,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,c>at symbol 80 designates a sup]script4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$ b o!r v>iations 9 spell+ & punctuation rema9 unalt]$4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,trans=m]4 ,,by ,f4 ,,upp5born1 ,,editor ,,( ,,! 8,,c5tralblatt ,f,r ,,elektrote*nik10 ,,& ,,*ief ,,( ,,! ,,electro-,,te*nical ,,te/+ ,,/ation ,,9 ,,muni*4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,g]man4 ,illu/ration ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #abe1 ,,/r&1 ,,london4 ,,new ,,york3 #ab1 ,,cortl&t ,,/reet4 #ahhi4 ,,preface4 ,z ( late ! employm5t ( alt]nat+ curr5t trans=m]s has l>gely increas$ & become ( great importance1 inde$ z !y are call$ ^u to play a /rik+ "p 9 electric light+ f c5tral /ations1 ! au?or has ?\ght a %ort notice ( ! developm5t ( ?is inv5tion w\ld possess "s int]e/4 ,?is task appe>$ to be s mu* ! m press+1 z _m di/ort$ v]sions ( ! inv5tion & its priority h f\nd place 9 ! te*nical j\rnals4 ,! au?or has n let ! read+ ( ! l>ge numb] ( pat5ts disc\rage him1 & hopes t ! foll[+ pla9 & concise /atem5t ( ^! rese>*es w contribute t[>ds ! =m+ ( a correct judgm5t z to ! s]vices r5d]$ by ! sev]al inv5tors4 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,trans=m]4 ,z we wi% to write ( ^? discov]ies :i* l$ up to ! inv5tion ( ! trans=m]1 we mu/ g back to a "t1 old z comp>$ ) ! mod]n developm5t ( electrote*nics4 ,= ! />t+-po9t ( our obs]vations we %all take ,f>aday1 :o1 l ,newton 9 me*anics1 l$ ! way 9 ! doma9 ( electricity1 & ^: "n /&s 9 ! mo/ intimate relations ) all inv5tions = ! me*anical production ( ! electric curr5t1 & !re=e ) ! lat] developm5t ( electrote*nics4 ,sid5ote3 ,f>aday1 #ahca4 ,! mo/ important discov]y = :i* we h to ?ank ,f>aday is t ( induction4 ,?is discov]y 0 made by him 9 ! ye> #ahca1 & intimat$ to ! philosophical _w 9 a pap] read on ! #bd? ,novemb]1 #ahca1 appe>+ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,philosophical ,society 9 ! ye> #ahcb4 ,f>aday's fir/ induction app>atus consi/$ ( two coils ( wire1 ! "o be+ slid ov] ! o!r4 ,z he 0 pass+ ! curr5t f a batt]y ?r\gh "o ( ^!1 he made ! discov]y t ea* "t ! circuit ( ! coil 0 op5$ or clos$ an electromotive =ce 0 creat$ 9 ! second coil1 :i* caus$ a %ort gu% ( curr5t or induction curr5t to fl[1 provid$ ! circuit ( ?is coil 0 clos$1 z might be ?r\gh a galvanomet]4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is induc$ curr5t 01 t x only fl[$ 9 ! second coil dur+ ! "t ! curr5t 9 ! fir/ coil took to rea* its normal /r5g? aft] clos+ ! circuit1 or on break+ ! circuit dur+ ! "t ! curr5t took to decrease f its normal /r5g? to z]o4 ,?is discov]y und\bt$ly belongs to ! doma9 ( ! trans=m]1 induction be+ ! physical prec$5t ^u :i* ! trans=m] is bas$2 inde$1 a trans=m] is 9 pr9ciple an induction app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ! arrangem5t ( ?is fundam5tal exp]im5t4 ,! prim>y coil is connect$ ) ! batt]y1 ! second>y ) ! galvanomet]4 ,! prim>y coil1 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ effect1 is plac$ inside ! second>y1 & on op5+ & clos+ its circuit ! ne$le ( ! galvanomet] is ?r[n to ! "o or ! o!r side respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! arrangem5t1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 made by ,f>aday %[$ itself to be an especially effective comb9ation = ! production ( ^! induction ph5om5a4 ,!re 7 w\nd r\nd an iron r+ two sep>ate wires ( ab\t ! same l5g?4 ,! "o coil 0 br\ght into connection ) a batt]y1 & to ! ends ( ! o!r a pair ( electrodes 7 atta*$4 ,! curr5t f ! batt]y be+ s5t ?r\gh ! prim>y coil1 l9es ( =ce 7 produc$ :i* ran almo/ altoge!r 9 ! iron core4 ,z ! core possess$ only a v small magnetic resi/ance1 ! int5sity ( magnetisation 0 v great1 & on clos+ ! prim>y circuit a /rong inductive effect on ! second>y coil 0 produc$4 ,f>aday obta9$ ) ?is app>atus ! fir/ sp>ks ( induction4 ,! app>atus is all ! m int]e/+ z1 al?\gh n completely )\t poles1 x at lea/ =ms a clos$ magnetic circuit4 ,x has mu* lik5ess to ! non-pol> trans=m] ( ,zip]n[sky1 ,dri1 & ,bl?y1 b x may be easily %[n to be n entirely poleless4 ,poles mean1 9 electrical z well z magnetic circuits1 ^? po9ts betwe5 :i* ! greate/ diff]5ce ( pot5tial exi/s4 ,a curr5t )\t diff]5ce ( pot5tial c only fl[ 9 an electrical or magnetic circuit :5 ! loss ( pot5tial 9 ea* "p ( ! l5g? ( ! circuit1 viz41 ! product ( resi/ance & curr5t1 is equal to ! ga9 ( pot5tial1 t is ! magneto-or electromotive =ce2 !re=e a curr5t )\t diff]5ce ( pot5tial requires t ! resi/ance & magneto-or electromotive =ce 9 ea* "p ( ! l5g? be ! same4 ,n[ ! magnetic resi/ance ( a symmetrical iron r+ is con/ant 9 all p>ts ( ! l5g? ( its magnetic circuit4 ,9 ! case 9 "q only "o half ( ! r+ 0 excit$1 !re=e poles mu/ h be5 =m$ at bo? ends ( ! excit+ coil4 ,! ratio ( trans=mation ( ?is app>atus ( ,f>aday's 0 equal to unity1 s x _h !re=e no claim to ! designation ( 8trans=m]40 ,! induction app>atus ( ,f>aday 9 its simplicity 0 9 a c]ta9 measure ! embryo out ( :i* all dynamos & trans=m]s h develop$4 ,we h se5 h[ ! fir/ induction curr5t 0 discov]$ by mak+ & break+ ! curr5t f a batt]y 9 ! prim>y coil4 ,?is me?od 0 at fir/ adh]$ to1 until ,f>aday rem>k$ t :5 ! second>y 0 quickly drawn out ( or put into ! prim>y coil1 induc$ curr5ts 7 also produc$ )\t requir+ to break ! circuit1 ! wires ( ! second>y coil cutt+ ! l9es ( =ce 9 ! magnetic field ( ! prim>y coil4 ,he !n replac$ ! prim>y coil & batt]y by a p]man5t magnet1 :i* 0 likewise dipp$ into ! induction coil1 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,sid5ote3 ,h5ry & ,page1 #ahcf4 ,f ?is1 & f ! lat] developm5t ( ?is inv5tion1 x foll[s t ! "q 0 n ( a trans=m] 9 ! pres5t s5se ( ! ^w1 b ( a second>y g5]ator4 ,trans=m]s z at pres5t und]/ood 7 fir/ kn[n 9 ,europe z ! ,ruhmkorff's induction coil4 ,be=e we take up ?is inv5tion we %all m5tion a mu* e>li] & l inv5tion1 :i* _h already be5 made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ye> #ahch4 ,?is 0 ! induction coil ( ,pr(essor ,page1 & 0 ! outcome ( ano!r inv5tion by ,pr(essor ,h5ry1 ^: app>atus 0 only a s+le induction coil4 ,! fir/ public notice ( ,pr(essor ,page's app>atus appe>$ 9 ! ,silliman-,j\rnal ( #ab? ,may1 #ahcf1 "u ! title1 8,me?ods & trials ( obta9+ physiological ph5om5a & sp>ks f a heat eng9e by means ( ,pr(essor ,h5ry's app>atus40 ,9 ,may1 #ahcg1 ,/urgeon publi%$1 9 ! 8,annals ( ,electricity10 9 ,london1 a description ( ! app>atus ( ,h5ry & ,page4 ,sid5ote3 ,callan1 #ahcg4 ,callan1 an ,engli% /ud5t ( physics 9 ,m9no?1 %[$ fir/1 9 ! ye> #ahcg1 t if high t5sion 0 want$1 x 0 necess>y to employ ?ick wire = ! prim>y & ?9 = ! second>y coil4 ,be=e ?is "t wires inde$ ( diff]5t l5g?s1 b ( equal cross sections1 _h always be5 employ$4 ,8 app>atus 0 n s bad z ^? be=e kn[n1 b /ill /ood f> beh9d t ( ,pr(essor ,page4 ,sid5ote3 ,page1 #ahch4 ,! arrangem5t ( ,pr(essor ,page's app>atus1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 0 z foll[s3--,two coils ( wire well insulat$ f "o ano!r 7 w\nd on to a bundle ( iron wires4 ,a self-act+ contact-break] 0 put into ! prim>y circuit1 & consi/$ ( a d\ble lev] ,e1 hav+ on "o ( its arms two p>ts b5t d[nw>ds1 s z to dip into two m]cury cups4 ,! movem5t ( ! "p ,h1 z comp>$ ) t ( ,e1 0 s small t x rema9$ always 9 ! m]cury4 ,at ,m1 h[ev]1 :5 ! lev] 0 set 9 motion contact 0 brok5 & made4 ,to prev5t oxidation ,page p\r$ 9 a lay] ( alcohol ov] ! quicksilv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,! cont9uation ( ! lev] 9 ! o!r direction ( ! axis1 :i* 0 borne by two pill>s ,k1 0 b5t backw>ds1 & on its end c>ri$ a cyl9drical piece ( iron /&+ be=e ! end ( ! bundle ( iron wires4 ,if ! prim>y coil 7 n[ plac$ 9 connection ) a s\rce ( curr5t1 ! iron core became magnetis$1 attract$ ! cyl9drical piece ( iron to itself1 & by rais+ ! lev] ,e broke ! contact at ,m4 ,! iron core !n lo/ its magnetism1 releas$ ! iron armature1 & ! play began anew4 ,a c\nt]-weight ,f1 :i* c\ld be %ift$ along ano!r lev] ,o1 all[$ ! play ( ! contact-break] to be regulat$4 ,x w be f\nd t ?is int]ruptor 0 v l t con/ruct$ _m ye>s aft]w>ds by ,lon ,f\cault4 ,! effects :i* ,page produc$ by means ( ?is in/rum5t 7 mu* m int5se ?an ^? produc$ by ,ruhmkorff ) 81 z ,page succe$$ ) only a s+le ,grove elem5t 9 induc+ 9 ! second>y circuit su* a high electromotive =ce z produc$ sp>ks #d in*es 9 l5g? ?r\gh a vacuum tube--a result t ,ruhmkorff1 al?