,an ,appeal to ! ,p 9 ,behalf ( ,_! ,rights z ,au?oriz$ ,int]pret]s ( ,! ,bible by ,ca?>9e ,e4 ,bee*] ,au?or ( 8,common ,s5se ,appli$ to ,religion10 8,dome/ic ,economy10 8,dome/ic ,receipt,book10 8,lett]s to ! ,p on ,heal? & ,happ9ess10 8,physiology & ,cali/h5ics10 ,etc41 ,etc4 ,new ,york ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 ,publi%]s #ahfj ,,cont5ts ,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,augu/9e ,!ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,evil4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,que/ions ,connect$ ) ! ,augu/9ian ,!ory4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,difficulties ,involv$ 9 ! ,augu/9ian ,!ory4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,augu/9ian ,!ory 9 ,cre$s4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,modes ( ,meet+ ,difficulties by ,!ologians4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,!ologians ,!mselves ,conc$e ! ,augu/9ian ,dogmas ,indef5sible4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,augu/9ian ,!ory ,contr>y to ! ,moral ,s5se ( ,mank9d4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,common ,s5se ,def9$4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,common ,s5se ,appli$ to ,ga9 ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,p's ,m5tal ,philosophy4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,nature ( ,m9d1 or ,its ,p[]s & ,faculties4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,nature ( ,m9d4--,regulation ( ! ,?\ghts4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,nature ( ,m9d4--,! ,moral ,s5se1 or ,moral ,susceptibilities4 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,! ,nature ( ,m9d4--,! ,w4 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,con/itutional ,v>ieties ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,nature ( ,m9d4--,habit4 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,! ,nature ( ,m9d ,our ,guide to ! ,natural ,attributes ( ,god4 ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,! ,nature ( ,m9d ,our ,guide to ! ,moral ,attributes ( ,god4 ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,additional ,pro( ( ! ,moral ,attributes ( ,god4 ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,nature ( ,m9d z ,p]fect 9 ,con/ruction4 ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,"r & ,wrong--,true ,virtue4 ,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,laws & ,p5alties--,s9 & ,hol9ess4 ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,love to ,god ,& ,love to ,man4 ,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,increas$ ,civilization ,increases ,moral ,difficulties4 ,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,humility & ,meekness4 ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,! ,/&>d ( ,"r & ,wrong ,decid$ by ,! ,risks ( ,et]nity4 ,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,! ,de/9y ( ,man 9 ! ,future ,life4 ,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,:at ,mu/ ,we ,d ,to ,be ,sav$8 ,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,h[ ,f> ,reason & ,exp]i5ce are ,suffici5t ,)\t ,revelation4 ,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,augu/9ian ,cre$s & ,!ologians ,tea* ! ,common,s5se ,sy/em4 ,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,augu/9ian ,cre$s & ,!ologians ,contradict ! ,common ,s5se ,sy/em1 & ,?us1 ,also1 ,contradict ,!mselves4 ,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,! ,augu/9ian ,!ory ,n ,9 ,! ,bible4 ,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,a ,reliable ,revelation ,f ,! ,creator ,impossible ,if ,x ,conta9s ,! ,augu/9ian ,!ory4 ,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,t5d5cies ( ! ,two ,oppos+ ,sy/ems4 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,t5d5cies ( ! ,two ,sy/ems ,z ,!y ,respect ! ,cultivation ( ! ,moral & ,intellectual ,p[]s4 ,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,t5d5cies ( ! ,two ,sy/ems 9 ,respect to ,individual ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce4 ,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,t5d5cies ( ! ,two ,sy/ems 9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,"* ( ,god4 ,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,t5d5cies ( ! ,two ,sy/ems z to ,*ur* ,organizations4 ,*apt] ,,xl4 ,t5d5cies ( ! ,two ,sy/ems 9 ,reg>d to ,humility1 ,meekness & a ,tea*able ,_s4 ,*apt] ,,xli4 ,t5d5cies ( ! ,two ,sy/ems 9 ,reg>d to ,dogmatism1 ,p]secution & ,ecclesia/ical ,tyranny4 ,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,t5d5cies ( ! ,two ,sy/ems z ,%[n 9 ,controv]sy & ,sects4 ,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,practical ,t5d5cies ( ! ,two ,sy/ems4 ,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,t5d5cies ( ! ,two ,sy/ems 9 ! ,tra9+ ( ,*ildr54 ,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,! ,p ,reject+ ! ,augu/9ian ,sy/em4--,position ( ,!ologians4 ,*apt] ,,xlvi4 ,pres5t ,position ( ! ,*ur*4 ,*apt] ,,xlvii4 ,/ate ( ! ,pa/ors ( ,*ur*es4 ,*apt] ,,xlviii4 ,! ,position ( ,popul> ,education4 ,*apt] ,,xlix4 ,! ,position ( ,woman z ,*ief ,educator ( ,m9d4 ,*apt] ,l4 ,pres5t ,position ( ,"y ,am]ica4 ,*apt] ,,li4 ,pres5t ,position ( ! ,religi\s ,press4 ,*apt] ,,lii4 ,! ,pres5t ,position ( ! ,secul> ,press4 ,*apt] ,,liii4 ,:at ,! ,p ,w ,d8 ,note4 ,notes4 ,footnotes ,cov] ,art ,,to ,! ,editors ( ! ,secul> ,press1 ,,! ,,true ,,tribunes ,,( ,,! ,,p1 ,,call$ ,,( ,,god ,,9 ,,behalf ,,( ,,! ,,commonweal? ,,to ,,def5d ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,consci5ce1 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,spee*1 ,,& ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,all ,,to ,,int]pret ,,! ,,bible ,,= ,,!mselves1 ,,unre/ra9$ ,,by ,,any ,,ecclesia/ical ,,p[]1 ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,!re is an obvi\s crisis approa*+1 9 ! religi\s _w1 on que/ions ( ! highe/ mom5t4 ,9 pa/ "t su* p]iods ( *ange h be5 prec$$ by a sl[ & sil5t prep>ation1 9 :i* multitudes h be5 l$ into ! same c\rse ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,!n1 z ! crisis approa*$1 "s effici5t lead] lift$ ! la/ /one :i* su/a9$ ! protect+ dyke1 & rode on ! summit ( ! 9ru%+ tide to notoriety & influ5ce4 ,?us x 0 9 ! day ( ,lu!r1 9 ! day ( ,wesley1 & at o!r p]iods ( religi\s movem5t4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re are indications ( a great imp5d+ *ange1 :i* has be5 prec$$ by a long c\rse ( unobs]v$ prep>ation4 ,b x is believ$ t1 9 ?is case1 x is n to be exhibit$1 l =m] ones1 by lead]s =m+ new sects & p>ties1 amid m or less ( conflict & commotion1 b by ! ag5cy ( ! p1 & by a heal?ful1 quiet process1 :i*1 l leav51 %all gradually assimilate surr\nd+ p>ticles till ! :ole be leav5$4 ,! matt] involv$ is ! great "q ( que/ions1 to ea* individual = himself1 & to e p>5t & educator = _! *ildr53 8,:at mu/ we ,,d to be sav$80 ,x is ! object ( ?is volume to %[ t ! answ] to ?is great "q has1 = ages1 be5 involv$ 9 my/]y & difficulty by means ( a philosophical !ory to acc\nt = ! 8orig9 ( evil10 :i*1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 0 =c$ on ! p by popes & ecclesia/ical c\ncils1 & :i* has be5 su/a9$ by p]secution ev] s9ce--t ?is !ory is ! basis ( a sy/em ( religi\s doctr9e incorporat$ into cre$s & *ur*es1 :i* is s contr>y to ! moral s5se ( humanity1 t !ologians h fail$ to r5d] x consi/5t & satisfactory1 ev5 to !mselves--t ! p are end[$ ) pr9ciples ( common s5se by :i* !y c educe f ! works ( ,god a sy/em ( natural religion f> sup]ior1 :i* sy/em is briefly set =?1 & also ! t5d5cies ( ! two oppos+ sy/ems--t bo? sy/ems are s incorporat$ into *ur* cre$s1 & into !ological tea*+s1 t !y are a comp\nd ( contradictions1 & all ! great religi\s controv]sies h be5 ef=ts to evisc]ate ! false sy/em f ! true1 :ile ?r\gh ! long conflict1 x is !ologians :o h prov$ ! noble confessors & m>tyrs = tru?--t x is impossible to e/abli% ! claims ( ! ,bible1 or ( any o!r writ+s1 z revelations f ! ,creator1 :5 ! ,augu/9ian !ory is made a "p ( _! tea*+s2 s t ! real "q = ! p1 is 8,bible or no ,bible0--t ! lead+ !ological tea*]s ( ! *ief sects 9 ?is c\ntry h virtually conc$$ t ?is !ory is su/a9$ nei!r by common s5se nor ! ,bible2 &1 f9ally1 t ! p are ab\t to ca/ (f ?is dogma1 :i* = ages has d>k5$ ! way to et]nal life1 & by apply+ ! pr9ciples ( common s5se to ! ,bible1 ?us e/abli% its agreem5t ) ! sy/em ( natural religion h]e9 set =?4 ,9 conclusion1 ! indications ( ! pr$ict$ *ange are set =? z !y are manife/$ 9 ! pres5t position ( !ologians--( ! p>o*ial cl]gy--( ! *ur*--( educational int]e/s--( wom5--( 8,"y ,am]ica0--& ( ! religi\s & secul> press4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,augu/9e ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,evil4 ,! !ory 9 "q 0 introduc$ into ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 z an article ( fai?1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 *iefly by ! influ5ce ( ,augu/9e1 an ,african bi%op4 ,to und]/& h[ x 0 br\ght ab\t1 x is ne$ful to be> 9 m9d ! di/9ction betwe5 facts & ! philosophical !ories t expla9 ! h[ & ! :y ( ^! facts4 ,*ri/ & 8 ,apo/les taught ! fact t all m5 are s9n]s1 & ! way to escape f s9 & its p5alties4 ,z1 at fir/1 ,*ri/ianity prevail$ *iefly among ! un$ucat$1 x 0 n till "s ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] ,*ri/1 t ! philosophy ( ^! facts agitat$ ! *ur*es4 ,augu/9e 0 a man ( p[]ful m9d & great le>n+1 & ) o!r philosoph]s1 speculat$ z to 8! orig9 ( evil10 or ! ,,:y & ! ,,h[ all m5 came to be s9n]s4 ,by ! aid ( a few mis9t]pret$ passages 9 ! ,bible1 ! foll[+ !ory 0 introduc$ & ma9ly by ,augu/9e4 ,! ,augu/9ian ,!ory4 ,! ,creator has prov$ 8 p[] to make m9ds ) su* 8a holy nature0 t !y w h no prop5sity to s91 by creat+ ! m9ds ( angels & ( ,adam on ?is patt]n4 ,adam hav+ ?is holy nature1 ) no prop5sity to s91 did s91 &1 z a p5alty1 or 9 consequ5ce1 all 8 po/]ity comm5ce exi/5ce )\t ?is holy nature1 & ) su* a deprav$ nature t e moral act is s9 & only s9 until ,god reg5]ates ea* m9d4 ,?is favor is be/[$ only on a c]ta9 8elect0 numb]1 ^: salvation 0 pur*as$ by ! suff]+s & dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! re/ ( ! race1 aft] dea?1 are to cont9ue an exi/5ce ( hopeless torm5t 9 hell4 ,?is deprav$ nature is ! 8orig9 ( evil20 t is to say1 x is ! cause ( all ! s9 & consequ5t mis]y ( our race 9 "t & ?r\gh et]nity4 ,x is :at is meant by ! t]ms 8total depravity10 & 8orig9al s90 z us$ by !ologians4 ,at fir/ ! pope & ! *ur* c\ncils refus$ ?is !ory1 b ev5tually1 ! ,augu/9ian p>ty triumph$2 ,pelagius & 8 foll[]s 7 p]secut$ & driv5 out ( ! *ur*1 & ?us ?is dogma 0 e/abli%$ z a lead+ feature 9 all ! cre$s & confessions ( bo? ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant *ur*es4 ,s ?or\ghly has x be5 adopt$ t1 s9ce ! "t ( ,pelagius1 !re has be5 little discussion among ! great ,*ri/ian sects on ! !ory itself4 ,^! disputes h *iefly relat$ to c]ta9 que/ions connect$ ) ?is dogma1 :i* w next be notic$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,que/ions ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,augu/9ian ,,!ory4 ,9 discuss+ ! topics ( ?is *apt] x is ne$ful to ref] to c]ta9 religi\s sects & p>ties ( ?is c\ntry 9 _! relations to ! subject4 ,! fir/ class may be d5om9at$ ! old s*ool ,calv9i/s1 embrac+ ! ,old ,s*ool ,presbyt]ian *ur*es1 ! ,re=m$ ,dut* & mo/ ( ! ,bapti/ d5om9ations4 ,_! views are ably pres5t$ by ! !ologians ( ,pr9ceton & _! qu>t]ly1 & by ! ,bapti/ !ologians ( ! ,newton ,!ological ,sem9>y & ! ,bapti/ p]iodicals4 ,! second class may be call$ ! new s*ool ,calv9i/s1 embrac+ ,congregational & ,new ,s*ool ,presbyt]ian *ur*es4 ,^! are ably repres5t$ 9 ,new ,engl& by ! ,&ov] & ,new ,hav5 ,!ological ,sem9>ies & _! respective qu>t]lies2 & out ( ,new ,engl&1 by ! ,!ological ,sem9>ies ( ,union & ,lane1 & _! qu>t]ly at ,philadelphia4 ,! ?ird class are ! ,arm9ian sects1 includ+ ! ,me?odi/s & ,episcopalians1 ^: views are ably pres5t$ 9 _! qu>t]lies & o!r p]iodicals 9 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia4 ,9 :at does ! deprav$ nature transmitt$ f ,adam consi/8 ,9 seek+ a def9ite & cle> answ] to ! "q1 :at is ! deprav$ nature transmitt$ f ,adam1 we f9d s mu* vagu5ess & mi/9ess1 t x w be ne$ful to /ate fir/ :at x is n1 & !n x w be m easy to approximate to ! affirmative reply4 ,we f9d1 !n1 t !ologians tea* t ?is deprav$ nature does n consi/ 9 any ( ^? con/itutional p[]s & faculties ( m9d1 ( :i* ,god is ! au?or4 ,= !y ma9ta9 t all t ,god has made is p]fect & "r1 & t he is n ! creator ( t :i* is ! cause or orig9 ( s91 inasmu* z ?is w\ld make him 8! au?or ( s910 :i* !y expressly d5y4 ,?is deprav$ nature1 !n1 is some?+ :i* ,god did n create4 ,?is is :at is affirm$ :5 !ologians say t !y d n tea* a 8physical depravity0 :i* dem&s 8physical reg5]ation0 on ! "p ( ,god4 ,!n on ! positive side1 we f9d t ?is deprav$ nature is some?+ t m9d c be creat$ )\t1 = ,god made ! angels & ,adam )\t x4 ,x is some?+ :i* does n prev5t s9ful action1 = ,adam s9n$ be=e x exi/$4 ,x is some?+ :i* ,god c at any "t rem$y1 at lea/ to "s ext5t1 by reg5]ation4 ,x is some?+ :i* makes e moral act ( e human be+ s9 & only s9 until reg5]ation takes place4 ,x is some?+ :i* man creat$ himself1 ei!r 9 ,adam1 or by ,adam1 or be=e ,adam4 ,x is some?+ :i* man nev] c or nev] w rectify1 s t he is entirely dep5d5t on ,god = ! rem$y4 ,x is some?+ :i* mo/ !ologians describe z 8a bias10 or 8a t5d5cy10 or 8a prop5sity10 or 8an incl9ation10 or 8a proclivity0 to s91 :ile its opposite is call$ a holy nature :i* 0 creat$ by ,god1 & :i* consi/s 9 a bias1 t5d5cy1 prop5sity1 incl9ation or proclivity to hol9ess4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ,god creat$ ! holy nature ( angels & our fir/ p>5ts1 & man caus$ ! deprav$ nature ( all ( ,adam's po/]ity4 ,"s !ologians attempt to def9e x z an unbalanc$ /ate ( ! faculties1 :ile hol9ess consi/s 9 ! p]fect balance ( ! faculties4 ,?is balanc$ /ate ( ! faculties conf]r$ at 8 creation on ,adam has be5 )held f all 8 desc5dants by a con/itution =m$ by ,god 9 consequ5ce ( ,adam's s94 ,"s !ologians def9e ?is depravity z l a habit4 ,o!rs hold t x is a /ate ( ! w1 sometimes call$ a disposition or rul+ purpose4 ,"s !ologians tea* t ! pres5ce ( ,god's ,_s1 9 ! s\l ( man is indisp5sable to its "r action1 & t 8 deprav$ nature is ! result ( ! 8deprivation0 ( ,god's ,_s1 :i* 0 be/[$ on ,adam1 & is )held f 8 desc5dants on acc\nt ( 8 fir/ s94 ,accord+ to ?is view1 a holy m9d is "o :i* enjoys ! pres5ce ( ,god's ,_s1 & a deprav$ m9d is "o t is depriv$ ( x4 ,ability & ,inability4 ,! next "q connect$ ) ! ,augu/9e !ory is 9 reg>d to man's p[] or ability to obey ,god4 ,! old s*ool ,calv9i/s hold t man has no p[] ( any k9d to obey any ( ,god's laws acceptably until 8 deprav$ nature is reg5]at$ by ,god1 & also t he has no p[] to d any ?+ t has any t5d5cy to secure reg5]ation4 ,e act & feel+ is s9 & only s9 f bir? to reg5]ation4 ,! new s*ool ,calv9i/s hold t man has full p[] to obey all t ,god requires1 b t ow+ to 8 deprav$ nature1 he nev] w p]=m a morally "r act 9 a s+le in/ance1 until reg5]at$1 nor w he d any ?+ t has any promise1 or enc\ragem5t f ! ,^w ( ,god1 z t5d+ to secure reg5]ation4 ,he is z entirely dep5d5t on ,god z if he _h no p[] ( any k9d4 ,& z ! inability1 :e!r natural or moral1 is all ow+ to ! deprav$ nature consequ5t on ,adam's s91 ! fact t man has p[] to d :at he nev] w d1 only adds to ! mis]y ( ! condition ?us entail$4 ,! ,arm9ian sects agree 9 ! fact t ! s9 ( ,adam entail$ su* a deprav$ nature to all ! race1 z m or less incapacitates = "r moral action until reg5]ation takes place4 ,! ,episcopal ,arm9ians hold to ! ,ca?olic view t baptism 9 "p rem$ies ! effects ( ,adam's s91 s t by ! use ( ! means af=d$ by a m9i/ry regul>ly transmitt$ f ! ,apo/les1 ! unreg5]ate c ga9 et]nal life4 ,! ,me?odi/ ,arm9ians hold t depravity consi/s 9 ! 8deprivation0 ( ,god's ,_s :i* 0 giv5 to ,adam1 & t ! dea? ( ,*ri/ has s avail$1 t man n[ has "s measure ( ?is ,_s re/or$ be=e reg5]ation1 s t all m5 h p[]1 by ! use ( c]ta9 appo9t$ means ( grace1 to ga9 reg5]ation4 ,! ma9 po9t :]e ! ,calv9i/s & ,arm9ians diff] is1 t ! ,arm9ians tea* t man has an appo9t$ mode = ga9+ reg5]ation1 & ! ,calv9i/s tea* t he has n4 ,:at is ,reg5]ation8 ,! next "q is1 9 :at does t great *ange consi/ :i* is call$ reg5]ation1 & :i* is indisp5sable to salvation f et]nal woe8 ,! old s*ool ,calv9i/s say x is a new nature creat$ by ,god :i* naturally acts "r1 9 place ( a deprav$ nature :i* naturally acts wrong & only wrong4 ,) ?is new nature man has p[] to obey ,god acceptably1 & )\t x he has no p[] ( any k9d4 ,! new s*ool ,calv9i/s say t reg5]ation is a *ange ( ! deprav$ nature ( man by ,god1 att5d$ by a *oice or rul+ purpose to obey ,god 9 all ?+s made by man himself4 ,!y tea* also t man c & ought to make ?is *oice )\t any help f ,god 9 *ang+ 8 deprav$ nature1 & yet1 ow+ to ?is evil nature1 he nev] w d s till ,god *anges x4 ,meantime ,god po9ts out no c]ta9 way ( obta9+ ?is indisp5sable aid f him47#a7 ,! ,arm9ians tea* t reg5]ation consi/s ei!r 9 ! implant+ ( a new nature by baptism1 & ! use ( o!r means ( grace1 or 9 ! re/oration ( ,god's ,_s :i* 0 )drawn f man on acc\nt ( ,adam's s91 & 9 "s degree re/or$ by ,*ri/'s dea?4 ,:at mu/ we d to be sav$8 ,! next "q = a race ?us m\rnfully ru9$ is1 8,:at mu/ we d to be sav$80 ,9 reply1 ! old s*ool ,calv9i/ says1 y c d no?+ at all4 ,:oev] is sav$ w be reg5]at$ by ,god1 )\t ref]5ce to any unreg5]ate do+s4 ,x is all decid$ n by man 9 any way1 b by ! 8decrees0 & 8election0 ( ,god4 ,! new s*ool ,calv9i/ says1 ,y c d all t ,god requires1 s z to be p]fect 9 e ?\ght1 ^w & de$1 f ! beg9n+ ( moral action to ! close ( life1 b y c]ta9ly nev] w feel or d a s+le ?+ t is "r & acceptable until reg5]at$2 nor w y ev] d any ?+ to :i* any promise is (f]$ by ,god z t :i* w secure 8 int]f]5ce to reg5]ate4 ,x is all decid$1 n by man1 b by ! 8decrees0 & 8election0 ( ,god4 ,! ,arm9ians say y c obta9 reg5]ation & et]nal life1 by ! use ( ! means ( grace set =? 9 ! ,bible & by 8! ,*ur*40 ,true virtue1 or "r moral action4 ,! next "q is1 :at is true virtue1 or "r moral action8 ,by moral action is meant ! act ( m9d 9 *oos+1 9 di/9ction f intellectual & o!r acts ( m9d4 ,! ,calv9i/s1 bo? old & new s*ool1 tea* t true virtue1 or "r moral action 9 man1 is *oos+ to obey ,god's laws aft] reg5]ation takes place4 ,previ\s to reg5]ation1 e *oice is s9 & has no moral goodness or rectitude4 ,?us tru?1 hone/y1 ju/ice1 selfd5ial = ! good ( o!rs1 ob$i5ce to p>5ts1 are all s9 9 an unreg5]ate m9d1 & true virtue 9 ! reg5]ate m9d4 ,! ,ant9omian ,calv9i/ goes s f> z to claim t e *oice ( a reg5]ate m9d is "r & holy1 j z e *oice ( ! unreg5]ate is s94 ,?us ! practice ( ! mo/ hide\s vices & crimes becomes virtue 9 ! reg5]ate4 ,b all o!r ,calv9i/s ma9ta9 t aft] reg5]ation we c & d s91 ?\gh previ\s to ?is *ange no truly virtu\s act is ev] p]=m$4 ,! ,arm9ians hold t true virtue consi/s 9 obey+ ,god's laws1 )\t ref]5ce to ! "q ( reg5]ation4 ,!y d n hold1 z d all ,calv9i/s1 t all ! do+s ( ! unreg5]ate are s9ful1 & ?us h no promise or enc\ragem5t 9 ! ,bible z hav+ an influ5ce to secure reg5]ation4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,difficulties ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,! ,,augu/9ian ,,!ory4 ,! difficulties involv$ 9 ! ,augu/9ian !ory ( 8! orig9 ( evil10 result f ^! facts4 ,our only idea ( a b5evol5t be+ is t :]ev] he has ! p[] to produce ei!r happ9ess or mis]y1 he pref]s to make happ9ess4 ,our only idea ( a malevol5t be+ is t :]ev] he has ?is p[] he pref]s to make mis]y4 ,consequ5tly1 ! affirmation t all ! s9 & mis]y ( man is ! result ( a deprav$ nature :i* ! ,creator has p[] bo? to prev5t & to remove1 conveys no o!r idea ?an t ,god pref]s to make mis]y :5 he has p[] to make happ9ess1 & ?us is a malevol5t be+4 ,if ,god w\ld make all m9ds p]fectly holy1 z !ologians claim he has p[] to d1 all s9 w\ld cease4 ,he *ooses n to d s1 b r to p]petuate ! deprav$ nature transmitt$ f ,adam1 :i* is 8! orig9 ( all evil40 ,n[ all classes ( !ologians :o hold to ! depravity ( man's nature consequ5t on ,adam's s91 agree t ?is is ! cause or orig9 ( all s9 & its consequ5t suff]+4 ,!y all agree1 also1 t ,god has prov$ 8 p[] to make a p]fectly holy nature 9 ! case ( angels & ( ,adam1 & t 9 consequ5ce ( ! fir/ s9 ( ,adam1 e human m9d beg9s to exi/ ) a deprav$ nature1 accord+ to a con/itution ( ?+s in/itut$ by ,god4 ,!y all agree t ,god c reg5]ate e human m9d1 & t ?is boon is )held1 n = want ( p[]1 b = want ( w on ! "p ( ,god4 ,! difficulty t !y h to meet is ?is--,h[ c ! ,creator1 hav+ done ?us1 be reg>d$ z any o!r ?an a malevol5t be+1 ! malignant & hateful 8au?or ( s910 & all its consequ5t suff]+s8 ,! foll[+ exhibits ! sev]al modes ( attempt+ to meet ?is "q4 ,! ,ca?olic ,me?od4 ,! fir/ mode ( meet+ ?is difficulty is call$ t ( my/]y & sov]eignty4 ,x is simply say+ t !re is no explanation to be giv54 ,x is a my/]y t ,god z a sov]eign does n *oose to expla91 & x mu/ be submitt$ to 9 uncompla9+ sil5ce4 ,?is is ! ,ca?olic mode :i* has be5 p]petuat$ by _m ,prote/ants4 ,x is ! same me?od z is adopt$ 9 def5d+ ! ,ca?olic doctr9e ( transub/antiation4 ,all :o d n resort to ! ,ca?olic mode ( my/]y & sov]eignty1 endeavor to relieve ! ,creator f ! *>ge ( be+ ! au?or ( s9 by ma9ta9+ t man made 8 own deprav$ nature4 ,?is !y set =? 9 ! foll[+ ways3 ,mode ( ,augu/9e & ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 ,augu/9e1 ! fa!r ( ?is dreadful sy/em1 ma9ta9$ t all m5 _h a common nature 9 ,adam1 :i* 0 ru9$ by 8 act1 aft] ,god _h made ?is common nature p]fect4 ,t is to say1 e human s\l exi/$ z a "p ( ,adam1 & ?us 8 act 0 ! act ( ea* & ( all4 ,?is act vitiat$ ! common nature ( all1 & ?us ,adam & ea* ( 8 po/]ity caus$ ! depravity ( _! common nature4 ,& ?us1 ?\gh ,god _h ! p[] to create ea* m9d z p]fect z he creat$ ,adam's1 /ill he is n ! au?or ( s94 ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 ! great ,new ,engl& !ologian1 taught t all ! m9ds ( our race s exi/$ 9 ,adam1 & 7 s "o ) 8 m9d1 t :5 he *ose to eat ! =bidd5 fruit1 all 8 desc5dants *ose to d s too1 & ?us ea* man ru9$ 8 own nature1 & ,god is n ! au?or ( ! evil4 ,! ,pr9ceton ,mode4 ,! !ologians ( ,pr9ceton set =? ! foll[+ z ! mode 9 :i* man caus$ 8 own deprav$ nature3 ,god creat$ ,adam ) a p]fectly holy nature4 ,adam s9n$ & ru9$ 8 own nature4 ,god _h previ\sly 8made a cov5ant ) ,adam1 n only = himself1 b = all 8 po/]ity1 or 9 o!r words1 ,adam hav+ be5 plac$ on trial1 n only = himself1 b also = 8 race1 8 act 0 9 virtue ( ?is relation reg>d$ 7by ,god7 z our act4 ,god )drew f u z he did f him2 9 consequ5ce ( ?is )drawal1 we beg9 to exi/ 9 moral d>kness1 de/itute ( a disposition to delight 9 ,god & prone to delight 9 ourselves & 9 ! _w4 ,! s9 ( ,adam !re=e ru9$ u2 & ! int]v5tion ( ! ,son ( ,god = our salvation is an act ( pure1 sov]eign1 & wond]ful grace40 ,! above is extract$ f a /&>d writ] ( ! ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,sem9>y1 & expresses ! views ( ! ,old ,s*ool ,presbyt]ian *ur* 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is simply say+ t man made 8 own deprav$ nature1 inasmu* z ,god reg>d$ ,adam's act z our act :5 x 0 n1 be+ p]=m$ be=e we exi/$1 & t he puni%$ u by )draw+ f u1 z he did f ,adam1 & ?us our nature becomes ru9$ & totally deprav$4 ,! ,con/itutional ,transmission ,mode4 ,! next way 9 :i* man is made to be ! au?or ( 8 own nature is call$ ! con/itutional transmission mode4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,god made ,adam ) a p]fectly holy m9d1 & !n ,adam s9n$ & ru9$ 8 own nature4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is act1 ,god e/abli%$ su* a con/itution ( ?+s t ,adam transmitt$ 8 deprav$ nature to all 8 po/]ity1 j z bodily diseases are transmitt$ f p>5ts to *ildr54 ,9 ?is way man is said to be ! au?or ( 8 own deprav$ nature1 mean+1 by man1 ,adam4 ,9 ?is case x is conc$$ t ,god _h p[] to make su* a con/itution ( ?+s z t all human m9ds w\ld beg9 exi/5ce1 z ,adam did1 ) p]fectly holy m9ds1 & t in/ead ( ?is1 he *ose t su* a deprav$ nature %\ld be transmitt$ to all z w\ld insure univ]sal s94 ,& yet x is claim$ t by ?is mode1 man1 & n ,god1 is %[n to be 8! au?or ( s940 ,?is is ! mode adopt$ by mo/ ( ! ,&ov] & ,new ,hav5 !ologians4 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,bee*]1 9 8 "w 8,! ,conflict ( ,ages10 advocates ! idea t man ru9$ 8 own nature 9 a prexi/5t /ate be=e ,adam4 ,b ! evid5ce ( ?is has n yet be5 pres5t$4 ,?us all :o d n take ! ,ca?olic mode ( my/]y & sov]eignty ma9ta9 t man made 8 own depravity ( nature1 ei!r 9 or by or be=e ,adam4 ,condition ( infants4 ,! mo/ difficult po9t ( all1 is ! probable condition ( infants aft] dea?4 ,on ! ,augu/9ian !ory !y all h be5 ru9$ 9 nature by ,adam's s91 & :5 !y die1 g ) ?is deprav$ nature to _! f9al /ate4 ,augu/9e acquir$ ! "n ( 8durus pat]0 7cruel fa!r7 because he 0 consi/5t ) 8 !ory & taught t ^! little ones1 if unbaptiz$1 7 doom$ to endless torm5ts4 ,b z humanity & common s5se h ga9$ gr\nd ?is hide\s t5et has pass$ away1 & few are n[ f\nd :o d n sacrifice consi/5cy to humanity1 & all[ t 9 spite ( _! total depravity1 all infants g directly to heav5 & are =ev] bless$4 ,=m]ly "s w\ld conf9e ?is favor to ! 8elect infants10 o!rs to ! infants ( 8elect p>5ts10 b few are f\nd at ?is day :o v5ture to tea* t ,god s5ds ev5 "o newborn be+ to et]nal mis]y = ,adam's s94 ,! difficulties n remov$ b r increas$ by ^! me?ods4 ,b ! difficulties involv$ 9 ! ,augu/9e !ory d n lie 9 ! mode by :i* x came to pass t all m5 beg9 exi/5ce ) deprav$ natures1 b 9 ! fact1 t ,god1 hav+ p[] to create all m9ds z p]fect z ,adam's1 & also ! p[] to reg5]ate all1 has *os5 n to d s1 & ?us has pref]r$ ! consequ5t s9 & mis]y to ! happ9ess result+ f mak+ p]fect m9ds4 ,?is gr& difficulty /&s entirely unreliev$ by ! above me?ods4 ,nay m1 !y all s]ve b to increase a s5se ( ! folly & enormity ( ! awful result1 & to pres5t our ,mak] z ! cruel cause ( all our mis]ies1 & ! fulle/ & mo/ awful realization ( our idea ( a p]fectly malevol5t be+47#b7 ,illu/ration ( ! ,augu/9ian ,!ory4 ,! foll[+ illu/rates ! case1 ?\gh b v imp]fectly1 inasmu* z any f9ite temporal evils are z no?+ comp>$ to ! et]nal torm5ts to :i* are assign$ all ( our race1 ^: ru9$ nature is n reg5]at$ be=e dea?4 ,a fa!r places a poison 9 ! way ( 8 wife1 =bids h] to ta/e x1 b kn[s %e w d s & t ! consequ5ce w be t all 8 *ildr5 w be born bl9d4 ,!n he places ! *ildr5 ?us depriv$ ( sight1 9 a dreadful morass fill$ ) savage bea/s & awful pitfalls1 ) a n>r[ & difficult pa? ( escape1 :i* x is c]ta9 no "o w ev] f9d )\t sight4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t a l>ge "p ( 8 *ildr5 s9k into ! pitfalls & p]i%4 ,!n he ju/ifies himself 9 ^! ways4 ,to "s he says1 ,i h a "r to treat my *ildr5 z ,i please1 & ,i all[ no "o to "q me on ! matt]4 ,all t ,i d is "r & b5evol5t1 & y mu/ n inquire h[ or :y4 ,to all ! re/ he says1 ,i am n ! au?or ( ?is evil1 x is ! "m ( ! *ildr5 :o took ! poison :5 ,i =bade h] to d s4 ,%e ei!r made h]self bl9d by tak+ ! poison1 & !n transmitt$ ! evil to h] *ildr5 z a h]$it>y boon1 or %e _h 8a common nature0 ) h] *ildr5 & ru9$ all toge!r1 or !y all 8s9n$ 9 h]0 & became bl9d be=e !y 7 born4 ,& s ,i am n 8! au?or ( s90 9 ?is matt]4 ,to intellig5t p]sons n educat$ 9 ! belief ( ! above !ory ( ,augu/9e1 & ( ^! modes ( expla9+ ! difficulties connect$ ) x1 ?is acc\nt ( ! matt] w seem s incr$ible & mon/r\s t !y w dem& evid5ce t ! prec$+ /atem5ts are true4 ,9 ! next *apt]s ?is evid5ce w be pres5t$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,augu/9ian ,,!ory ,,9 ,,cre$s4 ,! prec$+ *apt]s h pres5t$ ! ,augu/9ian !ory ( 8! orig9 ( evil10 & c]ta9 que/ions connect$ ) x :i* h be5 debat$ by !ologians2 also ! difficulties involv$ 9 ! !ory1 & ! modes ( meet+ ^! difficulties4 ,! next aim w be to v]ify ^! /atem5ts by extracts f ! cre$s & !ologians ( ! great ,*ri/ian sects4 ,cre$ ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,ca?olic organization prec$$ t ( ! ,prote/ant sects4 ,x is also well kn[n t ?is *ur* ma9ta9s t ! decisions ( h] pope & c\ncils are infallible4 ,! foll[+ extracts1 !n1 f ! decisions ( ! celebrat$ ,c\ncils ( ,tr5t at ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation1 exhibit ! !ory ( ,augu/9e incorporat$ z a "p ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic cre$3 ,extract f a decree ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 8,infants d]ive f ,adam t orig9al guilt :i* mu/ be expiat$ 9 ! lav] ( reg5]ation 9 ord] to obta9 et]nal life4 ,adam lo/ ! purity & righte\sness :i* he receiv$ f ,god1 n = himself only b also = u40 ,! cate*ism ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t says3 8,! pa/or1 !re=e1 w n omit to rem9d ! fai?ful t ! guilt & puni%m5t ( orig9al s9 7 n conf9$ to ,adam1 b ju/ly desc5d$ f him1 _! s\rce & cause1 to all po/]ity4 ,h5ce a s5t5ce ( condemnation 0 pron\nc$ aga9/ ! human race imm$iately aft] ! fall ( ,adam40 ,john ,calv94 ,! celebrat$ ,john ,calv91 "o ( ! greate/ ,prote/ant !ologians at ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation1 wrote a complete sy/em bas$ on ! ,augu/9ian !ory4 ,?is sy/em has be5 p]petuat$ 9 all ! v>i\s sects :i* f him are nam$ ,calv9i/ic4 ,! foll[+ extract gives 8 views on ?is subject3 ,john ,calv94 8,x is a h]$it>y depravity & corruption ( our nature1 diffus$ ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! s\l1 :i*1 9 ! fir/ place1 exposes u to ! wra? ( ,god1 & !n produces 9 u ^? works :i* ! ,scripture calls ! works ( ! fle%40 ,( infants1 he says3 8,!y br+ _! condemnation ) !m f _! "m's womb1 be+ liable to puni%m5t1 n = ! s9 ( ano!r1 b = _! own4 ,= al?\gh !y h n z yet produc$ ! fruits ( _! iniquity1 yet !y h ! se$ inclos$ 9 !mselves2 nay1 _! :ole nature is1 z x 71 a se$ ( s92 !re=e !y c n b be odi\s & abom9able to ,god4 ,:5ce x foll[s t x is prop]ly consid]$ s9 be=e ,god1 because !re c\ld n be liability to puni%m5t )\t s940 8,! corruption ( nature prec$es & gives rise to all s9ful acts1 & is 9 itself des]v+ ( puni%m5t40 ,we/m9/] ,assembly4 ,! ,we/m9/] ,assembly repres5t$ ! ,calv9i/ic sects ( ,great ,brita9 ne> ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! confession ( fai? & cate*isms prep>$ by !m h ev] s9ce be5 receiv$ z a true /atem5t ( ! sy/em ( religi\s doctr9e1 z held by ! ,presbyt]ian1 ,congregational1 & ,calv9i/ic ,bapti/ d5om9ations 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica4 ,! foll[+ pres5ts ! ,augu/9ian !ory1 z conta9$ 9 _! cre$3 8,a corrupt$ nature 0 convey$ f our fir/ p>5ts to all _! po/]ity4 ,f ?is orig9al corruption1 :]eby we are utt]ly indispos$1 disabl$1 & made opposite to all good1 & :olly incl9$ to all evil1 d proce$ all actual transgressions4 ,e s91 bo? orig9al & actual1 be+ a transgression ( ! righte\s law ( ,god1 & contr>y !reunto1 do? 9 its own nature br+ guilt ^u ! s9n]1 :]eby he is b\nd ov] to ! wra? ( ,god & curse ( ! law1 & s made subject to dea?1 ) all mis]ies1 spiritual1 temporal & et]nal40 ,! ,episcopalians4 ,! foll[+ f ! ,?irtyn9e ,articles ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& pres5ts ! same doctr9e1 z held by ! ,episcopalians ( ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica3 8,orig9al s9 is ! fault & corruption ( ! nature ( e man1 t naturally is eng5d]$ 9 ! (fspr+ ( ,adam2 :]eby man is v f> gone f orig9al righte\sness1 & is ( 8 own nature incl9$ to evil--& ?is infection ( nature do? rema9 9 ! reg5]at$40 8,! condition ( man aft] ! fall ( ,adam is su*1 t he c n turn & prep>e himself 7by 8 own natural /r5g? & good works7 to fai? & call+ ^u ,god4 ,:]e=e we h no p[] to d good works pleasant & acceptable to ,god1 )\t ! grace ( ,god by ,*ri/ prev5t+ u2 t we may h a good w1 & work+ ) u :5 we h t good w40 ,! ,me?odi/s4 ,9 ! ,me?odi/ ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,july1 #aheg1 ! editor1 9 speak+ ( ! works ( ,arm9ius1 says1 p4 #cde1 8,our d5om9ation1 ^: cre$ agrees s completely ) ! tea*+s ( ?is le>n$1 accompli%$ & holy man1 is b\nd to ma9ta9 ! fre%ness ( 8 preci\s memory40 ,arm9ius4 ,9 ! same article are ! foll[+ extracts f ! works ( ,arm9ius1 :i*1 on s good au?ority1 may be receiv$ z ! views ( ! ,me?odi/ *ur*es on ?is topic3 8,! w ( man1 ) respect to true good1 is n only w\nd$1 bruis$1 crook$ & att5uat$1 b is likewise captivat$1 de/roy$ & lo/1 & has no p[]s :atev]1 except su* z are excit$ by grace4 8,adam1 by s9n+1 corrupt$ himself & all 8 po/]ity1 & s made !m obnoxi\s to ,god's wra?40 8,infants h reject$ ! grace ( ! gospel 9 _! p>5ts & =efa!rs1 by :i* act !y h des]v$ to be des]t$ by ,god4 ,= ,i w\ld l to h pro( adduc$ h[ all po/]ity c\ld s9 9 ,adam aga9/ law1 & yet infants1 to :om ! gospel is (f]$ 9 _! p>5ts & reject$1 h n s9n$ aga9/ ! grace ( ! gospel40 8,= !re is a p]man5t pr9ciple 9 ! cov5ant ( ,god1 t *ildr5 %\ld be compreh5d$ & adjudg$ 9 _! p>5ts40 ,watson1 ! lead+ ,arm9ian !ologian1 says t 9 ! doctr9e ( ! corruption ( our common nature & man's natural incapacity to d good1 ! ,arm9ians & ,calv9i/s s well agree1 8t x is an entire delusion to repres5t ?is doctr9e1 z is (t5 done1 z exclusively ,calv9i/ic40 ,v>i\s ,prote/ant doctr9es4 ,! foll[+ extracts f ! cre$s ( v>i\s ,european bodies ( ,prote/ant ,*ri/ians %[ ! same doctr9e4 ,! ,synod ( ,dort 0 a great c\ncil ( ,prote/ant div9es at ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation4 ,x conta9$ repres5tatives f mo/ ( ! l>ge bodies ( ,prote/ants 9 ,europe4 ,! foll[+ gives _! views on ?is subject3 ,synod ( ,dort4 8,!re=e all m5 are conceiv$ 9 s9 & born ! *ildr5 ( wra?1 disqualifi$ = all sav+ good1 prop5se to evil1 dead 9 s9s1 ! slaves ( s92 & )\t ! grace ( ! reg5]at+ ,holy ,_s1 !y nei!r are will+ nor able to return to ,god1 to correct _! deprav$ nature1 or to dispose !mselves to ! correction ( x40 ,confession ( ,helvetia4 8,we take s9 to be t natural corruption ( man d]iv$ or spread f ^? our p>5ts unto u all2 ?r\gh :i* we1 be+ n only dr[n$ 9 evil concupisc5ces & clean turn$ away f ,god1 b prone to all evil1 full ( all wick$ness1 di/ru/1 contempt & hatr$ ( ,god1 c d no good ( ourselves--no1 n s mu* z ?9k ( any40 ,confession ( ,belgia4 8,we believe t1 ?r\gh ! disob$i5ce ( ,adam1 ! s9 t is call$ orig9al ha? be5 spread & p\r$ into all mank9d4 ,n[ orig9al s9 is a corruption ( ! :ole nature1 & an h]$it>y evil :]e) ev5 ! v infants 9 _! "m's womb are pollut$3 ! :i* also1 z a mo/ noisome root1 do? bran* out mo/ abundantly all k9ds ( s9 9 m51 & is s fil?y & abom9able 9 ! sight ( ,god1 t x alone is suffici5t to ! condemnation ( all mank9d40 ,confession ( ,bohemia4 8,orig9al s9 is naturally eng5d]$ 9 u & h]$it>y1 :]e9 we are all conceiv$ & born into ?is _w4444 ,let ! =ce ( ?is h]$it>y de/ruction be ackn[l$g$ & judg$ ( by ! guilt & fault involv$1 by our pron5ess & decl9ation to evil1 by our evil nature1 & by ! puni%m5t :i* is laid ^u x4 8,actual s9s are ! fruits ( orig9al s91 & d bur/ out )91 )\t1 privily & op5ly1 by ! p[]s ( man2 t is1 by all t ev] man is able to d1 & by 8 memb]s1 transgress+ all ^? ?+s :i* ,god comm&e? & =bidde?1 & also runn+ into bl9dness & errors wor?y to be puni%$ ) all k9ds ( damnation40 ,fr5* ,confession 7,prote/ant74 8,man's nature is become altoge!r defil$1 & be+ bl9d 9 _s & corrupt 9 he>t1 ha? utt]ly lo/ all 8 orig9al integrity4 ,we believe t all ! (fspr+ ( ,adam are infect$ ) ?is contagion1 :i* we call orig9al s91 t is a /a9 spread+ itself by propagation4 ,we believe t ?is /a9 is inde$ s91 because t x make? e man 7n s mu* z ^? little ones except$ :i* z yet lie hid 9 _! "m's womb7 des]v+ ( et]nal dea? be=e ,god4 ,we also affirm t ?is /a91 ev5 aft] baptism1 is 9 nature s940 ,moravian ,confession4 8,?is innate disease & orig9al s9 is truly s91 & condemns "u ,god's et]nal wra? all ^? :o are n born aga9 ?r\gh wat] & ! ,holy ,gho/40 ,! prec$+ is suffici5t to e/abli% ! unanim\s agreem5t ( ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant cre$s & confessions 9 ma9ta9+ ! ,augu/9ian !ory ( ! deprav$ nature ( all mank9d consequ5t on ! s9 ( ,adam1 z x has be5 set =? 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,modes ,,( ,,meet+ ,,difficulties ,,by ,,!ologians4 ,hav+ pres5t$ ! ,augu/9ian !ory1 z x is set =? 9 bo? ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant cre$s1 ! next object w be to v]ify ! /atem5ts ( ! prec$+ *apt]s z to ! modes ( meet+ difficulties adopt$ by !ologians4 ,! fir/ extract w %[ t ,augu/9e taught t all m5 _h a common nature 9 ,adam1 s t 8 *oos+ to eat ! =bidd5 fruit 0 ! act ( ea* & all human m9ds :i* 7 exi/+ 9 or ) him at t "t4 ,& ?us t x 0 man & n ,god t caus$ our depravity ( nature4 ,! extract introduc$ to v]ify ! above 0 writt5 to ,/4 ,j]ome1 :o taught t all m9ds comm5c$ _! fir/ exi/5ce at or ne> ! bir? ( ea*4 ,?is ,augu/9e d5i$1 & ! passage %[s n only t he taught a common nature :i* 0 ru9$ 9 ,adam1 b also t all unbaptiz$ infants g to endless puni%m5t = ! s9 ?us committ$ 9 ,adam ages be=e !y 7 born4 ,augu/9e's ,mode4 8,h[ c s _m ?\s&s ( s\ls :i* leave ! bodies ( unbaptiz$ infants be ) any equity condemn$1 if !y 7 newly creat$ & introduc$ into ^! bodies = no previ\s s9s ( _! own1 b by ! m]e w ( him :o creat$ !m to animate ^! bodies1 & =eknew t ea* ( !m1 = no fault ( 8 own1 w\ld die unbaptiz$8 ,s9ce1 !n1 we c n say t ,god ei!r makes s\ls s9ful by compulsion1 or puni%es !m :5 innoc5t1 & yet are oblig$ to confess t ! s\ls ( ! little ones are condemn$ if !y die unbaptiz$1 ,i besee* y tell me h[ c ?is op9ion be def5d$1 by :i* x is believ$ t s\ls are n all d]iv$ f t "o fir/ man1 b are newly creat$ = ea* p>ticul> body80 ,?us ,augu/9e suppos$ t he escap$ ! *>ge ( mak+ ,god ! au?or ( s9 by tea*+ t ,god creat$ all ! s\ls ( ! race 9 ,adam1 s t ,adam's s9 ru9$ ! nature ( himself & 8 po/]ity all at "o /roke1 :ile x made x "r & j to s5d all unbaptiz$ infants to et]nal mis]y4 ,! next extract is introduc$ to v]ify ! /atem5t made z to ! ,pr9ceton mode ( mak+ man ! au?or ( 8 own deprav$ nature4 ,?is mode is ! "o adopt$ by mo/ !ologians ( ! ,old ,s*ool ,presbyt]ian *ur*4 ,x is ?us set =? by ,dr4 ,hodge1 ( ,pr9ceton1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ,romans3 ,pr9ceton ,mode4 8,! great fact 9 ! apo/le's m9d 01 t ,god reg>ds & treats all m51 f ! fir/ mom5t ( _! exi/5ce1 z out ( fell[%ip ) himself1 z hav+ =feit$ 8 favor4 ,in/ead ( ent]+ into communion ) !m ! mom5t !y beg9 to exi/ 7z he did ) ,adam71 & =m+ !m by 8 ,_s 9 8 own moral image1 he reg>ds !m z out ( 8 favor1 & )holds ! influ5ces ( ! ,_s4 ,:y is ?is8 ,:y does ,god ?us deal ) ! human race8 ,"h is a =m ( dea? :i* ! violation ( ! law ( ,moses1 ! transgression ( ! law ( nature1 ! exi/5ce ( innate depravity1 sep>ately or comb9$1 are insuffici5t to acc\nt =4 ,its infliction is antec$5t to !m all2 & yet x is ( all evils ! ess5ce & ! sum4 ,m5 beg9 to exi/ out ( communion ) ,god4 ,?is is ! fact :i* no sophi/ry c get out ( ! ,bible or ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,paul tells u :y x is4 ,x is because we fell 9 ,adam2 x is = ! (f5se ( "o man t all ?us die4 ,! cov5ant be+ =m$ ) ,adam1 n only = himself b also = 8 po/]ity--9 o!r words1 ,adam hav+ be+ plac$ on trial1 n = himself only1 b also = 8 race1 8 act 01 9 virtue ( ?is relation1 ,,reg>d$ ,,z ,,our ,,act4 8,god )drew f u z he did f him2 9 consequ5ce ( ?is )drawal1 we beg9 to exi/ 9 moral d>kness1 de/itute ( a disposition to delight 9 ,god1 & prone to delight 9 ourselves & ! _w4 ,! s9 ( ,adam1 !re=e1 ru9$ u2 0 ! gr\nd ( ! )draw+ ( ! div9e favor f ! :ole race4 ,b su* evil 0 inflict$ be=e ! giv+ ( ! ,mosaic law2 x comes on m5 be=e ! transgression ( ! law ( nature1 or ev5 ! exi/5ce ( inh]5t depravity4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be = ! (f5se ( "o man t judgm5t has come ^u all m5 to condemnation40 ,con/itutional ,transmission ,mode4 ,dr4 ,dwight's sy/em ( !ology is reg>d$ z ! faire/ exhibition ( ! !ological op9ions ( ! majority ( ! ,new ,engl& ,congregational cl]gy4 ,:ile ! ,ca?olic mode1 z taught by ,dr4 ,woods s _m ye>s at ,&ov]1 is probably adopt$ by _m1 ! views ( ,dr4 ,dwight1 & 8 successor1 ,dr4 ,taylor1 on ! po9t "u consid]ation1 are taught n[ bo? at ! ,&ov] & ,new ,hav5 sem9>ies1 & probably are adopt$ by ! great majority ( ! cl]gy 9 ! ,congregational & ,new ,s*ool ,presbyt]ian d5om9ations4 ,^! !ologians ma9ta9 t man is ! au?or ( 8 own deprav$ nature 9 ?is way4 ,adam s9n$ & ru9$ 8 own nature1 & !n1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is s91 ,god in/itut$ su* a con/itution ( ?+s1 t ?is ru9$ nature has be5 transmitt$ to all 8 po/]ity1 aft] ! same mann] z bodily diseases are transmitt$ f p>5t to *ild4 ,?is con/itution also 0 e/abli%$ :5 ,god _h ! p[] to be/[ on ea* human m9d ! same 8holy nature0 :i* he gave to ,adam4 ,! foll[+ f ,dr4 ,dwight su/a9s ?is /atem5t3 8,! corruption ( mank9d exi/s 9 consequ5ce ( ! apo/acy ( ,adam4 ,by means ( ! (f5se or transgression ( ,adam1 ! judgm5t or s5t5ce ( ,god came ^u all m5 unto condemnation1 because1 & solely because all m5 9 t /ate ( ?+s :i* 0 con/itut$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! transgression ( ,adam1 became s9n]s40 ,t is to say1 ,god hav+ ! p[] to make all m5 ) m9ds z p]fect z ,adam's be=e 8 fall1 on acc\nt ( ,adam's s9 con/itut$ a /ate ( ?+s t w\ld insure ! univ]sal s9fulness ( ! :ole race4 ,dr4 ,taylor1 ! successor ( ,dr4 ,dwight z head ( ! ,new ,hav5 s*ool ( div9es1 tea*es ?us3 8,m5 are entirely deprav$ by nature4 ,i d n mean t _! nature is 9 itself s9ful1 nor t _! nature is ! physical or effici5t cause ( _! s9n+2 b ,i mean t _! nature is ! occasion or reason ( _! s9n+--t su* is _! nature1 t 9 all ! appropriate circum/ances ( _! be+ !y w s9 & only s940 ,he fur!r /ates3 8,t s9 is by nature ow+ to prop5sities to inf]ior good1 ) a diff]5ce betwe5 ,adam's m9d & ours 7?\gh we c n ass]t t 9 :i* ?is diff]5ce may consi/72 t our prop5sities are ! same 9 k9d1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 degree1 f ^? ( ,adam2 t p]haps ?is di/9ction may consi/ 9 m5tal diff]5ces--or 9 sup]ior t5d5cies1 comp>$ ) ,adam's1 to natural good1 & less t5d5cy to ! highe/ good40 ,?us1 on acc\nt ( ! fir/ s9 ( ! fir/ pair1 ,god con/itut$ su* a /ate ( ?+s1 t in/ead ( p]fect m9ds1 su* z ,god gave to ! angels & to ,adam1 all m5 receive su* 8a nature0 z insures 8s9 & only s910 until reg5]ation takes place4 ,! next extracts w v]ify ! /atem5ts made z to ! mode adopt$ by ,ca?olic !ologians4 ,ca?olic ,mode4 ,! ,ca?olic mode is t ( my/]y & sov]eignty1 & is bas$ on ! assumption t ! m9d ( man1 be+ utt]ly deprav$1 has no capacity to judge ( :at is "r & wrong4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! mo/ abom9able & horrible crimes are to be consid]$ virtues if ,god %\ld commit !m1 or %\ld tea* u t !y are s4 ,among ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! ,ca?olic !ologians is ! le>n$ ,abel>d1 :o tea*es ?us3 8,w\ld x n be deem$ ! summit ( inju/ice among m51 if any "o %\ld ca/ an innoc5t son1 = ! s9 ( a fa!r1 into ^? flames1 ev5 if !y endur$ b a %ort "t8 ,h[ mu* m s if et]nal8 ,truly ,i confess ?is w\ld be unju/ 9 m51 because !y are =bidd5 to av5ge ev5 _! own real injuries4 ,b x is n s 9 ,god1 :o says1 #8,v5geance is m9e1 ,i w repay2' & aga91 9 ano!r place1 #8,i w kill & ,i w make alive4' ,n[ ,god commits no inju/ice t[>ds 8 creature 9 :atev] way he treats him--:e!r he assigns him to puni%m5t or to life4444 ,9 :atev] way ,god may wi% to treat 8 creature1 he c be accus$ ( no inju/ice2 nor c any ?+ be call$ evil 9 any way if x is done accord+ to 8 w4 ,nor c we 9 any o!r way di/+ui% good f evil1 except by notic+ :at is agreeable to 8 w40 ,ano!r celebrat$ ,ca?olic !ologian1 8! good ,pascal10 ?us disp>ages our natural s5se ( ju/ice z 8wret*$10 & ( no acc\nt be=e ?is awful doctr9e4 8,:at c be m contr>y to ! rules ( our wret*$ ju/ice ?an to damn et]nally an infant incapable ( volition1 = an (f5se 9 :i* he seems to h _h no %>e1 & :i* 0 committ$ six ?\s& ye>s be=e he 0 born8 ,c]ta9ly no?+ /rikes u m rudely ?an ?is doctr9e2 & yet )\t ?is my/]y1 ! mo/ incompreh5sible ( all1 we are incompreh5sible to ourselves40 ,?us x is se5 t ,pascal conc$es x z a tru? t infants are to be et]nally damn$ = (f5ses 9 :i* !y 8seem to h no %>e10 & t our s5se ( ju/ice1 :i* revolts f x1 is 8wret*$40 ,! ,&ov] ,!ological ,sem9>y 0 ! fir/ "o e/abli%$ 9 ,new ,engl& = educat+ m9i/]s1 & = ne>ly half a c5tury ,dr4 ,woods fill$ ! lead+ !ological *air4 ,! foll[+ is introduc$1 f ! ,,conflict ,,( ,,ages1 to v]ify ! /atem5t t ! ,ca?olic mode ( my/]y & sov]eignty 0 ! me?od adopt$ by him 9 tra9+ ! cl]gy ( ,new ,engl& on ?is subject4 8,he ,dr4 ,woods expressly tea*es t !re is 9 ! nature ( man1 ant]ior to k or *oice1 a pron5ess or prop5sity to s91 :i* is 9 its own nature s9ful1 #8! ess5ce ( moral evil1 ! sum ( all t is vile & hateful4' ,he also tea*es t ,god inflicts ?is #8trem5d\s calamity' on all m5 = ! s9 ( "o man4 #8,?is1' he says1 #8has be5 ! belief ( ! *ur* 9 all ages4' 8,he !n asks1 #8,b h[ is ?is proce$+ j to ,adam's po/]ity8 ,:at h !y done1 be=e !y commit s91 to m]it pa9 & dea?8 ,:at h !y done to m]it ! evil ( exi/+ )\t orig9al righte\sness1 & ) a nature prone to s98 ,"h1' he says1 #8our wisdom fails4 ,we apply 9 va9 to human reason or human consci\sness = an answ]4' ,nay m2 he ev5 admits t su* conduct is #8contr>y to ! dictates ( our fallible m9ds4' ,yet he /ill insi/s t we ought n to judge at all 9 ! case1 b to believe t x is "r because ,god has done x4 #8,god has n made u judges4 ,! case lies :olly out ( our prov9ce4 ,x is a doctr9e :i* is n to be br\ght = trial to ! b> ( human reason4 ,m]e natural reason1 m]e philosophy or metaphysical sagacity transc5ds its j b\nds1 & commits a he9\s sacrilege1 :5 x attacks ?is prim>y article ( our fai?1 & labors to di/ort x1 to und]m9e x1 or to expose its tru? or its importance to di/ru/4' 0 ,! prec$+ s]ves to e/abli% ! correctness ( ! writ]'s /atem5ts z to ! modes ( meet+ difficulties adopt$ by !ologians4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all see t none ( ^! me?ods prove satisfactory ev5 to !ologians !mselves4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,!ologians ,,!mselves ,,conc$e ,,! ,,augu/9ian ,,dogmas ,,indef5sible4 ,al?\gh ea* !ologian claims t ! mode ( meet+ difficulties adopt$ by 8 s*ool is satisfactory1 yet z ea* ma9ta9s t all o!r modes are unavail+1 x comes to pass t a majority ( !ologians decl>e ea* attempt to make ! ,augu/9ian dogma consi/5t ) ! moral s5se ( humanity an utt] failure4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! ,ca?olic mode is n to attempt to def5d ! dogma4 ,x is 8decre$0 by 8! *ur*10 :i* is ! only infallible int]pret] ( ,god's ,^w1 to be 9 ! ,bible1 & x is to be receiv$1 l ! doctr9e ( transub/antiation1 z an inscrutable my/]y4 ,?is is ! mode also adopt$ by ,dr4 ,woods & _m o!r ,prote/ants4 ,! foll[+ f ! ,pr9ceton !ologians pres5ts _! prote/ aga9/ ?is ,ca?olic me?od4 ,!y p]ceive t if !y all[ x 9 ?is case1 !y h no excuse = d5y+ ! validity ( ! ,ca?olic def5se ( transub/antiation4 ,& s !y proce$ to claim t imput+ to *ildr5 s9s t !y nev] committ$1 & ?us involv+ !m 9 endless mis]y1 is ! true mode1 :ile ! ,ca?olic "o is va94 ,! ,pr9ceton ,mode aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,mode4 ,! ,pr9ceton ,review]s1 9 oppos+ ! ,ca?olic mode1 z def5d$ by ,dr4 ,woods1 say3 8,h[ is x to be reconcil$ ) ! div9e "* t ! fate ( unborn millions %\ld dep5d on an act ov] :i* !y _h n ! slighte/ control1 & 9 :i* !y _h no ag5cy8 ,?is difficulty presses ! oppon5ts ( ! doctr9e 7( imputation7 m heavily ?an its advocates4 ,god mu/ produce su* results ei!r on ! gr\nd ( ju/ice or ( sov]eignty4 ,! def5d]s ( imputation take ! gr\nd ( ju/ice--_! oppon5ts t ( sov]eignty4 8,is x m cong5ial ) ! unsophi/icat$ moral feel+s ( m5 t ,god1 out ( 8 m]e sov]eignty1 %\ld det]m9e t because "o man s9n$ all m5 %\ld s91 t because "o man =feit$ 8 favor all m5 %\ld incur 8 curse1 or because "o man s9n$ all %\ld be born ) a contam9at$ moral nature1 ?an t1 9 virtue ( a mo/ b5evol5t con/itution by :i* "o 0 made ! repres5tative ( ! race1 ! puni%m5t ( ! "o %\ld come ^u all80 ,t is to say1 !y affirm int]rogatively t imput+ s9s to innoc5t be+s t !y nev] committ$1 z ! gr\nd ( p5al inflictions1 is a bett] def5se ( ,god f ! *>ge ( be+ ! au?or ( s9 & ( cruel inju/ice ?an ! ,ca?olic mode ( sov]eignty & my/]y4 ,at ! same "t !y disc>d ! con/itutional transmission mode ( ,&ov] & ,new ,hav54 ,! foll[+ f ,presid5t ,edw>ds ! y\ng]1 gives ! argum5t ( a con/itutional transmission div9e aga9/ ! imputation mode4 ,! ,transmission ,mode aga9/ ! ,imputation ,mode4 8,! common doctr9e has be51 t ,adam's po/]ity1 unless sav$ by ,*ri/1 are damn$ on acc\nt ( ,adam's s91 & t ?is is j1 because 8 s9 is imput$ or transf]r$ to !m4 ,by imputation 8 s9 becomes _! s94 8,:5 ! ju/ice ( su* a transf] is dem&$1 x is said t ! con/itution :i* ,god has e/abli%$ makes ! transf] j4 8,to ?is x may be repli$1 t ! same way x may be prov$ j to damn a man )\t any s9 at all1 ei!r p]sonal or imput$4 ,we ne$ only to resolve x into a sov]eign con/itution ( ,god40 ,! ,&ov] & ,new ,hav5 !ologians reg>d bo? ! ,ca?olic & ! ,pr9ceton modes z utt]ly unsatisfactory1 & (f] in/ead ! mode ( con/itutional transmission z reliev+ ! difficulties4 ,b ,dr4 ,woods ?us argues ! case aga9/ !m1 & appeals p[]fully to 8intellig5t & c&id m530 ,dr4 ,woods 9 behalf ( ! ,ca?olic ,mode aga9/ ! ,con/itutional ,transmission ,mode4 8,& is !re n j z mu* reason to urge ?is objection aga9/ ! !ory j nam$8 ,its advocates hold t ,god br+s ! :ole human race into exi/5ce )\t hol9ess1 & ) su* prop5sities & 9 su* circum/ances z w c]ta9ly lead !m into s92 & t he br+s !m into ?is fe>ful condition 9 consequ5ce ( ! s9 ( _! fir/ fa!r1 )\t any fault ( _! own4 ,n[1 z f> z ! div9e ju/ice or goodness is conc]n$1 :at great diff]5ce is !re betwe5 our be+ deprav$ at fir/1 & be+ 9 su* circum/ances z w c]ta9ly lead to depravity ! mom5t moral action beg9s8 ,w n ! latt] z infallibly br+ ab\t our de/ruction z ! =m]8 ,& h[ is x m compatible ) ! ju/ice or ! goodness ( ,god to put u into "o ( ^! conditions ?an into ! o!r1 :5 !y are bo? equally fatal8 ,x is said t our natural appetites & prop5sities & our outw>d circum/ances d n lead u into s9 by any absolute or physical necessity2 b !y d 9 all cases c]ta9ly lead u into s91 & ,god kn[s t !y w :5 he appo9ts !m = u4 ,n[1 h[ c our m]ciful ,fa!r volunt>ily place u1 :ile feeble1 helpless infants1 9 su* circum/ances z he kn[s be=eh& w be ! c]ta9 occasion ( our s9 & ru98444 ,:at diff]5ce does x make1 ei!r z to ,god's "*1 or ! result ( 8 proce$+s1 :e!r he con/itutes u s9n]s at fir/1 or kn[+ly places u 9 su* circum/ances t we %all c]ta9ly become s9n]s1 & t v soon8 ,mu/ n ,god's design z to our be+ s9n]s be ! same 9 "o case z 9 ! o!r2 & mu/ n ! f9al result be ! same8 ,is n "o ( ^! /ates ( mank9d fraught ) z _m & z great evils z ! o!r8 ,:at gr\nd ( pref]5ce !n w\ld any man h8444 8,let intellig5t1 c&id m51 :o d n believe ei!r ( ^! s*emes1 say :e!r "o ( !m is n op5 to z _m objections z ! o!r40 ,! idea ( a prexi/5ce ( ! race be=e ,adam1 is n held by any d5om9ation4 ,?us x appe>s t :5ev] any p]son claims t ea* ( ^! attempts to make ! ,augu/9e !ory1 z held by ! great ,*ri/ian sects1 consi/5t ) ! moral s5se ( humanity is an utt] failure1 he is su/a9$ by a majority ( ! mo/ le>n$ & acute !ologians ( our age & nation4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,augu/9ian ,,!ory ,,contr>y ,,to ,,! ,,moral ,,s5se ,,( ,,mank9d4 ,hav+ pres5t$ evid5ce t bo? ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants ( ,europe & ,am]ica unite 9 hold+ ! ,augu/9ian !ory ( ! orig9 ( evil1 & also t !ologians !mselves f9d x indef5sible1 ! next aim w be to pres5t a portion ( ! evid5ce to %[ t ?is sy/em is at w> ) ! moral feel+s & common s5se ( mank9d4 ,!re are rema9s ( ! writ+s ( ^? :o 7 ! oppos]s ( ?is !ory 9 ! "t ( ,augu/9e1 :i* %[ ! /rong emotions call$ =? at t remote p]iod by ! introduction ( ?is doctr9e4 ,! foll[+ is f "o ( ! !ologians ( t day1 address$ to ! au?or ( ! !ory3 ,julian to ,augu/9e4 8,! *ildr51 y say1 d n be> ! blame ( _! own1 b ( ano!r's s9s4 ,:at sort ( s9 c t be8 ,:at an unfeel+ wret*1 cruel1 =getful ( ,god & ( righte\sness1 an inhuman b>b>ian1 is he :o w\ld make su* innoc5t creatures z little *ildr5 be> ! consequ5ces ( transgressions :i* !y nev] committ$1 & nev] c\ld commit8 ,god1 y answ]4 ,:at god8 ,= !re are gods _m & lords _m2 b we wor%ip b "o ,god & "o ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,:at ,god do/ ?\ make ! malefactor8 ,"h1 mo/ holy prie/ & mo/ le>n$ orator1 ?\ fabricate/ some?+ m m\rnful & frightful ?an ! brim/one 9 ! valley ( ,amsanctus4 ,god himself1 say y1 :o comm5de? 8 love t[>ds u1 :o ev5 sp>$ n 8 own ,son1 b ha? giv5 him up = u all1 he s det]m9es--he is himself ! p]secutor ( ^? t are born4 ,he himself consigns to et]nal fire = an evil w1 ! *ildr5 :o1 z he kn[s1 c h nei!r a good nor an evil w40 ,! foll[+ is f ! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,watts1 ^: sacr$ lyrics ende> 8 "n to ! ,*ri/ian _w3 ,dr4 ,watts4 8,?is natural propagation ( s9ful incl9ations f a common p>5t1 by a law ( creation1 seems difficult to be reconcil$ ) ! goodness & ju/ice ( ,god4 ,x seems exce$+ h>d to suppose t su* a righte\s & holy ,god1 ! ,creator1 :o is also a be+ ( su* inf9ite goodness1 %\ld1 by a p[]ful law & ord] ( creation1 :i* is n[ call$ nature1 appo9t "y1 intellig5t creatures to come into be+ 9 su* unhappy & deg5]ate circum/ances1 liable to su* int5se pa9s & mis]ies1 & "u su* p[]ful t5d5cies & prop5sities to evil1 by ! m]e law ( propagation1 z %\ld almo/ unavoidably expose !m to t5 ?\s& actual s9s1 & all ?is be=e !y h any p]sonal s9 or guilt to des]ve x4 8,if x c\ld be well made out t ! :ole race ( mank9d are p>tak]s ( s9ful incl9ations1 & evil passions1 & biases to vice1 & also are expos$ to _m %>p actual suff]+s & to dea?1 m]ely & only by ! orig9al div9e law ( propagation f _! p>5ts :o _h s9n$2 &1 if ! ju/ice & goodness ( ,god c\ld be v9dicat$ 9 mak+ & ma9ta9+ su* a dreadful law or ord] ( propagation ?r\gh six ?\s& ye>s1 we h no ne$ ( fur!r inquiries1 b might "h be at re/4 ,b1 if ! s*eme be s injuri\s to ! goodness & equity ( ,god z x seems to be1 !n we are con/ra9$ to seek a little fur!r = a satisfactory acc\nt ( ?is univ]sal deg5]acy & mis]y ( mank9d40 ,! foll[+ 0 writt5 by an ,am]ican div9e at ! "t ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! conflict 9 ?is c\ntry betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,s*ool ,calv9i/s4 ,at t "t ?is !ory ( a deprav$ nature 0 accompani$1 ev5 9 pulpit tea*+s1 by ! assumption ( man's total inability to d any ?+ to ga9 salvation1 & t ,*ri/ di$1 n = all m51 b only = 8! elect40 ,dr4 ,:elpley4 8,! idea t all ! num]\s millions ( ,adam's po/]ity des]ve ! ineffable & endless torm5ts ( hell = a s+le act ( 81 be=e any "o ( !m exi/$1 is repugnant to t reason t ,god has giv5 u1 & is subv]sive ( all possible conceptions ( ju/ice4 ,i hesitate n to say1 t no s*eme ( religion ev] propagat$ among/ m5 conta9s a m mon/r\s1 a m horrible t5et4 ,! atrocity ( ?is doctr9e is beyond comp>ison4 ,! visions ( ! ,koran1 ! fictions ( ,sadd]1 ! fables ( ! ,z5dave/a1 all give place to ?is2 ,rabb9ical leg5ds1 ,brahm9ical vag>ies1 all vani% be=e x40 8,! :ole ( _! doctr9e1 !n1 am\nts to ?is3 t a man is 9 ! fir/ place condemn$1 incapacitat$1 & et]nally reprobat$ = ! s9 ( ,adam2 9 ! next place1 t he is condemn$ ov] aga9 = n do+ :at he is totally & 9 all respects unable to d2 & 9 ! ?ird place t he is condemn$1 d\bly & trebly condemn$1 = n believ+ 9 a ,savi\r :o nev] di$ = him1 & ) :om he has no m to d ?an a fall5 angel40 ,! eld] ,presid5t ,adams at fir/ design$ to ent] ! cl]ical pr(ession1 b 0 det]r$ by doctr9al difficulties1 ( :i* he ?us writes3 ,john ,adams4 8,if "o man1 or be+1 out ( pure g5]osity1 & )\t any expectation ( return1 is ab\t to conf] any favor or emolum5t ^u ano!r1 he has a "r & is at lib]ty to *oose 9 :at mann] & by :at means to conf] x4 ,he may conf] ! favor by 8 own h& or by ! h& ( a s]vant2 & ! obligation to gratitude is equally /rong ^u ! b5efit$ be+4 ,! mode ( be/[+ does n dim9i% ! k9dness1 provid$ ! commodity or good is br\ght to u equally p]fect & )\t our exp5se4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if "o be+ is ! orig9al cause ( pa91 sorr[1 or suff]+ to ano!r1 volunt>ily & )\t provocation1 x is injuri\s to t o!r1 :atev] means he might employ1 & :atev] circum/ances ! conveyance ( ! injury might be att5d$ )4 ,?us we are equally oblig$ to ! ,supreme ,be+ = ! in=mation he has giv5 u ( our duty1 :e!r by ! con/itution ( our m9ds or bodies1 or by a sup]natural revelation4 ,= an in/ance ( ! latt]1 let u take orig9al s94 ,"s say t ,adam's s9 0 en\gh to damn ! :ole human race1 )\t any actual crimes committ$ by any ( !m4 ,n[ ?is guilt is br\ght ^u !m1 n by _! own ra%ness & indiscretion1 n by _! own wick$ness & vice1 b by ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,?is guilt br\ght ^u u is a real injury & mis=tune1 because x r5d]s u worse ?an n to be2 & !re=e mak+ u guilty on acc\nt ( ,adam's delegation1 or repres5t+ all ( u1 is n 9 ! lea/ dim9i%+ ! injury & inju/ice1 b only *ang+ ! mode ( conveyance40 ,! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,*ann+ 0 educat$ a ,calv9i/4 ,! foll[+ exhibits 8 views on ?is subject1 aft] embrac+ ,unit>ianism3 ,dr4 ,*ann+4 ,he says ( su* views3 8,!y take f u our ,fa!r 9 heav51 & sub/itute a /]n & unju/ ,"l4 ,our filial love & rev]5ce rise up aga9/ !m4 ,we say1 t\* any ?+ b ! p]fections ( ,god4 ,ca/ no /a9 on t spotless purity & lovel9ess4 ,we c endure any errors b ^? :i* subv]t or unsettle ! conviction ( ,god's pat]nal goodness4 ,urge n ^u u a sy/em :i* makes exi/5ce a curse1 & wraps ! univ]se 9 gloom4 ,if ,i & my belov$ fri5ds & my :ole race h come f ! h&s ( our ,creator :olly deprav$1 irresi/ibly prop5se to all evil & av]se to all good--if only a portion are *os5 to escape f ?is mis]able /ate1 & if ! re/ are to be consign$1 by ! ,be+ :o gave u our deprav$ & wret*$ nature1 to endless torm5ts 9 inext+ui%able flames--!n d ,i ?9k t no?+ rema9s b to m\rn 9 angui% ( he>t2 !n exi/5ce is a curse1 & ! ,creator is----4 ,o1 my m]ciful ,fa!r6 ,i c n speak ( !e 9 ! language :i* ?is sy/em w\ld sugge/4 ,no6 ?\ ha/ be5 too k9d to me to des]ve ?is reproa* f my lips4 ,?\ ha/ creat$ me to be happy2 ?\ calle/ me to virtue & piety1 because 9 ^! consi/s my felicity2 & ?\ wilt dem& no?+ f me b :at ?\ give/ me ability to p]=m60 ,! foll[+ is f ! p5 ( a celebrat$ writ] educat$ 9 ! ,bapti/ d5om9ation1 :o f9ally became a ,univ]sali/3 ,john ,fo/]4 8,i ackn[l$ge my inability 7,i w\ld say x rev]5tly7 to admit ?is belief toge!r ) a belief 9 ! div9e goodness--! belief t #8,god is love1' t 8 t5d] m]cies are ov] all 8 works4 ,goodness1 b5evol5ce1 *>ity1 z ascrib$ 9 supreme p]fection to him1 c n mean a quality =eign to all human conceptions ( goodness4 ,x mu/ be some?+ analog\s 9 pr9ciple to :at himself has def9$ & requir$ z goodness 9 8 moral creatures1 t1 9 ador+ ! div9e goodness1 we may n be wor%ip+ an #8unkn[n ,god4' ,b1 if s1 h[ w\ld all our ideas be conf\nd$ :ile contemplat+ him br++1 ( 8 own sov]eign w1 a race ( creatures into exi/5ce 9 su* a condition t !y c]ta9ly w & mu/--mu/ by _! nature & circum/ances--g wrong & be mis]able1 unless prev5t$ by especial grace1 :i* is ! privilege ( only a small portion ( !m1 & at ! same "t affix+ on _! del9qu5cy a doom ( :i* x is inf9itely beyond ! highe/ ar*angel's faculty to appreh5d a ?\s&? "p ( ! horror4 8,x amazes me to imag9e h[ ?\ghtful & b5evol5t m51 believ+ t doctr9e1 c endure ! sight ( ! pres5t _w & ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,to behold successive1 innum]able cr[ds c>ri$ on 9 ! mighty impulse ( a deprav$ nature1 :i* !y are impot5t to rev]se1 & to :i* x is n ! w ( ,god1 9 8 sov]eignty1 to apply ! only adequate p[]1 ! )hold+ ( :i* consigns !m inevitably to _! doom2 to see !m pass+ ?r\gh a %ort t]m ( moral exi/5ce 7absurdly sometimes d5om9at$ a probation7 "u all ! _w's p]nici\s influ5ces1 ) ! addition ( ! malign & deadly "o ( ! great tempt] & de/roy]1 to confirm & augm5t ! inh]5t depravity1 on _! spe$y passage to ev]la/+ woe2--,i repeat1 ,i am1 )\t pret5d+ to any extraord9>y dep? ( feel+1 amaz$ to conceive :at !y contrive to d ) _! s5sibility1 & 9 :at mann] !y ma9ta9 a firm assurance ( ! div9e goodness & ju/ice40 ,! foll[+ is ! exp]i5ce ( ! au?or ( ! ,conflict ( ,ages3 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,bee*]4 8,if any "o w\ld "k ! full wor? ( ! privilege ( liv+ "u1 wor%ip+1 lov+ & ador+ a ,god ( honor1 righte\sness & love1 let him1 aft] ye>s ( joyful ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce & s\lsatisfy+ communion ) ,god1 at la/ come to a po9t :]e 8 lovely "*1 = a "t1 vani%es f 8 eyes1 & no?+ c be rationally se5 b a ,god selfi%1 di%onorable1 unfeel+4 ,no su* p]son c ev] believe t ,god is su*2 b he may be s situat$ z to be unable rationally to see him 9 any o!r light4 ,all ! common modes ( def5d+ ! doctr9e ( native depravity may h be5 exam9$ & pron\nc$ insuffici5t1 & ! "q may urg5tly press itself ^u ! m9d1 ,is n ! pres5t sy/em a malevol5t "o8 & ( x no def5se may appe>4 8,:o c describe ! gloom ( him :o looks on su* a prospect8 ,h[ d>k to him appe>s ! hi/ory ( man6 ,he looks ) pity on ! *ildr5 t pass him 9 ! /reet4 ,! m viol5t manife/ations ( _! depravity seem to be ! unfold+s ( a corrupt nature giv5 to !m by ,god be=e any k1 *oice or cons5t ( _! own4 ,m]cy n[ seems to be no m]cy1 & he :o once delight$ to speak ( ! love ( ,*ri/ is oblig$ to close 8 lips 9 sil5ce2 = ! orig9al wrong ( giv+ man su* a nature seems s great t no subsequ5t acts c atone = ! de$4 ,9 ?is /ate ( m9d1 he :o once delight$ to pray1 kneels & rises aga91 because he c n s9c]ely wor%ip ! only ,god :om he sees4 ,8 di/ress is n on 8 own acc\nt4 ,he feels t ,god has r$eem$ & reg5]at$ him2 b ?is gives him no relief4 ,he feels z if he c\ld n be brib$ by ! (f] ( all ! honors ( ! univ]se to pret5d to wor%ip or praise a ,god ^: "* he c n def5d4 ,he feels t he %\ld inf9itely pref] once m to see a ,god :om he c\ld honorably adore1 & a univ]se radiant ) 8 glory1 & !n to s9k into nonexi/5ce1 r ?an to h all ! honors ( ! univ]se = ev] heap$ ^u him by a ,god ^: "* he c\ld n s9c]ely & hone/ly def5d4 ,nev] be=e has he s deeply felt a long+ aft] a ,god ( a spotless "*4 ,nev] has he s deeply felt t ! :ole light & joy ( ! univ]se are 9 him1 & t :5 8 "* is d>k5$ all worlds are fill$ ) gloom40 ,! foll[+ is f ! ,rev4 ,alb]t ,b>nes1 a lead+ ,new ,s*ool ,calv9i/ic div9e1 & ! au?or ( a v popul> ,comm5t>y on ! ,bible3 8,t ! immortal m9d %\ld be all[$ to jeop>d its inf9ite welf>e1 & t trifles %\ld be all[$ to draw x away f ,god & virtue & heav52 t any %\ld suff] = ev]--l+]+ on 9 hopeless despair amid/ inf9ite torm5ts1 )\t ! possibility ( alleviation & )\t end2 t s9ce ,god c save m5 & w save a "p1 he has n purpos$ to save all2 t on ! supposition t ! atonem5t is ample1 & t ! blood ( ,*ri/ c cleanse f all & e s91 x is n 9 fact appli$ to all2 t1 9 a ^w1 a ,god :o claims to be wor?y ( ! confid5ce ( ! univ]se1 & to be a be+ ( inf9ite b5evol5ce1 %\ld make su* a _w z ?is1 full ( s9n]s & suff]]s1 & !n1 :5 an atonem5t has be5 made1 he did n save all ! race1 & put an end to s9 & woe = ev]2--^! & k9dr$ difficulties meet ! m9d :5 we ?9k on ?is great subject4 ,& !y meet u :5ev] we endeavor to urge our fell[s9n]s to be reconcil$ to ,god4 ,on ?is gr\nd !y hesitate4 ,^! are real & n imag9>y difficulties4 ,!y are probably felt by e m9d t has ev] reflect$ on ! subject2 & !y are unexpla9$1 unmitigat$1 unremov$40 8,i h nev] kn[n a p>ticle ( light ?r[n on ^! subjects t has giv5 a mom5t's ease to my tortur$ m9d2 nor h ,i an explanation to (f]1 or a ?\ght to sugge/1 t w\ld be ( relief to y4 ,i tru/ o!r m51 z !y pr(ess to d--und]/& ?is bett] ?an ,i d1 & t !y h n ! angui% ( _s :i* ,i h2 b ,i confess1 :5 ,i look on a _w ( s9n]s & ( suff]]s1 ^u dea?b$s & gravey>ds1 ^u ! _w ( woe fill$ ) ho/s to suff] = ev]2 :5 ,i see my fri5ds1 my p>5ts1 my family1 my p1 my fell[citiz5s2 :5 ,i look ^u a :ole race1 all involv$ 9 ?is s9 & dang]1 & :5 ,i see ! great mass ( !m :olly unconc]n$1 & :5 ,i feel t ,god only c save !m & yet t he does n d x--,i am /ruck dumb4 ,x is all d>k1 d>k1 d>k to my s\l1 & ,i c n disguise x40 ,?is is b a brief specim5 ( ! %udd]+ prote/ :i* has aris5 9 all ages & f all sects1 aga9/ ?is /]n & awful dogma1 & :i* has p\r$ its mo/ p[]ful records f ! %iv]+ he>ts ( !ologians !mselves47#c7 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,common ,,s5se ,,def9$4 ,! prec$+ extracts exhibit a portion ( ! evid5ce to prove t ! ,augu/9ian sy/em is contr>y to ! moral s5se ( mank9d1 & t !ologians h fail$1 by _! own concessions1 to r5d] x consi/5t & satisfactory ev5 to !mselves4 ,! next attempt w be to %[ t ! p are end[$ ) pr9ciples ( common s5se1 by ! aid ( :i* !y c educe f ! works ( ! ,creator1 indep5d5tly ( any reveal$ ,^w1 a sy/em ( religion f> sup]ior to ! "o bas$ on ! ,augu/9ian !ory4 ,our fir/ aim w be to designate :at is int5d$ by 8! pr9ciples ( common s5se40 ,x is claim$1 !n1 t !re are c]ta9 tru?s1 ! belief ( :i* exi/s 9 e rational human m9d4 ,?is belief1 9 "s cases1 z all mu/ all[1 results f ! con/itution ( m9d giv5 by ! ,creator1 & n f any in/ruction or k ga9$ by o!r modes4 ,( ?is class is ! belief ( e m9d 9 its own exi/5ce1 & also ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( o!r ?