 let u read e ev5+ a page ( ,montaigne4 ,a criticism ( ,montaigne on ! m5 ( 8 day /ruck me1 & x be>s equally well on ^? ( ours4 ,our philosoph] says some:]e t he kn[s a fair numb] ( m5 possess+ v>i\s good qualities--"o1 intellig5ce2 ano!r1 he>t2 ano!r1 address1 consci5ce or k1 or skill 9 languages1 ea* has 8 %>e3 b ( a great man z a :ole1 hav+ s _m good qualities toge!r1 or "o ) su* a degree ( excell5ce t we ought to admire him1 or comp>e him ) ^? we hon\r 9 ! pa/1 my =tune has nev] %[n me "o4 ,he aft]w>ds made an exception 9 fav\r ( 8 fri5d ,eti5ne de la ,boetie1 b he belong$ to ! company ( great m5 dead be=e atta9+ maturity1 & %[+ promise )\t hav+ "t to fulfil x4 ,montaigne's criticism call$ up a smile4 ,he did n see a true & :olly great man 9 8 "t1 ! age ( ,l',hopital1 ,coligny1 & ! ,guises4 ,well6 h[ does ours seem to y8 ,we h z _m great m5 z 9 ,montaigne's "t1 "o di/+ui%$ = 8 intellect1 ano!r = 8 he>t1 a ?ird = skill1 "s 7a r>e ?+7 = consci5ce1 _m = k & language4 ,b we too lack ! p]fect man1 & he is greatly to be desir$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ intellig5t obs]v]s ( our day recognis$ & proclaim$ x "s ye>s ago3 ,our age1 said ,m4 de ,remusat1 is want+ 9 great m54 ,footnote3 ,essais de ,philosophie1 vol4 i1 p4 #bb ,h[ did ,montaigne conduct himself 9 8 duties z fir/ magi/rate ( a great city8 ,if we take him lit]ally & on a ha/y fir/ glance we %\ld believe he dis*>g$ !m slackly & languidly4 ,did n ,horace1 do+ ! hon\rs to himself1 say t 9 w> he "o day let 8 %ield fall 7relicta non b5e p>mula78 ,we mu/ n be 9 too great a hurry to take too lit]ally ! m5 ( ta/e :o h a horror ( ov]-e/imat+ !mselves4 ,m9ds ( a f9e quality are m giv5 to vigilance & to action ?an !y are apt to confess4 ,! man :o boa/s & makes a great noise1 w1 ,i am almo/ sure1 be less brave 9 ! combat ?an ,horace1 & less vigilant at ! c\ncil bo>d ?an ,montaigne4 ,on ent]+ (fice ,montaigne 0 c>eful to w>n ! ald]m5 ( ,bordeaux n to expect to f9d 9 him m ?an !re really 02 he pres5t$ himself to !m )\t affectation4 ,i repres5t$ to !m fai?fully & consci5ti\sly all t ,i felt myself to be1--a man )\t memory1 )\t vigilance1 )\t exp]i5ce1 & )\t en]gy2 b also1 )\t hate1 )\t ambition1 )\t av>ice1 & )\t viol5ce4 ,he %\ld be sorry1 :ile tak+ ! affairs ( ! t[n 9 h&1 t 8 feel+s %\ld be s /rongly affect$ z ^? ( 8 wor?y fa!r _h be51 :o 9 ! end _h lo/ 8 place & heal?4 ,! eag] & ard5t pl$ge to satisfy an impetu\s desire 0 n 8 me?od4 ,8 op9ion 0 t y mu/ l5d y\rself to o!rs1 & only give y\rself to y\rself4 ,& repeat+ 8 ?\ght1 accord+ to 8 cu/om 9 all k9ds ( metaphors & picturesque =ms1 he said aga9 t if he "s times all[$ himself to be urg$ to ! managem5t ( o!r m5's affairs1 he promis$ to take !m 9 h&1 n into my lungs & liv]4 ,we are ?us =ew>n$1 we "k :at to expect4 ,! mayor & ,montaigne 7 two di/9ct p]sons2 "u 8 role & (fice he res]v$ to himself a c]ta9 fre$om & secret security4 ,he cont9u$ to judge ?+s 9 8 own fa%ion & imp>tially1 al?\gh act+ loyally = ! cause confid$ to him4 ,he 0 f> f approv+ or ev5 excus+ all he saw 9 8 p>ty1 & he c\ld judge 8 adv]s>ies & say ( !m3 ,he did t ?+ wick$ly1 & ?is virtu\sly4 ,i w\ld h1 he add$1 matt]s g well on our side2 b if !y d n1 ,i %all n run mad4 ,i am he>tily = ! "r p>ty2 b ,i d n affect to be tak5 notice ( = an especial enemy to o!rs4 ,& he ent]$ into "s details & applications :i* at t "t 7 piquant4 ,let u rem>k1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to expla9 & ju/ify 8 some:at ext5sive pr(ession ( imp>tiality1 t ! *iefs ( ! p>ty !n 9 evid5ce1 ! ?ree ,h5ris1 7 fam\s & consid]able m5 on sev]al c\nts3 ,h5ri1 ,duke ( ,guise1 head ( ! ,league2 ,h5ri1 ,k+ ( ,nav>re1 lead] ( ! ,opposition2 & ! ,k+ ,h5ri ,,iii4 9 ^: "n ,montaigne 0 mayor1 :o wav]$ betwe5 ! two4 ,:5 p>ties h nei!r *ief nor head1 :5 !y are kn[n by ! body only1 t is to say1 9 _! hide\s & brutal reality1 x is m difficult & also m haz>d\s to be j t[>ds !m & to assign to ea* its %>e ( action4 ,! pr9ciple :i* guid$ him 9 8 adm9i/ration 0 to look only at ! fact1 at ! result1 & to grant no?+ to noise & outw>d %[3 ,h[ mu* m a good effect makes a noise1 s mu* ,i abate ( ! goodness ( x4 ,= x is always to be fe>$ t x 0 m p]=m$ = ! sake ( ! noise ?an ^u ! acc\nt ( goodness3 ,be+ expos$ ^u ! /all1 'tis half sold4 ,t 0 n ,montaigne's way3 he made no %[2 he manag$ m5 & affairs z quietly z he c\ld2 he employ$ 9 a mann] useful to all alike ! gifts ( s9c]ity & conciliation2 ! p]sonal attraction ) :i* nature end[$ him 0 a quality ( ! highe/ value 9 ! managem5t ( m54 ,he pref]r$ to w>n m5 ( evil r ?an to take on himself ! hon\r ( repress+ x3 ,is !re any "o :o desires to be sick t he may see 8 physician's practice8 ,& w\ld n t physician des]ve to be :ipp$ :o %\ld wi% ! plague among/ u t he might put 8 art into practice8 ,f> f desir+ t tr\ble & disord] 9 ! affairs ( ! city %\ld r\se & hon\r 8 gov]n m5t1 he _h ev] will+ly1 he said1 contribut$ all he c\ld to _! tranquillity & ease4 ,he is n ( ^? :om municipal hon\rs intoxicate & elate1 ^? dignities ( (fice z he call$ !m1 & ( :i* all ! noise goes f "o cross-road to ano!r4 ,if he 0 a man desir\s ( fame1 he recognis$ t x 0 ( a k9d great] ?an t4 ,i d n "k1 h[ev]1 if ev5 9 a va/] field he w\ld h *ang$ 8 me?od & mann] ( proce$ +4 ,to d good = ! public imp]ceptibly w\ld always seem to him ! ideal ( skill & ! culm9at+ po9t ( happ9ess4 ,he :o w n ?ank me1 he said1 = ! ord] & quiet calm t has accompani$ my adm9i/ration1 _c1 h[ev]1 deprive me ( ! %>e t belongs to me by ! title ( my good =tune4 ,& he is inexhau/ible 9 describ+ 9 lively & graceful expressions ! k9ds ( effective & imp]ceptible s]vices he believ$ he _h r5d]$--s]vices greatly sup]ior to noisy & glori\s de$s3 ,actions :i* come f ! workman's h& c>elessly & noiselessly h mo/ *>m1 t "s hone/ man *ooses lat] & br+s f _! obscurity to ?ru/ !m into ! light = _! own sake4 ,?us =tune s]v$ ,montaigne to p]fection1 & ev5 9 8 adm9i/ration ( affairs1 9 difficult conjunctures1 he nev] _h to belie 8 maxim1 nor to /ep v f> out ( ! way ( life he _h plann$3 ,= my "p ,i comm5d a glid+1 solit>y1 & sil5t life4 ,he rea*$ ! end ( 8 magi/racy almo/ satisfi$ ) himself1 hav+ accompli%$ :at he _h promis$ himself1 & mu* m ?an he _h promis$ o!rs4 ,! lett] lately discov]$ by ,m4 ,horace de ,viel-,ca/el corroborates ! *apt] 9 :i* ,montaigne exhibits & criticises himself 9 ! p]iod ( 8 public life4 ,t lett]1 says ,m4 ,pay51 is entirely on affairs4 ,montaigne is mayor2 ,bordeaux1 lately di/urb$1 seems ?reat5$ by fre% agitations2 ! k+'s lieut5ant is away4 ,x is ,w$nesday1 ,may #bb1 #aehe2 x is night1 ,montaigne is wakeful1 & writes to ! gov]nor ( ! prov9ce4 ,! lett]1 :i* is ( too special & local an int]e/ to be ins]t$ "h1 may be summ$ up 9 ^! words3--,montaigne regrett$ ! abs5ce ( ,m>%al de ,matignon1 & fe>$ ! consequ5ces ( its prolongation2 he 0 keep+1 & w\ld cont9ue to keep1 him acqua9t$ ) all t 0 go+ on1 & begg$ him to return z soon z 8 circum/ances w\ld p]mit4 ,we are look+ aft] our gates & gu>ds1 & a little m c>efully 9 y\r abs5ce4 4 4 4 ,if any?+ important & fre% occurs1 ,i %all s5d y a mess5g] imm$iately1 s t if y he> no news f me1 y may consid] t no?+ has happ5$4 ,he begs ,m4 de ,matignon to rememb]1 h[ev]1 t he might n h "t to w>n him1 entreat+ y to consid] t su* movem5ts are usually s sudd51 t if !y d occur !y w take me by ! ?roat )\t any w>n+4 ,besides1 he w d ev]y?+ to asc]ta9 ! m>* ( ev5ts be=eh&4 ,i w d :at ,i c to he> news f all p>ts1 & to t end %all visit & obs]ve ! incl9ations ( all sorts ( m54 ,la/ly1 aft] keep+ ! m>%al in=m$ ( ev]y?+1 ( ! lea/ rum\rs abroad 9 ! city1 he press$ him to return1 assur+ him t we sp>e nei!r our c>e1 nor1 if ne$ be1 our lives to pres]ve ev]y?+ 9 ob$i5ce to ! k+4 ,montaigne 0 nev] prodigal ( prote/ations & praises1 & :at ) o!rs 0 a m]e =m ( spee*1 0 ) him a real und]tak+ & ! tru?4 ,?+s1 h[ev]1 became worse & worse3 civil w> broke out2 fri5dly or ho/ile p>ties 7! diff]5ce 0 n great7 infe/$ ! c\ntry4 ,montaigne1 :o w5t to 8 c\ntry h\se z (t5 z he c\ld1 :5ev] ! duties ( 8 (fice1 :i* 0 draw+ ne> its t]m1 did n oblige him to be 9 ,bordeaux1 0 expos$ to e sort ( insult & outrage4 ,i und]w5t1 he said1 ! inconv5i5ces t mod]ation br+s along ) x 9 su* a disease4 ,i 0 piti$ on all h&s2 to ! ,ghibell9e ,i 0 a ,guelph1 & to ! ,guelph a ,ghibell9e4 ,9 ! mid/ ( 8 p]sonal grievances he c\ld dis5gage & raise 8 ?\ghts to reflections on ! public mis=tunes & on ! degradation ( m5's *>act]s4 ,consid]+ closely ! disord] ( p>ties1 & all ! abject & wret*$ ?+s :i* develop$ s quickly1 he 0 a%am$ to see lead]s ( r5[n /oop & debase !mselves by c[>dly complac5cy2 = 9 ^? circum/ances we "k1 l him1 t 9 ! ^w ( comm& to m>*1 draw up1 :eel1 & ! l1 we obey him inde$2 b all ! re/ is dissolute & free4 ,x pleases me1 said ,montaigne ironically1 to obs]ve h[ mu* pusillanimity & c[>dice !re is 9 ambition2 by h[ abject & s]vile ways x mu/ arrive at its end4 ,despis+ ambition z he did1 he 0 n sorry to see x unmask$ by su* practices & degrad$ 9 8 sight4 ,h[ev]1 8 goodness ( he>t ov]com+ 8 pride & contempt1 he adds sadly1 x displeases me to see good & g5]\s natures1 & t are capable ( ju/ice1 e day corrupt$ 9 ! managem5t & comm& ( ?is confusion4 4 4 4 ,we _h ill-contriv$ s\ls en\gh )\t spoil+ ^? t 7 g5]\s & good4 ,he r s\ght 9 t mis=tune an opportunity & motive = =tify+ & /r5g!n+ himself4 ,attack$ "o by "o by _m disagreeables & evils1 :i* he w\ld h endur$ m *e]fully 9 a heap--t is to say1 all at once- -pursu$ by w>1 disease1 by all ! plagues 7,july #aehe71 9 ! c\rse ?+s 7 tak+1 he already ask$ himself to :om he & 8 c\ld h rec\rse1 ( :om he c\ld ask %elt] & subsi/5ce = 8 old age2 & hav+ look$ & se>*$ ?or\ghly all ar\nd1 he f\nd himself actually de/itute & ,,ru9$4 ,=1 to let a man's self fall plumb d[n1 & f s great a height1 x ought to be 9 ! arms ( a solid1 vigor\s1 & =tunate fri5d%ip4 ,!y are v r>e1 if !re be any4 ,speak+ 9 su* a mann]1 we p]ceive t ,la ,boetie _h be5 "s "t dead4 ,!n he felt t he mu/ aft] all rely on himself 9 8 di/ress1 & mu/ ga9 /r5g?2 n[ or nev] 0 ! "t to put into practice ! l(ty lessons he sp5t 8 life 9 collect+ f ! books ( ! philosoph]s4 ,he took he>t aga91 & atta9$ all ! height ( 8 virtue3 ,9 an ord9>y & quiet "t1 a man prep>es himself = mod]ate & common accid5ts2 b 9 ! confusion :]e9 we h be5 = ^! ?irty ye>s1 e ,fr5*man1 :e!r 9 p>ticul> or 9 g5]al1 sees himself e h\r ^u ! po9t ( ! total ru9 & ov]?r[ ( 8 =tune4 ,& f> f be+ disc\rag$ & curs+ fate = caus+ him to be born 9 s /ormy an age1 he sudd5ly congratulat$ himself3 ,let u ?ank =tune t has n made u live 9 an effem9ate1 idle & langui%+ age4 ,s9ce ! curiosity ( wise m5 seeks ! pa/ = di/urbances 9 /ates 9 ord] to le>n ! secrets ( hi/ory1 &1 z we %\ld say1 ! :ole physiology ( ! body social1 s does my curiosity1 he decl>es1 make me 9 "s sort please myself ) see+ ) my own eyes ?is notable spectacle ( our public dea?1 its =ms & symptoms2 &1 see+ ,i c\ld n h9d] x1 am cont5t to be de/9$ to assi/ 9 x1 & !reby to in/ruct myself4 ,i %all n sugge/ a consolation ( t sort to mo/ p2 ! great] "p ( mank9d does n possess ! h]oic & eag] curiosity ( ,emp$ocles & ! eld] ,pl9y1 ! two intrepid m5 :o w5t /raight to ! volcanoes & ! di/urbances ( nature to exam9e !m at close qu>t]s1 at ! risk ( de/ruction & dea?4 ,b to a man ( ,montaigne's nature1 ! ?\ght ( t /oical obs]vation gave him consolation ev5 amid real evils4 ,consid]+ ! condition ( false peace & d\btful truce1 ! regime ( dull & pr(\nd corruption :i* _h prec$$ ! la/ di/urbances1 he almo/ congratulat$ himself on see+ _! cessation2 = x 01 he said ( ! regime ( ,h5ri ,,iii41 an univ]sal juncture ( p>ticul> memb]s1 rott5 to emulation ( "o ano!r1 & ! mo/ ( !m ) invet]ate ulc]s1 t nei!r requir$ nor admitt$ ( any cure4 ,?is conclusion !re=e did really m animate ?an depress me4 ,note t 8 heal?1 usually delicate1 is "h rais$ to ! level ( 8 morality1 al?\gh :at x _h suff]$ ?r\gh ! v>i\s di/urbances might h be5 en\gh to und]m9e x4 ,he _h ! satisfaction ( feel+ t he _h "s hold aga9/ =tune1 & t x w\ld take a great] %ock /ill to cru% him4 ,ano!r consid]ation1 humbl] & m humane1 upheld him 9 8 tr\bles1 ! consolation aris+ f a common mis=tune1 a mis=tune %>$ by all1 & ! sight ( ! c\rage ( o!rs4 ,! p1 especially ! real p1 !y :o are victims & n robb]s1 ! peasants ( 8 di/rict1 mov$ him by ! mann] 9 :i* !y endur$ ! same1 or ev5 worse1 tr\bles ?an 84 ,! disease or plague :i* rag$ at t "t 9 ! c\ntry press$ *iefly on ! poor2 ,montaigne le>n$ f !m resignation & ! practice ( philosophy4 ,let u look d[n ^u ! poor p t we see scatt]$ ^u ! face ( ! e>?1 prone & int5t ^u _! bus9ess1 t nei!r "k ,ari/otle nor ,cato1 example nor precept4 ,ev5 f ^! does nature e day extract effects ( con/ancy & pati5ce1 m pure & manly ?an ^? we s inquisitively /udy 9 ! s*ools4 ,& he goes on to describe !m work+ to ! bitt] end1 ev5 9 _! grief1 ev5 9 disease1 until _! /r5g? fail$ !m4 ,he t is n[ digg+ 9 my g>d5 has ?is morn+ buri$ 8 fa!r1 or 8 son4 4 4 4 ,!y nev] keep _! b$s b to die4 ,! :ole *apt] is f9e1 pa!tic1 to ! po9t1 ev9c+ noble1 /oical elevation ( m9d1 & also ! *e]ful & affable disposition :i* ,montaigne said1 ) tru?1 0 8 by inh]itance1 & 9 :i* he _h be5 n\ri%$4 ,!re c\ld be no?+ bett] z reg>ds consolation 9 public calamities1 except a *apt] ( "s n m human1 b ( "s truly div9e book1 9 :i* ! h& ( ,god %\ld be ev]y:]e visible1 n p]functorily1 z ) ,montaigne1 b actually & lov+ly pres5t4 ,9 fact1 ! consolation ,montaigne gives himself & o!rs is p]haps z l(ty & beautiful z human consolation )\t pray] c be4 ,he wrote ! *apt]1 ! twelf? ( ! ?ird book1 9 ! mid/ ( ! evils describ$1 & be=e !y 7 end$4 ,he conclud$ x 9 8 graceful & poetical way ) a collection ( examples1 a heap ( =eign fl[]s1 to :i* he furni%$ only ! ?read = fa/5+ !m toge!r4 ,!re is ,montaigne to ! life2 no matt] h[ s]i\sly he spoke1 x 0 always ) ! utmo/ *>m4 ,to =m an op9ion on 8 /yle y h only to op5 him indiff]5tly at any page & li/5 to 8 talk on any subject2 !re is none t he did n enliv5 & make sugge/ive4 ,9 ! *apt] ,( ,li>s1 = in/ance1 aft] enl>g+ on 8 lack ( memory & giv+ a li/ ( reasons by :i* he might console himself1 he sudd5ly add$ ?is fre% & delightful reason1 t1 ?anks to 8 faculty = =gett+1 ! places ,i revisit1 & ! books ,i read ov] aga91 always smile ^u me ) a fre% novelty4 ,x is ?us t on e subject he t\*$ he 0 cont9ually new1 & creat$ s\rces ( fre%ness4 ,montesquieu1 9 a memorable exclamation1 said3 ,! f\r great poets1 ,plato1 ,malebran*e1 ,%aftesbury1 ,montaigne6 ,h[ true x is ( ,montaigne6 ,no ,fr5* writ]1 includ+ ! poets prop]1 _h s l(ty an idea ( poetry z he _h4 ,f my e>lie/ *ildhood1 he said1 poetry _h p[] ov] me to transport & transpi]ce me4 ,he consid]$1 & !re9 %[s p5etration1 t we h m poets ?an judges & int]pret]s ( poetry4 ,x is easi] to write ?an to und]/&4 ,9 itself & its pure beauty 8 poetry defies def9ition2 :oev] desir$ to recognise x at a glance & disc]n ( :at x actually consi/$ w\ld see no m ?an ! brilliance ( a fla% ( lightn+4 ,9 ! con/itution & cont9uity ( 8 /yle1 ,montaigne is a writ] v ri* 9 animat$1 bold similes1 naturally f]tile 9 metaphors t are nev] deta*$ f ! ?\ght1 b t seize x 9 its v c5tre1 9 its int]ior1 t jo9 & b9d x4 ,9 t respect1 fully obey+ 8 own g5ius1 he has gone beyond & "s times exce$$ ! g5ius ( language4 ,8 concise1 vigor\s & always =cible /yle1 by its poignancy1 emphasises & repeats ! mean+4 ,x may be said ( 8 /yle t x is a cont9ual epigram1 or an ev]-r5ew$ metaphor1 a /yle t has only be5 successfully employ$ by ! ,fr5* once1 by ,montaigne himself4 ,if we want$ to imitate him1 suppos+ we _h ! p[] & 7 naturally fitt$ = x--if we desir$ to write ) 8 sev]ity1 exact proportion1 & div]se cont9uity ( figures & turns--x w\ld be necess>y to =ce our language to be m p[]ful1 & poetically m complete1 ?an is usually our cu/om4 ,/yle a la ,montaigne1 consi/5t1 v>i$ 9 ! s]ies & assortm5t ( ! metaphors1 exacts ! creation ( a portion ( ! tissue itself to hold !m4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t 9 places ! wo( %\ld be enl>g$ & ext5d$1 9 ord] to weave into x ! metaphor2 b 9 def9+ him ,i come almo/ to write l him4 ,! ,fr5* language1 ,fr5* prose1 :i* 9 fact always sav\rs m or less ( conv]sation1 does n1 naturally1 possess ! res\rces & ! ext5t ( canvas necess>y = a cont9u$ picture3 by ! side ( an animat$ metaphor x w (t5 exhibit a sudd5 lacuna & "s weak places4 ,9 fill+ ?is by boldness & inv5tion z ,montaigne did1 9 creat+1 9 imag9+ ! expression & locution t is want+1 our prose %\ld appe> equally f9i%$4 ,/yle a la ,montaigne w\ld1 9 _m respects1 be op5ly at w> ) t ( ,voltaire4 ,x c\ld only come into be+ & fl\ri% 9 ! full fre$om ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 a frank1 +5i\s1 jovial1 ke51 brave1 & ref9$ m9d1 ( an unique /amp1 t ev5 = t "t1 seem$ free & some:at lic5ti\s1 & t 0 inspir$ & embold5$1 b n intoxicat$ by ! pure & direct _s ( anci5t s\rces4 ,su* z he is1 ,montaigne is ! ,fr5* ,horace2 he is ,horatian 9 ! gr\ndwork1 (t5 9 ! =m & expression1 al?\gh 9 t he sometimes approa*es ,s5eca4 ,8 book is a treasure-h\se ( moral obs]vations & ( exp]i5ce2 at :atev] page x is op5$1 & 9 :at ev] condition ( m9d1 "s wise ?\ght express$ 9 a /rik+ & endur+ fa%ion is c]ta9 to be f\nd4 ,x w at once deta* itself & engrave itself on ! m9d1 a beautiful mean+ 9 full & =cible words1 9 "o vigor\s l9e1 famili> or great4 ,! :ole ( 8 book1 said ,eti5ne ,pasqui]1 is a real sem9>y ( beautiful & rem>kable s5t5ces1 & !y come 9 s mu* ! bett] t !y run & ha/5 on )\t ?ru/+ !m selves into notice4 ,!re is some?+ = e age1 = e h\r ( life3 y _c read 9 x = any "t )\t hav+ ! m9d fill$ & l9$ z x 71 or1 to put x bett]1 fully arm$ & clo!d4 ,we h j se5 h[ mu* useful c\nsel & actual consolation x conta9s = an hon\rable man1 born = private life1 & fall5 on times ( di/urbance & revolution4 ,to ?is ,i %all add ! c\nsel he gave ^? :o1 l myself & _m m5 ( my acqua9tance1 suff] f political di/urbances )\t 9 any way provok+ !m1 or believ+ ourselves capable ( av]t+ !m4 ,montaigne1 z ,horace w\ld h done1 c\nsels !m1 :ile appreh5d+ ev]y?+ f af> (f1 n to be too mu* preoccupi$ ) su* matt]s 9 advance2 to take advantage to ! end ( pleasant mom5ts & bright int]vals4 ,/roke on /roke come 8 piquant & wise similes1 & he concludes1 to my ?9k+1 ) ! mo/ delightful "o ( all1 & "o1 besides1 entirely appropriate & seasonable3 x is folly & fret1 he said1 to take out y\r furr$ g[n at ,sa9t ,john because y w want x at ,*ri/mas4 ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,classic8 ,a delicate "q1 to :i* some:at div]se solutions might be giv5 accord+ to times & seasons4 ,an intellig5t man sugge/s x to me1 & ,i int5d to try1 if n to solve x1 at lea/ to exam9e & discuss x face to face ) my read]s1 7 x only to p]suade !m to answ] x = !mselves1 &1 if ,i c1 to make _! op9ion & m9e on ! po9t cle>4 ,& :y1 9 criticism1 %\ld we n1 f "t to "t1 v5ture to treat "s ( ^? subjects :i* are n p]sonal1 9 :i* we no long] speak ( "s "o b ( "s ?+8 ,our neighb\rs1 ! ,engli%1 h well succe$$ 9 mak+ ( x a special division ( lit]ature "u ! mode/ title ( ,essays4 ,x is true t 9 writ+ ( su* subjects1 always slightly ab/ract & moral1 x is advisable to speak ( !m 9 a season ( quiet1 to make sure ( our own att5tion & ( t ( o!rs1 to seize "o ( ^? mom5ts ( calm mod]ation & leisure seldom grant$ our amiable ,france2 ev5 :5 %e is desir\s ( be+ wise & is n mak+ revolutions1 h] brilliant g5ius c sc>cely tol]ate !m4 ,a classic1 accord+ to ! usual def9ition1 is an old au?or canonis$ by admiration1 & an au?ority 9 8 p>ticul> /yle4 ,! ^w classic 0 fir/ us$ 9 ?is s5se by ! ,romans4 ,) !m n all ! citiz5s ( ! diff]5t classes 7 prop]ly call$ classici1 b only ^? ( ! *ief class1 ^? :o possess$ an income ( a c]ta9 fix$ sum4 ,^? :o possess$ a small] income 7 describ$ by ! t]m infra classem1 bel[ ! preem95t class4 ,! ^w classicus 0 us$ 9 a figurative s5se by ,aulus ,gellius1 & appli$ to writ]s3 a writ] ( wor? & di/9ction1 classicus assiduusque scriptor1 a writ] :o is ( acc\nt1 has real prop]ty1 & is n lo/ 9 ! prolet>iate cr[d4 ,su* an expression implies an age suffici5tly advanc$ to h already made "s sort ( valuation & classification ( lit]ature4 ,at fir/ ! only true classics = ! mod]ns 7 ! anci5ts4 ,! ,greeks1 by peculi> good =tune & natural enlight5m5t ( m9d1 _h no classics b !mselves4 ,!y 7 at fir/ ! only classical au?ors = ! ,romans1 :o /rove & contriv$ to imitate !m4 ,aft] ! great p]iods ( ,roman lit]ature1 aft] ,cic]o & ,virgil1 ! ,romans 9 _! turn _h _! classics1 :o became almo/ exclusively ! classical au?ors ( ! c5turies :i* foll[$4 ,! middle ages1 :i* 7 less ignorant ( ,lat9 antiquity ?an is believ$1 b :i* lack$ proportion & ta/e1 confus$ ! ranks & ord]s4 ,ovid 0 plac$ above ,hom]1 & ,boetius seem$ a classic equal to ,plato4 ,! revival ( le>n+ 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies help$ to br+ ?is long *aos to ord]1 & !n only 0 admiration rightly proportion$4 ,!nce=? ! true classical au?ors ( ,greek & ,lat9 antiquity /ood out 9 a lum9\s backgr\nd1 & 7 h>moni\sly gr\p$ on _! two heights4 ,mean:ile mod]n lit]atures 7 born1 & "s ( ! m precoci\s1 l ! ,italian1 already possess$ ! /yle ( antiquity4 ,dante appe>$1 &1 f ! v fir/1 po/]ity greet$ him z a classic4 ,italian poetry has s9ce %runk into f> n>r[] b\nds2 b1 :5ev] x desir$ to d s1 x always f\nd aga9 & pres]v$ ! impulse & e*o ( its l(ty orig94 ,x is no indiff]5t matt] = a poetry to d]ive its po9t ( dep>ture & classical s\rce 9 high places2 = example1 to spr+ f ,dante r ?an to issue labori\sly f ,malh]be4 ,mod]n ,italy _h h] classical au?ors1 & ,spa9 _h e "r to believe t %e also _h h]s at a "t :5 ,france 0 yet seek+ h]s4 ,a few tal5t$ writ]s en d[$ ) orig9ality & exceptional animation1 a few brilliant ef=ts1 isolat$1 )\t foll[+1 int]rupt$ & recomm5c$1 did n suffice to end[ a nation ) a solid & impos+ basis ( lit]>y weal?4 ,! idea ( a classic implies some?+ t has cont9uance & consi/5ce1 & :i* produces unity & tradition fa%ions & transmits itself1 & endures4 ,x 0 only aft] ! glori\s ye>s ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 t ! nation felt ) tremor & pride t su* good =tune _h happ5$ to h]4 ,e voice 9 =m$ ,l\is ,,xiv4 ( x ) flatt]y1 exagg]ation1 & emphasis1 yet ) a c]ta9 s5tim5t ( tru?4 ,!n arose a s+ul> & /rik+ contradiction3 ^? m5 ( :om ,p]rauit 0 ! *ief1 ! m5 :o 7 mo/ smitt5 ) ! m>vels ( ! age ( ,l\is ! ,great1 :o ev5 w5t ! l5g? ( sacrific+ ! anci5ts to ! mod]ns1 aim$ at exalt+ & canonis+ ev5 ^? :om !y reg>d$ z invet]ate oppon5ts & adv]s>ies4 ,boileau av5g$ & angrily upheld ! anci5ts aga9/ ,p]rault1 :o extoll$ ! mod]ns--t is to say1 ,corneille1 ,moli]e1 ,pascal1 & ! em95t m5 ( 8 age1 ,boileau1 "o ( ! fir/1 includ$4 ,k9dly ,la ,fonta9e1 tak+ "p 9 ! dispute 9 behalf ( ! le>n$ ,huet1 did n p]ceive t1 9 spite ( 8 defects1 he 0 9 8 turn on ! po9t ( be+ held z a classic himself4 ,example is ! be/ def9ition4 ,f ! "t ,france possess$ h] age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 & c\ld contemplate x at a little di/ance1 %e knew1 bett] ?an by any argum5ts1 :at to be classical meant4 ,! eighte5? c5tury1 ev5 9 its m$ley ( ?+s1 /r5g!n$ ?is idea ?r\gh "s f9e works1 due to its f\r great m54 ,read ,voltaire's ,age ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,montesquieu's ,greatness & ,fall ( ! ,romans1 ,buffon's ,epo*s ( ,nature1 ! beautiful pages ( rev]ie & natural description ( ,r\sseau's ,savoy>d ,vic>1 & say if ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 ^! memorable works1 did n und]/& h[ to reconcile tradition ) fre$om ( developm5t & indep5d5ce4 ,b at ! be g9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury & "u ! ,empire1 9 sight ( ! fir/ attempts ( a decid$ly new & some:at adv5tur\s lit]ature1 ! idea ( a classic 9 a few resi/ + m9ds1 m sorr[ful ?an sev]e1 0 /rangely n> r[$ & contract$4 ,! fir/ ,diction>y ( ! ,academy 7#afid7 m]ely def9$ a classical au?or z a mu*-approv$ anci5t writ]1 :o is an au?ority z reg>ds ! subject he treats4 ,! ,diction>y ( ! ,academy ( #ahce n>r[s t def9ition /ill m1 & gives precision & ev5 limit to its r vague =m4 ,x describes classical au?ors z ^? :o h become models 9 any language :atev]1 & 9 all ! articles :i* foll[1 ! expressions1 models1 fix$ rules = composition & /yle1 /rict rules ( art to :i* m5 mu/ con=m1 cont9ually recur4 ,t def9ition ( classic 0 evid5tly made by ! respectable ,academicians1 our pr$ecessors1 9 face & sight ( :at 0 !n call$ romantic--t is to say1 9 sight ( ! enemy4 ,x seems to me "t to r5\nce ^? timid & re/rictive def9itions & to free our m9d ( !m4 ,a true classic1 z ,i %\ld l to he> x def9$1 is an au?or :o has enri*$ ! human m9d1 increas$ its treasure1 & caus$ x to advance a /ep2 :o has discov]$ "s moral & n equivocal tru?1 or reveal$ "s et]nal passion 9 t he>t :]e all seem$ kn[n & discov]$2 :o has express$ 8 ?\ght1 obs]vation1 or inv5tion1 9 no matt] :at =m1 only provid$ x be broad & great1 ref9$ & s5sible1 sane & beautiful 9 itself2 :o has spok5 to all 9 8 own peculi> /yle1 a /yle :i* is f\nd to be also t ( ! :ole _w1 a /yle new )\t neologism1 new & old1 easily contempor>y ) all "t4 ,su* a classic may = a mom5t h be5 revolution>y2 x may at lea/ h seem$ s1 b x is n2 x only la%$ & subv]t$ :atev] prev5t$ ! re/oration ( ! balance ( ord] & beauty4 ,if x is desir$1 names may be appli$ to ?is def9ition :i* ,i wi% to make purposely maje/ic & fluctuat+1 or 9 a ^w1 all- embrac+4 ,i %\ld fir/ put !re ,corneille ( ! ,polyeucte1 ,c9na1 & ,horaces4 ,i %\ld put ,moli]e !re1 ! fulle/ & mo/ complete poetic g5ius we h ev] _h 9 ,france4 ,goe!1 ! k+ ( critics1 said3-- ,moli]e is s great t he a/oni%es u afre% e "t we read him4 ,he is a man ap>t2 8 plays bord] on ! tragic1 & no "o has ! c\rage to try & imitate him4 ,8 ,av>e1 :]e vice de/roys all affection betwe5 fa!r & son1 is "o ( ! mo/ sublime works1 & dramatic 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,9 a drama e action ought to be important 9 itself1 & to lead to an action great] /ill4 ,9 ?is respect ,t>tuffe is a model4 ,:at a piece ( exposition ! fir/ sc5e is6 ,f ! beg9n+ ev]y?+ has an important mean+1 & causes some?+ mu* m important to be =ese54 ,! exposition 9 a c]ta9 play ( ,less+ t might be m5tion$ is v f9e1 b ! _w only sees t ( ,t>tuffe once4 ,x is ! f9e/ ( ! k9d we possess4 ,e ye> ,i read a play ( ,moli]e1 j z f "t to "t ,i contemplate "s engrav+ aft] ! great ,italian ma/]s4 ,i d n conceal f myself t ! def9ition ( ! classic ,i h j giv5 some:at exce$s ! notion usually ascrib$ to ! t]m4 ,x %\ld1 above all1 include conditions ( uni=mity1 wisdom1 mod]ation1 & reason1 :i* dom9ate & conta9 all ! o!rs4 ,hav+ to praise ,m4 ,roy]-,coll>d1 ,m4 de ,remusat said--,if he d]ives purity ( ta/e1 propriety ( t]ms1 v>iety ( expression1 att5tive c>e 9 suit+ ! diction to ! ?\ght1 f our classics1 he owes to himself alone ! di/9ctive "* he gives x all4 ,x is "h evid5t t ! "p allott$ to classical qualities seems mo/ly to dep5d on h>mony & nuances ( expression1 on graceful & temp]ate /yle3 su* is also ! mo/ g5]al op9ion4 ,9 ?is s5se ! pre-em95t classics w\ld be writ]s ( a middl+ ord]1 exact1 s5sible1 elegant1 always cle>1 yet ( noble feel+ & airily veil$ /r5g?4 ,m>ie-,joseph ,*5i] has describ$ ! poetics ( ^? temp]ate & accompli%$ writ]s 9 l9es :]e he %[s himself _! happy disciple3-- ,x is good s5se1 reason :i* does all1--virtue1 g5ius1 s\l1 tal5t1 & ta/e4--,:at is virtue8 reason put 9 practice2--tal5t8 reason express$ ) brilliance2--s\l8 reason delicately put =?2--& g5ius is sublime reason4 ,:ile writ+ ^? l9es he 0 evid5tly ?9k+ ( ,pope1 ,boileau1 & ,horace1 ! ma/] ( !m all4 ,! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! !ory :i* subord9at$ imag9ation & feel+ itself to reason1 ( :i* ,scalig] p]haps gave ! fir/ sign among ! mod]ns1 is1 prop]ly speak+1 ! ,lat9 !ory1 & = a long "t x 0 also by pref]5ce ! ,fr5* !ory4 ,if x is us$ appositely1 if ! t]m reason is n abus$1 t !ory possesses "s tru?2 b x is evid5t t x is abus$1 & t if1 = in/ance1 reason c be conf\nd$ ) poetic g5ius & make "o ) x 9 a moral epi/le1 x _c be ! same ?+ z ! g5ius1 s v>i$ & s div]sely creative 9 its expression ( ! passions1 ( ! drama or ! epic4 ,:]e w y f9d reason 9 ! f\r? book ( ! ,a,eneid & ! transports ( ,dido8 ,be t z x may1 ! _s :i* prompt$ ! !ory1 caus$ writ]s :o rul$ _! inspiration1 r ?an ^? :o ab&on$ !mselves to x1 to be plac$ 9 ! fir/ rank ( classics2 to put ,virgil !re m surely ?an ,hom]1 ,rac9e 9 pref]5ce to ,corneille4 ,! ma/]piece to :i* ! !ory likes to po9t1 :i* 9 fact br+s toge!r all conditions ( prud5ce1 /r5g?1 temp]$ boldness1 moral elevation1 & gr&eur1 is ,a?alie4 ,tur5ne 9 8 two la/ campaigns & ,rac9e 9 ,a?alie are ! great examples ( :at wise & prud5t m5 are capable ( :5 !y rea* ! maturity ( _! g5ius & atta9 _! supreme/ boldness4 ,buffon1 9 8 ,disc\rse on ,/yle1 insi/+ on ! unity ( design1 arrangem5t1 & execution1 :i* are ! /amps ( true classical works1 said3--,e subject is "o1 & h[ev] va/ x is1 x c be compris$ 9 a s+le treatise4 ,int]ruptions1 pauses1 sub- divisions %\ld only be us$ :5 _m subjects are treat$1 :51 hav+ to speak ( great1 intricate1 & dissimil> ?+s1 ! m>* ( g5ius is int]rupt$ by ! multiplicity ( ob/acles1 & contract$ by ! necessity ( circum/ances3 o!rwise1 f> f mak+ a "w m solid1 a great numb] ( divisions de/roys ! unity ( its p>ts2 ! book appe>s cle>] to ! view1 b ! au?or's design rema9s obscure4 ,& he cont9ues 8 criticism1 hav+ 9 view ,montesquieu's ,_s ( ,laws1 an excell5t book at bottom1 b sub-divid$3 ! fam\s au?or1 worn out be=e ! end1 0 unable to infuse inspiration into all 8 ideas1 & to arrange all 8 matt]4 ,h[ev]1 ,i c sc>cely believe t ,buffon 0 n also ?9k+1 by way ( contra/1 ( ,bossuet's ,disc\rse on ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 a subject va/ inde$1 & yet ( su* an unity t ! great orator 0 able to comprise x 9 a s+le treatise4 ,:5 we op5 ! fir/ edition1 t ( #afha1 be=e ! division into *apt]s1 :i* 0 introduc$ lat]1 pass$ f ! m>g9 into ! text1 v ?+ is develop$ 9 a s+le s]ies1 almo/ 9 "o brea?4 ,x might be said t ! orator has "h act$ l ! nature ( :i* ,buffon speaks1 t he has work$ on an et]nal plan f :i* he has n[h]e dep>t$1 s deeply does he seem to h ent]$ into ! famili> c\nsels & designs ( provid5ce4 ,are ,a?alie & ! ,disc\rse on ,univ]sal ,hi/ory ! greate/ ma/]pieces t ! /rict classical !ory c pres5t to its fri5ds z well z to its enemies8 ,9 spite ( ! admirable simplicity & dignity 9 ! a*ievem5t ( su* unique productions1 we %\ld l1 nev]!less1 9 ! int]e/s ( art1 to exp& t !ory a little1 & to %[ t x is possible to enl>ge x )\t relax+ ! t5sion4 ,goe!1 :om ,i l to quote on su* a subject1 said3-- ,i call ! classical heal?y1 & ! romantic sickly4 ,9 my op9ion ! ,nibelung5 song is z mu* a classic z ,hom]4 ,bo? are heal?y & vigor\s4 ,! works ( ! day are romantic1 n because !y are new1 b because !y are weak1 ail+1 or sickly4 ,anci5t works are classical n because !y are old1 b because !y are p[]ful1 fre%1 & heal?y4 ,if we reg>d$ romantic & classical f ^? two po9ts ( view we %\ld soon all agree4 ,inde$1 be=e det]m9+ & fix+ ! op9ions on t matt]1 ,i %\ld l e unbiass$ m9d to take a voyage r\nd ! _w & devote itself to a survey ( diff]5t lit]atures 9 _! primitive vig\r & inf9ite v>iety4 ,:at w\ld be se58 ,*ief ( all a ,hom]1 ! fa!r ( ! classical _w1 less a s+le di/9ct individual ?an ! va/ liv+ expression ( a :ole epo* & a semi-b>b>\s civilisation4 ,9 ord] to make him a true classic1 x 0 necess>y to attribute to him lat] a design1 a plan1 lit]>y inv5tion1 qualities ( atticism & urbanity ( :i* he _h c]ta9ly nev] dream$ 9 ! luxuriant developm5t ( 8 natural inspirations4 ,& :o appe> by 8 side8 ,augu/1 v5]able anci5ts1 ! ,a,eschyluses & ! ,sophocles1 mutilat$1 x is true1 & only !re to pres5t u ) a debris ( !mselves1 ! survivors ( _m o!rs z wor?y1 d\btless1 z !y to survive1 b :o h succumb$ to ! injuries ( "t4 ,?is ?\ght alone w\ld tea* a man ( imp>tial m9d n to look ^u ! :ole ( ev5 classical lit]atures ) a too n>r[ & re/rict$ view2 he w\ld le>n t ! exact & well-proportion$ ord] :i* has s9ce s l>gely prevail$ 9 our admiration ( ! pa/ 0 only ! outcome ( artificial circum/ances4 ,& 9 rea*+ ! mod]n _w1 h[ w\ld x be8 ,! greate/ names to be se5 at ! beg9n+ ( lit]atures are ^? :i* di/urb & run c\nt] to c]ta9 fix$ ideas ( :at is beautiful & appropriate 9 poetry4 ,= example1 is ,%akespe>e a classic8 ,yes1 n[1 = ,engl& & ! _w2 b 9 ! "t ( ,pope he 0 n consid]$ s4 ,pope & 8 fri5ds 7 ! only pre-em95t classics2 directly aft] _! dea? !y seem$ s = ev]4 ,at ! pres5t "t !y are /ill classics1 z !y des]ve to be1 b !y are only ( ! second ord]1 & are = ev] subord9at$ & relegat$ to _! rightful place by him :o has aga9 come to 8 own on ! height ( ! horizon4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 = me to speak ill ( ,pope or 8 great disciples1 above all1 :5 !y possess pa?os & naturalness l ,goldsmi?3 aft] ! greate/ !y are p]haps ! mo/ agreeable writ]s & ! poets be/ fitt$ to add *>m to life4 ,once :5 ,"l ,bol+broke 0 writ+ to ,swift1 ,pope add$ a po/script1 9 :i* he said--,i ?9k "s advantage w\ld result to our age1 if we ?ree sp5t ?ree ye>s toge!r4 ,m5 :o1 )\t boa/+1 h ! "r to say su* ?+s mu/ nev] be spok5 ( lightly3 ! =tunate ages1 :5 m5 ( tal5t c\ld propose su* ?+s1 !n no *im]a1 are r to be envi$4 ,! ages call$ by ! "n ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 or ( ,que5 ,anne are1 9 ! dispassionate s5se ( ! ^w1 ! only true classical ages1 ^? :i* (f] protection & a fav\rable climate to real tal5t4 ,we "k only to well h[ 9 our untrammell$ times1 ?r\gh ! in/ability & /orm9ess ( ! age1 tal5ts are lo/ & dissipat$4 ,nev]!less1 let u ackn[l$ge our age's "p & sup]iority 9 greatness4 ,true & sov]eign g5ius triumphs ov] ! v difficulties t cause o!rs to fail3 ,dante1 ,%akespe>e1 & ,milton 7 able to atta9 _! height & produce _! imp]i%able works 9 spite ( ob/acles1 h>d%ips & tempe/s4 ,byron's op9ion ( ,pope has be5 mu* discuss$1 & ! explanation ( x s\ght 9 ! k9d ( contradiction by :i* ! s+] ( ,don ,juan & ,*ilde ,h>old extoll$ ! purely classical s*ool & pron\nc$ x ! only good "o1 :ile himself act+ s diff]5tly4 ,goe! spoke ! tru? on t po9t :5 he rem>k$ t ,byron1 great by ! fl[ & s\rce ( poetry1 fe>$ t ,%akespe>e 0 m p[]ful ?an himself 9 ! creation & realisation ( 8 *>act]s4 ,he w\ld h lik$ to d5y x2 ! elevation s free f egoism irritat$ him2 he felt :5 ne> x t he c\ld n display himself at ease4 ,he nev] d5i$ ,pope1 because he did n fe> him2 he knew t ,pope 0 only a l[ wall by 8 side4 ,if1 z ,byron desir$1 ,pope's s*ool _h kept ! supremacy & a sort ( honor>y empire 9 ! pa/1 ,byron w\ld h be5 ! fir/ & only poet 9 8 p>ticul> /yle2 ! height ( ,pope's wall %uts out ,%akespe>e's great figure f sight1 :]eas :5 ,%akespe>e reigns & rules 9 all 8 greatness1 ,byron is only second4 ,9 ,france !re 0 no great classic be=e ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv42 ! ,dantes & ,%akespe>es1 ! e>ly au?orities to :om1 9 times ( emancipation1 m5 soon] or lat] return1 7 want+4 ,!re 7 m]e sket*es ( great poets1 l ,ma?ur9 ,regni]1 l ,rabelais1 )\t any ideal1 )\t ! dep? ( emotion & ! s]i\sness :i* canonises4 ,montaigne 0 a k9d ( premature classic1 ( ! family ( ,horace1 b = want ( wor?y surr\nd+s1 l a spoil$ *ild1 he gave himself up to ! unbridl$ fancies ( 8 /yle & hum\r4 ,h5ce x happ5$ t ,france1 less ?an any o!r nation1 f\nd 9 h] old au?ors a "r to dem& vehem5tly at a c]ta9 "t lit]>y lib]ty & fre$om1 & t x 0 m difficult = h]1 9 enfran*is+ h]self1 to rema9 classical4 ,h[ev]1 ) ,moli]e & ,la ,fonta9e among h] classics ( ! great p]iod1 no?+ c\ld ju/ly be refus$ to ^? :o possess$ c\rage & ability4 ,! important po9t n[ seems to me to be to uphold1 :ile ext5d+1 ! idea & belief4 ,!re is no receipt = mak+ classics2 ?is po9t %\ld be cle>ly recognis$4 ,to believe t an au?or w become a classic by imitat+ c]ta9 qualities ( purity1 mod]ation1 accuracy1 & elegance1 indep5d5tly ( ! /yle & inspiration1 is to believe t aft] ,rac9e ! fa!r !re is a place = ,rac9e ! son2 dull & e/imable role1 ! wor/ 9 poetry4 ,fur!r1 x is haz>d\s to take too quickly & )\t opposition ! place ( a classic 9 ! sight ( "o's contempor>ies2 9 t case !re is a good *ance ( n reta9+ ! position ) po/]ity4 ,fontanes 9 8 day 0 reg>d$ by 8 fri5ds z a pure classic2 see h[ at tw5ty-five ye>s' di/ance 8 /> has set4 ,h[ _m ( ^! precoci\s classics are !re :o d n endure1 & :o are s only = a :ile6 ,we turn r\nd "o morn+ & are surpris$ n to f9d !m /&+ beh9d u4 ,madame de ,sevigne w\ld wittily say !y possess$ b an evanesc5t col\r4 ,) reg>d to classics1 ! lea/ expect$ prove ! be/ & greate/3 seek !m r 9 ! vigor\s g5ius born immortal & fl\ri%+ = ev]4 ,app>5tly ! lea/ classical ( ! f\r great poets ( ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 0 ,moli]e2 he 0 !n applaud$ f> m ?an he 0 e/eem$2 m5 took delight 9 him )\t und]/&+ 8 wor?4 ,aft] him1 ,la ,fonta9e seem$ ! lea/ classical3 obs]ve aft] two c5turies :at is ! result = bo?4 ,f> above ,boileau1 ev5 above ,rac9e1 are !y n n[ unanim\sly consid]$ to possess 9 ! highe/ degree ! *>act]i/ics ( an all-embrac+ morality8 ,mean:ile !re is no "q ( sacrific+ or depreciat+ any?+4 ,i believe ! temple ( ta/e is to be rebuilt2 b its recon/ruction is m]ely a matt] ( enl>gem5t1 s t x may become ! home ( all noble human be+s1 ( all :o h p]man5tly increas$ ! sum ( ! m9d's delights & possessions4 ,z = me1 :o _c1 obvi\sly1 9 any degree pret5d to be ! ar*itect or design] ( su* a temple1 ,i %all conf9e myself to express+ a few e>ne/ wi%es1 to submit1 z x 71 my designs = ! edifice4 ,above all ,i %\ld desire n to exclude any "o among ! wor?y1 ea* %\ld be 9 8 place !re1 f ,%akespe>e1 ! free/ ( creative g5iuses1 & ! greate/ ( classics )\t kn[+ x1 to ,&rieux1 ! la/ ( classics 9 little4 ,!re is m ?an "o *amb] 9 ! mansions ( my ,fa!r2 t %\ld be z true ( ! k+dom ( ! beautiful "h bel[1 z ( ! k+dom ( ,heav54 ,hom]1 z always & ev]y:]e1 %\ld be fir/1 like/ a god2 b beh9d him1 l ! procession ( ! ?ree wise k+s ( ! ,ea/1 w\ld be se5 ! ?ree great poets1 ! ?ree ,hom]s1 s long ignor$ by u1 :o wrote epics = ! use ( ! old peoples ( ,asia1 ! poets ,valmiki1 ,vyasa ( ! ,h9doos1 & ,fird\si ( ! ,p]sians3 9 ! doma9 ( ta/e x is well to "k t su* m5 exi/1 & n to divide ! human race4 ,our homage paid to :at is recogniz$ z soon z p]ceiv$1 we mu/ n /ray fur!r2 ! eye %\ld delight 9 a ?\s& pleas+ or maje/ic spectacles1 %\ld rejoice 9 a ?\s& v>i$ & surpris+ comb9ations1 ^: app>5t confusion w\ld nev] be )\t concord & h>mony4 ,! olde/ ( ! wise m5 & poets1 ^? :o put human morality into maxims1 & ^? :o 9 simple fa%ion sung x1 w\ld conv]se toge!r 9 r>e & g5tle spee*1 & w\ld n be surpris$ at und]/&+ ea* o!r's mean+ at ! v fir/ ^w4 ,solon1 ,hesiod1 ,!ognis1 ,job1 ,solomon1 & :y n ,confucius1 w\ld welcome ! clev]e/ mod]ns1 ,la ,ro*ef\cauld & ,la ,bruy]e1 :o1 :5 li/5+ to !m1 w\ld say !y knew all t we "k1 & 9 repeat+ life's exp]i5ces1 we h discov]$ no?+4 ,on ! hill1 mo/ easily disc]nible1 & ( mo/ accessible asc5t1 ,virgil1 surr\nd$ by ,m5&]1 ,tibullus1 ,t]5ce1 ,f5elon1 w\ld occupy himself 9 disc\rs+ ) !m ) great *>m & div9e en*antm5t3 8 g5tle c\nt5ance w\ld %9e ) an inn] light1 & be t+$ ) mode/y2 z on ! day :5 ent]+ ! !atre at ,rome1 j z !y f9i%$ recit+ 8 v]ses1 he saw ! p rise ) an unanim\s movem5t & pay to him ! same homage z to ,augu/us4 ,n f> f him1 regrett+ ! sep>ation f s de> a fri5d1 ,horace1 9 8 turn1 w\ld preside 7z f> z s accompli%$ & wise a poet c\ld preside7 ov] ! gr\p ( poets ( social life :o c\ld talk al?\gh !y sang1--,pope1 ,boileau1 ! "o become less irritable1 ! o!r less fault-f9d+4 ,montaigne1 a true poet1 w\ld be among !m1 & w\ld give ! f9i%+ t\* t %\ld deprive t delightful corn] ( ! air ( a lit]>y s*ool4 ,!re w\ld ,la ,fonta9e =get himself1 & becom+ less volatile w\ld w&] no m4 ,voltaire w\ld be attract$ by x1 b :ile f9d+ pleasure 9 x w\ld n h pati5ce to rema94 ,a little l[] d[n1 on ! same hill z ,virgil1 ,x5ophon1 ) simple be>+1 look+ 9 no way l a g5]al1 b r resembl+ a prie/ ( ! ,muses1 w\ld be se5 ga!r+ r\nd him ! ,attics ( e tongue & ( e nation1 ! ,addisons1 ,pellissons1 ,vauv5>gues--all :o feel ! value ( an easy p]suasiv5ess1 an exquisite simplicity1 & a g5tle neglig5ce m+l$ ) ornam5t4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! place1 9 ! portico ( ! pr9cipal temple 7= !re w\ld be sev]al 9 ! enclosure71 ?ree great m5 w\ld l to meet (t51 & :5 !y 7 toge!r1 no f\r?1 h[ev] great1 w\ld dream ( jo9+ _! disc\rse or _! sil5ce4 ,9 !m w\ld be se5 beauty1 proportion 9 greatness1 & t p]fect h>mony :i* appe>s b once 9 ! full y\? ( ! _w4 ,_! ?ree names h become ! ideal ( art--,plato1 ,sophocles1 & ,demo/h5es4 ,^? demi-gods hon\r$1 we see a num]\s & famili> company ( *oice spirits :o foll[1 ! ,c]vantes & ,moli]es1 practical pa9t]s ( life1 indulg5t fri5ds :o are /ill ! fir/ ( b5efactors1 :o laugh+ly embrace all mank9d1 turn man's exp]i5ce to gaiety1 & "k ! p[]ful work+s ( a s5sible1 he>ty1 & legitimate joy4 ,i d n wi% to make ?is description1 :i* if complete w\ld fill a volume1 any long]4 ,9 ! middle ages1 believe me1 ,dante w\ld occupy ! sacr$ heights3 at ! feet ( ! s+] ( ,p>adise all ,italy w\ld be spread out l a g>d52 ,boccaccio & ,ario/o w\ld !re disport !mselves1 & ,tasso w\ld f9d aga9 ! orange groves ( ,sorr5to4 ,usually a corn] w\ld be res]v$ = ea* ( ! v>i\s nations1 b ! au?ors w\ld take delight 9 leav+ x1 & 9 _! travels w\ld recognise1 :]e we %\ld lea/ expect x1 bro!rs or ma/]s4 ,lucretius1 = example1 w\ld enjoy discuss+ ! orig9 ( ! _w & ! r$uc+ ( *aos to ord] ) ,milton4 ,b bo? argu+ f _! own po9t ( view1 !y w\ld only agree z reg>ds div9e pictures ( poetry & nature4 ,su* are our classics2 ea* individual imag9ation may f9i% ! sket* & *oose ! gr\p pref]r$4 ,= x is necess>y to make a *oice1 & ! fir/ condition ( ta/e1 aft] obta9+ k ( all1 lies n 9 cont9ual travel1 b 9 re/ & cessation f w&]+4 ,no?+ blunts & de/roys ta/e s mu* z endless j\rney+s2 ! poetic _s is n ! ,w&]+ ,jew4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ,i speak ( re/+ & mak+ *oice1 my mean+ is n t we are to imitate ^? :o *>m u mo/ among our ma/]s 9 ! pa/4 ,let u be cont5t to "k !m1 to p5etrate !m1 to admire !m2 b let u1 ! late-com]s1 endeav\r to be ourselves4 ,let u h ! s9c]ity & naturalness ( our own ?\ghts1 ( our own feel+s2 s mu* is always possible4 ,to t let u add :at is m difficult1 elevation1 an aim1 if possible1 t[>ds an exalt$ goal2 & :ile speak+ our own language1 & submitt+ to ! conditions ( ! times 9 :i* we live1 :5ce we d]ive our /r5g? & our defects1 let u ask f "t to "t1 our br[s lift$ t[>ds ! heights & our eyes fix$ on ! gr\p ( hon\r$ mortals3 :at w\ld t say ( u8 ,b :y speak always ( au?ors & writ+s8 ,maybe an age is com+ :5 !re w be no m writ+4 ,happy ^? :o read & read aga91 ^? :o 9 _! read+ c foll[ _! unre/ra9$ incl9ation6 ,!re comes a "t 9 life :51 all our j\rneys ov]1 our exp]i5ces end$1 !re is no enjoym5t m delightful ?an to /udy & ?or\ghly exam9e ! ?+s we "k1 to take pleasure 9 :at we feel1 & 9 see+ & see+ aga9 ! p we love3 ! pure joys ( our maturity4 ,!n x is t ! ^w classic takes its true mean+1 & is def9$ = e man ( ta/e by an irresi/ible *oice4 ,!n ta/e is =m$1 x is %ap$ & def9ite2 !n good s5se1 if we are to possess x at all1 is p]fect$ 9 u4 ,we h nei!r m "t = exp]im5ts1 nor a desire to g =? 9 se>* ( pa/ures newf ,we cl+ to our fri5ds1 to ^? prov$ by long int]c\rse4 ,old w9e1 old books1 old fri5ds4 ,we say to ourselves ) ,voltaire 9 ^! delightful l9es3--,let u enjoy1 let u write1 let u live1 my de> ,horace6444,i h liv$ long] ?an y3 my v]se w n la/ s long4 ,b on ! br9k ( ! tomb ,i %all make x my *ief c>e--to foll[ ! lessons ( y\r philosophy--to despise dea? 9 enjoy+ life--to read y\r writ+s full ( *>m & good s5se--z we dr9k an old w9e :i* revives our s5ses4 ,9 fact1 be x ,horace or ano!r :o is ! au?or pref]r$1 :o reflects our ?\ghts 9 all ! weal? ( _! maturity1 ( "s "o ( ^? excell5t & antique m9ds %all we reque/ an int]view at e mom5t2 ( "s "o ( !m %all we ask a fri5d%ip :i* nev] deceives1 :i* c\ld n fail u2 to "s "o ( !m %all we appeal = t s5sation ( s]5ity & am5ity 7we h (t5 ne$ ( x7 :i* reconciles u ) mank9d & ) ourselves4 ,,! ,,poetry ,,( ,,! ,,celtic ,,races ,,by ,,erne/ ,,r5an ,,translat$ ,,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,hut*ison ,,introductory ,,note ,erne/ ,r5an 0 born 9 #ahbc1 at ,tregui] 9 ,brittany4 ,he 0 educat$ = ! prie/hood1 b nev] took ord]s1 turn+ at fir/ to tea*+4 ,he cont9u$ 8 /udies 9 religion & philology1 &1 aft] travel+ 9 ,syria on a gov]nm5t commission1 he return$ to ,p>is & became pr(essor ( ,hebrew 9 ! ,college de ,france1 f :i* he 0 susp5d$ = a "t on acc\nt ( prote/s aga9/ 8 h]etical tea*+s4 ,he di$ 9 #ahib4 ,r5an's activity divides itself into two p>ts4 ,! fir/ culm9at$ 9 8 two great works on ! ,orig9s ( ,*ri/ianity & on ! ,hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,z to ! sci5tific value ( ^! books !re is diff]5ce ( op9ion1 z 0 to be expect$ 9 a treatm5t ( su* subjects to ! exclusion ( ! miracul\s4 ,b ! delicacy & vividness ( 8 portraits ( ! great p]sonalities ( ,hebrew hi/ory1 & ! acut5ess ( 8 analysis ( national psy*ology1 are n to be d5i$4 ,! o!r "p ( 8 "w is m miscellane\s1 b mo/ ( x is 9 "s s5se philosophical or autobiographical4 ,believ+ pr(\ndly 9 sci5tific me?od1 ,r5an 0 unable to f9d 9 sci5ce a basis = ei!r e?ics or metaphysics1 & end$ 9 a skepticism (t5 ironical1 yet n unt+$ ) my/icism4 ,he 0 an amaz+ writ]1 says ,m4 ,faguet1 & disconc]t$ criticism by ! impossibility ( expla9+ 8 me?ods ( proc$ure2 he 0 lum9\s1 supple1 naturally pliant & yield+2 b5ea? 8 app>5tly effem9ate grace an extraord9>y /r5g? ( "* w\ld sudd5ly make itself felt2 he _h1 m ?an any n9ete5?-c5tury writ]1 ! quality ( *>m2 he ex]cis$ a c>ess+ innu5ce :i* envelop$1 & f9ally conqu]$1 ! read]4 ,9 no k9d ( writ+ 0 ,r5an's comm& ( /yle m notable ?an 9 ! description ( sc5]y2 & 9 8 pictures ( 8 native ,brittany 9 ! essay on ,! ,poetry ( ! ,celtic ,races1 z well z 9 8 analysis ( national qualities1 two ( 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic p[]s are admirably display$4 ,,! ,,poetry ,,( ,,! ,,celtic ,,races ,e "o :o travels ?r\gh ! ,armorican p59sula exp]i5ces a *ange ( ! mo/ abrupt description1 z soon z he leaves beh9d ! di/rict mo/ closely bord]+ ^u ! cont95t1 9 :i* ! *e]ful b commonplace type ( face ( ,norm&y & ,ma9e is cont9ually 9 evid5ce1 & passes into ! true ,brittany1 t :i* m]its its "n by language & race4 ,a cold w9d arises full ( a vague sadness1 & c>ries ! s\l to o!r ?\ghts2 ! tree-tops are b>e & twi/$2 ! hea? ) its monotony ( t9t /ret*es away into ! di/ance2 at e /ep ! granite protrudes f a soil too scanty to cov] x2 a sea t is almo/ always sombre girdles ! horizon ) et]nal moan+4 ,! same contra/ is manife/ 9 ! p3 to ,norman vulg>ity1 to a plump & prosp]\s population1 happy to live1 full ( its own int]e/s1 egoi/ical z are all ^! :o make a habit ( enjoym5t1 succe$s a timid & res]v$ race liv+ altoge!r )9 itself1 heavy 9 appe>ance b capable ( pr(\nd feel+1 & ( an adorable delicacy 9 its religi\s in/9cts4 ,a l *ange is app>5t1 ,i am told1 9 pass+ f ,engl& into ,wales1 f ! ,l[l&s ( ,scotl&1 ,engli% by language & mann]s1 into ! ,gaelic ,highl&s2 & too1 ?\gh ) a p]ceptible diff]5ce1 :5 "o buries oneself 9 ! di/ricts ( ,irel& :]e ! race has rema9$ pure f all admixture ( ali5 blood4 ,x seems l ent]+ on ! subt]ranean /rata ( ano!r _w1 & "o exp]i5ces 9 "s measure ! impression giv5 u by ,dante1 :5 he leads u f "o circle ( 8 ,inf]no to ano!r4 ,suffici5t att5tion is n giv5 to ! peculi>ity ( ?is fact ( an anci5t race liv+1 until our days & almo/ "u our eyes1 its own life 9 "s obscure isl&s & p59sulas 9 ! ,we/1 m & m affect$1 x is true1 by ext]nal influ5ces1 b /ill fai?ful to its own tongue1 to its own memories1 to its own cu/oms1 & to its own g5ius4 ,especially is x =gott5 t ?is little p1 n[ conc5trat$ on ! v conf9es ( ! _w1 9 ! mid/ ( rocks & m\nta9s :5ce its enemies h be5 p[]less to =ce x1 is 9 possession ( a lit]ature :i*1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ex]cis$ an imm5se influ5ce1 *ang$ ! curr5t ( ,european civilisation1 & impos$ its poetical motives on ne>ly ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,yet x is only necess>y to op5 ! au!ntic monum5ts ( ! ,gaelic g5ius to be conv9c$ t ! race :i* creat$ !m has _h its own orig9al mann] ( feel+ & ?9k+1 t n[h]e has ! et]nal illusion clad itself 9 m s$uctive hues1 & t 9 ! great *orus ( humanity no race equals ?is = p5etrative notes t g to ! v he>t4 ,alas6 x too is doom$ to disappe>1 ?is em]ald set 9 ! ,we/]n seas4 ,ar?ur w return no m f 8 isle ( fa]y1 & ,/4 ,patrick 0 "r :5 he said to ,ossian1 ,! h]oes t ?\ weepe/ are dead2 c !y be born aga98 ,x is high "t to note1 be=e !y %all h pass$ away1 ! div9e tones ?us expir+ on ! horizon be=e ! gr[+ tumult ( uni=m civilisation4 ,7 criticism to set itself ! task ( call+ back ^! di/ant e*oes1 & ( giv+ a voice to races t are no m1 w\ld n t suffice to absolve x f ! reproa*1 unreasonably & too frequ5tly br\ght aga9/ x1 ( be+ only negative8 ,good works n[ exi/ :i* facilitate ! task ( him :o und]takes ! /udy ( ^! int]e/+ lit]atures4 ,wales1 above all1 is di/+ui%$ by sci5tific & lit]>y activity1 n always accompani$1 x is true1 by a v rigor\s critical _s1 b des]v+ ! highe/ praise4 ,!re1 rese>*es :i* w\ld br+ hon\r to ! mo/ active c5tres ( le>n+ 9 ,europe are ! "w ( en?usia/ic amateurs4 ,a peasant call$ ,ow5 ,jones publi%$ 9 #ahja-g1 "u ! "n ( ! ,myvyrian ,ar*aiology ( ,wales1 ! preci\s collection :i* is to ?is day ! ars5al ( ,cymric antiquities4 ,a numb] ( erudite & zeal\s work]s1 ,aneur9 ,ow51 ,?omas ,price ( ,crickh[ell1 ,william ,rees1 & ,john ,jones1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! ,myvyrian peasant1 set !mselves to f9i% 8 "w1 & to pr(it f ! treasures :i* he _h collect$4 ,a woman ( di/9ction1 ,lady ,*>lotte ,gue/1 *>g$ h]self ) ! task ( acqua9t+ ,europe ) ! collection ( ! ,mab9ogion1 ,footnote3 ,! ,mab9ogion1 f ! ,llyfr ,co* ,o ,h]ge/ & o!r anci5t ,wel% ,manuscripts1 ) an ,engli% ,translation & ,notes4 ,by ,lady ,*>lotte ,gue/4 ,london & ,ll&ov]y1 #ahcg-di4 ,! ^w ,mab9ogi 79 ! plural ,mab9ogion7 designates a =m ( romantic n>rative peculi> to ,wales4 ,! orig9 & primitive mean+ ( ?is ^w are v unc]ta91 & ,lady ,gue/'s "r to apply x to ! :ole ( ! n>ratives :i* %e has publi%$ is op5 to d\bt4 ! pe>l ( ,gaelic lit]ature1 ! complete/ expression ( ! ,cymric g5ius4 ,?is magnific5t "w1 execut$ 9 twelve ye>s ) ! luxury t ! weal?y ,engli% amateur kn[s h[ to use 9 8 publications1 w "o day atte/ h[ full ( life ! consci\sness ( ! ,celtic races rema9$ 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,only inde$ ! s9c]e/ patriotism c\ld inspire a woman to und]take & a*ieve s va/ a lit]>y monum5t4 ,scotl& & ,irel& h 9 l measure be5 enri*$ by a ho/ ( /udies ( _! anci5t hi/ory4 ,la/ly1 our own ,brittany1 ?\gh all too r>ely /udi$ ) ! philological & critical rig\r n[ exact$ 9 works ( erudition1 has furni%$ ,celtic antiquities ) h] %>e ( wor?y rese>*4 ,does x n suffice to cite ,m4 de la ,villem>que1 ^: "n w be h5ce=? associat$ among u ) ^! /udies1 & ^: s]vices are s inconte/able1 t criticism ne$ h no fe> ( depreciat+ him 9 ! eyes ( a public :i* has accept$ him ) s mu* w>m? & sympa?y8 ,i4 ,if ! excell5ce ( races is to be appreciat$ by ! purity ( _! blood & ! inviolability ( _! national "*1 x mu/ ne$s be admitt$ t none c vie 9 nobility ) ! /ill surviv+ rema9s ( ! ,celtic race4 ,footnote3 ,to avoid all misund]/&+1 ,i ought to po9t out t by ! ^w ,celtic ,i designate "h1 n ! :ole ( ! great race :i*1 at a remote epo*1 =m$ ! population ( ne>ly ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,europe1 b simply ! f\r gr\ps :i*1 9 our days1 /ill m]it ?is "n1 z oppos$ to ! ,teutons & to ! ,neo-,lat9 peoples4 ,^! f\r gr\ps are3 7i7 ,! inhabitants ( ,wales or ,cambria1 & ! p59sula ( ,cornwall1 be>+ ev5 n[ ! anci5t "n ( ,cymry2 7#b7 ! ,bretons bretonnants1 or dwell]s 9 ,fr5* ,brittany speak+ ,bas-,breton1 :o repres5t an emigration ( ! ,cymry f ,wales2 7#c7 ! ,gaels ( ! ,nor? ( ,scotl& speak+ ,gaelic2 7#d7 ! ,iri%1 al?\gh a v pr(\nd l9e ( dem>cation sep>ates ,irel& f ! re/ ( ! ,celtic family4 ,x is also necess>y to po9t out t ,r5an 9 ?is essay applies ! "n ,breton bo? to ! ,bretons prop]1 i4 e4 ! inhabitants ( ,brittany1 & to ! ,briti% memb]s ( ! ,celtic race4--,translator's ,note4 ,nev] has a human family liv$ m ap>t f ! _w1 & be5 pur] f all ali5 admixture4 ,conf9$ by conque/ )9 =gott5 isl&s & p59sulas1 x has re>$ an impassable b>ri] aga9/ ext]nal influ5ces2 x has drawn all f itself2 x has liv$ solely on its own capital4 ,f ?is ersues t p[]ful individuality1 t hatr$ ( ! =eign]1 :i* ev5 9 our own days has =m$ ! ess5tial feature ( ! ,celtic peoples4 ,roman civilisation sc>cely rea*$ !m1 & left among !m b few traces4 ,! ,teutonic invasion drove !m back1 b did n p5etrate !m4 ,at ! pres5t h\r !y are /ill con/ant 9 resi/ance to an invasion dang]\s 9 an altoge!r diff]5t way1- -t ( mod]n civilisation1 de/ructive z x is ( local v>iations & national types4 ,irel& 9 p>ticul> 7& h]e9 we p]haps h ! secret ( h] irrem$iable weakness7 is ! only c\ntry 9 ,europe :]e ! native c produce ! titles ( 8 desc5t1 & designate ) c]ta9ty1 ev5 9 ! d>kness ( prehi/oric ages1 ! race f :i* he has sprung4 ,x is 9 ?is seclud$ life1 9 ?is defiance ( all t comes f )\t1 t we mu/ se>* = ! explanation ( ! *ief features ( ! ,celtic "*4 ,x has all ! fail+s1 & all ! good qualities1 ( ! solit>y man2 at once pr\d & timid1 /rong 9 feel+ & feeble 9 action1 at home free & unres]v$1 to ! outside _w awkw>d & emb>rass$4 ,x di/ru/s ! =eign]1 because x sees 9 him a be+ m ref9$ ?an itself1 :o abuses its simplicity4 ,indiff]5t to ! admiration ( o!rs1 x asks only "o ?+1 t x %\ld be left to itself4 ,x is be=e all else a dome/ic race1 fitt$ = family life & fireside joys4 ,9 no o!r race has ! bond ( blood be5 /rong]1 or has x creat$ m duties1 or atta*$ man to 8 fell[ ) s mu* bread? & dep?4 ,e social in/itution ( ! ,celtic peoples 0 9 ! beg9n+ only an ext5sion ( ! family4 ,a common tradition atte/s1 to ?is v day1 t n[h]e has ! trace ( ?is great in/itution ( relation%ip be5 bett] pres]v$ ?an 9 ,brittany4 ,!re is a widely-spread belief 9 t c\ntry1 t blood speaks1 & t two relatives1 unkn[n "o to ! o!r1 9 any "p ( ! _w :]esoev] x may be1 recognise ea* o!r by ! secret & my/]i\s emotion :i* !y feel 9 ea* o!r's pres5ce4 ,respect = ! dead re/s on ! same pr9ciple4 ,n[h]e has rev]5ce = ! dead be5 great] ?an among ! ,briton peoples2 n[h]e h s _m memories & pray]s clu/]$ ab\t ! tomb4 ,?is is because life is n = ^! p a p]sonal adv5ture1 und]tak5 by ea* man on 8 own acc\nt1 & at 8 own risks & p]ils2 x is a l9k 9 a long *a91 a gift receiv$ & h&$ on1 a debt paid & a duty done4 ,x is easily disc]nible h[ little fitt$ 7 natures s /rongly conc5trat$ to furni% "o ( ^? brilliant developm5ts1 :i* imposes ! mom5t>y asc5d5cy ( a p on ! _w2 & t1 no d\bt1 is :y ! "p play$ ext]nally by ! ,cymric race has always be5 a second>y "o4 ,de/itute ( ! means ( expansion1 ali5 to all idea ( aggression & conque/1 little desir\s ( mak+ its ?\ght prevail outside itself1 x has only kn[n h[ to retire s f> z space has p]mitt$1 & !n1 at bay 9 its la/ place ( retreat1 to make an inv9cible resi/ance to its enemies4 ,its v fidelity has be5 a useless devotion4 ,/ubborn ( submission & ev] beh9d ! age1 x is fai?ful to its conqu]ors :5 its conqu]ors are no long] fai?ful to !mselves4 ,x 0 ! la/ to def5d its religi\s indep5d5ce aga9/ ,rome--& x has become ! /aun*e/ /ronghold ( ,ca?olicism2 x 0 ! la/ 9 ,france to def5d its political indep5d5ce aga9/ ! k+--& x has giv5 to ! _w ! la/ royali/s4 ,?us ! ,celtic race has worn itself out 9 resi/ance to its "t1 & 9 ! def5ce ( desp]ate causes4 ,x does n seem z ?\gh 9 any epo* x _h any aptitude = political life4 ,! _s ( family /ifl$ )9 x all attempts at m ext5d$ organisation4 ,moreov]1 x does n appe> t ! peoples :i* =m x are by !mselves susceptible ( progress4 ,to !m life appe>s z a fix$ condition1 :i* man has no p[] to alt]4 ,end[$ ) little initiative1 too mu* incl9$ to look ^u !mselves z m9ors & 9 tutelage1 !y are quick to believe 9 de/9y & resign !mselves to x4 ,see+ h[ little audaci\s !y are aga9/ ,god1 "o w\ld sc>cely believe ?is race to be ! daught] ( ,japhet4 ,!nce ensues its sadness4 ,take ! songs ( its b>ds ( ! six? c5tury2 !y weep m defeats ?an !y s+ victories4 ,its hi/ory is itself only "o long lam5t2 x /ill recalls its exiles1 its flights across ! seas4 ,if at times x seems to be *e]ful1 a te> is n sl[ to gli/5 beh9d its smile2 x does n "k t /range =getfulness ( human conditions & de/9ies :i* is call$ gaiety4 ,its songs ( joy end z elegies2 !re is no?+ to equal ! delici\s sadness ( its national melodies4 ,"o might call !m emanations f on high :i*1 fall+ drop by drop ^u ! s\l1 pass ?r\gh x l memories ( ano!r _w4 ,nev] h m5 fea/$ s long ^u ^! solit>y delights ( ! _s1 ^! poetic memories :i* simultane\sly int]cross all ! s5sations ( life1 s vague1 s deep1 s p5etrative1 t "o might die f !m1 )\t be+ able to say :e!r x 0 f bitt]ness or sweetness4 ,! inf9ite delicacy ( feel+ :i* *>act]ises ! ,celtic race is closely alli$ to its ne$ ( conc5tration4 ,natures t are little capable ( expansion are ne>ly always ^? t feel mo/ deeply1 = ! deep] ! feel+1 ! less x t5ds to express itself4 ,!nce we h t *>m+ %amefa/ness1 t veil$ & exquisite sobriety1 equally f> remov$ f ! s5tim5tal rhetoric too famili> to ! ,lat9 races1 & ! reflective simplicity ( ,g]many1 :i* are s admirably display$ 9 ! ballads publi%$ by ,m4 de la ,villem>que4 ,! app>5t res]ve ( ! ,celtic peoples1 (t5 tak5 = coldness1 is due to ?is inw>d timidity :i* makes !m believe t a feel+ loses half its value if x be express$2 & t ! he>t ought to h no o!r spectator ?an itself4 ,if x be p]mitt$ u to assign sex to nations z to individuals1 we %\ld h to say )\t hesitance t ! ,celtic race1 especially ) reg>d to its ,cymric or ,breton bran*1 is an ess5tially fem99e race4 ,no human family1 ,i believe1 has c>ri$ s mu* my/]y into love4 ,no o!r has conceiv$ ) m delicacy ! ideal ( woman1 or be5 m fully dom9at$ by x4 ,x is a sort ( intoxication1 a madness1 a v]tigo4 ,read ! /range ,mab9ogi ( ,p]$ur1 or its ,fr5* imitation ,p>ceval le ,gallois2 its pages are1 z x 71 dewy ) fem99e s5tim5t4 ,woman appe>s !re9 z a k9d ( vague vision1 an int]m$i>y betwe5 man & ! sup]natural _w4 ,i am acqua9t$ ) no lit]ature t (f]s any?+ analog\s to ?is4 ,comp>e ,gu9ev]e or ,iseult ) ^? ,sc&9avian furies ,gudrun & ,*rimhilde1 & y w av[ t woman su* z *ivalry conceiv$ h]1 an ideal ( sweetness & lovel9ess set up z ! supreme end ( life1 is a creation nei!r classical1 nor ,*ri/ian1 nor ,teutonic1 b 9 reality ,celtic4 ,imag9ative p[] is ne>ly always proportionate to conc5tration ( feel+1 & lack ( ! ext]nal developm5t ( life4 ,! limit$ nature ( ,greek & ,italian imag9ation is due to ! easy expansiv5ess ( ! peoples ( ! ,s\?1 ) :om ! s\l1 :olly spread abroad1 reflects b little )9 itself4 ,comp>$ ) ! classical imag9ation1 ! ,celtic imag9ation is inde$ ! inf9ite contra/$ ) ! f9ite4 ,9 ! f9e ,mab9ogi ( ! ,dream ( ,maxem ,wl$ig1 ! ,emp]or ,maximus beholds 9 a dream a "y maid5 s beautiful1 t on wak+ he decl>es he _c live )\t h]4 ,= sev]al ye>s 8 envoys sc\r ! _w 9 se>* ( h]2 at la/ %e is discov]$ 9 ,brittany4 ,s is x ) ! ,celtic race2 x has worn itself out 9 tak+ dreams = realities1 & 9 pursu+ its spl5did visions4 ,! ess5tial elem5t 9 ! ,celt's poetic life is ! adv5ture--t is to say1 ! pursuit ( ! unkn[n1 an endless que/ aft] an object ev] fly+ f desire4 ,x 0 ( ?is t ,/4 ,br&an dream$1 t ,p]$ur s\ght ) 8 my/ic *ivalry1 t ,knight ,ow5 ask$ ( 8 subt]ranean j\rney+s4 ,?is race desires ! inf9ite1 x ?ir/s = x1 & pursues x at all co/s1 beyond ! tomb1 beyond hell itself4 ,! *>act]i/ic fail+ ( ! ,breton peoples1 ! t5d5cy to drunk5ness--a fail+ :i*1 accord+ to ! traditions ( ! six? c5tury1 0 ! cause ( _! disa/]s--is due to ?is inv9cible ne$ ( illusion4 ,d n say t x is an appetite = gross enjoym5t2 nev] has !re be5 a p m sob] & m ali5 to all s5suality4 ,no1 ! ,bretons s\ght 9 mead :at ,ow51 ,/4 ,br&an1 & ,p]$ur s\ght 9 _! own way1--! vision ( ! invisible _w4 ,to ?is day 9 ,irel& drunk5ness =ms a "p ( all ,sa9t's ,day fe/ivals--t is to say1 ! fe/ivals :i* be/ h reta9$ _! national & popul> aspect4 ,!nce arises ! pr(\nd s5se ( ! future & ( ! et]nal de/9ies ( 8 race1 :i* has ev] borne up ! ,cymry1 & kept him "y /ill beside 8 conqu]ors :o h gr[n old4 ,!nce t dogma ( ! resurrection ( ! h]oes1 :i* appe>s to h be5 "o ( ^? t ,*ri/ianity f\nd mo/ difficulty 9 root+ out4 ,!nce ,celtic ,messianism1 t belief 9 a future av5g] :o %all re/ore ,cambria1 & deliv] h] out ( ! h&s ( h] oppressors1 l ! my/]i\s ,lem9ok promis$ by ,m]l91 ! ,lez- ,breiz ( ! ,armoricans1 ! ,ar?ur ( ! ,wel%4 ,footnote3 ,m4 ,augu/9 ,?i]ry has f9ely rem>k$ t ! r5[n atta*+ to ,wel% prophecies 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 due to _! /eadfa/ness 9 affirm+ ! future ( _! race4 7,hi/oire de la ,conquete d',anglet]re47 ,! h& t arose f ! m]e1 :5 ! sword ( ,ar?ur fell !re91 t seiz$ x1 & br&i%$ x ?rice1 is ! hope ( ! ,celtic races4 ,x is ?us t little peoples d[]$ ) imag9ation rev5ge !mselves on _! conqu]ors4 ,feel+ !mselves to be /rong inw>dly & weak outw>dly1 !y prote/1 !y exult2 & su* a /rife unloos+ _! might1 r5d]s !m capable ( miracles4 ,ne>ly all great appeals to ! sup]natural are due to peoples hop+ aga9/ all hope4 ,:o %all say :at 9 our own times has f]m5t$ 9 ! bosom ( ! mo/ /ubborn1 ! mo/ p[]less ( nationalities--,pol&8 ,israel 9 humiliation dream$ ( ! spiritual conque/ ( ! _w1 & ! dream has come to pass4 ,,ii ,at a fir/ glance ! lit]ature ( ,wales is divid$ into ?ree p]fectly di/9ct di/9ct bran*es3 ! b>dic or lyric1 :i* %9es =? 9 spl5d\r 9 ! six? c5tury by ! works ( ,taliess91 ( ,aneur91 & ( ,liw>e'h ,h51 & cont9ues ?r\gh an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( imitations up to mod]n times2 ! ,mab9ogion1 or lit]ature ( romance1 fix$ t[>ds ! twelf? c5tury1 b l9k+ !mselves 9 ! gr\ndwork ( _! ideas ) ! remote/ ages ( ! ,celtic g5ius2 f9ally1 an ecclesia/ical & leg5d>y lit]ature1 impress$ ) a di/9ct /amp ( its own4 ,^! ?ree lit]atures seem to h exi/$ side by side1 almo/ )\t k ( "o ano!r4 ,! b>ds1 pr\d ( _! solemn rhetoric1 held 9 disda9 ! popul> tales1 ! =m ( :i* !y consid]$ c>eless2 on ! o!r h&1 bo? b>ds & romanc]s appe> to h _h few relations ) ! cl]gy2 & "o at times might be tempt$ to suppose t !y ignor$ ! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,to our ?9k+ x is 9 ! ,mab9ogion t ! true expression ( ! ,celtic g5ius is to be s\ght2 & x is surpris+ t s curi\s a lit]ature1 ! s\rce ( ne>ly all ! romantic creations ( ,europe1 %\ld h rema9$ unkn[n until our own days4 ,! cause is d\btless to be ascrib$ to ! disp]s$ /ate ( ! ,wel% manuscripts1 pursu$ till la/ c5tury by ! ,engli%1 z s$iti\s books compromis+ ^? :o possess$ !m4 ,(t5 too !y fell into h&s ( ignorant own]s ^: caprice or ill-w suffic$ to keep !m f critical rese>*4 ,! ,mab9ogion h be5 pres]v$ = u 9 two pr9cipal docum5ts--"o ( ! ?irte5? c5tury f ! libr>y ( ,h5gurt1 belong+ to ! ,vaughan family2 ! o!r dat+ f ! f\rte5? c5tury1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ! ,r$ ,book ( ,h]ge/1 & n[ 9 ,jesus ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,no d\bt x 0 "s su* collection t *>m$ ! we>y h\rs ( ! hapless ,leol9 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london1 & 0 burn$ aft] 8 condemnation1 ) ! o!r ,wel% books :i* _h be5 ! companions ( 8 captivity4 ,lady ,*>lotte ,gue/ has bas$ h] edition on ! ,ox=d manuscript2 x _c be suffici5tly regrett$ t paltry consid]ations h caus$ h] to be refus$ ! use ( ! e>li] manuscript1 ( :i* ! lat] appe>s to be only a copy4 ,regrets are r$\bl$ :5 "o kn[s t sev]al ,wel% texts1 :i* 7 se5 & copi$ fifty ye>s ago1 h n[ disappe>$4 ,x is 9 ! pres5ce ( facts su* z ^! t "o comes to believe t revolutions--9 g5]al s de/ructive ( ! works ( ! pa/--are fav\rable to ! pres]vation ( lit]>y monum5ts1 by compell+ _! conc5tration 9 great c5tres1 :]e _! exi/5ce1 z well z _! publicity1 is assur$4 ,! g5]al tone ( ! ,mab9ogion is r romantic ?an epic4 ,life is treat$ naively & n too emphatically4 ,! h]o's individuality is limitless4 ,we h free & noble natures act+ 9 all _! spontaneity4 ,ea* man appe>s z a k9d ( demi-god *>act]is$ by a sup]natural gift4 ,?is gift is ne>ly always connect$ ) "s miracul\s object1 :i* 9 "s measure is ! p]sonal seal ( him :o possesses x4 ,! inf]ior classes1 :i* ?is p ( h]oes necess>ily supposes b5ea? x1 sc>cely %[ !mselves1 except 9 ! ex]cise ( "s trade1 = practis+ :i* !y are held 9 high e/eem4 ,! some:at complicat$ products ( human indu/ry are reg>d$ z liv+ be+s1 & 9 _! mann] end[$ ) magical prop]ties4 ,a multiplicity ( celebrat$ objects h prop] names1 su* z ! dr9k+-cup1 ! lance1 ! sword1 & ! %ield ( ,ar?ur2 ! *ess-bo>d ( ,gw5dol51 on :i* ! black pieces play$ ( _! own accord aga9/ ! :ite2 ! horn ( ,bran ,gal$1 :]e "o f\nd :atev] liquor "o desir$2 ! *>iot ( ,morgan1 :i* direct$ itself to ! place to :i* "o wi%$ to g2 ! pot ( ,tyrnog1 :i* w\ld n cook :5 meat = a c[>d 0 put into x2 ! gr9d/one ( ,tudwal1 :i* w\ld only %>p5 brave m5's swords2 ! coat ( ,pad>n1 :i* none save a noble c\ld don2 & ! mantle ( ,tegan1 :i* no woman c\ld put ^u h]self 7 %e n above reproa*4 ,footnote3 ,"h may be recognis$ ! orig9 ( trial by c\rt mantle1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ episodes 9 ,lancelot ( ! ,lake4 ,! animal is conceiv$ 9 a /ill m individual way2 x has a prop] "n1 p]sonal qualities1 & a role :i* x develops at its own w & ) full consci\sness4 ,! same h]o appe>s z at once man & animal1 )\t x be+ possible to trace ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! two natures4 ,! tale ( ,kilhw* & ,olw51 ! mo/ extraord9>y ( ! ,mab9ogion1 deals ) ,ar?ur's /ruggle aga9/ ! wild-bo> k+ ,twr* ,trwy?1 :o ) 8 sev5 cubs holds 9 *eck all ! h]oes ( ! ,r\nd ,table4 ,! adv5tures ( ! ?ree hundr$ rav5s ( ,k]v]h5n simil>ly =m ! subject ( ! ,dream ( ,rhonabwy4 ,! idea ( moral m]it & dem]it is almo/ :olly abs5t f all ^! compositions4 ,!re are wick$ be+s :o insult ladies1 :o tyrannise ov] _! neighb\rs1 :o only f9d pleasure 9 evil because su* is _! nature2 b x does n appe> t !y incur wra? on t acc\nt4 ,ar?ur's knights pursue !m1 n z crim9als b z mis*iev\s fell[s4 ,all o!r be+s are p]fectly good & j1 b m or less ri*ly gift$4 ,?is is ! dream ( an amiable & g5tle race :i* looks ^u evil z be+ ! "w ( de/9y1 & n a product ( ! human consci5ce4 ,all nature is en*ant$1 & fruitful z imag9ation itself 9 indef9itely v>i$ creations4 ,*ri/ianity r>ely discloses itself2 al?\gh at times its proximity c be felt1 x alt]s 9 no respect ! purely natural surr\nd+s 9 :i* ev]y?+ takes place4 ,a bi%op figures at table beside ,ar?ur1 b 8 function is /rictly limit$ to bless+ ! di%es4 ,! ,iri% sa9ts1 :o at "o "t pres5t !mselves to give _! b5$iction to ,ar?ur & receive fav\rs at 8 h&s1 are portray$ z a race ( m5 vaguely kn[n & difficult to und]/&4 ,no m$iaeval lit]ature held itself fur!r remov$ f all mona/ic influ5ce4 ,we evid5tly mu/ suppose t ! ,wel% b>ds & /ory-tell]s liv$ 9 a /ate ( great isolation f ! cl]gy1 & _h _! culture & traditions q ap>t4 ,! *>m ( ! ,mab9ogion pr9cipally resides 9 ! amiable s]5ity ( ! ,celtic m9d1 nei!r sad nor gay1 ev] 9 susp5se betwe5 a smile & a te>4 ,we h 9 !m ! simple recital ( a *ild1 unwitt+ ( any di/9ction betwe5 ! noble & ! common2 !re is some?