\gh 8 inv5tion creat$ su* a great & well-des]v$ att5tion1 did n atta94 ,9 ! ye> #ahej ,page built a mu* l>g] app>atus4 ,9 ord] to give "s idea ( ! magnitude ( ! electro-magnetic =ces :i* came into play "h1 suffice x to say1 t ! excit+ coils c\ld hold susp5d$ 9 ! air 9 _! int]ior an iron core weigh+ #ebj kg4 ,! prim>y or magnetis+ coil 0 ( squ>e copp] wire1 ) a side measur+ in*1 & a batt]y ( #ej to #ajj ,grove elem5ts 0 employ$1 ! imm]s$ area ( ! surface ( ! plates be+ #ajj squ>e in*es4 ,?is app>atus gave sp>ks ( great l5g?4 ,:51 ) maximum currr5t /r5g?1 ! prim>y circuit 0 brok51 sp>ks ( #h in* l5g? 7 receiv$4 ,sid5ote3 ,ruhmkorff1 #ahdh4 ,ruhmkorff con/ruct$1 9 ! ye> #ahdh1 ! s-call$ sp>k-induc] nam$ aft] him1 ! object ( :i* 0 also to conv]t curr5ts ( l[ t5sion into hose ( v high t5sion4 ,) ?is coil & l coils ( l>g] dim5sions effects 7 produc$1 b only su* z 7 af=d$ by ! common =ms ( frictional electrical ma*9es4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 x is n a little surpris+ t :ile ! inv5tion ( ! ,rhumkorff coil 0 /ill 9 its infancy1 ! wond]ful output ( ,page's app>atus 0 /ill1 ev5 9 ! ye> #ahea1 q unkn[n 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #e repres5ts ! e>li] =m ( ! ,ruhmkorff app>atus4 ,x consi/$ ( a bobb9 ( good insulat+ mat]ial2 ?or\ghly dri$ wood1 or bett]1 h>d rubb]4 ,! two end pieces ( ! bobb9 7 usually made ( groov$ glass discs1 & 7 b\nd d[n to ! b$plate ( ! app>atus by two wires4 ,inside ! coil 0 ! already (t5-m5tion$ bundle ( iron wires4 ,! prim>y or induc+ wire 0 next w\nd ^u ! bobb94 ,z ?is wire _h to c>ry curr5ts ( comp>atively great /r5g?1 x consi/$ ( only "o or a few lay]s ( ?ick wire4 ,! circuit ( ?is coil 0 complet$ z f> z two t]m9als on ! b$plate1 fir/ pass+ ?r\gh an int]ruptor l :at has already be5 describ$4 ,ov] ! prim>y coil1 & aft] a suffici5t lay] ( insulation _h be5 add$1 ! second>y wire 0 w\nd4 ,z ?is wire 0 de/9$ = v small curr5ts1 x 0 ( z f9e wire z x 0 possible to w9d4 ,9 ord] to obta9 high pot5tial x 0 necess>y t ! second>y %\ld possess _m turns4 ,9 ! e>li] coils a l5g? ( betwe5 #h & #aj kilometres 0 us$2 9 ! coils n[ made ?is l5g? has be5 increas$ to betwe5 #ej & #gj kilometres4 ,! ends ( ! second>y coil 7 connect$ to t]m9als insulat$ on glass pill>s4 ,x 0 n ne>ly suffici5t insulation = ! second>y wire to be cov]$ ) silk1 b e lay] 0 well soak$ ) dissolv$ %ellac1 & !n well dri$ z x %\ld be4 ,a cond5s] 9 connection ) ! prim>y coil 0 plac$ "u or 9 ! b$plate1 :i* 0 usually a box4 ,?is cond5s] 01 & is /ill1 (t5 made ?us3--,on bo? sides ( a /rip ( p>aff9$ pap]1 sev]al metres long & ( conv5i5t bread?1 t9foil is /uck1 at ! same "t leav+ a suffici5t m>g9 ( pap] = insulation4 ,! :ole is !n fold$ toge!r suitably4 ,! effect ( ! coil is sub/antially enhanc$ :5 ! %eets ( t9foil are ea* connect$ to ! circuit ( ! prim>y coil 9 su* a way t ! cond5s] is 9 %unt to ! int]ruptor4 ,9 ,fig4 #f is %[n a new] =m ( ,ruhmkorff's coil1 ) an int]ruptor l ! m]cury contact-break] :i* we h be=e describ$4 ,accord+ z ! movable weight is rais$ or l[]$1 ! oscillations ( ! lev]1 & consequ5tly ! induc$ curr5ts1 foll[ "o ano!r m sl[ly or m rapidly4 ,sid5ote3 ,c4 ,t4 & ,e4 ,b4 ,bright1 #ahee4 ,we f9d a fur!r developm5t or modification ( ! inv5tion ( ,page & ,ruhmkorff1 pat5t$ by ! bro!rs ,c4 ,t4 & ,e4 ,b4 ,bright on #ba/ ,octob]1 #aheb1 & ,no4 #bajc 9 ! ye> #ahee4 ,9 ! latt] ( ^! pat5ts ! inv5tors /ate :at foll[s conc]n+ ! nature ( _! inv5tions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 8,a section ( an induction coil made aft] ?is mann] is %[n 9 fig4 #g1 hav+ a v /rong effect4 ,! prim>y wire1 ( :i* only a "p is %[n1 is w\nd on an iron core1 & outside is surr\nd$ by an iron cyl9d]4 ,bo? ( ^! are metallically connect$ by ! flanges ( ! bobb91 :i* also are ( iron4 ,! second>y coil may also be surr\nd$ by an iron tube1 & if ! resi/ance ( ! circuit be extraord9>ily great ) /ill m prim>y coils1 or x may be also conta9$ 9 ! same tube z ! prim>y4 ,9 cases :]e x is f\nd necess>y to increase ! quantity ( ! electro-magnetic effects1 we f9d t ! =ms %[n 9 ,figs4 #h & #i are v effectual1 & may by v>i$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,! iron core 9 ! middle is w\nd ) ! prim>y wire1 & is surr\nd$ by ! o!r iron cores1 :i* are fix$ into ! l>ge flanges ( ! middle core1 & c>ry ! second>y coils4 ,%\ld /ill great] effects be requir$1 m prim>y or second>y coils connect$ 9 s]ies ) ! o!rs may be add$ outside1 9 ord] to produce a great] ext5sion ( ! poles & a m ext5sive induction40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,?is pat5t is int]e/+ also = ! fact t 9 x we f9d a disposition ( p>ts1 viz4 ! arrangem5t ( sev]al induction coils 9 ranks1 & connect$ ) "o ano!r 9 p>allel1 :i* ne>ly #cj ye>s lat] 0 tak5 up & practically us$ by ,gaul>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>rison1 #aheg4 ,among ! pat5ts ( ! ye> #aheg !re is an ,engli% "o by ,h>rison1 claim+ z its object ! pass+ ( a prim>y curr5t ?r\gh "o or m induction coils1 & ! connection ( ! second>y coils ) ! c>bons ( an arc lamp4 ,!re is no?+ rem>kable 9 ! description4 ,sid5ote3 ,jablo*k(f1 #ahgh4 ,! la/ attempt to use induction coils = indu/rial purposes is met ) 9 ! ye> #ahgh4 ,9 ?is ye> ,jablo*k(f took out a ,g]man pat5t1 :i* 0 also c>ri$ out 9 practice4 ,he requir$ curr5ts ( v high t5sion to fe$ 8 kaol9 lamp2 at t "t su* curr5ts c\ld only be produc$ by induction coils4 ,he writes z foll[s 9 8 pat5t3-- 8,die ,h]/ellung e9] elektris*5 ,beleu*tung na* me95 ,sy/em begreift e9e ,s]ie von ,induktionsroll5 9 si*1 wovon die inn]5 ,drhte 9 e9e elektris*e ,leitung e+es*altet s9d40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,jablo*k(f us$ int]mitt5t direct curr5ts z well z alt]nat+ curr5ts4 ,! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj 0 = ! =m]4 ,he /ates conc]n+ ?is3-- 8,9 diesem ,falle s9d die ,induktionsroll5 mit ,unt]bre*] und ,kond5sator ausge/attet1 od] man kann au*1 wie die ,zei*nung na*wei/1 e95 und d5selb5 ,unt]bre*] fr alle ,roll5 anw5d54 ,die ,induktionsroll5 ,b#a ,b#b ,b#c1 na* e95 beliebig5 ,pr9zipe kon/ruirt1 s9d 9 d] ,nhe d] ,li*!rde angebra*t40 ,conc]n+ ! employm5t ( alt]nat+ curr5ts1 ,jablo*k(f says3-- 8,diese ,disposition wei*t von d] er/]5 nur dur* die ,weglassung des ,unt]bre*]s und des ,kond5sators d] ,rolle ab40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 8,die 9 ,fig4 #aa angew5det5 ,roll5 s9d 9 ,fig4 #ab detailli]t gezei*net4 ,auf e9] kreisfrmig5 ,s*eibe ,c aus wei*em ,eis5 erhebt si* 9 d] ,mitte d]selb5 e9 hohl] ,cyl9d] b aus ,holz od] &]em isolirt5 ,mat]iale2 um d5 unt]5 ,teil des letzt]5 i/ die ,hauptspirale a gewickelt1 wel*e aus b&frmig5 ,kupf]/reif5 od] &]em ,metalle be/eht1 a i/ die 9 glei*] ,weise zusamm5gesetzte ,induktionsspirale1 d]5 ,draht5d5 zu d5 ,li*!rd5 fhr54 ,zwis*5 d5 e9zeln5 ,w9dung5 d] ,spirale s9d ,/reif5 aus ,papi]k>ton od] e9em &]5 isolir5d5 ,mat]ial angebra*t4 ,die ,spirale a i/ 9 die ,hauptleitung1 wie ,fig4 #aa zeigt1 e+es*altet40 ,! second claim ( ?is pat5t is also int]e/+1 & reads z foll[s3-- 8,die ,e9fhrung e9] ,s]ie