+s beside ourselves4 ,!re are o!r tru?s univ]sally believ$ by e rational m9d1 :]e !re may be room = "q z to :e!r ?is belief is acquir$ or ! result ( con/itutional organization4 ,b ?is "q is waiv$1 z ( little practical consequ5ce = ! pres5t purpose ( ?is "w4 ,! fact on :i* ! "n & classification ( ^! tru?s re/s is1 t ! belief 9 !m is common to all rational m9ds1 & is reg>d$ z s indisp5sable to true rationality1 t :5ev] any p]son %[s by words & actions t a belief 9 any "o ( ^! tru?s does n exi/1 he is reg>d$ z d]ang$1 t is to say1 8 reason is said to be m or less de/roy$4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is ! te/ by :i* we are to di/+ui% ^! pr9ciples ( common s5se f all o!r k4 ,!y are tru?s :i* are believ$ by all rational p]sons1 s t ! disbelief ( any "o ( !m1 ev9c$ 9 words & actions1 is univ]sally reg>d$ z pro( ( a d]ang$ m9d4 ,9 su* cases1 a man1 9 common p>lance1 w\ld be said to h 8lo/ 8 m9d10 or to h 8lo/ 8 reason20 inasmu* z he is lack+ 9 "s ( ^? peculi> features :i* con/itute man a rational be+4 ,9 ?is "w ! "q is also waiv$ z to ! numb] ( tru?s :i* are to be includ$ 9 ?is class4 ,9 reg>d to c]ta9 ( !m !re c be no dispute4 ,( ^? involv+ any discussion1 !re probably w be no occasion to speak 9 ?is "w4 ,! writ] does n claim t ! common p1 or t metaphysicians1 :5 !y speak ( 8common s5se10 always ref] to :at is "h designat$ by ?is t]m4 ,all t ! writ] claims is t !re are c]ta9 tru?s1 ! belief ( :i* is common to all m9ds1 ei!r z ! result ( con/itutional organization or ( acquir$ k2 & t ^! c be classifi$ by ?is te/1 viz41 t m5 univ]sally talk & act z if !y believ$ !m1 & :5 !y cease to d s1 are reg>d$ z m or less insane4 ,moreov]1 x is claim$ t x is prop] to call !m pr9ciples ( common s5se1 because !y are t k9d ( s5se :i* is common to ! :ole race1 & also !y are (t5 ref]r$ to1 bo? by metaphysicians & by ! common p1 by ?is t]m4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]s x w be %[n t by ! application ( ^! pr9ciples1 a sy/em ( natural religion c be ga9$ f ! works ( ! ,creator by ! same me?ods t m5 employ 9 all ! ord9>y conc]ns ( life1 & t ?us we are z fully qualifi$ to ga9 religi\s k & peace z we are to secure temporal com=t & prosp]ity4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,common ,,s5se ,,appli$ ,,to ,,ga9 ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,god4 ,hav+ expla9$ :at is int5d$ by ! pr9ciples ( common s5se1 ! next attempt w be to apply c]ta9 ( ^! pr9ciples to ga9 a sy/em ( natural religion2 mean+ by ?is t]m t religion :i* may be ga9$ f ! works ( ! ,creator indep5d5tly ( any reveal$ ,^w4 ,9 all sy/ems ( religion ! fir/ article relates to ! exi/5ce & "* ( ! ,deity to be wor%ip$ & obey$4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( common s5se to guide u 9 ?is inquiry is ?is3 ,e *ange has a produc+ cause4 ,9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w1 cause signifies some?+ z an antec$5t1 )\t :i* a giv5 *ange w n occur1 & ) :i* x w occur4 ,?is is ! lead+ idea 9 e use ( ?is ^w4 ,!n !re are two classes ( causes2 ! fir/ are necess>y or produc+ causes1 & ! second occasional causes4 ,a produc+ cause is an antec$5t :i* produces a giv5 *ange4 ,occasional causes are ^? circum/ances :i* are indisp5sable to ! action ( produc+ causes4 ,?us1 fire appli$ to p[d] is ! produc+ cause ( an explosion1 :ile ! plac+ ( ! two toge!r is ! occasional cause ( x4 ,! idea ( a produc+ cause is "o :i* probably is ga9$ :5 we fir/ discov] t our own w moves our own limbs & o!r ?+s ar\nd u4 ,:5 we w to move a ?+1 & f9d ! int5d$ *ange foll[s our volition to move x1 !n we c n help believ+ t our own m9d produc$ ?is *ange4 ,at ! same "t we ga9 ! idea ( p[] to produce ?is *ange1 & ! belief also t ! ?+ *ang$ _h no p[] to refra9 f ! *ange4 ,our only mode ( def9+ ! idea ( a produc+ cause1 ( p[] & ( want ( p[]1 is to ref] to occasions :51 by will+1 we cause *anges1 & ?us become consci\s ( ! exi/5ce & nature ( ^! ideas by exp]i5ce4 ,s also we h no mode ( def9+ our s5sations b by /at+ ! occasions 9 :i* we are consci\s ( !m4 ,= in/ance1 :it5ess is ! s5sation we h :5 we look at sn[1 & blackness is ! s5sation we h :5 we look at *>coal4 ,! same idea ( causation & p[] 9 ourselves :i* we h :5 we make *anges by our w1 we always connect ) any ?+ :i* by exp]im5t & te/imony we f9d1 9 giv5 circum/ances1 to be an inv>iable antec$5t ( a giv5 *ange4 ,our m9ds are s made1 t :5ev] we f9d an inv>iable antec$5t ( a giv5 *ange1 we c n help believ+ t ?is antec$5t produc$ ! *ange1 j z we believe our own w produces *anges 9 our bodies & 9 ?+s ar\nd u4 ,& if any p]son 7 to talk & act z if lie did n believe ?is1 be w\ld be reg>d$ z hav+ 8lo/ 8 reason40 ,moreov]1 :5ev] m51 by frequ5t exp]im5ts1 f9d t a giv5 *ange is inv>iably prec$$ by a c]ta9 antec$5t1 !y c n help believ+ t ! antec$5t has p[] to produce ?is *ange1 & t ! ?+ *ang$ has no p[] to d o!rwise4 ,?is idea ( p[] & want ( p[] always exi/s :5ev] m5 f9d an inv>iable antec$5t to "s *ange4 ,x is by f9d+ :at are ?us inv>iably connect$ z antec$5ts & consequ5ts t m5 le>n :at are causes1 & :at are effects1 & :at are ! p[]s ( ?+s ar\nd u4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ^! z pr9ciples ( common s5se believ$ by all m51 viz43 #a4 ,e *ange 79 matt] or m9d7 has a produc+ cause z an antec$5t4 #b4 ,e inv>iable antec$5t ( an inv>iable sequ5t is a produc+ cause1 & ! ?+ *ang$ has no p[] to refra9 f t *ange4 #c4 ,a produc+ cause1 9 appropriate circum/ances1 has p[] to make a giv5 *ange4 ,n[ e man1 h[ev] unle>n$1 c judge = himself :e!r ^! pr9ciples ( common s5se exi/ 9 8 own m9d1 z "h set =?4 ,= example1 let any p]son take a magnet & discov]1 day aft] day1 t :5 x is plac$ ne> a piece ( iron x draws x to itself2 let him f9d also1 by te/imony f o!rs1 t ?is is inv>iable & fails 9 n a s+le in/ance1 & ! inevitable result is a belief t ! magnet is ! cause ( ! mov+ ( ! iron1 j z ! m9d is ! cause ( ! movem5t ( our bodies4 ,s also !re is a belief t ! magnet1 9 giv5 circum/ances1 has p[] to move ! iron1 z our w has p[] to move our body4 ,s also !re is a belief t ! piece ( iron1 9 ! giv5 circum/ances1 has no p[] to refra9 f be+ ?us attract$4 ,we see1 !n1 t x is a univ]sal fact1 t :5 !re is a *ange ( any ?+1 or any new mode ( exi/5ce1 e sane man believes !re is "s produc+ cause ( ?is *ange4 ,ev5 ! y\nge/ *ild exhibits ?is pr9ciple z a "p ( its m5tal organization4 ,& %\ld a p]son be f\nd :o 0 de/itute ( a belief 9 ?is tru?1 s t he %\ld talk & act z if ?+s came into exi/5ce & 7 *ang+ places & =ms )\t any causes1 he w\ld be call$ insane1 or a man :o _h 8lo/ 8 reason40 ,our m9ds be+ end[$ ) ?is pr9ciple1 we f9d ! _w ar\nd u to be a succession ( *anges :i* we trace back to prec$+ causes1 until we come to ! gr& "q1 8,:o1 or :at fir/ />t$ ?is va/ sy/em ( successive *anges80 ,only two replies are conceivable4 ,! fir/ is t ( ! ,a!i/1 :o1 contradict+ 8 own common s5se1 ma9ta9s t1 9 "s pa/ p]iod1 all ?is va/ sy/em ( organization & *anges began to exi/ )\t any cause4 ,! o!r reply is1 t !re is a great1 et]nal1 selfexi/5t ,fir/ ,cause1 :o himself nev] began to be1 & :o is ! au?or ( all f9ite exi/5ces4 ,?is be+1 ! ,creator ( ! heav5s & ! e>?1 we call ,god4 ,! next pr9ciple ( common s5se is t by :i* we ga9 a k ( ! natural attributes ( ! ,creator4 ,x is ?is3 ,design or contrivance to secure a giv5 end1 is pro( ( an intellig5t design]1 & ! nature ( a design proves ! int5tion & "* ( its au?or4 ,! m9d1 z has be5 %[n1 is s =m$ t x c n believe t any exi/5ce c comm5ce )\t "s antec$5t cause4 ,! exi/5ce ( unorganiz$ matt]1 h[ev]1 w\ld be no pro( t ! cause 0 an intellig5t m9d4 ,b :5 any exi/5ce is discov]$ :]e !re is an adju/m5t ( p>ts1 all conduc+ to accompli% "s det]m9ate end1 no p]son c exam9e & und]/& its nature & adaptations )\t ! accompany+ belief t ! cause ( t contrivance 0 a m9d end[$ ) ! capacity ( adju/+ means to accompli% an end1 & ?us an intellig5t m9d4 ,nor is x possible1 :5 ! object :i* any design is fitt$ to accompli% is cle>ly discov]$1 to d\bt ! int5tion ( ! design]4 ,we c n help believ+ t x 0 ! int5tion ( ! contriv] to accompli% ! end = :i* 8 contrivance is fitt$4 ,z an example to illu/rate ! exi/5ce ( ^! pr9ciples1 ev5 9 ! simple/ m9ds1 if a savage %\ld f9d 9 ! des]t a gold wat*1 no?+ c\ld lead him to believe t x sprang into exi/5ce !re )\t any cause4 ,if he %\ld op5 x & p]ceive ! nice adju/m5t ( ! :eels & all its beautiful indications ( contrivance1 he c\ld n believe t ! m9d ( an animal1 or t any b an intellig5t m9d con/ruct$ its ma*9]y4 ,if he %\ld h all its movem5ts expla9$ to him1 & le>n h[ exactly all 7 fitt$ to m>k ! passage ( "t1 x w\ld be equally impossible to conv9ce him t ! contriv] did n design x = su* a purpose4 ,v e>ly *ildhood gives evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,an int]e/+ in/ance ( ?is is record$ by a celebrat$ philosoph]1 :o1 to te/ ! exi/5ce ( ^! pr9ciples 9 ! m9d ( 8 *ild1 plant$ a b$ ) se$s arrang$ 9 ! =m ( ! lett]s :i* spell$ ! *ild's "n4 ,:5 ! gre5 symbols _h sprung f ! gr\nd & 7 discov]$ by ! delight$ *ild1 ! fa!r 9 va9 endeavor$ to =ce 8 belief t ! lett]s came )\t a cause & )\t a design4 8,no1 fa!r4 ,somebody plant$ !m2 somebody int5d$ to h !m come up & spell my "n60 ,& ?us infancy itself ma9ta9s ! pr9ciples :i* are our guide to ! ,great ,s\rce ( all f9ite exi/5ces4 ,ano!r pr9ciple ( common s5se l5ds u /ill fur!r aid 9 arriv+ at ! natural attributes ( ! ,creator4 ,x is ?is3 ,?+s are & w cont9ue accord+ to our pa/ exp]i5ce till !re is evid5ce ( a *ange4 ,all ! bus9ess ( life re/s on a belief ( ?is tru?4 ,our confid5ce t ! sun w rise1 ! seasons return1 ! ocean & riv]s fl[1 ! m\nta9s rema92 & 9 ?\s&s ( o!r ?+s t regulate our plans & conduct1 all dep5ds on ?is implant$ belief t ?+s w cont9ue accord+ to our pa/ exp]i5ce till !re is evid5ce ( a *ange4 ,a man :o act$ z if he disbeliev$ ?is pr9ciple w\ld be reg>d$ z hav+ 8lo/ 8 reason40 ,:51 !re=e1 we h ga9$ ! idea t ! ,creator is an intellig5t m9d1 we necess>ily believe t 8 m9d is su* z we h ev] kn[n 9 pa/ exp]i5ce1 t is1 a m9d l our own1 end[$ ) reason1 intellect1 susceptibilities & w4 ,we c n conceive ( any o!r k9d ( m9d1 because we h nev] _h any exp]i5ce or k ( any o!r k9d4 ,! only respect 9 :i* we c conceive ( ! ,creator z diff]+ f our own m9ds is 9 ! ext5t ( ^? natural faculties :i* are exhibit$ 9 8 works4 ,?us by ! use ( ! pr9ciples ( common s5se we h ga9$ ! positions t !re is a ,be+ :o is ! ,au?or ( all f9ite exi/5ces1 ^: m9d is l our own 9 natural faculties1 :ile 9 ! ext5t ( ^! faculties1 z exhibit$ 9 8 works1 he is f> beyond our conceptions4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,p',s ,,m5tal ,,philosophy4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h appli$ ! pr9ciples ( common s5se to ga9 evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,creator1 or ,great ,fir/ ,cause1 ^: natural attributes we c discov] only by ! nature ( our own m9ds4 ,?is be+ s1 our next /ep 9 seek+ aft] ,god is to exam9e ! con/ruction or nature ( our own m9ds4 ,! only way to discov] ! nature ( a ?+ is to exam9e :at are its qualities1 h[ x acts1 & h[ x is act$ ^u4 ,?is also is ! same z /udy+ ! philosophy ( ?+s4 ,= :5 le>n$ m5 set =? any bran* ( philosophy1 !y only tea* ! qualities ( c]ta9 ?+s1 h[ !y act1 & h[ !y are act$ ^u4 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 gives att5tion to ! nature ( m9d s z to discov] its qualities1 h[ x acts1 & h[ x is act$ ^u1 is /udy+ ! philosophy ( m9d1 or m5tal philosophy4 ,! nature ( m9d1 ! philosophy ( m9d1 & m5tal philosophy are t]ms all express+ ! same ?+4 ,n[1 ! only possible way 9 :i* any p]son c discov] ! nature ( ano!r m9d is by a k ( 8 own4 ,we fir/ le>n by exp]i5ce ! qualities ( our own m9d1 h[ x acts & h[ x is act$ ^u1 & !n1 by a process ( reason+1 we le>n t !re are o!r m9ds ar\nd u1 & t !y h simil> qualities4 ,! /udy ( m5tal philosophy1 !n1 is direct+ att5tion to ! nature ( our own m9d1 & ?us discov]+ ! nature ( o!r m9ds4 ,x diff]s f all o!r /udies 9 ?is respect1 t all m5 h ! mat]ials ( ! k s\ght 9 _! own m9ds1 & are requir$ simply to direct att5tion to _! own m5tal /ates & acts4 ,?is be+ s1 ! common p are z fully qualifi$ to settle all que/ions 9 reg>d to ! nature or philosophy ( _! own m9ds z ! mo/ le>n$ & pr(\nd metaphysicians or !ologians c be4 ,all t is requisite to success is1 t !y direct _! att5tion to ! subject by suitable me?ods4 ,x w be f\nd1 on exam9ation1 t ! common p h secur$ a writt5 sy/em ( m5tal philosophy z real z has ev] yet be5 furni%$ by any metaphysician or !ologian1 :ile x is free f ! great defects :i* r5d] _m works on m5tal sci5ce unpractical & repulsive4 ,?is--! p's sy/em ( m5tal philosophy--x w be ! object ( :at foll[s to set =?4 ,9 attempt+ x1 we %all f9d t mank9d1 9 ! uses ( eday life1 h arrang$ ! v>i\s acts & /ates ( m9d into classes & subdivisions1 & h giv5 names to ^! classes1 & to ! specific acts or /ates includ$ 9 ^! classes4 ,^! classifications & t]ms are record$ by lexicograph]s 9 _! diction>ies4 ,all words h t mean+ :i* is atta*$ to !m by ! p :o use !m4 ,! bus9ess ( ! lexicograph] is1 n to settle :at mean+ ought to belong to words1 b r to /ate ! mean+ :i* m5 actually atta* to !m 9 writ+ & speak+4 ,9 sett+ =? ! p's sy/em ( natural philosophy z conta9$ 9 lexicographies1 we f9d t almo/ e ^w is us$ to express sev]al mean+s1 simil> 9 "s respects & div]se 9 o!rs4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 we only c attempt ?us mu* = m5tal sci5ce1 z = _m o!r subjects1 viz41 to describe ! ?+ int5d$1 & !n to select ! ^w mo/ frequ5tly us$ to express ?is idea1 z set =? 9 our diction>ies4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! c\rse pursu$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,a description is set =? ( a giv5 act or /ate ( m9d1 suffici5t to id5tify x f all o!rs1 & !n ! ^w is select$ f diction>ies ( our language :i* has mo/ frequ5tly be5 us$ by ! common p 9 express+ ! idea int5d$4 ,?us e p]son :o c>es en\gh ab\t ! matt] to read & ?9k1 c decide z well z ! mo/ celebrat$ metaphysician1 :e!r ! description giv5 is true to 8 own exp]i5ce1 & also :e!r1 accord+ to lexicograph]s1 ! ^w select$ is frequ5tly us$ by man to express ?is idea4 ,! writ]1 9 h] fir/ attempts to inve/igate ! philosophy ( m9d1 exam9$ ! works ( ,/ew>t1 ,reid1 ,locke1 ,edw>ds1 ,br[n1 ,col]idge1 ,c\s91 ,j\ffroy1 ,coombe1 ,spurtzheim & sev]al o!rs4 ,m rec5tly "s att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! writ+s ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,hickok & o!rs4 ,! result has be5 ! conviction1 t mo/ ( ^! works conta9 ! p's sy/em1 m or less disguis$ ) div]se modes ( classification & new te*nics1 :i* t5d to r5d] ! :ole subject mi/y & p]plex+4 ,& /ill m un=tunately1 "s ( !m attempt ! discussion ( que/ions :i* are unpractical & (t5 un9telligible4 ,z an example1 c]ta9 metaphysicians h attempt$ to prove t !re is no?+ exi/+ b m9d1 & t all :i* we believe to be realities )\t ourselves are n s1 b m]ely ideas 9 ! m9d4 ,o!r metaphysicians h attempt$ to meet _! argum5ts1 & to prove t ! _w ar\nd u is a reality4 ,bo? attempts h end$ 9 books :i* seem to h no sort ( practical influ5ce ei!r way4 ,m5 c n help believ+ t !re is an out] _w1 & t ! m5 & ?+s t affect our s5ses are realities1 & su* argum5ts nei!r less5 nor increase ?is belief4 ,meantime1 ! books writt5 to prove or disprove ?is tru? are incompreh5sible to mo/ common m9ds1 at lea/ ! writ] ( ?is "w has 9 va9 essay$ to und]/& !m1 or to f9d any p]son :o c\ld communicate any cle> ideas ( _! cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,m9d1 ,,or ,,its ,,p[]s ,,& ,,faculties4 ,we h se51 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 t our only mode ( ga9+ a k ( ! natural attributes ( ,god1 is by ! /udy ( ! nature ( m9d4 ,we h se5 also t ! only way to discov] ! nature ( m9d is to exam9e :at are its qualities1 & h[ x acts & is act$ ^u 9 our own exp]i5ce4 ,:5 we discov] :at our m9ds actually d1 we f9d out :at !y h p[] to d4 ,! faculties ( m9d are its p[]s ( act+ z !y are exhibit$ 9 our own exp]i5ce4 ,! foll[+ pres5ts a brief outl9e ( ! p[]s & faculties ( m9d z !y h be5 classifi$ & nam$ by ! p4 ,ideas is ! ^w mo/ frequ5tly us$ to include all ! op]ations & /ates ( m9d4 ,our ideas are (t5 ref]r$ to z divid$ into two classes1 viz41 ideas ga9$ by ! s5ses1 & ideas t pass ?r\gh ! m9d )\t ! aid ( ! s5ses4 ,intellectual ,p[]s4 ,! p[] to ga9 ideas by ! five s5ses is call$ s5sation or p]ception4 ,! p[] to h ideas )\t ! use ( ! s5ses is call$ conception4 ,p] is ! ,lat9 ^w = by1 & con is ! ^w = )\t4 ,s we h p]ceptions by ! s5ses1 & conceptions )\t ! s5ses4 ,imag9ation or fancy1 is ! p[] to make new comb9ations ( our conceptions4 ,memory is ! p[] ( recall+ pa/ ideas1 & ( recogniz+ !m z hav+ exi/$ be=e4 ,judgm5t is ! p[] ( comp>+ ideas1 & notic+ _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,ab/raction is ! p[] ( notic+ c]ta9 p>ts or c]ta9 qualities ( ?+s1 :ile o!r p>ts or qualities are unnotic$4 ,association is ! p[] ( recall+ pa/ ideas accord+ to c]ta9 modes1 call$ laws ( association4 ,! above p[]s are usually class$ toge!r1 & call$ ! intellectual p[]s1 or ! intellect4 ,! ,susceptibilities1 or ,feel+s4 ,! p[]s ( feel+ v>i\s k9ds ( pleasure & pa91 happ9ess & mis]y1 enjoym5t & discom=t1 are call$ ! susceptibilities1 ! emotions & ! feel+s4 ,:5 any ?+ is f\nd to be ! cause ( pleasurable feel+s1 !re foll[s a desire to secure x1 & x is call$ good4 ,:5 any ?+ causes pa91 a desire foll[s to avoid x1 & x is call$ evil4 ,^! desires to secure good & avoid evil are call$ motives 7or mov]s71 because !y move ! m9d to action 9 ord] to secure ! good desir$ or to escape ! evil fe>$4 ,! objects t cause su* desires are also call$ motives4 ,= example1 gold is call$ ! motive t l$ a man to murd]1 & ! desire ( gold is also call$ ! motive ( t act47#d7 ,desires are measur$ z /rong or weak by our own consci\sness4 ,:5 we desire two incompatible ?+s & mu/ *oose "o or ! o!r1 be=e ! act ( *oice we are consci\s t "o creates a desire :i* is /rong] ?an ! o!r4 ,! only mode ( decid+ :i* desire is /ronge/1 is by our own consci\sness4 ,! ,w4 ,! p[] ( *oos+1 or will+1 is call$ ! w4 ,x is also call$ ! p[] ( volition4 ,:5 sev]al desires coexi/1 "s ( :i* mu/ necess>ily be d5i$ 9 ord] to gratify o!rs1 we ord9>ily *oose t object :i* excites ! /ronge/ desire1 z measur$ by our consci\sness4 ,b x is (t5 ! case t we feel ! /ronge/ desire = t :i* is n be/ = u4 ,?us1 :5 sick we h tempt+ fruit & nause\s m$ic9e be=e u1 ) p[] to *oose ei!r4 ,our intellect decides t ! m$ic9e is be/ = u1 b our /ronge/ desire is = ! fruit4 ,9 su* a case we h p[] to *oose ei!r t :i* excites ! /ronge/ desire or t :i* ! intellect decides to be be/1 ev5 :5 x does n excite ! /ronge/ desire4 ,?is p[] is ! *ief feature ( a rational m9d 9 di/9ction f an irrational m9d4 ,& ! belief t we h ?is p[] is to be plac$ z "o ( ! pr9ciples ( common s5se1 because all m5 talk & act z if !y believe !y possess ?is p[]4 ,& if any p]son 7 to talk & act z if he did n believe t he _h p[] to *oose 9 ei!r ( ^! two ways1 he w\ld be reg>d$ z hav+ lo/ 8 reason4 ,reason1 or ,common ,s5se4 ,( ! ?\ghts :i* cont9ually pass ?r\gh ! m9d1 we f9d t "s are att5d$ ) a feel+ ( ! real exi/5ce ( ! objects ( our ?\ghts1 & o!rs are n s att5d$4 ,= example1 we may ?9k ( a man ) a c]ta9 =m c>ry+ a dagg] & go+ to commit murd]1 & ) ?is1 a feel+ t no su* ?+ is really exi/+4 ,aga91 we may h ?is same idea att5d$ ) ! conviction t x is a reality4 ,?is feel+ ( ! reality ( ! objects ( our ?\ghts is call$ belief1 or fai?4 ,our m9ds are s made1 t we necess>ily believe n only t ?+s are really exi/+ at ! pres5t "t1 b t ?+s w occur t are n n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,= example1 we believe ! sun w rise tomorr[ morn+ 9 ano!r place ne>] t[>d ! nor? or s\? ?an x did ! pres5t morn+4 ,we believe ! tide w rise high] or l[] on a com+ day ?an x did ! pres5t day4 ,& ?us multitudes ( ev5ts are believ$ to be 9 ! future4 ,^? ?+s :i* really d or w exi/1 9 di/9ction f ^? we may ?9k ( b :i* d n & w n exi/1 are call$ tru?s1 or realities4 ,all our com=t & happ9ess dep5d on our believ+ ! tru?1 mean+ by tru? ! reality ( ?+s4 ,to believe t ?+s exi/ :5 !y d n1 or t ?+s are n exi/+ :5 !y are1 involves c]ta9 pa91 disappo9tm5t & mi/ake4 ,our great safegu>d f ?is is t "p ( our m5tal organization call$ reason1 or common s5se4 ,?is1 z has be5 %[n1 consi/s 9 ! necess>y belief ( c]ta9 tru?s by all m54 ,! te/ by :i* ^! tru?s are id5tifi$ & di/+ui%$ f all o!r k1 is ! fact t usually all m5 talk & act z if !y believ$ !m1 & t :5 !y fail to d s1 !y are reg>d$ z hav+ 8lo/ _! reason40 ,! tru?s ?us necess>ily believ$ are ! f\ndation ( ! process call$ reason+1 :i* is a mode ( e/abli%+ o!r tru?s by ! aid ( ^? already believ$4 ,^! pr9ciples ( reason or common s5se are (t5 call$ by o!r names1 su* z intuitions1 intuitive tru?s1 fir/ pr9ciples1 etc4 ,?us all ! p[]s ( m9d are arrang$ 9 ! f\r g5]al classes1 viz41 ! intellect1 ! susceptibilities1 ! w1 & reason or common s5se4 ,9 reg>d to ! p[] ( m9d call$ reason1 :at is claim$ "h is1 n t ei!r ! common p or metaphysicians h usually ?us cle>ly set =? :at is "h s describ$ & nam$2 b t all m51 le>n$ & unle>n$1 all[ t !re are tru?s :i* are necess>ily believ$ by all mank9d2 t ^! are ! f\ndation ( all reason+1 & t !y (t5 are call$ reason4 ,s :5 any "o is f\nd to lack a belief 9 c]ta9 ( ^! intuitive tru?s1 he is said to h 8lo/ 8 reason40 ,& :5 any act or ass]tion is se5 to contradict any ( ^! tru?s1 x is said to be 8contr>y to reason40 ,!re=e x is prop] to put ! belief 9 ^! implant$ tru?s z a di/9ct p[] ( ! m9d1 & to call x 8! reason40 ,& z ! belief ( ^! tru?s is common to all m51 x is also prop] to call x common s5se4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,nature ,,( ,,m9d4--,,regulation ,,( ,,! ,,?\ghts4 ,a sy/em ( natural religion includes n only ! exi/5ce & natural attributes ( ! ,creator1 b 8 moral "* & ! duties ow$ to ,him1 to our fell[be+s & to ourselves4 ,to discov] ^! by ! pr9ciples ( common s5se1 unaid$ by revelation1 we mu/ aga9 turn to our own m9ds z our only directory4 ,?is dem&s a m enl>g$ consid]ation ( _m ( ! specific p[]s & op]ations ( m9d1 z develop$ by exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,mode ( regulat+ our ?\ghts4 ,! mode by :i* ! succession ( our ?\ghts is regulat$ is intimately connect$ ) sev]al subjects to be discuss$1 & w1 !re=e1 fir/ receive att5tion4 ,x w be f\nd t our s5sations & p]ceptions v>y 9 vividness & di/9ctness accord+ to ! /r5g? & p]man5cy ( c]ta9 feel+s ( desire :i* coexi/ ) !m4 ,= example1 we are cont9ually he>+ a multitude ( s\nds1 b 9 respect to _m ( !m1 z we feel no desire to "k ! cause or nature ( !m1 ^! s5sations are s feeble & indi/9ct z sc>cely ev] to be recall$ to ! m9d or recogniz$ by any act ( memory2 b %\ld we he> "s /range wail+ s\nd1 imm$iately ! desire w\ld arise to asc]ta9 its nature & cause4 ,x w\ld imm$iately become an object ( di/9ct & vivid p]ception1 & cont9ue s z long z ! desire la/$4 ,:ile "o s5sation becomes ?us cle> & prom95t1 x w be f\nd t o!r s5sations :i* 7 coexi/+ ) x w become feebl] & seem to die away4 ,! same impressions may /ill be made ^u ! eye z be=e1 ! same s\nds t _h previ\sly be5 reg>d$ may /ill /rike ^u ! e>1 b :ile ! desire to le>n ! cause ( t /range wail+ s\nd cont9ues1 ! o!r s5sations w all be fa9t & indi/9ct4 ,:5 ?is desire is gratifi$1 !n o!r s5sations resume _! =m] di/9ctness & prom95cy4 ,our conceptions1 9 l mann]1 are affect$ by ! coexi/5ce ( emotion or desire4 ,if1 = example1 we are employ+ ourselves 9 /udy or m5tal speculations1 ! vividness ( our conceptions w v>y 9 exact proportion to ! int]e/ we feel 9 secur+ ! object ab\t :i* our conceptions are employ$4 ,if we feel b little int]e/ 9 ! subject ( our speculations1 e conception connect$ ) !m w be undef9$ & indi/9ct2 b if ! desire ( approbation1 or ! admonitions ( consci5ce1 or ! hope ( secur+ "s future good /imulate desire1 imm$iately our conceptions gr[ m vivid & cle>1 & ! object at :i* we aim is m readily & spe$ily secur$4 ,! m9d is cont9ually "u ! influ5ce ( "s desire4 ,x con/antly has "s plan to accompli%1 "s cause to se>* out1 or "s gratification to secure4 ,! pres5t wi% or desire ( ! m9d imp>ts an int]e/ to :atev] conception seems calculat$ to =w>d ?is object4 ,?us1 if ! ma!matician has a problem to solve1 & ?is is ! lead+ desire ( ! m9d1 among ! v>i\s conceptions t arise1 ^? are ! mo/ int]e/+ :i* are fitt$ to 8 object1 & su* imm$iately become vivid & di/9ct4 ,if ! pa9t] or ! poet is labor+ to effect "s new creation ( 8 art1 & has ?is z ! lead+ object ( desire1 :atev] conceptions seem be/ fitt$ to 8 purpose are imm$iately inve/$ ) int]e/1 & become di/9ct & cle>4 ,if ! m]*ant1 or ! capitali/1 or ! /atesman has "s project :i* he is toil+ to accompli%1 :atev] conceptions appe> adapt$ to 8 purpose soon are gl[+ & def9$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! int]e/ ) :i* desire ?us inve/s !m4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! *ief end1 or lead+ object ( desire ( ! m9d1 w 9 a great measure det]m9e ! nature & ! succession ( its conceptions4 ,if a man has *os5 to f9d 8 *ief happ9ess 9 secur+ p[] & honor1 !n ^? conceptions w be ! mo/ int]e/+ to 8 m9d t be/ fall 9 ) 8 object4 ,if he has *os5 to f9d happ9ess 9 secur+ ! v>i\s gratifications ( s5se1 !n ^? conceptions t mo/ co9cide ) ?is desire w become prom95t4 ,if a man has *os5 to f9d 8 *ief enjoym5t 9 do+ ! w ( ,god1 !n 8 conceptions w1 to a great ext5t1 be con=m$ to ?is object ( desire4 ,! curr5t ( a man's ?\ghts1 !re=e1 becomes ! sure/ mode ( det]m9+ :at is ! gov]n+ purpose or lead+ desire ( ! m9d4 ,b !re are seasons 9 our m5tal hi/ory :5 ! m9d does n seem to be "u ! influ5ce ( any gov]n+ desire2 :5 x seems to relax1 & its ?\ghts appe> to fl[ on )\t any regulat+ pr9ciple4 ,at su* times ! vividness ( lead+ conceptions1 :i* o!rwise is det]m9$ by desire1 seems to dep5d ^u our pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,^? objects :i*1 9 pa/ exp]i5ce1 h be5 associat$ ) emotion1 are ^? :i* ?us beg9 to gl[ 9 ! di/9ct l9eam5ts ) :i* emotion at fir/ inve/$ !m4 ,9 pa/ exp]i5ce1 all conceptions :i* 7 att5d$ ) emotion 7 mo/ di/9ct & cle>1 & !re=e1 :5 su* conceptions return unit$ ) o!rs1 !y are ! ones :i* are mo/ int]e/+1 & ?us mo/ vivid & di/9ct4 ,?us1 9 our mus+ h\rs ( idle rev]ie1 z "o picture aft] ano!r glides be=e ! m9d1 if "s object occurs1 su* z ! home ( our y\?1 or ! fri5d ( our e>ly days1 ! emotions :i* h be5 s (t5 unit$ ) ^! objects 9 pa/ exp]i5ce cause !m to appe> 9 cle> & gl[+ l9eam5ts1 & ! /rong] h be5 ! pa/ emotions connect$ ) !m1 ! m cle>ly w !y be def9$4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t !re are two circum/ances t acc\nt = ! app>5t selection :i* ! m9d makes 9 its objects ( conception4 ,! fir/ is ! feel+ t c]ta9 conceptions are fitt$ to accompli% ! lead+ desire ( ! m9d2 & ! second is1 t c]ta9 objects 9 pa/ exp]i5ce h be5 att5d$ ) emotion4 ,b !re is ano!r ph5om5on 9 our m5tal hi/ory :i* has a direct be>+ on ! nature & succession ( our conceptions4 ,:5 any conception1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( desire or emotion1 becomes ! prom95t object1 imm$iately o!r objects ) :i* ?is has be5 associat$ 9 pa/ exp]i5ce beg9 to return & ga!r ar\nd x 9 new comb9ations4 ,?us a new picture is pres5t$ be=e ! m9d1 f :i* x aga9 selects an object accord+ z desire or emotion regulates1 :i*1 "u ?is influ5ce1 gr[s vivid & di/9ct4 ,ar\nd ?is new object imm$iately beg9 to clu/] its pa/ associates1 till /ill ano!r sc5e is fre% array$ be=e ! m9d4 ,9 ^! new comb9ations1 ^? objects :i* are lea/ int]e/+ cont9ually disappe>1 :ile ^? mo/ int]e/+ are reta9$ to =m a "p ( ! succe$+ picture4 ,?us1 9 e m5tal picture1 desire or emotion seems to call =? objects :i* />t out1 z x 71 9 bold relief f all o!rs1 & call f ! %ade ( obscurity ! companions ( _! =m] exi/5ce1 :i* ga!r ar\nd !m 9 new & v>i$ comb9ations4 ,?us x is %[n t ! *ief mode by :i* we regulate ! nature & succession ( our ?\ghts is by ! *oices we make ( our objects ( pursuit4 ,:atev] we *oose z our *ief end1 or lead+ object ( desire1 becomes ! regulator ( our emotions1 our desires & our ?\ghts4 ,?us we h p[] to control our ?\ghts aright only by *oos+ "r objects ( pursuit4 ,we h p[] to regulate !m 9 ?is way1 & b v little p[] to control !m 9 any o!r4 ,! m]e det]m9ation to ?9k only on c]ta9 subjects 9 :i* we feel v little int]e/ avails b = a %ort "t4 ,spe$ily ! m9d returns to its natural c\rse1 & br+s =w>d only ^? objects connect$ ) our *ief objects ( desire & pursuit4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,nature ,,( ,,m9d4--,,! ,,moral ,,s5se1 ,,or ,,moral ,,susceptibilities4 ,^? susceptibilities ( pleasure & pa9 :i* are affect$ by ! conduct ( ourselves or o!rs1 9 ref]5ce to rules ( "r & wrong1 are call$ ! moral s5se1 or ! moral susceptibilities4 ,9 ord] to a m cle> view ( ?is "p ( ! subject1 x is important to inquire z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! ideas ( "r & wrong seem to orig9ate4 ,! "y *ild fir/ notices t c]ta9 actions ( its own are reg>d$ ) smiles & tones ( love & approval1 :ile o!r acts occasion fr[ns & tones ( displeasure4 ,next1 x p]ceives t :atev] gives pleasure to itself is call$ good & "r1 :ile :atev] causes unpleasant feel+s is call$ bad & wrong4 ,moreov]1 x notices t !re is a "r & wrong way to hold its spoon1 to use its play?+s1 to put on its clo!s1 & to d multitudes ( o!r ?+s4 ,x ?us p]ceives1 m & m1 t !re are rules to regulate ! use & action ( all ?+s1 bo? animate & inanimate1 & t su* rules always h ref]5ce to "s plan or design4 ,z its faculties develop & its obs]vation enl>ges1 ! g5]al impression is secur$ t all plans & contrivances ( m5 are design$ to promote enjoym5t or to prev5t discom=t1 & are call$ good & "r j s f> z ?is is done4 ,at ! same "t1 all t t5d to discom=t or pa9 are call$ bad & wrong4 ,9 all ! works ( nature ar\nd1 too1 e ?+ t promotes enjoym5t is call$ good & "r1 & ! opposite is call$ evil & wrong4 ,at la/ !re is a result+ feel+ t ! great design ( all ?+s is to secure good & prev5t evil1 & t :atev] is oppos$ to ?is is wrong1 & unfitt$ to ! object = :i* all ?+s exi/4 ,! "q :e!r ?is impression is ow+ solely to obs]vation or p>tly to m5tal con/itution is waiv$1 z ( little practical consequ5ce4 ,9 ! exp]i5ce ( infancy & *ildhood1 ! law ( sacrifice is spe$ily develop$4 ,x is p]ceiv$ t mu* ( ! good to be ga9$1 if s\ght to excess1 occasions pa91 s t !re mu/ be a c]ta9 am\nt ( selfd5ial practic$1 :i*1 to ! "y novice1 sometimes involves disappo9tm5t & discom=t4 ,x is also se5 t frequ5tly two or m enjoym5ts are (f]$ :i* are incompatible1 s t "o mu/ be rel9qui%$ to ga9 ! o!r4 ,x is p]ceiv$1 also1 t !re is a con/ant calculation go+ on z to :i* w be ! be/--t is1 :i* w secure ! mo/ good ) ! lea/ evil4 ,& ! *ild is con/antly in/ruct$ t x mu/ avoid excess1 & mu/ give up :at is ( less value to secure ! great] good4 ,all ?is tra9+ involves sacrifices :i* are m or less pa9ful1 s t a "y *ild w sometimes cry z x volunt>ily gives up "o k9d ( pleasure z ! only mode ( secur+ :at is be/4 ,x is p]ceiv$1 also1 t !re is a con/ant balanc+ ( good & evil1 s t a giv5 am\nt ( enjoym5t cancels or repays = a c]ta9 am\nt ( evil4 ,:5 a great am\nt ( enjoym5t is pur*as$ by a small degree ( labor or tr\ble1 ! comp\nd result is deem$ a good1 & call$ "r2 on ! contr>y1 :5 ! evil involv$ exce$s a giv5 am\nt 9 comp>ison to ! good1 ! comp\nd result is call$ evil & wrong4 ,?us is g5]at$ ! impression t !re is a law ( sacrifice in/itut$ requir+ ! greate/ possible good ) ! lea/ possible evil1 & t ?is is ! great design ( all ?+s4 ,! impression is1 n m]ely t we are to seek enjoym5t & avoid pa91 b t we are to seek ! greate/ possible good ) ! lea/ possible evil1 & t 9 do+ ?is we are to obey ! law ( sacrifice1 by :i* ! greate/ good is to be b\ght by a c]ta9 am\nt ( evil volunt>ily assum$4 ,moreov]1 ! *ild is ?us gradually tra9$ to und]/& t good & evil are to be reg>d$ 9 two relations4 ,any ?+ & e ?+ is call$ good :5 x 9 any way gives enjoym5t to any be+4 ,b if ! good c be secur$ only by sacrific+ a great] good or by inflict+ a great] evil1 !n1 9 ?is relation1 ! good is call$ evil & wrong4 ,?us1 9 "o relation eat+ a delici\s fruit is a good1 because x gives enjoym5t4 ,b if su* is ! /ate ( a *ild's /oma*1 t sickness & suff]+ w foll[ ! act1 !n x is evil & wrong4 ,! e>ly tra9+ ( infancy introduces ! fir/ "p ( ! great law ( sacrifice 9 reg>d to self alone4 ,b z ! intellect develops1 ! exi/5ce ( o!r m9ds is le>n$1 & _! happ9ess or suff]+ become subjects ( att5tion4 ,"h ! calculations ( ! balance ( good & evil become m & m complicat$4 ,& ! two relations also become m def9ite & ext5sive4 ,:atev] gives pleasure is always call$ good & "r1 until "s evil is discov]$ z connect$ ) x1 n alone or *iefly to self1 b to o!rs also4 ,!n ! comp\nd result is s\ght =1 & if x is se5 t1 on ! :ole1 :at by itself w\ld be good & "r if dissev]$ f its connect$ evil1 does involve m evil ?an good1 !n x is call$ evil & wrong4 ,b if ! balance %[s s great an am\nt ( good z pays = c]ta9 incid5tal evils1 !n ! result is call$ good & "r4 ,! *ild also v e>ly le>ns t ! "* ( ^? ar\nd is e/imat$ by _! ref]5ce to ?is mode ( reg>d+ good & evil1 "r & wrong4 ,if a *ild simply seeks good to itself )\t any reg>d to ! am\nt ( evil involv$ z a consequ5ce1 he is call$ a bad *ild4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? :o make sacrifice ( _! wi%es & plans to avoid :at w\ld br+ evil on o!rs1 are call$ good1 g5]\s1 lovely & virtu\s4 ,! y\nge/ *ild soon p]ceives t its "m & o!r fri5ds are con/antly mak+ sacrifices = its own good1 & be>+ inconv5i5ces & tr\ble = ! good ( ^? ar\nd4 ,& ^? :o p]=m su* acts ( b5evol5t selfsacrifice are prais$1 & _! conduct is call$ good & "r4 ,?us arises a conviction or belief t ! design or end = :i* e ?+ exi/s is to make ! mo/ happ9ess possible1 & t ^? :o con=m to ?is design are act+ "r1 :ile ^? :o d n are act+ wrong4 ,ev5tually !re is e/abli%$ ?is conviction1 also1 t ! volunt>y sacrifice ( selfenjoym5t to promote ! be/ good ( all1 is ! highe/ k9d ( "r action1 & t ^? :o practice ?is ! mo/ are ! be/ 9 "*4 ,! fir/ feature ( our moral s5se1 !n1 is1 t impression ( ! great design ( all ?+s :i* enables u to judge ( ! "r & wrong 9 volunt>y action4 ,?is also may be plac$ z "o ( ! pr9ciples ( common s5se4 ,god has s =m$ our m9ds & _! circum/ances1 t ! result is a univ]sal belief 9 e rational m9d t :atev] secures ! mo/ happ9ess ) ! lea/ evil is "r1 & :atev] does n is wrong4 ,! wanton & ne$less de/ruction ( happ9ess also m5 believe to be wrong4 ,_! only div]sities ( op9ion are 9 reg>d to :at w be be/ & :at w n4 ,! second feature ( our moral con/itution is :at is ord9>ily call$ ! s5se ( ju/ice4 ,x is t susceptibility :i* is excit$ at ! view ( ! conduct ( o!rs z volunt>y causes ( good or evil4 ,9 all cases :]e free ag5ts act to promote happ9ess1 an emotion ( approval arises1 toge!r ) a desire ( rew>d to ! au?or ( ! good4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 !re is a volunt>y de/ruction ( happ9ess1 !re is an emotion ( disapproval1 & a desire = retributive pa9 on ! au?or ( ! wrong4 ,^! emotions are in/9ctive1 & n at all regulat$ by reason 9 _! inception4 ,:5 an evil is done1 an in/ant desire is felt to discov] ! cause2 & :5 x is f\nd1 an in/ant desire is felt to inflict "s p5alty4 ,s irrational is ?is impulse1 t *ildr5 w exhibit ang] & deal bl[s on inanimate objects t cause pa94 ,ev5 mature m9ds are sometimes consci\s ( ?is impulse4 ,t ?is impulse is an implant$ "p ( our con/itution1 & n ! result ( in/ruction1 is se5 9 ! delight manife/$ by "y *ildr5 9 ! n>ration ( ! nurs]y tale :]e ! cruel uncle :o murd]$ ! ,babes 9 ! ,wood receives ! retributions ( ,heav54 ,x is ! (fice ( ! intellect to judge :e!r ! de$ 0 a volunt>y "o1 :e!r ! ag5t int5d$ ! mis*ief1 & :e!r a p5alty w be ( any use4 ,! impulse to puni% is nev] prec$$ by any su* calculations4 ,ano!r feature 9 ?is s5se ( ju/ice is ! proportion dem&$ betwe5 ! evil done & ! p5alty inflict$4 ,t ?is also is in/9ctive1 & n ! result ( in/ruction1 is se5 9 ! nurs]y1 :]e *ildr5 w approve ( slight p5alties = slight (f5ses1 & sev]e ones = great ones1 b w revolt f any v great disproportion betwe5 ! wrong act & its p5alty4 ,z a g5]al rule1 bo? 9 ! nurs]y & 9 mature m9ds1 ! great] ! wrong done1 ! /rong] ! desire = a p5alty1 & ! m sev]e ! puni%m5t dem&$4 ,ano!r v important po9t ( consid]ation is ! univ]sal feel+ ( mank9d t ! natural p5alties = wrongdo+ are n suffici5t1 & t x is an act ( love z well z ( ju/ice to add to ^! p5alties4 ,?us ! p>5t :o =bids 8 *ild to eat gre5 fruit w n tru/ to ! results ( ! natural p5alty1 b w re/ra9 by ! fe> ( ! imm$iate & m easily conceiv$ p5alty ( *a/isem5t4 ,s1 9 ! great family ( man1 ! natural p5alties = !ft are n deem$ suffici5t1 b sev]e p5alties = ! protection ( prop]ty are add$4 ,?is p>ticul> is ! f\ndation ( c]ta9 di/9ctions t are ( great importance1 :i* w n[ be po9t$ out4 ,we f9d ! t]ms 8rew>d & puni%m5t0 us$ 9 two diff]5t relations4 ,9 ! fir/ & wide/ s5se !y signify n only ! p5alties ( human law1 b ^? natural consequ5ces :i*1 by ! con/itution ( nature1 inevitably foll[ c]ta9 c\rses ( conduct4 ,?us an indol5t man is said to receive pov]ty z a puni%m5t1 & x is 9 ?is s5se t 8 *ildr5 are said to be puni%$ = ! faults ( _! fa!r4 ,! violations ( natural law are puni%$ )\t any ref]5ce to ! "q :e!r ! evildo] int5d$ ! wrong1 or :e!r he s9n$ 9 ignorance1 or :e!r ?is ignorance 0 involunt>y & unavoidable4 ,! "q ( ! ju/ice or inju/ice ( su* natural p5alties involves ! great "q ( ! "r & wrong ( ! sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,is x j & "r = ! ,creator to make a sy/em 9 :i* all free ag5ts %all be ?us l$ to ob$i5ce to its laws by p5alties z well z rew>ds1 by fe> z well z by hope8 ,?is "q w n be discuss$ "h4 ,mo/ discussions z to j rew>ds & p5alties ord9>ily relate to ! add$ p5alties by :i* p>5ts1 tea*]s & magi/rates en=ce ob$i5ce to natural or to /atute law4 ,9 ^! que/ions ref]5ce is always _h to ! probable results ( su* rew>ds & p5alties 9 secur+ ob$i5ce4 ,if exp]i5ce has %[n t c]ta9 p5alties d secure ob$i5ce to wise & good laws1 ei!r ( nature or ( human enactm5t1 !n !y are consid]$ j4 ,if !y d n1 !y are c\nt$ unwise & unju/4 ,s1 if c]ta9 p5alties are ne$lessly sev]e--t is to say1 if a less p5alty w secure equal ob$i5ce1 !n ?is also decides s sev]e a p5alty to be unju/4 ,9 decid+ on ! rectitude ( ! p5alties ( human enactm5ts1 x is always assum$ to be unju/ to puni% = any lack ( k & ob$i5ce :5 ! subject _h no p[] to "k & to obey4 ,if a *oice to obey w n secure ! act requir$ ( a free ag5t1 !n a p5alty inflict$ = disob$i5ce is always reg>d$ z unju/4 ,! only seem+ exception to ?is is ! case :]e a p]son1 by volunt>y means1 has depriv$ himself ( ability to obey4 ,b 9 su* cases ! puni%m5t is felt to be "r1 n because he does n obey :5 he has no p[]1 b because he has volunt>ily depriv$ himself ( ?is p[]4 ,& he is puni%$ = de/roy+ 8 ability to obey1 & n = violat+ ! law4 ,^! ?+s 9 human laws1 !n1 are always dem&$ to make a p5alty appe> j to ! moral s5se ( mank9d1 namely1 t ! subject h p[] to obey1 & t he has opportunity to "k ! law1 & is n ignorant by any volunt>y & improp] neglect4 ,9 all que/ions ( ju/ice1 !re=e1 x is important to discrim9ate betwe5 ^? p5alties t are inh]5t z a "p ( ! great sy/em ( ! univ]se1 & = :i* ! ,creator alone is responsible1 & ^? additional p5alties :i* result f volunt>y in/itutions ( :i* m5 are ! au?ors4 ,! next feature 9 our moral con/itution is ! susceptibility :i* is excit$ by ! intellectual judgm5t ( our own feel+s & conduct z ei!r "r or wrong4 ,9 case we decide !m to be "r1 we exp]i5ce an emotion ( self approval :i* is v delightful2 b if we decide t !y are wrong1 we exp]i5ce an imm$iate p5alty 9 a pa9ful emotion call$ remorse4 ,?is emotion is always proportion$ to ! am\nt ( evil done1 & ! consci\sness t x 0 done kn[+ly & int5tionally4 ,no suff]+ is m ke5 ?an ! highe/ emotions ( ?is k9d1 :ile _! pangs are (t5 endur+ & unappeasable4 ,sometimes !re is an att5d+ desire to inflict retribution on "o's self z a mode ( alleviat+ ?is di/ress4 ,?is susceptibility is usually d5om9at$ consci5ce4 ,sometimes ?is ^w is us$ to include bo? ! intellectual judgm5t ( our conduct z "r or wrong1 & ! consequ5t emotions ( approval or remorse2 sometimes x ref]s to ! susceptibility alone4 ,ei!r use is correct1 z 9 ! connection 9 :i* x is employ$ ! di/9ction c ord9>ily be easily made4 ,?is analysis ( our moral con/itution furni%es means = a cle> def9ition ( su* t]ms z obligat$1 ought1 ought n1 & ! l4 ,a p]son is obligat$ or ought to d a ?+ :5 he has ! intellect to p]ceive :at is be/1 & ?us "r1 & ! moral susceptibilities j describ$4 ,:5 he is de/itute ei!r ( ! intellect or ( ^! susceptibilities1 he ceases to be a moral & acc\ntable be+4 ,he c no long] be made to feel any moral obligations4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,m9d4--,,! ,,w4 ,! p[] to *oose exi/s 9 o!r animals z well z 9 man1 s t x is n ?is faculty :i* di/+ui%es our race f ! brutes4 ,x is ano!r "p ( our nature :i* elevates u above ! l[] animals1 :i* w n[ be describ$4 ,irrational ,free ,ag5cy4 ,we h se5 t desires = good are measur$ z to _! /r5g? or feebl5ess by our own consci\sness1 & t 9 multitudes ( cases we *oose ^? ?+s :i* excite ! /ronge/ desire4 ,a m9d s con/itut$ z nev] to be able to *oose any ?+ b t :i* excites ! /ronge/ desire1 w\ld be entirely dep5d5t on circum/ances1 & ?us ! helpless sport ( *ance4 ,?is is ! k9d ( free ag5cy :i* belongs to ! brutes1 & may prop]ly be call$ irrational free ag5cy4 ,rational ,free ,ag5cy4 ,9 contra/ ) ! above1 we h already describ$ ! m9d ( man z possess+ ! p[] to *oose ei!r t :i* excites ! /ronge/ desire or t :i* ! intellect decides to be be/ = all conc]n$4 ,:5 !re is no?+ to excite desires1 !re is no p[] at all to *oose2 s t motives are z indisp5sable to ! action ( ! w z physical causes are to ! movem5t ( matt]4 ,! m /rongly desire is excit$ ! m ! p[] ( *oice is increas$4 ,?is gives rise to ! univ]sal use ( language :i* *>act]izes motives z /rong] or weak] accord+ z desire is m or less p[]ful4 ,! great] "p ( our *oices are = ?+s :i* are be/1 s t !re is no conflict betwe5 :at excites ! /ronge/ desire & :at is be/ = all4 ,?us to eat1 dr9k1 walk1 sleep & p]=m mo/ ( ! daily duties ( life1 are cases :]e ! /ronge/ desire & :at is be/ co9cide4 ,9 all su* cases we *oose t :i* excites ! /ronge/ desire4 ,& :5 we assign ! cause or reason = our *oice1 we say x 0 ! /ronge/ desire :i* 0 ! cause2 t is to say1 x 0 ! occasional cause ( our *oice4 ,b our own m9d is ! only produc+ cause ( its own volitions4 ,?is exhibits ! gr& pr9ciple ( free ag5cy 9 di/9ction f its opposite1 :i* is call$ fatalism1 viz43 ,motives are produc+ causes ( desire1 & are occasional causes ( *oice4 ,m9d itself is ! only produc+ cause ( *oice1 hav+ p[] to *oose ei!r t :i* excites ! /ronge/ desire or t :i* reason & consci5ce decide to be be/ = all conc]n$4 ,9 opposition to ?is1 ! fatali/ ma9ta9s t e act ( *oice foll[s ! /ronge/ desire1 s t !re is ! same inv>iable antec$5ce & sequ5ce betwe5 ! two z !re is 9 mat]ial *anges betwe5 ! necess>y cause & effect4 ,?is be+ s1 ! m9d has no p[] to *oose any ?+ b t :i* excites ! /ronge/ desire4 ,n[1 ?is is a "q :i* e p]son1 le>n$ or unle>n$1 c decide4 ,h we p[] to *oose any o!r way ?an z we d *oose8 ,"h x is claim$ t e human be+ believes t we h ?is p[]1 & proves t he believes x by ^w & action4 ,& if any p]son 7 habitually to talk & act z if he believ$ *ildr5 & m5 _h no p[] to *oose "r :5 !y *oose wrong1 he w\ld be reg>d$ z hav+ lo/ 8 reason4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is plac$ z "o ( ! pr9ciples ( common s5se1 viz41 e rational m9d has p[] to *oose ei!r t :i* excites ! /ronge/ desire or t :i* ! intellect decides to be be/1 ev5 :5 x does n excite ! /ronge/ desire4 ,moral p[] is ! p[] to control rational m9ds by motives4 ,:5 no desire = any good & no fe> ( any evil exi/s1 ! m9d has no p[] to *oose4 ,excit$ desires 7or motives7 are z indisp5sable to *oice z physical causes are to any *ange 9 matt]4 ,! /rong] ! desire = a ?+1 ! easi] x is to *oose x2 & ! less desire !re is = a giv5 ?+1 ! h>d] x is to *oose x4 ,?is measur+ ( v>i\s degrees ( p[] to *oose1 is a matt] ( consci\sness to e m9d1 & x is recogniz$ 9 all languages4 ,& we f9d t all mank9d1 ( all languages1 recognize ! fact t m5 h p[] to *oose :at is be/1 ev5 :5 x conflicts ) ! /ronge/ desire2 s mu* s1 t life itself has be5 rel9qui%$ = ! good ( o!rs1 :5 !re 0 little or no expectation ( a future life1 or ( any consequ5t good to self4 ,moreov]1 x w be %[n 9 a future *apt] t our highe/ idea ( virtue implies a conflict betwe5 ! /ronge/ desire & ! conviction ( :at is "r & be/ on ! :ole2 s t sometimes m5 *oose :at is se5 to be wrong & yet excites ! /ronge/ desire1 & at o!r times :at is "r or be/1 :5 x does n excite ! /ronge/ desire4 ,all selfcontrol1 selfd5ial & selfgov]nm5t involve ! idea ( a conflict betwe5 ! decisions ( reason & consci5ce z to :at is be/ & "r1 & ! importunities ( ! /ronge/ desire = :at is n s4 ,subord9ate & ,g5]al ,purposes4 ,!re is a con/ant succession ( selections to be made betwe5 diff]5t modes ( secur+ happ9ess4 ,a less] good is giv5 up = a great]1 or "s good rel9qui%$ altoge!r to avoid "s consequ5t pa94 ,(t51 also1 "s evil is s\ght z ! means ( secur+ "s future good1 or ( avoid+ "s great] evil4 ,?us m5 endure want1 fatigue & fam9e to pur*ase weal?4 ,?us ! nause\s draught w be swall[$ to avoid ! pa9s ( sickness2 & ?us ! pleasures ( dome/ic affection w be sacrific$ to obta9 honor & fame4 ,! :ole c\rse ( life is a con/ant succession ( su* decisions betwe5 diff]5t modes ( secur+ happ9ess & ( avoid+ pa94 ,9 notic+ ! op]ation ( m9d1 x w be se5 t !re is a f\ndation = two classes ( volitions or acts ( *oice1 :i* may be d5om9at$ subord9ate & g5]al purposes4 ,a subord9ate purpose is "o t secures "s p>ticul> act1 su* z ! mov+ ( ! arm or turn+ ( ! head4 ,su* volitions are ord9>ily consequ5t on "s m g5]al purpose ( ! m9d1 :i* !y aid 9 accompli%+1 & :i* is1 !re=e1 d5om9at$ a g5]al or g5]ic purpose4 ,= example1 a man *ooses to make a c]ta9 j\rney3 ?is is ! g5]al purpose1 &1 9 ord] to c>ry x out1 he p]=ms a great v>iety ( acts1 ea* "o ( :i* aids 9 c>ry+ out ! g5]ic decision4 ,x c be se5 t ! g5]al purposes may !mselves become subord9ate to a /ill m compreh5sive purpose4 ,?us ! man may decide to make a j\rney1 :i* is a g5]ic *oice 9 ref]5ce to all acts subord9ate to ?is end4 ,b ?is j\rney may be a subord9ate "p ( a m g5]al purpose to make a =tune1 or to secure "s o!r important end4 ,x is frequ5tly ! case t a g5]ic purpose1 :i* relates to objects t require a long "t & _m complicat$ op]ations1 exi/s :5 ! m9d seems almo/ unconsci\s ( its p[]4 ,= example1 a man may =m a g5]ic purpose to ent] a pr(ession = :i* ye>s w be requir$ to prep>e4 ,& :ile 8 :ole c\rse ( action is regulat$ by ?is decision1 he engages 9 pursuits entirely =eign to x1 & :i* seem to engross 8 :ole att5tion4 ,^! pursuits may sometimes be su* z are antagoni/ic to 8 gr& purpose1 s z at lea/ to imp]il or ret>d its accompli%m5t4 ,& yet ?is /rong & quiet purpose rema9s1 & is ev5tually c>ri$ out4 ,x is ! case1 also1 t a g5]ic *oice may be =m$ to be c>ri$ out at "s p>ticul> "t & place1 & !n ! m9d becomes entirely unconsci\s ( x till ! appo9t$ p]iod & circum/ances occur4 ,!n ! decision becomes dom9ant1 & controls all o!r purposes4 ,?us a man may decide t1 at a specifi$ h\r1 he w /op 8 /udies & p]=m c]ta9 gymna/ic ex]cises4 ,?is volition is =gott5 until ! h\r arrives1 & !n x recurs & is c>ri$ out4 ,?is ph5om5on sometimes occurs 9 sleep4 ,"s p]sons1 9 wat*+ ) ! sick1 w det]m9e to wake at giv5 h\rs to adm9i/] m$ic9es2 !n !y w sleep s\ndly till ! appo9t$ "t comes1 :5 !y w wak5 & p]=m ! pr$et]m9$ actions4 ,9 reg>d to ! comm5cem5t ( a g5]ic purpose1 we f9d t sometimes x is s di/9ct & def9ite z to be ! subject ( consci\sness & memory4 ,= example1 a sp5d?rift1 9 "s mom5t ( suff]+ & despond5cy1 may =m a det]m9ation to comm5ce a sy/ematic c\rse ( ?rift & economy1 & may actually c>ry x out ?r\gh all 8 future life4 ,su* cases are (t5 to be f\nd on record or 9 eday life4 ,9 o!r cases1 ?is quiet1 hidd51 b controll+ purpose seems to be =m$ by unconsci\s & imp]ceptible influ5ces1 s t ! m9d c n rev]t to ! specific "t or mann] :5 x orig9at$4 ,= example1 a *ild :o is tra9$ f e>ly life to speak ! tru?1 c nev] rev]t to any p>ticul> mom5t :5 ?is g5]ic purpose orig9at$4 ,x is sometimes ! case1 also1 t a p]son w contemplate "s g5]ic purpose be=e x occurs1 :ile ! process ( its f9al =mation seems almo/ beyond ! p[] ( scrut9y4 ,= example1 a man may be urg$ to rel9qui% "o employm5t & engage 9 ano!r4 ,he reflects1 consults1 & is entirely unc]ta9 h[ he %all decide4 ,z "t passes1 he gradually incl9es t[>d ! propos$ *ange1 until1 f9ally1 he f9ds 8 det]m9ation fix$1 he sc>cely kn[s :5 or h[4 ,?us x appe>s t g5]ic purposes comm5ce sometimes s in/antane\sly & obvi\sly t ! "t & influ5ces connect$ ) !m c be recogniz$4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! decision seems to be a gradual "o1 :ile 9 "s in/ances ! process c be trac$1 & 9 o!rs x is entirely unnotic$ or =gott54 ,x is 9 ref]5ce to su* g5]ic purposes t ! moral "* ( m5 is e/imat$4 ,an hone/ man is "o :o has a fix$ purpose to act hone/ly 9 all circum/ances4 ,a tru?ful man is "o :o has su* a purpose to speak ! tru? at all times4 ,9 su* cases1 ! degree 9 :i* su* a purpose controls all o!rs is ! measure ( a man's moral "* 9 ! e/imate ( society4 ,! hi/ory ( mank9d %[s a great div]sity ( moral "* dep5d5t on su* g5]ic *oices4 ,"s m5 possess firm & reliable moral pr9ciples 9 c]ta9 directions1 :ile !y are v de/itute ( !m 9 o!rs4 ,?us x w be se5 t "s h =m$ a v decid$ purpose 9 reg>d to hone/y 9 bus9ess affairs1 :o yet are mis]able victims to intemp]ance4 ,o!rs h cultivat$ a pr9ciple call$ honor1 t re/ra9s !m f c]ta9 actions reg>d$ z mean1 & yet !y may be frequ5t]s ( gambl+ saloons & o!r haunts ( vice4 ,9 ! religions _w1 too1 x is ! case t "s :o are v firm & decid$ on all po9ts ( religi\s obs]vances & 9 ! cultivation ( devotional emotions1 are guilty ( v mean actions1 su* z "s worldly m5 ( honor w\ld n practice at ! sacrifice ( a "r h&4 ,on a ,rul+ ,purpose or ,*ief ,end4 ,! mo/ important ( all ! volunt>y ph5om5a is ! fact t1 :ile !re c be a multitude ( ^! quiet & hidd5 g5]ic purposes 9 ! m9d1 x is also possible to =m "o :i* %all be ! dom9ant or controll+ "o1 to :i* all ! o!rs1 bo? g5]ic & specific1 %all become subord9ate4 ,9 common p>lance ?is w\ld be call$ ! rul+ passion4 ,x is also call$ ! rul+ purpose1 or controll+ pr9ciple4 ,?is consi/s 9 ! p]man5t *oice ( "s "o mode ( secur+ happ9ess z ! *ief end or gr& object ( life4 ,!re is a great v>iety ( s\rces ( happ9ess & ( suff]+ to ! human m9d4 ,n[ 9 ! hi/ory ( our race we f9d t ea* "o ( ^! modes ( enjoym5t has be5 select$ by diff]5t individuals z ! *ief end ( _! exi/5ce--z ! mode ( seek+ enjoym5t to :i* !y sacrifice e o!r4 ,"s p]sons h *os5 ! pleasures ( eat+1 dr9k+1 & ! o!r gross] enjoym5ts ( s5se4 ,o!rs h *os5 ^? m elevat$ & ref9$ pleasures t come indirectly f ! s5ses 9 ! emotions ( ta/e4 ,o!rs h devot$ !mselves to intellectual enjoym5ts z _! *ief res\rce = happ9ess4 ,o!rs h select$ ! ex]cise ( physical & moral p[]1 z 9 ! case ( conqu]ors & physical h]oes1 or ( ^? :o h s\ght to control by moral p[]1 z rul]s & /atesm54 ,o!rs h made ! atta9m5t ( ! e/eem1 admiration1 & love ( _! fell[creatures1 _! *ief end4 ,o!rs1 /ill1 h devot$ !mselves to ! promotion ( happ9ess ar\nd !m z _! *ief int]e/4 ,o!rs h devot$ !mselves to ! s]vice ( ,god1 or :at !y conceiv$ to be su*1 & sometimes by ! mo/ mis]able life ( asceticism & selftorture4 ,o!rs h made x _! ma9 object 9 life to obey ! laws ( rectitude & virtue4 ,9 all ^! cases1 ! moral "* ( ! p]son1 9 ! view ( all obs]v]s1 has be5 decid$ by ?is dom9ant volition1 & exactly 9 proportion to ! supremacy ) :i* x has actually controll$ all o!r purposes4 ,"s m9ds seem to h no *ief end ( life4 ,_! exi/5ce is a succession ( small purposes1 ea* ( :i* has its turn 9 controll+ ! life4 ,o!rs h a /rong1 def9$ & allcontroll+ pr9ciple4 ,n[ exp]i5ce %[s t bo? ( ^! classes are capable1 ! "o ( =m+ & ! o!r ( *ang+ su* a purpose4 ,= example1 9 a "t ( peace & ease !re is little to excite ! m9d /rongly2 b let a crisis come1 :]e =tune1 reputation1 & life are at /ake1 & m5 & wom5 are oblig$ to =m g5]ic decisions involv+ all !y hold de>1 & _m m9ds t h no controll+ purpose imm$iately orig9ate "o1 :ile ^? ^: =m] rul+ aims 7 9 "o direction *ange !m entirely to ano!r4 ,?is %[s h[ x is t days ( p]il create h]oes1 /atesm5 & /rong m5 & wom54 ,! h\r ( dang] calls all ! en]gies ( ! s\l into action4 ,great purposes are =m$ ) ! /ronge/ desire & emotion4 ,in/antly ! :ole curr5t ( ?\ght1 & all ! coexi/+ desires & emotions1 are con=m$ to ^! purposes4 ,! exp]i5ce ( mank9d proves t a dom9ant g5]ic purpose may ext5d to a :ole life1 & actually control all o!r g5]ic & specific volitions4 ,h[ ! ,?\ghts1 ,desires & ,emotions are controll$ by ! ,w4 ,we w n[ consid] "s ( ! modes by :i* ! w controls ! ?\ghts1 desires & emotions4 ,we h se51 9 previ\s pages1 ! influ5ce :i* desire & emotion ex]t 9 mak+ bo? our p]ceptions & conceptions m vivid4 ,:atev] purpose or aim 9 life becomes an object ( /rong desire1 is always di/9ctly & vividly conceiv$1 :ile all less int]e/+ objects are m fa9t & indi/9ct4 ,we h also se5 t :5ev] any conception arises x always br+s connect$ objects1 =m+ a new & complex picture4 ,:5ev] ! m9d is "u ! influ5ce ( a controll+ purpose1 ! object ( pursuit is always m int]e/+ ?an any o!r4 ,?is int]e/ always fa/5s on ^? p>ticul>s 9 any m5tal comb9ation t are connect$ ) ! rul+ purpose & seem fitt$ to promote x1 mak+ !m m vivid4 ,ar\nd ^! select$ objects _! pa/ associat$ ideas beg9 to clu/]1 =m+ o!r complex pictures4 ,9 all ^! comb9ations1 ^? ideas mo/ consonant ) ! lead+ int]e/ ( ! m9d become mo/ vivid1 & ! o!rs fade away4 ,! gr& me?od1 !n1 = regulat+ ! ?\ghts is by ! g5]ic decisions ( ! m9d z to ! modes ( seek+ enjoym5t4 ,9 reg>d to ! p[] ( ! m9d ov] its own desires & emotions1 x is v cle> t ^! s5sibilities c n be regulat$ by direct specific volitions4 ,let any p]son try to produce love1 fe>1 joy1 hope or gratitude by simply *oos+ to h !m arise1 & x is soon p]ceiv$ t no su* p[] exi/s4 ,b !re are indirect modes by :i* ! m9d c control its susceptibilities4 ,! fir/ me?od is by direct+ att5tion to ^? objects ( ?\ght :i* are fitt$ to call =? su* emotions4 ,= example1 if we wi% to awak5 ! emotion ( fe>1 we c place ourselves 9 circum/ances ( dang]1 or call up ideas ( horror & di/ress4 ,if we wi% to call =? emotions ( gratitude1 we c direct att5tion to acts ( k9dness to ourselves calculat$ to awak5 su* feel+s4 ,if we wi% to excite desire = any object1 we c direct att5tion to ^? qualities 9 t object t are calculat$ to excite desire4 ,9 all ^! cases ! m9d c1 by an act ( w1 direct its att5tion to subjects calculat$ to excite emotion & desire4 ,! o!r mode ( regulat+ ! desires & emotions is by ! direction ( our g5]ic volitions4 ,= example1 let a man ( bus9ess1 :o has nev] _h any int]e/ 9 comm]ce1 decide to inve/ all 8 prop]ty 9 =eign trade4 ,z soon z ?is is done1 ! "n ( ! %ip t be>s 8 all c nev] be he>d or se5 b x excites "s emotion4 ,a /orm1 t be=e w\ld g unnotic$1 awak5s fe>2 ! prices 9 ! comm]cial m>kets1 be=e unhe$$1 n[ awak5 fe> or af=d pleasure4 ,& ?us multitudes ( v>i$ desires & emotions are call$ into exi/5ce by ?is "o g5]ic volition4 ,"o result ( a purpose to d5y an importunate prop5sity is frequ5tly se5 9 ! imm$iate or gradual dim9ution ( t desire4 ,= example1 if a p]son is satisfi$ t a c]ta9 article ( food is injuri\s & resolves on total ab/95ce1 x w be f\nd t ! desire = x is v mu* r$uc$1 f> m s ?an :5 ! ef=t is to dim9i% ! indulg5ce4 ,:5 a g5]ic purpose is =m$ t involves great int]e/s1 x is impossible to prev5t ! desires & emotions f runn+ consonant ) ?is purpose4 ,! only mode ( *ang+ ?is curr5t is to give up ?is g5]ic purpose & =m ano!r4 ,?us1 if a man has devot$ 8 :ole "t & en]gies to moneymak+1 x is impossible = him to prev5t 8 ?\ghts & feel+s f runn+ 9 t direction4 ,he mu/ give up ?is z 8 *ief end1 & take a nobl] object1 if he w\ld elevate ! :ole c\rse ( 8 m5tal action4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal ph5om5a ( ! gr& m5tal faculty :i* is ! controll+ p[] ( ! m9d1 & on ! regulation ( :i* all its o!r p[]s are dep5d5t4 ,! nature ( reg5]ation1 & ! "q :e!r x is in/antane\s or gradual or bo?1 all are intimately connect$ ) ! subject ( ?is *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,con/itutional ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,m9d4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s h be5 pres5t$ ! mo/ important m5tal faculties :i* are common to ! race4 ,!re are none ( ! p[]s & attributes ( ! m9d z yet set =? :i* d n belong to e m9d :i* is reg>d$ z rational & complete4 ,b1 ?\gh all ! race h ^! 9 common1 yet we c n b obs]ve an almo/ endless v>iety ( human "*1 result+ f ! div]se proportions & comb9ations ( ^! sev]al faculties4 ,^! con/itutional diff]5ces may be notic$1 fir/1 9 reg>d to ! intellectual p[]s4 ,"s m9ds are naturally pr$ispos$ to ex]cise ! reason+ p[]s4 ,o!rs1 ) precisely ! same k9d ( culture1 h little reli% = ?is1 & little p[] ( appreciat+ an argum5t4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! imag9ation seems to be ! pr$om9at+ faculty4 ,9 o!r m9ds !re seems to be an equal balance ( faculties1 s t no p>ticul> p[] pr$om9ates4 ,next we see ! same v>iety 9 ref]5ce to ! susceptibilities4 ,9 "s m9ds1 ! desire = love & admiration is ! pr$om9at+ pr9ciple4 ,9 o!rs1 ! love ( p[] takes ! lead4 ,"s are em95tly sympa?iz+4 ,o!rs h a /rong love ( rectitude1 or natural consci5ce4 ,9 "s1 ! pr9ciple ( ju/ice pr$om9ates4 ,9 o!rs1 b5evol5ce is ! lead+ impulse4 ,f9ally1 9 reg>d to ! p[] ( volition1 z has be5 be=e indicat$1 !re are "s t possess a /rong w t is decisive & effective 9 regulat+ all specific volitions1 :ile o!rs possess v>i\s & humbl] measures ( ?is p[]4 ,accord+ to ! sci5ce ( ,phr5ology1 "s ( ^! peculi>ities ( m9d are indicat$ by ! size & %ape ( diff]5t portions ( ! bra91 & ext]nally indicat$ on ! skull4 ,t ^! diff]5ces are con/itutional1 & n ! result ( education1 is cle> f ! _m facts %[+ t no degree ( c>e or tra9+ w s]ve to efface ^! di/9ctive traits ( ! m9d4 ,to a c]ta9 degree !y may be modifi$ by education1 & ! equal balance ( ! faculties be promot$1 b nev] to su* a degree z to efface v m>k$ peculi>ities4 ,9 addition to ! endless div]sities t result f ^! v>i$ proportions & comb9ations1 !re is a manife/ v>iety 9 ! grades ( m9d4 ,"s races are mu* l[] 9 ! scale ( be+ e way ?an o!rs1 :ile ! same disp>ity exi/s 9 individuals ( ! same race4 ,! wisdom & b5evol5ce ( ?is arrangem5t is v manife/ :5 view$ 9 ref]5ce to ! int]e/s ( a commonweal?4 ,:]e "s mu/ lead & o!rs foll[1 x is well t "s h ! love ( p[] /rong1 & o!rs h x less4 ,:]e "s mu/ be rul]s1 to inflict p5alties z well z to apportion rew>ds1 x is well t !re be "s :o h ! s5se ( ju/ice z a lead+ pr9ciple4 ,& s 9 ! developm5ts ( intellect4 ,"s m5 are to foll[ call+s :]e ! reason+ p[]s are mo/ ne$$4 ,o!rs are to adopt pursuits 9 :i* ta/e & imag9ation are *iefly requir$2 & ?us ! v>i$ proportions ( ^! faculties become s]viceable4 ,& if x be true t ! ex]cise ( ! social & moral faculties secures ! highe/ degree ( enjoym5t1 ^? disp>ities 9 m5tal p[]s :i* give ex]cise to ! virtues ( compassion1 selfd5ial1 =titude & b5evol5ce 9 s]v+ ! weak1 & ! correspond+ ex]cises ( gratitude1 rev]5ce1 humility & devotion 9 ^? :o are ?us b5efit$1 !n we c see ! wisdom & b5evol5ce ( ?is gradation ( m5tal capacity4 ,moreov]1 9 a commonweal? p]fectly organiz$1 :]e ! happ9ess ( ! :ole becomes t ( ea* "p1 :atev] t5ds to ! highe/ g5]al good t5ds to ! be/ int]e/ ( ea* individual memb]4 ,?is be+ s1 ! l[e/ & humble/ 9 ! scale ( be+1 9 8 appropriate place1 is happi] ?an he c\ld be by any o!r arrangem5t1 & happi] ?an he c\ld be if all 7 equally end[$4 ,?is subject is v important1 because "s !ologians pres5t ^! disp>ities ( m5tal organization z indications ( ! depravity consequ5t on ,adam's s94 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,nature ,,( ,,m9d4--,,habit4 ,?is *apt] is introduc$ because "s !ologians claim t ! depravity ( man consi/s ei!r 9 a habit or 9 some?+ l a habit4 ,habit is a facility 9 p]=m+ physical or m5tal op]ations1 ga9$ by ! repetition ( su* acts4 ,z examples ( ?is 9 physical op]ations may be m5tion$ ! p[] ( walk+1 :i* is acquir$ only by a multitude ( exp]im5ts2 ! p[] ( spee*1 secur$ by a sl[ process ( repeat$ acts ( imitation2 & ! p[] ( writ+1 ga9$ 9 ! same way4 ,success 9 e pursuit ( life is atta9$ by (trepeat$ attempts1 :i* f9ally induce a habit4 ,z examples ( ! =mation ( intellectual habits1 may be m5tion$ ! facility ga9$ 9 acquir+ k by means ( repeat$ ef=ts1 & ! accuracy & spe$ ) :i* ! process ( reason+ is p]=m$ aft] long practice 9 ?is art4 ,z examples ( moral habits may be m5tion$ ^? :i* are =m$ by ! (trepeat$ ex]cise ( selfgov]nm5t1 ju/ice1 v]acity1 ob$i5ce1 & indu/ry4 ,! w1 z has be5 %[n1 ga9s a facility 9 controll+ specific volitions & 9 yield+ ob$i5ce to ! laws ( "r action by con/ant use1 z really z d all ! o!r m5tal p[]s4 ,! happ9ess ( man1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( exi/5ce1 dep5ds n s mu* ^u ! circum/ances 9 :i* he is plac$1 or ! capacities ) :i* he is end[$1 z ^u ! =mation ( 8 habits4 ,a man might h ! organ ( sight1 & be surr\nd$ ) all ! beauties ( nature1 & yet1 if he did n =m ! habit ( judg+ ( ! =m1 di/ance & size ( bodies1 mo/ ( ! pleasure & use f ?is s5se w\ld be want+4 ,! _w & all its beauties w\ld be a m]e confus$ mass ( colors4 ,if ! habits ( walk+ & ( spee* 7 n acquir$1 ^! faculties & ! circum/ances = employ+ !m w\ld n furni% ! enjoym5t !y 7 design$ to secure4 ,x is also ! =mation ( intellectual habits by m5tal discipl9e & /udy1 :i* op5s va/ res\rces = enjoym5t t o!rwise w\ld be = ev] clos$4 ,& x is by practic+ ob$i5ce to p>5ts t moral habits ( subord9ation are =m$1 :i* are indisp5sable to our happ9ess z citiz5s1 & z subjects ( gov]nm5t4 ,!re is no enjoym5t :i* c be po9t$ out1 :i* is n1 to a great] or less ext5t1 dep5d5t ^u ?is pr9ciple4 ,! influ5ce ( habit 9 reg>d to ! law ( sacrifice is especially int]e/+4 ,! exp]i5ce ( multitudes ( our race %[s t su* ta/es & habits may be =m$ 9 obey+ ?is law1 t :at 0 once difficult & pa9ful becomes easy & pleasant4 ,b ?is ability to secure enjoym5t ?r\gh habits ( selfcontrol & selfd5ial1 induc$ by long practice1 s f> z exp]i5ce %[s1 c\ld nev] be secur$ by any o!r me?od4 ,t ! highe/ k9ds ( happ9ess are to be pur*as$ by m or less volunt>y sacrifice & suff]+ to procure good = o!rs1 seems to be a "p ( t nature ( ?+s :i* we at lea/ may suppose has exi/$ f et]nity4 ,we c conceive ( ! et]nal ,fir/ ,cause only z we imag9e a m9d on ! same patt]n z our own 9 con/itutional capacities1 b indef9itely enl>g$ 9 ext5t & action4 ,k1 wisdom1 p[]1 ju/ice1 b5evol5ce & rectitude1 mu/ be ! same 9 ! ,creator z 9 ourselves1 at lea/ s f> z we c conceive2 &1 z ! practice ( selfsacrifice & suff]+ = ! good ( o!rs is our highe/ conception ( virtue1 x is impossible to reg>d ! ,et]nal ,m9d z allp]fect )\t involv+ ?is idea4 ,! =mation ( ! habits dep5ds *iefly ^u ! lead+ desire or gov]n+ purpose1 because :atev] ! m9d desires ! mo/ x w act ! mo/ to secure1 & ?us by repeat$ acts w =m its habits4 ,! "* ( e individual1 !re=e1 z be=e indicat$1 dep5ds ^u ! mode ( seek+ happ9ess select$ by ! w4 ,?us ! ambiti\s man has select$ ! atta9m5t ( p[] & admiration z 8 lead+ purpose1 & :atev] modes ( enjoym5t int]f]e ) ?is are sacrific$4 ,! s5sual man seeks 8 happ9ess f ! v>i\s gratifications ( s5se1 & sacrifices o!r modes ( enjoym5t t int]f]e ) ?is4 ,! man devot$ to intellectual pursuits1 & to seek+ reputation & influ5ce ?r\gh ?is m$ium1 sacrifices o!r modes ( enjoym5t to secure ?is gratification4 ,! man :o has devot$ 8 affections & ! s]vice ( 8 life to ,god & ! good ( 8 fell[m51 sacrifices all o!r enjoym5ts to secure t :i* results f ! fulfillm5t ( su* obligations4 ,?us a p]son is an ambiti\s man1 a s5sual man1 a man ( lit]>y ambition1 or a man ( piety & b5evol5ce1 accord+ to ! gov]n+ purpose or lead+ *oice ( 8 m9d4 ,!re is "o fact 9 reg>d to ! *oice ( ! lead+ object ( desire1 or ! gov]n+ purpose ( life1 :i* is v important4 ,c]ta9 modes ( enjoym5t1 9 consequ5ce ( repetition1 increase ! desire1 b less5 ! capacity ( happ9ess f ?is s\rce2 :ile1 9 reg>d to o!rs1 gratification increases ! desire1 & at ! same "t increases ! capacity = enjoym5t4 ,! enjoym5ts ?r\gh ! s5ses are ( ! fir/ k9d4 ,x w be f\nd1 z a matt] ( univ]sal exp]i5ce1 t :]e ?is has be5 *os5 z ! ma9 purpose ( life1 ?\gh ! desire = su* pleasures is cont9ually increas$1 yet1 ow+ to ! physical effects ( excessive indulg5ce1 ! capacity = enjoym5t is decreas$4 ,?us ! man :o s degrades 8 nature z to make ! pleasures ( eat+ & dr9k+ ! great pursuit ( life1 :ile 8 desires nev] abate1 f9ds 8 ze/ = su* enjoym5ts cont9ually decreas+1 & a p]petual ne$ = new devices to /imulate appetite & awak5 ! dormant capacities4 ,! pleasures ( s5se always pall f repetition--gr[ 8/ale1 flat & unpr(itable10 ?\gh ! delud$ be+ :o has ?us slavi%ly yield$ to su* appetites feels himself b\nd by *a9s ( habit1 :i*1 ev5 :5 enjoym5t ceases1 seldom are brok54 ,! pleasures d]iv$ f ! ex]cise ( p[]1 :5 its atta9m5t becomes ! ma/] passion1 are also ( ?is description4 ,! /atesman1 ! politician1 ! conqu]or1 are all seek+ = ?is1 & desire nev] abates :ile any ?+ ( ! k9d rema9s to be atta9$4 ,we d n f9d t enjoym5t increases 9 proportion z p[] is secur$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x seems to cloy 9 possession4 ,alex&]1 ! conqu]or ( ! _w1 :5 he _h ga9$ all1 wept t objects ( desire 7 ext9ct1 & t possession c\ld n satisfy4 ,b !re are o!r s\rces ( happ9ess = :i* ! desire ev] cont9ues1 & possession only increases ! capacity = enjoym5t4 ,( ?is class is ! susceptibility ( happ9ess f giv+ & receiv+ affection4 ,"h1 ! m !re is giv5 & receiv$1 ! m is ! p[] ( giv+ & receiv+ increas$4 ,we f9d t ?is pr9ciple outlives e o!r1 & ev5 ! decays ( nature itself4 ,:5 tott]+ age on ! bord]s ( ! grave is j ready to resign its wa/$ t5em5t1 (t5 f its dissolv+ a%es ! nev]dy+ sp>k ( affection has bur/ =? ) new & undim9i%$ lu/]4 ,?is is t immortal f\nta9 ( happ9ess always increas$ by imp>t+1 nev] sur*>g$ by receiv+4 ,ano!r pr9ciple1 :i* increases bo? desire & capacity by ex]cise1 is ! p[] ( enjoym5t f be+ ! cause ( happ9ess to o!rs4 ,nev] 0 an in/ance kn[n ( regret = devotion to ! happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! m ?is holy & delightful pr9ciple is 9 ex]cise1 ! m ! desires are increas$1 & ! m are ! susceptibilities = enjoym5t f ?is s\rce enl>g$4 ,:ile ! vot>ies ( pleasure are we>+ d[n ) ! exhau/ion ( abus$ nature1 & ! vot>ies ( ambition are sigh+ ov] its ?orny wrea?1 ! b5evol5t _s is exult+ 9 ! success ( its plans ( good1 & rea*+ =? to /ill pur] & m p]fect bliss4 ,?is pr9ciple is especially true 9 reg>d to ! practice ( rectitude4 ,! m ! lead+ aim ( ! m9d is devot$ to "r feel+ & action1 or to ob$i5ce to all ! laws ( ,god1 ! m bo? ! desire & ! capacity ( enjoym5t f ?is s\rce are increas$4 ,b !re is ano!r fact 9 reg>d to habit1 :i* has an imm5se be>+ on ! wellbe+ ( our race4 ,:5 a habit ( seek+ happ9ess 9 "s "o p>ticul> mode is once =m$1 ! *ange ( ?is habit becomes difficult j 9 proportion to ! degree ( repetition :i* has be5 practic$4 ,a habit once =m$1 x is no long] an easy matt] to *oose betwe5 ! mode ( secur+ happ9ess *os5 & ano!r :i* ! m9d may be l$ to reg>d z mu* sup]ior4 ,?us1 9 gratify+ ! appetite1 a man may feel t 8 happ9ess is cont9ually dim9i%+1 & t1 by sacrific+ ?is passion1 he may secure mu* great] enjoym5t f ano!r s\rce2 yet ! =ce ( habit is su*1 t decisions ( ! w p]petually yield to its p[]4 ,?us1 also1 if a man has f\nd 8 *ief enjoym5t 9 t admiration & applause ( m5 s ard5tly desir$1 ev5 aft] x has ceas$ to *>m1 & seems l empt9ess & vanity1 /ill1 :5 nobl] objects ( pursuit are (f]$1 ! *a9s ( habit b9d him to 8 wont$ pa?4 ,?