+ ( t s(tly animat$ _w1 ( t calm & tranquil ideal to :i* ,ario/o's /anzas transport u4 ,! *att] ( ! lat] m$iaeval ,fr5* & ,g]man imitators c give no idea ( ?is *>m+ mann] ( n>ration4 ,! skilful ,*reti5 de ,troyes himself rema9s 9 ?is respect f> bel[ ! ,wel% /ory- tell]s1 & z = ,wolfram ( ,es*5ba*1 x mu/ be av[$ t ! joy ( ! fir/ discov]y has c>ri$ ,g]man critics too f> 9 ! exagg]ation ( 8 m]its4 ,he loses himself 9 int]m9able descriptions1 & almo/ completely ignores ! art ( 8 recital4 ,:at /rikes "o at a fir/ glance 9 ! imag9ative compositions ( ! ,celtic races1 above all :5 !y are contra/$ ) ^? ( ! ,teutonic races1 is ! extreme mildness ( mann]s p]vad+ !m4 ,!re are none ( ^? frightful v5geances :i* fill ! ,edda & ! ,niebelung54 ,comp>e ! ,teutonic ) ! ,gaelic h]o1--,be[ulf ) ,p]$ur1 = example4 ,:at a diff]5ce !re is6 ,9 ! "o all ! horror ( disgu/+ & blood-embru$ b>b>ism1 ! drunk5ness ( c>nage1 ! dis9t]e/$ ta/e1 if ,i may say s1 = de/ruction & dea?2 9 ! o!r a pr(\nd s5se ( ju/ice1 a great height ( p]sonal pride x is true1 b also a great capacity = devotion1 an exquisite loyalty4 ,! tyrannical man1 ! mon/]1 ! ,black ,man1 f9d a place "h l ! ,le/rigons & ! ,cyclops ( ,hom] only to inspire horror by contra/ ) s(t] mann]s2 !y are almo/ :at ! wick$ man is 9 ! naive imag9ation ( a *ild br\ght up by a "m 9 ! ideas ( a g5tle & pi\s morality4 ,! primitive man ( ,teutonism is revolt+ by 8 purposeless brutality1 by a love ( evil t only gives him skill & /r5g? 9 ! s]vice ( hatr$ & injury4 ,! ,cymric h]o on ! o!r h&1 ev5 9 8 wilde/ flights1 seems possess$ by habits ( k9dness & a w>m sympa?y ) ! weakv4 ,sympa?y inde$ is "o ( ! deepe/ feel+s among ! ,celtic peoples4 ,ev5 ,judas is n d5i$ a %>e ( _! pity4 ,/4 ,br&an f\nd him ^u a rock 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,pol> seas2 once a week he passes a day !re to refre% himself f ! fires ( hell4 ,a cloak t he _h giv5 to a begg> is hung be=e him1 & temp]s 8 suff]+s4 ,if ,wales has a "r to be pr\d ( h] ,mab9ogion1 %e has n less to felicitate h]self 9 hav+ f\nd a translator truly wor?y ( int]pret+ !m4 ,= ! prop] und]/&+ ( ^! orig9al beauties !re 0 ne$$ a delicate appreciation ( ,wel% n>ration1 & an intellig5ce ( ! naive ord]1 qualities ( :i* an erudite translator w\ld ) difficulty h be5 capable4 ,to r5d] ^! graci\s imag9+s ( a p s em95tly d[]$ ) fem99e tact1 ! p5 ( a woman 0 necess>y4 ,simple1 animat$1 )\t ef=t & )\t vulg>ity1 ,lady ,gue/'s translation is a fai?ful mirror ( ! orig9al ,cymric4 ,ev5 suppos+ t1 z reg>ds philology1 ! lab\rs ( ?is noble ,wel% lady be de/9$ to receive improvem5t1 t does n prev5t h] book f = ev] rema9+ a "w ( erudition & highly di/+ui%$ ta/e4 ,footnote3 ,m4 de la ,villem>que publi%$ 9 #ahdc "u ! title ( ,cantes populaires des anci5s ,bretons1 a ,fr5* translation ( ! n>ratives t ,gue/ _h already pres5t$ 9 ,engli% at t "t4 ,! ,mab9ogion1 or at lea/ ! writ+s :i* ,lady ,gue/ ?\ght %e ought to include "u ?is common "n1 divide !mselves into two p]fectly di/9ct classes--"s connect$ exclusively ) ! two p59sulas ( ,wales & ,cornwall1 & relat+ to ! h]oic p]sonality ( ,ar?ur2 ! o!rs ali5 to ,ar?ur1 hav+ = _! sc5e n only ! p>ts ( ,engl& t h rema9$ ,cymric1 b ! :ole ( ,great ,brita91 & lead+ u back by ! p]sons & traditions m5tion$ 9 !m to ! lat] ye>s ( ! ,roman occupation4 ,! second class1 ( great] antiquity ?an ! fir/1 at lea/ on ! gr\nd ( subject1 is also di/+ui%$ by a mu* m my?ological "*1 a bold] use ( ! miracul\s1 an enigmatical =m1 a /yle full ( allit]ation & plays ^u words4 ,( ?is numb] are ! tales ( ,pwyll1 ( ,bramw51 ( ,manawyddan1 ( ,ma? ! son ( ,ma?onwy1 ! ,dream ( ! ,emp]or ,maximus1 ! /ory ( ,llud & ,llewelys1 & ! leg5d ( ,taliess94 ,to ! ,ar?urian cycle belong ! n>ratives ( ,ow51 ( ,g]a9t1 ( ,p]$ur1 ( ,kilhw* & ,olw51 & ! ,dream ( ,rhonabwy4 ,x is also to be rem>k$ t ! two la/-nam$ n>ratives h a p>ticul>ly antique "*4 ,9 !m ,ar?ur dwells 9 ,cornwall1 & n z 9 ! o!rs at ,ca]leon on ! ,usk4 ,9 !m he appe>s ) an individual "*1 hunt+ & tak+ a p]sonal "p 9 w>f>e1 :ile 9 ! m mod]n tales he is only an emp]or all- p[]ful & impassive1 a truly slugg>d h]o1 ar\nd :om a pleiad ( active h]oes gr\ps itself4 ,! ,mab9ogi ( ,kilhw* & ,olw51 by its entirely primitive aspect1 by ! "p play$ 9 x by ! wild-bo> 9 con=mity to ! _s ( ,celtic my?ology1 by ! :olly sup]natural & magical "* ( ! n>ration1 by innum]able allusions ! s5se ( :i* escapes u1 =ms a cycle by itself4 ,x repres5ts = u ! ,cymric conception 9 all its purity1 be=e x _h be5 modifi$ by ! introduction ( any =eign elem5t4 ,)\t attempt+ "h to analyse ?is curi\s poem1 ,i %\ld l by "s extracts to make its antique aspect & high orig9ality app>5t4 ,kilhw*1 ! son ( ,kilydd1 pr9ce ( ,kelyddon1 hav+ he>d "s "o m5tion ! "n ( ,olw51 daught] ( ,yspaddad5 ,p5kawr1 falls viol5tly 9 love1 )\t hav+ ev] se5 h]4 ,he goes to f9d ,ar?ur1 t he may ask = 8 aid 9 ! difficult und]tak+ :i* he m$itates2 9 po9t ( fact1 he does n "k 9 :at c\ntry ! fair "o ( 8 affection dwells4 ,yspaddad5 is besides a frightful tyrant :o suff]s no man to g f 8 ca/le alive1 & ^: dea? is l9k$ by de/9y to ! m>riage ( 8 daught]4 ,footnote3 ,! idea ( mak+ ! dea? ( ! fa!r ! condition ( possession ( ! daught] is to be f\nd 9 sev]al romances ( ! ,breton cycle1 9 ,lancelot = example4 ,ar?ur grants ,kilhw* "s ( 8 mo/ valiant comrades 9 arms to assi/ him 9 ?is ent]prise4 ,aft] wond]ful adv5tures ! knights arrive at ! ca/le ( ,yspaddad51 & succe$ 9 see+ ! "y maid5 ( ,kilhw*'s dream4 ,only aft] ?ree days ( p]si/5t /ruggle d !y manage to obta9 a response f ,olw5's fa!r1 :o atta*es 8 daught]'s h& to conditions app>5tly impossible ( realisation4 ,! p]=mance ( ^! trials makes a long *a9 ( adv5tures1 ! framework ( a v]itable romantic epic :i* has come to u 9 a v fragm5t>y =m4 ,( ! ?irty-eight adv5tures impos$ on ,kilhw* ! manuscript us$ by ,lady ,gue/ only relates sev5 or eight4 ,i *oose at r&om "o ( ^! n>ratives1 :i* appe>s to me fitt$ to give an idea ( ! :ole composition4 ,x deals ) ! f9d+ ( ,mabon ! son ( ,modron1 :o 0 c>ri$ away f 8 "m ?ree days aft] 8 bir?1 & ^: deliv]ance is "o ( ! lab\rs exact$ ( ,kilhw*4 ,8 foll[]s said unto ,ar?ur1 ',"l1 g ?\ home2 ?\ can/ n proce$ ) ?y ho/ 9 que/ ( su* small adv5tures z ^!4' ,!n said ,ar?ur1 ',x 7 well = !e1 ,gwrhyr ,gwal/awd ,iei?o$d1 to g ^u ?is que/1 = ?\ kn[e/ all languages1 & art famili> ) ^? ( ! birds & ! bea/s4 ,?\1 ,eidoel1 oughte/ likewise to g ) my m5 9 se>* ( ?y c\s94 ,& z = y1 ,kai & ,b$wyr1 ,i h hope ( :atev] adv5ture ye are 9 que/ (1 t ye w a*ieve x4 ,a*ieve ye ?is adv5ture = me4' ,!y w5t =w>d until !y came to ! ,ousel ( ,cilgwri4 ,& ,gwrhyr adjur$ h] = ! sake ( ,heav51 say+1 ,tell me if ?\ kn[e/ aught ( ,mabon ! son ( ,modron1 :o 0 tak5 :5 ?ree nights old f betwe5 8 "m & ! wall4 ,& ! ,ousel answ]$1 ,:5 ,i fir/ came "h !re 0 a smi?'s anvil 9 ?is place1 & ,i 0 !n a "y bird2 & f t "t no "w has be5 done ^u x1 save ! peck+ ( my beak e ev5+1 & n[ !re is n s mu* z ! size ( a nut rema9+ !re(2 yet all ! v5geance ( ,heav5 be ^u me1 if dur+ all t "t ,i h ev] he>d ( ! man = :om y enquire4 ,nev]!less ,i w d t :i* is "r1 & t :i* x is fitt+ ,i %\ld d = an embassy f ,ar?ur4 ,!re is a race ( animals :o 7 =m$ be=e me1 & ,i w be y\r guide to !m4 ,s !y proce$$ to ! place :]e 0 ! ,/ag ( ,r$ynvre4 ,/ag ( ,r$ynvre1 behold we are come to !e1 an embassy f ,ar?ur1 = we h n he>d ( any animal old] ?an ?\4 ,say1 kn[e/ ?\ aught ( ,mabon ! son ( ,modron1 :o 0 tak5 f 8 "m :5 ?ree nights old8 ,! ,/ag said1 ,:5 fir/ ,i came hi!r !re 0 a pla9 all ar\nd me1 )\t any trees save "o oak sapl+1 :i* grew up to be an oak ) an hundr$ bran*es4 ,& t oak has s9ce p]i%$1 s t n[ no?+ rema9s ( x b ! )]$ /ump2 & f t day to ?is ,i h be5 "h1 yet h ,i nev] he>d ( ! man = :om y enquire4 ,nev]!less1 be+ an embassy f ,ar?ur1 ,i w be y\r guide to ! place :]e !re is an animal :i* 0 =m$ be=e ,i 04 ,s !y proce$$ to ! place :]e 0 ! ,owl ( ,cwm ,cawlwyd4 ,owl ( ,cwm ,cawlwyd1 "h is an embassy f ,ar?ur2 kn[e/ ?\ aught ( ,mabon ! son ( ,modron1 :o 0 tak5 aft] ?ree nights f 8 "m8 ,if ,i knew ,i w\ld tell y4 ,:5 fir/ ,i came hi!r1 ! wide valley y see 0 a wood$ gl54 ,& a race ( m5 came & root$ x up4 ,& !re grew !re a second wood2 & ?is wood is ! ?ird4 ,my w+s1 are !y n )]$ /umps8 ,yet all ?is "t1 ev5 until to-day1 ,i h nev] he>d ( ! man = :om y enquire4 ,nev]!less ,i w be ! guide ( ,ar?ur's embassy until y come to ! place :]e is ! olde/ animal 9 ! _w1 & ! "o t has travell$ mo/1 ! ,eagle ( ,gw]n ,abwy4 ,gwrhyr said1 ,eagle ( ,gw]n ,abwy1 we h come to !e an embassy f ,ar?ur1 to ask !e if ?\ kn[e/ aught ( ,mabon ! son ( ,modron1 :o 0 tak5 f 8 "m :5 he 0 ?ree nights old4 ,! ,eagle said1 ,i h be5 "h = a great space ( "t1 & :5 ,i fir/ came hi!r !re 0 a rock "h1 f ! top ( :i* ,i peck$ at ! />s e ev5+2 & n[ x is n s mu* z a span high4 ,f t day to ?is ,i h be5 "h1 & ,i h nev] he>d ( ! man = :om y enquire1 except once :5 ,i w5t 9 se>* ( food z f> z ,llyn ,llyw4 ,& :5 ,i came !re1 ,i /ruck my talons into a salmon1 ?9k+ he w\ld s]ve me z food = a long "t4 ,b he drew me into ! deep1 & ,i 0 sc>cely able to escape f him4 ,aft] t ,i w5t ) my :ole k9dr$ to attack him1 & to try to de/roy him1 b he s5t mess5g]s1 & made peace ) me2 & came & bes\ght me to take fifty fi% spe>s out ( 8 back4 ,unless he "k some?+ ( him :om y seek1 ,i _c tell :o may4 ,h[ev]1 ,i w guide y to ! place :]e he is4 ,s !y w5t ?i!r2 & ! ,eagle said1 ,salmon ( ,llyn ,llyw1 ,i h come to !e ) an embassy f ,ar?ur1 to ask !e if ?\ kn[e/ aught conc]n+ ,mabon ! son ( ,modron1 :o 0 tak5 away at ?ree nights old f 8 "m4 ,z mu* z ,i "k ,i w tell !e4 ,) e tide ,i g along ! riv] upw>ds1 until ,i come ne> to ! walls ( ,gl\ce/]1 & !re h ,i f\nd su* wrong z ,i nev] f\nd else:]e2 & to ! end t ye may give cr$5ce !reto1 let "o ( y g ?i!r ^u ea* ( my two %\ld]s4 ,s ,kai & ,gwrhyr ,gwal/awd ,iei?o$d w5t ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! salmon1 & !y proce$$ until !y came unto ! wall ( ! prison1 & !y he>d a great wail+ & lam5t+ f ! dungeon4 ,said ,gwrhyr1 ,:o is x t lam5ts 9 ?is h\se ( /one8 ,alas !re is reason en\gh = :oev] is "h to lam5t4 ,x is ,mabon ! son ( ,modron :o is "h imprison$2 & no imprisonm5t 0 ev] s griev\s z m9e1 nei!r t ( ,lludd ,llaw ,ere9t1 nor t ( ,greid ! son ( ,eri4 ,ha/ ?\ hope ( be+ releas$ = gold or = silv]1 or = any gifts ( weal?1 or ?r\gh battle & fight+8 ,by fight+ w :atev] ,i may ga9 be obta9$4 ,we %all n foll[ ! ,cymric h]o ?r\gh trials ! result ( :i* c be =ese54 ,:at1 above all else1 is /rik+ 9 ^! /range leg5ds is ! "p play$ by animals1 trans=m$ by ! ,wel% imag9ation into intellig5t be+s4 ,no race conv]s$ s intimately z did ! ,celtic race ) ! l[] creation1 & accord$ x s l>ge a %>e ( moral life4 ,footnote3 ,see especially ! n>ratives ( ,n5nius1 & ( ,giraldus ,cambr5sis4 ,9 !m animals h at lea/ z important a "p z m54 ,! close association ( man & animal1 ! fictions s de> to m$iaeval poetry ( ! ,knight ( ! ,lion1 ! ,knight ( ! ,falcon1 ! ,knight ( ! ,swan1 ! v[s consecrat$ by ! pres5ce ( birds ( noble repute1 are equally ,breton imag9+s4 ,ecclesia/ical lit]ature itself pres5ts analog\s features2 g5tl5ess t[>ds animals in=ms all ! leg5ds ( ! sa9ts ( ,brittany & ,irel&4 ,"o day ,/4 ,kev9 fell asleep1 :ile he 0 pray+ at 8 w9d[ ) out/ret*$ arms2 & a swall[ p]ceiv+ ! op5 h& ( ! v5]able monk1 consid]$ x an excell5t place :]e9 to make h] ne/4 ,! sa9t on awak+ saw ! "m sitt+ ^u h] eggs1 &1 lo? to di/urb h]1 wait$ = ! little ones to be hat*$ be=e he arose f 8 knees4 ,?is t\*+ sympa?y 0 d]iv$ f ! s+ul> vivacity ) :i* ! ,celtic races h inspir$ _! feel+ = nature4 ,_! my?ology is no?+ m ?an a transp>5t naturalism1 n t an?ropomorphic naturalism ( ,greece & ,india1 9 :i* ! =ces ( ! univ]se1 view$ z liv+ be+s & end[$ ) consci\sness1 t5d m & m to deta* !mselves f physical ph5om5a1 & to become moral be+s2 b 9 "s measure a reali/ic naturalism1 ! love ( nature = h]self1 ! vivid impression ( h] magic1 accompani$ by ! sorr[ful feel+ t man kn[s1 :51 face to face ) h]1 he believes t he he>s h] commune ) him conc]n+ 8 orig9 & 8 de/9y4 ,! leg5d ( ,m]l9 mirrors ?is feel+4 ,s$uc$ by a fairy ( ! woods1 he flies ) h] & becomes a savage4 ,ar?ur's mess5g]s come ^u him z he is s++ by ! side ( a f\nta92 he is l$ back aga9 to c\rt2 b ! *>m c>ries him away4 ,he returns to 8 =e/s1 & ?is "t = ev]4 ,"u a ?icket ( haw?orn ,vivi5 has built him a magical prison4 ,!re he prophesies ! future ( ! ,celtic races2 he speaks ( a maid5 ( ! woods1 n[ visible & n[ unse51 :o holds him captive by h] spells4 ,sev]al ,ar?urian leg5ds are impress$ ) ! same "*4 ,ar?ur himself 9 popul> belief became1 z x 71 a woodl& _s4 ,! =e/]s on _! nightly r\nd by ! light ( ! moon1 says ,g]vais ( ,tilbury1 ,footnote3 ,an ,engli% *ronicl] ( ! twelf? c5tury4 (t5 he> a great s\nd z ( horns1 & meet b&s ( huntsm52 :5 !y are ask$ :5ce !y come1 ^! huntsm5 make reply t !y are ( ,k+ ,ar?ur's foll[+4 ,footnote3 ,?is mann] ( expla9+ all ! unkn[n noises ( ! wood by ,ar?ur's ,hunt+ is /ill to be f\nd 9 sev]al di/ricts4 ,to und]/& prop]ly ! cult ( nature1 &1 if ,i may say s1 ( l&scape among ! ,celts1 see ,gildas & ,n5nius1 pp4 #aca1 #acf1 #acg1 etc4 7,edit4 ,san ,m>te1 ,b]l94 #ahhd72 ,ev5 ! ,fr5* imitators ( ! ,breton romances keep an impression--al?\gh a r insipid "o--( ! attraction ex]cis$ by nature on ! ,celtic imag9ation4 ,ela9e1 ! h]o9e ( ,lancelot1 ! ideal ( ,breton p]fection1 passes h] life ) h] companions 9 a g>d51 9 ! mid/ ( fl[]s :i* %e t5ds4 ,e fl[] cull$ by h] h&s is at ! in/ant re/or$ to life2 & ! wor%ipp]s ( h] memory are "u an obligation1 :5 !y cut a fl[]1 to s[ ano!r 9 its place4 ,! wor%ip ( =e/1 & f\nta91 & /one is to be expla9$ by ?is primitive naturalism1 :i* all ! ,c\ncils ( ! ,*ur* held 9 ,brittany unit$ to proscribe4 ,! /one1 9 tru?1 seems ! natural symbol ( ! ,celtic races4 ,x is an immutable witness t has no dea?4 ,! animal1 ! plant1 above all ! human figure1 only express ! div9e life "u a det]m9ate =m2 ! /one on ! contr>y1 adapt$ to receive all =ms1 has be5 ! feti% ( peoples 9 _! *ildhood4 ,pausanias saw1 /ill /&+ erect1 ! ?irty squ>e /ones ( ,ph>se1 ea* be>+ ! "n ( a div9ity4 ,! m5-hir to be met ) ov] ! :ole surface ( ! anci5t _w1 :at is x b ! monum5t ( primitive humanity1 a liv+ witness ( its fai? 9 ,heav58 ,footnote3 ,x is1 h[ev]1 d\btful :e!r ! monum5ts kn[n 9 ,france at ,celtic 7m5-hir4 dot-m51 etc47 are ! "w ( ! ,celts4 ,) ,m4 ,worsaae & ! ,cop5hag5 ar*aeologi/s1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ^! monum5ts belong to a m anci5t humanity4 ,nev]1 9 fact1 has any bran* ( ! ,indo-,european race built 9 ?is fa%ion4 7,see two articles by ,m4 ,m]imee 9 ,l',a!naum franfais1 ,sept4 #aa?1 #aheb1 & ,april #be?1 #ahec47 ,x has frequ5tly be5 obs]v$ t ! majority ( popul> beliefs /ill extant 9 our diff]5t prov9ces are ( ,celtic orig94 ,a n less rem>kable fact is ! /rong t+e ( naturalism dom9ant 9 ^! beliefs4 ,nay m1 e "t t ! old ,celtic _s appe>s 9 our hi/ory1 !re is to be se51 re-born ) x1 fai? 9 nature & h] magic influ5ces4 ,"o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ^! manife/ations seems to me to be t ( ,joan ( ,arc4 ,t indomitable hope1 t t5acity 9 ! affirmation ( ! future1 t belief t ! salvation ( ! k+dom w come f a woman1--all ^? features1 f> remov$ z !y are f ! ta/e ( antiquity1 & f ,teutonic ta/e1 are 9 _m respects ,celtic4 ,! memory ( ! anci5t cult p]petuat$ itself at ,domremy1 z 9 s _m o!r places1 "u ! =m ( popul> sup]/ition4 ,! cottage ( ! family ( ,arc 0 %ad$ by a bee* tree1 fam$ 9 ! c\ntry & reput$ to be ! abode ( fairies4 ,9 h] *ildhood ,joan us$ to g & hang ^u its bran*es g>l&s ( leaves & fl[]s1 :i*1 s x 0 said1 disappe>$ dur+ ! night4 ,! t]ms ( h] accusation speak ) horror ( ?is innoc5t cu/om1 z ( a crime aga9/ ! fai?2 & inde$ !y 7 n altoge!r deceiv$1 ^? unpity+ !ologians :o judg$ ! holy maid4 ,al?\gh %e knew x n1 %e 0 m ,celtic ?an ,*ri/ian4 ,%e has be5 =etold by ,m]l92 %e kn[s ( nei!r ,pope nor ,*ur*1-- %e only believes ! voice t speaks 9 h] own he>t4 ,?is voice %e he>s 9 ! fields1 9 ! s\gh ( ! w9d among ! trees1 :5 measur$ & di/ant s\nds fair ^u h] e>s4 ,dur+ h] trial1 worn out ) que/ions & s*ola/ic subtleties1 %e is ask$ :e!r %e /ill he>s h] voices4 ,take me to ! woods4 %e says1 & ,i %all he> !m cle>ly4 ,h] leg5d is t+$ ) ! same col\rs2 nature lov$ h]1 ! wolves nev] t\*$ ! %eep ( h] flock4 ,:5 %e 0 a little girl1 ! birds us$ to come & eat bread f h] lap z ?\gh !y 7 tame4 ,footnote3 ,s9ce ! fir/ publication ( ^! views1 on :i* ,i %\ld n l m emphasis to be put ?an :at belongs to a pass+ impression1 simil> consid]ations h be5 develop$1 9 t]ms t appe> a little too positive1 by ,m4 ,h4 ,m>t9 7,hi/ory ( ,france1 vol4 vi41 #ahef74 ,! objections rais$ to x are1 = ! mo/ "p1 due to ! fact t v few p are capable ( delicately appreciat+ que/ions ( ?is k9d1 relative to ! g5ius ( races4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! resurrection ( an old national g5ius takes place "u a v diff]5t =m f t :i* "o w\ld h expect$1 & by means ( individuals :o h no idea ( ! e?nographical "p :i* !y play4 ,,iii ,! ,,mab9ogion d n recomm5d !mselves to our /udy1 only z a manife/ation ( ! romantic g5ius ( ! ,breton races4 ,x 0 ?r\gh !m t ! ,wel% imag9ation ex]cis$ its influ5ce ^u ! ,cont95t1 t x trans=m$1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ! poetic art ( ,europe1 & realis$ ?is miracle1--t ! creations ( a half-conqu]$ race h become ! univ]sal fea/ ( imag9ation = mank9d4 ,few h]oes owe less to reality ?an ,ar?ur4 ,nei!r ,gildas nor ,aneur91 8 contempor>ies1 speak ( him2 ,b$e did n ev5 "k 8 "n2 ,taliess9 & ,liw>c'h ,h5 gave him only a second>y place4 ,9 ,n5nius1 on ! o!r h&1 :o liv$ ab\t #hej1 ! leg5d has fully unfold$4 ,ar?ur is already ! ext]m9ator ( ! ,saxons2 he has nev] exp]i5c$ defeat2 he is ! suz]a9 ( an army ( k+s4 ,f9ally1 9 ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?1 ! epic creation culm9ates4 ,ar?ur reigns ov] ! :ole e>?2 he conqu]s ,irel&1 ,norway1 ,gascony1 & ,france4 ,at ,ca]leon he holds a t\rnam5t at :i* all ! mon>*s ( ! _w are pres5t2 !re he puts ^u 8 head ?irty cr[ns1 & exacts recognition z ! sov]eign "l ( ! univ]se4 ,s incr$ible is x t a petty k+ ( ! six? c5tury1 sc>cely rem>k$ by 8 contempor>ies1 %\ld h tak5 9 po/]ity su* colossal proportions1 t sev]al critics h suppos$ t ! leg5d>y ,ar?ur & ! obscure *iefta9 :o bore t "n h no?+ 9 common1 ! "o ) ! o!r1 & t ! son ( ,u!r ,p5dragon is a :olly ideal h]o1 a survivor ( ! old ,cymric my?ology4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 ! symbols ( ,neo-,druidism--t is to say1 ( t secret doctr9e1 ! outcome ( ,druidism1 :i* prolong$ its exi/5ce ev5 to ! ,middle ,ages "u ! =m ( ,freemasonry--we aga9 f9d ,ar?ur trans=m$ into a div9e p]sonage1 & play+ a purely my?ological "p4 ,x mu/ at lea/ be all[$ t1 if beh9d ! fable "s reality lies hidd51 hi/ory (f]s u no means ( atta9+ x4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ! discov]y ( ,ar?ur's tomb 9 ! ,isle ( ,avalon 9 #aahi 0 an inv5tion ( ,norman policy1 j z 9 #abhc1 ! v ye> 9 :i* ,edw>d ,i4 0 engag$ 9 cru%+ out ! la/ ve/iges ( ,wel% indep5d5ce1 ,ar?ur's cr[n 0 v conv5i5tly f\nd1 & =?) unit$ to ! o!r cr[n jewels ( ,engl&4 ,we naturally expect ,ar?ur1 n[ become ! repres5tative ( ,wel% nationality1 to su/a9 9 ! ,mab9ogion a "* analog\s to ?is role1 & !re91 z 9 ,n5nius1 to s]ve ! hatr$ ( ! vanqui%$ aga9/ ! ,saxons4 ,b su* is n ! case4 ,ar?ur1 9 ! ,mab9ogion1 exhibits no *>act]i/ics ( patriotic resi/ance2 8 "p is limit$ to unit+ h]oes ar\nd him1 to ma9ta9+ ! reta9]s ( 8 palace1 & to en=c+ ! laws ( 8 ord] ( *ivalry4 ,he is too /rong = any "o to dream ( attack+ him4 ,he is ! ,*>lemagne ( ! ,c>lov+ian romances1 ! ,agamemnon ( ,hom]1--"o ( ^? neutral p]sonalities t s]ve b to give unity to ! poem4 ,! idea ( w>f>e aga9/ ! ali51 hatr$ t[>ds ! ,saxon1 does n appe> 9 a s+le in/ance4 ,! h]oes ( ! ,mab9ogion h no fa!rl&2 ea* fights to %[ 8 p]sonal excell5ce1 & satisfy 8 ta/e = adv5ture1 b n to def5d a national cause4 ,brita9 is ! univ]se2 no "o suspects t beyond ! ,cymry !re may be o!r nations & o!r races4 ,x 0 by ?is ideal & repres5tative "* t ! ,ar?urian leg5d _h su* an a/oni%+ pre/ige ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w4 ,_h ,ar?ur be5 only a prov9cial h]o1 ! m or less happy def5d] ( a little c\ntry1 all peoples w\ld n h adopt$ him1 any m ?an !y h adopt$ ! ,m>co ( ! ,s]bs1 ,footnote3 ,a ,s]vian ballad-h]o4 or ! ,rob9 ,hood ( ! ,saxons4 ,! ,ar?ur :o has *>m$ ! _w is ! head ( an ord] ( equality1 9 :i* all sit at ! same table1 9 :i* a man's wor? dep5ds ^u 8 val\r & 8 natural gifts4 ,:at matt]$ to ! _w ! fate ( an unkn[n p59sula1 & ! /rife wag$ on its behalf8 ,:at en*ant$ x 0 ! ideal c\rt presid$ ov] by ,gw5hwyv> 7,gu9ev]e71 :]e ar\nd ! mon>*ical unity ! fl[] ( h]oes 0 ga!r$ toge!r1 :]e ladies1 z *a/e z !y 7 beautiful1 lov$ accord+ to ! laws ( *ivalry1 & :]e ! "t 0 pass$ 9 li/5+ to /ories1 & le>n+ civility & beautiful mann]s4 ,?is is ! secret ( ! magic ( t ,r\nd ,table1 ab\t :i* ! ,middle ,ages gr\p$ all _! ideas ( h]oism1 ( beauty1 ( mode/y1 & ( love4 ,we ne$ n /op to inquire :e!r ! ideal ( a g5tle & poli%$ society 9 ! mid/ ( ! b>b>ian _w is1 9 all its features1 a purely ,breton creation1 :e!r ! _s ( ! c\rts ( ! ,cont95t has n 9 "s measure furni%$ ! model1 & :e!r ! ,mab9ogion !mselves h n felt ! reaction ( ! ,fr5* imitations2,footnote3 ,! surviv+ v]sion ( ! ,mdb9ogian has a lat] date ?an ^! imitations1 & ! ,r$ ,book includes sev]al tales borr[$ f ! ,fr5* tr\v]es4 ,b x is out ( ! "q to ma9ta9 t ! really ,wel% n>ratives h be5 borr[$ 9 a l mann]1 s9ce among !m are "s unkn[n to ! tr\v]es1 :i* c\ld only possess int]e/ = ,breton c\ntries x suffices = u t ! new ord] ( s5tim5ts :i* we h j indicat$ 01 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,middle ,ages1 p]si/5tly atta*$ to ! gr\ndwork ( ! ,cymric romances4 ,su* an association c\ld n be =tuit\s2 if ! imitations are all s gl>+ 9 col\r1 x is evid5tly because 9 ! orig9al ?is same col\r is to be f\nd unit$ to p>ticul>ly /rong "*4 ,h[ o!rwise %all we expla9 :y a =gott5 tribe on ! v conf9es ( ! _w %\ld h impos$ its h]oes ^u ,europe1 &1 9 ! doma9 ( imag9ation1 accompli%$ "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> revolutions kn[n to ! hi/orian ( lett]s8 ,if1 9 fact1 "o comp>es ,european lit]ature be=e ! introduction ( ! ,cymric romances1 ) :at x became :5 ! tr\v]es set !mselves to draw f ,breton s\rces1 "o recognises readily t ) ! ,breton n>ratives a new elem5t ent]$ into ! poetic conception ( ! ,*ri/ian peoples1 & modifi$ x pr(\ndly4 ,! ,c>lov+ian poem1 bo? by its /ructure & by ! means :i* x employs1 does n dep>t f classical ideas4 ,! motives ( man's action are ! same z 9 ! ,greek epic4 ,! ess5tially romantic elem5t1 ! life ( =e/s & my/]i\s adv5ture1 ! feel+ = nature1 & t impulse ( imag9ation :i* makes ! ,breton w>rior unceas+ly pursue ! unkn[n2-- no?+ ( all ?is is z yet to be obs]v$4 ,rol& diff]s f ! h]oes ( ,hom] only by 8 arm\r2 9 he>t he is ! bro!r ( ,ajax or ,a*illes4 ,p]ceval1 on ! contr>y1 belongs to ano!r _w1 sep>at$ by a great gulf f t 9 :i* ! h]oes ( antiquity live & act4 ,x 0 above all by ! creation ( woman's "*1 by introduc+ into m$iaeval poetry1 hi!rto h>d & au/]e1 ! nuances ( love1 t ! ,breton romances br\ght ab\t ?is curi\s metamorphosis4 ,x 0 l an electric sp>k2 9 a few ye>s ,european ta/e 0 *ang$4 ,ne>ly all ! types ( womank9d kn[n to ! ,middle ,ages1 ,gu9ev]e1 ,iseult1 ,enid1 are d]iv$ f ,ar?ur's c\rt4 ,9 ! ,c>lov+ian poems woman is a non5tity )\t "* or individuality2 9 !m love is ei!r brutal1 z 9 ! romance ( ,f]ebras1 or sc>cely indicat$1 z 9 ! ,song ( ,rol&4 ,9 ! ,mab9ogion1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pr9cipal "p always belongs to ! wom54 ,*ivalr\s gallantry1 :i* makes ! w>rior's happ9ess to consi/ 9 s]v+ a woman & m]it+ h] e/eem1 ! belief t ! noble/ use ( /r5g? is to succ\r & av5ge weakness1 results1 ,i "k1 f a turn ( imag9ation :i* possess$ ne>ly all ,european peoples 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 b x _c be d\bt$ t ?is turn ( imag9ation fir/ f\nd lit]>y expression among ! ,breton peoples4 ,"o ( ! mo/ surpris+ features 9 ! ,mab9ogion is ! delicacy ( ! fem99e feel+ brea!d 9 !m2 an impropriety or a gross ^w is nev] to be met )4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to quote at l5g? ! two romances ( ,p]$ur & ,g]a9t to demon/rate an innoc5ce su* z ?is2 b ! naive simplicity ( ^! *>m+ compositions =bids u to see 9 ?is innoc5ce any und]ly+ mean+4 ,! zeal ( ! knight 9 ! def5ce ( ladies' hon\r became a satirical euphemism only 9 ! ,fr5* imitators1 :o trans=m$ ! virg9al mode/y ( ! ,breton romances into a %ameless gallantry--s f> inde$ t ^! compositions1 *a/e z !y are 9 ! orig9al1 became ! sc&al ( ! ,middle ,ages1 provok$ c5sures1 & 7 ! occasion ( ! ideas ( immorality :i*1 = religi\s p1 /ill clu/] ab\t ! "n ( romance4 ,c]ta9ly *ivalry is too complex a fact = u to be p]mitt$ to assign x to any s+le orig94 ,let u say h[ev] t 9 ! idea ( envisag+ ! e/eem ( a woman z ! highe/ object ( human activity1 & sett+ up love z ! supreme pr9ciple ( morality1 !re is no?+ ( ! antique _s1 or inde$ ( ! ,teutonic4 ,is x 9 ! ,edda or 9 ! ,niebelung5 t we %all f9d ! g]m ( ?is _s ( pure love1 ( exalt$ devotion1 :i* =ms ! v s\l ( *ivalry8 ,z to foll[+ ! sugge/ion ( "s critics & seek+ among ! ,arabs = ! beg9n+s ( ?is in/itution1 surely ( all lit]>y p>adoxes ev] moot$1 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ s+ul>4 ,! idea ( conqu]+ woman 9 a l& :]e %e is b\ght & sold1 ( seek+ h] e/eem 9 a l& :]e %e is sc>cely consid]$ capable ( moral m]it6 ,i %all oppose ! p>tizans ( ?is hypo!sis ) "o s+le fact1--! surprise exp]i5c$ by ! ,arabs ( ,alg]ia :51 by a some:at un=tunate recollection ( m$iaeval t\rnam5ts1 ! ladies 7 entru/$ ) ! pres5tation ( prizes at ! ,beiram races4 ,:at to ! knight appe>$ an unp>allel$ hon\r seem$ to ! ,arabs a humiliation & almo/ an insult4 ,! introduction ( ! ,breton romances into ! curr5t ( ,european lit]ature work$ a n less pr(\nd revolution 9 ! mann] ( conceiv+ & employ+ ! m>vell\s4 ,9 ! ,c>lov+ian poems ! m>vell\s is timid1 & con=ms to ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 ! sup]natural is produc$ directly by ,god or 8 envoys4 ,among ! ,cymry1 on ! contr>y1 ! pr9ciple ( ! m>vel is 9 nature h]self1 9 h] hidd5 =ces1 9 h] inexhau/ible fecundity4 ,!re is a my/]i\s swan1 a prophetic bird1 a sudd5ly appe>+ h&1 a giant1 a black tyrant1 a magic mi/1 a dragon1 a cry t causes ! he>] to die ( t]ror1 an object ) extraord9>y prop]ties4 ,!re is no trace ( ! mono!i/ic conception1 9 :i* ! m>vell\s is only a miracle1 a d]ogation ( et]nal laws4 ,nor are !re any ( ^? p]sonifications ( ! life ( nature :i* =m ! ess5tial "p ( ! ,greek & ,indian my?ologies4 ,"h we h p]fect naturalism1 an unlimit$ fai? 9 ! possible1 belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( indep5d5t be+s be>+ )9 !mselves ! pr9ciple ( _! /r5g?1--an idea q oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity1 :i* 9 su* be+s necess>ily sees ei!r angels or fi5ds4 ,& besides1 ^! /range be+s are always pres5t$ z be+ outside ! pale ( ! ,*ur*2 & :5 ! knight ( ! ,r\nd ,table has conqu]$ !m1 he =ces !m to g & pay homage to ,gu9ev]e1 & h !mselves baptis$4 ,n[1 if 9 poetry !re is a m>vell\s elem5t t we might accept1 surely x is ?is4 ,classical my?ology1 tak5 9 its fir/ simplicity1 is too bold1 tak5 z a m]e figure ( rhetoric1 too insipid1 to give u satisfaction4 ,z to ! m>vell\s elem5t 9 ,*ri/ianity1 ,boileau is "r3 no fiction is compatible ) su* a dogmatism4 ,!re rema9s !n ! purely naturali/ic m>vell\s1 nature int]e/+ h]self 9 action & act+ h]self1 ! great my/]y ( fatality unveil+ itself by ! secret conspir+ ( all be+s1 z 9 ,%akespe>e & ,ario/o4 ,x w\ld be curi\s to asc]ta9 h[ mu* ( ! ,celt !re is 9 ! =m] ( ^! poets2 z = ,ario/o he is ! ,breton poet p> excell5ce4 ,all 8 ma*9]y1 all 8 means ( int]e/1 all 8 f9e %ades ( s5tim5t1 all 8 types ( wom51 all 8 adv5tures1 are borr[$ f ! ,breton romances4 ,d we n[ und]/& ! intellectual role ( t little race :i* gave to ! _w ,ar?ur1 ,gu9ev]e1 ,lancelot1 ,p]ceval1 ,m]l91 ,/4 ,br&an1 ,/4 ,patrick1 & almo/ all ! poetical cycles ( ! ,middle ,ages8 ,:at a /rik+ de/9y "s nations h1 9 alone possess+ ! "r to cause ! acceptance ( _! h]oes1 z ?\gh = t 7 necess>y a q peculi> degree ( au?ority1 s]i\sness1 & fai?6 ,& x is a /range ?+ t x is to ! ,normans1 ( all peoples ! "o lea/ sympa!tically incl9$ t[>ds ! ,bretons1 t we owe ! r5[n ( ! ,breton fables4 ,brilliant & imitative1 ! ,norman ev]y:]e became ! pre- em95t repres5tative ( ! nation on :i* he _h at fir/ impos$ himself by =ce4 ,fr5* 9 ,france1 ,engli% 9 ,engl&1 ,italian 9 ,italy1 ,russian at ,novgorod1 he =got 8 own language to speak t ( ! race :i* he _h conqu]$1 & to become ! int]pret] ( its g5ius4 ,! deeply sugge/ive "* ( ! ,wel% romances c\ld n fail to impress m5 s prompt to seize & assimilate ! ideas ( ! =eign]4 ,! fir/ revelation ( ! ,breton fables1 ! ,lat9 ,*ronicle ( ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?1 appe>$ ab\t ! ye> #aacg1 "u ! auspices ( ,rob]t ( ,gl\ce/]1 natural son ( ,h5ry ,i4 ,h5ry ,,ii4 acquir$ a ta/e = ! same n>ratives1 & at 8 reque/ ,rob]t ,wace1 9 #aaee1 wrote 9 ,fr5* ! fir/ hi/ory ( ,ar?ur1 ?us op5+ ! pa? 9 :i* walk$ aft] him a ho/ ( poets or imitators ( all nationalities1 ,fr5*1 ,prov5cal1 ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,engli%1 ,sc&9avian1 ,greek1 & ,georgian4 ,we ne$ n belittle ! glory ( ! fir/ tr\v]es :o put into a language1 !n read & und]/ood f "o end ( ,europe to ! o!r1 fictions :i*1 b = !m1 w\ld h d\btless rema9$ = ev] unkn[n4 ,x is h[ev] difficult to attribute to !m an inv5tive faculty1 su* z w\ld p]mit !m to m]it ! title ( creators4 ,! num]\s passages 9 :i* "o feels t !y d n fully und]/& ! orig9al :i* !y imitate1 & 9 :i* !y attempt to give a natural significance to circum/ances ( :i* ! my?ological be>+ escap$ !m1 suffice to prove t1 z a rule1 !y 7 satisfi$ to make a fairly fai?ful copy ( ! "w be=e _! eyes4 ,:at "p has ,armorican ,brittany play$ 9 ! creation or propagation ( ! leg5ds ( ! ,r\nd ,table8 ,x is impossible to say ) any degree ( precision2 & 9 tru? su* a "q becomes a matt] ( second>y import once we =m a j idea ( ! close bonds ( frat]nity1 :i* did n cease until ! twelf? c5tury to unite ! two bran*es ( ! ,breton peoples4 ,t ! h]oic traditions ( ,wales long cont9u$ to live 9 ! bran* ( ! ,cymric family :i* came & settl$ 9 ,armorica _c be d\bt$ :5 we f9d ,g]a9t1 ,uri51 & o!r h]oes become sa9ts 9 ,l[] ,brittany2 ,footnote3 ,i %all only cite a s+le pro(2 x is a law ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor3 ,britones v]o ,armorici quum v5]9t 9 regno i/o1 suscipi deb5t et 9 regno protegi sicut probi cives de corpore regni hujus2 exi]unt quondam de sangu9e ,britonum regni hujus4--,wilk9s1 ,leges ,anglo-,saxonicae1 p4 #bjf4;& above all :5 we see "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial episodes ( ! ,ar?urian cycle1 t ( ! ,=e/ ( ,broceli&e1 plac$ 9 ! same c\ntry4 ,a l>ge numb] ( facts collect$ by ,m4 de la ,villem>rque ,footnote3 ,les ,romans de la ,table-,ronde et les contes des anci5s ,bretons 7,p>is1 #ahei71 pp4 #bj et seq4 ,9 ! ,contes populaires des anci5s ,bretons1 ( :i* ! above may be consid]$ z a new edition1 ! le>n$ au?or _h some:at exagg]at$ ! influ5ce ( ,fr5* ,brittany4 ,9 ! pres5t article1 :5 fir/ publi%$1 ,i _h1 on ! o!r h&1 depreciat$ x too mu*4 prove1 on ! o!r h&1 t ^! same traditions produc$ a true poetic cycle 9 ,brittany1 & ev5 t at c]ta9 epo*s !y mu/ h recross$ ! ,*annel1 z ?\gh to give new life to ! "m c\ntry's memories4 ,! fact t ,gau?i] ,cal5ius1 ,ar*deacon ( ,ox=d1 br\ght back f ,brittany to ,engl& 7ab\t #aabe7 ! v text ( ! leg5ds :i* 7 translat$ into ,lat9 t5 ye>s aft]w>ds by ,ge(frey ( ,monm\? is "h decisive4 ,i "k t to read]s ( ! ,mab9ogion su* an op9ion w appe> surpris+ at a fir/ glance1 ,all is ,wel% 9 ^! fables1 ! places1 ! g5ealogies1 ! cu/oms2 9 !m ,armorica is only repres5t$ by ,hoel1 an important p]sonage no d\bt1 b "o :o has n a*iev$ ! fame ( ! o!r h]oes ( ,ar?ur's c\rt4 ,aga91 if ,armorica saw ! bir? ( ! ,ar?urian cycle1 h[ is x t we fail to f9d !re any traces ( t brilliant nativity8 ,footnote3 ,m4 de la ,villem>que makes appeal to ! popul> songs /ill extant 9 ,brittany1 9 :i* ,ar?ur's de$s are celebrat$4 ,9 fact1 9 8 ,*ants populaires de la ,bretagne two poems are to be f\nd 9 :i* t h]o's "n figures4 ,^! objections1 ,i av[1 long b>r$ my way1 b ,i no long] f9d !m insoluble4 ,& fir/ ( all !re is a class ( ,mab9ogion1 includ+ ^? ( ,ow51 ,g]a9t1 & ,p]$ur1 /ories :i* possess no v precise geographical localisation4 ,9 ! second place1 national writt5 lit]ature be+ less successfully def5d$ 9 ,brittany ?an 9 ,wales aga9/ ! invasion ( =eign culture1 x may be conceiv$ t ! memory ( ! old epics %\ld be !re m oblit]at$4 ,! lit]>y %>e ( ! two c\ntries ?us rema9s suffici5tly di/9ct4 ,! glory ( ,fr5* ,brittany is 9 h] popul> songs2 b x is only 9 ,wales t ! g5ius ( ! ,breton p has succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ itself 9 au!ntic books & a*iev$ creations4 ,,iv4 ,9 comp>+ ! ,breton cycle z ! ,fr5* tr\v]es knew x1 & ! same cycle z x is to be f\nd 9 ! text ( ! ,mab9ogion1 "o might be tempt$ to believe t ! ,european imag9ation1 en?rall$ by ^! brilliant fables1 add$ to !m "s poetical !mes unkn[n to ! ,wel%4 ,two ( ! mo/ celebrat$ h]oes ( ! cont95tal ,breton romances1 ,lancelot & ,tri/an1 d n figure 9 ! ,mab9ogion2 on ! o!r h&1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,holy ,grail are pres5t$ 9 a totally diff]5t way f t :i* we f9d 9 ! ,fr5* & ,g]man poets4 ,a m att5tive /udy %[s t ^! elem5ts1 app>5tly add$ by ! ,fr5* poets1 are 9 reality ( ,cymric orig94 ,& fir/ ( all1 ,m4 de la ,villem>que has demon/rat$ to p]fection t ! "n ( ,lancelot is only a translation ( t ( ! ,wel% h]o ,mael1 :o 9 po9t ( fact exhibits ! fulle/ analogy ) ! ,lancelot ( ! ,fr5* romances4 ,footnote3 ,ancelot is ! dim9utive ( ,ancel1 & means s]vant1 page1 or esquire4 ,to ?is day 9 ! ,cymric dialects ,mael has ! same signification4 ,! surname ( ,p\rsigant1 :i* we f9d borne by "s ,wel%m5 9 ! ,fr5* s]vice 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 is also no d\bt a translation ( ,mael4 ,! context1 ! prop] names1 all ! details ( ! romance ( ,lancelot also pres5t ! mo/ pron\nc$ ,breton aspect4 ,z mu* mu/ be said ( ! romance ( ,tri/an4 ,x is ev5 to be hop$ t ?is curi\s leg5d w be discov]$ complete 9 "s ,wel% manuscript4 ,dr4 ,ow5 /ates t he has se5 "o ( :i* he 0 unable to obta9 a copy4 ,z to ! ,holy ,grail1 x mu/ be av[$ t ! my/ic cup1 ! object aft] :i* ! ,fr5* ,p>ceval & ! ,g]man ,p>sifal g 9 se>*1 has n ne>ly ! same importance among ! ,wel%4 ,9 ! romance ( ,p]$ur x only figures 9 an episodical fa%ion1 & )\t a well-def9$ religi\s int5tion4 ,!n ,p]$ur & 8 uncle disc\rs$ toge!r1 & he beheld two y\?s ent] ! hall1 & proce$ up to ! *amb]1 be>+ a spe> ( mighty size1 ) ?ree /reams ( blood fl[+ f ! po9t to ! gr\nd4 ,& :5 all ! company saw ?is1 !y began wail+ & lam5t+4 ,b = all t1 ! man did n break (f 8 disc\rse ) ,p]$ur4 ,& z he did n tell ,p]$ur ! mean+ ( :at he saw1 he =bore to ask him conc]n+ x4 ,& :5 ! clam\r _h a little subsid$1 behold two maid5s ent]$1 ) a l>ge salv] betwe5 !m1 9 :i* 0 a man's head1 surr\nd$ by a pr(usion ( blood4 ,& !reupon ! company ( ! c\rt made s great an outcry1 t x 0 irksome to be 9 ! same hall ) !m4 ,b at l5g? !y 7 sil5t4 ,?is /range & wondr\s circum/ance rema9s an enigma to ! end ( ! n>rative4 ,!n a my/]i\s "y man appe>s to ,p]$ur1 apprises him t ! lance f :i* ! blood 0 dropp+ is t ) :i* 8 uncle 0 w\nd$1 t ! vessel conta9s ! blood & ! head ( "o ( 8 c\s9s1 sla9 by ! wit*es ( ,k]loi\1 & t x is pr$e/9$ t he1 ,p]$ur1 %\ld be _! av5g]4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ,p]$ur goes & convokes ! ,r\nd ,table2 ,ar?ur & 8 knights come & put ! wit*es ( ,k]loi\ to dea?4 ,if we n[ pass to ! ,fr5* romance ( ,p>ceval1 we f9d t all ?is phantasmagoria clo!s a v diff]5t significance4 ,! lance is t ) :i* ,longus pi]c$ ,*ri/'s side1 ! ,grail or bas9 is t 9 :i* ,joseph ( ,arima!a caught ! div9e blood4 ,?is miracul\s vase procures all ! good ?+s ( heav5 & e>?2 x heals w\nds1 & is fill$ at ! own]'s pleasure ) ! mo/ exquisite food4 ,to approa* x "o mu/ be 9 a /ate ( grace2 only a prie/ c tell ( its m>vels4 ,to f9d ^! sacr$ relics aft] ! passage ( a ?\s& trials1--su* is ! object ( ,p]$ur's *ivalry1 at once worldly & my/ical4 ,9 ! end he becomes a prie/2 he takes ! ,grail & ! lance into 8 h]mitage2 on ! day ( 8 dea? an angel be>s !m up to ,heav54 ,let u add t _m traits prove t 9 ! m9d ( ! ,fr5* tr\v]e ! ,grail is conf\nd$ ) ! eu*>i/4 ,9 ! m9iatures :i* occasionally accompany ! romance ( ,p>ceval1 ! ,grail is 9 ! =m ( a pyx1 appe>+ at all ! solemn mom5ts ( ! poem z a miracul\s s\rce ( succ\r4 ,is ?is /range my?1 diff]+ z x does f ! simple n>rative pres5t$ 9 ! ,wel% leg5d ( ,p]$ur1 really ,cymric1 or ought we r to see 9 x an orig9al creation ( ! tr\v]es1 bas$ ^u a ,breton f\ndation8 ,) ,m4 de la ,villem>que we believe t ?is curi\s fable is ess5tially ,cymric4 ,footnote3 ,see ! excell5t discussion ( ?is int]e/+ problem 9 ! introduction to ,contes populaires des anci5s ,bretons 7pp4 #aha et seq474 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury a ,breton h]mit _h a vision ( ,joseph ( ,arima!a be>+ ! *alice ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 & wrote ! hi/ory call$ ! ,gradal4 ,! :ole ,celtic my?ology is full ( ! m>vels ( a magic caldron "u :i* n9e fairies bl[ sil5tly1 a my/]i\s vase :i* inspires poetic g5ius1 gives wisdom1 reveals ! future1 & unveils ! secrets ( ! _w4 ,"o day z ,bran ! ,bless$ 0 hunt+ 9 ,irel& ^u ! %ore ( a lake1 he saw come =? f x a black man be>+ ^u 8 back an enorm\s caldron1 foll[$ by a wit* & a dw>f4 ,?is caldron 0 ! in/rum5t ( ! sup]natural p[] ( a family ( giants4 ,x cur$ all ills1 & gave back life to ! dead1 b )\t re/or+ to !m ! use ( spee*--an allusion to ! secret ( ! b>dic initiation4 ,9 ! same way ,p]ceval's w>9ess =ms ! :ole plot ( ! que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail4 ,! ,grail ?us appe>s to u 9 its primitive mean+ z ! pass-^w ( a k9d ( free-masonry :i* surviv$ 9 ,wales long aft] ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel1 & ( :i* we f9d deep traces 9 ! leg5d ( ,taliess94 ,*ri/ianity graft$ its leg5d ^u ! my?ological data1 & a l trans=mation 0 d\btless made by ! ,cymric race itself4 ,if ! ,wel% n>rative ( ,p]$ur does n (f] ! same developm5ts z ! ,fr5* romance ( ,p>ceval1 x is because ! ,r$ ,book ( ,h]ge/ gives u an e>li] v]sion ?an t :i* s]v$ z a model = ,*reti5 de ,troyes4 ,x is also to be rem>k$ t1 ev5 9 ,p>ceval1 ! my/ical idea is n z yet completely develop$1 t ! tr\v]e seems to treat ?is /range !me z a n>rative :i* he has f\nd already complete1 & ! mean+ ( :i* he c sc>cely guess4 ,! motive t sets ,p>ceval a-field 9 ! ,fr5* romance1 z well z 9 ! ,wel% v]sion1 is a family motive2 he seeks ! ,holy ,grail z a talisman to cure 8 uncle ! ,fi%]man- ,k+1 9 su* a way t ! religi\s idea is /ill subord9at$ to ! pr(ane int5tion4 ,9 ! ,g]man v]sion1 on ! o!r h&1 full z x is ( my/icism & !ology1 ! ,grail has a temple & prie/s4 ,p>sifal1 :o has become a purely ecclesia/ical h]o1 rea*es ! dignity ( ,k+ ( ! ,grail by 8 religi\s en?usiasm & 8 *a/ity4 ,footnote3 ,x is inde$ rem>kable t all ! ,breton h]oes 9 _! la/ trans=mation are at once gallant & dev\t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ladies ( ,ar?ur's c\rt1 ,lun$1 becomes a sa9t & a m>tyr = h] *a/ity1 h] fe/ival be+ celebrat$ on ,augu/ #a/4 ,%e x is :o figures 9 ! ,fr5* romances "u ! "n ( ,lunette4 ,see ,lady ,gue/1 vol4 i41 pp4 #aac1 #aad4 ,f9ally1 ! prose v]sions1 m mod]n /ill1 %>ply di/+ui% ! two *ivalries1 ! "o e>?ly1 ! o!r my/ical4 ,9 !m ,p>ceval becomes ! model ( ! dev\t knight4 ,?is 0 ! la/ ( ! metamorphoses :i* t all-p[]ful en*antress call$ ! human imag9ation made him und]go2 & x 0 only "r t1 aft] hav+ gone ?r\gh s _m dang]s1 he %\ld don a monki% frock1 :]e9 to take 8 re/ aft] 8 life ( adv5ture4 ,v4 ,:5 we seek to det]m9e ! precise mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,celtic races at :i* we ought to place ourselves 9 ord] to appreciate _! g5ius 9 its entirety1 we f9d ourselves l$ back to ! six? c5tury ( our era4 ,races h ne>ly always a pr$e/9$ h\r at :i*1 pass+ f simplicity to reflection1 !y br+ =? to ! light ( day1 = ! fir/ "t1 all ! treasures ( _! nature4 ,= ! ,celtic races ! poetic mom5t ( awak5+ & primal activity 0 ! six? c5tury4 ,*ri/ianity1 /ill "y among/ !m1 has n completely /ifl$ ! national cult2 ! religion ( ! ,druids def5ds itself 9 its s*ools & holy places2 w>f>e aga9/ ! =eign]1 )\t :i* a p nev] a*ieves a full consci\sness ( itself1 atta9s its highe/ degree ( _s4 ,x is ! epo* ( all ! h]oes ( endur+ fame1 ( all ! *>act]i/ic sa9ts ( ! ,breton ,*ur*2 f9ally1 x is ! great age ( b>dic lit]ature1 illu/ri\s by ! names ( ,taliess91 ( ,aneur91 ( ,liw>c'h ,h54 ,to su* z w\ld view critically ! hi/orical use ( ^! half- fabul\s names & w\ld hesitate to accept z au!ntic1 poems t h come d[n to u ?r\gh s long a s]ies ( ages1 we reply t ! objections rais$ to ! antiquity ( ! b>dic lit]ature-- objections ( :i* ,w4 ,s*legel made himself ! int]pret] 9 opposition to ,m4 ,fauriel--h completely disappe>$ "u ! inve/igations ( an enlight5$ & imp>tial criticism4 ,footnote3 ,?is evid5tly does n apply to ! language ( ! poems 9 "q4 ,x is well kn[n t m$iaeval scribes1 ali5 z !y 7 to all ideas ( ar*aeology1 mod]nis$ ! texts1 9 measure z !y copi$ !m2 & t a manuscript 9 ! vulg> tongue1 z a rule1 only atte/s ! language ( him :o transcrib$ x4 ,by a r>e exception sceptical op9ion has = once be5 f\nd 9 ! wrong4 ,! six? c5tury is 9 fact = ! ,breton peoples a p]fectly hi/orical c5tury4 ,we t\* ?is epo* ( _! hi/ory z closely & ) z mu* c]ta9ty z ,greek or ,roman antiquity4 ,x is inde$ kn[n t1 up to a some:at late p]iod1 ! b>ds cont9u$ to compose pieces "u ! names--:i* _h become popul>--( ,aneur91 ,taliess91 & ,liw>c'h ,h52 b no confusion c be made betwe5 ^! insipid rhetorical ex]cises & ! really anci5t fragm5ts :i* be> ! names ( ! poets cit$-- fragm5ts full ( p]sonal traits1 local circum/ances1 & individual passions & feel+s4 ,su* is ! lit]ature ( :i* ,m4 de la ,villem>que has attempt$ to unite ! mo/ anci5t & au!ntic monum5ts 9 8 ,breton ,b>ds ( ! ,six? ,c5tury4 ,wales has recognis$ ! s]vice t our le>n$ compatriot has ?us r5d]$ to ,celtic /udies4 ,we confess1 h[ev]1 to mu* pref]r+ to ! ,b>ds ! ,popul> ,songs ( ,brittany4 ,x is 9 ! latt] t ,m4 de la ,villem>que has be/ s]v$ ,celtic /udies1 by reveal+ to u a delightful lit]ature1 9 :i*1 m cle>ly ?an any:]e else1 are app>5t ^! features ( g5tl5ess1 fidelity1 resignation1 & timid res]ve :i* =m ! "* ( ! ,breton peoples4 ,footnote3 ,?is int]e/+ collection ought n1 h[ev]1 to be accept$ unres]v$ly2 & ! absolute confid5ce ) :i* x has be5 quot$ is n )\t its inconv5i5ces4 ,we believe t :5 ,m4 de la ,villem>que comm5ts on ! fragm5ts :i*1 to 8 et]nal hon\r1 he has be5 ! fir/ to br+ to light1 8 criticism is f> f be+ pro( aga9/ all reproa*1 & t sev]al ( ! hi/orical allusions :i* he consid]s t he f9ds 9 !m are hypo!ses m +5i\s ?an solid4 ,! pa/ is too great1 & has come d[n to u 9 too fragm5t>y a mann]1 = su* co9cid5ces to be probable4 ,popul> celebrities are r>ely ^? ( hi/ory1 & :5 ! rum\rs ( di/ant c5turies come to u by two *annels1 "o popul>1 ! o!r hi/orical1 x is a r>e ?+ = ^! two =ms ( tradition to be fully 9 accord ) "o ano!r4 ,m4 de la ,villem>que is also too ready to suppose t ! p repeats = c5turies songs t x only half und]/&s4 ,:5 a song ceases to be intelligible1 x is ne>ly always alt]$ by ! p1 ) ! end ( approximat+ x to ! s\nds f>mli> & significant to _! e>s4 ,is x n also to be fe>$ t 9 ?is case ! editor1 9 entire good fai?1 may l5d "s slight inflection to ! text1 s z to f9d 9 x ! s5se t he desires1 or has 9 8 m9d8 ,! !me ( ! poetry ( ! b>ds ( ! six? c5tury is simple & exclusively h]oic2 x ev] deals ) ! great motives ( patriotism & glory4 ,!re is a total abs5ce ( all t5d] feel+1 no trace ( love1 no well-m>k$ religi\s idea1 b only a vague & naturali/ic my/icism1--a survival ( ,druidic tea*+1-- & a moral philosophy :olly express$ 9 ,triads1 simil> to t taught 9 ! half-b>dic1 half-,*ri/ian s*ools ( ,/4 ,cadoc & ,/4 ,iltud4 ,! s+ul>ly artificial & highly wr\ght =m ( ! /yle sugge/s ! exi/5ce ( a sy/em ( le>n$ in/ruction possess+ long traditions4 ,a m pron\nc$ %ade1 & !re w\ld be a dang] ( fall+ into a p$antic & mann]$ rhetoric4 ,! b>dic lit]ature1 by its l5g!n$ exi/5ce ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! ,middle ,ages1 did n escape ?is dang]4 ,x end$ by be+ no m ?an a some:at insipid collection ( unorig9alities 9 /yle1 & conv5tional metaphors4 ,footnote3 ,a ,wel% s*ol>1 ,mr4 ,/eph5s1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,cymric ,lit]ature 7,ll&ov]y1 #ahdi71 has demon/rat$ ^! successive trans=mations v well4 ,! opposition betwe5 b>dism & ,*ri/ianity reveals itself 9 ! pieces translat$ by ,m4 de la ,villem>que by _m features ( orig9al & pa!tic int]e/4 ,! /rife :i* r5t ! s\l ( ! old poets1 _! antipa?y to ! grey m5 ( ! mona/]y1 _! sad & pa9ful conv]sion1 are to be f\nd 9 _! songs4 ,! sweetness & t5acity ( ! ,breton "* c alone expla9 h[ a het]odoxy s op5ly av[$ z ?is ma9ta9$ its position 9 face ( ! dom9ant ,*ri/ianity1 & h[ holy m51 ,kolumkill = example1 took ^u !mselves ! def5ce ( ! b>ds aga9/ ! k+s :o desir$ to /amp !m out4 ,! /rife 0 ! long] 9 its duration1 9 t ,*ri/ianity among ! ,celtic peoples nev] employ$ =ce aga9/ rival religions1 &1 at ! wor/1 left to ! vanqui%$ ! lib]ty ( ill hum\r4 ,belief 9 prophets1 inde/ructible among ^! peoples1 creat$1 9 despite ( fai? ! ,anti-,*ri/ian type ( ,m]l91 & caus$ 8 acceptance by ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,gildas & ! or?odox ,bretons 7 ceaseless 9 _! ?und]+s aga9/ ! prophets1 & oppos$ to !m ,elias & ,samuel1 two b>ds :o only =etold good2 ev5 9 ! twelf? c5tury ,giraldus ,cambr5sis saw a prophet 9 ! t[n ( ,ca]leon4 ,?anks to ?is tol]ation b>dism la/$ into ! he>t ( ! ,middle ,ages1 "u ! =m ( a secret doctr9e1 ) a conv5tional language1 & symbols almo/ :olly borr[$ f ! sol> div9ity ( ,ar?ur4 ,?is may be t]m$ ,neo-,druidism1 a k9d ( ,druidism subtilis$ & re=m$ on ! model ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* may be se5 gr[+ m & m obscure & my/]i\s1 until ! mom5t ( its total disappe>ance4 ,a curi\s fragm5t belong+ to ?is s*ool1 ! dialogue betwe5 ,ar?ur & ,eliwlod1 has transmitt$ to u ! late/ sighs ( ?is late/ prote/ation ( expir+ naturalism4 ,"u ! =m ( an eagle ,eliwlod introduces ! div9ity to ! s5tim5t ( resignation1 ( subjection1 & ( humility1 ) :i* ,*ri/ianity combat$ pagan pride4 ,h]o-wor%ip recoils /ep by /ep be=e ! great =mula1 :i* ,*ri/ianity ceases n to repeat to ! ,celtic races to sev] !m f _! memories3 ,!re is none great] ?an ,god4 ,ar?ur all[s himself to be p]suad$ to abdicate f 8 div9ity1 & ends by recit+ ! ,pat]4 ,i "k ( no m curi\s spectacle ?an ?is revolt ( ! manly s5tim5ts ( h]o-wor%ip aga9/ ! fem99e feel+ :i* fl[$ s l>gely into ! new fai?4 ,:at1 9 fact1 exasp]ates ! old repres5tatives ( ,celtic society are ! exclusive triumph ( ! pacific _s & ! m51 clad 9 l95 & *ant+ psalms1 ^: voice is sad1 :o prea* asceticism1 & "k ! h]oes no m4 ,footnote3 ,! antipa?y to ,*ri/ianity attribut$ by ! ,armorican p to ! dw>fs & korigans belongs 9 l measure to traditions ( ! opposition enc\nt]$ by ! ,gospel 9 its beg9n+s4 ,! korigans 9 fact are1 = ! ,breton peasant1 great pr9cesses :o w\ld n accept ,*ri/ianity :5 ! apo/les came to ,brittany4 ,!y hate ! cl]gy & ! *ur*es1 ! bells ( :i* make !m take to flight4 ,! ,virg9 above all is _! great enemy2 %e x is :o has h\nd$ !m =? f _! f\nta9s1 & on ,saturday1 ! day consecrat$ to h]1 :osoev] beholds !m comb+ _! hair or c\nt+ _! treasures is sure to p]i%4 7,villem>que1 ,*ants populaires1 ,introduction47 ,we "k ! use t ,irel& has made ( ?is !me1 9 ! dialogues :i* %e loves to imag9e betwe5 ! repres5tatives ( h] pr(ane & religi\s life1 ,ossian & ,/4 ,patrick4 ,footnote3 ,see ,miss ,brooke's ,reliques ( ,iri% ,poetry1 ,dubl91 #aghi1 pp4 #cg et seq41 ,,pp4 #ge et seq4 ,ossian regrets ! adv5tures1 ! *ase1 ! bla/ ( ! horn1 & ! k+s ( old "t4 ,if !y 7 "h1 he says to ,/4 ,patrick1 ?\ %\ld'/ n ?us be sc\r+ ! c\ntry ) ! psalm-s++ flock4 ,patrick seeks to calm him by s(t words1 & sometimes c>ries 8 condesc5sion s f> z to li/5 to 8 long hi/ories1 :i* appe> to int]e/ ! sa9t b slightly4 ,?\ ha/ he>d my /ory1 says ! old b>d 9 conclusion2 albeit my memory gr[e? weak1 & ,i am dev\r$ ) c>e1 yet ,i desire to cont9ue /ill to s+ ! de$s ( yore1 & to live ^u anci5t glories4 ,n[ am ,i /rick5 ) ye>s1 my life is froz5 )9 me1 & all my joys are fleet+ away4 ,no m c my h& grasp ! sword1 nor m9e arm hold ! lance 9 re/4 ,among prie/s my la/ sad h\r l5g!ne? out1 & psalms take n[ ! place ( songs ( victory4 ,let ?y songs re/1 says ,patrick1 & d>e n to comp>e ?y ,f9n to ! ,k+ ( ,k+s1 ^: might kn[e? no b\nds3 b5d ?y knees be=e ,him1 & "k ,him = ?y ,"l4 ,x 0 inde$ necess>y to surr5d]1 & ! leg5d relates h[ ! old b>d end$ 8 days 9 ! cloi/]1 among ! prie/s :om he _h s (t5 us$ rudely1 9 ! mid/ ( ^! *ants t he knew n4 ,ossian 0 too good an ,iri%man = any "o to make up 8 m9d to damn him utt]ly4 ,m]l9 himself _h to c$e to ! new spell4 ,he 01 x is said1 conv]t$ by ,/4 ,columba2 & ! popul> voice 9 ! ballads repeats to him unceas+ly ?is sweet & t\*+ appeal3 ,m]l91 ,m]l91 be conv]t$2 !re is no div9ity save t ( ,god4 ,,vi4 ,we %\ld =m an altoge!r inadequate idea ( ! physiognomy ( ! ,celtic races1 7 we n to /udy !m "u :at is p]haps ! mo/ s+ul> aspect ( _! developm5t--t is to say1 _! ecclesia/ical antiquities & _! sa9ts4 ,leav+ on "o side ! tempor>y repulsion :i* ,*ri/ian mildness _h to conqu] 9 ! classes ( society :i* saw _! influ5ce dim9i%$ by ! new ord] ( ?+s1 x c be truly said1 t ! g5tl5ess ( mann]s & ! exquisite s5sibility ( ! ,celtic races1 9 conjunction ) ! abs5ce ( a =m]ly exi/+ religion ( /rong organisation1 pr$e/9$ !m to ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ianity 9 fact1 address+ itself by pref]5ce to ! m humble feel+s 9 human nature1 met "h ) admirably prep>$ disciples2 no race has s delicately und]/ood ! *>m ( littl5ess1 none has plac$ ! simple creature1 ! innoc5t1 ne>] ,god4 ,! ease ) :i* ! new religion took possession ( ^! peoples is also rem>kable4 ,brittany & ,irel& betwe5 !m sc>ce c\nt two or ?ree m>tyrs2 !y are r$uc$ to v5]at+ z su* ^? ( _! compatriots :o 7 sla9 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon & ,dani% invasions4 ,"h comes to light ! pr(\nd diff]5ce divid+ ! ,celtic f ! ,teutonic race4 ,! ,teutons only receiv$ ,*ri/ianity t>dily & 9 spite ( !mselves1 by s*em+ or by =ce1 aft] a sangu9>y resi/ance1 & ) t]rible ?roes1 ,*ri/ianity 0 9 fact on sev]al sides repugnant to _! nature2 & "o und]/&s ! regrets ( pure ,teutoni/s :o1 to ?is day1 reproa* ! new fai? ) hav+ corrupt$ _! /urdy ance/ors4 ,su* 0 n ! case ) ! ,celtic peoples2 t g5tle little race 0 naturally ,*ri/ian4 ,f> f *ang+ !m1 & tak+ away "s ( _! qualities1 ,*ri/ianity f9i%$ & p]fect$ !m4 ,comp>e ! leg5ds relat+ to ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity into ! two c\ntries1 ! ,kri/ni ,saga = in/ance1 & ! delightful leg5ds ( ,lucius & ,/4 ,patrick4 ,:at a diff]5ce we f9d6 ,9 ,icel& ! fir/ apo/les are pirates1 conv]t$ by "s *ance1 n[ say+ mass1 n[ massacr+ _! enemies1 n[ resum+ _! =m] pr(ession ( sea-rov]s2 ev]y?+ is done 9 accord ) exp$i5cy1 & )\t any s]i\s fai?4 ,9 ,irel& & ,brittany grace op]ates ?r\gh wom51 by ,i "k n :at *>m ( purity & sweetness4 ,! revolt ( ! ,teutons 0 nev] effectually /ifl$2 nev] did !y =get ! =c$ baptisms1 & ! sword-support$ ,c>lov+ian mission>ies1 until ! day :5 ,teutonism took its rev5ge1 & ,lu!r ?r\gh sev5 c5turies gave answ] to ,witik9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,celts 71 ev5 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 p]fect ,*ri/ians4 ,to ! ,teutons ,*ri/ianity 0 = long no?+ b a ,roman in/itution1 impos$ f )\t4 ,!y ent]$ ! ,*ur* only to tr\ble x2 & x 0 n )\t v great difficulty t !y succe$$ 9 =m+ a national cl]gy4 ,to ! ,celts1 on ! contr>y1 ,*ri/ianity did n come f ,rome2 !y _h _! native cl]gy1 _! own peculi> usages1 _! fai? at fir/ h&4 ,x _c1 9 fact1 be d\bt$ t 9 apo/olic times ,*ri/ianity 0 prea*$ 9 ,brittany2 & sev]al hi/orians1 n )\t ju/ification1 h consid]$ t x 0 borne !re by ,judai/ic ,*ri/ians1 or by disciples ( ! s*ool ( ,/4 ,john4 ,ev]y:]e else ,*ri/ianity f\nd1 z a fir/ sub/ratum1 ,greek or ,roman civilisation4 ,"h x f\nd a virg9 soil ( a nature analog\s to its own1 & naturally prep>$ to receive x4 ,few =ms ( ,*ri/ianity h (f]$ an ideal ( ,*ri/ian p]fection s pure z ! ,celtic ,*ur* ( ! six?1 sev5?1 & eigh? c5turies4 ,n[h]e1 p]haps1 has ,god be5 bett] wor%ipp$ 9 _s ?an 9 ^? great mona/ic communities ( ,hy1 or ( ,iona1 ( ,bangor1 ( ,clon>d1 or ( ,l9disf>ne4 ,"o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ developm5ts ( ,*ri/ianity--d\btless too di/+ui%$ = ! popul> & practical mission :i* ! ,*ur* _h to und]take--,pelagianism1 arose f x4 ,! true & ref9$ morality1 ! simplicity1 & ! weal? ( inv5tion :i* give di/9ction to ! leg5ds ( ! ,breton & ,iri% sa9ts are inde$ admirable4 ,no race adopt$ ,*ri/ianity ) s mu* orig9ality1 or1 :ile subject+ itself to ! common fai?1 kept its national *>act]i/ics m p]si/5tly4 ,9 religion1 z 9 all else1 ! ,bretons s\ght isolation1 & did n will+ly frat]nise ) ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,/rong 9 _! moral sup]iority1 p]suad$ t !y possess$ ! v]itable canon ( fai? & religion1 hav+ receiv$ _! ,*ri/ianity f an apo/olic & :olly primitive prea*+1 !y exp]i5c$ no ne$ ( feel+ !mselves 9 communion ) ,*ri/ian societies less noble ?an _! own4 ,!nce arose t long /ruggle ( ! ,breton *ur*es aga9/ ,roman pret5sions1 :i* is s admirably n>rat$ by ,m4 ,augu/9 ,?i]ry1 ,footnote3 ,9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/4 ,! objections rais$ by ,m4 ,v>9 & "s o!r s*ol>s to ,m4 ,?i]ry's n>rative only affect "s second>y details1 :i* 7 rectifi$ 9 ! edition publi%$ aft] ! illu/ri\s hi/orian's dea?4 !nce ^? inflexible *>act]s ( ,columba & ! monks ( ,iona1 def5d+ _! usages & in/itutions aga9/ ! :ole ,*ur*1 !nce f9ally ! false position ( ! ,celtic peoples 9 ,ca?olicism1 :5 t mighty =ce1 gr[n m & m aggressive1 _h drawn !m toge!r f all qu>t]s1 & compell$ _! absorption 9 itself4 ,hav+ no ,ca?olic pa/1 !y f\nd !mselves unclass$ on _! entrance into ! great family1 & 7 nev] able to succe$ 9 creat+ = !mselves an ,ar*bi%opric4 ,all _! ef=ts & all _! innoc5t deceits to attribute t title to ! ,*ur*es ( ,dol & ,/4 ,davids 7 wreck$ on ! ov]:elm+ div]g5ce ( _! pa/2 _! bi%ops _h to resign !mselves to be+ obscure suffragans ( ,t\rs & ,cant]bury4 ,x rema9s to be said t1 ev5 9 our own days1 ! p[]ful orig9ality ( ,celtic ,*ri/ianity is f> f be+ effac$4 ,! ,bretons ( ,france1 al?\gh !y h felt ! consequ5ces ( ! revolutions und]gone by ,ca?olicism on ! ,cont95t1 are1 at ! pres5t h\r1 "o ( ! populations 9 :i* religi\s feel+ has reta9$ mo/ indep5d5ce4 ,! new devotions f9d no fav\r ) x2 ! p are fai?ful to ! old beliefs & ! old sa9ts2 ! psalms ( religion h = !m an ineffable h>mony4 ,9 ! same way1 ,irel& keeps1 9 h] m remote di/ricts1 q unique =ms ( wor%ip f ^? ( ! re/ ( ! _w1 to :i* no?+ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom c be comp>$4 ,! influ5ce ( mod]n ,ca?olicism1 else:]e s de/ructive ( national usages1 has _h "h a :olly contr>y effect1 ! cl]gy hav+ f\nd x incumb5t on !m to seek a vantage gr\nd aga9/ ,prote/antism1 9 atta*m5t to local practices & ! cu/oms ( ! pa/4 ,x is ! picture ( ^! ,*ri/ian in/itutions1 q di/9ct f ^? ( ! rema9d] ( ! ,we/1 ( ?is sometimes /range wor%ip1 ( ^! leg5ds ( ! sa9ts m>k$ ) s di/9ct a seal ( nationality1 t l5ds an int]e/ to ! ecclesia/ical antiquities ( ,irel&1 ( ,wales1 & ( ,armorican ,brittany4 ,no hagiology has rema9$ m exclusively natural ?an t ( ! ,celtic peoples2 until ! twelf? c5tury ^? peoples admitt$ v few ali5 sa9ts into _! m>tyrology4 ,none1 too1 includes s _m naturali/ic elem5ts4 ,celtic ,paganism (f]$ s little resi/ance to ! new religion1 t ! ,*ur* did n hold itself con/ra9$ to put 9 =ce aga9/ x ! rig\r ) :i* else:]e x pursu$ ! slighte/ traces ( my?ology4 ,! consci5ti\s essay by ,w4 ,rees on ! ,sa9ts ( ,wales1 & t by ! ,rev4 ,john ,williams1 an extremely le>n$ ecclesia/ic ( ! diocese ( ,/4 ,asaph1 on ! ,ecclesia/ical ,antiquities ( ! ,cymry1 suffice to make "o und]/& ! imm5se value :i* a complete & intellig5t hi/ory ( ! ,celtic ,*ur*es1 be=e _! absorption 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 w\ld possess4 ,to ^! might be add$ ! le>n$ "w ( ,dom ,lob9eau on ! ,sa9ts ( ,brittany1 re-issu$ 9 our days by ! ,abbe ,tresvaux1 _h n ! half- criticism ( ! ,b5$ict9e1 mu* worse ?an a total abs5ce ( criticism1 alt]$ ^? naive leg5ds & cut away f !m1 "u ! pretext ( good s5se & religi\s rev]5ce1 t :i* to u gives !m int]e/ & *>m4 ,irel& above all w\ld (f] a religi\s physiognomy q peculi> to itself1 :i* w\ld appe> s+ul>ly orig9al1 7 hi/ory 9 a position to reveal x 9 its entirety4 ,:5 we consid] ! legions ( ,iri% sa9ts :o 9 ! six?1 sev5?1 & eigh? c5turies inundat$ ! ,cont95t & arriv$ f _! isle be>+ ) !m _! /ubborn _s1 _! atta*m5t to _! own usages1 _! subtle & reali/ic turn ( m9d1 & see ! ,scots 7su* 0 ! "n giv5 to ! ,iri%7 do+ duty1 until ! twelf? c5tury1 z in/ructors 9 gramm> & lit]ature to all ! ,we/1 we _c d\bt t ,irel&1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ,middle ,ages1 0 ! sc5e ( a s+ul> religi\s movem5t4 ,/udi\s philologi/s & d>+ philosoph]s1 ! ,hib]nian monks 7 above all indefatigable copyi/s2 & x 0 9 "p ow+ to !m t ! "w ( ! p5 became a holy task4 ,columba1 secretly w>n$ t 8 la/ h\r is at h&1 f9i%es ! page ( ! psalt] :i* he has comm5c$1 writes at ! foot t he bequea?s ! cont9uation to 8 successor1 & !n goes into ! *ur* to die4 ,n[h]e 0 mona/ic life to f9d su* docile subjects4 ,cr$ul\s z a *ild1 timid1 indol5t1 incl9$ to submit & obey1 ! ,iri%man alone 0 capable ( l5d+ himself to t complete self-abdication 9 ! h&s ( ! abbot1 :i* we f9d s deeply m>k$ 9 ! hi/orical & leg5d>y memorials ( ! ,iri% ,*ur*4 ,"o easily recognises ! l& :]e1 9 our own days1 ! prie/1 )\t provok+ ! slighte/ sc&al1 c1 on a ,sunday be=e quitt+ ! alt>1 give ! ord]s = 8 d9n] 9 a v audible mann]1 & ann\nce ! f>m :]e he int5ds to g & d9e1 & :]e he w he> 8 flock 9 confession4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a p :i* liv$ by imag9ation & ! s5ses alone1 ! ,*ur* did n consid] itself "u ! necessity ( deal+ sev]ely ) ! caprices ( religi\s fantasy4 ,x p]mitt$ ! free action ( ! popul> in/9ct2 & f ?is fre$om em]g$ :at is p]haps ( all cults ! mo/ my?ological & mo/ analog\s to ! my/]ies ( antiquity1 pres5t$ 9 ,*ri/ian annals1 a cult atta*$ to c]ta9 places1 & almo/ exclusively consi/+ 9 c]ta9 acts held to be sacram5tal4 ,)\t contradiction ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,br&an is ! mo/ s+ul> product ( ?is comb9ation ( ,celtic naturalism ) ,*ri/ian spiritualism4 ,! ta/e ( ! ,hib]nian monks = mak+ m>itime pilgrimages ?r\gh ! ar*ipelago ( ! ,scotti% & ,iri% seas1 ev]y:]e dott$ ) mona/]ies1 ,footnote3 ,! ,iri% sa9ts lit]ally cov]$ ! ,we/]n seas4 ,a v consid]able numb] ( ! sa9ts ( ,brittany1 ,/4 ,t55an1 ,/4 ,r5an1 etc41 7 emigrants f ,irel&4 ,! ,breton leg5ds ( ,/4 ,malo1 ,/4 ,david1 & ( ,/4 ,pol ( ,leon are replete ) simil> /ories ( voyages to ! di/ant isles ( ! ,we/4 & ! memory ( yet m di/ant voyages 9 ,pol> seas1 furni%$ ! framework ( ?is curi\s composition1 s ri* 9 local impressions4 ,f ,pl9y 7,,iv4 xxx4 #c7 we le>n t1 ev5 9 8 "t1 ! ,bretons lov$ to v5ture _! lives ^u ! high seas1 9 se>* ( unkn[n isles4 ,m4 ,letronne has prov$ t 9 #gie1 sixty-five ye>s consequ5tly be=e ! ,danes1 ,iri% monks l&$ 9 ,icel& & e/abli%$ !mselves on ! coa/4 ,9 ?is isl& ! ,danes f\nd ,iri% books & bells2 & ! names ( c]ta9 localities /ill be> witness to ! soj\rn ( ^? monks1 :o 7 kn[n by ! "n ( ,papae 7fa!rs74 ,9 ! ,f>oe ,isles1 9 ! ,orkneys1 & ! ,%etl&s1 inde$ 9 all p>ts ( ! ,nor!rn seas1 ! ,sc&9avians f\nd !mselves prec$$ by ^? ,papas1 ^: habits contra/$ s /rangely ) _! own4 ,footnote3 ,on ?is po9t see ! c>eful rese>*es ( ,humboldt 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,geography ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 vol4 ii4 ,did !y n h a glimpse too ( t great l&1 ! vague memory ( :i* seems to pursue !m1 & :i* ,columbus 0 to discov]1 foll[+ ! traces ( _! dreams8 ,x is only kn[n t ! exi/5ce ( an isl&1 trav]s$ by a great riv] & situat$ to ! we/ ( ,irel&1 01 on ! fai? ( ! ,iri%1 a dogma = m$iaeval geograph]s4 ,! /ory w5t t1 t[>ds ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 a monk call$ ,b>ontus1 on 8 return f voyag+ ^u ! sea1 came & crav$ hospitality at ! mona/]y ( ,clonf]t4 ,br&an ! abbot bes\ght him to give pleasure to ! bro!rs by n>rat+ ! m>vels ( ,god t he _h se5 on ! high seas4 ,b>ontus reveal$ to !m ! exi/5ce ( an isl& surr\nd$ by fogs1 :]e he _h left 8 disciple ,m]noc2 x is ! ,l& ( ,promise t ,god keeps = 8 sa9ts4 ,br&an ) sev5te5 ( 8 monks desir$ to g 9 que/ ( ?is my/]i\s l&4 ,!y set =? 9 a lea!r boat1 be>+ ) !m z _! sole provision a ut5sil ( butt]1 :]e) to grease ! hides ( _! craft4 ,= sev5 ye>s !y liv$ ?us 9 _! boat1 ab&on+ to ,god sail & rudd]1 & only /opp+ on _! c\rse to celebrate ! fea/s ( ,*ri/mas & ,ea/] on ! back ( ! k+ ( fi%es1 ,jasconius4 ,e /ep ( ?is mona/ic ,odyssey is a miracle1 on e isle is a mona/]y1 :]e ! wond]s ( a fanta/ical univ]se respond to ! extravagances ( a :olly ideal life4 ,"h is ! ,isle ( ,%eep1 :]e ^! animals gov]n !mselves accord+ to _! own laws2 else:]e ! ,p>adise ( ,birds1 :]e ! w+$ race lives aft] ! fa%ion ( monks1 s++ mat9s & lauds at ! canonical h\rs4 ,br&an & 8 companions celebrate mass "h ) ! birds1 & rema9 ) !m = fifty days1 n\ri%+ !mselves ) no?+ b ! s++ ( _! ho/s4 ,else:]e !re is ! ,isle ( ,delight1 ! ideal ( mona/ic life 9 ! mid/ ( ! seas4 ,"h no mat]ial necessity makes itself felt2 ! lamps light ( !mselves = ! (fices ( religion1 & nev] burn out1 = !y %9e ) a spiritual light4 ,an absolute /illness reigns 9 ! isl&2 e "o kn[s precisely ! h\r ( 8 dea?2 "o feels nei!r cold1 nor heat1 nor sadness1 nor sickness ( body or s\l4 ,all ?is has endur$ s9ce ! days ( ,/4 ,patrick1 :o s orda9$ x4 ,! ,l& ( ,promise is m m>vell\s /ill2 !re an et]nal day reigns2 all ! plants h fl[]s1 all ! trees be> fruits4 ,"s privileg$ m5 alone h visit$ x4 ,on _! return a p]fume is p]ceiv$ to come f !m1 :i* _! g>m5ts keep = =ty days4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! dreams !re appe>s ) a surpris+ fidelity to tru? ! feel+ = ! picturesque 9 ,pol> voyages1- -! transp>5cy ( ! sea1 ! aspect ( b]gs & isl&s ( ice melt+ 9 ! sun1 ! volcanic ph5om5a ( ,icel&1 ! sport+ ( :ales1 ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( ! ,norwegian fiords1 ! sudd5 fogs1 ! sea calm z milk1 ! gre5 isles cr[n$ ) grass :i* gr[s d[n to ! v v]ge ( ! waves4 ,?is fanta/ical nature creat$ expressly = ano!r humanity1 ?is /range topography at once gl[+ ) fiction & speak+ ( tru?1 make ! poem ( ,/4 ,br&an "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y creations ( ! human m9d1 & p]haps ! complete/ expression ( ! ,celtic ideal4 ,all is lovely1 pure1 & innoc5t2 nev] has a gaze s b5evol5t & s g5tle be5 ca/ ^u ! e>?2 !re is n a s+le cruel idea1 n a trace ( frailty or rep5tance4 ,x is ! _w se5 ?r\gh ! cry/al ( a /a9less consci5ce1 "o might almo/ say a human nature1 z ,pelagius wi%$ x1 t has nev] s9n$4 ,! v animals p>ticipate 9 ?is univ]sal mildness4 ,evil appe>s "u ! =m ( mon/]s w&]+ on ! deep1 or ( ,cyclops conf9$ 9 volcanic isl&s2 b ,god causes !m to de/roy "o ano!r1 & does n p]mit !m to d hurt to ! good4 ,we h j se5 h[1 ar\nd ! leg5d ( a monk ! ,iri% imag9ation gr\p$ a :ole cycle ( physical & m>itime my?s4 ,! ,purgatory ( ,/4 ,patrick became ! framework ( ano!r s]ies ( fables1 embody+ ! ,celtic ideas conc]n+ ! o!r life & its diff]5t conditions4 ,footnote3 ,see ,?omas ,wright's excell5t diss]tation1 ,sa9t ,patrick's ,purgatory 7,london1 #ahdd71 & ,cald]on's ,! ,well ( ,sa9t ,patrick4 ,p]haps ! pr(\nde/ in/9ct ( ! ,celtic peoples is _! desire to p5etrate ! unkn[n4 ,) ! sea be=e !m1 !y wi% to "k :at lies beyond2 !y dream ( a ,promis$ ,l&4 ,9 ! face ( ! unkn[n t lies beyond ! tomb1 !y dream ( t great j\rney :i* ! p5 ( ,dante has celebrat$4 ,! leg5d tells h[1 :ile ,/4 ,patrick 0 prea*+ ab\t ,p>adise & ,hell to ! ,iri%1 !y confess$ t !y w\ld feel m assur$ ( ! reality ( ^! places1 if he w\ld all[ "o ( !m to desc5d !re1 & !n come back ) in=mation ,/4 ,patrick cons5t$4 ,a pit 0 dug1 by :i* an ,iri%man set out ^u ! subt]ranean j\rney4 ,o!rs wi%$ to attempt ! j\rney aft] him4 ,) ! cons5t ( ! abbot ( ! neighb\r+ mona/]y1 !y desc5d$ into ! %aft1 !y pass$ ?r\gh ! torm5ts ( ,hell & ,purgatory1 & !n ea* told ( :at he _h se54 ,"s did n em]ge aga92 ^? :o did laugh$ no m1 & 7 h5ce=? unable to jo9 9 any gaiety4 ,knight ,ow5 made a desc5t 9 #aaec1 & gave a n>rative ( 8 travels :i* _h a prodigi\s success4 ,o!r leg5ds relat$ t :5 ,/4 ,patrick drove ! gobl9s out ( ,irel&1 he 0 greatly torm5t$ 9 ?is place = =ty days by legions ( black birds4 ,! ,iri% betook !mselves to ! spot1 & exp]i5c$ ! same assaults :i* gave !m an immunity f ,purgatory4 ,accord+ to ! n>rative ( ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 ! isle :i* s]v$ z ! !atre ( ?is /range sup]/ition 0 divid$ into two p>ts4 ,"o belong$ to ! monks1 ! o!r 0 occupi$ by evil spirits1 :o celebrat$ religi\s rites 9 _! own mann]1 ) an inf]nal upro>4 ,"s p1 = ! expiation ( _! s9s1 volunt>ily expos$ !mselves to ! fury ( ^? demons4 ,!re 7 n9e dit*es 9 :i* !y lay = a night1 torm5t$ 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways4 ,to make ! desc5t x 0 necess>y to obta9 ! p]mission ( ! bi%op4 ,8 duty x 0 to dissuade ! p5it5t f attempt+ ! adv5ture1 & to po9t out to him h[ _m p _h gone 9 :o _h nev] come out aga94 ,if ! devotee p]si/$1 he 0 c]emoni\sly conduct$ to ! %aft4 ,he 0 l[]$ d[n by means ( a rope1 ) a loaf & a vessel ( wat] to /r5g!n him 9 ! combat aga9/ ! fi5d :i* he propos$ to wage4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+ ! sacri/an (f]$ ! rope anew to ! suff]]4 ,if he m\nt$ to ! surface aga91 !y br\ght him back to ! *ur*1 be>+ ! cross & *ant+ psalms4 ,if he 7 n to be f\nd1 ! sacri/an clos$ ! door & dep>t$4 ,9 m mod]n times pilgrims to ! sacr$ isles sp5t n9e days !re4 ,!y pass$ ov] to !m 9 a boat holl[$ out ( ! trunk ( a tree4 ,once a day !y drank ( ! wat] ( ! lake2 processions & /ations 7 p]=m$ 9 ! b$s or cells ( ! sa9ts4 ,^u ! n9? day ! p5it5ts ent]$ into ! %aft4 ,s]mons 7 prea*$ to !m w>n+ !m ( ! dang] !y 7 ab\t to run1 & !y 7 told ( t]rible examples4 ,!y =gave _! enemies & took f>ewell ( "o ano!r1 z ?\gh !y 7 at _! la/ agony4 ,accord+ to contempor>y acc\nts1 ! %aft 0 a l[ & n>r[ kiln1 into :i* n9e ent]$ at a "t1 & 9 :i* ! p5it5ts pass$ a day & a night1 huddl$ & tightly press$ aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,popul> belief imag9$ an abyss und]nea?1 to swall[ up ! unwor?y & ! unbeliev+4 ,on em]g+ f ! pit !y w5t & ba!d 9 ! lake1 & s _! ,purgatory 0 accompli%$4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! acc\nts ( eye-witnesses t1 to ?is day1 ?+s happ5 v ne>ly aft] ! same fa%ion4 ,! imm5se reputation ( ! ,purgatory ( ,/4 ,patrick fill$ ! :ole ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,prea*]s made appeal to ! public notoriety ( ?is great fact1 to controv]t ^? :o _h _! d\bts reg>d+ ,purgatory4 ,9 ! ye> #aceh ,edw>d ,,iii4 gave to a ,hung>ian ( noble bir?1 :o _h come f ,hung>y expressly to visit ! sacr$ well1 lett]s pat5t atte/+ t he _h und]gone 8 ,purgatory4 ,n>ratives ( ^? travels beyond ! tomb became a v fa%ionable =m ( lit]ature2 & x is important = u to rem>k ! :olly my?ological1 & z :olly ,celtic1 *>act]i/ics dom9ant 9 !m4 ,x is 9 fact evid5t t we are deal+ ) a my/]y or local cult1 ant]ior to ,*ri/ianity1 & probably bas$ ^u ! physical appe>ance ( ! c\ntry4 ,! idea ( ,purgatory1 9 its f9al & concrete =m1 f>$ specially well among/ ! ,bretons & ! ,iri%4 ,b$e is "o ( ! fir/ to speak ( x 9 a descriptive mann]1 & ! le>n$ ,mr4 ,wright v ju/ly obs]ves t ne>ly all ! descriptions ( ,purgatory come f ,iri%m51 or f ,anglo-,saxons :o h resid$ 9 ,irel&1 su* z ,/4 ,fursey1 ,tundale1 ! ,nor?umbrian ,dryh!lm1 & ,knight ,ow54 ,x is likewise a rem>kable ?+ t only ! ,iri% 7 able to behold ! m>vels ( _! ,purgatory4 ,a canon f ,hem/$e 9 ,holl&1 :o desc5d$ 9 #adid1 saw no?