von ,induktionsroll5 9 d5 ,umkreis e9es beliebig5 ,elektricittsg5]ators zur ,erzeugung e9] ,s]ie von ,induktions/rm51 wel*e es ge/att51 ,li*!rde von v]s*i$5] ,int5sitt dur* e9e e9zige ,elektricittsquelle zu v]sorg51 0 zur voll/ndig5 ,teilb>keit des elektris*5 ,li*tes fhrt40 ,jablo*k(f's sy/em z j describ$ 0 to be se5 work+ 9 ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( ! ye> #ahgh4 ,a prop] indu/rial application ( ?is sy/em does n appe> to h tak5 place4 ,sid5ote3 ,c4 ,t4 ,e4 ,b4 ,bright1 #ahgh4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgh ! bro!rs ,bright _h also made fur!r progress 9 ! use ( induction coils = electric light+ purposes1 & 9 ! same ye> !y took out ! ,engli% pat5t ,no4 #dbab1 9 :i* !y describ$ ! use ( alt]nat+ curr5ts = work+ second>y app>atus or induction coils plac$ at v>i\s po9ts :]e light 0 requir$4 ,we %all "h quote "s v int]e/+ s5t5ces f ?is pat5t1 :i* aga9 %[ t ! bro!rs ,bright knew already 9 ! ye> #ahgh ! prop]ties ( trans=m]s suit+ !m = electric light+ purposes2 inde$ !y !n anticipat$ ! pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ! lat] pat5t ( ,gaul>d4 ,"h is an ab/ract f ! description3-- 8,at ea* po9t :]e electric light is us$1 ! electric lamps or gr\ps ( su* lamps are f$ by ! second>y coil or coils ( an induction app>atus plac$ !re4 ,! prim>y coils ( all ! induction app>atus are 9 ! common circuit ( "o ma9 lead1 :i* is 9 connection ) a batt]y or a magneto-electric ma*9e plac$ 9 "s suitable situation4 ,! size & l5g? ( ! prim>y & second>y coils ( ea* induction app>atus is det]m9$ accord+ to ! numb] ( lamps at ea* po9t1 :]e ! second>y curr5t %all supply ! electric light+40 ,sid5ote3 ,e4 ,edw>ds ,a4 ,norm&y1 #ahgh4 ,! employm5t ( induction coils = ! di/ribution ( light1 heat1 & p[] 0 pat5t$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! same ye> by ,edmund ,edw>ds & ,alphonse ,norm&y4 ,among o!r matt] 9 ?is pat5t !re is z foll[s3-- 8,at or ne> e po9t :]e x is requir$ t a light %all be produc$1 we arrange a coil 7or s]ies ( coils7 ( insulat$ metallic wire or ribbon 7pref]ably surr\nd+ a b> or wires ( s(t iron71 ?r\gh :i* coil or coils ! curr5t f ! pr9cipal wire fir/ describ$ c be pass$ :5 desir$1 or cut (f by means ( a key or lev]4 ,r\nd1 or adjac5t to1 ea* coil ( insulat$ wire describ$1 we =m "o or m second>y coils ( insulat$ metallic wire1 or ribbon1 arrang$ s t ! passage ( ! rapidly int]mitt5t curr5t ( electricity1 z describ$1 ?r\gh ! prim>y coil or coils1 g5]ates a correspond+ curr5t ( electricity 9 ea* ( ! second>y coils40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,sid5ote3 ,/rumbo1 #ahgh4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,/rumbo _h also con/ruct$ a second>y g5]ator l t ( ,gaul>d1 & a description ( x 0 conta9$ 9 ! newspap] #8,le ,monde1' ( #bd? ,octob]1 #ahgh4 ,x is ( note 9 ?is app>atus1 :i* we h illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ac1 t ! prim>y & second>y wires 7 w\nd side by side1 & t bo? coils _h ! same relative position to ! iron core4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>rison1 #ahgh4 ,h>rison also1 9 ! same ye>1 took out a pat5t hav+ ! same object z 8 ( ! ye> #aheg4 ,bo? pat5ts propos$ ! connection ( induction coils 9 s]ies4 ,?is is especially cle>ly m5tion$ 9 ! latt] ( ^!1 z !re he says t bo? induction coils are put 9 circuit at int]vals along ! ma9 lead1 or prim>y circuit1 s t "o or m coils are ne> ! places :]e lamps are to be f$4 ,sid5ote3 ,m]it5s1 #ahgh4 ,we f9d 9 ,m]it5s' ,engli% pat5t1 ,no4 #ebeg1 ( ! ye> #ahgh1 ! s]ies connection ( prim>y coils 9 ! dynamo-circuit also describ$4 ,m]it5s int5d$ to employ1 9 place ( ! _m sep>ately insulat$ circuits ( ! alt]nat+ dynamos ( t "t1 only a s+le circuit1 f$ f "o l>ge or sev]al small] dynamos4 ,a l>ge numb] ( induction coils connect$ 9 s]ies1 7 to h be5 di/ribut$ 9 ! diff]5t di/ricts ( a city4 ,besides ?is1 ,m]it5s made a comb9ation ( ! second>y coils1 s t he 0 9 a position to produce curr5ts & pot5tials ( v>i\s dim5sions4 ,sid5ote3 ,full]1 #ahgh4 ,we n[ come to an inv5tor1 :o1 9 8 "t1 ex]cis$ a great influ5ce ^u electric light+ by means ( trans=m]s1 & ^: sy/em 0 9 e way a great advance on ^? ( 8 =ego]s4 ,?is man 0 nam$ ,jim ,bill+s ,full]4 ,he began to /udy electric light+ 9 8 laboratory at ,brooklyn 9 ! ye> #ahgd1 giv+ 8 :ole en]gy = ?is object4 ,full]'s sy/em ( curr5t di/ribution 0 fir/ pat5t$ 9 ,am]ica 9 ! ye> #ahgh4 ,! pat5t ,no4 is #baj1cag1 ( #bf? ,novemb]1 #ahgh4 ,8 app>atus is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,x consi/$ ( an induction coil on :i* an electric lamp 0 m\nt$1 to all appe>ances a ,jablo*k(f c&le4 ,! induction coil1 to :i* we %all return lat] on1 0 built 9 ! =m ( two horse%oe magnets jo9$ toge!r1 & hav+ consequ5t poles at ! small coils 9 ! middle1 aft] ! mann] ( ! magnets ( a ,gramme ma*9e4 ,! f\r l>ge coils are ! prim>y or excit+1 ! f\r small coils on ! poles ( ! d\ble magnets are ! second>y coils4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,! lev] ,,mn 0 ( iron1 & s]v$ to weak5 ! effects ( induction1 inasmu* z x =m$ a magnetic %ort circuit4 ,"h we f9d = ! fir/ "t ! employm5t ( a regulat+ device4 ,fig4 #ae illu/rates ! me?od ( connection4#a ,z already m5tion$1 ,full] succe$$ 9 sett+ aside _m ( ! defects :i* 7 adh]$ to 9 ! _m v badly con/ruct$ trans=m]s ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,:ile he 0 busy c>ry+ 8 inv5tion into practice1 he became a sacrifice to 8 ov]-great activity1 & on ! #ae? ,febru>y1 #ahgi1 he 0 tak5 away by illness4 ,only a few h\rs be=e 8 dea?1 he call$ 8 =eman to himself1 & expla9$ to him ! pr9ciples ( 8 sy/em4 ,aft] end+ 8 explanations1 he ask$ him if he _h und]/ood all t he _h said1 &1 on receiv+ an answ] f him t he _h1 he smil$ cont5t$ly1 & a few mom5ts lat] he end$ a useful life1 :i* _h giv5 s mu* promise ( good results4 ,sid5ote3 ,e4 ,h4 ,gordon1 #ahhj4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhj ,edw>d ,h5ry ,gordon took out ! ,engli% pat5t ,no4 #da1hbf4 ,gordon _h con/ruct$ an electric lamp bas$ on ! fact t :5 a curr5t ( suffici5t electromotive =ce 0 pass$ ov] ! space betwe5 two balls ( plat9um or plat9um iridium1 ! balls 7 r5d]$ gl[+ :ite4 ,^! balls 7 susp5d$ by ?9 plat9um wire1 or ! supports 7 ( plat9um1 s]v+ also to c>ry ! curr5t4 ,= ! production ( ov]spr++ sp>ks1 x is well kn[n t a great diff]5ce ( pot5tial is necess>y1 s ,gordon 0 oblig$ to h rec\rse to induction coils1 :i* he int5d$ to excite by means ( magneto-electric ma*9es1 or alt]nat+ curr5t dynamos4 ,9 8 pat5t he describes h[ ?is idea %\ld be c>ri$ out1 & he actually did fe$ two lamps ( #ej c4p41 or "o ( #ajj c4p4 ,! app>atus is describ$ z foll[s3--8,! prim>y consi/s ( a bundle ( iron wire #ac in* diamet]1 & #ah in*es long4 ,?ree lay]s ( insulat$ wire #jjh in* 9 diamet] are w\nd on x4 ,! second>y is w\nd on an insulat+ tube1 & consi/s ( ab\t two-?irds ( a mile ( wire #jjjge in* diamet]1 cov]$ f\r times ) silk4 ,x is w\nd 9 #fj discs40 8,!re are ?ree b9d+ screws1 "o at ea* end & "o 9 ! c5tre1 s t ! :ole coil1 or ei!r half sep>ately1 c be us$ = "o lamp40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,we d n f9d 9 ,gordon's pat5t ! slighte/ indication :i* w\ld ju/ify u 9 ascrib+ to him ! inv5tion ( a sy/em ( di/ribution by trans=m]s z kn[n at ! pres5t day1 b1 on ! contr>y1 x is cle>ly %[n t ! fundam5tal conditions ( su* a sy/em ( di/ribution 7 unkn[n to him1 = he laid ! *ief weight ^u connect+ ! induction coils 9 s]ies1 & on ! production ( high electromotive =ce necess>y = 8 lamp4 ,ov] & above ?is1 he 0 ( op9ion1 z he /at$ prom95tly1 t ! m advantage\s k9d ( dynamo 0 "o su* z t ( de ,m]it5s1 hav+ _m coils ( ?9 wire1 :i* 7 connect$ to sep>ately insulat$ leads4 ,let u look back ^u ! inv5tions :i* 7 made 9 ! doma9 ( electric light+ by trans=m]s f ! "t ( ,f>aday's discov]y ( induction up to ! ye> #ahhj4 ,!re we see t ?ree di/9ct *>act]i/ics 7 possess$ by all ! sy/ems inv5t$ up to t ye>4 ,^! ?ree *>act]i/ics lay 9 ! con/ruction1 ! ratio ( trans=mation1 & ! me?od ( employ+ ! trans=m]s4 ,s+le trans=m]s1 ) two or m poles1 7 us$4 ,! ratio 0 ei!r #a3a1 9 :i* case ! induction coil is really n a trans=m]1 or x 0 f a l[ to a high electromotive =ce2 b n[h]e d we f9d t curr5ts ( high electromotive =ce 7 conv]t$ into ^? ( l[ electromotive =ce4 ,! idea 9 ! use ( trans=m]s 0 t ( division1 n t ( di/ribution ( electric en]gy4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 division & di/ribution ( electrical en]gy is1 9 ! ma91 z foll[s4 ,by a division ( electrical en]gy x is meant t a fix$ am\nt ( produc$ en]gy is divid$ into pre-det]m9$ p>ts ( a c]ta9 numb] & size1 :ile x rema9s indiff]5t1 z f> z ! total en]gy is conc]n$1 9 :at mann] & h[ _m ( ^! p>ts are usefully employ$4 ,by di/ribution ( electrical en]gy x is meant1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! en]gy produc$ is v>iable accord+ to ! v>iable requirem5ts ( consumption1 ! maximum requirem5t be+ pre-det]m9$ f ! numb] & size ( ! local requirem5ts1 :i* also v>y relatively to "o ano!r4 ,( ! la/ ( ^! sy/ems !re is no indication 9 any ( ! inv5tions ( induction coils up to ?is date4 ,if we seek = ! cause ( ^! *>act]i/ics1 we f9d t ! reason :y trans=m]s ) two or m poles 7 con/ruct$ is1 t ! electricians ( ^? days ei!r did n "k or did n und]/& ! pr9ciples on :i* a prop] trans=m] %\ld be con/ruct$4 ,) !m ! idea ( a magnetic pole act+ on a wire ne> x 0 always pres5t1 :ile !y entirely ov]look$ ! fact t ! electro-magnetic =ce1 n ! pole1 produc$ ! electromotive =ce 9 ! wire4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is !y 7 ( op9ion t free poles 9 a trans=m] 7 n only n a drawback1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 a di/9ct advantage4 ,we f9d t ,full] especially held ?is view4 ,he s\ght n only to h 9 8 app>atus two simple poles1 b d\ble poles1 & inde$ he pat5t$ ?is arrangem5t ( 8 trans=m]4 ,! fir/ claim ( 8 pat5t reads ?us3-- 8,! d\ble electro-magnet h]e9 describ$1 ! ma9 coils ( :i* are includ$ 9 ! circuit ( a ma9 conductor f a g5]ator ( alt]nat+ electric curr5ts1 produc+ 9 said magnet consequ5t magnetic poles1 z %[n1 & ar\nd :i* poles are coil$ helices ( wire = receiv+ ! curr5ts induc$ by ! pol> *anges1 said helices be+ includ$ 9 ! local circuit ) ! lamp40 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t1 z f> z ! ratio & idea ( employm5t ( a trans=m] are conc]n$1 ! problem at t "t 0 q ano!r to :at x is n[4 ,at pres5t ! trans=m] s]ves pr9cipally to r5d] possible ! c>ry+ ( ! curr5t to a great di/ance economically4 ,! electricians ( ^? days 7 n s f> advanc$ z to be able to run arc lamps indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r on ! same circuit1 & ?is !y held to be q impossible1 :e!r ! lamps 7 connect$ 9 p>allel or s]ies4 ,t app>atus 0 ?\ght to be good :i* all[$ sep>ately insulat$ curr5ts to be l$ f "o s\rce ( curr5t1 ea* sep>ate circuit go+ to fe$ a s+le lamp4 ,! *ief reason = ?is view lay 9 ! fact t ! ext+ui%+ ( all ! lamps 9 "o circuit c\ld easily take place ?r\gh ! fault ( "o ( !m4 ,at t "t1 :5 an arc lamp 0 cut out ( circuit1 x 0 replac$ by a fix$ resi/ance1 in/ead ( :i* x 0 ?\ght t induction coils w\ld h suit$ well4 ,x may be casually m5tion$ t ow+ to ?is fact too sangu9e hopes ( ! solution ( ! problem ( indep5d5t work+ ( lamps 7 ar\s$1 ?r\gh a want ( suffici5t k ( ! laws ( induction4 ,!re h also be5 app>atus o!r ?an induction coils us$ = ! purpose ( mak+ ! po9ts ( consumption indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,we c only n[ recall ! pat5t ( ,jablo*k(f1 ,no4 #afch1 :i* is bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( connect+ cond5s]s into bran*es ( a quickly alt]nat+ ma9 curr5t1 f :i* arc lamps1 c41 7 f$2 also a l arrangem5t by ,av]n>ius 7,figs4 #af & #ag71 ) ! use ( second>y batt]ies1 :i* 7 to be employ$ = ei!r p>allel or s]ies connection4#b ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,!re 7 no trans=m]s 9 ^? days :i*1 9 ! pres5t s5se ( ! ^w 8trans=m]10 conv]t high electromotive =ce to l[ to suit ! consum]s4 ,on ! contr>y ! app>atus1 :i* 0 !n us$ 9 electric light+ plant1 0 su* z conv]t$ l[ into high electromotive =ce1 or su* t ! ratio 0 #a3a1 or ne>ly s1 accord+ z x 0 det]m9$ by ! connection 9 s]ies ( ! prim>y coils1 & ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial at ! consumption devices2 = example1 ! induction coils ( ,b4 ,ruhmkorff1 ,jablo*k(f1 & ,gordon4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! t]m high electromotive =ce is met ) 9 descriptions ( ! app>atus ( t "t1 x mu/ be tak5 to mean a great diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 ! t]m9als ( ! dynamo1 n betwe5 ! prim>y t]m9als ( ! trans=m]s4 ,take1 = in/ance1 #ajj trans=m]s connect$ 9 s]ies1 run ) a diff]5ce ( pot5tial at ! dynamo ( #ajjj volts1 al?\gh x 0 n kn[n at t "t h[ to produce s high an electromotive =ce1 /ill ?is w\ld give across ! prim>y t]m9als ( ea* trans=m] ! mode/ diff]5ce ( pot5tial ( #aj volts4 ,9 ?is way ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial at ! g5]ator 0 det]m9$ by ! numb] ( trans=m]s 9 s]ies4 ,?is sy/em _h pla9ly ! great disadvantage1 t no matt] h[ tortu\s a pa? ! lead mu/ foll[1 x _h to pass ?r\gh ! prim>y coils ( all ! trans=m]s1 & ! pr9ciples ( a prop] sy/em ( di/ribution 7 n pres5t4 ,) ! inv5tion ( ! inc&esc5t lamp ! activity ( inv5tors 0 giv5 q ano!r direction4 ,! sy/ems ( electric light+ up to ?is "t 7 n suffici5tly advanc$ to p]mit ev5 ( a division#c ( ! electric light1 t is1 ! ability to fe$ ev5 a small numb] ( lamps f "o g5]ator4 ,we %all only m5tion ?is inv5tion s f> z x helps to fur!r ! hi/ory ( ! trans=m]4 ,gramme made ! e>lie/ arc lamp t c\ld be employ$ alone2 !n foll[$ ,jablo*k(f1 z ! fir/ :o c>ri$ out practically1 & ) good results1 ! use ( arc lamps 9 s]ies or 9 p>allel arc ) cond5s]s4 ,siem5s & ,halske !n replac$ ! ,jablo*k(f c&les ) _! diff]5tial lamp1 :i*1 al?\gh n (f]+ an opportunity = a good division ( light1 0 unexcell$ 9 con/ruction & manufacture1 po9t+ out ! way = fur!r progress 9 arc light+4 ,?is class ( light+ 0 br\ght ne>ly z f> =w>d z x is to-day by ! introduction ( cont9u\s curr5ts = ?is use by ,bru%4 ,) ! inv5tion ( ! gl[ lamp q o!r aims 7 plac$ 9 ! =egr\nd = ! electrical _w4 ,! inc&esc5t lamp did n possess t un/ead9ess ( light :i*1 ) arc lamps1 gave s mu* tr\ble to electricians4 ,! prom95t qualities ( ! gl[ lamp (f]$ opportunity = ! solution ( a problem1 su* z gas _h already solv$ half-a-c5tury e>li]1 namely1 ! di/ribution ( ! electric light1 or1 m prop]ly1 ( ! electric curr5t4 ,= ?is1 ! already kn[n & g5]ally employ$ me?ods ( connection 7 no long] suffici5t4 ,edison 0 ! fir/ :o demon/rat$ t ! s]ies me?od ( connection 0 n suitable = gl[ lamps2 at ! same "t he %[$ ! advantages ( p>allel connection1 com+ =w>d ) a ?or\ghly well ?\ght & work$ out sy/em ( di/ribution4 ,by ?is means ! *ange 0 made1 &1 f ?is "t onw>d1 all inv5tors 7 oblig$ to suit _! sy/ems to ! dem&1 t ea* po9t ( consumption mu/ rema9 undi/urb$ by ! v>iations ( curr5t :i* take place 9 ! circuit4 ,m>cell ,deprz has laid d[n 9 a "w ( 81#d ! laws :i* make x possible to hold ! po9ts ( consumption ( electric en]gy indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 &1 except+ "s inexactnesses :i* crept into 8 repres5tation1 ^! laws h be5 almo/ all c>ri$ out 9 practice s9ce t "t4 ,! sy/em ( direct di/ribution to gl[ lamps _h ! "o well-kn[n s]i\s drawback1 viz4 t x only all[$ ( limit$ employm5t1 because ! co/ ( ! leads1 ) equal loss ( en]gy1 increas$ ) ! squ>e ( ! di/ance f ! s\rce ( curr5t4 ,x 0 !re=e obligatory1 9 ord] to c>ry ! curr5t economically to great] di/ances1 to seek new means & ways1 )\t r5d]+ ineffici5t ! only practical sy/em ( connect+ inc&esc5t lamps 9 p>allel4 ,! exp]i5ce :i* _h already be5 ga9$ 9 ! economical c>ry+ ( high t5sion curr5ts ) arc lamps 9 s]ies1 po9t$ out t high t5sion curr5ts %\ld be us$1 & t 9 ! second>y circuits ( trans=m]s f$ by su* a curr5t1 consum+ devices c\ld be connect$ z might be desir$4 ,sid5ote3 ,h4 ,enuma1 #ahha4 ,haitzema ,enuma1 9 ! ye> #ahha1 0 ! fir/ to g 9 ?is direction1 & took out a pat5t = ! fe$+ ( gl[ lamps by means ( trans=m]s4 ,he foll[$ ! pr9ciple ( mak+ ea* second>y circuit & ea* po9t ( consumption indep5d5t4 ,! means to ?is purpose :i* he ?