\gh he looks & longs = ! "o t 8 consci5ce & 8 intellect assure him is brighte/ & be/1 ! conflict ) bad habit ends 9 fatal defeat & ru94 ,x is true t e habit c be correct$ & *ang$1 b no?+ requires great] firmness ( purpose & en]gy ( w2 = x is n "o resolution ( m9d t c conqu] habit3 x mu/ be a con/ant s]ies ( longcont9u$ ef=ts4 ,! influ5ce ( habit 9 ref]5ce to emotions des]ves special att5tion z hav+ a direct influ5ce ^u "* & happ9ess4 ,all pleasurable emotions ( m9d1 be+ grateful1 are indulg$ & *]i%$1 & are n weak5$ by repetition unless !y become excessive4 ,if ! pleasures ( s5se are indulg$ beyond a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! bodily sy/em is exhau/$1 & satiety is ! consequ5ce4 ,if ! love ( p[] & admiration is indulg$ to excess1 s z to become ! lead+ purpose ( life1 !y are f\nd to be cloy+4 ,b1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 all pleasurable emotions d n seem to less5 9 p[] by repetition4 ,b 9 reg>d to pa9ful emotions ! rev]se is true4 ,! m9d in/9ctively resi/s or flies f !m1 s t (t5 a habit ( suppress+ su* emotions is =m$1 until ! susceptibility dim9i%es1 & sometimes appe>s almo/ entirely de/roy$4 ,?us a p]son (t5 expos$ to dang] ceases to be tr\bl$ by fe>1 because he =ms a habit ( suppress+ x4 ,a p]son frequ5tly 9 sc5es ( di/ress & suff]+ le>ns to suppress ! emotions ( pa9ful sympa?y4 ,! surgeon is an example ( ! la/ case1 :]e1 by repeat$ op]ations1 he has le>n$ to suppress emotions until !y seldom recur4 ,a p]son inur$ to guilt gradually dead5s ! pangs ( remorse1 until ! consci5ce becomes 8se>$ z ) a hot iron40 ,?us1 also1 ) ! emotion ( %ame4 ,aft] a p]son has be5 repeat$ly expos$ to contempt1 & feels t he is univ]sally despis$1 he gr[s call\s to any su* emotions4 ,! mode by :i* ! m9d succe$s 9 =m+ su* a habit seems to be by t implant$ pr9ciple :i* makes ideas t are mo/ 9 consonance ) ! lead+ desire ( ! m9d become vivid & di/9ct1 :ile ^? t are less int]e/+ fade away4 ,n[ no p]son desires to witness pa9 except f ! hope ( reliev+ x1 unless x be t1 9 ang]1 ! m9d is sometimes gratifi$ ) ! infliction ( suff]+4 ,b1 9 ord9>y cases1 ! sight ( suff]+ is avoid$ except :]e relief c be adm9i/]$4 ,9 su* cases1 ! desire ( adm9i/]+ relief becomes ! lead+ "o1 s t ! m9d is turn$ (f f ! view ( ! suff]+ to dwell on conceptions ( modes ( relief4 ,?us ! surgeon & physician gradually =m su* habits t ! sight ( pa9 & suff]+ lead ! m9d to ! conception ( modes ( relief1 :]eas a m9d n ?us int]e/$ dwells on ! m pa9ful ideas4 ,! habits ( life are all =m$ ei!r f ! desire to secure happ9ess or to avoid pa91 & ! fe> ( suff]+ is f\nd to be a mu* m p[]ful pr9ciple ?an ! desire ( happ9ess4 ,! s\l flies f pa9 ) all its en]gies1 ev5 :5 x w be in]t at ! sight ( promis$ joy4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is1 let a p]son be fully conv9c$ t ! gift ( two new s5ses w\ld conf] z great an additional am\nt ( enjoym5t z is n[ secur$ by ! eye & e>1 & ! promise ( ?is future good w\ld n /imulate ) half ! en]gy t w\ld be caus$ by ! ?reat ( in/ant & entire bl9dness & deafness4 ,if1 !n1 ! m9d is /imulat$ to =m good habits & to avoid ! =mation ( evil ones mo/ p[]fully by pa9ful emotions1 :5 _! legitimate object is n effect$ !y cont9ually decrease 9 vividness1 & ! design$ b5efit is lo/4 ,if a man is plac$ 9 circum/ances ( dang]1 & fe> leads to habits ( caution & c>efulness1 ! object ( excit+ ?is emotion is accompli%$1 & ! dim9ution ( x is att5d$ ) no evil4 ,b if fe> is cont9ually excit$1 & no su* habits are =m$1 !n ! susceptibility is less5$1 :ile ! good to be secur$ by x is lo/4 ,s1 also1 ) emotions ( sympa?y4 ,if we witness pa9 & suff]+1 & x induces habits ( active devotion to ! good ( ^? :o suff]1 ! dim9ution ( ! susceptibility is a bless+ & no evil4 ,b if we simply indulge emotions1 & d n =m ! habits !y 7 int5d$ to secure1 ! p[] ( sympa?y is weak5$1 & ! design$ b5efit is lo/4 ,?us1 aga91 ) %ame3 if ?is pa9ful emotion does n lead u to =m habits ( honor & rectitude1 x is cont9ually weak5$ by repetition1 & ! object = :i* x 0 be/[$ is n secur$4 ,& s ) remorse3 if ?is emotion is awak5$ )\t lead+ to habits ( b5evol5ce & virtue1 x con/antly decays 9 p[]1 & ! good x w\ld h secur$ is = ev] lo/4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t ! p[] ( emotion 9 ! s\l is ?us de/roy$4 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact t ! mo/ h>d5$ culprits1 :5 br\ght to ! h\r ( dea?1 :]e all plans ( future good cease to *>m ! m5tal eye1 are (t5 ov]:elm$ ) ! mo/ vivid emotions ( sorr[1 %ame1 remorse & fe>4 ,& (t51 9 ! c\rse ( life1 !re are seasons :5 ! s\l returns f its pursuit ( delud+ visions to commune ) itself 9 its own secret *amb]s4 ,at su* seasons1 %ame1 remorse & fe> take up _! abode 9 _! long des]t$ dwell+1 & ply _! scorpion :ips till !y are obey$1 & ! c\rse ( honor & virtue is resum$1 or till ! di/ract$ _s aga9 flies abroad = com=t & relief4 ,!re is a great div]sity 9 human "*1 result+ f ! div]se proportions & comb9ations ( ^? p[]s ( m9d :i* ! race h 9 common4 ,at ! same "t1 !re is a v>iety 9 ! scale ( be+1 or relative grade ( ea* m9d4 ,:ile all are alike 9 ! common faculties ( ! human m9d1 "s h e faculty on a mu* l>g] scale ?an o!rs1 :ile "s are ( a v humble grade4 ,! pr9ciple ( habit has v great influ5ce 9 modify+ & *ang+ ^! v>ieties4 ,?us1 by =m+ habits ( intellectual ex]cise1 a m9d ( naturally humble proportions c be elevat$ consid]ably above "o m highly end[$ by natural con/itution4 ,s ! tra9+ ( "s p>ticul> intellectual faculty1 :i* by nature is defici5t1 c br+ x up ne>] to ! level ( o!r p[]s less discipl9$ by ex]cise4 ,9 l mann]1 ! natural susceptibilities c be increas$1 dim9i%$ or modifi$ by habit4 ,c]ta9 ta/es1 t _h little p[]1 c be s cultivat$ z to ov]top all o!rs4 ,s ( ! moral nature3 x c be s ex]cis$ t a habit w be =m$ :i* w g5]ate a /r5g? & prom95cy t nature did n imp>t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important results ( habit is its influ5ce on fai? or belief4 ,^? p]sons :o practice me?ods ( false reason+1 :o turn away f evid5ce & foll[ _! feel+s 9 =m+ op9ions1 ev5tually lose ! p[] ( sure1 confid+ belief4 ,on ! contr>y1 an hone/1 consci5ti\s /ead9ess 9 seek+ ! tru? & 9 yield+ to evid5ce1 secures ! firme/ & mo/ reliable convictions1 & t peace ( m9d :i* alone results f believ+ ! tru?4 ,! w itself is also subject to ?is same pr9ciple4 ,a /rong w1 t is tra9$ to yield ob$i5ce to law 9 e>ly life1 acquires an ease & facility 9 do+ x :i* belongs ord9>ily to weak m9ds1 & yet c reta9 all its vigor4 ,& a m9d t is tra9$ to br+ subord9ate volitions into /rict & ready ob$i5ce to a g5]ic purpose1 acquires an ease & facility 9 do+ ?is :i* 0 n a natural end[m5t4 ,?us x appe>s t by ! pr9ciple ( habit e m9d is furni%$ ) ! p[] ( elevat+ itself 9 ! scale ( be+1 & ( s modify+ & p]fect+ ! proportions & comb9ations ( its con/itutional p[]s1 t (t5 ! result is t !re is no mode ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! effects ( habit & ^? ( natural organization4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,m9d ,,our ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,natural ,,attributes ,,( ,,god4 ,! natural attributes ( any m9d are ! p[]s & faculties to be ex]cis$1 :ile x is ! action or volunt>y use ( ^! faculties t exhibits ! moral attributes4 ,hav+ ga9$ ! exi/5ce ( a ,great ,fir/ ,cause by ! use ( "o pr9ciple ( common s5se1 & ! fact t ?is cause is an intellig5t m9d by ano!r1 x has be5 %[n t a ?ird ( ^! pr9ciples leads to ! belief t ! natural attributes ( ,god are l our own4 ,we c n conceive ( any o!r k9d ( m9ds ?an our own1 because we h nev] _h any pa/ exp]i5ce or k ( any o!r4 ,b :ile we ?us conclude t ! m9d ( ! ,creator is1 s f> z we c conceive1 precisely l our own 9 con/itutional organization1 we are z necess>ily l$ to p]ceive t ! ext5t ( ^! p[]s is f> beyond our own4 ,a m9d ) ! p[]1 wisdom & goodness exhibit$ 9 ! v small portion ( 8 works submitt$ to our inspection1 :o has inhabit$ et]nity1 & matur$ ?r\gh ev]la/+ ages--our m9ds are lo/ 9 attempt+ any conception ( ! ext5t ( su* inf9ite faculties6 ,?us we are necess>ily l$ to conceive ( ! ,creator z possess+ ! intellectual p[]s describ$ 9 previ\s pages4 ,he p]ceives1 conceives1 imag9es1 judges & rememb]s j z we d4 ,s also all our v>i$ susceptibilities to pleasure & pa9 exi/ 9 ! ,et]nal ,m9d4 ,! desire ( good & ! fe> ( evil :i* are ! motive p[] 9 ! human m9d1 exi/ also 9 ! div9e4 ,?us by ! light ( nature we settle ! "q t ! exi/5ce ( susceptibilities to pa9 & evil are n ! results ( ! ,creator's w1 b are a "p ( ! et]nal nature ( ?+s :i* he did n orig9ate or control4 ,all ! m9ds we ev] knew or he>d ( are mov$ to action by desire to ga9 happ9ess & escape pa91 & z we c conceive ( no o!r k9d ( m9d ?an our own1 we mu/ attribute to ! ,creator ?is f\ndation elem5t ( m5tal activity4 ,?us we are l$ to attribute to ! ,creator all ^? susceptibilities includ$ 9 ! moral s5se1 z describ$ 9 previ\s pages4 ,8 m9d1 l ours1 feels t :atev] makes ! mo/ happ9ess ) ! lea/ evil is "r2 t is to say1 x is fitt$ to ! et]nal nature ( ?+s1 ( :i* 8 own m9d is a "p4 ,s also ! ,creator possesses t s5se ( ju/ice implant$ 9 our own m9ds1 :i* involves ! desire ( good to ^? :o make happ9ess1 & ( evil to ^? :o de/roy happ9ess2 & :i* also dem&s t su* retributions be proportion$ to ! good & evil done1 & to ! p[] ( ! ag5t4 ,s also we mu/ conceive ( ! ,creator z possess+ ! susceptibility ( consci5ce1 :i* includes 9 ! v con/itution ( m9d retributions = "r & wrong action4 ,aga91 we are l$ to conceive ( ,god z a rational free ag5t1 ) p[] to *oose ei!r t :i* excites ! /ronge/ desire or t :i* is p]ceiv$ to be be/ on ! :ole = all conc]n$1 ev5 if x does n excite ! /ronge/ desire4 ,aga91 we are to conceive ( ! ,creator z possess+ a belief 9 ^? pr9ciples ( reason :i* he has implant$ 9 our m9ds1 & made our guide 9 all matt]s1 bo? ( temporal & religi\s conc]n4 ,aga91 our exp]i5ce ( ! nature & hi/ory ( m9d1 leads to ! inf]5ce t no be+ has exi/$ f all et]nity 9 solitude1 b t !re is m ?an "o et]nal1 uncreat$ m9d1 & t all _! p[]s ( enjoym5t f giv+ & receiv+ happ9ess 9 social relations h be5 9 ex]cise f et]nal ages4 ,?is is ! j & natural d$uction ( reason & exp]i5ce1 z truly z ! d$uction t !re is at lea/ "o et]nal ,fir/ ,cause4 ,aga91 all our exp]i5ce ( m9d involves ! idea ( ! mutual relation ( m9ds4 ,we p]ceive t m9ds are made to mat* to o!r m9ds1 s t !re c be no complete action ( m9d1 accord+ to its manife/ design1 except 9 relation to o!r be+s4 ,a m9d c n love till !re is ano!r m9d to call =? su* emotion4 ,a m9d c n br+ a ti! ( its p[] into appropriate action except 9 a community ( m9ds4 ,! conception ( a solit>y be+1 ) all ! social p[]s & sympa?ies ( ! human m9d inf9itely enl>g$1 & yet )\t any sympa?iz+ m9d to mat* & meet !m1 involves ! highe/ idea ( unfitness & imp]fection conceivable1 :ile x is contr>y to our uni=m exp]i5ce ( ! nature & hi/ory ( m9d4 ,x has be5 argu$ t ! unity ( design 9 ! works ( nature proves t !re is b "o creat+ m9d4 ,?is is n s1 = 9 all our exp]i5ce ( ! creations ( f9ite be+s no great design 0 ev] =m$ )\t a comb9ation ( m9ds1 bo? to plan & to execute4 ,! majority ( m9ds 9 all ages1 bo? hea!n & ,*ri/ian1 h always conceiv$ ( ! ,creator z 9 "s way exi/+ s z to involve ! ideas ( plurality & ( ! love & communion ( "o m9d ) ano!r4 ,& yet ! unity & h>mony ( all creat$ ?+s z p>ts ( "o & ! same design1 tea* a degree ( unity 9 ! au?or%ip ( ! univ]se nev] kn[n 9 ! complex action ( f9ite m9ds4 ,?us a unity & plurality 9 ! ,creator ( all ?+s is educ$ by reason & exp]i5ce f ! works ( nature4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,m9d ,,our ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,moral ,,attributes ,,( ,,god4 ,hav+ employ$ ! pr9ciples ( common s5se to ga9 a k ( ! natural attributes ( ,god1 we are next to employ ! same pr9ciples to ga9 8 moral "*2 or ^? attributes :i* are exhibit$ 9 will+4 ,9 o!r words1 we are to seek ! "* ( ,god z express$ 9 8 works or de$s4 ,9 our exp]i5ce ( ! moral "* ( m9ds 9 ?is _w1 we f9d t "s ( ! highe/ grades z to intellect & susceptibilities1 are l[e/ z to goodwill+4 ,h[ is x1 !n1 ) ! highe/ m9d ( all8 ,does he s pref] evil to good1 t he delib]ately plans = ! production ( evil :5 he has p[] to produce happ9ess 9 its place8 ,or does he sometimes pref] evil & sometimes good1 ) ! v>iable humors ( ! human race8 ,or does he always pref] good :5 x co/s him no tr\ble or sacrifice1 b nev] :5 x does8 ,or is he "o :o inv>iably *ooses :at is be/ = all1 ev5 :5 x involves pa9ful sacrifices to himself8 ,9 seek+ a reply to ^! mom5t\s que/ions1 we return once m to ! pr9ciple ( common s5se be=e /at$1 i4e41 ! nature ( any "w or contrivance is pro( ( ! "* & design ( ! au?or4 ,9 exam9+ ! works ( ! ,creator1 we f9d t ! mat]ial _w impresses u z wisely adju/$ & good 9 con/ruction1 only z x is fitt$ to give enjoym5t to s5ti5t be+s4 ,x is ! intellig5t1 feel+1 act+ m9ds t give ! value to e o!r exi/5ce4 ,if !re 7 no m9ds1 all p]ception ( beauty1 fitness & goodness w\ld p]i%4 ,x is m9ds1 !re=e1 :i* are ! *ief works ( ! ,creator's h&1 & :i* give value to all o!rs4 ,if ! nature ( ^! m9ds is evil1 !n ! au?or ( !m is prov$ to be evil by 8 works4 ,if _! nature is good & p]fect1 !n _! au?or is prov$ to be good & p]fect4 ,"h aga9 we are driv5 back to our own m9ds to ga9 ! only conceptions possible to u1 n only ( wisdom1 b ( goodness or b5evol5ce4 ,on exam9ation1 we %all f9d t we c =m no idea ( ^! qualities :i* does n involve a limitation ( p[]4 ,our idea ( p[] is t :i* we ga9 :5 we w to move our bodies or to make any o!r *ange1 & ?is *ange ensues4 ,our only idea ( a want ( p[] is ga9$ :5 ! *oice or will+ ( a *ange or ev5t does n produce x4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 x %all appe> t ! ,creator wills or wi%es a ?+ to exi/ or to be *ang$1 & t *ange or exi/5ce does n foll[ 8 s will+1 we c n help believ+ t he has n ! p[] to produce x8 ,aga92 our idea ( p]fectness always has ref]5ce to p[]2 = a ?+ is reg>d$ z p]fect 9 con/ruction only :5 !re is no p[] 9 ,god or man to make x bett]4 ,:5 any arrangem5t is z good z x c be1 s t nei!r ,god nor man has p[] to make x bett]1 we reg>d x z p]fect1 ev5 :5 !re is "s degree ( evil involv$4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to def9e :at is includ$ 9 ! t]ms p]fect wisdom & p]fect b5evol5ce1 :5 appli$ to ! ,creator or to any o!r be+1 ?us3 ,a p]fectly wise be+ is "o :o inv>iably wills ! be/ possible ends & ! be/ possible means ( accompli%+ ^? ends4 ,an imp]fectly wise be+ is "o :o does n inv>iably d ?is4 ,a p]fectly b5evol5t be+ is "o :o inv>iably wills ! mo/ good & ! lea/ evil 9 8 p[]4 ,an imp]fectly b5evol5t be+ is "o :o does n inv>iably w ?us4 ,! degree 9 :i* a be+ is rank$ z wise & good is e/imat$ by ! ext5t to :i* 8 will+ good or evil corresponds ) 8 p[]4 ,?us x appe>s t1 9 a sy/em :]e evil exi/s1 ! v idea ( p]fect b5evol5ce & wisdom involves ! supposition ( a limitation ( p[]4 ,to return1 !n1 to ! "q z propos$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! *apt]--,is ! ,creator a be+ :o pref]s good to evil inv>iably1 or is he "o :o only sometimes pref]s evil to good1 & at o!r times pref]s good to evil1 ) ! v>y+ humors ( man2 or does he inv>iably *oose :at is be/ = all1 ev5 9 cases :]e x may co/ p]sonal sacrifice & suff]+ to himself8 ,x w be ! object ( :at foll[s to prove t ! la/ supposition is ! true "o4 ,9 attempt+ ?is1 we aga9 take ! pr9ciple ( common s5se1 t 8! nature ( any contrivance proves ! design & "* ( ! au?or40 ,!n we proce$ to a review ( ! nature1 fir/ ( m9d1 & next ( ! mat]ial _w1 to prove t ! design or *ief end ( ! ,creator is1 n to make happ9ess irrespective ( ! am\nt1 b to produce ! greate/ possible happ9ess ) ! lea/ possible evil4 ,9 o!r words1 we are to seek = pro( t ,god has done all ?+s = ! be/1 s t he has no p[] to d bett]4 ,9 /ill ano!r =m1 we are to seek = evid5ce1 9 ! nature ( ,god's works1 t he has ev] done ! be/ he c\ld1 s t ! am\nt ( evil t ev] 0 or ev] w exi/1 is n caus$ by 8 will+ x1 b by 8 want ( p[] to prev5t x2 s t any *ange w\ld be an increase ( evil & a less5+ ( good to ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,9 pursu+ ?is attempt1 x w be ne$ful to reproduce two or ?ree *apt]s ( a "w by ! au?or1 already be=e ! public1 entitl$1 ,! ,bible & ! ,p2 or1 ,common ,s5se appli$ to ,religion4 ,9 ?is "w ! nature ( m9d is pres5t$ v mu* m 9 detail1 = ! same purpose z t "h indicat$4 ,:at w n[ foll[ is a brief review ( previ\s *apt]s 9 t "w1 z a summ>y ( ! evid5ce !re pres5t$ t ! *ief end ( ,god 9 all 8 works is to produce ! greate/ possible happ9ess ) ! lea/ possible evil4 ,:5ev] we f9d any contrivances all comb9+ to secure a c]ta9 good result1 :i*1 at ! same "t1 involve "s degree ( inevitable evil1 & !n discov] t !re are contrivances to dim9i% & avoid ?is evil1 we prop]ly inf] t ! au?or int5d$ to secure z mu* ( ! good ) z little ( ! evil z possible4 ,= example1 a travel] f9ds a des]t$ m9e1 & all ar\nd he discov]s contrivances = obta9+ gold1 &1 at ! same "t1 o!r contrivances = gett+ rid ( ! e>? mix$ ) x4 ,! inevitable inf]5ce w\ld be t ! au?or ( ^! contrivances design$ to secure z mu* gold ) z little e>? z possible2 & %\ld any "o say t he c\ld h _h m gold & less e>? if he *ose to1 ! answ] w\ld be t !re is no evid5ce ( ?is ass]tion1 b direct evid5ce aga9/ x4 ,aga93 %\ld we discov] a piece ( ma*9]y 9 :i* e contrivance t5d$ to secure a spe$ 9 movem5t1 produc$ by ! friction ( :eels aga9/ a r\gh surface1 & at ! same "t o!r contrivances 7 f\nd = dim9i%+ all friction t 0 useless1 we %\ld inf] t ! au?or design$ to secure ! greate/ possible spe$ ) ! lea/ possible friction4 ,9 l mann]1 if we c %[ t m9d is a contrivance t acts by ! influ5ce ( fe> ( evil1 & t pa9 seems z indisp5sable to ! action ( a free ag5t z friction is to motion2 if we c %[ t !re is no contrivance 9 m9d or matt] :i* is design$ to secure suff]+ z its prim>y end2 if we c1 on ! contr>y1 %[ t ! direct end ( all ! organizations ( m9d & matt] is to produce happ9ess2 if we c %[ t x is only ! wrong action ( m9d t involves mo/ ( ! pa9 yet kn[n1 s t "r action1 9 its place1 w\ld secure only happ9ess2 if we c %[ contrivances = dim9i%+ pa91 & also contrivances = increas+ happ9ess by means ( ! inevitable pa9 involv$ 9 ! sy/em ( ?+s1 !n ! j conclusion w be ga9$ t ! ,au?or ( ! sy/em ( m9d & matt] design$ 8to produce ! greate/ possible happ9ess ) ! lea/ possible evil40 ,9 ! pages :i* foll[1 we %all pres5t evid5ce exhibit+ all ^! p>ticul>s4 ,! only way 9 :i* we le>n ! nature ( a ?+ is to obs]ve its qualities & actions4 ,?is is true ( m9d z mu* z x is ( matt]4 ,exp]i5ce & obs]vation tea* t ! nature ( m9d is su*1 t ! fe> ( suff]+ is indisp5sable to secure a l>ge portion ( ! enjoym5t )9 rea* ( its faculties1 & t ! highe/ modes ( enjoym5t c n be secur$ except by sacrifice1 & ?us by m or less suff]+4 ,?is appe>s to be an inevitable comb9ation1 z mu* s z friction is inevitable 9 ma*9]y4 ,we h ! evid5ce ( our own consci\sness t x is fe> ( evil to ourselves or to o!rs t is ! /ronge/ motive p[] to ! m9d4 ,if we %\ld f9d t no pa9 result$ f burn+ up our own bodies1 or f dr[n+1 or f any o!r cause2 if e "o p]ceiv$ t no c>e1 tr\ble1 or pa9 result$ f los+ all k9ds ( enjoym5t1 ! ef=t to seek x w\ld be greatly dim9i%$4 ,if we c\ld desire good en\gh to ex]t ourselves to seek x1 & yet %\ld feel no discom=t 9 fail+2 if we c\ld lose e ?+1 & feel no s5se ( pa9 or c>e1 ! /imulus to action :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be mo/ p[]ful & b5efic5t w\ld be lo/4 ,we f9d t abundance ( ease & prosp]ity en]vates m5tal p[]1 & t m9d increases 9 all t is gr& & noble1 & also 9 ! mo/ elevat+ happ9ess1 by means ( dang]1 c>e & pa94 ,we may prop]ly inf]1 !n1 t evil is a necess>y "p ( ! exp]i5ce ( a p]fectlyact+ m9d4 ,s /rong is ! conviction t pa9ful p5alties are indisp5sable1 t ! k9de/ p>5ts & ! mo/ b5evol5t rul]s are ! mo/ sure to increase r ?an dim9i% ^? t are already involv$ 9 ! exi/+ nature ( ?+s4 ,aga93 )\t a revelation we h no k ( any k9d ( m9d b by inf]5ce f our exp]i5ce 9 ?is /ate ( be+4 ,all we "k ( ! ,et]nal ,fir/ ,cause is by a process ( reason+1 inf]r+ t 8 nature mu/ be l ! only m9ds ( :i* we h any k4 ,we assume1 !n1 t he is a free ag5t1 regulat$ by desire = happ9ess & fe> ( evil4 ,we ?us come to ! conclusion t ?is organization ( m9d is a "p ( ! fix$ & et]nal nature ( ?+s1 & does n result f ! w ( ! ,creator4 ,8 own is ! et]nal patt]n ( an allp]fect m9d1 & our own are =m$ on ?is p]fect model1 ) susceptibilities to pa9 z an indisp5sable motive p[] 9 ga9+ happ9ess4 ,we w n[ recapitulate "s ( ! p>ticul>s 9 ! laws & con/itution ( m9d :i* t5d to e/abli% ! position t its ,creator's gr& design is 8to produce ! greate/ possible happ9ess ) ! lea/ possible evil40 ,intellectual ,p[]s4 ,fir/1 !n1 9 ref]5ce to ! e>lie/ ex]cise ( m9d 9 s5sation4 ,! eye might h be5 s made t light w\ld inflict pa91 & ! e> s t s\nd w\ld cause only discom=t4 ,& s ( all ! o!r s5ses4 ,b ! condition ( a well=m$1 heal?y infant is a mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( ! adaptation ( ! s5ses to receive enjoym5t4 ,:o c\ld gaze on ! c\nt5ance ( su* a little "o1 z its v>i\s s5ses are call$ into ex]cise )\t su* a conviction8 ,! delight manife/$ z ! light attracts ! eye1 or z pleasant s\nds *>m ! e>1 or z ! limpid n\ri%m5t gratifies its ta/e1 or z g5tle motion & s(t fondl+s soo! ! n]ves ( t\*1 all te/ify to ! b5evol5t design ( its ,mak]4 ,next come ! pleasures ( p]ception z ! infant gradually obs]ves ! qualities ( ! v>i\s objects ar\nd1 & sl[ly le>ns to di/+ui% its "m & its play?+s f ! confus$ mass ( =ms & colors4 ,!n comes ! g5tle curiosity z x wat*es ! movem5t ( its own limbs1 & f9ally discov]s t its own volitions move its t9y f+]s1 :ile ! gr& idea t x is itself a cause is gradually introduc$4 ,next come ! v>i$ intellectual pleasures z ! sev]al p[]s are ex]cis$ 9 connection ) ! animate & mat]ial _w ar\nd1 9 acquir+ ! mean+ ( words1 & 9 imitat+ ! s\nds & use ( language4 ,! adult1 9 toil+ ov] ! dry lexicon1 little realizes ! pleasure ) :i* ! little "o is daily acquir+ ! philosophy1 gramm>1 & vocabul>y ( its "m tongue4 ,a *ild :o c n und]/& a s+le complete s5t5ce1 or speak an intelligible phrase1 w sit & li/5 ) longcont9u$ delight to ! simple enunciation ( words1 ea* "o ( :i* pres5ts a picture to 8 m9d ( a dog1 a cat1 a c[1 a horse1 a :ip1 a ride1 & _m o!r objects & sc5es t h giv5 pleasure 9 ! pa/2 :ile ! s+le words1 )\t any s5t5ces1 br+ back1 n only vivid conceptions ( ^! objects1 b a "p ( ! enjoym5t ) :i* !y h be5 connect$4 ,!n1 z ye>s pass by1 ! intellect m & m adm9i/]s pleasure1 :ile ! reason+ p[]s are develop$1 ! ta/e cultivat$1 ! imag9ation ex]cis$1 ! judgm5t employ$1 & ! memory /or$ ) treasures = future enjoym5t4 ,9 ! prop] & temp]ate use ( ! intellectual p[]s1 !re is a con/ant exp]i5ce ( placid satisfaction1 or ( agreeable & (t5 ( delightful emotions1 :ile no "o ( ^! faculties is productive ( pa91 except 9 violat+ ! laws ( ! m5tal con/itution4 ,! ,susceptibilities4 ,9 reg>d to ! second g5]al class ( m5tal p[]s--! susceptibilities--! fir/ p>ticul> to be notic$ is ! ceaseless & allp]vad+ desire to ga9 happ9ess & escape pa94 ,?is is ! ma9spr+ ( all volunt>y activity2 = no act ( volition w take place till "s good is pres5t$ to ga91 or "s evil to %un4 ,at ! same "t1 z has be5 %[n1 ! desire to escape evil is m pot5t & effective ?an ! desire = good4 ,?\s&s ( m9ds t re/ 9 passive li/lessness1 :5 !re is no?+ to /imulate b hope ( enjoym5t1 w ex]t e physical & m5tal p[] to escape imp5d+ evil4 ,! seasons ( longcont9u$ prosp]ity 9 nations always t5d to a det]ioration ( intellect & manhood4 ,x is 9 seasons ( dang] alone t fe> wakes up ! highe/ en]gies1 & draws =? ! h]oes ( ! race4 ,m9d1 !n1 is an exi/5ce hav+ ! p[] ( t selforig9at+ action ( *oice :i* con/itutes free ag5cy1 :ile ?is p[] c only be ex]cis$ :5 desires are excit$ to ga9 happ9ess or to escape pa94 ,?is surely is ! highe/ possible evid5ce t its ,au?or int5d$ m9d %\ld ?us act4 ,b a m9d may act to secure happ9ess & avoid pa9 to itself1 & yet may ga9 only v l[ grades ( enjoym5t1 :ile mu* high] are )9 rea* ( its faculties4 ,s1 also1 x may act to ga9 happ9ess = itself z ! *ief end 9 su* ways z to prev5t or de/roy ! high] happ9ess ( o!rs ar\nd4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is1 we f9d ^? susceptibilities :i* raise man to ! dignity ( a rational & moral be+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is t impression ( ! great design ( ! ,creator exi/+ 9 e m9d1 ei!r z a result ( con/itution or ( tra9+1 or ( bo? unit$1 :i* results 9 a feel+ t :atev] less5s or de/roys happ9ess is unfit & contr>y to ! sy/em ( ?+s4 ,next !re is ! p[] to balance pleasure & pa91 & e/imate ! comp\nd result1 bo? 9 ref]5ce to self & to ! commonweal?4 ,) ?is is comb9$ ! feel+ t :atev] secures ! mo/ good ) ! lea/ evil is "r & fit1 & t ! opposite is wrong & unfitt$ to ! nature ( ?+s4 ,next comes ! s5se ( ju/ice1 :i* results 9 an impulse to discov] ! cause ( good & evil1 & :5 ?is cause is f\nd to be a volunt>y ag5t1 a consequ5t impulse to make returns ( good = good1 & ( evil = evil1 & also to proportion retributive rew>ds or p5alties to ! am\nt ( good or evil done4 ,) ?is1 also1 is comb9$ ! feel+ t ^? retributions %\ld be appli$ only :]e !re 0 volunt>y p[] to h done o!rwise4 ,:5 x is se5 t !re 0 no su* p[]1 ! impulse to rew>d or puni% is repress$4 ,su* is ! deep conviction t su* retributions are indisp5sable1 t :]e natural pa9s & p5alties d n avail1 o!rs are dem&$1 bo? 9 ! family & 9 ! commonweal?4 ,la/ly1 we f9d ! susceptibility ( consci5ce1 :i*1 by ! v framework ( ! m9d itself1 apportions ! retributive pangs ( remorse = wrong do+1 & ! pleasure ( selfapproval = well do+4 ,^!1 too1 are retributions nev] to be escap$1 & ! mo/ exquisite1 bo? 9 elevat$ happ9ess & excruciat+ pa94 ,! m9d c>ries ab\t 9 itself its own c]ta9 & graci\s remun]ator--its own inexorable prosecutor1 judge1 & execution]4 ,?is same design ( ! ,creator may be mo/ delightfully trac$ 9 :at may be call$ ! economy ( happ9ess & pa94 ,"o p>ticul> ( ?is is set =? at l>ge 9 ! *apt] on ! emotions ( ta/e47#e7 ,"h we f9d ! m9d =m$ n only to secure multitud9\s enjoym5t ?r\gh ! n]ves ( s5sation1 b t1 by ! pr9ciple ( association1 !re is a p]petual reproduction ( ^! emotions 9 connection ) ! colors1 =ms1 s\nds1 & motions ) :i* !y 7 orig9ally associat$4 ,?us !re are p]petually return+ emotions ( pleasure s recondite1 s ref9$1 s inf9ite 9 v>iety & ext5t1 & yet h[ little notic$ or und]/ood6 ,ano!r indication ( ! same k9d is ! peculi>ity po9t$ out on =m] pages1 :]e x is %[n t secur+ c]ta9 enjoym5ts :i* t5d to promote ! g5]al happ9ess increases bo? desire & capacity = enjoym5t1 :ile ^? t t]m9ate 9 ! individual dim9i% by possession4 ,?us ! enjoym5t ( p[]1 :i* mu/1 f its nature1 be conf9$ to a few1 dim9i%es by possession4 ,?us1 too1 ! pleasures ( s5se pall by indulg5ce4 ,b ! enjoym5t result+ f ! ex]cise & reciprocation ( love1 & t result+ f b5evol5t actions1 & t :i* is includ$ 9 a c\rse ( p]fect ob$i5ce to all ! rules ( rectitude1 increases ! capacity = enjoym5t4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ! same pr9ciple is exhibit$ 9 ! *apt] on ,habit1 :]e x is se5 t ! p[] ( pleasurable emotions increases by repetition1 :ile pa9ful emotions decrease :5 ! good to be secur$ by _! ag5cy is atta9$4 ,?us fe> s]ves to protect f dang] till caution & habit read] x ne$less1 & !n x decreases4 ,& s ( o!r pa9ful emotions4 ,x is int]e/+ to trace ! same design 9 ! con/itution ( m9ds 9 reg>d to ea* o!r4 ,we f9d t ! pure/ & highe/ k9d ( happ9ess is dep5d5t on ! mutual relations ( m9ds4 ,?us ! enjoym5t result+ f ! discov]y ( intellectual & moral traits 9 o!r m9ds--t result+ f giv+ & receiv+ affection--t ga9$ by sympa?y1 & by be+ ! cause ( happ9ess to o!rs1 & t result+ f consci\s rectitude1 all are dep5d5t on ! exi/5ce ( o!r be+s4 ,n[ we f9d t m9ds are relatively s con/itut$ t :at "o desires1 x is a s\rce ( happ9ess 9 ano!r to be/[4 ,?us "o c be pleas$ by ! discov]y ( c]ta9 traits 9 o!r m9ds1 :ile1 9 return1 ! exhibition ( ^! traits1 & ! consci\sness t !y are appreciat$1 is an equal s\rce ( enjoym5t4 ,"o m9d seeks ! love ( o!rs1 :ile ^!1 9 return1 are desir+ objects ( affection1 & rejoice to conf] ! gift t is s\ght4 ,! desire ( k or ! gratification ( curiosity is ano!r s\rce ( pleasure1 :ile satisfy+ ?is desire is a cause ( enjoym5t to ^? ar\nd4 ,h[ readily d mank9d seize ^u e opportunity to convey int]e/+ news to o!r m9ds6 ,aga93 we f9d t1 bo? 9 sorr[ & 9 joy1 ! m9d seeks = ! sympa?y ( o!rs1 :ile ?is grateful & soo?+ boon x is delightful to be/[4 ,s1 also1 ! consci\sness ( be+ ! cause ( good to ano!r s5ds joy to ! he>t1 :ile ! recipi5t is fill$ ) ! pleas+ gl[ ( gratitude 9 receiv+ ! b5efit4 ,! consci\sness ( virtue 9 act+ = ! g5]al good1 in/ead ( = contract$1 selfi% purposes1 is ano!r s\rce ( happ9ess1 :ile ^? :o witness its delightful results rejoice to behold & ackn[l$ge x4 ,:at bur/s ( raptur\s applause h foll[$ ! exhibition ( virtu\s selfsacrifice = ! good ( o!rs f bosoms :o rejoic$ 9 ?is display1 & :o c\ld owe ?is pleasure to no o!r cause ?an ! natural con/itution ( m9d1 :i* is =m$ to be made happy bo? 9 behold+ & 9 ex]cis+ virtue4 ,?is same b5eficial economy is manife/$ 9 a close analysis ( all t is includ$ 9 ! affections ( love & gratitude4 ,x has be5 %[n t1 9 ! comm5cem5t ( exi/5ce1 ! "y m9d fir/ le>ns ! s\rces ( good & evil to self1 & its sole motives are desire = its own enjoym5t4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 x beg9s to exp]i5ce ! happ9ess result+ f ! relations ( m9ds to ea* o!r1 & !n is develop$ ! sup]ior p[] ( love1 & its importance z a regulat+ pr9ciple4 ,9 ! analysis ( ?is affection1 x is se5 to consi/1 fir/1 9 ! pleasurable emotions :i* arise 9 view ( c]ta9 traits ( "* 9 ano!r m9d4 ,:5 ^! qualities are discov]$1 ! fir/ result is emotions ( pleasure 9 ! contemplation4 ,imm$iately !re foll[s a desire ( good to ! cause ( ?is pleasure4 ,next foll[s ! desire ( reciprocat$ affection--t is1 a desire is awak5$ to become ! cause ( ! same pleasure to ano!r2 = ! desire ( be+ lov$ is ! desire to be ! cause ( pleasurable emotions 9 ano!r m9d1 9 view ( our own good qualities4 ,:5 we secure ?is desir$ appreciation1 !n foll[s an increas$ desire ( good to ! "o :o be/[s x4 ,?us ! affection ( love is a comb9ation ( ! action & reaction ( pleasurable emotions1 all t5d+ to awak5 ! desire ( good to ano!r4 ,?is passion may become s int5sifi$ t x w become m delightful to secure enjoym5ts to ano!r ?an to procure !m = self4 ,9 :at is ?us f> pres5t$1 we f9d t ! desire ( good to ano!r results solely f ! fact t c]ta9 m5tal qualities are causes ( pleasure to self4 ,( c\rse1 ?is desire ceases :5 ^? qualities cease to exi/ or cease to be appreciat$4 ,?is k9d ( love is ! natural result ( ! con/itution ( m9ds 9 _! relations to ea* o!r1 mak+ x easy & pleasant to live = ! good ( ano!r 9 return = ! pleasure receiv$ f _! agreeable qualities & manife/ations4 ,b ! highe/ elem5t ( love consi/s 9 ! desire & purpose ( good to ano!r )\t ref]5ce to any good receiv$ 9 return4 ,x is good will+4 ,! desire ( good to o!rs exi/s z a natural impulse m or less p[]ful 9 diff]5tly con/itut$ m9ds4 ,x is ! cause ( t pleasure :i* is felt 9 ! consci\sness ( be+ ! cause ( good to ano!r4 ,b ?is natural impulse c be s develop$ & increas$ by volunt>y culture z to become ! /ronge/ impulse ( ! m9d1 & ?us ! s\rce ( ! highe/ & mo/ satisfy+ enjoym5ts4 ,9 _m m9ds ?is becomes s /rongly develop$ t secur+ happ9ess to o!rs is s\ght ) f> m e>ne/ness & pleasure ?an any modes ( enjoym5t t t]m9ate solely 9 self4 ,?is analysis lays ! f\ndation = ! di/9ction express$ by ! t]ms impulsive b5evol5ce & volunt>y b5evol5ce1 or ! love ( complac5cy & ! love ( b5evol5ce4 ,! fir/ is ! involunt>y result ( good conf]r$ on self2 ! la/ is a volunt>y act4 ,x is good will+ t[>d o!rs )\t ref]5ce to self4 ,! fir/ c only exi/ :]e c]ta9 qualities are p]ceiv$ & appreciat$ 9 ano!r m9d4 ,! second c result f volunt>y ef=t1 & become ! subject ( law & p5alties4 ,we c nev] be ju/ly requir$ to love ano!r m9d ) ! love ( complac5cy except :5 qualities are p]ceiv$ t1 by ! con/itution ( m9d1 necess>ily call =? su* reg>d4 ,b ! love ( b5evol5ce c be ju/ly dem&$ f e m9d t[>d e be+ capable ( happ9ess4 ,"h x is important to discrim9ate m exactly 9 reg>d to ! pr9ciple ( b5evol5ce & ! pr9ciple ( rectitude4 ,x is se5 t ! b5evol5ce :i* is ! subject ( rew>ds & p5alties z a volunt>y act consi/s 9 good will+--t is1 9 *oos+ ! happ9ess ( o!r m9ds z well z our own z ! object ( int]e/ & pursuit4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( rectitude is m compreh5sive 9 its nature4 ,x relates to ob$i5ce to all ! laws ( ! sy/em ( ! univ]se--^? relat+ to ourselves z mu* z ^? relat+ to o!rs4 ,x is true t1 z ob$i5ce to ^! laws includes ! greate/ possible am\nt ( good ) ! lea/ possible evil1 bo? to ! individual & ! commonweal?1 ! t5d5cy ( ! two pr9ciples is to ! same result4 ,b b5evol5ce may be ex]cis$ )\t any reg>d to ! rules ( "r & wrong4 ,in/ead ( /riv+ to make ! mo/ possible happ9ess ) ! lea/ possible evil1 z our ,mak]'s great design dem&s1 a c\rse may be tak5 t makes "s happ9ess to "s m9ds at ! exp5se ( va/ suff]+ & wrong to o!rs4 ,no m9d acts "r1 ev5 9 will+ happ9ess to o!rs1 :5 x is done 9 disreg>d ( ^? laws :i* dem& t we %\ld make happ9ess ! "r way1 t is1 ! way :i* is be/ = all4 ,9 ! physical & m5tal con/itution ( man !re is n a s+le arrangem5t ! direct object ( :i* is to produce suff]+4 ,! susceptibilities to pa9 seem design$ to protect & pres]ve1 :ile ! great] ! ne$ ! m /rong is ?is protection4 ,= example1 9 reg>d to physical organization1 fire is an elem5t t is indisp5sable to ! life1 com=t1 & activity ( man1 & x mu/ be accessible at all times & places4 ,b all its s]vice arises f its p[] to dissolve & de/roy ! body itself1 z well z all ?+s ar\nd x4 ,!re=e ! pa9 connect$ ) contact ) fire is m acute ?an almo/ any o!r4 ,?us ev5 ! y\nge/ *ild is taught ! c>e & caution ne$ful to protect its body f injury or de/ruction4 ,ano!r fact 9 reg>d to ! susceptibilities ( pa9 is _! frequ5t coexi/5ce ) ! highe/ degrees ( enjoym5t4 ,! exp]i5ces ( ?is life (t5 pres5t cases :]e ! mo/ elevat$ & ec/atic happ9ess is comb9$ ) ! ke5e/ suff]+1 :ile su* is ! nature ( ! case t ! suff]+ is ! *ief cause ( ! happ9ess ?us secur$4 ,! highe/ illu/ration ( ?is is 9 ! suff]+ ( sa9ts & m>tyrs1 :5 !y 8rejoice to be c\nt$ wor?y to suff] %ame10 or :51 amid tortur+ flames1 !y s+ songs ( transport & praise4 ,ev5 9 common life x is con/antly f\nd t a c]ta9 relative am\nt ( happ9ess is felt to be m ?an a recomp5se = a giv5 am\nt ( pa94 ,?is relative am\nt may be su* t ! evil involv$1 ?\gh great1 may c\nt z no?+4 ,:]e !re is a passionate atta*m5t1 = example1 ! lov] exults 9 ! labor & suff]+ t w joyfully be receiv$ z a pro( ( affection & w secure ! comp5sat+ return4 ,x is a v common fact t pa9ful emotions are s\ght1 n = !mselves1 b z m9i/]s to a k9d ( m5tal excitem5t :i* is desir$4 ,?is is ! f\ndation ( ! pleasure :i* is felt 9 tragic repres5tations1 & 9 poetry & novels t pres5t sc5es ( di/ress4 ,! little *ild w aga9 & aga9 ask = ! tale ( ! ,babes 9 ! ,wood1 ?\gh ea* rehe>sal br+s =? te>s2 & ! mature matron or sage w sp5d h\rs ov] tales t h>r[ ! feel+s & call =? sighs4 ,?is also is ! f\ndation ( t k9d ( music call$ ! m9or key1 9 :i* c]ta9 s\nds br+ emotions ( sadness or sorr[4 ,ano!r /rik+ fact 9 reg>d to ! desire = pa9 is ! emotions t are felt by ! mo/ noble & b5evol5t m9ds at ! sight ( cruelty & inju/ice4 ,at su* sc5es1 ! desire = inflict+ pa9 on ! guilty (f5d] am\nts to a passion :i* no?+ c allay b retributive ju/ice4 ,& ! m b5evol5t ! m9d1 ! /rong] ?is desire = retributive evil to ano!r4 ,?us x appe>s t ! m9d is s made z to desire pa9 bo? = itself & = o!rs2 n 9 itself consid]$1 b z ! indisp5sable means to ga9 "s consequ5t enjoym5t4 ,! highe/ k9ds ( happ9ess result f pa9ful em]g5cies4 ,! transports ( love1 gratitude1 & delight1 :5 "s b5efactor rescues suff]+ ?\s&s f dang] & evil1 c\ld exi/ 9 no o!r way4 ,all ! long tra9 ( virtues includ$ 9 pati5t toil = ! good ( o!rs1 9 h]oic d>+1 9 brave adv5ture1 9 =titude1 9 pati5ce1 9 resignation1 9 heav5ly meekness1 9 noble magnanimity1 9 sublime self sacrifice1 all involve ! idea ( trial1 dang]1 & suff]+4 ,x is only ! highe/ & noble/ class ( m9ds t c fully und]/& t ! mo/ blissful ( all enjoym5ts are ^? :i* are b\ght ) pa94 ,b ! mo/ *e]+ feature 9 ! con/itution ( m9d is all t is includ$ 9 ! pr9ciple ( habit4 ,we see 9 ! comm5cem5t ( exi/5ce t e action ( m9d & body is imp]fect1 & m or less difficult1 :ile ea* ef=t to secure "r action increases ! facility ( s do+4 ,we see t1 ow+ to ?is pr9ciple1 e act ( ob$i5ce to law makes su* a c\rse easi]4 ,! intellect1 ! susceptibilities1 ! w1 all come "u ?is b5ign influ5ce4 ,habit may s dim9i% ! difficulty ( selfd5ial = our own good t ! pa9 entirely ceases2 & selfsacrifice = ! good ( o!rs may s develop b5evol5ce & g5]ate a habit t x w become pleasure )\t pa94 ,!re are ^? ev5 9 ?is _w1 :o h s atta9$ ?is capacity ( liv+ 9 ! life ( ^? ar\nd !m1 t ! happ9ess ( o!rs becomes _! own1 s t !re is ev5 less pa9 9 selfd5ial = ! good ( o!rs ?an = t ( self4 ,:5 ?is habit ( m9d is atta9$ by all1 ! happ9ess ( ! commonweal? w become ! portion ( ea* individual1 & ?us be multipli$ to an inconceivable ext5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,additional ,,pro( ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,attributes ,,( ,,god4 ,we h pres5t$ ! 8nature0 ( m9d z ! *ief evid5ce ( ! gr& design ( its ,creator 9 =m+ all ?+s1 & ?us also pres5t$ ! pro( ( 8 p]fect wisdom1 b5evol5ce1 & rectitude4 ,we n[ w trace ! evid5ces ( ! same b5efic5t design 9 ! nature ( all social & mat]ial organizations4 ,fir/1 !n1 9 reg>d to ! dome/ic relations4 ,we h se5 t :ile all happ9ess dep5ds on ob$i5ce to laws1 e m9d comes into exi/5ce 9 p]fect ignorance ( !m1 & )\t any p[] to le>n :at is good or evil b by exp]i5ce & in/ruction4 ,! int5tion ( ! ,creator t ea* newborn be+ %\ld be taught ^! laws & tra9$ to obey !m1 is cle>ly se5 9 ! fir/ & highe/ dome/ic relation4 ,9 ?is we see two mature m9ds1 :o h !mselves be5 tra9$ to und]/& ^! laws1 drawn by sweet & g5tle influ5ces to ea* o!r4 ,!y g ap>t f all pa/ ties ( k9dr$2 !y h "o home1 "o "n1 "o common int]e/ 9 e ?+4 ,! "o :o has mo/ physical /r5g? goes =? to provide supplies2 ! delicate "o rema9s beh9d1 by dome/ic m9i/ries to r5d] home ! c5tre ( all attractions4 ,!n comes ! beautiful1 helpless infant1 ( no use to any "o1 & dem&+ con/ant c>e1 labor1 & att5tion4 ,& yet1 ) its pr(\nd ignorance1 its t5d] weakness1 its delicate beauty1 its utt] helplessness1 its entire dep5d5ce1 h[ does x draw =? ! /ronge/ feel+s ( love & t5d]ness1 mak+ e toil & c>e a delight6 ,& ?us1 mon? aft] mon?1 bo? p>5ts unite to *]i% & support1 :ile1 ) unceas+ vigilance1 !y tra9 ! newborn m9d to und]/& & obey ! laws ( ! sy/em into :i* x is ?us u%]$4 ,its fir/ lessons are to le>n to take c>e ( its own body4 ,& :5 ! f>(f p5alty ( pa9 c n be compreh5d$ by ! novice1 ! p>5t inv5ts new p5alties to secure habits ( c>e & ob$i5ce4 ,dur+ all ?is p]iod ! great lesson ( sacrifice con/antly occurs4 ,! *ild mu/ eat :at is be/1 n :at x desires4 ,x mu/ g to b$ :5 x wants to sit up4 ,x mu/ /ay 9 ! h\se :5 x wants to g out4 ,x mu/ n t\* multitudes ( ?+s :i* x wi%es ?us to inve/igate4 ,& s ! habits ( selfd5ial1 ob$i5ce1 & fai? 9 ! p>5ts are gradually secur$1 :ile ! k ( ! laws ( ! sy/em ar\nd are sl[ly le>n$4 ,b ! high] "p ( ! law ( sacrifice soon beg9s to make its dem&s4 ,! *ild fir/ le>ns ( ?is law by example1 9 t ( ! "m1 t mo/ p]fect illu/ration ( selfsacrific+ love4 ,!n comes a second *ild1 :5 ! fir/born mu/ practice on ?is example4 ,x mu/ give up its place 9 ! "m's bosom to ano!r2 x mu/ %>e its sweets & toys ) ! newcom]2 x mu/ jo9 9 ef=ts to protect1 amuse1 & in/ruct ! helpless "o4 ,& ?us ! family is ! con/ant s*ool = tra9+ ignorant1 inexp]i5c$ m9d 9 ! laws ( ! sy/em ( :i* x is a "p1 especially 9 ! great law ( self control1 = ! be/ good ( self1 & ( selfsacrifice = ! be/ good ( o!rs4 ,next comes ! discipl9e ( ! s*ool & ! neighborhood1 :5 ! *ild is plac$ among 8 pe]s to be taught new rules ( ju/ice1 b5evol5ce1 & selfsacrifice = ! g5]al good4 ,next come ! relations ( ! body politic1 = :i* labors are dem&$ & pa9 is to be endur$ accord+ to ! gr& law ( sacrifice1 by :i* ! individual is to subord9ate 8 own int]e/s & wi%es to ! great] g5]al good1 s t ! int]e/s ( ! majority %all always control ^? ( ! m9ority4 ,la/ly1 ! :ole _w is to be tak5 into ! e/imate1 & ! nations are to be c\nt$ z memb]s ( "o great family ( man1 = :i* e portion is to make sacrifices = ! great] g5]al good4 ,?us1 z age1 & exp]i5ce1 & habits ( ob$i5ce to ! laws ( rectitude increase1 ! duties & obligations gr[ m num]\s & complicat$4 ,b ! same gr& pr9ciple is m & m develop$1 t ea* individual is to seek ! greate/ possible happ9ess ) ! lea/ possible evil1 = ! va/ :ole z well z = ea* subord9ate "p1 :ile self is to receive only its j & prop] %>e4 ,! same great design ( ! ,creator c be detect$ also 9 specific organizations1 by :i* m9ds s diff] f ea* o!r z to fit !m = ! div]se positions & relations t ! common good dem&s4 ,if all 7 exactly alike 9 ! am\nt ( con/itutional p[]s & 9 ! proportionate comb9ations1 x c easily be se5 t ! g5]al result w\ld be f> less favorable to ! happ9ess ( ! :ole4 ,b z x is1 "s h ! love ( p[] v l>ge1 & seek to lead & control2 o!rs h x small1 & pref] to foll[4 ,"s h elevat$ intellect1 & love to tea*2 o!rs h humbl] capacities1 & pref] humbl] pursuits4 ,^! v>i$ comb9ations also give scope to ! virtues ( pity1 t5d]ness1 pati5ce1 m]cy1 ju/ice1 selfd5ial1 & _m o!r graces t c\ld n be call$ into be+ )\t all ! disp>ities1 social1 dome/ic1 intellectual1 & moral1 t we f9d exi/+4 ,meantime ! pr9ciple ( habit & ! p[] ( ! w give abundant opportunities = modify+ ^! natural peculi>ities to accommodate to v>y+ circum/ances4 ,to ^! indications ( b5evol5t design may be add$ ! 8nature0 ( ! bodily sy/em1 & ! 8nature0 ( ! mat]ial _w )\t4 ,9 exam9+ ! body we inhabit1 s nicely adju/$1 s p]fectly adapt$ to our necessities1 s beautifully & h>moni\sly arrang$1 s 8fe>fully & wond]fully made10 x is almo/ beyond ! p[] ( numb]s to express ! multipli$ contrivances = ease1 com=t1 & delight4 ,we daily pursue our bus9ess & our pleasure1 ?\ghtless ( ! ?\s& op]ations :i* are go+ on1 & ! busy me*anism employ$ 9 secur+ ! objects we desire4 ,! w>m curr5t t is fl[+ f ! c5tre to ! extremities1 ) its lifegiv+ en]gies1 & !n return+ to be purifi$ & aga9 s5t =?2 ! myriads ( bran*+ n]ves t are ! s5sitive disc]n]s ( good or ill2 ! unnumb]$ muscles & t5dons t are contract+ & exp&+ 9 all p>ts ( our frame2 ! nicelyadju/$ jo9ts1 & b&s1 & ligam5ts1 t su/a91 & direct1 & support2 ! p]petual expansion & contraction ( ! vital organ2 ! ?\s& hidd5 contrivances & op]ations ( ! animal frame1 all are quietly & con/antly p]=m+ _! g5]\s functions1 & adm9i/]+ com=t & enjoym5t to ! consci\s _s t dwells )94 ,nor is ! out] _w less busy 9 p]=m+ its "p 9 promot+ ! great design ( ! ,creator4 ,! light ( suns & />s is trav]s+ ! e!real expanse 9 se>* ( ^? = :om x 0 creat$2 = !m x gilds ! sc5es ( e>?1 & is reflect$ 9 t5 ?\s& =ms ( beauty & ( skill4 ,! trembl+ air is wait+ to m9i/] its aid1 fann+ ) cool breezes1 or yield+ ! w>m? ( spr+1 su/a9+ ! functions ( life1 & be>+ on its light w+ ! ?\ghts t g =? f m9d to m9d1 & ! brea?+s ( affection t are giv5 & return$4 ,= ?is design e>? is s5d+ =? h] exub]ance1 ! wat]s are empty+ _! /ores1 & ! cl\ds p\r+ =? _! treasures4 ,all nature is busy ) its (f]+s ( fruits & fl[]s1 its w&]+ inc5se1 its g>ni%$ beauty1 & its v>i$ songs4 ,)9 & )\t1 above1 b5ea?1 & ar\nd1 ! same ,almighty ,b5efic5ce is f\nd /ill m9i/]+ to ! wants & promot+ ! happ9ess ( ! m9ds he has =m$ = ev] to desire & pursue ?is boon4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to meet ! que/ions propos$1 7i4e47 is ! ,creator a be+ :o1 ) ! v>y+ humors ( man1 sometimes pref]s evil to good1 & sometimes pref]s good to evil1 or does he inv>iably *oose :at is be/ = all1 ev5 9 cases :]e x may involve p]sonal sacrifices & suff]+ to himself8 ,9 attempt+ to answ] ?is "q1 we h set =? ! evid5ce to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ! ,creator :i* e/abli%es ! position t 8 *ief end or rul+ purpose is to produce ! greate/ possible happ9ess ) ! lea/ possible evil4 ,! "q !n reads1 does ! ,creator de/roy happ9ess & cause ne$less pa91 & ?us ?w>t 8 own *ief desire & great end2 ! end = :i* he made all ?+s8 ,! v /atem5t ( ! "q is its mo/ =cible answ]4 ,we h se5 t we are oblig$ to conceive ( ,god z possess+ su* a social & moral nature z our own4 ,?is w\ld lead him to desire ! v5]ation1 confid5ce1 love1 & gratitude ( ! *ildr5 he has creat$4 ,b he has =m$ _! m9ds to hate selfi%ness & to admire & rev]5ce selfsacrific+ b5evol5ce4 ,w ! ,creator !n oppose 8 own *ief end & gr& design by conduct :i* w\ld make all 8 creatures necess>ily1 by ! nature he implant$1 )hold _! respect & love1 & feel only dislike & contempt8 ,! v "q involves its own answ]4 ,add to ?is1 t all ^? causes :i* our exp]i5ce & obs]vation h %[n to lead to wrong *oices are necess>ily exclud$ f our conceptions ( ! ,creator4 ,! ,et]nal ,m9d c n err = want ( k1 nor = want ( habits ( "r action1 nor = want ( tea*]s & educators1 nor = want ( ^? social influ5ces :i* g5]ate & su/a9 a "r gov]n+ purpose2 = an inf9ite m9d1 t nev] _h a beg9n+1 c n h ^! modes ( exp]i5ce :i* app]ta9 to newborn & f9ite creatures4 ,aga93 ,su* is ! et]nal sy/em ( ! univ]se1 z we le>n x by ! light ( reason1 t ! highe/ possible happ9ess to ea* individual m9d & to ! :ole commonweal? is promot$ by ! "r action ( e m9d 9 t sy/em4 ,?is1 ( necessity1 is se5 & felt by ! ,allcreat+ & ,et]nal ,m9d1 & to suppose t1 ) ?is k1 he w\ld ev] *oose wrong1 is to suppose t he w\ld *oose pure evil4 ,x is to suppose ! ,creator w\ld d :at he has =m$ our m9ds to believe to be impossible 9 any rational m9d4 ,x is to suppose t ! ,creator w\ld d t :i*1 if done by human be+s1 m>ks !m z insane4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,nature ,,( ,,m9d ,,z ,,p]fect ,,9 ,,con/ruction4 ,! fir/ article 9 e sy/em ( religion is1 :o is ! ,god :o controls our de/9ies1 & :at is 8 "*8 ,9 attempt+ to answ] ?is "q by ! light ( nature1 indep5d5tly ( revelation1 we h ga9$ ^! positions4 ,!re is an ,intellig5t ,m9d :o creat$ all ?+s1 ^: natural attributes are ! same z ours 9 k9d1 b va/ beyond our compreh5sion 9 ext5t4 ,9 moral "*1 or t :i* is exhibit$ 9 *oice or action1 he is p]fect 9 wisdom1 b5evol5ce1 & rectitude2 t is to say1 he is a be+ ^: *ief end or rul+ purpose is to d ! be/ he c to make ! mo/ possible happ9ess ) ! lea/ possible evil4 ,?is be+ discov]$ z ! gr& design = :i* all human m9ds are creat$1 we are ?us enabl$ to decide z to :at is ! "r & p]fect con/ruction or 8nature0 ( m9d1 & also z to its "r & p]fect action4 ,9 reg>d to ! p]fect con/ruction ( m9d1 we mu/ aga9 ref] to ! fact t 9 a sy/em ( ?+s :]e bo? natural & moral evil exi/1 we are oblig$ to suppose a limitation ( p[] by ! nature ( ?+s1 s t a sy/em is p]fect1 n z exclud+ all evil2 = z evil does exi/1 a sy/em )\t any evil is impossible4 ,all t rema9s1 !n1 to con/itute ! idea ( p]fection1 7z us$ 9 ref]5ce to ?+s z !y are7 is ?is1 t :atev] is creat$ by ,god1 is ! be/ possible 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! "q !n mu/ be ?is1 is ! m9d ( man1 z a race1 ! be/ 9 con/ruction1 t is possible 9 ! nature ( ?+s8 ,is our m9d made z good z x c be1 s t no *ange is possible t w\ld make x bett]8 ,9 reply+ to ?is "q1 we mu/ reg>d ! matt] 9 two relations4 ,we h notic$1 9 ! *apt] on ! ,con/itutional ,v>ieties ( ! ,human ,m9d1 t :ile !re are p[]s & attributes ( m9d :i* are common to all1 !re is an endless v>iety ( "* result+ f ! div]se proportions & comb9ations ( ^! sev]al faculties1 & also t !re are div]se grades ( m9d1 ea* hav+ ^! div]se comb9ations4 ,"s races ( m5 are mu* l[] 9 ! scale ( be+1 e way1 ?an o!r races1 :ile ! same disp>ity exi/s among individuals ( ! same race4 ,n[ :5 we comp>e individuals ) ea* o!r1 or :5 we comp>e races 9 ^! respects1 we reg>d !m z m or less p]fect 9 organization ) ref]5ce to ! highe/ grade or species kn[n to u4 ,9 ?is relation "s m9ds are to be reg>d$ z imp]fect & defective 9 organization4 ,& 9 ref]5ce to any "o individual or race 9 ?is relation1 we feel t ! organization c\ld be improv$4 ,b :5 we reg>d ea* m9d z a "p ( a va/ sy/em1 9 :i* ! highe/ good ( ! :ole w prove ! highe/ possible good ( ea* individual "p1 we are to judge ( p]fection 9 ! organization ( m9d 9 ano!r relation4 ,if x is = ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! :ole t !re %\ld be grades & ranks 9 m5tal p[]s2 if disp>ities & v>ieties 9 organization give scope & ex]cise to virtues & modes ( enjoym5t t w\ld be impossible 7 all m9ds exactly alike1 & on ! patt]n ( ! highe/ 9 ! scale ( be+1 !n ! v po9ts :i* are imp]fections 9 ! individual relations1 become p]fections 9 relation to ! great :ole4 ,9 ?is view1 ! l[e/ & humble/ 9 ! scale ( be+1 :5 act+ 9 8 appropriate place & accord+ to ! great ,creator's design1 is p]fect 9 m5tal con/ruction1 & is fitt$ to be happi] 9 e respect ?an he c\ld be if ! :ole sy/em 7 *ang$ by plac+ him among ! highe/ 9 m5tal organization4 ,j z x is ) ! human sy/em--! l[ly foot is p]fect & complete 9 its place1 ?\gh inf]ior 9 con/ruction & s]vice to ! regal head & cunn+ h&4 ,& %\ld ! foot be end[$ ) ! high] gifts x w\ld be a dep>ture f its p]fection 9 organization z relat$ to ! :ole4 ,! "q1 !n1 ( ! p]fect nature ( ea* human m9d requires t we reg>d ea* "o z a "p ( an inf9ite sy/em dem&+ grades & ranks1 & ?us1 also1 relative disp>ities4 ,& hav+ prov$ t ! *ief design ( ! ,creator is to make ! be/ possible sy/em1 we are necess>ily l$ to ! conclusion t ! l[e/ ord] ( m9d is z p]fect 9 its nature1 9 relation to ! great :ole1 z is ! highe/ ( all4 ,f ! above we ga9 ?is def9ition3 ,a p]fect m9d1 z to con/ruction or nature1 is "o :i* is bett] fitt$ to its position 9 ! be/ possible sy/em ( m9ds ?an x w\ld be by any possible *ange4 ,9 ?is use ( ! words nature & p]fect x is claim$ t 9 ! prec$+ pages x has be5 prov$ t ! m9d ( man is p]fect 9 nature4 ,our next inquiry w relate to ! p]fect action ( m9d 9 respect to t :i* is volunt>y or selforig9at$4 ,9 o!r words1 we %all inquire z to ! p]fect moral action ( ! human m9d1 z discov]able by reason & exp]i5ce1 indep5d5tly ( revelation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,"r ,,& ,,wrong--,,true ,,virtue4 ,hav+ discov]$ ! end = :i* m9d is made1 & ?us ga9$ ! idea ( :at is meant by p]fectness1 9 its nature or con/ruction1 we next inquire z to :at is ! p]fect action ( m9d4 ,"h we mu/ aga9 recognize ! di/9ction betwe5 two classes ( m5tal actions1 viz41 ^? acts :i* are natural z result+ necess>ily f ! con/itution ( m9d1 ( :i* ,god is ! produc+ cause1 & ^? :i* are volunt>y & ( :i* man is ! produc+ cause4 ,! fir/ are natural & involunt>y1 ! latt] are moral & volunt>y4 ,?is introduces ! second "p ( ! sy/em ( natural religion1 t :i* relates to man's obligations or duty t[>d ! ,creator1 t[>d 8 fell[ be+s1 & t[>d himself4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "q is1 8:at is "r volunt>y or moral action80 ,9 seek+ ! reply to ?is )\t ! aid ( revelation1 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s dem& att5tion3 ,9 all discussions on ?is "q !re is no m5tal analysis m important ?an ! di/9ction betwe5 ! desire1 or :at moves u to *oose1 & ! act ( *oice4 ,! m9d is always mov$ to *oice by desire = "s good to be ga9$ or "s evil to be avoid$4 ,! susceptibility or p[] ( be+ ?us l$1 9 popul> language is call$ a 8bias10 an 8incl9ation10 a 8prop5sity10 a 8t5d5cy10 or a 8proclivity0 t[>d ! object :i* causes ! desire4 ,?us ! susceptibility to desire /imulat+ dr9ks is excit$ by liquors1 & ?is is call$ 8a prop5sity0 to /rong dr9k4 ,! susceptibility to desire to amass money is call$ a bias1 or prop5sity to av>ice4 ,! only ?+ ev] meant by a bias or prop5sity to *oose any ?+ is1 t !re are su* susceptibilities t desire c be excit$ = t ?+4 ,b all su* prop5sities or biases are f evil & t[>d good 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ^! t]ms4 ,no rational m9d ev] desires pure evil1 b always desires good ( "s sort4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is "o ( ! implant$ pr9ciples ( common s5se t no rational m9d w *oose pure evil4 ,any man :o %\ld d ?is w\ld be reg>d$ z insane--z hav+ lo/ ! di/9ctive feature ( a rational m9d4 ,b we f9d t desires are call$ /rong1 imp]ative1 p[]ful1 & ! l1 n at all ) ref]5ce to ! "q :e!r :at is desir$ w\ld be be/ = all conc]n$4 ,!y are measur$1 z to /r5g? or weakness1 by ! degrees ( enjoym5t _! gratification secures1 or ! am\nt ( pa9 t selfd5ial w\ld involve4 ,?is measurem5t ( v>i$ degrees ( pleasure & pa9 is a matt] ( consci\sness to e m9d1 & is con/antly ref]r$ to by all races & 9 all languages4 ,9 ?is use ( ! t]m1 ! /ronge/ desire (t5 exi/s = t :i* is p]ceiv$ to be ! be/ good = all conc]n$4 ,at o!r times ! /ronge/ desire is = t :i* is se5 to be ! less] good4 ,:5 ! /ronge/ desire is = t :i* is be/1 ! *oice is easy1 & ! m9d always *ooses ! be/ good4 ,b :5 ! /ronge/ desire is = t :i* is n be/1 !n *oice is m difficult1 & !re is a consci\s /ruggle betwe5 ! prompt+s ( reason & consci5ce1 & ! importunities ( /rong desire = ! less] good4 ,at su* p]iods !re is a consci\s p[] 9 e m9d to *oose ei!r way1 & sometimes we *oose to gratify ! /ronge/ desire & give up ! be/ good1 & at o!r times we *oose ! be/ good & d5y ! /ronge/ desire4 ,e human be+ has be5 consci\s ( ?is /ruggle betwe5 excit$ desire & ! dictates ( reason1 & all ! lit]ature ( ! _w ref]s to x z a univ]sal fact4 ,! t]ms self d5ial1 selfcontrol1 selfgov]nm5t1 all are bas$ on ?is exp]i5ce ( all m9ds47#f7 ,"r ,actions & ,rew>dable ,actions4 ,! prec$+ furni%es ! gr\nd = ! di/9ctions always recogniz$ betwe5 volunt>y action :i* is "r z be/ = all conc]n$1 & ^? actions :i* are deem$ praisewor?y1 rew>dable1 & m]itori\s4 ,:5ev] ! dictates ( reason & our /ronge/ desire are co9cid5t1 s t *oos+ :at is "r & be/ involves no /ruggle2 !n ! ideas ( m]it & ( des]t ( rew>d1 praise1 & comm5dation are want+4 ,we say su* acts are "r1 b !re is no m]it 9 !m1 & no prop] gr\nd = add+ any o!r rew>d ?an t :i* naturally results f *oos+ :at we desire mo/1 & :i* is be/ = u & = all conc]n$4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 !re is a /ruggle betwe5 a s5se ( :at is "r & be/1 & ! /ronge/ desire1 & a *oice is made :i* involves selfd5ial & selfsacrifice1 we feel t ! act is "o :i* is m]itori\s1 & des]v+ ( rew>d & praise4 ,any volunt>y action1 !n1 is "r :i* is con=m$ to ^? rules ( rectitude :i* t5d to secure ! mo/ happ9ess = all1 ev5 :5 !re is no temptation to ano!r c\rse4 ,b an action is m]itori\s & rew>dable only :5 !re is a ref]5ce to ! rules ( rectitude 9 ! m9d ( ! actor & "s degree ( selfd5ial4 ,to *oose :at we desire mo/1 )\t any reg>d to :at is "r or wrong1 ev5 :5 x *ances t our *oice is t :i* is be/1 & ?us "r1 does n meet our idea ( a m]itori\s & praisewor?y act4 ,! great] portion ( our *oices are ( ^? ?+s :i* are good 9 all relations1 z be/ = self & be/ = all conc]n$4 ,?us :5 we desire to eat1 to dr9k1 to brea! ! pure air1 to admire ! beauties ( nature1 to enjoy ! society ( fri5ds1--to *oose ^! & a ?\s& o!r daily bless+s1 promotes our own be/ good & ! be/ good ( all conc]n$4 ,9 all su* cases *oos+ :at we desire mo/ is morally "r 9 all relations4 ,b no acts ( *oice are m]itori\s1 except z !y involve a reg>d to law 9 ! m9d ( ! actor1 & "s degree ( selfd5ial 9 con=m+ to rule4 ,! only cases :]e moral evil 7or wrong *oices7 c exi/1 are :]e desires are excit$ = "s good1 ei!r = ourselves or = o!rs1 :i* is n be/ = all conc]n$4 ,9 all su* cases !re is a 8bias10 8t5d5cy10 & 8prop5sity0 to *oose good ( "s sort1 b x is n ! be/ good1 & !re=e to *oose x w\ld be morally wrong4 ,?us !re is a bias or prop5sity to :at is good 9 "o relation1 b evil 9 ano!r2 good z t5d+ to give enjoym5t1 b evil z contr>y to a law :i* enjo9s t ! be/ good %\ld always be pref]r$4 ,9 su* cases ! desires = a good :i* is n = ! be/ are n morally wrong1 = !y arise involunt>ily f ^? susceptibilities implant$ by ,god1 :i* are n to be ext]m9at$1 b only regulat$ by law4 ,! moral evil consi/s n 9 ! exi/5ce ( su* desires1 b 9 *oos+ to gratify !m at ! sacrifice ( ! be/ good ( self or ( o!rs4 ,x has be5 %[n t "o result ( ! wrong action ( m9d is su* a *ange 9 its con/itutional nature1 t !re w be a desire to inflict evil on o!rs z a malignant pleasure to ! guilty m9d4 ,9 ^! cases su* desires may prop]ly be call$ morally wrong because !y are ! result ( ! volunt>y action ( ! s9ful m9d1 & n ( ! natural susceptibilities implant$ by ! ,creator4 ,z !y result :olly f wrong previ\s *oices1 ! guilty m9d itself is ! au?or ( !m & n ! ,creator ( m9d4 ,"h x is important to discrim9ate 9 reg>d to t natural impulse 9 all m9ds :i* is excit$ by ! infliction ( pa9 on self or on o!rs4 ,x is ?is natural impulse to inflict evil on ! au?or ( evil :i* is ! f\ndation ( ju/ice 9 ! family & 9 ! civil /ate4 ,its design is = ! be/ good ( all conc]n$1 & x becomes evil only by excess & misuse4 ,s long z x is controll$ by reason & consci5ce x is good & only good4 ,9 view ( ! above di/9ctions1 !re c be no moral evil 9 desires = ?+s :i* x w\ld be wrong to *oose1 except z ^! desires are ! result ( previ\s wrong *oices47#g7 ,x has be5 %[n t ! pr9ciple ( habit r5d]s x m & m easy & agreeable to regulate our *oices by ! rules ( rectitude4 ,! habit ( sacrific+ p]sonal gratification to ! rule ( duty may be s cultivat$ t :at at fir/ 0 difficult1 & involv$ a pa9ful /ruggle1 becomes easy4 ,x is possible s to cultivate su* habits t our highe/ desires1 & ! dictates ( reason & consci5ce1 %all cont9ually be m & m co9cid5t4 ,we c conceive ( newlycreat$ be+s z plac$ 9 su* circum/ances t1 = a consid]able p]iod1 all _! /ronge/ desires may be co9cid5t ) ! be/ good ( !mselves & ( o!rs1 s t !re c be no opportunity to practice selfcontrol 9 regulat+ _! desires by ! rules ( rectitude4 ,9 su* a case1 :ile act+ simply f impulse1 )\t ref]5ce to rule1 !y w\ld always act "r1 & yet !y w\ld =m no habits ( selfcontrol1 & ?us w\ld be liable to fail at ! fir/ temptation :]e _! /ronge/ desire conflict$ ) ! kn[n law ( rectitude4 ,! prec$+ /atem5ts are made 9 ord] to arrive at correct & discrim9at+ def9itions ( c]ta9 fundam5tal t]ms on :i* ! :ole "q ( ! 8deprav$ nature0 ( ! human m9d w be f\nd to turn4 ,"r 9 ,t5d5cy & ,"r 9 ,motive4 ,mank9d 9 all ages & 9 all languages speak ( c]ta9 acts z "r or wrong 9 ref]5ce to _! t5d5cy or _! effect on human happ9ess1 & )\t ref]5ce to ! int5tion ( ! au?or4 ,?us !y affirm t ! /eal+ & sell+ ( m5 is wrong1 :atev] may be ! motives ( ! slave trad]4 ,aga91 !y speak ( acts z "r or wrong 9 ref]5ce to ! motive or int5tion ( ! au?or4 ,?us !y say a man :o sacrific$ 8 weal? & reputation1 r ?an to violate 8 consci5ce1 act$ "r z to motive1 al?\gh he 0 mi/ak5 9 8 views ( duty1 s t 8 act1 z x respects its t5d5cy1 may h be5 wrong4 ,"r ,g5]al ,purpose4 ,aga91 x has be5 %[n t a man may =m a g5]al purpose to act "r 9 obey+ all ! laws ( ,god z discov]able by reason or revelation4 ,?is g5]al purpose may be a quiet1 abid+ pr9ciple1 s z to regulate ! ?\ghts & emotions1 & may control mo/ ( ! specific *oices ( a :ole succe$+ life4 ,! ma9 purpose1 or *ief end ( su* a man is to br+ all 8 ?\ghts1 words1 & actions into p]fect agreem5t ) ! rules ( rectitude4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is & 8 consequ5t conduct1 8 w\ld be d5om9at$ a virtu\s "*4 ,no "o w d5y t ?is is a correct /atem5t ( ! use ( t]ms by mank9d 9 eday life4 ,?us !n we h ga9$ ! foll[+ def9itions z e/abli%$1 n by metaphysicians & !ologians1 b by ! p4 ,def9itions4 ,a "r moral act1 z x respects its t5d5cies1 is "o 9 :i* ! ?+ *os5 is = ! be/ good ( all conc]n$4 ,a "r moral act1 z to motive1 is "o 9 :i* ! int5tion ( ! actor is to con=m to ! rules ( rectitude4 ,a m]itori\s or praisewor?y act is "o 9 :i* !re is "s sacrifice ( feel+1 ei!r imm$iate or remote1 9 ord] to con=m to law4 ,a virtu\s act is "o 9 :i* t :i* is *os5 is "r1 bo? 9 t5d5cy & 9 motive4 ,a virtu\s "* is "o 9 :i* a g5]al purpose exi/s to obey all ! rules ( rectitude4 ,! degree ( virtue is dep5d5t on a correct judgm5t ( :at is "r or wrong1 & ! /r5g? or measure ( ! g5]al purpose 9 controll+ all o!r purposes4 ,"s m5 c>ry out a g5]al purpose mu* m /eadily & consi/5tly ?an o!rs1 & "s m5 h mu* m correct ideas ( :at is "r & wrong 9 conduct ?an o!rs4 ,! natural "* ( a man is t :i* results f 8 con/itutional p[]s & faculties ( m9d1 ( :i* ,god is ! au?or4 ,! moral "* ( a man is all t results f 8 own will+4 ,our highe/ idea ( a virtu\s "*1 z ga9$ by exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 is t ( a m9d s tra9$ to habits ( selfcontrol & ob$i5ce to rule1 t x has become easi] to obey ! laws ( rectitude1 ?an to gratify any excit$ desire1 h[ev] imp]ative1 :i* is se5 to violate law4 ,?us1 !n1 x is %[n t a virtu\s "* consi/s1 n 9 ! nature ( ! m9d :i* is giv5 by ,god1 b 9 ! purposes1 habits1 & feel+s g5]at$ by volunt>y acts1 ( :i* ! man himself is ! au?or2 ,god be+ ! cause or au?or1 ( ?is virtue only z he is ! ,creator ( m9d & ( all its circum/ances ( temptation & trial4 ,9 reg>d to ! =mation ( a virtu\s "*1 z a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 x usually results f a sl[ & gradual process ( tra9+ & developm5t4 ,! g5]al purpose to obey all ! laws ( rectitude orig9ates1 z a g5]al fact1 n z a def9itely =m$ purpose1 ^: "t ( inception c be di/9ctly m>k$4 ,yet x is n unfrequ5tly ! case t p]sons :o h pass$ a life ( unre/ra9$ indulg5ce1 by "s m>k$ & p[]ful influ5ce1 are sudd5ly l$ to a decid$ & def9itely m>k$ purpose ( virtu\s ob$i5ce1 & c>ry out ?is purpose ) great success4 ,any su* sudd5 *ange1 9 popul> language1 w\ld be call$ 8! comm5cem5t ( a new life40 ,& :5 ?is sudd5 *ange takes place "u ! influ5ce ( motives pres5t$ 9 ! ,bible1 x is call$ by "o class ( !ologians ! 8new bir?0 or 8reg5]ation40 ,is ,true ,virtue ,possible be=e ,reg5]ation8 ,9 ! discussions :i* are to foll[1 x w be f\nd t almo/ e po9t debat$ involves1 z a f\ndation "q1 8:at is true virtue80 ,& ! gr& "q at issue betwe5 ! sy/em ( common s5se & ! tea*+s ( all !ologians :o uphold ! ,augu/9e !ory1 is ?is3 is true virtue possible to an unreg5]ate m9d8 ,!ology says no1 common s5se says yes4 ,!ology tea*es t previ\s to reg5]ation e volunt>y act ( e human m9d is 8s91 & only s940 ,common s5se ma9ta9s1 on ! contr>y1 t e volunt>y act :i* is 9 agreem5t ) ! be/ good ( all conc]n$1 :5 ! int5tion is to act "r1 is virtu\s )\t any reg>d to ! "q ( ! reg5]ation ( ! m9d4 ,9 o!r words1 !ology tea*es t true virtue is ! "r volunt>y action ( a m9d aft] its 8nature0 is *ang$ by ,god1 & common s5se tea*es t true virtue is ! "r volunt>y action ( any m9d )\t any *ange 9 its nature4 ,! discussion ( ?is po9t involves ! fur!r consid]ation ( c]ta9 m5tal exp]i5ces :i* w %$ "s light on ! subject4 ,x w be f\nd t 9 case ( all p]sons :o are said to 8act on pr9ciple10 or to be 8consci5ti\s p]sons10 t1 9 ! great] portion ( _! volunt>y acts1 !y h no consci\s imm$iate ref]5ce to ! rules ( rectitude4 ,!re seems to be an unconsci\s g5]al purpose to act "r on all occasions1 :i* becomes obvi\s only :5 a case occurs involv+ a seem+ violation ( ! rules ( rectitude4 ,at su* times ! m9d becomes consci\s ( its rul+ purpose4 ,b ! great] portion ( all ! daily acts ( life h be5 decid$ ^u z 9 agreem5t ) ! allcontroll+ g5]al purpose1 & a man *ooses to d _m ?+s 9 :i* he has no consci\s ref]5ce to rule4 ,& /ill su* acts h1 9 pa/ "t1 be5 subjects ( reflection 9 ref]5ce to ! "q ( "r & wrong1 & h be5 decid$ to be "r1 & x is 9 consequ5ce ( ?is decision t ! m9d no long] consid]s ^! que/ions ) a consci\s ref]5ce to rule4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 :at is d5om9at$ 8a man ( pr9ciple0 & an 8unpr9cipl$ man10 is simply ?is1 t ! =m] is "o :o has =m$ habits ( selfregulation by ! rules ( rectitude1 & ! latt] has n4 ,?is m5tal analysis is important 9 ref]5ce to decid+ ! "* ( a virtu\s action4 ,a virtu\s act1 z def9$ above1 is "o 9 :i* ! ?+ *os5 is "r & ! motive is "r4 ,b x is n indisp5sable t ! p]son :o p]=ms ! act %\ld be imm$iately consci\s ( a ref]5ce to rule 9 ea* "r specific volition4 ,x is suffici5t t ! m9d be "u ! control ( a rul+ purpose ( rectitude1 s t all ! subord9ate m9or purposes are 9 fact regulat$1 ?\gh unconsci\sly1 by ?is purpose4 ,x is at ?is po9t t ! class ( !ologians :o make reg5]ation to include a volunt>y act on ! "p ( man1 are 9 antagonism ) ! exp]i5ce & common s5se ( mank9d4 ,su* ma9ta9 t e act ( e human be+ is 8s91 & only s910 until a rul+ purpose is =m$ to obey ,god z ! *ief end1 & "o also :i* is actually m effici5t & /rong] 9 controll+ ! ord9>y acts ( life ?an ! purpose to gratify self4 ,previ\s to ! exi/5ce ( ?is g5]al purpose1 !y ma9ta9 t e act ( selfd5ial or selfsacrifice = ! good ( o!rs is 8s91 & only s940 ,accord+ to _! !ory1 *oos+ t :i* is "r because x is "r1 is n a virtu\s act until a rul+ purpose ( univ]sal ob$i5ce to ,god is =m$4 ,t is to say1 x is ! rul+ purpose1 or ! want ( a rul+ purpose to obey ,god 9 all ?+s1 :i* decides ! "* ( e specific act ( *oice4 ,?us if a *ild is tra9$ to be hone/1 tru?ful1 & selfd5y+1 & succe$s v (t5 9 con=m+ to su* in/ructions1 !re is no true virtue 9 any su* acts until a rul+ purpose ( ob$i5ce to ,god is g5]at$1 :i* is habitually m controll+ ?an ! impulses ( selfindulg5ce4 ,?is is ! po9t :]e ! p & !ologians are at issue4 ,! p insi/ t e act is virtu\s :5 ! ?