+ at all4 ,evid5tly ?is idea ( travels 9 ! o!r _w & its inf]nal categories1 z ! ,middle ,ages accept$ x1 is ,celtic4 ,! belief 9 ! ?ree circles ( exi/5ce is aga9 to be f\nd 9 ! ,triads1 ,footnote3 ,a s]ies ( aphorisms "u ! =m ( triplets1 :i* give u1 ) num]\s int]polations1 ! anci5t tea*+ ( ! b>ds1 & t traditional wisdom :i*1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! anci5ts1 0 transmitt$ by means ( mnemonic v]ses 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,druids4 "u an aspect :i* does n p]mit "o to see any ,*ri/ian int]polation4 ,! s\l's p]egr9ations aft] dea? are also ! fav\rite !me ( ! mo/ anci5t ,armorican poetry4 ,among ! features by :i* ! ,celtic races mo/ impress$ ! ,romans 7 ! precision ( _! ideas ^u ! future life1 _! incl9ation to suicide1 & ! loans & contracts :i* !y sign$ ) ! o!r _w 9 view4 ,! m frivol\s peoples ( ! ,s\? saw ) awe 9 ?is assurance ! fact ( a my/]i\s race1 hav+ an und]/&+ ( ! future & ! secret ( dea?4 ,?r\gh ! :ole ( classical antiquity runs ! tradition ( an ,isle ( ,%ad[s1 situat$ on ! conf9es ( ,brittany1 & ( a folk devot$ to ! passage ( s\ls1 :i* lives ^u ! neighb\r+ coa/4 ,9 ! night !y he> dead m5 pr[l+ ab\t _! cab91 & knock+ at ! door4 ,!n !y rise up2 _! craft is lad5 ) invisible be+s2 on _! return x is light]4 ,sev]al ( ^! features reproduc$ by ,plut>*1 ,claudian1 ,procopius1 ,footnote3 ,a ,byzant9e hi/orian ( ! fif? & six? c5turies4 & ,tzetzes ,footnote3 ,a ,greek poet & gramm>ian ( ! twelf? c5tury4 w\ld incl9e "o to believe t ! r5[n ( ! ,iri% my?s made its way into classical antiquity ab\t ! fir/ or second c5tury4 ,plut>*1 = example1 relates1 conc]n+ ! ,cronian ,sea1 fables id5tical ) ^? :i* fill ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,malo4 ,procopius1 describ+ ! sacr$ ,isl& ( ,brittia1 :i* consi/s ( two p>ts sep>at$ by ! sea1 "o delightful1 ! o!r giv5 ov] to evil spirits1 seems to h read 9 advance ! description ( ! ,purgatory ( ,/4 ,patrick1 :i* ,giraldus ,cambr5sis 0 to give sev5 c5turies lat]4 ,x _c be d\bt$ = a mom5t1 aft] ! able rese>*es ( ,messrs4 ,ozanam1 ,labitte1 & ,wright1 t to ! numb] ( poetical !mes :i* ,europe owes to ! g5ius ( ! ,celts1 is to be add$ ! framework ( ! ,div9e ,com$y4 ,"o c und]/& h[ greatly ?is inv9cible attraction to fables mu/ h discr$it$ ! ,celtic race 9 ! eyes ( nationalities t believ$ !mselves to be m s]i\s4 ,x is 9 tru? a /range ?+1 t ! :ole ( ! m$iaeval epo*1 :il/ submitt+ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,celtic imag9ation1 & borr[+ f ,brittany & ,irel& at lea/ half ( its poetical subjects1 believ$ itself oblig$1 = ! sav+ ( its own hon\r1 to slight & satirise ! p to :i* x ow$ !m4 ,ev5 ,*reti5 de ,troyes1 = example1 :o pass$ 8 life 9 exploit+ ! ,breton romances = 8 own purposes1 orig9at$ ! say+-- ,les ,gallois sont t\s p> nature ,plus sots que betes de pature4 ,"s ,engli% *ronicl]1 ,i "k n :o1 imag9$ he 0 mak+ a *>m+ play ^u words :5 he describ$ ^? beautiful creations1 ! :ole _w ( :i* des]v$ to live1 z ! *ildi% nons5se ) :i* ^? brutes ( ,bretons amuse !mselves4 ,! ,boll&i/s ,footnote3 ,a gr\p ( ,jesuits :o issu$ a collection ( ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,! fir/ five volumes 7 edit$ by ,john ,boll&4 f\nd x incumb5t to exclude f _! collection1 z apocryphal extravagances1 ^? admirable religi\s leg5ds1 ) :i* no ,*ur* has any?+ to comp>e4 ,! decid$ lean+ ( ! ,celtic race t[>ds ! ideal1 its sadness1 its fidelity1 its good fai?1 caus$ x to be reg>d$ by its neighb\rs z dull1 fooli%1 & sup]/iti\s4 ,!y c\ld n und]/& its delicacy & ref9$ mann] ( feel+4 ,!y mi/ook = awkw>dness ! emb>rassm5t exp]i5c$ by s9c]e & op5 natures 9 ! pres5ce ( m artificial natures4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ,fr5* frivolity & ,breton /ubbornness above all l$1 aft] ! f\rte5? c5tury1 to mo/ deplorable conflicts1 :5ce ! ,bretons ev] em]g$ ) a reputation = wrong-head$ness4 ,x 0 /ill worse1 :5 ! nation t mo/ prides itself on its practical good s5se f\nd confront+ x ! p t1 to its own mis=tune1 is lea/ provid$ ) t gift4 ,poor ,irel&1 ) h] anci5t my?ology1 ) h] ,purgatory ( ,/4 ,patrick1 & h] fanta/ic travels ( ,/4 ,br&an1 0 n de/9$ to f9d grace 9 ! eyes ( ,engli% puritanism4 ,"o ought to obs]ve ! disda9 ( ,engli% critics = ^! fables1 & _! sup]b pity = ! ,*ur* :i* dallies ) ,paganism1 s f> z to keep up usages :i* are notori\sly d]iv$ f x4 ,assur$ly we h "h a praisewor?y zeal1 aris+ f natural goodness2 & yet1 ev5 if ^! flights ( imag9ation did no m ?an r5d] a little m supportable _m suff]+s :i* are said to h no rem$y1 t aft] all w\ld be some?+4 ,:o %all d>e to say :]e1 "h on e>?1 is ! b\nd>y betwe5 reason & dream+8 ,:i* is wor? m1 ! imag9ative in/9ct ( man1 or ! n>r[ or?odoxy t pret5ds to rema9 rational1 :5 speak+ ( ?+s div9e8 ,= my own "p1 ,i pref] ! frank my?ology1 ) all its vag>ies1 to a !ology s paltry1 s vulg>1 & s col\rless1 t x w\ld be wrong+ ,god to believe t1 aft] hav+ made ! visible _w s beautiful he %\ld h made ! invisible _w s prosaically reasonable4 ,9 pres5ce ( ! ev]-encroa*+ progress ( a civilisation :i* is ( no c\ntry1 & c receive no "n1 o!r ?an t ( mod]n or ,european1 x w\ld be pu]ile to hope t ! ,celtic race is 9 ! future to succe$ 9 obta9+ isolat$ expression ( its orig9ality4 ,& yet we are f> f believ+ t ?is race has said its la/ ^w4 ,aft] hav+ put 9 practice all *ivalries1 dev\t & worldly1 gone ) ,p]$ur 9 que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail & fair ladies1 & dream$ ) ,/4 ,br&an ( my/ical ,atlantides1 :o kn[s :at x w\ld produce 9 ! doma9 ( intellect1 if x h>d5$ itself to an entrance into ! _w1 & subject$ its ri* & pr(\nd nature to ! conditions ( mod]n ?\ght8 ,x appe>s to me t !re w\ld result f ?is comb9ation1 productions ( high orig9ality1 a subtle & discreet mann] ( tak+ life1 a s+ul> union ( /r5g? & weakness1 ( rude simplicity & mildness4 ,few races h _h s complete a poetic *ildhood z ! ,celtic2 my?ology1 lyric poetry1 epic1 romantic imag9ation1 religi\s en?usiasm--none ( ^! fail$ !m2 :y %\ld reflection fail !m8 ,g]many1 :i* comm5c$ ) sci5ce & criticism1 has come to poetry2 :y %\ld n ! ,celtic races1 :i* began ) poetry1 f9i% ) criticism8 ,!re is n s great a di/ance f "o to ! o!r z is suppos$2 ! poetical races are ! philosophic races1 & at bottom philosophy is only a mann] ( poetry4 ,:5 "o consid]s h[ ,g]many1 less ?an a c5tury ago1 _h h] g5ius reveal$ to h]1 h[ a multitude ( national individualities1 to all appe>ance effac$1 h sudd5ly ris5 aga9 9 our own days1 m in/9ct ) life ?an ev]1 "o feels p]suad$ t x is a ra% ?+ to lay d[n any law on ! int]mitt5ce & awak5+ ( nations2 & t mod]n civilisation1 :i* appe>$ to be made to absorb !m1 may p]haps be no?+ m ?an _! unit$ fruition4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,race ,,by ,,got?old ,,ephraim ,,less9o ,,translat$ ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,rob]tson ,,introductory ,,note ,less+'s life has be5 sket*$ 9 ! introduction to 8 ,m9na von ,b>nhelm 9 ! volume ( ,cont95tal ,dramas 9 ,! ,h>v>d ,classics4 ,! ,education ( ! ,human ,race is ! culm9ation ( a bitt] !ological controv]sy :i* began ) ! publication by ,less+1 9 #aggd-aggh1 ( a s]ies ( fragm5ts ( a "w on natural religion by ! ,g]man dei/1 ,reim>us4 ,?is action br\ght ^u ,less+ ! wra? ( ! or?odox ,g]man ,prote/ants1 l$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,goeze1 & 9 ! battle t foll[$ ,less+ did 8 great "w = ! lib]alis+ ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ,g]many4 ,! pres5t treatise is an extraord9>ily cond5s$ /atem5t ( ! au?or's attitude t[>ds ! fundam5tal que/ions ( religion1 & gives 8 view ( ! signification ( ! previ\s religi\s hi/ory ( mank9d1 along ) 8 fai? ,& hope = ! future4 ,z orig9ally issu$1 ! essay purport$ to be m]ely edit$ by ,less+2 b !re is no long] any d\bt z to 8 hav+ be5 its au?or4 ,x is an admirable & *>act]i/ic expression ( ! s]i\s & elevat$ _s 9 :i* he dealt ) matt]s t _h !n1 z (t51 be5 degrad$ by ! virul5ce ( controv]sy4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,race #a ,t :i* ,education is to ! ,individual1 ,revelation is to ! ,race4 #b ,education is ,revelation com+ to ! ,individual ,man2 & ,revelation is ,education :i* has come1 & is yet com+1 to ! ,human ,race4 #c ,:e!r x c be ( any advantage to ! sci5ce ( in/ruction to contemplate ,education 9 ?is po9t ( view1 ,i w n "h inquire2 b 9 ,!ology x may unque/ionably be ( great advantage1 & may remove _m difficulties1 if ,revelation be conceiv$ ( z ! ,educator ( ,humanity4 #d ,education gives to ,man no?+ :i* he might n educe out ( himself2 x gives him t :i* he might educe out ( himself1 only quick] & m easily4 ,9 ! same way too1 ,revelation gives no?+ to ! human species1 :i* ! human reason left to itself might n atta92 only x has giv51 & /ill gives to x1 ! mo/ important ( ^! ?+s e>li]4 #e ,& j z 9 ,education1 x is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce 9 :at ord] ! p[]s ( a man are develop$1 z x _c imp>t to a man all at once2 s 0 ,god also necessitat$ to ma9ta9 a c]ta9 ord]1 & a c]ta9 measure 9 ,8 ,revelation4 #f ,ev5 if ! fir/ man 7 furni%$ at once ) a conception ( ! ,"o ,god2 yet x 0 n possible t ?is conception1 imp>t$1 & n ga9$ by ?\ght1 %\ld subsi/ long 9 its cle>ness4 ,z soon z ! ,human ,reason1 left to itself1 began to elaborate x1 x broke up ! "o ,immeasurable into _m ,measurables1 & gave a note or sign ( m>k to e "o ( ^! p>ts4 #g ,h5ce naturally arose poly!ism & idolatry4 ,& :o c say h[ _m millions ( ye>s human reason w\ld h be5 bewild]$ 9 ^! errors1 ev5 ?\gh 9 all places & times !re 7 individual m5 :o recogniz$ !m z errors1 _h x n pleas$ ,god to af=d x a bett] direction by means ( a new ,impulse8 #h ,b :5 ,he nei!r c\ld nor w\ld reveal ,himself any m to ea* individual man1 ,he select$ an individual ,p = ,8 special education2 & t exactly ! mo/ rude & ! mo/ unruly1 9 ord] to beg9 ) x f ! v comm5cem5t4 #i ,?is 0 ! ,hebrew ,p1 respect+ :om we d n 9 ! lea/ "k :at k9d ( ,div9e ,wor%ip !y _h 9 ,egypt4 ,= s despis$ a race ( slaves 0 n p]mitt$ to take "p 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,egyptians2 & ! ,god ( _! fa!rs 0 entirely unkn[n to !m4 #aj ,x is possible t ! ,egyptians _h expressly prohibit$ ! ,hebrews f hav+ a ,god or ,gods1 p]haps !y _h =c$ ^u !m ! belief t _! despis$ race _h no ,god1 no ,gods1 t to h a ,god or ,gods 0 ! pr]ogative ( ! sup]ior ,egyptians only1 & ?is may h be5 s held 9 ord] to h ! p[] ( tyrannis+ ov] !m ) a great] %[ ( fairness4 ,d ,*ri/ians ev5 n[ d mu* bett] ) _! slaves8 #aa ,to ?is rude p ,god caus$ ,himself to be ann\nc$ fir/1 simply z ! ,god ( _! fa!rs1 9 ord] to make !m acqua9t$ & famili> ) ! idea ( a ,god belong+ to !m also1 & to beg9 ) confid5ce 9 ,him4 #ab ,?r\gh ! miracles ) :i* ,he l$ !m out ( ,egypt1 & plant$ !m 9 ,canaan1 ,he te/ifi$ ( ,himself to !m z a ,god mighti] ?an any o!r ,god4 #ac ,& z ,he proce$$1 demon/rat+ ,himself to be ! ,mightie/ ( all1 :i* only ,"o c be1 ,he gradually accu/om$ !m ?us to ! idea ( ,,! ,,"o4 #ad ,b h[ f> 0 ?is conception ( ,! ,"o1 bel[ ! true transc5d5tal conception ( ! ,"o :i* ,reason le>nt to d]ive1 s late ) c]ta9ty1 f ! conception ( ! ,inf9ite ,"o8 #ae ,al?\gh ! be/ ( ! p 7 already m or less approa*+ ! true conception ( ! ,"o only1 ! p z a :ole c\ld n = a long "t elevate !mselves to x4 ,& ?is 0 ! sole true reason :y !y s (t5 ab&on$ _! "o ,god1 & expect$ to f9d ! ,"o1 i4 e41 z !y meant1 ! ,mightie/1 9 "s ,god or o!r1 belong+ to ano!r p4 #af ,b ( :at k9d ( moral education 0 a p s raw1 s incapable ( ab/ract ?\ghts1 & s entirely 9 _! *ildhood capable8 ,( none o!r b su* z is adapt$ to ! age ( *ildr51 an education by rew>ds & puni%m5ts address$ to ! s5ses4 #ag ,"h too ,education & ,revelation meet toge!r4 ,z yet ,god c\ld give to ,8 p no o!r religion1 no o!r law ?an "o ?r\gh ob$i5ce to :i* !y might hope to be happy1 or ?r\gh disob$i5ce to :i* !y mu/ fe> to be unhappy4 ,= z yet _! reg>ds w5t no fur!r ?an ?is e>?4 ,!y knew ( no immortality ( ! s\l2 !y ye>n$ aft] no life to come4 ,b n[ to reveal ^! ?+s to "o ^: reason _h z yet s little gr[?1 :at w\ld x h be5 b ! same fault 9 ! ,div9e ,rule z is committ$ by ! s*oolma/]1 :o *ooses to hurry 8 pupil too rapidly1 & boa/ ( 8 progress1 r ?an ?or\ghly to gr\nd him8 #ah ,b1 x w be ask$1 to :at purpose 0 ?is education ( s rude a p1 a p ) :om ,god _h to beg9 s entirely f ! beg9n+8 ,i reply1 9 ord] t 9 ! process ( "t ,he might employ p>ticul> memb]s ( ?is nation z ! ,tea*]s ( o!r p4 ,he 0 br++ up 9 !m ! future ,tea*]s ( ! human race4 ,x 0 ! ,jews :o became _! tea*]s1 none b ,jews2 only m5 out ( a p s br\ght up1 c\ld be _! tea*]s4 #ai ,= to proce$4 ,:5 ! ,*ild by d9t ( bl[s & c>esses _h gr[n & 0 n[ come to ye>s ( und]/&+1 ! ,fa!r s5t x at once into =eign c\ntries3 & "h x recognis$ at once ! ,good :i* 9 its ,fa!r's h\se x _h possess$1 & _h n be5 consci\s (4 #bj4 ,:ile ,god guid$ ,8 *os5 p ?r\gh all ! degrees ( a *ild-l education1 ! o!r nations ( ! e>? _h gone on by ! light ( reason4 ,! mo/ "p _h rema9$ f> beh9d ! *os5 p4 ,only a few _h got be=e !m4 ,& ?is too1 takes place ) *ildr51 :o are all[$ to gr[ up left to !mselves3 _m rema9 q raw1 "s educate !mselves ev5 to an a/oni%+ degree4 #ba ,b z ^! m =tunate few prove no?+ aga9/ ! use & necessity ( ,education1 s ! few hea!n nations1 :o ev5 appe> to h made a />t 9 ! k ( ,god be=e ! *os5 p1 prove no?+ aga9/ a ,revelation4 ,! ,*ild ( ,education beg9s ) sl[ yet sure foot/eps2 x is late 9 ov]tak+ _m a m happily organis$ *ild ( nature2 b x does ov]take x2 & !nce=? c nev] be di/anc$ by x aga94 #bb ,simil>ly--,putt+ aside ! doctr9e ( ! ,unity ( ,god1 :i* 9 a way is f\nd1 & 9 a way is n f\nd1 9 ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--t ! doctr9e ( immortality at lea/ is n discov]able 9 x1 is :olly =eign to x1 t all doctr9e connect$ !re) ( rew>d & puni%m5t 9 a future life1 proves j z little aga9/ ! ,div9e orig9 ( ^! books4 ,not)/&+ ! abs5ce ( ^! doctr9es1 ! acc\nt ( miracles & prophecies may be p]fectly true4 ,= let u suppose t ^! doctr9es 7 n only want+ !re91 b ev5 t !y 7 n at all true2 let u suppose t = mank9d all 0 ov] 9 ?is life2 w\ld ! ,be+ ( ,god be = ?is reason less demon/rat$8 ,w\ld ,god be = ?is less at lib]ty1 w\ld x less become ,him to take imm$iate *>ge ( ! temporal =tunes ( any p out ( ?is p]i%able race8 ,! miracles :i* ,he p]=m$ = ! ,jews1 ! prophecies :i* ,he caus$ to be record$ ?r\gh !m1 7 surely n = ! few mortal ,jews1 9 ^: "t !y _h happ5$ & be5 record$3 ,he _h ,8 int5tions !re9 9 ref]5ce to ! :ole ,jewi% p1 to ! entire ,human ,race1 :i*1 p]haps1 is de/9$ to rema9 on e>? =ev]1 ?\gh e individual ,jew & e individual man die =ev]4 #bc ,once m1 ,! abs5ce ( ^? doctr9es 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t proves no?+ aga9/ _! ,div9ity4 ,moses 0 s5t f ,god ev5 ?\gh ! sanction ( 8 law only ext5d$ to ?is life4 ,= :y %\ld x ext5d fur!r8 ,he 0 surely s5t only to ! ,israeliti% p ( t "t1 & 8 commission 0 p]fectly adapt$ to ! k1 capacities1 ye>n+s ( ! !n exi/+ ,israeliti% p1 z well z to ! de/9ation ( t :i* belong$ to ! future4 ,& ?is is suffici5t4 #bd ,s f> ought ,w>burton to h gone1 & no fur!r4 ,b t le>n$ man ov]drew 8 b[4 ,n cont5t t ! abs5ce ( ^! doctr9es 0 no discr$it to ! ,div9e mission ( ,moses1 x mu/ ev5 be a pro( to him ( ! ,div9ity ( ! mission4 ,& if he _h only s\ght ?is pro( 9 ! adaptation ( su* a law to su* a p6 ,b he betook himself to ! hypo!sis ( a miracul\s sy/em cont9u$ 9 an unbrok5 l9e f ,moses to ,*ri/1 accord+ to :i*1 ,god _h made e individual ,jew exactly happy or unhappy1 9 ! proportion to 8 ob$i5ce or disob$i5ce to ! law des]v$4 ,he w\ld h x t ?is miracul\s sy/em _h comp5sat$ = ! want ( ^? doctr9es 7( et]nal rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 c471 )\t :i* no /ate c subsi/2 & t su* a comp5sation ev5 prov$ :at t want at fir/ sight appe>$ to negative4 #be ,h[ well x 0 t ,w>burton c\ld by no argum5t prove or ev5 make likely ?is cont9u\s miracle1 9 :i* he plac$ ! exi/5ce ( ,israeliti% ,!ocracy6 ,= c\ld he h done s1 9 tru?1 he c\ld !n1 & n till !n1 h made ! difficulty really insup]able1 to me at lea/4 ,= t :i* 0 meant to prove ! ,div9e "* ( ! ,mission ( ,moses1 w\ld h r5d]$ ! matt] itself d\btful1 :i* ,god1 x is true1 did n int5d !n to reveal2 b :i* on ! o!r h&1 ,he c]ta9ly w\ld n r5d] unatta9able4 #bf ,i expla9 myself by t :i* is a picture ( ,revelation4 ,a ,prim] = *ildr5 may fairly pass ov] 9 sil5ce ?is or t important piece ( k or art :i* x exp\nds1 respect+ :i* ! ,tea*] judg$1 t x is n yet fitt$ = ! capacities ( ! *ildr5 = :om he 0 writ+4 ,b x mu/ conta9 absolutely no?+ :i* blocks up ! way t[>ds ! k :i* is held back1 or misleads ! *ildr5 f x4 ,r f>1 all ! approa*es t[>ds x mu/ be c>efully left op52 & to lead !m away f ev5 "o ( ^! approa*es1 or to cause !m to ent] x lat] ?an !y ne$1 w\ld alone be en\gh to *ange ! m]e imp]fection ( su* a ,prim] into an actual fault4 #bg ,9 ! same way1 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ^? prim]s = ! rude ,israeliti% p1 unpractis$ 9 ?\ght1 ! doctr9es ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & future recomp5ses1 might be fairly left out3 b !y 7 b\nd to conta9 no?+ :i* c\ld h ev5 procra/9at$ ! progress ( ! p1 = :om !y 7 writt51 9 _! way to ?is gr& tru?4 ,& to say b a small ?+1 :at c\ld h m procra/9at$ x ?an ! promise ( su* a miracul\s recomp5se 9 ?is life8 ,a promise made by ,him :o promises no?+ t ,he does n p]=m4 #bh ,= al?\gh unequal di/ribution ( ! goods ( ?is life1 ,virtue & ,vice seem to be tak5 too little into consid]ation1 al?\gh ?is unequal di/ribution docs n exactly af=d a /rong pro( ( ! immortality ( ! s\l & ( a life to come1 9 :i* ?is difficulty w be res]v$ h]eaft]1 x is c]ta9 t )\t ?is difficulty ! human und]/&+ w\ld n = a long "t1 p]haps nev]1 h arriv$ at bett] or firm] pro(s4 ,= :at 0 to impel x to seek = ^! bett] pro(s8 ,m]e curiosity8 #bi ,an ,israelite "h & !re1 no d\bt1 might h ext5d$ to e individual memb] ( ! entire commonweal?1 ^? promises & ?reat5+s :i* belong to x z a :ole1 & be firmly p]suad$ t :osoev] %\ld be pi\s mu/ also be happy1 & t :oev] 0 unhappy mu/ be be>+ ! p5alty ( 8 wrong-do+1 :i* p5alty w\ld =?) *ange itself into bless+1 z soon z he ab&on$ 8 s94 ,su* a "o appe>s to h writt5 ,job1 = ! plan ( x is entirely 9 ?is _s4 #cj ,b daily exp]i5ce c\ld n possibly be p]mitt$ to confirm ?is belief1 or else x w\ld h be5 all ov]1 = ev]1 ) p :o _h ?is exp]i5ce1 s f> z all recognition & reception 0 conc]n$ ( ! tru? z yet unfamili> to !m4 ,= if ! pi\s 7 absolutely happy1 & x also ( c\rse 0 a necess>y "p ( 8 happ9ess t 8 satisfaction %\ld be brok5 by no uneasy ?\ghts ( dea?1 & t he %\ld die old1 & satisfi$ ) life to ! full3 h[ c\ld he ye>n aft] ano!r life8 & h[ c\ld he reflect ^u a ?+ aft] :i* he did n ye>n8 ,b if ! pi\s did n reflect !reupon1 :o !n %\ld reflect8 ,! transgressor8 he :o felt ! puni%m5ts ( 8 misde$s1 & if he curs$ ?is life1 mu/ h s gladly r5\nc$ t o!r exi/5ce8 #ca ,mu* less w\ld x signify if an ,israelite "h & !re directly & expressly d5i$ ! immortality ( ! s\l & future recomp5se1 on acc\nt ( ! law hav+ no ref]5ce !reto4 ,! d5ial ( an individual1 _h x ev5 be5 a ,solomon1 did n arre/ ! progress ( ! g5]al reason1 & 0 ev5 9 itself a pro( t ! nation _h n[ come a great /ep ne>] ! tru? ,= individuals only d5y :at ! _m are br++ into consid]ation2 & to br+ into consid]ation t1 conc]n+ :i* no "o tr\bl$ himself at all be=e1 is half way to k4 #cb ,let u also ackn[l$ge t x is a h]oic ob$i5ce to obey ! laws ( ,god simply because !y are ,god's laws1 & n because ,he has promis$ to rew>d ! ob$i5ce to !m "h & !re2 to obey !m ev5 ?\gh !re be an entire despair ( future recomp5se1 & unc]ta9ty respect+ a temporal "o4 #cc ,mu/ n a p educat$ 9 ?is h]oic ob$i5ce t[>ds ,god h be5 de/9$1 mu/ !y n h be5 capable beyond all o!rs ( execut+ ,div9e purpose8 ( q a special "*8 ,let ! soldi]1 :o pays bl9d ob$i5ce to 8 lead]1 become also conv9c$ ( 8 lead]'s wisdom1 & !n say :at t lead] may n und]take to a*ieve ) him4 #cd ,z yet ! ,jewi% p _h rev]5c$ 9 _! ,jehovah r ! mightie/ ?an ! wise/ ( all ,gods2 z yet !y _h r fe>$ ,him z a ,jeal\s ,god ?an lov$ ,him3 a pro( ?is too1 t ! conception :i* !y _h ( _! et]nal ,"o ,god 0 n exactly ! "r conception :i* we %\ld h ( ,god4 ,h[ev]1 n[ ! "t 0 come t ^! conceptions ( !irs 7 to be exp&$1 ennobl$1 rectifi$1 to accompli% :i* ,god avail$ ,himself ( a q natural means1 a bett] & m correct measure1 by :i* x got ! opportunity ( appreciat+ ,him4 #ce ,in/ead (1 z hi!rto1 appreciat+ ,him 9 contra/ ) ! mis]able idols ( ! small neighbor+ peoples1 ) :om !y liv$ 9 con/ant rivalry1 !y began1 9 captivity "u ! wise ,p]sians1 to measure ,him aga9/ ! ,be+ ( all ,be+s su* z a m discipl9$ reason recogniz$ & rev]5c$4 #cf ,revelation _h guid$ _! reason1 & n[1 all at once1 reason gave cle>ness to _! ,revelation4 #cg ,?is 0 ! fir/ reciprocal influ5ce :i* ^! two 7,reason & ,revelation7 ex]cis$ on "o ano!r2 & s f> is ! mutual influ5ce f be+ unbecom+ to ! ,au?or ( !m bo?1 t )\t x ei!r ( !m w\ld h be5 useless4 #ch ,! *ild1 s5t abroad1 saw o!r *ildr5 :o knew m1 :o liv$ m becom+ly1 & ask$ itself1 9 confusion1 ,:y d ,i n "k t too8 ,:y d ,i n live s too8 ,ought ,i n to h be5 taught & admoni%$ ( all ?is 9 my fa!r's h\se8 ,!reupon x aga9 s\ght out its ,prim]1 :i* _h long be5 ?r[n into a corn]1 9 ord] to ?r[ (f a blame ^u ! ,prim]4 ,b behold1 x discov]s t ! blame does n re/ ^u ! books1 t ! %ame is solely its own1 = n hav+ long ago1 kn[n ?is v ?+1 & liv$ 9 ?is v way4 #ci ,s9ce ! ,jews1 by ?is "t1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! pure ,p]sian doctr9e1 recogniz$ 9 _! ,jehovah1 n simply ! greate/ ( all national deities1 b ,,god2 & s9ce !y c\ld1 ! m readily f9d ,him & indicate ,him to o!rs 9 _! sacr$ writ+s1 inasmu* z ,he 0 really 9 !m2 & s9ce !y manife/$ z great an av]sion = s5su\s repres5tations1 or at all ev5ts1 7 in/ruct$ 9 ^! ,scriptures1 to h an av]sion to !m z great z ! ,p]sians _h always felt2 :at wond] t !y f\nd favor 9 ! eyes ( ,cyrus1 ) a ,div9e ,wor%ip :i* he recogniz$ z be+1 no d\bt1 f> bel[ pure ,sabeism1 b yet f> above ! rude idolatries :i* 9 its /ead _h tak5 possession ( ! =sak5 l& ( ! ,jews4 #dj ,?us enlight5$ respect+ ! treasures :i* !y _h possess$1 )\t kn[+ x1 !y return$1 & became q ano!r p1 ^: fir/ c>e x 0 to give p]man5cy to ?is illum9ation among/ !mselves4 ,soon an apo/acy & idolatry among !m 0 out ( ! "q4 ,= x is possible to be fai?less to a national deity1 b nev] to ,god1 aft] ,he has once be5 recognis$4 ,! !ologians h tri$ to expla9 ?is complete *ange 9 ! ,jewi% p 9 a diff]5t way2 & "o1 :o has well demon/rat$ ! insuffici5cy ( ^! explanations1 at la/ 0 = giv+ u1 z a true acc\nt--! visible fulfilm5t ( ! prophecies :i* _h be5 spok5 & writt5 respect+ ! ,babyloni% captivity & ! re/oration f x4 ,b ev5 ?is reason c be only s f> ! true "o1 z x presupposes !1 by ?is "t1 exalt$ ideas ( ,god4 ,! ,jews mu/ by ?is "t h recognis$ t to d miracles1 & to pr$ict ! future1 belong$ only to ,god1 bo? ( :i* !y _h ascrib$ =m]ly to false idols1 by :i* x came to pass t ev5 miracles & prophecies _h hi!rto made s weak an impression ^u !m4 #db ,d\btless1 ! ,jews 7 made m acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9e ( immortality among ! ,*aldeans & ,p]sians4 ,!y became m famili> ) x too 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,greek ,philosoph]s 9 ,egypt4 #dc ,h[ev]1 z ?is doctr9e 0 n 9 ! same condition 9 ref]5ce to _! ,scriptures t ! doctr9es ( ,god's ,unity & ,attributes 7--s9ce ! =m] 7 entirely ov]look$ by t s5sual p1 :ile ! latt] w\ld be s\ght =3--& s9ce too1 = ! =m]1 previ\s ex]cis+ 0 necess>y1 & z yet !re _h be5 only h9ts & allusions1 ! fai? 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l c\ld naturally nev] be ! fai? ( ! entire p4 ,x 0 & cont9u$ to be only ! cre$ ( a c]ta9 section ( !m4 #dd ,an example ( :at ,i mean by previ\s ex]cis+ = ! doctr9e ( immortality1 is ! ,div9e ?reat5+s ( puni%+ ! misde$s ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr5 unto ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation4 ,?is accu/om$ ! fa!rs to live 9 ?\ght ) _! remote/ po/]ity1 & to feel1 z x 71 be=eh&1 ! mis=tune :i* !y _h br\ght ^u ^! guiltless ones4 #de ,by an allusion ,i mean t :i* 0 int5d$ only to excite curiosity & to occasion que/ions4 ,z1 = in/ance1 ! (t- recurr+ mode ( expression1 describ+ dea? by he 0 ga!r$ to 8 fa!rs4 ,by a h9t ,i mean t :i* already conta9s any g]m1 out ( :i* !1 z yet1 held back tru? all[s itself to be develop$4 ,( ?is "* 0 ! inf]5ce ( ,*ri/ f ! nam+ ( ,god ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob4 ,?is h9t appe>s to me to be unque/ionably capable ( be+ work$ out into a /rong pro(4 #dg ,9 su* previ\s ex]citations1 allusions1 h9ts1 consi/s ! positive p]fection ( a ,prim]2 j z ! above-m5tion$ peculi>ity ( n ?r[+ difficulties or h9drances 9 ! way to ! suppress$ tru? con/itutes ! negative p]fection ( su* a book4 #dh ,add to all ?is ! clo?+ & /yle4 #a4 ,! clo?+ ( ab/ract tru?s1 :i* 7 n entirely to be pass$ ov]1 9 allegories & in/ructive s+le circum/ances1 :i* 7 n>rat$ z actual occurr5ces4 ,( ?is "* are ! ,creation "u ! image ( gr[+ ,day2 ! ,orig9 ( ,evil 9 ! /ory ( ! ,=bidd5 ,tree2 ! s\rce ( ! v>iety ( languages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 c4 #di #b4 ,! /yle--sometimes pla9 & simple1 sometimes poetical1 ?r\gh\t full ( tautologies1 b ( su* a k9d z practis$ sagacity1 s9ce !y sometimes appe> to be say+ some?+ else1 & yet ! same ?+2 sometimes ! same ?+ ov] aga91 & yet to signify or to be capable ( signify+ at ! bottom1 some?+ else3-- #ej ,& !n y h all ! prop]ties ( excell5ce :i* belong to a ,prim] = a *ildlike p1 z well z = *ildr54 #ea ,b e ,prim] is only = a c]ta9 age4 ,to delay ! *ild1 t has outgr[n x1 long] 9 x ?an x 0 int5d$ =1 is hurtful4 ,= to be able to d ?is is a way 9 any sort pr(itable1 y mu/ ins]t into x m ?an !re is really 9 x1 & extract f x m ?an x c conta94 ,y mu/ look = & make too mu* ( allusions & h9ts2 squeeze allegories too closely2 int]pret examples too circum/antially2 press too mu* ^u words4 ,?is gives ! *ild a petty1 crook$1 hair splitt+ und]/&+3 x makes him full ( my/]ies1 sup]/itions2 full ( contempt = all t is compreh5sible & easy4 #eb ,! v way 9 :i* ! ,rabb9s h&l$ _! sacr$ books6 ,! v "* :i* !y !reby imp>t$ to ! "* ( _! p6 #ec ,a ,bett] ,in/ructor mu/ come & te> ! exhau/$ ,prim] f ! *ild's h&s4 ,,*ri/ came6 #ed ,t portion ( ! human race :i* ,god _h will$ to compreh5d 9 "o ,educational plan1 0 ripe = ! ,second /ep ( ,education4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 only will$ to compreh5d on su* a plan1 "o :i* by language1 mode ( action1 gov]nm5t1 & o!r natural & political relation%ips1 0 already unit$ 9 itself4 #ee ,t is1 ?is portion ( ! human race 0 come s f> 9 ! ex]cise ( its reason1 z to ne$1 & to be able to make use ( nobl] & wor?i] motives ( moral action ?an temporal rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 its guides4 ,! *ild _h become a y\?4 ,sweetmeats & toys h giv5 place to ! budd+ desire to g z free1 z honor$1 & z happy z its eld] bro!r4 #ef ,= a long "t1 already1 ! be/ individuals ( t portion ( ! human race 7call$ above ! eld] bro!r72 _h be5 accu/om$ to let !mselves be rul$ by ! %ad[ ( su* nobl] motives4 ,! ,greek & ,roman did ev]y?+ to live on aft] ?is life1 ev5 if x 7 only 9 ! remembrance ( _! fell[-citiz5s4 #eg ,x 0 "t t ano!r true life to be expect$ aft] ?is %\ld ga9 an influ5ce ov] ! y\?'s actions4 #eh ,& s ,*ri/ 0 ! fir/ c]ta9 practical ,tea*] ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 #ei ,! fir/ c]ta9 ,tea*]4 ,c]ta91 ?r\gh ! prophecies :i* 7 fulfill$ 9 ,him2 c]ta91 ?r\gh ! miracles :i* ,he a*iev$2 c]ta91 ?r\gh ,8 own revival aft] a dea? ?r\gh :i* ,he _h seal$ ,8 doctr9e4 ,:e!r we c /ill prove ?is revival1 ^! miracles1 ,i put aside1 z ,i leave on "o side :o ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ 04 ,all t may h be5 at t "t ( great weight = ! reception ( ,8 doctr9e1 b x is n[ no long] ( ! same importance = ! recognition ( ! tru? ( ,8 doctr9e4 #fj ,! fir/ practical ,tea*]4 ,= x is "o ?+ to conjecture1 to wi%1 & to believe ! immortality ( ! s\l1 z a philosophic speculation3 q ano!r ?+ to direct ! inn] & out] acts by x4 #fa ,& ?is at lea/ ,*ri/ 0 ! fir/ to tea*4 ,= al?\gh1 already be=e ,him1 ! belief _h be5 introduc$ among _m nations1 t bad actions h yet to be puni%$ 9 t life2 yet !y 7 only su* actions z 7 injuri\s to civil society1 & consequ5tly1 too1 _h already _h _! puni%m5t 9 civil society4 ,to en=ce an inw>d purity ( he>t 9 ref]5ce to ano!r life1 0 res]v$ = ,him alone4 #fb ,8 disciples h fai?fully propagat$ ^! doctr9es3 & if !y _h ev5 _h no o!r m]it1 ?an t ( hav+ effect$ a m g5]al publication1 among o!r nations1 ( a ,tru? :i* ,*ri/ _h appe>$ to h de/9$ only = ! ,jews1 yet w\ld !y h ev5 on t acc\nt alone1 to be reckon$ among ! ,b5efactors & ,fo/]]s ( ! ,human ,race4 #fc ,if1 h[ev]1 !y transplant$ ?is "o great ,tru? toge!r ) o!r doctr9es1 ^: tru? 0 less enlight5+1 ^: usefulness 0 ( a less exalt$ "*1 h[ c\ld x be o!rwise4 ,let u n blame !m = ?is1 b r s]i\sly exam9e :e!r ^! v comm+l$ doctr9es h n become a new impulse ( directions = human reason4 #fd ,at lea/1 x is already cle> t ! ,new ,te/am5t ,scriptures1 9 :i* ^! doctr9es aft] "s "t 7 f\nd pres]v$1 h af=d$1 & /ill af=d1 ! second bett] ,prim] = ! race ( man4 #fe ,= sev5 hundr$ ye>s pa/ !y h ex]cis$ human reason m ?an all o!r books1 & enlight5$ x m1 7 x ev5 only ?r\gh ! light :i* ! human reason itself ?rew into !m4 #ff ,x w\ld h be5 impossible = any o!r book to become s g5]ally kn[n among diff]5t nations3 & indisputably1 ! fact t modes ( ?\ght s div]se f ea* o!r h be5 occupi$ on ! same book1 has help$ on ! human reason m ?an if e nation _h _h its own ,prim] specially = itself4 #fg ,x 0 also highly necess>y t ea* p = a p]iod %\ld hold ?is ,book z ! ne plus ultra ( _! k4 ,= ! y\? mu/ consid] 8 ,prim] z ! fir/ ( all books1 t ! impati5ce to f9i% ?is book1 may n hurry him on to ?+s = :i* he has1 z yet1 laid no basis4 #fh ,& "o ?+ is also ( ! greate/ importance ev5 n[4 ,?\ abl] _s1 :o art frett+ & re/less ov] ! la/ page ( ! ,prim]1 bew>e6 ,bew>e ( lett+ ?y weak] fell[ s*ol>s m>k :at ?\ p]ceive/ af>1 or :at ?\ art beg9n+ to see6 ,until ^! weak] fell[ s*ol>s are up ) !e1 r return once m into ?is ,prim]1 & exam9e :e!r t :i* ?\ take/ only = duplicates ( ! me?od1 = a blund] 9 ! tea*+1 is n p]haps some?+ m4 #gj ,?\ ha/ se5 9 ! *ildhood ( ! human race1 respect+ ! doctr9e ( ,god's unity1 t ,god makes imm$iate revelations ( m]e tru?s ( reason1 or has p]mitt$ & caus$ pure tru?s ( reason to be taught1 = "s "t1 z tru?s ( imm$iate revelation1 9 ord] to promulgate !m ! m rapidly1 & gr\nd !m ! m firmly4 #ga ,?\ exp]i5ce/ 9 ! boyhood ( ! ,race ! same ?+ 9 ref]5ce to ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,x is prea*$ 9 ! bett] ,prim] z a ,revelation1 in/ead ( taught z a result ( human reason4 #gb ,z we by ?is "t c disp5se ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 ref]5ce to ! doctr9e ( ! unity ( ,god1 & z we are by degrees beg9n+ also to be less dep5d5t on ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 ref]5ce to ! immortality ( ! s\l3 might !re n 9 ?is ,book also be o!r tru?s ( ! same sort prefigur$1 mirror$1 z x 71 :i* we are to m>vel at1 z revelations1 exactly s long z until ! "t %all come :5 reason %all h le>n$ to educe !m1 out ( its o!r demon/rat$ tru?s & b9d !m up ) !m8 #gc ,= in/ance1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,h[ if ?is doctr9e %\ld at la/1 aft] endless errors1 "r & left1 only br+ m5 on ! road to recognise t ,god _c possibly be ,"o 9 ! s5se 9 :i* f9ite ?+s are "o1 t ev5 ,8 unity mu/ be a transc5d5tal unity1 :i* does n exclude a sort ( purality8 ,mu/ n ,god at lea/ h ! mo/ p]fect conception ( ,himself1 i4 e41 a conception 9 :i* is f\nd ev]y?+ :i* is 9 ,him8 ,b w\ld ev]y?+ be f\nd 9 x :i* is 9 ,him1 if a m]e conception1 a m]e possibility1 7 f\nd ev5 ( 8 necess>y ,reality z well z ( ,8 o!r qualities8 ,?is possibility exhau/s ! be+ ( ,8 o!r qualities4 ,does x t ( ,8 necess>y ,reality8 ,i ?9k n4 ,consequ5tly ,god c ei!r h no p]fect conception ( himself at all1 or ?is p]fect conception is j z necess>ily real1 i4 e41 actually exi/5t1 z ,he ,himself is4 ,c]ta9ly ! image ( myself 9 ! mirror is no?+ b an empty repres5tation ( me1 because x only has t ( me ^u ! surface ( :i* beams ( light fall4 ,b n[ if ?is image _h ev]y?+1 ev]y?+ )\t exception1 :i* ,i h myself1 w\ld x !n /ill be a m]e empty repres5tation1 or n r a true r$uplication ( myself8 ,:5 ,i believe t ,i recognise 9 ,god a famili> r$uplication1 ,i p]haps d n s mu* err1 z t my language is insuffici5t = my ideas3 & s mu* at lea/ = ev] incontrov]tible1 t !y :o wi% to make ! idea !re( popul> = compreh5sion1 c\ld sc>cely h express$ !mselves m intelligibly & suitably ?an by giv+ ! "n ( a ,son begott5 f ,et]nity4 #gd ,& ! doctr9e ( ,orig9al ,s94 ,h[1 if at la/ ev]y?+ 7 to conv9ce u t man /&+ on ! fir/ & l[e/ /ep ( 8 humanity1 is n s entirely ma/] ( 8 actions z to be able to obey moral laws8 #ge ,& ! doctr9e ( ! ,son's satisfaction4 ,h[1 if at la/1 all compell$ u to assume t ,god1 9 spite ( t orig9al incapacity ( man1 *ose r to give him moral laws1 & =give him all transgressions 9 consid]ation ( ,8 ,son1 i4 e41 9 consid]ation ( ! self-exi/5t total ( all ,8 own p]fections1 comp>$ ) :i*1 & 9 :i*1 all imp]fections ( ! individual disappe>1 ?an n to give him ^? laws1 & !n to exclude him f all moral bless$ness1 :i* _c be conceiv$ ( )\t moral laws4 ,let x n be object$ t speculations ( ?is description ^u ! my/]ies ( religion are =bidd54 ,! ^w my/]y signifi$1 9 ! fir/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 some?+ q diff]5t f :at x means n[3 & ! cultivation ( reveal$ tru?s into tru?s ( reason1 is absolutely necess>y1 if ! human race is to be assi/$ by !m4 ,:5 !y 7 reveal$ !y 7 c]ta9ly no tru?s ( reason1 b !y 7 reveal$ 9 ord] to become su*4 ,!y 7 l ! t makes--( ! ciph]+ ma/]1 :i* he says to ! boys1 be=eh&1 9 ord] to direct !m !reby 9 _! reckon+4 ,if ! s*ol>s 7 to be satisfi$ ) ! t makes1 !y w\ld nev] le>n to calculate1 & w\ld fru/rate ! int5tion ) :i* _! good ma/] gave !m a guid+ clue 9 _! "w4 #gg ,& :y %\ld n we too1 by ! means ( a religion ^: hi/orical tru?1 if y w1 looks dubi\s1 be conduct$ 9 a famili> way to clos] & bett] conceptions ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 our own nature1 our relation to ,god1 tru?s at :i* ! human reason w\ld nev] h arriv$ ( itself8 #gh ,x is n true t speculations ^u ^! ?+s h ev] done h>m or become injuri\s to ! body politic4 ,y mu/ reproa*1 n ! speculations1 b ! folly & ! tyranny ( *eck+ !m4 ,y mu/ lay ! blame on ^? :o w\ld n p]mit m5 hav+ _! own speculations to ex]cise !m4 #gi ,on ! contr>y1 speculations ( ?is sort1 :atev] ! result1 are unque/ionably ! mo/ fitt+ ex]cises ( ! human he>t1 g5]ally1 s long z ! human he>t1 g5]ally1 is at be/ only capable ( lov+ virtue = ! sake ( its et]nal bless$ consequ5ces4 #hj ,= 9 ?is selfi%ness ( ! human he>t1 to w to practice ! und]/&+ too1 only on t :i* conc]ns our corporal ne$s1 w\ld be to blunt r ?an to %>p5 x4 ,x absolutely w be ex]cis$ on spiritual objects1 if x is to atta9 its p]fect illum9ation1 & br+ out t purity ( he>t :i* makes u capable ( lov+ virtue = its own sake alone4 #ha ,or1 is ! human species nev] to arrive at ?is highe/ /ep ( illum9ation & purity8--,nev]8 #hb ,nev]8--,let me n ?9k ?is blasphemy1 ,all ,m]ciful6 ,education has its goal1 9 ! ,race1 no less ?an 9 ! ,individual4 ,t :i* is educat$ is educat$ = some?+4 #hc ,! flatt]+ prospects :i* are op5 to ! p1 ! ,honor & ,well-be+ :i* are pa9t$ to him1 :at are !y m ?an ! means ( educat+ him to become a man1 :o1 :5 ^! prospects ( ,honor & ,well-be+ h vani%$1 %all be able to d 8 ,duty8 #hd ,?is is ! aim ( human education1 & %\ld n ! ,div9e education ext5d z f>8 ,is t :i* is successful 9 ! way ( ,art ) ! individual1 n to be successful 9 ! way ( ,nature ) ! :ole8 ,blasphemy6 ,blasphemy66 #he ,no6 ,x w come6 x w assur$ly come6 ! "t ( ! p]fect+1 :5 man1 ! m conv9c$ 8 und]/&+ feels itself ( an ev] bett] ,future1 w nev]!less n be necessitat$ to borr[ motives ( action f ?is ,future2 = he w d ! ,"r because x is "r1 n because arbitr>y rew>ds are annex$ !reto1 :i* =m]ly 7 int5d$ simply to fix & /r5g!n 8 un/eady gaze 9 recognis+ ! inn]1 bett]1 rew>ds ( well-do+4 #hf ,x w assur$ly come6 ! "t ( a new et]nal ,gospel1 :i* is promis$ u 9 ! ,prim] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t itself6 #hg ,p]haps ev5 "s en?usia/s ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies _h caught a glimpse ( a beam ( ?is new et]nal ,gospel1 & only err$ 9 t !y pr$ict$ its outbur/ at s ne> to _! own "t4 #hh ,p]haps _! ,?ree ,ages ( ! ,_w 7 n s empty a speculation aft] all1 & assur$ly !y _h no contemptible views :5 !y taught t ! ,new ,cov5ant mu/ become z mu* antiquat$ z ! old has be54 ,!re rema9$ by !m ! simil>ity ( ! economy ( ! same ,god4 ,ev]1 to let !m speak my words1 ev] ! self-same plan ( ! ,education ( ! ,race4 #hi ,only !y 7 premature4 ,only !y believ$ t !y c\ld make _! contempor>ies1 :o _h sc>cely outgr[n _! *ildhood1 )\t enlight5m5t1 )\t prep>ation1 m5 wor?y ( _! ,?ird ,age4 #ij ,& x 0 j ?is :i* made !m en?usia/s4 ,! en?usia/ (t5 ca/s true glances into ! future1 b = ?is future he _c wait4 ,he wi%es ?is future accel]at$1 & accel]at$ ?r\gh him4 ,t = :i* nature takes ?\s&s ( ye>s is to mature itself 9 ! mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,= :at possession has he 9 x if t :i* he recognises z ! ,be/ does n become ! be/ 9 8 lifetime8 ,does he come back8 ,does he expect to come back8 ,m>vell\s only t ?is en?usia/ic expectation does n become m ! fa%ion among en?usia/s4 #ia ,g ?9e inscrutable way1 ,et]nal ,provid5ce6 ,only let me n despair 9 ,!e1 because ( ?is inscrutabl5ess4 ,let me n despair 9 ,!e1 ev5 if ,?y /eps appe> to me to be go+ back4 ,x is n true t ! %orte/ l9e is always /raight4 #ib ,?\ ha/ on ,?9e ,et]nal ,way s mu* to c>ry on toge!r1 s mu* to d6 ,s _m aside /eps to take6 ,& :at if x 7 z good z prov$ t ! va/ fl[ :eel :i* br+s mank9d ne>] to ?is p]fection is only put 9 motion by small]1 swift] :eels1 ea* ( :i* contributes its own individual unit !reto8 #ic ,x is s6 ,! v same ,way by :i* ! ,race rea*es its p]fection1 mu/ e individual man--"o soon]--ano!r lat]-- h travell$ ov]4 ,h travell$ ov] 9 "o & ! same life8 ,c he h be51 9 "o & ! self-same life1 a s5sual ,jew & a spiritual ,*ri/ian8 ,c he 9 ! self-same life h ov]tak5 bo?8 #id ,surely n t6 ,b :y %\ld n e individual man h exi/$ m ?an once ^u ?is ,_w8 #ie ,is ?is hypo!sis s laughable m]ely because x is ! olde/8 ,because ! human und]/&+1 be=e ! sophi/ries ( ! ,s*ools _h dissipat$ & debilitat$ x1 light$ ^u x at once8 ,:y may n ev5 ,i h already p]=m$ ^? /eps ( my p]fect+ :i* br+ to man only temporal puni%m5ts & rew>ds8 #ig ,& once m1 :y n ano!r "t all ^? /eps1 to p]=m :i* ! views ( ,et]nal ,rew>ds s p[]fully assi/ u8 ,:y %\ld ,i n come back z (t5 z ,i am capable ( acquir+ fre% k1 fre% exp]tness8 ,d ,i br+ away s mu* f once1 t !re is no?+ to repay ! tr\ble ( com+ back8 #ii ,is ?is a reason aga9/ x8 ,or1 because ,i =get t ,i h be5 "h already8 ,happy is x = me t ,i d =get4 ,! recollection ( my =m] condition w\ld p]mit me to make only a bad use ( ! pres5t4 ,& t :i* ev5 ,i mu/ =get n[1 is t necess>ily =gott5 = ev]8 #ajj ,or is x a reason aga9/ ! hypo!sis t s mu* "t w\ld h be5 lo/ to me8 ,lo/8--,& h[ mu* !n %\ld ,i miss8--,is n a :ole ,et]nity m9e8 ,,lett]s ,,^u ,,! ,,ae/hetic ,,education ,,( ,,man ,,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,fri$ri* ,,von ,,s*ill] ,,introductory ,,note ,an outl9e ( ! life ( ,s*ill] w be f\nd prefix$ to ! translation ( ,wilhelm ,tell 9 ! volume ( ,cont95tal ,dramas 9 ,! ,h>v>d ,classics4 ,s*ill]'s importance 9 ! intellectual hi/ory ( ,g]many is by no means conf9$ to 8 poetry & dramas4 ,he did notable "w 9 hi/ory & philosophy1 & 9 ! dep>tm5t ( e/hetics especially1 he made significant contributions1 modify+ & develop+ 9 important respects ! doctr9es ( ,kant4 ,9 ! lett]s on ,e/hetic ,education :i* are "h pr9t$1 he gives ! philosophic basis = 8 doctr9e ( art1 & indicates cle>ly & p]suasively 8 view ( ! place ( beauty 9 human life4 ,,lett]s ,,^u ,,! ,,ae/hetic ,,education ,,( ,,man ,,lett] ,i4 ,by y\r p]mission ,i lay be=e y1 9 a s]ies ( lett]s1 ! results ( my rese>*es ^u beauty & art4 ,i am ke5ly s5sible ( ! importance z well z ( ! *>m & dignity ( ?is und]tak+4 ,i %all treat a subject :i* is closely connect$ ) ! bett] portion ( our happ9ess & n f> remov$ f ! moral nobility ( human nature4 ,i %all plead ?is cause ( ! ,beautiful be=e a he>t by :i* h] :ole p[] is felt & ex]cis$1 & :i* w take ^u itself ! mo/ difficult "p ( my task 9 an inve/igation :]e "o is compell$ to appeal z frequ5tly to feel+s z to pr9ciples4 ,t :i* ,i w\ld beg ( y z a fav\r1 y g5]\sly impose ^u me z a duty2 &1 :5 ,i solely consult my incl9ation1 y impute to me a s]vice4 ,! lib]ty ( action y prescribe is r a necessity = me ?an a con/ra9t little ex]cis$ 9 =mal rules1 ,i %all sc>cely incur ! risk ( s9n+ aga9/ good ta/e by any undue use ( !m2 my ideas1 drawn r f )9 ?an f read+ or f an intimate exp]i5ce ) ! _w1 w n dis[n _! orig92 !y w\ld r incur any reproa* ?an t ( a sect>ian bias1 & w\ld pref] to succumb by _! innate feebl5ess ?an su/a9 !mselves by borr[$ au?ority & =eign support4 ,9 tru?1 ,i w n keep back f y t ! ass]tions :i* foll[ re/ *iefly ^u ,kantian pr9ciples2 b if 9 ! c\rse ( ^! rese>*es y %\ld be rem9d$ ( any special s*ool ( philosophy1 ascribe x to my incapacity1 n to ^? pr9ciples4 ,no2 y\r lib]ty ( m9d %all be sacr$ to me2 & ! facts ^u :i* ,i build w be furni%$ by y\r own s5tim5ts2 y\r own unfett]$ ?\ght w dictate ! laws accord+ to :i* we to proce$4 ,) reg>d to ! ideas :i* pr$om9ate 9 ! practical "p ( ,kant's sy/em1 philosoph]s only disagree1 :il/ mank9d1 ,i am confid5t ( prov+1 h nev] done s4 ,if /ripp$ ( _! te*nical %ape1 !y w appe> z ! v]dict ( reason pron\nc$ f "t immemorial by common cons5t1 & z facts ( ! moral in/9ct :i* nature1 9 h] wisdom1 has giv5 to man 9 ord] to s]ve z guide & tea*] until 8 enlight5$ intellig5ce gives him maturity4 ,b ?is v te*nical %ape :i* r5d]s tru? visible to ! und]/&+ conceals x f ! feel+s2 =1 unhappily1 und]/&+ beg9s by de/roy+ ! object ( ! inn] s5se be=e x c appropriate ! object4 ,l ! *emi/1 ! philosoph] f9ds syn!sis only by analysis1 or ! spontane\s "w ( nature only ?r\gh ! torture ( art4 ,?us1 9 ord] to deta9 ! fleet+ app>ition1 he mu/ en*a9 x 9 ! fett]s ( rule1 dissect its fair proportions into ab/ract notions1 & pres]ve its liv+ _s 9 a fle%less skeleton ( words4 ,is x surpris+ t natural feel+ %\ld n recognise itself 9 su* a copy1 & if 9 ! report ( ! analy/ ! tru? appe>s z p>adox8 ,p]mit me !re=e to crave y\r indulg5ce if ! foll[+ rese>*es %\ld remove _! object f ! sph]e ( s5se :ile endeav\r+ to draw x t[>ds ! und]/&+4 ,t :i* ,i be=e said ( moral exp]i5ce c be appli$ ) great] tru? to ! manife/ation ( ! beautiful4 ,x is ! my/]y :i* en*ants1 & its be+ is ext+ui%$ ) ! ext9ction ( ! necess>y comb9ation ( its elem5ts4 ,,lett] ,,ii4 ,b ,i might p]haps make a bett] use ( ! op5+ y af=d me if ,i 7 to direct y\r m9d to a l(ti] !me ?an t ( art4 ,x w\ld appe> to be unseasonable to g 9 se>* ( a code = ! ae/hetic _w1 :5 ! moral _w (f]s matt] ( s mu* high] int]e/1 & :5 ! _s ( philosophical inquiry is s /r+5tly *all5g$ by ! circum/ances ( our times to occupy itself ) ! mo/ p]fect ( all works ( art--! e/abli%m5t & /ructure ( a true political fre$om4 ,x is unsatisfactory to live out ( y\r own age & to "w = o!r times4 ,x is equally incumb5t on u to be good memb]s ( our own age z ( our own /ate or c\ntry4 ,if x is conceiv$ to be unseemly & ev5 unlawful = a man to segregate himself f ! cu/oms & mann]s ( ! circle 9 :i* he lives1 x w\ld be inconsi/5t n to see t x is equally 8 duty to grant a prop] %>e ( influ5ce to ! voice ( 8 own epo*1 to its ta/e & its requirem5ts1 9 ! op]ations 9 :i* he engages4 ,b ! voice ( our age seems by no means favorable to art1 at all ev5ts to t k9d ( art to :i* my inquiry is direct$4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts has giv5 a direction to ! g5ius ( ! "t t ?reat5s to remove x cont9ually fur!r f ! ideal ( art4 ,= art has to leave reality1 x has to raise itself bodily above necessity & ne$9ess = art is ! daught] ( fre$om1 & x requires its prescriptions & rules to be furni%$ by ! necessity ( spirits & n by t ( matt]4 ,b 9 our day x is necessity1 ne$9ess1 t prevails1 & b5ds a degrad$ humanity "u its iron yoke4 ,utility is ! great idol ( ! "t1 to :i* all p[]s d homage & all subjects are subs]vi5t4 ,9 ?is great balance ( utility1 ! spiritual s]vice ( art has no weight1 &1 depriv$ ( all enc\ragem5t1 x vani%es f ! noisy ,vanity ,fair ( our "t4 ,! v _s ( philosophical inquiry itself robs ! imag9ation ( "o promise aft] ano!r1 & ! fronti]s ( art are n>r[$1 9 proportion z ! limits ( sci5ce are enl>g$4 ,! eyes ( ! philosoph] z well z ( ! man ( ! _w are anxi\sly turn$ to ! !atre ( political ev5ts1 :]e x is presum$ ! great de/9y ( man is to be play$ out4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem to betray e culpable indiff]5ce to ! welf>e ( society if we did n %>e ?is g5]al int]e/4 ,= ?is great comm]ce 9 social & moral pr9ciples is ( necessity a matt] ( ! greate/ conc]n to e human be+1 on ! gr\nd bo? ( its subject & ( its results4 ,x mu/ accord+ly be ( deepe/ mom5t to e man to ?9k = himself4 ,x w\ld seem t n[ at l5g? a "q t =m]ly 0 only settl$ by ! law ( ! /rong] is to be det]m9$ by ! calm judgm5t ( ! reason1 & e man :o is capable ( plac+ himself 9 a c5tral position1 & rais+ 8 individuality into t ( 8 species1 c look ^u himself z 9 possession ( ?is judicial faculty ( reason2 be+ moreov]1 z man & memb] ( ! human family1 a p>ty 9 ! case "u trial & involv$ m or less 9 its decisions4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ?is great political process is n only engag$ ) 8 individual case1 x has also to pron\nce enactm5ts1 :i* he z a rational _s is capable ( enunciat+ & entitl$ to pron\nce4 ,x is evid5t t x w\ld h be5 mo/ attractive to me to inquire into an object su* z ?is1 to decide su* a "q 9 conjunction ) a ?9k] ( p[]ful m9d1 a man ( lib]al sympa?ies1 & a he>t imbu$ ) a noble en?usiasm = ! weal ( humanity4 ,?\gh s widely sep>at$ by worldly position1 x w\ld h be5 a delightful surprise to h f\nd y\r unprejudic$ m9d arriv+ at ! same result z my own 9 ! field ( ideas1 ,nev]!less1 ,i ?9k ,i c n only excuse1 b ev5 ju/ify by solid gr\nds1 my /ep 9 resi/+ ?is attractive purpose & 9 pref]r+ beauty to fre$om4 ,i hope t ,i %all succe$ 9 conv9c+ y t ?is matt] ( art is less =eign to ! ne$s ?an to ! ta/es ( our age2 nay1 t1 to arrive at a solution ev5 9 ! political problem1 ! road ( ae/hetics mu/ be pursu$1 because x is ?r\gh beauty t we arrive at fre$om4 ,b ,i _c c>ry out ?is pro( )\t my br++ to y\r remembrance ! pr9ciples by :i* ! reason is guid$ 9 political legislation4 ,,lett] ,,iii4 ,man is n bett] treat$ by nature 9 8 fir/ />t ?an h] o!r works are2 s long z he is unable to act = himself z an indep5d5t intellig5ce1 %e acts = him4 ,b ! v fact t con/itutes him a man is1 t he does n rema9 /ation>y1 :]e nature has plac$ him1 t he c pass ) 8 reason1 retrac+ ! /eps nature _h made him anticipate1 t he c conv]t ! "w ( necessity into "o ( free solution1 & elevate physical necessity into a moral law4 ,:5 man is rais$ f 8 slumb] 9 ! s5ses1 he feels t he is a man1 he surveys 8 surr\nd+s1 & f9ds t he is 9 a /ate4 ,he 0 introduc$ into ?is /ate1 by ! p[] ( circum/ances1 be=e he c\ld freely select 8 own position4 ,b z a moral be+ he _c possibly re/ satisfi$ ) a political condition =c$ ^u him by necessity1 & only calculat$ = t condition2 & x w\ld be un=tunate if ?is did satisfy him4 ,9 _m cases man %akes (f ?is bl9d law ( necessity1 by 8 free spontane\s action1 ( :i* among _m o!rs we h an in/ance1 9 8 ennobl+ by beauty & suppress+ by moral influ5ce ! p[]ful impulse implant$ 9 him by nature 9 ! passion ( love4 ,?us1 :5 arriv$ at maturity1 he recov]s 8 *ildhood by an artificial process1 he f\nds a /ate ( nature 9 8 ideas1 n giv5 him by any exp]i5ce1 b e/abli%$ by ! necess>y laws & conditions ( 8 reason1 & he attributes to ?is ideal condition an object1 an aim1 ( :i* he 0 n cognisant 9 ! actual reality ( nature4 ,he gives himself a *oice ( :i* he 0 n capable be=e1 & sets to "w j z if he 7 beg9n+ anew1 & 7 ex*ang+ 8 orig9al /ate ( bondage = "o ( complete indep5d5ce1 do+ ?is ) complete insight & ( 8 free decision4 ,he is ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ?is "w ( political ?raldom z non-exi/+1 ?\gh a wild & arbitr>y caprice may h f\nd$ its "w v artfully2 ?\gh x may /rive to ma9ta9 x ) great arrogance & encompass x ) a halo ( v5]ation4 ,= ! "w ( bl9d p[]s possesses no au?ority1 be=e :i* fre$om ne$ b[1 & all mu/ be made to adapt itself to ! highe/ end :i* reason has set up 9 8 p]sonality4 ,x is 9 ?is wise t a p 9 a /ate ( manhood is ju/ifi$ 9 ex*ang+ a condition ( ?raldom = "o ( moral fre$om4 ,n[ ! t]m natural condition c be appli$ to e political body :i* owes its e/abli%m5t orig9ally to =ces & n to laws1 & su* a /ate contradicts ! moral nature ( man1 because lawfulness c alone h au?ority ov] ?is4 ,at ! same "t ?is natural condition is q suffici5t = ! physical man1 :o only gives himself laws 9 ord] to get rid ( brute =ce4 ,moreov]1 ! physical man is a reality1 & ! moral man problematical4 ,!re=e :5 ! reason suppresses ! natural condition1 z %e mu/ if %e wi%es to sub/itute h] own1 %e weighs ! real physical man aga9/ ! problematical moral man1 %e weighs ! exi/5ce ( society aga9/ a possible1 ?\gh morally necess>y1 ideal ( society4 ,%e takes f man some?+ :i* he really possesses1 & )\t :i* he possesses no?+1 & ref]s him z a sub/itute to some?+ t he ought to possess & might possess2 & if reason _h reli$ too exclusively on him1 %e might1 9 ord] to secure him a /ate ( humanity 9 :i* he is want+ & c want )\t injury to 8 life1 h robb$ him ev5 ( ! means ( animal exi/5ce :i* is ! fir/ necess>y condition ( 8 be+ a man4 ,be=e he _h opportunity to hold firm to ! law ) 8 w1 reason w\ld h )drawn f 8 feet ! ladd] ( nature4 ,! great po9t is !re=e to reconcile ^! two consid]ations3 to prev5t physical society f ceas+ = a mom5t 9 "t1 :ile ! moral society is be+ =m$ 9 ! idea2 9 o!r words1 to prev5t its exi/5ce f be+ plac$ 9 jeop>dy1 = ! sake ( ! moral dignity ( man4 ,:5 ! me*anic has to m5d a wat*1 he lets ! :eels run out1 b ! liv+ wat*works ( ! /ate h to be repair$ :ile !y act1 & a :eel has to be ex*ang$ = ano!r dur+ its revolutions4 ,accord+ly props mu/ be s\ght = to support society & keep x go+ :ile x is made indep5d5t ( ! natural condition f :i* x is s\ght to emancipate x4 ,?is prop is n f\nd 9 ! natural "* ( man1 :o1 be+ selfi% & viol5t1 directs 8 en]gies r to ! de/ruction ?an to ! pres]vation ( society4 ,nor is x f\nd 9 8 moral "*1 :i* has to be =m$1 :i* c nev] be work$ ^u or calculat$ on by ! lawgiv]1 because x is free & nev] appe>s4 ,x w\ld seem !re=e t ano!r measure mu/ be adopt$4 ,x w\ld seem t ! physical "* ( ! arbitr>y mu/ be sep>at$ f moral fre$om2 t x is incumb5t to make ! =m] h>monise ) ! laws & ! latt] dep5d5t on impressions2 x w\ld be exp$i5t to remove ! =m] /ill f>!r f matt] & to br+ ! latt] some:at m ne> to x2 9 %ort to produce a ?ird "* relat$ to bo? ! o!rs--! physical & ! moral--pav+ ! way to a transition f ! sway ( m]e =ce to t ( law1 )\t prev5t+ ! prop] developm5t ( ! moral "*1 b s]v+ r z a pl$ge 9 ! s5su\s sph]e ( a morality 9 ! unse54 ,,lett] ,,iv4 ,?us mu* is c]ta94 ,x is only :5 a ?ird "*1 z previ\sly sugge/$1 has prepond]ance t a revolution 9 a /ate accord+ to moral pr9ciples c be free f injuri\s consequ5ces2 nor c any?+ else secure its endurance4 ,9 propos+ or sett+ up a moral /ate1 ! moral law is reli$ ^u z a real p[]1 & free w is drawn into ! realm ( causes1 :]e all hangs toge!r1 mutually ) /r+5t necessity & rigidity4 ,b we "k t ! condition ( ! human w always rema9s cont+5t1 & t only 9 ! ,absolute ,be+ physical coexi/s ) moral necessity4 ,accord+ly if x is wi%$ to dep5d on ! moral conduct ( man z on natural results1 ?is conduct mu/ become nature1 & he mu/ be l$ by natural impulse to su* a c\rse ( action z c only & inv>iably h moral results4 ,b ! w ( man is p]fectly free betwe5 incl9ation & duty1 & no physical necessity ought to ent] z a %>] 9 ?is magi/]ial p]sonality4 ,if !re=e he is to reta9 ?is p[] ( solution1 & yet become a reliable l9k 9 ! causal concat5ation ( =ces1 ?is c only be effect$ :5 ! op]ations ( bo? ^! impulses are pres5t$ q equally 9 ! _w ( appe>ances4 ,x is only possible :51 ) e diff]5ce ( =m1 ! matt] ( man's volition rema9s ! same1 :5 all 8 impulses agree+ ) 8 reason are suffici5t to h ! value ( a univ]sal legislation4 ,x may be urg$ t e individual man c>ries1 )9 himself1 at lea/ 9 8 adaptation & de/9ation1 a purely ideal man4 ,! great problem ( 8 exi/5ce is to br+ all ! incessant *anges ( 8 out] life into con=mity ) ! un*ang+ unity ( ?is ideal4 ,?is pure ideal man1 :i* makes itself kn[n m or less cle>ly 9 e subject1 is repres5t$ by ! /ate1 :i* is ! objective &1 s to speak1 canonical =m 9 :i* ! manifold diff]5ces ( ! subjects /rive to unite4 ,n[ two ways pres5t !mselves to ! ?\ght1 9 :i* ! man ( "t c agree ) ! man ( idea1 & !re are also two ways 9 :i* ! /ate c ma9ta9 itself 9 individuals4 ,"o ( ^! ways is :5 ! pure ideal man subdues ! empirical man1 & ! /ate suppresses ! individual1 or aga9 :5 ! individual ,,becomes ! /ate1 & ! man ( "t is ,,ennobl$ to ! man ( idea4 ,i admit t 9 a "o-sid$ e/imate f ! po9t ( view ( morality ?is diff]5ce vani%es1 = ! reason is satisfi$ if h] law prevails unconditionally4 ,b :5 ! survey tak5 is complete & embraces ! :ole man 7an?ropology71 :]e ! =m is consid]$ toge!r ) ! sub/ance1 & a liv+ feel+ has a voice1 ! diff]5ce w become f> m evid5t4 ,no d\bt ! reason dem&s unity1 & nature v>iety1 & bo? legislations take man 9 h&4 ,! law ( ! =m] is /amp$ ^u him by an incorruptible consci\sness1 t ( ! latt] by an in]adicable feel+4 ,consequ5tly education w always appe> defici5t :5 ! moral feel+ c only be ma9ta9$ ) ! sacrifice ( :at is natural2 & a political adm9i/ration w always be v imp]fect :5 x is only able to br+ ab\t unity by suppress+ v>iety4 ,! /ate ought n only to respect ! objective & g5]ic b also ! subjective & specific 9 individuals2 & :ile diffus+ ! unse5 _w ( morals1 x mu/ n depopulate ! k+dom ( appe>ance1 ! ext]nal _w ( matt]4 ,:5 ! me*anical arti/ places 8 h& on ! =mless block1 to give x a =m accord+ to 8 int5tion1 he has n any scruples 9 do+ viol5ce to x4 ,= ! nature on :i* he works does n des]ve any respect 9 itself1 & he does n value ! :ole = its p>ts1 b ! p>ts on acc\nt ( ! :ole4 ,:5 ! *ild ( ! f9e arts sets 8 h& to ! same block1 he has no scruples ei!r 9 do+ viol5ce to x1 he only avoids %[+ ?is viol5ce4 ,he does n respect ! matt] 9 :i* he works1 any m ?an ! me*anical arti/2 b he seeks by an app>5t consid]ation = x to deceive ! eye :i* takes ?is matt] "u its protection4 ,! political & educat+ arti/ foll[s a v diff]5t c\rse1 :ile mak+ man at once 8 mat]ial & 8 end4 ,9 ?is case ! aim or end meets 9 ! mat]ial1 & x is only because ! :ole s]ves ! p>ts t ! p>ts adapt !mselves to ! end4 ,! political arti/ has to treat 8 mat]ial--man--) a v diff]5t k9d ( respect f t %[n by ! arti/ ( f9e art to 8 "w4 ,he mu/ sp>e man's peculi>ity & p]sonality1 n to produce a deceptive effect on ! s5ses1 b objectively & out ( consid]ation = 8 inn] be+4 ,b ! /ate is an organisation :i* fa%ions itself ?r\gh itself & = itself1 & = ?is reason x c only be realis$ :5 ! p>ts h be5 accord$ to ! idea ( ! :ole4 ,! /ate s]ves ! purpose ( a repres5tative1 bo? to pure ideal & to objective humanity1 9 ! brea/ ( its citiz5s1 accord+ly x w h to obs]ve ! same relation to its citiz5s 9 :i* !y are plac$ to x1 & x w only respect _! subjective humanity 9 ! same degree t x is ennobl$ to an objective exi/5ce4 ,if ! int]nal man is "o ) himself1 he w be able to rescue 8 peculi>ity1 ev5 9 ! greate/ g5]alisation ( 8 conduct1 & ! /ate w only become ! expon5t ( 8 f9e in/9ct1 ! cle>] =mula ( 8 int]nal legislation4 ,b if ! subjective man is 9 conflict ) ! objective & contradicts him 9 ! "* ( ! p1 s t only ! oppression ( ! =m] c give ! victory to ! latt]1 !n ! /ate w take up ! sev]e aspect ( ! law aga9/ ! citiz51 & 9 ord] n to fall a sacrifice1 x w h to cru% "u foot su* a ho/ile individuality1 )\t any compromise4 ,n[ man c be oppos$ to himself 9 a tw(old mann]3 ei!r z a savage1 :5 8 feel+s rule ov] 8 pr9ciples2 or z a b>b>ian1 :5 8 pr9ciples de/roy 8 feel+s4 ,! savage despises art1 & ackn[l$ges nature z 8 despotic rul]2 ! b>b>ian laughs at nature1 & di%on\rs x1 b he (t5 proce$s 9 a m contemptible way ?an ! savage1 to be ! slave ( 8 s5ses4 ,! cultivat$ man makes ( nature 8 fri5d1 & hon\rs its fri5d%ip1 :ile only bridl+ its caprice4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 reason br+s h] moral unity into physical society1 %e mu/ n injure ! manifold 9 nature4 ,:5 nature /rives to ma9ta9 h] manifold "* 9 ! moral /ructure ( society1 ?is mu/ n create any brea* 9 moral unity2 ! victori\s =m is equally remote f uni=mity & confusion4 ,!re=e1 ,,totality ( "* mu/ be f\nd 9 ! p :i* is capable & wor?y to ex*ange ! /ate ( necessity = t ( fre$om4 ,,lett] ,v4 ,does ! pres5t age1 d pass+ ev5ts1 pres5t ?is "*8 ,i direct my att5tion at once to ! mo/ prom95t object 9 ?is va/ /ructure4 ,x is true t ! consid]ation ( op9ion is fall51 caprice is unn]v$1 &1 al?\gh /ill arm$ ) p[]1 receives no long] any respect4 ,man has awak$ f 8 long le?>gy & self- deception1 & he dem&s ) impressive unanimity to be re/or$ to 8 imp]i%able rights4 ,b he does n only dem& !m2 he rises on all sides to seize by =ce :at1 9 8 op9ion1 has be5 unju/ly wre/$ f him4 ,! edifice ( ! natural /ate is tott]+1 its f\ndations %ake1 & a physical possibility seems at l5g? grant$ to place law on ! ?rone1 to hon\r man at l5g? z an end1 & to make true fre$om ! basis ( political union4 ,va9 hope6 ,! moral possibility is want+1 & ! g5]\s occasion f9ds an unsusceptible rule4 ,man pa9ts himself 9 8 actions1 & :at is ! =m depict$ 9 ! drama ( ! pres5t "t8 ,on ! "o h&1 he is se5 runn+ wild1 on ! o!r 9 a /ate ( le?>gy2 ! two extreme/ /ages ( human deg5]acy1 & bo? se5 9 "o & ! same p]iod4 ,9 ! l[] l>g] masses1 co>se1 lawless impulses come to view1 break+ loose :5 ! bonds ( civil ord] are bur/ asund]1 & ha/5+ ) unbridl$ fury to satisfy _! savage in/9ct4 ,objective humanity may h _h cause to compla9 ( ! /ate2 yet subjective man mu/ hon\r its in/itutions4 ,ought he to be blam$ because he lo/ sight ( ! dignity ( human nature1 s long z he 0 conc]n$ 9 pres]v+ 8 exi/5ce8 ,c we blame him t he proce$$ to sep>ate by ! =ce ( gravity1 to fa/5 by ! =ce ( cohesion1 at a "t :5 !re c\ld be no ?\ght ( build+ or rais+ up8 ,! ext9ction ( ! /ate conta9s its ju/ification4 ,society set free1 in/ead ( ha/5+ upw>d into organic life1 collapses into its elem5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! civiliz$ classes give u ! /ill m repulsive sight ( le?>gy1 & ( a depravity ( "* :i* is ! m revolt+ because x roots 9 culture4 ,i =get :o ( ! old] or m rec5t philosoph]s makes ! rem>k1 t :at is m noble is ! m revolt+ 9 its de/ruction4 ,! rem>k applies ) tru? to ! _w ( morals4 ,! *ild ( nature1 :5 he breaks loose1 becomes a madman2 b ! art s*ol>1 :5 he breaks loose1 becomes a debas$ "*4 ,! enlight5m5t ( ! und]/&+1 on :i* ! m ref9$ classes pride !mselves ) "s gr\nd1 %[s on ! :ole s little ( an ennobl+ influ5ce on ! m9d t x seems r to confirm corruption by its maxims4 ,we d5y nature 9 h] legitimate field & feel h] tyranny 9 ! moral sph]e1 & :ile resi/+ h] impressions1 we receive our pr9ciples f h]4 ,:ile ! affect$ dec5cy ( our mann]s does n ev5 grant to nature a p>donable influ5ce 9 ! initial /age1 our mat]iali/ic sy/em ( morals all[s h] ! ca/+ vote 9 ! la/ & ess5tial /age4 ,egotism has f\nd$ its sy/em 9 ! v bosom ( a ref9$ society1 & )\t develop+ ev5 a sociable "*1 we feel all ! contagions & mis]ies ( society4 ,we subject our free judgm5t to its despotic op9ions1 our feel+s to its biz>re cu/oms1 & our w to its s$uctions4 ,we only ma9ta9 our caprice aga9/ h] holy rights4 ,! man ( ! _w has 8 he>t contract$ by a pr\d self- complac5cy1 :ile t ( ! man ( nature (t5 beats 9 sympa?y2 & e man seeks = no?+ m ?an to save 8 wret*$ prop]ty f ! g5]al de/ruction1 z x 7 f "s great conflagration4 ,x is conceiv$ t ! only way to f9d a %elt] aga9/ ! ab]rations ( s5tim5t is by completely =ego+ its indulg5ce1 & mock]y1 :i* is (t5 a useful *a/5] ( my/icism1 sl&]s 9 ! same brea? ! noble/ aspirations4 ,culture1 f> f giv+ u fre$om1 only develops1 z x advances1 new necessities2 ! fett]s ( ! physical close m tightly ar\nd u1 s t ! fe> ( loss qu5*es ev5 ! ard5t impulse t[>d improvem5t1 & ! maxims ( passive ob$i5ce are held to be ! highe/ wisdom ( life4 ,?us ! _s ( ! "t is se5 to wav] betwe5 p]v]sions & savagism1 betwe5 :at is unnatural & m]e nature1 betwe5 sup]/ition & moral unbelief1 & x is (t5 no?+ b ! equilibrium ( evils t sets b\nds to x4 ,,lett] ,,vi4 ,h ,i gone too f> 9 ?is portraiture ( our times8 ,i d n anticipate ?is /ricture1 b r ano!r--t ,i h prov$ too mu* by x4 ,y w tell me t ! picture ,i h pres5t$ resembles ! humanity ( our day1 b x also bodies =? all nations engag$ 9 ! same degree ( culture1 because all1 )\t exception1 h fall5 (f f nature by ! abuse ( reason1 be=e !y c return to x ?r\gh reason4 ,b if we be/[ "s s]i\s att5tion to ! "* ( our times1 we %all be a/oni%$ at ! contra/ betwe5 ! pres5t & ! previ\s =m ( humanity1 especially t ( ,greece4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 claim+ ! reputation ( culture & ref9em5t1 :5 contra/$ ) a purely natural /ate ( society1 b n s comp>+ ourselves ) ! ,grecian nature4 ,= ! latt] 0 comb9$ ) all ! *>ms ( art & ) all ! dignity ( wisdom1 )\t1 h[ev]1 z ) u1 becom+ a victim to ^! influ5ces4 ,! ,greeks put u to %ame n only by _! simplicity1 :i* is =eign to our age2 !y are at ! same "t our rivals1 nay1 frequ5tly our models1 9 ^? v po9ts ( sup]iority f :i* we seek com=t :5 regrett+ ! unnatural "* ( our mann]s4 ,we see t rem>kable p unit+ at once fulness ( =m & fulness ( sub/ance1 bo? philosophis+ & creat+1 bo? t5d] & en]getic1 unit+ a y\?ful fancy2 to ! virility ( reason 9 a glori\s humanity4 ,at ! p]iod ( ,greek culture1 :i* 0 an awak5+ ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 ! s5ses & ! _s _h no di/9ctly sep>at$ prop]ty2 no division _h yet torn !m asund]1 lead+ !m to p>tition 9 a ho/ile attitude1 & to m>k (f _! limits ) precision4 ,poetry _h n yet become ! adv]s>y ( wit1 nor _h speculation abus$ itself by pass+ into quibbl+4 ,9 cases ( necessity bo? poetry & wit c\ld ex*ange p>ts1 because !y bo? hon\r$ tru? only 9 _! special way4 ,h[ev] high might be ! flight ( reason1 x drew matt] 9 a lov+ _s aft] x1 &1 :ile %>ply & /iffly def9+ x1 nev] mutilat$ :at x t\*$4 ,x is true ! ,greek m9d displac$ humanity1 & reca/ x on a magnifi$ scale 9 ! glori\s circle ( its gods2 b x did ?is n by dissect+ human nature1 b by giv+ x fre% comb9ations1 = ! :ole ( human nature 0 repres5t$ 9 ea* ( ! gods4 ,h[ diff]5t is ! c\rse foll[$ by u mod]ns6 ,we also displace & magnify individuals to =m ! image ( ! specks1 b we d ?is 9 a fragm5t>y way1 n by alt]$ comb9ations1 s t x is necess>y to ga!r up f diff]5t individuals ! elem5ts t =m ! species 9 its totality4 ,x w\ld almo/ appe> is if ! p[]s ( m9d express !mselves ) u 9 real life or empirically z sep>ately z ! psy*ologi/ di/+ui%es !m 9 ! repres5tation4 ,= we see n only individual subjects1 b :ole classes ( m51 uphold _! capacities only 9 "p1 :ile ! re/ ( _! faculties sc>cely %[ a g]m ( activity1 z 9 ! case ( ! /unt$ gr[? ( plants4 ,i d n ov]look ! advantages to :i* ! pres5t race1 reg>d$ z a unity & 9 ! balance ( ! und]/&+1 may lay claim ov] :at is be/ 9 ! anci5t _w2 b x is oblig$ to engage 9 ! conte/ z a compact mass1 & measure itself z a :ole aga9/ a :ole4 ,:o among ! mod]ns c\ld /ep =?1 man aga9/ man1 & /rive ) an ,a!nian = ! prize ( high] humanity8 ,:5ce comes ?is disadvantage\s relation ( individuals c\pl$ ) great advantages ( ! race8 ,:y c\ld ! individual ,greek be qualifi$ z ! type ( 8 "t8 & :y c no mod]n d>e to (f] himself z su*8 ,because all-unit+ nature imp>t$ its =ms to ! ,greek1 & an all-divid+ und]/&+ gives our =ms to u4 ,x 0 culture itself t gave ^! w\nds to mod]n humanity4 ,! inn] union ( human nature 0 brok51 & a de/ructive conte/ divid$ its h>moni\s =ces directly2 on ! "o h&1 an enl>g$ exp]i5ce & a m di/9ct ?9k+ necessitat$ a %>p] sep>ation ( ! sci5ces1 :ile on ! o!r h&1 ! m complicat$ ma*9]y ( /ates necessitat$ a /rict] sund]+ ( ranks & occupations4 ,intuitive & speculative und]/&+ took up a ho/ile attitude 9 opposite fields1 ^: bord]s 7 gu>d$ ) jeal\sy & di/ru/2 & by limit+ its op]ation to a n>r[ sph]e1 m5 h made unto !mselves a ma/] :o is wont n unfrequ5tly to end by subdu+ & oppress+ all ! o!r faculties4 ,:il/ on ! "o h& a luxuriant imag9ation creates ravages 9 ! plantations t h co/ ! intellig5ce s mu* lab\r1 on ! o!r h& a _s ( ab/raction suffocates ! fire t might h w>m$ ! he>t & inflam$ ! imag9ation4 ,?is subv]sion1 comm5c$ by art & le>n+ 9 ! inn] man1 0 c>ri$ out to fulness & f9i%$ by ! _s ( innovation 9 gov]nm5t4 ,x 01 no d\bt1 reasonable to expect t ! simple organisation ( ! primitive republics %\ld survive ! qua9tness ( primitive mann]s & ( ! relations ( antiquity4 ,b1 in/ead ( ris+ to a high] & nobl] degree ( animal life1 ?is organisation deg5]at$ into a common & co>se me*anism4 ,! zoophyte condition ( ! ,grecian /ates1 :]e ea* individual enjoy$ an indep5d5t life1 & c\ld1 9 cases ( necessity1 become a sep>ate :ole & unit 9 himself1 gave way to an +5i\s me*anism1 :51 f ! splitt+ up into numb]less p>ts1 !re results a me*anical life 9 ! comb9ation4 ,!n !re 0 a rupture betwe5 ! /ate & ! *ur*1 betwe5 laws & cu/oms2 enjoym5t 0 sep>at$ f lab\r1 ! means f ! end1 ! ef=t f ! rew>d4 ,man himself et]nally *a9$ d[n to a little fragm5t ( ! :ole1 only =ms a k9d ( fragm5t2 hav+ no?+ 9 8 e>s b ! monoton\s s\nd ( ! p]petually revolv+ :eel1 he nev] develops ! h>mony ( 8 be+2 & in/ead ( impr9t+ ! seal ( humanity on 8 be+1 he ends by be+ no?+ m ?an ! liv+ impress ( ! craft to :i* he devotes himself1 ( ! sci5ce t he cultivates4 ,?is v p>tial & paltry relation1 l9k+ ! isolat$ memb]s to ! :ole1 does n dep5d on =ms t are giv5 spontane\sly2 = h[ c\ld a complicat$ ma*9e1 :i* %uns ! light1 confide itself to ! free w ( man8 ,?is relation is r dictat$1 ) a rigor\s /rictness1 by a =mul>y 9 :i* ! free intellig5ce ( man is *a9$ d[n4 ,! dead lett] takes ! place ( a liv+ mean+1 & a practis$ memory becomes a saf] guide ?an g5ius & feel+4 ,if ! community or /ate measures man by 8 function1 only ask+ ( its citiz5s memory1 or ! intellig5ce ( a craftsman1 or me*anical skill1 we _c be surpris$ t ! o!r faculties ( ! m9d are neglect$1 = ! exclusive culture ( ! "o t br+s 9 hon\r & pr(it4 ,su* is ! necess>y result ( an organisation t is indiff]5t ab\t "*1 only look+ to acquirem5ts1 :il/ 9 o!r cases x tol]ates ! ?icke/ d>kness1 to fav\r a _s ( law & ord]2 x mu/ result if x wi%es t individuals 9 ! ex]cise ( special aptitudes '%\ld ga9 9 dep? :at !y are p]mitt$ to lose 9 ext5sion4 ,we are aw>e1 no d\bt1 t a p[]ful g5ius does n %ut up its activity )9 ! limits ( its functions2 b m$iocre tal5ts consume 9 ! craft fall5 to _! lot ! :ole ( _! feeble en]gy2 & if "s ( _! en]gy is res]v$ = matt]s ( pref]5ce1 )\t prejudice to its functions1 su* a /ate ( ?