\ght to employ 7 n practical1 & did n at all diff] 9 sub/ance f ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,8 sy/em is rem>kable = 8 me?od ( connect+ ! induction coils 9 ! ma9 lead1 i4e4 9 s]ies1 us+ ! second>y curr5ts f ^! coils to excite o!r coils f :i* t]ti>y curr5ts 7 receiv$1 & ^! aga9 7 fur!r us$ to excite quat]n>y curr5ts1 & s on4 ,?is proc$ure /&s on a level ) t ( ! fam$ dynamo-electric *a9 ( ,siem5s & ,halske1 ( :i* x has be5 ask$1 8,to :at purpose80 ,! peculi>ities ( ! sy/em ( ,haitzema ,enuma become evid5t f ! foll[+ extract f 8 pat5t3-- 8,sol*e 7nmli* die bekaunt57 ,induktionsroll5 w]d5 9 d5 ,haupt/romkreis b]all e+es*altet1 wo d] ,/rom abgezweigt 767 w]d5 soll2 und dur* diese ,e9ri*tung erhlt zuletzt j$e elektris*e ,lampe1 od] j$] dur* ,elektrizitt 9 ,betrieb gesetzte ,app>at se95 eig55 ,/rom40 ,haitzema ,enuma _h int5d$1 s f> z ?is %[s1 to connect ! prim>y1 second>y1 t]ti>y1 c41 coils 9 s]ies1 & ! ma9 lead be+ a clos$ circuit1 ! ends 7 tak5 to e>?4 ,! ends ( ! circuits ( ! second>y1 t]ti>y1 & fur!r induc$ curr5ts1 7 also connect$ toge!r1 or to e>?4 ,sid5ote3 ,gaul>d & ,gibbs1 #ahhc4 ,! fir/ :o came =w>d ) an indu/rial employm5t ( ! s]ies sy/em 7 ,gaul>d & ,gibbs1 :o1 9 ! ye> #ahhc1 plac$ be=e ! public an in/allation ( electric light+ 9 ! ,royal ,aqu>ium 9 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,!re 7 two su* app>atus z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 :i* 7 connect$ 9 s]ies1 & excit$ ) #ac ampres f a ,siem5s' alt]nat+ curr5t dynamo4 ,! app>atus _h ! foll[+ con/ruction3--,! induction coils1 a section ( "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai1 _h ?ree lay]s ( prim>y wire1 & ! second>y 0 w\nd 9 f\r divisions1 ! ends ( ! wires ( ! divisions be+ l$ to a commutator4 ,fig4 #bj %[s ?is commutator plac$ 9 ! middle ( f\r induction coils4 ,! ends ( ! second>y wires 7 connect$ to eight t]m9als on ! upp] plate ( ! app>atus1 f :i* ! curr5t c\ld be l$ away f ea* pair1 or comb9$ at w4 ,by aid ( ! commutator1 ! numb] ( coils 9 circuit c\ld be alt]$ z desir$4 ,on ! l[] plate !re 0 a second commutator1 :i* s]v$ ! same purpose = ! prim>y circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,! core ( ! app>atus consi/$ ( b>s ( insulat$ iron1 & by means ( a rack c\ld be rais$ or l[]$ 9 ! coils = ! regulation ( ! curr5t4 ,bo? ( ^! arrangem5ts _h be5 already long kn[n4 ,9 ! same ye> ano!r in/allation = ! light+ ( "s /ations on ! ,metropolitan ,railway 0 tak5 9 h& & c>ri$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,! s\rce ( curr5t 0 a ,siem5s' alt]nat+ curr5t dynamo ( type ,w#j1 :i* 0 excit$ by a cont9u\s curr5t ma*9e4 ,! pot5tial 0 suppos$ to be #aejj volts & ! curr5t #aac ampres4 ,! ma9 lead connect+ ! trans=m]s 9 s]ies 0 ( #g wires ( #ae mm4 diamet]1 & 0 #bbi kilometres long1 hav+ a resi/ance ( #cj ohms4 ,?ree /ations 7 suppli$4 ,at ,edgew>e ,road twelve coils1 ) _! second>y coils 9 p>allel1 f$ #cj gl[ lamps2 & o!r f\r coils1 also 9 p>allel1 f$ two ,jablo*k(f c&les4 ,9 ,aldgate two coils suppli$ "o arc lamp1 & twelve m coils #ce gl[ lamps1 ea* ( #bj c4p4 & ?ree ( #dj c4p4 ,at ,nott+ ,hill !re 7 #bb gl[ lamps & "o arc lamp4 ,9 ?is la/ in/allation coils 7 employ$ ) _! coils arrang$ aft] a some:at diff]5t mann]4 ,on a pa/ebo>d or wood5 cyl9d] ( ab\t #ej cm4 9 height a cable 0 coil$ 9 lay]s4 ,! int]ior ( ?is cable consi/$ ( a #d mm4 copp] wire well insulat$ ) p>aff9$ cotton1 & ar\nd ?is1 p>allel to its axis1 lay #f cables or cords1 ea* consi/+ ( #ab wires1 also insulat$ ) p>aff9$ cotton 7,fig4 #ba74 ,! wire ( #d mm4 =m$ ! inductor ?r\gh :i* ! prim>y curr5t 0 pass$4 ,! six cables1 ea* ( twelve /r&s1 =m$ ! induc$ portion ( ! app>atus1 & ! ends 7 connect$ to a commutator1 s t !y c\ld be us$ ei!r 9 p>allel or s]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,! me?ods ( con/ruction & connection us$ 9 ^! attempts by ,gaul>d & ,gibbs did n diff] 9 pr9ciple f ^? ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,gaul>d & ,gibbs also employ$ 9 ^! trials bi-pol> induction app>atus4 ,! effici5cy ( su* app>atus c only be comp>atively small1 because ! effects ( magnetisation1 & !re=e ( induction1 are weak5$ to a great ext5t by ! l9es ( =ce hav+ to pass = ! greate/ "p ( _! pa? ?r\gh air in/ead ( iron4 ,tak+ ano!r view ( su* app>atus1 z !y h a ratio ( trans=mation ( #a3a1 !y mu/1 ) ! employm5t ( high pot5tial1 be connect$ 9 s]ies4 ,und\bt$ly ,messrs4 ,gaul>d & ,gibbs h 9 _! "t claim$ c]ta9 ?+s z new & ( _! own inv5tion1 namely1 ! arrangem5t ( sev]al sep>ate induction coils toge!r1 ! plac+ ( ! coils next to "o ano!r1 & ! w9d+ ( ! wires p>allel4 ,^! claims1 h[ev]1 h be5 condemn$ f all sides z unju/ifi$4 ,! employm5t ( sev]al coils has already be5 m5tion$ z pat5t$ by ! bro!rs ,bright on #ba/ ,octob]1 #aheb1 & 0 aga9 lat] on discov]$ by ,pogg5dorf1 ,ruhmkorff1 ,f\cault1 & o!rs4 ,we h also %[n1 on page #aa1 t ! plac+ ( ! coils next "o ano!r _h likewise be5 inv5t$ by ! same m5 #cj ye>s e>li]4 ,! symmetrical arrangem5t ( bo? coils1 ! prim>y & second>y1 _h also already be5 us$4 7,see page #ah47 ,b :51 9 spite ( all ?is1 we f9d ,mr4 ,j4 ,k4 ,mack5zie#e ma9ta9+ t ! ,full] trans=m] 0 non-pol>1 & fur!r1 t ! foll[+ improvem5ts mu/ be ascrib$ to ,messrs4 ,gaul>d & ,gibbs1 viz43-- #a4 ,! r$uction ( ! prim>y & second>y wire-resi/ance to a m9imum4 #b4 ,! atta9m5t ( ! greate/ possible coeffici5t ( induction ) ! lighte/ app>atus4 #c4 ,! symmetrical arrangem5t ( bo? coils4 #d4 ,! proportion+ ( ! coils1 s t ! weight ( metal 9 ea* is ! same4 ,see+ ?is1 x mu/ be ?\ght t ?is g5tleman ei!r does or w n1 und]/& ! subject4 ,!n if ,gaul>d has succe$$ ) 8 app>atus 9 obta9+ "s advantages z propos$ 9 ! above-m5tion$ clauses1 ,nos4 #a & #b1 ^! advantages c be obta9$ to a mu* high] degree ) non-pol> trans=m]s4 ,?is has be5 prov5 by ,pr(4 ,f]r>is4#f ,! improvem5ts m5tion$ "u ,nos4 #c & #d are only to be atta9$ ) bi-pol> trans=m]s aft] difficult & o!rwise disadvantage\s arrangem5ts2 = in/ance1 ! comb9ation ( ! prim>y & second>y wires 9 a common cable1 or1 :5 ! coils consi/ ( ribbon wire1 by ! w9d+ ( ! "o inside ! o!r4 ,) non-pol> trans=m]s ^! improvem5ts are already inh]5t4 ,! ,full] trans=m] 0 j z mu* )\t poles z two horse%oe magnets are1 ) _! l poles laid toge!r4 ,9 all ^! sy/ems ) s]ies connection ( ! trans=m]s1 ! int5sity ( ! curr5t 9 ! prim>y circuit mu/ be held con/ant 9 ord] t x may be possible = ! induction app>atus to ma9ta9 ! second>y electromotive =ce con/ant4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 con/ancy 0 n atta9$1 b only "o cause ( ! v>iations annull$4 ,ano!r cause ( ! v>iations ( ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial at ! second>y t]m9als ( ! coil /ill rema9$2 ?is 0 ! loss ( pot5tial due to resi/ance & self-induction1 :i* increas$ ) ! load4 ,! electromotive =ce ( ! second>y1 & !re=e ( ! prim>y coils1 accord+ly increases z ! curr5t 9 ! second>y decreases4 ,:5 no second>y curr5t is fl[+1 ! electromotive =ce 9 ! prim>y & second>y coils is a maximum4 ,we h consequ5tly ?is disproportion t ! small] ! output ( ! app>atus ! great] ! en]gy consum$4 ,) ! second>y circuit op5 & a con/ant excit+ curr5t1 ! en]gy us$ c\ld be z mu* z t5 times z great z "u full load4 ,! disadvantages ( ?is sy/em are app>5t2 =1 putt+ aside ! loss ( en]gy aris+ f ! disproportion betwe5 produc$ & consum$ en]gy1 ea* *ange ( load on ! second>y circuit ex]t$ a great influ5ce on ! prim>y circuit1 & aga9 on ! second>y circuits ( ! o!r coils 9 ! ma9 circuit4 ,all ! trans=m] sy/ems already describ$ 7 int5d$1 z we see1 = subdivid+ ! curr5t1 & z fitt+ !re= we f9d ! s]ies me?od ( connection univ]sally br\ght =w>d4 ,) ?is me?od1 ow+ to a rise 9 electromotive =ce :i* 0 dang]\s to ! lamps1 c41 :5 only a "p ( ^? 