,,pigm5ts1 ,,pa9t ,,& ,,pa9t+ ,,pigm5ts1 ,,pa9t ,,& ,,pa9t+ ,a ,,practical ,,book ,,= ,,practical ,,m5 ,,by ,,george ,,t]ry ,illu/ration3 colophon ,london ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #abe ,,/r& ,new ,york ,,spon ,,*amb]la91 #ab ,,cortl&t ,,/reet #ahic ,,introduction4 ,9 days gone by1 ! pa9t] :o s]v$ ! usual t]m ( appr5tice%ip 0 deem$ to h done all t 0 requir$ to qualify him = 8 trade4 ,he may h le>n$ little or mu*1 b he _h 8s]v$ 8 "t10 & t 0 all t 0 expect$ ( him4 ,s f> z x w5t1 ! tra9+ 0 good1 because x 0 no?+ if n practical1 & practice is an ess5tial elem5t ( skill4 ,b n[adays su* a tra9+ c only be consid]$ p>tial2 m]e practice1 )\t any sci5tific k ( ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie x1 is b half a qualification = ! workman :o aims at be+ really a ma/] ( 8 trade4 ,:5 competition 0 unkn[n1 & ! l[ prices ( raw mat]ial (f]$ no inducem5t = pass+ (f inf]ior or fraudul5t sub/itutes1 !re 0 less ne$ = a high degree ( k4 ,b "u mod]n conditions1 ! pa9t] :o is unable to gauge ! qualities ( ! mat]ials he uses1 & :o is ignorant ( ! rules :i* gov]n ^? qualities1 & ( ! pr9ciples :i* det]m9e ! use ( ?is & ! rejection ( t article1 _c long survive 9 ! /ruggle = supremacy or ev5 livelihood4 ,h5ce ! ne$ = a h&book su* z ?is volume aims at be+4 ,grant$ t our te*nical s*ools & colleges are af=d+ a lib]al & invaluable education to ! workman :o w avail himself ( ! opportunities giv5 him1 /ill a man does n rema9 = ev] at s*ool1 & he ne$s a guide-book1 h&y ( ref]5ce & accessible 9 price1 to refre% 8 memory & supplem5t ! in=mation ga9$ 9 ! class-room & work%op4 ,to fulfil ?is useful purpose is ! aim & object ( ?is unpret5d+ volume4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,prelim9>y4 ,,page ,col\r #a ,pigm5ts #c ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,blacks4 ,g5]al #e ,animal-black #f ,bone-black #f ,frank=t or ,drop-black #aa ,ivory-black #aa ,lamp-black #aa ,unimportant blacks--,anil9e1 c&le1 *>coal1 coal1 cork1 ,g]man1 iron1 lead1 manganese1 ,prussian1 prussiate1 ,spani%1 tann9 #be ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,blues4 ,cobalt blues--,cruleum2 ,cobalt blue2 smalts #bg ,copp] blues--,brem5 blue2 ,cruleum2 ,lime blue2 ,m\nta9 blue or ,azurite2 ,pligot blue2 ,v]dit] #cd ,indigo #db ,manganese blue #di ,prussian blue--,g5]al2 ,yell[ prussiate2 ,comb9ation ( ! cyanide & iron solutions2 ,antw]p blue2 ,bong's blue2 ,brunswick blue2 ,*9ese blue2 ,p>is blue2 ,saxon blue2 ,soluble blue2 ,turnbull's blue #di ,ultram>9e #gj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,br[ns4 ,asphalt or ,bitum5 #aja ,bi/re #aja ,bone br[n #ajb ,cappagh br[n #ajb ,cassel e>? #ajb ,*icory br[n #ajb ,cologne e>? #ajb ,manganese br[n #ajc ,m>s br[n #ajc ,prussian br[n #ajc ,rub5s br[n #ajd ,sepia #ajd ,ulm9 #aje ,umb]s #aje ,v&yke br[n #ajg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,gre5s4 ,b>yta #aji ,brem5 #aab ,brighton #aab ,brunswick #aac ,*9ese #aah ,*rome #aah ,cobalt #aai ,d\glas #abj ,em]ald #aba ,guignet's #abe ,lokao #abi ,mala*ite #abi ,manganese #acj ,m9]al #acj ,mitis #acj ,m\nta9 #aca ,p>is #acb ,prussian #acb ,r9mann #acb ,sap #acb ,s*eele's #acc ,s*we9fur? #acd ,t]re v]te #acd ,titanium #ace ,v]digris #ace ,v]dit] #acf ,v]ona e>? #acf ,victoria #acg ,vi5na #acg ,z9c #acg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,r$s4 ,antimony v]milion #ach ,b>yta r$ #adc ,cassius purple #adc ,*9ese r$ #add ,*rome orange #add ,*rome r$ #add ,cobalt p9k #add ,cobalt r$ #add ,colco?