+ *os5 is "r & ! int5tion is "r1 ev5 be=e ! m9d ( a *ild has atta9$ a rul+ purpose ( univ]sal ob$i5ce4 ,!ologians say no2 su* acts are 8s91 & only s910 9 ! sight ( ,god47#h7 ,x w be %[n h]eaft] t ! !ory ( !ology on ?is subject is n c>ri$ out consi/5tly 9 practice1 b t 9 ! e>ly tra9+ ( little *ildr5 !ologians contradict _! own !ory & adopt t ( ! p4 ,p]fectness 9 ,con/ruction & ,p]fectness 9 ,action & ,"*4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] we h se5 p4 #ajc t our idea ( p]fectness 9 moral "* & action always has ref]5ce to p[]4 ,9 a sy/em :]e evil is actually exi/+1 we reg>d a contrivance or an action z p]fect :5 !re is no p[] 9 ,god or man to make x bett]1 ev5 :5 evil is involv$4 ,a be+ is p]fect 9 "* & 9 action :5 8 purpose is to d ! be/ possible = all conc]n$1 & :5 ?is purpose is c>ri$ out to ! full ext5t ( 8 p[]4 ,we h %[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt] t ! m9d ( man is p]fect 9 nature or con/ruction z be+ bett] fitt$ to its place 9 ! be/ possible sy/em ( m9d ?an x w\ld be by any *ange possible ei!r to ,god or man4 ,! prec$+ pages ( ?is *apt] enable u to po9t out :at is ! p]fect moral "* ( m9ds :i* are p]fect 9 con/ruction4 ,x consi/s 9 a rul+ purpose to discov] & to obey all ! laws ( ! ,creator1 :i* is c>ri$ out to ! full ext5t ( p[] 9 ! "o :o ?us purposes4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! ,creator himself is limit$ by ! et]nal nature ( ?+s to a sy/em :i*1 ?\gh ! be/ possible1 makes him1 9 "o s5se1 ! au?or ( "s evil1 bo? natural & moral4 ,he is ! au?or only z ! ,creator ( all ?+s1 & ?us ! au?or ( all ! consequ5t results ( creation1 ev5 ( ^? t are morally evil4 ,9 ?is s5se alone is he ! au?or ( ei!r natural or moral evil4 ,! inf9ite & et]nal m9d ( ,god is limit$1 n by want ( wisdom & k1 b by ! et]nal nature ( ?+s ( :i* 8 own exi/5ce & natural attributes are a "p4 ,b f9ite m9ds are limit$ by a want ( k & wisdom :i* c be ! result only ( exp]i5ce & tra9+4 ,= ! want ( ?is k & tra9+ e f9ite m9d1 s f> z we c discov] by reason & exp]i5ce1 mu/ inevitably violate ! laws ( ,god4 ,& yet any m9d may be p]fect 9 moral "* & action 9 exactly ! same s5se z ,god is p]fect1 7i4e47 x may =m & c>ry out a purpose to con=m to ! laws ( ! exi/+ sy/em ( ?+s to ! full ext5t ( its k & p[]4 ,:5 ?is purpose is =m$ & c>ri$ out to ! full measure ( ability1 ! f9ite creature becomes 8p]fect1 ev5 z our ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav5 is p]fect40 ,common ,s5se ,!ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,evil4 ,:at !n is ! cause or orig9 ( evil z taught by reason & exp]i5ce8 ,x is ! et]nal nature ( ?+s exi/+ indep5d5tly ( ! w ( ! ,creator or ( any o!r be+4 ,:at is ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is creat$ sy/em8 ,x is ! w ( ! ,creator4 ,:at is ! cause or reason :y ,god will$ t ?is sy/em %\ld be z x is1 ) all ! evil t exi/s8 ,x is because x is ! be/ sy/em possible 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,:at is ! cause or reason t any giv5 ev5t1 h[ev] evil1 is n prev5t$ by ,god8 ,x is because any *ange t w\ld prev5t x1 w\ld alt] ! be/ possible sy/em1 & ?us make m evil ?an ! "o ?us prev5t$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,laws ,,& ,,p5alties--,,s9 ,,& ,,hol9ess4 ,! laws ( ,god1 9 reg>d to volunt>y action1 are ^? inv>iable arrangem5ts 9 m9d & matt] by :i* happ9ess or pa9 are connect$ ) c]ta9 feel+s & actions4 ,?us x is an inv>iable arrangem5t t pa9 %all be connect$ ) t\*+ fire1 & pleasure ) see+ ! light4 ,s 9 reg>d to ! intellect2 pleasure is inv>iably connect$ ) ! ex]cise ( wit & humor1 & disgu/ ) folly & fatuity4 ,s ! moral s5se is inv>iably pleas$ ) tru?1 ju/ice1 & integrity1 & pa9$ by ! opposite4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 we discov] :at inv>iably af=ds pleasure or pa91 we discov] "o ( ! laws ( ,god4 ,to discov] ^! laws1 & to believe 9 !m1 is z indisp5sable to ! "r action ( m9d z light is indisp5sable to p]fect eyes 9 ord] to see4 ,! fir/ lesson ( e newborn _s is to discov] ! laws t relate to its own enjoym5t4 ,:5ev] a *ild *ooses any ?+ :i* secures enjoym5t )\t h>m to itself or to o!rs1 x is act+ z its ,creator design$1 & ?is action is !re=e "r4 ,& :5ev] x *ooses :at w cause ne$less pa9 to itself or to o!rs1 x acts wrong4 ,mo/ ( ! *oices ( a little *ild are ( :at is "r z giv+ enjoym5t )\t h>m4 ,! gr& law ( ,god1 z le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 is t e m9d mu/ sacrifice ! less] = ! great] good 9 gratify+ its own desires4 ,:5 ! int]e/s ( o!rs are n conc]n$1 ! *ild mu/ always *oose n :at x desires ! mo/1 b :at is be/ = itself4 ,x is ! fir/ labor ( ! educator to make a *ild und]/& & obey ?is fir/ "p ( ! law ( sacrifice4 ,b :]e ! feel+s & int]e/s ( o!rs are involv$1 ! law ( ,god is1 t ! less] good ( ! individual %all always be sacrific$ to ! great] good ( ! _m4 ,ea* m9d ( ! great commonweal? is to act1 n to make selfgratification ! fir/ ?+1 b to make ! greate/ possible happ9ess ) ! lea/ possible evil = ! :ole commonweal? ! pr$om9ant purpose4 ,& su* is ! sy/em ( ! ,creator t :atev] is = ! be/ good ( ! :ole is = ! be/ good ( ea* individual4 ,?us x appe>s t ob$i5ce to ! laws ( ,god1 physical1 intellectual1 social1 & moral1 is to be *os5 z ! rul+ purpose ( ea* m9d4 ,& ?is is ! mode by :i* all rational be+s are to promote ! end or design = :i* all ?+s are made1 7i4e417 happ9essmak+ on ! greate/ possible scale = ! great commonweal?4 ,,n[ x is v c]ta9 t no human m9d is able1 by its own solit>y inve/igations1 to discov] all ! physical1 intellectual1 social1 & moral laws ( ,god4 ,_m ( ^! laws we c le>n by exp]i5ce1 b = ! great] portion we are dep5d5t on ! in/ruction ( o!rs4 ,!re=e tru? on ! "p ( educators1 & fai? on ! "p ( ! le>n]s are z indisp5sable to ! "r action ( m9d z is light to ! "r action ( ! eye 9 see+4 ,n a 8dead10 m]ely intellectual belief1 b a 8sav+ fai?0 t controls ! feel+s & conduct4 ,we n[ are enabl$ to def9e ! k9d ( inability z to obey+ ! laws ( ,god1 :i* inevitably att5ds e m9d t comm5ces its exi/5ce 9 ?is _w4 ,z yet !re h nev] be5 p]fectly true educators ( "y m9ds1 :ile p]fect fai?1 t is to say1 8sav+ fai?10 9 ! tea*+s t are true is z mu* want+4 ,! "y *ild c n be made to und]/&1 & !re=e c n believe1 or h fai? 9 _m ( ! laws ( ,god & ! p5alties connect$ ) !m4 ,?is no "o w d5y4 ,sev]al ,classes ( ,moral ,actions4 ,!re are sev]al classes ( moral actions4 ,! fir/ class includes ^? :i* 9 all cases de/roy ! be/ good ( man4 ,( ^! are wanton cruelty to helpless creatures1 & +ratitude 9 return+ ne$less evil = good4 ,9 reg>d to su* ! m9d1 by its v con/itutional impulses1 revolts f !m & feels !m to be wrong )\t any process ( reason+4 ,s also all ^? actions t 9 all cases cause enjoym5t )\t evil1 are in/9ctively felt to be "r )\t any reflection4 ,b !re are _m actions t are entirely dep5d5t on circum/ances = _! moral "*4 ,?us to puni% a little *ild 9 "o case w\ld be cruel & wrong1 9 ano!r x might be b5evol5t & "r4 ,to take a woman1 :5 n m>ri$ to ano!r1 = a wife is "r1 b wrong if %e is m>ri$4 ,& s ) ?\s&s ( o!r actions4 ,aga91 "s actions t d no h>m to any individual at a giv5 "t1 are wrong because !y w\ld be de/ructive to g5]al happ9ess1 if g5]ally all[$2 or1 9 o!r words1 !y are wrong 9 t5d5cy4 ,?us1 9 a giv5 case1 a lie might d a great deal ( good & no imm$iate h>m4 ,& yet x w\ld be wrong1 because leav+ x to e man's discretion :5 x 0 be/ to lie w\ld 9 ! end de/roy all confid5ce 9 human te/imony4 ,aga91 _m ( ! laws ( ,god c be discov]$ only by long exp]i5ce ( _m communities4 ,z soon z exp]i5ce has %[n t any practice w d m h>m ?an good1 !n ! law ( ,god is discov]$ & x becomes obligatory4 ,?us ! "q ( polygamy has be5 settl$4 ,?us1 too1 ! v5d+ ( alcoholic dr9ks has be5 decid$ to be wrong z a g5]al practice4 ,"h comes up ! di/9ction betwe5 wrong *oices t des]ve blame & puni%m5t1 & ^? t d n4 ,9 ! natural sy/em ( ! ,creator all violations ( law are foll[$ by ! natural p5alties )\t any ref]5ce to ! motives1 k1 or ability ( ! ag5t4 ,all que/ions among m51 z to blame & retribution1 h ref]5ce to ! add+ ( o!r p5alties & rew>ds 9 ! pres5t or future /ate4 ,x is only 9 reg>d to su* t ! que/ions ( blame1 ( ju/ice1 & ( m]cy are to be debat$4 ,)\t revelation we h no evid5ce t ! natural p5alties ( law are ev] susp5d$1 ei!r z a matt] ( ju/ice or m]cy4 ,9 ! case ( great crimes & wrongs1 t additional p5alties are to foll[ 9 a future /ate is :at all m5 fe>1 & ?is x is :i* induces selfinflictions to secure p>don = s94 ,n[ ^! are di/9ctions exi/+ 9 all rational m9ds1 & are cont9ually ref]r$ to 9 eday life4 ,b x is impossible = any b an omnisci5t be+ to decide on all ! motives t regulate ! actions ( o!rs1 :ile ev5 our own motives are (t5 s hidd5 & complex t we are bl9d$ z to _! true "*4 ,! language ( common life does n always recognize ^! di/9ctions4 ,:5 a wrong action is done ! actor is call$ a wrongdo]1 & is blam$ = ! de$4 ,& ! fact t he believ$ t he 0 act+ "r1 & ev5 t he practices selfd5ial 9 p]=m+ :at is imag9$ to be a duty1 ?\gh x palliates1 does n ord9>ily end all displeasure4 ,= 9 multitudes ( cases ! ignorance ( duty results f pride or selfi% neglect ( inquiry4 ,& few are compet5t to decide h[ f> ! ignorance is a mis=tune & n a fault4 ,x is ow+ to ?is fact t mo/ ( ! language ( life assumes t all violations ( law are blamably wrong1 & are to be puni%$ "h or h]eaft]4 ,9 ! mo/ common use ( ! t]m1 8s9 is ! transgression ( law40 ,at ! same "t m5 recognize ! di/9ction betwe5 s9s ( ignorance & willful s94 ,s9 & ,hol9ess4 ,! prec$+1 !n1 w>rants ! def9ition ( s9 z 8! transgression ( law10 :e!r kn[n or unkn[n4 ,! "q ( ! rectitude ( p5alties add$ to ! natural consequ5ces ( violat$ laws1 is conf9$ to ^? s9s :i* are att5d$ by a k ( law & ability to und]/& & obey4 ,^! di/9ctions & def9itions are important because a l>ge class ( !ologians ma9ta9 t s9 is ! volunt>y transgression ( kn[n law1 & make ?is def9ition ! f\ndation ( _! ass]tion t all m5 h p[] to be p]fect 9 con=mity to all law1 mean+ by ?is all ! laws ( ,god t !y "k & believe4 ,on ?is !ory s9 is ! transgression ( kn[n law1 & n ( t :i* is unkn[n4 ,& on ?is !ory "o way to keep *ildr5 f s9 w\ld be to keep !m 9 ignorance ( ,god's laws4 ,! writ] ma9ta9s t ?is limit$ use is n ! common mean+4 ,mank9d d n /op to settle ! "q :e!r m5 7 ignorant ( :at 0 "r1 be=e !y decide t !y s94 ,(t5 su* ignorance results f an unwill+ness or indol5ce t prev5ts att5tion1 & few c decide h[ f> our ignorance ( law results f guilty neglect4 ,x is true t :5 a p]fect & innoc5t inability to "k law is prov$1 ! add$ p5alties ( /atute law are remitt$4 ,b /ill ! natural p5alties are unremitt$4 ,! ^w holy 9 its orig9al use signifies set ap>t or consecrate to ! special s]vice ( "s deity4 ,?us ! vessels ( a temple1 ! prie/s & ! build+ are call$ holy 9 ?is s5se4 ,9 ref]5ce to moral acts or *oices1 ?is t]m is us$ z recogniz+ ! fact t a m9d may be volunt>ily consecrat$ or devot$ to ! s]vice ( ,god by "r action1 or ob$i5ce to 8 laws4 ,god himself is call$ holy on ! supposition t !re are rules ( "r & wrong 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 indep5d5t ( 8 w1 & t 8 w is con=m$ to ^! rules1 :ile m5 are call$ holy 9 ref]5ce *iefly to ! w or s]vice ( _! ,creator4 ,9 ! ,creator hol9ess signifies p]fect volunt>y con=mity to t :i* is = ! be/ accord+ to ! et]nal nature ( ?+s4 ,9 m5 p]fect hol9ess is p]fect con=mity ( w to ! laws or w ( ,god1 bo? absolutely & 9 motive or int5tion4 ,a m9d is consecrat$ to ,god :5 its rul+ purpose is to obey him 9 all ?+s4 ,9 ?is use ( ! t]m hol9ess 9 man1 is :at c n be creat$1 z x is a volunt>y act ( 8 own m9d4 ,! "q :e!r ,adam 0 creat$ ) 8a holy nature10 :ile 8 po/]ity beg9 exi/5ce "h ) an 8unholy nature10 mu/ be settl$ by a cle> def9ition ( ! words employ$4 ,if ! t]m 8nature0 ref]s to ! con/ruction ( ! m9d itself z made by ,god1 a holy nature mu/ signify t organization & comb9ation ( ! natural p[]s ( m9d1 :i* is ! be/ possible = a m9d 9 its appo9t$ place 9 ! be/ possible sy/em4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! t]m 8nature0 ref]s to t "* ( m9d consequ5t on its own volitions1 !n a holy nature c be caus$ or creat$ only by man himself z ! sole produc+ cause ( 8 own volitions1 ,god be+ ! au?or or cause ( ?is nature only 9 ! s5se 9 :i* m5 are causes ( volunt>y action 9 o!r m9ds1 viz41 occasional causes by ! use ( motives or objects t excite desires4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,love ,,to ,,god ,,& ,,love ,,to ,,man4 ,9 a =m] *apt] we h notic$ ! analysis ( ! pr9ciple ( love4 ,x is ne$ful to ref] to ?is aga91 z intimately connect$ ) ! "q ( ! "r moral action ( f9ite m9ds4 ,we h se5 t love is a complex ex]cise1 its fir/ elem5t be+ agreeable emotions 9 view ( c]ta9 qualities & actions4 ,comb9$ ) ^! emotions coexi/s a desire ( reciprocat$ reg>d1 t is to say1 a desire to be ! cause ( simil> agreeable emotions to ! "o lov$4 ,^! are con/itutional impulses n at all consequ5t on any volition or *oice1 & z ! involunt>y elem5t ( love1 are prop]ly call$ involunt>y love4 ,su* love c n be ju/ly dem&$ except :]e ^? qualities are1 or c be1 p]ceiv$ :i* naturally awak5 agreeable emotions4 ,9 cases :]e ! qualities exi/ t w\ld naturally awak5 affection if notic$1 & ! want ( x is ow+ to inatt5tion1 a prop] reg>d to su* qualities c be ju/ly dem&$4 ,b ?is is ! only p>ticul> 9 :i* involunt>y love c be made ! subject ( law & p5alties4 ,b ! ma9 elem5t ( love1 z practically e/imat$ among m51 is su* a desire ( good to ! "o lov$ z involves ! good will+ or volunt>y ef=t to please & gratify4 ,if a fri5d simply is pleas$ ) our good qualities1 & wi%es to please u ) 8 naturally agreeable traits 9 return1 x is ( little value 9 comp>ison ) ! tru] love :i* is %[n 9 volunt>y ef=ts to please & make happy4 ,?is la/ is ! ma9 elem5t ( true affection1 & prop]ly is call$ volunt>y love or good will+4 ,!ologians express ?is di/9ction by ! t]ms ! love ( complac5cy & ! love ( b5evol5ce4 ,?us we h ga9$ ^! def9itions3 ,involunt>y love t[>d ,god & t[>d m5 consi/s 9 agreeable emotions 9 view ( admirable qualities4 ,volunt>y love t[>d ,god & t[>d m5 consi/s 9 good will+1 or ! volunt>y ef=t to please & make happy4 ,to 8love our neighbor z ourselves0 mu/ ref] solely to volunt>y love1 = we h no reg>d to our own agreeable qualities 9 ! love ( self4 ,selflove is simply ! desire & w to please & gratify self4 ,?is !n is ! k9d ( love t c prop]ly be dem&$ ( all4 ,ea* "o c ju/ly be requir$ to w or *oose to please & gratify o!rs ! same z we d ourselves4 ,ea* c be requir$ to e/imate ! happ9ess ( e o!r m9d z ( ! same value z 8 own1 & to ex]cise good will+ = o!rs z we d = our own enjoym5t4 ,f ?is prim>y pr9ciple necess>ily results ! law dem&+ t ! good ( ! commonweal? %all always take prec$5ce ( any individual conc]n4 ,if we are b\nd to value ! happ9ess ( ea* m9d z equal 9 value to our own1 ! inevitable result is t we are to e/imate ! happ9ess ( _m m9ds z ( m value ?an our own1 s z always to make our own enjoym5t & wi%es subord9ate & second>y to ! g5]al good4 ,/ill m are we to reg>d ! feel+s & wi%es ( our ,creator & ,supreme ,"l4 ,he has inf9ite susceptibilities ( enjoym5t & suff]+1 & ?us :atev] ret>ds or promotes 8 wi%es & plans mu/ be ( z mu* m value z 8 p[]s ( enjoym5t & suff]+ are great] ?an ours4 ,! love ( good will+ !n %\ld h fir/ ref]5ce to ,god z ! "o ^: w & wi%es are ( m value ?an any o!r be+ 9 ?is relation alone4 ,/ill m are we b\nd to reg>d 8 w & wi%es z fir/ 9 value1 because 8 *ief end & aim is ! mo/ possible happ9ess to all ! creatures he has made4 ,to w to please ,god z ! *ief end ( our exi/5ce is ! same z to *oose to make ! mo/ possible happ9ess1 n only to him1 b to all 8 creatures4 ,involunt>y love is valuable z r5d]+ x easi] & m agreeable to labor = ! welf>e ( o!rs4 ,^? ^: int]e/+ traits please u2 ^? :o1 z *ildr5 or fri5ds1 contribute to our enjoym5t1 & ^? :o 9 any way give u pleasure1 x is f> easi] to w = _! enjoym5t ?an x is to d s = ^? :o d no?+ to please u1 & p]haps only give u discom=t1 anxiety or disgu/4 ,?is exhibits an indirect way ( secur+ ! love ( good w t[>d ^? :o nei!r please u by _! agreeable qualities1 nor are causes ( enjoym5t to u 9 any way4 ,involunt>y affection may be s /rongly excit$ t[>d "o ^: qualities or conduct cause delight to self1 t ! desire to please t fri5d may become m animat+ ?an ! desire = any p]sonal gratification4 ,%\ld su* a fri5d be deeply int]e/$ 9 ! happ9ess ( 8 *ildr51 or ( any o!r p]sons1 ^: "* & conduct may 9 no way please u1 /ill ! desire to gratify su* a fri5d may lead to good will+ to ^? :om he loves1 = 8 sake1 9 ord] to please & gratify him4 ,?us x is t love to p>5ts t5ds to produce 8peace & good w0 among *ildr51 :o1 9 _! little broils1 are re/ra9$ by ! desire to please _! p>5ts1 :5 love to ea* o!r fails4 ,"h we h a view ( ! importance ( "r conceptions ( ,god's "*1 9 ord] to secure ! p]fect action ( f9ite m9ds1 especially 9 ! fir/ /age ( exi/5ce4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! rules ( "r action are to be ga9$1 9 _m cases1 only by long exp]i5ce & by a c\rse ( reason+4 ,(t51 too1 g5]al rules 7su*1 = example1 z t we are nev] to lie1 ev5 to save life1 or = any reason17 mu/ be obey$ :5 a p]son c see imm$iate evil1 & no good to self or to any "o by ob$i5ce4 ,n[ x is impossible = a rational m9d to *oose pure evil4 ,!re mu/ be "s good 9 an object to excite desire1 or x is impossible to *oose x4 ,b pleasurable emotions t[>d an allwise ,creator1 ^: b5evol5ce & wisdom excite love1 delight1 & confid5ce1 may be su* t to please him gives abundant motive to obey ! rules ( "r he enjo9s :5 no o!r good c be p]ceiv$ except t ob$i5ce w please him4 ,& ! m we p]ceive 9 him t excites admiration1 love1 & gratitude1 ! m /r5g? ( motive is ga9$4 ,x has be5 %[n t a *oice or act is virtu\s 9 all relations1 :5 x absolutely is be/ = all1 & :5 x is done 9 ref]5ce to a rule ( rectitude1 or because x is "r4 ,! motive or reason ( a *oice decides :e!r or n x is virtu\s4 ,n[ z ! ,creator's w & ! rules ( rectitude are ! same1 :5 we say t any act1 9 ord] to be virtu\s1 mu/ h ref]5ce to ,god's w1 ! "q comes up1 is an act virtu\s because x pleases ,god1 or does x please ,god because x is virtu\s8 i4e41 because x con=ms to ^? rules by :i* 8 *ief end 9 creation is secur$1 & :i* re/ on ! et]nal nature ( ?+s4 ,! la/ is ! pr9ciple "h assum$4 ,god's great end is ! highe/ happ9ess ( 8 creatures4 ,ob$i5ce to 8 laws is ! mode = secur+ ?is end2 8 own actions are "r z !y con=m to ?is end2 & ! actions ( all 8 creatures are "r only 9 ! same relation4 ,s ,god's 8glory0 consi/s 9 ! highe/ happ9ess ( 8 creatures1 :i* c only be secur$ by _! ob$i5ce to 8 laws4 ,?is makes x cle> t *oos+ z our *ief end to obey all ! physical1 social1 & moral laws ( ,god1 z le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 is ! same z lov+ ,god ) all ! he>t1 & our neighbors z ourselves4 ,x is also liv+ = ,god's glory z ! *ief end2 & x is be+ a truly righte\s1 virtu\s1 & pi\s man4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 volunt>y & involunt>y love enables u to discov] c]ta9 dang]s t result = want ( su* discrim9ation4 ,m5 may conceive ( ! ,creator z desir+ to be lov$1 admir$1 & glorifi$1 j z selfi% conqu]ors1 l ,alex&] & ,napoleon h done4 ,9 ?is view all _! aims w\ld be to excite agreeable emotions t[>d ,god by ! contemplation ( 8 v>i\s attributes4 ,& ?us !y might be s absorb$ 9 ! indulg5ce ( su* delightful emotions z to become entirely he$less ( ! wants & ! wi%es ( ^? ar\nd !m4 ,?is k9d ( exp]i5ce w\ld cultivate selfi%ness in/ead ( b5evol5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 *oos+ to obey all ,god's laws = happ9essmak+ on ! l>ge/ scale1 & view+ ! lovely & glori\s attributes ( ! ,creator z means to ?is end1 w\ld induce ! only true virtue1 :ile x is ! true mode ( pleas+ our ,mak] & increas+ 8 enjoym5t4 ,! prec$+ furni%es ! mode ( h>moniz+ a great v>iety ( expressions t may prop]ly be giv5 9 answ] to ! great "q1 8:at mu/ we d to be sav$80 z we ga9 ?is answ] indep5d5tly ( revelation4 ,! fir/ answ] is1 8believe 9 ,god's tea*+s--or h fai? 9 ,god40 ,?is means1 take ! laws ( ,god z reveal$ by reason & exp]i5ce1 & obey !m1 & y %all be sav$4 ,x is a practical & n a m]e intellectual belief t con/itutes ?is 8sav+ fai?40 ,! next answ] is1 8rep5t10 or 8rep5tance t[>d ,god40 ,! ^w rep5t is us$ to signify1 sometimes1 simply remorse or pa9 = wrongdo+4 ,9 ano!r s5se x signifies t sorr[ = wrongdo+ :i* includes re=mation4 ,x is ceas+ to disobey law & comm5c+ a life ( ob$i5ce4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t m5 are sav$ by rep5tance4 ,ano!r answ] is1 8?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t1 & ?y neighbor z ?yself40 ,?is has be5 %[n to signify1 ?\ %alt *oose z ! *ief end ( life to make happ9ess ! "r way1 t is1 by obey+ all ! physical1 social1 & moral laws ( ,god4 8,?is is ! love ( ,god1 t we keep 8 comm&m5ts40 ,ano!r answ] is1 8make x ?y *ief end to glorify ,god40 ,inasmu* z ,god's glory consi/s 9 ! exhibition ( 8 "* z a b5evol5t be+1 all :o promote 8 *ief aim by mak+ happ9ess accord+ to 8 w1 are liv+ to glorify ,god4 ,ano!r answ] is1 8live a truly virtu\s life40 ,x has be5 %[n t true virtue consi/s 9 ob$i5ce to ! great law ( sacrifice by :i* ! less] p]sonal good is sacrific$ to ! great] good ( all conc]n$4 ,?us fai?1 rep5tance1 love to ,god & man1 mak+ x our *ief end to glorify ,god1 liv+ a virtu\s life1 all signify "o & ! same ?+1 7i4e417 *oos+ to f9d out & to obey all ! physical1 social1 & moral laws ( ,god z our *ief end or rul+ purpose4 ,! righte\s are ^? :o h =m$ su* a purpose1 & :o exhibit its results 9 _! daily life4 ,! wick$ are ^? :o h n =m$ su* a purpose1 & d n exhibit x 9 _! daily life4 ,9 ! common language ( eday life1 :5 a p]son is int5sely int]e/$ 9 any pursuit1 x is said to be 88 life40 ,& :5 a man *anges f a vici\s to a virtu\s c\rse he is said to 8beg9 a new life40 ,?us x w\ld be 9 agreem5t ) ! ord9>y use ( language to call a new=m$ purpose to obey all ! laws ( ,god ! comm5cem5t ( a new life4 ,& z ! beg9n+ ( natural life is ! comm5cem5t ( a life ( impulsive *oices unregulat$ by law1 ! comm5cem5t ( a life ( ob$i5ce to law w\ld1 by a figure ( spee*1 v naturally be call$ 8a new bir?40 ,we h se51 9 previ\s pages1 t ! =mation ( a rul+ pr9ciple or gov]n+ purpose is sometimes ! result ( a sl[ process ( educational influ5ces1 & sometimes x is a m>k$ & sudd5 *ange4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( m9d we f9d1 z a g5]al rule1 t x is ! sl[ process ( educational tra9+ t secures a virtu\s "* 9 *ildhood1 :ile ! m sudd5 & m>k$ *anges are incid5t *iefly to m advanc$ life4 ,! t]m 8reg5]ation0 is us$ by !ologians z mean+ ! =mation ( a rul+ purpose to love & obey ,god1 by man himself4 ,by "s1 ?is *ange ( m9d is reg>d$ z 9 all cases in/antane\s1 by o!rs z sometimes a gradual & sometimes an in/antane\s *ange4 ,! prec$+ /ill f>!r exhibits ! fact t ! :ole f\ndation ( religion & ( morals re/s on ! answ] to ! "q1 :at is true virtue or "r volunt>y action8 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,increas$ ,,civilization ,,increases ,,moral ,,difficulties4 ,f ! prec$+ x appe>s t ! m our race advances 9 civilization1 ! m num]\s & complicat$ are ! laws ( ,god :i* mu/ fir/ be discov]$ & !n obey$4 ,by advance 9 civilization is signifi$ increase 9 ! capacities ( ! human m9d = v>i$ enjoym5ts1 & increase 9 ! appropriate supply ( ^! capacities4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! race resembles ! e>ly p]iod ( individual life1 :5 ! *ief enjoym5ts are ^? ( ! s5ses4 ,! ref9$ & v>i$ pleasures ( ta/e are b little atta9$ except by cultivation4 ,s also ! high] pleasures ( ! intellect & ( ! moral nature are dep5d5t on culture4 ,z e new av5ue to enjoym5t is op5$1 & e new capacity develop$1 !re are inevitably result+ difficulties & temptations :i*1 exp]i5ce soon %[s1 mu/ be regulat$ by laws & p5alties4 ,f ?is results ! endless multitude ( civil & /atute laws1 9 addition to ! v>i\s dome/ic & social rules en=c$ 9 ! family1 ! s*ool & ! neighborhood4 ,all ^! laws & rules w be f\nd to be only specific applications ( ! great law ( sacrifice :i* dem&s t1 9 all cases1 e m9d %all *oose :at is be/ = self & be/ = ! :ole4 ,! great democratic pr9ciple t ! majority %all rule is b "o mode ( apply+ ?is g5]al law ( sacrifice4 ,9 ?is aspect we c p]ceive h[ x is1 t e attempt to develop any faculty ( enjoym5t 9 any creat$ m9d1 & e ef=t to provide alim5t = su* develop$ capacities is "r1 z 9 agreem5t ) ! gr& end design$ by ! ,creator2 provid$ x is done accord+ to ! great law ( sacrifice disclos$ by reason1 viz41 t individual enjoym5t be made subord9ate to ! g5]al good1 & t no great] good be sacrific$ = a less1 ei!r = self or = ! commonweal?4 ,9 ?is light1 music1 draw+1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 ar*itecture1 ! drama1 poetry1 laught]1 all ?+s t imp>t enjoym5t to any m9d are "r1 provid$ no high] good is sacrific$ 9 enjoy+ !m4 ,nay1 m2 all ^! modes ( imp>t+ enjoym5t may become positive duties1 9 cases :]e !y d n int]f]e ) "s high] good4 ,?is view ( ! subject /ill fur!r illu/rates ! nature ( t inability :i* exi/s 9 all f9ite m9ds 9 discov]+ & obey+ ! laws ( ,god4 ,!re are only two conceivable modes by :i* we c le>n ^! laws2 "o is by ! exp]i5ce ( f9ite be+s2 ! o!r is by revelation f ! ,creator4 ,to le>n :at is "r & wrong by exp]i5ce involves n only ! c]ta9ty1 b ! necessity1 z x respects ! absolute "r1 ( wrongdo+2 = no "o1 h[ev] "r ! motive or int5tion may be1 c discov] :at w cause m or less good or evil b by exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! evil z well z ! good is detect$ by exp]i5ce4 ,to le>n :at is "r & wrong 9 all ! ?\s& & million complications ( life by revelation1 w\ld involve ! necessity ( a direct revelation e h\r ( e day1 to e individual ( ! race4 ,b ! only conceivable mode by :i* revelations f ,god are possible1 is by miracles & prophecy1 :i* are int]ruptions ( ! ord9>y uni=mity ( nature4 ,x is ! fact t ! laws ( nature are uni=m t alone makes miracles possible1 s t incessant revelations by miracles w\ld de/roy su* uni=mity1 & ?us de/roy ! only conceivable mode ( communication f ! ,creator4 ,?is be+ s1 ! only possible me?od by :i* mank9d c discov] :at is "r & wrong 9 ! great] portion ( _! actions is by an exp]i5ce involv+1 m or less1 wrongdo+ z a "p4 ,!re are g5]al rules ( "r & wrong :i* c be communicat$ bo? by ,god & man1 b ^! rules are to be appli$ by m5 to ! numb]less & ev]v>y+ circum/ances ( life1 involv+ /ill ! same necessity ( exp]i5ce ( evil 9 ord] to detect ! relative am\nt ( good to be ga9$ 9 ! v>i$ c\rses (f]$ = pursuit to :i* ^! rules are to be appli$4 ,n[ ! gr& difficulty1 z x respects bo? ,god & man1 z be=e %[n1 is ! positive inability ( undevelop$ m9d to und]/& mu* ( :at is "r & wrong4 ,?is difficulty meets ! mature m9d z really z x does ! infant's2 = :ile _m ( ! g5]al rules evolv$ by reason & exp]i5ce are cle>1 & easily p]ceiv$1 !re are endless v>ieties ( cases 9 :i* ! application ( ^! rules is a matt] ( unc]ta9ty4 ,= example1 t m5 are to be hone/ & speak ! tru?1 are rules univ]sally appreciat$4 ,b !n come ! que/ions :e!r ?is & t ?+ is hone/1 or :e!r 9 ?is or t em]g5cy x may n be "r to say :at is false4 ,! high] m5 advance 9 civilization1 & ! m means & modes ( enjoym5t are discov]$1 ! m complicat$ become ! que/ions ( "r1 & ! m frequ5t ! temptations to wrong4 ,all t c be done is to cultivate ! consci5ce & tra9 ! reason+ p[]s ( mank9d1 s t by means ( ! exp]i5ce ( life1 z develop$ by individuals & communities1 reg>d to ! rules ( "r & wrong %all keep pace ) ! increas+ civilization4 ,) ^! di/9ctions 9 ! m9d1 we c p]ceive t s91 9 its wide/ s5se1 includ+ transgression ( unkn[n law1 is inevitable 9 a p]fect sy/em ( f9ite m9ds1 :ile 9 ! limit$ s5se1 z transgression ( kn[n law1 x is n s4 ,s also we c see1 t )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! ,creator to tea* u1 x is an impossibility = any human be+ to live )\t s92 s t ?is int]v5tion is impossible except to a limit$ ext5t1 )\t an entire *ange 9 ! et]nal nature ( ?+s to :i* ,god's own w is con=m$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,humility ,,& ,,meekness4 ,we h se5 t we c le>n :at is "r & wrong only by aid receiv$ f ! exp]i5ce ( our fell[be+s ar\nd u4 ,b 9 ord] to ?is1 !re are c]ta9 virtues :i* are bo? difficult & indisp5sable4 ,9 /udy+ ! hi/ory ( m9d1 x w be se5 t ! high] ! grade ( intellect & ! great] its culture1 ! /rong] is ! love ( intellectual supremacy & ! m en]getic ! pride ( op9ion4 ,x is a fact :i* none w dispute1 t1 z ! g5]al rule1 hav+ "s exceptions1 ! class ( m9ds mo/ highly end[$ by native tal5t & acquir$ culture1 are mo/ unwill+ to take ! attitude ( le>n]s t[>d _! associates1 & /ill m t[>d _! inf]iors 9 ^! end[m5ts4 ,:5 ?is pride ( intellect & ( op9ion is comb9$ ) b5evol5ce ( disposition & ) s5sitiv5ess ( consci5ce1 !re is no?+ m difficult ?an to 8become z a little *ild0 9 le>n+ tru? & duty4 ,= ! m b5evol5ce & consci5ti\sness1 ! great] ! unwill+ness to be put 9 ! wrong4 ,& yet1 9 ! smalle/ sph]e ( life1 betwe5 e individual & 8 neighbors1 ?\s&s ( que/ions ( "r & wrong turn on h[ our words & actions w affect ! happ9ess ( ^? ar\nd2 & !re is no possibility ( settl+ su* que/ions b by leav+ e p]son at lib]ty to communicate freely :at does1 or does n1 give !m pa9 or pleasure1 & ?us tea* o!rs h[ to make happ9ess & save f pa94 ,9 ord] to ?is1 x is indisp5sable t e "o be made to und]/& t our *ief aim is to make happ9ess ! be/ & "r way1 & t = ?is end we wi% to h a p]fectly free expression ( wi%es & op9ions4 ,= if x is p]ceiv$ t irritability & ali5ation result f su* a c\rse1 all ^? ar\nd u w conceal _! feel+s & op9ions1 & ?us1 = want ( a true k ( circum/ances1 we %all 8walk 9 d>kness10 because we are n will+ to be told ! tru?s t put u 9 ! wrong or expose our mi/akes4 ,! same free expression ( op9ion & prote/ aga9/ all wrong1 are z indisp5sable to ! discov]y ( ^? rules ( "r & wrong1 t are to be evolv$ f ! g5]al exp]i5ce4 ,e man1 woman & *ild 9 ! commonweal?1 %\ld be p]fectly free to set =? _! op9ions1 exp]i5ce1 & reason+1 = ! purpose ( f9d+ out :at is be/ = ! :ole4 ,nor %\ld !y be )held by ! fe> t su* a c\rse w\ld place a p>5t1 a bro!r1 a fri5d1 or a p>ty 9 ! wrong1 & expose ^? de>e/ to u to blame4 ,= ! true happ9ess ( ea* & all is to be secur$ by a k ( ! tru?1 & (t5 su* k c be ga9$ only by expos+ ! evil results ( c\rses t are pursu$ by ! be/ & mo/ consci5ti\s p]sons4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is pr9ciple1 !re mu/ be discretion ex]cis$ z to "t & mann] ( p]=m+ ! duty2 & !re are "s limitations to be recogniz$1 :i* are matt]s ( exp$i5cy4 ,= example1 a man mu/ seek ! be/ "t to expose :at is wrong1 & he mu/ seek to d x 9 a mann] t w secure ! good aim$ at ) ! lea/ possible evil4 ,& if x c be done bett] by ! ag5cy ( ano!r1 ! aid ( t o!r %\ld be invok$4 ,s 9 reg>d to limitations1 :at is /rictly p]sonal %\ld be conf9$ to ! p>ty :o alone is conc]n$4 ,:at relates solely to ! family conc]ns %\ld be conf9$ to ! family4 ,nor %\ld any wrongs or diss5sions be br\ght be=e ! public except ^? 9 :i* ! public welf>e is involv$4 ,b ) ^! limitations x is ! dem& ( reason & common s5se1 t e man1 woman & *ild freely prote/ aga9/ all t !y believe to be wrong 9 op9ion or conduct4 ,9 tak+ su* a c\rse1 e man's success 9 discov]+ & propagat+ ! tru? w dep5d v mu* on ! _s ) :i* x is attempt$4 ,if x is done 9 a selfsuffici5t1 dictatorial1 & d5unciatory mode1 ! inevitable result w be to ar\se ^? passions & prejudices :i* are mo/ effectual 9 bl9d+ ! m9d 9 discov]+ tru?4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x is attempt$ ) ! humility1 meekness & b5evol5ce :i* are befitt+ ignorant1 fallible & %ortsight$ be+s1 encompass$ ) su* appall+ difficulties & dang]s1 ! mo/ favorable ( all influ5ces w be ex]t$ to secure a pati5t & c&id att5tion4 ,/ill1 s s5sitive are m5 to all implications ( _! motives or conduct1 s unwill+ are !y to ackn[l$ge !mselves mi/ak51 t ! fai?ful dis*>ge ( ! duty ( prote/+ aga9/ wrong1 w always be att5d$ ) m or less ( illw & bad passions4 ,9 view ( ! above1 if we 7 to pr$ict :at w\ld be ! fir/ prelim9>y tea*+ ( a mess5g] f ! ,creator imp>t+ to u ! true way ( happ9essmak+1 we %\ld say1 reason+ f ! exp]i5ce ( life1 x w\ld read ?us3 8,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s20 t is1 ^? :o feel _! pov]ty ( m9d z to ! k requir$ = "r action4 8,bless$ are !y t m\rn20 t is1 ^? :o are tr\bl$ by ?is want4 8,bless$ are ! meek20 t is1 ^? t c quietly & pati5tly be> repro( & faultf9d+4 8,bless$ are !y :i* d hung] & ?ir/ aft] righte\sness20 t is1 ^? :o are z e>ne/ to f9d ! "r way ( happ9essmak+ z ! hungry & ?ir/y are = food & dr9k4 8,bless$ are ! happ9essmak]s407#i7 8,bless$ are !y :i* are p]secut$ = righte\sness' sake20 t is1 ^? :o are will+ to suff] = ! "r4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,/&>d ,,( ,,"r ,,& ,,wrong ,,decid$ ,,by ,,! ,,risks ,,( ,,et]nity4 ,x has be5 %[n1 t ! m ! capacities ( m5 are cultivat$1 & ! s\rces ( enjoym5t multipli$1 ! m complicat$ become ! v>y+ que/ions z to "r & wrong moral action1 & ! m our reason+ p[]s & our consci5ce ne$ to be cultivat$ 9 ord] to decide correctly4 ,j z fa/ z m5 increase 9 ! numb] & ext5t ( ! capacities & res\rces ( enjoym5t1 w que/ions ( "r & wrong multiply1 & rules be evolv$1 e "o ( :i* w re/ on ! gr& law ( sacrifice1 :i* dem&s ( e individual t he %all give up private feel+s & *oose :at is be/ = all conc]n$4 ,^! difficulties & complications are /ill m increas$1 if we are to take into acc\nt an immortal exi/5ce1 & ! influ5ce :i* conduct & "* 9 ?is life may h on a future et]nity4 ,:at is be/ = ea* individual1 & :at is be/ = ! commonweal? 9 su* va/ relations1 involve que/ions f> beyond ! rea* ( human capacities1 :i* only inf9ite wisdom c answ]4 ,9 all que/ions ( "r & wrong1 = individual & = public int]e/s1 ! degree ( dang] & risk involv$1 always is ! rul+ consid]ation4 ,! great] ! dang] ( ! commonweal?1 or ( ! individual1 ! great] are ! dem&s = sacrifices on ! "p ( all conc]n$4 ,:at w\ld be "r 9 circum/ances ( ease & safety1 becomes ! height ( selfi%ness & crime 9 h\rs ( p]il & suff]+4 ,to illu/rate ?is po9t on a humble scale1 let x be suppos$ t a va/ & dang]\s morass is fill$ ) a multitude ( travel]s1 ( all ages & all degrees ( intellig5ce1 :o c press ?r\gh x to _! homes only by difficult1 d>k1 & circuit\s pa?s4 ,9 addition to its morasses1 pitfalls1 swamps & f5s1 ea* pa? is beset ) v5om\s reptiles1 & its woods ) f]oci\s bea/s1 :ile x is ! "y & t5d] :o are ! special objects ( pursuit to ^! t]rific foes4 ,9 su* a community1 & amid su* dang]s1 all decisions ( "r & wrong1 z to :at 0 ow$ to o!rs or to "o's self1 w\ld be entirely div]se f :at w\ld be dem&$ 7 all 9 _! safe homes4 ,sleepless nights1 con/ant wat*+1 pa9ful toils1 incessant vigilance1 w\ld be ! imp]i\s duty ( e "o1 :o c\ld r5d] any s]vice4 ,amusem5ts & sports1 t 9 o!r circum/ances w\ld be wise & "r1 w\ld be all[$ only j s f> z !y t5d$ to give relaxation or repose ( m9d & body to ^? :o ne$$ !m1 & only = ! great end ( secur+ a safe & spe$y escape to all4 ,n[ suppose t1 9 ^! circum/ances1 "s ( ! w&]]s are taught t !re 7 no su* dang]s1 t ! pa?s 7 all safe & c]ta91 & t e "o ( !m w\ld soon] or lat] arrive safely at home4 ,o!rs are taught t !re probably is "s dang] & "s d\bt z to ! am\nt ( risks1 yet z no "o kn[s mu* ab\t ! matt]1 on any alt]native1 x is v wise to be c>eful & prud5t4 ,ano!r class are taught t all ^! t]rific dang]s d exi/2 nay m1 t x is c]ta9 t "s are to be lo/ 9 pitfalls1 "s torn ) wild bea/s1 "s poison$ to dea? ) v5om\s reptiles1 & "s = ev] lo/ 9 bleak & cold morasses4 ,meantime1 :o %\ld be ! lo/ & :o ! sav$1 & ! numb] ( ! lo/1 w\ld be entirely dep5d5t on ! c>e1 vigilance1 labors & sacrifices endur$ by ea*1 n only = self1 b = o!rs4 ,x c easily be se51 t 9 ^! ?ree classes !re mu/ be an entirely diff]5t /&>d = decid+ all que/ions ( "r & wrong4 ,:at w\ld be "r & wise1 9 case !re is little or no dang]1 w\ld be folly & crime amid su* t]rific p]ils4 ,9 "o case1 ea* w\ld h little conc]n or responsibility = any b self2 9 ano!r case1 all b5evol5t m9ds w\ld be ov]:elm$ ) anxiety = o!rs z well z = !mselves4 ,?is be+ s1 x is claim$ t ! d$uctions ( reason z to ! future immortality ( man1 & 8 risks & dang]s beyond ! grave1 are indisp5sable to decid+ multitudes ( moral que/ions ( ! highe/ mom5t1 :ile e p]son's /&>d ( morality mu/ be regulat$ by _! decision ( ?is "q4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,de/9y ,,( ,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,future ,,life4 ,x has be5 %[n1 t ! tea*+s ( reason z to ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & our risks & dang]s aft] dea?1 are indisp5sable to a true /&>d ( morality1 & to ! decision ( innum]able moral que/ions ( ! highe/ mom5t4 ,! next attempt1 !re=e1 w be to set =? :at c be le>n$ by reason & exp]i5ce1 indep5d5tly ( revelation1 9 reg>d to ! future de/9y ( man4 ,! fir/ "q relates to ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 & its immortality4 ,"h we h to guide u t great pr9ciple ( common s5se1 :i* regulates mank9d 9 all ! practical bus9ess ( life1 viz41 ?+s are1 & w cont9ue accord+ to pa/ exp]i5ce1 until !re is evid5ce ( a *ange4 ,by ! aid ( ?is1 we g =w>d 9 all practical affairs1 believ+ t ! be+s & ?+s ar\nd u are cont9u$ 9 exi/5ce till we h evid5ce t !y are n4 ,if any man 7 to talk & act z if e p]son 0 de/roy$1 & e t[n & village annihilat$1 z soon z ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses fail$1 he w\ld be deem$ "o :o _h 8lo/ 8 reason40 ,?is same pr9ciple t5ds to ! belief t ! s\l ( man cont9ues to exi/ aft] ! dissolution ( ! body4 ,we h no evid5ce t ! sep>ation ( s\l & body is an ev5t t ei!r injures or de/roys ! spiritual "p4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are _m analogies 9 nature t w\ld lead to ! impression t dea? gives new /r5g? & p[]s to ! disembodi$ _s4 ,?is be+ s1 we h ! same reason to believe t ! s\l ( man exi/s aft] dea? z we h = believ+ t our fri5ds are liv+ :5 !y leave u on a j\rney1 & we h no evid5ce ( _! dea?4 ,we c n see !m1 he> !m1 or feel !m1 & yet we believe !y are liv+1 we "k n exactly :]e1 because we h no evid5ce ( _! dea?4 ,& s1 aft] ! dissolution ( ! body1 ?\gh all evid5ce ( s5se z to ! exi/5ce ( _! immat]ial "p ceases1 we believe ! same ?9k+1 s5ti5t spirits cont9ue to exi/1 because we h no evid5ce t !y h ceas$ to d s4 ,we h p]fect evid5ce t ! body ceases to exi/ z a body1 = x m\ld]s to du/4 ,we h no evid5ce at all t ! s\l is ei!r injur$ or de/roy$4 ,su* a ?+ z ! de/ruction or annihilation ( a _s 0 nev] kn[n or he>d ( f any qu>t] ( e>? or heav54 ,we !re=e conclude1 t at ! mom5t ( dea? ! s\l is /ill exi/+ ) all its p[]s un*ang$4 ,! same argum5t goes on /ill fur!r1 & leads to ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,we "k ( no cause or reason = ! de/ruction ( ! s\l at any future p]iod4 ,we nev] h kn[n or he>d t any s\l ev] ceas$ to exi/4 ,& s we inf]1 t ! s\l w keep on a p]petuat$ exi/5ce1 by ! same pr9ciple z t :i* leads u to believe ! e>? & ! heav5s w rema9 to future ages4 ,9 reg>d to ! "* & condition ( dep>t$ spirits1 aga9 we h ! same pr9ciple to guide u4 ,)\t revelation1 ! pa/ exp]i5ce ( m9d is our sole beacon to give light z to its future de/9y4 ,our next inquiry1 !n1 is1 :at does ! pa/ exp]i5ce ( m9d tea* u z to its condition beyond ! grave8 ,9 pursu+ ?is inquiry1 we mu/ recall1 9 brief =ms1 "s ( ! po9ts ( m5tal exp]i5ce set =? 9 previ\s *apt]s4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important ( ^! relate to ! pr9ciple ( habit by :i* ! ex]cise ( all our faculties becomes m & m easy by use4 ,?is is true ( ! intellect1 by :i* we ga9 our k ( :at w secure ! mo/ happ9ess2 ( ! social nature1 by :i* we give happ9ess to o!r m9ds & receive ! same f !m2 ( our moral nature1 by :i* we are guid$ to ju/ice1 equity1 & ! rule ( consci5ce2 ( our volunt>y nature1 by :i* we regulate all our o!r p[]s4 ,ea* & all are develop$1 /r5g!n$1 & facilitat$ 9 "r action1 by be+ ex]cis$ accord+ to ! laws ( ,god4 ,! legitimate use ( all our faculties induces also n only increas$ facility1 b increas$ enjoym5t4 ,! m ! intellect is tra9$1 ! m agreeable its ex]cise4 ,! m our social nature is develop$ by use1 ! m its p[]s are develop$ & its bless$ influ5ce increas$4 ,! m our moral nature is ex]cis$1 ! m vigor\s becomes our s5se ( ju/ice & ! s5sibilities ( consci5ce1 & ! m pleas+ _! ex]cise4 ,& ! m ! w is ex]cis$ 9 controll+ e o!r faculty by ! rules ( rectitude1 ! m easy & delightful is ?is p[] ( selfcontrol4 ,! influ5ce ( habit 9 reg>d to ! great law ( sacrifice = ! be/ good ( all1 is especially to be reg>d$4 ,su* is its p[] t1 9 _m cases1 selfsacrifices t at fir/ 7 annoy+1 or ev5 pa9ful1 become s\rces ( ! highe/ & noble/ enjoym5t4 ,ano!r n less important influ5ce ( habit is1 9 reg>d to ^? modes ( enjoym5t :i* are mo/ important to ! commonweal?1 & mo/ happify+4 ,! pursuit ( ^! increases bo? desire & capacity = gratification1 :ile ^? less important & m dang]\s1 if made ! lead+ object ( pursuit1 dim9i% capacity :ile desire is increas$4 ,?us ! happ9ess ga9$ 9 giv+ & receiv+ affection1 9 caus+ happ9ess to o!rs1 & 9 rectitude ( action1 all increase bo? ! desire & ! capacity = ^! important & elevat$ modes ( enjoym5ts4 ,nor is !re any dang] ( excess 9 =m+ habits 9 ^! directions4 ,b ! pleasures ( ! s5ses & ! pursuit ( p[]1 honor1 & o!r enjoym5ts t t]m9ate 9 self1 are liable to excess1 & ?is excess dim9i%es ! capacity = enjoym5t1 :ile ! ceaseless crav+ ( desire rema9s4 ,?us x appe>s t a m9d t =ms habits ( happ9essmak+ accord+ to "r rules1 becomes m & m /rongly drawn to t c\rse by f9d+ m & m enjoym5t 9 x1 :ile a m9d t pursues z a *ief end ! enjoym5ts t t]m9ate 9 self1 con/antly loses capacity = su* good1 & yet ! desire = x drives on to va9 & *e]less ef=ts4 ,ano!r om9\s fact 9 our m5tal nature is1 ! effect ( habit 9 dim9i%+ ! control ( ! volunt>y p[]4 ,:5 any excessive or illegitimate mode ( ex]cis+ ! faculties becomes a rul+ passion1 ! *ange ( a habit ?us =m$ becomes m & m difficult 9 exact proportion to ! cont9u\s repetition4 ,ev5 :5 m5 see & feel t a habit is =m$ t increases _! sorr[ & dim9i%es _! enjoym5t1 & t ano!r c\rse w\ld r5d] !m e way nobl] & happi]1 !y f9d _! purposes ( *ange (t5 are p[]less4 ,! control ( ! w cont9ually yields to ! =ce ( habit1 & s !y are hopelessly driv5 on 9 _! fetal pursuits4 ,aga91 ! effect ( wrong action on ! susceptibilities is z om9\s z x is on ! p[] ( *oice4 ,we h se5 t ! design ( pa9ful emotions is to /imulate to ! =mation ( good habits1 & t :5 ?is legitimate object is n effect$ ^! emotions cont9ually decrease 9 /r5g? & vividness1 s t ! design$ b5efit is lo/4 ,?us fe> is design$ to induce habits ( caution1 b if no su* habits are ! result1 dang] ceases to excite ?is emotion1 & a man becomes at once fe>less & c>eless4 ,s ) sympa?y 9 ! suff]+s ( o!rs2 if no habits ( b5evol5t ef=ts to relieve are induc$1 t s5sibility dim9i%es1 & m5 become at once unsympa?is+1 h>d & cruel4 ,s x is ) %ame2 if x does n lead to habits ( honor & duty1 ! susceptibility cont9ually dim9i%es4 ,& s x is ) remorse2 if habits ( rectitude are n induc$ by its emotions1 ! consci5ce becomes 8se>$ z ) hot iron40 ,b ! mo/ det]iorat+ effect ( wrong action is se5 9 reg>d to t fundam5tal po9t ( ! m5tal con/itution :i* makes x a s\rce ( happ9ess to be ! cause ( happ9ess to o!rs4 ,x is a univ]sal fact t ! t5d5cy ( disagreeable emotions is to lead to ! infliction ( pa9 on o!rs4 ,?is prop5sity to inflict pa9 on :oev] is ! cause ( pa91 :5 regulat$ by ! rules ( rectitude1 is ! s\rce ( ju/ice 9 ! family & /ate1 & leads only to good4 ,b :5 x is indulg$ & unregulat$1 x is ! mo/ fe>ful feature 9 our m5tal con/itution4 ,! records ( hi/ory exhibit _m mon/]s ( our race1 ^: m5tal con/itution has become s disord]$ by habits ( fatal indulg5ce1 t all love ( happ9essmak+ = o!rs seems de/roy$1 & ! baleful pleasure ( torm5t+ becomes a rul+ passion4 ,ano!r feature ( our m5tal con=mation :i* directly be>s on ?is subject1 is ! fact1 t all ^? good qualities & b5evol5t acts :i* naturally t5d to please & awak5 ! desire ( good to o!rs1 may become s\rces ( pa9 & illw4 ,?is is ! case :5 ! lovely & b5evol5t traits ( o!r m9ds are contra/$ ) opposite traits 9 self4 ,?us x is t ! selfi%1 cruel & malignant hate & are p[]fully repell$ f ! g5]\s1 j & virtu\s1 :ile ! good z in/9ctively fly f ! wick$4 ,! natural result ( ^! features 9 ! nature ( m9d1 is a cont9ual t5d5cy t[>d a sep>ation ( ! good & ! bad1 ! righte\s & ! wick$4 ,accord+ to ! tea*+s ( exp]i5ce1 a m9d t =ms habits ( selfi%ness & s9 is con/antly t5d+ to a det]ioration ( its nature 9 all directions4 ,& ! c\rse ( ob$i5ce to ! gr& law ( self sacrifice = ! be/ good ( all1 becomes m & m difficult & improbable4 ,z ! natural result ! good are m & m attract$ t[>d ea* o!r1 & ! bad are m & m repell$4 ,^! t5d5cies1 s pla9ly exhibit$ "h1 reason+ f exp]i5ce1 we inf] are to cont9ue aft] dea?1 until ! f9al result mu/ be ! entire exclusion ( ! evil f ! good1 :5ev] p[] exi/s to compel ! sep>ation4 ,?is p[]1 all mu/ feel is held & w be ex]cis$ by ! ,au?or ( all m9ds1 ^: great plan1 s f> z reason tea*es1 c be c>ri$ to p]fection only by su* a consummation4 ,"o po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( our race has a m\rnful p]t95ce to ?is "q4 ,we f9d t ! improvem5t & ! safety ( ! great commonweal? is always1 m or less1 promot$ by ! ru9 ( individuals4 ,multitudes are det]r$ f evil c\rses by ! mis]able end ( ^? :o pursue !m2 s t ! good are (t5 pres]v$ by ! de/ruction ( ! bad4 ,s1 too1 we f9d exhibitions ( ! fact t m9ds are utt]ly ru9$1 & ru9$ = ev]1 s f> z we c p]ceive4 ,! man :o has /ultifi$ 8 intellect1 ru9$ 8 heal?1 se>$ 8 consci5ce1 & blunt$ all 8 g5]\s & b5evol5t s5sibilities by a c\rse ( debau*]y1 cruelty & crime1 is a wreck z total & irretrievable1 s f> z we c see1 z a wat* ^: spr+s & pivots are cru%$ b5ea? ! hamm]1 or a human body ^: e l9eam5t is effac$ b5ea? ! ru%+ locomotive tra94 ,! common language ( life expresses su* m5tal facts 9 precisely ! same t]ms z are appli$ to physical cata/rophes4 ,?us1 a man :o is giv5 up to debau*]y1 intemp]ance & crime1 is said to be a 8total wreck0--8entirely de/roy$10--8utt]ly ru9$40 ,add to ?is ! tea*+ ( exp]i5ce1 t :5 m5 are bad1 ! increase ( bless+s only increases indulg5ce & crime4 ,at ! same "t puni%m5t does n t5d to re=mation4 ,! m m5 suff] = _! folly & guilt1 ! m h>d5$ !y become4 ,! victims ( lic5ti\sness & intemp]ance1 ?\gh !y suff] su* mis]ies1 h ev] be5 reg>d$ z ! f>!/ remov$ f ! probabilities ( re=mation4 ,add to all ?is1 ! d$uctions ( reason z to ! moral nature ( ! ,creator & ,gov]nor ( all m9ds4 ,he has p[] to sep>ate ! good & bad2 8 great design1 ( :i* we "h see only ! t5d5cies1 makes x indisp5sable to ! p]fect happ9ess ( ! good t !y be sep>at$ f ! bad--a p]fectly happy commonweal? c n be atta9$ :]e ! bad =m a "p--:ile ! s5se ( ju/ice exi/s 9 ,god on a scale f> above ours1 dem&+ add$ p5alties = ! kn[n & willful de/ruction ( happ9ess4 ,he1 l 8 *ildr5 on e>?1 feels t crav+ = retributive ju/ice1 :i* c nev] re/ till ! guilty & remorseless mon/] receives ! j recomp5se = 8 cruelty & crimes4 ,^! tea*+s ( reason & exp]i5ce lead to ! conclusion1 n only t !re is to be a gr& consummation 9 :i* all s9 & suff]+ %all be end$ 9 a p]fect$ commonweal?1 b also to ! conclusion t ^? exclud$ f ?is community ( ! good are to cont9ue _! exi/5ce 9 s9 & its natural results = ev]4 ,t any portion1 ei!r ( matt] or m9d1 is to be annihilat$1 c n be inf]r$ f any pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,all t we c le>n are ! laws ( p]petual succession & *ange4 ,"o s+le fact ( annihilation has nev] yet be5 made kn[n to man by any process ( reason+1 or any record$ exp]i5ce4 ,!re is ano!r "q 9 ref]5ce to ?is awful subject1 :i* is ( deepe/ int]e/4 ,al?\gh ! d$uctions ( reason lead to ! doctr9e ( ! ev5tual sep>ation ( mank9d into two di/9ct communities1 ! good & ! evil1 :at are its tea*+s z to ! imm$iate /ate ( ea* individual s\l aft] ! ev5t ( dea?8 ,"h1 z be=e1 we h only ! nature & pa/ hi/ory ( m9d1 f :i* ! future is to be d$uc$4 ,9 ?is _w we h f\nd ! *anges 9 ! "* ( individuals & ( communities to proce$ by sl[ & imp]ceptible movem5t4 ,we h no?+ 9 ! pa/ to lead to ! belief t ?is sl[ process ( discipl9e1 culture & *ange may n proce$ on = ages4 ,z 9 ?is life1 multitudes h ! impress & direction ( "* giv5 9 e>ly life1 s t ! fir/ few ye>s det]m9e all _! future hi/ory 9 ?is _w1 s ! c>e] ( ?is %ort life may fix ! future ?r\gh et]nal ye>s4 ,& yet ! process ( *ange to ! full consummation ( "* may involve ages4 ,9 /udy+ ! works ( ! ,creator1 we f9d t e ?+ goes =w>d on a sy/em ( developm5ts4 ,no?+ comes into be+ 9 full p]fection1 & unless !re is an int]ruption ( ! natural t5d5cies ( ?+s1 e ?+ rea*es its full & p]fect$ /ate be=e its exi/5ce ends4 ,& ! nobl]1 l>g]1 & gr&] ! exi/5ce1 ! sl[] x proce$s to its consummat$ p]fection4 ,! oak & ! palm dem& c5turies ere !y rea* _! p]fect$ prime4 ,! highe/ grades ( animal life are sl[e/ 9 ga9+ _! full developm5t4 ,! horse1 ! elephant1 & ! camel1 are go+ =w>d to p]fection = ye>s aft] ! feebl] tribes t />t$ ) !m h p]fect$ & p]i%$4 ,guid$1 !n1 by ! analogies ( exp]i5ce1 we %\ld inf] t m9d1 ! noble/ "w ( its ,creator's h&--m9d1 t beg9s its c>e] 9 su* l[ & feeble developm5t1 is n to =m ! m\rnful exception to ! g5]al rule4 ,on ! contr>y1 we inf] f all pa/ exp]i5ce1 bo? ( matt] & m9d1 t ! s\l1 :5 x lays aside its out] cov]+1 proce$s onw>d 9 its c>e] ( developm5t4 ,& if its p]iod ( progressive developm5t is proportion$ to its relative value 9 comp>ison ) all o!r creat$ ?+s1 ! fleet+ ye>s ( ?is life 9 relation to ! ages previ\s to its prime1 may be b z ! fir/ days ( pul+ infancy to ! :ole c>e] ( manhood4 ,b ?is subject is imp]fectly treat$1 if we neglect to consid] ! fact1 t ! s\l1 s f> z we c p]ceive1 is disembodi$ at dea?4 ,we h p]fect evid5ce1 t ! mat]ial "p is de/roy$1 z to its organiz$ exi/5ce4 ,we h ! same sort ( evid5ce t ! s\l cont9ues to exi/1 & w cont9ue to exi/1 z we h t ! sun exi/s :5 all evid5ce ( sight ceases4 ,b :at is ! exp]i5ce ( a disembodi$ _s1 we h no means ( le>n+4 ,x may be t its p[]s ( k & action are greatly increas$1 :5 fre$ f its e>?ly prison4 ,if ?is be s1 ! exp]i5ce ( ?is life leads to ! inf]5ce t its dang]s & temptations are increas$ 9 exact proportion4 ,increase ( civilization is only increase 9 s\rces ( k & enjoym5t1 & ea* addition br+s new temptations1 new rules1 & ! ne$ ( new p5alties4 ,x may be ! same 9 ! future life4 ,we c suppose ! body a veil to hide our m9d f ano!r1 & t dea? makes e s\l 8op5 & nak$10 9 all its ?\ghts & feel+s1 to e o!r disembodi$ _s4 ,:at w\ld be ! effect ( su* a revelation1 no "o c\ld say4 ,b we %\ld fe> r ?an hope4 ,if m5 are exasp]at$ by words t exhibit only a portion ( ! scorn1 contempt1 & disgu/ felt t[>d ! base & mean1 n only by ! pure & good1 b by ! wick$ !mselves1 su* a full revelation ( all m9ds to all m9ds pres5ts a !me = awful =ebod+s to ! guilty4 ,& ev5 ! pure/ might tremble to enc\nt] su* an ordeal4 ,b ov] su* t]rific conjectures re/ ! d>kness & sil5ce ( ! grave4 ,! foll[+1 !n1 are ! d$uctions ( reason & exp]i5ce z to ! future condition ( our race aft] dea?4 ,! s\l1 at ! dissolution ( ! body1 rema9s un*ang$ 9 its ta/es1 habits & "*4 ,! t5d5cies indicat$ 9 ?is life are cont9u$ indef9itely1 & ev5tually w result 9 ! sep>ation ( ! good & ! bad into two sep>ate communities1 ! "o1 be+ ob$i5t to all ! laws ( ,god1 w be = ev] & p]fectly happy1 & ! o!r are to reap ! natural results ( disob$i5ce1 & :atev] add$ p5alties ! be/ good ( ! univ]se may dem&4 ,! f9al consummation 9 :i* ?is sep>ation w be a*iev$1 may be at ! di/ance ( ages1 & 9 ! meantime all ^? m9ds t h pass$1 or w pass f ?is life1 are 9 ! same process ( culture1 discipl9e1 & upw>d or d[nw>d progress1 :i* exi/s 9 ?is life4 ,:e!r ^! advantages & temptations w be great] or less 9 ! disembodi$ /ate1 we h no data = inf]5ce or conjecture4 ,! conduct & "* =m$ 9 ?is life w h an abid+ influ5ce on ! "* & happ9ess ( e m9d ?r\gh et]nal ages47#aj7 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,:at ,,mu/ ,,we ,,d ,,to ,,be ,,sav$8 ,we h consid]$ ! risks & dang]s ( ! future /ate1 z taught by reason & exp]i5ce1 & also z ! f\ndation ( a true /&>d ( morality4 ,we h se5 t ! true mode ( escape f ^! dang]s is ! =mation ( a truly virtu\s "*1 or 9 o!r words1 x is mak+ x our *ief end to obey all ! laws ( ,god4 ,! next "q is1 :at are ! tea*+s ( reason & exp]i5ce z to ! mo/ successful modes ( secur+ true virtue1 or volunt>y ob$i5ce to all ! laws ( ,god8 ,?is br+s up ! inquiry z to ! causes ( volunt>y action1 & ( ! p[] :i* "o m9d has ( secur+ "r or wrong volitions 9 ano!r4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] 0 po9t$ out ! di/9ction to be recogniz$ betwe5 ! produc+ cause & ! occasional causes ( volition4 ,m9d itself is ! only produc+ cause ( its own volitions4 ,excit$ desires1 & ^? objects :i* excite desire1 are ! occasional causes ( *oice4 ,! "q is1 9 :at s5se c any be+ be ! cause ( virtu\s actions1 or virtu\s "*1 9 ano!r m9d8 ,"h we mu/ recur to ! fact t ! ,creator1 z ! au?or ( all m9ds1 & ( all ! ?+s t excite desire1 is ! cause1 9 "o s5se1 ( all ! volitions & ( all ! *>act]s ( all f9ite m9ds4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t1 9 ! ,bible1 ! ,jehovah ( ! ,old ,te/am5t says1 8,i make peace & create evil40 ,no o!r be+ b ! ,creator c be reg>d$ z ! cause ( volitions 9 ?is s5se1 viz41 z ! au?or ( all m9ds & _! circum/ances ( temptation4 ,!re is a second s5se 9 :i* ! ,creator is nev] ! cause ( s9ful action 9 any m9d4 ,x is ?is3 creat+ or modify+ our susceptibilities1 or arrang+ temptations ) ! design or int5tion ( produc+ s9ful action4 ,?is is e/abli%$ by prov+1 t ! *ief end ( ,god is to make ! mo/ possible happ9ess1 & t s9 is ! ne$less de/ruction ( happ9ess1 result+ f disob$i5ce to ! laws ( ,god4 ,! only s5se1 !n1 9 :i* ,god c be call$ ! au?or or cause ( s9ful volitions 9 ! m9ds ( 8 creatures1 is ! fact t he is ! au?or ( all creat$ m9ds & ( _! circum/ances ( temptation4 ,9 reg>d to man1 !re are only two conceivable modes1 9 :i* he c be ! cause ( s9ful or virtu\s "* 9 o!r m9ds4 ,! fir/ mode is s to comb9e circum/ances ( temptation z to affect ! mo/ excitable & p[]ful s5sibilities1 or to remove ^? objects & influ5ces t su/a9 moral pr9ciple1 or by a long c\rse ( tra9+1 to =m habits & induce pr9ciples4 ,! comb9ations ( motive influ5ces t "o m9d c ?us br+ to be> on ano!r1 z temptations to "r or wrong action1 are almo/ inf9ite4 ,ano!r mode is by *ang+ ! con/itutional susceptibilities4 ,?is c sometimes be effect$ to a c]ta9 degree by education1 & ! =mation ( habits4 ,x c be /ill m directly effect$ ?r\gh ! physical organization4 ,= example1 a *ild may be tra9$ to use c(fee1 tea1 alcohol1 or tobacco1 till ! n]v\s sy/em is %att]$1 & !n a placid temp] becomes excitable1 an active nature becomes indol5t1 & multitudes ( o!r disa/r\s *anges are ! result4 ,:5 ^! two modes are employ$ ) ! design to induce wrong action1 !n m5 are blameable causes ( s9ful action & "* 9 _! fell[ m54 ,god1 z above %[n1 nev] ?us causes s94 ,:5 ^! modes are employ$ ) ! int5tion to induce virtu\s actions & "*1 !n bo? ,god & man are causes ( "r moral action 9 mank9d4 ,?us1 x appe>s1 t 9 ! =mation ( virtu\s "* & habits1 ,god1 educators & self are ! ?ree comb9+ causes1 ea* be+ indisp5sable to ! result1 & ?us ea* dep5d5t on ! o!rs4 ,god decides ! nature & comb9ations ( our susceptibilities & our circum/ances ( temptation4 ,! educators ( m9d also modify ! susceptibilities1 & regulate ! temptations4 ,self1 z ! produc+ cause ( volition1 decides ! nature ( our own volitions1 & ?us also cop]ates to regulate circum/ances ( temptation4 ,! atta9m5t ( virtu\s "*1 !re=e1 dep5ds conjo9tly on ,god1 man & self4 ,x has be5 %[n t ,god inv>iably does ! be/ he c to secure ! mo/ p]fect action possible 9 all m9ds4 ,! blamable causes ( all failure 9 "r & virtu\s action are self & ! f9ite educators ( self4 ,! unblamable causes are ,god1 educators & self1 s f> z !y are fai?ful 9 do+ all !y c to educate aright4 ,) ^! prelim9>y consid]ations1 we proce$ 9 ! inquiry z to ^? modes :i* 9 pa/ exp]i5ce h be5 f\nd mo/ successful 9 secur+ virtu\s "*1 or volunt>y ob$i5ce to ! laws ( ,god4 ,! fir/ cause ( "r moral action is a k ( & fai? 9 ! physical1 social1 intellectual & moral laws ( ,god4 ,x is impossible1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 t a newcreat$ m9d %\ld be possess$ ( su* k & fai?4 ,all t is possible1 s f> z we c le>n by reason & exp]i5ce1 is t !re %\ld be a sl[ & gradual developm5t n only ( ea* individual m9d1 b ( ! :ole race1 z ea* g5]ation1 9 turn1 receives by in/ruction ! exp]i5ce ( ! "o previ\s1 & transmits x ) its own exp]i5ce to a succe$+ g5]ation4 ,! next ?+ t has be5 f\nd efficaci\s 9 =m+ virtu\s "* is ! =mation ( uni=m habits ( ob$i5ce to p>5tal rule1 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( exi/5ce4 ,to secure ?is1 inv>iable /ead9ess 9 gov]nm5t has be5 f\nd indisp5sable4 ,if a *ild f9ds t sometimes he is to obey & sometimes he is n1 !re is always a temptation to /ruggle aga9/ law4 ,b if a p>5t's laws1 rew>ds & p5alties are z /eady & sure z ^? ( ,god1 9 due "t ! *ild submits z *e]fully to ! dome/ic rules & comm&s1 z he does to ! laws ( nature4 ,he is no m tempt$ to conte/ p>5tal comm&s ?an he is to attempt to /op ! fl[ ( a riv] or ! fall+ ( ra94 ,9 ?is way a habit ( submission to law is g5]at$1 :i* makes all ! future discipl9e & tra9+ ( life comp>atively easy4 ,a *ild le>ns *e]fully to obey a heav5ly ,fa!r1 j 9 proportion z he ?us obeys 8 e>?ly p>5ts4 ,! next ?+ taught by exp]i5ce is t *ildr5 %\ld be in/ruct$ z fa/ z possible 9 ! reasonabl5ess & b5evol5ce ( all ! laws !y are requir$ to obey4 ,ob$i5ce is made easy & sure j 9 proportion z a *ild is made to p]ceive1 t su* ob$i5ce is be/ = himself & be/ = all conc]n$4 ,! next ?+ :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be mo/ effective 9 secur+ ob$i5ce to law1 is love on ! "p ( ! educator1 & correspond+ love 9 return f ! *ild4 ,to ga9 ! love ( a *ild an educator mu/ exhibit all lovable traits1 & conf] b5efits1 s z to call =? at once admiration1 gratitude & affection4 ,?is r5d]s x easy to ! *ild to con=m to ! rules & wi%es ( "o s belov$4 ,sympa?y ) a *ild 9 all its trials & 9 all its enjoym5ts1 /ill fur!r increases ?is p[] ( ano!r m9d 9 "r guidance4 ,?is sympa!tic influ5ce is greatly increas$ by ! p[] ( a virtu\s example--especially if ?is example is exhibit$ by a belov$ fri5d & b5efactor1 :o w\ld be gratifi$ by ?us guid+ a dep5d5t m9d4 ,ano!r influ5ce t t5ds to secure virtu\s action is ! be>+ ( pa9 & h>d%ips ev5 :5 x is n volunt>y4 ,^? *ildr5 :o are tra9$ 9 a cold clime & on a h>d soil1 & :o are e>ly tra9$ to h>d%ips1 f9d x f> easi] to con=m to rule1 & to be> sacrifices = ! g5]al good1 ?an ^? ^: lives h be5 a c\rse ( un9t]rupt$ ease & indulg5ce4 ,to ^!1 add ! social influ5ces ( ! example & sympa?y ( a surr\nd+ community4 ,:]e all ar\nd are practic+ virtu\s conduct--:]e all admire & praise only :at is good & "r--x is f> easi] to secure ob$i5ce to ! rules ( rectitude1 ?an :]e ! example & sympa?y ( surr\nd+ m9ds are oppos$ to virtue4 ,b ! mo/ p[]ful ( all influ5ces 9 secur+ virtu\s action1 is ! pr9ciple ( love & gratitude t[>d "s noble b5efactor1 :o saves f "s t]rible evils at ! exp5se ( great p]sonal suff]+ & sacrifices1 & :o seeks 8 rew>d 9 ! pleasure ( r$eem+ ^? ?us b5efit$1 f ! sn>es & ru9 ( s94 ,& ! great] ! evils av]t$1 & ! m sev]e ! suff]+ on ! "p ( ! b5efactor1 ! /rong] ! influ5ce ?us ga9$ to secure virtu\s "* & action 9 ! "o ?us rescu$4 ,^! are ! influ5ces :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be mo/ effective 9 secur+ virtu\s "*4 ,:5 ! "q is ask$1 8,:at mu/ we d to be sav$80 x may be answ]$ 9 ref]5ce to all conc]n$ 9 ! matt]2 t is to say1 8,:at mu/ self d--,:at mu/ our fell[m5 d--,:at mu/ ! ,creator d1 to secure ob$i5ce to 8 laws1 & ?us to save f s9 & its p5alties80 ,9 view ( ! above tea*+s1 ea* "o = himself mu/ seek1 fir/1 k ( ! laws ( ,god1 & ( _! rew>ds & p5alties z discov]$ by ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 ea* mu/ take all means to ga9 true tea*]s1 & to receive _! tea*+s 9 true fai?1 t is1 t practical fai?1 :i* includes ! purpose ( ob$i5ce4 ,ea* mu/ cultivate ! intellect1 ! reason & ! moral s5se1 9 ord] to judge correctly 9 receiv+ & apply+ ! rules ( rectitude2 ea* mu/ seek to discov] ! reasonabl5ess & b5evol5ce ( ^! laws1 & =m habits ( /eady ob$i5ce2 ea* mu/ seek to discov] & rightly to appreciate all ! good & lovable qualities ( all :o in/itute & adm9i/] laws1 f ! ,creator to all subord9ate rul]s & gov]nors 9 ! dome/ic & civil /ate2 ea* mu/ seek ! society ( ^? ^: sympa?y & example w\ld enc\rage & promote virtu\s conduct2 & f9ally1 ea* mu/ make ob$i5ce to all ! laws ( ,god ! *ief end or rul+ purpose4 ,^! are briefly ! reply to ! great "q 9 relation to self4 ,we are next to consid] ?is "q 9 relation to :at m5 mu/ d to save o!rs4 ,"h we are to take into acc\nt two subjects previ\sly illu/rat$2 ! fir/ is t great law ( sacrifice1 by :i* ea* individual mu/ make 8 own wi%es & welf>e subord9ate to ! high] int]e/s ( ! great commonweal?2 ! second is ! fact t all que/ions ( "r & wrong are dep5d5t on ! risks & dang]s t ?reat5 ! commonweal?4 ,9 cases :]e !re is little p]il or evil1 ea* individual has little responsibility = o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 all are expos$ to t]rific dang]s & haz>ds1 e individual is b\nd to ?9k & c>e z mu* = ! dang] ( ea* "o z = 8 own4 ,& j z mu* z ! int]e/s ( all are ( m value ?an ^? ( "o1 s mu* m %\ld ea* place ! public welf>e above t ( self4 ,9 a prec$+ *apt] h be5 exhibit$ ! risks & dang]s ( our race 9 ref]5ce to ! future life4 ,^! are su*1 t )\t any appeal to revelation1 e man ( humanity & b5evol5ce mu/ feel t to save 8 fell[be+s f su* dang]s %\ld become imm$iately 8 lead+ object ( pursuit1 8 *ief end4 ,9 pursu+ ?is z ! ma9 object ( life1 ea* individual is b\nd to foll[ ! tea*+s ( exp]i5ce z to ! mo/ successful modes z set =? above4 ,ea* "o1 !n1 %\ld become a tea*] ( ! laws ( ,god to all :o are 9 ignorance1 to ! full ext5t ( 8 p[]1 & set =? all ! motives to induce ob$i5ce2 ea* %\ld /rive to exhibit all ^? qualities & de$s :i* w excite admiration1 love & gratitude1 9 ord] ?us to ga9 influ5ce ov] o!r m9ds & guide !m to virtu\s conduct4 ,ea* %\ld conf] b5efits & practice selfd5y+ b5evol5ce t[>d o!rs & ?us ga9 /ill f>!r influ5ce4 ,ea* %\ld /rive to exhibit t example & t sympa?y t are s effective 9 lead+ o!rs aright4 ,9 reg>d to ^? :o are ! educators ( ! "y1 ea* mu/ /rive to ma9ta9 t inv>iable /ead9ess 9 gov]nm5ts :i* is s effective 9 =m+ virtu\s habits & 9 r5d]+ ob$i5ce to ! laws ( ,god m & m easy4 ,f9ally1 x %\ld be ! aim ( ea* to e/abli% su* a community ar\nd all :o are be+ tra9$ to virtue1 t e social influ5ce %all repress vice & enc\rage virtue4 ,next1 we are to consid] ! great "q 9 ref]5ce to ! ,creator4 ,:at !n mu/ ,god d to save our race f s9 & its mis]ies8 ,:at w\ld reason & exp]i5ce tea* u to expect he w\ld d to secure ob$i5ce to 8 laws8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q we mu/ aga9 ref] to ! causes :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be mo/ effective1 = we c conceive ( no o!r4 ,we h exam9$ ! evid5ce t ! ,creator has giv5 to ea* ( 8 *ildr5 su* a con/itution ( m9d & body1 & su* circum/ances ( temptation & trial z is be/ on ! :ole1 z a "p ( an inf9ite sy/em ^: results are to develop ?r\gh et]nity4 ,at ! same "t x has be5 %[n t ,god is limit$1 by ! et]nal nature ( ?+s1 to a c\rse 9 :i* "s evil mu/ exi/1 s t all t is requisite to 8 "* z p]fectly b5evol5t1 is t ?is evil %\ld be r$uc$ by him to its lea/ possible am\nt4 ,to suppose t ,god c imp>t at creation ( ea* m9d all ! k ( ! millions ( rules ne$$ = all ! myriads ( new relations1 ( myriads ( be+s ?r\gh all et]nity1 is to suppose an impossibility 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,if x be ma9ta9$ t ! ,creator is n ?us limit$ by ! nature ( ?+s1 b1 z !ologians tea*1 c\ld make m9d p]fect 9 all ne$$ k z 9 all o!r respects1 at ! fir/1 !n we h ! great] contradiction involv$ 9 ! fact1 t a p]fectly b5evol5t be+ *ose = 8 *ildr5 ignorance & s9 9 pref]5ce to k & virtue4 ,to say t x may be be/ to create m9ds de/itute ( all ne$$ k :5 ! want insures inf9ite wrong & suff]+1 & :5 !re is p[] to create ! k t w\ld insure p]fect happ9ess1 is simply a direct contradiction4 ,x is say+ t less happ9ess may be great] ?an great] happ9ess4 ,= by 8:at is = ! be/0 we und]/& 8t :i* secures ! mo/ happ9ess40 ,& say+ t mak+ mis]y :]e !re is p[] to make happ9ess 9 its place1 is be/1 means no?+ else b ! ass]tion above1 t less happ9ess is great] ?an great] happ9ess2 or t less is m ?an mo/1 :i* is a contradiction1 inconceivable & absurd1 s t no m9d c ei!r compreh5d or believe x4 ,n[1 e !ologian ( e s*ool & ( e sect ma9ta9s t 8,god does all ?+s = ! be/40 ,e "o :o believes 9 a b5evol5t ,creator does ! same4 ,?is is simply say+ t ,god does ! be/ possible2 t is to say1 !re is no p[] t c make a bett] sy/em ?an ,god has made1 or adm9i/] x ) m wisdom or b5evol5ce4 ,he has *os5 ! be/ possible & s he c n d any bett]4 ,^! ?