+s at once bespeaks a _s so>+ above ! vulg>4 ,moreov]1 x is r>ely a recomm5dation 9 ! eye ( a /ate to h a capacity sup]ior to y\r employm5t1 or "o ( ^? noble intellectual crav+s ( a man ( tal5t :i* cont5d 9 rivalry ) ! duties ( (fice4 ,! /ate is s jeal\s ( ! exclusive possession ( its s]vants t x w\ld pref]--nor c x be blam$ 9 ?is--= function>ies to %[ _! p[]s ) ! ,v5us ( ,cy!rea r ?an ! ,uranian ,v5us4 ,x is ?us t concrete individual life is ext+ui%$1 9 ord] t ! ab/ract :ole may cont9ue its mis]able life1 & ! /ate rema9s = ev] a /rang] to its citiz5s1 because feel+ does n discov] x any:]e4 ,! gov]n+ au?orities f9d !mselves compell$ to classify1 & !reby simplify1 ! multiplicity ( citiz5s1 & only to "k humanity 9 a repres5tative =m & at second h&4 ,accord+ly !y end by entirely los+ sight ( humanity1 & by conf\nd+ x ) a simple artificial creation ( ! und]/&+1 :il/ on _! "p ! subject classes _c help receiv+ coldly laws t address !mselves s little to _! p]sonality4 ,at l5g? society1 we>y ( hav+ a burd5 t ! /ate takes s little tr\ble to light51 falls to pieces & is brok5 up--a de/9y t has long s9ce att5d$ mo/ ,european /ates4 ,!y are dissolv$ 9 :at may be call$ a /ate ( moral nature1 9 :i* public au?ority is only "o function m1 hat$ & deceiv$ by ^? :o ?9k x necess>y1 respect$ only by ^? :o c d )\t x4 ,?us compress$ betwe5 two =ces1 )9 & )\t1 c\ld humanity foll[ any o!r c\rse ?an t :i* x has tak58 ,! speculative m9d1 pursu+ imprescriptible goods & rights 9 ! sph]e ( ideas1 mu/ ne$s h become a /rang] to ! _w ( s5se1 & lose sight ( matt] = ! sake ( =m4 ,on its "p1 ! _w ( public affairs1 %ut up 9 a monoton\s circle ( objects1 & ev5 !re re/rict$ by =mulas1 0 l$ to lose sight ( ! life & lib]ty ( ! :ole1 :ile becom+ impov]i%$ at ! same "t 9 its own sph]e4 ,j z ! speculative m9d 0 tempt$ to model ! real aft] ! intelligible1 & to raise ! subjective ( its imag9ation into laws con/itut+ ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 s ! /ate _s ru%$ into ! opposite extreme1 wi%$ to make a p>ticul> & fragm5t>y exp]i5ce ! measure ( all obs]vation1 & to apply )\t exception to all affairs ! rules ( its own p>ticul> craft4 ,! speculative m9d _h necess>ily to become ! prey ( a va9 subtlety1 ! /ate _s ( a n>r[ p$antry2 = ! =m] 0 plac$ too high to see ! individual1 & ! latt] too l[ to survey ! :ole4 ,b ! disadvantage ( ?is direction ( m9d 0 n conf9$ to k & m5tal production2 x ext5d$ to action & feel+4 ,we "k t ! s5sibility ( ! m9d dep5ds1 z to degree1 on ! livel9ess1 & = ext5t on ! ri*ness ( ! imag9ation4 ,n[ ! pr$om9ance ( ! faculty ( analysis mu/ necess>ily deprive ! imag9ation ( its w>m? & en]gy1 & a re/rict$ sph]e ( objects mu/ dim9i% its weal?4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! ab/ract ?9k] has v (t5 a cold he>t1 because he analyses impressions1 :i* only move ! m9d by _! comb9ation or totality2 on ! o!r h&1 ! man ( bus9ess1 ! /atesman1 has v (t5 a n>r[ he>t1 because %ut up 9 ! n>r[ circle ( 8 employm5t 8 imag9ation c nei!r exp& nor adapt itself to ano!r mann] ( view+ ?+s4 ,my subject has l$ me naturally to place 9 relief ! di/ress+ t5d5cy ( ! "* ( our own times to %[ ! s\rces ( ! evil1 )\t its be+ my prov9ce to po9t out ! comp5sations (f]$ by nature4 ,i w readily admit to y t1 al?\gh ?is splitt+ up ( _! be+ 0 unfav\rable = individuals1 x 0 ! only road op5 = ! progress ( ! race4 ,! po9t at :i* we see humanity arriv$ among ! ,greeks 0 und\bt$ly a maximum2 x c\ld nei!r /op !re nor rise high]4 ,x c\ld n /op !re1 = ! sum ( notions acquir$ =c$ infallibly ! intellig5ce to break ) feel+ & intuition1 & to lead to cle>ness ( k4 ,nor c\ld x rise any high]2 = x is only 9 a det]m9ate measure t cle>ness c be reconcil$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( abundance & ( w>m?4 ,! ,greeks _h atta9$ ?is measure1 & to cont9ue _! progress 9 culture1 !y1 z we1 7 oblig$ to r5\nce ! totality ( _! be+1 & to foll[ diff]5t & sep>ate roads 9 ord] to seek aft] tru?4 ,!re 0 no o!r way to develop ! manifold aptitudes ( man ?an to br+ !m 9 opposition ) "o ano!r4 ,?is antagonism ( =ces is ! great in/rum5t ( culture1 b x is only an in/rum5t2 = z long z ?is antagonism la/s1 man is only on ! road to culture4 ,x is only because ^! special =ces are isolat$ 9 man1 & because !y take on !mselves to impose an exclusive legislation1 t !y ent] into /rife ) ! tru? ( ?+s1 & oblige common s5se1 :i* g5]ally adh]es imp]turbably to ext]nal pha5om5a1 to dive into ! ess5ce ( ?+s4 ,:ile pure und]/&+ usurps au?ority 9 ! _w ( s5se1 & empiricism attempts to subject ?is intellect to ! conditions ( exp]i5ce1 ^! two rival directions arrive at ! highe/ possible developm5t1 & exhau/ ! :ole ext5t ( _! sph]e4 ,:ile on ! "o h& imag9ation1 by its tyranny1 v5tures to de/roy ! ord] ( ! _w1 x =ces reason1 on ! o!r side1 to rise up to ! supreme s\rces ( k1 & to invoke aga9/ ?is pr$om9ance ( fancy ! help ( ! law ( necessity4 ,by an exclusive _s 9 ! case ( 8 faculties1 ! individual is fatally l$ to error2 b ! species is l$ to tru?4 ,x is only by ga!r+ up all ! en]gy ( our m9d 9 a s+le focus1 & conc5trat+ a s+le =ce 9 our be+1 t we give 9 "s sort w+s to ?is isolat$ =ce1 & t we draw x on artificially f> beyond ! limits t nature seems to h impos$ ^u x4 ,if x be c]ta9 t all human individuals tak5 toge!r w\ld nev] h arriv$1 ) ! visual p[] giv5 !m by nature1 to see a satellite ( ,jupit]1 discov]$ by ! telescope ( ! a/ronom]1 x is j z well e/abli%$ t nev] w\ld ! human und]/&+ h produc$ ! analysis ( ! inf9ite1 or ! critique ( pure reason1 if 9 p>ticul> bran*es1 de/9$ = ?is mission1 reason _h n appli$ itself to special rese>*es1 & if1 aft] hav+1 z x 71 fre$ itself f all matt]1 x _h n by ! mo/ p[]ful ab/raction giv5 to ! spiritual eye ( man ! =ce necess>y1 9 ord] to look into ! absolute4 ,b ! "q is1 if a _s ?us absorb$ 9 pure reason & intuition w be able to emancipate itself f ! rigor\s fett]s ( logic1 to take ! free action ( poetry1 & seize ! individuality ( ?+s ) a fai?ful & *a/e s5se8 ,"h nature imposes ev5 on ! mo/ univ]sal g5ius a limit x _c pass1 & tru? w make m>tyrs z long z philosophy w be r$uc$ to make its pr9cipal occupation ! se>* = arms aga9/ errors4 ,b :atev] may be ! f9al pr(it = ! totality ( ! _w1 ( ?is di/9ct & special p]fect+ ( ! human faculties1 x _c be d5i$ t ?is f9al aim ( ! univ]se1 :i* devotes !m to ?is k9d ( culture1 is a cause ( suff]+1 & a k9d ( mal$iction = individuals4 ,i admit t ! ex]cises ( ! gymnasium =m a?letic bodies2 b beauty is only develop$ by ! free & equal play ( ! limbs4 ,9 ! same way ! t5sion ( ! isolat$ spiritual =ces may make extraord9>y m52 b x is only ! well-temp]$ equilibrium ( ^! =ces t c produce happy & accompli%$ m54 ,& 9 :at relation %\ld we be plac$ ) pa/ & future ages if ! p]fect+ ( human nature made sa* a sacrifice indisp5sable8 ,9 t case we %\ld h be5 ! slaves ( humanity1 we %\ld h consum$ our =ces 9 s]vile "w = x dur+ "s ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & we %\ld h /amp$ on our humiliat$1 mutilat$ nature ! %ameful br& ( ?is slav]y--all ?is 9 ord] t future g5]ations1 9 a happy leisure1 might consecrate !mselves to ! cure ( _! moral heal?1 & develop ! :ole ( human nature by _! free culture4 ,b c x be true t man has to neglect himself = any end :atev]8 ,c nature snat* f u2 = any end :atev]1 ! p]fection :i* is prescrib$ to u by ! aim ( reason8 ,x mu/ be false t ! p]fect+ ( p>ticul> faculties r5d]s ! sacrifice ( _! totality necess>y2 & ev5 if ! law ( nature _h imp]i\sly ?is t5d5cy1 we mu/ h ! p[] to re=m by a sup]ior art ?is totality ( our be+1 :i* art has de/roy$4 ,,lett] ,,vii4 ,c ?is effect ( h>mony be atta9$ by ! /ate8 ,t is n possible1 = ! /ate1 z at pres5t con/itut$1 has giv5 occasion to evil1 & ! /ate z conceiv$ 9 ! idea1 in/ead ( be+ able to e/abli% ?is m p]fect humanity1 ought to be bas$ ^u x4 ,?us ! rese>*es 9 :i* ,i h indulg$ w\ld h br\ght me back to ! same po9t f :i* !y _h call$ me (f = a "t4 ,! pres5t age1 f> f (f]+ u ?is =m ( humanity1 :i* we h ackn[l$g$ z a necess>y condition ( an improvem5t ( ! /ate1 %[s u r ! diametrically opposite =m4 ,if !re=e ! pr9ciples ,i h laid d[n are correct1 & if exp]i5ce confirms ! picture ,i h trac$ ( ! pres5t "t1 x w\ld be necess>y to qualify z unseasonable e attempt to effect a simil> *ange 9 ! /ate1 & all hope z *im]ical t w\ld be bas$ on su* an attempt1 until ! division ( ! inn] man ceases1 & nature has be5 suffici5tly develop$ to become h]self ! in/rum5t ( ?is great *ange & secure ! reality ( ! political creation ( reason4 ,9 ! physical creation1 nature %[s u ! road t we h to foll[ 9 ! moral creation4 ,only :5 ! ,/ruggle ( elem5t>y =ces has ceas$ 9 inf]ior organisations1 nature rises to ! noble =m ( ! physical man4 ,9 l mann]1 ! conflict ( ! elem5ts ( ! moral man & t ( bl9d in/9cts mu/ h ceas$1 & a co>se antagonism 9 himself1 beiore ! attempt c be haz>d$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! indep5d5ce ( man's "* mu/ be secur$1 & 8 submission to despotic =ms mu/ h giv5 place to a suitable lib]ty1 be=e ! v>iety 9 8 con/itution c be made subord9ate to ! unity ( ! ideal4 ,:5 ! man ( nature /ill makes su* an an>*ical abuse ( 8 w1 8 lib]ty ought h>dly to be disclos$ to him4 ,& :5 ! man fa%ion$ by culture makes s little use ( 8 fre$om1 8 free w ought n to be tak5 f him4 ,! concession ( lib]al pr9ciples becomes a treason to social ord] :5 x is associat$ ) a =ce /ill 9 f]m5tation1 & increases ! already exub]ant en]gy ( its nature4 ,aga91 ! law ( con=mity "u "o level becomes tyranny to ! individual :5 x is alli$ to a weakness already hold+ sway & to natural ob/acles1 & :5 x comes to ext+ui% ! la/ sp>k ( spontaneity & ( orig9ality4 ,! tone ( ! age mu/ !re=e rise f its pr(\nd moral degradation2 on ! "o h& x mu/ emancipate itself f ! bl9d s]vice ( nature1 & on ! o!r x mu/ rev]t to its simplicity1 its tru?1 & its fruitful sap2 a suffici5t task = m ?an a c5tury4 ,h[ev]1 ,i admit readily1 m ?an "o special ef=t may meet ) success1 b no improvem5t ( ! :ole w result f x1 & contradictions 9 action w be a cont9ual prote/ aga9/ ! unity ( maxims4 ,x w be q possible1 !n1 t 9 remote corn]s ( ! _w humanity may be hon\r$ 9 ! p]son ( ! negro1 :ile 9 ,europe x may be degrad$ 9 ! p]son ( ! ?9k]4 ,! old pr9ciples w rema91 b !y w adopt ! dress ( ! age1 & philosophy w l5d its "n to an oppression t 0 =m]ly au?oris$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,9 "o place1 al>m$ at ! lib]ty :i* 9 its op5+ ef=ts always %[s itself an enemy1 x w ca/ itself into ! arms ( a conv5i5t s]vitude4 ,9 ano!r place1 r$uc$ to despair by a p$antic tutelage1 x w be driv5 into ! savage lic5se ( ! /ate ( nature4 ,usurpation w invoke ! weakness ( human nature1 & insurrection w invoke its dignity1 till at l5g? ! great sov]eign ( all human ?+s1 bl9d =ce1 %all come 9 & decide1 l a vulg> pugili/1 ?is pret5d$ conte/ ( pr9ciples4 ,,lett] ,,viii4 ,mu/ philosophy !re=e retire f ?is field1 disappo9t$ 9 its hopes8 ,:il/ 9 all o!r directions ! dom9ion ( =ms is ext5d$1 mu/ ?is ! mo/ preci\s ( all gifts be ab&on$ to a =mless *ance8 ,mu/ ! conte/ ( bl9d =ces la/ et]nally 9 ! political _w1 & is social law nev] to triumph ov] a hat+ egotism8 ,n 9 ! lea/4 ,x is true t reason h]self w nev] attempt directly a /ruggle ) ?is brutal =ce :i* resi/s h] arms1 & %e w be z f> z ! son ( ,saturn 9 ! ',iliad' f desc5d+ into ! dismal field ( battle1 to fight !m 9 p]son4 ,b %e *ooses ! mo/ des]v+ among ! combatants1 clo!s him ) div9e arms z ,jupit] gave !m to 8 son-9-law1 & by h] triumph+ =ce %e f9ally decides ! victory4 ,reason has done all t %e c\ld 9 f9d+ ! law & promulgat+ x2 x is = ! en]gy ( ! w & ! ard\r ( feel+ to c>ry x out4 ,to issue victori\sly f h] conte/ ) =ce1 tru? h]self mu/ fir/ become a =ce1 & turn "o ( ! in/9cts ( man into h] *ampion 9 ! empire ( ph5om5a4 ,= in/9cts are ! only motive =ces 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,if hi!rto tru? has s little manife/$ h] victori\s p[]1 ?is has n dep5d$ on ! und]/&+1 :i* c\ld n h unveil$ x1 b on ! he>t :i* rema9$ clos$ to x1 & on in/9ct :i* did n act ) x4 ,:5ce1 9 fact1 proce$s ?is g5]al sway ( prejudices1 ?is might ( ! und]/&+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! light dissem9at$ by philosophy & exp]i5ce8 ,! age is enlight5$1 t is to say1 t k1 obta9$ & vulg>is$1 suffices to set "r at lea/ our practical pr9ciples4 ,! _s ( free inquiry has dissipat$ ! errone\s op9ions :i* long b>r$ ! access to tru?1 & has und]m9$ ! gr\nd on :i* fanaticism & deception _h erect$ _! ?rone4 ,reason has purifi$ itself f ! il lusions ( ! s5ses & f a m5daci\s sophi/ry1 & philosophy h]self raises h] voice & exhorts u to return to ! bosom ( nature1 to :i* %e _h fir/ made u unfai?ful4 ,:5ce !n is x t we rema9 /ill b>b>ians8 ,!re mu/ be some?+ 9 ! _s ( man--z x is n 9 ! objects !mselves--:i* prev5ts u f receiv+ ! tru?1 not)/&+ ! brilliant light %e diffuses1 & f accept+ h]1 :atev] may be h] /r5g? = produc+ conviction4 ,?is some?+ 0 p]ceiv$ & express$ by an anci5t sage 9 ?is v significant maxim3 sap]e aude ,footnote3 ,d>e to be wise4 ,d>e to be wise6 ,a spirit$ c\rage is requir$ to triumph ov] ! imp$im5ts t ! indol5ce ( nature z well z ! c[>dice ( ! he>t oppose to our 9 /ruction4 ,x 0 n )\t reason t ! anci5t ,my?os made ,m9]va issue fully arm$ f ! head ( ,jupit]1 = x is ) w>f>e t ?is in/ruction com m5ces4 ,f its v outset x has to su/a9 a h>d fight aga9/ ! s5ses1 :i* d n l to be r\s$ f _! easy slumb]4 ,! great] "p ( m5 are mu* too exhau/$ & en]vat$ by _! /ruggle ) want to be able to engage 9 a new & sev]e conte/ ) error4 ,satisfi$ if !y !mselves c escape f ! h>d lab\r ( ?\ght1 !y will+ly ab&on to o!rs ! gu>dian%ip ( _! ?\ghts4 ,& if x happ5s t nobl] necessities agitate _! s\l1 !y cl+ ) a gre$y fai? to ! =mulas t ! /ate & ! *ur* hold 9 res]ve = su* cases4 ,if ^! unhappy m5 des]ve our compassion1 ^? o!rs des]ve our j contempt1 :o1 ?\gh set free f ^? necessities by m =tunate circum/ances1 yet will+ly b5d to _! yoke4 ,^! latt] p]sons pref] ?is twilight ( obscure ideas2 :]e ! feel+s h m int5sity1 & ! imag9ation c at w create conv5i5t *im]as1 to ! rays ( tru? :i* put to flight ! pleasant illusions ( _! dreams4 ,!y h f\nd$ ! :ole /ructure ( _! happ9ess on ^! v illusions1 :i* ought to be combat$ & dissipat$ by ! light ( k1 & !y w\ld ?9k !y 7 pay+ too de>ly = a tru? :i* beg9s by robb+ !m ( all t has value 9 _! sight4 ,x w\ld be necess>y t !y %\ld be already sages to love wisdom3 a tru? t 0 felt at once by him to :om philosophy owes its "n4 ,footnote3 ,! ,greek ^w means1 z is kn[n1 love ( wisdom4 ,x is !re=e n go+ f> en\gh to say t ! light ( ! und]/&+ only des]ves respect :5 x reacts on ! "*2 to a c]ta9 ext5t x is f ! "* t ?is light proce$s2 = ! road t t]m9ates 9 ! head mu/ pass ?r\gh ! he>t4 ,accord+ly1 ! mo/ press+ ne$ ( ! pres5t "t is to educate ! s5sibility1 because x is ! means1 n only to r5d] efficaci\s 9 practice ! improvem5t ( ideas1 b to call ?is improvem5t into exi/5ce4 ,,lett] ,,ix4 ,b p]haps !re is a vici\s circle 9 our previ\s reason+8 ,!oretical culture mu/ x seems br+ along ) x practical culture1 & yet ! latt] mu/ be ! condition ( ! =m]4 ,all improvem5t 9 ! political sph]e mu/ proce$ f ! ennobl+ ( ! "*4 ,b1 subject to ! influ5ce ( a social con/itution /ill b>b>\s1 h[ c "* become ennobl$8 ,x w\ld !n be necess>y to seek = ?is end an in/rum5t t ! /ate does n furni%1 & to op5 s\rces t w\ld h pres]v$ !mselves pure 9 ! mid/ ( political corruption4 ,i h n[ rea*$ ! po9t to :i* all ! consid]ations t5d$ t h engag$ me up to ! pres5t "t4 ,?is in/rum5t is ! art ( ! beautiful2 ^! s\rces are op5 to u 9 its immortal models4 ,art1 l sci5ce1 is emancipat$ f all t is positive1 & all t is humanly conv5tional2 bo? are completely indep5d5t ( ! arbitr>y w ( m54 ,! political legislator may place _! empire "u an int]dict1 b he _c reign !re4 ,he c proscribe ! fri5d ( tru?1 b tru? subsi/s2 he c degrade ! arti/1 b he _c *ange art4 ,no d\bt1 no?+ is m common ?an to see sci5ce & art b5d be=e ! _s ( ! age1 & creative ta/e receive its law f critical ta/e4 ,:5 ! "* becomes /iff & h>d5s itself1 we see sci5ce sev]ely keep+ h] limits1 & art subject to ! h>% re/ra9t ( rules2 :5 ! "* is relax$ & s(t5$1 sci5ce endeav\rs to please & art to rejoice4 ,= :ole ages philosoph]s z well z arti/s %[ !mselves occupi$ 9 lett+ d[n tru? & beauty to ! dep?s ( vulg> humanity4 ,!y !mselves are swall[$ up 9 x2 b1 ?anks to _! ess5tial vig\r & inde/ructible life1 ! true & ! beautiful make a victori\s fight1 & issue triumphant f ! abyss4 ,no d\bt ! arti/ is ! *ild ( 8 "t1 b unhappy = him if he is its disciple or ev5 its fav\rite4 ,let a b5efic5t deity c>ry (f 9 good "t ! suckl+ f ! brea/ ( its "m1 let x n\ri% him on ! milk ( a bett] age1 & suff] him to gr[ up & arrive at virility "u ! di/ant sky ( ,greece4 ,:5 he has atta9$ manhood1 let him come back1 pres5t+ a face /range to 8 own age2 let him come1 n to delight x ) 8 app>ition1 b r to purify x1 t]rible z ! son ( ,agamemnon4 ,he w1 inde$1 receive 8 matt] f ! pres5t "t1 b he w borr[ ! =m f a nobl] "t & ev5 beyond all "t1 f ! ess5tial1 absolute1 immutable unity4 ,!re1 issu+ f ! pure e!r ( its heav5ly nature1 fl[s ! s\rce ( all beauty1 :i* 0 nev] ta9t$ by ! corruption ( g5]ations or ( ages1 :i* roll along f> b5ea? x 9 d>k eddies4 ,its matt] may be di%on\r$ z well z ennobl$ by fancy1 b ! ev] *a/e =m escapes f ! caprices ( imag9ation4 ,! ,roman _h already b5t 8 knee = long ye>s to ! div9ity ( ! emp]ors1 & yet ! /atues ( ! gods /ood erect2 ! temples reta9$ _! sanctity = ! eye long aft] ! gods _h become a !me = mock]y1 & ! noble ar*itecture ( ! palaces t %ield$ ! infamies ( ,n]o & ( ,commodus 7 a prote/ aga9/ !m4 ,humanity has lo/ its dignity1 b art has sav$ x1 & pres]ves x 9 m>bles full ( mean+2 tru? cont9ues to live 9 illusion1 & ! copy w s]ve to re- e/abli% ! model4 ,if ! nobility ( art has surviv$ ! nobility ( nature1 x also goes be=e x l an inspir+ g5ius1 =m+ & awak5+ m9ds4 ,be=e tru? causes h] triumphant light to p5etrate into ! dep? ( ! he>t1 poetry int]cepts h] rays1 & ! summits ( humanity %9e 9 a bright light1 :ile a d>k & humid night /ill hangs ov] ! valleys4 ,b h[ w ! arti/ avoid ! corruption ( 8 "t :i* encloses him on all h&s8 ,let him raise 8 eyes to 8 own dignity1 & to law2 let him n l[] !m to necessity & =tune4 ,equally exempt f a va9 activity :i* w\ld impr9t its trace on ! fugitive mom5t1 & f ! dreams ( an impati5t en?usiasm :i* applies ! measure ( ! absolute to ! paltry productions ( "t1 let ! arti/ ab&on ! real to ! und]/&+1 = t is its prop] field4 ,b let ! arti/ endeav\r to give bir? to ! ideal by ! union ( ! possible & ( ! necess>y4 ,let him /amp illusion & tru? ) ! effigy ( ?is ideal2 let him apply x to ! play ( 8 imag9ation & 8 mo/ s]i\s actions1 9 %ort1 to all s5su\s & spiritual =ms2 !n let him quietly laun* 8 "w into inf9ite "t4 ,b ! m9ds set on fire by ?is ideal h n all receiv$ an equal %>e ( calm f ! creative g5ius--t great & pati5t temp] :i* is requir$ to impress ! ideal on ! dumb m>ble1 or to spread x ov] a page ( cold1 sob] lett]s1 & !n entru/ x to ! fai?ful h&s ( "t4 ,?is div9e in/9ct1 & creative =ce1 mu* too ard5t to foll[ ?is peaceful walk1 (t5 ?r[s itself imm$iately on ! pres5t1 on active life1 & /rives to trans=m ! %apeless matt] ( ! moral _w4 ,! mis=tune ( 8 bro!rs1 ( ! :ole species1 appeals l\dly to ! he>t ( ! man ( feel+2 _! abasem5t appeals /ill l\d]2 en?usiasm is inflam$1 & 9 s\ls end[$ ) en]gy ! burn+ desire aspires impati5tly to action & facts4 ,b has ?is innovator exam9$ himself to see if ^! disord]s ( ! moral _w w\nd 8 reason1 or if !y d n r w\nd 8 self-love8 ,if he does n det]m9e ?is po9t at once1 he w f9d x f ! impulsiv5ess ) :i* he pursues a prompt & def9ite end4 ,a pure1 moral motive has = its end ! absolute2 "t does n exi/ = x1 & ! future becomes ! pres5t to x directly1 by a necess>y developm5t1 x has to issue f ! pres5t4 ,to a reason hav+ no limits ! direction t[>ds an end becomes conf\nd$ ) ! accompli%m5t ( ?is end1 & to ent] on a c\rse is to h f9i%$ x4 ,if1 !n1 a "y fri5d ( ! true & ( ! beautiful 7 to ask me h[1 not)/&+ ! resi/ance ( ! times1 he c satisfy ! noble long+ ( 8 he>t1 ,i %\ld reply3 ,direct ! _w on :i* y act t[>ds t :i* is good1 & ! measur$ & peaceful c\rse ( "t w br+ ab\t ! results4 ,y h giv5 x ?is direction if by y\r tea*+ y raise its ?\ghts t[>ds ! necess>y & ! et]nal2 if1 by y\r acts or y\r creations1 y make ! necess>y & ! et]nal ! object ( y\r lean+s4 ,! /ructure ( error & ( all t is arbitr>y1 mu/ fall1 & x has already fall51 z soon z y are sure t x is tott]+4 ,b x is important t x %\ld n only tott] 9 ! ext]nal b also 9 ! int]nal man4 ,*]i% triumphant tru? 9 ! mode/ sanctu>y ( y\r he>t2 give x an inc>nate =m ?r\gh beauty1 t x may n only be ! und]/&+ t does homage to x1 b t feel+ may lov+ly grasp its appe>ance4 ,& t y may n by any *ance take f ext]nal reality ! model :i* y y\rself ought to furni%1 d n v5ture into its dang]\s society be=e y are assur$ 9 y\r own he>t t y h a good escort furni%$ by ideal nature4 ,live ) y\r age1 b be n its creation2 lab\r = y\r contempor>ies1 b d = !m :at !y ne$1 & n :at !y praise4 ,)\t hav+ %>$ _! faults1 %>e _! puni%m5t ) a noble resignation1 & b5d "u ! yoke :i* !y f9d is z pa9ful to disp5se ) z to be>4 ,by ! con/ancy ) :i* y w despise _! good =tune1 y w prove to !m t x is n ?r\gh c[>dice t y submit to _! suff]+s4 ,see !m 9 ?\ght su* z !y ought to be :5 y mu/ act ^u !m2 b see !m z !y are :5 y are tempt$ to act = !m4 ,seek to owe _! suffrage to _! dignity2 b to make !m happy keep an acc\nt ( _! unwor?9ess2 ?us1 on ! "o h&1 ! nobl5ess ( y\r he>t w k9dle !irs1 &1 on ! o!r1 y\r end w n be r$uc$ to no?+ness by _! unwor?9ess4 ,! gravity ( y\r pr9ciples w keep !m (f f y1 b 9 play !y w /ill endure !m4 ,_! ta/e is pur] ?an _! he>t1 & x is by _! ta/e y mu/ lay hold ( ?is suspici\s fugitive4 ,9 va9 w y combat _! maxims1 9 va9 w y condemn _! actions2 b y c try y\r m\ld+ h& on _! leisure4 ,drive away caprice1 frivolity1 & co>s5ess1 f _! pleasures1 & y w bani% !m imp]ceptibly f _! acts1 & at l5g? f _! feel+s4 ,ev]y:]e t y meet !m1 surr\nd !m ) great1 noble1 & +5i\s =ms2 multiply ar\nd !m ! symbols ( p]fection1 till appe>ance triumphs ov] reality1 & art ov] nature4 ,,lett] ,x4 ,conv9c$ by my prec$+ lett]s1 y agree ) me on ?is po9t1 t man c dep>t f 8 de/9ation by two opposite roads1 t our epo* is actually mov+ on ^! two false roads1 & t x has become ! prey1 9 "o case1 ( co>s5ess1 & else:]e ( exhau/ion & de pravity4 ,x is ! beautiful t mu/ br+ x back f ?is tw(old dep>ture4 ,b h[ c ! cultivation ( ! f9e arts rem$y1 at ! same "t1 ^! opposite defects1 & unite 9 itself two contradictory qualities8 ,c x b9d nature 9 ! savage1 & set x free 9 ! b>b>ian8 ,c x at once tight5 a spr+ & loose x1 & if x _c produce ?is d\ble effect1 h[ w x be reasonable to expect f x s important a result z ! education ( man8 ,x may be urg$ t x is almo/ a prov]bial adage t ! feel+ develop$ by ! beautiful ref9es mann]s1 & any new pro( (f]$ on ! subject w\ld appe> sup]flu\s4 ,m5 base ?is maxim on daily exp]i5ce1 :i* %[s u almo/ always cle>ness ( intellect1 deli cacy ( feel+1 lib]ality & ev5 dignity ( conduct1 associat$ ) a cultivat$ ta/e1 :ile an uncultivat$ ta/e is almo/ always accompani$ by ! opposite qualities4 ,) consid]able assurance1 ! mo/ civilis$ nation ( antiquity is cit$ z an evid5ce ( ?is1 ! ,greeks1 among :om ! p]ception ( ! beautiful atta9$ its highe/ developm5t1 &1 z a contra/1 x is usual to po9t to nations 9 a p>tial savage /ate1 & p>tly b>b>\s1 :o expiate _! ins5sibility to ! beautiful by a co>se or1 at all ev5ts1 a h>d au/]e "*4 ,nev]!less1 "s ?9k]s are tempt$ occasionally to d5y ei!r ! fact itself or to dispute ! legitimacy ( ! consequ5ces t are d]iv$ f x4 ,!y d n ent]ta9 s unfav\rable an op9ion ( t savage co>s5ess :i* is made a reproa* 9 ! case ( c]ta9 nations2 nor d !y =m s advantage\s an op9ion ( ! ref9em5t s highly laud$ 9 ! case ( cultivat$ nations4 ,ev5 z f> back z 9 antiquity !re 7 m5 :o by no means reg>d$ ! culture ( ! lib]al arts z a b5efit1 & :o 7 consequ5tly l$ to =bid ! entrance ( _! republic to imag9ation4 ,i d n speak ( ^? :o calumniate art1 because !y h nev] be5 fav\r$ by x4 ,^! p]sons only appreciate a possession by ! tr\ble x takes to acquire x1 & by ! pr(it x br+s2 & h[ c\ld !y prop]ly appreciate ! sil5t lab\r ( ta/e 9 ! ext]ior & 9 t]ior man8 ,h[ evid5t x is t ! accid5tal disadvantages att5d+ lib]al culture w\ld make !m lose sight ( its ess5tial advantages6 ,! man defici5t 9 =m despises ! grace ( diction z a means ( corruption1 c\rtesy 9 ! social relations z dissimulation1 delicacy & g5]osity 9 conduct z an affect$ exagg]ation4 ,he _c =give ! fav\rite ( ! ,graces = hav+ enliv5$ all assemblies z a man ( ! _w1 ( hav+ direct$ all m5 to 8 views l a /atesman1 & ( giv+ 8 impress to ! :ole c5tury z a writ]2 :ile he1 ! victim ( lab\r1 c only obta91 ) all 8 le>n+1 ! lea/ att5tion or ov]come ! lea/ difficulty4 ,z he _c le>n f 8 =tunate rival ! secret ( pleas+1 ! only c\rse op5 to him is to deplore ! corruption ( human nature1 :i* adores r ! appe>ance ?an ! reality4 ,b !re are also op9ions des]v+ respect1 t pron\nce !mselves adv]se to ! effects ( ! beautiful1 & f9d =midable arms 9 exp]i5ce1 ) :i* to wage w> aga9/ x4 ,we are free to admit--su* is _! language--t ! *>ms ( ! beautiful c fur!r hon\rable ends 9 pure h&s2 b x is n repugnant to its nature to produce1 9 impure h&s1 a directly contr>y effect1 & to employ 9 ! s]vice ( inju/ice & error ! p[] t ?r[s ! s\l ( man into *a9s4 ,x is exactly because ta/e only att5ds to ! =m & nev] to ! sub/ance2 x ends by plac+ ! s\l on ! dang]\s incl9e1 lead+ x to neglect all reality & to sacrifice tru? & morality to an attractive envelope4 ,all ! real diff]5ce ( ?+s vani%es1 & x is only ! appe>ance t det]m9es _! value6 ,h[ _m m5 ( tal5t--?us ^! argu]s proce$--h be5 turn$ aside f all ef=t by ! s$uctive p[] ( ! beautiful1 or h be5 l$ away f all s]i\s ex]cise ( _! activity1 or h be5 induc$ to use x v feebly8 ,h[ _m weak m9ds h be5 impell$ to qu>rel ) ! organisation ( society1 simply because x has pleas$ ! imag9ation ( poets to pres5t ! image ( a _w con/itut$ diff]5tly1 :]e no propriety *a9s d[n op9ion & no artifice helds nature 9 ?raldom8 ,:at a dang]\s logic ( ! passions !y h le>n$ s9ce ! poets h pa9t$ !m 9 _! pictures 9 ! mo/ brilliant col\rs & s9ce1 9 ! conte/ ) law & duty1 !y h commonly re ma9$ ma/]s ( ! battlefield4 ,:at has society ga9$ by ! relations ( society1 =m]ly "u ! sway ( tru?1 be+ n[ subject to ! laws ( ! beautiful1 or by ! ext]nal impression decid+ ! e/imation 9 :i* m]it is to be held8 ,we admit t all virtues ^: appe>ance produces an agreeable effect are n[ se5 to fl\ri%1 & ^? :i*1 9 society1 give a value to ! man :o possesses !m4 ,b1 z a comp5sation1 all k9ds ( excesses are se5 to prevail1 & all vices are 9 vogue t c be reconcil$ ) a graceful ext]ior4 ,x is c]ta9ly a matt] entitl$ to reflection t1 at almo/ all ! p]iods ( hi/ory :5 art fl\ri%$ & ta/e held sway1 humanity is f\nd 9 a /ate ( decl9e2 nor c a s+le in/ance be cit$ ( ! union ( a l>ge diffusion ( ae/hetic culture ) political lib]ty & social virtue1 ( f9e mann]s associat$ ) good morals1 & ( polit5ess frat]nis+ ) tru? & loyalty ( "* & life4 ,z long z ,a!ns & ,sp>ta pres]v$ _! indep5d5ce1 & z long z _! in/itutions 7 bas$ on respect = ! laws1 ta/e did n rea* its maturity1 art rema9$ 9 its infancy1 & beauty 0 f> f ex] cis+ h] empire ov] m9ds4 ,no d\bt1 poetry _h already tak5 a sublime flight1 b x 0 on ! w+s ( g5ius1 & we "k t g5ius bord]s v closely on savage co>s5ess1 t x is a light :i* %9es readily 9 ! mid/ ( d>kness1 & :i* !re=e (t5 argues aga9/ r ?an 9 fav\r ( ! ta/e ( ! "t4 ,:5 ! gold5 age ( art appe>s "u ,p]icles & ,alex&]1 & ! sway ( ta/e becomes m g5]al1 /r5g? & lib]ty h ab&on$ ,greece2 eloqu5ce corrupts ! tru?1 wisdom (f5ds x on ! lips ( ,socrates1 & virtue 9 ! life ( ,phocion4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,romans _h to exhau/ _! en]gies 9 civil w>s1 &1 corrupt$ by ,ori5tal luxury1 to b[ _! heads "u ! yoke ( a =tunate despot1 be=e ,grecian art triumph$ ov] ! /iffness ( _! "*4 ,! same 0 ! case ) ! ,arabs3 civilisation only dawn$ ^u !m :5 ! vig\r ( _! milit>y _s became s(t5$ "u ! sceptre ( ! ,abbassides4 ,art did n appe> 9 mod]n ,italy till ! glori\s ,lomb>d ,league 0 dissolv$1 ,flor5ce submitt+ to ! ,m$ici1 & all ^? brave cities gave up ! _s ( indep5d ence = an +lori\s resignation4 ,x is almo/ sup] flu\s to call to m9d ! example ( mod]n nations1 ) :om ref9em5t has increas$ 9 direct proportion to ! decl9e ( _! lib]ties4 ,:]ev] we direct our eyes 9 pa/ times1 we see ta/e & fre$om mutually avoid+ ea* o!r4 ,ev]y:]e we see t ! beautiful only f\nds its sway on ! ru9s ( h]oic virtues4 ,& yet ?is /r5g? ( "*1 :i* is commonly sacrific$ to e/abli% ae/hetic culture1 is ! mo/ p[] ful spr+ ( all t is great & excell5t 9 man1 & no o!r advantage1 h[ev] great1 c make up = x4 ,accord+ly1 if we only keep to ! exp]im5ts hi!rto made1 z to ! influ5ce ( ! beautiful1 we _c c]ta9ly be mu* enc\rag$ 9 develop+ feel+s s dang]\s to ! real culture ( man4 ,at ! risk ( be+ h>d & co>se1 x w seem pref]able to disp5se ) ?is dissolv+ =ce ( ! beautiful1 r ?an see human nature a prey to its en]vat+ influ5ce1 not)/&+ all its ref9+ advantages4 ,h[ev]1 exp]i5ce is p]haps n ! prop] tribunal at :i* to decide su* a "q2 be=e giv+ s mu* weight to its te/imony1 x w\ld be well to inquire if ! beauty we h be5 discuss+ is ! p[] t is condemn$ by ! previ\s examples4 ,& ! beauty we are discuss+ seems to assume an idea ( ! beautiful d]iv$ f a s\rce diff]5t f exp]i5ce1 = x is ?is high] notion ( ! beautiful :i* has to decide if :at is call$ beauty by exp]i5ce is entitl$ to ! "n4 ,?is pure & rational idea ( ! beautiful--suppos+ x c be plac$ 9 evid5ce--_c be tak5 f any real & special case1 & mu/1 on ! contr>y1 direct & give sanction to our judgm5t 9 ea* special case4 ,x mu/ !re=e be s\ght = by a process ( ab/raction1 & x ought to be d$uc$ f ! simple possibility ( a nature bo? s5su\s & rational2 9 %ort1 beauty ought to pres5t itself z a necess>y condition ( humanity4 ,x is !re=e ess5tial t we %\ld rise to ! pure idea ( humanity1 & z exp]i5ce %[s u no?+ b individuals1 9 p>ticul> cases1 & nev] humanity at l>ge1 we mu/ endeav\r to f9d 9 _! individual & v>iable mode ( be+ ! absolute & ! p]man5t1 & to grasp ! necess>y conditions ( _! exi/5ce1 suppress+ all accid5tal limits4 ,no d\bt ?is transc5d5tal proc$ure w remove u = "s "t f ! famili> circle ( pha5om5a & ! liv+ pres5ce ( objects1 to keep u on ! unproductive gr\nd ( ab/ract ideas2 b we are engag$ 9 ! se>* aft] a pr9ciple ( k solid en\gh n to be %ak5 by any?+1 & ! man :o does n d>e to rise above reality w nev] conqu] ?is tru?4 ,,lett] ,,xi4 ,if ab/raction rises to z great an eievation z possible1 x arrives at two prim>y ideas1 be=e :i* x is oblig$ to /op & to recognise its limits4 ,x di/+ui%es 9 man some?+ t cont9ues1 & some?+ t *anges 9 cessantly4 ,t :i* cont9ues x names 8 p]son2 t :i* *anges 8 position1 8 condition4 ,! p]son & ! condition1 ,i & my det]m9ations1 :i* we repres5t z "o & ! same ?+ 9 ! neces s>y be+1 are et]nally di/9ct 9 ! f9ite be+4 ,n )/&+ all cont9uance 9 ! p]son1 ! condition *anges2 9 spite ( all *ange ( condition1 ! p]son rema9s4 ,we pass f re/ to activity1 f emotion to indiff]5ce1 f ass5t to contradiction1 b we are always we ourselves1 & :at imm$iately spr+s f ourselves rema9s4 ,x is only 9 ! absolute subject t all 8 det]m9ations cont9ue ) 8 p]sonality4 ,all t ,div9ity is1 x is because x is s2 consequ5tly x is et]nally :at x is1 because x is et]nal4 ,z ! p]son & ! condition are di/9ct 9 man1 be cause he is a f9ite be+1 ! condition _c be f\nd$ on ! p]son1 nor ! p]son on ! condition4 ,admitt+ ! second case1 ! p]son w\ld h to *ange2 & 9 ! =m] case1 ! condition w\ld h to cont9ue4 ,?us 9 ei!r supposition ei!r ! p]sonality or ! quality ( a f9ite be+ w\ld necess>ily cease4 ,x is n because we ?9k1 feel1 & w1 t we are2 x is n because we are t we ?9k1 feel1 & w4 ,we are because we are4 ,we feel1 ?9k1 & w1 because !re is out ( u some?+ t is n ourselves4 ,consequ5tly ! p]son mu/ h its pr9ciple ( exi/ ence 9 itself because ! p]man5t _c be d]iv$ f ! *angeable1 & ?us we %\ld be at once 9 possession ( ! idea ( ! absolute be+1 f\nd$ on itself2 t is to say1 ( ! idea ( fre$om4 ,! condition mu/ h a f\ndation1 & z x is n ?r\gh ! p]son1 & is n !re=e absolute1 x mu/ be a sequ5ce & a result2 & ?us1 9 ! second place1 we %\ld h arriv$ at ! condition ( e dep5d5t be+1 ( ev]y?+ 9 ! process ( becom+ some?+ else3 t is1 ( ! idea ( "t4 ,"t is ! necess>y condition ( all processes1 ( becom+ 7w]d572 ?is is an ind5tical proposition1 = x says no?+ b ?is3 ,t some?+ may foll[1 !re mu/ be a succession4 ,! p]son :i* manife/s itself 9 ! et]nally cont9u+ ,ego1 or ,i myself1 & only 9 him1 _c become some?+ or beg9 9 "t1 because x is mu* r "t t mu/ beg9 ) him1 because ! p]man5t mu/ s]ve z basis to ! *angeable4 ,t *ange may take place1 some?+ mu/ *ange2 ?is some?+ _c !re=e be ! *ange itself4 ,:5 we say ! fl[] op5s & fades1 we make ( ?is fl[] a p]man5t be+ 9 ! mid/ ( ?is trans=mation2 we l5d x1 9 "s sort1 a p]sonality1 9 :i* ^! two conditions are manife/$4 ,x _c be object$ t man is born1 & becomes some?+2 = man is n only a p]son simply1 b he is a p]son f9d+ himself 9 a det]m9ate condition4 ,n[ our det]m9ate /ate ( condition spr+s up 9 "t1 & x is ?us t man1 z a ph5om5on or appe>ance1 mu/ h a beg9n+1 ?\gh 9 him pure intellig5ce is et]nal4 ,)\t "t1 t is1 )\t a becom+1 he w\ld n be a det]m9ate be+2 8 p]sonality w\ld exi/ virtually1 no d\bt1 b n 9 action4 ,x is n by ! succession ( its p]ceptions t ! immutable ,ego or p]son manife/s himself to himself4 ,?us1 !re=e1 ! matt] ( activity1 or reality1 t ! supreme intellig5ce draws f its own be+1 mu/ be receiv$ by man2 & he does1 9 fact1 receive x1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( p]ception1 z some?+ :i* is outside him 9 space1 & :i* *anges 9 him 9 "t4 ,?is matt] :i* *anges 9 him is always accompani$ by ! ,ego1 ! p]sonality1 t nev] *anges2 & ! rule prescrib$ = man by 8 rational nature is to rema9 immutably himself 9 ! mid/ ( *ange1 to ref] all p]ceptions to exp]i5ce1 t is1 to ! unity ( k1 & to make ( ea* ( its manife/ations ( its modes 9 "t ! law ( all "t4 ,! matt] only exi/s 9 z f> z x *anges2 he1 8 p]sonality1 only exi/s 9 z f> z he does n *ange4 ,consequ5tly1 repres5t$ 9 8 p]fection1 man w\ld be ! p]man5t unity1 :i* rema9s always ! same1 among ! waves ( *ange4 ,n[1 al?\gh an inf9ite be+1 a div9ity c\ld n become 7or be subject to "t71 /ill a t5d5cy ought to be nam$ div9e :i* has = its inf9ite end ! mo/ *>act]i/ic attribute ( ! div9ity2 ! absolute manife/ation ( p[]--! reality ( all ! possible--& ! absolute unity ( ! manife/ation 7! necessity ( all reality74 ,x _c be disput$ t man be>s )9 himself1 9 8 p]sonality1 a pr$isposition = div9ity4 ,! way to div9ity--if ! ^w way c be appli$ to :at nev] leads to its end-is op5 to him 9 e direction4 ,consid]$ 9 itself & indep5d5tly ( all s5su\s matt]1 8 p]sonality is no?+ b ! pure virtuality ( a possible inf9ite manife/ation1 & s long z !re is nei!r intuition nor feel+1 x is no?+ m ?an a =m1 an empty p[]4 ,consid]$ 9 itself1 & indep5d5tly ( all spontane\s activity ( ! m9d1 s5su\sness c only make a mat]ial man2 )\t x1 x is a pure =m2 b x _c 9 any way e/abli% a union betwe5 matt] & x4 ,s long z he only feels1 wi%es1 & acts "u ! influ5ce ( desire1 he is no?+ m ?an ! _w1 if by ?is ^w we po9t out only ! =mless cont5ts ( "t4 ,)\t d\bt1 x is only 8 s5su\sness t makes 8 /r5g? pass into efficaci\s acts1 b x is 8 p]sonality alone t makes ?is activity 8 own4 ,?us1 t he may n only be a _w1 he mu/ give =m to matt]1 & 9 ord] n to be a m]e =m1 he mu/ give reality to ! virtuality t he be>s 9 him4 ,he gives matt] to =m by creat+ "t1 & by oppos+ ! immutable to *ange1 ! div]sity ( ! _w to ! et]nal unity ( ! ,ego4 ,he gives a =m to matt] by aga9 suppress+ "t1 by ma9ta9+ p]man5ce 9 *ange1 & by plac+ ! div]sity ( ! _w "u ! unity ( ! ,ego4 ,n[ f ?is s\rce issue = man two opposite exig5cies1 ! two fundam5tal laws ( s5su\s-rational nature4 ,! fir/ has = its object absolute reality2 x mu/ make a _w ( :at is only =m1 manife/ all t 9 x is only a =ce4 ,! second law has = its object absolute =mality2 x mu/ de/roy 9 him all t is only _w1 & c>ry out h>mony 9 all *anges4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 he mu/ manife/ all t is int]nal1 & give =m to all t is ext]nal4 ,consid]$ 9 its mo/ l(ty accompli%m5t1 ?is tw(old lab\r br+s u back to ! idea ( humanity :i* 0 my />t+- po9t4 ,,lett] ,,xii4 ,?is tw(old lab\r or task1 :i* consi/s 9 mak+ ! necess>y pass into reality 9 u & 9 mak+ out ( u reality subject to ! law ( necessity1 is urg$ ^u u z a duty by two oppos+ =ces1 :i* are ju/ly /yl$ impulsions or in/9cts1 because !y impel u to realise _! object4 ,! fir/ ( ^! impulsions1 :i* ,i %all call ! s5su\s in/9ct1 issues f ! physical exi/5ce ( roan1 or f s5su\s nature2 & x is ?is in/9ct :i* t5ds to enclose him 9 ! limits ( "t & to make ( him a mat]ial be+2 ,i d n say to give him matt]1 = to d t a c]ta9 free activity ( ! p]sonality w\ld be necess>y1 :i*1 receiv+ matt]1 di/+ui%es x f ! ,ego1 or :at is p]man5t4 ,by matt] ,i only und]/& 9 ?is place ! *ange or reality t fills "t4 ,consequ5tly ! in/9ct requires t !re %\ld be *ange1 & t "t %\ld conta9 some?+4 ,?is simply fill$ /ate ( "t is nam$ s5sation1 & x is only 9 ?is /ate t physical exi/5ce manife/s itself4 ,z all t is 9 "t is successive1 x foll[s by t fact alone t some?+ is3 all ! rema9d] is exclud$4 ,:5 "o note on an in/rum5t is t\*$1 among all ^? t x virtually (f]s1 ?is note alone is real4 ,:5 man is actually modifi$1 ! inf9ite possibility ( all 8 modifications is limit$ to ?is s+le mode ( exi/5ce4 ,?us1 !n1 ! exclusive action ( s5su\s impulsion has = its necess>y consequ5ce ! n>r[e/ limitation4 ,9 ?is /ate man is only a unity ( magnitude1 a complete mom5t 9 "t2 or1 to speak m correctly1 he is n1 = 8 p]sonality is suppress$ z long z s5sation holds sway ov] him & c>ries "t along ) x4 ,?is in/9ct ext5ds its doma9s ov] ! entire sph]e ( ! f9ite 9 man1 & z =m is only reveal$ 9 matt]1 & ! absolute by means ( its limits1 ! total manife/ation ( human nature is connect$ on a close analysis ) ! s5su\s in/9ct4 ,b ?\gh x is only ?is in/9ct t awak5s & develops :at exi/s virtually 9 man1 x is nev]!less ?is v in/9ct :i* r5d]s 8 p]fection impossible4 ,x b9ds d[n to ! _w ( s5se by inde/ructible ties ! _s t t5ds high] & x calls back to ! limits ( ! pres5t1 ab/raction ,:i* _h its free developm5t 9 ! sph]e ( ! inf9ite4 ,no d\bt1 ?\ght c escape x = a mom5t1 & a firm w victori\sly resi/s its exig5cies2 b soon compress$ nature resumes h] rights to give an imp]i\s reality to our exi/5ce1 to give x cont5ts1 sub/ance1 k1 & an aim = our activity4 ,! second impulsion1 :i* may be nam$ ! =mal in/9ct1 issues f ! absolute exi/5ce ( man1 or f 8 rational nature1 & t5ds to set free1 & br+ h>mony into ! div]sity ( its manife/ations1 & to ma9ta9 p]sonality not)/&+ all ! *anges ( /ate4 ,z ?is p]sonality1 be+ an absolute & indivisible unity1 c nev] be 9 contradiction ) itself1 z we are ourselves = ev]1 ?is impulsion1 :i* t5ds to ma9ta9 p]sonality1 c nev] exact 9 "o "t any?+ b :at x exacts & requires = ev]4 ,x !re=e decides = always :at x decides n[1 & ord]s n[ :at x ord]s = ev]4 ,h5ce x embraces ! :ole s]ies ( times1 or :at comes to ! same ?+1 x suppresses "t & *ange4 ,x wi%es ! real to be necess>y & et]nal1 & x wi%es ! et]nal & ! necess>y to be real2 9 o!r t]ms1 x t5ds to tru? & ju/ice4 ,if ! s5su\s in/9ct only produces ,,accid5ts1 ! =mal in/9ct gives laws1 laws = e judgm5t :5 x is a "q ( k1 laws = e w :5 x is a "q ( action4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 we recognise an object or conceive an objective value to a /ate ( ! subject1 :e!r we act 9 virtue ( k or make ( ! objective ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( our /ate2 9 bo? cases we )draw ?is /ate f ! jurisdiction ( "t1 & we attribute to x reality = all m5 & = all "t1 t is1 univ]sality & necessity4 ,feel+ c only say3 ,t is true ,,= ,,?is ,,subject ,,& ,,at ,,?is ,,mom5t1 & !re may come ano!r mom5t1 ano!r subject1 :i* )draws ! affirmation f ! actual feel+4 ,b :5 once ?\ght pron\nces & says3 ,,t ,,is x decides = ev] & ev]1 & ! validity ( its decision is gu>ante$ by ! p]sonality itself1 :i* defies all *ange4 ,incl9ation c only say3 ,t is good ,,= ,,y\r ,,individuality & ,,pres5t ,,necessity8 b ! *ang+ curr5t ( affairs w sweep !m away1 & :at y ard5tly desire to-day w =m ! object ( y\r av]sion to-morr[4 ,b :5 ! moral feel+ says3 ,t ought to be1 x decides = ev]4 ,if y confess ! tru? because x is ! tru?1 & if y practice ju/ice because x is ju/ice1 y h made ( a p>ticul> case ! law ( all possible cases1 & treat$ "o mom5t ( y\r life z et]nity4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! =mal impulse holds sway & ! pure object acts 9 u1 ! be+ atta9s its highe/ expansion1 all b>ri]s disappe>1 & f ! unity ( magnitude 9 :i* man 0 enclos$ by a n>r[ s5su\sness1 he rises to ! ,,unity ,,( ,,idea1 :i* embraces & keeps subject ! entire sph]e ( ph5om5a4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation we are no long] 9 "t1 b "t is 9 u ) its inf9ite succession4 ,we are no long] individuals b a species2 ! judgm5t ( all spirits is express$ by our own1 & ! *oice ( all he>ts is repres5t$ by our own act4 ,,lett] ,,xiii4 ,on a fir/ survey1 no?+ appe>s m oppos$ ?an ^! two impulsions2 "o hav+ = its object *ange1 ! o!r immutability1 & yet x is ^! two notions t exhau/ ! notion ( humanity1 & a ?ird ,,fundam5tal ,,impulsion1 hold+ a m$ium betwe5 !m1 is q inconceivable4 ,h[ !n %all we re- e/abli% ! unity ( human nature1 a unity t appe>s completely de/roy$ by ?is primitive & radical opposition8 ,i admit ^! two t5d5cies are contradictory1 b x %\ld be notic$ t !y are n s 9 ! ,,same ,,objects4 ,b ?+s t d n meet _c come into collision4 ,no d\bt ! s5su\s impulsion desires *ange2 b x does n wi% t x %\ld ext5d to p]sonality & its field1 nor t !re %\ld be a *ange ( pr9ciples4 ,! =mal impulsion seeks unity & p]man5ce1 b x does n wi% ! condition to rema9 fix$ ) ! p]son1 t !re %\ld be id5tity ( feel+4 ,!re=e ^! two impulsions are n divid$ by nature1 & if1 nev]!less1 !y appe> s1 x is because !y h become divid$ by transgress+ nature freely1 by ignor+ !mselves1 & by conf\nd+ _! sph]es4 ,! (fice ( culture is to wat* ov] !m & to secure to ea* "o its prop] ,,limits2 !re=e culture has to give equal ju/ice to bo?1 & to def5d n only ! rational impulsion aga9/ ! s5su\s1 b also ! latt] aga9/ ! =m]4 ,h5ce %e has to act a tw(old "p3 fir/1 to protect s5se aga9/ ! attacks ( fre$om2 secondly1 to secure p]sonality aga9/ ! p[] ( s5sations4 ,"o ( ^! ends is atta9$ by ! cultivation ( ! s5su\s1 ! o!r by t ( ! reason4 ,s9ce ! _w is develop$ 9 "t1 or *ange1 ! p]fection ( ! faculty t places m5 9 relation ) ! _w w necess>ily be ! greate/ possible mutability & ext5siv5ess4 ,s9ce p]sonality is p]man5ce 9 *ange1 ! p]fection ( ?is faculty1 :i* mu/ be oppos$ to *ange1 w be ! greate/ possible fre$om ( action 7autonomy7 & int5sity4 ,! m ! receptivity is develop$ "u manifold aspects1 ! m x is movable & (f]s surfaces to pha5om5a1 ! l>g] is ! "p ( ! _w seiz$ ^u by man1 & ! m virtualities he develops 9 himself4 ,aga91 9 proportion z man ga9s /r5g? & dep?1 & dep? & reason ga9 9 fre$om1 9 t proportion man ,,takes ,,9 a l>g] %>e ( ! _w1 & ?r[s out =ms outside himself4 ,!re=e 8 culture w consi/1 fir/1 9 plac+ 8 receptivity on contact ) ! _w 9 ! greate/ numb] ( po9ts possible1 & is rais+ passivity to ! highe/ expon5t on ! side ( feel+2 secondly1 9 procur+ = ! det]m9+ faculty ! greate/ possible am\nt ( indep5d5ce1 9 relation to ! receptive p[]1 & 9 rais+ activity to ! highe/ degree on ! side ( reason4 ,by ! union ( ^! two qualities man w associate ! highe/ degree ( self-spontaneity 7autonomy7 & ( fre$om ) ! fulle/ pl5itude ( exi/5ce1 & in/ead ( ab&on+ himself to ! _w s z to get lo/ 9 x1 he w r absorb x 9 himself1 ) all ! inf9itude ( its ph5om5a1 & subject x to ! unity ( 8 reason4 ,b man c inv]t ?is relation1 & ?us fail 9 atta9+ 8 de/9ation 9 two ways4 ,he c h& ov] to ! passive =ce ! int5sity dem&$ by ! active =ce2 he c encroa* by mat]ial impulsion on ! =mal impulsion1 & conv]t ! receptive into ! det]m9+ p[]4 ,he c attribute to ! active =ce ! ext5siv5ess belong+ to ! passive =ce1 he c encroa* by ! =mal impulsion on ! mat]ial impulsion1 & sub/itute ! det]m9+ = ! receptive p[]4 ,9 ! =m] case1 he w nev] be an ,ego1 a p]sonality2 9 ! second case1 he w nev] be a ,non-,ego1 & h5ce 9 bo? cases he w be ,,nei!r ,,"o ,,nor ,,! ,,o!r1 consequ5tly he w no?+4 ,9 fact1 if ! s5su\s impulsion becomes det]m9+1 if ! s5ses become law-giv]s1 & if ! _w /ifles p]sonality1 he loses z object :at he ga9s 9 =ce4 ,x may be said ( man t :5 he is only ! cont5ts ( "t1 he is n & consequ5tly ,,he ,,has no o!r cont5ts4 ,8 condition is de/roy$ at ! same "t z 8 p]sonality1 because ^! are two correlative ideas1 because *ange presupposes p]man5ce1 & a limit$ reality implies an inf9ite reality4 ,if ! =mal impulsion becomes receptive1 t is1 if ?\ght anticipates s5sation1 & ! p]son sub/itutes itself 9 ! place ( ! _w1 x loses z a subject & autonom\s =ce :at x ga9s z object1 because immutability implies *ange1 & t to manife/ itself also absolute reality requires limits4 ,z soon z man is only =m1 he has no =m1 & ! p]sonality vani%es ) ! condition4 ,9 a ^w1 x is only inasmu* z he is spontane\s1 autonom\s1 t !re is reality out ( him1 t he is also receptive2 & x is only inasmu* z he is receptive t !re is reality 9 him1 t he is a ?9k+ =ce4 ,consequ5tly ^! two impulsions require limits1 & look$ ^u z =ces1 !y ne$ temp]+2 ! =m] t x may n encroa* on ! field ( legislation1 ! latt] t x may n invade ! gr\nd ( feel+4 ,b ?is temp]+ & mod]at+ ! s5su\s impulsion ought n to be ! effect ( physical impot5ce or ( a blunt+ ( s5sations1 :i* is always a matt] = contempt4 ,x mu/ be a free act1 an activity ( ! p]son1 :i* by its moral int5sity mod]ates ! s5su\s int5sity1 & by ! sway ( impressions takes f !m 9 dep? :at x gives !m 9 surface or bread?4 ,! "* mu/ place limits to temp]am5t1 = ! s5ses h only ! "r to lose elem5ts if x be to ! advantage ( ! m9d4 ,9 its turn1 ! temp]+ ( ! =mal impulsion mu/ n result f moral impot5ce1 f a relaxation ( ?\ght & w1 :i* w\ld degrade humanity4 ,x is necess>y t ! glori\s s\rce ( ?is second temp]+ %\ld be ! fulness ( s5sations2 x is necess>y t s5su\sness itself %\ld def5d its field ) a victori\s arm & resi/ ! viol5ce t ! invad+ activity ( ! m9d w\ld d to x4 ,9 a ^w1 x is necess>y t ! mat]ial impulsion %\ld be conta9$ 9 ! limits ( propriety by p]sonality1 & ! =mal impulsion by receptivity or nature4 ,,lett] ,,xiv4 ,we h be5 br\ght to ! idea ( su* a correlation betwe5 ! two impulsions t ! action ( ! "o e/abli%es & limits at ! same "t ! action ( ! o!r1 & t ea* ( !m1 tak5 9 isolation1 does arrive at its highe/ manife/ation j because ! o!r is active4 ,no d\bt ?is correlation ( ! two impulsions is simply a problem advanc$ by reason1 & :i* man w only be able to solve 9 ! p]fection ( 8 be+4 ,x is 9 ! /ricte/ signification ( ! t]m3 ! idea ( 8 humanity2 accord+ly1 x is an inf9ite to :i* he c approa* ne>] & ne>] 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 b )\t ev] rea*+ x4 ,he ought n to aim at =m to ! injury ( reality1 nor to reality to ! detrim5t ( ! =m4 ,he mu/ r seek ! absolute be+ by means ( a det]m9ate be+1 & ! det]m9ate be+ by means ( an inf9ite be+4 ,he mu/ set ! _w be=e him because he is a p]son1 & he mu/ be a p]son because he has ! _w be=e him4 ,he mu/ feel because he has a consci\sness ( himself1 & he mu/ h a consci\sness ( himself because he feels4 ,x is only 9 con=mity ) ?is idea t he is a man 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w2 b he _c be conv9c$ ( ?is s long z he gives himself up exclusively to "o ( ^! two impulsions1 or only satisfies !m "o aft] ! o!r4 ,= z long z he only feels1 8 absolute p]sonality & exi/5ce rema9 a my/]y to him1 & z long z he only ?9ks1 8 condition or exi/5ce 9 "t escapes him4 ,b if !re 7 cases 9 :i* he c\ld h at once ?is tw(old exp]i5ce 9 :i* he w\ld h ! consci\sness ( 8 fre$om & ! feel+ ( 8 exi/5ce toge!r1 9 :i* he w\ld simultane\sly feel z matt] & "k himself z _s1 9 su* cases1 & 9 su* only1 w\ld he h a complete intuition ( 8 humanity1 & ! object t w\ld procure him ?is intuition w\ld be a symbol ( 8 accompli%$ de/9y1 & consequ5tly s]ve to express ! inf9ite to him--s9ce ?is de/9ation c only be fulfill$ 9 ! fulness ( "t4 ,presum+ t cases ( ?is k9d c\ld pres5t !mselves 9 exp]i5ce1 !y w\ld awake 9 him a new impulsion1 :i*1 precisely because ! two o!r impulsions w\ld co-op]ate 9 x1 w\ld be oppos$ to ea* ( !m tak5 9 isolation1 & might1 ) good gr\nds1 be tak5 = a new impulsion4 ,! s5su\s impulsion requires t !re %\ld be *ange1 t "t %\ld h cont5ts2 ! =mal impulsion requires t "t %\ld be suppress$1 t !re %\ld be no *ange4 ,consequ5tly1 ! impulsion 9 :i* bo? ( ! o!rs act 9 conc]t--all[ me to call x ! in/9ct ( play1 till ,i expla9 ! t]m--! in/9ct ( play w\ld h z its object to suppress "t 9 "t to conciliate ! /ate ( transition or becom+ ) ! absolute be+1 *ange ) id5tity4 ,! s5su\s in/9ct wi%es to be det]m9$1 x wi%es to receive an object2 ! =mal in/9ct wi%es to det]m9e itself1 x wi%es to produce an object4 ,!re=e ! in/9ct ( play w endeavor to receive z x w\ld itself h produc$1 & to produce z x aspires to receive4 ,! s5su\s impulsion excludes f its subject all autonomy & fre$om2 ! =mal impulsion excludes all dep5d5ce & passivity4 ,b ! exclusion ( fre$om is physical necessity2 ! exclusion ( passivity is moral necessity4 ,?us ! two impulsions subdue ! m9d3 ! =m] to ! laws ( nature1 ! latt] to ! laws ( reason4 ,x results f ?is t ! in/9ct ( play1 :i* unites ! d\ble action ( ! two o!r in/9cts1 w cont5t ! m9d at once morally & physically4 ,h5ce1 z x suppresses all t is cont+5t1 x w also suppress all co]cion1 & w set man free physically & morally4 ,:5 we welcome ) effusion "s "o :o des]ves our contempt1 we feel pa9fully t nature is con/ra9$4 ,:5 we h a ho/ile feel+ aga9/ a p]son :o comm&s our e/eem1 we feel pa9fully ! con/ra9t ( reason4 ,b if ?is p]son inspires u ) int]e/1 & also w9s our e/eem1 ! con/ra9t ( feel+ vani%es toge!r ) ! con/ra9t ( reason1 & we beg9 to love him1 t is to say1 to play1 to take recreation1 at once ) our incl9ation & our e/eem4 ,moreov]1 z ! s5su\s impulsion controls u physically1 & ! =mal impulsion morally1 ! =m] makes our =mal con/itution cont+5t1 & ! latt] makes our mat]ial con/itution cont+5t1 t is to say1 !re is cont+5ce 9 ! agreem5t ( our happ9ess ) our p]fection1 & reciprocally4 ,! in/9ct ( play1 9 :i* bo? act 9 conc]t1 w r5d] bo? our =mal & our mat]ial con/itution cont+5t2 accord+ly1 our p]fection & our happ9ess 9 l mann]4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 exactly because x makes bo? ( !m cont+5t1 & because ! cont+5t disappe>s ) necessity1 x w suppress ?is cont+5ce 9 bo?1 & w ?us give =m to matt] & reality to =m4 ,9 proportion t x w less5 ! dynamic influ5ce ( feel+ & passion1 x w place !m 9 h>mony ) rational ideas1 & by tak+ f ! laws ( reason _! moral con/ra9t1 x w reconcile !m ) ! int]e/ ( ! s5ses4 ,,lett] ,,xv4 ,i approa* cont9ually ne>] to ! end to :i* ,i lead y1 by a pa? (f]+ few attractions4 ,be pleas$ to foll[ me a few /eps fur!r1 & a l>ge horizon w op5 up to y & a delightful prospect w rew>d y = ! lab\r ( ! way4 ,! object ( ! s5su\s in/9ct1 express$ 9 a univ]sal conception1 is nam$ ,life 9 ! wide/ acceptation3 a conception t expresses all mat]ial exi/5ce & all t is imm$iately pres5t 9 ! s5ses4 ,! object ( ! =mal in/9ct1 express$ 9 a univ]sal conception1 is call$ %ape or =m1 z well 9 an exact z 9 an inexact acceptation2 a conception t embraces all =mal qualities ( ?+s & all relations ( ! same to ! ?9k+ p[]s4 ,! object ( ! play in/9ct1 repres5t$ 9 a g5]al /atem5t1 may !re=e be> ! "n ( liv+ =m2 a t]m t s]ves to describe all ae/hetic qualities ( pha5om5a1 & :at p /yle1 9 ! wide/ s5se1 beauty4 ,beauty is nei!r ext5d$ to ! :ole field ( all liv+ ?+s nor m]ely enclos$ 9 ?is field4 ,a m>ble block1 ?\gh x is & rema9s lifeless1 c nev]!less become a liv+ =m by ! ar*itect & sculptor2 a man1 ?\gh he lives & has a =m1 is f> f be+ a liv+ =m on t acc\nt4 ,= ?is to be ! case1 x is necess>y t 8 =m %\ld be life1 & t 8 life %\ld be a =m4 ,z long z we only ?9k ( 8 =m1 x is lifeless1 a m]e ab/raction2 z long z we only feel 8 life1 x is )\t =m1 a m]e impression4 ,x is only :5 8 =m lives 9 our feel+1 & 8 life 9 our und]/&+1 he is ! liv+ =m1 & ?is w ev]y:]e be ! case :]e we judge him to be beautiful4 ,b ! g5esis ( beauty is by no means decl>$ because we "k h[ to po9t out ! compon5t p>ts1 :i* 9 _! comb9ation produce beauty4 ,= to ?is end x w\ld be necess>y to compreh5d t comb9ation itself1 :i* cont9ues to defy our exploration1 z well z all mutual op]ation betwe5 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite4 ,! reason1 on transc5d5tal gr\nds1 makes ! foll[+ dem&3 ,!re %all be a communion betwe5 ! =mal impulse & ! mat]ial impulse-t is1 !re %all be a play in/9ct--because x is only ! unity ( reality ) ! =m1 ( ! accid5tal ) ! necess>y1 ( ! passive /ate ) fre$om1 t ! conception ( humanity is complet$4 ,reason is oblig$ to make ?is dem&1 because h] nature impels h] to complet5ess & to ! removal ( all b\nds2 :ile e exclusive activity ( "o or ! o!r impulse leaves human nature incomplete & places a limit 9 x4 ,accord+ly1 z soon z reason issues ! m&ate1 a humanity %all exi/1 x proclaims at ! same "t ! law1 !re %all be a beauty4 ,exp]i5ce c answ] u if !re is a beauty1 & we %all "k x z soon z %e has taught u if a humanity c exi/4 ,b nei!r reason nor exp]i5ce c tell u h[ beauty c be1 & h[ a humanity is possible4 ,we "k t man is nei!r exclusively matt] nor exclusively _s4 ,accord+ly1 beauty1 z ! consummation ( humanity1 c nei!r be exclusively m]e life1 z has be5 ass]t$ by %>p- sight$ obs]v]s1 :o kept too close to ! te/imony ( exp]i5ce1 & to :i* ! ta/e ( ! "t w\ld gladly degrade x2 ,nor c beauty be m]ely =m1 z has be5 judg$ by speculative sophi/s1 :o dep>t$ too f> f exp]i5ce1 & by philosophic arti/s1 :o 7 l$ too mu* by ! necessity ( art 9 expla9+ beauty2 x is r ! common object ( bo? impulses1 t is1 ( ! play in/9ct4 ,! use ( language completely ju/ifies ?is "n1 z x is wont to qualify ) ! ^w play :at is nei!r subjectively nor objectively accid5tal1 & yet does n impose necessity ei!r ext]nally or int]nally4 ,z ! m9d 9 ! intuition ( ! beautiful f9ds itself 9 a happy m$ium betwe5 law & necessity1 x is1 because x divides itself betwe5 bo?1 emancipat$ f ! pressure ( bo?4 ,! =mal impulse & ! mat]ial impulse are equally e>ne/ 9 _! dem&s1 because "o relates 9 its cognition to ?+s 9 _! reality & ! o!r to _! necessity2 because 9 action ! fir/ is direct$ to ! pres]vation ( life1 ! second to ! pres]vation ( dignity1 & !re=e bo? to tru? & p]fection4 ,b life becomes m indiff]5t :5 dignity is mix$ up ) x1 & duty no long] co]ces :5 incl9ation attracts4 ,9 l mann] ! m9d takes 9 ! reality ( ?+s1 mat]ial tru?1 m freely & tranquilly z soon z x enc\nt]s =mal tru?1 ! law ( necessity2 nor does ! m9d f9d itself /rung by ab/raction z soon z imm$iate intuition c accompany x4 ,9 "o ^w1 :5 ! m9d comes into communion ) ideas1 all reality loses its s]i\s value because x becomes small2 & z x comes 9 contact ) feel+1 necessity p>ts also ) its s]i\s value because x is easy4 ,b p]haps ! objection has = "s "t occurr$ to y1 ,is n ! beautiful degrad$ by ?is1 t x is made a m]e play8 & is x n r$uc$ to ! level ( frivol\s objects :i* h = ages pass$ "u t "n8 ,does x n contradict ! conception ( ! reason & ! dignity ( beauty1 :i* is nev]!less reg>d$ z an in/rum5t ( culture1 to conf9e x to ! "w ( be+ a m]e play8 & does x n contradict ! empirical conception ( play1 :i* c coexi/ ) ! exclusion ( all ta/e1 to conf9e x m]ely to beauty8 ,b :at is meant by a ,,m]e ,,play1 :5 we "k t 9 all conditions ( humanity t v ?+ is play1 & only t is play :i* makes man complete & develops simultane\sly 8 tw(old nature8 ,:at y /yle ,,limitation1 accord+ to y\r repres5tation ( ! matt]1 accord+ to my views1 :i* ,i h ju/ifi$ by pro(s1 ,i "n ,,enl>gem5t4 ,consequ5tly1 ,i %\ld h said exactly ! rev]se3 man is s]i\s ,,only ) ! agreeable1 ) ! good1 & ) ! p]fect1 b he ,,plays ) beauty4 ,9 say+ ?is we mu/ n inde$ ?9k ( ! plays t are 9 vogue 9 real life1 & :i* commonly ref] only to 8 mat]ial /ate4 ,b 9 real life we %\ld also seek 9 va9 = ! beauty ( :i* we are "h speak+4 ,! actually pres5t beauty is wor?y ( ! really1 ( ! actually1 pres5t play-impulse2 b by ! ideal ( beauty1 :i* is set up by ! reason1 an ideal ( ! play-in/9ct is also pres5t$1 :i* man ought to h be=e 8 eyes 9 all 8 plays4 ,!re=e1 no error w ev] be incurr$ if we seek ! ideal ( beauty on ! same road on :i* we satisfy our play-impulse4 ,we c imm$iately und]/& :y ! ideal =m ( a ,v5us1 ( a ,juno1 & ( an ,apollo1 is to be s\ght n at ,rome1 b 9 ,greece1 if we contra/ ! ,greek population1 delight+ 9 ! bloodless a?letic conte/s ( box+1 rac+1 & intellectual rivalry at ,olympia1 ) ! ,roman p gloat+ ov] ! agony ( a gladiator4 ,n[ ! reason pron\nces t ! beautiful mu/ n only be life & =m1 b a liv+ =m1 t is1 beauty1 inasmu* z x dictates to man ! tw(old law ( absolute =mality & absolute reality4 ,reason also utt]s ! decision t man %all only ,,play ) beauty1 & he ,,%all ,,only ,,play ) ,,beauty4 ,=1 to speak out once = all1 man only plays :5 9 ! full mean+ ( ! ^w he is a man1 & ,,he ,,is ,,only ,,completely ,a ,,man ,,:5 ,,he ,,plays4 ,?is proposition1 :i* at ?is mom5t p]haps appe>s p>adoxical1 w receive a great & deep mean+ if we h advanc$ f> en\gh to apply x to ! tw(old s]i\sness ( duty & ( de/9y4 ,i promise y t ! :ole edifice ( ae/hetic art & ! /ill m difficult art ( life w be support$ by ?is pr9ciple4 ,b ?is proposition is only unexpect$ 9 sci5ce2 long ago x liv$ & work$ 9 art & 9 ! feel+ ( ! ,greeks1 h] mo/ accompli%$ ma/]s2 only !y remov$ to ,olympus :at ought to h be5 pres]v$ on e>?4 ,influ5c$ by ! tru? ( ?is pr9ciple1 !y effac$ f ! br[ ( _! gods ! e>ne/ness & lab\r :i* furr[ ! *eeks ( mortals1 & also ! holl[ lu/ t smoo!s ! empty face4 ,!y set free ! ev] s]5e f ! *a9s ( e purpose1 ( e duty1 ( e c>e1 & !y made ,,indol5ce & ,,indiff]5ce ! envi$ condition ( ! godlike race2 m]ely human appellations = ! free/ & highe/ m9d4 ,z well ! mat]ial pressure ( natural laws z ! spiritual pressure ( moral laws lo/ itself 9 its high] idea ( necessity1 :i* embrac$ at ! same "t bo? worlds1 & out ( ! union ( ^! two necessities issu$ true fre$om4 ,inspir$ by ?is _s1 ! ,greeks also effac$ f ! features ( _! ideal1 toge!r ) ,,desire or ,,incl9ation1 all traces ( ,,volition1 or1 bett] /ill1 !y made bo? unrecognisable1 because !y knew h[ to w$ !m bo? 9 ! close/ alliance4 ,x is nei!r *>m nor is x dignity :i* speaks f ! glori\s face ( ! ,juno ,ludovici2 x is nei!r ( ^!1 = x is bo? at once4 ,:ile ! female god *all5ges our v5]ation1 ! godlike woman at ! same "t k9dles our love4 ,b :ile 9 ec/acy we give ourselves up to ! heav5ly beauty1 ! heav5ly self-repose awes u back4 ,! :ole =m re/s & dwells 9 itself--a fully complete creation 9 itself--& z if %e 7 out ( space1 )\t advance or resi/ance2 x %[s no =ce cont5d+ ) =ce1 no op5+ ?r\gh :i* "t c\ld break 94 ,irresi/ibly c>ri$ away & attract$ by h] womanly *>m1 kept (f at a di/ance by h] godly dignity1 we also f9d ourselves at l5g? 9 ! /ate ( ! greate/ repose1 an#d ! result is a wond]ful impression1 = :i* ! und]/&+ has no idea & language no "n4 ,,lett] ,,xvi4 ,f ! antagonism ( ! two impulsions1 & f ! association ( two opposite pr9ciples1 we h se5 beauty to result1 ( :i* ! highe/ ideal mu/ !re=e be s\ght 9 ! mo/ p]fect union & equilibrium possible ( ! reality & ( ! =m4 ,b ?is equilibrium rema9s always an idea t reality c nev] completely rea*4 ,9 reality1 !re w always rema9 a prepond]ance ( "o ( ^! elem5ts ov] ! o!r1 & ! highe/ po9t to :i* exp]i5ce c rea* w consi/ 9 an oscillation betwe5 two pr9ciples1 :5 sometimes reality & at o!rs =m w h ! advantage4 ,ideal beauty is !re=e et]nally "o & indivisible1 because !re c only be "o s+le equilibrium2 on ! contr>y1 exp]im5tal beauty w be et]nally d\ble1 because 9 ! oscillation ! equilibrium may be de/roy$ 9 two ways--?is side & t4 ,i h call$ att5tion 9 ! =ego+ lett]s to a fact t c also be rigor\sly d$uc$ f ! consid]ations t h engag$ our att5tion to ! pres5t po9t2 ?is fact is t an excit+ & also a mod]at+ action may be expect$ f ! beautiful4 ,! ,,temp]+ action is direct$ to keep )9 prop] limits ! s5su\s & ! =mal impulsions2 ! ,,excit+1 to ma9ta9 bo? ( !m 9 _! full =ce4 ,b ^! two modes ( action ( beauty ought to be completely id5tifi$ 9 ! idea4 ,! beautiful ought to temp] :ile uni=mly excit+ ! two natures1 & x ought also to excite :ile uni=mly mod]at+ !m4 ,?is result fl[s at once f ! idea ( a correlation1 9 virtue ( :i* ! two t]ms mutually imply ea* o!r1 & are ! reciprocal condition "o ( ! o!r1 a correlation ( :i* ! pure/ product is beauty4 ,b exp]i5ce does n (f] an example ( s p]fect a correlation4 ,9 ! field ( exp]i5ce x w always happ5 m or less t excess on ! "o side w give rise to defici5cy on ! o!r1 & defici5cy w give bir? to excess4 ,x results f ?is t :at 9 ! beau-ideal is only di/9ct 9 ! idea1 is diff]5t 9 reality 9 empirical beauty1 ,! beau-ideal1 ?\gh simple & indivisible1 discloses1 :5 view$ 9 two diff]5t aspects1 on ! "o h& a prop]ty ( g5tl5ess & grace1 & on ! o!r an en]getic prop]ty2 9 exp]i5ce !re is a g5tle & graceful beauty1 & !re is an en]getic beauty4 ,x is s1 & x w be always s1 s long z ! absolute is enclos$ 9 ! limits ( "t1 & ! ideas ( reason h to be realis$ 9 humanity4 ,= example1 ! intellectual man has ! idea ( virtue1 ( tru?1 & ( happ9ess2 b ! active man w only practise ,,virtues1 w only grasp ,,tru?s1 & enjoy ,,happy ,,days4 ,! bus9ess ( physical & moral education is to br+ back ?is multiplicity to unity1 to put morality 9 ! place ( mann]s1 sci5ce 9 ! place ( k2 ! bus9ess ( ae/hetic education is to make out ( beauties ! beautiful4 ,en]getic beauty c no m pres]ve a man f a c]ta9 residue ( savage viol5ce & h>%ness ?an graceful beauty c secure him aga9/ a c]ta9 degree ( effem9acy & weakness4 ,z x is ! effect ( ! en]getic beauty to elevate ! m9d 9 a physical & moral po9t ( view & to augm5t its mom5tum1 x only too (t5 happ5s t ! resi/ance ( ! temp]am5t & ( ! "* dim9i%es ! aptitude to receive impressions1 t ! delicate "p ( humanity suff]s an oppression :i* ought only to affect its gross] "p1 & t ?is c\rse nature p>ticipates 9 an increase ( =ce t ought only to tun8 to ! acc\nt ( free p]sonality4 ,x is = ?is reason t at ! p]iods :5 we f9d mu* /r5g? & abundant sap 9 humanity1 true greatness ( ?\ght is se5 associat$ ) :at is gigantic & extravagant1 & ! sublime/ feel+ is f\nd c\pl$ ) ! mo/ horrible excess ( passion4 ,x is also ! reason :y1 9 ! p]iods di/+ui%$ = regul>ity & =m1 nature is z (t5 oppress$ z x is gov]n$1 z (t5 outrag$ z x isi surpass$4 ,& z ! action ( g5tle & graceful beauty is to relax ! m9d 9 ! moral sph]e z well z ! physical1 x happ5s q z easily t ! en]gy ( feel+s is ext+ui%$ ) ! viol5ce ( desires1 & t "* %>es 9 ! loss ( /r5g? :i* ought only to affect ! passions4 ,?is is ! reason :y1 9 ages assum$ to be ref9$1 x is n a r>e ?+ to see g5tl5ess deg5]ate into effem9acy1 polit5ess into platitude1 correctness into empty /]ility1 lib]al ways into arbitr>y caprice1 ease into frivolity1 calm into apa?y1 &1 la/ly1 a mo/ mis]able c>icature treads on ! heels ( ! noble/1 ! mo/ beautiful type ( humanity4 ,g5tle & graceful beauty is !re=e a want to ! man :o suff]s ! con/ra9t ( matt] & ( =ms1 = he is mov$ by gr&eur & /r5g? long be=e he becomes s5sible to h>mony & grace4 ,en]getic beauty is a necessity to ! man :o is "u ! indulg5t sway ( ta/e1 = 9 8 /ate ( ref9em5t he is only too mu* dispos$ to make light ( ! /r5g? t he reta9$ 9 8 /ate ( rude savagism4 ,i ?9k ,i h n[ answ]$ & also cle>$ up ! contradiction commonly met 9 ! judgm5ts ( m5 respect+ ! influ5ce ( ! beautiful1 & ! appreciation ( ae/hetic culture4 ,?is contradiction is expla9$ directly we rememb] t !re are two sorts ( exp]im5tal beauty1 & t on bo? h&s an affirmation is ext5d$ to ! entire race1 :5 x c only be prov$ ( "o ( ! species4 ,?is contradiction disappe>s ! mom5t we di/+ui% a tw(old want 9 humanity to :i* two k9ds ( beauty correspond4 ,x is !re=e probable t bo? sides w\ld make good _! claims if !y come to an und]/&+ respect+ ! k9d ( beauty & ! =m ( humanity t !y h 9 view4 ,consequ5tly 9 ! sequel ( my rese>*es ,i %all adopt ! c\rse t nature h]self foll[s ) man consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( se/hetics1 & sett+ out f ! two k9ds ( beauty1 ,i %all rise to ! idea ( ! g5us4 ,i %all exam9e ! effects produc$ on man by ! g5tle & graceful beauty :5 its spr+s ( action are 9 full play1 & also ^? produc$ by en]getic beauty :5 !y are relax$4 ,i %all d ?is to conf\nd ^! two sorts ( beauty 9 ! unity ( ! beau-ideal1 9 ! same way t ! two opposite =ms & modes ( be+ ( humanity are absorb$ 9 ! unity ( ! ideal man4 ,,lett] ,,xvii4 ,:ile we 7 only engag$ 9 d$uc+ ! univ]sal idea ( beauty f ! conception ( human nature 9 g5]al1 we _h only to consid] 9 ! latt] ! limits e/abli%$ ess5tially 9 itself1 & insep>able f ! notion ( ! f9ite4 ,)\t att5d+ to ! cont+5t re/rictions t human nature may und]go 9 ! real _w ( ph5om5a1 we h drawn ! conception ( ?is nature directly f reason1 z a s\rce ( e necessity1 & ! ideal ( beauty has be5 giv5 u at ! same "t ) ! ideal ( humanity4 ,b n[ we are com+ d[n f ! region ( ideas to ! sc5e ( reality1 to f9d man 9 a ,,det]m9ate ,,/ate1 & consequ5tly 9 limits :i* are n d]iv$ f ! pure conception ( humanity1 b f ext]nal circum/ances & f an accid5tal use ( 8 fre$om4 ,b al?\gh ! limitation ( ! idea ( humanity may be v manifold 9 ! individual1 ! cont5ts ( ?is idea suffice to tea* u t we c only dep>t f x by ,,two opposite roads4 ,= if ! p]fection ( man consi/ 9 ! h>moni\s en]gy ( 8 s5su\s & spiritual =ces1 he c only lack ?is p]fection ?r\gh ! want ( h>mony & ! want ( en]gy4 ,?us !n1 be=e hav+ receiv$ on ?is po9t ! te/imony ( exp]i5ce1 reason suffices to assure u t we %all f9d ! real & consequ5tly limit$ man 9 a /ate ( t5sion or relaxation1 accord+ z ! exclusive activity ( isolat$ =ces tr\bles ! h>mony ( 8 be+1 or z ! unity ( 8 nature is bas$ on ! uni=m relaxation ( 8 physical & spiritual =ces4 ,^! opposite limits are1 z we h n[ to prove1 suppress$ by ! beautiful1 :i* re-e/abli%es h>mony 9 man :5 excit$1 & en]gy 9 man :5 relax$2 & :i*1 9 ?is way1 9 con=mity ) ! nature ( ! beautiful1 re/ores ! /ate ( limitation to an absolute /ate1 & makes ( man a :ole1 complete 9 himself4 ,?us ! beautiful by no means belies 9 reality ! idea :i* we h made ( x 9 speculation2 only its action is mu* less free 9 x ?an 9 ! field ( !ory1 :]e we 7 able to apply x to ! pure conception ( humanity4 ,9 man1 z exp]i5ce %[s him to u1 ! beautiful f9ds a matt]1 already damag$ & resi/+1 :i* robs him 9 ,,ideal p]fection ( :at x communicates to him ( its individual mode ( be+4 ,accord+ly 9 reality ! beautiful w always appe> a peculi> & limit$ species1 & n z ! pure g5us2 9 excit$ m9ds 9 ! /ate ( t5sion1 x w lose its fre$om & v>iety2 9 relax$ m9ds1 x w lose its vivify+ =ce2 b we1 :o h become famili> ) ! true "* ( ?is contradictory ph5om5on1 _c be l$ a/ray by x4 ,we %all n foll[ ! great cr[d ( critics1 9 det]m9+ _! conception by sep>ate exp]i5ces1 & to make !m answ]able = ! defici5cies :i* man %[s "u _! influ5ce4 ,we "k r t x is man :o transf]s ! imp]fections ( 8 individuality ov] to !m1 :o /&s p]petually 9 ! way ( _! p]fection by 8 subjective limitation1 & l[]s _! absolute ideal to two limit$ =ms ( ph5om5a4 ,x 0 advanc$ t s(t beauty is = an un/rung m9d1 & ! en]getic beauty = ! tightly /rung m9d4 ,b ,i apply ! t]m un/rung to a man :5 he is r "u ! pressure ( feel+s ?an "u ! pressure ( conceptions4 ,e exclusive sway ( "o ( 8 two fundam5tal impulses is = man a /ate ( compulsion & viol5ce1 & fre$om only exi/s 9 ! co-op]ation ( 8 two natures4 ,accord+ly1 ! man gov]n$ prepond]ately by feel+s1 or s5su\sly un/rung1 is emancipat$ & set free by matt]4 ,! s(t & graceful beauty1 to satisfy ?is tw(old problem1 mu/ !re=e %[ h]self "u two aspects--9 two di/9ct =ms4 ,fir/ z a =m 9 repose1 %e w tone d[n savage life1 & pave ! way f feel+ to ?