9 ! second>y circuit 7 ext+ui%$1 x 0 compulsory ei!r to run ! induction coil fully load$ or q empty4 ,?us1 :5 ! numb] ( lamps or o!r devices 9 use 0 v>i$1 a regulation ( ! curr5t /r5g? & uni=m work+ 0 ei!r q impossible1 or only p>tly possible by unreliable & incomplete me*anical means4 ,on ?is acc\nt no "o succe$$ ) ?is me?od 9 c>ry+ out a rational di/ribution ( curr5t by means ( induction coils su* z are requir$ by ! widespread dem&s = electric curr5t f a c5tral /ation4 ,! fir/ to po9t out ! disadvantages ( ! s]ies me?od ( connection 0 ,rank9e ,k5n$y1 :o _h devot$ himself :olly to ! /udy ( induction app>atus4 ,^! disadvantages he publi%$ 9 an article 9 ! 8,electrical ,review0 ( #i? ,june1 #ahhc4 ,at ! end ( ?is article we f9d ! int]e/+ /atem5t t trans=m]s1 :5 n connect$ 9 ! prim>y circuit 9 s]ies1 z _h be5 usual till !n1 b 9 p>allel1 =m a self-regulat+ sy/em ( curr5t di/ribution4 ,rank9e ,k5n$y expresses ?is 9 ! foll[+ words3--8,9 p>allel arc1 h[ev]1 ! second>y g5]ator is a beautiful self-gov]n+ sy/em ( di/ribution40 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 8 article af=ds pro( t ! au?or !n possess$ only a limit$ compreh5sion ( ! physical facts conc]n$1 because he ma9ta9$1 = in/ance1 t ! introduction ( an induc$ c\nt] electromotive-=ce 9 ! circuit ( an alt]nat+ curr5t dynamo might con/itute a means ( regulation )\t loss ( en]gy2 h[ev]1 x might be all[$1 t he meant by ^! words "o ( ^! elem5ts :i* mu/ be pres5t 9 a really rational sy/em ( di/ribution ) ! use ( trans=m]s1 if x 7 n ! case t at t "t he 0 n aw>e bo? ( ! prop]ties ( trans=m]s suit+ !m = su* a connection z well z ^? :i* make !m self-regulat+ 9 a sy/em ( di/ribution4 ,above all ?is he _h at t "t nev] ?\ght ( a trans=m] 9 ! s5se1 ! ^w is us$ to-day1 t is1 z an induction app>atus1 :i* conv]ts high into l[ t5sion curr5ts4 ,?is is q cle>1 z is se5 f ! end ( ! s5t5ce be=e cit$1 z he says1 8,b :at ab\t ! size ( conductors = su* a sy/em8 ,prodigi\s60 ,k5n$y ?\ght to all appe>ance t ! p>allel connection ( trans=m]s made possible self-regulation 9 ! same mann] z ! simple direct p>allel connection ( inc&esc5t lamps4 ,:ile at ! same "t he imag9$ t on acc\nt ( ! small resi/ance ( ea* coil ! resi/ance ( ! net ( leads mu/ ne>ly vani%1 !re=e he conclud$ t ! p>allel connection ( su* induction app>atus z he _h 9 8 m9d's eye 0 impracticable4 ,! appreh5sion ( ,k5n$y's ideas1 z we h "h /at$1 f9ds direct confirmation f ! lead+ article 9 ! 8,electrical ,review0 ( #i? ,june1 #ahhc4 ,at ! end ( ?is lead] ! editors say1 t 8,mr4 ,k5n$y's app>atus is an induction coil pure & simple40 8,messrs4 ,gaul>d & ,gibbs w sc>cely d5y1 nor c !y d5y1 t ! action ( ?is p>ticul> con/ruction ( ! coil is id5tical ) t ( 840 ,9 ?is s5t5ce x is di/9ctly /at$ t ! con/ruction ( ,k5n$y's induction app>atus is id5tical ) t ( ,gaul>d & ,gibbs'4 ,k5n$y accept$ ?is /atem5t 9 sil5ce2 if x _h be5 o!rwise1 he w\ld h prote/$ 9 8 next appe>ance 9 pr9t4 ,9 ord] to make possible ! connection ( trans=m]s 9 p>allel1 ! advantages ( :i* x may be said ,k5n$y _h augur$1 !re 0 /ill mu* want+4 ,above all !re 0 want+ ! idea ( a trans=m] z meant at pres5t1 & an exact k ( its action4 ,f4 ,g]aldy has express$ himself v suitably ^u ?is po9t 9 ! introduction to 8 report ^u ! trials made ) ! sy/em ( ,messrs4 ,gaul>d & ,gibbs4#g 8,la di/ribution de l'lectricit comporte la solution d'un gr& nombre de problmes4 ,il ne suffit pas de se dcid] en pr9cipe et lorsqu'on a *oisi la di/ribution en quantit 7en supposant mme1 que l'un des procds puisse tre appliqu d'une faon exclusive1 ce qui n'e/ pas c]ta971 lorsqu'on a tr\v le moy5 de rgl] le gnrateur et les recepteurs con=mm5t au mode *oisi1 il re/e encore lev] quantit de difficults1 a crer et dispos] beauc\p d'organes auxiliaires40 ,g]aldy expla9$ di/9ctly t x 0 n suffici5t to det]m9e only ! me?od ( connection1 b !re 7 /ill a consid]able numb] ( ob/acles to be surm\nt$ be=e ! object c\ld be atta9$4 ,x has be5 a co/ly lesson1 be=e ! prop]ties ( trans=m]s 7 kn[n1 :i* make !m =m a self-regulat+ sy/em4 ,ev5 9 ! ye> #ahhd d we /ill f9d ,messrs4 ,gaul>d & ,gibbs on ! same false track z previ\sly4 ,x 0 9 ! ,tur9 ,exhibition :]e ,messrs4 ,gaul>d & ,gibbs c>ri$ out _! sy/em ^u a l>ge scale1 & :]e !y also succe$$ 9 ga9+ ! int]e/ ( te*nical circles1 & ar\s+ g5]al att5tion4 ,! trans=m]s in/all$ by ,messrs4 ,gaul>d & ,gibbs 9 ! ,tur9 ,exhibition 7 protect$ by ! ,g]man pat5t1 ,no4 #bhidg1 & ?is "t aga9 _! trans=m]s 7 w\nd ) equal prim>y & second>y coils4 ,! con/ruction ( ! app>atus1 z already expla9$1 made x a necess>y condition t ! trans=m]s be connect$ 9 s]ies1 because only by ?is means c\ld ! high t5sion curr5t be utilis$4 ,x 0 a necess>y coroll>y ( ?is me?od ( connection t ! conv]t+ ( ! high pot5tial ( ! prim>y circuit into l[ pot5tial1 0 p]=m$1 n by ! ratio ( ! numb] ( turns 9 ! coils ( ! trans=m]s1 b 9 a c]ta9 mann] by ! subdivision ( ! electromotive =ce 9 ! circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,! special con/ruction ( ! trans=m]s us$ 9 ! ,tur9 ,exhibition diff]$ f ! old] app>atus 9 s f> t bo? coils 7 =m$ ( /amp$ out circul> copp] discs1 :i* 7 sold]$ toge!r by project+ tee?4 ,! insulation 0 made ( /amp$-out pap] discs4 ,bo? spirals 7 w\nd betwe5 "o ano!r4 ,! build+ up ( su* coils 0 effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann] 7see ,fig4 #bb;,a73--,a r$ copp] disc 0 fir/ plac$ on ! core1 !n insulation1 ^u ?is a black copp] disc1 !n aga9 a r$ copp] disc1 & s on4 ,l col\rs ( copp] discs 7 !n sold]$ toge!r at ! project+ tee?4 ,9 ?is mann] !re 7 produc$ two spirals runn+ p>allel ) "o ano!r1 !re only be+ "o lay] ( coils4 ,! employm5t ( su* ribbon conductors _h "s advantages1 namely1 good use ( ! space at disposal = coils1 & rapid cool+ ?r\gh ! project+ tee?4 ,!y _h1 also1 disadvantages1 ! *ief ( :i* 01 t ! conductors 7 ( b>e metal1 s t a fault 9 insulation c\ld easily occur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb;,a4 ,9 fact1 sev]al faults 9 ! trans=m]s 9 ,tur9 did arise f ?is cause1 ! action ( ! coils be+ di/urb$4 ,fur!r attempts ) simil> coils 7 made1 ! /ation h\ses ( ,tur91 ,v5>ia1 & ,lanzo be+ lit = five consecutive h\rs4 ,! circuit 0 ab\t #hj kilometres long1 ! ma9 lead be+ ( *rombronze wire ( #cg mm4 diamet]4 ,at ,tur9 !re 7 #cd ,edison lamps ( #af c4p4 ea*1 & a sun arc lamp2 at ,lanzo !re 7 n9e ,b]n/e9 lamps1 #af ,swan lamps1 a sun arc lamp1 & two ,siem5s' arc lamps4 ,9 ! exhibition itself1 !re 7 n9e ,b]n/e9 lamps1 n9e ,swan lamps1 & a sun arc lamp4 ,9 ! ,fig>o ,kiosk n9e ,swan lamps 7 f$ f a small trans=m]4 ,z already relat$1 ! trials ( ,messrs4 ,gaul>d & ,gibbs' sy/em at ,tur9 _h ar\s$ 9 ! wide/ circles ! livelie/ int]e/1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! errors ( ! sy/em soon became public4 ,?us we f9d 9 ! te*nical lit]ature ( t "t influ5tial voices rais$ aga9/ ! sy/em1 & po9t+ out its disadvantages4 ,among o!rs1 ,pr(4 ,colombo read a pap] dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ,national ,exhibition at ,tur91 ! subject be+ ! sy/em ( ,gaul>d & ,gibbs4 ,:ile do+ suffici5t ju/ice to ! good po9ts ( ! sy/em1 he also said t al?