+s be+ grant$1 ! tea*+s ( exp]i5ce w\ld lead u to suppose1 /ill f>!r1 t ! ,creator mu/ d all t is possible to ma9ta9 inv>iable /ead9ess ( gov]nm5t4 ,we c see t ?is1 :i* is s important 9 family gov]nm5t1 mu/ be /ill m s 9 an inf9ite family4 ,= ?is end1 ! natural p5alties = wrong do+1 mu/ be z inv>iable z ! rew>ds = well do+4 ,aga91 ! ,creator mu/ in/ruct 8 creatures 9 8 laws & _! rew>ds & p5alties to ! full ext5t ( 8 p[]4 ,t is to say1 he mu/ provide welltra9$ educators ( m9d1 z fa/ & z fully z is possible 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 hav+ 9 view ! results ( et]nal ages to guide 8 decisions4 ,aga91 to secure volunt>y ob$i5ce1 he mu/ add to ! natural rew>ds & p5alties ( 8 laws1 ! o!r class ( motives :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be mo/ effective4 ,?us1 he mu/ pres5t himself to 8 creatures z a be+ possess+ all ^? qualities :i* call =? ! delightful emotions ( admiration1 rev]5ce & love2 he mu/ %[ himself z a con/ant b5efactor1 & z "o :o 8does n will+ly afflict or grieve ! *ildr5 ( m540 ,he mu/ manife/ 8 love to 8 creatures by ^w z well z by de$4 ,he mu/ come p]sonally to provide = _! wants & *e] !m ) 8 c>e4 ,he mu/ %[ 8 t5d]ness & sympa?y 9 _! trials & sorr[s z well z 9 _! joys4 ,& if !y are expos$ to great dang]s & evils f :i* !y c be r$eem$ by self sacrifice & suff]+ on 8 "p1 ?is highe/ & mo/ effective pro( ( love mu/ be exhibit$47#aa7 ,to ?is mu/ be add$1 a manife/ation ( 8 *ief desire1 s t :5 love & gratitude ask1 :at c we d to please our b5efactor 9 return1 ! answ] %all be1 obey 8 laws1 & "w & suff] = ! good ( all1 z y see y\r ,heav5ly ,p>5t does = y4 ,f9ally1 he mu/ br+ ar\nd ea* ( 8 creatures ! p[]ful social influ5ce1 n only ( 8 own sympa?y & example1 b ^? also ( a p]fect commonweal?1 :]e all %all be p]fect z is ! ,fa!r ( all4 ,?is is :at we %\ld evolve by ! light ( reason & exp]i5ce1 z :at ! ,creator mu/ d to save our race4 ,:e!r he has done all ?is1 is a "q t belongs to t sy/em ( religion :i* we c ga9 only by revelation f ,god47#ab7 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,h[ ,,f> ,,reason ,,& ,,exp]i5ce ,,are ,,suffici5t ,,)\t ,,revelation4 ,! prec$+ *apt]s pres5t ! sy/em ( natural religion1 z x may be ga9$ by exp]i5ce & ^? pr9ciples ( reason or common s5se ) :i* all m5 are end[$4 ,:e!r mank9d ev] h1 or ev] w\ld1 fully evolve ?is sy/em ( religi\s belief )\t any aid by revelation f ! ,creator1 is a "q :i* we c n readily decide--inasmu* z ! claim ( ,*ri/ianity is1 t f ! fir/1 our race h be5 in/ruct$ by revelations f ,god1 :i* h be5 m or less pres]v$ 9 traditions & writt5 records4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! elim9ation ( ?is sy/em1 by unaid$ humanity1 is dep5d5t on ! developm5t ( bo? ! intellectual & moral p[]s1 j z mu* s1 z ! physical discov]ies ( ,newton1 ,cop]nicus & ,columbus 7 dep5d5t on ! intellectual progress ( ! race4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! "q ( ! necessity or importance ( revelations f ! ,creator1 x is int]e/+ to exam9e h[ f> ^? nations t h be5 mo/ advanc$ 9 intellectual developm5t1 h secur$ ?is sy/em ( common s5se1 indep5d5tly ( ! revelations conta9$ 9 ! ,bible--revelations :i* also h be5 m or less incorporat$ by ,mohamm$ into ! ,koran4 ,9 a brief review ( ! pagan sy/ems1 t ( ,boodhism occupies ! fir/ place1 z "o :i* has _h longe/ & l>ge/ control ov] civiliz$ pag&om--"o :i* has be5 mo/ unimp$$ by resi/ance1 & "o :i* n[ controls "o half ! human race4 ,we h se5 t ! commons5se sy/em tea*es an et]nally self exi/5t ,creator1 p]fect 9 k1 wisdom1 p[] & b5evol5ce1 adm9i/]+ a p]fect sy/em by laws--8 *ief design be+ to produce ! mo/ possible happ9ess ) ! lea/ possible evil4 ,x tea*es also1 t ! "r volunt>y action ( m9d1 z a "p ( ?is sy/em1 consi/s 9 good will+ t[>d ! ,creator1 t[>d self1 & t[>d our fell[be+s1 accord+ to ! laws ( ,god1 s z to secure :at is be/ = all conc]n$--mak+ x imp]ative t self be made subord9ate to ! public good4 ,x tea*es also1 t ! mo/ effective mode ( secur+ ?is "r action is1 fir/1 by imp>t+ a k ( ^! laws & _! sanctions1 & ?us influ5c+ m9d by ! motives ( hope & fe>2 next1 by ! motive influ5ces ( love1 gratitude1 sympa?y & example1 z mutually ex]cis$ by ,god1 our fell[m5 & self4 ,f9ally1 x tea*es t all que/ions z to :at is "r & wrong1 are to be regulat$ ) ref]5ce to ! risks & dang]s ( a future life1 & n ) *ief ref]5ce to ?is life alone--& t 9 ?is e/imate ! int]e/s ( self are to be made subord9ate to ^? ( ! commonweal?4 ,we w n[ notice h[ f> ! sy/em ( ,boodh corresponds ) t ( common s5se4 ,?is religion7#ac7 is "o 9 :i* !re is no int]v5tion ( any supreme ,god1 or any selfexi/5t be+1 or any ,creator2 on ! contr>y1 all s\ls & all ! univ]se exi/ f et]nity4 ,all s\ls f et]nity h gone on transmigrat+ f "o body to ano!r1 ris+ or fall+ 9 ! scale ( exi/5ce accord+ to _! m]it or dem]it4 ,boodh is a g5]al "n = a div9ity or god4 ,!re h be5 innum]able ,boodhs 9 diff]5t worlds & diff]5t ages1 b 9 ?is _w only f\r4 ,^! f\r are be+s :o h ris5 by m]it ?r\gh v>i\s transmigrations1 & !n became inc>nate 9 human bodies4 ,at la/ !y 7 annihilat$1 none ( !m be+ n[ 9 exi/5ce--s t ?is _w = c5turies has be5 )\t any ,god4 ,! la/ ,boodh ( ?is _w 0 ,gaudama4 ,he pass$ ?r\gh innum]able transmigrations 9 f\r hundr$ millions ( worlds1 & atta9$ imm5se m]it4 ,at la/1 he 0 born into ?is _w ! son ( a k+1 ab\t six hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,! mom5t he 0 born he exclaim$1 8,n[ am ,i ! noble/ ( m52 ?is is ! la/ "t ,i %all ev] be born60 ,he rema9$ =tyfive ye>s z ,boodh ( ?is _w--p]=m$ all sorts ( m]itori\s de$s1 promulgat$ excell5t laws1 & !n 0 annihilat$4 ,ev] s9ce1 ?is _w has _h no ,god1 & w h none = eight ?\s& ye>s1 :5 ! next ,boodh is to appe>4 ,! fir/ ?ree ,boodhs left no laws or say+s4 ,^? ( ,gaudama1 ! la/ ,boodh1 7 r$uc$ to writ+ ,a4 ,d4 #id1 & ^! are ! ,b$egat1 or ,bible ( ! ,boodhi/s4 ,^! tea*+s ( ,gaudama are s obligatory1 t disbelief ( !m is ! only crime t incurs et]nal puni%m5t4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 true virtue or rew>dable m]it1 consi/s 9 obey+ ! tea*+s ( ,gaudama4 ,^! tea*+s relate fir/ to s9s to be avoid$4 ,! five g5]al laws are1 n to kill1 n to /eal1 n to commit adult]y1 n to lie1 & n to dr9k intoxicat+ liquors4 ,^! are subdivid$ s z to include all s9s ( simil> k9ds "u ea* head4 ,= example1 ! fir/ law includes ev5 ! kill+ ( animals = food1 also capital puni%m5ts & w>4 ,s9s are divid$ into ^! ?ree classes3 fir/1 ^? ( ! body1 su* z kill+1 !ft1 =nication1 etc42 ^? ( ! tongue1 z falsehood1 h>% language1 idle talk1 etc42 & ^? ( ! m9d1 z pride1 covet\sness1 envy1 h]etical ?\ghts1 etc4 ,^! writ+s ( ,gaudama /rongly d5\nce ! evils ( pride1 ang]1 covet\sness1 & all inord9ate appetites4 ,m5 are exhort$ to avoid excess 9 p]fumes1 ornam5ts & laught]--also /rong dr9k1 smok+1 opium1 night w&]+s1 bad company1 idl5ess1 ang] "u abuse1 flatt]y to b5efactors1 annoy+ je/s1 & all t leads to /rife4 ,= all su* s9s ! mo/ awful conceivable puni%m5ts are to foll[ 9 a future /ate1 & = millions ( ages4 ,rew>dable m]it is ( ?ree k9ds3 #a4 ,ob$i5ce to all ! prec$+ precepts & prohibitions1 & ! p]=mance ( all duties fairly d$ucible f !m1 su* z integrity1 g5tl5ess1 l5ity1 =be>ance1 condesc5sion1 v5]ation to p>5ts & love to mank9d 9 g5]al4 #b4 ,almsgiv+ & votive (f]+s4 ,?is includes fe$+ prie/s1 build+ temples & accommodations = prie/s & = travel]s1 mak+ roads1 tanks & wells1 plant+ fruit & %ade trees1 fe$+ crim9als & animals1 & f9ally1 giv+ alms to all classes ( m5 9 ne$4 #c4 ,pray]s & read+ ! ,b$egat1 or religi\s books4 ,( ?is la/ k9d ( m]it1 !re are ?ree k9ds3 ! fir/ is ! s5seless repetition ( pray]s & read+2 ! second1 read+ intellig5tly2 ! la/1 is p]=m+ ^! ex]cises ) /rong desires & feel+s4 ,pray]s are n address$ to any ,god1 z !re is none exi/+ n[ = ?is _w4 ,gaudama1 at 8 dea?1 advis$ t1 9 addition to obey+ 8 laws1 8 relics & image %\ld be wor%ip$1 & temples be built to 8 honor till ! next ,boodh came4 ,votive (f]+s ( fruit1 rice & fl[]s are made to prie/s or plac$ 9 temples4 ,! pray]s consi/ ( ! repetition ( soliloquies t express our liability to bodily evils & to m5tal suff]+1 & our inability to escape4 ,also ( prote/ations ( ?is k9d1 8,i w n lie20 8,i w n /eal20 8,i w n kill10 etc4 ,!re are f\r ,sabba?s or days = public wor%ip ea* mon?1 :5 ! p g ) votive (f]+s & pray]s to ! temple ( ,gaudama1 b !y h no g5]al unit$ wor%ip4 ,! ,boodhi/s h a hi]>*y v mu* l ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 ) v>i$ grades & ranks4 ,! prie/s are requir$ to practice celibacy1 & are ma9ly support$ by volunt>y gifts f ! p4 ,!y reside 9 build+s erect$ especially = !m1 & z celibacy & ! avoidance ( wom5 are enjo9$ on all1 ^! e/abli%m5ts v mu* resemble ,ca?olic mona/]ies4 ,few ( ! prie/s prea*1 & only by special reque/1 aft] :i*1 pres5ts are made to !m4 ,!y att5d fun]als only :5 invit$1 & !n expect pres5ts4 ,"p ( !m sp5d "s "t 9 tea*+ novitiate prie/s1 b mo/ ( !m1 reg>d+ "w z unpr(essional1 sp5d _! "t 9 %e] idl5ess4 ,x is ! rule t ea* prie/ p]ambulate ! /reets e morn+ till he receives boil$ rice en\gh = 8 daily wants4 ,! high] class ( prie/s avoid ?is4 ,9 ,burmah ! prie/s are at ! rate ( "o to e ?irty p]sons1 & !y are well support$ by ! p1 & )\t int]f]5ce f ! gov]nm5t to en=ce x4 ,z to ! motives t su/a9 ?is religion1 !re be+ no ,god to ! ,boodhi/1 all motives aris+ f relations & reg>d to him are exclud$4 ,all ! motives pres5t$ appeal to hope ( good & fe> ( evil to self4 ,^? :o atta9 a c]ta9 measure ( m]it 9 obey+ ,gaudama's tea*+s g to "s ( ! cele/ial regions1 accord+ to _! atta9m5ts4 ,^! consi/ ( tw5tysix heav5s1 "o above ano!r1 :i* (f] v>i\s degrees ( enjoym5t accord+ to m]it obta9$4 ,!re are eight pr9cipal hells2 f\r t torm5t ) cold & f\r ) heat4 ,9 ! o!r hells are o!r suff]+s1 al?\gh n connect$ ) heat & cold4 ,worms bite1 b[els are torn out1 limbs are rack$1 bodies are lac]at$1 !y are pi]c$ ) hot spits1 crucifi$ head d[nw>d1 gnaw$ by dogs1 torn by vultures4 ,^! are describ$ ) m9ut5ess 9 ! ,b$egat & (t5 depict$ by ! native arti/s 9 draw+s1 rem9d+ "o ( ,dante's ,inf]no illu/rat$4 ,= kill+ a p>5t or a prie/ a man w suff] 9 "o ( ! hells ( fire = inconceivable millions ( ages4 ,d5y+ ! doctr9es ( ,gaudama incurs et]nal suff]+ 9 fire4 ,insult+ wom51 old m5 or prie/s1 receiv+ bribes1 sell+ intoxicat+ dr9ks & p>ricide1 are puni%$ 9 ! wor/ hell4 ,m]it ga9$ by any good conduct 9 ^! hells enables ! p]son to rise ev5 to ! cele/ial regions4 ,! s\ls ( all ! univ]se h exi/$ f et]nity1 transmigrat+ = ev]1 & ?us ris+ & fall+ 9 ! scale ( exi/5ce accord+ to ! degrees ( m]it at ea* bir?4 ,?is is decid$ n by any deity b by immutable fate4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ^! *anges ! am\nt ( sorr[ is incalculable4 ,! ,b$egat decl>es t ! te>s %$ by "o s\l 9 its v>i\s *anges are s great t ! ocean 9 comp>ison is b a drop4 ,sorr[ is decl>$ to be ! inevitable att5dant ( all exi/5ce1 & !re=e 8! *ief end10 & ! highe/ rew>d ( ,boodhism is1 annihilation4 ,! sy/em ( ,boodhism comm5c$ ab\t six hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & has p]vad$ ea/]n1 c5tral & s\!rn ,asia ab\t z long & z fully z ,*ri/ianity has p]vad$ ,europe4 ,! ,burman empire1 :]e ?is acc\nt ( t fai? 0 obta9$1 pres5ts ! mo/ favorable results ( ?is sy/em on ! "* & condition ( its vot>ies4 ,9 ,*9a1 ,buddhism 7ano!r "n = ,boodhism7 is ! popul> religion4 ,) x is associat$ ,confucianism1 :i* is a sy/em ( morals & politics in/itut$ by ,confucius1 ,b4 ,c4 #eej1 :i* tea*es no?+ 9 reg>d to any ,god or a future /ate4 ,) !m coexi/ ! sect ( ,laotze1 :i* is a k9d ( rationalism4 ,mo/ ( ! temples & prie/s are ^? ( ,boodh or ,budda1 b !re is no su* organiz$ prie/hood z 9 ,burmah1 nor is ?is religion ma9ta9$ by gov]nm5tal p[]4 ,x is also consid]ably modifi$ by ! m anci5t sy/em ( poly!ism4 ,9 ,?ibet & ,t>t>y1 ! religion ( ! ,gr& ,lama *iefly prevails1 :i* is "o =m ( ,boodhism4 ,9 we/]n ,india1 ,brahmanism is 9 con/ant w>f>e ) ,boodhism1 & ! two sy/ems are p]fectly antagoni/ic4 ,brahmanism tea*es "o et]nal deity & ?ree hundr$ & ?irty?ree millions ( o!r gods1 ) ho/s ( idols repres5t+ !m2 ,boodhism has no deity at all1 & only "o image1 t ( ,gaudama4 ,brahmanism enjo9s sacrifices2 ,boodhism =bids kill+4 ,brahmanism requires atroci\s tortures2 ,boodhism inculcates few] au/]ities ?an ev5 ,pop]y4 ,brahmanism makes ly+1 =nication & !ft sometimes comm5dable1 & describes ! gods z excell+ 9 su* crimes2 ,boodhism nev] conf\nds "r & wrong1 & nev] excuses any s94 ,brahmanism makes ! highe/ good or *ief end ( man to be absorption into ! supreme deity2 ,boodhism makes annihilation ! highe/ hope & aim ( exi/5ce4 ,^! two sy/ems1 toge!r ) ,mohamm$anism1 s prevail 9 ,h9do/an t ! di/9ct results ( ea* c nev] be comp>$4 ,^! are ! prevail+ religions 9 ! mo/ advanc$ pagan nations at ! pres5t "t2 & ( ! two1 ,boodhism is ! be/1 & probably has be5 ! mo/ fairly te/$ 9 ,burmah4 ,9 pa/ ages ! two mo/ highly develop$ hea!n nations 7 ^? ( ,greece & ,rome1 & ( _! religion we h ! fulle/ records4 ,x is n probable t any "o w consid] _! sy/em ( religion sup]ior to ?is n[ exhibit$ ( mod]n paganism4 ,! result is t ! mo/ highly develop$ hea!n nations1 z yet1 h atta9$ b v imp]fectly ! sy/em ( common s5se4 ,no hea!n religion ev] taught an et]nallyexi/+ ,creator1 p]fect 9 k1 wisdom1 p[] & b5evol5ce4 ,none ev] taught t ! *ief end ( our ,creator is happ9essmak+ on ! greate/ possible scale4 ,none ev] taught t ?is also is ! *ief end = :i* man is creat$4 ,none ev] taught t "r moral action1 or true virtue1 consi/s 9 good will+ t[>d ! ,creator1 t[>d self1 & t[>d our fell[ be+s1 accord+ to ! laws ( ! ,creator1 s t e m9d %all make ! good ( self subord9ate to ! g5]al good4 ,none ev] taught t all que/ions ( "r & wrong1 or :at is = ! be/1 are to be decid$ ) ref]5ce to ! risks & dang]s ( a future life4 ,none ev] pres5t$ communion )1 & ! c>e1 sympa?y1 sacrifices1 & example ( a 8longsuff]+0 ,creator1 z motives to secure virtu\s self sacrifice f 8 creatures4 ,if all ?is is taught by revelations f ,god 9 ! ,bible1 x is :at 0 nev] taught by any o!r religion yet kn[n on e>?4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! hea!n _w1 we f9d anxi\s inquiries on ^! subjects press+ on e ?\ghtful _s4 ,:o made ?is _w ) its pr(\nd & ceaseless sorr[s8 ,are !re cont5d+ deities1 & are ! malignant p[]s 9 ! asc5dant8 ,if !re be "o supreme ,creator ( all1 is he propiti\s or ho/ile to a race s guilty z ours8 ,does he feel any pity or sympa?y = our pr(\nd ignorance1 our inf9ite sorr[s8 ,c we d any ?+ to ga9 8 help 9 our d>kness & mis]y8 ,:]e d we g :5 we die8 ,does our %ort & pa9ful span ( be+ end 9 et]nal night1 or are we to g on 9 ano!r c>e] ( simil> suff]+ & *ange8 ,:5 we lay our belov$ ones 9 ! grave1 %all we ev] meet !m aga91 or is 8! only prop] utt]ance ( a brok5 he>t1 vale1 vale1 9 et]num vale80 ,^! h be5 ! m\rnful que/ion+s ( e age & e race1 :ile ! wise/ sages ( ! wise/ nations1 )\t a revelation1 h be5 unable to give any satisfactory reply4 ,greece & ,rome 7 ! mo/ civiliz$ ( all anci5t nations1 & !y give u ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle & ,cic]o1 z _! be/ & wise/ m51 :o mo/ deeply pond]$ ^! great que/ions4 ,ari/otle held to "o sup]ior deity1 b taught t ! />s are true & et]nal deities4 ,cic]o leads to ! belief ( _m gods1 & approves ( wor%ip+ di/+ui%$ m5 z gods4 ,socrates held to a plurality ( deities1 & also to transmigration4 ,he held t ! common sort ( good m5 w g into ! =ms ( bees1 ants1 & o!r animals ( a mild & social k9d4 ,plato held to two pr9ciples1 ,god & matt]1 & t ,god 0 n conc]n$ ei!r 9 ! creation or gov]nm5t ( ?is _w4 ,he argu$ = ! immortality ( ! s\l on ! gr\nd ( its preexi/5ce1 & concludes "s ( 8 speculations ?us3 8,we c n ( ourselves "k :at w be pleas+ to ,god1 or :at wor%ip to pay him2 b x is ne$ful t a lawgiv] be s5t f heav54 ,su* an "o d ,i expect1 & ,o h[ greatly d ,i desire to see him1 & :o he is60 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,augu/9ian ,,cre$s ,,& ,,!ologians ,,tea* ,,! ,,common,,s5se ,,sy/em4 ,9 ! =m] portion ( ?is "w ! ,augu/9ian !ory1 ) ! sy/em bas$ on x1 has be5 pres5t$ z x is taught by cre$s & !ologians4 ,9 contra/ ) x1 has be5 pres5t$ ! commons5se sy/em ( religion z evolv$ by reason & exp]i5ce4 ,! evid5ce w n[ be pres5t$1 to %[ t ^? :o tea* ! ,augu/9ian sy/em1 at ! same "t tea* ! ma9 po9ts ( ! common s5se sy/em2 & :]e ! two sy/ems are contradictory1 t !y tea* bo? sides ( ! contradiction1 at once affirm+ & d5y+ ! same ?+s4 ,a lead+ feature ( ! commons5se sy/em is1 t ! nature ( ! human m9d is our only guide to ! natural attributes ( ,god4 ,x w n[ be %[n t lead+ !ologians & metaphysicians ( ! ,augu/9ian s*ool tea* ! same4 ,! ,calv9i/ic !ologians ( ,new ,engl& h be5 univ]sally ackn[l$g$ z among ! mo/ acute & pr(\nd metaphysicians 9 ! _w4 ,at ! head ( ^! /&s ,presid5t ,jona?an ,edw>ds4 ,9 ref]5ce to our modes ( ga9+ a k ( ,god1 he says3 8,if respect to ! ,div9e ,be+ is ( any importance1 !n speculative po9ts are ( importance1 = ! only way we c "k :at he is1 is by speculation40 ,dr4 ,woods1 = ne> half a c5tury a lead+ !ological tea*] ( ,new ,engl&1 says3 8,all our p>ticul> conceptions ( ,god may be f\nd to take _! rise f ! conceptions we =m ( creat$ intellig5ces40 ,dr4 ,emmons1 a di/+ui%$ ,new ,engl& div9e1 says ( man3 8,9 ! v frame & con/itution ( 8 nature he /ill be>s ! natural image ( 8 ,mak]4 ,9 a ^w1 man is ! liv+ image ( ! liv+ ,god1 9 :om is display$ m ( ! div9e nature & glory ?an 9 all ! works & creatures ( ,god ^u e>?40 ,dr4 ,taylor1 ! ,new ,hav5 div9e1 says3 8,! only ultimate s\rce ( k1 & ultimate umpire ( tru?1 is ! kn[+ m9d40 ,! celebrat$ ,scot* metaphysician1 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 says3 8,we c "k ,god only z we "k ourselves40 ,9 pro( ( ?is f ! ,bible1 ^! writ]s quote f ! ,apo/le ,james1 t 8m5 are made aft] ! similitude ( ,god40 ,ano!r lead+ feature ( ! commons5se sy/em is ! position1 t we c discov] ! *ief end or design ( ! ,creator1 by ! nature ( 8 works1 & t ?is end is to produce ! greate/ possible happ9ess ) ! lea/ possible evil4 ,x w n[ be %[n t lead+ !ologians tea* ! same4 ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 9 8 ,diss]tation conc]n+ ! end = :i* ,god creat$ ! _w1 tea*es t 8,:at ,god _h respect to z an ultimate end ( 8 creat+ ! _w1 0 to communicate ( 8 own inf9ite fullness ( good40 ,he tea*es t ,god is 9 no way dep5d5t on 8 creatures = happ9ess1 b t 8 enjoym5t consi/s 9 outp\r+ 8 own good to 8 va/ family4 ,no "o c read t essay )\t p]ceiv+ t1 ?\gh disconnect$ passages may make a diff]5t impression1 ! above is a correct /atem5t ( ! doctr9e ( t diss]tation4 ,x is suppos$ t ?is view has be5 ass5t$ to by mo/ ( ^? ,am]ican & ,european !ologians :o mo/ /r5u\sly def5d ! ,augu/9ian sy/em4 ,! end or design ( m9d be+ asc]ta9$1 its "r mode ( action is ?us det]m9$4 ,accord+ly we %all f9d t ! great ,new ,engl& div9es & metaphysicians1 ?\gh !y use diff]5t language1 all express ! same idea 9 def9+ true virtue or hol9ess4 ,?us ,presid5t ,edw>ds taught1 z 8 son /ates1 t 8,e volunt>y action :i*1 9 its g5]al t5d5cy & ultimate consequ5ce1 leads to happ9ess--happ9ess 9 g5]al--happ9ess on ! l>ge/ scale--is virtu\s2 & e su* action :i* has n ?is t5d5cy1 & does n lead to ?is consequ5ce1 is vici\s40 ,"h let x be not$ t ,presid5t ,edw>ds expressly tea*es t x is n volunt>y happ9essmak+1 irrespective ( ! am\nt1 t con/itutes virtue2 b x is 8happ9ess 9 g5]al--happ9ess on ! l>ge/ scale40 ,?is corresponds exactly ) ! commons5se sy/em1 dem&+ t happ9essmak+ be on ! greate/ possible scale1 & 9 ord] to ?is1 x mu/ be accord+ to law or rules4 ,dr4 ,dwight1 ^: sy/em ( !ology is accept$ z ! mo/ satisfactory exposition ( ! new s*ool ,calv9i/ic views1 tea*es t 8,true virtue is ! love ( do+ good1 or ! love ( promot+ happ9ess4 ,its excell5ce consi/s 9 ?is1 t x is ! volunt>y & only s\rce ( happ9ess 9 ! univ]se4 ,god wills our happ9ess2 x is1 !re=e1 "r1 x is virtu\s 9 u1 to seek to promote x bo? "h & h]eaft]40 ,9 ?is case1 ! language ( ,dr4 ,dwight is n s discrim9at+ & cle> z t ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds--= he does n %[ s cle>ly z does ,presid5t ,edw>ds t 8 real mean+ is volunt>y happ9essmak+ on ! l>ge/ scale4 ,9 ?is1 & all ! foll[+ quotations f o!r writ]s1 x is a fact1 z ga9$ by _! comb9$ expressions1 t ! di/9ction made by ,presid5t ,edw>ds 0 accept$1 & t by ! 8love ( do+ good10 or ! 8love ( promot+ happ9ess10 is int5d$ t volunt>y love or good will+ :i* seeks n m]ely "s good1 b ! be/ good ( all4 ,dr4 ,taylor1 ! di/+ui%$ successor ( ,dr4 ,dwight1 tea*es ! same doctr9e1 z is s abundantly manife/ 9 8 publi%$ writ+s1 t no quotations w be deem$ ne$ful4 ,! ,we/m9/] ,assembly's ,cate*ism tea*es t 8,! *ief end ( man is to glorify ,god & enjoy him = ev]40 ,! glory ( ,god c be secur$ only by true virtue 9 himself & 9 8 creatures2 & if ?is consi/s 9 volunt>y happ9essmak+ on ! greate/ possible scale1 !n ! *ief end ( man1 z taught 9 t old /&>d ( or?odoxy1 is exactly ! same z is taught 9 ! sy/em ( common s5se4 ,man is to make happ9ess on ! greate/ possible scale1 guid$ by ! laws ( ,god--& ?us do+1 he w 8glorify ,god & enjoy him = ev]40 ,! same !ologians also tea* t ! laws ( ,god are our guide z to :at is good & evil1 & t true virtue1 or "r action1 is secur$ only by obey+ ^! laws4 ,!y hold1 !re=e1 ! doctr9e ( common s5se1 t all true virtue consi/s 9 volunt>y ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god z manife/$ 9 8 natural & reveal$ laws4 ,! next po9t ( agreem5t is 9 ! proposition1 t ,god always has1 & always w d :at is 8= ! be/0--s t x always is & w be1 out ( 8 p[] to d bett]--inasmu* z to d bett] ?an be/1 is a contradiction & absurdity4 ,e !ologian1 9 "o =m ( words or ano!r1 ma9ta9s t ,god always has done1 & always w d1 ! be/ he c1 s t he has no p[] to d bett]4 ,?is be+ s1 x is ! same z tea*+ t ! pa/1 pres5t & future exi/5ce ( s9 & mis]y1 is :at is inevitable 9 ! be/ sy/em :i* ,god has p[] to create1 s t any *ange 9 ,god's plans1 laws1 & _! results1 w\ld imply an act ( folly & malevol5ce on 8 "p4 ,?is does n imply t ! s9ful conduct ( man is :at is desir$ or int5d$ by ! ,creator--nor does x imply t s9 0 desir$ or int5d$ by ,god z ! 8necess>y means to ! greate/ good40 ,in/ead ( ?is1 x is cle> t if x _h be5 possible--i4e41 if ,god _h ! p[]--to create all m9ds ) all ! k & all ! motives t w\ld secure p]fect ob$i5ce to law f all ! race ( ,adam1 !re w\ld h be5 m happ9ess4 ,! univ]sal ob$i5ce ( all free ag5ts to all ,god's laws = mak+ happ9ess on ! greate/ possible scale1 w\ld secure p]fect happ9ess to all1 :ile e act ( disob$i5ce w\ld less5 ! am\nt4 ,to d5y ?is is ! same z say+ t less happ9ess is m ?an ! mo/ happ9ess1 :i* is absurd4 ,! result is1 t s9 is n ! fault ( ! ,creator1 b is ! inevitable result ( ! comm5cem5t ( f9ite1 ignorant1 inexp]i5c$ m9ds1 & is :at nei!r ,god nor man c\ld prev5t1 9 a p]fect sy/em ( f9ite1 free ag5ts4 ,at ! same "t1 x is ! fault ( all free ag5ts :o s9 :5 !y h adequate k & motives4 ,& x is only s9s aga9/ kn[n law & appropriate motives :i* are ! prop] subject ( p5alties 9 addition to ! natural consequ5ces ( wrong do+4 ,x is claim$1 !re=e1 t :5 !ologians tea*--z all d--t 8,god ord]s all ?+s = ! be/10 !y really tea*1 9 ano!r =m1 ! commons5se doctr9e z /at$ above4 ,hav+ ga9$ ! tea*+s ( lead+ !ologians z to ! nature ( true virtue or "r volunt>y action1 we also ga9 _! def9ition ( wrong moral action1 or s94 ,9 ! words ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 8,e volunt>y action :i* 9 its g5]al t5d5cy & ultimate consequ5ce leads to happ9ess--happ9ess 9 g5]al--happ9ess on ! l>ge/ scale--is virtu\s2 & e su* action :i* has n ?is t5d5cy1 & does n lead to ?is consequ5ce1 is vici\s10 or s9ful4 ,t is to say1 e volition t t5ds to less5 ! g5]al happ9ess1 is vici\s or s9ful1 & e violation ( ,god's physical1 social & moral laws1 has ?is t5d5cy4 ,?us ! ,bible def9ition ( s9 is ! "o accept$ by !ologians--i4e41 8s9 is ! transgression ( law10 )\t ref]5ce to ! "q :e!r ! law is kn[n or n4 ,true virtue is volunt>y ob$i5ce to law1 & s9 is ! volunt>y transgression ( law4 ,^! def9itions !n are a "p ( ! ,augu/9ian sy/em z mu* z !y are ( ! commons5se sy/em4 ,! next po9t ( ! commons5se sy/em taught by !ologians1 is t our moral p[] to obey ,god--i4e41 p[] to *oose accord+ to law in/ead ( impulse--is proportion$ to our k ( law1 & ! motives ( fe>1 hope1 love & gratitude1 z !y are employ$ by ,god & man4 ,?is doctr9e is taught by all !ologians1 except ^? :o hold t ! s9 ( ,adam s ru9$ ! human m9d1 t !re is no p[] ( any k9d to obey ,god1 except z he gives new capacities4 ,no quotations w be giv5 to e/abli% ?is po9t1 because1 x is believ$1 t no "o w "q x4 ,no quotations are ne$$ to %[ t ! ,augu/9ian cre$s & !ologians agree ) ! commons5se sy/em1 9 tea*+ t ! s\l is immortal--t our de/9y 9 a future /ate dep5ds on our conduct 9 ?is life--t !re is to be an et]nal sep>ation ( ! righte\s & ! wick$1 ^: immortality w be happy or mis]able accord+ to _! *>act]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,augu/9ian ,,cre$s ,,& ,,!ologians ,,contradict ,,! ,,common ,,s5se ,,sy/em1 ,,& ,,?us1 ,,also1 ,,contradict ,,!mselves4 ,! prec$+ *apt] %[s ! agreem5t ( di/+ui%$ ,augu/9ian !ologians ) ! lead+ po9ts ( ! commons5se sy/em4 ,we next are to notice ! p>ticul>s 9 :i* ^! !ologians & ! ,augu/9ian cre$s contradict ! commons5se sy/em1 & ?us1 also1 contradict !mselves4 ,! gr& po9t1 :i* involves ^! contradictions1 is ! dogma t all mank9d h a deprav$ nature consequ5t on ! s9 ( ,adam1 :i* makes x c]ta9 t e volunt>y act ( e human m9d is 8s91 & only s910 until ?is depravity ( nature is m or less rectifi$ by ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,! opposite ( ?is is ! commons5se doctr9e t all m5 h a p]fect nature1 creat$ by ,god1 :i* is un*ang$ & n 9 any way deprav$ by ! s9 ( ,adam4 ,z involv$ 9 ?is commons5se view1 true virtue consi/s 9 ! "r action ( a p]fect nature1 z x n[ is4 ,9 opposition1 ,augu/9ianism tea*es t true virtue consi/s 9 ! "r action ( a deprav$ nature aft] x has be5 m or less r5ew$ by ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,common s5se claims t ! indisp5sable requisites to secure "r volunt>y action are1 k1 tra9+ & motives1 = :i* we are dep5d5t on ,god1 on man1 & on self1 conjo9tly4 ,9 opposition1 ,augu/9ianism claims t k1 tra9+ & motives are ( no avail to secure true virtue1 until ! damage done by ,adam's s9 to ! nature ( e human m9d1 is m or less rectifi$1 & t = ?is we are entirely dep5d5t on ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,common s5se claims t man1 at bir? & ?r\gh life1 is entirely unable to obey _m ( ! physical1 social & moral laws ( ,god1 = want ( adequate k1 tra9+ & motives2 b t he is fully able to obey ^! laws z fa/ z he has ! appropriate k1 tra9+ & motives1 & t be=e reg5]ation he does p]=m truly virtu\s acts4 ,augu/9ianism1 9 opposition1 claims t man nev] obeys ! laws ( ,god acceptably until ! ,_s ( ,god m or less rectifies ! deprav$ nature consequ5t on ,adam's s91 & t previ\s to ?is influ5ce ( ! ,_s1 e volunt>y act is 8s91 & only s9407#ad7 ,common s5se tea*es t ! comm5cem5t ( 8a new life0 consi/s1 n 9 ! *ange ( ! nature ( man1 b 9 ! comm5cem5t ( a rul+ purpose to obey all ! laws ( ,god1 :i* purpose may be an unconsci\s1 gradual process by educational tra9+1 or x may be an in/antane\s & consci\s act4 ,augu/9ianism tea*es t 8reg5]ation0 or ! 8new bir?0 consi/s 9 ! recreation or *ange ( ! nature ( m9d1 s z1 m or less1 to rem$y ! depravity consequ5t on ,adam's s94 ,common s5se tea*es t e volition ( e m9d1 :i* 9 act & int5tion is con=m$ to ! laws ( rectitude1 is truly virtu\s 9 e prop] use ( ! t]m1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! "q ei!r ( a rul+ purpose or a *ange ( nature4 ,augu/9ianism tea*es t e volition ( e m9d is s91 & only s91 previ\s to ! act ( reg5]ation accompli%$ by ! ,_s ( ,god47#ae7 ,to illu/rate ! above by examples1 suppose t a *ild is tra9$ to d5y itself1 to relieve suff]+1 or to make o!rs happy4 ,9 its e>li] ef=ts ?is is v difficult1 ?\gh by practice ! pr9ciple ( habit r5d]s x m & m easy4 ,common s5se tea*es t ! fir/ act ( selfd5ial = ! be/ good ( o!rs1 9 :i* ! aim or int5tion is to d "r1 is truly virtu\s4 ,= ! ?+ done is "r1 & ! motive or int5tion is "r4 ,b ,augu/9ianism says no2 su* an act is 8s91 & only s910 previ\s to reg5]ation1 ?\gh x is true virtue aft] reg5]ation4 ,aga91 a "y man is tra9$ to abhor meanness & deceit & to suff] any ?+ r ?an to violate 8 plight$ fai?4 ,he is br\ght into an extremity :]e1 by a false /atem5t1 he c escape pov]ty & disgrace to himself & 8 family4 ,he sacrifices all r ?an to violate 8 ^w & honor4 ,if he is n a reg5]ate man1 ,augu/9ianism says ?is act is n truly virtu\s1 b is 8s91 & only s940 ,common s5se says1 x is a virtu\s act 9 e s5se ( ! t]m z us$ among m54 ,we h %[n by quotations t ,augu/9ian !ologians tea* t man's nature is ! only guide to ! nature ( ,god1 &1 z 8 "w & image1 is p]fect 9 con/ruction4 ,at ! same "t !y tea* t man's nature is s totally deprav$ t x nev] acts morally "r1 9 a s+le in/ance1 until x is reg5]at$ by ,god1 & t all s9 is ! natural result ( ?is depravity ( nature4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is contradictory />t+po9t1 !y proce$ to o!r contradictory in/ruction4 ,= example1 9 ! education ( v "y *ildr5 mo/ !ologians1 ( :atev] s*ool1 tea* !m t to speak ! tru?1 to obey p>5ts1 to d5y "o's self = ! good ( o!rs1 is "r1 good & virtu\s4 ,!y tea* t :5 little *ildr5 act ?us1 be=e reg5]ation1 !y n only act virtu\sly1 b t ,god approves & loves !m = x4 ,9 do+ ?is1 !y use ! words good1 "r & virtu\s1 9 ! ord9>y s5se 9 :i* m5 und]/& ^! t]ms4 ,b at ! same "t1 ! same !ologians are tea*+ f ! pulpit & ! press1 t e volunt>y act ( e *ild is 8s91 & only s910 previ\s to reg5]ation2 t !re is no good1 "r & virtu\s act 9 an unreg5]at$ m9d1 & t ,god feels no approbation or complac5cy 9 su* acts or ! unreg5]at$ z ! above1 :i* are call$ virtu\s1 b are really s94 ,x is manife/ t ! educational tra9+ ( ! "y mu/ be radically div]se j 9 proportion z "o or ! o!r ( ^! two sy/ems prevails4 ,on ! ,augu/9ian !ory1 !re is no hope ( any "r moral action1 or truly virtu\s conduct1 until ! deprav$ nature transmitt$ f ,adam is reg5]at$4 ,on ! commons5se !ory1 e attempt ( a p>5t or educator1 & e ef=t ( a *ild to secure :at is be/ & "r ) ! int5tion ?us to secure x1 is truly virtu\s1 & e repetition is valuable z t5d+ to secure virtu\s habits & "*4 ,on ! ,augu/9ian !ory1 religi\s in/ruction is only an appo9t$ mode by :i* ,god *ooses to reg5]ate a deprav$ nature4 ,x is a process = secur+ a new nature f ,god4 ,on ! commons5se !ory1 religi\s tra9+ is a process = secur+ ! developm5t & "r action ( m9d by ! influ5ces ( k1 tra9+ & motives1 & )\t any *ange ( its nature4 ,x is also cle> t ^! two sy/ems mu/ be v div]se 9 ref]5ce to ! int]pretations ( ! ,creator's w z ga9$ by reason or by revelations f ,god4 ,on ! ,augu/9ian !ory1 m9d is s totally deprav$ z to be incapable ( int]pret+ correctly1 ei!r ! natural tea*+s ( reason & exp]i5ce1 or ! record$ revelations f ,god4 ,ow+ to ?is1 au?oriz$ int]pret]s ( ,god's w are indisp5sable4 ,?is makes ! :ole human race dep5d5t on a class ( m5 au?oriz$ by ,god to int]pret 8 natural laws & reveal$ w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! commons5se !ory claims t e m9d1 9 proportion z its p[]s are cultivat$ & develop$1 has ! means ( discov]+ ! end = :i* all ?+s are creat$1 & ( int]pret+ ! tea*+s ( reason & exp]i5ce1 & also ( int]pret+ any reveal$ records ( ,god's w4 ,x ?us appe>s t !ologians & cre$s t adopt ! ,augu/9ian !ory contradict !mselves ma9ly 9 ^! two po9ts3 ,fir/1 !y tea* t man's nature is deprav$ & t x is n deprav$4 ,next1 t previ\s to reg5]ation1 m5 d n p]=m any truly virtu\s acts1 & yet t :ile unreg5]at$ !y d p]=m su* acts4 ,! quotation f cre$s & !ologians1 9 prec$+ *apt]s1 is pro( t !y tea* t man's nature is ?us deprav$1 & t previ\s to reg5]ation he nev] p]=ms a s+le truly virtu\s act4 ,?is & ! prec$+ *apt] pres5t "s ( ! evid5ce t !y tea* ! opposite4 ,! foll[+ is submitt$ z /ill fur!r evid5ce ( su* contradictions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is all[$ by all1 t ! ,augu/9ian cre$s & !ologians tea* t man1 z a race1 includ+ e individual1 has a deprav$ nature4 ,! "q1 !n1 all turns on ! mean+ ( ! ^w nature1 & :e!r !y affirm its depravity 9 ! same s5se z !y affirm t 9 nature man is ! liv+ image ( ! liv+ ,god & our only guide to a k ( him4 ,x is claim$ t !y d use ! ^w nature 9 "o & ! same s5se :5 !y affirm t man's nature is & is n deprav$4 ,9 pro( ( ?is we mu/ resort to our lexicograph]s :o h collect$ ! v>i\s s5ses 9 :i* mank9d use ! ^w nature4 ,& "h we mu/ aga9 recognize ! fact t ! true mean+ ( e ^w is settl$ simply by asc]ta9+ :at mean+ m5 atta* to x :5 !y use x4 ,9 exam9+ our diction>ies1 we %all f9d t ! ^w nature is us$ sometimes to signify e ?+ t ,god has creat$2 z :5 x is said1 8all nature speaks its ,mak]'s praise40 ,sometimes1 by a figurative use1 ! ,au?or ( all ?+s is call$ ,nature1 z :5 x is said t 8,nature pa9ts ! fl[]s & spreads h] repa/s40 ,no "o w claim t ei!r ( ^! is ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is us$ 9 ref]5ce to ! nature ( ! m9d ( man z a race4 ,! lead+ & prim>y signification ( ! ^w nature is t :i* is int5d$ & und]/ood :5 we say t 8! nature ( a design or con/ruction is pro( ( ! "* & int5tion ( ! au?or40 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t m5 use ! ^w :5 !y speak ( ! nature ( animals1 ! nature ( trees1 & ! nature ( ! s\l4 ,9 ?is use1 x has b "o signification1 & t is1 ^? qualities1 p[]s & faculties :i* are discov]$ by exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,or 9 o!r words1 :5 we discov] ! qualities ( a ?+1 h[ x acts1 & h[ x is act$ ^u1 we le>n its nature4 ,9 reg>d to all o!r exi/5ces except m9d1 ! only mode ( discov]+ _! nature is to asc]ta9 by exp]i5ce & obs]vation h[ !y inv>iably appe> & act4 ,?us we decide t x is ! nature ( wat] to run d[n hill by f9d+ t x inv>iably does s2 & t x is ! nature ( smoke to rise 9 ! atmosph]e by obs]v+ t x inv>iably asc5ds4 ,ow+ to ?is1 mank9d (t5 use ! ^w nature z signify+ t :i* is accord+ to ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,t is to say1 ! same ^w is us$ to express ! qualities & p[]s ( ?+s1 & also to express t inv>iable exp]i5ce by :i* we le>n ^! qualities & p[]s4 ,:at is accord+ to our ord9>y exp]i5ce we say is accord+ to nature1 & :at is contr>y to ord9>y exp]i5ce is contr>y to nature4 ,?us x is accord+ to nature = wat] to run d[n hill1 & x is contr>y to nature = x to run up hill4 ,x is m9d1 9 di/9ction f matt]1 :i* has ! p[] ( will+1 & ?is is a p[] :i* nev] is ex]cis$ inv>iably "o way or ano!r4 ,b !ologians h practic$ ?is fallacy on !mselves & o!rs4 ,!y fir/ assume1 :at is contr>y to fact1 t m9d inv>iably *ooses "o way1 & t is wrong1 f bir? to reg5]ation4 ,?is be+ assum$ )\t pro(1 !y claim t ! nature ( ! human m9d is ?us prov$ to be deprav$1 & totally s4 ,hav+ ?us1 z !y imag9e1 e/abli%$ its deprav$ volunt>y nature1 !y claim t1 l all o!r ?+s1 ! m9d mu/ act accord+ to its nature1 :i*1 be+ :olly deprav$1 all its moral acts are consequ5tly deprav$4 ,?is is :at logicians call argu+ 9 a circle2 i4e41 !y prove t x acts inv>iably wrong because x is totally deprav$1 & x is totally deprav$ because x acts inv>iably wrong4 ,b common s5se d5ies ! />t+ assumption2 i4e41 ! inv>iably wrong volitions ( e m9d f bir? to reg5]ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is claim$ t e *oice :i* secures enjoym5t )\t violat+ law1 is "r1 & t :5ev] a m9d *ooses :at is "r1 ) ! int5tion to act "r1 ! *oice is a truly virtu\s act1 & t all m5 make su* *oices v (t5 be=e reg5]ation4 ,:atev] is accord+ to ord9>y exp]i5ce 9 ! qualities & action ( m9d1 is said to be accord+ to its nature4 ,x is accord+ to ! nature ( m9d1 !n1 sometimes to *oose :at is good1 "r & virtu\s1 & at o!r times to *oose :at is evil & wrong1 accord+ to its k1 temptations & habits4 ,su* a case nev] 0 kn[n z a m9d t inv>iably *ose wrong4 ,9 view ( ! prec$+1 x is ma9ta9$ t ! ^w nature1 z appli$ to m9d1 z settl$ by lexicograph]s1 is always us$ to signify ! same z its con/itutional p[]s & faculties1 & t ?is is ! s5se 9 :i* x is employ$ :5 we say 8! nature ( a con/ruction or design is pro( ( ! "* & int5tion ( ! au?or40 ,we are n[ prep>$ to %[ t !ologians use ! ^w nature 9 ?is same s5se :5 !y affirm t x is totally deprav$1 & :51 at ! same "t1 !y tea* t x is ! image ( ,god1 & our only guide to 8 nature & "*4 ,we %all fir/ pres5t ! evid5ce t !y use ! ^w 9 ?is s5se1 :5 !y tea* t e human m9d is s deprav$ 9 nature t f bir? to reg5]ation e moral act is s91 & only s94 ,! fir/ item ( evid5ce is ! fact t all ! o!r mean+s ( ! ^w1 9 our diction>ies1 except ?is1 c be %[n to be n ! ones 9 :i* !ologians use ! ^w 9 ref]5ce to m5 z a race1 s t ?is use is ! only "o rema9+4 ,!y mu/ use x 9 ?is s5se1 z ! only "o left1 all o!rs be+ necess>ily exclud$4 ,aga91 ! mode by :i* !y attempt to prove t man has a deprav$ nature1 %[s t !y use ! ^w 9 ?is s5se4 ,= !y exhibit ! wrong action1 or s9ful feel+s & conduct ( ! race1 z ! *ief pro(4 ,_! argum5t is ?is3 ! nature ( a ?+ is prov$ by its qualities1 h[ x acts1 & h[ x is act$ ^u4 ,! human m9d inv>iably acts deprav$1 !re=e its nature is deprav$4 ,no "o w d5y t !ologians always pres5t ! wick$ feel+s & conduct ( *ildr5 & ( m5 z ! pro(s ( a deprav$ nature4 ,x is true1 t 9 do+ ?is !y mis/ate facts1 & ma9ta9 t all ! actions ( m5 are s91 & only s94 ,?is contradicts exp]i5ce & common s5se1 :i* affirm t ! human m9d sometimes acts "r & sometimes wrong1 f ! fir/2 %[+ t ! nature ( m9d is su* t x naturally acts "r z well z wrong4 ,b ?is attempt proves t !y us$ ! ^w 9 ! s5se "h /at$4 ,aga93 t !ologians use ! ^w 9 ?is s5se1 is manife/ f _! attempts to relieve ! "* ( ,god f ! *>ge ( be+ 8! au?or ( s940 ,!y c n d5y t ! nature ( a contrivance proves ! "* & int5tion ( ! au?or1 & t1 if ,god is ! au?or ( man's depravity by a wrong con/ruction or nature ( m9d1 x w\ld be pro( t he is ! au?or ( all ! s9 result+ f x1 & ?us a deprav$ "*4 ,in/ead ( d5y+ ?is use ( ! t]m1 !y all[ x1 & !n try to make man himself ! au?or ( ?is deprav$ nature1 ei!r by1 or 91 or be=e ,adam4 ,t is1 !y all[ t man's m9d is wrong 9 con/ruction1 b claim t he himself is ! au?or ( ?is wrong4 ,aga93 t !ologians use ! ^w nature 9 ?is s5se1 is prov$ by _! description ( ! depravity int5d$ by !m4 ,:5 !y are urg$ to po9t out :at ! deprav$ nature ( man consi/s 91 !y always /ate some?+ :i* %[s x to be wrong 9 con/ruction1 & :i* is exhibit$ 9 ! wrong action ( m9d4 ,!re are ^! foll[+ me?ods ( describ+ ?is depravity1 viz43 #a4 ,x is call$ a bias1 prop5sity1 or incl9ation to s94 #b4 ,x is call$ an unbalanc$ /ate ( ! faculties4 #c4 ,x is call$ a habit ( s9n+ =m$ 9 a preexi/5t /ate4 #d4 ,x is call$ a wrong comb9ation1 or proportion1 9 ! m5tal faculties4 #e4 ,x is call$ a /ate result+ f ! deprivation ( ,god's ,_s4 ,x w n[ be %[n t ea* & all ( ^! equally involve ! idea ( t mal=mation or wrong con/ruction :i* proves its au?or deprav$4 ,! fir/ is ! mo/ common me?od4 ,on ?is view1 x is claim$ t ! m9ds ( angels & ( ,adam 7 con/ruct$ ) su* a bias or t5d5cy to good z secur$ _! p]fect action = a giv5 p]iod4 ,! m9d ( man1 on ! contr>y1 beg9s exi/5ce "h s con/ruct$ t x has a contr>y bias to evil2 s t x nev]1 9 a s+le in/ance1 *ooses "r till reg5]at$4 ,! angels & ,adam _h a holy nature1 mean+ a bias1 :i* ,god creat$4 ,mank9d h a contr>y bias1 :i* is a deprav$ nature1 & ( ?is1 man is ! au?or1 ei!r 91 or by1 or be=e ,adam4 ,& !y all all[1 t if ,god _h creat$ ?is deprav$ bias1 or deprav$ nature1 he w\ld be 8! au?or ( s940 ,! second mode is1 ! claim t man's depravity consi/s 9 an unbalanc$ /ate ( 8 faculties or prop5sities4 ,! angels & ,adam 7 creat$ by ,god ) ! prop] balance1 & ?is is ! holy nature made by ,god4 ,man is born ) an unbalanc$ /ate ( ! faculties1 & ?is 0 creat$ by man himself1 ei!r by1 or 91 or be=e ,adam4 ,n[ ! balance ( ! faculties is z mu* a "p ( ! con/ruction ( m9d z any ?+ else1 & if ,god creat$ ?is deprav$1 he is prov$ to be deprav$4 ,! ?ird mode is1 ! claim t ! depravity ( man's m9d consi/s 9 a habit ( s9n+4 ,on ?is view1 ,god creat$ man's m9d aright1 9 all respects1 9 a prexi/5t /ate4 ,9 ?is normal condition ( m9d1 e prop5sity 0 t[>d n only good1 b to ! be/ good1 :ile !re 0 suffici5t k ( "r creat$ also1 to save f all mi/akes ( judgm5t z to :at is be/ & "r4 ,9 ?is p]fect /ate "s m9ds began to s91 & ?us =m$ a habit ( s9n+1 & 7 !n s5t into ?is _w to be re=m$4 ,"h x is pla91 t ! depravity int5d$ is depravity ( con/ruction4 ,= habit1 z m5 use ! t]m1 expresses ! fact t repetition 9 ! use ( any faculty increases its p[]4 ,x is a *ange 9 ! con/itutional con/ruction ( m9d induc$ by use4 ,= example1 a *ild has little con/itutional p[] ( m9d to reason or to calculate figures4 ,by use1 ?is defici5cy ( con/ruction is modifi$4 ,habit1 !n1 modifies ! con/itutional organization ( m9d4 ,?is mode ( describ+ ! depravity ( m9d tea*es ! miscon/ruction ( con/itutional organization z mu* z all ! o!rs1 b x furni%es ano!r mode by :i* x 0 induc$1 s z to make man ! au?or 9 a way t is compreh5sible1 & n absurd47#af7 ,! f\r? mode is ! claim t ! depravity ( ! human m9d consi/s 9 ! disp>ities1 or v>ieties1 ( con/itutional organization4 ,x has be5 %[n t su* disp>ities1 z p>ts ( a va/ sy/em 9 :i* ! be/ good ( ! :ole is ! be/ good ( ea* "p1 are indisp5sable to ! p]fect con/ruction ( m9d 9 relation to t sy/em4 ,b ! depravity claim$ is1 t :i* is common to e m9d1 & is s total t n a s+le m9d1 h[ev] highly end[$1 ev]1 ev5 9 "o case1 acts virtu\sly till reg5]at$4 ,?us ! be/ 9 m5tal con/ruction are z totally deprav$ z ! wor/4 ,at ! same "t1 x is cle> t x is con/itutional mal=mation t is taught1 & no?+ else4 ,! fif? mode ( describ+ ! depravity ( m9d is t x consi/s 9 ! deprivation ( ,god's ,_s4 ,! result ( ?is deprivation is ?us describ$ by ,dr4 ,hodge1 ( ! ,pr9ceton ,calv9i/ s*ool ( div9es3 8,9 consequ5ce ( ?is )drawal we beg9 to exi/ 9 moral d>kness1 de/itute ( a disposition to delight 9 ,god40 ,arm9ius1 ! *ief !ologian ( ! ,me?odi/s1 describes x ?us3 8,! w ( man1 ) respect to ! true good1 is n only w\nd$1 bruis$1 inf]ior1 crook$ & att5uat$1 b is likewise captivat$1 de/roy$ & lo/2 & has no p[]s :atev]1 except su* z are excit$ by grace40 ,?us ! pres5ce ( ,god's ,_s 9 ,adam's m9d1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,hodge1 insur$ a 8disposition0 to delight 9 ,god1 :i* 0 lo/ by its )drawal4 ,accord+ to ,arm9ius1 ?is )drawal s affect$ ! :ole race1 t 89 respect to ! true good0 ! w ( man has no p[]s :atev]1 except su* z are excit$ by grace--t is1 by a measur$ return ( ,god's ,_s1 )drawn = ,adam's s91 :i* return 0 pur*as$ by ,*ri/'s dea?4 ,x is cle>1 t x is ! p[]s & faculties ( m9d t are meant "h1 9 ?is explanation ( ! depravity ( man's nature4 ,?us x is %[n t e attempt to expla9 :at depravity consi/s 91 by !ologians1 results 9 _! tea*+ a con/itutional mal=mation1 :i* proves ! au?or ( ! con/ruction to be deprav$4 ,we w n[ pres5t ! evid5ce1 t !ologians contradict !mselves1 & d5y t !y use ! ^w nature 9 ! s5se ( con/itutional organization or con/ruction1 & ma9ta9 t !y use x 9 "s o!r s5se4 ,9 all cre$s & all !ological tea*+s1 ! au?ors expressly disclaim t !y ma9ta9 any ?+ :i* makes ,god 8! au?or ( s940 ,& !y all[1 t mak+ ,god ! creator ( a deprav$ nature1 w\ld make him ! au?or ( s94 ,!re=e1 to escape ! difficulty1 !y claim t ,god is ! au?or ( "o nature1 :i* is p]fect & 9 8 own image1 & t !re is ano!r nature :i* man himself made1 ei!r by1 or 91 or be=e ,adam1 :i* is deprav$4 ,!n :5 !y are driv5 to id5tify ! nature t ,god made & ! nature t man made1 !y are aga9 at fault4 ,man really has b "o nature1 & t is ! nature :i* is discov]$ by 8 qualities & actions1 z le>n$ by exp]i5ce4 ,!re is no o!r nature conceivable1 & no o!r idea t m5 ev] atta* to ! ^w :5 appli$ to ! m9d or s\l ( man4 ,!re=e1 !ologians really d use x 9 ! s5se :i* !y d5y1 = !re is no o!r4 ,aga91 !ologians d5y t !y tea* 8physical depravity0 & 8physical reg5]ation10 & ! only intelligible s5se ( ?is disclaim] is1 t !y d n tea* depravity ( con/ruction & ! re=mation ( ?is depravity ( con/ruction4 ,b1 z be=e %[n1 :5 !y describe ! depravity & reg5]ation1 !y make out :at actually is physical depravity & physical reg5]ation1 & no?+ else4 ,aga91 :5 !y attempt to describe :at !y mean1 "o class ( !ologians--i4e41 new s*ool ,calv9i/s--tea* t ! :ole depravity consi/s 9 a want ( 8"r will+40 ,& ?is is exactly :at ! commons5se sy/em tea*es--i4e41 t ! depravity ( man is 9 ! wrong action & n 9 ! wrong con/ruction ( m9d4 ,& yet :5 !y are *>g$ ) hold+ ! ,pelagian doctr9e ( p]fect m5tal con/ruction1 !y d5y x1 & say !y tea* depravity ( nature4 ,z an example ( ?is1 is pres5t$ ! foll[+ extract f ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,b5net ,tyl]1 ! presid5t ( a !ological sem9>y e/abli%$ to su/a9 ! ,new ,engl& !ology ( ! ,presid5t ,edw>ds' type1 9 opposition to ! suppos$ ,pelagian innovations ( ! ,new ,hav5 !ologians3 8,god has end[$ y ) und]/&+ to p]ceive ! rule ( duty1 ) consci5ce to feel obligation1 & ) w to *oose betwe5 good & evil4 ,possess+ ^! p[]s1 y are complete moral ag5ts1 & h all ! ability to obey ! comm&s ( ,god t y ev] w h1 or ev] c h--we d n mean t all ! p[]s & faculties ( 8 7man's7 s\l are s impair$ t he c\ld n d 8 duty if he w\ld1 b t he w n d 8 duty :5 he c40 ,9 read+ ! above1 "o w\ld suppose t !re 0 no?+ wrong at all 9 ! con/ruction ( ! human m9d1 & t ! :ole difficulty consi/$ 9 n will+ aright--t is1 t ! depravity is n 9 a wrong nature1 b 9 ! wrong action ( a p]fect nature4 ,& yet1 at ! "t ( ?is writ+1 ! au?or 0 ! lead] ( an ef=t to oppose ?is v doctr9e1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be taught by ! ,new ,hav5 div9es4 ,9 a rec5t "w by ! *ief !ological tea*] ( ! lead+ ,bapti/ ,sem9>y17#ag7 we f9d simil> contradictory /atem5ts4 ,he ?us writes3 8,reg5]ation is n only *>act]iz$ by ! sacr$ writ]s z a creative act1 by :i* ! subject ( x becomes a new creature 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 & a g5]ation f above1 by :i* ! s\l is br\ght into new spiritual life2 b also a wa%+1 a ba?+1 effect$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 by :i* ! pollut$ s\l is cleans$2 z an illum9ation1 by :i* x is fill$ ) ! k ( ,god1 & qualifi$ to appreciate spiritual ?+s4 ,! eye ( consci5ce is cle>$1 ! desires & affections are r5ew$ & fl[ into new *annels1 & ! selfi% views1 prejudices & motives1 :i* =m]ly reign$ 9 ! s\l1 are sup]s$$ by fai?1 love & hope1 re/+ 9 ,*ri/1 & lead+ to e good "w4 ,! entire _s is readju/$ morally1 its aspirations1 t5d5cies & relations to ,god are rectifi$1 & x ent]s1 s to speak1 ^u a new life40 ,9 ?is passage1 reg5]ation is call$ 8a creative act0 *ang+ ! consci5ce1 ! desires1 ! views1 ! prejudices & ! motives--s t 8! entire _s is readju/$10 & all its 8aspirations1 t5d5cies & relations to ,god are rectifi$40 ,x is n 9 ! p[] ( language to express a *ange 9 ! faculties & con/itutional elem5ts ( m9d m entirely ?an ?is2 & yet ! v next p>agraph reads ?us3 8,b all ?is p]ta9s to ! moral condition ( ! s\l1 af=d+ no evid5ce t its ess5ce has be5 *ang$2 t any faculty or con/itutive elem5t has be5 add$1 any fre% vigor or new pr9ciple ( exi/5ce infus$40 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable illu/ration ( selfcontradiction among !ologians1 involv$ 9 e attempt to ma9ta9 a deprav$ nature consequ5t on ,adam's s91 is f\nd 9 ! tea*+s ( ,dr4 ,taylor1 ! lead] ( ! ,new ,hav5 s*ool ( div9es4 ,9 8 ,concio ad ,cl]um1 9 #ahbh1 "o aim probably 01 to meet ! *>ges aga9/ himself1 ( tea*+ ! ,pelagian t5et1 t man's depravity consi/s1 n 9 nature1 b 9 action4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is he writes ?us3 8,m5 are entirely deprav$ by nature4 ,i d n !reby mean t _! nature is itself s9ful1 nor t _! nature is ! physical or effici5t cause ( _! s9n+2 b ,i mean t _! nature is ! occasion or reason ( _! s9n+--t su* is _! nature1 t 9 all ! appropriate circum/ances ( _! be+ !y w s9 & only s940 ,aga9-- 8,x is important to say t s9 is by nature1 ow+ to prop5sities to inf]ior good1 ) a diff]5ce betwe5 ,adam's m9d & ours--?\gh we c n ass]t t1 9 :i* ?is diff]5ce may consi/2--t our prop5sities are ! same 9 k9d1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 degree f ^? ( ,adam2 t p]haps ?is di/9ction may consi/ 9 m5tal diff]5ces1 or 9 sup]ior t5d5cies1 comp>$ ) ,adam's to natural good1 & less t5d5cy to ! highe/ good40 ,9 ! above extract1 x is z cle> z language c make x1 t ,dr4 ,taylor taught1 9 #ahbh1 t 9 m5 s9 by nature is ow+ to prop5sities to inf]ior good1 :i* are 8diff]5t f ,adam's10 :o 0 creat$ p]fect1 & t ?is is 8! occasion or reason0 ( _! s9n+1 & t 8su* is _! nature1 t 9 all appropriate circum/ances ( _! be+1 !y w s91 & only s940 ,?is mu/ mean ! con/ruction ( m9d4 ,he does n claim to describe1 c]ta9ly1 :at ?is diff]5ce is betwe5 ! nature ( ,adam & t ( 8 desc5dants2 b he ma9ta9s t :ile ,adam's nature 0 n s creat$ by ,god at fir/1 ! nature ( all 8 desc5dants is s deprav$1 t1 z ! result1 !y 8s91 & only s910 till reg5]at$4 ,b1 9 contradiction to ?is1 is pres5t$ ! extract bel[1 s5t by ,dr4 ,taylor to ! au?or1 9 a lett] 9 :i* he 0 attempt+ to %[ t he did n tea* ! depravity ( man 9 8 con/itutional faculties4 ,& he claims t :at he ?us writes is :at he has 8always taught30 8,i h always taught t man1 aft] ! fall ( ,adam1 0 z truly creat$ 9 ,god's image z 0 ,adam2 t ,*ri/ 0 tempt$ 9 all po9ts l z we are2 t ! /rong] are our inf]ior prop5sities1 if we gov]n !m1 z we c1 by ! morally "r act ( ! w1 ! great] is ! moral excell5ce ( ! act4 ,i d n ma9ta9 t man has full p[] to *ange 8 deprav$ nature )\t div9e aid--= ,i h nev] suppos$ t he has a deprav$ nature 9 ,,any s5se1 or a corrupt nature1 mu* less a s9ful nature1 to be *ang$2 b r1 t 9 nature he is l ,god4 ,9 discussions ,i h always oppos$ ! use ( language by y\r fa!r & ,mr4 ,b>nes1 ( a corrupt nature n s9ful40 ,n[ x is n possible to make ^! two extracts any ?+ o!r ?an exact contradictions4 ,= 9 "o he tea*es t m5 are s totally deprav$ 9 nature1 t 89 all ! appropriate circum/ances ( _! be+ !y w s91 & only s940 ,9 ! o!r1 he says ( man1 8,i h nev] suppos$ t he has a deprav$ nature1 9 any s5se1 or a corrupt nature1 mu* less a s9ful nature1 to be *ang$2 b r t 9 nature he is l ,god40 ,if x is ask$1 8,h[ is x possible t a man1 at once s hone/ & s acute1 c ?us contradict himself & n p]ceive x80 x may be repli$1 t he has done x no m ?an does e o!r !ologian & e cre$ t tea*es at once1 t ! nature ( man is s deprav$ at bir? t e moral act is s91 & only s91 till reg5]ation--& yet1 t ,god1 ! ,creator ( all m9ds1 is n ! au?or ( ! s9 result+ f su* a deprav$ nature4 ,& !ologians are n peculi> 9 selfcontradictions4 ,e error is a contradiction to "s pr9ciple ( common s5se4 ,?us x is a fact1 t1 z all m5 believe & ma9ta91 by a necessity ( nature1 ! pr9ciples ( common s5se1 e false pr9ciple or error :i* !y def5d1 is a flat contradiction to "s ( _! o!r decl>ations on o!r occasions4 ,meantime1 x is ! great mission ( all free & fair discussion to br+ m5 to see _! own inconsi/5cies1 & to =sake all :i* are %[n to be contr>y to reason & common s5se4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,! ,,augu/9ian ,,!ory ,,n ,,9 ,,! ,,bible4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s x is %[n t !ological cre$s & tea*+s ma9ta9 ! commons5se sy/em1 & at ! same "t ! contradictory ,augu/9ian sy/em4 ,9 o!r words1 x is %[n t ! ,augu/9ian !ologians contradict at once our common s5se1 our moral s5se1 & !mselves4 ,x w next be %[n t ! ,augu/9ian !ory is n conta9$ 9 ! ,bible1 & t !ologians conflict ) ea* o!r 9 reg>d to ?is po9t also4 ,!re is only "o passage 9 ! ,bible :i* 0 ev] claim$ by any "o z tea*+ a deprav$ nature consequ5t on ,adam's s94 ,t passage is ,romans v41 f ! #ab? to ! #ai? v]se3 #ab ,:]e=e1 z by "o man s9 ent]$ into ! _w1 & dea? by s92 & s dea? pass$ ^u all m51 = t all h s9n$3 #ac ,= until ! law1 s9 0 9 ! _w2 b s9 is n imput$ :5 !re is no law4 #ad ,nev]!less1 dea? reign$ f ,adam to ,moses1 ev5 ov] !m t _h n s9n$ aft] ! similitude ( ,adam's transgression1 :o is ! figure ( him t 0 to come4 #ae ,b n z ! (f5se1 s also is ! free gift4 ,= if ?r\gh ! (f5se ( "o _m be dead1 mu* m ! grace ( ,god1 & ! gift by grace1 :i* is by "o man1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ha? ab\nd$ unto _m4 #af ,& n z x 0 by "o t s9n$1 s is ! gift4 ,= ! judgm5t 0 by "o to condemnation1 b ! free gift is ( _m (f5ses unto ju/ification4 #ag ,= if by "o man's (f5se dea? reign$ by "o2 mu* m !y :i* receive abundance ( grace1 & ( ! gift ( righte\sness1 %all reign 9 life by "o1 ,jesus ,*ri/4 #ah ,!re=e1 z by ! (f5se ( "o judgm5t came ^u all m5 to condemnation1 ev5 s by ! righte\sness ( "o ! free gift came ^u all m5 unto ju/ification ( life4 #ai ,= z by "o man's disob$i5ce _m 7 made s9n]s1 s by ! ob$i5ce ( "o %all _m be made righte\s4 ,9 ?is passage ^! ?+s are taught3 #a4 ,by "o man s9 ent]$ & dea? by s91 & s i4e41 by "o man dea? pass$ on all m51 = t all h s9n$4--,v]ses #ab1 #ac1 #ad4 #b4 ,?r\gh ! (f5se ( "o _m h di$4--,v]se #ae4 #c4 ,! judgm5t 0 by "o to condemnation4--,v]se #af4 #d4 ,by "o man's (f5se dea? reign$ by "o4--,v]se #ag4 #e4 ,by ! (f5se ( "o1 judgm5t came on all to condemnation4--,v]se #ah4 #f4 ,by "o man's disob$i5ce _m 7 made s9n]s4--,v4 #ai4 ,!re are ?ree modes ( int]pret+ ?is passage1 & ! "q all turns on :e!r ! dea? spok5 ( is natural dea? or spiritual4 ,int]pretation ( ! ,apo/olic ,age4 ,! fir/ int]pretation is t ( ! ,apo/olic age & onw>d to ! "t ( ,augu/9e4 ,x is briefly ?is3 ,adam is a type ( ,*ri/1 & z by ,adam's s9 natural dea? came on all :o are 8 natural *ildr51 7= !y all1 l ,adam1 h s9n$ & suff] dea? z ! consequ5ce17 s by "o man1 ,*ri/1 spiritual life comes to all :o are ,*ri/'s spiritual *ildr54 ,?is simply tea*es t ,adam z ! head ( a s9n+ race1 :o suff] dea? 9 consequ5ce ( 8 s9 & _! own1 is an emblem or type ( ,*ri/1 ! head ( a holy family1 :o by him receive spiritual life4 ,condemnation & natural dea? come f s9n+1 bo? to ,adam & to all ! *ildr5 br\ght into be+ by him4 ,ju/ification & spiritual life come f ,*ri/ to all :om he has caus$ to become 8 spiritual *ildr54 ,= abundant pro( t ?is 0 ! int]pretation ( ?is passage1 f ! apo/les to ! "t ( ,augu/9e1 ! au?or ref]s to ,dr4 ,e4 ,bee*]'s ,conflict ( ,ages1 book v41 *apt] #b4 ,augu/9ian ,int]pretation4 ,! ,augu/9ian int]pretation is ?is3 ,! s9 ( ,adam caus$ a deprav$ nature & consequ5t spiritual dea? to all 8 desc5dants4 ,s also ! ob$i5ce & dea? ( ,*ri/ h pur*as$ or caus$ a holy nature & spiritual life to all :o are reg5]at$4 ,pr9ceton ,int]pretation4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! ,pr9ceton !ologians tea*1 t ?\gh all m5 did n s9 9 ,adam1 or s9 at all1 be=e !y 7 born1 yet ,god imputes ,adam's s9 to !m1 & reg>ds & treats !m z if !y _h committ$ x4 ,_! int]pretation ( ?is passage !n is briefly ?is3 ,z by1 or on acc\nt (1 ,adam's s9 a condemn+ s5t5ce came on all m51 s by ,*ri/'s ob$i5ce a s5t5ce ( acquittal 7i4e41 ju/ification7 came on all :o are reg5]at$4 ,accord+ to ^! div9es1 v]se #ab does n ref] to a deprav$ nature nor to actual s91 b only to ! fact t all suff] ! p5alty = ,adam's s9 ?r\gh all "t & et]nity1 unless !y are reg5]at$4 ,! ,pr9ceton s*ool ( div9es are ! mo/ /rongly ,calv9i/ic 9 ma9ta9+ ! total depravity ( man & 8 entire inability to p]=m any truly virtu\s act previ\s to reg5]ation4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ^! results3 ,! ,augu/9ian !ory ( ! deprav$ nature ( man1 consequ5t on ,adam's s91 contradicts ! common s5se & moral s5se ( mank9d1 contradicts ! cre$s & tea*+s t conta9 x1 & is n taught 9 ! *ief passage 9 ! ,bible claim$ z tea*+ x1 z int]pret$ by ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w 9 ! fir/ f\r c5turies1 & by a l>ge body ( ,calv9i/ic div9es :o tea* total depravity at ! pres5t "t4 ,:oev]1 !n1 d5ies t ?is passage ( ! ,bible tea*es ?is doctr9e is su/a9$ by ! :ole ,*ur* ( ! ,apo/olic ages & by a great body ( ! highe/ ,calv9i/ic *ur*es at ?is day4 ,!re are "s o!r passages t may be ref]r$ to z relat+ to ?is subject4 ,! fir/ is ,romans1 *apt] ii41 #f to #af3 8,:o w r5d] to e man accord+ to 8 de$s3 to !m :o by pati5t cont9uance 9 welldo+1 seek = glory1 & honor1 & immortality2 et]nal life3 b unto !m t are cont5ti\s1 & d n obey ! tru?1 b obey unrighte\sness1 indignation & wra?1 tribulation & angui%1 ^u e s\l ( man t doe? evil2 ( ! ,jew fir/ & also ( ! ,g5tile2 b glory1 honor1 & peace to e man t worke? good2 to ! ,jew fir/1 & also to ! ,g5tile2 = !re is no respect ( p]sons ) ,god4 ,= z _m z h s9n$ )\t law1 %all also p]i% )\t law2 & z _m z h s9n$ 9 ! law %all be judg$ by ! law2 7= n ! he>]s ( ! law are j be=e ,god1 b ! do]s ( ! law %all be ju/ifi$4 ,= :5 ! ,g5tiles1 :i* h n ! law1 d by nature ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ! law1 ^! hav+ n ! law1 are a law unto !mselves1 :i* %[ ! "w ( ! law writt5 9 _! he>ts1 _! consci5ce also be>+ witness1 & _! ?\ghts ! mean :ile accus+1 or else excus+ "o ano!r27 9 ! day :5 ,god %all judge ! secrets ( m5 by ,jesus ,*ri/1 accord+ to my gospel40 ,tak5 9 its connection1 ! ^w nature1 z us$ 9 ?is passage1 evid5tly is us$ 9 its prim>y & *ief mean+1 to signify ! con/itutional p[]s or organization ( m9d4 8,! "w ( ! law writt5 9 _! he>ts10 8_! consci5ce also be>+ witness20 ^! are :at are ref]r$ to :5 x is said1 8! ,g5tiles d by nature ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ! law40 ,& x is do+ ^? ?+s :i* secures 8glory1 honor & peace0--8to ! ,jew fir/1 & also to ! ,g5tile40 ,ano!r passage is ,ephesians1 ii41 #ac3 8,& y ha? he quick5$1 :o 7 dead 9 trespasses & s9s2 :]e9 9 "t pa/ ye walk$ accord+ to ! c\rse ( ?is _w1 accord+ to ! pr9ce ( ! p[] ( ! air1 ! _s t n[ worke? 9 ! *ildr5 ( disob$i5ce3 among :om also we all _h our conv]sation 9 times pa/ 9 ! lu/s ( our fle%1 fulfill+ ! desires ( ! fle% & ( ! m9d2 & 7 by nature ! *ildr5 ( wra?1 ev5 z o!rs40 ,9 ?is passage ! apo/le is address+ ^? :o 9 a succe$+ v]se are told1 8rememb] t ye be+ 9 times pa/ ,g5tiles 9 ! fle%30 ?is be+ s1 !y are ^? :o1 ! same writ] says1 8d by nature ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ! law40 ,! signification ( nature 9 ?is passage mu/ be t :i* is accord+ to ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,t is1 accord+ to ord9>y exp]i5ce mank9d 8are *ildr5 ( wra?10 i4e41 subject to ! wra?ful p5alties ( disob$i5ce to ! laws ( ,god4 ,b by ! influ5ces br\ght by ,*ri/1 8a new life0 is secur$1 :i* is a life ( intellig5t & volunt>y ob$i5ce to law1 an ob$i5ce :i* ! natural p5alties ( law c\ld n secure1 b :i* ! k & love ( ,god1 z manife/$ by ,*ri/1 d secure4 ,"o o!r text m]its att5tion3 #a ,cor9?ians1 *apt] ii41 #ad4 8,b ! natural man receive? n ! ?+s ( ! ,_s ( ,god1 = !y are fooli%ness unto him2 nei!r c he "k !m1 because !y are spiritually disc]n$40 ,9 ?is passage ! 8natural man0 mu/ signify 8man z he is f\nd 9 our ord9>y exp]i5ce40 ,! idea evid5tly int5d$1 is t mank9d1 z a race1 d n und]/& or obey ! tru? z x is taught by ,*ri/ & ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,! fact is affirm$ t )\t ,*ri/ & ! div9e ,_s to aid1 man z a race does n come to su* k ( & ob$i5ce to ! laws ( ,god z secures et]nal life4 ,9 ref]5ce to mo/ o!r texts quot$ to prove a deprav$ nature1 x w be f\nd t !y simply affirm deprav$ action4 ,m51 9 ! ,bible1 are describ$ z wrongdo]s by _! own wrong will+ or *oice & n by a deprav$ nature4 ,sometimes !y are said to *oose wrong & sometimes "r1 & _! wrong will+ no m proves a deprav$ nature ?an ! "r will+ proves a holy nature4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,a ,,reliable ,,revelation ,,f ,,! ,,creator ,,impossible ,,if ,,x ,,conta9s ,,! ,,augu/9ian ,,!ory4 ,! object aim$ at 9 ?is *apt] dem&s att5tion to ! foll[+ prelim9>ies4 ,be=e we c ga9 a reliable revelation f our ,creator1 we are oblig$ to e/abli% ! tru? t !re is su* a ,creator4 ,our only mode ( do+ ?is is by ! me?od already set =? 9 *apt] #aj1 & = :i* we are dep5d5t on our reason or common s5se4 ,hav+1 by ! aid ( reason1 arriv$ at a k ( ! exi/5ce & "* ( ! ,creator1 we next inquire z to ! mode by :i* we c receive direct revelations f him4 ,"h we f9d t we are aga9 :olly dep5d5t on reason or common s5se4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* we alone rely = revelations f ,god is ?is3 ,a ,,*ange ,,9 ,,! ,,e/abli%$ ,,ord] ,,( ,,nature ,,surpass+ ,,human ,,p[]1 ,,is ,,evid5ce ,,( ,a ,,sup]natural ,,ag5cy ,,t ,,is ,,sanction$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,nature4 ,! conviction ( ! wisdom & p[] ( ! ,au?or ( ?is va/ & wond]ful frame ar\nd u is su* t1 :atev] *anges may occur 9 its e/abli%$ ord]1 mu/ be felt to be by 8 p]mission4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 suppose a man appe>$1 claim+ to be a tea*] s5t f ,god4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 he comm&s a m\nta9 to be uptorn & ?r[n into ! sea4 ,n[1 if ?is ph5om5on %\ld foll[ 8 comm&1 x w\ld be impossible = any :o witness$ x1 to refra9 f believ+ t ! ,au?or ( ,nature p]=m$ ?is miracle to atte/ ! au?ority ( 8 mess5g]4 ,9 ord] to insure ?is belief 9 ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,creator1 !re mu/ be full evid5ce t !re c be no deception1 & t ! miracul\s p]=mance is entirely beyond human p[] & skill4 ,m5 always talk & act on ! assumption t su* miracles are f ,god1 & all rational m9ds s reg>d !m4 ,we h %[n t ! *ief cause ( a wrong action ( m9d1 is t x comm5ces exi/5ce 9 p]fect ignorance1 :ile all ^? causes :i* exp]i5ce %[s to be indisp5sable to its "r action1 to a great] or less degree are want+4 ,! gr& want ( our race is p]fect educators to tra9 newborn m9ds1 :o are infallible tea*]s ( :at is "r & true4 ,we h pres5t$ ! evid5ce ga9$ by reason & exp]i5ce t ! ,creator is p]fect 9 m5tal con/itution1 & t he always has act$ "r1 & always w ?us act4 ,?is be+ grant$1 we inf] t he always has done ! be/ t is possible = ! highe/ good ( 8 creatures 9 ?is _w1 & t he always w cont9ue to d s4 ,we proce$ to inquire 9 reg>d to :at w\ld be ! be/ t is possible to be done = u 9 ?is /ate ( be+1 s f> z we c conceive4 ,inasmu* z ! great cause ( ! wrong action ( m9d is ! ignorance & imp]fection ( ^? :o are its educators 9 ! beg9n+ ( its exi/5ce1 we %\ld inf] t ! be/ possible ?+ to be done = our race1 w\ld be to provide "s p]fect & infallible tea*] to in/ruct ^? :o are to educate m9d4 ,?is be+ grant$1 !n all w\ld conc$e t ! ,creator himself w\ld be our be/ tea*]1 & t1 if he w\ld come to u himself 9 a visible =m1 to in/ruct ! educators ( m9d 9 all !y ne$ to "k1 = !mselves & = ! newborn m9ds committ$ to _! c>e1 x w\ld be ! be/ ?+ we c conceive ( = ! highe/ good ( our race4 ,we next inquire z to ! be/ conceivable mode by :i* ! ,creator c manife/ himself s z to secure cr$5ce4 ,to decide ?is1 let ea* "o suppose ! case 8 own4 ,let a man make 8 appe>ance claim+ to be ! ,creator4 ,we c p]ceive t 8 m]e ^w w\ld nev] comm& ! confid5ce ( intellig5t practical m54 ,?\s&s ( impo/ors h appe>$ & made su* claims1 deceiv+ ! weak & ignorant & disgu/+ ! wise4 ,a p]son ) su* claims1 7 he ev] s b5evol5t & intellig5t1 b hav+ _h no o!r evid5ce ?an 8 ^w to support !m1 w\ld1 by s5sible p]sons1 be reg>d$ z ! victim ( "s m5tal halluc9ation4 ,b suppose t a p]son claim+ to be ! ,creator ( all ?+s1 or to be a mess5g] f him1 %\ld atte/ 8 claim by %ak+ ! e>?1 or turn+ back ! floods ( ! ocean1 x w\ld be impossible = any man to witness ^! miracles )\t believ+1 t ! ,au?or ( all ?+s ?us atte/$ 8 own pres5ce or ! au?ority ( 8 mess5g]4 ,we h %[n t ! v organization ( m9d w\ld necess>ily =ce su* a belief on all sane m9ds4 ,"o o!r me?od w\ld be z effective4 ,%\ld ?is p]son pr$ict ev5ts s improbable & s beyond all human intellig5ce1 z to be equival5t to an equal int]ruption ( exp]i5ce z to ! laws ( m9d1 z "t develop$ ! fulfillm5t ( ^! pr$ictions1 ! same belief w\ld be induc$ 9 ! au?ority ( ! p]son ?us sup]naturally end[$4 ,9 ! case ( miracles1 ! evid5ce w\ld be imm$iate & mo/ p[]ful 9 its inception4 ,9 ! case ( prophecy1 ! p[] ( ! evid5ce w\ld increase ) "t4 ,miracles & prophecy1 !n1 are ! only me?ods t we c conceive (1 t w\ld1 z our m9ds are n[ con/itut$1 insure belief 9 revelations f ! ,creator4 ,b if e human be+1 9 ord] to believe1 mu/ h miracles1 !re w\ld result su* an incessant violation ( ! laws ( nature z to de/roy !m1 & ?us to de/roy all possibility ( miracles4 ,! only possible way1 !n1 to e/abli% revelations to ! race1 is to h !m occur at c]ta9 p]iods ( "t1 & !n h !m adequately record$ & pres]v$4 ,! ,bible is a collection ( books writt5 at diff]5t p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,^! books pr(ess to be records ( ! v>i\s manife/ations & tea*+s ( ! ,creator to mank9d4 ,x is claim$ = !m1 t _! au?ority is e/abli%$ by miracles & prophecy1 ) all ! evid5ce t is possible1 s f> z we c conceive1 & t !re are no o!r books 9 ! _w hav+ any su* evid5ce ( au?oriz$ revelations f ,god4 ,no attempt w be made to set =? ?is evid5ce1 :i*1 x is claim$1 is peculi> to ! ,bible4 ,! po9t "h attempt$ is1 to %[ t1 7 ! ,augu/9ian sy/em conta9$ 9 ^! writ+s1 x w\ld de/roy _! claims z reliable revelations f ,god1 ev5 all[+ t miracles & prophecy atte/$ _! au?ority4 ,all mu/ all[ t x is possible to h su* ?+s giv5 9 a revelation f ,god z w\ld de/roy its reliability4 ,= example1 suppose x 7 a fact t a revelation1 support$ by miracles1 taught t !re 0 no ,god4 ,?is w\ld necess>ily de/roy its au?ority z a revelation f ,god4 ,suppose aga91 t x taught t ! ,creator1 :o wr\ght ! atte/+ miracles1 0 a li>1 & lov$ to deceive 8 creatures2 ?is w\ld also de/roy its reliability z a guide to tru?4 ,suppose aga91 t x taught t ! ,creator 0 a be+ :o pref]r$ evil to good1 & *ose to h 8 creatures ignorant & mis]able1 :5 he has p[] to make !m wise & happy4 ,?is also w\ld de/roy ! reliability ( any revelation f ! ,creator1 ev5 7 x su/a9$ by undisput$ miracles & prophecy4 ,?is la/ is precisely :at ! ,augu/9ian sy/em does tea*1 &1 z its advocates claim1 x is a "p ( a revelation f ! ,creator1 support$ by miracles & prophecy4 ,9 opposition to ?is1 x is ma9ta9$ t ?is sy/em is n to be f\nd 9 ! ,bible1 & t 7 x !re1 all ! miracles & prophecy conceivable c\ld n prove ^! writ+s to be revelations f ! ,creator1 :i* are reliable z our guide to tru? & happ9ess4 ,a ,creator :o wills ignorance & mis]y to 8 creatures1 :5 he has p[] to w k & happ9ess 9 _! place1 is n a be+ to be believ$ or tru/$ z our guide to tru? & happ9ess4 ,x is 9 ?is light t ! ,augu/9ian !ory1 z a "p ( ! ,bible1 br+s ! "q fairly be=e ! p1 z 8,bible or no ,bible80 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,oppos+ ,,sy/ems4 ,! prec$+ *apt]s h pres5t$ ! di/9ctive features ( two sy/ems :i*1 9 _! ma9 po9ts1 are %[n to be contradictory1 :ile bo? are exhibit$ z incorporat$ into ! *ief cre$s & !ological tea*+s ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,x is ! object ( ?is *apt] to po9t out ! t5d5cies ( ^! antagoni/ic sy/ems4 ,x is ma9ta9$1 t ! commons5se sy/em1 re/+ z x does on implant$ pr9ciples common to all m9ds1 is evolv$ & held v mu* 9 proportion to ! developm5t ( ! reason+ p[]s & ! moral s5se4 ,t "p ( ?is sy/em :i* relates to man's duties & be/ int]e/s 9 ?is life1 )\t ref]5ce to a future /ate1 has be5 m h>moni\sly evolv$ by ! wise & good ( all ages & nations ?an any o!r4 ,?us1 9 ! tea*+s ( ,confucius1 ,zoroa/]1 ,gaudama1 ,solon1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,s5eca1 & ! ,anton9es1 :o are among ! *ief hea!n sages1 we c f9d ne>ly all ! moral duties ( man1 to himself & to 8 fell[man1 :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! ,bible4 ,x is true t !re are div]sities & defici5cies 9 all2 b a l>ge body ( pure morality c\ld be made up f _! unit$ tea*+s4 ,! acc\nt giv5 ( ! sy/em ( ,boodhism 9 a previ\s *apt] is "o illu/ration ( ?is fact4 ,b1 :ile x is comp>atively easy = ! good & wise hea!n to reason out :at is be/ = man 9 ?is life1 z taught by exp]i5ce1 ! gr& failure is 9 motives :i* w secure ob$i5ce to ! rules ( virtue4 8,we see ! "r & yet ! wrong pursue10 has be5 ! univ]sal lam5t ( humanity4 ,! "* ( ! ,creator1 z 8! ,"l1 ! ,"l ,god1 m]ciful & graci\s1 sl[ unto ang]1 ( great k9dness20 8:o do? n will+ly afflict or grieve ! *ildr5 ( m520 :o 8l z a fa!r pitie? 