\ght4 ,%e w1 secondly1 z a liv+ image equip ! ab/ract =m ) s5su\s p[]1 & lead back ! conception to intuition & law to feel+4 ,! =m] s]vice %e does to ! man ( nature1 ! second to ! man ( art4 ,b because %e does n 9 bo? cases hold complete sway ov] h] matt]1 b dep5ds on t :i* is furni%$ ei!r by =mless nature or unnatural art1 %e w 9 bo? cases be> traces ( h] orig91 & lose h]self 9 "o place 9 mat]ial life & 9 ano!r 9 m]e ab/ract =m4 ,to be able to arrive at a conception h[ beauty c become a means to remove ?is tw(old relaxation1 we mu/ explore its s\rce 9 ! human m9d4 ,accord+ly1 make up y\r m9d to dwell a little long] 9 ! region ( speculation1 9 ord] !n to leave x = ev]1 & to advance ) secur] foot+ on ! gr\nd ( exp]i5ce4 ,,lett] ,,xviii4 ,by beauty ! s5su\s man is l$ to =m & to ?\ght2 by beauty ! spiritual man is br\ght back to matt] & re/or$ to ! _w ( s5se4 ,f ?is /atem5t x w\ld appe> to foll[ t betwe5 matt] & =m1 betwe5 passivity & activity1 !re mu/ be a middle /ate1 & t beauty plants u 9 ?is /ate4 ,x actually happ5s t ! great] "p ( mank9d really =m ?is conception ( beauty z soon z !y beg9 to reflect on its op]ations1 & all exp]i5ce ,i seems to po9t to ?is conclusion4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 no?+ is m unw>rantable & contradictory ?an su* a conception1 because ! av]sion ( matt] & =m1 ! passive & ! active1 feel+ & ?\ght1 is et]nal & ,i _c be m$iat$ 9 any way4 ,h[ c we remove ?is contradiction8 ,beauty w$s ! two oppos$ conditions ( feel+ & ?9k+1 & yet !re is absolutely no m$ium betwe5 !m4 ,! =m] is imm$iately c]ta9 ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 ! o!r ?r\gh ! reason4 ,?is is ! po9t to :i* ! :ole "q ( beauty leads1 & if we succe$ 9 settl+ ?is po9t 9 a satisfactory way1 we h at l5g? f\nd ! clue t w conduct u ?r\gh ! :ole labyr9? ( ae/hetics4 ,b ?is requires two v diff]5t op]ations1 :i* mu/ necess>ily support ea* o!r 9 ?is inquiry4 ,beauty x is said1 w$s two conditions ) "o ano!r :i* are opposite to ea* o!r1 & c nev] be "o4 ,we mu/ />t f ?is opposition2 we mu/ grasp & recognise !m 9 _! entire purity & /rictness1 s t bo? conditions are sep>at$ 9 ! mo/ def9ite matt]2 o!rwise we mix1 b we d n unite !m4 ,secondly1 x is usual to say1 beauty unites ^? two oppos$ conditions1 & !re=e removes ! opposition4 ,b because bo? conditions rema9 et]nally oppos$ to "o ano!r1 !y _c be unit$ 9 any o!r way ?an by be+ suppress$4 ,our second bus9ess is !re=e to make ?is connection p]fect1 to c>ry !m out ) su* purity & p]fection t bo? conditions disappe> entirely 9 a ?ird "o1 & no trace ( sep>ation rema9s 9 ! :ole2 o!rwise we segregate1 b d n unite4 ,all ! disputes t h ev] prevail$ & /ill prevail 9 ! philosophical _w respect+ ! conception ( beauty h no o!r orig9 ?an _! comm5c+ )\t a suffici5tly /rict di/9ction1 or t x is n c>ri$ out fully to a pure union4 ,^? philosoph]s :o bl9dly foll[ _! feel+ 9 reflect+ on ?is topic c obta9 no o!r conception ( beauty1 because !y di/+ui% no?+ sep>ate 9 ! totality ( ! s5su\s impression4 ,o!r philosoph]s1 :o take ! und]/&+ z _! exclusive guide1 c nev] obta9 a conception ( beauty1 because !y nev] see any?+ else 9 ! :ole ?an ! p>ts1 & _s & matt] rema9 et]nally sep>ate1 ev5 9 _! mo/ p]fect unity4 ,! fir/ fe> to suppress beauty dynamically1 t is1 z a work+ p[]1 if !y mu/ sep>ate :at is unit$ 9 ! feel+4 ,! o!rs fe> to suppress beauty logically1 t is1 z a conception1 :5 !y h to hold toge!r :at 9 ! und]/&+ is sep>ate4 ,! =m] wi% to ?9k ( beauty z x works2 ! latt] wi% x to "w z x is ?\ght4 ,bo? !re=e mu/ miss ! tru?2 ! =m] because !y try to foll[ inf9ite nature ) _! limit$ ?9k+ p[]2 ! o!rs1 because !y wi% to limit unlimit$ nature accord+ to _! laws ( ?\ght ,! fir/ fe> to rob beauty ( its fre$om by a too /rict dissection1 ! o!rs fe> to de/roy ! di/9ctness ( ! conception by a too viol5t union4 ,b ! =m] d n reflect t ! fre$om 9 :i* !y v prop]ly place ! ess5ce ( beauty is n lawlessness1 b h>mony ( laws2 n caprice1 b ! highe/ int]nal necessity4 ,! o!rs d n rememb] t di/9ctness1 :i* !y ) equal "r dem& f beauty1 does n consi/ 9 ! exclusion ( c]ta9 realities1 b ! absolute includ+ ( all2 t is n !re=e limitation1 b inf9itude4 ,we %all avoid ! quicks&s on :i* bo? h made %ipwreck if we beg9 f ! two elem5ts 9 :i* beauty divides itself be=e ! und]/&+1 b !n aft]w>ds rise to a pure ae/hetic unity by :i* x works on feel+1 & 9 :i* bo? ^? conditions completely disappe>4 ,,lett] ,,xix ,two pr9cipal & diff]5t /ates ( passive & active capacity ( be+ det]m9$ ,footnote3 ,be/immb>keit c be di/+ui%$ 9 man2 9 l mann] two /ates ( passive & active det]m9ation4 ,footnote3 ,be/immung4 ,! explanation ( ?is proposition leads u mo/ readily to our end4 ,! condition ( ! /ate ( man be=e de/9ation or direction is giv5 him by ! impressions ( ! s5ses is an unlimit$ capacity ( be+ det]m9$4 ,! inf9ite ( "t & space is giv5 to 8 imag9ation = its free use2 &1 because no?+ is settl$ 9 ?is k+dom ( ! possible1 & !re=e no?+ is exclud$ f x1 ?is /ate ( abs5ce ( det]m9ation c be nam$ an empty inf9it5ess1 :i* mu/ n by any means be conf\nd$ ) an inf9ite void4 ,n[ x is necess>y t 8 s5su\s nature %\ld be modifi$1 & t 9 ! indef9ite s]ies ( possible det]m9ations "o alone %\ld become real4 ,"o p]ception mu/ spr+ up 9 x4 ,t :i*1 9 ! previ\s /ate ( det]m9abl5ess1 0 only an empty pot5cy becomes n[ an active =ce1 & receives cont5ts2 b at ! same "t1 z an active =ce x receives a limit1 aft] hav+ be51 z a simple p[]1 unlimit$4 ,reality exi/s n[1 b ! inf9ite has disappe>$4 ,to describe a figure 9 space1 we are oblig$ to limit inf9ite space2 to repres5t to ourselves a *ange 9 "t1 we are oblig$ to divide ! totality ( "t4 ,?us we only arrive at reality by limitation1 at ! positive1 at a real position1 by negation or exclusion2 to det]m9ation1 by ! suppression ( our free det]m9abl5ess4 ,b m]e exclusion w\ld nev] beget a reality1 nor w\ld a m]e s5su\s impression ev] give bir? to a p]ception1 if !re 7 n some?+ f :i* x 0 exclud$1 if by an absolute act ( ! m9d ! negation 7 n ref]r$ to some?+ positive1 & if opposition did n issue out ( non-position4 ,?is act ( ! m9d is /yl$ judg+ or ?9k+1 & ! result is nam$ ?\ght4 ,be=e we det]m9e a place 9 space1 !re is no space = u2 b )\t absolute space we c\ld nev] det]m9e a place4 ,! same is ! case ) "t4 ,be=e we h an in/ant1 !re is no "t to u2 b )\t inf9ite "t--et]nity--we %\ld nev] h a repres5tation ( ! in/ant4 ,?us1 !re=e1 we c only arrive at ! :ole by ! "p1 to ! unlimit$ ?r\gh limitation2 b reciprocally we only arrive at ! "p ?r\gh ! :ole1 at limitation ?r\gh ! unlimit$4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t :5 x is affirm$ ( beauty t x m$iates = man1 ! transition f feel+ to ?\ght1 ?is mu/ n be und]/ood to mean t beauty c fill up ! gap t sep>ates feel+ f ?\ght1 ! passive f ! active4 ,?is gap is inf9ite2 &1 )\t ! int]position ( a new & indep5d5t faculty1 x is impossible = ! g5]al to issue f ! individual1 ! necess>y f ! cont+5t4 ,?\ght is ! imm$iate act ( ?is absolute p[]1 :i*1 ,i admit1 c only be manife/$ 9 connection ) s5su\s impressions1 b :i* 9 ?is manife/ation dep5ds s little on ! s5su\s t x reveals itself specially 9 an opposition to x4 ,! spontaneity or autonomy ) :i* x acts excludes e =eign influ5ce2 & x is n 9 z f> z x helps ?\ght--:i* compreh5ds a manife/ contradiction--b only 9 z f> z x procures = ! intellectual faculties ! fre$om to manife/ !mselves 9 con=mity ) _! prop] laws4 ,x does x only because ! beautiful c become a means ( lead+ man f matt] to =m1 f feel+ to laws1 f a limit$ exi/5ce to an absolute exi/5ce4 ,b ?is assumes t ! fre$om ( ! intellectual faculties c be balk$1 :i* appe>s contradictory to ! conception ( an autonom\s p[]4 ,= a p[] :i* only receives ! matt] ( its activity f )\t c only be h9d]$ 9 its action by ! privation ( ?is matt]1 & consequ5tly by way ( negation2 x is !re=e a misconception ( ! nature ( ! m9d1 to attribute to ! s5su\s passions ! p[] ( oppress+ positively ! fre$om ( ! m9d4 ,exp]i5ce does inde$ pres5t num]\s examples :]e ! rational =ces appe> compress$ 9 proportion to ! viol5ce ( ! s5su\s =ces4 ,b in/ead ( d$uc+ ?is spiritual weakness f ! en]gy ( passion1 ?is passionate en]gy mu/ r be expla9$ by ! weakness ( ! human m9d4 ,= ! s5se c only h a sway su* z ?is ov] man :5 ! m9d has spontane\sly neglect$ to ass]t its p[]4 ,yet 9 try+ by ^! explanations to move "o objection1 ,i appe> to h expos$ myself to ano!r1 & ,i h only sav$ ! autonomy ( ! m9d at ! co/ ( its unity4 ,= h[ c ! m9d d]ive at ! same "t f itself ! pr9ciples ( inactivity & ( activity1 if x is n itself divid$1 & if x is n 9 opposition ) itself8 ,"h we mu/ rememb] t we h be=e u1 n ! inf9ite m9d1 b ! f9ite4 ,! f9ite m9d is t :i* only becomes active ?r\gh ! passive1 only arrives at ! absolute ?r\gh limitation1 & only acts & fa%ions 9 z f> z x receives matt]4 ,accord+ly1 a m9d ( ?is nature mu/ associate ) ! impulse t[>ds =m or ! absolute1 an impulse t[>ds matt] or limitation1 conditions )\t :i* x c\ld n h ! =m] impulse nor satisfy x4 ,h[ c two su* opposite t5d5cies exi/ toge!r 9 ! same be+8 ,?is is a problem t c no d\bt emb>rass ! metaphysician1 b n ! transc5d5tal philosoph]4 ,! latt] does n presume to expla9 ! possibility ( ?+s1 b he is satisfi$ ) giv+ a solid basis to ! k t makes u und]/& ! possibility ( exp]i5ce4 ,& z exp]i5ce w\ld be equally impossible )\t ?is autonomy 9 ! m9d1 & )\t ! absolute unity ( ! m9d1 x lays d[n ^! two conceptions z two conditions ( exp]i5ce equally necess>y )\t tr\bl+ itself any m to reconcile !m4 ,moreov]1 ?is imman5ce ( two fundam5tal impulses does n 9 any degree contradict ! absolute unity ( ! m9d1 z soon z ! m9d itself1 its selfhood1 is di/+ui%$ f ^! two motors4 ,no d\bt1 ^! two impulses exi/ & act 9 x1 b itself is nei!r matt] nor =m1 nor ! s5su\s nor reason1 & ?is is a po9t t does n seem always to h occurr$ to ^? :o only look ^u ! m9d z itself act+ :5 its acts are 9 h>mony ) reason1 & :o decl>e x passive :5 its acts contradict reason4 ,arriv$ at its developm5t1 ea* ( ^! two fundam5tal impulsions t5ds ( necessity & by its nature to satisfy itself2 b precisely because ea* ( !m has a necess>y t5d5cy1 & bo? nev]!less h an opposite t5d5cy1 ?is tw(old con/ra9t mutually de/roys itself1 & ! w pres]ves an entire fre$om betwe5 !m bo?4 ,x is !re=e ! w t conducts itself l a p[]--z ! basis ( reality--) respect to bo? ^! impulses2 b nei!r ( !m c by itself act z a p[] ) respect to ! o!r4 ,a viol5t man1 by 8 positive t5d5cy to ju/ice1 :i* nev] fails 9 him1 is turn$ away f inju/ice2 nor c a temptation ( pleasure1 h[ev] /rong1 make a /rong "* violate its pr9ciples4 ,!re is 9 man no o!r p[] ?an 8 w2 & dea? alone1 :i* de/roys man1 or "s privation ( self-consci\sness1 is ! only ?+ t c rob man ( 8 int]nal fre$om4 ,an ext]nal necessity det]m9es our condition1 our exi/5ce 9 "t1 by means ( ! s5su\s4 ,! latt] is q involunt>y1 & directly x is produc$ 9 u1 we are necess>ily passive4 ,9 ! same mann] an int]nal necessity awak5s our p]sonality 9 connection ) s5sations1 & by its antagonism ) !m2 = consci\sness _c dep5d on ! w1 :i* presupposes x4 ,?is primitive manife/ation ( p]sonality is no m a m]it to u ?an its privation is a defect 9 u4 ,reason c only be requir$ 9 a be+ :o is self-consci\s1 = reason is an absolute consecutiv5ess & univ]sality ( consci\sness2 be=e ?is is ! case1 he is n a man1 nor c any act ( humanity be expect$ f him4 ,! metaphysician c no m expla9 ! limitation impos$ by s5sation on a free & autonom\s m9d ?an ! natural philosoph] c und]/& ! inf9ite1 :i* is reveal$ 9 consci\sness 9 connection ) ^! limits4 ,nei!r ab/raction nor exp]i5ce c br+ u back to ! s\rce :5ce issue our ideas ( necessity & ( univ]sality2 ?is s\rce is conceal$ 9 its orig9 9 "t f ! obs]v]1 & its sup]-s5su\s orig9 f ! rese>*es ( ! metaphysician4 ,b1 to sum up 9 a few words1 consci\sness is !re1 &1 toge!r ) its immutable unity1 ! law ( all t is = man is e/abli%$1 z well z ( all t is to be by man1 = 8 und]/&+ & 8 activity4 ,! ideas ( tru? & ( "r pres5t !mselves inevitable1 incorruptible1 immeasurable1 ev5 9 ! age ( s5su\sness2 & )\t our be+ able to say :y or h[1 we see et]nity 9 "t1 ! necess>y foll[+ ! cont+5t4 ,x is ?us t1 )\t any %>e on ! "p ( ! subject1 ! s5sation & self-consci\sness arise1 & ! orig9 ( bo? is beyond our volition1 z x is out ( ! sph]e ( our k4 ,b z soon z ^! two faculties h pass$ into action1 & man has v]ifi$ by exp]i5ce1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( s5sation1 a det]m9ate exi/5ce1 & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( consci\sness1 its absolute exi/5ce1 ! two fundam5tal impulses ex]t _! influ5ce directly _! object is giv54 ,! s5su\s impulse is awak5$ ) ! exp]i5ce ( life--) ! beg9n+ ( ! individual2 ! rational impulsion ) ! exp]i5ce ( law--) ! beg9n+ ( 8 p]sonality2 & x is only :5 ^! two incl9ations h come into exi/5ce t ! human type is realis$4 ,up to t "t1 ev]y?+ takes place 9 man accord+ to ! law ( necessity2 b n[ ! h& ( nature lets him g1 & x is = him to keep upright humanity :i* nature places z a g]m 9 8 he>t4 ,& ?us we see t directly ! two opposite & fundam5tal impulses ex]cise _! influ5ce 9 him1 bo? lose _! con/ra9t1 & ! autonomy ( two necessities gives bir? to fre$om4 ,,lett] ,,xx4 ,t fre$om ,is an active & n a passive pr9ciple results f its v conception2 b t lib]ty itself %\ld be an effect ( nature 7tak+ ?is ^w 9 its wide/ s5se71 & n ! "w ( man1 & !re=e t x c be fav\r$ or ?w>t$ by natural means1 is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( t :i* prec$es4 ,x beg9s only :5 man is complete1 & :5 ^! two fundam5tal impulsions h be5 develop$4 ,x w !n be want+ :il/ he is incomplete1 & :ile "o ( ^! impulsions is exclud$1 & x w be re-e/abli%$ by all t gives back to man 8 integrity4 ,?us x is possible1 bo? ) reg>d to ! entire species z to ! individual1 to rem>k ! mom5t :5 man is yet incomplete1 & :5 "o ( ! two exclusions acts solely 9 him4 ,we "k t man comm5ces by life simply1 to end by =m2 t he is m ( an individual ?an a p]son1 & t he />ts f ! limit$ or f9ite to approa* ! inf9ite4 ,! s5su\s impulsion comes into play !re=e be=e ! rational impulsion1 because s5sation prec$es consci\sness2 & 9 ?is priority ( s5su\s impulsion we f9d ! key ( ! hi/ory ( ! :ole ( human lib]ty4 ,!re is a mom5t1 9 fact1 :5 ! in/9ct ( life1 n yet oppos$ to ! in/9ct ( =m1 acts z nature & z necessity2 :5 ! s5su\s is a p[] because man has n begun2 = ev5 9 man !re c be no o!r p[] ?an 8 w4 ,b :5 man %all h atta9$ to ! p[] ( ?\ght1 reason1 on ! contr>y1 w be a p[]1 & moral or logical necessity w take ! place ( physical necessity4 ,s5su\s p[] mu/ !n be annihilat$ be=e ! law :i* mu/ gov]n x c be e/abli%$4 ,x is n en\gh t some?+ %all beg9 :i* z yet 0 n2 previ\sly some?+ mu/ end :i* _h begun4 ,man _c pass imm$iately f s5su\sness to ?\ght4 ,he mu/ /ep backw>ds1 = x is only :5 "o det]m9ation is suppress$ t ! contr>y det]m9ation c take place4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] to ex*ange passive aga9/ active lib]ty1 a passive det]m9ation aga9/ an active1 he mu/ be mom5t>ily free f all det]m9ation1 & mu/ trav]se a /ate ( pure det]m9ability4 ,he has !n to return 9 "s degree to t /ate ( pure negative indet]m9ation 9 :i* he 0 be=e 8 s5ses 7 affect$ by any?+4 ,b ?is /ate 0 absolutely empty ( all cont5ts1 & n[ ! "q is to reconcile an equal det]m9ation & a det]m9ability equally )\t limit1 ) ! greate/ possible fulness1 because f ?is situation some?+ positive mu/ imm$iately foll[4 ,! det]m9ation :i* man receiv$ by s5sation mu/ be pres]v$1 because he %\ld n lose ! reality2 b at ! same "t1 9 s f> z f9ite1 x %\ld be suppress$1 because a det]m9ability )\t limit w\ld take place4 ,! problem consi/s !n 9 annihilat+ ! det]m9ation ( ! mode ( exi/5ce1 & yet at ! same "t 9 pres]v+ x1 :i* is only possible 9 "o way3 9 oppos+ to x ano!r4 ,! two sides ( a balance are 9 equilibrium :5 empty2 !y are also 9 equilibrium :5 _! cont5ts are ( equal weight4 ,?us1 to pass f s5sation to ?\ght1 ! s\l trav]ses a m$ium position1 9 :i* s5sibility & reason are at ! same "t active1 & ?us !y mutually de/roy _! det]m9ant p[]1 & by _! antagonism produce a negation4 ,?is m$ium situation 9 :i* ! s\l is nei!r physically nor morally con/ra9$1 & yet is 9 bo? ways active1 m]its ess5tially ! "n ( a free situation2 & if we call ! /ate ( s5su\s det]m9ation physical1 & ! /ate ( rational det]m9ation logical or moral1 t /ate ( real & active det]m9ation %\ld be call$ ! ae/hetic4 ,,lett] ,,xxi4 ,i h rem>k$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! =ego+ lett] t !re is a tw(old condition ( det]m9abl5ess & a tw(old condition ( det]m9ation4 ,& n[ ,i c cle> up ?is proposition4 ,! m9d c be det]m9$--is det]m9ate--only 9 z f> z x is n det]m9$2 x is1 h[ev]1 det]m9able also1 9 z f> z x is n exclusively det]m9$2 t is1 if x is n conf9$ 9 its det]m9ation4 ,! =m] is only a want ( det]m9ation--x is )\t limits1 because x is )\t reality2 b ! latt]1 ! ae/hetic det]m9abl5ess1 has no limits1 because x unites all reality4 ,! m9d is det]m9$1 inasmu* z x is only limit$2 b x is also det]m9$ because x limits itself ( its own absolute capacity4 ,x is situat$ 9 ! =m] position :5 x feels1 9 ! second :5 x ?9ks4 ,accord+ly ! ae/hetic con/itution is 9 relation to det]m9abl5ess :at ?\ght is 9 relation to det]m9ation4 ,! latt] is a negative f int]nal & inf9ite complet5ess1 ! =m] a limitation f int]nal inf9ite p[]4 ,feel+ & ?\ght come into contact 9 "o s+le po9t1 ! m9d is det]m9$ 9 bo? conditions1 ! man becomes some?+ & exi/s--ei!r z individual or p]son--by exclusion2 9 o!r cases ^! two faculties /& inf9itely ap>t4 ,j 9 ! same mann]1 ! ae/hetic det]m9abl5ess comes 9 contact ) ! m]e want ( det]m9ation 9 a s+le po9t1 by bo? exclud+ e di/9ct det]m9$ exi/5ce1 by ?us be+ 9 all o!r po9ts no?+ & all1 & h5ce by be+ inf9itely diff]5t4 ,!re=e1 if ! latt]1 9 ! abs5ce ( det]m9ation f defici5cy1 is repres5t$ z an empty inf9it5ess1 ! ae/hetic fre$om ( det]m9ation1 :i* =ms ! prop] c\nt]p>t to ! =m]1 c be consid]$1 z a complet$ inf9it5ess2 a repres5tation :i* exactly agrees ) ! tea*+s ( ! previ\s inve/igations4 ,man is !re=e no?+ 9 ! ae/hetic /ate1 if att5tion is giv5 to ! s+le result1 & n to ! :ole faculty1 & if we reg>d only ! abs5ce or want ( e special det]m9ation4 ,we mu/ !re=e d ju/ice to ^? :o pron\nce ! beautiful1 & ! disposition 9 :i* x places ! m9d1 z entirely indiff]5t & unpr(itable1 9 relation to k & feel+4 ,!y are p]fectly "r2 = x is c]ta9 t beauty gives no sep>ate1 s+le result1 ei!r = ! und]/&+ or = ! w2 x does n c>ry out a s+le intellectual or moral object2 x discov]s no tru?1 does n help u to fulfil a s+le duty1 &1 9 "o ^w1 is equally unfit to f\nd ! "* or to cle> ! head4 ,accord+ly1 ! p]sonal wor? ( a man1 or 8 dignity1 z f> z ?is c only dep5d on himself1 rema9s entirely undet]m9$ by ae/hetic culture1 & no?+ fur!r is atta9$ ?an t1 on ! "p ( nature1 x is made pr(itable = him to make ( himself :at he w2 t ! fre$om to be :at he ought to be is re/or$ p]fectly to him4 ,b by ?is1 some?+ inf9ite is atta9$4 ,b z soon z we rememb] t fre$om is tak5 f man by ! "o-sid$ compulsion ( nature 9 feel+1 & by ! exclusive legislation ( ! reason 9 ?9k+1 we mu/ consid] ! capacity re/or$ to him by ! ae/hetical disposition1 z ! highe/ ( all gifts1 z ! gift ( humanity4 ,i admit t he possesses ?is capacity = humanity1 be=e e def9ite det]m9ation 9 :i* he may be plac$4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 he loses x ) e det]m9$ condition1 into :i* he may come1 & if he is to pass ov] to an opposite condition1 humanity mu/ be 9 e case re/or$ to him by ! ae/hetic life4 ,x is !re=e n only a poetical lic5se1 b also philosophically correct1 :5 beauty is nam$ our second creator4 ,nor is ?is inconsi/5t ) ! fact t %e only makes x possible = u to atta9 & realise humanity1 leav+ ?is to our free w4 ,= 9 ?is %e acts 9 common ) our orig9al creator1 nature1 :i* has imp>t$ to u no?+ fur!r ?an ?is capacity = humanity1 b leaves ! use ( x to our own det]m9ation ( w4 ,,lett] ,,xxii4 ,accord+ly1 if ! ae/hetic disposition ( ! m9d mu/ be look$ ^u 9 "o respect z no?+--t is1 :5 we conf9e our view to sep>ate & det]m9$ op]ations--x mu/ be look$ ^u 9 ano!r respect z a /ate ( ! highe/ reality1 9 z f> z we att5d to ! abs5ce ( all limits & ! sum ( p[]s :i* are commonly active 9 x4 ,accord+ly we _c pron\nce !m1 aga91 to be wrong :o describe ! ae/hetic /ate to be ! mo/ productive 9 relation to k & morality4 ,!y are p]fectly "r1 = a /ate ( m9d :i* comprises ! :ole ( humanity 9 itself mu/ ( necessity include 9 itself also--necess>ily & pot5tially--e sep>ate expression ( x4 ,aga91 a disposition ( m9d t removes all limitation f ! totality ( human nature mu/ also remove x f e social expression ( ! same4 ,exactly because its ae/hetic disposition does n exclusively %elt] any sep>ate function ( humanity1 x is fav\rable to all )\t di/9ction1 nor does x fav\r any p>ticul> functions1 precisely because x is ! f\ndation ( ! possibility ( all4 ,all o!r ex]cises give to ! m9d "s special aptitude1 b = t v reason give x "s def9ite limits2 only ! ae/hetical leads him to ! unlimit$4 ,e o!r condition1 9 :i* we c live1 ref]s u to a previ\s condition1 & requires = its solution a foll[+ condition2 only ! ae/hetic is a complete :ole 9 itself1 = x unites 9 itself all conditions ( its s\rce & ( its duration4 ,"h alone we feel ourselves swept out ( "t1 & our humanity expresses itself ) purity & integrity z if x _h n yet receiv$ any impression or int]ruption f ! op]ation ( ext]nal p[]s4 ,t :i* flatt]s our s5ses 9 imm$iate s5sation op5s our weak & volatile _s to e impression1 b makes u 9 ! same degree less apt = ex]tion4 ,t :i* /ret*es our ?9k+ p[] & invites to ab/ract conceptions /r5g!ns our m9d = e k9d ( resi/ance1 b h>d5s x also 9 ! same proportion1 & deprives u ( susceptibility 9 ! same ratio t x helps u to great] m5tal activity4 ,= ?is v reason1 "o z well z ! o!r br+s u at l5g? to exhau/ion1 because matt] _c long d )\t ! %ap+1 con/ructive =ce1 & ! =ce _c d )\t ! con/ructible mat]ial4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 if we h resign$ ourselves to ! enjoym5t ( g5u9e beauty1 we are at su* a mom5t ( our passive & active p[]s 9 ! same degree ma/]1 & we %all turn ) ease f grave to gay1 f re/ to movem5t1 f submission to resi/ance1 to ab/ract ?9k+ & intuition4 ,?is high indiff]5ce & fre$om ( m9d1 unit$ ) p[] & ela/icity1 is ! disposition 9 :i* a true "w ( art ought to dismiss u1 & !re is no bett] te/ ( true ae/hetic excell5ce4 ,if aft] an enjoym5t ( ?is k9d we f9d ourselves specially impell$ to a p>ticul> mode ( feel+ or action1 & unfit = o!r modes1 ?is s]ves z an infallible pro( t we h n exp]i5c$ any pure ae/hetic effect1 :e!r ?is is ow+ to ! object1 to our own mode ( feel+--z g5]ally happ5s--or to bo? toge!r4 ,z 9 reality no purely ae/hetical effect c be met )--= man c nev] leave 8 dep5d5ce on mat]ial =ces--! excell5ce ( a "w ( art c only consi/ 9 its great] approximation to its ideal ( ae/hetic purity1 & h[ev] high we may raise ! fre$om ( ?is effect1 we %all always leave x ) a p>ticul> disposition & a p>ticul> bias4 ,any class ( productions or sep>ate "w 9 ! _w ( art is noble & excell5t 9 proportion to ! univ]sality ( ! disposition & ! unlimit$ "* ( ! bias !reby pres5t$ to our m9d4 ,?is tru? c be appli$ to works 9 v>i\s bran*es ( art1 & also to diff]5t works 9 ! same bran*4 ,we leave a gr& musical p]=mance ) our feel+s excit$1 ! read+ ( a noble poem ) a quick5$ imag9ation1 a beautiful /atue or build+ ) an awak5$ und]/&+2 b a man w\ld n *oose an opportune mom5t :o attempt$ to invite u to ab/ract ?9k+ aft] a high musical enjoym5t1 or to att5d to a prosaic affair ( common life aft] a high poetical enjoym5t1 or to k9dle our imag9ation & a/oni% our feel+s directly aft] inspect+ a f9e /atue or edifice4 ,! reason ( ?is is t music1 ,,by ,,its ,,matt]1 ev5 :5 mo/ spiritual1 pres5ts a great] aff9ity ) ! s5ses ?an is p]mitt$ by ae/hetic lib]ty2 x is because ev5 ! mo/ happy poetry1 hav+ ,,= ,,tis ,,m$ium ! arbitr>y & cont+5t play ( ! imag9ation1 always %>es 9 x m ?an ! intimate necessity ( ! really beautiful all[s2 x is because ! be/ sculpture t\*es on sev]e sci5ce ,,by ,,:at ,,is ,,det]m9ate ,,9 ,,its ,,conception4 ,h[ev]1 ^! p>ticul> aff9ities are lo/ 9 proportion z ! works ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( art rise to a great] elevation1 & x is a natural & necess>y consequ5ce ( _! p]fection1 t1 )\t conf\nd+ _! objective limits1 ! diff]5t arts come to resemble ea* o!r m & m1 9 ! action ,,:i* ,,!y ,,ex]cise ,,on ,,! ,,m9d4 ,at its highe/ degree ( ennobl+1 music ought to become a =m1 & act on u ) ! calm p[] ( an antique /atue2 9 its mo/ elevat$ p]fection1 ! pla/ic art ought to become music & move u by ! imm$iate action ex]cis$ on ! m9d by ! s5ses2 9 its mo/ complete developm5tm5t1 poetry ought bo? to /ir u p[]fully l music & l pla/ic art to surr\nd u ) a peaceful light4 ,9 ea* art1 ! p]fect /yle consi/s exactly 9 kn[+ h[ to remove specific limits1 :ile sacrific+ at ! same "t ! p>ticul> advantages ( ! art1 & to give x by a wise use ( :at belongs to x specially a m g5]al "*4 ,nor is x only ! limits inh]5t 9 ! specific "* ( ea* k9d ( art t ! arti/ ought to ov]/ep 9 putt+ 8 h& to ! "w2 he mu/ also triumph ov] ^? :i* are inh]5t 9 ! p>ticul> subject ( :i* he treats4 ,9 a really beautiful "w ( art1 ! sub/ance ought to be inop]ative1 ! =m %\ld d ev]y?+2 = by ! =m1 ! :ole man is act$ on2 ! sub/ance acts on no?+ b isolat$ =ces4 ,?us1 h[ev] va/ & sublime x may be1 ! sub/ance always ex]cises a re/rictive action on ! m9d1 & true ae/hetic lib]ty c only be expect$ f ! =m4 ,consequ5tly ! true se>* ( ! ma/] consi/s 9 de/roy+ matt] by ! =m2 & ! triumph ( art is great 9 proportion z x ov]comes matt] & ma9ta9s its sway ov] ^? :o enjoy its "w4 ,x is great p>ticul>ly 9 de/roy+ matt] :5 mo/ impos+1 ambiti\s1 & attractive1 :5 !re=e matt] has mo/ p[] to produce ! effect prop] to x1 or1 aga91 :5 x leads ^? :o consid] x m closely to ent] directly into relation ) x4 ,! m9d ( ! spectator & ( ! he>] mu/ rema9 p]fectly free & intact2 x mu/ issue pure & entire f ! magic circle ( ! arti/1 z f ! h&s ( ! ,creator4 ,! mo/ frivol\s subject ought to be treat$ 9 su* a way t we pres]ve ! faculty to ex*ange x imm$iately = ! mo/ s]i\s "w4 ,! arts :i* h passion = _! object1 z a trag$y = example1 d n pres5t a difficulty "h2 =1 9 ! fir/ place ^! arts are n entirely free1 because !y are 9 ! s]vice ( a p>ticul> end 7! pa!tic71 & !n no connoisseur w d5y t ev5 9 ?is class a "w is p]fect 9 proportion z amid/ ! mo/ viol5t /orms ( passion x respects ! lib]ty ( ! s\l4 ,!re is a f9e art ( passion1 b an impassion$ f9e art is a contradiction 9 t]ms1 = ! infallible effect ( ! beautiful is emancipation f ! passions4 ,! idea ( an in/ructive f9e art 7didactic art7 or improv+ 7moral7 art is no less contradictory1 = no?+ agrees less ) ! idea ( ! beautiful ?an to give a det]m9ate t5d5cy to ! m9d4 ,h[ev]1 f ! fact t a "w produces effects only by its sub/ance1 x mu/ n always be inf]r$ t !re is a want ( =m 9 ?is "w2 ?is conclusion may q z well te/ify to a want ( =m 9 ! obs]v]4 ,if 8 m9d is too /ret*$ or too relax$1 if x is only accu/om$ to receive ?+s ei!r by ! s5ses or ! intellig5ce1 ev5 9 ! mo/ p]fect comb9ation1 x w only /op to look at ! p>ts1 & x w only see matt] 9 ! mo/ beautiful =m4 ,only s5sible ( ! co>se elem5ts1 he mu/ fir/ de/roy ! ae/hetic organisation ( a "w to f9d enjoym5t 9 x1 & c>efully dis9t] ! details :i* g5ius has caus$ to vani%1 ) inf9ite art1 9 ! h>mony ( ! :ole4 ,! int]e/ he takes 9 ! "w is ei!r solely moral or exclusively physical2 ! only ?+ want+ to x is to be exactly :at x ought to be--ae/hetical4 ,! read]s ( ?is class enjoy a s]i\s & pa!tic poem z !y d a s]mon2 a simple & playful "w1 z an inebriat+ draught2 & if on ! "o h& !y h s little ta/e z to dem& edification f a trag$y or f an epos1 ev5 su* z ! ,messias1 on ! o!r h& !y w be infallibly sc&alis$ by a piece aft] ! fa%ion ( ,anacreon & ,catullus4 ,,lett] ,,xxiii4 ,i take up ! ?read ( my rese>*es1 :i* ,i broke (f only to apply ! pr9ciples ,i laid d[n to practical art & ! appreciation ( its works4 ,! transition f ! passivity ( s5su\sness to ! activity ( ?\ght & ( w c be effect$ only by ! int]m$i>y /ate ( ae/hetic lib]ty2 & ?\gh 9 itself ?is /ate decides no?+ respect+ our op9ions & our s5tim5ts1 & !re=e leaves our intellectual & moral value entirely problematical1 x is1 h[ev]1 ! necess>y condition )\t :i* we %\ld nev] atta9 to an op9ion or a s5tim5t4 ,9 a ^w1 !re is no o!r way to make a reasonable be+ out ( a s5su\s man ?an by mak+ him fir/ ae/hetic4 ,b1 y might object3 ,is ?is m$iation absolutely indisp5sable8 ,c\ld n tru? & duty1 "o or ! o!r1 9 !mselves & by !mselves1 f9d access to ! s5su\s man8 ,to ?is ,i reply3 ,n only is x possible1 b x is ,i absolutely necess>y t !y owe solely to !mselves _! det]m9+ =ce1 & no?+ w\ld be m contradictory to our prec$+ affirmations ?an to appe> to def5d ! contr>y op9ion4 ,x has be5 expressly prov$ t ! beautiful furni%es no result1 ei!r = ! compreh5sion or = ! w2 t x m+les ) no op]ations1 ei!r ( ?\ght or ( resolution2 & t x conf]s ?is d\ble p[] )\t det]m9+ any?+ ) reg>d to ! real ex]cise ( ?is p[]4 ,"h all =eign help disappe>s1 & ! pure logical =m1 ! idea1 w\ld speak imm$iately to ! intellig5ce1 z ! pure moral =m1 ! law1 imm$iately to ! w4 ,b t ! pure =m %\ld be capable ( x1 & t !re is 9 g5]al a pure =m = s5su\s man1 is t1 ,i ma9ta91 :i* %\ld be r5d]$ possible by ! ae/hetic disposition ( ! s\l4 ,tru? is n a ?+ :i* c be receiv$ f )\t l reality or ! visible exi/5ce ( objects4 ,x is ! ?9k+ =ce1 9 8 own lib]ty & activity1 :i* produces x1 & x is j ?is lib]ty prop] to x1 ?is lib]ty :i* we seek 9 va9 9 s5su\s man4 ,! s5su\s man is already det]m9$ physically1 & !nce=? he has no long] 8 free det]m9ability2 he mu/ necess>ily fir/ ent] into possession ( ?is lo/ det]m9ability be=e he c ex*ange ! passive aga9/ an active det]m9ation4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to recov] x1 he mu/ ei!r lose ! passive det]m9ation t he _h1 or he %\ld enclose already 9 ,himself ! active det]m9ation to :i* he %\ld pass4 ,if he conf9$ himself to lose passive det]m9ation1 he w\ld at ! same "t lose ) x ! possibility ( an active det]m9ation1 because ?\ght ne$s a body1 & =m c only be realis$ ?r\gh matt]4 ,he mu/ !re=e conta9 already 9 himself ! active det]m9ation t he may be at once bo? actively & passively det]m9$1 t is to say1 he becomes necess>ily ae/hetic4 ,consequ5tly1 by ! ae/hetic disposition ( ! s\l ! prop] activity ( reason is already reveal$ 9 ! sph]e ( s5su\sness1 ! p[] ( s5se is already brok5 )9 its own b\nd>ies1 & ! ennobl+ ( physical man c>ri$ f> en\gh1 = spiritual man has only to develop himself accord+ to ! laws ( lib]ty4 ,! transition f an ae/hetic /ate to a logical & moral /ate 7f ! beautiful to tru? & duty7 is !n inf9itely m easy ?an ! transition f ! physical /ate to ! ae/hetic /ate 7f life pure & bl9d to =m74 ,?is transition man c effectuate alone by 8 lib]ty1 :il/ he has only to ent] into possession ( himself n to give x himself2 b to sep>ate ! elem5ts ( 8 nature1 & n to enl>ge x4 ,hav+ atta9$ to ! ae/hetic disposition1 man w give to 8 judgm5ts & to 8 actions a univ]sal value z soon z he desires x ,?is passage f brute nature to beauty1 9 :i* an entirely new faculty w\ld awak5 9 him1 nature w\ld r5d] easi]1 & 8 w has no p[] ov] a disposition :i*1 we "k1 itself gives bir? to ! w4 ,to br+ ! ae/hetic man to pr(\nd views1 to elevat$ s5tim5ts1 he requires no?+ m ?an important occasions2 to obta9 ! same ?+ f ! s5su\s man1 8 nature mu/ at fir/ be *ang$4 ,to make ( ! =m] a h]o1 a sage1 x is (t5 only necess>y to meet ) a sublime situation1 :i* ex]cises ^u ! faculty ( ! w ! m imm$iate action2 = ! second1 x mu/ fir/ be transplant$ "u ano!r sky4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important tasks ( culture1 !n1 is to submit man to =m1 ev5 9 a purely physical life1 & to r5d] x ae/hetic z f> z ! doma9 ( ! beautiful c be ext5d$1 = x is alone 9 ! ae/hetic /ate1 & n 9 ! physical /ate1 t ! moral /ate c be develop$4 ,if 9 ea* p>ticul> case man ought to possess ! p[] to make 8 judgm5t & 8 w ! judgm5t ( ! entire species2 if he ought to f9d 9 ea* limit$ exi/5ce ! transition to an inf9ite exi/5ce2 if1 la/ly1 he ought f e dep5d5t situation to take 8 flight to rise to autonomy & to lib]ty1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t at no mom5t is he only individual & solely obeys ! law ( nature4 ,to be apt & ready to raise himself f ! n>r[ circle ( ! ends ( nature1 to rational ends1 9 ! sph]e ( ! =m] he mu/ already h ex]cis$ himself 9 ! second2 he mu/ already h realis$ 8 physical de/9y ) a c]ta9 lib]ty t belongs only to spiritual nature1 t is to say1 accord+ to ! laws ( ! beautiful4 ,& t he c effect )\t ?w>t+ 9 ! lea/ degree 8 physical aim4 ,! exig5cies ( nature ) reg>d to him turn only ^u :at he does--^u ! sub/ance ( 8 acts2 b ! ends ( nature 9 no degree det]m9e ! way 9 :i* he acts1 ! =m ( 8 actions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! exig5cies ( reason h rigor\sly ! =m ( 8 activity = its object4 ,?us1 s mu* z x is necess>y = ! moral de/9ation ( man1 t he be purely moral1 t he %[s an absolute p]sonal activity1 s mu* is he indiff]5t t 8 physical de/9ation be entirely physical1 t he acts 9 a mann] entirely passive4 ,h5ce=? ) reg>d to ?is la/ de/9ation1 x entirely dep5ds on him to fulfil x solely z a s5su\s be+ & natural =ce 7z a =ce :i* acts only z x dim9i%es7 or1 at ! same "t1 z absolute =ce1 z a rational be+4 ,to :i* ( ^! does 8 dignity be/ respond8 ,( ?is1 !re c be no "q4 ,x is z disgraceful & contemptible = him to d "u s5su\s impulsion t :i* he ought to h det]m9$ m]ely by ! motive ( duty1 z x is noble & hon\rable = him to incl9e t[>ds con=mity ) laws1 h>mony1 indep5d5ce2 !re ev5 :]e ! vulg> man only satisfies a legitimate want4 ,9 a ^w1 9 ! doma9 ( tru? & morality1 s5su\sness mu/ h no?+ to det]m9e2 b 9 ! sph]e ( happ9ess1 =m may f9d a place1 & ! in/9ct ( play prevail4 ,?us !n1 9 ! indiff]5t sph]e ( physical life1 man ought to already comm5ce 8 moral life2 8 own prop] activity ought already to make way 9 passivity1 & 8 rational lib]ty beyond ! limits ( s5se2 he ought already to impose ! law ( 8 w ^u 8 incl9ations2 he ought--if y w p]mit me ! expression--to c>ry into ! doma9 ( matt] ! w> aga9/ matt]1 9 ord] to be disp5s$ f combatt+ ?is r$\btable enemy ^u ! sacr$ field ( lib]ty2 he ought to le>n to h nobl] desires1 n to be =c$ to h sublime volitions4 ,?is is ! fruit ( ae/hetic culture1 :i* submits to ! laws ( ! beautiful1 9 :i* nei!r ! laws ( nature nor ^? ( reason suff]1 :i* does n =ce ! w ( man1 & :i* by ! =m x gives to ext]ior life already op5s int]nal life4 ,,lett] ,,xxiv4 ,accord+ly ?ree diff]5t mom5ts or /ages ( developm5t c be di/+ui%$1 :i* ! individual man1 z well z ! :ole race1 mu/ ( necessity trav]se 9 a det]m9ate ord] if !y are to fulfil ! circle ( _! det]m9ation4 ,no d\bt1 ! sep>ate p]iods c be l5g!n$ or %ort5$1 ?r\gh accid5tal causes :i* are inh]5t ei!r 9 ! influ5ce ( ext]nal ?+s or "u ! free caprice ( m52 b nei!r ( !m c be ov]/epp$1 & ! ord] ( _! sequ5ce _c be inv]t$ ei!r by nature or by ! w4 ,man1 9 8 ,,physical condition1 suff]s only ! p[] ( nature2 he gets rid ( ?is p[] 9 ! ae/hetical condition1 & he rules !m 9 ! moral /ate4 ,:at is man be=e beauty lib]ates him f free pleasure1 & ! s]5ity ( =m tames d[n ! savag5ess ( life8 ,et]nally uni=m 9 8 aims1 et]nally *ang+ 9 8 judgm5ts1 self- seek+ )\t be+ himself1 unfett]$ )\t be+ free1 a slave )\t s]v+ any rule4 ,at ?is p]iod1 ! _w is to him only de/9y1 n yet an object2 all has exi/5ce = him only 9 z f> z x procures exi/5ce to him2 a ?+ t nei!r seeks f nor gives to him is non-exi/5t4 ,e ph5om5on /&s out be=e him1 sep>ate & cut (f1 z he f9ds himself 9 ! s]ies ( be+s4 ,all t is1 is to him ?r\gh ! bias ( ! mom5t2 e *ange is to him an entirely fre% creation1 because ) ! necess>y ,,9 ,,him1 ! necess>y ,,out ,,( ,,him is want+1 :i* b9ds toge!r all ! *ang+ =ms 9 ! univ]se1 & :i* holds fa/ ! law on ! !atre ( 8 action1 :ile ! individual dep>ts4 ,x is 9 va9 t nature lets ! ri* v>iety ( h] =ms pass be=e him2 he sees 9 h] glori\s fulness no?+ b 8 prey1 9 h] p[] & greatness no?+ b 8 enemy4 ,ei!r he enc\nt]s objects1 & wi%es to draw !m to himself 9 desire1 or ! objects press 9 a de/ructive mann] ^u him1 & he ?ru/s !m away 9 dismay & t]ror4 ,9 bo? cases 8 relation to ! _w ( s5se is imm$iate ,,contact2 & p]petually anxi\s ?r\gh its pressure1 re/less & plagu$ by imp]i\s wants1 he n[h]e f9ds re/ except 9 en]vation1 & n[h]e limits save 9 exhau/$ desire4 ,true1 8 is ! p[]ful brea/ & ! mighty h& ( ! ,titans444 ,a c]ta9 inh]itance2 yet ! god weld$ ,r\nd 8 =ehead a braz5 b&2 ,advice1 mod]ation1 wisdom1 & pati5ce1-- ,hid x f 8 %y1 s9i/] look4 ,e desire is ) him a rage1 ,& 8 rage pr[ls ar\nd limitless4--,iphig5ia 9 ,tauris ,ignorant ( 8 own human dignity1 he is f> remov$ f hon\r+ x 9 o!rs1 & consci\s ( 8 own savage gre$1 he fe>s x 9 e creature t he sees l himself4 ,he nev] sees o!rs 9 himself1 only himself 9 o!rs1 & human society1 in/ead ( enl>g+ him to ! race1 only %uts him up cont9ually clos] 9 8 individuality4 ,?us limit$1 he w&]s ?r\gh 8 sunless life1 till fav\r+ nature rolls away ! load ( matt] f 8 d>k5$ s5ses1 reflection sep>ates him f ?+s1 & objects %[ !mselves at l5g? 9 ! aft]-gl[ ( ! consci\sness4 ,x is true we _c po9t out ?is /ate ( rude nature z we h "h portray$ x 9 any def9ite p & age4 ,x is only an idea1 b an idea ) :i* exp]i5ce agrees mo/ closely 9 special features4 ,x may be said t man 0 nev] 9 ?is animal condition1 b he has n1 on ! o!r h&1 ev] entirely escap$ f x4 ,ev5 9 ! rude/ subjects1 unmi/akable traces ( rational fre$om c be f\nd1 & ev5 9 ! mo/ cultivat$1 features are n want+ t rem9d u ( t dismal natural condition4 ,x is possible = man1 at "o & ! same "t1 to unite ! highe/ & ! l[e/ 9 8 nature2 & if 8 ,,dignity dep5ds on a /rict sep>ation ( "o f ! o!r1 8 ,,happ9ess dep5ds on a skilful removal ( ?is sep>ation4 ,! culture :i* is to br+ 8 dignity into agreem5t ) 8 happ9ess w !re=e h to provide = ! greate/ purity ( ^! two pr9ciples 9 _! mo/ intimate comb9ation4 ,consequ5tly ! fir/ appe>ance ( reason 9 man is n ! beg9n+ ( humanity4 ,?is is fir/ decid$ by 8 fre$om1 & reason beg9s fir/ by mak+ 8 s5su\s dep5d5ce b\ndless2 a ph5om5on t does n appe> to me to h be5 suffici5tly elucidat$1 consid]+ its importance & univ]sality4 ,we "k t ! reason makes itself kn[n to man by ! dem& = ! absolute--! self-dep5d5t & necess>y4 ,b z ?is want ( ! reason _c be satisfi$ 9 any sep>ate or s+le /ate ( 8 physical life1 he is oblig$ to leave ! physical entirely & to rise f a limit$ reality to ideas4 ,b al?\gh ! true mean+ ( t dem& ( ! reason is to )draw him f ! limits ( "t & to lead him up f ! _w ( s5se to an ideal _w1 yet ?is same dem& ( reason1 by a misapplication--sc>cely to be avoid$ 9 ?is age1 prone to s5su\sness--c direct him to physical life1 &1 in/ead ( mak+ man free1 plunge him 9 ! mo/ t]rible slav]y4 ,facts v]ify ?is supposition4 ,man rais$ on ! w+s ( imag9ation leaves ! n>r[ limits ( ! pres5t1 9 :i* m]e animality is enclos$1 9 ord] to /rive on to an unlimit$ future4 ,b :ile ! limitless is unfold$ to 8 daz$ ,,imag9ation1 8 he>t has n ceas$ to live 9 ! sep>ate1 & to s]ve ! mom5t4 ,! impulse t[>ds ! absolute seizes him sudd5ly 9 ! mid/ ( 8 animality1 & z 9 ?is cloddi% condition all 8 ef=ts aim only at ! mat]ial & temporal1 & are limit$ by 8 individuality1 he is only l$ by t dem& ( ! reason to ext5d 8 individuality into ! inf9ite1 in/ead ( to ab/ract f x4 ,he w be l$ to seek in/ead ( =m an inexhau/ible matt]1 in/ead ( ! un*angeable an ev]la/+ *ange & an absolute secur+ ( 8 temporal exi/5ce4 ,! same impulse :i*1 direct$ to 8 ?\ght & action1 ought to lead to tru? & morality1 n[ direct$ to 8 passion & emotional /ate1 produces no?+ b an unlimit$ desire & an absolute want4 ,! fir/ fruits1 !re=e1 t he reaps 9 ! _w ( spirits1 are c>es & fe>--bo? op]ations ( ! reason2 n ( s5su\sness1 b ( a reason t mi/akes its object & applies its categorical imp]ative to matt]4 ,all unconditional sy/ems ( happ9ess are fruits ( ?is tree1 :e!r !y h = _! object ! pres5t day or ! :ole ( life1 or :at does n make !m any m respectable1 ! :ole ( et]nity1 = _! object4 ,an unlimit$ duration ( exi/5ce & ( well-be+ is only an ideal ( ! desires2 h5ce a dem& :i* c only be put =? by an animality /riv+ up to ! absolute4 ,man1 !re=e1 )\t ga9+ any?+ = 8 humanity by a rational expression ( ?is sort1 loses ! happy limitation ( ! animal ov] :i* he n[ only possesses ! un5viable sup]iority ( los+ ! pres5t = an endeav\r aft] :at is remote1 yet )\t seek+ 9 ! limitless future any?+ b ! pres5t4 ,b ev5 if ! reason does n g a/ray 9 its object1 or err 9 ! "q1 s5su\sness w cont9ue to falsify ! answ] = a long "t4 ,z soon z man has begun to use 8 und]/&+ & to knit toge!r ph5om5a 9 cause & effect1 ! reason1 accord+ to its conception1 presses on to an absolute knitt+ toge!r & to an unconditional basis4 ,9 ord] m]ely to be able to put =w>d ?is dem& man mu/ already h /epp$ beyond ! s5su\s1 b ! s5su\s uses ?is v dem& to br+ back ! fugitive4 ,9 fact x is n[ t he ought to ab&on entirely ! _w ( s5se 9 ord] to take 8 flight into ! realm ( ideas2 = ! intellig5ce tema9s et]nally %ut up 9 ! f9ite & 9 ! cont+5t1 & does n cease putt+ que/ions )\t rea*+ ! la/ l9k ( ! *a94 ,b z ! man ) :om we are engag$ is n yet capable ( su* an ab/raction1 & does n f9d x 9 ! sph]e ( s5su\s k1 & because he does n look = x 9 pure reason1 he w seek = x bel[ 9 ! region ( s5tim5t1 & w appe> to f9d x4 ,no d\bt ! s5su\s %[s him no?+ t has its f\ndation 9 itself1 & t legislates = itself1 b x %[s him some?+ t does n c>e = f\ndation or law2 !re=e ?us n be+ able to quiet ! intellig5ce by %[+ x a f9al cause1 he r$uces x to sil5ce by ! conception :i* desires no cause2 & be+ incapable ( und]/&+ ! sublime necessity ( reason1 he keeps to ! bl9d con/ra9t ( matt]4 ,z s5su\sness kn[s no o!r end ?an its int]e/1 & is det]m9$ by no?+ except bl9d *ance1 x makes ! =m] ! motive ( its actions1 & ! latt] ! ma/] ( ! _w4 ,ev5 ! div9e "p 9 man1 ! moral law1 9 its fir/ manife/ation 9 ! s5su\s _c avoid ?is p]v]sion1 ,z ?is moral law is only prohibit$ & combats 9 man ! int]e/ ( s5su\s egotism1 x mu/ appe> to him z some?+ /range until he has come to consid] ?is self-love z ! /rang]1 & ! voice ( reason z 8 true self4 ,!re=e he conf9es himself to feel+ ! fett]s :i* ! latt] imposes on him1 )\t hav+ ! consci\sness ( ! inf9ite emancipation :i* x procures = him4 ,)\t suspect+ 9 himself ! dignity ( lawgiv]1 he only exp]i5ces ! con/ra9t & ! impot5t revolt ( a subject frett+ "u ! yoke1 because 9 ?is exp]i5ce ! s5su\s impulsion prec$es ! moral impulsion1 he gives to ! law ( necessity a beg9n+ 9 him1 a positive orig91 & by ! mo/ un=tunate ( all mi/akes he conv]ts ! immutable & ! et]nal 9 himself into a transitory accid5t ,he makes up 8 m9d to consid] ! notions ( ! j & ! unju/ z /atutes :i* h be5 introduc$ by a w1 & n z hav+ 9 !mselves an et]nal value4 ,j z 9 ! explanation ( c]ta9 natural ph5om5a he goes beyond nature & seeks out ( h] :at c only be f\nd 9 h]1 9 h] own laws2 s also 9 ! explanation ( moral ph5om5a he goes beyond reason & makes light ( 8 humanity1 seek+ a god 9 ?is way4 ,x is n wond]ful t a religion :i* he has pur*as$ at ! co/ ( 8 humanity %[s itself wor?y ( ?is orig91 & t he only consid]s z absolute & et]nally b9d+ laws t h nev] be5 b9d+ f all et]nity4 ,he has plac$ himself 9 relation )1 n a holy be+1 b a p[]ful4 ,!re=e ! _s ( 8 religion1 ( ! homage t he gives to ,god1 is a fe> t abases him1 & n a v5]ation t elevates him 9 8 own e/eem4 ,?\gh ^! diff]5t ab]rations by :i* man dep>ts f ! ideal ( 8 de/9ation _c all take place at ! same "t1 because sev]al degrees h to be pass$ ov] 9 ! transition f ! obscure ( ?\ght to error1 & f ! obscure ( w to ! corruption ( ! w2 ^! degrees are all1 )\t exception1 ! consequ5ce ( 8 physical /ate1 because 9 all ! vital impulsion sways ! =mal impulsion4 ,n[1 two cases may happ53 ei!r reason may n yet h spok5 9 man1 & ! physical may reign ov] him ) a bl9d necessity1 or reason may n be suffici5tly purifi$ f s5su\s impressions1 & ! moral may /ill be subject to ! physical2 9 bo? cases ! only pr9ciple t has a real p[] ov] him is a mat]ial pr9ciple1 & man1 at lea/ z reg>ds 8 ultimate t5d5cy1 is a s5su\s be+4 ,! only diff]5ce is1 t 9 ! =m] case he is an animal )\t reason1 & 9 ! second case a rational animal4 ,b he ought to be nei!r "o nor ! o!r3 he ought to be a man4 ,nature ought n to rule him exclusively2 nor reason conditionally4 ,! two legislations ought to be completely indep5d5t & yet mutually complem5t>y4 ,,lett] ,,xxv4 ,:il/ man1 9 8 fir/ physical condition1 is only passively affect$ by ! _w ( s5se1 he is /ill entirely id5tifi$ ) x2 & = ?is reason ! ext]nal _w1 z yet1 has no objective exi/5ce = him4 ,:5 he beg9s 9 8 ae/hetic /ate ( m9d to reg>d ! _w objectively1 !n only is 8 p]sonality sev]$ f x1 & ! _w appe>s to him an objective reality1 = ! simple reason t he has ceas$ to =m an id5tical portion ( x4 ,t :i* fir/ connects man ) ! surr\nd+ univ]se is ! p[] ( reflective contemplation4 ,:]eas desire seizes at once its object1 reflection removes x to a di/ance & r5d]s x inali5ably h] own by sav+ x f ! gre$ ( passion4 ,! necessity ( s5se :i* he obey$ dur+ ! p]iod ( m]e s5sations1 less5s dur+ ! p]iod ( reflection2 ! s5ses are = ! "t 9 abeyance2 ev5 ev]-fleet+ "t /&s /ill :il/ ! scatt]$ rays ( consci\sness are ga!r+ & %ape !mselves2 an image ( ! inf9ite is reflect$ ^u ! p]i%able gr\nd4 ,z soon z light dawns 9 man1 !re is no long] night outside ( him2 z soon z !re is peace )9 him ! /orm lulls ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 & ! cont5d+ =ces ( nature f9d re/ )9 prescrib$ limits4 ,h5ce we _c wond] if anci5t traditions allude to ^! great *anges 9 ! inn] man z to a revolution 9 surr\nd+ nature1 & symbolise ?\ght triumph+ ov] ! laws ( "t1 by ! figure ( ,zeus1 :i* t]m9ates ! reign ( ,saturn4 ,z long z man d]ives s5sations f a contact ) nature1 he is h] slave2 b z soon z he beg9s to reflect ^u h] objects & laws he becomes h] lawgiv]4 ,nature1 :i* previ\sly rul$ him z a p[]1 n[ exp&s be=e him z an object4 ,:at is objective to him c h no p[] ov] him1 = 9 ord] to become objective x has to exp]i5ce 8 own p[]4 ,z f> & z long z he impresses a =m ^u matt]1 he _c be injur$ by its effect2 = a _s c only be injur$ by t :i* deprives x ( its fre$om4 ,:]eas he proves 8 own fre$om by giv+ a =m to ! =mless2 :]e ! mass rules heavily & )\t %ape1 & its undef9$ outl9es are = ev] fluctuat+ betwe5 unc]ta9 b\nd>ies1 fe> takes up its abode2 b man rises above any natural t]ror z soon z he kn[s h[ to m\ld x1 & trans=m x into an object ( 8 art4 ,z soon z he upholds 8 indep5d5ce t[>d pha5om5al nature1 he ma9ta9s 8 dignity t[>d h] z a ?+ ( p[] & ) a noble fre$om he rises aga9/ 8 gods4 ,!y ?r[ aside ! mask ) :i* !y _h kept him 9 awe dur+ 8 infancy1 & to 8 surprise 8 m9d p]ceives ! reflection ( 8 own image4 ,! div9e mon/] ( ! ,ori5tal1 :i* roams ab\t *ang+ ! _w ) ! bl9d =ce ( a bea/ ( prey1 dw9dles to ! *>m+ outl9e ( humanity 9 ,greek fable2 ! empire ( ! ,titans is cru%$1 & b\ndless =ce is tam$ by inf9ite =m4 ,b :il/ ,i h be5 m]ely se>*+ = an issue f ! mat]ial _w & a passage into ! _w ( m9d1 ! bold flight ( my imag9ation has already tak5 me into ! v mid/ ( ! latt] _w4 ,! beauty ( :i* we are 9 se>* we h left beh9d by pass+ f ! life ( m]e s5sations to ! pure =m & to ! pure object4 ,su* a leap exce$s ! condition ( human nature2 9 ord] to keep pace ) ! latt] we mu/ return to ! _w ( s5se4 ,beauty is inde$ ! sph]e ( unfett]$ contemplation & reflection2 beauty conducts u into ! _w ( ideas1 )\t h[ev] tak+ u f ! _w ( s5se1 z occurs :5 a tru? is p]ceiv$ & ackn[l$g$4 ,?is is ! pure product ( a process ( ab/raction f ev]y?+ mat]ial & accid5tal1 a pure object free f e subjective b>ri]1 a pure /ate ( self-activity )\t any admixture ( passive s5sations4 ,!re is inde$ a way back to s5sation f ! highe/ ab/raction2 = ?\ght tea*es ! inn] s5sation1 & ! idea ( logical & moral unity passes into a s5sation ( s5sual accord4 ,b if we delight 9 k we sep>ate v accurately our own conceptions f our s5sations2 we look ^u ! latt] z some?+ accid5tal1 :i* might h be5 omitt$ )\t ! k be+ impair$ !reby1 )\t tru? be+ less true4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a va9 attempt to suppress ?is connection ( ! faculty ( feel+ ) ! idea ( beauty1 consequ5tly1 we %all n succe$ 9 repres5t+ to ourselves "o z ! effect ( ! o!r1 b we mu/ look ^u !m bo? toge!r & reciprocally z cause & effect4 ,9 ! pleasure :i* we d]ive f k we readily di/+ui% ! passage f ! active to ! passive /ate1 & we cle>ly p]ceive t ! fir/ ends :5 ! second beg9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 f ! pleasure :i* we take 9 beauty1 ?is transition f ! active to ! passive is n p]ceivable1 & reflection is s intimately bl5d$ ) feel+ t we believe we feel ! =m imm$iately4 ,beauty is !n an object to u1 x is true1 because reflection is ! condition ( ! feel+ :i* we h ( x2 b x is also a /ate ( our p]sonality 7our ,ego71 because ! feel+ is ! condition ( ! idea we conceive ( x3 beauty is !re=e d\btless =m1 because we contemplate x1 b x is equally life because we feel x4 ,9 a ^w1 x is at once our /ate & our act4 ,& precisely because x is at ! same "t bo? a /ate & an act1 x triumphantly proves to u t ! passive does n exclude ! active1 nei!r matt] nor =m1 nei!r ! f9ite nor ! inf9ite2 & t consequ5tly ! physical dep5d5ce to :i* man is necess>ily devot$ does n 9 any way de/roy 8 moral lib]ty4 ,?is is ! pro( ( beauty1 & ,i ought to add t ?is ,,alone c prove x4 ,9 fact1 z 9 ! possession ( tru? or ( logical unity1 feel+ is n necess>ily "o ) ! ?\ght1 b foll[s x accid5tally2 x is a fact :i* only proves t a s5sitive nature c succe$ a rational nature1 & vice v]sa2 n t !y co-exi/1 t !y ex]cise a reciprocal action "o ov] ! o!r1 & la/ly t !y ought to be unit$ 9 an absolute & necess>y mann]4 ,f ?is exclusion ( feel+ z long z !re is ?\ght1 & ( ?\ght s long z !re is feel+1 we %\ld on ! contr>y conclude t ! two natures are incompatible1 s t 9 ord] to demon/rate t pure reason is to be realis$ 9 humanity1 ! be/ pro( giv5 by ! analysis is t ?is realisation is dem&$4 ,b1 z 9 ! realisation ( beauty or ( ae/hetic unity1 !re is a real union1 mutual sub/itution ( matt] & ( =m1 ( passive & ( active1 by ?is alone is prov$ ! compatibility ( ! two natures1 ! possible realisation ( ! inf9ite 9 ! f9ite1 & consequ5tly also ! possibility ( ! mo/ sublime humanity4 ,h5ce=? we ne$ no long] be emb>rass$ to f9d a transition f dep5d5t feel+ to moral lib]ty1 because beauty reveals to u ! fact t !y c p]fectly co-exi/1 & t to %[ himself a _s1 man ne$ n escape f matt]4 ,b if on "o side he is free1 ev5 9 8 relation ) a visible _w1 z ! fact ( beauty tea*es1 & if on ! o!r side fre$om is some?+ absolute & sup]-s5su\s1 z its idea necess>ily implies1 ! "q is no long] h[ man succe$s 9 rais+ himself f ! f9ite to ! absolute1 & oppos+ himself 9 8 ?\ght & w to s5suality1 z ?is has already be5 produc$ 9 ! fact ( beauty4 ,9 a ^w1 we h no long] to ask h[ he passes f virtue to tru?1 :i* is already includ$ 9 ! =m]1 b h[ he op5s a way = himself f vulg> reality to ae/hetic reality1 & f ! ord9>y feel+s ( life to ! p]ception ( ! beautiful4 ,,lett] ,,xxvi4 ,i h %[n 9 ! previ\s lett]s t x is only ! ae/hetic disposition ( ! s\l t gives bir? to lib]ty1 x _c !re=e be d]iv$ f lib]ty nor h a moral orig94 ,x mu/ be a gift ( nature2 ! fav\r ( *ance alone c break ! bonds ( ! physical /ate & br+ ! savage to duty4 ,! g]m ( ! beautiful w f9d an equal difficulty 9 develop+ itself 9 c\ntries :]e a sev]e nature =bids man to enjoy himself1 & 9 ^? :]e a prodigal nature disp5ses him f all ef=t2 :]e ! blunt$ s5ses exp]i5ce no want1 & :]e viol5t desire c nev] be satisfi$4 ,! delightful fl[] ( ! beautiful w nev] unfold itself 9 ! case ( ! ,troglodyte hid 9 8 cav]n always alone1 & nev] f9d+ humanity outside himself2 nor among nomads1 :o1 travell+ 9 great troops1 only consi/ ( a multitude1 & h no individual humanity4 ,x w only fl\ri% 9 places :]e man conv]ses peacefully ) himself 9 8 cottage1 & ) ! :ole race :5 he issues f x4 ,9 ^? climates :]e a limpid e!r op5s ! s5ses to ! lighte/ impression1 :il/ a life-giv+ w>m? developes a luxuriant nature1 :]e ev5 9 ! inanimate creation ! sway ( in]t matt] is ov]?r[n1 & ! victori\s =m ennobles ev5 ! mo/ abject natures2 9 ?is joyful /ate & =tunate zone1 :]e activity alone leads to enjoym5t1 & enjoym5t to activity1 f life itself issues a holy h>mony1 & ! laws ( ord] develope life1 a diff]5t result takes place4 ,:5 imag9ation incessantly escapes f reality1 & does n ab&on ! simplicity ( nature 9 its w&]+s3 !n & !re only ! m9d & ! s5ses1 ! receptive =ce & ! pla/ic =ce1 are develop$ 9 t happy equilibrium :i* is ! s\l ( ! beautiful & ! condition ( humanity4 ,:at pha5om5on accompanies ! initiation ( ! savage into humanity8 ,h[ev] f> we look back into hi/ory ! pha5om5on is id5tical among all p :o h %ak5 (f ! slav]y ( ! animal /ate1 ! love ( appe>ance1 ! incl9ation = dress & = games4 ,extreme /upidity & extreme intellig5ce h a c]ta9 aff9ity 9 only seek+ ! real & be+ completely ins5sible to m]e appe>ance4 ,! =m] is only drawn =? by ! imm$iate pres5ce ( an object 9 ! s5ses1 & ! second is r$uc$ to a quiesc5t /ate only by ref]r+ conceptions to ! facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 %ort1 /upidity _c rise above reality1 nor ! intellig5ce desc5d bel[ tru?4 ,?us1 9 z f> z ! want ( reality & atta*m5t to ! real are only ! consequ5ce ( a want & a defect1 indiff]5ce to ! real & an int]e/ tak5 9 appe>ances are a real enl>gem5t ( humanity & a decisive /ep t[>ds culture4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is ! pro( ( an ext]ior lib]ty1 = z long z necessity comm&s & want solicits1 ! fancy is /rictly *a9$ d[n to ! real2 x is only :5 want is satisfi$ t x developes )\t h9drance4 ,b x is also ! pro( ( an int]nal lib]ty1 because x reveals to u a =ce :i*1 indep5d5t ( an ext]nal sub/ratum1 sets itself 9 motion1 & has suffici5t en]gy to remove f itself ! solicitations ( nature4 ,! reality ( ?+s is effect$ by ?+s1 ! appe>ance ( ?+s is ! "w ( man1 & a s\l t takes pleasure 9 appe>ance does n take pleasure 9 :at x receives b 9 :at x makes4 ,x is self-evid5t t ,i am speak+ ( ae/hetical evid5ce diff]5t f reality & tru?1 & n ( logical appe>ance id5tical ) !m4 ,!re=e if x is lik$ x is because x is an appe>ance1 & n because x is held to be some?+ bett] ?an x is3 ! fir/ pr9ciple alone is a play :il/ ! second is a deception4 ,to give a value to ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ k9d c nev] injure tru?1 because x is nev] to be fe>$ t x w supplant x--! only way 9 :i* tru? c be injur$4 ,to despise ?is appe>ance is to despise 9 g5]al all ! f9e arts ( :i* x is ! ess5ce4 ,nev]!less1 x happ5s sometimes t ! und]/&+ c>ries its zeal = reality z f> z ?is intol]ance1 & /rikes ) a s5t5ce ( o/racism all ! arts relat+ to beauty 9 appe>ance1 because x is only an appe>ance4 ,h[ev]1 ! intellig5ce only %[s ?is vigor\s _s :5 x calls to m9d ! aff9ity po9t$ out fur!r back4 ,i %all f9d "s day ! occasion to treat specially ( ! limits ( beauty 9 its appe>ance4 ,x is nature h]self :i* raises man f reality to appe>ance by end[+ him ) two s5ses :i* only lead him to ! k ( ! real ?r\gh appe>ance4 ,9 ! eye & ! e> ! organs ( ! s5ses are already fre$ f ! p]secutions ( nature1 & ! object ) :i* we are imm$iately 9 contact ?r\gh ! animal s5ses is remot] f u4 ,:at we see by ! eye diff]s f :at we feel2 = ! und]/&+ to rea* objects ov]leaps ! light :i* sep>ates u f !m4 ,9 tru?1 we are passive to an object2 9 sight & he>+ ! object is a =m we create4 ,:ile /ill a savage1 man only enjoys ?r\gh t\* m]ely aid$ by sight & s\nd4 ,he ei!r does n rise to p]ception ?r\gh sight1 or does n re/ !re4 ,z soon z he beg9s to enjoy ?r\gh sight1 vision has an indep5d5t value1 he is ae/hetically free1 & ! in/9ct ( play is develop$4 ,! in/9ct ( play likes appe>ance1 & directly x is awak5$ x is foll[$ by ! =mal imitative in/9ct :i* treats appe>ance z an indep5d5t ?+4 ,directly man has come to di/+ui% ! appe>ance f ! reality1 ! =m f ! body1 he c sep>ate1 9 fact he has already done s4 ,?us ! faculty ( ! art ( imitation is giv5 ) ! faculty ( =m 9 g5]al4 ,! incl9ation t draws u to x reposes on ano!r t5d5cy ,i h n to notice "h4 ,! exact p]iod :5 ! ae/hetic in/9ct1 or t ( art1 developes1 dep5ds entirely on ! attraction t m]e appe>ance has = m54 ,z e real exi/5ce proce$s f nature z a =eign p[]1 :il/ e appe>ance comes 9 ! fir/ place f man z a p]cipi5t subject1 he only uses 8 absolute sight 9 sep>at+ semblance f ess5ce1 & arrang+ accord+ to subjective law4 ,) an unbridl$ lib]ty he c unite :at nature has sev]$1 provid$ he c imag9e 8 union1 & he c sep>ate :at nature has unit$1 provid$ ?is sep>ation c take place 9 8 intellig5ce4 ,"h no?+ c be sacr$ to him b 8 own law3 ! only condition impos$ ^u him is to respect ! bord] :i* sep>ates 8 own sph]e f ! exi/5ce ( ?+s or f ! realm ( nature4 ,?is human "r ( rul+ is ex]cis$ by man 9 ! art ( appe>ance2 & 8 success 9 ext5d+ ! empire ( ! beautiful1 & gu>d+ ! fronti]s ( tru?1 w be 9 proportion ) ! /rictness ) :i* he sep>ates =m f sub/ance3 = if he frees appe>ance f reality he mu/ also d ! conv]se4 ,b man possesses sov]eign p[] only 9 ! _w ( appe>ance1 9 ! un/ib/antial realm ( imag9ation1 only by ab/a9+ f giv+ be+ to appe>ance 9 !ory1 & by giv+ x be+ 9 practice4 ,x foll[s t ! poet transgresses 8 prop] limits :5 he attributes be+ to 8 ideal1 & :5 he gives ?is ideal aim z a det]m9$ exi/5ce4 ,= he c only rea* ?is result by exce$+ 8 "r z a poet1 t ( encroa*+ by ! ideal on ! field ( exp]i5ce1 & by pret5d+ to det]m9e real exi/5ce 9 virtue ( a simple possibility1 or else he r5\nces 8 "r z poet by lett+ exp]i5ce encroa* on ! sph]e ( ! ideal1 & by re/rict+ possibility to ! conditions ( reality4 ,x is only by be+ frank or disclaim+ all reality1 & by be+ indep5d5t or do+ )\t reality1 t ! appe>ance is ae/hetical4 ,directly x apes reality or ne$s reality = effect x is no?+ m ?an a vile in/rum5t = mat]ial ends1 & c prove no?+ = ! fre$om ( ! m9d4 ,moreov]1 ! object 9 :i* we f9d beauty ne$ n be unreal if pur judgm5t disreg>ds ?is reality2 nor if x reg>ds ?is ! judgm5t is no long] ae/hetical4 ,a beautiful woman if liv+ w\ld no d\bt please u z mu* & r m ?an an equally beautiful woman se5 9 pa9t+2 b :at makes ! =m] please m5 is n h] be+ an indep5d5t appe>ance2 %e no long] pleases ! pure ae/hetic feel+4 ,9 ! pa9t+1 life mu/ only attract z an appe>ance1 & reality z an idea4 ,b x is c]ta9 t to feel 9 a liv+ object only ! pure appe>ance1 requires a greatly high] ae/hetic culture ?an to d )\t life 9 ! appe>ance4 ,:5 ! frank & indep5d5t appe>ance is f\nd 9 man sep>ately1 or 9 a :ole p1 x may be inf]r$ !y h m9d1 ta/e1 & all pr]ogatives connect$ ) !m4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ideal w be se5 to gov]n real life1 hon\r triumph+ ov] =tune1 ?\ght ov] enjoym5t1 ! dream ( immortality ov] a transitory exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is case public op9ion w no long] be fe>$ & an olive cr[n w be m valu$ ?an a purple mantle4 ,impot5ce & p]v]sity alone h rec\rse to false & paltry semblance1 & individuals z well z nations :o l5d to reality ! support ( appe>ance1 or to ! ae/hetical appe>ance ! support ( reality1 %[ _! moral unwor?9ess & _! ae/hetical impot5ce4 ,!re=e1 a %ort & conclusive answ] c be giv5 to ?is "q--,h[ f> w appe>ance be p]mitt$ 9 ! moral _w8 ,x w run ?us 9 proportion z ?is appe>ance w be se/hetical1 t is1 an appe>ance t does n try to make up = reality1 nor requires to be made up = by x4 ,! ae/hetical appe>ance c nev] endang] ! tru? ( morals3 :]ev] x seems to d s ! appe>ance is n ae/hetical4 ,only a /rang] to ! fa%ionable _w c take ! polite assurances1 :i* are only a =m1 = pro(s ( affection1 & say he has be5 deceiv$2 b only a clumsy fell[ 9 good society calls 9 ! aid ( duplicity & flatt]s to become amiable4 ,! =m] lacks ! pure s5se = indep5d5t appe>ance2 !re=e he c only give a value to appe>ance by tru?4 ,! second lacks reality1 & wi%es to replace x by appe>ance4 ,no?+ is m common ?an to he> depreciators ( ! times utt] ^! paltry compla9ts--t all solidity has disappe>$ f ! _w1 & t ess5ce is neglect$ = semblance4 ,?\gh ,i feel by no means call$ ^u to def5d ?is age aga9/ ^! reproa*es1 ,i mu/ say t ! wide application ( ^! criticisms %[s t !y atta* blame to ! age1 n only on ! score ( ! falsez b also ( ! frank appe>ance4 ,& ev5 ! exceptions !y admit 9 fav\r ( ! beautiful h = _! object less ! indep5d5t appe>ance ?an ! ne$y appe>ance4 ,n only d !y attack ! artificial col\r+ t hides tru? & replaces reality1 b also ! b5efic5t appe>ance t fills a vacuum & clo!s pov]ty2 & !y ev5 attack ! ideal appe>ance t ennobles a vulg> reality4 ,_! /rict s5se ( tru? is rightlyl (f5d$ by ! falsity ( mann]s2 un=tunately1 !y class polit5ess 9 ?is category4 ,x displeases !m t ! noisy & %[y s (t5 eclipse true m]it1 b !y are no less %ock$ t appe>ance is also dem&$ f m]it1 & t a real sub/ance does n disp5se ) an agreeable =m4 ,!y regret ! cordiality1 ! en]gy1 & solidity ( anci5t times2 !y w\ld re/ore ) !m anci5t co>s5ess1 heav9ess1 & ! old ,go?ic pr(usion4 ,by judgm5ts ( ?is k9d !y %[ an e/eem = ! matt] itself unwor?y ( humanity1 :i* ought only to value tne matt] inasmu* z x c receive a =m & enl>ge ! empire ( ideas4 ,accord+ly1 ! ta/e ( ! age ne$ n mu* fe> ^! criticisms1 if x c cle> itself be=e bett] judges4 ,our defect is n to grant a value to ae/hetic appe>ance 7we d n d ?is en\gh73 a sev]e judge ( ! beautiful might r reproa* u ) n hav+ arriv$ at pure appe>ance1 ) n hav+ sep>at$ cle>ly en\gh exi/5ce f ! pha5om5on1 & ?us e/abli%$ _! limits4 ,we %all des]ve ?is reproa* s long z we _c enjoy ! beautiful 9 liv+ nature )\t desir+ x2 z long z we _c admire ! beautiful 9 ! imitative arts )\t hav+ an end 9 view2 z long z we d n grant to imag9ation an absolute legislation ( its own2 & z long z we d n inspire x ) c>e = its dignity by ! e/eem we te/ify = its works4 ,,lett] ,,xxvii4 ,d n fe> = reality & tru?4 ,ev5 if ! elevat$ idea ( ae/hetic appe>ance became g5]al1 x w\ld n become s1 z long z man rema9s s little cultivat$ z to abuse x2 & if x became g5]al1 ?is w\ld result f a culture t w\ld prev5t all abuse ( x4 ,! pursuit ( indep5d5t appe>ance requires m p[] ( ab/raction1 fre$om ( he>t1 & en]gy ( w ?an man requires to %ut himself up 9 reality2 & he mu/ h left ! latt] beh9d him if he wi%es to atta9 to ae/hetic appe>ance4 ,!re=e a man w\ld calculate v badly :o took ! road ( ! ideal to save himself t ( reality4 ,?us reality w\ld n h mu* to fe> f appe>ance1 z we und]/& x2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 appe>ance w\ld h m to fe> f reality4 ,*a9$ to matt]1 man uses appe>ance = 8 purposes be=e he all[s x a prop] p]sonality 9 ! art ( ! ideal3 to come to t po9t a complete revolution mu/ take place 9 8 mode ( feel+1 o!rwise he w\ld n be ev5 on ! way to ! ideal4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 we f9d 9 man ! signs ( a pure & dis9t]e/$ e/eem1 we c inf] t ?is revolution has tak5 place 9 8 nature1 & t humanity has really begun 9 him4 ,signs ( ?is k9d are f\nd ev5 9 ! fir/ & rude attempts t he makes to embelli% 8 exi/5ce1 ev5 at ! risk ( mak+ x worse 9 its mat]ial conditions4 ,z soon z he beg9s to pref] =m to sub/ance & to risk reality = appe>ance 7kn[n by him to be su*71 ! b>ri]s ( animal life fall1 & he f9ds himself on a track t has no end4 ,n satisfi$ ) ! ne$s ( nature1 he dem&s ! sup]flu\s4 ,fir/1 only ! sup]flu\s ( matt]1 to secure 8 enjoym5t beyond ! pres5t necessity2 b aft]w>ds he wi%es a sup]abundance 9 matt]1 an ae/hetical supplem5t to satisfy ! impulse = ! =mal1 to ext5d enjoym5t beyond necessity4 ,by pil+ up provisions simply = a future use1 & anticipat+ _! enjoym5t 9 ! imag9ation1 he out/eps ! limits ( ! pres5t mom5t1 b n ^? ( "t 9 g5]al4 ,he enjoys m2 he does n enjoy diff]5tly4 ,b z soon z he makes =m ent] into 8 enjoym5t1 & he keeps 9 view ! =ms ( ! objects :i* satisfy 8 desires1 he has n only increas$ 8 pleasure 9 ext5t & int5sity1 b he has also ennobl$ x 9 mode & species4 ,no d\bt nature has giv5 m ?an is necess>y to unreason+ be+s2 %e has caus$ a gleam ( fre$om to %9e ev5 9 ! d>kness ( animal life4 ,:5 ! lion is n torm5t$ by hung]1 & :5 no wild bea/ *all5ges him to fight1 8 unemploy$ en]gy creates an object = himself2 full ( ard\r1 he fills ! re-e*o+ des]t ) 8 t]rible ro>s1 & 8 exub]ant =ce rejoices 9 itself1 %[+ itself )\t an object4 ,! insect flits ab\t rejoic+ 9 life 9 ! sunlight1 & x is c]ta9ly n ! cry ( want t makes itself he>d 9 ! melodi\s song ( ! bird2 !re is und5iably fre$om 9 ^! movem5ts1 ?\gh x is n emancipation f want 9 g5]al1 b f a det]m9ate ext]nal necessity4 ,! animal works1 :5 a privation is ! motor ( its activity1 & x plays :5 ! pl5itude ( =ce is ?is motor1 :5 an exub]ant life is excit$ to action4 ,ev5 9 inanimate nature a luxury ( /r5g? & a latitude ( det]m9ation are %[n1 :i* 9 ?is mat]ial s5se might be /yl$ play4 ,! tree produces numb]less g]ms t are abortive )\t develop+1 & x s5ds =? m roots1 bran*es & leaves1 organs ( nutrition1 ?an are us$ = ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,:atev] ?is tree re/ores to ! elem5ts ( its exub]ant life1 )\t us+ x1 or enjoy+ x1 may be exp5d$ by life 9 free & joyful movem5ts4 ,x is ?us t nature (f]s 9 h] mat]ial sph]e a sort ( prelude to ! limitless1 & t ev5 !re %e suppresses p>tially ! *a9s f :i* %e w be completely emancipat$ 9 ! realm ( =m4 ,! con/ra9t ( sup]abundance or physical play1 answ]s z a transition f ! con/ra9t ( necessity1 or ( physical s]i\sness1 to ae/hetical play2 & be=e %ak+ (f1 9 ! supreme fre$om ( ! beautiful1 ! yoke ( any special aim1 nature already approa*es1 at lea/ remotely1 ?is indep5d5ce1 by ! free movem5t :i* is itself its own end & means4 ,! imag9ation1 l ! bodily organs1 has 9 man its free movem5t & its mat]ial play1 a play 9 :i*1 )\t any ref]5ce to =m1 x simply takes pleasure 9 its arbitr>y p[] & 9 ! abs5ce ( all h9drance4 ,^! plays ( fancy1 inasmu* z =m is n mix$ up ) !m1 & because a free succession ( images makes all _! *>m1 ?\gh conf9$ to man1 belong exclusively to animal life1 & only prove "o ?+--t he is deliv]$ f all ext]nal s5su\s con/ra9t--)\t our be+ entitl$ to inf] t !re is 9 x an indep5d5t pla/ic =ce4 ,f ?is play ( free association ( ideas1 :i* is /ill q mat]ial 9 nature & is expla9$ by simple natural laws1 ! imag9ation1 by mak+ ! attempt ( creat+ a free =m1 passes at l5g? at a jump to ! ae/hetic play3 ,i say at "o leap1 = q a new =ce ent]s into action "h2 = "h1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! legislative m9d is mix$ ) ! acts ( a bl9d in/9ct1 subjects ! arbitr>y m>* ( ! imag9ation to its et]nal & immutable unity1 causes its indep5d5t p]man5ce to ent] 9 t :i* is transitory1 & its inf9ity 9 ! s5su\s4 ,nev]!less1 z long z rude nature1 :i* kn[s ( no o!r law ?an runn+ incessantly f *ange to *ange1 w yet reta9 too mu* /r5g?1 x w oppose itself by its diff]5t caprices to ?is necessity2 by its agitation to ?is p]man5ce2 by its manifold ne$s to ?is indep5d5ce1 & by its insatiability to ?is sublime simplicity4 ,x w be also tr\blesome to recognise ! in/9ct ( play 9 its fir/ trials1 see+ t ! s5su\s impulsion1 ) its caprici\s hum\r & its viol5t appetites1 con/antly crosses4 ,x is on t acc\nt t we see ! ta/e1 /ill co>se1 seize t :i* is new & />tl+1 ! disord]$1 ! adv5tur\s & ! /range1 ! viol5t & ! savage1 & fly f no?+ s mu* z f calm & simplicity4 ,x inv5ts grotesque figures1 x likes rapid transitions1 luxuri\s =ms1 %>ply m>k$ *anges1 acute tones1 a pa!tic song4 ,t :i* man calls beautiful at ?is "t1 is t :i* excites him1 t :i* gives him matt]2 b t :i* excites him to give 8 p]sonality to ! object1 t :i* gives matt] to a possible pla/ic op]ation1 = o!rwise x w\ld n be ! beautiful = him4 ,a rem>kable *ange has !re=e tak5 place 9 ! =m ( 8 judgm5ts2 he se>*es = ^! objects1 n because !y affect him1 b because !y furni% him ) ! occasion ( act+2 !y please him1 n because !y answ] to a want1 b because !y satisfy a law1 :i* speaks 9 8 brea/1 al?\gh q l[ z yet4 ,soon x w n be suffici5t = ?