> #ade ,d]by r$ #ade ,indian r$ #adg ,lead orange #adg ,m9ium #adh ,orange m9]al #aej ,oxide r$s #aej ,p]sian r$ #aec ,realg> #aec ,r$ lead #aec ,r\ge #aec ,v5etian r$ #aec ,v]milion #aec ,victoria r$ #afi ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,:ites4 ,b>yta :ite #agj ,blanc fixe #agb ,*>lton :ite #agb ,*9a clay #agb ,enamell$ :ite #ahc ,engli% :ite #ahc ,gypsum #ahc ,kaol9 #ahc ,lead :ites or ,:ite leads #ahc ,lime :ite #bde ,li?ophone #bde ,magnesite #bde ,m9]al :ite #bde ,orr's enamel :ite #bde ,p>is :ite #bdf ,p]man5t :ite #bdf ,sat9 :ite #bdf ,spani% :ite #bdf ,/rontia :ite #bdf ,t]ra alba #bdf ,:it+ #bdf ,z9c :ites #bdg ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,yell[s4 ,ars5ic yell[ #beg ,aureol9 yell[ #beg ,cadmium yell[ #beh ,*rome yell[s #beh ,gamboge #bgj ,k+'s yell[ #bga ,naples yell[s #bga ,o*res #bgb ,orpim5t #bhj ,realg> #bhj ,si5nas #bha ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,lakes4 ,brazil-wood lake #bhc ,c>m9at$ lake #bhc ,c>m9e #bhc ,co*9eal lake #bhd ,madd] lake #bhd ,yell[ lakes #bhe ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,lum9\s ,,pa9ts #bhf ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,pigm5ts4 ,f95ess #bic ,body or cov]+ p[] #bic ,col\r #bic ,durability #bid ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,vehicles ,,& ,,dry]s4 ,g5]alities #bie ,gr\nd-nut oil #big ,hempse$ oil #bih ,kukui or ,c&le-nut oil #bih ,l9se$ oil #bii ,m5had5 oil #cjc ,poppy-se$ oils #cje ,tobacco-se$ oil #cjf ,walnut oil #cjg ,wood or ,tung oil #cjh ,extraction ( se$ oils #cjh ,dry]s #caf ,li?>ge #caf ,cobalt & manganese b5zoates #cah ,cobalt & manganese borates #cah ,res9ates #cah ,zumatic dry]s #cah ,manganese oxide #cah ,guynem]'s dry] #cai ,manganese oxalate #cai ,boil$ oil #cbj ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,pa9t ,,ma*9]y4 ,wright ,co's #cci ,h9d & ,lund's #cde ,br9jes ,goodw9's #cdf ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,pa9t+4 ,! surface #cea ,prim+ #ceb ,dry+ #cec ,fill+ #ced ,coats #cee ,bru%es #cee ,wat]-col\rs #cef ,remov+ od\r #cef ,discoloration #cef ,composition #ceh ,area cov]$ #cfj ,measur+ #cfj ,c>riage & ,c> pa9t+ #cfa ,woodwork pa9t+ #cfh ,iron pa9t+ #cfi ,fresco pa9t+ #cgh ,,index #chc ,,illu/rations4 ,,figure ,,page #a1 #b4 ,,bone-,,black ,,furnace #h #c-aa4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,mak+ ,,lamp-,,black #ab-bb #ab4 ,,furnace ,,= ,,roa/+ ,,cobalt ,,ores #ca #ac4 ,,furnace ,,= ,,mak+ ,,smalts #cc #ad-ag4 ,,yell[ ,,prussiate ,,furnace #fj #ah-bj4 ,,hannay',s ,,:ite ,,lead ,,furnace #bag #ba-be4 ,,lewis',s ,,:ite ,,lead ,,furnace #bbf1 #bcj #bf1 #bg4 ,,macivor',s ,,:ite ,,lead ,,process #bcc1 #bci #bh4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,mak+ ,,z9c ,,oxide #bdh #bi4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,mak+ ,,z9c ,,sulphide #bec #cj-cb4 ,,furnace ,,= ,,roa/+ ,,o*res #bgh #cc-ci4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,extract+ ,,se$-,,oils #cji-cae #dj-dd4 ,,wright ,,co4',s ,,pa9t ,,mills #cdj-cdd #de4 ,,h9d ,,lund',s ,,pa9t ,,mill #cdf #df-dh4 ,,br9jes ,,& ,,goodw9',s ,,pa9t ,,mills #cdg1 #cdh #di4 ,,noakes ,,co4',s ,,metallic ,,keg #cej ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,prelim9>y4 ,col\r4--,! t]m 8col\r0 is inappropriately giv5 by common usage