8 *ildr520 :o is 8a fa!r ( ! fa!rless & a judge ( ! wid[20 8a ,god )\t iniquity1 j & "r20 8a judge ( ! fa!rless & ! poor20 :o 8%all judge ! _w ) righte\sness20 8a righte\s ,god1 :o trie? ! he>t & ! re9s20 :o 8w reg>d ! pray] ( ! de/itute20 :o 8kn[e? ! wants ( ! he>t20 8:o kn[e? our d[nsitt+ & upris+1 & is acqua9t$ ) all our ways20 :o is 8a righte\s ,"l :o love? righte\sness20 8^: judgm5ts are all "r20 ^: 8^w is "r20 ^: 8^w is tru? f ! beg9n+20 :o is 8pl5te\s 9 m]cy & tru?20 su* a "* z ?is1 z x is record$ 9 ! ,jewi% sacr$ books1 0 nev] evolv$ or set =? by ! wise/ & be/ sages ( all ! e>?1 unaid$ by ^! writ+s4 ,t su* a ,be+ reg>ds our race ) longsuff]+ compassion1 & came himself to e>?1 by 8 tea*+s1 example & selfsacrific+ love1 to save u f s91 ?is 0 nev] ev5 imag9$ by any ( ! hea!n sages ( e>?4 ,! p[] ( motive1 secur$ by a belief 9 ! omnipres5ce1 sympa?y & love ( su* a ,god1 nev] 0 atta9$ by ! unaid$ reason+ ( any human be+4 ,! fact t ! s\l survives ! dissolution ( ! body1 & t ! good g :]e !y are happy1 & ! wick$ :]e !y are puni%$1 has be5 m or less cle>ly evolv$ by ! hea!n _w4 ,9 "s nations1 z = example ! foll[]s ( ,boodhism1 ?is doctr9e is q def9ite & di/9ct1 b ) mo/ hea!n nations all _! notions on ?is subject are dim1 %ad[y & unpractical4 ,x is ^? nations alone1 :o h _h access to ! ,bible1 :o h ev] atta9$ ! p[]ful motives :i* are f\nd 9 ! sy/em ( common s5se4 ,& yet1 z has be5 %[n1 ^! influ5ces h be51 to a great ext5t1 nullifi$ by a contradictory sy/em4 ,x is claim$1 t ! sy/em ( common s5se is ! "o on :i* ! revelations ( ! ,creator1 conta9$ 9 ! ,bible1 are f\nd$4 ,?is be+ s1 ^? :o are mo/ develop$ 9 _! reason+ p[]s1 & :o also yield ! mo/ rev]5ce to ! ,bible1 are ^? :o are mo/ p[]fully protect$ aga9/ ! p]nici\s t5d5cies ( ! antagoni/ic sy/em ( ,augu/9e4 ,?us1 a sy/em :i* is antagoni/ic to reason & common s5se1 has1 by ecclesia/ical au?ority & p]v]sion1 be5 fa/5$ mo/ firmly on t class ( m9ds :o br+ all _! cultivat$ p[]s to its def5se1 :ile at ! same "t ! v cultivation ( ^! p[]s1 & _! rev]5ce = ! ,bible1 t5d to ! de/ruction ( ! same sy/em4 ,we consequ5tly f9d ! /ronge/ def5d]s1 & ! /ronge/ antagoni/s ( ! ,augu/9ian sy/em1 9 ^? sects :o 7 educat$ )9 its entr5*m5ts4 ,if common s5se & ! ,bible are to conqu] ?is false sy/em1 x mu/ be done by ^? ^: common s5se & rev]5ce = ! ,bible are mo/ effective & mo/ prom95t4 ,& yet ?is class ( p]sons are ! ones1 :o w\ld ! mo/ vigor\sly apply _! en]gies 9 ! def5se ( a sy/em 9 :i* !y h be5 tra9$ f infancy1 & :i* is su/a9$ by all ! p[] ( public s5tim5t1 & *ur* organization4 ,?is be+ premis$1 ! t5d5cies ( ! two antagoni/ic sy/ems w n[ be set =?4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,sy/ems ,,z ,,!y ,,respect ,,! ,,cultivation ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,& ,,intellectual ,,p[]s4 ,! sy/em ( common s5se re/s on ! assumption t !re are pr9ciples ( "r & wrong f\nd$ on ! et]nal nature ( ?+s1 exi/+ indep5d5tly ( ! w ( ! ,creator 9 8 own et]nal m9d1 & by :i* 8 "* & conduct may be judg$4 ,! human m9d is con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) ^! pr9ciples1 z ! embryo image ( ! ,et]nal ,creator4 ,by ! aid ( ^! pr9ciples1 we discov] ! design & "* ( ,god 9 ! nature ( 8 works1 & c p]ceive :at is "r or wrong 9 moral action z t5d+ to fulfill or oppose ?is design4 ,?us we are enabl$ to und]/& & to adore ! rectitude1 wisdom & goodness ( our ,creator1 z manife/$ ei!r 9 8 works or 9 m direct revelations f him4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 all volunt>y action is "r :i* produces happ9ess )\t violat+ ! laws ( ,god4 ,?us e p]son :o is mak+ self or o!rs happy 9 ! be/ way1 guid$ by ! tea*+s ( exp]i5ce or by revelations f ,god1 is fulfill+ ! great design ( our ,mak]1 & ?us pleas+ him by promot+ 8 *ief desire4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,augu/9ian sy/em assumes t ! human m9d1 be+ totally deprav$1 is entirely disqualifi$ to judge ( ! "* & ways ( ,god4 ,nay m1 x assumes t !re is no /&>d ( "r & wrong by :i* we c judge ( ! rectitude ( ! ways ( ,god4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! fact t ,god wills a ?+ is :at makes x "r2 s t any ?+ is "r if ,god does x1 & true if he says x1 h[ev] contr>y x may be to our moral nature & common s5se4 ,9 ! tea*+s ( moral sci5ce1 f\nd$ on ?is !ory1 x is ma9ta9$ t ,god has =m$ our m9ds to feel c]ta9 emotions ( approval or disapproval 9 view ( c]ta9 relations & actions1 :i* are "r or wrong only z agree+ or disagree+ ) 8 w4 ,b z ! m9d ( man is deprav$1 ?is con/itution is no c]ta9 guide1 & we are dep5d5t on direct revelations f ,god to tea* u :at is 9 agreem5t ) 8 w4 ,yet "h aga9 we are at fault2 = su* is our depravity t we are disqualifi$ to int]pret ^! revelations1 except z we are reg5]at$ by ,god4 ,accord+ly1 man has no means ( judg+ ( ! designs or "* ( 8 ,mak]--nor1 :ile unreg5]ate1 z mo/ ( our race are & h be51 has he any sure means ( discov]+ ! w ( ,god1 ei!r by reason or revelation1 sav+ z he may f9d infallible prie/ly int]pret]s4 ,t5d5cies ( ! ,two ,sy/ems 9 ,reg>d to ! ,cultivation ( ! ,reason+ ,p[]s & ,moral ,s5se4 ,! commons5se sy/em1 re/+ on ! assumption t happ9essmak+1 accord+ to ! laws ( ,god1 is ! *ief end ( man1 naturally leads to ! developm5t ( ! intellect & reason 9 ord] to discov] ^! laws1 & to ! devotion ( all our p[]s to happ9essmak+1 accord+ to ^! laws4 ,?is be+ s1 e ?+ t t5ds to make enjoym5t & dim9i% evil )\t violat+ law1 is valu$ z good & "r4 ,all noble1 g5]\s1 selfsacrific+ & honorable s5tim5ts & acts are reg>d$ z "r1 pleas+ to ! ,fa!r ( all1 & t5d+ equally to promote ! be/ good ( ourselves & ( all our fell[be+s4 ,9 ?is light we become "o ) ! ,fa!r & ) all good be+s j s f> z we obey all ! physical1 social & moral laws ( our ,creator1 & ?us con=m to 8 w1 & add to 8 happ9ess4 ,?us ! direct t5d5cy ( ?is sy/em is to promote an e>ne/ desire1 fir/ to discov] all t is true & "r1 & !n to foll[ x4 ,& su* ef=ts naturally t5d bo? to develop our highe/ p[]s1 & to br+ ! m9d into h>mony & communion ) ! ,fa!r ( our spirits4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,augu/9ian sy/em1 re/+ on ! assumption t all ! plans & ways ( ,god are a my/]y beyond our compreh5sion2 t man1 by nature1 has no p[] to und]/& :at is "r or wrong 9 ,god's disp5sations2 t :at we call goodness & virtue 9 unreg5]ate m9ds is n s 9 ,god's sight2 t e act ( e unr5ew$ m9d is s91 & only s92 t until reg5]at$ we nev] d any ?+ to move ,god to recreate our ru9$ nature2 all ?is 9 its t5d5cy leads to recklessness1 hopelessness & neglect ( all virtu\s ef=ts1 z useless 9 reg>d to our highe/ int]e/s4 ,z be=e intimat$1 ^! t5d5cies are m or less c\nt]act$ by ! tea*+s ( common s5se & ! ,bible4 ,/ill1 su* t5d5cies mu/ always be1 m or less1 effective & disa/r\s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,sy/ems ,,9 ,,respect ,,to ,,individual ,,religi\s ,,exp]i5ce4 ,! ,augu/9ian sy/em1 assum+ t true p]sonal religion consi/s 9 ! ex]cises ( 8a new nature10 t5ds to introv]t$ m5tal ef=ts1 9 ord] to discov] :e!r ! signs ( su* a nature exi/ 9 ourselves4 ,z1 on ?is !ory1 x is c]ta9 t man w d no?+ to *ange 8 fall5 nature until ! ,_s ( ,god is giv5 to aid1 ! great att5tion & ef=t mu/ be direct$ to ^? me?ods1 :i* 8! *ur*0 decides1 or exp]i5ce has prov$1 to be connect$ ) ! be/[al ( ?is spiritual gift4 ,n kn[+ cle>ly :at ! deprav$ nature is1 :i* is to be *ang$1 nor ! c]ta9 signs ( its exi/5ce or recreation1 nor any c]ta9 mode ( secur+ ! desir$ *ange1 !re is a p]plex+ v>iety ( vague in/ructions z to 8:at we mu/ d to be sav$80 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is1 ! foll[+ f an article by ! editor ( ! ,me?odi/ ,qu>t]ly1 %[s h[ ,wesley & 8 foll[]s in/ruct on ?is subject3 8,i h cont9ually te/ifi$1 9 private & 9 public10 says ,wesley1 8t we are sanctifi$ z well z ju/ifi$ by fai?40 ,?is be+ fir/ /at$1 ! great "q foll[s1 :at is t fai? by :i* we are ju/ifi$ & sanctifi$8 ,! answ] is ?is3 8,x is a div9e evid5ce & conviction1 fir/ t ,god ha? promis$ x 9 ! holy ,scriptures2 secondly1 t :at ,god ha? promis$ he is able to p]=m2 ?irdly1 t he is able & will+ to d x n[4 ,to ?is1 is to be add$ "o ?+ m3 a div9e conviction t he doe? x4 ,9 t h\r x is done407#ah7 ,t is1 9 ord] to be ju/ifi$ & sanctifi$ we mu/ h a div9e evid5ce & conviction t ,god is able & will+1 & actually does n[ give ! ju/ification & sanctification we seek4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ord] to ga9 :at we seek we mu/ believe t we h ga9$ x4 ,9 ord] to get a bless+ we mu/ believe t we possess x4 ,?us x is1 t "o ( ! l>ge/ sects ( our c\ntry is in/ruct$ by its f\nd] & 8 mo/ intellig5t & le>n$ foll[]s1 z to ! way ( salvation f ev]la/+ & inconceivable mis]y4 ,x w be rememb]$1 t ?is class ( div9es tea* t ! depravity ( man's m9d consi/s 9 ! deprivation ( ,god's ,_s1 :i* is )held f all ! desc5dants ( ,adam on acc\nt ( 8 s94 ,! foll[+ pres5ts ! mode ( in/ruction 9 :i* ! au?or 0 educat$4 ,x is conta9$ 9 a lett] f ,dr4 ,nettleton1 a celebrat$ revival prea*]1 :o (t5 resid$ ) ! au?or's fa!r dur+ revivals 9 :i* !y 7 colabor]s4 ,?is lett] 0 writt5 to oppose ! views ( ! ,new ,hav5 div9es1 :o ma9ta9$ t1 al?\gh 9 consequ5ce ( ,adam's s91 !re is a t5d5cy or bias to evil s p[]ful z to insure 8s91 & only s90 till reg5]ation occurs1 yet t ! act ( reg5]ation consi/s 9 a *oice or purpose on ! "p ( man himself4 ,9 ref]5ce to ^! views ( ,dr4 ,taylor & o!rs1 ,dr4 ,nettleton says3 8,!y adopt a new !ory ( reg5]ation4 ,x has be5 said by "s t reg5]ation consi/s 9 remov+ ?is s9ful bias1 :i* is ant]ior to actual volition2 ?is !y d5y4 ,b :e!r we call ?is prop5sity s9ful or n1 all or?odox div9es :o h admitt$ its exi/5ce h1 ,i believe1 unit$ 9 ! op9ion t reg5]ation does consi/ 9 remov+ x10 :i* ! ,new ,hav5 div9es d5y+1 !y are exclud$ f ! 8or?odox0 ranks1 9 ! view ( ,dr4 ,n4 ,he cont9ues ?us3 8,no s9n] ev] did or ev] w make a holy *oice prior to an incl9ation1 bias or t5d5cy to hol9ess4 8,on ! :ole _! i4e41 ! ,new ,hav5 div9es views ( depravity1 ( reg5]ation & ( ! mode ( prea*+ to s9n]s c n fail1 ,i ?9k1 ( do+ v great mis*ief4 ,?is exhibition i4e41 t reg5]ation consi/s 9 man's *oice ov]looks ! mo/ al>m+ feature ( human depravity & ! v ess5ce ( exp]im5tal religion4 ,x is directly calculat$ to prev5t s9n]s f com+ "u conviction ( s944440 8,! progress ( conviction ord9>ily is z foll[s3 ,tr\ble & al>m fir/1 on acc\nt ( outw>d s9s2 secondly1 on acc\nt ( h>dness ( he>t1 deadness & ins5sibility to div9e ?+s1--t5d5cy1 bias1 pron5ess or prop5sity to s91 bo? inf]r$ & felt2 & ?is ! convict$ s9n] always reg>ds1 n m]ely z calamit\s1 b z awfully crim9al 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,& ! s9n] utt]ly despairs ( salvation )\t a *ange 9 ?is prop5sity to s94 ,& :ile he feels ?is prop5sity to be ?us crim9al1 he is fully aw>e t if ,god1 by a sov]eign act ( 8 grace1 does n int]pose to remove or *ange x1 he %all nev] give 8 he>t to ,god1 nor make "o holy *oice40 ,! great po9t taught by ,dr4 ,nettleton & 8 associates 01 t man has a deprav$ nature consi/+ 9 a bias or prop5sity to s91 consequ5t on ,adam's s91 = :i* we are 8awfully crim9al 9 ! sight ( ,god10 & :i* man himself w nev] rem$y2 t reg5]ation consi/s 9 ! *ange ( ?is bias by ,god1 & t until ,god does make ?is *ange man w 8nev] give 8 he>t to ,god nor make "o holy *oice40 ,& yet 8 s]mons1 z ! writ] he>d !m mon? aft] mon?1 ab\nd$ 9 pung5t addresses to s9n]s1 comm&+ !m 9 ,god's "n to 8give _! he>ts to ,god10 & ma9ta9+ t _! inability to d s 0 ow+ to _! own fault & unwill+ness to d s4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,new ,hav5 div9es1 9 ! same pulpit1 7 urg+ _! views1 %[+ t reg5]ation consi/$ 9 8*oos+ ,god & 8 s]vice20 t man 0 fully able to d ?is1 & yet t ow+ to 8 deprav$ nature1 he nev] w\ld d x1 until t nature 0 9 "s way *ang$ by ,god4 ,meantime1 on _! view also1 e volunt>y act1 previ\s to reg5]ation1 0 8s91 & only s940 ,nor _h ,god po9t$ out any sure mode ( obta9+ f him ! gift ( reg5]at+ grace4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 urg$ t ! results ( exp]i5ce prov$ t reg5]ation1 ?\gh n promis$ to unreg5]ate do+s1 is1 z a matt] ( fact1 be/[$ m frequ5tly on ^? :o use 8! means ( grace10 su* z pray]1 read+ ! ,bible & frequ5t+ religi\s meet+s1 ?an on ^? :o d n4 ,! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,new ,hav5 !ologians & _! oppon5ts1 seem$ to be1 t ! =m] taught t reg5]ation 0 ! act ( man himself 9 *oos+ ,god's s]vice2 :ile ,dr4 ,nettleton & 8 associates taught t x consi/$ 9 ! *ange ( man's nature by ,god1 & n 9 :at 0 done by man himself4 ,! ,new ,hav5 !ologians h be5 m def9ite 9 _! attempts to expla9 ! exact nature ( reg5]ation ?an any o!r class4 ,!y all agree1 h[ev]1 t man nev] w1 9 any case1 become reg5]at$ until ,god 9 "s measure rectifies ! injury done to human nature by ,adam's s92 t ,god po9ts out no def9ite way to secure ?is aid2 & t previ\s to reg5]ation e moral act ( man is 8s91 & only s940 ,z to ! signs or evid5ce ( reg5]ation1 ^? :o tea* t man's depravity consi/s 9 ! deprivation ( ,god's ,_s1 on acc\nt ( ,adam's s91 (t5 lead to ! expectation ( "s sudd5 8light & joy10 z ! fir/ evid5ce ( reg5]ation4 ,su*1 also1 foll[ ,wesley's direction1 & try to believe t !y are ju/ifi$ & sanctifi$1 9 ord] to become s4 ,o!rs po9t out c]ta9 emotions t[>d ,god or t[>d ,jesus ,*ri/ z ! pro( ( ! comm5cem5t ( a new nature4 ,"s div9es lead to ! impression t ! new nature consi/s 9 a my/]i\s indwell+ ( ,god 9 ! s\l1 or a union ( our nature to 81 s t :5 x takes place1 !re is a natural outfl[+ ( good feel+s & good works1 z !re 0 ( evil be=e ?is union4 ,b !y po9t out no intelligible way ( ga9+ ?is union4 ,! ,ca?olic *ur* tea*es t reg5]ation is conf]r$ by ! rite ( baptism1 & t ?us a se$ or "s my/]i\s pr9ciple is implant$1 :i* is develop$ by use ( ! =ms & rites ( 8! *ur*10 & exhibit$ 9 8good works40 ,! ,episcopal *ur*es1 m or less1 reta9 ?is view 9 ! tea*+s ( _! cl]gy4 8,sav+ fai?10 or ! 8fai? :i* ju/ifies10 is describ$ by religi\s tea*]s ) mo/ s+ul> & inconsi/5t =ms ( expression4 ,if any p]son w make a collection ( ! v>i\s div]se explanations ( ?is indisp5sable requisite to et]nal life1 x w\ld prove a mo/ m\rnful illu/ration ( vague tea*+s 9 reply to ! great "q1 8,:at mu/ we d to be sav$80 ,! foll[+ extract 0 prep>$ by a v intellig5t !ological /ud5t at ! reque/ ( ! au?or1 9 ref]5ce to ! great "q1 8,:at mu/ we d to be sav$80 z set =? 9 a rec5t "w1 highly recomm5d$ = its cle> & practical views on ?is great matt]4 ,?is "w1 entitl$ 8,! ,high] ,*ri/ian ,life10 exhibits n only ! au?or's views ( :at reg5]ation consi/s 91 b 8 views ( ano!r subject t has greatly int]e/$ _m m9ds 9 ! religi\s _w1 "u ! "n ( ,*ri/ian ,p]fection3 8,i h exam9$1 z y reque/$1 ! book entitl$ #8,! ,high] ,*ri/ian ,life1' ) a view ( ga9+ ! au?or's def9ition ( #8conv]sion1' or #8reg5]ation1' & 8 directions = secur+ x1 & also 8 idea ( :at ! #8second conv]sion' consi/s 94 ,8 view ( ! fir/ conv]sion1 or reg5]ation1 is ! g5]ally ent]ta9$ "o1 i4e41 x is ! p>don ( our s9s4 ,?is p>don is in/antane\s & entire4 ,! mom5t a s\l believes 9 ,*ri/1 & accepts 8 atonem5t1 t mom5t x exp]i5ces a complete s5se ( p>don$ s94 8,lu!r exp]i5c$ ?is :51 aft] fa/+1 & wat*+1 & /ruggl+ "u ! weight ( s9s un=giv5 _h br\ght him to ! br9k ( ! grave1 ^! words 7 br\ght home to 8 m9d1 #8,i believe 9 ! =giv5ess ( s9s4' ,f t mom5t #8joy fill$ 8 s\l1 & he arose quickly f ! dep?s ( despair & ! b$ ( sickness4' 8,second conv]sion is ! cleans+ f s91 :i* ! au?or says #8is a "w ( indef9ite l5g?1' & 9 ?is p>ticul> alone diff]s f ! fir/ conv]sion4 8,b1 9 ! examples cit$ by him1 ! exp]i5ce ( ?is second conv]sion has be5 z in/antane\s z ! fir/4 ,lu!r1 climb+ ,pilate's /aircase on 8 h&s & knees1 = ! purpose ( ga9+ hol9ess1 0 br\ght to 8 feet by ! tru?1 #8,! j %all live by fai?4' #8,!n1' ,lu!r says1 #8,i felt myself born aga94 ,z a new man ,i ent]$ by an op5 door into ! v ,p>adise ( ,god4' 8,s 9 all ! o!r examples ( ?is au?or1 ! appreh5sion ( ,*ri/ z ! way1 is in/antane\s2 & yet he says #8! "w ( ,*ri/ rema9s yet to be done 9 ! future4' ,9 ?is po9t only does x diff] f ! fir/ conv]sion1 t x is n all done 9 an in/ant1 al?\gh1 z ,i h said be=e1 8 examples all make ! impression t 9 bo? cases ! "w is in/antane\s40 ,?is extract is n giv5 z a correct exhibition ( ! views ( ?is au?or1 = x may n d him ju/ice4 ,x is giv5 to %[ h[ vague & indef9ite are ! tea*+s ( religi\s writ]s & prea*]s on ?is subject4 ,"h is a book recomm5d$ = its cle> views by ! highe/ class ( m9ds4 ,x is read & reread by an intellig5t1 welleducat$ "y man1 :o is /udy+ !ology 9 "o ( our fir/ sem9>ies4 ,he !n gives ?is au?or's view ( reg5]ation1 z t :i* he supposes to be conta9$ 9 t book1 & also z 8! "o g5]ally ent]ta9$40 ,& :at is ?is answ] to ! great "q1 8,:at mu/ we d to be sav$80--a "q on :i* ! happ9ess ( endless ages is susp5d$4 ,x is ! p>don ( s91 :i* 8is in/antane\s & entire40 ,?is is some?+ :i* ,god does1 & ?is1 z x w\ld seem1 is reg5]ation4 ,next x is /at$ t 8! mom5t a s\l believes 9 ,*ri/ & accepts 8 atonem5t1 t mom5t x exp]i5ces a complete s5se ( p>don$ s940 ,"h "o mu/ ask1 8:at is signifi$ by believ+ 9 ,*ri/ & accept+ 8 atonem5t8 ,is ?is also reg5]ation1 & if s1 does x consi/ 9 ! intellectual ass5t to ! proposition t ,*ri/ z ,god suff]$ & di$1 & by ?is act secur$ ! p>don ( our s980 ,!re is no?+ giv5 to decide ^! qu]ies4 ,next1 x is /at$ t ?is act ( fai? is foll[$ by 8a complete s5se ( p>don$ s940 ,is ?is reg5]ation1 or is x a "p ( x8 ,!re is no?+ giv5 to decide ?is "q4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! "y man1 totally fail$ 9 8 ef=ts to secure any cle> & def9ite conceptions ( ! au?or's mean+1 exactly z has be5 ! case ) ! writ] h]self1 = :om ! above extract 0 prep>$4 ,x has be5 ! privilege ( ! writ]1 (t5 to li/5 to ! prea*+ ( ,dr4 ,bu%nell1 "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( all our religi\s tea*]s4 ,on "o su* occasion dur+ ! pres5t season1 ! object ( 8 s]mon seem$ to be to tea* :at 0 t true k ( ,god1 :i* he urg$ on 8 he>]s4 ,he /at$ t x 0 n m]ely an intellectual appreh5sion ( 8 "* & de$s1 b some?+ :i* e s\l mu/ ga9 9 ord] to secure et]nal life1 some?+1 z x seem$1 :i* he deem$ reg5]ation4 ,he f9ally enunciat$ ?is1 :i* seem$ to be 8 idea ( ?is indisp5sable exp]i5ce3 8,x is ! return ( ,god into ! human s\l40 ,9 enl>g+ on ?is1 he describ$ some?+ :i* 0 s vague & indef9ite z to make x useless to attempt to /ate ! impression made4 ,aft]w>d1 aid 0 s\ght f "o ( ! prea*]'s con/ant & mo/ intellig5t he>]s4 8,does ,dr4 ,bu%nell believe 9 a prexi/5t /ate1 :5 ,god1 9 ! mann] set =?1 0 9 ! s\l ( ea* human be+8 ,if n1 :at does he mean by a #8return ( ,god into ! s\l8' 0 ,aft] "s discussion1 ?is intellig5t p>i%ion] conclud$ t 8 mean+ probably 01 t :5 we desire & int5d :olly to submit our wills to t ( ,god1 & to be guid$ :olly by him1 we become 9 ?is respect "o ) ,god4 ,& ?is is :at is meant by ,god's return into ! s\l4 ,at :at previ\s "t ?is /ate ( union 0 exp]i5c$1 & !n lo/1 s t reg5]ation is its 8return10 seem$ to rema91 z x respects in=mation to be ga9$ f p>i%ion]s1 a matt] ( hopeless speculation4 ,9 a family ( :om eight are m9i/]s ( religion1 & sev]al are !ological pr(essors1 ! "o :o has seem$ mo/ fully to agree ) ! writ] 9 expla9+ ! nature ( reg5]ation1 is ! ,/> contributor to ! ,indep5d5t4 ,x has be5 %[n t ,phr5ology is antagoni/ic to ! ,augu/9ian !ory ( implant$ evil prop5sities1 by tea*+ t e faculty1 :5 develop$ & regulat$ aright1 t5ds to ! be/ good ( ! race1 s t ! ext9ction ( any faculty or prop5sity w\ld n be an improvem5t1 b r an injury to ! con/itution ( m9d4 ,9 reg>d to ?is bro!r1 "h ref]r$ to1 ! sy/em ( ,phr5ology 0 embrac$ by him be=e 8 !ological education 0 comm5c$1 & 0 nev] rel9qui%$4 ,9 consequ5ce1 8 mode ( expla9+ ! nature ( reg5]ation has be5 div]se f mo/ accept$ me?ods ( !ological s*ools4 ,& yet1 :5 ! writ]1 appli$ bo? to 8 publi%$ articles & to "s ( 8 mo/ intellig5t1 regul> he>]s1 to asc]ta9 if ! commons5se view ( reg5]ation1 z "h /at$1 0 9 p]fect agreem5t ) h] bro!r's views1 x seem$ difficult to decide4 ,9 read+ "s ( ! ,/> ,pap]s1 ! commons5se view ( reg5]ation is cle> & unmi/akable2 9 o!rs1 !re are /atem5ts z to ! di/9ctive nature ( ,*ri/ian "*1 :i* seem to be bo? additional & div]se4 ,! result is1 an unc]ta9ty z to ! exact idea ( :at reg5]ation consi/s 91 z taught by ?is bro!r47#ai7 ,! editors ( ! ,indep5d5t quote ! foll[+ s5t5ce f ,common ,s5se ,appli$ to ,religion1 or ! ,bible & ! ,p1 z a /atem5t ( 8! doctr9e ( ! new bir?10 :i* is 8n mat]ially diff]5t0 f t held by 8! fa!rs & mo!rs ( ,new ,engl& = eight successive g5]ations30 8,! #8second bir?' is ! sudd5 or ! gradual entrance into a life1 9 :i* ! w ( ! ,creator is to control ! selfw ( ! creature1 :ile "u ! influ5ce ( love & gratitude to him1 & guid$ by #8fai?' 9 8 tea*+s1 liv+ *iefly = ! great commonweal? takes ! place ( liv+ *iefly = self4 ,= ?is1 ! sup]natural aid ( ! ,holy ,_s is promis$ to all :o seek x1 & )\t ?is aid1 success is hopeless4 ,b ! gr& in/rum5tality is "r tra9+ by p>5ts & tea*]s40 7,common ,s5se1 etc41 p4 #ccc47 ,let ?is /atem5t1 by ! ,indep5d5t1 ( :at ! new bir? consi/s 91 z held by ! fa!rs & mo!rs ( ,new ,engl&1 be comp>$ ) ! prec$+ acc\nt ( 8conv]sion10 giv5 by a "y !ologian1 born 9 ,connecticut1 & educat$ at ,yale ,college1 z ! 8g5]ally ent]ta9$ "o10 & ! case is r5d]$ increas+ly difficult & p]plex+4 ,9 ! view ( ! au?or1 all !ologians d s f> hold ! common s5se !ory ( reg5]ation1 t :5 !y f9d a p]son ^: w seems to be entirely subject$ to ! w ( ,god1 :ile 8"u ! influ5ce ( love & gratitude to ,him1 & guid$ by fai? 9 8 tea*+s1 liv+ *iefly = ! great commonweal? takes ! place ( liv+ *iefly = self0--su* a p]son is reg>d$ by !m z reg5]at$4 ,at ! same "t1 b\nd by ! ,augu/9e sy/em1 !y give o!r views ( ! nature ( reg5]ation1 :i* are vague & conflict+1 z has be5 illu/rat$ 9 ! prec$+ pages47#bj7 ,f all ?is results endless anxiety1 d\bt & di/ress1 9 consci5ti\s m9ds1 f unc]ta9ty :e!r _! deprav$ nature has be5 *ang$1 & f p]plexity 9 view ( ! multif>i\s modes ( tea*+ 9 reg>d to ! nature & signs ( reg5]ation4 ,f ?is1 too1 results false confid5ce & indiff]5ce to "r & wrong conduct1 9 ^? :o imag9e !y discov] 9 !mselves ! signs ( a reg5]at$ nature1 :i* w1 z !y are l$ to believe1 secure heav5 )\t ref]5ce to ! am\nt ( good or evil de$s4 ,?is same inc]titude z to :at reg5]ation is1 has also t5d$ to induce ! fanaticism1 extravagance & absurdities (t5 connect$ ) religi\s excitem5ts4 ,! idea t !re is to be "s my/]i\s *ange 9 ! s\l by ! gift ( ,god's ,_s2 t ?is is to be ga9$ by pray]2 t ! evid5ce ( ?is *ange is to be f\nd 9 sudd5 & great m5tal agitation2 toge!r ) ! belief t an et]nity ( mis]y or bliss is dep5d+ on su* a *ange2 & t dea? is ! end ( all hope--all ?is t5ds to great extremes ( di/ress & excitem5t4 ,t5d5cies ( ! ,common,s5se ,sy/em4 ,9 contra/ to ^! t5d5cies ( ! ,augu/9ian sy/em1 9 reg>d to individual religi\s exp]i5ce1 we notice ^? ( ! commons5se sy/em4 ,accord+ to ! latt]1 ! fir/ bir? br+s man into exi/5ce z an undevelop$ be+1 ) p]fect & wond]ful capacities ( k1 enjoym5t & selfcontrol4 ,! fir/ p]iod ( exi/5ce is necess>ily a p]iod ( exp]im5t+1 9 :i* m9d is dep5d5t on o!rs = mo/ ( ! k indisp5sable to "r action1 & also = ! tra9+ ( ! physical1 social & moral habits4 ,x is impossible to *oose aright1 intellig5tly1 until a *ild le>ns :at is "r1 & ?is is a sl[ & gradual process4 ,9 "s cases1 by a c>eful tra9+1 e>ly virtu\s pr9ciples & habits may be s induc$1 t !re c n be any m>k$ p]iod 9 :i* ! m9d comes "u ! control ( a rul+ purpose to obey all ! rules ( rectitude z disclos$ by reason & exp]i5ce1 or by revelations f ,god4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! *ild may gr[ up to manhood entirely unregulat$ by any su* purpose1 :ile selfgratification1 unre/ra9$ by rules1 is ! p]petual aim4 ,9 su* cases1 a sudd5 *ange1 9 :i* ! man =ms & c>ries out a rul+ purpose to act righte\sly & virtu\sly1 9 all 8 relations to man1 to ,god & to himself1 may take place4 ,?is *ange1 9 ! language ( common life1 w\ld be express$ ?us3 8,! man has begun a new life2 he is a new creature40 ,& by a figurative use ( language1 ! *ange might be call$ 8a new bir?10 or1 9 !ological language1 8reg5]ation40 ,9 su* a case1 ! *ief desire or rul+ passion w\ld be1 to discov] & to obey all ! physical1 social & moral laws ( ! ,creator1 z !y are taught by reason & exp]i5ce1 or by revelations f ,god4 ,su* an exp]i5ce w\ld be prop]ly express$ by ! t]ms1 fai? 9 ,god1 love to ,god1 rep5tance t[>d ,god1 z ^! t]ms are us$ by m5 9 common life4 ,?us 8reg5]ation10 accord+ to ! commons5se sy/em1 becomes an intelligible1 rational & practical matt]4 ,9 case ( a revelation f ,god by a prophet or mess5g]1 confid5ce 91 & ob$i5ce to1 ! tea*+s ( t mess5g]1 w\ld be practical or sav+ fai?1 bo? 9 ,god & 9 8 mess5g] also4 ,?us1 if ,*ri/ is prov$ to be a mess5g] f ,god by miracles1 :oev] practically believes 9 ,*ri/1 believes 9 ,god also4 ,& j s f> z a man und]/&s ,*ri/'s tea*+s aright1 & purposes to obey him1 & c>ries out ?is purpose1 j s f> he has fai?1 & love1 & rep5tance t[>d ,god & t[>d ,*ri/4 ,& z m5 are nam$ by ! "n ( ^? !y obey1 e man is a true ,*ri/ian j s f> z he und]/&s ,*ri/'s tea*+s aright & obeys !m4 ,9 ?is view ( ! case1 ! true 8signs ( reg5]ation0 w\ld be ea* p]son's consci\sness ( ! great end & purpose ( 8 life1 & ! fruits or results ( ?is purpose 9 an habitual ob$i5ce to ! physical1 social & moral laws ( ,god1 z le>n$ by reason1 exp]i5ce & revelation4 ,?us ! answ] to ! great "q ( life becomes cle>1 h>moni\s & practical1 furni%+ ! means = e p]son to judge ( 8 own "* & prospects4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,sy/ems ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,god4 ,x has be5 %[n 7*apt] #bd7 t emotive love1 9 view ( noble & int]e/+ traits ( "*1 af=ds a mo/ p[]ful motive 9 secur+ volunt>y love or good will+ accord+ to ! laws ( ,god4 ,?is is ! gr& reason :y x is s important t all 8 creatures %\ld reg>d _! ,creator1 ^: laws !y mu/ obey1 z p]fect 9 e noble & lovable quality4 ,?is w\ld r5d] x easy & delightful to obey 8 w4 ,! pr9ciple ( gratitude is ! /ronge/ 9 our nature1 9 call+ =? desires to please ano!r4 ,?is r5d]s x s important t we %\ld reg>d our ,mak]1 n only z noble & lovely1 b z ! disp5s] ( innum]able & con/ant favors to ourselves & to ^? :om we love4 ,! highe/ emotions ( love & gratitude are evok$ :5 a noble & lovely b5efactor condesc5ds to humiliation1 suff]+1 & ev5 to dea? to rescue f great calamity4 ,& ! great] ! dang] & suff]+ f :i* ?is goodness rescues1 ! /rong] ! gratitude & ! desire to please ! b5efactor4 ,9 ?is view we c conceive ( no way 9 :i* our ,creator c\ld s p[]fully influ5ce 8 creatures to virtu\s selfsacrifice = ! g5]al good 9 ob$i5ce to 8 laws1 z by su* an exhibition on 8 "p4 ,x has be5 %[n ,*apt] #bh t by ! light ( reason & exp]i5ce alone1 we inf] t our race are expos$ to dreadful risk & dang] ( evils1 :i* to "s w prove int]m9able4 ,if1 !n1 x c be made to appe> t our ,creator has submitt$ to great humiliation & suff]+ to rescue u1 & t 8 *ief desire is t 8 creatures %\ld obey 8 b5efic5t laws1 ! /ronge/ conceivable motives w\ld be secur$ to lead to glad ob$i5ce to ! rules ( virtue4 ,& hav+ %[n t ! *ief end ( our ,creator is to d all 9 8 p[] to make ! mo/ possible happ9ess1 we %\ld inf] t he _h made or w\ld make su* a manife/ation ( 8 "* to 8 creatures4 ,& 7 ?is reveal$ to u z done1 su* a revelation w\ld prop]ly be call$ 8glad tid+s10 z t :i* 0 be/ fitt$ to save m5 f s9 & suff]+4 ,accord+ to ! sy/em ( common s5se1 our ,creator is pres5t$ z ! ,almighty ,fa!r1 :o =ms ea* f9ite m9d an embryo image ( 8 own all p]fect m9d1 ) ! great design ( mak+ all ! happ9ess possible4 ,al?\gh ! highe/ happ9ess ( ea* & ( all1 dep5ds on ! p]fect action ( e m9d1 su* action is n possible 9 ! nature ( ?+s except z a k ( 8 laws & ( ! motives to secure ob$i5ce are made kn[n by f9ite educators1 :o mu/ fir/ be tra9$ !mselves by a long & sl[ process4 ,?us e m9d is dep5d5t = its f9al success 9 atta9+ p]fect ob$i5ce to law1 & = p]fect$ happ9ess1 on ,god1 on f9ite educators & on self4 ,9 c>ry+ =w>d ! developm5t & education ( our race1 ! ,creator always has done & always w d ! be/ t is possible = ! good ( all4 ,& yet1 s f> z reason & exp]i5ce tea*1 "s w be ru9$ = ev]4 ,! det]iorat+ process begun 9 ?is life1 & its baleful results1 w cont9ue = ev]4 ,! great consummation1 :5 ^? t are hopelessly ru9$ w be sep>at$ f ! good1 is at an indef9ite p]iod ahead1 & may be _m ages1 :ile ! same process ( labor & tra9+ are proce$+ 9 ! unse5 _w1 & yet s t ! conduct & "* =m$ 9 ?is life h a decid$ influ5ce on ! :ole c\rse ( exi/5ce t foll[s4 ,?us :5 ! good man dies we may hope t 8 upw>d c>e] is et]nally secure4 ,b :5 ! wick$ die !re mu/ be 8a c]ta9 fe>ful look+ = ( judgm5t & fi]y indignation40 ,! ,creator does1 has done1 & w d all t is possible to save all t c be sav$ f ?is doom1 & z ! highe/ possible motives we c conceive to secure ?is end1 w\ld be ! appe>ance ( our ,creator 9 human =m z a tea*] ( 8 laws1 an example ( virtue & a selfsacrific+ ,savi\r1 we inf] t he has done or w d ?is1 at ! "t & 9 ! mann] :i* is be/ fitt$ to ! great end 9 view4 ,! ,augu/9ian sy/em pres5ts a view ( ! "* & conduct ( ! ,creator 9 m\rnful contra/ to ?is4 ,our only idea ( a p]fectly b5evol5t be+ is t ( "o :o pref]s happ9ess to suff]+1 & :o does all 9 8 p[] to promote "o & prev5t ! o!r4 ,our only idea ( a malevol5t be+ is1 t he wills mis]y :5 he has full p[] to make happ9ess 9 its /ead4 ,our only evid5ce ( ! moral "* ( a be+ 7or t exhibit$ 9 will+7 is ! nature ( 8 works4 ,on ! ,augu/9ian !ory1 all ! *ief works ( ! ,creator's h&1 ! immortal m9ds1 :i* alone give value to any o!r exi/5ces1 are deprav$ s totally t !re is no really good act done by any "o ( !m till creat$ anew4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,creator1 hav+ full p[] to make e m9d p]fect 9 nature1 & :o /ill has p[] to recreate all ) p]fect natures1 has in/itut$ a sy/em by :i* ! s9 ( "o man entails a deprav$ nature on a :ole race1 :ile ! evil z yet has be5 rem$i$ only 9 ! case ( a small1 8elect0 numb]4 ,all ! re/ are doom$ to et]nal mis]y = conduct :i* is ! c]ta9 consequ5ce ( ?is mis=m$ nature4 ,to save m5 f ! puni%m5t ( ! s9s consequ5t on _! deprav$ nature1 ,*ri/1 ! mo/ p]fect & only uns9n+ be+ t ev] visit$ e>?1 und]goes deep humiliation & excruciat+ suff]+s4 ,to call su* conduct z ?is j1 or k9d1 or m]ciful1 is a violation ( all our ideas ( ! mean+ ( su* t]ms4 ,:at k9dness is !re 9 giv+ exi/5ce to any be+ on su* t]ms8 ,:at bless+s are all ! com=ts & enjoym5ts ( ?is life1 s soon to be snat*$ away1 ?us mak+ ! contra/ ( future mis]y s mu* ! m horrible8 ,:at m]cy is !re 9 any mode ( rectify+ a wrong s ne$lessly inflict$8 ,:at m]cy1 or :at ju/ice is !re 9 add+ to all ! mis]ies ( our race ! suff]+s ( s noble & lovely a be+ z ,jesus ,*ri/1 :5 all1 & m ?an all1 effect$ by 8 agonies1 c\ld be s mu* m ju/ly & reasonably secur$ by reg5]at+ all ! m9ds ?us ne$lessly ru9$ 9 _! nature8 ,?is /range & my/]i\s transaction only adds to ! t]ror & gloom t %r\d su* a ,creator1 ^: "* c be le>n$ only by ! nature ( 8 works4 ,to call all ?is a my/]y is a misuse ( t]ms1 = !re is no my/]y ab\t x4 ,m direct1 cle>1 & op5 inju/ice1 folly & malevol5ce1 c n possibly be express$ 9 human language ?an t "h set =? & ascrib$ to ,god4 ,e m9d in/9ctively asks1 :y did n ! ,creator give u a p]fect nature :5 he has ! p[] to d s8 ,:y does he n /op all ! s9 & mis]y result+ f ! deprav$ nature ( man by reg5]at+ all1 :5 he has p[] to d s8 ,h[ c we ei!r respect or love a be+ :o has done su* awful & endless wrong to our race1 & = no conceivable good made kn[n to u8 ,:at cause ( gratitude = ! suff]+s & dea? ( ,*ri/ to save ! few ( u :o alone are to escape f su* ne$less & intol]able evils8 ,meantime1 ! v>i\s !ories inv5t$ to relieve ! baleful impression ?us made z to ! "* ( our ,creator1 only add new difficulties4 ,to say t ?is p]petuat$ mode ( br++ ru9$ m9ds into exi/5ce1 is a p5alty = a s+le s9 ( ! fir/ pair1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 :at a violation ( all our ideas ( ju/ice6 ,to say t ?is transaction is j because ,adam 0 8reg>d$0 by ,god z 8! f$]al head0 ( our race1 & t he 8imputes0 ! s9 ( ! fa!r to all 8 desc5dants1 :at is ?is1 to our conceptions1 b pu]ile folly add$ to ! balde/ cruelty & inju/ice8 ,to say t we all 8s9n$ 9 ,adam10 ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e we 7 born1 & are puni%$ by a ru9$ nature1 s f> z we c conceive ( su* an absurd proposition1 :at is ?is p5alty bett] ?an inflict+ endless tortures on myriads ( newborn infants = _! fir/ ignorant & unconsci\s s98 ,to say t man1 or ,adam is ! au?or ( all ?is ineffable wrong1 because x is done by 8a con/itutional transmission0 f p>5t to *ild1 ( :i* ,god is ! au?or1 :5 he _h full p[] to make ea* *ild p]fect 9 nature1 :at is ?is b add+ to cruelty & inju/ice a mean subt]fuge 9 ord] to ca/ ! blame on ,adam & 8 race8 ,! m9d turns f a ,god s repres5t$1 ) horror & dismay1 & x is only by conceal+ ?is sy/em1 by repres5tations t are p]fectly contradictory1 t ! baleful impression is less5$4 ,! view ( ,god's "* ?us pres5t$ by ! ,augu/9ian !ory1 n only less5s ! p[] ( motive :i* ! commons5se view ( ! ,creator's "* af=ds1 b br+s a p[]ful positive influ5ce to turn ! human m9d f t love & ob$i5ce t[>d ,god :i* is s indisp5sable to peace & happ9ess4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,sy/ems ,,z ,,to ,,*ur* ,,organizations4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! commons5se !ory tea*es t all mank9d mu/1 9 ord] to et]nal happ9ess1 be tra9$ by human ag5cies to *oose :at is be/1 guid$ by ! laws ( ,god1 z le>n$ by exp]i5ce or by revelation4 ,"u ! guidance ( ?is g5]al pr9ciple1 associat$ bodies w\ld result1 ^: aim w\ld be discussion & in/ruction to discov] & p]petuate a k ( ! rules ( rectitude1 & to secure all ^? motives :i* exp]i5ce has prov$ to be mo/ effective 9 secur+ ob$i5ce to ^! rules4 ,9 o!r words1 ! *ief end ( su* associations w\ld be to f9d out :at is be/ & ?us "r1 & also ! be/ modes ( secur+ "r action4 ,! exp]i5ce ( mank9d has %[n t ! mo/ effective way to ext5d & p]petuate any religion is to h a body ( m5 support$ :o %all give _! *ief en]gies & "t to ?is object4 ,social ga!r+s at regul> p]iods h also be5 f\nd effective to ?is end4 ,9 %ort1 7 a sy/em ( religion e/abli%$1 f\nd$ exclusively & consi/5tly on exp]i5ce & common s5se1 x w\ld include sabba?s ( int]rupt$ worldly affairs1 social ga!r+s to promote wor%ipful ob$i5ce to ! ,creator & a body ( m5 educat$ & su/a9$ = ! express purpose ( discov]+1 in/ruct+ 9 & p]petuat+ ! intellectual1 social1 moral & religi\s int]e/s ( humanity4 ,su* a m9i/ry w\ld be n dogmatic tea*]s1 b lead]s 9 discussions & inve/igations4 ,! great aim ( all ^! arrangem5ts w\ld be to discov] by inquiry & discussion :at is be/ 9 all human int]e/s & affairs1 9 view ( ! immortality ( man1 & ! risks & dang]s ( et]nity1 & also to devise ! be/ modes ( influ5c+ all to "r action4 ,7 ?is life ! end ( our be+1 & 7 all que/ions ( "r & wrong to be settl$ 9 ref]5ce to ! wellbe+ ( our race 9 ?is %ort span1 no su* sep>ate class ( religi\s lead]s & organiz$ in/rum5talities w\ld be ne$ful4 ,b if m5 are to be tra9$ to act ) ref]5ce to ! invisible /ate z ! *ief conc]n1 !n organiz$ in/rum5talities to resi/ ! ov]rul+ tide ( worldl9ess become indisp5sable4 ,! full t5d5cies ( su* organizations1 bas$ exclusively on ! pr9ciples ( common s5se1 mu/ be a matt] ( speculation m]ely1 = ! _w has _h no exp]i5ce ( ?is k9d4 ,z yet we h only ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d z to sy/ems 9 :i* ! tea*+s ( common s5se h be5 comb9$ ) contradictory influ5ces ( false dogmas1 :i* h be5 su/a9$ by ! /ronge/ organizations1 civil & ecclesia/ical4 ,we w n[ trace "s ( ! t5d5cies ( ! ,augu/9ian sy/em z !y h be5 exhibit$ 9 ! hi/ory ( *ur* organizations4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! ,augu/9ian !ory ( a deprav$ nature is ! f\ndation doctr9e alike ( ! ,ca?olic & ! ,prote/ant *ur*es4 ,all agree t man by nature is s mis]ably mis=m$ t ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s pur*as$ by ,*ri/ to recreate is 8 sole hope ( escape f ev]la/+ p]dition1 :ile !re is little or no ability to und]/& or obey ,god's reveal$ w until ?is gift is imp>t$4 ,f ?is orig9at$ a prie/hood z ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ?is r5ew+ gift is to be obta9$1 & :o are ! only au?oriz$ int]pret]s ( ,god's reveal$ w4 ,! transmission ( ?is p[] ?r\gh ! rite ( ord9ation1 pres]v$ 9 direct succession f ! apo/les1 is ! lead+ po9t 9 ! ,episcopal organization4 ,/ill m is ?is c>ri$ out to extreme results 9 ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,bo? organizations assume t 8! *ur*0 :i* has ?is p[]1 does n include ! p1 b is ! prie/hood alone4 ,x is ! ecclesia/ics ( ^! *ur*es :o are to int]pret ! ,bible = ! p1 & ! p are to receive ^! decisions z f ,god4 ,?is is ! !ory1 :ile common s5se & ! ,bible h m or less modifi$ its practical adoption1 especially 9 ! ,episcopal *ur*es4 ,! ,puritans ( ,engl& 7 ! fir/ among ! ,prote/ants :o organiz$ *ur*es z consi/+ solely ( ^? :o 8pr(ess0 to be 8reg5]at$0 on ! !ory ( ! r5ewal ( ! deprav$ nature d]iv$ f ,adam4 ,to ?is pr(ession 9 mo/ cases mu/ be add$ an exam9ation by p]sons :o are reg5]at$ 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r ! true signs ( a new nature1 accord+ to _! patt]n1 really exi/4 ,su* *ur*es are a close corporation1 hav+ a m9i/] to prea* & adm9i/] baptism & ! sacram5t ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 & deacons1 eld]s1 or committees to decide :o %all be receiv$ z reg5]ate or turn$ out z unreg5]ate4 ,among ! ,puritans & _! desc5dants orig9at$ ano!r practice :i* has become preval5t1 by :i* ! *ur*es ?us organiz$ z reg5]at$ p]sons1 also claim ! "r ( infallible int]pret]s ( ! ,bible1 s f> z to exclude all f _! communion :o d n pr(ess to agree ) _! int]pretations4 ,t is to say1 all p]sons1 9 ord] to be admitt$ to _! corporation & to ! ,"l's table1 mu/ n only pr(ess to be reg5]ate 9 ! nature transmitt$ f ,adam1 b mu/ confess t !y int]pret ! ,bible accord+ to ! notions ( ! *ur* !y seek to jo94 ,x w n[ be %[n t mo/ ( our l>ge d5om9ations 9 ?is c\ntry are s f\nd$ on ! ,augu/9ian dogma t 7 ! p all to give up ?is !ory ! :ole basis ( sect>ianism w\ld be de/roy$4 ,! ,congregational & ,bapti/ d5om9ations are sev]$ simply 9 ref]5ce to ! rite ( baptism z ! mode ( admission to _! reg5]at$ *ur*es4 ,! ,congregationali/s hold t baptism %\ld be adm9i/]$ by spr9kl+1 & to ! infants ( *ur* memb]s z well z to adults jo9+ ! *ur*4 ,! ,bapti/s hold t baptism %\ld be adm9i/]$ by imm]sion1 & only to adults :o jo9 ! *ur*4 ,?is is all t divides ! two sects4 ,( c\rse1 if all ! p ceas$ to hold t *ur*es are to consi/ ( p]sons ^: nature receiv$ f ,adam is recreat$1 all *ur*es associat$ on ! !ory w\ld be end$1 & s ^! disputes ab\t modes ( admission w\ld be end$4 ,aga91 ! ,presbyt]ians & ,congregationali/s sep>ate on ! "q ( ! appo9tm5t & duties ( ! (fic]s ( _! *ur*es4 ,! ,congregationali/s manage by *ur* committees4 ,ea* *ur* is ! sole tribunal 9 its own affairs1 ?us be+ /rictly democratic4 ,! ,presbyt]ian *ur*es manage ! bus9ess ( ea* *ur* by sessions or eld]s appo9t$ by ! *ur*1 & :5 !y fail to give satisfaction1 an appeal is made to a ,presbyt]y consi/+ ( m9i/]s & eld]s ( sev]al *ur*es4 ,?us aga91 if *ur*es organiz$ on ! ,augu/9e !ory ( ! reg5]ation ( a deprav$ nature %\ld cease1 ?is dispute 9 reg>d to *ur* (fic]s w\ld end1 & ! ,presbyt]ians1 ,congregationali/s1 & ,bapti/s w\ld f9d all gr\nd = sep>ation gone4 ,aga91 ! old & new s*ool ,presbyt]ian *ur*es sep>ate on que/ions relat+ to man's ability to reg5]ate himself & 9 reg>d to :at is ! nature ( reg5]ation4 ,?is all dep5ds on ! fact ( a deprav$ nature transmitt$ f ,adam to be reg5]at$4 ,if ?is dogma is rel9qui%$ by ! p !n ^! two sects w h no gr\nd = division4 ,aga91 ! ,me?odi/s diff] f ! o!r ,augu/9ian sects *iefly 9 reg>d to ! (fic]s & managem5t ( *ur*es organiz$ on ! !ory ( a deprav$ nature receiv$ f ,adam1 :i* is to be reg5]at$4 ,& if su* organizations 7 end$ ! gr\nd ( sep>ation betwe5 ! ,me?odi/s & ! prec$+ sects w\ld be remov$4 ,aga91 ! ,episcopalian sect is f\nd$ on ! idea ( a succession ( orda9$ prie/s ?r\gh ^: ag5cy ! gift ( ,god's ,_s to r5ew our deprav$ nature & to imp>t ! true int]pretation ( 8 revelations is to be obta9$4 ,if1 !n1 ! p disc>d ! dogma ( a deprav$ nature consequ5t on ,adam's s91 & assume t !y h p]fect natures1 & are au?oriz$ to int]pret ! ,bible = !mselves1 ! *ief gr\nd = ! exi/5ce ( ?is z a sep>ate sect w be remov$4 ,! ,ca?olic *ur* also w\ld soon be end$ z a di/9ct sect 7 all ! p ( t *ur* to disc>d ^! & all op9ions & practices imm$iately or remotely bas$ on ! ,augu/9ian dogma4 ,! prec$+ w s]ve to illu/rate ! position t ! t5d5cy ( ! commons5se sy/em is to unite all m5 9 ef=ts to discov] & to obey all ! laws ( ,god = mak+ happ9ess ! be/ way = "t & et]nity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,augu/9ian sy/em t5ds to organize mank9d into sects cont5d+1 n = tru? & happ9ess1 b = c]ta9 outw>d rites & =ms ( organization4 ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,sy/ems ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,humility1 ,,meekness ,,& ,a ,,tea*able ,,_s4 ,! result ( receiv+ *ur* int]pretations z infallible1 :e!r ( prie/s or reg5]at$ laity1 is ! assumption ( a simil> infallibility by ea* p]son :o ?us accepts !m4 ,?is is accompli%$ by a v s+ul> fallacy1 ?us3 ,! regul>ly orda9$ prie/s1 or ! reg5]at$ prie/s & laity ( ! true *ur*1 are claim$ to be ! only p]sons qualifi$ to und]/& & int]pret ! mean+ ( ,god's revelations4 ,! "q !n is1 :i* is ! true *ur*8 ,! ,ca?olic says1 8,m9e1 & no o!r40 ,! ,episcopalian says1 8,m9e1 & no o!r20 & s says ! ,presbyt]ian4 ,! result is1 ea* man decides t ! true *ur* is ! "o t agrees ) 8 views ( :at ! ,bible tea*es4 ,hav+ ?us decid$ t ! *ur* t agrees ) himself is ! true *ur*1 ! man proce$s1 n only to receive rev]5tly ! decisions ( 8 *ur*1 b assumes t e o!r man is b\nd to d ! same4 ,! ,ca?olic receives "o set ( int]pretations f ! *ur* t he himself has infallibly decid$ to be ! true *ur*4 ,! ,prote/ant receives ! cre$s & confessions ( ! *ur* he has infallibly decid$ to be ! true *ur*1 ^: reg5]at$ m9i/]s & memb]s are qualifi$ to und]/& ! ,bible1 z no unreg5]at$ man c d4 ,be+ ?us su/a9$ by 8 own claims z a reg5]at$ p]son1 & also by ! claims ( ! *ur* he adopts z ! true "o1 !re is little f\ndation = pov]ty ( _s1 humility & meekness4 ,h[ c a man feel 8poor 9 _s10 z de/itute ( ! k requisite = "r action1 :5 he has 8 own reg5]at$ m9d & ! guidance ( ! reg5]at$ true *ur*8 ,h[ c a man be meek :5 o!rs /rive to enlight5 him by %[+ t he is 9 ! wrong1 especially :5 su* ef=ts are ^? ( ! unreg5]at$1 or ^? %ut out ( 8 true *ur*8 ,h[ c a man become v humble & l[ly 9 8 own conceit1 :51 9 contra/ ) mo/ ( ! _w1 he alone c feel & act virtu\sly or und]/& truly ,god's revelations8 ,! natural t5d5cy to pride1 selfsuffici5cy & dogmatism is /ill fur!r increas$ by ! assumption t humility consi/s ma9ly 9 a l[ op9ion ( 8! nature0 ) :i* we are end[$4 ,?us1 :ile assum+ infallibility 9 "o aspect1 !y /ill c claim to be humble & l[ly1 because !y abhor & despise _! deprav$ nature & its results 9 !mselves4 ,at ! same "t1 ! mo/ rem>kable selfdeception is practic$ 9 reg>d to _! own ,*ri/ian graces4 ,^! all be+ suppos$ to spr+ f a reg5]at$ nature imp>t$ by ,god1 !y disclaim all honor or m]it1 & give all ! glory to ,god1 :o has wr\ght ^! graces f _! dead & s9ful nature4 ,by ?is me?od !y imag9e !y atta9 a true humility & l[l9ess ( _s4 ,b e man ( great g5ius1 & e woman ( uncommon beauty1 und]/& z truly z ! pr(ess$ly reg5]at$ p]son1 t _! gifts are f ,god1 & are will+ to give all ! glory to him = ?us di/+ui%+ !m f _! fell[creatures4 ,& ! ascription ( all ! p[] & glory to ,god does n save ! pr(ess$ly reg5]at$ p]son f selfcomplac5cy & pride any m ?an x does ! g5ius or ! beauty4 ,& yet we f9d religi\s writ+s ab\nd+ 9 su* disclaim]s & ascriptions1 :i* are evid5tly reg>d$ z pro(s ( humility & l[l9ess ( _s4 ,x is true t su* expressions d (t5 fl[ f ! he>ts ( ! really humble & contrite2 b ! fact t a p]son reg>ds & ackn[l$ges ,god z ! au?or ( 8 own extraord9>y gifts1 t raise him above 8 fell[s1 is no pro( ( humility1 :ile x is (t5 s reg>d$4 ,9 contra/ to ?is t5d5cy ( ! ,augu/9ian sy/em1 ! commons5se view tea*es t :ile our nature is noble & p]fect 9 con/ruction--! embryo image ( its ,mak]--x is de/itute ( t k1 exp]i5ce & tra9+1 = :i* x is equally dep5d5t on ,god & on man4 ,& z ! requisite k c be ga9$ only by ! aid ( ^? m9ds ar\nd1 ^: happ9ess is affect$ by our conduct1 x is cle> t a will+ness to le>n f any qu>t] & to be told our mi/akes by any p]son1 is ! natural result ( an e>ne/ desire to f9d out & obey ! tru?4 ,& a consci\sness ( our own liabilities to mi/akes1 & a c]ta9ty t !re is no "o 8t live? & s9ne? n10 t5ds to induce compassionate sympa?y = ! fail+s ( o!rs1 & an indisposition to =ce op9ions on !m by any o!r mode ?an calm /atem5t & argum5t4 ,at ! same "t1 an e>ne/ desire = inquiry & discussion is g5]at$1 :i* naturally leads to pati5t inve/igation1 c\rte\s demeanor t[>ds oppon5ts1 & to all ! graces t wait on a g5tle1 humble & tru?lov+ _s4 ,,*apt] ,,xli4 ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,sy/ems ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,dogmatism1 ,,p]secution ,,& ,,ecclesia/ical ,,tyranny4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! ,augu/9ian sy/em1 tea*+ z x does man's deprav$ nature & de/itution ( any pr9ciples ( "r guidance 9 8 own m9d1 makes him :olly dep5d5t n only on revelations f 8 ,creator1 b on infallible int]pret]s4 ,?us we f9d t :]ev] ?is sy/em became dom9ant !re has coxi/$ ! claim t ! p are n to decide1 ea* "o = himself1 :at are ! tea*+s ( reason1 exp]i5ce & revelation z to tru? & duty4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 fir/ x 0 popes & c\ncils1 9 :i* ! laity _h no voice2 next1 z among ! ,puritans1 x 0 ! *ur*1 includ+ bo? ! cl]gy & ! reg5]at$ portion ( _! flocks4 ,f ?is result$ religi\s p]secutions1 9 ?is mann]3 ,m5 are to obey ,god z _! fir/ duty4 ,! *ur* is ,god's m\?piece to int]pret 8 comm&s to mank9d4 ,if m5 refuse to obey ,god1 speak+ ?r\gh 8 *ur*1 !y mu/ be =c$ to d s by pa9s & p5alties4 ,& z 9 view ( et]nal happ9ess & et]nal mis]y1 all e>?ly int]e/s are z no?+1 e temporal consid]ation mu/ be put out ( acc\nt4 ,moreov]1 :oev] leads m5 to disobey ! *ur* & ?us to disobey ,god1 & s to p]il n only _! own et]nal welf>e1 b t ( o!rs1 commits a great] crime ?an is done by violat+ any human ord9ances4 ,!re=e1 ! heavie/ p5alties %\ld be employ$ to en=ce ob$i5ce to ! *ur*1 & ! *ur* mu/ take prec$5ce ( ! civil gov]nm5t4 ,?us x came to pass t ! m s9c]e1 consci5ti\s & b5evol5t a p]son 01 :ile hold+ ^! views1 ! m surely w\ld he become a p]secutor4 ,! pages ( hi/ory give _m m\rnful illu/rations ( ?is tru?4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ w be "h introduc$4 ,isabella ( ,spa91 by ^: g5]osity ?is we/]n _w 0 discov]$1 0 "o ( ! mo/ g5tle1 consci5ti\s1 b5evol5t & lovely *>act]s t ev] adorn$ a ?rone4 ,%e 0 tra9$ to believe ! *ur* to be ! repres5tative ( ,god on e>?1 & h] fa!r confessor1 ,torquemada1 ! orig9ator ( ! ,inquisition1 0 ! guide ( h] consci5ce4 ,by 8 comm&s ! ,inquisition re>$ its horrid dungeons4 ,by 8 c\nsel ! indu/ri\s1 cultivat$ & *ivalr\s ,moors1 ! mo/ useful ( all h] subjects1 7 driv5 f _! native soil4 ,by 8 comm&s ! ,jews 7 br\ght to ! cruel alt]native ( giv+ up _! religion or rel9qui%+ all t made life de>4 ,& ?us ! hi/orian n>rates ?is dreadful tale ( religi\s p]secution3 8,! exp]im5t ( conv]sion 0 tri$ ^u ! ,jews1 & x utt]ly & totally fail$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 _! position 9 ,*ri/ian society 0 a s\rce ( cont9ual discussion4 #8,if we admit !m to public (fices1 we h ga9$ no?+1' said ! m]cantile classes4 #8,if we exclude !m1' said ! cl]gy1 #8:at motive is held out = ! re/ to jo9 u8' ,b z a religi\s exp]im5t1 ! failure 0 ev5 m complete4 ,! fa!rs 7 nom9al conv]ts1 & nom9al conv]ts ! *ildr5 cont9u$ to be4 ,o/5tati\sly !y att5d$ mass2 b 9 _! own h\ses _! ,sabba? 0 kept1 _! ritual 0 read1 _! psalms 7 sung4 ,meantime1 int]c\rse & int]m>riage ) ,*ri/ians became m fatally easy ?an x _h be5 be=e4 ,%unn$ by ! middle classes1 !y int]m>ri$ ) ! 'blue blood' ( ! nobility1 !y ent]$ ! prie/hood1 & asc5d$ ! highe/ /eps ( ! ,ca?olic hi]>*y4 ,nay1 !y became1 m ?an once1 inquisitors1 & wield$ aga9/ _! foes ) cynical hatr$ ! t]rors ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,( ! ,inquisition !re is no space to speak "h27#ba7 suffici5t to say t ! #8,new ,*ri/ians' 7 ! *ief cause ( its in/itution1 & t dur+ ! eighte5 ye>s t ,torquemada held (fice1 t5 ?\s& p]sons 7 burn$ alive4 8,b two ?irds ( ! ,jews ( ,spa9 _h rema9$ unconv]t$2 & ) !m ! ,inquisition _h no?+ to d2 = !y 7 "u special laws & "u royal protection4 ,b ,torquemada _h n =gott5 !m4 ,work+ on ! pride ( ,f]d9&1 on ! consci5ce ( ,isabella1 he p]suad$ !m to sign ! celebrat$ ,edict ( ,exile4 ,!y 7 to leave ,spa9 9 ?ree mon?s4 ,!y 7 to take nei!r silv] nor gold ) !m4 ,if x pleas$ ,god to *ange _! he>ts1 ! *ur* w\ld mo/ will+ly receive !m4 8,ru9\s alike to bani%] & bani%$1 ?is edict _h co/ a /ruggle4 ,isaac ,ab>b5el1 weal?y1 le>n$1 high 9 royal favor1 ru%$ into ! que5's audi5ce*amb]1 on he>+ :at till !n _h be5 c>efully conceal$ f 8 nation1 ?rew himself at h] feet1 & d\btless won h] ov] = ! mom5t4 ,to ,f]d9& he (f]$ ?irty ?\s& ducats4 ,b1 9 ! wav]+ ( debate1 ,torquemada appe>$ sudd5ly4 #8,judas1' he said1 #8sold 8 ma/] = ?irty pieces4 ,y\r ,maje/ies1 x seems1 want ?irty ?\s&4 ,"h ,he is2 take ,him2 & :at ye d1 d quickly6' ,da%+ a crucifix on ! table1 he left !m4 ,! om5 0 cle>1 & ! die 0 ca/4 8,to ! ,jews "o road ( deliv]ance 0 /ill left4 ,to r5\nce ! outw>d g>b ( _! religion1 nev] aga9 to pass ! ?re%old ( a synagogue1 nev] to *ant a ,hebrew hymn nor keep a ,hebrew ,sabba?2 to *ange e h\sehold cu/om1 to break all ! rules ( life1 de> f ! nurs]y & clung to on ! b$ ( dea?2 to repeat a false cre$1 to ent] an idolatr\s temple1 to kneel d[n ) ,god's enemies2--?is road 0 op51 ?\gh tread+ x !y w\ld h trampl$ on _! fa!rs' tombs4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\s&s _h tak5 t c\rse2 & w\ld tell !m t /rict adh]5ce to ! laws ( ! l& !y liv$ 91 ab/95ce f all t might (f5d1 p]=mance ( h>mless sup]/itions1 b[+ d[n = a season 9 ! h\se ( ,rimmon1 t ?is 0 a c\rse pla9ly m>k$ out by ,provid5ce4 ,! loss1 too1 t !y w\ld suff] 9 exile 0 imm5se2 & we mu/ e/imate ?is loss be=e we c e/imate ! wor? ( ^? :o *ose to suff]4 8,we h se5 ! ,jews ( ,france leave x1 ent] x1 leave x aga91 & c\nt ! value ( _! soj\rn at exactly ! price at :i* rentrance c\ld be b\ght4 ,x 0 a m>ket/all1 a field = acquisition2 b x 0 n ! seat ( ,jewi% le>n+1 x 0 n ! re/+ place ( _! fa!rs = _m g5]ations4 8,n[ ,spa9 0 some?+ m to !m ?an ?is4 ,x 0 no =eign soil1 pass$ & repass$ ) ! indiff]5ce ( a /rang]4 ,!y _h liv$ !re = twelve hundr$ ye>s4 ,!y _h se5 ! ,teutonic =e/cre$s m\ld$ & melt$ into ! new fai? ( ,rome4 ,!y _h se5 ! ,i%maelite sweep t fai? away4 ,by him !y _h be5 welcom$ z bro!rs4 ,) him !y _h lit ! lamp ( sci5ce :5 all ! _w 0 d>k4 ,!n !y _h se5 ! ,cross rise f ! nor!rn m\nta9s1 & ! ,cresc5t wane & wane be=e x4 ,by ! k+s ( ,*ri/ian ,spa9 _! wor? _h be5 ackn[l$g$2 !y _h fo/]$ _! trade2 !y _h call$ !m to _! c\ncils2 !y _h befri5d$ & lov$ !m4 ,p]secution & jeal\sy _h driv5 _m ( _! bre?r5 to accept ano!r cre$2 b ! new ,*ri/ians 7 ,jews /ill2 !y _h m>ri$ _! daught]s to ! pr\de/ nobles ( a race :]e ! peasant 0 pr\d2 & n a duke 9 all ,spa9 c\ld despise !m )\t despis+ 8 own "m's blood4 ,spa91 too1 0 ! l& :]e ,jewi% wisdom _h unfold$ & blossom$4 ,_! physicians & _! a/ronom]s 7 ! fir/ 9 ,europe4 ,_! poets & _! philosoph]s 7 em95t among _! nation4 ,! psalms ( ,jehuda ,halevi 7 sung 9 ! synagogues ( ! ,rh9e4 ,ab5 ,esra _h eclips$ ! fame ( ! great ,ea/]n s*ool ( ,pomb$i?a2 above all1 ,spa9 claim$ ! son ( ,maimon1 ! great prophet ( ! ,exile1 fam$ f ! ,se9e to ! ,euphrates z ! second ,moses4 8,su*1 besides escape f utt] ru91 7 ! temptations to apo/acy4 ,& ^? :o issu$ ! decree fully hop$ t apo/acy w\ld h be5 its result4 ,e means 0 tak54 #8,9 ! public squ>es1 9 ! synagogues1 ,ca?olic prea*]s ?und]$ =? invective aga9/ ! ,hebrew h]esy4' ,!y might ?und]--!y 7 n he>d4 8 #8,come1' said _! prie/s & eld]s1 #8let u /r5g!n ourselves 9 our fai? & 9 ! tea*+s ( our ,god1 aga9/ ! voice ( ! oppressor1 & ! scorn ( ! enemy4 ,if !y de/roy u--well2 if !y w let u live--well2 b we w n dep>t f ! ,cov5ant1 nei!r make our he>ts fr[>d2 b we w g =? 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l our ,god1 :o sav$ our fa!rs f ,egypt1 & br\ght !m ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea4' 8,! _s ( ,moses & ( ,jo%ua re/$ on ! ag$ rabbis1 & _! words prevail$4 ,few 9 numb] & bold 9 c[>dice 7 ^? :o yield$4 ,!y made ready = ?is second ,exodus :]e no ,canaan gli/5$ 9 ! di/ance4 ,=c$ to sell _! possessions 9 ?ree mon?s1 =bidd5 to sell !m = gold1 !y 7 glad to ex*ange l>ge h\ses or e/ates = an ass or mule1 or = su* trifl+ articles ( travel z ! wi% to be fir/ at ! spoil+ might induce pur*as]s to supply4 8,ea/w>d1 we/w>d1 nor?w>d--to ,africa1 to ,portugal1 to ,italy & ! ,levant1--half a million ,jews w5t =?4 ,eighty ?\s& s\ght %elt] 9 ,portugal1 b did n f9d x4 ,?\s&s fell into ! h&s ( ! b>b>ians ( ,fez4 ,!y 7 sold = slaves2 !y 7 left to />ve on des]t isles2 _! bodies1 yet liv+1 7 ripp$ op5 = ! hidd5 gold4 ,?us writes ,rabbi ,josef3 8 #8,& !re 7 among !m :o 7 ca/ into ! isles ( ! sea1 a ,jew & 8 old fa!r1 fa9t+ f hung]1 begg+ bread2 & !re 0 none to break unto !m 9 a /range c\ntry4 ,& ! man w5t & sold 8 little son = bread1 to re/ore ! s\l ( ! old man2 & :5 he return$ to 8 fa!r1 he f\nd him dead2 & he r5t 8 clo!s4 ,& he w5t back to ! bak] to take 8 son2 b ! bak] w\ld n give him back2 & he cri$ out ) a sore & bitt] cry = 8 son1 b !re 0 none to deliv]4 ,all ?is befell u 9 ! ye> ,rabbim--= ! sons ( ! desolate are 8,_m0--yet h we n =gott5 !e1 nei!r h we dealt falsely 9 ?y cov5ant4 ,ha/5 to help u1 ,o ,"l6 ,= ?y sake we are kill$ all ! day2 we are c\nt$ z %eep appo9t$ = ! slaught]4 ,make ha/e to help u1 ,o ,god ( our salvation4' 8,or li/5 to ! *ronicl] ( ,g5oa1 :o saw !m z !y drift$ ea/w>d3 8 #8,?is expulsion1' he says1 #8seem$ to me at fir/ a praisewor?y act1 done 9 ! cause & = ! honor ( ,god4 ,yet1 :5 we rememb] t !y 7 n brute bea/s aft] all1 b m5 made by ,god1 surely x mu/ be own$ t "s little cruelty 0 %[n4 ,_! woes 7 v pite\s to see4 ,! fir/ :o />v$ 7 ! infants at ! brea/2 !n ! mo!rs1 c>ry+ _! dead *ildr5 till !y fell d[n & di$ ) !m4 ,_m p]i%$ ( cold & ( squalor4 ,unus$ to ! sea1 c\ntless numb]s di$ f sickness2 _m 7 dr[n$ by ! sailors = _! weal?2 ! poor1 :o c\ld n o!rwise pay _! passage1 sold _! *ildr54 ,lean1 pale1 ) eyes deepsunk51 l gho/s f ! dead1 h>dly mov+ en\gh to %[ t !y 7 alive1 !y came into our city to f9d %elt] = ?ree days2 = our anci5t laws =bade a long] /ay4 ,yet = ! repair ( _! %ips1 & = heal?'s sake1 a %ort respite 0 grant$4 ,!y 7 all[$ to live on ! ,mole1 :ile !y made ready = _! long voyage ea/w>d4 ,?us ! w9t] pass$1 & _m ( !m di$4 ,! spr+ came1 & ulc]s broke out t _h be5 hi!rto kept "u by ! cold1 & all t ye> !re 0 a plague 9 t city4' 0 ,?is m\rnful n>rative exhibits "o ( ! mo/ sublime examples ( religi\s fai? & consci5ti\s selfsacrifice to :at 0 deem$ tru? & duty 9 ! p]secut$4 ,at ! same "t1 :5 ! av>ici\s ,f]d9& rel9qui%$ ?irty ?\s& ducats1 & ! t5d] & b5evol5t ,isabella turn$ a deaf e> to su* pray]s & suff]+s f h] p1 !re c be no d\bt t consci5ce rul$ ! p]secutors also4 ,ev5 ,torquemada himself may h be5 act+ f ! mo/ consci5ti\s & b5evol5t motives 9 all ! disa/r\s influ5ces he br\ght to be> on 8 royal mi/ress4 ,?is passage ( hi/ory also tea*es t hone/y1 & s9c]ity1 & consci5ti\sness w n avail )\t a k ( ! tru?4 ,nay1 m2 _h ^! p]secutors be5 less consci5ti\s1 ! natural in/9cts ( humanity or p]sonal int]e/s w\ld h mitigat$ or )held ! cruel doom4 ,x is 9 ?is light t we are enabl$1 9 spite ( _! mi/akes 9 op9ions1 to look ^u !ologians z among ! noble/ suff]]s & confessors = :at !y believ$ to be tru?4 ,f ! "t ( ,augu/9e & ,pelagius to ! pres5t day no?+ c be m cle> ?an t ! combatants on bo? sides 7 actuat$ by a s9c]e love to ,god & to man1 ea* believ+1 z s9c]ely z did ,saul ( ,t>sus1 t 9 ^! conflicts !y 7 v]ily do+ ,god s]vice1 & t all !y 7 call$ to suff] 0 = ! true *ur* ( ,god & ! salvation ( _! fell[m54 ,b ! ma9 purpose = :i* ?is record ( hi/ory n[ appe>s is to illu/rate ! natural t5d5cy ( ! ,augu/9e !ory 9 lead+ to dogmatism1 p]secution & ecclesia/ical tyranny4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! commons5se sy/em c n be illu/rat$ by hi/ory1 = un=tunately ,*ri/5dom has nev] yet _h an opportunity to te/ by a fair exp]im5t its true t5d5cies4 ,we c only imag9e :at w\ld be ! results 7 all ecclesia/ical re/ra9ts & tea*+s bas$ on ! ,augu/9e !ory remov$ f our pulpit m9i/ries1 our hymns & pray]s1 our religi\s lit]ature1 &1 mo/ ( all1 f long e/abli%$ habits ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,!n all our religi\s organizations w\ld h = _! lead+ aim1 n to ma9ta9 "s outw>d rite or modes ( organization1 b to promote free discussion = ! discov]y ( tru? & h>moni\s cop]ation to promote happ9ess accord+ to ! laws ( ,god4 ,!n ! m9i/ry ( ! ,^w w\ld be committ$ to m5 di/+ui%$ n only by natural end[m5ts1 acquir$ k & skill 9 debate1 b also ensamples to _! flocks 9 ! virtues ( humility1 meekness1 & a g5tle & tea*able _s4 ,!n ! po9ts t w\ld divide m5 into p>ties w\ld be *iefly practical que/ions1 s t :]e no agreem5t 9 op9ion c\ld be secur$1 ea* w\ld peaceably try a fair exp]im5t & ev5tually br+ ! results =w>d = ! g5]al good4 ,!n e individual w\ld be free to prote/ aga9/ all t he believes to be injuri\s & wrong1 9 reg>d to individuals1 to ! family1 to ! *ur* & to ! /ate1 & be met 9 8 ef=ts z a b5efactor r ?an an oppos] or an enemy4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,sy/ems ,,z ,,%[n ,,9 ,,controv]sy ,,& ,,sects4 ,x is ! aim ( ?is *apt] to %[ t ! *ief controv]sies & *ief sects ( ,*ri/5dom h result$ f ! ,angu/9ian sy/em1 & f attempts to elim9ate x f ! sy/em ( common s5se ) :i* x has be5 comb9$4 ,! dogma ( a deprav$ nature consequ5t on ,adam's s91 0 a philosophical !ory introduc$ to acc\nt = ! prevail+ s9fulness ( ! human race4 ,! attempt ( ,pelagius & 8 associates to oppose ?is dogma1 0 met by civil & ecclesia/ical p[] & p]secution4 8,& ?us10 says ! hi/orian1 8! ,gauls1 ,britons & ,africans by _! c\ncils1 & ! emp]ors by _! edicts1 demoli%$ ?is sect 9 its infancy & suppress$ x entirely40 ,= long ages aft] ?is1 no attempt 0 made to oppose ! sy/em bas$ on ?is !ory 9 any ( its bran*es4 ,! doctr9e t man1 be+ s deprav$ 9 nature z to be incapable ( kn[+ or judg+ aright1 & hav+ no /&>d ( "r & wrong b express revelations f ,god1 result$ 9 ! unresi/$ claim ( popes & *ur* c\ncils z ! only au?oriz$ int]pret]s ( ! ,bible4 ,!n began ! p[]ful influ5ce ( education4 ,e *ild 0 tra9$ to believe ! doctr9e ( a deprav$ nature z a "p ( ! ^w ( ,god1 to be receiv$ ) unque/ion+ submission4 ,?us ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ces 7 enli/$ to en*a9 ! feeble & pla/ic m9d ( *ildhood at ! />t+po9t ( ?\ght & reason4 ,x 0 also taught by !ologians to all ! "y ecclesia/ics z a sy/em1 ?us add+ a new =ce to e>ly educational tra9+ by ! au?ority ( ! *ur*1 ) all its solemn & awful sanctions4 ,! idea t e man is to receive ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/1 uncontroll$ by *ur* au?ority1 z he und]/&s !m1 & t he is a ,*ri/ian j s f> z he und]/&s aright & obeys !m1 f\nd no advocates = long c5turies4 ,meantime ! ecclesia/ics1 z ! only infallible int]pret]s ( ,god's ^w1 & ! only s\rce by :i* to ga9 reg5]at+ influ5ces1 abus$ ! influ5ce ?us acquir$1 to build up ! awful prelatic p[] t rul$ ,*ri/5dom = ages4 ,at la/1 ) _m o!r abom9ations1 ! regul> sale ( indulg5ces to commit all mann] ( crimes at fix$ prices1 br\ght intol]able follies & crimes to a crisis4 ,!n ,lu!r & 8 compe]s arose & wag$ w>1 n aga9/ ! root ( ^! evils1 b aga9/ ^? inevitable bran*es1 ! infallibility ( *ur* int]pretations & ! sub/itution ( outw>d cre$s1 rites & =ms = ! spiritual pr9ciple ( love to ,god & man exhibit$ by ob$i5ce to ! ,creator's laws4 ,lu!r claim$ t he & all m5 7 b\nd to int]pret ! ,bible = !mselves1 & n to submit _! judgm5t to any pope1 c\ncil or ecclesia/ical p[]4 ,& he claim$ t ! ,bible tea*es t man is to be sav$ ju/ifi$1 n by outw>d =ms1 b by fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,b reta9+ ! doctr9e ( man's ru9$ & helpless nature1 8 ideas ( fai? & ( ! mode ( atta9+ x1 7 vague & conflict+4 ,?us orig9at$ ! long conflict betwe5 ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity1 involv+ "s ( ! mo/ bloody & cruel w>s & p]secutions t ev] afflict$ humanity4 ,next came ,arm9ius & 8 associates1 :o1 /ill cl++ to ! fatal root ( a totally deprav$ nature1 labor$ to devise "s way 9 :i*1 9 spite ( ?is ru91 man c\ld d some?+ to secure reg5]ation f ,god4 ,=1 z %[n 9 ! e>ly *apt]s1 ,calv9ism ma9ta9$ t man 0 utt]ly helpless1 & t all ! do+s ( ! unreg5]ate 7 s9 & only s91 & !re=e utt]ly unavail+ 9 ga9+ reg5]at+ aid f ,god4 ,h5ce orig9at$ ! long conflict betwe5 ,calv9ism & ,arm9ianism1 :i* has be5 cont9u$ to ?is day4 ,bo? ^! s*ools ( div9ity re/$ on ! dogma ( an entirely deprav$ nature1 b _! t5d5cies 7 div]se4 ,calv9ism1 ma9ta9+ ! utt] helplessness ( man1 t5d$ to despair+ ineffici5cy4 ,if man really c\ld d no?+1 :y %\ld he attempt any ?+ to secure salvation8 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,arm9ianism1 promis+ help ?r\gh c]ta9 =ms1 rites & influ5ces convey$ by ecclesia/ics1 t5d$ to a reliance on rites & =ms4 ,if man is to be sav$ by ^! in/rum5talities & c d no?+ himself except ?r\gh !m1 !n1 ^! be+ secur$1 ! natural t5d5cy mu/ be to re/ 9 !m4 ,^! two div]se t5d5cies f9ally result$ 9 an equal torpor & indiff]5ce to religion 9 bo? p>ties1 :i* 0 int]rupt$ on ! ,arm9ian side by ,wesley & ,:itfield1 & on ! ,calv9i/ic side by ,jona?an ,edw>ds4 ,wesley & 8 colabor]s taught anew ! ,prote/ant doctr9e ( man's indep5d5ce ( ecclesia/ical int]pretations & *ur* =ms1 & ! necessity ( an imm$iate & high] spiritual life4 ,f 8 ef=ts & ^? ( ,:itfield orig9at$ ! great ,me?odi/ d5om9ation 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica4 ,9 ?is sect is c>ri$ out ! !ory ( reg5]ation1 n z a sl[ process ( educational tra9+1 b z an in/antane\s *ange1 manife/$ 9 excit$ s5sibilities4 ,z ! depravity consequ5t on ,adam's s9 consi/s 9 ! 8deprivation0 ( ,god's ,_s1 & reg5]ation is ! return ( ?is gift1 to be secur$ by pray] & o!r 8means ( grace10 we f9d _! pray]s1 hymns & prea*+ all con=m$ to ?is !ory4 ,!y ga9 grace :5 ! ,_s comes1 & :5 x dep>ts !y 8fall f grace40 ,:ile ,wesley & ,:itfield1 9 ,great ,brita91 appeal$ directly to ! p 9 combatt+ ! ,arm9ian t5d5cy to =ms & laxness1 ,jona?an ,edw>ds address$ ! lead]s ( metaphysical ?\ght 9 8 pr(\nd & acute writ+s4 ,he attempt$ to meet ! univ]sal p>alysis consequ5t on ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( man's inability1 am\nt+ almo/ to ! loss ( a consci\sness ( p]sonal fre$om4 ,8 aim 0 to re/ore to man a s5se ( ability & responsibility4 ,?us orig9at$ 8 !ory ( natural ability & moral inability1 :i* am\nts simply to ?is3 t man has natural p[] to obey all t ,god requires1 b t he s lacks moral ability1 on acc\nt ( 8 deprav$ nature1 t x is c]ta9 t he nev] w make a truly virtu\s *oice till he is reg5]at$1 & reg5]ation is n to be secur$ by any unreg5]at$ do+s4 ,f ?is result$ ! division into ! old & news*ool ,calv9i/ic p>ties 9 ! ,congregational & ,presbyt]ian *ur*es4 ,la/ly1 ! ,new ,hav5 div9es1 :ile 9 "s ( _! writ+s !y held exactly ! views ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 & claim$ to h made no innovation1 9 o!rs !y came exactly to ! ,pelagian gr\nd1 ma9ta9+ t man 8has n a deprav$ nature 9 any s5se1 nor a corrupt nature1 mu* less a s9ful nature10 8b r t 9 nature he is l ,god40 ,?is is ! same doctr9e z 0 held by ,pelagius1 & if x 7 only c>ri$ out consi/5tly & n contradict$1 w\ld be ! entire elim9ation1 root & bran*1 ( ! ,augu/9ian sy/em4 ,f ?is result$ a !ological controv]sy t has agitat$ ! ,presbyt]ian & ,congregational *ur*es = ! la/ ?irty ye>s4 ,!re are two d5om9ations :i* all ! ,augu/9ian sects agree 9 exclud+ f _! fell[%ip z n entitl$ to ! "n ( ,*ri/ian sects1 :i* h _h great influ5ce 9 und]m9+ ! hold ( ! ,augu/9ian !ory4 ,^! are ! ,univ]sali/s & ! ,unit>ians4 ,! =m] d n =mally d5y ! ,augu/9ian !ory ( a deprav$ nature consequ5t on ,adam's s91 b leav+ x undisput$1 ga9 great influ5ce by x4 ,!y all[ t ,god has p[] to re/ore man to 8 orig9al p]fectness1 & !n ma9ta9 t ! v idea ( a b5evol5t be+1 :o is ! lov+ p>5t ( all 8 creatures1 makes x c]ta9 t he w d s4 ,=1 z %[n be=e1 our only idea ( a b5evol5t be+ is1 t he wills to d all 9 8 p[] to secure t :i* w make ! mo/ happ9ess ) ! lea/ evil4 ,z1 !re=e1 all ! ,augu/9ian sects conc$e t ,god has p[] to make all m9ds p]fect at ! fir/1 & to reg5]ate all m9ds t are ru9$ ?r\gh ! s9 ( ,adam1 ,univ]sali/s ma9ta9 t ! v idea ( ! ,creator z a b5evol5t be+ necess>ily involves ! c]ta9ty t he w 9 ! end1 br+ all ! creatures he has made to a /ate ( p]fectness1 bo? 9 m5tal con/ruction & m5tal action4 ,?is argum5t is unansw]able1 & ! p v ext5sively are l$ to s reg>d x1 & to adopt ?is view ( ! future /ate ( our race4 ,! "q1 ) ?is sect1 all turns on :e!r x is possible 9 ! nature ( ?+s = ,god to con/ruct m9d on a m p]fect patt]n ?an t ( ! human m9d2 & :e!r x is possible1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 to make ! be/ possible sy/em ( m9ds t are free ag5ts1 & yet save all ( !m f p]petuat$ disob$i5ce to ! laws ( t sy/em & ! consequ5t suff]+ ( ! natural p5alties4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! commons5se sy/em tea*es t x is n possible1 s t x mu/ be by revelation only1 t man c\ld ga9 su* a doctr9e z ! ev5tual p]fect hol9ess & happ9ess ( ! :ole human race4 ,:ile ! ,univ]sali/s ga9 great p[] by n conte/+ ! ,augu/9ian dogma1 ! ,unit>ians h tak5 ! gr\nd ( a full recognition ( ! ,pelagian doctr9e ( ! p]fect con/ruction ( ! nature ( man4 ,at ! same "t !y h1 z a sect1 almo/ univ]sally adopt$ ! ,univ]sali/ doctr9e ( ! ev5tual salvation ( ! :ole ( our race4 ,bo? ^! sects h embrac$ m5 ( great popul> tal5ts1 :o h widely influ5c$ ! public m9d1 9 _! attempts to less5 confid5ce 9 ! doctr9es & sects bas$ on ! ,augu/9ian !ory4 ,meantime1 9 ! sci5tific _w1 m5tal philosophy has made great progress 9 cle> analysis & accurate def9itions4 ,! ,scot* s*ool ( metaphysicians1 head$ by ,reid & ,/ew>t1 h cle>ly develop$ & e/abli%$ 9 a popul> =m1 ! pr9ciples ( reason & common s5se2 ?