+s to please him2 he w wi% to please3 9 ! fir/ place1 x is true1 only by t :i* belongs to him2 aft]w>ds by t :i* he is4 ,t :i* he possesses1 t :i* he produces1 ought n m]ely to be> any m ! traces ( s]vitude1 nor to m>k out ! end1 simply & scrupul\sly1 by ! =m4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! use to :i* x is de/9$1 ! object ought also to reflect ! enlight5$ intellig5ce :i* imag9es x1 ! h& :i* %ap$ x ) affection1 ! m9d free & s]5e :i* *ose x & expos$ x to view4 ,n[1 ! anci5t ,g]man se>*es = m magnific5t furs1 = m spl5did antl]s ( ! /ag1 = m elegant dr9k+ horns2 & ! ,cal$onian *ooses ! prettie/ %ells = 8 fe/ivals4 ,! arms !mselves ought to be no long] only objects ( t]ror1 b also ( pleasure2 & ! skilfully work$ scabb>d w n attract less att5tion ?an ! homicidal edge ( ! sword4 ,! in/9ct ( play1 n satisfi$ ) br++ into ! sph]e ( ! necess>y an ae/hetic sup]abundance = ! future m free1 is at la/ completely emancipat$ f ! bonds ( duty1 & ! beautiful becomes ( itself an object ( man's ex]tions4 ,he adorns himself4 ,! free pleasure comes to take a place among 8 wants1 & ! useless soon becomes ! be/ "p ( 8 joys4 ,=m1 :i* f ! outside gradually approa*es him1 9 8 dwell+1 8 furniture1 8 clo?+1 beg9s at la/ to take possession ( ! man himself1 to trans=m him1 at fir/ ext]iorly1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! int]ior4 ,! disord]$ leaps ( joy become ! dance1 ! =mless ge/ure is *ang$ into an amiable & h>moni\s pantomime1 ! confus$ acc5ts ( feel+ are develop$1 & beg9 to obey measure & adapt !mselves to song4 ,:51 l ! flight ( cranes1 ! ,trojan army ru%es on to ! field ( battle ) ?rill+ cries1 ! ,greek army approa*es 9 sil5ce & ) a noble & measur$ /ep4 ,on ! "o side we see b ! exub]ance ( a bl9d =ce1 on ! o!r2 ! triumph ( =m & ! simple maje/y ( law4 ,n[1 a nobl] necessity b9ds ! two sexes mutually1 & ! int]e/s ( ! he>t contribute 9 r5d]+ durable an alliance :i* 0 at fir/ caprici\s & *ang+ l ! desire t knits x4 ,deliv]$ f ! heavy fett]s ( desire1 ! eye1 n[ calm]1 att5ds to ! =m1 ! s\l contemplates ! s\l1 & ! int]e/$ ex*ange ( pleasure becomes a g5]\s ex*ange ( mutual incl9ation4 ,desire enl>ges & rises to love1 9 proportion z x sees humanity dawn 9 its object2 &1 despis+ ! vile triumphs ga9$ by ! s5ses1 man tries to w9 a nobl] victory ov] ! w4 ,! necessity ( pleas+ subjects ! p[]ful nature to ! g5tle laws ( ta/e2 pleasure may be /ol51 b love mu/ be a gift4 ,to obta9 ?is high] recomp5se1 x is only ?r\gh ! =m & n ?r\gh matt] t x c c>ry on ! conte/4 ,x mu/ cease to act on feel+ z a =ce1 to appe> 9 ! intellig5ce z a simple ph5om5on2 x mu/ respect lib]ty1 z x is lib]ty x wi%es to please4 ,! beautiful reconciles ! contra/ ( diff]5t natures 9 its simple/ & pure/ expression4 ,x also reconciles ! et]nal contra/ ( ! two sexes1 9 ! :ole complex framework ( society1 or at all ev5ts x seeks to d s2 &1 tak+ z its model ! free alliance x has knit betwe5 manly /r5g? & womanly g5tl5ess1 x /rives to place 9 h>mony1 9 ! moral _w1 all ! elem5ts ( g5tl5ess & ( viol5ce4 ,n[1 at l5g?1 weakness becomes sacr$1 & an unbridl$ /r5g? disgraces2 ! inju/ice ( nature is correct$ by ! g5]osity ( *ivalr\s mann]s4 ,! be+ :om no p[] c make tremble1 is dis>m$ by ! amiable blu% ( mode/y1 & te>s ext+ui% a v5geance t blood c\ld n h qu5*$4 ,hatr$ itself he>s ! delicate voice ( hon\r1 ! conqu]or's sword sp>es ! dis>m$ enemy1 & a hospitable he>? smokes = ! /rang] on ! dread$ hill-side :]e murd] alone await$ him be=e4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! =midable realm ( =ces1 & ( ! sacr$ empire ( laws1 ! ae/hetic impulse ( =m creates by degrees a ?ird & a joy\s realm1 t ( play & ( ! appe>ance1 :]e %e emancipates man f fett]s1 9 all 8 relations1 & f all t is nam$ con/ra9t1 :e!r physical or moral4 ,if 9 ! dynamic /ate ( rights m5 mutually move & come into collision z =ces1 9 ! moral 7e?ical7 /ate ( duties1 man opposes to man ! maje/y ( ! laws1 & *a9s d[n 8 w4 ,9 ?is realm ( ! beautiful or ! ae/hetic /ate1 man ought to appe> to man only z a =m1 & an object ( free play4 ,to give fre$om ?r\gh fre$om is ! fundam5tal law ( ?is realm4 ,! dynamic /ate c only make society simply possible by subdu+ nature ?r\gh nature2 ! moral 7e?ical7 /ate c only make x morally necess>y by submitt+ ! w ( ! individual to ! g5]al w4 ,! ae/hetic /ate alone c make x real1 because x c>ries out ! w ( all ?r\gh ! nature ( ! individual4 ,if necessity alone =ces man to ent] into society1 & if 8 reason engraves on 8 s\l social pr9ciples1 x is beauty only t c give him a social "*2 ta/e alone br+s h>mony into society1 because x creates h>mony 9 ! individual4 ,all o!r =ms ( p]ception divide ! man1 because !y are bas$ exclusively ei!r 9 ! s5su\s or 9 ! spiritual "p ( 8 be+4 ,x is only ! p]ception ( beauty t makes ( him an entirety1 because x dem&s ! co-op]ation ( 8 two natures4 ,all o!r =ms ( communication divide society1 because !y apply exclusively ei!r to ! receptivity or to ! private activity ( its memb]s1 & !re=e to :at di/+ui%es m5 "o f ! o!r4 ,! ae/hetic communication alone unites society1 because x applies to :at is common to all its memb]s4 ,we only enjoy ! pleasures ( s5se z individuals1 )\t ! nature ( ! race 9 u %>+ 9 x2 accord+ly1 we _c g5]alise our individual pleasures1 because we _c g5]alise our individuality4 ,we enjoy ! pleasures ( k z a race1 dropp+ ! ,individual 9 our judgm5t2 b we _c g5]alise ! pleasures ( ! und]/&+1 because we _c elim9ate individuality f ! judgm5ts ( o!rs z we d f our own4 ,beauty alone c we enjoy bo? z individuals & z a race1 t is1 z repres5t+ a race4 ,good app]ta9+ to s5se c only make "o p]son happy1 because x is f\nd$ on incl9ation1 :i* is always exclusive2 & x c only make a man p>tially happy1 because 8 real p]sonality does n %>e 9 x4 ,absolute good c only r5d] a man happy conditionally1 = tru? is only ! rew>d ( abnegation1 & a pure he>t alone has fai? 9 a pure w4 ,beauty alone conf]s happ9ess on all1 & "u its influ5ce e be+ =gets t he is limit$4 ,ta/e does n suff] any sup]ior or absolute au?ority1 & ! sway ( beauty is ext5d$ ov] appe>ance4 ,x ext5ds up to ! seat ( reason's supremacy1 suppress+ all t is mat]ial4 ,x ext5ds d[n to :]e s5su\s impulse rules ) bl9d compulsion1 & =m is undevelop$4 ,ta/e ev] ma9ta9s its p[] on ^! remote bord]s1 :]e legislation is tak5 f x4 ,p>ticul> desires mu/ r5\nce _! egotism1 & ! agreeable1 o!rwise tempt+ ! s5ses1 mu/ 9 matt]s ( ta/e adorn ! m9d ) ! attractions ( grace4 ,duty & /]n necessity mu/ *ange _! =bidd+ tone1 only excus$ by resi/ance1 & d homage to nature by a nobl] tru/ 9 h]4 ,ta/e leads our k f ! my/]ies ( sci5ce into ! op5 expanse ( common s5se1 & *anges a n>r[ s*ola/icism into ! common prop]ty ( ! human race4 ,"h ! highe/ g5ius mu/ leave its p>ticul> elevation1 & make itself famili> to ! compreh5sion ev5 ( a *ild4 ,/r5g? mu/ let ! ,graces b9d x1 & ! arbitr>y lion mu/ yield to ! re9s ( love4 ,= ?is purpose ta/e ?r[s a veil ov] physical necessity1 (f5d+ a free m9d by its co>se nudity1 & dissimulat+ our degrad+ p>5tage ) matt] by a delightful illusion ( fre$om4 ,m]c5>y art itself rises f ! du/2 & ! bondage ( ! bodily1 at its magic t\*1 falls (f f ! inanimate & animate4 ,9 ! ae/hetic /ate ! mo/ slavi% tool is a free citiz51 hav+ ! same rights z ! noble/2 & ! intellect :i* %apes ! mass to its int5t mu/ consult x conc]n+ its de/9ation4 ,consequ5tly 9 ! realm ( ae/hetic appe>ance1 ! idea ( equality is realis$1 :i* ! political zealot w\ld gladly see c>ri$ out socially4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t p]fect polit5ess is only f\nd ne> a ?rone4 ,if ?us re/rict$ 9 ! mat]ial1 man has1 z else:]e appe>s1 to f9d comp5sation 9 ! ideal _w4 ,does su* a /ate ( beauty 9 appe>ance exi/1 & :]e8 ,x mu/ be 9 e f9ely h>monis$ s\l2 b z a fact1 only 9 select circles1 l ! pure ideal ( ! *ur* & /ate--9 circles :]e mann]s are n =m$ by ! empty imitations ( ! =eign1 b by ! v beauty ( nature2 :]e man passes ?r\gh all sorts ( complications 9 all simplicity & innoc5ce1 nei!r =c$ to tr5* on ano!r's fre$om to pres]ve 8 own1 nor to %[ grace at ! co/ ( dignity4 ,,fundam5tal ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,metaphysic ,,( ,,morals ,,by ,,immanuel ,,kant ,,translat$ ,,by ,t4 ,k4 ,,abbott ,,introductory ,,note ,immanuel ,kant 0 born 9 ,konigsb]g1 ,ea/ ,prussia1 ,april #bb1 #agbd1 ! son ( a saddl] ( ,scotti% desc5t4 ,! family 0 pieti/1 & ! future philosoph] ent]$ ! univ]sity ( 8 native city 9 #agdj1 ) a view to /udy+ !ology4 ,he develop$1 h[ev]1 a _m-sid$ int]e/ 9 le>n+1 & 8 e>li] publications 7 9 ! field ( speculative physics4 ,aft] ! close ( 8 p]iod ( /udy at ! univ]sity he became a private tutor2 !n ,9 #agee1 privat-doc5t2 & 9 #aggj1 pr(essor4 ,dur+ ! fir/ elev5 ye>s ( 8 pr(essor%ip ,kant publi%$ little1 sp5d+ 8 en]gies 9 ! m$itation t 0 to result 9 ! philosophical sy/em ( :i* ! fir/ "p 0 giv5 to ! _w 9 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason 9 #agha4 ,f t "t till ne> ! end ( ! c5tury he issu$ volume aft] volume2 yet :5 he di$ ,9 #ahjd he reg>d$ 8 /atem5t ( 8 sy/em z fragm5t>y4 ,( ! enorm\s importance ( ,kant 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 no idea c be giv5 "h4 ,! important docum5t :i* foll[s 0 publi%$ 9 #aghe1 & =ms ! basis ( ! moral sy/em on :i* he erect$ ! :ole /ructure ( belief 9 ,god1 ,fre$om1 & ,immortality4 ,kant is (t5 difficult & obscure1 & became m s z he grew old]2 b ! pres5t treatise c be foll[$1 9 its ma9 l9es1 by any intellig5t p]son :o is int]e/$ en\gh 9 ! fundam5tal problems ( human life & conduct to give x s]i\s & conc5trat$ att5tion4 ,to su* a read] ! subtle yet cle> di/9ctions1 & ! l(ty & rigor\s pr9ciples ( action1 :i* x lays d[n1 w prove an intellectual & moral tonic su* z h>dly any o!r mod]n writ] af=ds4 ,,preface ,anci5t ,greek philosophy 0 divid$ into ?ree sci5ces3 ,physics1 ,e?ics1 & ,logic4 ,?is division is p]fectly suitable to ! nature ( ! ?+1 & ! only improvem5t t c be made 9 x is to add ! pr9ciple on :i* x is bas$1 s t we may bo? satisfy ourselves ( its complet5ess1 & also be able to det]m9e correctly ! necess>y subdivisions4 ,all rational k is ei!r mat]ial or =mal3 ! =m] consid]s "s object1 ! latt] is conc]n$ only ) ! =m ( ! und]/&+ & ( ! reason itself1 & ) ! univ]sal laws ( ?\ght 9 g5]al )\t di/9ction ( its objects4 ,=mal philosophy is call$ ,logic4 ,mat]ial philosophy1 h[ev]1 :i* has to d ) det]m9ate objects & ! laws to :i* !y are subject1 is aga9 two-fold2 = ^! laws are ei!r laws ( nature or ( fre$om4 ,! sci5ce ( ! =m] is ,physics1 t ( ! latt]1 ,e?ics2 !y are also call$ natural philosophy & moral philosophy respectively4 ,logic _c h any empirical "p2 t is1 a "p 9 :i* ! univ]sal & necess>y laws ( ?\ght %\ld re/ on gr\nds tak5 f exp]i5ce2 o!rwise x w\ld n be logic1 i4 e4 a canon = ! und]/&+ or ! reason1 valid = all ?\ght1 & capable ( demon/ration4 ,natural & moral philosophy1 on ! contr>y1 c ea* h _! empirical "p1 s9ce ! =m] has to det]m9e ! laws ( nature z an object ( exp]i5ce2 ! latt] ! laws ( ! human w1 s f> z x is affect$ by nature3 ! =m]1 h[ev]1 be+ laws accord+ to :i* ev]y?+ does happ52 ! latt]1 laws accord+ to :i* ev]y?+ ought to happ54 ,footnote3 ,! ^w law is "h us$ 9 two diff]5t s5ses1 on :i* see ,:ately's ,logic1 ,app5dix1 ,art4 ,law4 ,e?ics1 h[ev]1 mu/ also consid] ! conditions "u :i* :at ought to happ5 frequ5tly does n4 ,we may call all philosophy empirical1 s f> z x is bas$ on gr\nds ( exp]i5ce3 on ! o!r h&1 t :i* deliv]s its doctr9es f a priori pr9ciples alone we may call pure philosophy4 ,:5 ! latt] is m]ely =mal x is logic2 if x is re/rict$ to def9ite objects ( ! und]/&+ x is metaphysic4 ,9 ?is way !re arises ! idea ( a two-fold metaphysic--a metaphysic ( nature & a metaphysic ( morals4 ,physics w ?us h an empirical & also a rational "p4 ,x is ! same ) ,e?ics2 b "h ! empirical "p might h ! special "n ( practical an?ropology1 ! "n morality be+ appropriat$ to ! rational "p4 ,all trades1 arts1 & h&iworks h ga9$ by division ( lab\r1 namely1 :51 in/ead ( "o man do+ ev]y?+1 ea* conf9es himself to a c]ta9 k9d ( "w di/9ct f o!rs 9 ! treatm5t x requires1 s z to be able to p]=m x ,) great] facility &4 9 ! greate/ p]fection4 ,:]e ! diff]5t k9ds ( "w are n s di/+ui%$ & divid$1 :]e ev]yone is a jack-(-all-trades1 !re manufactures rema9 /ill 9 ! greate/ b>b>ism4 ,x might des]ve to be consid]$ :e!r pure philosophy 9 all its p>ts does n require a man specially devot$ to x1 & :e!r x w\ld n be bett] = ! :ole bus9ess ( sci5ce if ^? :o1 to please ! ta/es ( ! public1 are wont to bl5d ! rational & empirical elem5ts toge!r1 mix$ 9 all sorts ( proportions unkn[n to !mselves1 & :o call !mselves indep5d5t ?9k]s1 giv+ ! "n ( m9ute philosoph]s to ^? :o apply !mselves to ! rational "p only--if ^!1 ,i say1 7 w>n$ n to c>ry on two employm5ts toge!r :i* diff] widely 9 ! treatm5t !y dem&1 = ea* ( :i* p]haps a special tal5t is requir$1 & ! comb9ation ( :i* 9 "o p]son only produces bungl]s4 ,b ,i only ask "h :e!r ! nature ( sci5ce does n require t we %\ld always c>efully sep>ate ! empirical f ! rational "p1 & prefix to ,physics prop] 7or empirical physics7 a metaphysic ( nature1 & to practical an?ropology a metaphysic ( morals1 :i* mu/ be c>efully cle>$ ( ev]y?+ empirical1 s t we may "k h[ mu* c be accompli%$ by pure reason 9 bo? cases1 & f :nat s\rces x draws ?is its a priori tea*+1 & t :e!r ! latt] inquiry is conduct$ by all morali/s 7^: "n is legion71 or only by "s :o feel a call+ !reto4 ,z my conc]n "h is ) moral philosophy1 ,i limit ! "q sugge/$ to ?is3 ,:e!r x is n ( ! utmo/ necessity to con/ruct a pure moral philosophy1 p]fectly cle>$ ( ev]y?+ :i* is only empirical1 & :i* belongs to an?ropology8 = t su* a philosophy mu/ be possible is evid5t f ! common idea ( duty & ( ! moral laws4 ,e "o mu/ admit t if a law is to h moral =ce1 i4 e4 to be ! basis ( an obligation1 x mu/ c>ry ) x absolute necessity2 t1 = example1 ! precept1 ,?\ %alt n lie1 is n valid = m5 alone1 z if o!r rational be+s _h no ne$ to obs]ve x2 & s ) all ! o!r moral laws prop]ly s call$2 t1 !re=e1 ! basis ( obligation mu/ n be s\ght 9 ! nature ( man1 or 9 ! circum/anc$ 9 ! _w 9 :i* he is plac$1 b a priori simply 9 ! conceptions ( pure reason2 & al?\gh any o!r precept :i* is f\nd$ on pr9ciples ( m]e exp]i5ce may be 9 c]ta9 respects univ]sal1 yet 9 z f> z x re/s ev5 9 ! lea/ degree on an empirical basis1 p]haps only z to a motive1 su* a precept1 :ile x may be a practical rule1 c nev] be call$ a moral law4 ,?us n only are moral laws ) _! pr9ciples ess5tially di/+ui%$ f e o!r k9d ( practical k 9 :i* !re is any?+ empirical1 b all moral philosophy re/s :olly on its pure "p4 ,:5 appli$ to man1 x does n borr[ ! lea/ ?+ f ! k ( man himself 7an?ropology71 b gives laws a priori to him z a rational be+4 ,no d\bt ^! laws require a judgm5t %>p5$ by exp]i5ce1 9 ord] on ! "o h& to di/+ui% 9 :at cases !y are applicable1 & on ! o!r to procure = !m access to ! w ( ! man1 & effectual influ5ce on conduct2 s9ce man is act$ on by s _m incl9ations t1 ?\gh capable ( ! idea ( a practical pure reason1 he is n s easily able to make x effective 9 concrete 9 8 life4 ,a metaphysic ( morals is !re=e indisp5sably necess>y1 n m]ely = speculative reasons1 9 ord] to inve/igate ! s\rces ( ! practical pr9ciples :i* are to be f\nd a priori 9 our reason1 b also because morals !mselves are liable to all sorts ( corruption1 z long z we are )\t t clue & supreme canon by :i* to e/imate !m correctly4 ,= 9 ord] t an action %\ld be morally good1 x is n en\gh t x con=m to ! moral law1 b x mu/ also be done = ! sake ( ! law1 o!rwise t con=mity is only v cont+5t & unc]ta92 s9ce a pr9ciple :i* is n moral1 al?\gh x may n[ & !n produce actions con=mable to ! law1 w also (t5 produce actions :i* contradict x4 ,n[ x is only 9 a pure philosophy t we c look = ! moral law 9 its purity & g5u95ess 7&1 9 a practical matt]1 ?is is ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce73 we mu/1 !re=e1 beg9 ) pure philosophy 7metaphysic71 & )\t x !re _c be any moral philosophy at all4 ,t :i* m+les ^! pure pr9ciples ) ! empirical does n des]ve ! "n ( philosophy 7= :at di/+ui%es philosophy f common rational k is1 t x treats 9 sep>ate sci5ces :at ! latt] only compreh5ds confus$ly72 mu* less does x des]ve t ( moral philosophy1 s9ce by ?is confusion x ev5 spoils ! purity ( morals !mselves1 & c\nt]acts its own end4 ,let x n be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t :at is "h dem&$ is already extant 9 ! propa$eutic prefix$ by ! celebrat$ ,wolf ,footnote3 ,johann ,*ri/ian ,von ,wolf 7#afgi-agbh7 0 ! au?or ( treatises on philosophy1 ma!matics1 c41 :i* 7 = a long "t ! /&>d text-books 9 ! ,g]man ,univ]sities4 ,8 philosophy 0 f\nd$ on t ( ,leibnitz4 to 8 moral philosophy1 namely1 8 s-call$ g5]al practical philosophy1 & t1 !re=e1 we h n to /rike into an entirely new field4 ,j because x 0 to be a g5]al practical philosophy1 x has n tak5 into consid]ation a w ( any p>ticul> k9d-say "o :i* %\ld be det]m9$ solely f a priori pr9ciples )\t any empirical motives1 & :i* we might call a pure w1 b volition 9 g5]al1 ) all ! actions & conditions :i* belong to x 9 ?is g5]al signification4 ,by ?is x is di/+ui%$ f a metaphysic ( morals1 j z g5]al logic1 :i* treats ( ! acts & canons ( ?\ght 9 g5]al1 is di/+ui%$ f transc5d5tal philosophy1 :i* treats ( ! p>ticul> acts & canons ( pure ?\ght1 i4 e4 t ^: cognitions are altoge!r a priori4 ,= ! metaphysic ( morals has to exam9e ! idea & ! pr9ciples ( a possible pure w1 & n ! acts & conditions ( human volition g5]ally1 :i* = ! mo/ "p are drawn f psy*ology4 ,x is true t moral laws & duty are spok5 ( 9 ! g5]al practical philosophy 7contr>y inde$ to all fitness74 ,b ?is is no objection1 = 9 ?is respect1 also ! au?ors ( t sci5ce rema9 true to _! idea ( x2 !y d n di/+ui% ! motives :i* are prescrib$ z su* by reason alone altoge!r a priori1 & :i* are prop]ly moral1 f ! empirical motives :i* ! und]/&+ raises to g5]al conceptions m]ely by comp>ison ( exp]i5ces2 b )\t notic+ ! diff]5ce ( _! s\rces1 & look+ on !m all z homog5e\s1 !y consid] only _! great] or less am\nt4 ,x is 9 ?is way !y frame _! notion ( obligation1 :i* ?\gh any?+ b moral1 is all t c be ask$ = 9 a philosophy :i* passes no judgm5t at all on ! orig9 ( all possible practical concepts1 :e!r !y are a priori1 or only a po/]iori4 ,int5d+ to publi% h]eaft] a metaphysic ( morals1 ,i issue 9 ! fir/ in/ance ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,inde$ !re is prop]ly no o!r f\ndation = x ?an ! critical exam9ation ( a pure practical reason2 j z t ( metaphysics is ! critical exam9ation ( ! pure speculative reason1 already publi%$4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place ! =m] is n s absolutely necess>y z ! latt]1 because 9 moral conc]ns human reason c easily be br\ght to a high degree ( correctness & complet5ess1 ev5 9 ! commone/ und]/&+1 :ile on ! contr>y 9 its !oretic b pure use x is :olly dialectical2 & 9 ! second place if ! critique ( a pure practical reason is to be complete1 x mu/ be possible at ! same "t to %[ its id5tity ) ! speculative reason 9 a common pr9ciple1 = x c ultimately be only "o & ! same reason :i* has to be di/+ui%$ m]ely 9 its application4 ,i c\ld n1 h[ev]1 br+ x to su* complet5ess "h1 )\t introduc+ consid]ations ( a :olly diff]5t k9d1 :i* w\ld be p]plex+ to ! read]4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,i h adopt$ ! title ( ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ! ,metaphysic ( ,morals1 in/ead ( t ( a ,critical ,exam9ation ( ! pure practical ,reason4 ,b 9 ! ?ird place1 s9ce a metaphysic ( morals1 9 spite ( !2 disc\rag+ title1 is yet capable ( be+ pres5t$ 9 a popul> =m1 & "o adapt$ to ! common und]/&+1 ,i f9d x useful to sep>ate f x ?is prelim9>y treatise on its fundam5tal pr9ciples1 9 ord] t ,i may n h]eaft] h ne$ to introduce ^! necess>ily subtle discussions into a book ( a m simple "*4 ,! pres5t treatise is1 h[ev]1 no?+ m ?an ! inve/igation & e/abli%m5t ( ! supreme pr9ciple ( morality1 & ?is alone con/itutes a /udy complete 9 itself1 & "o :i* ought to be kept ap>t f e o!r moral inve/igation4 ,no d\bt my conclusions on ?is weighty "q1 :i* has hi!rto be5 v unsatisfactorily exam9$1 w\ld receive mu* light f ! application ( ! same pr9ciple to ! :ole sy/em1 & w\ld be greatly confirm$ by ! adequacy :i* x exhibits ?r\gh\t2 b ,i mu/ =ego ?is advantage1 :i* inde$ w\ld be aft] all m gratify+ ?an useful1 s9ce ! easy applicability ( a pr9ciple & its app>5t adequacy give no v c]ta9 pro( ( its s\ndness1 b r inspire a c]ta9 p>tiality1 :i* prev5ts u f exam9+ & e/imat+ x /rictly 9 itself1 & )\t reg>d to consequ5ces4 ,i h adopt$ 9 ?is "w ! me?od :i* ,i ?9k mo/ suitable1 proce$+ analytically f common k to ! det]m9ation ( its ultimate pr9ciple1 & aga9 desc5d+ syn!tically f ! exam9ation ( ?is pr9ciple & its s\rces to ! common k 9 :i* we f9d x employ$4 ,! division w1 !re=e1 be z foll[s3-- #a4 ,fir/ section4--,transition f ! common rational k ( morality to ! philosophical4 #b4 ,second section4--,transition f popul> moral philosophy to ! metaphysic ( morals4 #c4 ,?ird section4--,f9al /ep f ! metaphysic ( morals to ! critique ( ! pure practical reason4 ,,fundam5tal ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,metaphysic ,,( ,,morals ,,fir/ ,,section ,,transition ,,f ,,! ,,common ,,rational ,,k ,,( ,,morality ,,to ,,! ,,philosophical ,no?+ c possibly be conceiv$ 9 ! _w1 ( ev5 out ( x1 :i* c be call$ good )\t qualification1 except a ,good ,w ,intellig5ce1 wit1 judgm5t1 & ! o!r tal5ts ( ! m9d1 h[ev] !y may be nam$1 or c\rage1 resolution1 p]sev]ance1 z qualities ( temp]am5t1 are und\bt$ly good & desirable 9 _m respects2 b ^! gifts ( nature may also become extremely bad & mis*iev\s if ! w :i* is to make use ( !m1 & :i*1 !re=e1 con/itutes :at is call$ "*1 is n good4 ,x is ! same ) ! gifts ( =tune4 ,p[]1 ri*es1 hon\r1 ev5 heal?1 & ! g5]al well-be+ & cont5tm5t ) "o's condition :i* is call$ happ9ess1 inspire pride1 & (t5 presumption1 if !re is n a good w to correct ! influ5ce ( ^! on ! m9d1 & ) ?is also to rectify ! :ole pr9ciple ( act+1 & adapt x to its end4 ,! sight ( a ,de+ :o is n adorn$ ) a s+le feature ( a pure & good w1 enjoy+ unbrok5 prosp]ity1 c nev] give pleasure to an imp>tial rational spectator4 ,?us a good w appe>s to con/itute ! indisp5sable condition ev5 ( be+ wor?y ( happ9ess4 ,!re are ev5 "s qualities :i* are ( s]vice to ?is good w itself1 & may facilitate its action1 yet :i* h no intr9sic unconditional value1 b always presuppose a good w1 & ?is qualifies ! e/eem t we ju/ly h = !m1 & does n p]mit u to reg>d !m z absolutely good4 ,mod]ation 9 ! affections & passions1 self-control & calm delib]ation are n only good 9 _m respects1 b ev5 seem to con/itute "p ( ! intr9sic wor? ( ! p]son2 b !y are f> f des]v+ to be call$ good )\t qualification1 al?\gh !y h be5 s unconditionally prais$ by ! anci5ts4 ,= )\t ! pr9ciples ( a good w1 !y may become extremely bad1 & ! coolness ( a villa9 n only makes him f> m dang]\s1 b also directly makes him m abom9able 9 our eyes ?an he w\ld h be5 )\t x4 ,a good w is good n because ( :at x p]=ms or effects1 n by its aptness = ! atta9m5t ( "s propos$ end1 b simply by virtue ( ! volition1 t is1 x is good 9 itself1 & consid]$ by itself is to be e/eem$ mu* high] ?an all t c be br\ght ab\t by x 9 fav\r ( any incl9ation1 nay1 ev5 ( ! sum total ( all incl9ations4 ,ev5 if x %\ld happ5 t1 ow+ to special disfav\r ( =tune1 or ! nigg>dly provision ( a /epmo!rly nature1 ?is w %\ld :olly lack p[] to accompli% its purpose1 if ) its greate/ ef=ts x %\ld yet a*ieve no?+1 & !re %\ld rema9 only ! good w 7n1 to be sure1 a m]e wi%1 b ! summon+ ( all means 9 our p[]71 !n1 l a jewel1 x w\ld /ill %9e by its own light1 z a ?+ :i* has its :ole value 9 itself4 ,its usefulness or fruitfulness c nei!r add to nor take away any?+ f ?is value4 ,x w\ld be1 z x 71 only ! sett+ to enable u to h&le x ! m conv5i5tly 9 common comm]ce1 or to attract to x ! att5tion ( ^? :o are n yet connoisseurs1 b n to recomm5d x to true connoisseurs1 or to det]m9e its value4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 some?+ s /range 9 ?is idea ( ! absolute value ( ! m]e w1 9 :i* no acc\nt is tak5 ( its utility1 t not)/&+ ! ?or\gh ass5t ( ev5 common reason to ! idea1 yet a suspicion mu/ arise t x may p]haps really be ! product ( m]e high-fl[n fancy1 & t we may h misund]/ood ! purpose ( nature 9 assign+ reason z ! gov]nor ( our w4 ,!re=e we w exam9e ?is idea f ?is po9t ( view4 ,9 ! physical con/itution ( an organiz$ be+1 t is1 a be+ adapt$ suitably to ! purposes ( life1 we assume x z a fundam5tal pr9ciple t no organ = any purpose w be f\nd b :at is also ! fitte/ & be/ adapt$ = t purpose4 ,n[ 9 a be+ :i* has reason & a w1 if ! prop] object ( nature 7 its cons]vation1 its welf>e1 9 a ^w1 its happ9ess1 !n nature w\ld h hit ^u a v bad arrangem5t 9 select+ ! reason ( ! creature to c>ry out ?is purpose4 ,= all ! actions :i* ! creature has to p]=m ) a view to ?is purpose1 & ! :ole rule ( its conduct1 w\ld be f> m surely prescrib$ to x by in/9ct1 & t end w\ld h be5 atta9$ !reby mu* m c]ta9ly ?an x ev] c be by reason4 ,%\ld reason h be5 communicat$ to ?is fav\r$ creature ov] & above1 x mu/ only h s]v$ x to contemplate ! happy con/itution ( its nature1 to admire x1 to congratulate itself !reon1 & to feel ?ankful = x to ! b5efic5t cause1 b n t x %\ld subject its desires to t weak & delusive guidance1 & m$dle bungl+ly ) ! purpose ( nature4 ,9 a ^w1 nature w\ld h tak5 c>e t reason %\ld n break =? into practical ex]cise1 nor h ! presumption1 ) its weak insight1 to ?9k out = itself ! plan ( happ9ess1 & ( ! means ( atta9+ x4 ,nature w\ld n only h tak5 on h]self ! *oice ( ! ends1 b also ( ! means1 & ) wise =esight w\ld h entru/$ bo? to in/9ct4 ,&1 9 fact1 we f9d t ! m a cultivat$ reason applies itself ) delib]ate purpose to ! enjoym5t ( life & happ9ess1 s mu* ! m does ! man fail ( true satisfaction4 ,& f ?is circum/ance !re arises 9 _m1 if !y are c&id en\gh to confess x1 a c]ta9 degree ( misology1 t is1 hatr$ ( reason1 especially 9 ! case ( ^? :o are mo/ exp]i5c$ 9 ! use ( x1 because aft] calculat+ all ! advantages !y d]ive1 ,i d n say f ! inv5tion ( all ! arts ( common luxury1 b ev5 f ! sci5ces 7:i* seem to !m to be aft] all only a luxury ( ! und]/&+71 !y f9d t !y h1 9 fact1 only br\ght m tr\ble on _! %\ld]s1 r ?an ga9$ 9 happ9ess2 & !y end by envy+1 r ?an despis+1 ! m common /amp ( m5 :o keep clos] to ! guidance ( m]e in/9ct1 & d n all[ _! reason mu* influ5ce on _! conduct4 ,& ?is we mu/ admit1 t ! judgm5t ( ^? :o w\ld v mu* l[] ! l(ty eulogies ( ! advantages :i* reason gives u 9 reg>d to ! happ9ess & satisfaction ( life1 or :o w\ld ev5 r$uce !m bel[ z]o1 is by no means morose or ungrateful to ! goodness ) :i* ! _w is gov]n$1 b t !re lies at ! root ( ^! judgm5ts ! idea t our exi/5ce has a diff]5t & f> nobl] end1 = :i*1 & n = happ9ess1 reason is prop]ly int5d$1 & :i* mu/1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z ! supreme condition to :i* ! private ends ( man mu/1 = ! mo/ "p1 be po/pon$4 ,= z reason is n compet5t to guide ! w ) c]ta9ty 9 reg>d to its objects & ! satisfaction ( all our wants 7:i* x to "s ext5t ev5 multiplies71 ?is be+ an end to :i* an implant$ in/9ct w\ld h l$ ) mu* great] c]ta9ty2 & s9ce1 nev]!less1 reason is imp>t$ to u z a practical faculty1 i4 e4 z "o :i* is to h influ5ce on ! w1 !re=e1 admitt+ t nature g5]ally 9 ! di/ribution ( h] capacities has adapt$ ! means to ! end1 its true de/9ation mu/ be to produce a w1 n m]ely good z a means to some?+ else1 b good 9 itself1 = :i* reason 0 absolutely necess>y4 ,?is w !n1 ?\gh n inde$ ! sole & complete good1 mu/ be ! supreme good & ! condition ( e o!r1 ev5 ( ! desire ( happ9ess4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 !re is no?+ inconsi/5t ) ! wisdom ( nature 9 ! fact t ! cultivation ( ! reason1 :i* is requisite = ! fir/ & unconditional purpose1 does 9 _m ways int]f]e1 at lea/ 9 ?is life1 ) ! atta9m5t ( ! second1 :i* is always conditional1 namely1 happ9ess4 ,nay1 x may ev5 r$uce x to no?+1 )\t nature !reby fail+ ( h] purpose4 ,= reason recognises ! e/abli%m5t ( a good w z its highe/ practical de/9ation1 & 9 atta9+ ?is purpose is capable only ( a satisfaction ( its own prop] k9d1 namely1 t f ! atta9m5t ( an end1 :i* end aga9 is det]m9$ by reason only1 not)/&+ t ?is may involve _m a disappo9tm5t to ! ends ( incl9ation4 ,we h !n to develop ! notion ( a w :i* des]ves to be highly e/eem$ = itself1 & is good )\t a view to any?+ fur!r1 a notion :i* exi/s already 9 ! s\nd natural und]/&+1 requir+ r to be cle>$ up ?an to be taught1 & :i* 9 e/imat+ ! value ( our actions always takes ! fir/ place1 & con/itutes ! condition ( all ! re/4 ,9 ord] to d ?is we w take ! notion ( duty1 :i* includes t ( a good w1 al?\gh imply+ c]ta9 subjectve re/rictions & h9drances4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 f> f conceal+ x1 or r5d]+ x unrecognisable1 r br+ x out by contra/1 & make x %9e =? s mu* ! bright]4 ,i omit "h all actions :i* are already recognis$ z inconsi/5t ) duty1 al?\gh !y may be useful = ?is or t purpose1 = ) ^! ! "q :e!r !y are done f duty _c arise at all1 s9ce !y ev5 conflict ) x4 ,i also set aside ^? actions :i* really con=m to duty1 b to :i* m5 h no direct incl9ation1 p]=m+ !m because !y are impell$ !reto by "s o!r incl9ation4 ,= 9 ?is case we c readily di/+ui% :e!r ! action :i* agrees ) duty is done f duty1 or f a selfi% view4 ,x is mu* h>d] to make ?is di/9ction :5 ! action accords ) duty1 & ! subject has besides a direct incl9ation to x4 ,= example1 x is always a matt] ( duty t a deal] %\ld n ov]*>ge an inexp]i5c$ pur*as]1 & :]ev] !re is mu* comm]ce ! prud5t tradesman does n ov]*>ge1 b keeps a fix$ price = ev]yone1 s t a *ild buys ( him z well z any o!r4 ,m5 are ?us hone/ly s]v$2 b ?is is n en\gh to make u believe t ! tradesman has s act$ f duty & f pr9ciples ( hone/y3 8 own advantage requir$ x2 x is out ( ! "q 9 ?is case to suppose t he might besides h a direct incl9ation 9 fav\r ( ! buy]s1 s t1 z x 71 f love he %\ld give no advantage to "o ov] ano!r4 ,accord+ly ! action 0 done nei!r f duty nor f direct incl9ation1 b m]ely ) a selfi% view4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a duty to ma9ta9 "o's life2 &1 9 addition1 ev]yone has also a direct incl9ation to d s4 ,b on ?is acc\nt ! (t5 anxi\s c>e :i* mo/ m5 take = x has no intr9sic wor?1 & _! maxim has no moral import4 ,!y pres]ve _! life z duty requires1 no d\bt1 b n because duty requires4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if adv]sity & hopeless sorr[ h completely tak5 away ! reli% = life2 if ! un=tunate "o1 /rong 9 m9d1 indignant at 8 fate r ?an despond+ or deject$1 wi%es = dea?1 & yet pres]ves 8 life )\t lov+ x--n f incl9ation or fe>1 b f duty--!n 8 maxim has a moral wor?4 ,to be b5efic5t :5 we c is a duty2 & besides ?is1 !re are _m m9ds s sympa!tically con/itut$ t1 )\t any o!r motive ( vanity or self-int]e/1 !y f9d a pleasure 9 spread+ joy ar\nd !m & c take delight 9 ! satisfaction ( o!rs s f> z x is _! own "w4 ,b ,i ma9ta9 t 9 su* a case an action ( ?is k9d1 h[ev] prop]1 h[ev] amiable x may be1 has nev]!less no true moral wor?1 b is on a level ) o!r incl9ations1 e4 g4 ! incl9ation to hon\r1 :i*1 if x is happily direct$ to t :i* is 9 fact ( public utility & accordant ) duty1 & consequ5tly hon\rable1 des]ves praise & enc\ragem5t1 b n e/eem4 ,= ! maxim lacks ! moral import1 namely1 t su* actions be done f duty1 n f incl9ation4 ,put ! case t ! m9d ( t philan?ropi/ 7 cl\d$ by sorr[ ( 8 own1 ext+ui%+ all sympa?y ) ! lot ( o!rs1 & t :ile he /ill has ! p[] to b5efit o!rs 9 di/ress1 he is n t\*$ oy _! tr\ble because he is absorb$ ) 8 own2 & n[ suppose t he te>s himself out ( ?is dead ins5sibility1 & p]=ms ! action )\t any incl9ation to x1 b simply f duty1 !n fir/ has 8 action its g5u9e moral wor?4 ,fur!r /ill2 if nature has put little sympa?y 9 ! he>t ( ?is or t man2 if he1 suppos$ to be an upright man1 is by temp]am5t cold & indiff]5t to ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 p]haps because 9 respect ( 8 own he is provid$ ) ! special gift ( pati5ce & =titude1 & supposes1 or ev5 requires1 t o!rs %\ld h ! same--& su* a man w\ld c]ta9ly n be ! meane/ product ( nature--b if nature _h n specially fram$ him = a philan?ropi/1 w\ld he n /ill f9d 9 himself a s\rce f :5ce to give himself a f> high] wor? ?an t ( a good-natur$ temp]am5t c\ld be8 ,unque/ionably4 ,x is j 9 ?is t ! moral wor? ( ! "* is br\ght out :i* is incomp>ably ! highe/ ( all1 namely1 t he is b5efic5t1 n f incl9ation1 b f duty4 ,to secure "o's own happ9ess is a duty1 at lea/ indirectly2 = discont5t ) "o's condition1 "u a pressure ( _m anxieties & amid/ unsatisfi$ wants1 might easily become a great temptation to transgression ( duty4 ,b "h aga91 )\t look+ to duty1 all m5 h already ! /ronge/ & mo/ intimate incl9ation to happ9ess1 because x is j 9 ?is idea t all incl9ations are comb9$ 9 "o total4 ,b ! precept ( happ9ess is (t5 ( su* a sort t x greatly int]f]es ) "s incl9ations1 & yet a man _c =m any def9ite & c]ta9 conception ( ! sum ( satisfaction ( all ( !m :i* is call$ happ9ess4 ,x is n !n to be w&]$ at t a s+le incl9ation1 def9ite bo? z to :at x promises & z to ! "t )9 :i* x c be gratifi$1 is (t5 able to ov]come su* a fluctuat+ idea1 & t a g\ty pati5t1 = in/ance1 c *oose to enjoy :at he likes1 & to suff] :at he may1 s9ce1 accord+ to 8 calculation1 on ?is occasion at lea/1 he has only n sacrific$ ! enjoym5t ( ! pres5t mom5t to a possibly mi/ak5 expectation ( a happ9ess :i* is suppos$ to be f\nd 9 heal?4 ,b ev5 9 ?is case1 if ! g5]al desire = happ9ess did n influ5ce 8 w1 & suppos+ t 9 8 p>ticul> case heal? 0 n a necess>y elem5t 9 ?is calculation1 !re yet rema9s 9 ?is1 sas 9 all o!r cases1 ?is law1 namely1 t he %\ld promote 8 happ9ess n f incl9ation b f duty1 l& by ?is w\ld 8 conduct fir/ acquire true moral wor?4 ,x is 9 ?is mann]1 und\bt$ly1 t we are to und]/& ^? passages ( ,scripture also 9 :i* we are comm&$ to love our neighb\r1 ev5 our enemy4 ,= love1 z an affection1 _c be comm&$1 b b5efic5ce = duty's sake may2 ev5 ?\gh we are n impell$ to x by any incl9ation--nay1 are ev5 repell$ by a natural & unconqu]able av]sion4 ,?is is practical love1 & n pa?ological--a love :i* is seat$ 9 ! w1 & n 9 ! prop5sions ( s5se--9 pr9ciples ( action & n ( t5d] sympa?y2 & x is ?is love alone :i* c be comm&$4 ,! second ,footnote3 ,! fir/ proposition 0 t to h moral wor? an action mu/ be done f duty4 proposition is3 ,t an action done f duty d]ives its moral wor?1 n f ! purpose :i* is to be atta9$ by x1 b f ! maxim by :i* x is det]m9$1 & !re=e does n dep5d on ! realization ( ! object ( ! action1 b m]ely on ! pr9ciple ( volition by :i* ! action has tak5 place1 )\t reg>d to any object ( desire4 ,x is cle> f :at prec$es t ! purposes :i* we may h 9 view 9 our actions1 or _! effects reg>d$ z ends & spr+s ( ! w1 _c give to actions any unconditional or moral wor?4 ,9 :at1 !n1 c _! wor? lie1 if x is n to consi/ 9 ! w & 9 ref]5ce to its expect$ effect8 ,x _c lie any:]e b 9 ! pr9ciple ( ! w )\t reg>d to ! ends :i* c be atta9$ by ! action4 ,= ! w /&s betwe5 its a priori pr9ciple1 :i* is =mal1 & its a po/]iori spr+1 :i* is mat]ial1 z betwe5 two roads1 & z x mu/ be det]m9$ by some?+1 x foll[s t x mu/ be det]m9$ by ! =mal pr9ciple ( volition :5 an action is done f duty1 9 :i* case e mat]ial pr9ciple has be5 )drawn f x4 ,! ?ird proposition1 :i* is a consequ5ce ( ! two prec$+1 ,i w\ld express ?us3 ,duty is ! necessity ( act+ f respect = ! law4 ,i may h incl9ation = an object z ! effect ( my propos$ action1 b ,i _c h respect = x1 j = ?is reason1 t x is an effect & n an en]gy ( w4 ,simil>ly1 ,i _c h respect = incl9ation1 :e!r my own or ano!r's2 ,i c at mo/1 if my own1 approve x2 if ano!r's1 sometimes ev5 love x2 i4e4 look on x z fav\rable to my own int]e/4 ,x is only :at is connect$ ) my w z a pr9ciple1 by no means z an effect--:at does n subs]ve my incl9ation1 b ov]p[]s x1 or at lea/ 9 case ( *oice excludes x f its calculation--9 o!r words1 simply ! law ( itself1 :i* c be an object ( respect1 & h5ce a comm&4 ,n[ an action done f duty mu/ :olly exclude ! influ5ce ( incl9ation1 & ) x e object ( ! w1 s t no?+ rema9s :i* c det]m9e ! w except objectively ! ,,law1 & subjectively ,,pure ,,respect = ?is practical law1 & consequ5tly ! maxim ,footnote3 ,a ,,maxim is ! subjective pr9ciple ( volition4 ,! objective pr9ciple 7i4 e4 t :i* w\ld also s]ve subjectively z a practical pr9ciple to all rational be+s if reason _h full p[] ov] ! faculty ( desire7 is ! practical ,,law4 t ,i %\ld foll[ ?is law ev5 to ! ?w>t+ ( all my incl9ations4 ,?us ! moral wor? ( an action does n lie 9 ! effect expect$ f x1 nor 9 any pr9ciple ( action :i* requires to borr[ its motive f ?is expect$ effeet4 ,= all ^! effects-- agreeabl5ess ( "o's condition1 & ev5 ! promotion ( ! happ9ess ( o!rs--c\ld h be5 also br\ght ab\t by o!r causes1 s t = ?is !re w\ld h be5 no ne$ ( ! w ( a rational be+2 :]eas x is 9 ?is alone t ! supreme & unconditional good c be f\nd4 ,! pre-em95t good :i* we call moral c !re=e consi/ 9 no?+ else ?an ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,law 9 itself1 ,,:i* ,,c]ta9ly ,,is ,,only ,,possible ,,9 ,a ,,rational ,,be+1 9 s f> z ?is conception1 & n ! expect$ effect1 det]m9es ! w4 ,?is is a good :i* is already pres5t 9 ! p]son :o acts accord+ly1 & we h n to wait = x to appe> fir/ 9 ! result4 ,footnote3 ,x might be "h object$ to me t ,i take refuge beh9d ! ^w ,,respect 9 an obscure feel+1 in/ead ( giv+ a di/9ct solution ( ! "q by a concept ( ! reason4 ,b al?\gh respect is a feel+1 x is n a feel+ ,,receiv$ ?r\gh influ5ce1 b is ,,self-,,wr\ght by a rational concept1 &1 !re=e1 is specifically di/9ct f all feel+s ( ! =m] k9d1 :i* may be ref]r$ ei!r to incl9ation or fe>1 ,:at ,i recognise imm$iately z a law = me1 ,i recognise ) respect4 ,?is m]ely signifies ! consci\sness t my w is ,,subord9ate to a law1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( o!r influ5ces on my s5se4 ,! imm$iate det]m9ation ( ! w by ! law1 & ! consci\sness ( ?is is call$ ,,respect1 s t ?is is reg>d$ z an ,,effect ( ! law on ! subject1 & n z ! ,,cause ( x4 ,respect is prop]ly ! conception ( a wor? :i* ?w>ts my self-love4 ,accord+ly x is some?+ :i* is consid]$ nei!r z am object ( incl9ation nor ( fe>1 al?\gh x has some?+ analog\s to bo?4 ,! ,,object ( respect is ! ,,law only1 & t1 ! law :i* we impose on ,,ourselves1 & yet recognise z necess>y 9 itself4 ,z a law1 we are subject$ to x )\t consult+ self-love2 z impos$ by u on ourselves1 x is a result ( our w4 ,9 ! =m] aspect x has an analogy to fe>1 9 ! latt] to incl9ation4 ,respect = a p]son is prop]ly only respect = ! law 7( hone/y1 c471 ( :i* he gives u an example4 ,s9ce we also look on ! improvem5t ( our tal5ts z a duty1 we consid] t we see 9 a p]son ( tal5ts1 z x 71 ! ,,example ,,( ,a ,,law 7viz4 to become l him 9 ?is by ex]cise71 & ?is con/itutes our respect4 ,all s-call$ moral ,,int]e/ consi/s simply 9 ,,respect = ! law4 ,b :at sort ( law c t be1 ! conception ( :i* mu/ det]m9e ! w1 ev5 )\t pay+ any reg>d to ! effect expect$ f x1 9 ord] t ?is w may be call$ good absolutely & )\t qualification8 ,z ,i h depriv$ ! w ( e impulse :i* c\ld arise to x f ob$i5ce to any law1 !re rema9s no?+ b ! univ]sal con=mity ( its actions to law 9 g5]al1 :i* alone is to s]ve ! w z a pr9ciple1 i4 e4 ,i am nev] to act o!rwise ?an s ,,t ,i ,,c\ld ,,also ,,w ,,t ,,my ,,maxim ,,%\ld ,,become ,a ,,univ]sal ,,law4 ,"h n[1 x is ! simple con=mity to law 9 g5]al1 )\t assum+ any p>ticul> law applicable to c]ta9 actions1 t s]ves ! w z its pr9ciple1 & mu/ s s]ve x1 if duty is n to be a va9 delusion & a *im]ical notion4 ,! common reason ( m5 9 its practical judgm5ts p]fectly co9cides ) ?is1 & always has 9 view ! pr9ciple "h sugge/$4 ,let ! "q be1 = example3 ,may ,i :5 9 di/ress make a promise ) ! int5tion n to keep x8 ,i readily di/+ui% "h betwe5 ! two significations :i* ! "q may h4 ,:e!r x is prud5t1 or :e!r x is "r1 to make a false promise4 ,! =m] may und\bt$ly (t5 be ! case4 ,i see cle>ly inde$ t x is n en\gh to extricate myself f a pres5t difficulty by means ( ?is subt]fuge1 b x mu/ be well consid]$ :e!r !re may n h]eaft] spr+ f ?is lie mu* great] inconv5i5ce ?an t f :i* ,i n[ free myself1 & z1 ) all my suppos$ ,,cunn+1 ! consequ5ces _c be s easily =ese5 b t cr$it once lo/ may be mu* m injuri\s to me ?an any mis*ief :i* ,i seek to avoid at pres5t1 x %\ld be consid]$ :e!r x w\ld n be m prud5t to act h]e9 accord+ to a univ]sal maxim1 & to make x a habit to promise no?+ except ) ! int5tion ( keep+ x4 ,b x is soon cle> to me t su* a maxim w /ill only be bas$ on ! fe> ( consequ5ces4 ,n[ x is a :olly diff]5t ?+ to be tru?ful f duty1 & to be s f appreh5sion ( injuri\s consequ5ces4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! v notion ( ! action already implies a law = me2 9 ! second case1 ,i mu/ fir/ look ab\t else:]e to see :at results may be comb9$ ) x :i* w\ld affect myself4 ,= to deviate f ! pr9ciple ( duty is beyond all d\bt wick$2 b to be unfai?ful to my maxim ( prud5ce may (t5 be v advantage\s to me1 al?\gh to abide by x is c]ta9ly saf]4 ,! %orte/ way1 h[ev]1 & an un]r+ "o1 to discov] ! answ] to ?is "q :e!r a ly+ promise is consi/5t ) duty1 is to ask myself1 ,%\ld ,i be cont5t t my maxim 7to extricate myself f difficulty by a false promise7 %\ld hold good z a univ]sal law1 = myself z well z = o!rs8 & %\ld ,i be able to say to myself1 ,e "o may make a deceitful promise :5 he f9ds himself 9 a difficulty f :i* he _c o!rwise extricate himself8 ,!n ,i pres5tly become aw>e t :ile ,i c w ! lie1 ,i c by no means w t ly+ %\ld be a univ]sal law4 ,= ) su* a law !re w\ld be no promises at all1 s9ce x w\ld be 9 va9 to allege my int5tion 9 reg>d to my future actions to ^? :o w\ld n believe ?is allegation1 or if !y ov]ha/ily did s1 w\ld pay me back 9 my own co94 ,h5ce my maxim1 z soon z x %\ld be made a univ]sal law1 w\ld necess>ily de/roy itself4 ,i d n1 !re=e1 ne$ any f>-rea*+ p5etration to disc]n :at ,i h to d 9 ord] t my w may be morally good4 ,inexp]i5c$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! _w1 incapable ( be+ prep>$ = all its cont+5cies1 ,i only ask myself3 ,can/ ?\ also w t ?y maxim %\ld be a univ]sal law8 ,if n1 !n x mu/ be reject$1 & t n because ( a disadvantage accru+ f x to myself or ev5 to o!rs1 b because x _c ent] z a pr9ciple into a possible univ]sal legislation1 & reason extorts f me imm$iate respect = su* legislation4 ,i d n inde$ z yet disc]n on :at ?is respect is bas$ 7?is ! philosoph] may inquire71 b at lea/ ,i und]/& ?is1 t x is an e/imation ( ! wor? :i* f> outweighs all wor? ( :at is recomm5d$ by incl9ation1 & t ! necessity ( act+ f pure respect = ! practical law is :at con/itutes duty1 to :i* e o!r motive mu/ give place1 because x is ! condition ( a w be+ good 9 itself1 & ! wor? ( su* a w is above ev]y?+4 ,?us1 !n1 )\t quitt+ ! moral k ( common human reason1 we h arriv$ at its pr9ciple4 ,& al?\gh1 no d\bt1 common m5 d n conceive x 9 su* an ab/ract & univ]sal =m1 yet !y always h x really be=e _! eyes1 & use x z ! /&>d ( _! decision4 ,"h x w\ld be easy to %[ h[1 ) ?is compass 9 h&1 m5 are well able to di/+ui%1 9 e case t occurs1 :at is good1 :at bad1 con=mably to duty or inconsi/5t ) x1 if1 )\t 9 ! lea/ tea*+ !m any?+ new1 we only1 l ,socrates1 direct _! att5tion to ! pr9ciple !y !mselves employ2 & t !re=e we d n ne$ sci5ce & philosophy to "k :at we %\ld d to be hone/ & good1 yea1 ev5 wise & virtu\s4 ,inde$ we might well h conjectur$ be=eh& t ! k ( :at e man is b\nd to d1 & !re=e also to "k1 w\ld be )9 ! rea* ( e man1 ev5 ! commone/4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ! note to ! ,preface to ! ,critique ( ! ,practical ,reason1 p4 #aaa4 ,a specim5 ( ,kant's propos$ application ( ! ,socratic me?od may be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,semple'a translation ( ! ,metaphysic ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bij4 ,"h we _c =be> admiration :5 we see h[ great an advantage ! practical judgm5t has ov] ! !oretical 9 ! common und]/&+ ( m54 ,9 ! latt]1 if common reason v5tures to dep>t f ! laws ( exp]i5ce & f ! p]ceptions ( ! s5ses x falls into m]e inconceivabilities & self-contradictions1 at lea/ into *aos ( unc]ta9ty1 obscurity1 & in/ability4 ,b 9 ! practical sph]e x is j :5 ! common und]/&+ excludes all s5sible spr+s f practical laws t its p[] ( judgm5t beg9s to %[ itself to advantage4 ,x !n becomes ev5 subtle1 :e!r x be t x *icanes ) its own consci5ce or ) o!r claims respect+ :at is to be call$ "r1 or :e!r x desires = its own in/ruction to det]m9e hone/ly ! wor? ( actions2 &1 9 ! latt] case1 x may ev5 h z good a hope ( hitt+ ! m>k z any philosoph] :atev] c promise himself4 ,nay1 x is almo/ m sure ( do+ s1 because ! philosoph] _c h any o!r pr9ciple1 :ile he may easily p]plex 8 judgm5t by a multitude ( consid]ations =eign to ! matt]1 & s turn aside f ! "r way4 ,w\ld x n !re=e be wis] 9 moral conc]ns to acquiesce 9 ! judgm5t ( common reason or at mo/ only to call 9 philosophy = ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! sy/em ( morals m complete & intelligible1 & its rules m conv5i5t = use 7especially = disputation71 b n s z to draw (f ! common und]/&+ f its happy simplicity1 or to br+ x by means ( philosophy into a new pa? ( inquiry & in/ruction8 ,innoc5ce is inde$ a glori\s ?+1 only1 on ! o!r h&1 x is v sad t x _c well ma9ta9 itself1 & is easily s$uc$4 ,on ?is acc\nt ev5 wisdom--:i* o!rwise consi/s m 9 conduct ?an 9 k--yet has ne$ ( sci5ce1 n 9 ord] to le>n f x1 b to secure = its precepts admission & p]man5ce4 ,aga9/ all ! comm&s ( duty :i* reason repres5ts to man z s des]v+ ( respect1 he feels 9 himself a p[]ful c\nt]poise 9 8 wants & incl9ations1 ! entire satisfaction ( :i* he sums up "u ! "n ( happ9ess4 ,n[ reason issues its comm&s unyield+ly1 )\t promis+ any?+ to ! incl9ations1 &1 z x 71 ) disreg>d & contempt = ^! claims1 :i* are s impetu\s1 & at ! same "t s plausible1 & :i* w n all[ !mselves to be suppress$ by any comm&4 ,h5ce !re arises a natural dialectic1 i4 e4 a disposition1 to argue aga9/ ^! /rict laws ( duty & to "q _! validity1 or at lea/ _! purity & /rictness2 &1 if possible1 to make !m m accordant ) our wi%es & incl9ations1 t is to say1 to corrupt !m at _! v s\rce1 & entirely to de/roy _! wor?--a ?+ :i* ev5 common practical reason _c ultimately call good4 ,?us is ! common reason ( man compell$ to g out ( its sph]e1 & to take a /ep into ! field ( a practical philosophy1 n to satisfy any speculative want 7:i* nev] occurs to x z long z x is cont5t to be m]e s\nd reason71 b ev5 on practical gr\nds1 9 ord] to atta9 9 x in=mation & cle> in/ruction respect+ ! s\rce ( its pr9ciple1 & ! correct det]m9ation ( x 9 opposition to ! maxims :i* are bas$ on wants & incl9ations1 s t x may escape f ! p]plexity ( opposite claims1 & n run ! risk ( los+ all g5u9e moral pr9ciples ?r\gh ! equivocation into :i* x easily falls4 ,?us1 :5 practical reason cultivates itself1 !re ins5sibly arises 9 x a dialectic :i* =ces x to seek aid 9 philosophy1 j z happ5s to x 9 its !oretic use2 & 9 ?is case1 !re=e1 z well z 9 ! o!r1 x w f9d re/ n[h]e b 9 a ?or\gh critical exam9ation ( our reason4 ,,second ,,section ,,transition ,,f ,,popul> ,,moral ,,philosophy ,,to ,,! ,,metaphysic ,,( ,,morals ,if we h hi!rto drawn our notion ( duty f ! common use ( our practical reason1 x is by no means to be inf]r$ t we h treat$ x z an empirical notion4 ,on ! contr>y1 if we att5d to ! exp]i5ce ( m5's conduct1 we meet frequ5t &1 z we ourselves all[1 j compla9ts t "o _c f9d a s+le c]ta9 example ( ! disposition to act f pure duty4 ,al?\gh _m ?+s are done 9 con=mity ) :at duty prescribes1 x is nev]!less always d\btful :e!r !y are done /rictly f duty1 s z to h a moral wor?4 ,h5ce !re h1 at all times1 be5 philosoph]s :o h altoge!r d5i$ t ?is disposition actually exi/s at all 9 human actions1 & h ascrib$ ev]y?+ to a m or less ref9$ self-love4 ,n t !y h on t acc\nt que/ion$ ! s\ndness ( ! conception ( morality2 on ! contr>y1 !y spoke ) s9c]e regret ( ! frailty & corruption ( human nature1 :i* ?\ght noble en\gh to take z its rule an idea s wor?y ( respect1 is yet too weak to foll[ x1 & employs reason1 :i* ought to give x ! law only = ! purpose ( provid+ = ! int]e/ ( ! incl9ations1 :e!r s+ly or at ! be/ 9 ! greate/ possible h>mony ) "o ano!r4 ,9 fact1 x is absolutely impossible to make out by exp]i5ce ) complete c]ta9ty a s+le case 9 :i* ! maxim ( an action1 h[ev] "r 9 itself1 re/$ simply on moral gr\nds & on ! conception ( duty4 ,sometimes x happ5s t ) ! %>pe/ self-exam9ation we c f9d no?+ beside ! moral pr9ciple ( duty :i* c\ld h be5 p[]ful en\gh to move u to ?is or t action & to s great a sacrifice2 yet we _c f ?is inf] ) c]ta9ty t x 0 n really "s secret impulse ( self-love1 "u ! false appe>ance ( duty1 t 0 ! actual det]m9+ cause ( ! w4 ,we l !n to flatt] ourselves by falsely tak+ cr$it = a m noble motive2 :]eas 9 fact we c nev]1 ev5 by ! /ricte/ exam9ation1 get completely beh9d ! secret spr+s ( action2 s9ce1 :5 ! "q is ( moral wor?1 x is n ) ! actions :i* we see t we are conc]n$1 b ) ^? inw>d pr9ciples ( !m :i* we d n see4 ,moreov]1 we _c bett] s]ve ! wi%es ( ^? :o ridicule all morality z a m]e *im]a ( human imag9ation ov]/epp+ itself f vanity1 ?an by conc$+ to !m t notions ( duty mu/ be drawn only f exp]i5ce 7z f indol5ce1 p are ready to ?9k is also ! case ) all o!r notions72 = ?is is to prep>e = !m a c]ta9 triumph4 ,i am will+ to admit out ( love ( humanity t ev5 mo/ ( our actions are correct1 b if we look clos] at !m we ev]y:]e come ^u ! de> self :i* is always prom95t1 & x is ?is !y h 9 view1 & n ! /rict comm& ( duty :i* w\ld (t5 require self-d5ial4 ,)\t be+ an enemy ( virtue1 a cool obs]v]1 "o t does n mi/ake ! wi% = good1 h[ev] lively1 = its reality1 may sometimes d\bt :e!r true virtue is actually f\nd any:]e 9 ! _w1 & ?is especially z ye>s increase & ! judgm5t is p>tly made wis] by exp]i5ce1 & p>tly also m acute 9 obs]vation4 ,?is be+ s1 no?+ c secure u f fall+ away altoge!r f our ideas ( duty1 or ma9ta9 9 ! s\l a well- gr\nd$ respect = its law1 b ! cle> conviction t al?\gh !re %\ld nev] h be5 actions :i* really sprang f su* pure s\rces1 yet :e!r ?is or t takes place is n at all ! "q2 b t reason ( itself1 indep5d5t on all exp]i5ce1 orda9s :at ought to take place1 t accord+ly actions ( :i* p]haps ! _w has hi!rto nev] giv5 an example1 ! feasibility ev5 ( :i* might be v mu* d\bt$ by "o :o f\nds ev]y?+ on exp]i5ce1 are nev]!less inflexibly comm&$ by reason2 t1 ex4 gr4 ev5 ?\gh !re might nev] yet h be5 a s9c]e fri5d1 yet n a :it ! less is pure s9c]ity 9 fri5d%ip requir$ ( e man1 because1 prior to all exp]i5ce1 ?is duty is involv$ z duty 9 ! idea ( a reason det]m9+ ! w by a priori pr9ciples4 ,:5 we add fur!r t1 unless we d5y t ! notion ( morality has any tru? or ref]5ce to any possible object1 we mu/ admit t its law mu/ be valid1 n m]ely = m51 b = all rational creatures g5]ally1 n m]ely "u c]ta9 cont+5t conditions or ) exceptions1 b ) absolute necessity1 !n x is cle> t no exp]i5ce c\ld enable u to inf] ev5 ! possibility ( su* apodictic laws4 ,= ) :at "r c\ld we br+ into unb\nd$ respect z a univ]sal precept = e rational nature t :i* p]haps holds only "u ! cont+5t conditions ( humanity8 ,or h[ c\ld laws ( ! det]m9ation ( ,,our w be reg>d$ z laws ( ! det]m9ation ( ! w ( rational be+s g5]ally1 & = u only z su*1 if !y 7 m]ely empirical1 & did n take _! orig9 :olly a priori f pure b practical reason8 ,nor c\ld any?+ be m fatal to morality ?an t we %\ld wi% to d]ive x f examples4 ,= e example ( x t is set be=e me mu/ be fir/ itself te/$ by pr9ciples ( morality1 :e!r x is wor?y to s]ve z an orig9al example1 i4 e41 z a patt]n1 b by no means c x au?oritatively furni% ! conception ( morality4 ,ev5 ! ,holy ,"o ( ! ,gospels mu/ fir/ be comp>$ ) our ideal ( moral p]fection be=e we c recognise ,him z su*2 & s ,he says ( ,himself1 ,:y call ye ,me 7:om y see7 good2 none is good 7! model ( good7 b ,god only 7:om ye d n see78 ,b :5ce h we ! conception ( ,god z ! supreme good8 ,simply f ! ,,idea ( moral p]fection1 :i* reason frames a priori1 & connects insep>ably ) ! notion ( a free-w4 ,imitation f9ds no place at all 9 morality1 & examples s]ve only = enc\ragem5t1 i4 e4 !y put beyond d\bt ! feasibility ( :at ! law comm&s1 !y make visible t :i* ! practical rule expresses m g5]ally1 b !y c nev] au?orise u to set aside ! true orig9al :i* lies 9 reason1 & to guide ourselves by examples4 ,if !n !re is no g5u9e supreme pr9ciple ( morality b :at mu/ re/ simply on pure reason1 indep5d5t on all exp]i5ce1 ,i ?9k x is n necess>y ev5 to put ! "q1 :e!r x is good to exhibit ^! concepts 9 _! g5]ality 79 ab/racto7 z !y are e/abli%$ a priori along ) ! pr9ciples belong+ to !m1 if our k is to be di/+ui%$ f ! vulg>1 & to be call$ philosophical4 ,9 our times inde$ ?is might p]haps be necess>y2 = if we collect$ votes1 :e!r pure rational k sep>at$ f ev]y?+ empirical1 t is to say1 metaphysic ( morals1 or :e!r popul> practical philosophy is to be pref]r$1 x is easy to guess :i* side w\ld prepond]ate4 ,?is desc5d+ to popul> notions is c]ta9ly v comm5dable1 if ! asc5t to ! pr9ciples ( pure reason has fir/ tak5 place & be5 satisfactorily accompli%$4 ,?is implies t we fir/ f\nd ,e?ics on ,metaphysics1 & !n1 :5 x is firmly e/abli%$1 procure a he>+ = x by giv+ x a popul> "*4 ,b x is q absurd to try to be popul> 9 ! fir/ inquiry1 on :i* ! s\ndness ( ! pr9ciples dep5ds4 ,x is n only t ?is proce$+ c nev] lay claim to ! v r>e m]it ( a true philosophical popul>ity1 s9ce !re is no art 9 be+ intelligible if "o r5\nces all ?or\ghness ( insight2 b also x produces a disgu/+ m$ley ( compil$ obs]vations & half- reason$ pr9ciples4 ,%all[ pates enjoy ?is because x c be us$ = e-day *at1 b ! sagaci\s f9d 9 x only confusion1 & be+ unsatisfi$ & unable to help !mselves1 !y turn away _! eyes1 :ile philosoph]s1 :o see q well ?r\gh ?is delusion1 are little li/5$ to :5 !y call m5 (f = a "t f ?is pret5d$ popul>ity1 9 ord] t !y might be rightfully popul> aft] !y h atta9$ a def9ite insight4 ,we ne$ only look at ! attempts ( morali/s 9 t fav\rite fa%ion1 & we %all f9d at "o "t ! ,special con/itution ( human nature 7includ+1 h[ev]1 ! idea ( a rational nature g5]ally71 at "o "t p]fection1 at ano!r happ9ess1 "h moral s5se1 !re fe> ( ,god1 a little ( ?is1 & a little ( t1 9 m>vell\s mixture1 )\t its occurr+ to !m to ask :e!r ! pr9ciples ( morality are to be s\ght 9 ! k ( human nature at all 7:i* we c h only f exp]i5ce72 &1 if ?is is n s1 if ^! pr9ciples are to be f\nd altoge!r a priori free f ev]y?+ empirical1 9 pure rational concepts only1 & n[h]e else1 n ev5 9 ! smalle/ degree2 !n r to adopt ! me?od ( mak+ ?is a sep>ate inquiry1 z pure practical philosophy1 or 7if "o may use a "n s decri$7 z metaphysic ( morals1 ,footnote3 ,j z pure ma!matics are di/+ui%$ f appli$1 pure logic f appli$1 s if we *oose we may alse di/+ui% pure philosophy ( morals 7metaphysic7 f appli$ 7viz4 appli$ to human nature74 ,by ?is designation we are also at once rem9d$ t moral pr9ciples are n bas$ on prop]ties ( human nature1 b mu/ subsi/ a priori ( !mselves :ile f su* pr9ciples practical rules mu/ be capable ( be+ d$uc$ = e rational nature1 & accord+ly = t ( man4 to br+ x by itself to complet5ess1 & to require ! public1 :i* wi%es = popul> treatm5t1 to await ! issue ( ?is und]tak+4 ,su* a metaphysic ( morals1 completely isolat$1 n mix$ ) any an?ropology1 !ology1 physics1 or hyp]physics1 & /ill less ) occult qualities 7:i* we might call hypophysical71 is n only an indisp5sable sub/ratum ( all s\nd !oretical k ( duties1 b is at ! same "t a desid]atum ( ! highe/ importance to ! actual fulfilm5t ( _! precepts4 ,= ! pure conception ( duty1 unmix$ ) any =eign addition ( empirical attractions1 &1 9 a ^w1 ! conception ( ! moral law1 ex]cises on ! human he>t1 by way ( reason alone 7:i* fir/ becomes aw>e ) ?is t x c ( itself be practical71 an influ5ce s mu* m p[]ful ?an all o!r spr+s ,footnote3 ,i h a lett] f ! late excell5t ,sulz]1 9 :i* he asks me :at c be ! reason t moral in/ruction1 al?\gh conta9+ mu* t is conv9c+ = ! reason1 yet accompli%es s little8 ,my answ] 0 po/pon$ 9 ord] t ,i might make x complete4 ,b x is simply ?is1 t ! tea*]s !mselves h n got _! own notions cle>1 & :5 !y endeav\r to make up = ?is by rak+ up motives ( moral goodness f e qu>t]1 try+ to make _! physic "r /rong1 !y spoil x4 ,= ! commone/ und]/&+ %[s t if we imag9e1 on ! "o h&1 an act ( hone/y done ) /eadfa/ m9d1 ap>t f e view to advantage ( any k9d 9 ?is _w or ano!r1 & ev5 "u ! greate/ temptations ( necessity or allurem5t1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 a simil> act :i* 0 affect$1 9 h[ev] l[ a degree1 by a =eign motive1 ! =m] leaves f> beh9d & eclipses ! second2 x elevates ! s\l1 & inspires ! wi% to be able to act 9 l mann] oneself4 ,ev5 mod]ately "y *ildr5 feel ?is impression1 & "o %\ld nev] repres5t duties to !m 9 any o!r light4 :i* may be d]iv$ f ! field ( exp]i5ce1 t 9 ! consci\sness ( its wor?1 despises ! latt]1 & c by degrees become _! ma/]2 :]eas a mix$ e?ics1 comp\nd$ p>tly ( motives drawn f feel+s & incl9ations1 & p>tly also ( conceptions ( reason1 mu/ make ! m9d wav] betwe5 motives :i* _c be br\ght "u any pr9ciple1 :i* lead to good only by m]e accid5t1 & v (t5 also to evil4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x is cle> t all moral conceptions h _! seat & orig9 completely a priori 9 ! reason1 & t1 moreov]1 9 ! commone/ reason j z truly z 9 t :i* is 9 ! highe/ degree speculative2 t !y _c be obta9$ by ab/raction f any empirical1 & !re=e m]ely cont+5t k2 t x is j ?is purity ( _! orig9 t makes !m wor?y to s]ve z our supreme practical pr9ciple1 & t j 9 proportion z we add any?+ empirical1 we detract f _! g5u9e influ5ce1 & f ! absolute value ( actions2 t x is n only ( ! greate/ necessity1 9 a purely speculative po9t ( view1 b is also ( ! greate/ practical importance to d]ive ^! notions & laws f pure reason1 to pres5t !m pure & unmix$1 & ev5 to det]m9e ! compass ( ?is practical or pure rational k1 i4 e4 to det]m9e ! :ole faculty ( pure practical reason2 &1 9 do+ s1 we mu/ n make its pr9ciples dep5d5t on ! p>ticul> nature ( human reason1 ?\gh 9 speculative philosophy ?is may be p]mitt$1 or may ev5 at times be necess>y2 b s9ce moral laws ought to hold good = e rational creature1 we mu/ d]ive !m f ! g5]al concept ( a rational be+4 ,9 ?is way1 al?\gh = its application to man morality has ne$ ( an?ropology1 yet1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 we mu/ treat x indep5d5tly z pure philosophy1 i4 e4 z metaphysic1 complete 9 itself 7a ?+ :i* 9 su* di/9ct bran*es ( sci5ce is easily done72 kn[+ well t unless we are 9 possession ( ?is1 x w\ld n only be va9 to det]m9e ! moral elem5t ( duty 9 "r actions = purposes ( speculative criticism1 b x w\ld be impossible to base morals on _! g5u9e pr9ciples1 ev5 = common practical purposes1 especially ( moral in/ruction1 s z to produce pure moral dispositions1 & to engraft !m on m5's m9ds to ! promotion ( ! greate/ possible good 9 ! _w4 ,b 9 ord] t 9 ?is /udy we may n m]ely advance by ! natural /eps f ! common moral judgm5t 79 ?is case v wor?y ( respect7 to ! philosophical1 z has be5 already done1 b also f a popul> philosophy1 :i* goes no fur!r ?an x c rea* by grop+ ) ! help ( examples1 to metaphysic 7:i* does n all[ itself to be *eck$ by any?+ empirical1 & z x mu/ measure ! :ole ext5t ( ?is k9d ( rational k1 goes z f> z ideal conceptions1 :]e ev5 examples fail u71 we mu/ foll[ & cle>ly describe ! practical faculty ( reason1 f ! g5]al rules ( its det]m9ation to ! po9t :]e ! notion ( duty spr+s f x4 ,ev]y?+ 9 nature works accord+ to laws4 ,rational be+s alone h ! faculty ( act+ accord+ to ! conception ( laws1 t is accord+ to pr9ciples1 i4 e41 h a w4 ,s9ce ! d$uction ( actions f pr9ciples requires reason1 ! w is no?+ b practical reason4 ,if reason infallibly det]m9es ! w1 !n ! actions ( su* a be+ :i* are recognis$ z objectively necess>y are subjectively necess>y also1 i4 e41 ! w is a faculty to *oose t only :i* reason indep5d5t on incl9ation recognises z practically necess>y1 i4 e41 z good4 ,b if reason ( itself does n suffici5tly det]m9e ! w1 if ! latt] is subject also to subjective conditions 7p>ticul> impulses7 :i* d n always co9cide ) ! objective conditions2 9 a ^w1 if ! w does n 9 itself completely accord ) reason 7:i* is actually ! case ) m571 !n ! actions :i* objectively are recognis$ z necess>y are subjectively cont+5t1 & ! det]m9ation ( su* a w accord+ to objective laws is obligation1 t is to say1 ! relation ( ! objective laws to a w t is n ?or\ghly good is conceiv$ z ! det]m9ation ( ! w ( a rational be+ by pr9ciples ( reason1 b :i* ! w f its nature does n ( necessity foll[4 ,! conception ( an objective pr9ciple1 9 s f> z x is obligatory = a w1 is call$ a comm& 7( reason72 & ! =mula ( ! comm& is call$ an ,imp]ative4 ,all imp]atives are express$ by ! ^w ,,ought or ,,%all1 & !reby indicate ! relation ( an objective law ( reason to a w1 :i* f its subjective con/itution is n necess>ily det]m9$ by x 7an obligation74 ,!y say t some?+ w\ld be good to d or to =be>1 b !y say x to a w :i* does n always d a ?+ because x is conceiv$ to be good to d x4 ,t is practically ,,good1 h[ev]1 :i* det]m9es ! w by means ( ! conceptions ( reason1 & consequ5tly n f subjective causes1 b objectively1 t is on pr9ciples :i* are valid = e rational be+ z su*4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! ,,pleasant1 z t :i* influ5ces ! w only by means ( s5sation f m]ely subjective causes1 valid only = ! s5se ( ?is or t "o1 & n z a pr9ciple ( reason1 :i* holds = e "o4 ,footnote #c3 ,! dep5d5ce ( ! desires on s5sations is call$ incl9ation1 & ?is accord+ly always indicates a ,,want4 ,! dep5d5ce ( a cont+5tly det]m9able w on pr9ciples ( reason is call$ an ,,int]e/4 ,?is !re=e is f\nd only 9 ! case ( a dep5d5t w1 :i* does n always ( itself con=m to reason2 9 ! ,div9e w we _c conceive any int]e/4 ,b ! human w c also ,,take ,,an ,,int]e/ 9 a ?+ )\t !re=e act+ ,,f ,,int]e/4 ,! =m] signifies ! ,,practical int]e/ 9 ! action1 ! latt] ! ,,pa?ological 9 ! object ( ! action4 ,! =m] indicates only dep5d5ce ( ! w or pr9ciples ( reason 9 !mselves2 ! second1 dep5d5ce on pr9ciples ( reason = ! sake ( incl9ation1 reason supply+ only ! practical rules h[ ! requirem5t ( ! incl9ation may he satisfi$4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! action int]e/s me2 9 ! second ! object ( ! action 7because x is pleasant to me71 ,we h se5 9 ! fir/ section t 9 an action done f duty we mu/ look n to ! int]e/ 9 ! object1 b only to t 9 ! action itself1 & 9 its rational pr9ciple 7viz4 ! law74 ,a p]fectly good w w\ld !re=e be equally subject to objective laws 7viz4 laws ( good71 b c\ld n be conceiv$ z ,,oblig$ !reby to act lawfully1 because ( itself f its subjective con/itution x c only be det]m9$ by ! conception ( good4 ,!re=e no imp]atives hold = ! ,div9e w1 or 9 g5]al = a ,,holy w2 ,,ought is "h out ( place1 because ! volition is already ( itself necess>ily 9 unison ) ! law4 ,!re=e imp]atives are only =mulae to express ! relation ( objective laws ( all volition to ! subjective imp]fection ( ! w ( ?is or t rational be+1 e4 g4 ! human w4 ,n[ all ,,imp]atives comm& ei!r ,,hypo!tically or ,,categorically4 ,! =m] repres5t ! practical necessity ( a possible action z means to some?+ else t is will$ 7or at lea/ :i* "o might possibly w74 ,! categorical imp]ative w\ld be t :i* repres5t$ an action z necess>y ( itself )\t ref]5ce to ano!r end1 i4 e41 z objectively necess>y4 ,s9ce e practical law repres5ts a possible action z good1 & on ?is acc\nt1 = a subject :o is practically det]m9able by reason1 necess>y1 all imp]atives are =mulae det]m9+ an action :i* is necess>y accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( a w good 9 "s respects4 ,if n[ ! action is good only z a means ,,to ,,some?+ ,,else1 !n ! imp]ative is ,,hypo!tical2 if x is conceiv$ z good ,,9 ,,itself & consequ5tly z be+ necess>ily ! pr9ciple ( a w :i* ( itself con=ms to reason1 !n x is ,,categorical4 ,?us ! imp]ative decl>es :at action possible by me w\ld be good1 & pres5ts ! practical rule 9 relation to a w :i* does n =?) p]=m an action simply because x is good1 :e!r because ! subject does n always "k t x is good1 or because1 ev5 if x "k ?is1 yet its maxims might be oppos$ to ! objective pr9ciples ( practical reason4 ,accord+ly ! hypo!tical imp]ative only says t ! action is good = "s purpose1 ,,possible or ,,actual4 ,9 ! fir/ case x is a ,problematical1 9 ! second an ,ass]torial practical pr9ciple4 ,! categorical imp]ative :i* decl>es an action to be objectively necess>y 9 itself )\t ref]5ce to any purpose1 i4 e41 )\t any o!r end1 is valid z an ,apodictic 7practical7 pr9ciple4 ,:atev] is possible only by ! p[] ( "s rational be+ may also be conceiv$ z a possible purpose ( "s w2 & !re=e ! pr9ciples ( action z reg>ds ! means necess>y to atta9 "s possible purpose are 9 fact inf9itely num]\s4 ,all sci5ces h a practical "p1 consi/+ ( problems express+ t "s end is possible = u1 & ( imp]atives direct+ h[ x may be atta9$4 ,^! may1 !re=e1 be call$ 9 g5]al imp]atives ( ,skill4 ,"h !re is no "q :e!r ! end is rational & good1 b only :at "o mu/ d 9 ord] to atta9 x4 ,! precepts = ! physician to make 8 pati5t ?or\ghly heal?y1 & = a poison] to ensure c]ta9 dea?1 are ( equal value 9 ?is respect1 t ea* s]ves to effect its purpose p]fectly4 ,s9ce 9 e>ly y\? x _c be kn[n :at ends are likely to occur to u 9 ! c\rse ( life1 p>5ts seek to h _! *ildr5 taught a great _m ?+s1 & provide = _! skill 9 ! use ( means = all sorts ( arbitr>y ends1 ( none ( :i* c !y det]m9e :e!r x may n p]haps h]eaft] be an object to _! pupil1 b :i* x is at all ev5ts possible t he might aim at2 & ?is anxiety is s great t !y commonly neglect to =m & correct _! judgm5t on ! value ( ! ?+s :i* may be *os5 z ends4 ,!re is "o end1 h[ev]1 :i* may be assum$ to be actually su* to all rational be+s 7s f> z imp]atives apply to !m1 viz4 z dep5d5t be+s71 & !re=e1 "o purpose :i* !y n m]ely ,,may h1 b :i* we may ) c]ta9ty assume t !y all actually ,,h by a natural necessity1 & ?is is ,,happ9ess4 ,! hypo!tical imp]ative :i* expresses ! practical necessity ( an action z means to ! advancem5t ( happ9ess is ,ass]torial4 ,we are n to pres5t x z necess>y = an unc]ta9 & m]ely possible purpose1 b = a purpose :i* we may presuppose ) c]ta9ty & a priori 9 e man1 because x belongs to 8 be+4 ,n[ skill 9 ! *oice ( means to 8 own greate/ well- be+ may be call$ prud5ce ,! ^w prud5ce is tak5 9 two s5ses2 9 ! "o x may be> ! "n ( k ( ! _w1 9 ! o!r t ( private prud5ce4 ,! =m] is a man's ability to influ5ce o!rs s z to use !m = 8 own purposes4 ,! latt] is ! sagacity to comb9e all ^! purposes = 8 own la/+ b5efit4 ,?is latt] is prop]ly t to :i* ! value ev5 ( ! =m] is r$uc$1 & :5 a man is prud5t 9 ! =m] s5se1 b n 9 ! latt]1 we might bett] say ( him t he is clev] & cunn+1 b1 on ! :ole1 imprud5t4 ,comp>e on ! diff]5ce betwe5 klug & ges*eu "h allud$ to1 ,an?ropologie1 #de1 ed4 ,s*ub]t1 p4 no4 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se4 ,& ?us ! imp]ative :i* ref]s to ! *oice ( means to "o's own happ9ess1 i4 e41 ! precept ( prud5ce1 is /ill always hypo!tical2 ! action is n comm&$ absolutely1 b only z means to ano!r purpose4 ,f9ally1 !re is an imp]ative :i* comm&s a c]ta9 conduct imm$iately1 )\t hav+ z its condition any o!r purpose to be atta9$ by x4 ,?is imp]ative is ,categorical4 ,x conc]ns n ! matt] ( ! action1 or its int5d$ result1 b its =m & ! pr9ciple ( :i* x is itself a result1 & :at is ess5tially good 9 x consi/s 9 ! m5tal disposition1 let ! consequ5ce be :at x may4 ,?is imp]ative may be call$ t ( ,morality4 ,!re is a m>k$ di/9ction also betwe5 ! volitions on ^! ?ree sorts ( pr9ciples 9 ! ,,dissimil>ity ( ! obligation ( ! w4 ,9 ord] to m>k ?is diff]5ce m cle>ly1 ,i ?9k !y w\ld be mo/ suitably nam$ 9 _! ord] if we said !y are ei!r ,,rules ( skill1 or ,,c\nsels ( prud5ce1 or ,,comm&s 7,,laws7 ( morality4 ,= x is ,,law only t involves ! conception ( an ,,unconditional & objective necessity1 :i* is consequ5tly univ]sally valid2 & comm&s are laws :i* mu/ be obey$1 t is1 mu/ be foll[$1 ev5 9 opposition to incl9ation4 ,,c\nsels1 inde$1 involve necessity1 b "o :i* c only hold "u a cont+5t subjective condition1 viz4 !y dep5d on :e!r ?is or t man reckons ?is or t z "p ( 8 happ9ess2 ! categorical imp]ative1 on ! contr>y1 is n limit$ by any condition1 & z be+ absolutely1 al?