\gh x solv$ ! problem ( c>ry+ ! electric curr5t to great di/ances1 x 0 9 no way :at x 0 repres5t$ to be1 & :at x %\ld be3 a sy/em ( di/ribution all[+ ! electric curr5t f a di/ant c5tral /ation to be l$ to meet ! dem&s ( any k9d ( consum] )\t any "o ( ^! int]f]+ ) ! supply ( curr5t to any o!r4 ,he *>act]is$ ^! drawbacks %>ply1 & v suitably1 by ! rem>k1 t 9 ! ,gaul>d & ,gibbs sy/em1 ea* consum] drew prop]ly 8 supply ( curr5t f 8 trans=m]1 & n f a common network ( leads always self-regulat+1 z is ! case 9 e l>ge in/allation ) cont9u\s curr5ts4 ,pr(4 ,colombo satisfi$ himself ) ?is ref]5ce to its disadvantages1 m5tion+ also :at %\ld be /riv5 aft] to make ! sy/em a p]fect "o1 say+ t ! ideal electric lead sy/em 0 "o comb9+ ! advantages ( ! ,edison c5tral-/ation ) t ( ,gaul>d & ,gibbs4 ,pr(4 ,colombo conf9$ himself to ^! h9ts1 & he mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! means lead+ to ! atta9m5t ( ?is purpose rema9$ /ill to be f\nd out4 ,! reproduction ( ?is lecture by ,pr(4 ,colombo is plac$ be=e an article by ,deprz 9 8,la ,lumire lectrique10#h 9 :i* latt] ! sy/em ( ,gaul>d & ,gibbs is /rongly criticis$4 ,deprz %[$ t t sy/em c h no claim to be new4 ,he po9ts also to ! wants ( ! sy/em1 especially t ( self-regulation1 /at+ t ! means rema9 /ill to be discov]$1 :i* w\ld make possible ! self-regulation ( a sy/em ( di/ribution ) trans=m]s4 ,he also says t ,gaul>d's sy/em ( di/ribution _h n solv$ ?is problem1 & !re=e c\ld n be held to be practically useful4 ,we f9d ! same view repres5t$ 9 an article by ,h4 ,r\x1#i :]e he po9ts to ! enorm\s fluctuations :i* take place :5 ! resi/ance 9 ! second>y circuit is alt]$4 ,"s ( ! figures v\*+ = 8 op9ion we %all n[ reproduce4 ,!y 7 tak5 by ,m4 ,pietro ,uzel1 9 ,tur91 9 an obs]vational way4#aj ,! obs]vations are only quot$ s f> t ! ,watts ,i at ! second>y t]m9als are /ill increas+2 7 !y cont9u$ fur!r ! damn+ fact w\ld reveal itself t z ! p[] put 9 increas$1 ! p[] giv5 out w\ld approa* z]o4 ,tak+ acc\nt ( ^! fluctuations1 x is n possible to see h[1 z ,mr4 ,r\x says ) ju/ice1 a di/ribution ( curr5t by ?is sy/em c be made 9 an effici5t mann]4 ,mr4 ,gaul>d 9 8 reply1 virtually ass5ts to ?is article1 b adds1 t ^! v>iations c\ld be prev5t$1 if ! cores ( ! trans=m]s be %ift$ ei!r by h& or automatically4 ,bo? me?ods w\ld be exp5sive1 &1 besides1 ! automatic regulation w\ld be unreliable4 ,ext]nal ,resi/ance ,no4 ,prim>y ( ,second>y ,effici5cy4 ,circuit4 ,second>y ,circuit4 ,circuit4 ,i ,i ,w4 ,i ,i #a #bcdabac #bhchd #abd #aejabjb #ahjcj #fceb #b #cadabac #chjhh #bjj #bdjabjj #bhhjj #gefb #c #ecjabac #fdbhi #chj #dejaahc #ecbce #hbha #d #gjjabac #hdiaj #eej #fejaage #gfbde #hihj #e #icjabacaabhji #gec #hgjaaehajjgdf #hica #f #ajgjabacabigia #ijj #ajbjaacaaaecfb #hhhh #g #abfjabacaeahch #ajfj #aaijaaacacbdgg #hfff #h #adejabacagehhe #abfj #achjajieaeaaaj #hece #i #aeijabacaibhfg #adae #aefjajgfafghff #hgjc ,x 0 at once recognis$ by all ^? int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 t ?is sy/em made possible a subdivision1 b by no means a di/ribution ( curr5t4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r ) ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! trans=m]1 let u = a little :ile take up ! "q1 :at conditions are necess>y = a practical & rational sy/em ( curr5t di/ribution by means ( trans=m]s4 ,z we h already expla9$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is pap]1 ! me?od ( p>allel connection1 i4e41 a sy/em 9 :i* ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial is held con/ant1 is alone suitable4 ,deprz ma9ta9$ 9 8 "t t ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 ! t]m9als ( ! s\rce ( curr5t mu/ be kept con/ant4 ,%\ld ! di/ribution be made on ?is pr9ciple1 ! resi/ance ( ! network ( leads mu/ be v small1 9 ord] t ) full load only a v small loss ( electromotive =ce may take place 9 ! leads4 ,9 ! indirect sy/em ( curr5t di/ribution1 consequ5tly1 ! t5sion at ! second>y t]m9als ( ! trans=m]s mu/ also be ma9ta9$ con/ant4 ,! "q is n[ be=e u1 8,9 :at mann] mu/ ! prim>y electromotive =ce v>y to effect ?is80 ,consid] an iron core1 hav+ on two diff]5t p>ts r\nd x1 two r+s ( wire4 ,?is iron core may n[ be magnetis$ by br++ ne> to x 9 ! l9e ( its axis a p]man5t magnet4 ,on draw+ ! latt] quickly away1 an electromotive =ce w be mom5t>ily produc$ 9 bo? ! wire r+s1 & ! electromotive =ce w be proportional to ! numb] ( ! disappe>+ l9es ( =ce4 ,?is numb]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! disp]sion ( ! l9es ( =ce1 w be v diff]5t at diff]5t p>ts ( ! magnetis$ core4 ,! induc$ electromotive =ces 9 ! w9d+s ( ! wire w also be diff]5t4 ,! equality ( ^! electromotive =ces1 :i* is s important1 c only be atta9$ if all ! w9d+s are 9 relatively ! same position ) reg>d to ! magnetic field4 ,! circuits ( bo? coils be+ clos$1 ! "o hav+ a curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh x1 ! o!r ?r\gh a suitable resi/ance1 besides ! condition m5tion$ 9 ! la/ s5t5ce1 ano!r mu/ be fulfill$2 ?is is1 ! int]nal resi/ance mu/ be practically z]o1 i4e4 ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 ! t]m9als %all equal to all int5ts & purposes ! total electromotive =ce4 ,we h n[ to exam9e h[ f> ! already obs]v$ con/ructions ( trans=m]s fulfill$ ^! dem&s4 ,a trans=m] 9 :i* ! w9d+s lie relatively 9 ! same position to ! magnetic field c q well be bi-pol>4 ,all t is necess>y = ?is is t ! coils be w\nd on to ! core next to "o ano!r2 ?is is mo/ simply manag$ 9 a trans=m] hav+ a ratio ( #a3a4 ,?is law 0 fir/ det]m9$ by ,maxwell4 ,! app>atus ( ,/rumbo %[s su* a me?od ( w9d+ already c>ri$ out4 ,?us x may be se5 t ( bi-pol> trans=m]s1 ^? :i*1 ) reg>d to ! con/ancy ( ! second>y t5sion1 are mo/ suitable1 are q useless on acc\nt ( _! ratio be+ #a3a1 al?\gh !y are de/9$ = ! s]ies me?od ( connection4 ,! connection ( prop] trans=m]s 9 p>allel c only be made ) su* app>atus z1 not)/&+ _! ratio ( trans=mation1 possess w9d+s hav+ ! same relative position to ! magnetic field--?is is only ! case ) non-pol> trans=m]s4 ,besides ?is quality ( non-pol> trans=m]s1 _! magnetic resi/ance is s l[ t ! condition ( v l[ int]nal resi/ance is easily fulfill$4 ,! foll[+ conditions ( a self-regulat+ & economical sy/em ( curr5t di/ribution ) trans=m]s result1 !re=e1 f ! =ego+ explanations3-- #a4 ,! g5]ator ( curr5t mu/ give a great diff]5ce ( pot5tial z con/ant z possible at ! t]m9als ( ! trans=m]s1 & also indep5d5t ( ! numb] f$4 #b4 ,! trans=m]s mu/ conv]t ! curr5t ( high electromotive =ce into a curr5t ( su* electromotive =ce z may be desir$4 ,! trans=m]s mu/ h a clos$ magnetic circuit 7t is1 !y mu/ be poleless71 9 ord] t all ! prim>y & second>y turns %all possess1 relatively to ! magnetic field1 a l position1 also 9 ord] t ! resi/ances ( ! prim>y & second>y coils %all be s small t !y cause practically no loss ( electromotive =ce4 ,?r\gh ! fulfilm5t ( bo? ^! conditions1 x is r5d]$ possible to ma9ta9 ! second>y t5sion con/ant by ma9ta9+ ! prim>y t5sion con/ant1 indiff]5tly :e!r x is regulat$ automatically or by h&4 ,to suit ?is1 ! trans=m]s mu/ also be arrang$ into di/ributive /ations ( ! second ord]1 & d]iv$ 9 p>allel f ! ma9 leads4 ,sid5ote3 ,zip]n[sky1 ,dri1 ,bl?y1 #ahhe4 ,9 ,may1 #ahhe1 a sy/em ( curr5t di/ribution meet+ all ! j-m5tion$ requirem5ts 0 publicly br\ght out1 giv+ an illu/ration ( a truly self-regulat+ sy/em ( curr5t di/ribution4 ,?is 0 ! sy/em ( ,zip]n[sky1 ,dri1 & ,bl?y4 ,! fir/ two pat5ts conc]n+ ?is sy/em date f #ah? ,febru>y1 #ahhe1 & are entitl$1 8,improvem5ts 9 ! means = ! regulation ( alt]nat+ electric curr5ts10 ,no4 #cd1fdi1 by ,c>l ,zip]n[sky & ,max ,dri1 ( ,budape/2 8,improvem5ts 9 ! di/ribution ( alt]nat+ curr5ts10 ,no4 #cc1iea1 by ,max ,dri1 ( ,vi5na4 ,! ?ird pat5t is dat$ #f? ,m>*1 #ahhe1 & is entitl$1 8,improvem5ts 9 induction app>atus = ! purpose ( trans=m+ electric curr5ts10 ,no4 #dj1dad1 by ,c>l ,zip]n[sky1 ,max ,dri1 & ,otto ,titus ,bl?y1 ( ,budape/4 ,! sy/em describ$ 9 ^! ?ree pat5ts 0 imm$iately aft]w>ds br\ght =w>d 9 ! ?ree exhibitions ( ,budape/1 ,antw]p1 & ,london 7,inv5tions ,exhibition71 ar\s+ 9 te*nical circles a g5]al & well-e>n$ att5tion4 ,9 ! pat5t docum5ts z well z 9 ! e>lie/#aa articles 9 ! j\rnals conc]n+ ! sy/em1 two special =ms ( trans=m]s are describ$1 viz4 t consi/+ ( an iron core ) ! wire outside1 &1 secondly1 t consi/+ ( copp] coils surr\nd$ by iron wire4 ,! trans=m]s %[n 9 ,figs4 #bd to #bh belong to ! la/ ( ^! classes1 t 9 ,fig4 #bc to ! fir/4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ^u :i* all ^! trans=m]s are con/ruct$ is t ! subdivisions ( ! iron core run p]p5dicul>ly to ! copp] wires4 ,trans=m]s su* z are %[n 9 ,fig4 #be hav+ a r+-%ap$ iron core w\nd ) copp] wire at fir/ employ$1 lat] ! inv5tors us$ 9 pref]5ce ! =m repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,9 all ^! =ms ! pr9ciple is g5]ally adh]$ to1 t ! magnetic resi/ance & ! excit+ p[] possess = ea* "p ( ! l5g? ( ! magnetic circuit ! same value1 & ?us ! =mation ( poles ) ! result+ disp]sion ( ! l9es ( =ce is avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,?is sy/em procur$ = itself univ]sal recognition1 b especially 9 ! ,budape/ ,exhibition4 ,!re sev]al exhibits )9 a radius ( #a1cjj metres 7 lit f a common c5tral /ation4 ,! sev]al circuits 7 q indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 & lamps c\ld be ext+ui%$ or lit 9 any "o ( !m )\t any:]e produc+ a *ange 9 ! int5sity ( ! light1 :i* c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,x 01 !re=e1 9 ! ye> #ahhe t ! problem ( curr5t di/ribution by means ( trans=m]s 0 solv$ 9 a truly practical mann]4 ,! ideas :i* l$ ! inv5tors to ?is ?or\ghly successful solution 7 !n s unkn[n to practical & !oretical electricians1 t x 0 long ere !y 7 und]/ood & appreciat$4 ,ev5 9 ,febru>y1 #ahhf1 su* an electrician z ,pr(4 ,=bes ma9ta9$ 9 8 ,cantor ,lectures t ! p>allel connection ( trans=m]s 0 q impracticable4 ,he believ$1 namely1 t a connection su* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi 0 useless1 because ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial at ! g5]ator dim9i%$ f ! ma*9e outw>ds1 b t a connection su* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj mu/ be us$4 ,accord+ to him1 9 a direct sy/em ( di/ribution ea* lamp %\ld h a sep>ate lead1 & hav+ reg>d to ! great numb] ( leads :i* w\ld ?us be necess>y1 he conclud$ t ! s]ies me?od ( connection 0 ! "r "o4 ,"o w\ld suppose t ,pr(4 ,=bes 0 n aw>e ( ! weighty disadvantages ( ?is me?od4 ,h[ev]1 t 0 n ! case4 ,he propos$1 t ) s]ies connection ! /r5g? ( curr5t %\ld be kept con/ant1 & t ea* trans=m] %\ld h an especial regulat+ app>atus--! rais+ or l[]+ ( ! core2 :i*1 by ! way1 is an arrangem5t impracticable 9 a well design$ trans=m]4 ,su* a regulat+ app>atus has lately be5 made automatic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 8,?is is10 says ,pr(4 ,=bes1 8! la/ triumph1 :i* aft] a s]ies ( tr\blesome exp]im5ts has br\ght u ye> aft] ye> ne>] to ! solution ( ! difficulties40 8,i am n 9 a position to expla9 "h ! modus op]&i10 he says fur!r1 8b ,i h se5 ! app>atus work+ v satisfactorily40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,?is app>atus has up till n[ n become kn[n4 ,! ass]tion t ! tr\blesome exp]im5ts _h br\ght u ye> aft] ye> ne>] to ! solution ( ! difficulties1 is q inappropriate4 ,j ! opposite is ! case2 !y h tak5 u ye> aft] ye> fur!r away f ! solution1 until at la/ all 0 ?r[n ov]bo>d & a new comm5cem5t made4 ,pr(s4 ,rhlmann#ab & ,esson#ac also gave v5t to _! op9ions aga9/ ! connection ( trans=m]s 9 p>allel4 ,9 a l mann] ,messrs4 ,gaul>d & ,gibbs = "s "t aft] ! ,zip]n[sky-,dri sy/em 0 kn[n plead$ = _! own me?od ( connection1 until at la/ !y 7 oblig$1 on acc\nt ( ! unpleasant exp]i5ces at ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y 9 ,london1 to adopt ! sy/em ( p>allel connection1 :i* !y !n at once employ$ at ,t\rs4 ,!re 71 up till v lately1 /ill _m electricians :o did n p]ceive ! advantages ( p>allel connection1 j = ! simple reason t !y 7 ignorant ( ! prop]ties ( ! non-pol> trans=m]1 suit+ ! p>allel sy/em ( connection = a rational sy/em ( di/ribution4 ,especially ! "o prop]ty ( trans=m]s rema9$ unkn[n to ! lit]ature devot$ to ! subject up to ! ye> #ahhe1 namely1 t 9 trans=m]s prop]ly con/ruct$ ! relation betwe5 ! prim>y electromotive =ce & t ( ! second>y1 rema9s unalt]$ not)/&+ any v>iations 9 ! curr5t tak5 out2 also t if ! prim>y electromotive =ce be kept con/ant ! second>y w\ld likewise rema9 con/ant1 provid$ ! trans=m] be connect$ 9 p>allel4 ,x _h tak5 #cj ye>s1 until at la/ ! way 0 f\nd lead+ to ! desir$ result4 ,we h already sup]abundantly expla9$ t ?is direction 0 ess5tially diff]5t f t tak5 by all electricians until aft] ,gaul>d's "t2 t n only ! me?ods ( connection1 disposition1 & regulation ( ! sy/em1 b also ! con/ruction ( ! trans=m]s !mselves _h to be q dep>t$ f1 & app>atus con/ruct$ :i* obey$ totally o!r laws to ^? ( ! e>li] =ms4 ,if inde$ e>li] inv5tors propos$ = o!r purposes magnetically-clos$ induction coils1 ! fame due to ! bir? ( prop] non-pol> trans=m]s1 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! prim>y & second>y turns h a l position relatively to ! magnetic-field1 fir/ inv5t$1 c>ri$ out1 & comb9$ into a self-regulat+ sy/em ( curr5t di/ribution1 belongs und\bt$ly to ,messrs4 ,zip]n[sky1 ,dri1 & ,bl?y4 ,x w\ld h be5 ?\ght t aft] ! direct di/ribution ( curr5t to gl[-lamps _h tak5 up a det]m9$ position1 x w\ld n h be5 difficult to discov] a self-regulat+ sy/em ( di/ribution ) trans=m]s4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact %[s ?is 0 n ! case1 = aft] ! ,edison light+ sy/em 0 long kn[n1 we f9d su* electricians z ,haitzema ,enuma1 ,gaul>d1 & ,k5n$y1 exp]im5t+ ) ! s]ies sy/em ( connection2 inde$ ! la/ ( ^! ev5 det]s 8 colleagues f ! attempt to run trans=m]s 9 p>allel1 because he op5ly held ! op9ion t ?is me?od ( connection 0 impracticable4 ,we h "h ! developm5t ( curr5t di/ribution by means ( trans=m]s1 z x complet$ itself 9 ,europe4 ,! ,am]ican electricians h[ev]1 made ! matt] some:at easi]4 ,!y quietly wait$ until ! inv5tion gave useful results 9 ,europe1 & !n simply import$ x4 ,! field to-day belongs to ! p>allel me?od ( connection1 & aft] ! in/allation 9 ! alkali works at ,as*]sleb5 0 de/roy$ by flood+1 !re only rema9s a s+le in/allation ) s]ies connection1 z f> z we "k2 ?is is t :i* 0 fitt$ up 9 ,tivoli ne> ,rome 9 ! ye> #ahhf4 ,?is in/allation h[ev]1 s]ves only to fe$ an inv>iable numb] ( /reet-lamps1 & c !re=e h no claim to ! designation ( an in/allation = ! di/ribution ( electric curr5ts by means ( trans=m]s4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see also #8,sci5tific ,am]ican1' #e? ,april1 #ahgi1 p4 #bab4 #b ,av]n>ius1 ,c5tralblatt fr ,elektrote*nik1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cbc4 #c ,at t "t a cu/om>y & v *>act]i/ic expression4 #d ,comptes ,r5dues1 #ahha1 p4 #hgb4 #e ,! #8,electrical ,eng9e]1' #ag? ,feb41 #ahhh4 #f ,la #8,lumire lectrique1' vol4 xvii4 p4 #ade--adh1 #ahhe4 #g ,la #8,lumire lectrique1' vol4 x4 p4 #dif1 #ahhc4 #h ,la #8,lumire lectrique1' vol4 xiv4 p4 #de4 #i #8,electrici51' #g? ,m>*1 #ahhe4 #aj #8,natura1' #be? ,janu>y1 #ahhe1 p4 #fj4 #aa ,elektricittsv]teilung aus ,c5tral/ation51 ,sy/em ,zip]n[sky-,dri1 ,c5tralbl4 f4 ,elektrote*nik ,bd4 ,,vii4 ,s4 #dbb4 #ab #8,electrical ,review1' vol4 xvii4 p4 #aeg4 #ac #8,elektrote*nis*e ,zeits*rift1' ,septemb]1 #ahhe4