\gh z pr(essors 9 a ,calv9i/ic univ]sity & community1 !y nev] v5tur$ to apply ^! pr9ciples to ! inve/igation ( religi\s !ories z to ! 8deprav$ nature0 ( ! human m9d4 ,!y pass$ ov] ! :ole "q 9 utt] sil5ce4 ,/ill m rec5tly has be5 develop$ ! sy/em ( ,phr5ology1 :i* is bas$ on ! con/itutional div]sities 9 m5tal faculties4 ,?is sy/em has effectively w>r$ on ! !ological !ory ( implant$ evil prop5sities1 by tea*+ t e faculty1 :5 develop$ & regulat$ aright1 t5ds to ! be/ good ( ! race1 s t ! ext9ction ( any faculty or prop5sity w\ld n be an improvem5t1 b r an injury to ! con/itution ( m9d4 ,at ! same "t1 by ! influ5ce ( our s*ools1 our colleges1 our pulpits1 our popul> lectures & our widespread p]iodicals1 bo? religi\s & secul>1 ! m9d ( all classes has be5 ris+ to a l>g] developm5t1 & to cle>] & m discrim9at+ views ( m5tal & moral sci5ce 9 e dep>tm5t4 ,?us ! p are gradually ?r[+ (f ! *a9s ( ecclesia/ical au?ority & assum+ t lib]ty ( ?\ght & action1 :i* _! ,almighty ,fa!r design$ z ! *ief bir?"r ( all 8 intellig5t (fspr+4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,,practical ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,sy/ems4 ,9 ! prec$+ pages x has be5 %[n t ! commons5se sy/em pres5ts an intelligible1 practical & consi/5t /&>d ( "r & wrong1 by :i* we c judge cle>ly ( ! "* & conduct1 bo? ( ! ,creator & ( 8 creatures4 ,! m9d ( ! ,creator exi/+ f all et]nity1 indep5d5tly ( 8 own w1 is ! patt]n ( p]fectness 9 ! con/ruction ( m9d4 ,he has =m$ & su/a9s a sy/em fitt$ to 8 own p]fections4 ,! *ief end ( ?is sy/em is happ9essmak+ on ! greate/ possible scale4 ,9 ord] to ?is1 8 laws1 by :i* ! mo/ possible good ) ! lea/ possible evil w be secur$1 mu/ be discov]$ & obey$4 ,accord+ly1 all t t5ds to secure happ9ess )\t evil is "r1 & all t ne$lessly less5s or de/roys happ9ess is wrong4 ,e ef=t to discov] ! laws ( ,god & to obey !m is "r & pleas+ to him z promot+ 8 *ief desire & great end4 ,?is view furni%es a f\ndation = cle> conceptions 9 e practical "q ( "r & wrong4 ,:at is = ! be/ z discov]$ by reason & exp]i5ce8 ,?is is ! great "q1 :5 we h no direct revelation f ,god4 ,& ev5 :5 revelation int]v5es1 x mu/ be only 9 reg>d to g5]al rules1 leav+ x /ill a matt] ( exp]i5ce & discussion 9 apply+ ^! rules to ! multitudes ( v>y+ cases 9 human exp]i5ce4 ,?us1 = example1 a comm& to be hone/ t[>d all1 leaves innum]able que/ions to be settl$ z to :at is hone/ & fair 9 ! multipli$ cases aris+ betwe5 man & man4 ,b we always h ! great pr9ciple ( common s5se to guide u1 t :atev] is = ! be/ is "r1 leav+ x = reason & exp]i5ce to settle :at is & :at is n = ! be/4 ,b 9 contra/ ! ,augu/9ian sy/em1 9 _m ways1 t5ds to becl\d ! m9d 9 reg>d to practical que/ions ( "r & wrong4 ,?us ! assumption t !re are no pr9ciples 9 ! human m9d t enable u to judge ( ! "* & conduct ( ,god2 t we h no means ( le>n+ :at is ! object or end = :i* all ?+s are made2 t man is s deprav$ z to be disqualifi$ to "k :at is "r & wrong1 except z taught by revelations f ,god2 & at ! same "t disqualifi$ to int]pret su* revelations until reg5]at$1 or by ! help ( a prie/hood2 all ?is t5ds to create ! feel+ ( inc]titude z to any "q ( "r & wrong1 :ile ! abuses ( prie/ly int]pretations h s (t5 set ! ,bible 9 opposition to our moral s5se & common s5se z greatly to increase ! evil4 ,add to ?is1 ! assumption t !re is no true virtue 9 any acts ( ! unreg5]ate1 b t all _! moral de$s are s91 & only s91 & ! p]plexity is increas$ z to :at is "r & :at is wrong moral action4 ,aga91 ! fact t salvation f et]nal mis]y is possible only to ^? :o h ga9$ a new 8nature10 :ile x is (t5 se5 t "s ( ^? receiv$ into *ur*es z hav+ ?is new nature1 are n s *>itable1 amiable1 j or hone/1 z _m :o are n ?us admitt$1 & ! m9d is /ill m becl\d$ z to ! real nature ( "r & wrong 9 practical conduct4 ,aga91 ! mann] 9 :i* ?is new nature is recogniz$ by ^? appo9t$ to decide :o are reg5]at$ & :o are n1 9 ord] to admit to or exclude f *ur*es1 /ill f>!r increases ! difficulty4 ,! que/ions (t5 prop\nd$ on su* occasions relate ma9ly to c]ta9 /ates ( feel+ t[>d ,god or ,*ri/1 or to c]ta9 doctr9es involv$ 9 ! ,augu/9ian !ory4 ,if replies to ^! are satisfactory1 ! c&idate is pron\nc$ reg5]at$ & receiv$ to ! *ur*4 ,meantime1 ev] s9ce ! days ( ,lu!r1 ! doctr9e ( 8ju/ification by fai?10 9 opposition to 8salvation by works10 has be5 assum$ to be ! f\ndation pr9ciple1 bo? ( ,prote/antism & ( true piety1 :ile !re has be5 great indi/9ctness ( conception z to ! true mean+ ( ^! t]ms4 ,at ! "t ( ! great conflict betwe5 ,romanism & ! ,re=m]s1 ! gr& evil to be combat$ 0 a reliance = salvation on ! prescrib$ outw>d rites & =ms ( ! *ur* )\t any ref]5ce to an int]nal spiritual pr9ciple4 ,! attempt ( ! ,re=m]s 0 to sub/itute = ^! outw>d =ms t spiritual pr9ciple :i* consi/s 9 a rul+ purpose to discov] & to obey ! w ( ,god accord+ to ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/1 :om !y reg>d$ z 8,god manife/ 9 ! fle%40 ,!y recogniz$ ! fact t no man ev] did or ev] c\ld live )\t "s violations ( ! laws ( ,god1 s t no man c\ld be sav$ on ! gr\nd ( p]fect ob$i5ce to law4 ,in/ead ( ?is !y assum$ t man c\ld ga9 et]nal life by 8becom+ a new creature 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus10 mean+ by ?is t 8new life0 :i* consi/s 9 ceas+ to live to please self1 & liv+ to please ,god 9 ,*ri/ z ! *ief end ( life1 by e>ne/ con=mity to 8 w z le>n$ ei!r by reason & exp]i5ce or by ! ,bible4 ,?is is :at !y int5d$ by fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,& ! opposite doctr9e ( 8salvation by works0 0 t :i* ! ,romi% *ur* 0 urg+1 viz41 con=mity to h] outw>d rites & =ms4 ,b 9 process ( "t1 & = want ( cle> conceptions & cle> tea*+1 x came ab\t t ! real good works1 comm&$ by ,*ri/1 z a "p ( ! love ( ,god requir$1 7 conf\nd$ ) ! rites & =ms1 & outw>d de$s comm&$ by ! *ur*1 & :i* may be p]=m$ )\t ! pr9ciple ( love to ,*ri/1 :i* is exhibit$ 9 ob$i5ce to 8 tea*+s4 ,! result has be5 t ! tea*+s & writ+s ( _m ,prote/ants (t5 make ! impression t ! good works ( a pure morality are ( no avail & (t5 v mu* 9 ! way ( a man's f9al salvation4 ,?us has aris5 ! di/9ction (t5 made betwe5 good moral m5 & good religi\s m54 ,?is classification re/s entirely on ! ,augu/9ian dogma1 t until ! deprav$ nature receiv$ f ,adam is reg5]at$1 all ! moral acts ( m51 h[ev] virtu\s & excell5t1 are 8s91 & s9 only40 ,! true mean+ ( 8ju/ification by fai? & n by works10 is t m5 are n to be sav$ by actually f9d+ out 9 all possible cases :at is = ! be/ & !n do+ x1 :i* no man ev] did or ev] c d )\t mi/ake2 b r by a rul+ purpose to discov] & to obey all ! laws ( ! ,creator4 ,?is la/ is ! spiritual pr9ciple 9 opposition to m]e outw>d acts4 ,x is practical fai? 9 ,god :i* is to save ! s\l ( man4 ,all1 !re=e1 :o believe ,*ri/ to be ,god are 8ju/ifi$0 by fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,t is1 !y are reg>d$ & treat$ z j & righte\s1 :5 !y h ?is int]nal pr9ciple ( ob$i5ce to ,*ri/1 ev5 ?\gh !y are nev] free f actual transgression ( law1 ei!r kn[n or unkn[n4 ,?us ! anci5t patri>*s 7 sav$ by fai? 9 ,*ri/1 he be+ ! ,god ( ! old disp5sation z mu* z ( ! new4 ,t ?is is ! s5se 9 :i* ! ,re=m]s us$ ! words 8ju/ification1 or salvation by fai?10 9 opposition to 8salvation by works10 may easily be prov$4 ,at ! same "t1 x is z easy to %[ t !y us$ ?is t]m 9 ano!r s5se also4 ,b at ?is "t no ref]5ce w be made to any o!r use ?an ! "o "u consid]ation4 ,_! o!r use ( ?is t]m 9 ref]5ce to ! atonem5t ( ,jesus ,*ri/ w be ref]r$ to h]eaft]4 ,! prec$+ exhibits ! sev]al ways 9 :i* ! ,angu/9ian !ory t5ds to becl\d ! m9d 9 reg>d to practical que/ions ( "r & wrong4 ,^! t5d5cies h be5 m or less c\nt]act$ by ! implant$ pr9ciples ( reason4 ,/ill m h !y be5 rectifi$ by ! /eady & cle> tea*+s ( ! ,bible1 :i* nev]1 :5 truly int]pret$1 contradict ei!r ! moral s5se or common s5se ( man1 b r /r5g!n !m & guide !m aright4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,sy/ems ,,9 ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,*ildr54 ,x has be5 %[n t ! commons5se sy/em results f ! implant$ pr9ciples ( m9d1 s t no p]son c be entirely free f its influ5ce4 ,! ,augu/9ian sy/em has also be5 %[n 9 its ,calv9i/ic & ,arm9ian t5d5cies4 ,! ,calv9i/ic =m1 mak+ x c]ta9 t1 ow+ to ! depravity ( nature consequ5t on ,adam's s91 e moral act is s9 & only s91 :ile !re is no reveal$ mode ( secur+ reg5]ation1 leads to hopeless ineffici5cy & neglect ( religi\s advantages4 ,! ,arm9ian =m1 ma9ta9+ ! efficacy ( c]ta9 rites & c]emonies 9 secur+ reg5]ation1 t5ds to a disa/r\s dep5d5ce on outw>d obs]vances4 ,^? p>5ts :o are tra9$ 9 ! ,calv9i/ic s*ool1 usually beg9 education m or less on ! commons5se !ory t *ildr5 c & d please ,god :5 !y are ob$i5t1 g5tle1 k9d1 selfd5y+ & consci5ti\s4 ,pray]s & hymns are also taught to ! little ones t make ?is impression4 ,b :5 advanc+ ye>s br+ ! pulpit & o!r ,calv9i/ic influ5ces to be>1 ^! impressions1 m or less1 fade away1 & are foll[$ by ! depress+ feel+ t no?+ t a *ild does is ei!r good or pleas+ to ! heav5ly ,fa!r till ! 8wick$ he>t0 is *ang$ by ,god1 & t !re is no def9ite1 practical mode ( secur+ ?is *ange4 ,! consequ5ce1 9 _m cases1 is1 t all pray] & all att5tion to religi\s in/ruction ceases1 & a desp]ate c\rse ( worldl9ess & dep>ture f all recognition ( ,god ensues4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! natural result ( ?is ,augu/9ian !ory is m or less c\nt]act$ by consci5ce1 common s5se & ! ,bible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,arm9ian view ( ! efficacy ( rites & means ( grace sanction$ by ,god z ! mode ( secur+ reg5]ation1 has l$ to great /ress on ! use ( ^? rites & =ms4 ,! ,ca?olic & a portion ( ! ,episcopal *ur*1 h taught t ! rite ( baptism 0 ! appo9t$ mode ( rem$y+ ! depravity eng5d]$ f ,adam4 ,& s indisp5sable 0 x deem$ to ! salvation ( infants1 t n only laym51 b wom5 7 all[$ to adm9i/] ?is rite at ! approa* ( dea?1 :5 no prie/ c\ld be obta9$1 le/ ! infant s\l %\ld g to endless p]dition ) ! ta9t ( ,adam's s9 unremov$4 ,!re h be5 great diss5sions 9 ! ,episcopal *ur* z to ! efficacy ( baptism4 ,"s h taught t reg5]ation 0 imp>t$ by ?is rite4 ,o!rs h taught t ?is rite secur$ ! implant+ ( 8a se$10 or "s new my/]i\s pr9ciple1 :i* if *]i%$ & cultivat$ by ! *ur*1 w\ld result 9 ,*ri/ian "*4 ,^? :o hold ?is view1 rely *iefly on ! tra9+ ( *ildr5 9 ! *ur* z ! appo9t$ mode ( secur+ _! salvation4 ,t bran* ( ! ,arm9ian s*ool :i* left ! ,episcopal *ur* "u ,wesley & 8 associates1 7 driv5 (f by ! laxity & want ( spiritual life consequ5t on ^! t5d5cies to reliance on rites & =ms4 ,9 place ( ?is1 !y urg$ ! doctr9e ( in/antane\s reg5]ation1 to be ga9$ by c]ta9 means ( grace4 ,accord+ to ^! tea*]s1 reg5]ation consi/s 9 ! return ( ,god's ,_s to ! s\l1 :i* is )held 9 consequ5ce ( ,adam's s94 ,! t5d5cy ( ?is view 0 to less5 reliance on educational tra9+ & to exalt ! importance ( o!r means ( grace by :i* reg5]ation seem$ to be secur$1 & to :i* ! ,bible1 z 0 claim$1 promis$ success4 ,?us1 9 ! ,arm9ian sects1 :]e ! efficacy ( rites & =ms by a regul>ly orda9$ & au?oritative prie/hood has be5 rel9qui%$1 educational tra9+ has con=m$ m to ! ,calv9i/ic view4 ,z et]nal salvation dep5ds on secur+ reg5]ation1 e ?+ is made second>y to ^? me?ods by :i* reg5]ation is to be ga9$4 ,! ,episcopal ,arm9ians1 !re=e1 dep5d m on educat+ ! "y aright1 & h little dep5d5ce on revivals1 :ile ! ,me?odi/ ,arm9ians look less to education & m to revivals & o!r modes ( secur+ religi\s excitem5t4 ,b ! f\ndation difficulty alike ( ! ,calv9i/s1 ! ,episcopal ,arm9ians & ! ,me?odi/ ,arm9ians1 is ! assumption t reg5]ation ( a ru9$ nature is ! ?+ to be s\ght1 bo? by *ildr5 & by adults1 z ! indisp5sable pr]equisite to salvation1 & t 8! means ( grace0 are n = ! tra9+ & developm5t ( a p]fect nature1 b to ga9 f ,god ! cure ( a ru9$ & helpless "o4 ,9 contra/ to ?is1 ! commons5se sy/em recognizes all t is practical 9 any ( ! ?ree me?ods4 ,x tea*es t man's nature is p]fect1 & yet t he is utt]ly helpless )\t ! k1 tra9+ & motives1 = :i* he is dep5d5t alike on ,god & on man4 ,x tea*es t ?is nature c be tra9$ to 8a new life0 by educational in/rum5talities & by a sl[ & gradual process4 ,at ! same "t x tea*es1 t :5 m5 h liv$ a worldly life !re may be a sudd5 *ange ( "* by volunt>ily comm5c+ a life ( love & ob$i5ce to ,god1 9 place ( a life ( unregulat$ selfindulg5ce4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,pelagius & ,augu/9e1 !re has nev] be5 any l>ge body ( ,*ri/ians :o h tra9$ *ildr5 on ! commons5se sy/em dissev]$ f ! ,augu/9ian !ory4 ,?is exp]im5t is yet to be tri$ be=e its full & prop] t5d5cy c be truly develop$4 ,! ,unit>ian sect1 :o reject ! ,augu/9ian dogma1 also reject "s ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! commons5se sy/em1 especially t on :i* ! :ole sy/em ( moral & religi\s duty & motive re/s1 ! dang]s ( ! race 9 ! invisible _w1 & ! p[] ( motive secur$ by 8,god manife/ 9 ! fle%0 z ! longsuff]+ & self d5y+ ,creator1 com+ to aid 8 creatures by 8 tea*+1 sympa?y1 example1 & ab\nd+ love4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,,! ,,p ,,reject+ ,,! ,,augu/9ian ,,sy/em4--,,position ,,( ,,!ologians4 ,x is ! object ( :at foll[s to pres5t ! evid5ce t ! p are reject+ ! ,augu/9ian sy/em1 :ile !y are reta9+ ! sy/em ( common s5se1 z t alone :i* is taught 9 ! ,bible4 ,prelim9>y to ?is1 a brief /atem5t ( ! prom95t po9ts ( ^! sy/ems1 :]e _! antagonism is mo/ practical & app>5t1 w be all[$4 ,! ,augu/9ian sy/em tea*es t on acc\nt ( ,adam's s91 man is born ) a nature s totally deprav$1 t he nev] p]=ms any truly virtu\s acts till ?is nature is reg5]at$2 t ! true *ur* ( ,god on e>? consi/s only ( ^? :o are ?us reg5]at$2 & t a visible *ur* consi/s ( an organization ( p]sons :o pr(ess to possess a nature t has be5 recreat$1 s t !y p]=m truly virtu\s acts1 z ! unreg5]at$ nev] d4 ,9 opposition to ?is1 ! commons5se sy/em tea*es t man is born ) a p]fect nature1 s t he c & does act virtu\sly )\t any *ange 9 ?is nature2 also t ! true *ur* ( ,god on e>? consi/s ( all ^? ^: *ief end & e>ne/ purpose is to discov] & to obey all 8 laws2 & a visible *ur* consi/s ( any :o associate by "s outw>d organization to aid ea* o!r 9 attempts to discov] & to obey ! laws ( ,god4 ,! evid5ce t ! p are reject+ ! =m]1 & assum+ ! latt] view z t :i* is taught 9 ! ,bible1 w n[ be pres5t$ "u ^! heads3 ,! pres5t position ( !ologians2 ,! /ate ( ! *ur*2 ,! position ( ! pa/ors ( *ur*es2 ,! /ate ( popul> education2 ,! position ( woman2 ,! position ( ,"y ,am]ica2 ,! position ( ! religi\s & secul> press4 ,pres5t ,position ( ,!ologians4 ,9 attempt+ to portray ! pres5t /ate ( ! !ological _w1 x is ne$ful fir/ to di/+ui% betwe5 a class :i* may di/9ctively be t]m$ !ologians & ! mu* l>g] class :i* are pa/ors ( ! p4 ,! two classes are s comm+l$ t x w\ld be impossible to draw any l9e s exact z to arrange all 9 ^! two classes2 = sometimes ! same p]son is bo? !ologian & pa/or4 ,/ill !re is f\ndation = classification z di/9ct z ord9>ily exi/s 9 reg>d to o!r pr(essions :]e m5 comb9e div]se pursuits4 ,9 attempt+ ?is classification1 x mu/ be notic$ t ! religi\s _w is divid$ into great d5om9ations1 ea* hav+ its !ological s*ools1 its colleges1 its !ological magaz9es & its religi\s newspap]s4 ,all ^! are conduct$ by m5 ^: bus9ess is n t ( pa/ors1 & yet a great majority ( :om 7 educat$ = ?is (fice by a regul> !ological tra9+4 ,meantime1 _! position1 pr(essional reputation & daily bread dep5d on ma9ta9+ ! p>ticul> peculi>ities 9 doctr9e & practice ( a giv5 sect4 ,by ?is is meant1 t %\ld !y publicly av[ a r5unciation ( ! peculi>ities t di/+ui% _! sect1 !y w\ld suff] 9 ! public e/imation ( _! support]s1 & be imm$iately remov$ f _! pr(essional employm5t4 ,x is ?is class :o are usually among ! *ief lead]s ( ea* d5om9ation1 & :o !re=e are expos$ to all ! difficulties & temptations :i* beset ^? ^: p[]1 influ5ce1 pr(ession & pecuni>y support are m or less connect$ ) a cons]vative c\rse 9 all matt]s ( religi\s op9ion--difficulties & dang]s to :i* a pa/or is mu* less expos$1 s long z he ma9ta9s 8 hold on ! confid5ce & affection ( 8 p1 :o are 8 *ief protection aga9/ !ological p]secution ( any k9d4 ,! fir/ class dep5d on a :ole d5om9ation = reputation & a livelihood2 ! la/ class dep5d *iefly on _! own p4 ,! fir/ class1 on e practical "q1 mu/ reg>d ! views & op9ions ( a sect1 z lead]s & gu>dians ( ! int]e/s ( a great organization1 ^: v exi/5ce dep5ds on ! dom9ance ( c]ta9 op9ions4 ,! latt] class mu/ *iefly reg>d ! highe/ spiritual good ( ! s\ls committ$ to _! c>e4 ,?us1 = example1 ! ,bapti/ !ological pr(essors1 & editors ( religi\s p]iodicals1 mu/ ma9ta9 t baptism by imm]sion is ! only scriptural mode ( admission to ! visible *ur* ( ,god & to ! sacram5t1 or give up _! influ5ce1 reputation & pr(essional livelihood4 ,& !y mu/ su/a9 ! organiz$ int]e/s ( t sect z its mo/ tru/$ & tal5t$ lead]s4 ,moreov]1 ! v exi/5ce ( ! sect & ( _! position z its lead]s1 dep5d on ! ma9t5ance ( ?is t5et1 = x is ?is alone t sep>ates !m f ! ,congregational sect4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,congregational !ological pr(essor & editor mu/ ma9ta9 t =m ( *ur* organization or give up 8 po/4 ,& s ! ,presbyt]ian1 ,episcopal & ,me?odi/ !ological pr(essors & editors are equally b\nd4 ,?is repres5tation does n necess>ily imply any ?+ invidi\s4 ,if x is reg>d$ z a duty to keep up ! sect>ian divisions1 :i*1 z has be5 %[n1 all result f ! ,augu/9ian dogma1 !n m5 mu/ be support$ to d x by !ological s*ools & p]iodicals4 ,& :5 m5 are put into positions = ! express purpose ( su/a9+ ! peculi> views ( a sect1 x is n hone/ = !m to hold ^! positions aft] !y c no long] consci5ti\sly d ! "w !y are hir$ to p]=m4 ,b ea* pa/or is ! lead] ( 8 flock2 & _! op9ions & practices are m or less at 8 control z _! religi\s tea*]4 ,& s long z he c c>ry 8 p ) him he is indep5d5t ( e o!r ecclesia/ical p[]4 ,true1 he may be c5sur$1 depos$ & exclud$ f a giv5 sect or p>ty1 b 8 p only h to decl>e !mselves indep5d5t1 & t !y *oose to reta9 him z _! religi\s tea*]1 & no "o c h>m him z to 8 pr(essional employm5t or 8 support4 ,?us x is t ! pa/ors ( *ur*es h few] ( ^? difficulties to meet :i* re/ra9 ! *ief !ological lead]s ( a sect4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to notice ! pres5t position ( !ologians 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! *ief !ological conflicts1 s9ce ! days ( ,augu/9e1 & also ! *ief sects1 h result$ f attempts to ?r[ (f ! dogma introduc$ by him 9 "s "o ( its developm5ts4 ,?us ! conflict head$ by ,lu!r 0 aga9/ ! sub/itution ( ext]nal rites & =ms result+ f man's helpless depravity = an int]nal pr9ciple ( love & ob$i5ce4 ,! conflict comm5c$ by ,arm9ius 0 to ma9ta9 man's ability to d some?+ by 8 own ef=ts to ga9 et]nal life1 9 opposition to ! utt] inability taught by ,calv9ism4 ,! conflict comm5c$ by ,wesley & 8 associates1 0 to r\se m5 f a re/+ 9 outw>d rites & =ms & educational tra9+1 by mak+ in/antane\s reg5]ation a practicable aim1 & "o to be secur$ by ! use ( 8! means ( grace40 ,! conflict comm5c$ by ,presid5t ,edw>ds 0 to rem$y ! ,calv9i/ic t5d5cy to hopeless ineffici5cy & wait+ = ,god to reg5]ate1 by insi/+ on man's ability to obey all t ,god requires4 ,! conflict l$ by ! ,new ,hav5 s*ool ( div9es1 01 9 fact1 an attempt to cut up ! ,augu/9ian sy/em by ! root1 9 ma9ta9+ t s9 consi/s 9 ! wrong action ( a "r nature1 & n 9 a deprav$ nature & its inevitable results4 ,all ^! controv]sies h be5 c>ri$ on1 m & m1 9 ! audi5ce ( ! p1 :o1 9 ! meantime1 h be5 cont9ually advanc+ 9 m5tal culture & k4 ,especially has ?is be5 ! case 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e religion has be5 fre$ f civil re/ra9ts4 ,sev]al ( ! religi\s sects h be5 s divid$ on ^! matt]s z to involve civil suits to settle que/ions ( prop]ty1 ?us br++ !ologians & lawy]s on to ! same ar5a4 ,& ?us discussions on !ological po9ts 7 report$ 9 secul> pap]s4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ! r5d+ ( ! ,presbyt]ian *ur* into ! ,old & ,news*ool sections4 ,dur+ ?is controv]sy1 "s ( ! mo/ honor$ & tal5t$ ( ! cl]gy 7 susp5d$ f _! pulpit duties & ?reat5$ ) dismission f !ological pr(essor%ips1 solely on ! *>ge ( d5y+ c]ta9 po9ts ( doctr9e ( ! ,augu/9ian sy/em4 ,& ! highe/ judicature ( ! nation 0 call$ to decide :e!r ! m5 ?us *>g$ _h1 or _h n s dep>t$ f or?odox cre$s z to w>rant ! loss ( place & income4 ,9 ?is discussion1 ! end[m5ts ( colleges1 ( !ological s*ools1 & ( *ur* prop]ty1 7 s at /ake1 t ! laym5 all ov] ! l& 7 oblig$ to inquire into & und]/& ! m]its ( a discussion /rictly metaphysical & !ological4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 at "o "t1 ! :ole ,/ate 0 excit$ by ! "q :e!r !re 7 any o!r *ur*es except ! congregations t wor%ip$ toge!r & support$ ! m9i/]4 ,?is "q 0 argu$ be=e ! highe/ c\rt ( ! ,/ate1 & decid$ 9 ! negative1 :ile = ye>s ! controv]sy 0 prolong$4 ,meantime1 ! /udy ( m5tal sci5ce has be5 introduc$ into bo? colleges & s*ools all ov] ! l&1 & ! sons1 & ev5 ! daught]s ( our f>m]s & me*anics1 h ga9$ cle>] & m discrim9at+ views on su* subjects ?an c n[ be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle1 ,plato1 & ! wise/ m5 ( pa/ ages4 ,phr5ology1 also1 has drawn maps ( ! m5tal faculties1 s t ev5 ! s5ses h be5 tra9$ to aid 9 metaphysics4 ,! pulpit1 ! press & public lectur]s n[1 :5 !y ref] to ! intellect1 ! susceptibilities1 ! w1 ! moral p[]s1 & use o!r metaphysical t]ms1 are und]/ood by all4 ,9 %ort1 ! human m9d has develop$ 9 all directions1 until x is impossible any long] to conceal absurdities "u cov] ( h>d names & metaphysical ab/rusities1 especially :5 ! practical conc]ns ( ?is life1 z well z ! life to come1 are equally involv$4 ,meantime1 ! mo/ vigor\s & acute m9ds 9 ! v>i\s oppos+ sects & !ological s*ools1 h be5 exhibit+1 9 magaz9es & newspap]s1 ! difficulties & absurdities ea* f9ds 9 ! cre$ & tea*+ ( all :o diff]1 :ile x is ! laym5 :o read & pay = ^! p]iodicals4 ,9 ^!1 & _m o!r ways1 ! discussions :i* once 7 conf9$ to metaphysicians & !ologians1 h come be=e ! p1 & ! ,augu/9ian sy/em has be5 m & m cle>ly exhibit$ z contr>y to ! moral s5se & common s5se ( mank9d4 ,a few ye>s s9ce1 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,bee*] publi%$ ! ,conflict ( ,ages1 9 :i*1 ) a calm & ,*ri/ian _s & 9 a popul> =m1 0 set =? ! difficulties consequ5t on ! ,augu/9ian sy/em1 :i* = ages h agitat$ all ,*ri/5dom4 ,9 ?is "w1 x is %[n t !re are 8pr9ciples ( honor & "r0 :i* all !ologians agree 9 ma9ta9+ t ,god mu/ & does reg>d & obey2 t ^! pr9ciples are violat$ by ,god on ! supposition t he has br\ght mank9d into be+ 9 ?is _w ) a deprav$ nature2 & f9ally1 t all !ories z yet inv5t$ by !ologians to relieve ! ,creator f su* an imputation are failures1 except ! !ory1 :i* is !re pres5t$1 ( a preexi/5t /ate1 accord+ to :i*1 mank9d 7 creat$ ) p]fect natures1 :i* !y ru9$ by s9n+1 & came into ?is life to be re/or$ to _! =m] p]fect /ate4 ,mu* t appe>s 9 ! e>ly portion ( ?is "w is f ?is s\rce4 ,/ill m has be5 ga9$ f t "w 9 ! cle> mann] 9 :i* x is !re prov$1 t ! ,bible does n tea* t ! s9 ( ,adam _h any effect on 8! nature0 ( ! human race1 & t ! int]pretation giv5 to ! passage 9 ,romans v41 :i* is ! *ief "o claim$ z tea*+ ?is doctr9e1 n only has be5 int]pret$ wrong1 b is contr>y to ! r5d]+ ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w f ! apo/les to ,augu/9e4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,conflict ( ,ages came be=e ! p ) ! claim1 t ! ,augu/9ian !ory ( a deprav$ nature consequ5t on ! s9 ( ,adam1 z taught by all !ologians ( ! great ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant sects1 is contr>y to ! moral s5se ( mank9d & entirely unsupport$ by ! ,bible4 ,?is "w 0 read1 n only by !ologians & pa/ors1 b by intellig5t laym51 to an ext5t nev] kn[n be=e ( a /rictly !ological "w4 ,& :at 0 ! gr\nd tak5 by !ologians ( all s*ools8 ,!y 7 b\nd to %[ to ! p1 9 opposition to ?is "w1 if !y c\ld1 t ?is ,augu/9ian dogma 0 n contr>y to ! moral s5se ( mank9d1 & t x 0 taught 9 ! ,bible4 ,b n a s+le attempt ( ?is k9d has ev] be5 made4 ,?is univ]sal sil5ce is z direct a confession ( inability to reply z ev] 0 kn[n 9 ! !ological _w4 ,all t ev] has be5 attempt$ has be51 to %[ t ! !ory ( a prexi/5t /ate1 (f]$ by t au?or1 af=ds little or no relief1 & is )\t scriptural au?ority4 ,! words ( a di/+ui%$ !ologian & editor ( a !ological qu>t]ly1 address$ to ! writ]1 express ! case exactly3 8,y\r bro!r has succe$$ 9 ?r[+ u all into ! dit*1 b he has %[n u no way to get out40 ,t is to say1 s long z ! doctr9e ( a deprav$ nature t insures 8s91 & only s910 9 e unreg5]ate m9d1 is ma9ta9$1 !re is no satisfactory way yet devis$ ( prov+ ! wisdom & b5evol5ce ( ,god1 by ! concessions ( !ologians !mselves4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,conflict ( ,ages1 9 remov+ ! *ief passage 9 ! ,bible reli$ on = prov+ t 9 consequ5ce ( ,adam's s9 ! nature ( all m5 has become deprav$1 has equally remov$ ! evid5ce mo/ reli$ on to prove t !re is any su* depravity ( nature taught 9 ! ,bible at all4 ,?is univ]sal1 tacit concession ( !ologians ( all s*ools1 9 ref]5ce to ?is fam\s passage ( ,scripture1 _h no little influ5ce 9 br++ be=e ! public ! volume entitl$ ,common ,s5se ,appli$ to ,religion1 or ! ,bible & ! ,p be=e ref]r$ to4 ,9 ?is "w1 ! pr9ciples ( common s5se & ! nature or con/ruction ( m9d are by ! au?or exhibit$ m at l>ge ?an 9 ?is volume4 ,& ! commons5se sy/em ( religion z ?us educ$ is also set =?1 ?\gh less completely & ext5sively ?an 9 ?is "w4 ,! laws ( language & int]pretation also are introduc$ into t "w = ! purpose ( %[+ 79 ! second volume n yet publi%$7 t ! commons5se sy/em is also taught 9 ! ,bible4 ,b prelim9>y to ?is1 x 0 se5 to be important to apply ! pr9ciples ( common s5se to prove t ! ,bible is a collection ( reliable records1 ( reliable revelations f ! ,creator to mank9d4 ,x 0 se5 also1 t if ! ,augu/9ian sy/em is really taught 9 ^! writ+s1 x is impossible to prove !m to be reliable revelations f ,god1 z is set =? at l>ge 9 *apt] #cd ( ?is pres5t volume4 ,= ?is reason1 9 ! ,add5da to ! fir/ volume ! ,augu/9ian !ory is introduc$1 & v briefly %[n to be1 n only contr>y to ! common s5se & moral s5se ( mank9d1 b also )\t support f ! ,bible4 ,be=e publication1 ?is "w 0 s5t to a l>ge numb] ( ^? reg>d$ z among ! mo/ acute & pr(\nd !ologians ( ! sev]al classes describ$ h]e91 ) ! reque/ t if !y detect$ inaccuracies z to facts1 or fallaci\s reason+s1 !y w\ld po9t !m out = revision4 ,9 mak+ ?is appeal x 0 /at$ t ! writ] _h little ta/e = metaphysics or !ology1 & _h be5 driv5 to !m 9 ! /ress ( great sorr[ & "u a trem5d\s pressure ( motive z n>rat$ 9 ! ,introduction4 ,sev]al ( ^? ?us address$1 return$ criticisms & rem>ks 9 reply4 ,! book 0 !n issu$1 9 :i* ! au?or appe>$ n 9 ! attitude ( a tea*]1 b z an inquir]4 ,& ! clos+ inquiries 73 ,are ^! pr9ciples ( common s5se accept$8 ,is ! sy/em ( natural religion evolv$ by _! aid accept$8 ,is ! ,augu/9ian !ory ( depravity1 z tri$ by ^! pr9ciples & ! rules ( int]pretation1 support$ ei!r by reason or ! ,bible8 ,! "w1 z ?us revis$1 0 aga9 s5t to ^! same !ologians1 & x 0 notic$ 9 mo/ ( ! p]iodicals4 ,! result 0 ! same z 0 accord$ to ! argum5ts ( ! ,conflict ( ,ages4 ,"s criticisms on /yle1 language & m9or matt]s appe>$ 9 ! notices ( ! book1 b ! above ma9 que/ions ?us submitt$ 7 met ) an om9\s sil5ce4 ,none ( ! !ologians ( any s*ool has po9t$ out any mis/atem5t ( any specific fact2 nor h !y attempt$ to dispute ! pr9ciples ( common s5se set =?1 or ! results ( _! application 9 ! sy/em ?us evolv$4 ,nor h !y attempt$ to %[ t ! passage 9 ! ,bible on :i* ! ,augu/9ian !ory *iefly re/s1 is sanction$ by ! int]pretations ( ! apo/olic ages1 or t ! int]pretation ( x 9 ! ,conflict ( ,ages1 is incorrect4 ,moreov]1 9 ! columns ( ! ,indep5d5t1 9 reply to _! notice ( h] "w1 ! foll[+ /atem5t 0 made by ! au?or3 8,! case /&s ?us3 ,i am aim+ to pres5t1 9 a %ort & popul> =m1 9 my next volume1 ! evid5ce t1 9 ! ,bible1 we h reliable & au?oritative revelations f ! ,creator1 & to educe f ^! docum5ts ! true answ]1 n only to ! "q1 #8,:at mu/ we d to be sav$8' b to ! gr& "q ( my own pr(ession1 #8,:at mu/ we d ! mo/ effectively to tra9 ! "y m9d to virtue & immortality8' 8,at my fir/ /ep ,i am met by #8,"y ,am]ica1' ) su* an hone/1 amiable1 & p[]ful lead] z ,!odore ,p>k]4 ,reg>d$ z hold+ ! cre$ 9 :i* ,i 0 educat$1 & mo/ ( my life h advocat$1 ,i am ?us int]rogat$3 8 #8,is n ! ,creator ! au?or ( ! con/itution ( m9d8 8 #8,if ! ,creator _h p[] to make x "r & yet has made x wrong1 is he n prov$ by 8 works 7! only mode ( le>n+ 8 "*7 to be unwise & malevol5t1 & is n a reliable revelation f su* a be+1 to tea* ! way ( virtue & happ9ess1 impossible8 8 #8,d y n claim t ! ,bible tea*es t ,god has prov$ 8 p[] to make m9d p]fect by creat+ angels & ,adam ) p]fect m9ds1 & at ! same "t1 z a p5alty = ! s9 ( ! fir/ p>5t1 has made su* a con/itution ( ?+s1 t e human m9d comes into exi/5ce ) a ru9$ & deprav$ nature1 t nev] c1 or nev] w1 act "r till ,god re creates x1 :ile z yet1 = ! great mass ( mank9d1 he nev] rem$ies ?is wrong8 8 #8,d y n claim t ! ,bible tea*es t no human be+ has any "r & acceptable feel+s or actions till ,god ?us re creates ! m9d8 8 #8,if ! ,bible does tea* ?us1 we c f9d a nobl] ,creator & m p]fect sy/em ( religion by ! light ( nature )\t any revelation at all1 :ile ! ,god ( ! ,bible1 by its own %[+1 is prov$ unwor?y ( confid5ce z a tea*] ( ! way to virtue & happ9ess4' 8,press$ by ^! que/ions1 ,i h se>*$ ! ,bible 9 va9 to f9d any su* doctr9es 9 its pages4 ,i f9d no?+ ( ! k9d1 & s ,i ackn[l$ge t ,i h be5 9 ! wrong1 & rel9qui% ! ,augu/9ian dogma 9 :i* ,i h be5 educat$1 z unsupport$ ei!r by reason or revelation2 & fir/ privately & !n publicly ask = any evid5ce to su/a9 x4 8,i come be=e ! public1 n z a tea*] ( metaphysics or !ology1 b z an inquir] = ! tru?4 ,i /ate1 z ne>ly z ,i am able1 ! difficulties ,i h met1 & take e possible me?od to avoid mi/ake & misrepres5tation 9 reg>d to ! op9ions ( bo? ^? ) :om ,i agree & ^? f :om ,i diff]4 8,i assume t !ology is capable ( improvem5t2 t ,prote/ant div9es are no m infallible ?an ,ca?olic2 t a humble & tea*able _s is ! di/9ctive m>k ( a ,*ri/ian tea*]2 & t ! c\rage & manl9ess t c ackn[l$ge mi/akes is n only m ,*ri/ian1 b ev5 9 ! eye ( ! _w1 is m honorable & dignifi$ ?an any assumption ( infallibility1 h[ev] well su/a9$4 8,9 publicly meet+ su* an am\nt ( tal5t1 le>n+1 & influ5ce z seems n[ to be array$ aga9/ me1 ,i deem t x 9 no way implies a presumptu\s or selfconfid5t _s4 ,i conc$e t _m ( ^? ,i ?us meet are my equals or sup]iors 9 natural abilities1 & c]ta9ly all are s 9 le>n+4 ,i believe also !y are m5 ( consci5ti\s integrity1 & t1 probably1 mo/ ( !m1 w\ld g to ! /ake r ?an kn[+ly to sacrifice _! allegiance to tru?1 duty1 & ,god4 ,& ,i believe t if ,i h any special mission 9 ?is matt]1 x is to illu/rate ! tru? t common s5se1 )\t any unusual tal5ts or le>n+1 unit$ to a s9c]e desire to le>n & to obey ! tru?1 are suffici5t = all m5 & all wom51 9 all important decisions = ?is life1 & z mu* s = ! life to come4 8,nor d ,i reg>d ?is z a resort to old & unpractical meta physical ab/rusities4 ,x r involves t great practical "q ( life1 be=e :i* all o!rs fade into no?+ness--t "q :i* meets e p>5t & e tea*] = e *ild--:i* meets e human be+1 z 9 sorr[1 or disappo9tm5t1 or sickness1 or dea?1 ! s\l asks f its ,creator help & guidance = ! dread & et]nal future4 ,in/ead ( lead+ to metaphysical & !ological ab/rusities1 my hope is to entice f _! d>k & sorr[ful mazes to ! pla9 & *e]ful pa? ( common s5se4 8,! great "q involv$ is1 h ! p a reliable revelation f ! ,creator 9 ! ,bible1 & are !y qualifi$ to decide :at are its true tea*+s on t great "q ( life1 #8,:at mu/ we d to be sav$8' 8,& at ! same "t1 ! great practical "q = my sex is no less at issue1 #8,h[ are we be/ to tra9 ! m9d ( *ildhood to virtue & et]nal happ9ess8' ,^! que/ions surely are capable ( be+1 & %\ld be1 discuss$ 9 ! language ( ! common p1 & n 9 ^? s*ola/ic & metaphysical t]ms :i* !y c n1 & w n seek to compreh5d4 8,9 ^! circum/ances ,i endeavor fir/ to meet ! *>ge ( my fri5ds ( ! ,indep5d5t1 t ,i h misrepres5t$ ! views ( t class ( !ologians ) :om !y frat]nize1 & ) :om ,i claim to agree4 8,i (f] ! foll[+ z ! exact words 9 :i* ,i h he>d ! ,new ,hav5 div9es express _! op9ions1 & :i*1 on my application1 7 s5t to me z a correct /atem5t ( _! views1 z taught = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 9 ! ,new ,hav5 ,s*ool ( ,!ology4 8,!y ma9ta9 t #8man1 aft] ! fall ( ,adam1 0 z truly creat$ 9 ,god's image z 0 ,adam2 t ,*ri/ 0 tempt$ 9 all po9ts l z we are2 t ! /rong] are our inf]ior prop5sities1 if we gov]n !m1 z we c1 by ! morally "r act ( ! w1 ! great] is ! moral excell5ce ( ! act4 ,!y d n ma9ta9 t man has full p[] to *ange 8 deprav$ nature )\t div9e aid1 = !y h nev] suppos$ he has a deprav$ nature 9 any s5se1 or a corrupt nature1 mu* less a s9ful nature1 to be *ang$2 b r t 9 nature he is l ,god4 ,9 discussions1 !y h always oppos$ ! use ( language by my fa!r & ,mr4 ,b>nes ( a corrupt nature1 n s9ful4' 8,i pres5t ?is z an exact /atem5t ( my own views1 & ,i claim t1 on ! po9t ( ! native "* ( ! human m9d1 x is ! ,pelagian gr\nd 9 opposition to ! ,augu/9ian1 & t no ?ird gr\nd is possible4 ,if ,i am wrong 9 ei!r p>ticul>1 ,i ask to be enlight5$ by ! editors ( ! ,indep5d5t1 & by ! ,new ,hav5 div9es !mselves4 ,i claim also t1 s f> z ,i c see1 ?is is ! only gr\nd on :i* ! argum5t above /at$1 z t ( #8,"y ,am]ica1' c be successfully met4 8,i und]/& ! editors ( ! ,indep5d5t t !y occupy ! ,augu/9ian gr\nd1 & ,i !re=e appeal to !m1 z well z to ! !ologians ( ,pr9ceton1 ,&ov]1 ,union1 & ,lane1 to in/ruct me & ! public :]e9 ,i h mis/at$ _! views1 & above all1 to in/ruct u h[1 ) ?is dogma fa/5$ to x1 ! ,bible c be su/a9$ aga9/ ! above infidel argum5t4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is1 %\ld any ?+ be attempt$1 ,i (f] ^! que/ions = att5tion3 8,is !re any passage 9 ! ,bible t tea*es t ! m9ds ( ! angels or ( ,adam 7 n made exactly l ^? ( ! desc5dants ( ,adam1 & subject$ to ! same sl[ & gradual process ( acquisition & developm5t8 8,i h look$ & inquir$ 9 va9 to f9d any su* passage1 or to f9d any p]son :o ev] f\nd "o4 8,is !re any passage 9 ! ,bible t tea*es t ! nature or con/itution ( ! m9d ( man is n ! be/ t is possible 9 ! nature ( ?+s8 ,i h nev] be5 able to f9d any4 8,is !re any passage 9 ! ,bible t tea*es t man has receiv$ a ru9$ nature 9 consequ5ce ( ,adam's s98 8,i h read long argum5ts f ,dr4 ,hodge ( ,pr9ceton1 prov+ t !re is no su* ?+ taught 9 ,romans v41 ! only passage ev] claim$ to tea* ?is doctr9e t ,i ev] he>d (4 ,my bro!r1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,bee*]1 ?us concludes a long argum5t on ?is subject 9 ! ,conflict ( ,ages3 #8,! doctr9e t our deprav$ natures or our s9ful conduct h be5 caus$ or occasion$ by ! s9 ( ,adam1 is n ass]t$ 9 any "p ( ,god's ^w4' 0 ,! high1 moral & intellectual "* ( ! g5tlem5 to :om ?is appeal 0 ?us made1 =bids ! idea t !y w\ld all[ su* /atem5ts & argum5ts & appeals to g unnotic$ if !y felt able to af=d any light 9 reply to ^! que/ions4 ,x 0 _! highe/ duty z tea*]s ( !ology1 if !y c\ld d x1 to %[ h[ to answ] ! argum5t ( 8,"y ,am]ica0 aga9/ ! ,bible z conta9+ ! ,augu/9ian dogma2 to %[ t ! passage introduc$ above z a specim5 ( ! ,pelagianism taught by ! ,new ,hav5 div9es ei!r is n ! doctr9e !y tea* or is n ,pelagianism2 to %[ t !re are "s passages 9 ! ,bible t tea* t ! nature or ! con/itution ( man is n ! be/ possible 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 & is diff]5t f t ( ! uns9n+ angels or unfall5 ,adam2 & f9ally1 to %[ t !re is "s passage 9 ! ,bible t tea*es t ! deprav$ nature ( man 0 caus$ or occasion$ by ! s9 ( ,adam4 ,n only ! pr(essors & editors ?us address$1 b all ! !ologians ( all s*ools1 s f> z ! writ] c le>n1 h ma9ta9$ a pr(\nd sil5ce on all ^! que/ions4 ,! ,indep5d5t also decl9$ any discussion ?us3 8,we h no int5tion ( surr5d]+ our columns to a !ological or psy*ological controv]sy su* z might be introduc$ by ! communication we n[ publi%40 ,! writ] aft] ?is1 9 sev]al cases1 sugge/$ to "s ( ! mo/ active & intellig5t m9ds 9 "s ( ! above !ological sem9>ies1 to endeavor to secure a full discussion ( ^! topics 9 _! lecture rooms1 & 0 told1 9 reply1 t all su* ef=ts 7 decid$ly disc\rag$4 ,%e also address$ notes to sev]al editors ( ! secul> press to see if _! columns c\ld be us$ = ! purpose4 ,f ! "o ^: pa/ fre$om l$ to ! expectation ( an affirmative answ]1 ! reply 01 t he _h promis$ 8 or?odox fri5ds t he w\ld n ne$lessly introduce h]esy into 8 pap]1 & t ! greate/ ( all h]esies 0 common s5se6 ,f9ally1 on consult+ "o ( ! mo/ %rewd & be/ in=m$ publi%]s 9 reg>d to ! future volume1 he express$ ! op9ion t 89 :atev] else !ologians diff]$1 !y 7 all unit$ 9 ! det]m9ation t ! inve/igation propos$ by ! au?or %\ld n be p]mitt$40 ,?is be+ s1 ! au?or has conclud$1 & ! public probably w conclude1 t ! mo/ pr(\nd & acute !ologians ( ?is c\ntry h rel9qui%$ ! idea ( attempt+ any f>!r def5se ( ! ,augu/9ian dogma4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvi4 ,,pres5t ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,! ^w 8*ur*10 z us$ 9 ?is article1 ref]s *iefly to ^? close corporations :i* claim to be reg5]at$ p]sons1 ^: deprav$ nature1 transmitt$ f ,adam1 has be5 s f> rectifi$ by recreation1 t !y are1 m or less1 9 ! practice ( true virtue1 ( :i* ! unreg5]ate _w are suppos$ to be totally de/itute4 ,9 ?is s5se !y claim to be 8! sa9ts10 8! righte\s10 8! elect10 8! *ildr5 ( ,god10 8! salt ( ! e>?10 8! light ( ! _w10 8a holy nation10 8a peculi> p40 ,:ile ! memb]s ( ^! *ur*es d n claim t all :o d n come into _! organizations are ( ! opposite class1 !y d1 by _! pr(ession & admission to su* *ur*es1 claim to be ( ! reg5]at$ class1 to :om ! above t]ms ( ! ,bible are to be appli$1 :ile ! great majority ( mank9d1 n 9 ^! organizations1 are call$ by !m 8! _w10 8! unreg5]ate10 8s9n]s10 8! wick$10 & by o!r simil> t]ms4 ,s long z ! great body ( ! p 7 guid$ *iefly by ecclesia/ics1 & 7 ?us tra9$ to believe t heav5 0 to be ga9$ by "s un9telligible 8*ange ( nature10 imp>t$ by prie/ly ag5cy1 or by "s sup]natural int]v5tion ( ,god's ,_s1 ^! claims 7 reg>d$ ) my/ifi$ fe> & d\bt4 ,b ! m intellig5ce & discussion h spread among ! p1 ! m su* claims h be5 que/ion$ & di/ru/$4 ,_m ?+s h comb9$ to increase su* di/ru/4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ! discussions already notic$1 conduct$ by !ologians !mselves1 by :i* ! absurdities & inconsi/5cies ma9ta9$ by ea*1 7 expos$ by all ! o!rs4 ,ano!r cause ( di/ru/ has be5 ! great v>iety ( te/s & signs ( reg5]ation4 ,"o class ( religi\s tea*]s claim a c]ta9 k9d ( exp]i5ce z indisp5sable to admission to ! *ur*4 ,a second class reprobate ?is sign & set up ano!r4 ,a ?ird class depreciate bo? & insi/ ^u /ill ano!r4 ,& ?us x is made app>5t1 t !ologians d n agree among !mselves :at ! 8deprav$ nature0 ( man consi/s 91 nor :at are ! true signs or evid5ce ( its 8sav+ *ange40 ,ano!r cause ( di/ru/ has aris5 f attempts to c>ry out a sy/em ( *ur* discipl9e4 ,"s *ur*es expel p]sons = int]pret+ ! ,bible 9 a diff]5t mode f !mselves or _! cre$4 ,o!rs expel _! memb]s = v5d+ alcoholic dr9ks1 or = danc+1 or = hold+ slaves1 or = m>ry+ ! si/] ( a deceas$ wife4 ,meantime1 ! s9s ( pride1 ang]1 covet\sness1 av>ice1 worldl9ess1 evil temp]1 unfairness 9 bus9ess1 h>d deal+s ) ! poor1 & _m o!r developm5ts ( selfi%ness1 (t5 are made no b> to full & honorable communion4 ,aga91 9 *ur*es & sects t are mo/ /r5u\s 9 attempt+ to ma9ta9 by *ur* discipl9e a uni=mity ( int]pretation ( ! ,bible con=m$ to _! own1 x has come to pass t or?odoxy ( int]pretation is sometimes practically plac$ be=e morality ( conduct4 ,?us1 if a memb] ( a *ur* or a m9i/] is suspect$ ( d5y+ ! supreme div9ity ( ,*ri/1 or ! depravity & ne$ ( reg5]ation ( nature 9 man1 a great agitation is produc$1 & attempts are made1 by *ur* discipl9e1 to rectify ! evil z v dang]\s4 ,9 ! meantime1 a sl&]\s tongue1 or di%one/ deal+s1 or selfi% worldl9ess1 excite less conc]n1 & ar\se to less ef=t4 ,! inevitable result is an impression t *ur*es & m9i/]s place con=mity ( int]pretation to _! own cre$s or op9ions be=e morality1 & consequ5tly ! feel+ is eng5d]$1 t *ur* organizations1 f\nd$ on ! ,augu/9ian !ory1 t5d to immorality4 ,?is impression z to ! immoral t5d5cy ( su* *ur* organizations1 has be5 increas$ by ! fact t 9 times ( special religi\s excitem5t1 t class ( m5 9 _m cases1 become mo/ prom95t z lead]s 9 pray] meet+s & o!r public m9i/ries ^: "* = consi/5cy 9 private life1 or 9 bus9ess matt]s1 is l[4 ,x is p]ceiv$ t ?is fact does n prev5t ^! m5 f be+ reg>d$ z religi\s m51 & z sup]ior to o!rs1 :o1 liv+ exempl>y lives1 are unable or unwill+ to take any conspicu\s place 9 religi\s movem5ts4 ,& :5 ! p]iod ( excitem5t is pass$1 x is f\nd t ^! lead]s 9 revival seasons are no bett] 9 _! private life & bus9ess deal+s ?an be=e4 ,x is also sometimes ! case t m5 ( high "* & position1 c n be rea*$ by *ur* discipl9e z are ! humbl] memb]s1 & ?us s9 is made respectable by its association at once ) tal5ts1 influ5ce1 weal? & *ur* memb]%ip4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! fact t s _m m9i/]s & *ur*es h tak5 su* an antagoni/ic c\rse 9 ! public movem5ts to remove intemp]ance & slav]y f our l&1 has l$ to op5 attacks on m9i/]s & *ur*es 9 ! newspap]s1 9 public lectures & 9 _m o!r ways1 9 :i* _! inconsi/5cies h be5 held up to public ridicule z well z to m s]i\s d5unciation4 ,s long z ! 8*ange ( nature10 :i* fits man = heav51 0 reg>d$ z a sup]natural my/]y :i* no "o c\ld und]/& or expla91 :ile ! approv$ signs ( reg5]ation 7 submitt$ only to m9i/]s1 deacons1 eld]s & *ur* committees1 ! matt] 0 exclusively 9 _! keep+4 ,b z soon z ! nature ( reg5]ation began to be expla9$ intelligibly1 & m5 adopt$ ! commons5se view1 t ! true *ur* consi/s ( p]sons :o n only believe 9 ,*ri/ intellectually1 b believe practically1 i4e41 t !y are ^? :o obey ,*ri/1 ! case bore a diff]5t aspect4 8,^! are ! p]sons10 !y say1 8:o organize on ! assumption t !y are reg5]at$ because !y obey ,*ri/'s tea*+s1 :ile s _m virtu\s p]sons are %ut out z totally & entirely disob$i5t1--z nev] feel+ or act+ truly virtu\sly 9 ! sight ( ,god 9 a s+le in/ance60 ,! m ?is que/ionable assumption has become app>5t1 ! m has be5 ! di/urb+ influ5ce on bo? ! *ur* & ! _w4 ,multitudes ( s]i\s1 virtu\s & consci5ti\s p]sons1 :o are really liv+ ,*ri/ian lives & mak+ x _! *ief conc]n to obey ! great ,ma/]1 h refus$ to jo9 associations t make su* dubi\s claims4 ,/ill m has be5 ! revulsion f ^? *ur*es :i* dem& z t]ms to admission pr(ess$ belief 9 c]ta9 modes ( int]pret+ ! ,bible conta9$ 9 a cre$4 ,!y1 hold+ ! ,prote/ant doctr9e t e man is to int]pret ! ,bible = himself1 responsible to no man or body ( m51 c n ?us resign _! religi\s lib]ty4 ,meantime1 ! ,*ri/ian pr(ession has ceas$ to be a cross 9 any way1 & has r become honorable4 ,^? :o h be5 taught t a purpose or det]m9ation to obey ,*ri/ 0 reg5]ation1 h 9 _m cases =m$ su* a purpose1 confess$ belief 9 ! ne$ful cre$s & jo9$ ! *ur* 9 great numb]s1 be=e !y _h "t to asc]ta9 :e!r !y _h moral /r5g? to c>ry out ?is purpose4 ,!y f9d on trial t !y h n1 & !n discov] t ?\gh !re is an op5 door to ent] ! *ur* !re is none = exit t is n discr$itable1 & s !y rema94 ,o!rs come into ! *ur* = worse motives1 to secure ! confid5ce1 respect & tru/ t is accord$ to t pr(ession4 ,?us x has come to pass t ! class1 d5om9at$ 8! _w10 has be5 gr[+ 9 ,*ri/ian "* & practical virtue1 :ile1 z a body1 8! *ur*0 has be5 det]iorat+4 ,! writ]1 9 h] v ext5sive travels & int]c\rse ) ! religi\s _w1 has _h unusual opportunities to notice h[ surely & h[ ext5sively ! conviction ( ?is fact has be5 press$ on ! m9ds ( ! be/ class ( ,*ri/ian m9i/]s & laym54 ,m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago1 "o ( ! mo/ labori\s ,episcopal bi%ops ( ! we/]n ,/ates1 9 reply to inquiries z to ! /ate ( religion 9 8 l>ge diocese repli$1 8! _w is gr[+ bett] & ! *ur* is gr[+ worse40 ,m ?an t5 ye>s ago1 a di/+ui%$ lawy]1 :o _h ext5sive f9ancial bus9ess to transact1 himself an honor$ & exempl>y memb] ( ! *ur*1 /at$ to ! writ] t he 0 decid$ 9 ! conviction t ! bett] class ( worldly m5 7 m honorable & reliable 9 bus9ess matt]s ?an ! majority ( *ur* memb]s4 ,:5 ask$ to acc\nt = ?is1 ! reply 0 t religi\s m5 7 *iefly int]e/$ to get to heav51 :i* 9 _! view 0 to be secur$ 8by fai? & n by works10 & s good works became a second>y conc]n4 ,b ! *ief conc]n ( worldly m5 is to succe$ 9 ?is life1 & !y h le>n$ t hone/y is ! be/ policy 9 atta9+ _! *ief end4 ,?is /atem5t 0 repeat$ to ano!r exempl>y *ur* memb]1 :o1 z a bank (fic] & lawy] ( di/+ui%$ integrity1 0 said to transact m bus9ess ?an any o!r man 9 ! nor?we/]n ,/ates4 ,he rem>k$ t ! above 0 exactly 8 own op9ion1 &1 moreov]1 he /at$ t a fri5d ( 81 also a *ur* memb]1 :o1 he said1 did m bus9ess ?an any o!r man 9 ,c5tral ,new ,york1 _h express$ to him ! same op9ion4 ,^! /atem5ts 7 repeat$ n long ago to a bus9ess man1 an exempl>y memb] ( an or?odox *ur* 9 ,bo/on1 & he express$ ! same op9ion4 ,9 repeat$ o!r in/ances t ne$ n be enum]at$1 9 v>i\s sections ( ! c\ntry1 ! same op9ion has be5 express$ by intellig5t & consi/5t memb]s ( ! *ur*1 ^: prejudices w\ld naturally lead !m to ! mo/ favorable view ( ! case4 ,su* impressions h n be5 decreas$ by ! rec5t multipli$ defalcations1 =g]ies1 & o!r bus9ess di%one/ies t h occurr$ 9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s among *ur* memb]s & (fic]s ( religi\s *>ities 9 high places ( tru/4 ,to all ?is add ! fact1 t a l>ge class ( m5 ( exempl>y private life1 :o are sp5d+ _! "t1 money & influ5ce = ! relief ( human woes & ! r$ress ( social & political wrongs1 are at ! same "t op5ly attack+ ! *ur* z ! *ief bulw>k ( ^! wrongs1 :ile all ! del9qu5cies ( m9i/]s & *ur*es are freely discuss$ & d5\nc$ by !m be=e ! p4 ,! result is1 t a l>ge portion ( ! mo/ exempl>y & intellig5t "p ( ! *ur* feel !mselves to be 9 a dubi\s & false position1 & are daily qu]y+ :e!r pr(ess+ to be a peculi> p is n do+ m h>m ?an good2 & :e!r x w\ld n be bett] t ! influ5ce ( good m5 %\ld re/ on _! unassociat$ individual "*1 & n on organizations mak+ su* high pr(ession :]e ! light ( goodness is obscur$ by associat$ d>kness4 ,great d\bt & skepticism1 bo? 9 ! *ur* & out ( x1 h ?us aris5 also z to :at real religion consi/s 91 & z to :at are ! true claims ( ! *ur* & its m9i/ry4 ,multitudes :o w\ld ent] ! *ur* if x 0 reg>d$ simply z an association ( p]sons to support ! ord9ances appo9t$ by ,jesus ,*ri/1 & to aid ea* o!r 9 obey+ 8 ,^w1 turn f its pres5t position & claims ) di/ru/ or disgu/4 ,at ! same "t m9i/]s & *ur* memb]s1 feel+ ^! difficulties1 h m & m rel9qui%$ ! ,augu/9ian !ory z ! basis ( _! organization1 & are advanc+ to an op5 av[al ( ! commons5se gr\nd1 i4e41 t ! real invisible *ur* ( ,*ri/ embraces all ^? :o ackn[l$ge him z _! ,"l & ,ma/]1 & make x _! *ief aim to und]/& & to obey 8 tea*+s1 & t a visible *ur* is any association ( p]sons :o organize to aid ea* o!r 9 ?is object1 by su/a9+ a m9i/ry & wor%ip z !y und]/& to be mo/ 9 agreem5t ) ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,episcopal *ur*1 bo? 9 ,great ,brita9 & 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh z /rictly ,augu/9ian 9 its articles z any o!r1 has tak5 ! lead ( all o!rs 9 practically r5\nc+ t sy/em4 ,any man c m readily secure all ! privileges ( memb]%ip 9 t *ur* )\t any confession ( fai? or public pr(ession ( a 8*ange ( nature10 ?an 9 any ( ! o!r ,augu/9ian d5om9ations1 & ?is is probably "o great reason ( its prosp]ity 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,any s5sible man ( good moral "*1 :o %\ld /ate 9 a respectful & c&id _s1 t he c\ld n consci5ti\sly submit to ackn[l$g+ 9 any =m1 ! rights ( any man or body ( m5 to decide = him 9 reg>d to ! int]pretation ( ! ,bible2 t accord+ to 8 und]/&+ ( its tea*+s1 he 0 b\nd to ackn[l$ge ,jesus ,*ri/ z 8 ,"l & ,ma/] 9 all matt]s ( fai? & practice1 & to associate himself ) o!r av[$ foll[]s ( ,*ri/ by "s =m ( op5 ackn[l$gm5t2 t z he und]/&s ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! rites ( baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] 7 in/itut$ z =ms ( su* ackn[l$gm5t & communion1 & t he wi%$ ?us to connect himself ) ! ,episcopal *ur* )\t any cre$1 confession or ackn[l$gm5t2 x is believ$1 t 9 su* a case1 !re are few m9i/]s & /ill few] laym5 :o w\ld n ?9k x "r to gratify su* a desire4 ,x is believ$ t !re are _m1 also1 ( ! highe/ /&+ = intellect1 piety & position 9 ! ,presbyt]ian1 ,bapti/1 ,me?odi/ & ,congregational *ur*es1 :o h s f> ?r[n aside ! sy/em ( ,augu/9e1 t !y also w\ld receive su* a man to _! communion on ^! t]ms4 ,9 ?is /ate ( feel+ among laym5 ! developm5ts ( sect>ianism1 :i*1 z has be5 %[n1 all relate to matt]s ( rites & =ms1 result+ f ! ,augu/9ian !ory1 h become m & m suspici\s & (f5sive4 ,especially is ?is ! case 9 ! new] ,/ates1 :]e union & h>mony among good m5 are mo/ ne$$4 ,9 ! volume1 ( ,common ,s5se ,appli$ to ,religion1 page #cdb1 /ati/ics are introduc$ f ! reports ( ?ree ( ! l>ge/ sects ( ?is c\ntry1 ! ,old & ,new s*ool ,presbyt]ian & ! ,congregational *ur*es1 %[+ t1 ow+ to _! sect>ian divisions1 ne>ly "o ?ird ( _! *ur*es are )\t m9i/]s1 & ne>ly "o half ( ^! *ur*es h n ov] fifty memb]s1 ! majority ( ^! be+ wom51 :ile ! relative am\nt ( m9i/]s to *ur*es is con/antly decreas+4 ,n only 9 ! l>ge1 b ! small] t[ns1 ! /ruggle to build *ur*es & support m9i/]s among ! v>i\s sects1 t diff] only z to rites & =ms1 is mo/ m\rnful1 mak+ a taxation bo? on ! ,ea/ & ,we/ = _! support :i* is incr$ible4 ,ea* d5om9ation is tra9$ to reg>d itself z 8! *ur* ( ,god0 & to labor = its increase z a s]vice to ,god's cause1 :ile ! ext5sion ( o!r sects is n s reg>d$4 ,al?\gh few intellig5t ,prote/ants n[ believe t any =ms or rites are indisp5sable to salvation1 ea* sect reg>ds its own peculi>ity z ( v great importance4 ,& z all ! l>ge sects are divid$ only on modes ( baptism or ( *ur* organization !re is a con/ant t5d5cy to magnify ^! po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,7 x n = ?is1 9 small places & 9 new settlem5ts1 all w\ld unite 9 "o l>ge1 h>moni\s *ur*1 t c\ld n only support its own ord9ances1 b s5d ( its surplus to supply ! de/itute4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ! feuds1 envies1 jeal\sies & bick]+s betwe5 small & /ruggl+ *ur*es1 ( f f\r to tw5ty div]se sects1 are an occasion ( reproa* & contempt to ! _w1 & ( mortification to all honorable & pi\s m9ds4 ,s 9 reg>d to education1 ea* sect is n[ act+ z a sect1 9 />t+ new colleges & sem9>ies1 or 9 end[+ ^? already />t$1 & ?is (t5 ) little ref]5ce to ! supply provid$ by o!r sects4 ,= example1 9 ,ohio !re are tw5tysix end[$ colleges1 9 ,indiana !re are elev51 & ?us at ! same rate 9 o!r new ,/ates4 ,besides end[m5ts to support pr(essors1 va/ sums h be5 sp5t 9 build+s1 _m ( !m unus$ = want ( pupils4 ,aft] ea* sect has ?us ga9$ its colleges1 x mu/ /ruggle to f9d pupils1 & ?us multitudes ( "y boys are press$ into a ,lat9 & ,greek c\rse1 n at all dem&$ 9 _! future pursuits1 & (t5 =sak5 be=e ! college is ev] rea*$4 ,! wa/e ( educational b5efactions 9 ^! ways is enorm\s4 ,^! exp5ditures are all to be met by ! laity1 & ! m ! nature ( ^! sect>ian divisions is und]/ood1 ! m di/ru/ful are ! p 9 reg>d to ^! pr(use exp5ditures to keep up su* divisions4 ,multitudes ( intellig5t laym5 contribute simply because _! cl]gym5 urge x1 & entirely )\t intellig5t approval ( ^! ?+s4 ,to _! own view1 ,*ri/ianity1 z exhibit$ by cont5d+ sects1 is a s\rce ( m evil feel+1 cont5tion & ne$less exp5se ?an ( comp5sat+ b5efits1 & di/ru/ & misgiv+ increase & ab\nd4 ,9 su* a position ( ! organiz$ *ur*1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable indications to be not$ is ! occurr5ce ( a 8revival0 among all sects1 9 :i* ! p take ! lead1 & !ologians & pa/ors will+ly resign _! wont$ place4 ,all badges ( sect are dropp$1 & ! dogmas ( ,augu/9e1 f :i* !y orig9at$1 are ?r[n aside4 ,! sy/em ( common s5se is recogniz$1 & its intellig5t & h>moniz+ influ5ce secures1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! respectful att5tion ( worldly m5 t[>d religi\s developm5ts1 :i* 9 all pa/ "t h be5 reg>d$ by !m ) suspicion or scorn4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvii4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,pa/ors ,,( ,,*ur*es4 ,t portion ( ! cl]ical _w :o1 z pa/ors1 are mo/ ne>ly 9 connection ) ! p1 are necess>ily affect$ ) ! influ5ces t t\* !ologians1 & also ) ! condition ( _! p4 ,!y f9d t :at !y h be5 tra9$ to reg>d z a fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! ,bible1 has ceas$ to be def5d$ by ^? :o h be5 _! tea*]s 9 !ology1 & :o are ! lead]s ( _! sect4 ,!y f9d _! own m9ds v greatly 9 d\bt z to _m po9ts taught !m 9 _! !ological tra9+4 ,!y f9d intellig5t laym5 refus+ to ent] ! *ur*1 :om !y feel to be z really foll[]s ( ,*ri/ 9 he>t & life z any 9 _! *ur*es1 :ile !y see _m pr(essors ( religion z selfi%1 worldly & unpr9cipl$ z mo/ ( ! _w ar\nd1 & yet !y c n exclude !m4 ,!y f9d intellig5t "y m5 com+ to !m express+ a desire to obey ,*ri/ & to unite ) 8 foll[]s 9 ef=ts to 8be good & to d good10 b unable to subscribe to ! cre$ ( ! *ur* 9 reg>d to a deprav$ nature & associat$ t5ets1 :ile by "o exp$i5t or ano!r ^! pa/ors waive ! difficulty & receive !m into _! *ur*es4 ,!y f9d intellig5t mo!rs & ,sundays*ool tea*]s ?r[+ aside ! ,augu/9ian dogma1 & tra9+ _! little ones to believe t !y c love & s]ve _! ,savi\r ) _! pres5t nature & faculties1 & t e attempt to con=m to ! rules ( duty is wellpleas+ to ,god1 & a /ep =w>d 9 ! pa? to heav54 ,!y f9d intellig5t ,*ri/ian mo!rs wi%+ to br+ _! *ildr5 to ! communion ) no o!r pr(ession ?an t !y desire & int5d to obey _! ,savi\r 9 all ?+s4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 "s ( ! mo/ successful & intellig5t pa/ors h decid$1 9 su* cases1 to cut loose f _! cre$s & confessions1 & to receive to ! communion any "y *ildr5 :om _! p>5ts believe & feel to be ?us prep>$ = x4 ,! position assum$ by ! p>o*ial cl]gy 9 ! great revival ( ! pa/ ye>1 has be5 a rem>kable index4 ,! p ( all sects & cre$s came toge!r to express _! wi% & int5tion to s]ve ! ,"l ,*ri/ by ob$i5ce to 8 ^w 9 he>t & life1 & _! pa/ors sat ) !m z equals 9 all respects be=e ! common ,fa!r4 ,!y relat$ _! exp]i5ce2 !y exhort$ ea* o!r to p]sev]e2 !y unit$ 9 pray]s = help & guidance1 & _! pa/ors ceas$ to urge att5tion to ^? 8doctr9es0 f\nd$ on ! ,augu/9ian !ory1 :i* 9 =m] revivals 7 made s prom95t4 ,!re are incid5ts t h come "u ! p]sonal obs]vation ( ! writ] ! pa/ ye> 9 reg>d to ! p>o*ial cl]gy :i* are v om9\s on acc\nt ( ! "* ( ! p]sons involv$1 :o n only are among ! fir/ 9 intellig5ce & influ5ce1 b may prop]ly be d5om9at$1 9 ref]5ce to ! lead+ class ( pa/ors1 8repres5tative m540 ,9 "o case1 a "y man ( great intellig5ce & moral wor?1 :o might prop]ly be reg>d$ z a 8repres5tative man0 ( ! bett] portion ( 8,"y ,am]ica10 in=m$ ! writ] t he & 8 wife _h accept$ ! g5]al invitation ( _! pa/or to receive ! communion4 ,inasmu* z ! doctr9es ( ! cre$ ( t *ur* 7 n accept$ by him1 ! inquiry 0 made :e!r ?is /ep 0 tak5 ) ! approval ( 8 pa/or1 & ! reply 0 9 ! affirmative4 ,! inquiry 0 !n made1 on :at gr\nd he unit$ 9 ?is ord9ance4 ,! reply 01 sub/antially1 t he wi%$ to be good & to d good1 guid$ by ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/2 t he wi%$ to be unit$ 9 feel+ & action ) good m51 :o *]i% ! same aims1 & also to make x manife/ t he 0 associat$ ) t class2 t he reg>d$ ?is sacram5tal ord9ance z in/itut$ = ?is v purpose1 :ile 8 m9i/]1 z a consi/5t ,prote/ant1 did n insi/ t he %\ld int]pret ! ,bible accord+ to 8 cre$ or be %ut out f ?is privilege4 ,9 ano!r case1 an intellig5t "m :o _h tra9$ h] *ildr5 exclusively on ! commons5se !ory1 in=m$ ! writ] t %e _h tak5 !m to ! ,"l's ,table ) ! cons5t ( "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ pa/ors ( ! l&1 )\t any exam9ation or admission to ! *ur*4 ,%e simply n>rat$ to him h] own op9ion t h] *ildr5 f e>ly ye>s _h le>n$ to love ! ,savi\r & to be consci5ti\s 9 daily ef=ts to obey 8 tea*+s2 t !y & %e felt t !y 7 comm&$ by _! ,savi\r op5ly to ackn[l$ge !mselves z 8 foll[]s1 8ev5 to ! dea?10 if ne$ be1 9 ord] to fulfill all righte\sness1 & t !y did n & c\ld n believe ! cre$ ( t *ur*1 nor 9 ! "r ( any man1 or body ( m51 to exact su* belief "u p5alty ( exclusion f ! table ( _! ,"l4 ,! pa/or welcom$ ^! lambs ( ! fold ) _! "m1 & felt t _h he driv5 !m away x w\ld h be5 9 defiance to _! ,savi\r's ^w1 8,suff] ! little *ildr5 to come unto me1 & =bid !m n40 ,9 /ill ano!r case1 "o ( ! mo/ honor$ ,congregational pa/ors ( ,new ,engl& op5ly decl>$ to fri5ds ( ! writ] t x 0 9 va9 to try to prea* ?is ,augu/9ian sy/em any long]2 t ! p w\ld n he> x1 & t he %\ld h to prea* to b>e walls if he attempt$ x any m4 ,_m o!r simil> incid5ts t h come to ! k ( ! writ] 9 diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! c\ntry1 might be add$1 b ! above w suffice z illu/rative indications ( ! pres5t position ( pa/ors4 ,,*apt] ,,xlviii4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,popul> ,,education4 ,x is a significant fact 9 reg>d to ! religi\s tra9+ ( ! "y 9 ?is c\ntry1 t ! mo/ influ5tial lead]s ( popul> education1 especially 9 its e>li] /ages ( improvem5t1 h be5 laym51 & laym5 :o reject ! ,augu/9ian dogma1 & all organizations f\nd$ on x4 ,& yet !y are m5 :o believe 91 & h exhibit$ by _! example1 ! great duty ( love to ,god & love to man1 9 a life ( ob$i5ce to ! physical1 social & moral laws ( ,god4 ,meantime1 ! laws ( ! l& :i* =bid any exclusive favor to any religi\s sect1 d1 9 fact1 =bid any religi\s tra9+ 9 common s*ools t conflicts ) ! commons5se sy/em4 ,x has be5 %[n 7*apt] #ci7 t ! l>g] ,*ri/ian sects are all f\nd$1 9 _! di/9ctive features1 on ! ,augu/9ian dogma4 ,?is be+ s1 ! law t excludes di/9ctive sect>ian tea*+ excludes ! ,augu/9ian sy/em4 ,9 reg>d to small] sects1 n ,augu/9ian1 ! di/9ctive doctr9e ( ! ,unit>ian cre$ is su* a unity 9 reg>d to ! ,creator z =bids ! idea ( m ?an "o div9e p]son :o has all ! attributes ( ,god4 ,?is1 x has be5 %[n 9 *apt] #ah1 is contr>y to ! commons5se sy/em4 ,! di/9ctive doctr9e ( ! ,univ]sali/ cre$ =bids ! idea ( ! p]petuat$ exi/5ce ( s9ful & mis]able be+s2 ?is1 also1 is contr>y to ! commons5se sy/em1 z %[n 9 *apt] #bh4 ,?us ! *ief sects t are n c\nt$ z ,augu/9ian or ,evangelical1 are also exclud$ f introduc+ _! di/9ctive t5ets into ! common s*ools ( ! p4 ,moreov]1 :ile ! p1 9 ! s*ools "u _! control1 ?us =bid by law any religi\s tra9+ :i* conflicts ) ! commons5se sy/em1 !y p]mit pray]s to ,god & ! use ( ! ,bible1 provid$ ! privilege is n us$1 9 opposition to ! _s ( ! above law1 to introduce di/9ctive sect>ian t5ets4 ,x is also v noticable t 9 ,great ,brita9 ! mo/ influ5tial patrons ( popul> education1 & writ]s on ! tra9+ ( ! "y1 h1 ?\gh memb]s ( ! e/abli%$ *ur*1 vigor\sly oppos$ ! ,augu/9ian sy/em4 ,ar*bi%op ,:ateley has writt5 a mo/ p[]ful argum5t1 & "o :i* none h attempt$ to answ]1 9 favor ( ! commons5se view ( *ur* organization4 ,he also has giv5 all 8 influ5ce to ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools = ! p1 9 :i* e p>5t & *ild %all1 z f> z possible1 be free 9 reg>d to religi\s matt]s4 ,! belov$ & honor$ "n ( ,arnold1 de> to e lib]al educator ( e sect & "n1 has set ! example ( a religi\s tra9+ t is bas$ entirely on ! commons5se sy/em4 ,& probably !re is n a man liv+ or dead ^: influ5ce has be5 s ext5sive 9 guid+ public op9ion on ?is subject4 ,)\t op5ly d5y+ ! articles1 or =sak+ ! e/abli%$ *ur*1 ,:ateley1 ,arnold & _! associates h w>r$ on ! ,augu/9ian !ory & its (fsets m en]getically & effectively ?an any two m5 t c be nam$4 ,?us1 x appe>s1 t ! p !mselves1 & ! *ief lead]s 9 popul> education1 h decid$ t no tea*+ t conflicts ) ! sy/em ( commons5se %all be introduc$ into ! common s*ools4 ,,*apt] ,,xlix4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,woman ,,z ,,*ief ,,educator ,,( ,,m9d4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important indices ( religi\s *ange is ! advance 9 ! "* ( female education dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s4 ,fifty ye>s ago1 to read1 write & ciph]1 & a few accompli%m5ts1 7 all t 7 attempt$ 9 ! s*ool education ( wom54 ,a little hi/ory & "o or two o!r bran*es 7 add$ 9 "s ( ! high] s*ools4 ,x be+ assum$ t ! equal culture ( all ! faculties1 s z to insure a wellbalanc$ m9d1 is ! *ief aim ( all education1 x is probable t ! m5tal culture ( wom5 9 ?is c\ntry = ! la/ ?irty ye>s has approa*$ ne>] to ! true /&>d ?an 0 ev] kn[n 9 ! exp]i5ce ( any o!r nation4 ,! tra9+ to ! h&icraft ( ! ne$le1 ev5 if only = ornam5t1 ! measure ( dome/ic duty t mo/ "y girls le>n to p]=m1 ! culture ( ! musical ta/e & ! art ( draw+1 ! comb9ation 9 female s*ools ( ma!matics1 languages & g5]al k1 & ! imm5se v>iety ( culture f lectures & g5]al read+1 all h t5d$ to develop ! female m9d on a scale ( advancem5t & equable culture nev] be=e kn[n4 ,! result is a g5]ation ( wom5 well tra9$ = high & indep5d5t ?\ght & action4 ,at ! same "t1 x is probable t !re nev] be=e 0 s l>ge a proportion ( ! be/ educat$ wom5 :o 7 s decid$ly consci5ti\s & religi\s4 ,x is grant$ by all1 t x is to woman m ?an to man1 t is committ$ ! *ief bus9ess ( tra9+ ! human m9d at its mo/ important /age ( developm5t4 ,x is grant$1 also1 t 9 ord] to success 9 culture1 bo? physical & m5tal1 x is ! fir/ /ep to und]/& ! nature ( t :i* is to be tra9$ & develop$4 ,! fir/ "q1 !n1 to e woman1 9 ref]5ce to h] fir/ duty is1 :at is ! nature ( ! m9ds giv5 u to tra98 ,9 ?is light1 x is z if a g>d5] 7 to receive "s r>e & delicate plant ) directions f 8 "l to tra9 x ) ! utmo/ c>e2 8 fir/ inquiry w\ld be1 ,:at is its nature8 ,does x require sun or %ade8 ,does x ne$ a moi/ or a s&y soil8 ,is x a climb]1 or a %rub1 or a tree8 ,or1 x is z if a "y ma*9i/ %\ld receive f 8 ma/] a collection ( :eels & spr+s1 & a great v>iety ( delicate ma*9]y1 ) ! direction to put !m toge!r & adju/ !m = "r action4 ,8 fir/ inquiry w\ld be1 :at is ! nature ( ! ?+ to be ?us arrang$8 ,= :at end or purpose is x con/ruct$8 ,:at is ! mode ( work+ x :i* w be/ accompli% ! end design$8 ,9 l mann] woman receives f h] ,"l ! delicate physical =m & immortal _s ( h] *ild to tra9 aright = an exi/5ce nev] to end4 ,%e asks ( ^? :o are h] ,"l's mess5g]s = ?is v end1 :at is ! nature ( ?is wond]ful & delicate organization8 ,:at is ! end or purpose = :i* x is made8 ,:at is ! mode ( tra9+ :i* w be/ accompli% ! end design$8 ,! prec$+ pages exhibit ! k9d ( replies t = ages h met ^! he>twr5*+ qu]ies ( womanhood4 ,f mo/1 x is %[n1 %e he>s t ! ru9$ nature ( h] (fspr+ is su* t %e c d absolutely no?+ to secure any "r developm5t4 ,o!rs tell h] t no "o kn[s :at 0 ! end or purpose = :i* ! m9d ( h] *ild 0 made4 ,o!rs tell h] t no "o kn[s :at are "r means 9 reg>d to ! tra9+ & action ( m9d4 ,o!rs tell h] t ! m9d ( h] *ild is con/ruct$ wrong1 & t no?+ c be done to secure its "r tra9+ & developm5t1 b 9 "s way to induce its ,mak] to recreate x4 ,meantime1 also1 h] tea*]s are 9 conflict z to :at is ! difficulty ) ! nature ( h] *ild1 & :at w\ld be its "r action1 & :at is to be done to secure its "r developm5t4 ,at ! same "t1 ! great] portion ( ! tea*+s on ?is great matt] are s envelop$ 9 ab/ruse !ological & metaphysical te*nics z to baffle ! wise/ 9 _! attempts to ga9 cle> & def9ite ideas f !m4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ! case _m s5sible mo!rs & tea*]s1 all ov] ! l&1 h adopt$ a c\rse dictat$ by _! own common s5se & _! exp]i5ce ( ! nature ( m9d1 z discov]$ 9 _! attempts to tra9 x4 ,9 pursu+ su* a c\rse1 _m ( !m h taught simply ! sy/em ( common s5se1 leav+ out entirely ! ,augu/9ian contradictions4 ,!y h 9 v>i\s =ms ( language taught _! little ones aft] ?is fa%ion3 8,y\r heav5ly ,fa!r made y to be happy & to make o!rs happy4 ,9 ord] to ?is1 he wi%es t y %\ld always h :at y l be/1 except :5 x w\ld injure y or o!rs4 ,b :5 :at y l be/ & want ! mo/1 is n be/ = y or be/ = o!rs1 y mu/ always *oose :at is = ! be/1 & 9 s do+ y act virtu\sly & please & obey ,god4 ,& j s f> z y d all t is be/ = y\rself & = o!rs1 guid$ by ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/1 & ) ! desire & purpose to obey him1 y become a virtu\s1 pi\s & holy *ild1 & a true ,*ri/ian40 ,9 tak+ su* a c\rse z ?is1 _m mo!rs & tea*]s f9d !mselves 9 antagonism ) ! tea*+s ( ! pulpit1 ! ,sunday ,s*ool & ! great body ( religi\s books1 & yet !y p]sev]e4 ,& sometimes !y take _! *ildr5 f ! ,sunday ,s*ool because ! home tra9+ is !re s directly assail$4 ,& !y w\ld1 9 "s cases1 keep !m f ! *ur* also1 7 n ! !ological te*nics s effective 9 protect+ *ildhood f all compreh5sion ( a l>ge portion ( pulpit tea*+s4 ,x is su* intellig5t1 cultivat$ & pi\s mo!rs & tea*]s t g to _! pa/ors ) _! p]plexities & tr\bles1 & n unfrequ5tly f9d t t5d] sympa?y :i* ^? only c give :o h suff]$ ! same k9d ( di/ress4 ,,*apt] ,l4 ,,pres5t ,,position ,,( ,,"y ,,am]ica4 ,by ! t]m 8,"y ,am]ica10 z x is us$ at ?is day1 seems to be int5d$ t class ( y\?ful m9ds :o are /riv+ to free !mselves f all pa/ ecclesia/ical & conv5tional re/ra9ts1 & :o are aim+ to ?9k & act ) entire fre$om on all subjects4 ,! mo/ active & effici5t ( ?is class are ^? :o by g5]al read+ & /udy h bo? /r5g!n$ _! reason+ p[]s & be5 mo/ affect$ by ! causes be=e describ$1 :i* h t5d$ to less5 respect = ! *ur* f\nd$ on ! ,augu/9ian !ory ( su* a deprav$ nature transmitt$ f ,adam1 t all unreg5]ate do+s are 8s91 & only s940 ,^! "y m9ds f9d ! p[] ( ! pulpit1 ! *ur*1 ! religi\s press1 & ! religi\s tra9+ ( ! family1 ! s*ool & ! college all comb9$ to en=ce ?is doctr9e4 ,!y feel gall$ & indignant at ! *a9s :i* !y f9d ar\nd !m2 & tra9$ to int]pret ! ,bible z tea*+ ?is doctr9e & ! sy/em bas$ on x1 !y secretly revolt f ! au?ority ( t book4 ,!y feel t ! m9i/]s & *ur*es :i* su/a9 ?is doctr9e are ! gr& imp$im5ts to fre$om ( ?\ght & op9ion1 & ! *ief =tress ( a sy/em :i* to !m is hateful 9 !ory1 &1 9 _! view1 de/ructive alike to a true manhood & a pure morality4 ,b if !y speak out _! feel+s !y w be d5\nc$ z infidels & avoid$ z dang]\s p]sons4 ,:at is m try+ /ill1 ! "m !y love s mu* w be di/ress$1 _! fa!r w be equally griev$ & p]haps (f5d$ ) _! selfconceit1 & all _! ,*ri/ian fri5ds w be di/urb$ & displeas$4 ,"u ^! conflict+ influ5ces !re exi/s a con/ant conflict betwe5 _! hone/ convictions & desire = tru? & indep5d5t action1 & _! g5tle & g5]\s impulses4 ,?is is ! condition ( multitudes ( "y m9ds1 :o to please a "m1 a fa!r1 a si/] or a fri5d1 att5d *ur* & li/5 9 sil5ce to mu* t !y d n believe & to "s ?