\gh practically1 necess>y1 may be q prop]ly call$ a comm&4 ,we might also call ! fir/ k9d ( imp]atives ,,te*nical 7belong+ to art71 ! second ,,pragmatic 7to welf>e71 ,x seems to me t ! prop] signification ( ! ^w pragmatic may be mo/ accurately def9$ 9 ?is way4 ,= sanctions see ,cr4 ( ,pract4 ,reas41 p4 #bga are call$ pragmatic :i* fl[ prop]ly1 n f ! law ( ! /ates z necess>y enactm5ts1 b f precaution = ! g5]al welf>e4 ,a hi/ory is compos$ pragmatically :5 x tea*es prud5ce1 i4 e4 in/ructs ! _w h[ x c provide = its int]e/s bett]1 or at lea/ z well z ! m5 ( =m] "t42 ! ?ird ,,moral 7belong+ to free conduct g5]ally1 t is1 to morals74 ,n[ arises ! "q1 h[ are all ^! imp]atives possible8 ,?is "q does n seek to "k h[ we c conceive ! accompli%m5t ( ! action :i* ! imp]ative orda9s1 b m]ely h[ we c conceive ! obligation ( ! w :i* ! imp]ative expresses4 ,no special explanation is ne$$ to %[ h[ an imp]ative ( skill is possible4 ,:oev] wills ! end1 wills also 7s f> z reason decides 8 conduct7 ! means 9 8 p[] :i* are indisp5sably necess>y !reto4 ,?is proposition is1 z reg>ds ! volition1 analytical2 =1 9 will+ an object z my effect1 !re is already ?\ght ! causality ( myself z an act+ cause1 t is to say1 ! use ( ! means2 & ! imp]ative educes f ! conception ( volition ( an end ! conception ( actions necess>y to ?is end4 ,syn!tical propositions mu/ no d\bt be employ$ 9 d5n+ ! means to a propos$ end2 b !y d n conc]n ! pr9ciple1 ! act ( ! w1 b ! object & its realization4 ,ex4 gr41 t 9 ord] to bisect a l9e on an un]r+ pr9ciple ,i mu/ draw f its extremities two int]sect+ arcs2 ?is no d\bt is taught by ma!matics only 9 syn!tical propositions2 b if ,i "k t x is only by ?is process t ! int5d$ op]ation c be p]=m$1 !n to say t if ,i fully w ! op]ation1 ,i also w ! action requir$ = x1 is an analytical proposition2 = x is "o & ! same ?+ to conceive some?+ z an effect :i* ,i c produce 9 a c]ta9 way1 & to conceive myself z act+ 9 ?is way4 ,if x 7 only equally easy to give a def9ite conception ( happ9ess1 ! imp]atives ( prud5ce w\ld correspond exactly ) ^? ( skill1 & w\ld likewise be analytical4 ,= 9 ?is case z 9 t1 x c\ld be said1 :oev] wills ! end1 wills also 7accord+ to ! dictate ( reason necess>ily7 ! indisp5sable means !reto :i* are 9 8 p[]4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ! notion ( happ9ess is s indef9ite t al?\gh e man wi%es to atta9 x1 yet he nev] c say def9itely & consi/5tly :at x is t he really wi%es & wills4 ,! reason ( ?is is t all ! elem5ts :i* belong to ! notion ( happ9ess are altoge!r empirical1 i4 e4 !y mu/ be borr[$ f exp]i5ce1 & nev]!less ! idea ( happ9ess requires an absolute :ole1 a maximum ( welf>e 9 my pres5t & all future circum/ances4 ,n[ x is impossible t ! mo/ cle>-sight$1 & at ! same "t mo/ p[]ful be+ 7suppos$ f9ite71 %\ld frame to himself a def9ite conception ( :at he really wills 9 ?is4 ,does he w ri*es1 h[ mu* anxiety1 envy1 & sn>es might he n !reby draw ^u 8 %\ld]s8 ,does he w k & disc]nm5t1 p]haps x might prove to be only an eye s mu* ! %>p] to %[ him s mu* ! m fe>fully ! evils t are n[ conceal$ f him1 & t _c be avoid$1 or to impose m wants on 8 desires1 :i* already give him conc]n en\gh4 ,w\ld he h long life1 :o gu>antees to him t x w\ld n be a long mis]y8 w\ld he at lea/ h heal?8 h[ (t5 has uneas9ess ( ! body re/ra9$ f excesses into :i* p]fect heal? w\ld h all[$ "o to fall8 & s on4 ,9 %ort he is unable1 on any pr9ciple1 to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty :at w\ld make him truly happy2 because to d s he w\ld ne$ to be omnisci5t4 ,we _c !re=e act on any def9ite pr9ciples to secure happ9ess1 b only on empirical c\nsels1 ex4 gr4 ( regim51 frugality1 c\rtesy1 res]ve1 c41 :i* exp]i5ce tea*es d1 on ! av]age1 mo/ promote well- be+4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! imp]atives ( prud5ce d n1 /rictly speak+1 comm& at all1 t is1 !y _c pres5t actions objectively z practically necess>y2 t !y are r to be reg>d$ z c\nsels 7consilia7 ?an precepts 7praecepta7 ( reason1 t ! problem to det]m9e c]ta9ly & univ]sally :at action w\ld promote ! happ9ess ( a rational be+ is completely insoluble1 & consequ5tly no imp]ative respect+ x is possible :i* %\ld1 9 ! /rict s5se1 comm& to d :at makes happy2 because happ9ess is n an ideal ( reason b ( imag9ation1 re/+ solely on empirical gr\nds1 & x is va9 to expect t ^! %\ld def9e an action by :i* "o c\ld atta9 ! totality ( a s]ies ( consequ5ces :i* is really endless4 ,?is imp]ative ( prud5ce w\ld h[ev] be an analytical proposition if we assume t ! means to happ9ess c\ld be c]ta9ly assign$2 = x is di/+ui%$ f ! imp]ative ( skill only by ?is1 t 9 ! latt] ! end is m]ely possible1 9 ! =m] x is giv52 z h[ev] bo? only orda9 ! means to t :i* we suppose to be will$ z an end1 x foll[s t ! imp]ative :i* orda9s ! will+ ( ! means to him :o wills ! end is 9 bo? cases analytical4 ,?us !re is no difficulty 9 reg>d to ! possibility ( an imp]ative ( ?is k9d ei!r4 ,on ! o!r h& ! "q1 h[ ! imp]ative ( morality is possible1 is und\bt$ly "o1 ! only "o8 dem&+ a solution1 z ?is is n at all hypo!tical1 & ! objective necessity :i* x pres5ts _c re/ on any hypo!sis1 z is ! case ) ! hypo!tical imp]atives4 ,only "h we mu/ nev] leave out ( consid]ation t we _c make out by any example1 9 o!r words empirically1 :e!r !re is su* an imp]ative at all2 b x is r to be fe>$ t all ^? :i* seem to be categorical may yet be at bottom hypo!tical4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! precept is3 ,?\ %alt n promise deceitfully2 & x is assum$ t ! necessity ( ?is is n a m]e c\nsel to avoid "s o!r evil1 s t x %\ld mean3 ?\ %alt n make a ly+ promise1 le/ if x become kn[n ?\ %\ld/ de/roy ?y cr$it1 b t an action ( ?is k9d mu/ be reg>d$ z evil 9 itself1 s t ! imp]ative ( ! prohibition is categorical2 !n we _c %[ ) c]ta9ty 9 any example t ! w 0 det]m9$ m]ely by ! law1 )\t any o!r spr+ ( action1 al?\gh x may appe> to be s4 ,= x is always possible t fe> ( disgrace1 p]haps also obscure dread ( o!r dang]s1 may h a secret influ5ce on ! w4 ,:o c prove by exp]i5ce ! non-exi/5ce ( a cause :5 all t exp]i5ce tells u is t we d n p]ceive x8 ,b 9 su* a case ! s-call$ moral imp]ative1 :i* z su* appe>s to be categorical & unconditional1 w\ld 9 reality be only a pragmatic precept1 draw+ our att5tion to our own int]e/s1 & m]ely tea*+ u to take ^! into consid]ation4 ,we %all !re=e h to inve/igate a priori ! possibility ( a categorical imp]ative1 z we h n 9 ?is case ! advantage ( its reality be+ giv5 9 exp]i5ce1 s t ! elucidation ( its possibility %\ld be requisite only = its explanation1 n = its e/abli%m5t4 ,9 ! mean-"t x may be disc]n$ be=eh& t ! categorical imp]ative alone has ! purport ( a practical law3 all ! re/ may inde$ be call$ pr9ciples ( ! w b n laws1 s9ce :atev] is only necess>y = ! atta9m5t ( "s arbitr>y purpose may be consid]$ z 9 itself cont+5t1 & we c at any "t be free f ! precept if we give up ! purpose3 on ! contr>y1 ! unconditional comm& leaves ! w no lib]ty to *oose ! opposite2 consequ5tly x alone c>ries ) x t necessity :i* we require 9 a law4 ,secondly1 9 ! case ( ?is categorical imp]ative or law ( morality1 ! difficulty 7( disc]n+ its possibility7 is a v pr(\nd "o4 ,x is an a priori syn!tical practical proposition2 ,footnote3 ,i connect ! act ) ! w )\t presuppos+ any condition result+ f any incl9ation1 b d priori1 & !re=e necess>ily 7?\gh only objectively1 i4 e4 assum+ ! idea ( a reason possess+ full p[] ov] all subjective motives74 ,?is is accord+ly a practical proposition :i* does n d$uce ! will+ ( an action by m]e analysis f ano!r already presuppos$ 7= we h n su* a p]fect w71 b connects x imm$iately ) ! conception ( ! w ( a rational be+1 z some?+ n conta9$ 9 x4 & z !re is s mu* difficulty 9 disc]n+ ! possibility ( speculative propositions ( ?is k9d1 x may readily be suppos$ t ! difficulty w be no less ) ! practical4 ,9 ?is problem we w fir/ inquire :e!r ! m]e conception ( a categorical imp]ative may n p]haps supply u also ) ! =mula ( x1 conta9+ ! proposition :i* alone c be a categorical imp]ative2 = ev5 if we "k ! t5or ( su* absolute comm&1 yet h[ x is possible w require fur!r special & labori\s /udy1 :i* we po/pone to ! la/ section4 ,:5 ,i conceive a hypo!tical imp]ative 9 g5]al ,i d n "k be=eh& :at x w conta9 until ,i am giv5 ! condition4 ,b :5 ,i conceive a categorical imp]ative ,i "k at once :at x conta9s4 ,= z ! imp]ative conta9s besides ! law only ! necessity t ! maxims ,footnote3 ,a ,,maxim is a subjective pr9ciple ( action1 & mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! objective pr9ciple1 namely1 practical law4 ,! =m] conta9s ! practical rule set by reason accord+ to ! conditions ( ! subject 7(t5 its ignorance or its incl9ations71 s t x is ! pr9ciple on :i* ! subject acts2 b ! law is ! objective pr9ciple valid = e rational be+1 & is ! pr9ciple on :i* x ought to act t is an imp]ative4 %all con=m to ?is law1 :ile ! law conta9s no conditions re/rict+ x1 !re rema9s no?+ b ! g5]al /atem5t t ! maxim ( ! action %\ld con=m to a univ]sal law1 & x is ?is con=mity alone t ! imp]ative prop]ly repres5ts z necess>y4 ,footnote3 ,i h no d\bt t d5 9 ! orig9al be=e ,imp]ativ is a mispr9t = d]1 & h translat$ accord+ly4 ,mr4 ,semple has done ! same4 ,! editions t ,i h se5 agree 9 read+ d51 & ,m4 ,b>ni s translates4 ,) ?is read+1 x is ! con=mity t pres5ts ! imp]ative z necess>y4 ,!re is !re=e b "o categorical imp]ative1 namely ?is3 ,act only on t maxim :]eby ?\ can/ at ! same "t w t x %\ld become a univ]sal law4 ,n[ if all imp]atives ( duty c be d$uc$ f ?is "o imp]ative z f _! pr9ciple1 !n1 al?\gh x %\ld rema9 undecid$ :e!r :at is call$ duty is n m]ely a va9 notion1 yet at lea/ we %all be able to %[ :at we und]/& by x & :at ?is notion means4 ,s9ce ! univ]sality ( ! law accord+ to :i* effects are produc$ con/iutes :at is prop]ly call$ nature 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se 7z to =m71 t is ! exi/5ce ( ?+s s f> z x is det]m9$ by g5]al laws1 ! imp]ative ( duty may be express$ ?us3 ,act z if ! maxim ( ?y action 7 to become by ?y w a ,univ]sal ,law ( ,nature4 ,we w n[ enum]ate a few duties1 adopt+ ! usual division ( !m into duties to ourselves & to o!rs1 & into p]fect & imp]fect duties4 ,footnote3 ,x mu/ be not$ "h t ,i res]ve ! division ( duties = a future metaphysic ( morals2 s t ,i give x "h only z an arbitr>y "o 79 ord] to arrange my examples74 ,= ! re/1 ,i und]/& by a p]fect duty "o t admits no exception 9 fav\r ( incl9ation1 & !n ,i h n m]ely ext]nal1 b also int]nal p]fect duties4 ,?is is contr>y to ! use ( ! ^w adopt$ 9 ! s*ools2 b ,i d n int5d to ju/ify x "h1 z x is all "o = my purpose :e!r x is admitt$ or n4 ,p]fect duties are usually und]/ood to be ^? :i* c be en=c$ by ext]nal law2 imp]fect1 ^? :i* _c be en=c$4 ,!y are also call$ respectively det]m9ate & indet]m9ate1 (ficia juris & (ficia virtutis4 ,i4 ,a man r$uc$ to despair by a s]ies ( mis=tunes feels we>i$ ( life1 b is /ill s f> 9 possession ( 8 reason t he c ask himself :e!r x w\ld n be contr>y to 8 duty to himself to take 8 own life4 ,n[ he inquires :e!r ! maxim ( 8 action c\ld become a univ]sal law ( nature4 ,8 maxim is3 ,f self-love ,i adopt x z a pr9ciple to %ort5 my life :5 its long] duration is likely to br+ m evil ?an satisfaction4 ,x is ask$ !n simply :e!r ?is pr9ciple f\nd$ on self-love c become a univ]sal law ( nature4 ,n[ we see at once t a sy/em ( nature ( :i* x %\ld be a law to de/roy life by means ( ! v feel+ ^: special nature x is to impel to ! improvem5t ( life w\ld contradict itself1 & !re=e c\ld n exi/ z a sy/em ( nature2 h5ce t maxim _c possibly exi/ z a univ]sal law ( nature1 & consequ5tly w\ld be :olly inconsi/5t ) ! supreme pr9ciple ( all duty4 ,footnote3 ,on suicide cf4 fur!r ,metaphysik d] ,sitt51 p4 #bgd4 #b4 ,ano!r f9ds himself =c$ by necessity to borr[ money4 ,he kn[s t he w n be able to repay x1 b sees also t no?+ w be l5t to him1 unless he promises /\tly to repay x 9 a def9ite "t4 ,he desires to make ?is promise1 b he has /ill s mu* consci5ce z to ask himself3 ,is x n unlawful & inconsi/5t ) duty to get out ( a difficulty 9 ?is way8 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t he resolves to d s1 !n ! maxim ( 8 action w\ld be express$ ?us3 ,:5 ,i ?9k myself 9 want ( money1 ,i w borr[ money & promise to repay x1 al?\gh ,i "k t ,i nev] c d s4 ,n[ ?is pr9ciple ( self-love or ( "o's own advantage may p]haps be consi/5t ) my :ole future welf>e2 b ! "q n[ is1 ,is x "r8 ,i *ange !n ! sugge/ion ( self-love into a univ]sal law1 & /ate ! "q ?us3 ,h[ w\ld x be if my maxim 7 a univ]sal law8 ,!n ,i see at once t x c\ld nev] hold z a univ]sal law ( nature1 b w\ld necess>ily contradict itself4 ,= suppos+ x to be a univ]sal law t ev]yone :5 he ?9ks himself 9 a difficulty %\ld be able to promise :atev] he pleases1 ) ! purpose ( n keep+ 8 promise1 ! promise itself w\ld become impossible1 z well z ! end t "o might h 9 view 9 x1 s9ce no "o w\ld consid] t any?+ 0 promis$ to him1 b w\ld ridicule all su* /atem5ts z va9 pret5ces4 #c4 ,a ?ird f9ds 9 himself a tal5t :i* ) ! help ( "s culture might make him a useful man 9 _m respects4 ,b he f9ds himself 9 com=table circum/ances1 & pref]s to indulge 9 pleasure r ?an to take pa9s 9 enl>g+ & improv+ 8 happy natural capacities4 ,he asks1 h[ev]1 :e!r 8 maxim ( neglect ( 8 natural gifts1 besides agree+ ) 8 incl9ation to indulg5ce1 agrees also ) :at is call$ duty4 ,he sees !n t a sy/em ( nature c\ld inde$ subsi/ ) su* a univ]sal law al?\gh m5 7l ! ,s\? ,sea isl&]s7 %\ld let _! tal5ts ru/1 & resolve to devote _! lives m]ely to idl5ess1 amusem5t1 & propagation ( _! species--9 a ^w1 to enjoym5t2 b he _c possibly ,,w t ?is %\ld be a univ]sal law ( nature1 or be implant$ 9 u z su* by a natural in/9ct4 ,=1 z a rational be+1 he necess>ily wills t 8 faculties be develop$1 s9ce !y s]ve him1 & h be5 giv5 him1 = all sorts ( possible purposes4 #d4 ,a f\r?1 :o is 9 prosp]ity1 :ile he sees t o!rs h to cont5d ) great wret*$ness & t he c\ld help !m1 ?9ks3 ,:at conc]n is x ( m9e8 ,let ev]yone be z happy z heav5 pleases1 or z he c make himself2 ,i w take no?+ f him nor ev5 envy him1 only ,i d n wi% to contribute any?+ to 8 welf>e or to 8 assi/ance 9 di/ress6 ,n[ no d\bt if su* a mode ( ?9k+ 7 a univ]sal law1 ! human race might v well subsi/1 & d\btless ev5 bett] ?an 9 a /ate 9 :i* ev]yone talks ( sympa?y & good-w1 or ev5 takes c>e occasionally to put x into practice1 b on ! o!r side1 also *eats :5 he c1 betrays ! rights ( m51 or o!rwise violates !m4 ,b al?\gh x is possible t a univ]sal law ( nature might exi/ 9 accordance ) t maxim1 x is impossible to ,,w t su* a pr9ciple %\ld h ! univ]sal validity ( a law ( nature4 ,= a w :i* resolv$ ?is w\ld contradict itself1 inasmu* z _m cases might occur 9 :i* "o w\ld h ne$ ( ! love & sympa?y ( o!rs1 & 9 :i*1 by su* a law ( nature1 sprung f 8 own w1 he w\ld deprive himself ( all hope ( ! aid he desires4 ,^! are a few ( ! _m actual duties1 or at lea/ :at we reg>d z su*1 :i* obvi\sly fall into two classes on ! "o pr9ciple t we h laid d[n4 ,we mu/ be ,,able ,,to ,,w t a maxim ( our action %\ld be a univ]sal law4 ,?is is ! canon ( ! moral appreciation ( ! action g5]ally4 ,"s actions are ( su* a "* t _! maxim _c )\t contradiction be ev5 ,,conceiv$ z a univ]sal law ( nature1 f> f x be+ possible t we %\ld ,,w t x ,,%\ld be s4 ,9 o!rs ?is intr9sic impossibility is n f\nd1 b /ill x is impossible to ,,w ,,t _! maxim %\ld be rais$ to ! univ]sality ( a law ( nature1 s9ce su* a w w\ld contradict itself4 ,x is easily se5 t ! =m] violate /rict or rigor\s 7inflexible7 duty2 ! latt] only lax] 7m]itori\s7 duty4 ,?us x has be5 completely %[n by ^! examples h[ all duties dep5d z reg>ds ! nature ( ! obligation 7n ! object ( ! action7 on ! same pr9ciple4 ,if n[ we att5d to ourselves on occasion ( any transgression ( duty1 we %all f9d t we 9 fact d n w t our maxim %\ld be a univ]sal law1 = t is impossible = u2 on ! contr>y we w t ! opposite %\ld rema9 a univ]sal law1 only we assume ! lib]ty ( mak+ an ,,exception 9 our own fav\r or 7j = ?is "t only7 9 fav\r ( our incl9ation4 ,consequ5tly if we consid]$ all cases f "o & ! same po9t ( view1 namely1 t ( reason1 we %\ld f9d a contradiction 9 our own w1 namely1 t a c]ta9 pr9ciple %\ld be objectively necess>y z a univ]sal law1 & yet subjectively %\ld n be univ]sal1 b admit ( exceptions4 ,z h[ev] we at "o mom5t reg>d our action f ! po9t ( view ( a w :olly con=m$ to reason1 & !n aga9 look at ! same action f ! po9t ( view ( a w affect$ by incl9ation1 !re is n really any contradiction1 b an antagonism ( incl9ation to ! precept ( reason1 :]eby ! univ]sality ( ! pr9ciple is *ang$ into a m]e g5]ality1 s t ! practical pr9ciple ( reason %all meet ! maxim half way4 ,n[1 al?\gh ?is _c be ju/ifi$ 9 our own imp>tial judgm5t1 yet x proves t we d really recognise ! validity ( ! categorical imp]ative & 7) all respect = x7 only all[ ourselves a few exceptions1 :i* we ?9k unimportant & =c$ f u4 ,we h ?us e/abli%$ at lea/ ?is mu*1 t if duty is a conception :i* is to h any import & real legislative au?ority = our actions1 x c only be express$ 9 categorical1 & n at all 9 hypo!tical imp]atives4 ,we h also1 :i* is ( great importance1 exhibit$ cle>ly & def9itely = e practical application ! cont5t ( ! categorical imp]ative1 :i* mu/ conta9 ! pr9ciple ( all duty if !re is su* a ?+ at all4 ,we h n yet1 h[ev]1 advanc$ s f> z to prove a priori t !re actually is su* an imp]ative1 t !re is a practical law :i* comm&s absolutely ( itself1 & )\t any o!r impulse1 & t ! foll[+ ( ?is law is duty4 ,) ! view ( atta9+ to ?is x is ( extreme importance to rememb] t we mu/ n all[ ourselves to ?9k ( d$uc+ ! reality ( ?is pr9ciple f ! p>ticul> attributes ( human nature4 ,= duty is to be a practical1 unconditional necessity ( action2 x mu/ !re=e hold = all rational be+s 7to :om an imp]ative c apply at all7 & = ?is reason only be also a law = all human wills4 ,on ! contr>y1 :atev] is d$uc$ f ! p>ticul> natural *>act]i/ics ( humanity1 f c]ta9 feel+s & prop5sions1 ,footnote3 ,kant di/+ui%es ,hang 7prop5sio7 f ,neigung 7incl9atio7 z foll[s3--,hang is a pr$isposition to ! desire ( "s enjoym5t2 9 o!r words1 x is ! subjective possibility ( excitem5t ( a c]ta9 desire1 :i* prec$es ! conception ( its object4 ,:5 ! enjoym5t has be5 exp]i5c$1 x produces a ,neigung 7incl9ation7 to x1 :i* accord+ly is def9$ habitual s5sible desire4--,an?ropologie1 #gb1 #gi2 ,religion1 p4 #ca4 nay ev51 if possible1 f any p>ticul> t5d5cy prop] to human reason1 & :i* ne$ n necess>ily hold = ! w ( e rational be+2 ?is may inde$ supply u ) a maxim1 b n ) a law2 ) a subjective pr9ciple on :i* we may h a prop5sion & incl9ation to act1 b n ) an objective pr9ciple on :i* we %\ld be enjo9$ to act1 ev5 ?\gh all our prop5sions1 incl9ations1 & natural dispositions 7 oppos$ to x4 ,9 fact ! sublimity & intr9sic dignity ( ! comm& 9 duty are s mu* ! m evid5t1 ! less ! subjective impulses fav\r x & ! m !y oppose x1 )\t be+ able 9 ! slighte/ degree to weak5 ! obligation ( ! law or to di/+ui% its validity4 ,"h !n we see philosophy br\ght to a critical position1 s9ce x has to be firmly fix$1 not)/&+ t x has no?+ to support x ei!r 9 heav5 or e>?4 ,"h x mu/ %[ its purity z absolute dictator ( its own laws1 n ! h]ald ( ^? :i* are :isp]$ to x by an implant$ s5se or :o kn[s :at tutel>y nature4 ,al?\gh ^! may be bett] ?an no?+1 yet !y c nev] af=d pr9ciples dictat$ by reason1 :i* mu/ h _! s\rce :olly a priori & !nce _! comm&+ au?ority1 expect+ ev]y?+ f ! supremacy ( ! law & ! due respect = x1 no?+ f incl9ation1 or else condemn+ ! man to self-contempt & inw>d abhorr5ce4 ,?us e empirical elem5t is n only q incapable ( be+ an aid to ! pr9ciple ( morality1 b is ev5 highly prejudicial to ! purity ( morals1 = ! prop] & ine/imable wor? ( an absolutely good w consi/s j 9 ?is1 t ! pr9ciple ( action is free1 f all influ5ce ( cont+5t gr\nds1 :i* alone exp]i5ce c furni%4 ,we _c too mu* or too (t5 repeat our w>n+ aga9/ ?is lax & ev5 mean habit ( ?\ght :i* seeks = its pr9ciple among/ empirical motives & laws2 = human reason 9 its we>9ess is glad to re/ on ?is pill[1 & 9 a dream ( sweet illusions 79 :i*1 in/ead ( ,juno1 x embraces a cl\d7 x sub/itutes = morality a ba/>d pat*$ up f limbs ( v>i\s d]ivation1 :i* looks l any?+ "o *ooses to see 9 x2 only n l virtue to "o :o has once beheld h] 9 h] true =m4 ,footnote3 ,to behold virtue 9 h] prop] =m is no?+ else b to contemplate morality /ripp$ ( all admixture ( s5sible ?+s & ( e spuri\s ornam5t ( rew>d or self- love4 ,h[ mu* %e !n eclipses ev]y?+ else t appe>s *>m+ to ! affections1 e "o may readily p]ceive ) ! lea/ ex]tion ( 8 reason1 if x be n :olly spoil$ = ab/raction4 ,! "q !n is ?is3 ,is x a necess>y law = all rational be+s t !y %\ld always judge ( _! actions by maxims ( :i* !y c !mselves w t !y %\ld s]ve z univ]sal laws8 ,if x is s1 !n x mu/ be connect$ 7altoge!r a priori7 ) ! v conception ( ! w ( a rational be+ g5]ally4 ,b 9 ord] to discov] ?is connexion we mu/1 h[ev] reluctantly1 take a /ep into metaphysic1 al?\gh into a doma9 ( x :i* is di/9ct f speculative philosophy1 namely1 ! metaphysic ( morals4 ,9 a practical philosophy1 :]e x is n ! reasons ( :at happ5s t we h to asc]ta91 b ! laws ( :at ought to happ51 ev5 al?\gh x nev] does1 i4 e41 objective practical laws1 !re x is n necess>y to inquire into ! reasons :y any?+ pleases or displeases1 h[ ! pleasure ( m]e s5sation diff]s f ta/e1 & :e!r ! latt] is di/9ct f a g5]al satisfaction ( reason2 on :at ! feel+ ( pleasure or pa9 re/s1 & h[ f x desires & incl9ations arise1 & f ^! aga9 maxims by ! co-op]ation ( reason3 = all ?is belongs to an empirical psy*ology1 :i* w\ld con/itute ! second "p ( physics1 if we reg>d physics z ! philosophy ( nature1 s f> z x is bas$ on empirical laws4 ,b "h we are conc]n$ ) objective practical laws1 & consequ5tly ) ! relation ( ! w to itself s f> z x is det]m9$ by reason alone1 9 :i* case :atev] has ref]5ce to any?+ empirical is necess>ily exclud$2 s9ce if reason ( itself alone det]m9es ! conduct 7& x is ! possibility ( ?is t we are n[ inve/igat+71 x mu/ necess>ily d s a priori4 ,! w is conceiv$ z a faculty ( det]m9+ oneself to action 9 accordance ) ! conception ( c]ta9 laws4 ,& su* a faculty c be f\nd only 9 rational be+s4 ,n[ t :i* s]ves ! w z ! objective gr\nd ( its self-det]m9ation is ! end1 & if ?is is assign$ by reason alone1 x mu/ hold = all rational be+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t :i* m]ely conta9s ! gr\nd ( possibility ( ! action ( :i* ! effect is ! end1 ?is is call$ ! means4 ,! subjective gr\nd ( ! desire is ! spr+1 ! objective gr\nd ( ! volition is ! motive2 h5ce ! di/9ction betwe5 subjective ends :i* re/ on spr+s & objective ends :i* dep5d on motives valid = e rational be+4 ,practical pr9ciples are =mal :5 !y ab/ract f all subjective ends1 !y are mat]ial :5 !y assume ^!1 & !re=e p>ticul> spr+s ( action4 ,! ends :i* a rational be+ proposes to himself at pleasure z effects ( 8 actions 7mat]ial ends7 are all only relative1 = x is only _! relation to ! p>ticul> desires ( ! subject t gives !m _! wor?1 :i* !re=e _c furni% pr9ciples univ]sal & necess>y = all rational be+s & = e volition1 t is to say practical laws4 ,h5ce all ^! relative ends c give rise only to hypo!tical imp]atives4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t !re 7 some?+ ^: exi/5ce has 9 itself an absolute wor?1 some?+ :i*1 be+ an end 9 itself1 c\ld be a s\rce ( def9ite laws1 !n 9 ?is & ?is alone w\ld ,he ! s\rce ( a possible categorical imp]ative1 i4 e41 a practical law4 ,n[ ,i say3 man & g5]ally any rational be+ exi/s z an end 9 himself1 n m]ely z a means to be arbitr>ily us$ by ?is or t w1 b 9 all 8 actions1 :e!r !y conc]n himself or o!r rational be+s1 mu/ be always reg>d$ at ! same "t z an end4 ,all objects ( ! incl9ations h only a conditional wor?1 = if ! incl9ations & ! wants f\nd$ on !m did n exi/1 !n _! object w\ld be )\t value4 ,b ! incl9ations !mselves be+ s\rces ( want1 are s f> f hav+ an absolute wor? = :i* !y %\ld be desir$1 t on ! contr>y x mu/ be ! univ]sal wi% ( e rational be+ to be :olly free f !m4 ,?us ! wor? ( any object :i* is to be acquir$ by our action is always conditional4 ,be+s ^: exi/5ce dep5ds n on our w b on nature's1 h nev]!less1 if !y are irrational be+s1 only a relative value z means1 & are !re=e call$ ?+s2 rational be+s1 on ! contr>y1 are call$ p]sons1 because _! v nature po9ts !m out z ends 9 !mselves1 t is z some?+ :i* mu/ n be us$ m]ely z means1 & s f> !re=e re/ricts fre$om ( action 7& is an object ( respect74 ,^!1 !re=e1 are n m]ely subjective ends ^: exi/5ce has a wor? = u z an effect ( our action b objective ends1 t is ?+s ^: exi/5ce is an end 9 itself3 an end moreov] = :i* no o!r c be sub/itut$1 :i* !y %\ld subs]ve m]ely z means1 = o!rwise no?+ :atev] w\ld possess absolute wor?2 b if all wor? 7 condition$ & !re=e cont+5t1 !n !re w\ld be no supreme practical pr9ciple ( reason :atev]4 ,if !n !re is a supreme practical pr9ciple or1 9 respect ( ! human w1 a categorical imp]ative1 x mu/ be "o :i*1 be+ drawn f ! conception ( t :i* is necess>ily an end = e "o because x is an end 9 itself1 con/itutes an objective pr9ciple ( w1 & c !re=e s]ve z a univ]sal practical law4 ,! f\ndation ( ?is pr9ciple is3 rational nature exi/s z an end 9 itself4 ,man necess>ily conceives 8 own exi/5ce z be+ s2 s f> !n ?is is a subjective pr9ciple ( human actions4 ,b e o!r rational be+ reg>ds its exi/5ce simil>ly1 j on ! same rational pr9ciple t holds = me3 ,footnote3 ,?is proposition is "h /at$ z a po/ulate4 ,! gr\nds ( x w be f\nd 9 ! conclud+ section4 s t x is at ! same "t an objective pr9ciple1 f :i* z a supreme practical law all laws ( ! w mu/ be capable ( be+ d$uc$4 ,accord+ly ! practical imp]ative w be z foll[s3 ,s act z to treat humanity1 :e!r 9 ?9e own p]son or 9 t ( any o!r1 9 e case z an end )al1 nev] z means only4 ,we w n[ inquire :e!r ?is c be practically c>ri$ out4 ,to abide by ! previ\s examples3 ,fir/ly1 "u ! head ( necess>y duty to oneself3 ,he :o contemplates suicide %\ld ask himself :e!r 8 action c be consi/5t ) ! idea ( humanity z an end 9 itself4 ,if he de/roys himself 9 ord] to escape f pa9ful circum/ances1 he uses a p]son m]ely z a mean to ma9ta9 a tol]able condition up to ! end ( life4 ,b a man is n a ?+1 t is to say1 some?+ :i* c be us$ m]ely z means1 b mu/ 9 all 8 actions be always consid]$ z an end 9 himself4 ,i _c1 !re=e1 dispose 9 any way ( a man 9 my own p]son s z to mutilate him1 to damage or kill him4 7,x belongs to e?ics prop] to def9e ?is pr9ciple m precisely s z to avoid all misund]/&+1 e4 g41 z to ! amputation ( ! limbs 9 ord] to pres]ve myself2 z to expos+ my life to dang] ) a view to pres]ve x1 c4 ,?is "q is !re=e omitt$ "h47 ,secondly1 z reg>ds necess>y duties1 or ^? ( /rict obligation1 t[>ds o!rs2 he :o is ?9k+ ( mak+ a ly+ promise to o!rs w see at once t he w\ld be us+ ano!r man m]ely z a mean1 )\t ! latt] conta9+ at ! same "t ! end 9 himself4 ,= he :om ,i propose by su* a promise to use = my own purposes _c possibly ass5t to my mode ( act+ t[>ds him1 & !re=e _c himself conta9 ! end ( ?is action4 ,?is violation ( ! pr9ciple ( humanity 9 o!r m5 is m obvi\s if we take 9 examples ( attacks on ! fre$om & prop]ty ( o!rs4 ,= !n x is cle> t he :o transgresses ! rights ( m51 int5ds to use ! p]son ( o!rs m]ely z means1 )\t consid]+ t z rational be+s !y ought always to be e/eem$ also z ends1 t is1 z be+s :o mu/ be capable ( conta9+ 9 !mselves ! end ( ! v same action4 ,footnote3 ,let x n be ?\ght t ! common3 quod tibi non vis fi]i1 c41 c\ld s]ve "h z ! rule or pr9ciple4 ,= x is only a d$uction f ! =m]1 ?\gh ) sev]al limitations2 x _c be a univ]sal law1 = x does n conta9 ! pr9ciple ( duties to oneself1 nor ( ! duties ( b5evol5ce to o!rs 7= _m a "o w\ld gladly cons5t t o!rs %\ld n b5efit him1 provid$ only t he might be excus$ f %[+ b5evol5ce to !m71 nor f9ally t ( duties ( /rict obligation to "o ano!r1 = on ?is pr9ciple ! crim9al might argue aga9/ ! judge :o puni%es him1 & s on4 ,?irdly1 z reg>ds cont+5t 7m]itori\s7 duties to oneself2 x is n en\gh t ! action does n violate humanity 9 our own p]son z an end 9 itself1 x mu/ also h>monise ) x4 ,n[ !re are 9 humanity capacities ( great] p]fection :i* belong to ! end t nature has 9 view 9 reg>d to humanity 9 ourselves z ! subject3 to neglect ^! might p]haps be consi/5t ) ! ma9t5ance ( humanity z an end 9 itself1 b n ) ! advancem5t ( ?is end4 ,f\r?ly1 z reg>ds m]itori\s duties t[>ds o!rs3 ! natural end :i* all m5 h 9 _! own happ9ess4 ,n[ humanity might inde$ subsi/1 al?\gh no "o %\ld contribute any?+ to ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 provid$ he did n int5tionally )draw any?+ f x2 b aft] all1 ?is w\ld only h>monise negatively n positively ) humanity z an end 9 itself1 if ev]yone does n also endeavor1 z f> z 9 him lies1 to =w>d ! ends ( o!rs4 ,= ! ends ( any subject :i* is an end 9 himself1 ought z f> z possible to be my ends also1 if t conception is to h its full effect ) me4 ,?is pr9ciple1 t humanity & g5]ally e rational nature is an end 9 itself 7:i* is ! supreme limit+ condition ( e man's fre$om ( action71 is n borr[$ f exp]i5ce1 fir/ly1 because x is univ]sal1 apply+ z x does to all rational be+s :atev]1 & exp]i5ce is n capable ( det]m9+ any?+ ab\t !m2 secondly1 because x does n pres5t humanity z an end to m5 7subjectively71 t is z an object :i* m5 d ( !mselves actually adopt z an end2 b z an objective end1 :i* mu/ z a law con/itute ! supreme limit+ condition ( all our subjective ends1 let !m be :at we w2 x mu/ !re=e spr+ f pure1 reason4 ,9 fact ! objective pr9ciple ( all practical legislation lies 7accord+ to ! fir/ pr9ciple7 9 ! rule & its =m ( univ]sality :i* makes x capable ( be+ a law 7say1 e4 g41 a law ( nature72 b ! subjective pr9ciple is 9 ! end2 n[ by ! second pr9ciple ! subject ( all ends is ea* rational be+1 inasmu* z x is an end 9 itself4 ,h5ce foll[s ! ?ird practical pr9ciple ( ! w1 :i* is ! ultimate condition ( its h>mony ) ! univ]sal practical reason1 viz43 ! idea ( ! w ( e rational be+ z a univ]sally legislative w4 ,on ?is pr9ciple all maxims are reject$ :i* are inconsi/5t ) ! w be+ itself univ]sal legislator4 ,?us ! w is n subject simply to ! law1 b s subject t x mu/ be reg>d$ z itself giv+ ! law1 & on ?is gr\nd only1 subject to ! law 7( :i* x c reg>d itself z ! au?or74 ,9 ! previ\s imp]atives1 namely1 t bas$ on ! conception ( ! con=mity ( actions to g5]al laws1 z 9 a physical sy/em ( nature1 & t bas$ on ! univ]sal pr]ogative ( rational be+s z ends 9 !mselves--^! imp]atives j because !y 7 conceiv$ z categorical1 exclud$ f any %>e 9 _! au?ority all admixture ( any int]e/ z a spr+ ( action2 !y 7 h[ev] only assum$ to be categorical1 because su* an assumption 0 necess>y to expla9 ! conception ( duty4 ,b we c\ld n prove indep5d5tly t !re are practical propositions :i* comm& categorically1 nor c x be prov$ 9 ?is section2 "o ?+ h[ev] c\ld be done1 namely1 to indicate 9 ! imp]ative itself by "s det]m9ate expression1 t 9 ! case ( volition f duty all int]e/ is r5\nc$1 :i* is ! specific crit]ion ( categorical z di/+ui%$ f hypo!tical imp]atives4 ,?is is done 9 ! pres5t 7?ird7 =mula ( ! pr9ciple1 namely1 9 ! idea ( ! w ( e rational be+ z a univ]sally legislat+ w4 ,= al?\gh a w :i* is subject to laws may be atta*$ to ?is law by means ( an int]e/1 yet a w :i* is itself a supreme lawgiv] s f> z x is su* _c possibly dep5d on any int]e/1 s9ce a w s dep5d5t w\ld itself /ill ne$ ano!r law re/rict+ ! int]e/ ( its self-love by ! condition t x %\ld be valid z univ]sal law4 ,?us ! pr9ciple t e human w is a w :i* 9 all its maxims gives univ]sal laws ,footnote3 ,i may be excus$ f adduc+ examples to elucidate ?is pr9ciple1 z ^? :i* h already be5 us$ to elucidate ! categorical imp]ative & its =mula w\ld all s]ve = ! l purpose "h4 provid$ x be o!rwise ju/ifi$1 w\ld be v well adapt$ to be ! categorical imp]ative1 9 ?is respect1 namely1 t j because ( ! idea ( univ]sal legislation x is n bas$ on any int]e/1 & !re=e x alone among all possible imp]atives c be unconditional4 ,or /ill bett]1 conv]t+ ! proposition1 if !re is a categorical imp]ative 7i4e4 a law = ! w ( e rational be+71 x c only comm& t ev]y?+ be done f maxims ( "o's w reg>d$ z a w :i* c\ld at ! same "t w t x %\ld itself give univ]sal laws1 = 9 t case only ! practical pr9ciple & ! imp]ative :i* x obeys are unconditional1 s9ce !y _c be bas$ on any int]e/4 ,look+ back n[ on all previ\s attempts to discov] ! pr9ciple ( morality1 we ne$ n wond] :y !y all fail4 ,x 0 se5 t man 0 b\nd to laws by duty1 b x 0 n obs]v$ t ! laws to :i* he is subject are only ^? ( 8 own giv+1 ?\gh at ! same "t !y are univ]sal1 & t he is only b\nd to act 9 con=mity ) 8 own w2 a w1 h[ev]1 :i* is design$ by nature to give univ]sal laws4 ,= :5 "o has conceiv$ man only z subject to a law 7no matt] :at71 !n ?is law requir$ "s int]e/1 ei!r by way ( attraction or con/ra9t1 s9ce x did n orig9ate z a law f 8 own w1 b ?is w 0 accord+ to a law oblig$ by some?+ else to act 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,n[ by ?is necess>y consequ5ce all ! lab\r sp5t 9 f9d+ a supreme pr9ciple ( duty 0 irrevocably lo/4 ,= m5 nev] elicit$ duty1 b only a necessity ( act+ f a c]ta9 int]e/4 ,:e!r ?is int]e/ 0 private or o!rwise1 9 any case ! imp]ative mu/ be conditional1 & c\ld n by any means be capable ( be+ a moral comm&4 ,i w !re=e call ?is ! pr9ciple ( ,autonomy ( ! w1 9 contra/ ) e o!r :i* ,i accord+ly reckon z ,het]onomy8 ,footnote3 ,cp4 ,critical ,exam9ation ( ,practical ,reason1 p4 #ahd4 ,! conception ( e rational be+ z "o :i* mu/ consid] itself z giv+ 9 all ! maxims ( its w univ]sal laws1 s z to judge itself & its actions f ?is po9t ( view--?is conception leads to ano!r :i* dep5ds on x & is v fruitful1 namely1 t ( a k+dom ( ends4 ,by a k+dom ,i und]/& ! union ( diff]5t rational be+s 9 a sy/em by common laws4 ,n[ s9ce x is by laws t ends are det]m9$ z reg>ds _! univ]sal validity1 h5ce1 if we ab/ract f ! p]sonal diff]5ces ( rational be+s1 & likewise f all ! cont5t ( _! private ends1 we %all be able to conceive all ends comb9$ 9 a sy/ematic :ole 7includ+ bo? rational be+s z ends 9 !mselves1 & also ! special ends :i* ea* may propose to himself71 t is to say1 we c conceive a k+dom ( ends1 :i* on ! prec$+ pr9ciples is possible4 ,= all rational be+s come "u ! law t ea* ( !m mu/ treat itself & all o!rs nev] m]ely z means1 b 9 e case at ! same "t z ends 9 !mselves4 ,h5ce results a sy/ematic union ( rational be+s by common objective laws1 i4e4 a k+dom :i* may be call$ a k+dom ( ends1 s9ce :at ^! laws h 9 view is j ! relation ( ^! be+s to "o ano!r z ends & means4 ,x is c]ta9ly only an ideal4 ,a rational be+ belongs z a memb] to ! k+dom ( ends :51 al?\gh giv+ univ]sal laws 9 x1 he is also himself subject to ^! laws4 ,he belongs to x z sov]eign :51 :ile giv+ laws1 he is n subject to ! w ( any o!r4 ,a rational be+ mu/ always reg>d himself z giv+ laws ei!r z memb] or z sov]eign 9 a k+dom ( ends :i* is r5d]$ possible by ! fre$om ( w4 ,he _c1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 ! latt] position m]ely by ! maxims ( 8 w1 b only 9 case he is a completely indep5d5t be+ )\t wants & ) unre/rict$ p[] adequate to 8 w4 ,morality consi/s !n 9 ! ref]5ce ( all action to ! legislation :i* alone c r5d] a k+dom ( ends possible4 ,?is legislation mu/ be capable ( exi/+ 9 e rational be+1 & ( emanat+ f 8 w1 s t ! pr9ciple ( ?is w is1 nev] to act on any maxim :i* c\ld n )\t contradiction be also a univ]sal law1 & accord+ly always s to act t ! w c\ld at ! same "t reg>d itself z giv+ 9 its maxims univ]sal laws4 ,if n[ ! maxims ( rational be+s are n by _! own nature co9cid5t ) ?is objective pr9ciple1 !n ! necessity ( act+ on x is call$ practical necessitation1 i4 e41 duty4 ,duty does n apply to ! sov]eign 9 ! k+dom ( ends1 b x does to e memb] ( x & to all 9 ! same degree4 ,! practical necessity ( act+ on ?is pr9ciple1 i4 e41 duty1 does n re/ at all on feel+s1 impulses1 or incl9ations1 b solely on ! relation ( rational be+s to "o ano!r1 a relation 9 :i* ! w ( a rational be+ mu/ always be reg>d$ z legislative1 s9ce o!rwise x c\ld n be conceiv$ z an end 9 itself4 ,reason !n ref]s e maxim ( ! w1 reg>d+ x z legislat+ univ]sally1 to e o!r w & also to e action t[>ds oneself2 & ?is n on acc\nt ( any o!r practical motive or any future advantage1 b f ! idea ( ! dignity ( a rational be+1 obey+ no law b t :i* he himself also gives4 ,9 ! k+dom ( ends ev]y?+ has ei!r ,value or ,dignity4 ,:atev] has a value c be replac$ by some?+ else :i* is equival5t2 :atev]1 on ! o!r h&1 is above all value1 & !re=e admits ( no equival5t1 has a dignity4 ,:atev] has ref]5ce to ! g5]al incl9ations & wants ( mank9d has a m>ket value2 :atev]1 )\t presuppos+ a want1 corresponds to a c]ta9 ta/e1 t is to a satisfaction 9 ! m]e purposeless play ( our faculties1 has a fancy value2 b t :i* con/itutes ! condition "u :i* alone any?+ c be an end 9 itself1 ?is has n m]ely a relative wor?1 i4 e41 value1 b an intr9sic wor?1 t is dignity4 ,n[ morality is ! condition "u :i* alone a rational be+ c be an end 9 himself1 s9ce by ?is alone x is possible t he %\ld be a legislat+ memb] 9 ! k+dom ( ends4 ,?us morality1 & humanity z capable ( x1 is t :i* alone has dignity4 ,skill & dilig5ce 9 lab\r h a m>ket value2 wit1 lively imag9ation1 & hum\r1 h fancy value2 on ! o!r h&1 fidelity to promises1 b5evol5ce f pr9ciple 7n f in/9ct71 h an intr9sic wor?4 ,nei!r nature nor art conta9s any?+ :i* 9 default ( ^! x c\ld put 9 _! place1 = _! wor? consi/s n 9 ! effects :i* spr+ f !m1 n 9 ! use & advantage :i* !y secure1 b 9 ! disposition ( m9d1 t is1 ! maxims ( ! w :i* are ready to manife/ !mselves 9 su* actions1 ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld n h ! desir$ effect4 ,^! actions also ne$ no recomm5dation f any subjective ta/e or s5tim5t1 t !y may be look$ on ) imm$iate fav\r & satisfaction3 !y ne$ no imm$iate prop5sion or feel+ = !m2 !y exhibit ! w t p]=ms !m z an object ( an imm$iate respect1 & no?+ b reason is requir$ to ,,impose !m on ! w2 n to ,,flatt] x into !m1 :i*1 9 ! case ( duties1 w\ld be a contradiction4 ,?is e/imation !re=e %[s t ! wor? ( su* a disposition is dignity1 & places x inf9itely above all value1 ) :i* x _c = a mom5t be br\ght into comp>ison or competition )\t z x 7 violat+ its sanctity4 ,:at !n is x :i* ju/ifies virtue or ! morally good disposition1 9 mak+ su* l(ty claims8 ,x is no?+ less ?an ! privilege x secures to ! rational be+ ( p>ticipat+ 9 ! giv+ ( univ]sal laws1 by :i* x qualifies him to be a memb] ( a possible k+dom ( ends1 a privilege to :i* he 0 already de/9$ by 8 own nature z be+ an end 9 himself1 & on t acc\nt legislat+ 9 ! k+dom ( ends2 free z reg>ds all laws ( physical nature1 & obey+ ^? only :i* he himself gives1 & by :i* 8 maxims c belong to a sy/em ( univ]sal law1 to :i* at ! same "t he submits himself4 ,= no?+ has any wor? except :at ! law assigns x4 ,n[ ! legislation itself :i* assigns ! wor? ( ev]y?+1 mu/ = t v reason possess dignity1 t is an unconditional incomp>able wor?1 & ! ^w ,,respect alone supplies a becom+ expression = ! e/eem :i* a rational be+ mu/ h = x4 ,,autonomy !n is ! basis ( ! dignity ( human & ( e rational nature4 ,! ?ree modes ( pres5t+ ! pr9ciple ( morality t h be5 adduc$ are at bottom only s _m =mulae ( ! v same law1 & ea* ( itself involves ! o!r two4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce 9 !m1 b x is r subjectively ?an objectively practical1 int5d$ namely to br+ an idea ( ! reason ne>] to intuition 7by means ( a c]ta9 analogy71 & !reby ne>] to feel+4 ,all maxims1 9 fact1 h-- #a4 ,a ,,=m1 consi/+ 9 univ]sality2 & 9 ?is view ! =mula ( ! moral imp]ative is express$ ?us1 t ! maxims mu/ be s *os5 z if !y 7 to s]ve z univ]sal laws ( nature4 #b4 ,a ,,matt] ,footnote3 ,! read+ ,maxima1 :i* is t bo? ( ,ros5kranz & ,h>t5/e91 is obvi\sly an error = ,mat]ie4 namely1 an end1 & "h ! =mula says t ! rational be+1 z x is an end by its own nature & !re=e an end 9 itself1 mu/ 9 e maxim s]ve z ! condition limit+ all m]ely relative & arbitr>y ends4 #c4 ,a ,,complete ,,*>act]isation ( all maxims by means ( t =mula1 namely1 t all maxims ought by _! own legislation to h>monise ) a possible k+dom ( ends z ) a k+dom ( nature4 ,footnote3 ,teleology consid]s nature z a k+dom ( ends2 ,e?ics reg>ds a possible k+dom ( ends z a k+dom ( nature4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! k+dom ( ends is a !oretical idea1 adopt$ to expla9 :at actually is4 ,9 ! latt] x is a practical idea1 adopt$ to br+ ab\t t :i* is n yet1 b :i* c be realis$ by our conduct1 namely1 if x con=ms to ?is idea4 ,!re is a progress "h 9 ! ord] ( ! categories ( ,,unity ( ! =m ( ! w 7its univ]sality71 ,,plurality ( ! matt] 7! objects1 i4 e4 ! ends71 & ,,totality ( ! sy/em ( ^!4 ,9 =m+ our moral ,,judgm5t ( actions x is bett] to proce$ always on ! /rict me?od1 & />t f ! g5]al =mula ( ! categorical imp]ative3 ,,act ,,accord+ ,,to ,a ,,maxim ,,:i* ,,c ,,at ,,! ,,same ,,"t ,,make ,,itself ,a ,,univ]sal ,,law4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we wi% to ga9 an ,,entrance = ! moral law1 x is v useful to br+ "o & ! same action "u ! ?ree specifi$ conceptions1 & !reby z f> z possible to br+ x ne>] to intuition4 ,we c n[ end :]e we />t$ at ! beg9n+1 namely1 ) ! conception ( a w unconditionally good4 ,,t ,,w is ,,absolutely ,,good :i* _c be evil1 9 o!r words1 ^: maxim1 if made a univ]sal law1 c\ld nev] contradict itself4 ,?is pr9ciple !n is its supreme law3 ,act always on su* a maxim z ?\ can/ at ! same "t w to be a univ]sal law2 ?is is ! sole condition "u :i* a w c nev] contradict itself2 & su* an imp]ative is categorical4 ,s9ce ! validity ( ! w z a univ]sal law = possible actions is analog\s to ! univ]sal connexion ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s by g5]al laws1 :i* is ! =mal notion ( nature 9 g5]al1 ! categorical imp]ative c also be express$ ?us3 ,,act ,,on ,,maxims ,,:i* ,,c ,,at ,,! ,,same ,,"t ,,h ,,= ,,_! ,,object ,,!mselves ,,z ,,univ]sal ,,laws ,,( ,,nature4 ,su* !n is ! =mula ( an absolutely good w4 ,rational nature is di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( nature by ?is1 t x sets be=e itself an end4 ,?is end w\ld be ! matt] ( e good w4 ,b s9ce 9 ! idea ( a w t is absolutely good )\t be+ limit$ by any condition 7( atta9+ ?is or t end7 we mu/ ab/ract :olly f e end ,,to ,,be ,,effect$ 7s9ce ?is w\ld make e w only relatively good71 x foll[s t 9 ?is case ! end mu/ be conceiv$1 n z an end to be effect$1 b z an ,,indep5d5tly exi/+ end4 ,consequ5tly x is conceiv$ only negatively1 i4e41 z t :i* we mu/ nev] act aga9/1 & :i*1 !re=e1 mu/ nev] be reg>d$ m]ely z means1 b mu/ 9 e volition be e/eem$ z an end likewise4 ,n[ ?is end c be no?+ b ! subject ( all possible ends1 s9ce ?is is also ! subject ( a possible absolutely good w2 = su* a w _c )\t contradiction be po/pon$ to any o!r object4 ,! pr9ciple3 ,s act 9 reg>d to e rational be+ 7?yself & o!rs71 t he may always h place 9 ?y maxim z an end 9 himself1 is accord+ly ess5tially id5tical ) ?is o!r3 ,act ^u a maxim :i*1 at ! same "t1 involves its own univ]sal validity = e rational be+4 ,= t 9 us+ means = e end ,i %\ld limit my maxim by ! condition ( its hold+ good z a law = e subject1 ?is comes to ! same ?+ z t ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all maxims ( action mu/ be t ! subject ( all ends1 i4 e41 ! rational be+ himself1 be nev] employ$ m]ely z means1 b z ! supreme condition re/rict+ ! use ( all means1 t is 9 e case z an end likewise4 ,x foll[s inconte/ably t1 to :atev] laws any rational be+ may be subject1 he be+ an end 9 himself mu/ be able to reg>d himself z also legislat+ univ]sally 9 respect ( ^! same laws1 s9ce x is j ?is fitness ( 8 maxims = univ]sal legislation t di/+ui%es him z an end 9 himself2 also x foll[s t ?is implies 8 dignity 7pr]ogative7 above all m]e physical be+s1 t he mu/ always take 8 maxims f ! po9t ( view :i* reg>ds himself1 & likewise e o!r rational be+1 z lawgiv+ be+s 7on :i* acc\nt !y are call$ p]sons74 ,9 ?is way a _w ( rational be+s 7mundus intelligibilis7 is possible z a k+dom ( ends1 & ?is by virtue ( ! legislation prop] to all p]sons z memb]s4 ,!re=e e rational be+ mu/ s act z if he 7 by 8 maxims 9 e case a legislat+ memb] 9 ! univ]sal k+dom ( ends4 ,! =mal pr9ciple ( ^! maxims is3 ,s act z if ?y maxim 7 to s]ve likewise z ! univ]sal law 7( all rational be+s74 ,a k+dom ( ends is ?us only possible on ! analogy ( a k+dom ( nature1 ! =m] h[ev] only by maxims1 t is self-impos$ rules1 ! latt] only by ! laws ( effici5t causes act+ "u necessitation f )\t4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh ! sy/em ( nature is look$ ^u z a ma*9e1 yet s f> z x has ref]5ce to rational be+s z its ends1 x is giv5 on ?is acc\nt ! "n ( a k+dom ( nature4 ,n[ su* a k+dom ( ends w\ld be actually realis$ by means ( maxims con=m+ to ! canon :i* ! categorical imp]ative prescribes to all rational be+s1 ,,if ,,!y ,,7 ,,univ]sally ,,foll[$4 ,b al?\gh a rational be+1 ev5 if he punctually foll[s ?is maxim himself1 _c reckon ^u all o!rs be+ !re=e true to ! same1 nor expect t ! k+dom ( nature & its ord]ly arrangem5ts %all be 9 h>mony ) him z a fitt+ memb]1 s z to =m a k+dom ( ends to :i* he himself contributes1 t is to say1 t x %all fav\r 8 expectation ( happ9ess1 /ill t law3 ,act accord+ to ! maxims ( a memb] ( a m]ely possible k+dom ( ends legislat+ 9 x univ]sally1 rema9s 9 its full =ce1 inasmu* z x comm&s categorically4 ,& x is j 9 ?is t ! p>adox lies2 t ! m]e dignity ( a man z a rational creature1 )\t any o!r end or advantage to be atta9$ !reby1 9 o!r words1 respect = a m]e idea1 %\ld yet s]ve z an inflexible precept ( ! w1 & t x is precisely 9 ?is indep5d5ce ( ! maxim on all su* spr+s ( action t its sublimity consi/s2 & x is ?is t makes e rational subject wor?y to be a legislative memb] 9 ! k+dom ( ends3 = o!rwise he w\ld h to be conceiv$ only z subject to ! physical law ( 8 wants4 ,& al?\gh we %\ld suppose ! k+dom ( nature & ! k+dom ( ends to be unit$ "u "o sov]eign1 s t ! latt] k+dom !reby ceas$ to be a m]e idea & acquir$ true reality1 !n x w\ld no d\bt ga9 ! accession ( a /rong spr+1 b by no means any increase ( its intr9sic wor?4 ,= ?is sole absolute lawgiv] mu/1 not)/&+ ?is1 be always conceiv$ z e/imat+ ! wor? ( rational be+s only by _! dis9t]e/$ behavi\r1 z prescrib$ to !mselves f t idea ! dignity ( man alone4 ,! ess5ce ( ?+s is n alt]$ by _! ext]nal relations1 & t :i* ab/ract+ f ^!1 alone con/itutes ! absolute wor? ( man1 is also t by :i* he mu/ be judg$1 :oev] ! judge may be1 & ev5 by ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,,morality !n is ! relation ( actions to ! autonomy ( ! w1 t is1 to ! pot5tial univ]sal legislation by its maxims4 ,an action t is consi/5t ) ! autonomy ( ! w is ,,p]mitt$2 "o t does n agree !re) is ,,=bidd54 ,a w ^: maxims necess>ily co9cide ) ! laws ( autonomy is a ,,holy w1 good absolutely4 ,! dep5d5ce ( a w n absolutely good on ! pr9ciple ( autonomy 7moral necessitation7 is obligation4 ,?is !n _c be appli$ to a holy be+4 ,! objective necessity ( actions f obligation is call$ ,,duty4 ,f :at has j be5 said1 x is easy to see h[ x happ5s t al?\gh ! conception ( duty implies subjection to ! law1 we yet ascribe a c]ta9 ,,dignity & sublimity to ! p]son :o fulfills all 8 duties4 ,!re is n1 inde$1 any sublimity 9 him1 s f> z he is subject to ! moral law2 b inasmu* z 9 reg>d to t v law he is l-wise a legislator1 & on t acc\nt alone subject to x1 he has sublimity4 ,we h also %[n above t nei!r fe> nor incl9ation1 b simply respect = ! law1 is ! spr+ :i* c give actions a moral wor?4 ,our own w1 s f> z we suppose x to act only "u ! condition t its maxims are pot5tially univ]sal laws1 ?is ideal w :i* is possible to u is ! prop] object ( respect1 & ! dignity ( humanity consi/s j 9 ?is capacity ( be+ univ]sally legislative1 ?\gh ) ! condition t x is itself subject to ?is same legislation4 ,! ,autonomy ( ! ,w z ! ,supreme ,pr9ciple ( ,morality ,autonomy ( ! w is t prop]ty ( x by :i* x is a law to itself 7indep5d5tly on any prop]ty ( ! objects ( volition74 ,! pr9ciple ( autonomy !n is3 ,always s to *oose t ! same volition %all compreh5d ! maxims ( our *oice z a univ]sal law4 ,we _c prove t ?is practical rule is an imp]ative1 i4e41 t ! w ( e rational be+ is necess>ily b\nd to x z a condition1 by a m]e analysis ( ! conceptions :i* occur 9 x1 s9ce x is a syn!tical proposition2 we mu/ advance beyond ! cognition ( ! objects to a critical exam9ation ( ! subject1 t is ( ! pure practical reason1 = ?is syn!tic proposition :i* comm&s apodictically mu/ be capable ( be+ cognis$ :olly a priori4 ,?is matt]1 h[ev]1 does n belong to ! pres5t section4 ,b t ! pr9ciple ( autonomy 9 "q is ! sole pr9ciple ( morals c be readily %[n by m]e analysis ( ! conceptions ( morality4 ,= by ?is analysis we f9d t its pr9ciple mu/ be a categorical imp]ative1 & t :at ?is comm&s is nei!r m nor less ?an ?is v autonomy4 ,het]onomy ( ! ,w z ! ,s\rce ( all spuri\s ,pr9ciples ( ,morality ,if ! w seeks ! law :i* is to det]m9e x any:]e else ?an 9 ! fitness ( its maxims to be univ]sal laws ( its own dictation1 consequ5tly if x goes out ( itself & seeks ?is law 9 ! "* ( any ( its objects1 !re always results ,,het]onomy4 ,! w 9 t case does n give itself ! law1 b x is giv5 by ! object ?r\gh its relation to ! w4 ,?is relation :e!r x re/s on incl9ation or on conceptions ( reason only admits ( hypo!tical imp]atives3 ,i ought to d some?+ ,,because ,i ,,wi% ,,= ,,some?+ ,,else4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! moral1 & !re=e categorical1 imp]ative says3 ,i ought to d s & s1 ev5 ?\gh ,i %\ld n wi% = any?+ else4 ,ex4 gr41 ! =m] says3 ,i ought n to lie if ,i w\ld reta9 my reputation2 ! latt] says3 ,i ought n to lie al?\gh x %\ld n br+ me ! lea/ discr$it4 ,! latt] !re=e mu/ s f> ab/ract f all objects t !y %all h no ,,influ5ce on ! w1 9 ord] t practical reason 7w7 may n be re/rict$ to adm9i/]+ an int]e/ n belong+ to x1 b may simply %[ its own comm&+ au?ority z ! supreme legislation4 ,?us1 ex4 gr41 ,i ought to endeav\r to promote ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 n z if its realization involv$ any conc]n ( m9e 7:e!r by imm$iate incl9ation or by any satisfaction indirectly ga9$ ?r\gh reason71 b simply because a maxim :i* excludes x _c be compreh5d$ z a univ]sal law ,footnote3 ,i read allgeme9es in/ead ( allgeme9em4 9 "o & ! same volition4 ,classification ( all ,pr9ciples ( ,morality :i* c be f\nd$ on ! ,conception ( ,het]onomy4 ,"h z else:]e human reason 9 its pure use1 s long z x 0 n critically exam9$1 has fir/ tri$ all possible wrong ways be=e x succe$$ 9 f9d+ ! "o true way4 ,all pr9ciples :i* c be tak5 f ?is po9t ( view are ei!r ,,empirical or ,,rational4 ,! ,,=m]1 drawn f ! pr9ciple ( ,,happ9ess1 are built on physical or moral feel+s2 ! ,,latt]1 drawn f ! pr9ciple ( ,,p]fection1 are built ei!r on ! rational conception ( p]fection z a possible effect1 or on t ( an indep5d5t p]fection 7! w ( ,god7 z ! det]m9+ cause ( our w4 ,,empirical ,,pr9ciples are :olly incapable ( s]v+ z a f\ndation = moral laws4 ,= ! univ]sality ) :i* ^! %\ld hold = all rational be+s )\t di/9ction1 ! unconditional practical necessity :i* is !reby impos$ on !m1 is lo/ :5 _! f\ndation is tak5 f ! ,,p>ticul> ,,con/itution ,,( ,,human ,,nature1 or ! accid5tal circum/ances 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,,private ,,happ9ess1 h[ev]1 is ! mo/ objectionable1 n m]ely because x is false1 & exp]i5ce contradicts ! supposition t prosp]ity is always proportion$ to good conduct1 nor yet m]ely because x contributes no?+ to ! e/abli%m5t ( morality--s9ce x is q a diff]5t ?+ to make a prosp]\s man & a good man1 or to make "o prud5t & %>p- sight$ = 8 own int]e/s1 & to make him virtu\s--b because ! spr+s x provides = morality are su* z r und]m9e x & de/roy its sublimity1 s9ce !y put ! motives to virtue & to vice 9 ! same class1 & only tea* u to make a bett] calculation1 ! specific diff]5ce betwe5 virtue & vice be+ entirely ext+ui%$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z to moral feel+1 ?is suppos$ special s5se ,footnote3 ,i class ! pr9ciple ( moral feel+ "u t ( happ9ess1 because e empirical int]e/ promises to contribute to our well-be+ by ! agreeabl5ess t a ?+ af=ds1 :e!r x be imm$iately & )\t a view to pr(it1 or :e!r pr(it be reg>d$4 ,we mu/ likewise1 ) ,hut*eson1 class ! pr9ciple ( sympa?y ) ! happ9ess ( o!rs "u 8 assum$ moral s5se4 ! appeal to x is inde$ sup]ficial :5 ^? :o _c ,,?9k believe t ,,feel+ w help !m out1 ev5 9 :at conc]ns g5]al laws3 & besides1 feel+s :i* naturally diff] inf9itely 9 degree _c furni% a uni=m /&>d ( good & evil1 nor has anyone a "r to =m judgm5ts = o!rs by 8 own feel+s3 nev]!less ?is moral feel+ is ne>] to morality & its dignity 9 ?is respect1 t x pays virtue ! hon\r ( ascrib+ to h] ,,imm$iately ! satisfaction & e/eem we h = h]1 & does n1 z x 71 tell h] to h] face t we are n atta*$ to h] by h] beauty b by pr(it4 ,among/ ! ,,rational pr9ciples ( morality1 ! ontological conception ( ,,p]fection1 not)/&+ its defects1 is bett] ?an ! !ological conception :i* d]ives morality f a ,div9e absolutely p]fect w4 ,! =m] is1 no d\bt1 empty & indef9ite1 & consequ5tly useless = f9d+ 9 ! b\ndless field ( possible reality ! greate/ am\nt suitable = u2 moreov]1 9 attempt+ to di/+ui% specifically ! reality ( :i* we are n[ speak+ f e o!r1 x inevitably t5ds to turn 9 a circle1 & _c avoid tacitly presuppos+ ! morality :i* x is to expla92 x is nev]!less pref]able to ! !ological view1 fir/1 because we h no intuition ( ! ,div9e p]fection1 & c only d$uce x f our own conceptions1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is t ( morality1 & our explanation w\ld ?us be involv$ 9 a gross circle2 &1 9 ! next place1 if we avoid ?is1 ! only notion ( ! ,div9e w rema9+ to u is a conception made up ( ! attributes ( desire ( glory & dom9ion1 comb9$ ) ! awful conceptions ( might & v5geance1 & any sy/em ( morals erect$ on ?is f\ndation w\ld be directly oppos$ to morality4 ,h[ev]1 if ,i _h to *oose betwe5 ! notion ( ! moral s5se & t ( p]fection 9 g5]al 7two sy/ems :i* at lea/ d n weak5 morality1 al?\gh !y are totally incapable ( s]v+ z its f\ndation71 !n ,i %\ld decide = ! latt]1 because x at lea/ )draws ! decision ( ! "q f ! s5sibility & br+s x to ! c\rt ( pure reason2 & al?\gh ev5 "h x decides no?+1 x at all ev5ts pres]ves ! indef9ite idea 7( a w good 9 itself7 free f corruption1 until x %all be m precisely def9$4 ,= ! re/ ,i ?9k ,i may be excus$ "h f a detail$ refutation ( all ^! doctr9es2 t w\ld only be sup]flu\s lab\r1 s9ce x is s easy1 & is probably s well se5 ev5 by ^? ^: (fice requires !m to decide = "o ( ^! !ories 7because _! he>]s w\ld n tol]ate susp5sion ( judgm5t74 ,b :at int]e/s u m "h is to "k t ! prime f\ndation ( morality laid d[n by all ^! pr9ciples is no?+ b het]onomy ( ! w1 & = ?is reason !y mu/ necess>ily miss _! aim4 ,9 e case :]e an object ( ! w has to be suppos$ 9 ord] t ! rule may be prescrib$ :i* is to det]m9e ! w1 !re ! rule is simply het]onomy2 ! imp]ative is conditional1 namely1 ,,if or ,,because "o wi%es = ?is object1 "o %\ld act s & s3 h5ce x c nev] comm& morally1 t is categorically4 ,:e!r ! object det]m9es ! w by means ( incl9ation1 z 9 ! pr9ciple ( private happ9ess1 or by means ( reason direct$ to objects ( our possible volition g5]ally1 z 9 ! pr9ciple ( p]fection1 9 ei!r case ! w nev] det]m9es itself ,,imm$iately by ! conception ( ! action1 b only by ! influ5ce :i* ! =ese5 effect ( ! action has on ! w2 ,i ,,ought ,,to ,,d ,,some?+1 ,,on ,,?is ,,acc\nt1 ,,because ,i ,,wi% ,,= ,,some?+ ,,else2 & "h !re mu/ be yet ano!r law assum$ 9 me z its subject1 by :i* ,i necess>ily w ?is o!r ?+1 & ?is law aga9 requires an imp]ative to re/rict ?is maxim4 ,= ! influ5ce :i* ! conception ( an object )9 ! rea* ( our faculties c ex]cise on ! w ( ! subject 9 consequ5ce ( its natural prop]ties1 dep5ds on ! nature ( ! subject1 ei!r ! s5sibility 7incl9ation & ta/e71 or ! und]/&+ & reason1 ! employm5t ( :i* is by ! peculi> con/itution ( _! nature att5d$ ) satisfaction4 ,x foll[s t ! law w\ld be1 prop]ly speak+1 giv5 by nature1 & z su*1 x mu/ be kn[n & prov$ by exp]i5ce1 & w\ld consequ5tly be cont+5t1 & !re=e incapable ( be+ an apodictic practical rule1 su* z ! moral rule mu/ be4 ,n only s1 b x is ,,inevitably ,,only ,,het]onomy2 ! w does n give itself ! law1 b x is giv5 by a =eign impulse by means ( a p>ticul> natural con/itution ( ! subject adapt$ to receive x4 ,an absolutely good w1 !n1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* mu/ be a categorical imp]ative1 w be indet]m9ate z reg>ds all objects1 & w conta9 m]ely ! ,,=m ,,( ,,volition g5]ally1 & t z autonomy1 t is to say1 ! capability ( ! maxims ( e good w to make !mselves a univ]sal law1 is itself ! only law :i* ! w ( e rational be+ imposes on itself1 )\t ne$+ to assume any spr+ or int]e/ z a f\ndation4 ,,h[ ,,su* ,a ,,syn!tical ,,practical a priori ,,proposition ,,is ,,possible & :y x is necess>y1 is a problem ^: solution does n lie )9 ! b\nds ( ! metaphysic ( morals2 & we h n "h affirm$ its tru?1 mu* less pr(ess$ to h a pro( ( x 9 our p[]4 ,we simply %[$ by ! developm5t ( ! univ]sally receiv$ notion ( morality t an autonomy ( ! w is inevitably connect$ ) x1 or r is its f\ndation4 ,:oev] !n holds morality to be any?+ real1 & n a *im]ical idea )\t any tru?1 mu/ likewise admit ! pr9ciple ( x t is "h assign$4 ,?is section !n1 l ! fir/1 0 m]ely analytical4 ,n[ to prove t morality is no creation ( ! bra91 :i* x _c be if ! categorical imp]ative & ) x ! autonomy ( ! w is true1 & z an a priori pr9ciple absolutely necess>y1 ?is supposes ! ,,possibility ,,( ,a ,,syn!tic ,,use ,,( ,,pure ,,practical ,,reason1 :i* h[ev] we _c v5ture on )\t fir/ giv+ a critical exam9ation ( ?is faculty ( reason4 ,9 ! conclud+ section we %all give ! pr9ciple outl9es ( ?is critical exam9ation z f> z is suffici5t = our purpose4 ,,?ird ,,section ,,transition ,,f ,,! ,,metaphysic ,,( ,,morals ,,to ,,! ,,critique ,,( ,,pure ,,practical ,,reasoh ,! ,concept ( ,fre$om is ! ,key t expla9s ! ,autonomy ( ! ,w ,! ,,w is a k9d ( causality belong+ to liv+ be+s 9 s f> z !y are rational1 & ,,fre$om w\ld be ?is prop]ty ( su* causality t x c be effici5t1 indep5d5tly on =eign causes ,,det]m9+ x2 j z ,,physical ,,necessity is ! prop]ty t ! causality ( all irrational be+s has ( be+ det]m9$ to activity by ! influ5ce ( =eign causes4 ,! prec$+ def9ition ( fre$om is ,,negative1 & !re=e unfruitful = ! discov]y ( its ess5ce2 b x leads to a ,,positive conception :i* is s mu* ! m full & fruitful ,s9ce ! conception ( causality involves t ( laws1 accord+ to :i*1 by some?+ t we call cause1 some?+ else1 namely1 ! effect1 mu/ be produc$ laid d[n2 ,footnote3 7,gesetzt4-,!re is 9 ! orig9al a play on ! etymology ( ,gesetz1 :i* does n admit ( reproduction 9 ,engli%4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t )\t x ! /atem5t is n self-evid5t47 h5ce1 al?\gh fre$om is n a prop]ty ( ! w dep5d+ on physical laws1 yet x is n = t reason lawless2 on ! contr>y x mu/ be a causality act+ accord+ to immutable laws1 b ( a peculi> k9d2 o!rwise a free w w\ld be an absurdity4 ,physical necessity is a het]onomy ( ! effici5t causes1 = e effect is possible only accord+ to ?is law1 t some?+ else det]m9es ! effici5t cause to ex]t its causality4 ,:at else !n c fre$om ( ! w be b autonomy1 t is ! prop]ty ( ! w to be a law to itself8 ,b ! proposition3 ,! w is 9 e action a law to itself1 only expresses ! pr9ciple1 to act on no o!r maxim ?an t :i* c also h z an object itself z a univ]sal law4 ,n[ ?is is precisely ! =mula ( ! categorical imp]ative & is ! pr9ciple ( morality1 s t a free w & a w subject to moral laws are "o & ! same4 ,on ! hypo!sis !n ( fre$om ( ! w1 morality toge!r ) its pr9ciple foll[s f x by m]e analysis ( ! conception4 ,h[ev] ! latt] is /ill a syn!tic proposition2 viz41 an absolutely good w is t ^: maxim c always include itself reg>d$ z a univ]sal law2 = ?is prop]ty ( its maxim c nev] be discov]$ by analys+ ! conception ( an absolutely good w4 ,n[ su* syn!tic propositions are only possible 9 ?is way3 t ! two cognitions are connect$ toge!r by _! union ) a ?ird 9 :i* !y are bo? to be f\nd4 ,! ,,positive concept ( fre$om furni%es ?is ?ird cognition1 :i* _c1 z ) physical causes1 be ! nature ( ! s5sible _w 79 ! concept ( :i* we f9d conjo9$ ! concept ( some?+ 9 relation z cause to ,,some?+ ,,else z effect74 ,we _c n[ at once %[ :at ?is ?ird is to :i* fre$om po9ts u1 & ( :i* we h an idea a priori1 nor c we make intelligible h[ ! concept ( fre$om is %[n to be legitimate f pr9ciples ( pure practical reason1 & ) x ! possibility ( a categorical imp]ative2 b "s fur!r prep>ation is requir$4 ,fre$om mu/ be presuppos$ z a ,prop]ty ( ! ,w ( all ,rational ,be+s ,x is n en\gh to pr$icate fre$om ( our own w1 f :atev] reason1 if we h n suffici5t gr\nds = pr$icat+ ! same ( all rational be+s4 ,= z morality s]ves z a law = u only because we are ,,rational ,,be+s1 x mu/ also hold = all rational be+s2 & z x mu/ be d$uc$ simply f ! prop]ty ( fre$om1 x mu/ be %[n t fre$om also is a prop]ty ( all rational be+s4 ,x is n en\gh !n to prove x f c]ta9 suppos$ exp]i5ces ( human nature 7:i* inde$ is q impossible1 & x c only be %[n a priori71 b we mu/ %[ t x belongs to ! activity ( all rational be+s end[$ ) a w4 ,n[ ,i say e be+ t _c act except ,,"u ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,fre$om is j = t reason 9 a practical po9t ( view really free1 t is to say1 all laws :i* are insep>ably connect$ ) fre$om h ! same =ce = him z if 8 w _h be5 %[n to be free 9 itself by a pro( !oretically conclusive4 ,footnote3 ,i adopt ?is me?od ( assum+ fre$om m]ely ,,z ,,an ,,idea :i* rational be+s suppose 9 _! actions1 9 ord] to avoid ! necessity ( prov+ x 9 its !oretical aspect also4 ,! =m] is suffici5t = my purpose2 = ev5 ?\gh ! speculative pro( %\ld n be made out1 yet a be+ t _c act except ) ! idea ( fre$om is b\nd by ! same laws t w\ld oblige a be+ :o 0 actually free4 ,?us we c escape "h f ! onus :i* presses on ! !ory4 7,comp>e ,butl]'s treatm5t ( ! "q ( lib]ty 9 8 ,analogy1 "p ,i41 *4 vi47 ,n[ ,i affirm t we mu/ attribute to e rational be+ :i* has a w t x has also ! idea ( fre$om & acts entirely "u ?is idea4 ,= 9 su* a be+ we conceive a reason t is practical1 t is1 has causality 9 ref]5ce to its objects4 ,n[ we _c possibly conceive a reason consci\sly receiv+ a bias f any o!r qu>t] ) respect to its judgm5ts1 = !n ! subject w\ld ascribe ! det]m9ation ( its judgm5t n to its own reason1 b to an impulse4 ,x mu/ reg>d itself z ! au?or ( its pr9ciples indep5d5t on =eign influ5ces4 ,consequ5tly z practical reason or z ! w ( a rational be+ x mu/ reg>d itself z free1 t is to say1 ! w ( su* a be+ _c be a w ( its own except "u ! idea ( fre$om4 ,?is idea mu/ !re=e 9 a practical po9t ( view be ascrib$ to e rational be+4 ,( ! ,int]e/ atta*+ to ! ,ideas ( ,morality ,we h f9ally r$uc$ ! def9ite conception ( morality to ! idea ( fre$om4 ,?is latt]1 h[ev]1 we c\ld n prove to be actually a prop]ty ( ourselves or ( human nature2 only we saw t x mu/ be presuppos$ if we w\ld conceive a be+ z rational & consci\s ( its causality 9 respect ( its actions1 i4 e41 z end[$ ) a w2 & s we f9d t on j ! same gr\nds we mu/ ascribe to e be+ end[$ ) reason & w ?is attribute ( det]m9+ itself to action "u ! idea ( its fre$om4 ,n[ x result$ also f ! presupposition ( ?is idea t we became aw>e ( a law t ! subjective pr9ciples ( action1 i4e41 maxims1 mu/ always be s assum$ t !y c also hold z objective1 t is1 univ]sal pr9ciples1 & s s]ve z univ]sal laws ( our own dictation4 ,b :y !n %\ld ,i subject myself to ?is pr9ciple & t simply z a rational be+1 ?us also subject+ to x all o!r be+s end[$ ) reason8 ,i w all[ t no int]e/ urges me to ?is1 = t w\ld n give a categorical imp]ative1 b ,i mu/ take an int]e/ 9 x & disc]n h[ ?is comes to pass2 = ?is ,i ought is prop]ly an ,i w\ld1 valid = e rational be+1 provid$ only t reason det]m9$ 8 actions )\t any h9drance4 ,b = be+s t are 9 addition affect$ z we are by spr+s ( a diff]5t k9d1 namely1 s5sibility1 & 9 ^: case t is n always done :i* reason alone w\ld d1 = ^! t necessity is express$ only z an ought1 & ! subjective necessity is diff]5t f ! objective4 ,x seems !n z if ! moral law1 t is1 ! pr9ciple ( autonomy ( ! w1 7 prop]ly speak+ only presuppos$ 9 ! idea ( fre$om1 & z if we c\ld n prove its reality & objective necessity indep5d5tly4 ,9 t case we %\ld /ill h ga9$ some?+ consid]able by at lea/ det]m9+ ! true pr9ciple m exactly ?an _h previ\sly be5 done2 b z reg>ds its validity & ! practical necessity ( subject+ oneself to x1 we %\ld n h advanc$ a /ep4 ,= if we 7 ask$ :y ! univ]sal validity ( our maxim z a law mu/ be ! condition re/rict+ our actions1 & on :at we gr\nd ! wor? :i* we assign to ?is mann] ( act+--a wor? s great t !re _c be any high] int]e/2 & if we 7 ask$ fur!r h[ x happ5s t x is by ?is alone a man believes he feels 8 own p]sonal wor?1 9 comp>ison ) :i* t ( an agreeable or disagreeable condition is to be reg>d$ z no?+1 to ^! que/ions we c\ld give no satisfactory answ]4 ,we f9d inde$ sometimes t we c take an int]e/ ,footnote3 ,int]e/ means a spr+ ( ! w1 9 s f> z ?is spr+ is pres5t$ by ,reason4 ,see note1 p4 #cia4 9 a p]sonal quality :i* does n involve any int]e/ ( ext]nal condition1 provid$ ?is quality makes u capable ( p>ticipat+ 9 ! condition 9 case reason 7 to effect ! allotm5t2 t is to say1 ! m]e be+ wor?y ( happ9ess c int]e/ ( itself ev5 )\t ! motive ( p>ticipat+ 9 ?is happ9ess4 ,?is judgm5t1 h[ev]1 is 9 fact only ! effect ( ! importance ( ! moral law :i* we be=e presuppos$ 7:5 by ! idea ( fre$om we deta* ourselves f e empirical int]e/72 b t we ought to deta* ourselves f ^! int]e/s1 i4 e41 to consid] ourselves z free 9 action & yet z subject to c]ta9 laws1 s z to f9d a wor? simply 9 our own p]son :iph c comp5sate u = ! loss ( ev]y?+ t give wor? to our condition2 ?is we are n yet able to disc]n 9 ?is way1 nor d we see h[ x is possible s to act--9 o!r words1 :5ce ! moral law d]ives its obligation4 ,x mu/ be freely admitt$ t !re is a sort ( circle "h f :i* x seems impossible to escape4 ,9 ! ord] ( effici5t causes we assume ourselves free1 9 ord] t 9 ! ord] ( ends we may conceive ourselves z subject to moral laws3 & we aft]w>ds conceive ourselves z subject to ^! laws1 bjecause we h attribut$ to ourselves fre$om ( w3 = fre$om & self- legislation ( w are bo? autonomy1 & !re=e are reciprocal conceptions1 & = ?is v reason "o mu/ n be us$ to expla9 ! o!r or give ! reason ( x1 b at mo/ only = logical purposes to r$uce app>5tly diff]5t notions ( ! same object to "o s+le concept 7z we r$uce diff]5t fractions ( ! same value to ! l[e/ t]ms74 ,"o res\rce retra9s to u1 namely1 to inquire :e!r we d n occupy diff]5t po9ts ( view :5 by means ( fre$om we ?9k ourselves z causes effici5t a priori1 & :5 we =m our conception ( ourselves f our actions z effects :i* we see be=e our eyes4 ,x is a rem>k :i* ne$s no subtle reflection to make1 b :i* we may assume t ev5 ! commone/ und]/&+ c make1 al?\gh x be aft] its fa%ion by an obscure disc]nm5t ( judgm5t :i* x calls feel+1 t all ! ideas ,footnote3 ,! common und]/&+ be+ "h spok5 (1 ,i use ! ^w idea 9 its popul> s5se4 t comes to u involunt>ily 7z ^? ( ! s5ses7 d n enable u to "k objects o!rwise ?an z !y affect u2 s t :at !y may be 9 !mselves rema9s unkn[n to u1 & consequ5tly t z reg>ds ideas ( ?is k9d ev5 ) ! close/ att5tion & cle>ness t ! und]/&+ c apply to !m1 we c by !m only atta9 to ! k ( appe>ances1 nev] to t ( ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,z soon z ?is di/9ction has once be5 made 7p]haps m]ely 9 consequ5ce ( ! diff]5ce obs]v$ betwe5 ! ideas giv5 u f )\t1 & 9 :i* we are passive1 & ^? t we produce simply f ourselves1 & 9 :i* we %[ our own activity71 !n x foll[s ( itself t we mu/ admit & assume beh9d ! appe>ance some?