+s :i* !y abhor4 ,o!rs quietly )draw f all religi\s m9i/ries1 on ! plea t ,sunday is m pr(itably sp5t by !m 9 quiet /rolls or read+ at home1 :ile ! real tr\ble1 secretly burn+ 9 _! he>ts1 is sc>cely brea!d al\d4 ,( ?is class ( m9ds n a few are f\nd 9 our !ological sem9>ies4 ,& "h !y enc\nt] new difficulties4 ,z ! sy/em ( ,augu/9ianism is develop$ z ! basis ( _! pr(essional tra9+1 !y attempt to meet x ) "s discussion4 ,9 ?is !y f9d little or no enc\ragem5t4 ,free discussion seems to be deem$ inadmissible1 & ^? :o urge x f9d !mselves 9 an uncom=table m9ority1 :o are reg>d$ r z agitators ?an z manly & indep5d5t seek]s aft] tru?4 ,b ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ce on ! mo/ influ5tial class ( 8,"y ,am]ica10 z highe/ 9 intellectual & moral developm5t1 has be5 ! practical work+ ( two false pr9ciples4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is1 t organizations to promote tru? & righte\sness are ( m consequ5ce ?an tru? & righte\sness4 ,?us1 to a ,ca?olic1 ! reputation & int]e/s ( ! *ur*--t is1 ! cl]gy--are to be reg>d$ fir/1 s t its pope & prie/hood are to be %ield$ f ! public exposure ( :atev] crimes !y may commit1 le/ ! influ5ce ( ! *ur* %\ld suff]4 ,?us1 9 ,prote/ant ecclesia/ical organizations1 ! s9s ( _! *ief lead]s are sometimes cov]$ & palliat$1 le/ _! *ur* & ord] be discr$it$4 ,?us ! college faculty are sometimes su/a9$ by p>5ts or ! public 9 unju/ proce$+s1 le/ ! respect & confid5ce ( ! pupils or ! public t[>d !m %\ld be impair$4 ,?us1 also1 ! (fic]s ( b5evol5t associations are tol]at$ & %ield$ f odium = conduct t %\ld receive univ]sal disapprobation4 ,9 su* cases1 ! end is made second>y to ! means--! in/rum5talities to promote virtue receive m reg>d ?an virtue itself4 ,?is1 among 8fi%]s ( m510 is mak+ tak+ ! fi% second>y to ! c>e ( ! net4 ,! o!r false pr9ciple is1 t m5 are to be re/ra9$ f prote/+ aga9/ wrong1 9 cases :]e x w\ld make great tr\ble & difficulty to individuals or to communities involv$ 9 x4 ,t m5 are to use discretion & consult exp$i5cy z to ! "t & mann] ( expos+ & d5\nc+ wrong1 is "o ( ! tea*+s ( common s5se4 ,b t m5 are to prote/ aga9/ wrong only :5 x makes little or no tr\ble to any "o1 & be sil5t :5 cont5tion & tr\ble w\ld result f su* prote/+1 is a pr9ciple t w\ld h inhibit$ ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity by ! apo/les1 ( ! ,re=mation by ,lu!r1 & ( e o!r great re=m4 ,! ext5t to :i* wise & good m5 h adopt$ & act$ on ^! false pr9ciples has probably done m to und]m9e fai? 9 ! ,bible & ! *ur* ?an all o!r causes unit$4 ,! t5d5cy has be5 to g5]ate ! feel+ t ! great organizations bas$ on ! ,bible & aim+ to ext5d its au?ority1 are really little bett] ?an associations to su/a9 ! p[] & ! influ5ce ( a c]ta9 privileg$ class1 at ! sacrifice ( n only tru? & righte\sness1 b ( manly fre$om ( ?\ght & spee*4 ,! ext5t ( real infidelity1 n only 9 our colleges1 b among ! "y me*anics ( our %ops & manufactories1 ! "y f>m]s 9 our fields1 ! cl]ks 9 our (fices & /ores1 & ,"y ,am]ica all ov] ! nation1 is little imag9$ by ^?1 :o1 on ! field ( cons]vatism1 are /riv+ to repress free discussion4 ,!re are see?+ & gl[+ fires ga!r+ = v5t1 :i* su* attempts are z va9 to re/ra9 z are b&s ( cobwebs to conf9e an outbur/+ volcano4 ,9 speak+ ?us confid5tly ( ! pres5t position ( woman & ( 8,"y ,am]ica10 x seems prop] to notice ! opportunities t h be5 furni%$ to atta9 "s k 9 ?is direction4 ,dur+ twelve ye>s ( s]vice z pr9cipal ( in/itutions at ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 9 :i* ne>ly a ?\s& "y girls f ! mo/ influ5tial classes & f ne>ly e ,/ate 9 ! ,union h be5 "u h] tra9+1 ! writ] ga9$ no little insight into ! v>i$ exp]i5ces ( ! "y4 ,lat] 9 life1 ill heal? & o!r causes l$ to frequ5t reunions ) =m] pupils all ov] ! l&1 :o z mo!rs1 wives & si/]s s\ght sympa?y & c\nsel4 ,?us 0 ga9$ ! private hi/ory & ! p]sonal acqua9tance ( _! husb&s1 bro!rs & sons1 9 _m pr(essions & 9 v>i\s colleges4 ,9 _m cases ! sons w\ld disclose to a c&id & sympa?iz+ fri5d m5tal exp]i5ces & hi/ories ( !mselves & _! companions1 :i*1 f motives ( t5d]ness1 7 hidd5 ev5 f ! mo/ k9d & judici\s p>5ts4 ,! affiliat$ societies t br+ ! mo/ influ5tial "y m5 ( diff]5t colleges toge!r1 _! meet+s = anniv]s>y & club reunions1 h g5]at$ a common pulse1 z x 71 ?r\gh ! great body ( ! mo/ highly educat$ & mo/ influ5tial "y m5 9 ! l&2 s t le>n+ :at affects a small portion tea*es also :at affects ! :ole4 ,^! intimations indicate b a small portion ( ! opportunities :i* h l$ to ! op9ions express$ 9 ?is & ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,li4 ,,pres5t ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,religi\s ,,press4 ,to any "o :o exam9es ! religi\s press ( ! diff]5t sects ( ! pres5t "t1 x is cle> t !re nev] 0 a p]iod 9 :i* ! ecclesia/icism f\nd$ on ! ,augu/9ian !ory 0 m a lead+ object ( ef=t4 ,at ! "t t ! ,bible ,society & o!r b5evol5t religi\s associations orig9at$1 ! t5d5cy ( ! diff]5t sects 0 to a h>moni\s union = ! great end ( s5d+ ! gospel to ! de/itute4 ,at t "t1 que/ions 9 relation to ! modes ( ord9ation & baptism1 & z to *ur* (fic]s1 seem$ to vani% z matt]s ( small conc]n to all ^: *ief aim 0 to save ! lo/4 ,b n[ ! rev]se t5d5cy is manife/4 ,e sect is engag$ 9 magnify+ ! importance ( its own di/9ctive peculi>ity1 9 gett+ up publi%+ h\ses to dissem9ate its own peculi> modes ( religi\s tea*+1 9 rais+ funds to build *ur*es1 & 9 build+ up its own di/9ctive s*ools & colleges4 ,& ?is is done n s mu*1 z x w\ld seem1 because ! salvation ( ignorant & guilty m5 dep5ds on ^! sect>ian peculi>ities1 z because ! ext5t1 respectability & influ5ce ( a sect w be ?us promot$4 ,e editor ( e religi\s pap]1 !re=e1 is a *ief lead] 9 an ef=t to build up a sect1 :i* z be=e %[n1 orig9ates f ! ,augu/9ian dogma4 ,x is an e/abli%$ maxim 9 law & all adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 t :]e a man's prop]ty1 "*1 & pr(essional success are involv$1 he is b>r$ f te/imony z an incompet5t witness4 ,& x is deem$ no disp>agem5t to ! mo/ honorable & highm9d$ m5 9 ! community to be dealt ) on ! assumption t su* p]sonal int]e/s s bias m5's judgm5t t !y c n be tru/$4 ,n[ x w n be d5i$ by any "o1 t our religi\s p]iodicals are all support$ by ! diff]+ sects ) ! express und]/&+ t ea* %all advocate ! views ( ! sect t especially patronizes x4 ,& %\ld any editor become conv9c$ t ! op9ions he 0 appo9t$ to advocate are false1 he c\ld n honorably reta9 8 (fice )\t decl>+ 8 *ange ( op9ion1 & ?is decl>ation w\ld inevitably result 9 ! loss ( 8 pr(essional "* & income among 8 fri5ds & support]s4 ,= example1 if ! editor ( ! ,indep5d5t 7 to become conv9c$ t *ur*es organiz$ on ! ,congregational mode 7 unscriptural1 & %\ld attempt to def5d su* a view1 he w\ld ei!r resign 8 po/ or be remov$ f x4 ,! same w\ld be true 9 reg>d to ! editors ( ! ,presbyt]ian1 ,episcopal1 ,bapti/ & ,me?odi/ religi\s magaz9es & newspap]s4 ,s 9 reg>d to ! pr(essors ( our !ological s*ools1 :o are ! *ief support]s ( !ological magaz9es4 ,!y mu/ all tea* ! ,augu/9ian dogma ( a deprav$ nature transmitt$ f ,adam to all 8 desc5dants1 or resign _! pr(essional reputation1 _! (fice & its income4 ,^! be+ facts1 x may prop]ly be affirm$ t ! religi\s press 9 ?is c\ntry is b>r$ f ! full & free discussion ( ! great "q ( et]nal life1 8,:at mu/ we d to be sav$80 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable indications ( ?is fact is ! c\rse pursu$ by ! lead+ religi\s p]iodicals ( ea* sect 9 notic+ ! "w be=e ref]r$ to1 ,common ,s5se appli$ to ,religion1 or ! ,bible & ! ,p4 ,9 t "w1 & 9 an article 9 ! ,indep5d5t1 z well z by private lett]s1 an appeal 0 made to _! editors1 :o1 _m ( !m1 are p]sonal fri5ds ( ! writ]1 to in/ruct h] & to in/ruct ! public :]e9 !re 0 any failure 9 t "w1 ei!r 9 sett+ =? truly ! pr9ciples ( common s5se & ! rules ( int]pretation1 or 9 d$uc+ by ^! pr9ciples ! sy/em ( common s5se1 or 9 prov+ t ! ,augu/9ian dogma & ! sy/em f\nd$ on x 7 contr>y to ! common s5se & ! moral s5se ( mank9d1 & unsupport$ by ! ,bible4 ,z ^! editors are n only honorable & ,*ri/ian g5tlem51 b among ! mo/ acute & pr(\nd metaphysicians 9 ! _w1 x w\ld be ! height ( ill mann]s to assume t1 disc]n+ any failures1 !y refus$ to specify !m1 ei!r 9 private or 9 public1 except = ! reasons intimat$4 ,no editor ^: p]iodical is support$ by a sect = ! express purpose ( ma9ta9+ its di/9ctive peculi>ities1 c\ld indorse t "w z correct 9 its /atem5ts & argum5ts )\t giv+ up ! basis on :i* ! exi/5ce ( t sect dep5ds :i* supports 8 p]iodical4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ! editors ( ! ,indep5d5t fairly & op5ly av[$ t !y c\ld n op5 _! columns to 8a psy*ological & !ological discussion0 ( ?is sort4 ,& e editor ( e o!r religi\s p]iodical tacitly made ! same decl>ation by entire sil5ce on ! ma9 subject ( ! volume--! v pr9ciples1 involv+ ! exi/5ce ( ! sect = ^: def5se !y 7 appo9t$4 ,s manife/ 0 ?is position ( ^! lead]s ( ! !ological _w1 t ! mo/ intellig5t & be/ in=m$ publi%]s came to ! conclusion t :atev] else !ologians diff]$ ab\t1 !y 7 all unit$ 9 ! det]m9ation t su* a discussion ( ^! po9ts z 0 s\ght by ! au?or %\ld n be p]mitt$4 ,& ev5 ! editors ( ! secul> press 7 urg$ n to all[ _! columns to be us$ = su* purposes4 ,,*apt] ,,lii4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,secul> ,,press4 ,! mo/ decid$ index ( ! com+ ag5cy ( ! p1 9 ?r[+ (f ! ,augu/9ian sy/em1 is ! pres5t position ( ! secul> press4 ,x has be5 %[n h[ mu* ! religi\s press is re/ra9$ 9 lib]ty ( op9ion & expression1 s t x is probable t !re is n a pr(ess$ly religi\s pap] 9 ! nation t c\ld controv]t ! di/9ctive doctr9es ( ! sect t patronizes x )\t los+ its "* & income4 ,b ! secul> press is f> less encumb]$ ) su* difficulties4 ,! progress ( ?is great p[] t[>d ! discussion ( su* subjects has be5 v /rik+4 ,at fir/ !re began to be se5 simple reports ( ! religi\s anniv]s>ies 9 "s secul> pap]s4 ,?is prov+ popul>1 next !re came notices ( mission>y & b5evol5t op]ations4 ,!n notices ( ! s]mons ( di/+ui%$ cl]gym5 7 giv51 & !n :ole columns ( daily pap]s 7 occupi$ ) s]mons f m9i/]s1 )\t reg>d to d5om9ation4 ,f9ally1 ! great 8revival0 became a topic ( ! secul> press4 ,reports ( religi\s meet+s1 ! numb] :o 7 c\nt$ z conv]ts1 & all ! details connect$ ) ?is great popul> movem5t 7 *ronicl$ 9 ! secul> almo/ z fully z 9 ! religi\s press4 ,! comm5ts ( editors1 also1 on ?is subject1 7 usually respectful1 c&id1 & 9 _m cases v able & discrim9at+4 ,! result has be51 t inasmu* z ! religi\s press circulates *iefly among 8! *ur*0 & ! secul> press among 8! _w10 ! gospel has be5 prea*$ to s9n]s f> m by secul> ?an by religi\s editors4 ,& x may be assum$ z a fact1 t ! secul> editors ( ?is nation h f> m p[] & influ5ce 9 guid+ ! religi\s op9ions & moral conduct ( 8! _w0 ?an ei!r ! cl]gy or ! religi\s press1 & probably m ?an bo? comb9$4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ! case1 all ! int]e/s ( ! religi\s press are oppos$ to free inve/igation & discussion1 & all ! int]e/s ( ! secul> press are z p[]fully int]e/$ to promote x4 ,9 appeal+1 !re=e1 f ! !ological _w to 8! p10 x is ! editors ( ! secul> press--! true 8,tribunes ( ! p0--:o w r5d] ! v]dict1 & ?is v]dict is await$ ) v little d\bt or appreh5sion 9 reg>d to its nature4 ,! que/ions submitt$ = decision are n s compreh5sive z ^? ( ! volume ref]r$ to 9 :i* !ologians *iefly 7 invok$1 & :i* !y h z yet decl9$ to answ]4 ,! que/ions submitt$ to ! p are briefly ^!3 ,does common s5se1 or does ! ,bible tea* t e human be+ possesses su* a deprav$ nature z nev] to p]=m any truly virtu\s act until ?is nature is recreat$ by ,god8 & are ! *ur*es organiz$ on ! assumption t its memb]s are div]se f ! _w1 9 t !y1 z reg5]at$ p]sons1 p]=m virtu\s acts z no unreg5]at$ p]son ev] does1 sanction$ by common s5se or by ! ,bible8 ,,*apt] ,,liii4 ,,:at ,,! ,,p ,,w ,,d8 ,x has be5 %[n t ! ,augu/9ian dogma ( a deprav$ nature is ! f\ndation ( all ! l>ge sect>ian organizations 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ( ! cont5tions1 evil passions & wa/e ( prop]ty result+ f su* divisions among ,*ri/ians4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! lead+ !ologians h ceas$ to def5d ?is dogma1 t ! pa/ors ( *ur*es are practically evad+ x1 t ! educators ( ! "y are ?r[+ x aside1 & t ! p 9 all directions are reject+ x4 ,?is process ( elim9at+ ! ,augu/9ian sy/em f ! sy/em ( common s5se & ! ,bible1 ) :i*1 = ages1 x has be5 entw9$1 ?us f> has gone on z ! result *iefly ( ! developm5t ( ! intellectual & moral nature ( all classes1 b especially ( ! common p4 ,a p]iod has n[ arriv$ 9 :i* ! "q has become s f> an intelligible & a practical "o1 t ! two great pr9ciples ( society indicat$ by ! words cons]vatism & progress are arrang+ & accumulat+ antagoni/ic =ces = an op5 & decid$ manife/ation on ?is great "q4 ,:at w be ! precise nature ( ?is manife/ation no human m9d c pr$ict4 ,b ! di/9ctive pr9ciples ( ! two p>ties furni% "s data = anticipat+ "s future results1 z !y may occur 9 ! sev]al classes ref]r$ to 9 prec$+ *apt]s "u ! foll[+ heads3 ,:at ,!ologians w d8 ,9 attempt+ to indicate ! probable future c\rse ( !ologians1 x is important to notice ! relative positions ( p]sons tra9$ to su/a9 a sy/em ( doctr9es1 & ( ^? :o seek = tru? & duty )\t any su* commitm5t4 ,mo/ !ologians gr[ up f infancy "u a sy/em ( doctr9es inculcat$ bo? f ! pulpit & 9 ! family4 ,?is enli/s all ! /rong & invet]ate influ5ces ( e>ly education 9 its favor4 ,next1 ! collegiate pulpit in/ructions & associations all favor ! same sy/em4 ,next1 ! !ological s*ool br+s ! "y "u ! direct tra9+ ( ! mo/ acute m9ds1 ^: express bus9ess x is to tea* all me?ods ( support+ & def5d+ t sy/em4 ,"h ! "y m9i/] is taught h[ to con/ruct 8 s]mons s z mo/ effectually to br+ ! popul> m9d "u its control1 & s z to mo/ effectively oppose all antagoni/ic sects & tea*+s4 ,f9ally1 ! (fice ( a cl]gyman involves su* ecclesia/ical relations z subjects a man to con/ant espionage1 & to ecclesia/ical discipl9e & ejection if he adopts any views t w\ld ess5tially modify ! sy/em 9 :i* he is tra9$4 ,if1 !re=e1 any !ologian or pa/or f9ds himself d\bt+ z to any doctr9e1 he p]ceives t x is s int]lock$ ) ! sy/em ( :i* x is a "p t he is at once br\ght face to face ) ! "q1 ,%all ,i give up ! :ole sy/em 9 :i* ,i 0 educat$1 all ! lectures & s]mons fram$ on t sy/em1 all my ecclesia/ical connections1 my pr(essional "* & my sal>y8 ,x is z if a man %\ld f9d himself 9 "s em]g5cy uphold+ by a s+le timb] a portion ( a build+ :i* s int]locks ) e o!r portion t he c n let x g )\t ?r[+ d[n ! only h\se t c %elt] himself & all he holds de>4 ,9 su* a case a man mu/ come to a decision z to :e!r ! piece ( timb] ought to be remov$1 & :5 & h[ x %\ld be done1 ) an anxiety1 delib]ation & =eca/ t w\ld be inappropriate to a man :o f9ds only a disconnect$ /ick ( timb] 9 8 way4 ,?is illu/rates ! relative position & difficulties ( !ologians 9 contra/ ) ^? :i* imp$e ! common p 9 ! se>* aft] tru? & duty4 ,9 ?is view ( ! case x w\ld be unreasonable to expect t !ologians z a class1 ?\gh among ! wise/ & be/ ( m51 are to be lead]s 9 any great or sudd5 *ange 9 religi\s op9ions4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is to be anticipat$ t !y w be ! mo/ e>ne/1 en]getic1 & at ! same "t hone/1 def5d]s ( "thonor$ religi\s dogmas1 :i* x is _! pr(essional bus9ess to uphold4 ,nor is x any implication ( _! tal5ts1 le>n+1 hone/y or piety to suppose t !y w be among ! la/ to p]ceive ! fallacies & evils involv$ 9 :atev] sy/em !y def5d4 ,yet !re are consid]ations :i* indicate t ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ is n to be ! exact image ( ! future4 ,! progress ( m9d is z di/9ctly m>k$ among !ologians z x is among any class ( society1 & ?is be+ t[>d ! sy/em ( common s5se1 involves ! wan+ ( ! dogmatic _s ( infallibility & ! increase ( t humble & tea*able _s1 :i* is alike ! m>k ( true philosophy & ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! infantile developm5t ( our race m]e physical pr[ess 0 deem$ ! *ief virtue & 0 ! gr& aim ( all manly culture4 ,9 ! next high] /age ( developm5t intellectual p[] became ! object ( highe/ v5]ation & assidu\s cultivation4 ,! adv5t ( a /ill high] /age ( developm5t is n[ dawn+1 :i* is be/ illu/rat$ by ! docile _s ( a little *ild1 :i* feels exalt$ by tak+ a l[ place1 :i* und]/&s t true dignity & magnanimity consi/s1 n 9 assum$ infallibility1 b 9 a mode/ & humble ackn[l$gm5t ( ignorance1 ( mi/akes1 & ( ! ne$ ( k & guidance1 n only f ,god b f m54 ,x is believ$ t x is n too mu* to expect t ?is /age ( high developm5t is to be f\nd ev5 among t class mo/ unfavorably plac$ = ! atta9m5t ( x4 ,%\ld ?is be ! case1 !re w soon be ! cons]vative & ! progressive p>ties among !ologians2 ! "o hold+ on to bo? ( ! contradictory sy/ems1 & ma9ta9+ _! infallibility2 ! o!r1 op5ly cutt+ loose f all t conflicts ) _! common s5se & moral s5se1 w manfully & hone/ly confess _! fallibility & pa/ mi/akes4 ,betwe5 ^! two p>ties w be a ?ird class1 :o ei!r f policy or f timidity1 or f inability to =m decid$ op9ions1 w ma9ta9 entire sil5ce z to any ?+ involv+ entire commitm5t to ei!r p>ty4 ,:at ! ,pa/ors w d8 ,! pa/ors ( ! p are t class 9 :i* ! division ( cons]vatism & progress mu/ mo/ imm$iately & mo/ di/9ctly appe>4 ,& ! reason is1 t ! "q to !m is a practical "o1 m s ?an x c be to any o!r class ( m54 ,x is _! bus9ess & call+ to tea* m5 :at !y mu/ d to be sav$1 & e week !y mu/ appe> be=e ! public to give _! op9ions on ?is v "q4 ,9 ?is situation1 ! cons]vative class w include all :o h tak5 ! op9ions ( _! !ological tea*]s z an act ( memory1 ) v little orig9al ?\ght or inve/igation4 ,^!1 be+ helpless z to any ability to inve/igate or to reason indep5d5tly1 w cont9ue to prea* & tea* 9 ! same r\nd z 0 giv5 !m 9 _! c\rse ( !ological /udy4 ,su* w be al>m$ & di/ress$ at ! *anges 9 op9ion all ar\nd !m1 & w m\rn ov] !m z dep>tures f ! good old pa?s ( tru? & safely4 ,su* w be su/a9$ *iefly by ! old & cons]vative portion ( _! p>i%es1 :ile ! mo/ active m9ds1 bo? "y & old1 w become m & m re/less & dissatisfi$1 or =sake entirely su* m9i/rations4 ,9 ! progressive class ( pa/ors1 !re w be a m>k$ division4 ,! fir/ w include ^? :o h cle> & decid$ p]ceptions ( tru? & duty1 & at ! same "t a full conviction t outspok5 frankness & hone/y is n only a duty1 b ! be/ policy4 ,?us1 :5 !y f9d _! m9ds p]plex$ & d\btful z to ! sy/em 9 :i* !y h be5 tra9$1 !y w1 if call$ to speak1 frankly say s4 ,if !y advance to a new position1 & yet are n cle> 9 reg>d to c]ta9 connect$ topics1 !y w say s4 ,if !y are cle> t ! sy/em ( ,augu/9e is false1 root & bran*1 !y w say s1 & c>ry out all ! results involv$ 9 ?is position4 ,9 %ort1 !y w g =w>d 9 a p]fect fai? 9 tru?1 hone/y & fre$om ( spee*4 ,nor w !y consult 8exp$i5cy10 except z to ! "t & ! mann] ( mak+ kn[n _! *ange ( op9ion4 ,! o!r portion w adopt ! policy :i* assumes t peace & quiet 9 hold+ error is m important ?an tru? :i* involves tr\ble & cont5tion4 ,su* w conceal _! real op9ions "u =ms ( expression t w deceive ! cons]vative portion ( _! p1 by mak+ ! impression t !y hold to old cre$s & =mul>ies1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !y =m]ly did1 :5 !y d n4 ,!y w use ! /]eotyp$ =ms ( or?odoxy1 kn[+ t ^? ( _! p :o are al>m$ at suppos$ *anges1 w be quiet$ by impressions :i* are false4 ,& !y w d ?is1 believ+ x to be ,*ri/ian exp$i5cy1 al?\gh x is a c\rse exactly opposite to t pursu$ by ,*ri/ & 8 disciples4 ,:at ! ,*ur* w d8 ,9 reg>d to *ur* organizations1 x has be5 %[n t !re are two div]se pr9ciples on :i* ^! organizations may be p]petuat$4 ,! fir/ is ! ,augu/9ian1 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( union is a suppos$ *ange ( ! nature transmitt$ f ,adam1 enabl+ a man to p]=m truly virtu\s acts1 z none ev] d :o are n ?us recreat$4 ,! second is t ( common s5se1 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( union is ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,jesus ,*ri/ z ,"l & ,ma/]1 & ! purpose to obey him 9 all ?+s2 or1 9 ! words ( ! ,episcopal =mula1 8a *ur* is a congregation ( fai?ful m51 9 :i* ! pure ^w is prea*$ & ! sacram5ts duly adm9i/]$ accord+ to ,*ri/'s ord9ances40 ,?is def9ition1 9 ord] to repres5t ! commons5se view1 assumes t 8fai?ful m50 are p]sons :o believe 9 ,*ri/'s au?ority1 z ! ,"l ( all1 & :o purpose to obey him4 ,x has be5 also %[n1 9 a previ\s *apt]1 t ! *ur* organizations bas$ on ! ,augu/9ian !ory1 are gradually modify+ _! practice s z m & m to recognize ! commons5se pr9ciple4 ,x is believ$ t ?is process ( quiet *ange is to be greatly accel]at$ by discussion4 ,! p are n aw>e t ! mode ( *ur* organization & discipl9e n[ mo/ preval5t is an innovation1 :i* has exi/$ less ?an two c5turies1 & *iefly 9 ?is c\ntry1 & t !re c be f\nd no au?ority = x1 ei!r 9 ! ,bible or *ur* hi/ory4 ,! ^w 8*ur*10 z us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 ! orig9al ,greek means congregation1 & includes all :o unite 9 "o assembly to wor%ip4 ,no case c be f\nd 9 ! ,bible ( any su* organization z corresponds ) t :i* is n[ call$ by ! "n ( 8*ur*10 z di/9ct f ! 8congregation40 ,^! be+ facts1 ! :ole matt] ( *ur* organization & discipl9e is soon to become a matt] ( g5]al discussion1 ! result ( :i*1 ( c\rse1 c n be pr$ict$ 9 any details4 ,b x is c]ta9 t ! m discussion !re is1 ! m ! commons5se sy/em w become dom9ant4 ,& x is c]ta9 t ! portion ( ! p connect$ ) *ur*es w m & m dem& discussion4 ,!y w assume t _! pa/ors are n to be _! au?oritative1 dogmatic tea*]s2 b _! lead]s 9 wor%ip & ord9ances2 _! presid+ (fic]s 9 discussions1 & ! adm9i/]s ( mu* ( t k9d ( k ne$$ by ! p1 to enable !m to act indep5d5tly 9 int]pret+ ! ,bible = !mselves4 ,:at ,wom5 w d8 ,! great pr9ciple ( ,prote/antism1 9 di/9ction f ,ca?olicism1 is1 t e p]son is to be an indep5d5t int]pret] ( ! ,bible1 responsible to no man or body ( m52 & t e p]son is to prote/ aga9/ all t conflicts ) ?is "r4 ,?is pr9ciple c>ri$ out consi/5tly1 makes !ologians & pa/ors a class su/a9$ by ! p1 n z dogmatic tea*]s ( _! own op9ions1 b z p]sons set ap>t = ! purpose ( ga9+ & ( communicat+ to ! p all ! k ne$ful to fit !m to use _! rights z au?oriz$ int]pret]s ( ! ,bible4 ,b ?\gh all ,prote/ants hold ?is pr9ciple !oretically1 by f> ! l>g] portion h nev] practically adopt$ x1 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 g to !ologians & pa/ors = _! op9ions1 & n = ! k on :i* op9ions are to re/4 ,?us x is t ecclesia/ics control ! fai? ( a l>ge portion ( ! ,prote/ant *ur*es1 z au?oritatively z d ! pope & prie/s control t ( ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,we h se51 9 ! case ( ,isabella ( ,spa91 "o ( ! mo/ b5evol5t1 consci5ti\s & lovely ( wom5 l$ on to ! mo/ unju/ & cruel de$s1 simply f practically adopt+ ! pr9ciple1 t h] religi\s tea*]s mu/ be au?oritative guides ( h] op9ions1 & t h] own common s5se & moral s5se mu/ b[ to ecclesia/ical dictation4 ,! pres5t "t is "o 9 :i* ! wom5 ( ?is c\ntry mu/ decide 9 reg>d to ?is same pr9ciple & on practical que/ions ( ! deepe/ mom5t4 ,x has be5 %[n1 t ) small exceptions1 ! ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant !ologians & cl]gy unite 9 tea*+ a depravity ( nature 9 e human be+1 involv+ ^! que/ions3 ,are we s deprav$ z to be incapacitat$ to int]pret ! ,bible1 & made dep5d5t on ecclesia/ical & reg5]at$ p]sons to int]pret = u8 ,does ! invisible true *ur* consi/ only ( ^? ^: nature has be5 recreat$1 or ( ^? :o1 )\t any newlycreat$ nature1 truly desire & purpose to use all _! natural p[]s accord+ to ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/8 ,does a 8visible *ur* ( ,*ri/0 consi/ ( p]sons possess+ a newly creat$ nature1 by :i* alone any truly virtu\s acts c be p]=m$1 or does x consi/ ( p]sons :o unite to su/a9 ! public wor%ip1 ord9ances & tea*+s ( ,jesus ,*ri/8 ,are *ildr5 to be tra9$ to believe t all _! feel+s & actions are 8s9 & only s910 till !y receive a new nature f ,god1 or be taught t :5ev] !y *oose :at is "r1 ) ! int5tion to d "r1 !y act virtu\sly & please ,god8 ,are *ildr5 to be all[$ to come to ! table ( _! ,"l & ,savi\r z soon z !y c und]/& ! nature ( ! ord9ance1 & wi% & int5d to obey ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 all ?+s1 or are !y to be exclud$ until *ur* (fic]s decide :e!r ! signs ( a new nature are to be f\nd8 ,are wom5 & *ildr5 to be exclud$ f ! ,"l's table because !y int]pret ! ,bible div]sely f ! *ur* ) :i* !y wor%ip8 ,^! are ! practical que/ions involv$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ! deprav$ nature ( man1 z taught by ! cl]gy ( ! great ,*ri/ian sects4 ,x has be5 /at$ t _m intellig5t & pi\s wom5 9 v>i\s p>ts ( our c\ntry h already quietly assum$ _! rights z au?oriz$ int]pret]s ( ! ,bible on all ^! que/ions1 h ca/ (f ! ,augu/9ian !ory1 & ?us1 9 fret1 h set !mselves 9 opposition to ! cl]gy1 except s f> z ! cl]gy !mselves h come to ! same results4 ,! writ]1 9 ?is "w1 has done little m ?an has also be5 done by _m pi\s & intellig5t mo!rs & tea*]s1 except to def9e1 me?odize & publicly express op9ions :i* o!r wom5 h practically adopt$ 9 tra9+ *ildr51 z ! result ( _! own exp]i5ce1 common s5se & /udy ( ! ,bible4 ,"s ( ! lead+ organs ( ! ,high ,*ur* p>ty 9 ! ,episcopal *ur*1 & ?us ! mo/ /r5u\s def5d]s ( ecclesia/ical infallibility & au?ority1 9 notic+ ! writ]'s volume1 ,common ,s5se ,appli$ to ,religion1 previ\sly ref]r$ to1 ask ) naive simplicity1 :at "r has a woman to apply common s5se to religion1 or to h any op9ions except z %e is taught !m by ! *ur*1 at ! same "t sne]+ at ! idea1 t 8! de> p0 are compet5t to und]/& & int]pret ! ,bible = !mselves4 ,?is %[s t ! issue is n[ fairly pres5t$ & und]/ood4 ,! ecclesia/ical p>ty1 m or less1 op5ly claim t ! only au?oriz$ int]pret]s ( ! ,bible are ! orda9$ prie/hood1 or ! reg5]at$ *ur*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p1 & wom51 z t half ( ! p to :om ! tra9+ ( ! human m9d is especially committ$1 ma9ta9 t !y are orda9$ to ?is (fice by a ,high] ,p[] & by ! imposition ( a nobl] h& ?an any :o boa/ an un9t]rupt$ apo/olical succession4 ,moreov]1 x is claim$ t e welleducat$1 pi\s woman ( good common s5se1 :o has tra9$ "y *ildr51 is bett] qualifi$ to int]pret ! ,bible correctly1 on all po9ts p]ta9+ to su* practical duties1 ?an mo/ !ologians possibly c be4 ,& ! reasons are1 t %e is free f ^? bias+ difficulties :i* h be5 po9t$ out z emb>rass+ !ologians1 :ile all h] employm5ts & all h] culture em95tly t5d to aid r ?an to emb>rass h] judgm5t on su* subjects4 ,add1 also1 t ! ,bible 0 writt5 = common p1 & n = metaphysicians1 & 9 ! language ( common life1 & n 9 !ological t]ms1 & t if x tea*es ! sy/em ( common s5se1 x is bett] fitt$ to ! appreh5sion ( ^? ^: tra9+ has be5 practical r ?an s*ola/ic4 ,f9ally1 ! promises ( aid f ! ,au?or ( ! ,bible1 is to ! meek & l[ly ( he>t4 8,! meek w he guide 9 judgm5t2 ! meek w he tea* 8 way40 ,t ! position ( ^? accu/om$ to rule & tea* is z favorable to ! cultivation ( a meek1 humble & tea*able _s z t ( ^? tra9$ to le>n & to obey1 few w ma9ta94 ,^! facts be+ s1 x is believ$ t ere long ! great] portion ( ! mo/ intellig5t & consci5ti\s wom5 9 ?is c\ntry1 w gradually & quietly take ?is c\rse4 ,!y w p]ceive t !y are b\nd1 n only to assume & ex]cise ! di/9ctive rights ( ,prote/antism1 z au?oriz$ int]pret]s ( ! ,bible1 b to prote/1 by ^w & de$1 aga9/ all t opposes ! ex]cise ( ^! rights4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 !y w respectfully & privately express to _! pa/or & fell[,*ri/ians _! prote/ aga9/ ! ,augu/9ian sy/em1 z involv+ a dreadful sl&] on _! ,"l & ,savi\r1 vail+ 9 my/]y & gloom 8 lovely "*1 :i* is ! light & life ( ! s\l2 !y w prote/ aga9/ e cre$ or confession or *ur* ord9ance t is bas$ on ?is sy/em1 z an indorsem5t ( ?is fatal sl&]2 !y w prote/ aga9/ be+ reg>d$ z memb]s ( a *ur* 9 any o!r s5se ?an z p]sons unit$ ) a congregation to su/a9 ! wor%ip & ord9ances in/itut$ by ,*ri/1 & to aid ea* o!r 9 obey+ 8 ^w2 !y w make x cle> to all conc]n$1 t !y d n claim to possess any o!r nature ?an t receiv$ f ,god at bir?1 nor to be reg5]at$ 9 any o!r s5se ?an t !y n[ desire & s9c]ely purpose to obey ,*ri/ 9 all ?+s4 ,!y w1 moreov]1 prote/ aga9/ ! exclusion ( !mselves or _! *ildr5 f ! ,"l's table1 = int]pret+ ! ,bible div]sely f ! *ur* ) :i* !y wor%ip1 & aga9/ ! int]f]5ce ( *ur* (fic]s to exam9e !m or _! *ildr5 9 ord] to asc]ta9 _! mode ( int]pret+ ! ,bible or ! any o!r signs ( reg5]ation1 ?an ! express$ desire to unite ) ! congregation 9 ! wor%ip & ord9ances appo9t$ by ,*ri/4 ,%\ld su* a c\rse z ?is result 9 exclusion f ! ,"l's table1 ^? ?us prote/+ c dep>t peaceably to "s *ur* :i* c\ld consci5ti\sly receive !m on su* t]ms4 ,& if no su* *ur* is to be f\nd1 !y c quietly rel9qui% ! privilege1 until su* "t z x c be enjoy$ )\t a sacrifice ( pr9ciple & religi\s lib]ty4 ,if ^? ?us prote/+ act consi/5tly1 !y w accord to ! *ur* exclud+ !m ! same lib]ty to int]pret ! ,bible1 9 reg>d to duty on ?is subject1 z !y claim = !mselves4 ,! *ur* 9 cutt+ !m (f may feel z consci5ti\sly b\nd to ! c\rse !y adopt1 accord+ to _! way ( und]/&+ ! ,bible1 z ^? d :o prote/ & )draw4 ,& if ! true _s ( ,*ri/1 ! _s ( humility1 meekness & love prevails1 su* disruptions w occur )\t cont5tions or ill feel+s on ei!r side4 ,b 9 *ur*es embrac+ _m :o possess v little ( ?is _s & *]i%+ ! claim ( infallibility1--fir/ 9 decid+ :i* is ! true *ur* & next 9 ma9ta9+ its dogmas1--!re w\ld result a mode ( deal+ ) su* ,prote/ants v simil> to t ( =m] ages4 ,?is w\ld lead to agitation & discussion4 ,b ev5 on ?is try+ alt]native m good ?an evil might be hop$1 especially if ^? :o prote/ & )draw1 ma9ta9 ! meek1 peaceable & quiet _s requir$ & exhibit$ by _! ,ma/]4 ,:at ,"y ,am]ica w d8 ,! high] ! developm5t ( humanity1 ! m ! capacities = enjoym5t & suff]+ are increas$1 & ! m civilization multiplies ! means & modes ( gratify+ increas+ desires1 ! /rong] becomes ! deepfelt anxiety 9 reg>d to ! invisible future4 ,are all ^! capacities1 s inf9ite 9 _! t5d5cies1 to exp& = ev]1 only to be wr5*$ & cross$ & baffl$ z !y are 9 ?is life8 ,:at are our dang]s8 ,:at are we to d to escape !m8 ,?is is m & m ! agoniz+ dem& ( humanity4 ,x has be5 %[n t a sy/em ( doctr9e has be5 =c$ ^u ,*ri/5dom :i* has %r\d$ ?is great "q 9 my/]i\s gloom4 ,x has be5 %[n also t ! great organizations ( ! religi\s _w are s vitally bas$ on ?is sy/em t its r5unciation involves _! c]ta9 dissolution4 ,& ?\gh ! advance ( humanity has1 m or less1 modifi$ ! op9ions & practice ( ! individuals embrac$ 9 su* organizations1 /ill ! pr9ciple rema9s un*ang$4 ,consequ5tly any =mal1 op5 attack on ?is pr9ciple involves ! comb9$ antagonism ( all ! mo/ p[]ful religi\s organizations ( society4 ,free discussion is n to be expect$ 9 our !ological s*ools1 :]e ! "y m5 "k t !y c n be recomm5d$ = lic5se if !y fail to adopt ! cre$ ( _! sect4 ,nor c x be f\nd 9 our colleges1 mo/ ( :i* dep5d = patronage on1 or are pl$g$ to ! int]e/s ( a sect4 ,nor c x be expect$ 9 our pulpits1 :]e ! m9i/] tea*es & ! p h no *ance ( rejo9d] or disputation4 ,nor c x be expect$ ( ! religi\s press1 :i* is also b\nd to su/a9 sect>ian int]e/s4 ,:at p[] is !re !n :i* c cont5d aga9/ su* port5t\s comb9ations1 su/a9$ n only by ! pre/ige ( ages & all ! innate =ces ( longdrill$ organizations1 b by ! hone/ & consci5ti\s convictions ( ! great majorities ?us enroll$8 ,x is ! p[] ( tru? evolv$ by free discussion1 & ma9ly z x is & w be adm9i/]$ 9 ! h&s ( ,"y ,am]ica & ! secul> press4 ,! "y m5 ( ! nation h ! control ( _! lit]>y societies 9 our colleges & sem9>ies1 & ( ! popul> lyceums & o!r associations1 :]e e memb] has a vote 9 decid+ :at %all be discuss$2 & "h ! battle w be f\ght = religi\s lib]ty & ! ,bible4 ,9 ?is conflict !re w appe> two di/9ct classes4 ,! fir/ w be ^? ( %all[ capacity & acquirem5ts1 :o1 p]ceiv+ !mselves to be 9 ! p>ty ( reason & common s5se1 w imag9e t !y h acquir$ ?is position1 n by ! progress ( ! age1 br\ght ab\t to a great ext5t by ! discussions1 ! labors & suff]+s ( wise & good m51 _m ( !m di/+ui%$ z metaphysicians & !ologians1 b t x is all ow+ to _! own rem>kable g5ius & indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,?us !y w become 8heady1 highm9d$10 ra% & contemptu\s4 ,( ^!1 "s w be borne away to utt] skepticism1 immorality & f9al ru94 ,o!rs1 unable to reason correctly1 & bewild]$ by ! conflict1 w sw+ ar\nd to ! opposite extreme1 & ent] a *ur* :]e !y c re/ _! fai? on a prie/hood claim+ to be heav5inspir$1 :i* %all decide all que/ions ( fai? & practice = !m4 ,b ! nobl] portion ( ,"y ,am]ica w und]/& truly _! great mission1 &1 taught by ! mi/akes & d>kness ( ! pa/1 ) a mode/ & humble s5se ( _! own inability to g =w>d )\t help1 bo? f ,god & _! fell[m51 w seek = tru?1 duty & happ9ess 9 ! appropriate pa? ( calm1 hone/1 fair & free discussion4 ,& _! g5]\s he>ts & /rong arms w be %ield & buckl] ev5 to ! feeble/ :o may ent] ! li/s4 ,:at ! ,religi\s ,press w d8 ,?is "q is ! mo/ p]plex+ ( all1 at lea/ to ^? :o h att5tively m>k$ ! rec5t developm5ts 9 ! religi\s _w4 ,:at is !re t m cle>ly defies at once ! moral s5se1 ! common s5se & ! tea*+s ( ! ,bible1 ?an ! sy/em ( slav]y z x n[ exi/s 9 ?is c\ntry1 & yet a majority ( n only editors1 b ( ! m9i/]s ( ,*ri/1 9 "s ( our mo/ intellig5t & l>ge d5om9ations1 op5ly refuse fre$om ( disc\rse on ?is subject2 nay1 m1 "s ( ! religi\s pap]s are op5ly ju/ify+ ! slave trade1 :i* politicians1 ev5 ^? )\t any pret5sions to religi\s pr9ciple1 h plac$ z piracy1 ! highe/ civil crime4 ,& ! la/ ye> has witness$ ! delib]ate cru%+ ( free debate on ?is subject1 9 "o ( our l>ge/ & mo/ effective b5evol5t associations4 ,& "s ( ^? ^: :ole lives h exhibit$ !m among ! mo/ amiable1 consci5ti\s & exempl>y m51 are to be f\nd uphold+ su* a c\rse4 ,:o !n c pr$ict :at w be ! c\rse ( ! religi\s press1 :5 e editor mu/ ma9ta9 ! di/9ctive t5ets ( a sect1 or at once lose 8 pr(essional "* & 8 income8 ,x is v easy to pr$ict :at w be ! c\rse ( ^? :o w make no sacrifice = tru?4 ,a l>ge portion w nei!r read1 or ?9k or discuss1 or1 s f> z !y h p[] to prev5t1 all[ o!rs to d s4 ,"s w take ?is c\rse 9 ! satisfi$ belief t !y1 & ! *ur* :i* !y h infallibly decid$ to be infallible1 c nev] err4 ,o!rs w avoid all discussion = fe> ( be+ conv9c$ ( mi/akes1 oblig+ !m1 if ackn[l$g$1 to sacrifices ( pride1 "* & income4 ,o!rs w make "s %[ ( discussion1 s f> z to use ! disgraceful arts sometimes resort$ to1 9 ord] to satisfy & bl9d ignorant & unreflect+ read]s4 ,unfair & g>bl$ quotations1 mis/atem5t ( facts1 depreciat+ implications ( "* & motives1 invidi\s allusions to family or p>ty connections1 ! use ( unpopul> t]ms1 :i* humbl] m9ds h be5 tra9$ to reg>d z designat+ ! mo/ dang]\s & de/ructive h]esies1 ^!1 & _m o!r discr$itable me?ods1 w probably be employ$ to /ave (f discussion1 or to nullify its p[]4 ,b !re is a class ( m9ds :o h access to ! religi\s press1 & c m or less control its action1 :o are f> above su* humiliat+ littl5ess & di%one/y4 ,9 reg>d to ^!1 su* are ! influ5ce ( education & longtra9$ habits ( ?\ght1 t an entire *ange ( a :ole sy/em mu/ be a gradual process4 ,& :5 s]mons1 lectures1 books & pulpit m9i/ries h all be5 9 accordance ) "o sy/em1 !y c n be modifi$ to meet ano!r )\t _m practical difficulties4 ,nor c m51 ^: pr(essional associations ) ecclesia/ical bodies & ) p>i%es imp$e !m1 settle _m practical que/ions involv$ 9 any *ange ( views1 )\t dem&+ "t = reflection1 exam9ation & consultation4 ,9 ?is position ( affairs 9 ! religi\s _w1 a measure ( ret5tion1 & ev5 ( protract$ sil5ce1 9 _m cases1 may be wise & ju/ifiable4 ,& *>ges ( compromise1 or ( c[>dice1 or ( intellectual defici5cy1 9 su* cases1 w\ld be false1 ung5]\s & unju/4 ,all ?is %\ld be tak5 into acc\nt 9 judg+ ( ! future action ( ^? :o control ! religi\s p]iodicals & lit]ature4 ,:at ! ,secul> ,press w d8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is mu* m cle> ?an ! prec$+ "o1 inasmu* z ! secul> press1 to a great ext5t1 is free f ! emb>rassm5ts t re/ra9 ! religi\s press4 ,x has become s manife/ t ! great body ( ! p are det]m9$ to enjoy p]fect lib]ty ( consci5ce1 & to def5d ! "r ( free discussion 9 religion & morals1 z well z 9 politics1 t x is cle>ly = ! int]e/s ( editors1 n committ$ to sect>ianism1 to uphold ^! rights4 ,! di/+ui%$ popul>ity & success ( t ,daily :i* n[ boa/s ! l>ge/ circulation 9 ! nation1 is a mo/ significant fact4 ,its c>e] began long be=e ! religi\s _w _h its di/9ctive t5ets rudely assail$ by any b ecclesia/ical h&s1 & long be=e ! secul> press v5tur$ to br+ its commons5se maxims to be> on religi\s topics4 ,s+leh&$1 x fe>lessly op5$ its columns to discussions on ,f\ri]ism1 wom5's rights1 intemp]ance1 slav]y1 religi\s doctr9es1 & all o!r matt]s t conc]n$ ! public weal1 giv+ e p>ty a fair *ance to speak = itself4 ,! religi\s _w took ! lead 9 ! outcry & al>m aga9/ ?is c\rse4 ,b ! p1 & ev5 a l>ge proportion ( ! religi\s p1 su/a9$ ?is attempt at fair & free discussion1 s hone/ly & fe>lessly pursu$1 until ! battle 0 fairly won4 ,& n[ x is probable t ! l>g] proportion ( ! mo/ c&id & intellig5t editors ( ! secul> press p]ceive t _! pecuni>y int]e/s1 9 reg>d to free religi\s discussion1 are 9 ! same direction z _! reason & consci5ce4 ,?is be+ s1 x is probable t ! mo/ p[]ful1 fair & effective discussions ( ! gr& "q ( life h]eaft]1 w be f\nd m 9 ! secul> ?an 9 ! religi\s press1 at lea/ = a consid]able p]iod ( "t4 ,%\ld ?is be s1 !re w\ld probably be an improvem5t 9 modes ( discussion 9 sev]al respects4 ,among ^! may be anticipat$ an advance 9 a _s ( ,*ri/ian humility1 *>ity & ( g5tlemanly c\rtesy 9 deal+ ) ! "* & motives ( ^? ^: op9ions1 ei!r 9 religion or morals1 are discuss$4 ,! true _s ( ,*ri/ian *>ity dem&s t we endeavor to pres5t ! be/ r ?an ! wor/ con/ruction ( our oppon5t's "*1 motives & argum5ts4 ,a true humility implies su* a selfdi/ru/1 & su* a s5se ( our ne$ ( aid 9 discov]+ tru?1 n only f ,god b f our fell[m51 z w be indicat$ 9 a mode/ & unimpassion$ exhibition ( op9ions & argum5ts1 & a c\rte\s reception ( all criticisms & c\nt] argum5ts4 ,) ?is _s ! weakness or mi/akes1 or sophi/ries ( an oppon5t w\ld be exhibit$ m 9 sorr[ ?an 9 triumph or scorn4 ,a true g5tlemanly c\rtesy w\ld en=ce ! same rules ( delicacy & good bre$+ 9 public enc\nt]s z are reg>d$ by wellbr$ p]sons 9 ! draw+ room4 ,?is w\ld necess>ily bani% all allusion to p]sonal or family fail+s1 & all invidi\s or disrespectful modes ( address or language4 ,no "o :o is famili> ) ! controv]sies on doctr9e & morals1 z conduct$ 9 ! religi\s pap]s1 c d\bt t !re is room = improvem5t 9 all ^! p>ticul>s4 ,su* improvem5t is to be anticipat$1 n on acc\nt ( any m5tal or moral sup]iority ( ! conductors ( ! secul> press1 b r f ! fact t !y are free f _m ( ! emb>rassm5ts & excit+ influ5ces already po9t$ out z surr\nd+ ^? :o conduct ! religi\s p]iodicals4 ,ano!r improvem5t to be anticipat$ is ! )drawal ( ! great que/ions 9 debate f ! mi/s ( metaphysical & !ological te*nics to ! cle>1 popul> language ( common life4 ,9 ! prec$+ pages x is %[n t ! mo/ important que/ions ( religi\s tru? & duty c be discuss$ 9 ! language ( common life1 s z to be made intelligible to all p]sons ( ord9>y education1 :o are suffici5tly int]e/$ to give _! att5tion to matt]s :i* dem& intellectual ex]tion4 ,m5 w f9d t !y mu/ 8labor to ent] into ! /rait gate10 intellectually z well z morally1 & t !y are to 8"w out _! own salvation ) fe> & trembl+10 :ile ?us !y w le>n to und]/& ! nature ( ! enc\rag+ assurance t 8x is ,god t worke? 9 u to w & to d ( 8 own good pleasure40 ,:51 !re=e1 ! secul> press & ! popul> lyceum take up ^! great que/ions !y w insi/ t ! discussions %all be c>ri$ on 9 popul> language1 s t ! labor dem&$ %all n be increas$ by ! unkn[n tongue ( !ological & metaphysical sci5ce4 ,aga91 !re w be an improvem5t 9 ! mode ( conduct+ su* discussions1 by ! bani%m5t ( all adv5titi\s topics & ! firm grasp+ ( ! "o great fundam5tal po9t 9 debate4 ,x w be insi/$ t ! "q is n at all :e!r ,arm9ians or ,univ]sali/s1 or ,unit>ians hold ?is or t op9ion1 nor :e!r advocat+ su* & su* views w\ld injure ! cause ( ?is or t in/itution1 or sect or individual2 nor :e!r ?is or t p]son has c]ta9 faults1 or is a prop] advocate ( "s innovations2 nor :e!r undesirable results w\ld foll[ f express+ c]ta9 views1 b simply :at is ! tru?1 s f> z x c be discov]$ by hone/ /atem5ts & fair discussion4 ,! gr& "q 9 debate is n :e!r m5 are deprav$ 9 "* & action z !y appe> 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,all p>ties agree 9 ! fact ( su* dreadful depravity4 ,! "q is 9 reg>d to ! philosophy ( ?is fact1 t is to say1 ,:at is ! cause or reason ( ?is depravity8 ,"h x w be f\nd t two classes exi/ 9 all ! great ,prote/ant sects1 viz43 ,^? :o hold t ! cause is a deprav$ nature1 signify+ :at m5 mean :5 9 common life !y use ! t]ms1 nature1 organization1 con/ruction or con/itution1 & ^? :o d5y t any su* deprav$ nature exi/s4 ,^! two opposite op9ions1 ev] s9ce ! ?ird c5tury1 h be5 express$ by ! t]ms1 ,augu/9ian & ,pelagian4 ,! case is n[ s fairly & cle>ly be=e ! p1 t e !ologian :o has capacity & tra9+ suffici5t to und]/& an argum5t mu/ kn[+ly d "o ( ^! ?+s3 #a4 ,d5y depravity ( nature & all[ t he is a ,pelagian2 or #b4 ,affirm su* depravity1 take rank z an ,augu/9ian & !n meet ! argum5t :i*1 on ?is assumption1 de/roys all evid5ce ( ! b5evol5ce ( ,god1 & r5d]s a reliable revelation f him impossible4 #c4 ,)draw f all discussion ei!r by entire sil5ce1 or by hid+ 9 ! fogs ( metaphysical & !ological te*nics1 or by ! disgraceful arts ( debate practic$ to al>m & delude ! ignorant4 ,h]et(ore ! editors ( secul> pap]s h practically conc$$ t ! religi\s disputes & conflicts t agitat$ ! *ur*es 7 matt]s out ( _! prov9ce & to be turn$ ov] to ! cl]gy & religi\s editors4 ,& inasmu* z mo/ ( ^! cont5tions h relat$ to matt]s ( rites & =ms1 or to ab/ract doctr9al po9ts hav+ little practical be>+s on ! daily life1 su* ab/95ce seem$ appropriate4 ,b ! progress ( ! age has at la/ fairly br\ght ! organiz$ *ur* front to front ) ! unreg5]ate _w on ! greate/ ( all practical que/ionsa "q ) :i* e editor ( e secul> pap] has z deep a p]sonal & family int]e/ z has any religi\s editor1 or any doctor ( !ology1 or any p>o*ial pa/or4 ,is x a fact1 or is x n1 t e man at bir? is s deprav$ 9 nature t e "o ( 8 moral acts is s91 & s9 only1 until a *ange 9 ?is nature is wr\ght by ! creative p[] ( ,god1 & mu/ all "y *ildr5 be educat$ on ?is assumption8 ,! tra9+ ( ! family1 our in/itutions ( education1 ! *ur* organizations ( ! great religi\s sects1 all dep5d on ?is "q4 ,! answ] to x mu/ be yes or no1 = no ?ird supposition is possible4 ,e intellig5t man !n mu/ speak out 9 ! affirmative1 or 9 ! negative1 or else hide 9 sil5ce or 9 ! mi/s ( deceit4 ,9 ?is view ( ! case1 x is believ$ t ! educat$ class ( p[]ful & cultivat$ m9ds1 :o are1 by _! position & tal5ts1 ! lead]s ( ! secul> press1 w n turn ?is matt] ov] to _! !ological contributors1 b w take ! case into _! own h&s1 & fe>lessly & e>ne/ly meet _! high responsibilities4 ,?us !y may prove n only ! mo/ effective lead]s 9 ! intellectual & moral advance ( humanity1 b ! protectors ( _m suff]+1 /ruggl+ m9ds1 :o unaid$ w\ld s9k 9 ! conflict be=e !m4 ,9 ?is exhibition ( ! position ( ! religi\s _w1 ! attitude ( ?is "w is v rem>kable4 ,x is 9 op5 & direct antagonism ) all ! religi\s organizations ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & t too 9 reg>d to ! v fundam5tals on :i* ea* ( ^! organizations dep5ds = its exi/5ce4 ,all ! ,augu/9ian sects are aga9/ ! position ( ?is "w1 t ! m9d ( man is p]fect 9 nature1 & %\ld !y adopt ! ,pelagian gr\nd consi/5tly1 e "o ( !m w\ld ei!r come to an end1 or *ange ! v basis ( its organization4 ,! only sect t op5ly & consi/5tly av[s ! ,pelagian view1 is ! ,unit>ian2 b ?is organization is f\nd$ on ! di/9ctive t5et ( su* a unity 9 ,god z =bids ! idea ( a plurality ( et]nal1 self exi/5t ,p]sons1 hav+ ! highe/ attributes ( ,god4 ,?is is contr>y to ! sy/em ( common s5se1 z exhibit$ 9 ?is "w1 page #ajj4 ,! ,univ]sali/ organization is bas$ on ! doctr9e t none ( ! human race w cont9ue s9ful = ev]1 & ?us insure ! natural consequ5ces ( s94 ,?is also is %[n to be contr>y to ! sy/em ( common s5se1 z pres5t$ 9 ?is "w1 page #agg4 ,! great body ( p]sons1 z yet unorganiz$1 :o agree 9 resi/+ ! claims ( ! ,bible z conta9+ reliable revelations f ! ,creator1 & ?us au?oritative rules ( fai? & practice1 w be array$ aga9/ su* claims ma9ta9$ 9 ?is "w1 z "o ( ! inevitable results ( ! application ( ! pr9ciples ( common s5se4 ,consequ5tly1 ! :ole religi\s organizations ( ! _w1 :o re/ _! fai? on ! ,bible1 are antagoni/ic to ?is "w1 :ile ^? :o repudiate ! au?ority ( ! ,bible are equally s4 ,/ill m rem>kable is ! fact exhibit$ 9 ?is volume1 t ! writ]1 9 a family circle embrac+ s _m !ologians & pa/ors1 appe>s be=e ! public z antagoni/ic to mo/1 & support$ op5ly by n "o ( !m4 ,:at !n is ! f\ndation ( t confid+ & *e]ful equanimity ) :i* all ?is impos+ array ( organizations & individual tal5ts1 le>n+ & influ5ce is reg>d$8 ,x is1 fir/1 confid5ce 9 tru? & ! ,god ( tru?1 & next1 ! intimate k ga9$ by ! writ]1 ( ! *>act]s & ! m5tal exp]i5ces ( "s ( ! mo/ p[]ful m9ds t are lead]s ( ?is ho/1 & at ! same "t a simil> k ( "s ( ! noble/ m9ds1 :o are mo/ effectively influ5c+ t great portion ( ! popul> m9d :i* is n embrac$ 9 ^! organizations4 ,:atev] may be ! op9ions ( ^! p[]ful classes1 :o may 9 =m & position appe> antagoni/ic1 !y w nev] be lead]s 9 any attempt to cru% p]fect fre$om ( ?\ght & expression1 or to re/ra9 t free & e>ne/ discussion :i* is imp5d+4 ,nay m1 if ! di/9ctive feature ( a foll[] ( ,*ri/ is to be humble & tea*able 9 _s1 8meek & l[ly ( he>t10 & if t highe/ =m ( human developm5t is dawn+1 :5 moral magnanimity %all take prec$5ce ( intellectual p[] 9 human e/imation1 !n ! _w w soon behold :at z yet has be5 deem$ impossible1 great & le>n$ m51 ev5 doctors 9 !ology1 nay m1 ev5 m5 t h writt5 books1 resign+ ! claim ( infallibility1 & confess+ t !y h made mi/akes4 ,! hope ( ?is1 moreov]1 is su/a9$ by ! "* & position ( "s1 :o n only /& high 9 ! !ological _w1 b are among ! mo/ rev]$ & belov$ 9 t family circle1 :]e ! gold5 *a9 ( p]fect love has nev] = a mom5t be5 sund]$ by ! wide/ div]sities ( op9ion or ! free/ discussion ( diff]5ces4 ,:at has transpir$ 9 "o ,*ri/ian family1 x is believ$1 may be b ! emblem ( :at is yet to prevail among ! true *ildr5 ( ,him1 8( :om ! :ole family 9 heav5 & on e>? is nam$407#bb7 ,,note4 ,! "w (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ pages1 0 writt51 at fir/1 on a m limit$ plan ?an n[ appe>s4 ,aft] a portion 0 pr9t$1 x 0 p]ceiv$ t ! discussion conta9$ 9 ?is volume 0 indisp5sable1 & ! title at fir/ design$ = ! :ole "w1 became inappropriate to ! fir/ portion :5 issu$ alone4 ,9 mak+ a *ange1 ! result has be51 t ! "w has sometimes be5 adv]tis$ by its fir/ "n1 ! ,,bible ,,& ,,! ,,p1 & sometimes by its second "n1 ,,common ,,s5se ,,appli$ ,,to ,,religion1 & sometimes by bo? toge!r4 ,h]eaft]1 ! title ( ! fir/ volume w be ,,common ,,s5se ,,appli$ ,,to ,,religion4 ,?is volume is ! second portion4 ,! f9al portion1 n yet publi%$1 w be entitl$ ,,! ,,bible ,,int]pret$ ,,by ,,common ,,s5se4 ,,notes4 ,note ,a4 ,! new s*ool div9es agree ) ! old s*ool 9 tea*+ t previ\s to reg5]ation e moral act is s9 & only s91 & t ,god has made no promises to unreg5]ate do+s1 :i* w\ld obligate him to re create ! s\l1 9 return = su* p]=mances4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y urge man himself to *ange 8 own he>t1 z t :i* is possible )\t any aid f ,god4 ,& ! int]f]5ce ( ,god to reg5]ate is repres5t$ by !m z an act ( sov]eign1 elective m]cy1 unb\ght by any labor or /riv+ on ! "p ( man4 ,/ill1 !y enc\rage ! use ( ! means ( grace z ! way 9 :i* ,god ord9>ily meets ! s9n]1 9 be/[+ ?is gift4 ,!y urge t exp]i5ce proves1 t ?\gh reg5]ation is n promis$ to ! use ( ! means ( grace1 x is m frequ5tly be/[$ on ^? :o use !m ?an on ^? :o neglect !m4 ,note ,b4 ,!re are ?ree po9ts on ! subject ( ! future /ate1 :i* ne$ to be discuss$ sep>ately4 ,! fir/ is1 w !re be an ev5tual sep>ation ( ! human race1 at "s f9al consummation1 s t f t po9t1 ?r\gh all et]nity1 !re w be two sep>ate communities1 ! good be+ p]fect 9 "* & happ9ess1 & ! bad reap+ ! natural results ( _! evil temp]s & conduct = ev]8 ,! second is1 does our conduct 9 ?is life h an influ5ce 9 decid+ our degrees ( happ9ess or mis]y 9 a future /ate1 s t we reap ! natural good or evil consequ5ces ( all we d "h = ev]8 ,! ?ird is entirely indep5d5t ( ! o!r two1 & is ?is3 ,is ! et]nal condition ( e human be+ fix$ at ! h\r ( dea?2 or is !re ) "s a cont9u$ process ( culture & discipl9e1 & ( upw>d & d[nw>d progress 9 a future /ate1 ext5d+ to ! day ( f9al sep>ation & consummation8 ,t "s may become s good 9 ?is life z to insure an et]nal upw>d progress1 & t "s may become s bad z to insure a p]petual d[nw>d progress1 may be true1 & yet1 to o!rs new opportunities may be giv54 ,x is by revelations f ! ,creator alone t ^! po9ts c be effectually settl$4 ,x is %[n 9 *apt] #bg1 t e sy/em ( religion or morals mu/ be decid$ by ^! que/ions4 ,!re=e1 ^! que/ions1 & ! au?ority ( ! ,bible on ^! po9ts1 mu/ become ! subject ( r5ew$ & e>ne/ discussion4 ,note ,c4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t c be reg>d$ simply z a fact )\t any ref]5ce to ! philosophy ( x1 i4e41 ! mode or cause ( ?is fact4 ,jesus ,*ri/ came into ?is _w to save m5 f s9 & its inevitable p5alties1 by 8 tea*+s1 suff]+s & dea?4 ,?is fact may be receiv$ )\t any attempt to expla9 ! :y or ! h[ x came to pass1 or h[ x is made efficaci\s1 :i* are ! philosophy ( ?is fact4 ,9 reg>d to ?is philosophy1 v>i\s !ories h be5 incorporat$ into cre$s & !ological sy/ems4 ,! mo/ common !ory at ! pres5t "t1 9 ?is c\ntry1 is1 t ! suff]+s & ! dea? ( ,*ri/ avail to su/a9 ! ju/ice & ! laws ( ,god z effectually z w\ld ! infliction ( et]nal mis]y on all :o are reg5]at$4 ,t is to say1 if by rep5tance & re=mation1 )\t an atonem5t1 m5 %\ld escape all ! p5alties = pa/ s91 ! result w\ld be t ,god's ju/ice w\ld be impea*$ & 8 laws be nullifi$1 j z human lawgiv]s become unju/ & _! laws are made void :5 all p5alties are remitt$4 ,?is difficulty1 x is suppos$1 on ! common !ory1 0 met by ! suff]+s & ! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 z a vic>i\s sub/itute 9 behalf ( ^? sav$4 ,t is to say1 ?is aton+ sacrifice op]ates to pres]ve ! ju/ice ( ,god & ! effici5cy ( laws1 z effectually z w\ld ! et]nal puni%m5t1 f :i* all reg5]at$ p]sons are ?us rescu$4 ,?is mode ( expla9+ ! :y & ! h[ may be rel9qui%$ & ano!r mode adopt$1 or no !ory at all may be deem$ ne$ful1 :ile belief may rema9 9 ! great fact1 t ,jesus ,*ri/ wr\ght out ! salvation ( ^? :o are sav$1 by 8 adv5t1 suff]+s & dea?1 & t !y c\ld be sav$ by no o!r mode4 ,x is v important to recognize ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! fact & ! philosophical !ories inv5t$ to expla9 ! fact2 because x is frequ5tly ! case t ! d5ial ( a !ory is reg>d$ z a d5ial ( ! great fact1 :5 su* is n ! case4 ,all may agree 9 ! fact :5 v div]se !ories are held to expla9 x4 ,:e!r our ,creator actually has come 9 human =m into ?is _w1 & exhibit$ an example ( selfsacrifice & suff]+ = ! g5]al good1 is :at we may inf] z probable by ! light ( nature1 b :i* we c fully prove only by revelation4 ,note ,d4 ,:e!r ! ,creator ev] communes ) ! human _s except ?r\gh ! mat]ial organizations1 is "o on :i* reason & exp]i5ce furni% no intimations4 ,no record is to be f\nd ( any communications f ! ,creator to mank9d t 7 n made ei!r by visible =ms or intelligible s\nds1 or by visions & dreams 9 sleep4 ,all ! revelations record$ 9 ! ,bible 7 by "s "o ( ^! me?ods4 ,?is be+ s1 ! sy/em ( common s5se nei!r affirms or d5ies ! direct access ( ! creative m9d to ! m9ds ( 8 creatures4 ,x is a "q to be settl$ solely by revelation4 ,note ,e4 ,?is mode ( expla9+ ! depravity ( m9d is to be f\nd 9 ! ,conflict ( ,ages4 ,on page #ij ! foll[+ passage exhibits ! au?or's idea1 bo? ( a p]fectly con/ruct$ m9d1 & ( a deprav$ m9d3 8,s !re is a life ( ! m9d4 ,x involves an orig9al & design$ correlation to ,god1 & su* a /ate ( ! affections1 passions1 emotions1 intellect & w1 t communion ) ,god %all be natural1 habitual1 & ! life ( ! s\l4 ,he :o has be5 s f> heal$ by div9e grace z to rea* ?is /ate1 has a true idea ( ! normal & heal?y /ate ( ! s\l4 ,& if he f9ds t !re is t 9 ! /ate ( 8 moral con/itution & emotions :i* seems to lie b5ea? 8 w & und]m9e its en]gy to foll[ ! convictions ( reason & consci5ce1 & t by div9e grace ?is has be5 *ang$1 & an en]gy n only to w b to d good is suppli$1 is x to be wond]$ at t1 9 "s way1 he %\ld come to ! conclusion t !re is 9 8 nature or moral con/itution1 depravity or pollution1 ant]ior to ! action ( ! w80 ,! !ory :i* ?is au?or adopts is1 t ! 8normal0 /ate ( man's 8nature or moral con/itution0 0 creat$ 9 man by ,god 9 a prexi/5t /ate1 & t man's 8depravity or pollution ant]ior to ! action ( ! w0 consi/s 9 8a habit ( s9n+10 g5]at$ 9 ?is prexi/5t /ate4 ,?is habit ( s9n+ 0 n a "p ( ! p]fectlycon/ruct$ nature made by ,god4 ,man himself introduc$ x into 8 own m9d1 ?us r5d]+ x s deprav$ t e moral act is s91 & only s94 ,reg5]ation1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 consi/s 9 a *ange ( ! 8/ate ( ! moral con/itution10 :]eby 8an en]gy n only to w b to d good is suppli$40 ,t is to say1 ! 8habit ( s9n+0 c be less5$ or remov$ by "s sup]natural *ange ( ! 8moral con/itution0 by ,god4 ,& yet all m5 are born ) ?is depravity :i* ,god c rem$y1 & w n1 except = a select few4 ,x is manife/1 !re=e1 t ?is writ] holds to a depravity ( nature 9 ! true & prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 signify+ con/itution or con/ruction4 ,?is be+ s1 8 !ory puts x out ( 8 p[] to prove ! b5evol5ce ( ! ,creator1 or to e/abli% any revelation f him z a reliable guide to tru? & happ9ess4 ,= x is ! nature ( any creat$ ?+ :i* proves ! "* & int5tions ( its creator4 ,if !n all human m9ds are deprav$ 9 nature or 8con/itution10 ! ,creator ( ^! m9ds is ?us prov$ to be deprav$1 & no revelations f him c be reliable4 ,he pref]s s9 & evil to virtue & happ9ess1 & ( c\rse 8 tea*+s c be no guide to tru?1 virtue & happ9ess4 ,?us1 by 8 own !ory1 ?is au?or is deb>r$ f any pro( ( a prexi/5t /ate by revelation4 ,on page #bj x is fur!r /at$ t 8inasmu* z ! m9d ( man is deprav$1 & !re may be dang] 9 tru/+ its unrevis$1 uncorrect$ decisions z to ^! pr9ciples ( honor & "r1 x is ( great importance1 = purposes ( revision1 c>efully to /udy ^? developm5ts ( b5evol5t1 honorable & j feel+s1 t[>ds :i* ! human m9d1 aft] reg5]ation1 & "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,_s1 is f\nd mo/ directly to t5d40 ,?is passage %[s t ?is depravity ( ! 8moral con/itution10 g5]at$ 9 a prexi/5t /ate1 9 ! view ( ?is au?or1 is su* t !re is dang] 9 tru/+ our m5tal decisions z to ! pr9ciples ( honor & "r at fir/ implant$ by ,god1 b vitiat$ & impair$ by ! 8habit ( s9n+40 ,?is dang]1 x is sugge/$1 is less5$ 8aft] reg5]ation10 s t reg5]at$ p]sons are ?us entitl$ to guide _! unreg5]ate fell[m5 9 matt]s ( tru? & duty4 ,?is lays ! f\ndation = ! claims ( a reg5]ate *ur* & cl]gy to sup]ior au?ority 9 decid+ on ! int]pretations ( ! ,bible4 ,! t5d5cies ( su* claims to pride1 dogmatism & p]secution1 are po9t$ out 9 *apt] #da4 ,note ,f4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,views & ,exp]i5ces ( ,religion1 by ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*]1 is an example ( ! vagu5ess & unc]ta9ty ref]r$ to4 ,x is "p ( an article entitl$ ,h[ to ,become a ,*ri/ian4 8,! mom5t y realize ?is goodness ( ,*ri/1 8 helpfulness to y1 8 l5i5t1 =giv+1 sympa?iz+ _s1 !n y "k :at fai? 9 ,*ri/ means4 ,if su* a ,savi\r attracts y1 & y /rive all ! m ard5tly1 f love t[>d him & tru/ 9 him1 !n y are a ,*ri/ian3 n a religi\s man1 b a ,*ri/ian4 8,a man may wor%ip ?r\gh awe1 or ?r\gh a s5se ( duty1 & ,i ?9k !re are hundr$s ( m5 9 ! *ur*es :o are only religi\s m51 & n ,*ri/ians4 ,a man :o feels t[>d ,god only awe or fe>1 :o obeys m]ely f a s5se ( duty1 :o is "u ! dom9ion ( consci5ce r ?an ( love1 may be religi\s1 b he is n a ,*ri/ian40 ,!re is no?+ said 9 ?is article ( any ne$ ( any new creation ( ! nature ( ! m9d2 nor is ?is ,augu/9ian dogma to be f\nd 9 any ( ?is au?or's publi%$ works4 ,9 ?is article1 writt5 expressly to give cle> views ( :at x is to become a ,*ri/ian1 & h[ to d x1 we f9d x taught 8a man :o feels t[>d ,god only awe or fe>1 :o obeys m]ely f a s5se ( duty1 :o is "u ! dom9ion ( consci5ce r ?an ( love1 may be religi\s1 b he is n a ,*ri/ian40 ,suppose1 !n1 a p]son ) a /rong s5se ( ju/ice & great natural b5evol5ce1 is tra9$ to believe ! ,calv9i/ic =m ( ! ,augu/9ian sy/em1 s t ,god appe>s to him only ! awful1 incompreh5sible au?or ( ?is dreadful sy/em1 & ,jesus ,*ri/1 ?is same ,god1 s unit$ to a man 7z ?is transaction is usually repres5t$7 t ! human s\l alone be>s all ! grief & suff]+ involv$ 9 ! expiatory sacrifice dem&$4 ,suppose1 also1 t1 9 ?is view1 unable to feel any emotions b fe> & awe1 he says1 8,!re mu/ be a dreadful mi/ake some:]e4 ,i c n fa?om x2 b ,i c & w d ?is3 ,i w tru/ ! ^w ( ,jesus ,*ri/ z to ! "* ( ,god1 & ,i w obey 8 tea*+s consci5ti\sly 9 all ?+s1 z ne>ly z ,i am able20 & ?is det]m9ation is c>ri$ out 9 8 life4 ,is su* a man a ,*ri/ian1 or is he n8 ,guid$ only by ! above extract1 x w\ld be v difficult to decide1 or to /ate :at is ?is au?or's view ( reg5]ation2 nor is !re any ?+ 9 8 publi%$ writ+s to remove ! vagu5ess & unc]ta9ty caus$ by su* tea*+s z are embrac$ 9 ! above extract1 z to :at *ange makes a man a true ,*ri/ian4 ,accord+ to ! sy/em ( common s5se 7z expla9$ *apt] #bd1 & also on page #beh7 to =m & c>ry out a rul+ purpose to obey ! laws ( ,god1 z made kn[n by ,jesus ,*ri/1 is lov+ ,god & ,*ri/ 9 ! only way 9 :i* love c ju/ly be made a subject ( comm&4 ,& :5 a man =ms & c>ries out su* a purpose1 he is 8"u ! dom9ion ( consci5ce10 & is a true ,*ri/ian4 ,! po9t :]e ?is writ] seems to fail1 9 ?is extract1 is1 9 a want ( ! di/9ction1 po9t$ out 9 ! *apt] above m5tion$1 betwe5 volunt>y & involunt>y love4 ,a p]son may be 8"u ! dom9ion ( consci5ce10 by a purpose to obey all ! laws ( ,god1 & = want ( ! true view ( ,god's "*1 z exhibit$ 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 may exp]i5ce only emotions ( fe> & awe 9 p]=m+ su* ob$i5ce4 ,x is ! true1 effici5t purpose to obey ,*ri/ :i* con/itutes a man a ,*ri/ian4 ,x is "r views ( ,god's "*1 z se5 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 t gives new /r5g? to c>ry out su* a purpose4 8,:5 we 7 yet )\t /r5g?1 9 due "t ,*ri/ di$ = ! ungodly10 ?us giv+ new motives ( love & gratitude1 9 addition to ^? ( fe> & awe4 ,n until all ! false !ories t hi!rto h vail$ ! aton+ sacrifice ( ,jesus ,*ri/ are ca/ away1 w ! full mean+ ( ! above text be fully und]/ood4 ,note ,g4 ,among !ologians & pa/ors !re are two classes n[ exi/+1 9 all ! great ,prote/ant sects1 ! "o hold+ to a real depravity ( nature1 & /riv+ to make su* a fact consi/5t ) common s5se & ) ! ideas ( b5evol5ce & ju/ice 9 ! ,creator2 ! o!r1 hold+ only to a depravity ( action & ( "*1 result+ f su* action 9 ?is life1 are /riv+ to evade op5 antagonism ) ! ,augu/9ian !ory4 ,no ?ird position be+ possible1 e man is necess>ily ,augu/9ian or ,pelagian2 ei!r hold+ t man is deprav$ 9 nature1 or t he is n4 ,9 ! fir/ class1 is "o :om1 above all o!rs1 ! writ] w\ld pref] to meet 9 a discussion on ?is great "q4 ,x is "o :o is rememb]$ 9 e>ly life z ! hone/1 s]i\s1 booklov+ boy2 next z ! e>ne/ ,*ri/ian & fai?ful /ud5t1 w9n+ ! highe/ honors ( a collegiate c\rse2 next z a /ud5t ( !ology call$ to sev]al ( ! highe/ city pulpits1 ev5 be=e f9i%+ 8 prep>atory c\rse2 next1 ev5 9 y\?1 ! presid5t ( a fl\ri%+ we/]n college1 tak+ a decid$ /& on ! slav]y "q1 def5d+ ! fre$om ( ! press ) its fir/ m>tyr1 & v ne>ly %>+ 8 fate2 next resum+ ! pa/or's (fice1 ma9ly to ga9 m fre$om to write & publi% 8 peculi> views1 :i* he well und]/ood w\ld enc\nt] all ! organiz$ int]e/s ( ,*ri/5dom1 & place a drag*a9 on all 8 p]sonal & pr(essional int]e/s2 f9ally1 "o :o1 z s*ol>1 metaphysician & !ologian1 9 ! writ]'s view1 has nev] be5 surpass$1 :ile he nev] has1 & nev] w1 resort to a c[>dly or unfair mode to weak5 or escape an argum5t4 ,?us mu*1 if n all[able t[>d a bro!r1 may be p]mitt$ t[>d an antagoni/4 ,x is ?is bro!r :o = ye>s has be5 labor+ to su/a9 ! ,augu/9ian dogma by a !ory :i*--c\ld x be prov$--is ! only "o yet devis$ t is at once rational1 intelligible & actually secures ! end design$4 ,= if x 7 a fact t ! nature ( m9d is deprav$1 & if x 7 possible to prove t our race orig9ally1 9 a prexi/5t /ate1 7 creat$ ) a p]fect nature1 ru9$ !mselves1 & 7 born into ?is _w = purposes ( p>don & r$emption1 ! gr& difficulty w\ld all be rem$i$1 & ,god c\ld be exhibit$ z wise1 j & good 9 spite ( ?is m\rnful fact4 ,b x is ! fact ( ! deprav$ nature ( ! human m9d1 :]e ! writ] & ?is bro!r are at issue1 & n on any !ory to relieve ! difficulties incid5t to t fact4 ,! argum5t ( ?is "w1 to prove t !re is no possible mode ( prov+ ! b5evol5ce ( ,god1 or ( prov+ t ! ,bible is a reliable revelation f him1 to any man :o tea*es t ! nature ( ! human m9d is deprav$ 9 any s5se t c be made intelligible by human language1 ?is is ! place :]e ! au?or ( ! ,conflict ( ,ages1 9 due "t1 w meet ?is discussion fairly1 op5ly & honorably4 ,9 ! second class1 m5tion$ above1 is ano!r bro!r1 :om ! writ] believes to be z decid$ly on ! ,pelagian gr\nd4 ,:e!r he yet fully und]/&s 8 position1 is n affirm$ by "o1 :o has1 = s %ort a "t1 fully und]/ood h] own be>+s 9 ?is matt]4 ,b ere long1 ! only "q rema9+ = him w be1 :e!r he %all op5ly attack ?is /ronglyentr5*$ error1 ?is :olesale sl&] on 8 ,"l & ,ma/]1 or take ! ,tract ,society mode ( evad+ discussion4 ,all :o be/ "k ! writ] ( ! ,/> ,pap]s1 be/ und]/& t any "q ( exp$i5cy w relate1 n to ! fe>less1 outspok5 exhibition ( 8 op9ions1 b only to ! "t & mann] 9 :i* x %all be done4 ,he mu/ soon p]ceive t x is z mu* 8 duty op5ly to attack ! ,african,a enslavem5t ( ,anglo,saxon m9ds1 z x ev] 0 to combat ! ,anglo,saxon enslavem5t ( ,african bodies4 ,x w be notic$ t ?is public appeal to family fri5ds 0 n made until all o!r !ologians1 especially obligat$ to meet ?is discussion1 _h evad$ x1 & "s ( !m by unfair1 ung5tlemanly & un*ri/ian me?ods4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,obvi\s pr9t]'s errors h be5 correct$4 ,,footnotes #a ,note ,a4 #b ,! !ory ( ,dr4 ,e4 ,bee*]1 z x has n be5 accept$ by any d5om9ation1 is n ref]r$ to "h4 #c ,mo/ ( ! extracts 9 ?is & ! prec$+ *apt] are furni%$ by ,dr4 ,e4 ,bee*] 9 8 ,conflict ( ,ages4 #d ,9 sci5tific language1 ! object ( desire is call$ ! objective motive1 & ! desire itself is call$ ! subjective motive4 #e ,^! ref]5ces are to portions ( ! volume be=e m5tion$ :i* are n introduc$ into ?is "w4 #f ,metaphysicians h my/ifi$ ?is subject ?us3--,!y say 8! w0 7or *oice7 inv>iably1 8is z is ! greate/ app>5t good40 ,b :5 x is inquir$1 does 8greate/ good10 z "h us$1 signify t :i* ! intellect decides to be be/ f> all conc]n$1 & ?us "r1 or does x signify t :i* causes ! /ronge/ desire z measur$ by our own consci\sness8 ,x w be f\nd t1 9 ?is metaphysical /atem5t above1 x means bo?4 ,?is leads to ! same sort ( confusion z w\ld result f us+ ! ^w /raight to include ! two ideas ( bo? /raight & crook$4 ,) su* an enl>g$1 b improp]1 def9ition1 x c\ld truly be said t m5 inv>iably g /raight1 & z truly t !y also inv>iably g crook$4 ,! only way 9 :i* ! expression1 8! w is z is ! greate/ app>5t good10 c be true1 is to use ! t]m to include bo? :at is ! greate/ good z judg$ by ! intellect1 & also ! greate/ good z caus+ ! /ronge/ desire1 ?us mak+ "o ^w express two div]se ideas4 ,x is ?is want ( discrim9ation 9 ! use ( ! t]m 8greate/ app>5t good10 by ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 :i* acc\nts = ! fact t "o class ( ! mo/ acute metaphysicians reg>d him z ! def5d] ( free ag5cy1 & ano!r class1 equally acute1 ma9ta9 t he tea*es ! exactly opposite doctr9e ( fatalism4 ,x is by ?is deceptive use ( ! words greate/ app>5t good1 & /ronge/ motive1 t su* inv>iabl5ess ( antec$5ce & consequ5ts is made out1 z is ! pro( ( produc+ causes & necess>y effects 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,?us results ! idea ( irrational free ag5cy1 mak+ ! m9d ( man l irrational brutes1 inevitably & necess>ily controll$ by ! /ronge/ desire1 7or /ronge/ motive7 & de/roy+ all idea ( rational free ag5cy4 #g ,?is is a v important po9t 9 reg>d to ! "q ( a deprav$ nature4 #h ,?is ref]s to ^? !ologians :o tea* t reg5]ation consi/s n 9 a *ange ( nature b ( purpose4 #i ,9 ! ,greek1 ! ^w 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t translat$ 8peacemak]s10 is m correctly r5d]$ 8happ9essmak]s40 #aj ,note ,b4 #aa ,note ,c4 #ab ,note ,d4 #ac ,?is acc\nt is tak5 f ,rev4 ,h[>d ,malcom's ,travels 9 ,asia4 #ad ,! ,arm9ians hold t ,*ri/'s dea? has pur*as$ ! return ( ,god's ,_s )drawn = ,adam's s91 & t ow+ to ?is aid1 man has "s p[] to obey ,god previ\s to reg5]ation1 s t all ! do+s ( ! unreg5]ate are n s94 #ae ,^? new s*ool ,calv9i/s1 :o tea* t reg5]ation consi/s 9 ! =mation ( a rul+ purpose by man himself1 hold t ?is nev] takes place until ! ,_s ( ,god m or less rectifies ! deprav$ nature consequ5t on ,adam's s91 & t previ\s to reg5]ation e moral act ( e m9d is 8s91 & only s940 #af ,note ,e4 #ag 8,/ate ( ! ,imp5it5t ,dead10 by ,alvah ,hovey1 ,d4,d4 #ah ,f ! article on ,sanctification1 9 ! magaz9e ,beauty ( ,hol9ess1 ,janu>y1 #ahei4 #ai ,note ,f4 #bj ,9 reg>d to ! au?or ( ! ,conflict ( ,ages1 ! writ] is /ill unc]ta9 :e!r he w\ld or w\ld n ass5t to ! common s5se view ( reg5]ation1 "h /at$1 z exact & complete1 or :e!r he supposes t ! 8habit ( s9n+1 g5]at$ 9 a prexi/5t /ate10 is *ang$ by "s direct op]ation ( ! ,_s ( ,god on ! 8nature0 or faculties ( ! human m9d1 :i* is antec$5t to any "r volunt>y action on ! "p ( man1 & )\t :i*1 e moral act ( e unreg5]at$ m9d is 8s91 & only s940 ,^! p]sonal ref]5ces are introduc$ to illu/rate m effectively ! vague & div]sifi$ tea*+s ( !ologians & religi\s tea*]s 9 answ] to ! great "q1 on :i* !y claim t an et]nity ( bless$ness or mis]y is dep5d+4 #ba ,! ext5t to :i* ,judaism _h spread among ! upp] ranks is /rik+ly %[n by ! fact t "o ( ! fir/ inquisitors1 ,pet] ,arbues1 0 assass9at$ by a conspiracy =m$ ( ! *ief (fic]s ( ! ,arragonese gov]nm5t1 :o 7 mo/ ( !m1 accord+ to ,llor5te1 ( ,jewi% blood or connections4 ,! ,inquisition1 h[ev]1 0 odi\s on o!r gr\nds1 z a royali/ in/itution1 l our ,/> ,*amb]4--,see ,llor5te's ,hi/ory ( ,inquisition4 #bb ,note ,g4