+ else t is n an appe>ance1 namely1 ! ?+s 9 !mselves2 al?\gh we mu/ admit t z !y c nev] be kn[n to u except z !y affect u1 we c come no ne>] to !m1 nor c we ev] "k :at !y are 9 !mselves4 ,?is mu/ furni% a di/9ction1 h[ev] crude1 betwe5 a _w ( s5se & ! _w ( und]/&+1 ( :i* ! =m] may be diff]5t accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! s5su\s impressions 9--v>i\s obs]v]s1 :ile ! second :i* is its basis always rema9s ! same4 ,ev5 z to himself1 a man _c pret5d to "k :at he is 9 himself f ! k he has by int]nal s5sation4 ,= z he does n z x 7 create himself1 & does n come by ! conception ( himself a priori b empirically1 x naturally foll[s t he c obta9 8 k ev5 ( himself only by ! inn] s5se1 & consequ5tly only ?r\gh ! appe>ances ( 8 nature & ! way 9 :i* 8 consci\sness is affect$4 ,at ! same "t beyond ^! *>act]i/ics ( 8 own subject1 made up ( m]e appe>ances1 he mu/ necess>ily suppose some?+ else z _! basis1 namely1 8 ego1 :atev] its *>act]i/ics 9 itself may be4 ,?us 9 respect to m]e p]ception & receptivity ( s5sations he mu/ reckon himself z belong+ to ! _w ( s5se1 b 9 respect ( :atev] !re may be ( pure activity 9 him 7t :i* rea*es consci\sness imm$iately & n ?r\gh affect+ ! s5ses7 he mu/ reckon himself z belong+ to ! intellectual _w1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 he has no fur!r k4 ,to su* a conclusion ! reflect+ man mu/ come ) respect ito all ! ?+s :i* c be pres5t$ to him3 x is probably to be met ) ev5 9 p]sons ( ! commone/ und]/&+1 :o1 z is well kn[n1 are v mu* incl9$ to suppose beh9d ! objects ( ! s5ses some?+ else invisible & act+ ( itself4 ,!y spoil x1 h[ev]1 by pres5tly s5sualiz+ ?is invisible aga92 t is to say1 want+ to make x an object ( intuition1 s t !y d n become a :it ! wis]4 ,n[ man really f9ds 9 himself a faculty by :i* he di/+ui%es himself f ev]y?+ else1 ev5 f himself z affect$ by objects1 & t is ,reason4 ,?is be+ pure spontaneity is ev5 elevat$ above ! und]/&+4 ,= al?\gh ! latt] is a spontaneity & does n1 l s5se1 m]ely conta9 intuitions t arise :5 we are affect$ by ?+s 7& are !re=e passive71 yet x _c produce f its activity any o!r conceptions ?an ^? :i* m]ely s]ve to br+ ! intuitions ( s5se "u rulesf & !reby to unite !m 9 "o consci\sness1 & )\t ?is use ( ! s5sibility x c\ld n ?9k at all2 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 ,reason %[s s pure a spontaneity 9 ! case ( :at ,i call ,ideas ,ideal ,conceptions t x !reby f> transc5ds ev]y?+ t ! s5sibility c give x1 & exhibits its mo/ important function 9 di/+ui%+ ! _w ( s5se f t ( und]/&+1 & !reby prescrib+ ! limits ( ! und]/&+ itself4 ,= ?is reason a rational be+ mu/ reg>d himself qua intellig5ce 7n f ! side ( 8 l[] faculties7 z belong+ n to ! _w ( s5se1 b to t ( und]/&+2 h5ce he has two po9ts ( view f :i* he c reg>d himself1 & recognise laws ( ! ex]cise ( 8 faculties1 & consequ5tly ( all 8 actions3 fir/1 s f> z he belongs to ! _w ( s5se1 he f9ds himself subject to laws ( nature 7het]onomy72 secondly1 z belong+ to ! intelligible _w1 "u laws :i* be+ indep5d5t on nature h _! f\ndation n 9 exp]i5ce b 9 reason alone4 ,z a rational be+1 & consequ5tly belong+ to ! intelligible _w1 man c nev] conceive ! causality ( 8 own w o!rwise ?an on condition ( ! idea ( fre$om4 = indep5d5ce on ! det]m9+ causes ( ! s5sible _w 7an indep5d5ce :i* ,reason mu/ always ascribe to itself7 is fre$om4 ,n[ ! idea ( fre$om is insep>ably connect$ ) ! conception ( autonomy1 & ?is aga9 ) ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( morality :i* is ideally ! f\ndation ( all actions ( rational be+s1 j z ! law ( nature is ( all ph5om5a4 ,n[ ! suspicion is remov$ :i* we rais$ above1 t !re 0 a lat5t circle involv$ 9 our reason+ f fre$om to autonomy1 & f ?is to ! moral law1 viz43 t we laid d[n ! idea ( fre$om because ( ! moral law only t we might aft]w>ds 9 turn inf] ! latt] f fre$om & t consequ5tly we c\ld assign no reason at all = ?is law1 b c\ld only pres5t ,footnote3 ,! v]b is want+ 9 ! orig9al4 x z a petitio pr9cipii :i* well dispos$ m9ds w\ld gladly conc$e to u1 b :i* we c\ld nev] put =w>d z a provable proposition4 ,= n[ we see t :5 we conceive ourselves z free we transf] ourselves into !--_w ( und]/&+ z memb]s ( x1 & recognise ! autonomy ( ! w ) its consequ5ce1 morality2 :]eas1 if we conceive ourselves z "u obligation we consid] ourselves z belong+ to ! _w ( s5se1 & at ! same "t to ! _w ( und]/&+4 ,h[ is a ,categorical ,imp]ative ,possible8 ,e rational be+ reckons himself qua intellig5ce z belong+ to ! _w ( und]/&+1 & x is simply z an effici5t cause belong+ to t _w t he calls 8 causality a w4 ,on ! o!r side he is also consci\s ( himself z a "p ( ! _w ( s5se 9 :i* 8 actions :i* are m]e appe>ances ph5om5a ( t causality are display$2 we _c1 h[ev]1 disc]n h[ !y are possible f ?is causality :i* we d n "k2 b in/ead ( t1 ^! actions z belong+ to ! s5sible _w mu/ be view$ z det]m9$ by o!r ph5om5a1 namely1--desires & incl9ations4 ,if !re=e ,i 7 only a memb] ( ! _w ( und]/&+1 !n all my actions w\ld p]fectly con=m to ! pr9ciple ( autonomy ( ! pure w2 if ,i 7 only a "p ( ! _w ( s5se !y w\ld necess>ily be assum$ to con=m :olly to ! natural law ( desires & incl9ations1 9 o!r words1 to ! het]onomy ( nature4 7,! =m] w\ld re/ on morality z ! supreme pr9ciple1 ! latt] on happ9ess471 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! _w ( und]/&+ conta9s ! f\ndation ( ! _w ( s5se1 & consequ5tly ( its laws als( & accord+ly gives ! law to my w 7:i* belongs :olly to ! _w ( und]/&+7 directly1 & mu/ be conceiv$ z do+ s1 x foll[s t1 al?\gh on ! "o side ,i mu/ reg>d myself z a be+ belong+ to ! _w ( s5se1 yet on ! o!r side ,i mu/ recognise myself z subject z an intellig5ce to ! law ( ! _w ( und]/&+1 i4 e41 to reason1 :i* conta9s ?is law 9 ! idea ( fre$om1 & !re=e z subject to ! autonomy ( ! w3 consequ5tly ,i mu/ reg>d ! laws ( ! _w ( und]/&+ z imp]atives = me1 & ! actions :i* con=m to !m z duties4 ,& ?us :at makes categorical imp]atives possible is ?is1 t ! idea ( fre$om makes me a memb] ( an intelligible _w1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* if ,i 7 no?+ else all my actions w\ld always con=m to ! autonomy ( ! w2 b z ,i at ! same "t intuite myself z a memb] ( ! _w ( s5se1 !y ought s to con=m1 & ?is categorical ought implies a syn!tic a priori proposition1 inasmu* z besides my w z affect$ by s5sible desires !re is add$ fur!r ! idea ( ! same w b z belong+ to ! _w ( ! und]/&+1 pure & practical ( itself1 :i* conta9s ! supreme condition accord+ to ,reason ( ! =m] w2 precisely z to ! intuitions ( s5se !re are add$ concepts ( ! und]/&+ :i* ( !mselves signify no?+ b regul> =m 9 g5]al1 & 9 ?is way syn!tic a priori propositions become possible1 on :i* all k ( physical nature re/s4 ,! practical use ( common human reason confirms ?is reason+4 ,!re is no "o1 n ev5 ! mo/ consummate villa91 provid$ only t he is o!rwise accu/om$ to ! use ( reason1 :o1 :5 we set be=e him examples ( tione/y ( purposea ( /eadfa/ness 9 foll[+ good maxims1 ( sympa?y & g5]al b5evol5ce 7ev5 comb9$ ) great sacrifices ( advantages & com=t71 does n wi% t he might also possess ^! qualities4 ,only on acc\nt ( 8 incl9ations & impulses he _c atta9 ?is 9 himself1 b at ! same "t he wi%es to be free f su* incl9ations :i* are burd5some to himself4 ,he proves by ?is t he transf]s himself 9 ?\ght ) a w free f ! impulses (--! s5sibility into an ord] ( ?+s :olly diff]5t f t ( 8 desires 9 ! field ( ! s5sibility2 s9ce he _c expect to obta9 by t wi% any gratification ( 8 desires1 nor any position :i* w\ld satisfy any ( 8 actual or supposable incl9ations 7= ?is w\ld de/roy ! pre-em95ce ( ! v idea :i* wre/s t wi% f him73 he c only expect a great] intr9sic wor? ( 8 own p]son4 ,?is bett] p]son1 h[ev]1 he imag9es himself to be :5 he transf]s himself to ! po9t ( view ( a memb] ( ! _w ( ! und]/&+1 to :i* he is involunt>ily =c$ by ! idea ( fre$om1 i4 e41 ( indep5d5ce on det]m9+ causes ( ! _w ( s5se2 & f ?is po9t ( view he is consci\s ( a good w1 :i* by 8 own confession con/itutes ! law = ! bad w t he possesses z a memb] ( ! _w ( s5se-a law ^: au?ority he recognises :ile transgress+ x4 ,:at he morally ought is !n :at he necess>ily w\ld z a memb] ( ! _w ( ! und]/&+1 & is conceiv$ by him z an ought only inasmu* z he likewise consid]s himself z a memb] ( ! _w ( s5se4 ,on ! ,extreme ,limits ( all ,practical ,philosophy ,all m5 attribute to !mselves fre$om ( w4 ,h5ce come all judgm5ts ^u actions z be+ su* z ought to h be5 done1 al?\gh !y h n be5 done4 ,h[ev]1 ?is fre$om is n a conception ( exp]i5ce1 nor c x be s1 s9ce x /ill rema9s1 ev5 ?\gh exp]i5ce %[s ! contr>y ( :at on supposition ( fre$om are conceiv$ z its necess>y consequ5ces4 ,on ! o!r side x is equally necess>y t ev]y?+ t takes place %\ld be fix$ly det]m9$ accord+ to laws ( nature4 ,?is necessity ( nature is likewise tot an empirical conception1 j = ?is reason1 t x involves ! motion ( necessity & consequ5tly ( a priori cognition4 ,b ?is conception ( a sy/em ( nature is confirm$ by exp]i5ce1 & x mu/ ev5 be inevitably presuppos$ if exp]i5ce itself is to be possible1 t is1 a connect$ k ( ! objects ( s5se re/+ on g5]al laws4 ,!re=e fre$om is only an ,idea ,ideal ,conception ( ,reason1 & its objective reality 9 itself is d\btful1 :ile nature is a concept ( ! und]/&+ :i* proves1 & mu/ necess>ily prove1 its reality 9 examples ( exp]i5ce4 ,!re arises f ?is a dialectic ( ,reason1 s9ce ! fre$om attribut$ to ! w appe>s to contradict ! necessity ( nature1 & plac$ betwe5 ^! two ways ,reason = speculative purposes f9ds ! road ( physical necessity mu* m beat5 & m appropriate ?an t ( fre$om2 yet = practical purposes ! n>r[ footpa? ( fre$om is ! only "o on :i* x is possible to make use ( reason 9 our conduct2 h5ce x is j z impossible = ! subtle/ philosophy z = ! commone/ reason ( m5 to argue away fre$om4 ,philosophy mu/ !n assume t no real contradiction w be f\nd betwe5 fre$om & physical necessity ( ! same human actions1 = x _c give up ! conception ( nature any m ?an t ( fre$om4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 ?\gh we %\ld nev] be able to compreh5d h[ fre$om is possible1 we mu/ at lea/ remove ?is app>5t contradiction 9 a conv9c+ mann]4 ,= if ! ?\ght ( fre$om contradicts ei!r itself or nature1 :i* is equally necess>y1 x mu/ 9 competition ) physical necessity be entirely giv5 up4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be impossible to escape ?is contradiction if ! ?9k+ subject1 :i* seems to itself free1 conceiv$ itself 9 ! same s5se or 9 ! v same relation :5 x calls itself free z :5 9 respect ( ! same action x assumes itself to be subject to ! law ( nature4 ,h5ce x is an indisp5sable problem ( speculative philosophy to %[ t its illusion respect+ ! contradiction re/s on ?is1 t we ?9k ( man 9 a diff]5t s5se & relation :5 we call him free1 & :5 we reg>d him z subject to ! laws ( nature z be+ "p & p>cel ( nature4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 %[ t n only c bo? ^! v well co- exi/1 b t bo? mu/ be ?\ght z necess>ily unit$ 9 ! same subject1 s9ce o!rwise no reason c\ld be giv5 :y we %\ld burd5 reason ) an idea :i*1 ?\gh x may possibly )\t contradiction be reconcil$ ) ano!r t is suffici5tly e/abli%$1 yet entangles u 9 a p]plexity :i* sorely emb>rasses ,reason 9 its !oretic employm5t4 ,?is duty1 h[ev]1 belongs only to speculative philosophy1 9 ord] t x may cle> ! way = practical philosophy4 ,! philosoph] !n has no option :e!r he w remove ! app>5t contradiction or leave x unt\*$2 = 9 fhe latt] case ! !ory respect+ ?is w\ld be bonum vacans into ! possession ( :i* ! fatali/ w\ld h a "r to ent]1 & *ase all morality out ( its suppos$ doma9 z occupy+ x )\t title4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 z yet say t we are t\*+ ! b\nds ( practical philosophy4 ,= ! settlem5t ( t controv]sy does n belong to x2 x only dem&s f speculative reason hat x %\ld put an end to ! discord 9 :i* x entangles itself 9 !oretical que/ions1 s t practical reason may h re/ & security f ext]nal attacks :i* might make ! gr\nd debatable on :i* x desires to build4 ,! claims to fre$om ( w made ev5 by common reason are f\nd$ on ! consci\sness & ! admitt$ supposition t reason is indep5d5t on m]ely subjectively det]m9$ causes :i* toge!r ,con/itute :at belongs to s5sation only1 & :i* consequ5tly come "u ! g5]al designation ( s5sibility4 ,man consid]+ himself 9 ?is way z an intellig5ce1 places himself !reby 9 a diff]5t ord] ( ?+s & 9 a relation to det]m9+ gr\nds ( a :olly diff]5t k9d :5 on ! "o h& he ?9ks ( himself z an intellig5ce end[$ ) a w1 & consequ5tly ) causality1 & :5 on ! o!r he p]ceives himself z a ph5om5on 9 ! _w ( s5se 7z he really is also71 & affirms t 8 causality is subject to ext]nal det]m9ation accord+ to laws ( nature4 ,footnote3 ,! punctuation ( ! orig9al gives ! foll[+ s5se3 ,submits 8 causality1 z reg>ds its ext]nal det]m9ation1 to laws ( nature4 h v5tur$ to make :at appe>s to be a necess>y correction1 by simply remov+ a comma4 ,n[ he soon becomes aw>e t bo? c hold good1 nay1 mu/ hold good at ! same "t4 ,= !re is n ! smalle/ contradiction 9 say+ t a ?+ 9 appe>ance 7belong+ to ! _w ( s5se7 is subject to c]ta9 laws1 on :i* ! v same z a ?+ or be+ 9 itself is indep5d5t2 & t he mu/ conceive & ?9k ( himself 9 ?is tw(old way1 re/s z to ! fir/ on ! consci\sness ( himself z an object affect$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 & z to ! second on ! consci\sness ( himself z an intellig5ce1 i4 e41 z indep5d5t on s5sible impressions 9 ! employm5t ( 8 reason 79 o!r words z belong+ to ! _w ( und]/&+74 ,h5ce x comes to pass t man claims ! possession ( a w :i* takes no acc\nt ( any?+ t comes "u ! head ( desires & incl9ations1 & on ! contr>y conceives actions z possible to him1 nay1 ev5 z necess>y1 :i* c only be done by disreg>d+ all desires & s5sible incl9ations4 ,! causality ( su* actions ,footnote3 ,m4 ,b>ni translates z if he read desselb5 in/ead ( d]selb51 ! causality ( ?is w4 ,s also ,mr4 ,semple4 lies 9 him z an intellig5ce & 9 ! laws ( effects & actions :i* dep5d on ! pr9ciples ( an intelligible _w1 ( :i* inde$ he kn[s no?+ m ?an t 9 x pure reason alone indep5d5t on s5sibility gives ! law2 moreov] s9ce x is only 9 t _w1 z an intellig5ce1 t he is 8 prop] self 7be+ z man only ! appe>ance ( himself7 ^? laws apply to him directly & categorically1 s t ! incitem5ts ( incl9ations & appetites 79 o!r words ! :ole nature ( ! _w ( s5se7 _c impair ! laws ( 8 volition z an intellig5ce4 ,nay1 he does n ev5 hold himself responsible = ! =m] or ascribe !m to 8 prop] self1 i4 e41 8 w3 he only ascribes to 8 w any indulg5ce :i* he might yield !m if he all[$ !m to influ5ce 8 maxims to ! prejudice ( ! rational laws ( ! w4 ,:5 practical ,reason ?9ks itself into a _w ( und]/&+ x does n !reby transc5d its own limits1 z x w\ld if x tri$ to ent] x by intuition or s5sation4 ,! =m] is only a negative ?\ght 9 respect ( ! _w ( s5se1 :i* does n give any laws to reason 9 det]m9+ ! w1 & is positive only 9 ?is s+le po9t t ?is fre$om z a negative *>act]i/ic is at ! same "t conjo9$ ) a 7positive7 faculty & ev5 ) a causality ( reason1 :i* we designate a w1 namely1 a faculty ( s act+ t ! pr9ciple ( ! actions %all con=m to ! ess5tial "* ( a rational motive1 i4 e41 ! condition t ! maxim h univ]sal validity z a law4 ,b 7 x to borr[ an object ( w1 t is1 a motive1 f ! _w ( und]/&+1 !n x w\ld ov]/ep its b\nds & pret5d to be acqua9t$ ) some?+ ( :i* x kn[s no?+4 ,! conception ( a _w ( ! und]/&+ is !n only a po9t ( view :i* ,reason f9ds itself compell$ to take outside ! appe>ances 9 ord] to conceive itself z practical1 :i* w\ld n be possible if ! influ5ces ( ! s5sibility _h a det]m9+ p[] on man1 b :i* is necess>y unless he is to be d5i$ ! consci\sness ( himself z an intellig5ce1 & consequ5tly z a rational cause1 en]giz+ by reason1 t is1 op]at+ freely4 ,?is ?\ght c]ta9ly involves ! idea ( an ord] & a sy/em ( laws diff]5t f t ( ! me*anism ( nature :i* belongs to ! s5sible _w1 & x makes ! conception ( an intelligible _w necess>y 7t is to say1 ! :ole sy/em ( rational be+s z ?+s 9 !mselves74 ,b x does n 9 ! lea/ au?orize u to ?9k ( x fur!r ?an z to its =mal condition only1 t is1 ! univ]sality ( ! maxims ( ! w z laws1 & consequ5tly ! autonomy ( ! latt]1 :i* alone is consi/5t ) its fre$om2 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 all laws t ref] to a def9ite object give het]onomy1 :i* only belongs to laws ( nature1 & c only apply to ! s5sible _w4 ,b ,reason w\ld ov]/ep all its b\nds if x und]took to expla9 h[ pure reason c be practical1 :i* w\ld be exactly ! same problem z to expla9 h[ fre$om is possible4 ,= we c expla9 no?+ b t :i* we c r$uce to laws1 ! object ( :i* c be giv5 9 "s possible exp]i5ce4 ,b fre$om is a m]e ,idea ,ideal ,conception1 ! objective reality ( :i* c 9 no wise be %[n accord+ to laws ( nature1 & consequ5tly n 9 any possible exp]i5ce2 & = ?is reason x c nev] be compreh5d$ or und]/ood1 because we _c support x by any sort ( example or analogy4 ,x holds good only z a necess>y hypo!sis ( reason 9 a be+ t believes itself consci\s ( a w1 t is1 ( a faculty di/9ct f m]e desire 7namely1 a faculty ( det]m9+ itself to action z an intellig5ce71 9 o!r words1 by laws ( reason indep5d5tly on natural in/9cts4 ,n[ :]e det]m9ation accord+ to laws ( nature ceases1 !re all explanation ceases also1 & no?+ rema9s b def5ce1 i4 e4 ! removal ( ! objections ( ^? :o pret5d to h se5 deep] into ! nature ( ?+s1 & !reupon boldly decl>e fre$om impossible4 ,we c only po9t out to !m t ! suppos$ contradiction t !y h discov]$ 9 x arises only f ?is1 t 9 ord] to be able to apply ! law ( nature to human actions1 !y mu/ necess>ily consid] man z an appe>ance3 !n :5 we dem& ( !m t !y %\ld also ?9k ( him qua intellig5ce z a ?+ 9 itself1 !y /ill p]si/ 9 consid]+ him 9 ?is respect also z an appe>ance4 ,9 ?is view x w\ld no d\bt be a contradiction to suppose ! causality ( ! same subject 7t is1 8 w7 to be )drawn f all ! natural laws ( ! s5sible _w4 ,b ?is contradiction disappe>s1 if !y w\ld only be?9k !mselves & admit1 z is reasonable1 t beh9d ! appe>ances !re mu/ also lie at _! root 7al?\gh hidd57 ! ?+s 9 !mselves1 & t we _c expect ! laws ( ^! to be ! same z ^? t gov]n _! appe>ances4 ,! subjective impossibility ( expla9+ ! fre$om ( ! w is id5tical ) ! impossibility ( discov]+ & expla9+ an int]e/ ,footnote3 ,int]e/ is t by :i* reason becomes practical1 i4 e41 a cause det]m9+ ! w4 ,h5ce we say ( rational be+s only t !y take an int]e/ 9 a ?+2 irrational be+s only feel s5sual appetites4 ,reason takes a direct int]e/ 9 action !n only :5 ! univ]sal validity ( its maxims is alone suffici5t to det]m9e ! w4 ,su* an int]e/ alone is pure4 ,b if x c det]m9e ! w only by means ( ano!r object ( desire or on ! sugge/ion ( a p>ticul> feel+ ( ! subject1 !n ,reason takes only an indirect int]e/ 9 ! action1 & z ,reason by itself )\t exp]i5ce _c discov] ei!r objects ( ! w or a ,special feel+ actuat+ x1 ?is latt] int]e/ w\ld only be empirical1 & n a pure rational int]e/4 ,! logical int]e/ ( ,reason 7namely1 to ext5d its insight7 is nev] direct1 b presupposes purposes = :i* reason is employ$4 :i* man c take 9 ! moral law4 ,nev]!less he does actually take an int]e/ 9 x1 ! basis ( :i* 9 u we call ! moral feel+1 :i* "s h falsely assign$ z ! /&>d ( our moral judgm5t1 :]eas x mu/ r be view$ z ! subjective effect t ! law ex]cises on ! w1 ! objective pr9ciple ( :i* is furni%$ by ,reason alone4 ,9 ord] inde$ t a rational be+ :o is also affect$ ?r\gh ! s5ses %\ld w :at ,reason alone directs su* be+s t !y ought to w1 x is no d\bt requisite t reason %\ld h a p[] to infuse a feel+ ( pleasure or satisfaction 9 ! fulfilm5t ( duty1 t is to say1 t x %\ld h a causality by :i* x det]m9es ! s5sibility accord+ to its own pr9ciples4 ,b x is q impossible to disc]n1 i4 e41 to make x intelligible a priori1 h[ a m]e ?\ght1 :i* itself conta9s no?+ s5sible1 c itself produce a s5sation ( pleasure or pa92 = ?is is a p>ticul> k9d ( causality ( :i* z ( e o!r causality we c det]m9e no?+ :atev] a priori1 we mu/ only consult exp]i5ce ab\t x4 ,b z ?is _c supply u ) any relation ( cause & effect except betwe5 two objects ( exp]i5ce1 :]eas 9 ?is case1 al?\gh inde$ ! effect produc$ lies )9 exp]i5ce1 yet ! cause is suppos$ to be pure reason act+ ?r\gh m]e ideas :i* (f] no object to exp]i5ce1 x foll[s t = u m5 x is q impossible to expla9 h[ & :y ! univ]sality ( ! maxim z a law1 t is1 morality1 int]e/s4 ,?is only is c]ta91 t x is n because x int]e/s u t x has validity = u 7= t w\ld be het]onomy & dep5d5ce ( practical reason on s5sibility1 namely1 on a feel+ z its pr9ciple1 9 :i* case x c\ld nev] give moral laws71 b t x int]e/s u because x is valid = u z m51 inasmu* z x _h its s\rce 9 our w z intellig5ces1 9 o!r words 9 our prop] self1 & :at belongs to m]e appe>ance is necess>ily subord9at$ by reason to ! nature ( ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,! "q !n3 ,h[ a categorical imp]ative is possible c be answ]$ to ?is ext5t t we c assign ! only hypo!sis on :i* x is possible1 namely1 ! idea ( fre$om2 & we c also disc]n ! necessity ( ?is hypo!sis1 & ?is is suffici5t = ! practical ex]cise ( reason1 t is1 = ! conviction ( ! validity ( ?is imp]ative1 & h5ce ( ! moral law2 b h[ ?is hypo!sis itself is possible c nev] be disc]n$ by any human reason4 ,on ! hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 t ! w ( an intellig5ce is free1 its autonomy1 z ! ess5tial =mal condition ( its det]m9ation1 is a necess>y consequ5ce4 ,moreov]1 ?is fre$om ( w is n m]ely q possible z a hypo!sis 7n involv+ any contradiction to ! pr9ciple ( physical necessity 9 ! connexion ( ! ph5om5a ( ! s5sible _w7 z speculative philosophy c %[3 b fur!r1 a rational be+ :o is consci\s ( a causality ,footnote3 ,read+ e9] = se9]4 ?r\gh reason1 t is to say1 ( a w 7di/9ct f desires71 mu/ ( necessity make x practically1 t is1 9 idea1 ! condition ( all 8 volunt>y actions4 ,b to expla9 h[ pure reason c be ( itself practical )\t ! aid ( any spr+ ( action t c\ld be d]iv$ f any o!r s\rce1 i4 e4 h[ ! m]e pr9ciple ( ! univ]sal validity ( all its maxims z laws 7:i* w\ld c]ta9ly be ! =m ( a pure practical reason7 c ( itself supply a spr+1 )\t any matt] 7object7 ( ! w 9 :i* "o c\ld antec$5tly take any int]e/2 & h[ x c produce an int]e/ :i* w\ld be call$ purely moral2 or 9 o!r words1 h[ pure reason c be practical--to expla9 ?is is beyond ! p[] ( human reason1 & all ! lab\r & pa9s ( seek+ an explanation ( x are lo/4 ,x is j ! same z if ,i s\ght to f9d out h[ fre$om itself is possible z ! causality ( a w4 ,= !n ,i quit ! gr\nd ( philosophical explanation1 & ,i h no o!r to g ^u4 ,i might inde$ revel 9 ! _w ( intellig5ces :i* /ill rema9s to me1 b al?\gh ,i h an idea ( x :i* is well f\nd$1 yet ,i h n ! lea/ k ( x1 nor c ,i ev] atta9 to su* k ) all ! ef=ts ( my natural faculty ( reason4 ,x signifies only a some?+ t rema9s ov] :5 ,i h elim9at$ ev]y?+ belong+ to ! _w ( s5se f ! actuat+ pr9ciples ( my w1 s]v+ m]ely to keep 9 b\nds ! pr9ciple ( motives tak5 f ! field ( s5sibility2 fix+ its limits & %[+ t x does n conta9 all 9 all )9 itself1 b t !re is m beyond x2 b ?is some?+ m ,i "k no fur!r4 ,( pure reason :i* frames ?is ideal1 !re rema9s aft] ! ab/raction ( all matt]1 i4 e41 k ( objects1 no?+ b ! =m1 namely1 ! practical law ( ! univ]sality ( ! maxims1 & 9 con=mity ) ?is ! conception ( reason 9 ref]5ce to a pure _w ( und]/&+ z a possible effici5t cause1 t is a cause det]m9+ ! w4 ,!re mu/ "h be a total abs5ce ( spr+s2 unless ?is idea ( an intelligible _w is itself ! spr+1 or t 9 :i* reason prim>ily takes an int]e/2 b to make ?is intelligible is precisely ! problem t we _c solve4 ,"h n[ is ! extreme limit ( all moral inquiry1 & x is ( great importance to det]m9e x ev5 on ?is acc\nt1 9 ord] t reason may n on ! "o h&1 to ! prejudice ( morals1 seek ab\t 9 ! _w ( s5se = ! supreme motive & an int]e/ compreh5sible b empirical2 & on ! o!r h&1 t x may n impot5tly flap its w+s )\t be+ able to move 9 ! 7= x7 empty space ( transc5d5t concepts :i* we call ! intelligible _w1 & s lose itself amid/ *im]as4 ,= ! re/1 ! idea ( a pure _w ( und]/&+ z a sy/em ( all intellig5ces1 & to :i* we ourselves z tational be+s belong 7al?\gh we are likewise on ! o!r side memb]s ( ! s5sible _w71 ?is rema9s always a useful & legitimate idea = ! purposes ( rational belief1 al?\gh all k /ops at its ?re%old1 useful1 namely1 to produce 9 u a lively int]e/ 9 ! moral law by means ( ! noble ideal ( a univ]sal k+dom ( ends 9 !mselves 7rational be+s71 to :i* we c belong z memb]s !n only :5 we c>efully conduct ourselves accord+ to ! maxims ( fre$om z if !y 7 laws ( nature4 ,conclud+ ,rem>k ,! speculative employm5t ( reason ) respect to nature leads to ! absolute necessity ( "s supreme cause ( ! _w3 ! practical employm5t ( reason ) a view to fre$om leads also to absolute necessity1 b only ( ! laws ( ! actions ( a rational be+ z su*4 ,n[ x is an ess5tial pr9ciple ( reason1 h[ev] employ$1 to pu% its k to a consci\sness ( its necessity 7)\t :i* x w\ld n be rational k74 ,x is h[ev] an equally ess5tial re/riction ( ! same reason t x c nei!r disc]n ! necessity ( :at is or :at happ5s1 nor ( :at ought to happ51 unless a condition is suppos$ on :i* x is or happ5s or ought to happ54 ,9 ?is way1 h[ev]1 by ! con/ant inquiry = ! condition1 ! satisfaction ( reason is only fur!r & fur!r po/pon$4 ,h5ce x unceas+ly seeks ! unconditionally necess>y1 & f9ds itself =c$ to assume x1 al?\gh )\t any means ( mak+ x compreh5sible to itself1 happy en\gh if only x c discov] a conception :i* agrees ) ?is assumption4 ,x is !re=e no fault 9 our d$uction ( ! supreme pr9ciple ( morality1 b an objection t %\ld be made to human reason 9 g5]al1 t x _c enable u to conceive ! absolute necessity ( an unconditional practical law 7su* z ! categorical imp]ative mu/ be74 ,x _c be blam$ = refus+ to expla9 ?is necessity by a condition1 t is to say1 by means ( "s int]e/ assum$ z a basis1 s9ce ! law w\ld !n cease to be a moral law1 i4 e4 a supreme law ( fre$om4 ,& ?us :ile we d n compreh5d ! practical unconditional necessity ( ! moral imp]ative1 we yet compreh5d its incompreh5sibility1 & ?is is all t c be fairly dem&$ ( a philosophy :i* /rives to c>ry its pr9ciples up to ! v limit ( human reason4 ,,byron ,,& ,,goe! ,,by ,,giuseppe ,,mazz9i ,,introductory ,,note ,giuseppe ,mazz9i1 ! great political ideali/ ( ! ,italian /ruggle = indep5d5ce1 0 born at ,g5oa1 ,june #bb1 #ahje4 ,8 fai? 9 democracy & 8 en?usiasm = a free ,italy he inh]it$ f 8 p>5ts2 & :ile /ill a /ud5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,g5oa he ga!r$ r\nd him a circle ( y\?s :o %>$ 8 dreams4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-two he jo9$ ! secret society ( ! ,c>bon>i1 & 0 s5t on a mission to ,tuscany1 :]e he 0 entrapp$ & arre/$4 ,on 8 release1 he set ab\t ! =mation1 among ! ,italian exiles 9 ,m>seilles1 ( ! ,society ( ,"y ,italy1 :i* _h = its aim ! e/abli%m5t ( a free & unit$ ,italian republic4 ,8 activities l$ to a decree = 8 bani%m5t f ,france1 b he succe$$ 9 outwitt+ ! spies ( ! ,gov]nm5t & go+ on ) 8 "w4 ,! conspiracy = a national ris+ plann$ by ,"y ,italy 0 discov]$1 _m ( ! lead]s 7 execut$1 & ,mazs9i himself condemn$ to dea?4 ,almo/ at once1 h[ev]1 he resum$ op]ations1 work+ ?is "t f ,g5eva2 b ano!r abortive exp$ition l$ to 8 expulsion f ,switz]l&4 ,he f\nd refuge1 b at fir/ h>dly a livelihood1 9 ,london1 :]e he cont9u$ 8 propag&a by means ( 8 p54 ,he w5t back to ,italy :5 ! revolution ( #ahdh broke out1 & f\ght fi]cely b 9 va9 aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 :5 !y besieg$ ,rome & end$ ! ,roman ,republic 9 #ahdi4 ,defeat$ & brok51 he return$ to ,engl&1 :]e he rema9$ till call$ to ,italy by ! insurrection ( #aheg4 ,he work$ ) ,g>ibaldi = "s "t2 b ! k+dom e/abli%$ "u ,victor ,emmanuel by ,cav\r & ,g>ibaldi 0 f> f ! ideal ,italy = :i* ,mazs9i _h /riv54 ,! la/ ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t ma9ly 9 ,london1 b at ! end he return$ to ,italy1 :]e he di$ on ,m>* #aj1ahgb4 ,h>dly has any age se5 a political m>tyr ( a pur] or nobl] type4 ,mass9i's essay on ,byron & ,goe! is m ?an lit]>y criticism1 = x exhibits t philosophical quality :i* gives s rem>kable a unity to ! writ+s ( ,mass9i1 :e!r lit]>y1 social1 or political4 ,,byron ,,& ,,goe! ,i /ood "o day 9 a ,swiss village at ! foot ( ! ,jura1 & wat*$ ! com+ ( ! /orm4 ,heavy black cl\ds1 _! edges purpl$ by ! sett+ sun1 7 rapidly cov]+ ! lovelie/ sky 9 ,europe1 save t ( ,italy4 ,?und] gr[l$ 9 ! di/ance1 & gu/s ( bit+ w9d 7 driv+ huge drops ( ra9 ov] ! ?ir/y pla94 ,look+ upw>ds1 ,i beheld a l>ge ,alp9e falcon1 n[ ris+1 n[ s9k+1 z he float$ bravely 9 ! v mid/ ( ! /orm & ,i c\ld almo/ fancy t he /rove to battle ) x4 ,at e fre% peal ( ?und]1 ! noble bird b\nd$ high] al(t1 z if 9 answ]+ defiance4 ,i foll[$ him ) my eyes = a long "t1 until he disappe>$ 9 ! ea/4 ,on ! gr\nd1 ab\t fifty paces b5ea? me1 /ood a /ork2 p]fectly tranquil & impassive 9 ! mid/ ( ! w>r+ elem5ts4 ,twice or ?rice %e turn$ h] head t[>ds ! qu>t] f :5ce ! w9d came1 ) an indescribable air ( half indiff]5t curiosity2 b at l5g? %e drew up "o ( h] long s9ewy legs1 hid h] head b5ea? h] w+1 & calmly compos$ h]self to sleep4 ,i ?\ght ( ,byron & ,goe!2 ( ! /ormy sky t ov]hung bo?2 ( ! tempe/-toss$ exi/5ce1 ! lifelong /ruggle1 ( ! "o1 & ! calm ( ! o!r2 & ( ! two mighty s\rces ( poetry exhau/$ & clos$ by !m4 ,byron & ,goe!--! two names t pr$om9ate1 &1 come :at may1 ev] w pr$om9ate1 ov] our e recollection ( ! fifty ye>s t h pass$ away4 ,!y rule2 ! ma/]-m9ds1 ,i might almo/ say ! tyrants1 ( a :ole p]iod ( poetry2 brilliant1 yet sad2 glori\s 9 y\? & d>+1 yet cank]$ by ! worm 9 ! bud1 despair4 ,!y are ! two repres5tative poets ( two great s*ools2 & ar\nd !m we are compell$ to gr\p all ! less] m9ds :i* contribut$ to r5d] ! era illu/ri\s4 ,! qualities :i* adorn & di/+ui% _! works are to be f\nd1 al?\gh m ?9ly scatt]$1 9 o!r poets _! contempor>ies2 /ill !irs are ! names t involunt>ily rise to our lips :5ev] we seek to *>act]ize ! t5d5cies ( ! age 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,_! g5ius pursu$ diff]5t1 ev5 opposite r\tes2 & yet v r>ely d our ?\ghts turn to ei!r )\t evok+ ! image ( ! o!r1 z a sort ( necess>y complem5t to ! fir/4 ,! eyes ( ,europe 7 fix$ ^u ! pair1 z ! spectators gaze on two mighty wre/l]s 9 ! same ar5a2 & !y1 l noble & g5]\s adv]s>ies1 admir$1 prais$1 & held out ! h& to ea* o!r4 ,_m poets h foll[$ 9 _! foot/eps2 none h be5 s popul>4 ,o!rs h f\nd judges & critics :o h appreciat$ !m calmly & imp>tially2 n s !y3 = !m !re h be5 only en?usia/s or enemies1 wrea?s or /ones2 & :5 !y vani%$ into ! va/ night t envelops & trans=ms alike m5 & ?+s--sil5ce reign$ ar\nd _! tombs4 ,little by little1 poetry _h pass$ away f our _w1 & x seem$ z if _! la/ sigh _h ext+ui%$ ! sacr$ flame4 ,a reaction has n[ comm5c$2 good1 9 s f> z x reveals a desire = & promise ( new life2 evil1 9 s f> z x betrays n>r[ views1 a t5d5cy to inju/ice t[>ds dep>t$ g5ius1 & ! abs5ce ( any fix$ rule or pr9ciple to guide our appreciation ( ! pa/4 ,human judgm5t1 l ,lu!r's drunk5 peasant1 :5 sav$ f fall+ on "o side1 too (t5 topples ov] on ! o!r4 ,! reaction aga9/ ,goe!1 9 8 own c\ntry especially1 :i* 0 c\rage\sly & ju/ly begun by ,m5zel dur+ 8 lifetime1 has be5 c>ri$ to exagg]ation s9ce 8 dea?4 ,c]ta9 social op9ions1 to :i* ,i myself belong1 b :i*1 al?\gh f\nd$ on a sacr$ pr9ciple1 %\ld n be all[$ to int]f]e ) ! imp>tiality ( our judgm5t1 h weigh$ heavily 9 ! balance2 & _m "y1 ard5t1 & en?usia/ic m9ds ( our day h reit]at$ ) ,bonne t ,goe! is ! wor/ ( despots2 ! canc] ( ! ,g]man body4 ,! ,engli% reaction aga9/ ,byron--,i d n speak ( t mixture ( cant & /upidity :i* d5ies ! poet 8 place 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 b ( lit]>y reaction--has %[n itself /ill m unreason+4 ,i h met ) ador]s ( ,%elley :o d5i$ ! poetic g5ius ( ,byron2 o!rs :o s]i\sly comp>$ 8 poems ) ^? ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,"o v mu* ov]rat$ critic writes t ,byron makes man aft] 8 own image1 & woman aft] 8 own he>t2 ! "o is a caprici\s tyrant1 ! o!r a yield+ slave4 ,! fir/ =got ! v]ses 9 :i* _! favorite hail$ ,! pilgrim ( et]nity1 ^: fame ,ov] 8 liv+ head l ,heav5 is b5t2 ,footnote3 ,adonais4 ! second1 t aft] ! appe>ance ( ,! ,gia\r & ,*ilde ,h>old1 ,sir ,walt] ,scott r5\nc$ writ+ poetry4 ,footnote3 ,lockh>t4 ,! la/ =got t :ile he 0 quietly writ+ criticisms1 ,byron 0 dy+ = new-born lib]ty 9 ,greece4 ,all judg$1 too _m 9 ea* c\ntry /ill judge1 ! two poets1 ,byron & ,goe!1 aft] an absolute type ( ! beautiful1 ! true1 or ! false1 :i* !y _h =m$ 9 _! own m9ds2 )\t reg>d to ! /ate ( social relations z !y 7 or are2 )\t any true conception ( ! de/9y or mission ( poetry1 or ( ! law by :i* x1 & e o!r arti/ic manife/ation ( human life1 is gov]n$4 ,!re is no absolute type on e>?3 ! absolute exi/s 9 ! ,div9e ,idea alone2 ! gradual compreh5sion ( :i* man is de/9$ to atta92 al?\gh its complete realization is impossible on e>?2 e>?ly life be+ b "o /age ( ! et]nal evolution ( life1 manife/$ 9 ?\ght & action2 /r5g!n$ by all ! a*ievem5ts ( ! pa/1 & advanc+ f age to age t[>ds a less imp]fect expression ( t idea4 ,our e>?ly life is "o phase ( ! et]nal aspiration ( ! s\l t[>ds progress1 :i* is our law asc5d+ 9 increas+ p[] & purity f ! f9ite t[>ds ! inf9ite2 f ! real t[>ds ! ,ideal2 f t :i* is1 t[>ds t :i* is to come4 ,9 ! imm5se /oreh\se ( ! pa/ evolutions ( life con/itut$ by univ]sal tradition1 & 9 ! prophetic in/9ct brood+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! human s\l1 does poetry seek inspiration4 ,x *anges ) ! times1 = x is _! expression2 x is trans=m$ ) society1 =-- consci\sly or unconsci\sly--x s+s ! lay ( ,humanity2 al?\gh1 accord+ to ! individual bias or circum/ances ( ! s+]1 x assumes ! hues ( ! pres5t1 or ( ! future 9 c\rse ( elaboration1 & =ese5 by ! inspiration ( g5ius4 ,x s+s n[ a dirge & n[ a cradle song2 x initiates or sums up4 ,byron & ,goe! summ$ up4 ,0 x a defect 9 !m8 ,no2 x 0 ! law ( ! times1 & yet society at ! pres5t day1 tw5ty ye>s aft] !y h ceas$ to s+1 assumes to condemn !m = hav+ be5 born too soon4 ,happy inde$ are ! poets :om ,god raises up at ! comm5cem5t ( an era1 "u ! rays ( ! ris+ sun4 ,a s]ies ( g5]ations w lov+ly repeat _! v]ses1 & attribute to !m ! new life :i* !y did b =esee 9 ! g]m4 ,byron & ,goe! summ$ up4 ,?is is at once ! philosophical explanation ( _! works1 & ! secret ( _! popul>ity4 ,! _s ( an entire epo* ( ! ,european _w became inc>nate 9 !m ere its decease1 ev5 z--9 ! political sph]e--! _s ( ,greece & ,rome became inc>nate be=e dea? 9 ,caes> & ,alex&]4 ,!y 7 ! poetic expression ( t pr9ciple1 ( :i* ,engl& 0 ! economic1 ,france ! political1 & ,g]many ! philosophic expression3 ! la/ =mula1 ef=t1 & result ( a society f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( individuality4 ,t epo*1 ! mission ( :i* _h be51 fir/ ?r\gh ! labors ( ,greek philosophy1 & aft]w>ds ?r\gh ,*ri/ianity1 to rehabilitate1 emancipate1 & develop individual man--appe>s to h conc5trat$ 9 !m1 9 ,fi*te1 9 ,adam ,smi?1 & 9 ! ,fr5* s*ool des drolls de l'homme1 its :ole en]gy & p[]1 9 ord] fully to repres5t & express all t x _h a*iev$ = mank9d4 ,x 0 mu*2 b x 0 n ! :ole2 & !re=e x 0 doom$ to pass away4 ,! epo* ( individuality 0 deem$ ne> ! goal2 :5 l[ imm5se horizons 7 reveal$2 va/ unkn[n l&s 9 ^: untrodd5 =e/s ! pr9ciple ( individuality 0 an insuffici5t guide4 ,by ! long & pa9ful labors ( t epo* ! human unkn[n quantity _h be5 dis5gag$ f ! v>i\s quantities ( diff]5t nature by :i* x _h be5 surr\nd$2 b only to be left weak1 isolat$1 & recoil+ 9 t]ror f ! solitude 9 :i* x /ood4 ,! political s*ools ( ! epo* _h proclaim$ ! sole basis ( civil organization to be ! "r to lib]ty & equality 7lib]ty = all71 b !y _h enc\nt]$ social an>*y by ! way4 ,! philosophy ( ! epo* _h ass]t$ ! sov]eignty ( ! human ,ego1 & _h end$ 9 ! m]e adoration ( fact1 9 ,hegelian immobility4 ,! ,economy ( ! epo* imag9$ x _h organiz$ free competition1 :ile x _h b organiz$ ! oppression ( ! weak by ! /rong2 ( labor by capital2 ( pov]ty by weal?4 ,! ,poetry ( ! epo* _h repres5t$ individuality 9 its e phase2 _h translat$ 9 s5tim5t :at sci5ce _h !oretically demon/rat$2 & x _h enc\nt]$ ! void4 ,b z society at la/ discov]$ t ! de/9ies ( ! race 7 n conta9$ 9 a m]e problem ( lib]ty1 b r 9 ! h>monization ( lib]ty ) association--s did poetry discov] t ! life x _h hi!rto drawn f individuality alone 0 doom$ to p]i% = want ( alim5t2 & t its future exi/5ce dep5d$ on enl>g+ & trans=m+ its sph]e4 ,bo? society & poetry utt]$ a cry ( despair3 ! dea?-agony ( a =m ( society produc$ ! agitation we h se5 con/antly increas+ 9 ,europe s9ce #ahae3 ! dea?-agony ( a =m ( poetry evok$ ,byron & ,goe!4 ,i believe ?is po9t ( view to be ! only "o t c lead u to a useful & imp>tial appreciation ( ^! two great spirits4 ,!re are two =ms ( individuality2 ! expressions ( its int]nal & ext]nal1 or--z ! ,g]mans w\ld say--( its subjective & objective life4 ,byron 0 ! poet ( ! fir/1 ,goe! ( ! la/4 ,9 ,byron ! ,ego is reveal$ 9 all its pride ( p[]1 fre$om1 & desire1 9 ! uncontroll$ pl5itude ( all its faculties2 inhal+ exi/5ce at e pore1 eag] to seize ! life ( life4 ,! _w ar\nd him nei!r rules nor temp]s him4 ,! ,byronian ,ego aspires to rule x2 b solely = dom9ion's sake1 to ex]cise ^u x ! ,titanic =ce ( 8 w4 ,accurately speak+1 he _c be said to d]ive f x ei!r color1 tone1 or image2 = x is he :o colors2 he :o s+s2 he ^: image is ev]y:]e reflect$ & reproduc$4 ,8 poetry emanates f 8 own s\l2 to be !nce diffus$ ^u ?+s ext]nal2 he holds 8 /ate 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & f !nce projects ! light radiat+ f ! dep?s ( 8 own m9d2 z scor*+ & int5se z ! conc5trat$ sol> ray4 ,h5ce t t]rible unity :i* only ! sup]ficial read] c\ld mi/ake = monotony4 ,byron appe>s at ! close ( "o epo*1 & be=e ! dawn ( ! o!r2 9 ! mid/ ( a community bas$ ^u an ari/ocracy :i* has outliv$ ! vigor ( its prime2 surr\nd$ by a ,europe conta9+ no?+ gr&1 unless x be ,napoleon on "o side & ,pitt on ! o!r1 g5ius degrad$ to m9i/] to egotism2 intellect b\nd to ! s]vice ( ! pa/4 ,no se] exi/s to =etell ! future3 belief is ext9ct2 !re is only its pret5ce3 pray] is no m2 !re is only a movem5t ( ! lips at a fix$ day or h\r1 = ! sake ( ! family1 or :at is call$ ! p2 love is no m2 desire has tak5 its place2 ! holy w>f>e ( ideas is ab&on$2 ! conflict is t ( int]e/s4 ,! wor%ip ( great ?\ghts has pass$ away4 ,t :i* is1 raises ! tatt]$ bann] ( "s corpse-l traditions2 t :i* w\ld be1 hoi/s only ! /&>d ( physical wants1 ( mat]ial appetites3 ar\nd him are ru9s1 beyond him ! des]t2 ! horizon is a blank4 ,a long cry ( suff]+ & indignation bur/s f ! he>t ( ,byron3 he is answ]$ by ana!mas4 ,he dep>ts2 he hurries ?r\gh ,europe 9 se>* ( an ideal to adore2 he trav]ses x di/ract$1 palpitat+1 l ,mazeppa on ! wild horse2 borne onw>ds by a fi]ce desire2 ! wolves ( envy & calumny foll[ 9 pursuit4 ,he visits ,greece2 he visits ,italy2 if any:]e a l+]+ sp>k ( ! sacr$ fire1 a ray ( div9e poetry1 is pres]v$1 x mu/ be !re4 ,no?+4 ,a glori\s pa/1 a degrad$ pres5t2 none ( life's poetry2 no movem5t1 save t ( ! suff]] turn+ on 8 c\* to relieve 8 pa94 ,byron1 f ! solitude ( 8 exile1 turns 8 eyes aga9 t[>ds ,engl&2 he s+s4 ,:at does he s+8 ,:at spr+s f ! my/]i\s & unique conception :i* rules1 "o w\ld say 9 spite ( himself1 ov] all t escapes him 9 8 sleepless vigil8 ,! fun]al hymn1 ! dea?-song1 ! epitaph ( ! ari/ocratic idea2 we discov]$ x1 we ,cont95tali/s2 n 8 own c\ntrym54 ,he takes 8 types f among/ ^? privileg$ by /r5g?1 beauty1 & individual p[]4 ,!y are gr&1 poetical1 h]oic1 b solit>y2 !y hold no communion ) ! _w ar\nd !m1 unless x be to rule1 ov] x2 !y defy alike ! good & evil pr9ciple2 !y w b5d to nei!r4 ,9 life & 9 dea? !y /& ^u _! /r5g?2 !y resi/ e p[]1 = _! own is all _!1 own2 x 0 pur*as$ by ,sup]ior sci5ce--p5ance--d>+- ,& l5g? ( wat*+-/r5g? ( m9d--& skill ,9 k ( our fa!rs4 ,ea* ( !m is ! p]sonification1 slightly modifi$1 ( a s+le type1 a s+le idea--! individual2 free1 b no?+ m ?an free2 su* z ! epo* n[ clos+ has made him2 ,fau/1 b )\t ! compact :i* submits him to ! enemy2 = ! h]oes ( ,byron make no su* compact4 ,ca9 kneels n to ,arimanes2 & ,manfr$1 ab\t to die1 exclaims3 ,! m9d1 :i* is immortal1 makes itself ,requital = its good & evil ?\ghts- ,is its own orig9 ( ill1 & end- ,& its own place & "t1 its innate s5se1 ,:5 /ripp$ ( ?is mortality1 d]ives ,no color f ! fleet+ ?+s )\t1 ,b is absorb$ 9 suff]ance or 9 joy2 ,born f ! k ( its own des]t4 ,!y h no k9dr$3 !y live f _! own life only !y repulse humanity1 & reg>d ! cr[d ) disda94 ,ea* ( !m says3 ,i h fai? 9 myself2 nev]1 ,i h fai? 9 ourselves4 ,!y all aspire to p[] or to happ9ess4 ,! "o & ! o!r alike escape !m2 = !y be> )9 !m1 untold1 unackn[l$g$ ev5 to !mselves1 ! pres5tim5t ( a life t m]e lib]ty c nev] give !m4 ,free !y are2 iron s\ls 9 iron frames1 !y climb ! ,alps ( ! physical _w z well z ! ,alps ( ?\ght2 /ill is _! visage /amp$ ) a gloomy & ineffaceable sadness2 /ill is _! s\l-:e!r1 z 9 ,ca9 & ,manfr$1 x plunge into ! abyss ( ! inf9ite1 intoxicat$ ) et]nity1 or sc\r ! va/ pla9 & b\ndless ocean ) ! ,corsair & ,gia\r--haunt$ by a secret & sleepless dread4 ,x seems z if !y 7 doom$ to drag ! brok5 l9ks ( ! *a9 !y h bur/ asund]1 rivet$ to _! feet4 ,n only 9 ! petty society aga9/ :i* !y rebel does _! s\l feel fett]$ & re/ra9$2 b ev5 9 ! _w ( ! _s4 ,nei!r is x to ! enmity ( society t !y succumb2 b "u ! assaults ( ?is nameless angui%2 "u ! corrod+ action ( pot5t faculties inf]ior /ill to _! desires & _! conceptions2 "u ! deception t comes f )94 ,:at c !y d ) ! lib]ty s pa9fully won8 ,on :om1 on :at1 exp5d ! exub]ant vitality )9 !m8 ,!y are alone2 ?is is ! secret ( _! wret*$ness & impot5ce4 ,!y ?ir/ = good--,ca9 has said x = !m all--b _c a*ieve x2 = !y h no mission1 no belief1 no compreh5sion ev5 ( ! _w ar\nd !m4 ,!y h nev] realiz$ ! conception ( ,humanity 9 ! multitudes t h prec$$1 surr\nd1 & w foll[ aft] !m2 nev] ?\ght on _! own place betwe5 ! pa/ & future2 on ! cont9uity ( labor t unites all ! g5]ations into "o :ole2 on ! common end & aim1 only to be realiz$ by ! common ef=t2 on ! spiritual po/-sepul*ral life ev5 on e>? ( ! individual1 ?r\gh ! ?\ghts he transmits to 8 fell[s2 &1 x may be-- :5 he lives devot$ & dies4 9 fai?--?r\gh ! gu>dian ag5cy he is all[$ to ex]cise ov] ! lov$ ones left on e>?4 ,gift$ ) a lib]ty !y "k n h[ to use2 ) a p[] & en]gy !y "k n h[ to apply2 ) a life ^: purpose & aim !y compreh5d n2 !y drag ?r\gh _! useless & convuls$ exi/5ce4 ,byron de/roys !m "o aft] ! o!r1 z if he 7 ! execution] ( a s5t5ce decre$ 9 heav54 ,!y fall unwept1 l a )]$ leaf into ! /ream ( "t4 ,nor e>? nor sky %all yield a s+le te>1 ,nor cl\d %all ga!r m1 nor leaf %all fall1 ,nor gale brea! =? "o sigh = !e1 = all4 ,!y die1 z !y h liv$1 alone2 & a popul> mal$iction hov]s r\nd _! solit>y tombs4 ,?is1 = ^? :o c read ) ! s\l's eyes1 is :at ,byron s+s2 or r :at humanity s+s ?r\gh him4 ,! empt9ess ( ! life & dea? ( solit>y individuality has nev] be5 s p[]fully & efficaci\sly summ$ up z 9 ! pages ( ,byron4 ,! cr[d d n compreh5d him3 !y li/52 fasc9at$ = an in/ant2 !n rep5t1 & av5ge _! mom5t>y transport by calumniat+ & insult+ ! poet4 ,8 intuition ( ! dea? ( a =m ( society !y call w\nd$ self-love2 8 sorr[ = all is mis9t]pret$ z c[>dly egotism4 ,!y cr$it n ! traces ( pr(\nd suff]+ reveal$ by 8 l9eam5ts2 !y cr$it n ! pres5tim5t ( a new life :i* f "t to "t escapes 8 trembl+ lips2 !y believe n 9 ! despair+ embrace 9 :i* he grasps ! mat]ial univ]se--/>s1 lakes1 alps1 & sea--& id5tifies himself ) x1 & ?r\gh x ) ,god1 ( :om--to him at lea/--x is a symbol4 ,!y d1 h[ev]1 take c>eful c\nt ( "s unhappy mom5ts1 9 :i*1 we>i$ out by ! empt9ess ( life1 he has rais$--) remorse ,i am sure--! cup ( ignoble pleasures to 8 lips1 believ+ he might f9d =getfulness !re4 ,h[ _m times h n 8 accus]s dra9$ ?is cup1 )\t r$eem+ ! s9 by a s+le virtue2 )\t--,i w n say be>+--b )\t hav+ ev5 ! capacity ( appreciat+ ! burd5 :i* weigh$ on ,byron6 ,& did he n himself da% into fragm5ts ! ignoble cup1 s soon z he beheld some?+ wor?y ! devotion ( 8 life8 ,goe!--individuality 9 its objective life--hav+1 l ,byron1 a s5se ( ! falsehood & evil ( ! _w r\nd him-foll[$ exactly ! opposite pa?4 ,aft] hav+--he1 too1 9 8 y\?-- utt]$ a cry ( angui% 9 8 ,w]!r2 aft] hav+ laid b>e ! problem ( ! epo* 9 all its t]rific nudity1 9 ,fau/2 he ?\ght he _h done en\gh1 & refus$ to occupy himself ) its solution4 ,x is possible t ! impulse ( rebellion aga9/ social wrong & evil :i* bur/ =? = an in/ant 9 ,w]!r may long h held 8 s\l 9 secret travail2 b t he despair$ ( ! task ( re=m+ x z beyond 8 p[]s4 ,he himself rem>k$ 9 8 lat] ye>s1 :5 comm5t+ on ! exclamation made by a ,fr5*man on fir/ see+ him3 ,t is ! face ( a man :o has suff]$ mu*3 t he %\ld r h said3 ,t is ! face ( a man :o has /ruggl$ en]getically2 b ( ?is !re rema9s no trace 9 8 works4 ,:il/ ,byron wri!d & suff]$ "u ! s5se ( ! wrong & evil ar\nd him1 he atta9$ ! calm--,i _c say ( victory--b ( indiff]5ce4 ,9 ,byron ! man always rul$1 & ev5 at times1 ov]came ! arti/3 ! man 0 completely lo/ 9 ! arti/ 9 ,goe!4 ,9 him !re 0 no subjective life2 no unity spr++ ei!r f he>t or head4 ,goe! is an intellig5ce t receives1 elaborates1 & reproduces ! poetry afflu5t to him f all ext]nal objects3 f all po9ts ( ! circumf]5ce2 to him z c5tre4 ,he dwells al(t alone2 a mighty wat*] 9 ! mid/ ( creation4 ,8 curi\s scrut9y inve/igates1 ) equal p5etration & equal int]e/1 ! dep?s ( ! ocean & ! calyx ( ! fl[]et4 ,:e!r he /udies ! rose exhal+ its ,ea/]n p]fume to ! sky1 or ! ocean ca/+ its c\ntless wrecks ^u ! %ore1 ! br[ ( ! poet rema9s equally calm3 to him !y are b two =ms ( ! beautiful2 two subjects = art4 ,goe! has be5 call$ a pan!i/4 ,i "k n 9 :at s5se critics apply ?is vague & (t5 ill-und]/ood ^w to him4 ,!re is a mat]iali/ic pan!ism & a spiritual pan!ism2 ! pan!ism ( ,sp9oza & t ( ,giordano ,bruno2 ( ,/4 ,paul2 & ( _m o!rs- -all diff]5t4 ,b !re is no poetic pan!ism possible1 save on ! condition ( embrac+ ! :ole _w ( ph5om5a 9 "o unique conception3 ( feel+ & compreh5d+ ! life ( ! univ]se 9 its div9e unity4 ,!re is no?+ ( ?is 9 ,goe!4 ,!re is pan!ism 9 "s p>ts ( ,wordswor?2 9 ! ?ird canto ( ,*ilde ,h>old1 & 9 mu* ( ,%elley2 b !re is none 9 ! mo/ admirable compositions ( ,goe!2 :]e9 life1 ?\gh admirably compreh5d$ & reproduc$ 9 ea* ( its successive manife/ations1 is nev] und]/ood z a :ole4 ,goe! is ! poet ( details1 n ( unity2 ( analysis1 n ( syn!sis4 ,none s able to inve/igate details2 to set (f & embelli% m9ute & app>5tly trifl+ po9ts2 none ?r[ s beautiful a light on sep>ate p>ts2 b ! connect+ l9k escapes him4 ,8 works resemble a magnific5t encyclopa$ia1 unclassifi$4 ,he has felt ev]y?+ b he has nev] felt ! :ole4 ,happy 9 detect+ a ray ( ! beautiful ^u ! humble/ blade ( grass gemm$ ) dew2 happy 9 seiz+ ! poetic elem5ts ( an incid5t ! mo/ prosaic 9 appe>ance--he 0 incapable ( trac+ all to a common s\rce1 & recompos+ ! gr& asc5d+ scale 9 :i*1 to quote a beautiful expression ( ,h]d]'s e creature is a num]ator ( ! gr& d5om9ator1 ,nature4 ,h[1 inde$1 %\ld he compreh5d ^! ?+s1 he :o _h no place 9 8 works or 9 8 poet's he>t = humanity1 by ! light ( :i* conception only c ! true wor? ( sublun>y ?+s be det]m9$8 ,religion & politics1 ,footnote3 ,goe! & 8 ,contempor>ies4 said he1 are a tr\bl$ elem5t = art4 ,i h always kept myself alo( f !m z mu* z possible4 ,que/ions ( life & dea? = ! millions 7 agitat$ ar\nd him2 ,g]many re-e*o$ to ! w> songs ( ,korn]2 ,fi*te1 at ! close ( "o ( 8 lectures1 seiz$ 8 musket1 & jo9$ ! volunte]s :o 7 ha/5+ 7alas6 :at h n ! ,k+s made ( t magnific5t outbur/ ( nationality67 to fight ! battles ( _! fa!rl&4 ,! anci5t soil ( ,g]many ?rill$ b5ea? _! tread2 he1 an arti/1 look$ on unmov$2 8 he>t knew no responsive ?rob to ! emotion t %ook 8 c\ntry2 8 g5ius1 utt]ly passive1 drew ap>t f ! curr5t t swept away entire races4 ,he witness$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution 9 all its t]rible gr&eur1 & saw ! old _w crumble b5ea? its /rokes2 & :ile all ! be/ & pure/ spirits ( ,g]many1 :o _h mi/ak5 ! dea?-agony ( ! old _w = ! bir?-?roes ( a new1 7 wr++ _! h&s at ! spectacle ( dissolution1 he saw 9 x only ! subject ( a f>ce4 ,he beheld ! glory & ! fall ( ,napoleon2 he witness$ ! reaction ( d[n-trodd5 nationalities--sublime prologue ( ! gr& epopee ( ! peoples de/9$ soon] or lat] to be unfold$- -& rema9$ a cold spectator4 ,he _h nei!r le>n$ to e/eem m51 to bett] !m1 nor ev5 to suff] ) !m4 ,if we except ! beautiful type ( ,b]li*+51 a poetic inspiration ( 8 y\?1 man1 z ! creature ( ?\ght & action2 ! artific] ( ! future1 s nobly sket*$ by ,s*ill] 9 8 dramas1 has no repres5tative 9 8 works4 ,he has c>ri$ some?+--( ?is non*alance ev5 into ! mann] 9 :i* 8 h]oes conceive love4 ,goe!'s alt> is spread ) ! *oice/ fl[]s1 ! mo/ exquisite p]fumes1 ! fir/-fruits ( nature2 b ! ,prie/ is want+4 ,9 8 "w ( second creation--= x _c be d5i$ t su* x 0--he has gone ?r\gh ! va/ circle ( liv+ & visible ?+s2 b /opp$ %ort be=e ! sev5? day4 ,god )drew f him be=e t "t2 & ! creatures ! poet has evok$ w&] )9 ! circle1 dumb & pray]less2 await+ until ! man %all come to give !m a "n1 & appo9t !m to a de/9ation4 ,no1 ,goe! is n ! poet ( ,pan!ism2 he is a poly!i/ 9 8 me?od z an arti/2 ! pagan poet ( mod]n times4 ,8 _w is1 above all ?+s1 ! _w ( =ms3 a multipli$ ,olympus4 ,! ,mosaic heav5 & ! ,*ri/ian are veil$ to him4 ,l ! pagans1 he p>cels out ,nature into fragm5ts1 & makes ( ea* a div9ity2 l !m1 he wor%ips ! s5su\s r ?an ! ideal2 he looks1 t\*es1 & li/5s f> m ?an he feels4 ,& :at c>e & labor are be/[$ ^u ! pla/ic portion ( 8 art6 :at importance is giv5--,i w n say to ! objects !mselves--b to ! ext]nal repres5tation ( objects6 ,has he n some:]e said t ! beautiful is ! result ( happy position8,footnote3 ,9 ! ,kun/ und ,alt]?um1 ,i ?9k4 ,"u ?is def9ition is conceal$ an entire sy/em ( poetic mat]ialism1 sub/itut$ = ! wor%ip ( ! ideal2 involv+ a :ole s]ies ( consequ5ces1 ! logical result ( :i* 0 to lead ,goe! to indiff]5ce1 t moral suicide ( "s ( ! noble/ en]gies ( g5ius4 ,! absolute conc5tration ( e faculty ( obs]vation on ea* ( ! objects to be repres5t$1 )\t relation to ! ensemble2 ! entire avoidance ( e influ5ce likely to modify ! view tak5 ( t object1 became 9 8 h&s "o ( ! mo/ effective means ( art4 ,! poet1 9 8 eyes1 0 nei!r ! ru%+ /ream a hundr$ times brok5 on its c\rse1 t x may c>ry f]tility to ! surr\nd+ c\ntry2 nor ! brilliant flame1 consum+ itself 9 ! light x %$s ar\nd :ile asc5d+ to heav52 b r ! placid lake1 reflect+ alike ! tranquil l&scape & ! ?und]-cl\d2 its own surface ! :ile unruffl$ ev5 by ! lighte/ breeze4 ,a s]5e & passive calm ) ! absolute cle>ness & di/9ctness ( successive impressions1 9 ea* ( :i* he 0 = ! "t :olly absorb$1 are ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ,goe!4 ,i all[ ! objects ,i desire to compreh5d1 to act tranquilly ^u me1 said he2 ,i !n obs]ve ! impression ,i h receiv$ f !m1 & ,i endeavor to r5d] x fai?fully4 ,goe! has "h portray$ 8 e feature to p]fection4 ,he 0 9 life su* z ,madame ,von ,arnim propos$ to repres5t him aft] dea?2 a v5]able old man1 ) a s]5e1 almo/ radiant c\nt5ance2 clo!d 9 an antique robe1 hold+ a lyre re/+ on 8 knees1 & li/5+ to ! h>monies drawn f x ei!r by ! h& ( a g5ius1 or ! brea? ( ! w9ds4 ,! la/ *ords waft$ 8 s\l to ! ,ea/2 to ! l& ( inactive contemplation4 ,x 0 "t3 ,europe _h become too agitat$ = him4 ,su* 7 ,byron & ,goe! 9 _! g5]al *>act]i/ics2 bo? great poets2 v diff]5t1 & yet1 complete z is ! contra/ betwe5 !m1 & widely ap>t z are ! pa?s !y pursue1 arriv+ at ! same po9t4 ,life & dea?1 "* & poetry1 ev]y?+ is unlike 9 ! two1 & yet ! "o is ! complem5t ( ! o!r4 ,bo? are ! *ildr5 ( fatality--= x is especially at ! close ( epo*s t ! provid5tial law :i* directs ! g5]ations assumes t[>ds individuals ! semblance ( fatality--& compell$ by x unconsci\sly to "w out a great mission4 ,goe! contemplates ! _w 9 p>ts1 & deliv]s ! impressions !y make ^u him1 "o by "o1 z occasion pres5ts !m4 ,byron looks ^u ! _w f a s+le compreh5sive po9t ( view2 f ! height ( :i* he modifies 9 8 own s\l ! impressions produc$ by ext]nal objects1 z !y pass be=e him4 ,goe! successively absorbs 8 own individuality 9 ea* ( ! objects he reproduces4 ,byron /amps e object he portrays ) 8 own individuality4 ,to ,goe!1 nature is ! symphony2 to ,byron x is ! prelude4 ,%e furni%es to ! "o ! entire subject2 to ! o!r ! occasion only ( 8 v]se4 ,! "o executes h] h>monies2 ! o!r composes on ! !me %e has sugge/$4 ,goe! bett] exgresses lives2 ,byron life4 ,! "o is mo/ va/2 ! o!r m deep4 ,! fir/ se>*es ev]y:]e = ! beautiful1 & loves1 above all ?+s1 h>mony & repose2 ! o!r seeks ! sublime1 & adores action & =ce4 ,*>act]s1 su* z ,coriolanus or ,lu!r1 di/urb$ ,goe!4 ,i "k n if1 9 8 num]\s pieces ( criticism1 he has ev] spok5 ( ,dante2 b assur$ly he mu/ h %>$ ! antipa?y felt = him by ,sir ,walt] ,scott2 & al?\gh he w\ld und\bt$ly h suffici5tly respect$ 8 g5ius to admit him into 8 ,pan!on1 yet he w\ld c]ta9ly h drawn a veil betwe5 8 m5tal eye & ! gr& b sombre figure ( ! exil$ se]1 :o dream$ ( ! future empire ( ! _w = 8 c\ntry1 & ( ! _w's h>moni\s developm5t "u h] guidance4 ,byron lov$ & drew inspiration f ,dante4 ,he also lov$ ,wa%+ton & ,frankl91 & foll[$1 ) all ! sympa?ies ( a s\l a?ir/ = action1 ! meteor-l c>e] ( ! greate/ g5ius ( action our age has produc$1 ,napoleon2 feel+ indignant-- p]haps mi/ak5ly--t he did n die 9 ! /ruggle4 ,:5 travell+ 9 t second fa!rl& ( all poetic s\ls-- ,italy--! poets /ill pursu$ div]g5t r\tes2 ! "o exp]i5c$ s5sations2 ! o!r emotions2 ! "o occupi$ himself especially ) nature2 ! o!r ) ! greatness dead1 ! liv+ wrongs1 ! human memories4 ,footnote3 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! two poets is n[h]e m /rik+ly display$ ?an by ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 affect$ by ! sight ( ,rome4 ,9 ,goe!'s ,elegies & 9 8 ,travels 9 ,italy we f9d ! impressions ( ! arti/ only4 ,he did n und]/& ,rome4 ,! et]nal syn!sis t1 f ! heights ( ! ,capitol & ,/4 ,pet]1 is gradually unfold$ 9 ev]-wid5+ circles1 embrac+ fir/ a nation & !n ,europe1 z x w ultimately embrace humanity1 rema9$ unreveal$ to him2 he saw only ! inn] circle ( paganism2 ! lea/ prolific1 z well z lea/ indig5\s4 ,"o might fancy t he caught a glimpse ( x = an in/ant1 :5 he wrote3 ,hi/ory is read "h f> o!rwise ?an 9 any o!r spot 9 ! univ]se2 else:]e we read x f )\t to )92 "h "o seems to read x f )9 to )\t2 b if s1 he soon lo/ sight ( x aga91 & became absorb$ 9 ext]nal nature4 ,:e!r we halt or advance1 we discov] a l&scape ev] r5ew+ itself 9 a ?\s& fa%ions4 ,we h palaces & ru9s2 g>d5s & solitudes3 ! horizon l5g!ns 9 ! di/ance1 or sudd5ly contracts2 huts & /ables1 columns & triumphal ar*es1 all lie pell-mell1 & (t5 s close t we might f9d room = all on ! same %eet ( pap]4 ,at ,rome ,byron =got passions1 sorr[s1 8 own individuality1 all1 9 ! pres5ce ( a great idea2 witness ?is utt]ance ( a s\l born = devot$hess3-- ,o ,rome6 my c\ntry6 city ( ! s\l6 ,! orphans ( ! he>t mu/ turn to !e1 ,lone "m ( dead empires6 & control ,9 _! %ut brea/s _! petty mis]y4 ,:5 at la/ he came to a recollection ( himself & 8 position1 x 0 ) a hope = ! _w 7/anza #ih7 & a p>don = 8 enemies4 ,f ! f\r? canto ( ,*ilde ,h>old1 ! daught] ( ,byron might le>n m ( ! true _s ( h] fa!r ?an f all ! reports %e may h he>d1 & all ! _m volumes t h be5 writt5 ^u him4 ,& yet1 not)/&+ all ! contra/s1 :i* ,i h only h9t$ at1 b :i* might be f> m elaborately display$ by extracts f _! works2 !y arriv$--,goe!1 ! poet ( individuality 9 its objective life--at ! egotism ( indiff]5ce2 ,byron--! poet ( individuality an its subjective life--at ! egotism 7,i say x ) regret1 b x1 too1 is egotism7 ( despair3 a d\ble s5t5ce ^u ! epo* :i* x 0 _! mission to repres5t & to close6 ,bo? ( !m--,i am n speak+ ( _! purely lit]>y m]its1 inconte/able & univ]sally ackn[l$g$--! "o by ! _s ( resi/ance t brea!s ?r\gh all 8 creations2 ! o!r by ! _s ( sceptical irony t p]vades 8 works1 & by ! indep5d5t sov]eignty attribut$ to art ov] all social relations- -greatly aid$ ! cause ( intellectual emancipation1 & awak5$ 9 m5's m9ds ! s5tim5t ( lib]ty4 ,bo? ( !m--! "o1 directly1 by ! implacable w> he wag$ aga9/ ! vices & absurdities ( ! privileg$ classes1 & indirectly1 by inve/+ 8 h]oes ) all ! mo/ brilliant qualities ( ! despot1 & !n da%+ !m to pieces z if 9 ang]2--! o!r1 by ! poetic rehabilitation ( =ms ! mo/ mode/1 & objects ! mo/ insignificant1 z well z by ! importance attribut$ to details-- combat$ ari/ocratic prejudices1 & develop$ 9 m5's m9ds ! s5tim5t ( equality4 ,& hav+ by _! arti/ic excell5ce exhau/$ bo? =ms ( ! poetry ( individuality1 !y h complet$ ! cycle cf its poets2 !reby r$uc+ all foll[]s 9 ! same sph]e to ! subalt]n position ( imitators1 & creat+ ! necessity ( a new ord] ( poetry2 tea*+ u to recognize a want :]e be=e we felt only a desire4 ,toge!r !y h laid an era 9 ! tomb2 cov]+ x ) a pall t none may lift2 &1 z if to proclaim its dea? to ! "y g5]ation1 ! poetry ( ,goe! has writt5 its hi/ory1 :ile t ( ,byron has grav5 its epitaph4 ,& n[ f>ewell to ,goe!2 f>ewell to ,byron6 f>ewell to ! sorr[s t cru% b sanctify n--to ! poetic flame t illum9es b w>ms n--to ! ironical philosophy t dissects )\t recon/ruct+--to all poetry :i*1 9 an age :]e !re is s mu* to d1 tea*es u inactive contemplation2 or :i*1 9 a _w :]e !re is s mu* ne$ ( devot$ness1 w\ld in/il despair4 ,f>ewell to all types ( p[] )\t an aim2 to all p]sonifications ( ! solit>y individuality :i* seeks an aim to f9d x n1 & kn[s n h[ to apply ! life /irr+ )9 x2 to all egoti/ic joys & griefs3 ,ba/>ds ( ! s\l2 ,o'erwe5+ slips ( idl5ess3 we$s--no m- ,self-spr++ "h & !re f ! rank soil2 ,o'erfl[+s ( ! lu/ ( t same m9d ,^: prop] issue & det]m9ate end1 ,:5 w$d$ to ! love ( ?+s div9e1 ,is peace1 complac5cy1 & happ9ess4 ,f>ewell1 a long f>ewell to ! pa/6 ,! dawn ( ! future is ann\nc$ to su* z c read its signs1 & we owe ourselves :olly to x4 ,! duality ( ! ,middle ,ages1 aft] hav+ /ruggl$ = c5turies "u ! bann]s ( emp]or & pope2 aft] hav+ left its trace & borne its fruit 9 e bran* ( intellectual developm5t2 has reasc5d$ to heav5--its mission accompli%$--9 ! tw9 flames ( poesy call$ ,goe! & ,byron4 ,two hi!rto di/9ct =mulae ( life became inc>nate 9 ^! two m54 ,byron is isolat$ man1 repres5t+ only ! int]nal aspect ( life2 ,goe! isolat$ man1 repres5t+ only ! ext]nal4 ,high] ?an ^! two incomplete exi/5ces2 at ! po9t ( int]section betwe5 ! two aspirations t[>ds a heav5 !y 7 unable to rea*1 w be reveal$ ! poetry ( ! future2 ( humanity2 pot5t 9 new h>mony1 unity1 & life4 ,b because1 9 our own day1 we are beg9n+1 ?\gh vaguely1 to =esee ?is new social poetry1 :i* w soo! ! suff]+ s\l by tea*+ x to rise t[>ds ,god ?r\gh humanity2 because we n[ /& on ! ?re%old ( a new epo*1 :i*1 b = !m1 we %\ld n h rea*$2 %all we decry ^? :o 7 unable to d m = u ?an ca/ _! giant =ms into ! gulf t held u all d\bt+ & dismay$ on ! o!r side8 ,f ! e>lie/ times has g5ius be5 made ! scapegoat ( ! g5]ations4 ,society has nev] lack$ m5 :o h cont5t$ !mselves ) reproa*+ ! ,*att]tons ( _! day ) n be+ patt]ns ( self-devotion1 in/ead ( physical or moral suicides2 )\t ev] ask+ !mselves :e!r !y _h1 dur+ _! lifetime1 endeavor$ to place aught )9 ! rea* ( su* b d\bt & de/itution4 ,i feel ! necessity ( prote/+ e>ne/ly aga9/ ! reaction set on foot by c]ta9 ?9k]s aga9/ ! mighty-s\l$1 :i* s]ves z a cloak = ! cavill+ _s ( m$iocrity4 ,!re is some?+ h>d1 repulsive1 & ungrateful 9 ! de/ructive in/9ct :i* s (t5 =gets :at has be5 done by ! great m5 :o prec$$ u1 to dem& ( !m m]ely an acc\nt ( :at m might h be5 done4 ,is ! pill[ ( scepticism s s(t to g5ius z to ju/ify ! conclusion t x is f egotism only t at times x re/s its fev]$ br[ !reon8 ,are we s free f ! evil reflect$ 9 _! v]se z to h a "r to condemn _! memory8 ,t evil 0 n introduc$ into ! _w by !m4 ,!y saw x1 felt x1 respir$ x2 x 0 ar\nd1 ab\t1 on e side ( !m1 & !y 7 its greate/ victims4 ,h[ c\ld !y avoid reproduc+ x 9 _! works8 ,x is n by depos+ ,goe! or ,byron t we %all de/roy ei!r sceptical or an>*ical indiff]5ce among/ u4 ,x is by becom+ believ]s & organiz]s ourselves4 ,if we are su*1 we ne$ fe> no?+4 ,z is ! public1 s w be ! poet4 ,if we rev]e en?usiasm1 ! fa!rl&1 & humanity2 if our he>ts are pure1 & our s\ls /eadfa/ & pati5t1 ! g5ius inspir$ to int]pret our aspirations1 & be> to heav5 our ideas & our suff]+s1 w n be want+4 ,let ^! /atues /&4 ,! noble monum5ts ( feudal times create no desire to return to ! days ( selfdom4 ,b ,i %all be told1 !re are imitators4 ,i "k x too well2 b :at la/+ influ5ce c be ex]t$ on social life by ^? :o h no real life ( _! own8 ,!y w b flutt] 9 ! void1 s long z void !re be4 ,on ! day :5 ! liv+ %all arise to take ! place ( ! dead1 !y w vani% l gho/s at cock- cr[4 ,%all we nev] be suffici5tly firm 9 our own fai? to d>e to %[ fitt+ rev]5ce = ! gr& typical figures ( an ant]ior age8 ,x w\ld be idle to speak ( social art at all1 or ( ! compreh5sion ( humanity1 if we c\ld n raise alt>s to ! new gods1 )\t ov]?r[+ ! old4 ,^? only %\ld d>e to utt] ! sacr$ "n ( progress1 ^: s\ls possess intellig5ce en\gh to compreh5d ! pa/1 & ^: he>ts possess suffici5t poetic religion to rev]5ce its greatness4 ,! temple ( ! true believ] is n ! *apel ( a sect2 x is a va/ ,pan!on1 9 :i* ! glori\s images ( ,goe! & ,byron w hold _! honor$ place1 long aft] ,goe!ism & ,byronism %all h ceas$ to be4 ,:51 purifi$ alike f imitation & di/ru/1 m5 le>n to pay righte\s rev]5ce to ! mighty fall51 ,i "k n :e!r ,goe! w obta9 m ( _! admiration z an arti/1 b ,i am c]ta9 t ,byron w inspire !m ) m love1 bo? z man & poet--a love increas$ ev5 by ! fact ( ! great inju/ice hi!rto %[n to him4 ,:ile ,goe! held himself alo( f u1 & f ! height ( 8 ,olympian calm seem$ to smile ) disda9 at our desires1 our /ruggles1 & our suff]+s--,byron w&]$ ?r\gh ! _w1 sad1 gloomy1 & unquiet2 w\nd$1 & be>+ ! arr[ 9 ! w\nd4 ,solit>y & un=tunate 9 8 infancy2 un=tunate 9 8 fir/ love1 & /ill m t]ribly s 9 8 ill-advis$ m>riage2 attack$ & calumniat$ bo? 9 8 acts & int5tions )\t inquiry or def5ce2 h>ass$ by pecuni>y difficulties2 =c$ to quit 8 c\ntry1 home1 & *ild2 fri5dless--we h se5 x too cle>ly s9ce 8 dea?--pursu$ ev5 on ! ,cont95t by a ?\s& absurd & infam\s falsehoods1 & by ! cold malignity ( a _w t twi/$ ev5 8 sorr[s into a crime2 he yet1 9 ! mid/ ( inevitable reaction1 pres]v$ 8 love = 8 si/] & 8 ,ada2 8 compassion = mis=tune2 8 fidelity to ! affections ( 8 *ildhood & y\?1 f ,"l ,cl>e to 8 old s]vant ,murray1 & 8 nurse ,m>y ,gray4 ,he 0 g5]\s ) 8 money to all :om he c\ld help or s]ve1 f 8 lit]>y fri5ds d[n to ! wret*$ libell] ,a%e4 ,?\gh impell$ by ! temp] ( 8 g5ius1 by ! p]iod 9 :i* he liv$1 & by t fatality ( 8 mission to :i* ,i h allud$1 t[>ds a poetic individualism1 ! inevitable incomplet5ess ( :i* ,i h endeavor$ to expla91 he by no means set x up z a /&>d4 ,t he presag$ ! future ) ! prevision ( g5ius is prov$ by 8 def9ition ( poetry 9 8 j\rnal--a def9ition hi!rto misund]/ood1 b yet ! be/ ,i "k3 ,poetry is ! feel+ ( a =m] _w & ( a future4 ,poet z he 01 he pref]r$ activity = good1 to all t 8 art c\ld d4 ,surr\nd$ by slaves & _! oppressors2 a travell] 9 c\ntries :]e ev5 remembrance seem$ ext9ct2 nev] did he des]t ! cause ( ! peoples2 nev] 0 he false to human sympa?ies4 ,a witness ( ! progress ( ! ,re/oration1 & ! triumph ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,holy ,alliance1 he nev] sw]v$ f 8 c\rage\s opposition2 he pres]v$ & publicly proclaim$ 8 fai? 9 ! rights ( ! peoples & 9 ! f9al ,footnote3 ,yet1 ,fre$om6 yet1 ?y bann] torn1 b fly+1 ,/reams1 l ! ?und]-/orm1 aga9/ ! w9d3 ,?y trumpet voice1 ?\gh brok5 n[ & dy+1 ,! l\de/ /ill ! tempe/ leaves beh9d4 ,! tree ha? lo/ its blossomes1 & ! r9d1 ,*opp$ by ! axe1 looks r\gh & little wor?1 ,b ! sap la/s--& /ill ! se$ we f9d ,s[n deep1 ev5 9 ! bosom ( ! ,nor?1 ,s %all a bett] spr+ less bitt] fruit br+ =?4 triumph ( lib]ty4 ,! foll[+ passage f 8 j\rnal is ! v ab/ract ( ! law gov]n+ ! ef=ts ( ! true p>ty ( progress at ! pres5t day3 ,onw>ds6 x is n[ ! "t to act2 & :at signifies self1 if a s+le sp>k ( t :i* w\ld be wor?y ( ! pa/ ,footnote3 ,writt5 9 ,italy4 c be bequea!d unqu5*ably to ! future8 ,x is n "o man1 nor a million1 b ! ,,_s ( lib]ty :i* mu/ be spread4 ,! waves :i* da% on ! %ore are1 "o by "o1 brok52 b yet ! ,,ocean conqu]s nev]!less4 ,x ov]:elms ! armada2 x we>s ! rock2 & if ! ,neptunians are to be believ$1 x has n only de/roy$ b made a _w4 ,at ,naples1 9 ! ,romagna1 :]ev] he saw a sp>k ( noble life /irr+1 he 0 ready = any ex]tion2 or dang]1 to bl[ x into a flame4 ,he /igmatiz$ bas5ess1 hypocrisy1 & inju/ice1 :5cesoev] !y sprang4 ,?us liv$ ,byron1 ceaselessly tempe/-toss$ betwe5 ! ills ( ! pres5t & 8 ye>n+s aft] ! future2 (t5 unequal2 sometimes sceptical2 b always suff]+--(t5 mo/ s :5 he seem$ to laugh2 ,footnote3 ,& if ,i laugh at any mortal ?+1 ',tis t ,i may n weep4 & always lov+1 ev5 :5 he seem$ to curse4 ,nev] did ! et]nal _s ( ! *a9less m9d make a bright] app>ition among/ u4 ,he seems at times a trans=mation ( t immortal ,prome!us1 ( :om he has writt5 s nobly2 ^: cry ( agony1 yet ( futurity1 s\nd$ above ! cradle ( ! ,european _w2 & ^: gr& & my/]i\s =m1 transfigur$ by "t1 reappe>s f age to age1 betwe5 ! entombm5t ( "o epo* & ! accession ( ano!r2 to wail =? ! lam5t ( g5ius1 tortur$ by ! pres5tm5t ( ?+s x w n see realiz$ 9 its "t4 ,byron1 too1 _h ! firm w & ! deep s5se2 he1 too1 made ( 8 dea? a victory4 ,:5 he he>d ! cry ( nationality & lib]ty bur/ =? 9 ! l& he _h lov$ & sung 9 e>ly y\?1 he broke 8 h>p & set =?4 ,:ile ! ,,*ri/ian ,p[]s 7 protocoliz+ or worse--:ile ! ,,*ri/ian nations 7 dol+ =? ! alms ( a few piles ( ball 9 aid ( ! ,,cross /ruggl+ ) ! ,cresc5t2 he1 ! poet1 & pret5d$ sceptic1 ha/5$ to ?r[ 8 =tune1 8 g5ius1 & 8 life at ! feet ( ! fir/ p t _h aris5 9 ! "n ( ! nationality & lib]ty he lov$4 ,i "k no m beautiful symbol ( ! future de/9y & mission ( art ?an ! dea? ( ,byron 9 ,greece4 ,! holy alliance ( poetry ) ! cause ( ! peoples2 ! union--/ill s r>e--( ?\ght & action--:i* alone completes ! human ,^w1 & is de/9$ to emancipate ! _w2 ! gr& solid>ity ( all nations 9 ! conque/ ( ! rights orda9$ by ,god = all 8 *ildr51 & 9 ! accompli%m5t ( t mission = :i* alone su* rights exi/--all t is n[ ! religion & ! hope ( ! p>ty ( progress ?r\gh\t ,europe1 is glori\sly typifi$ 9 ?is image1 :i* we1 b>b>ians t we are1 h already =gott54 ,! day w come :5 democracy w rememb] all t x owes to ,byron4 ,engl&1 too1 w1 ,i hope1 "o day rememb] ! mission--s entirely ,engli%1 yet hi!rto ov]look$ by h]--:i* ,byron fulfill$ on ! ,cont95t2 ! ,european role giv5 by him to ,engli% lit]ature1 & ! appreciation & sympa?y = ,engl& :i* he awak5$ among/ u4 ,be=e he came1 all t 0 kn[n ( ,engli% lit]ature 0 ! ,fr5* translation ( ,%akespe>e1 & ! ana!ma hurl$ by ,voltaire aga9/ ! intoxicat$ b>b>ian4 ,x is s9ce ,byron t we ,cont95tali/s h le>n$ to /udy ,%akespe>e & o!r ,engli% writ]s4 ,f him dates ! sympa?y ( all ! true-he>t$ among/ u = ?is l& ( lib]ty1 ^: true vocation he s wor?ily repres5t$ among ! oppress$4 ,he l$ ! g5ius ( ,brita9 on a pilgrimage ?r\gh\t all ,europe4 ,engl& w "o day feel h[ ill x is--n = ,byron b = h]self--t ! =eign] :o l&s ^u h] %ores %\ld se>* 9 va9 9 t temple :i* %\ld be h] national ,pan!on1 = ! poet belov$ & admir$ by all ! nations ( ,europe1 & = ^: dea? ,greece & ,italy wept z x _h be5 t ( ! noble/ ( _! own sons4 ,9 ^! few pages--un=tunately v ha/y--my aim has be51 n s mu* to criticise ei!r ,goe! or ,byron1 = :i* bo? "t & space are want+1 z to sugge/1 & if possible lead1 ,engli% criticism ^u a broad]1 m imp>tial1 & m useful pa? ?an ! "o g5]ally foll[$4 ,c]ta9 travell]s ( ! elev5? c5tury relate t !y saw at ,t5]iffe a prodigi\sly l(ty tree1 :i*1 f its imm5se ext5t ( foliage1 collect$ all ! vapors ( ! atmosph]e2 to dis*>ge !m1 :5 its bran*es 7 %ak51 9 a %[] ( pure & refre%+ wat]4 ,g5ius is l ?is tree1 & ! mission ( criticism %\ld be to %ake ! bran*es4 ,at ! pres5t day x m resembles a savage /riv+ to hew d[n ! noble tree to ! roots4