to mat]ial sub/ances :i* convey a s5se ( col\r to ! human eye1 b is prop]ly re/rict$ to t s5se itself4 ,! mat]ial col\r %\ld be call$ 8pigm5t0 or 8dye/uff0 9 ! raw /ate1 & pa9t :5 comp\nd$ ) o!r sub/ances = application 9 ! =m ( a coat+4 ,! s5se ( col\r is due to light4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( light !re is no col\r1 only blackness2 & black is really no col\r1 b an abs5ce ( col\r4 ,v _m conditions comb9e to cause diff]5t col\r s5sations1 "s ( :i* are und]/ood1 :ile o!rs we are n able to expla94 ,= in/ance1 take ! action ( heat ^u a solution ( *loride ( cobalt4 ,z soon z ! liquid becomes w>m1 ! p9k col\r disappe>s & gives place to blue2 b on p\r+ wat] into x1 ! blue vani%es & ! p9k reappe>s4 ,aga91 on heat+ ! blue cry/als ( sulphate ( copp] !y become :ite1 b ! blue col\r comes back :5 wat] is add$1 & ! solution assumes a deep] t9t z x dissolves m ( ! :ite p[d]4 ,if all ! rays are cut (f f an electric light except ^? :i* are 9 & beyond ! violet1 & a flask conta9+ a solution ( sulphate ( qu99e is held 9 t portion ( ! spectrum1 x w become lum9\s4 ,! same ?+ w occur ev5 m /rik+ly on plac+ a piece ( uranium glass 9 ! ultra-violet rays4 ,! explanation ( ?is ph5om5on is t beyond ^? rays :i* give light !re are o!rs :i* d n give light1 i4 e4 :i* d n cause u to exp]i5ce ! s5sation ( light2 ! reason be+ t _! vibrations are too rapid4 ,b :5 c]ta9 o!r sub/ances1 su* z sulphate ( qu99e1 or a ?9 slip ( uranium glass1 are plac$ 9 ! pa? ( ! rays1 ?is rapid motion is arre/$ & modifi$1 & ^! rays1 :i* 9 !mselves are n lum9\s1 are reflect$ back to our eyes z lum9\s rays4 ,! rapidity ( ! vibrations be+ mod]at$1 our ret9as become s5sible to !m z rays ( blue light4 ,col\r does n dep5d only ^u *emical composition nor solely ^u ! aggregation ( ! p>ticles1 b ^u ^! & o!r ?+s besides n yet expla9$4 ,all matt] is 9 a /ate ( motion4 ,if y heat a sub/ance y communicate an increas$ activity ( motion to ! p>ticles ( :i* x consi/s4 ,:5 c]ta9 col\r$ rays ( light are fall+ ^u a sub/ance1 ^! col\r$ rays ( light h a motion peculi> to !mselves4 ,x may be t ! degree ( motion 9 t sub/ance1 ei!r exi/+ 9 x naturally )\t heat+1 or communicat$ to x by artificial heat+1 is su* t ^! rays ( light are precisely ^? :i* t sub/ance is n capable ( s5d+ back to our eyes4 ,!y are !n absorb$ or de/roy$ 9 "s way1 by ! p>ticul> /ate ( t sub/ance ^u :i* !y fall2 & ^? rays :i* ! sub/ance is capable ( reflect+ back are ma9ly s5t back to our eyes4 ,c]ta9 col\rs1 su* z blue1 yell[1 & gre51 absorb c]ta9 rays m or less p]fectly1 & reflect back 9 ! ma9 blue1 yell[1 & gre5 to our eyes4 ,h5ce x is incumb5t on ^? :o are /udy+ col\r1 & :o are int]e/$ 9 ! purity & p]man5cy ( col\r1 to compreh5d at lea/ ! pr9ciples ( t sci5ce ( light :i* tells ( ! action ( light ^u v>i\s bodies t are us$ z pigm5ts 9 pa9t+4 ,if we put toge!r two sub/ances "o ( :i* de/roys or modifies ! *emical condition or /ate ( ! o!r1 !n c]ta9ly "o ( ^? sub/ances1 & v probably bo?1 w lose ! col\r :i* x _h be=e x came into contact ) ! o!r4 ,x is !re=e mo/ important t all engag$ 9 ! prep>ation & use ( col\rs %\ld make a /udy ( ?is sci5ce ( light4 ,( almo/ equal value is a /udy ( ! sci5ce ( heat4 ,we h se5 :at heat c d 9 *ang+ ! conditions ( a sub/ance4 ,to give ano!r in/ance4 ,! black sulphide ( m]cury1 aft] sublimation by heat1 exhibits prop]ties1 imp>t$ to x by ! heat1 :i* x did n possess be=e1 i4 e4 x c1 by trituration1 be br\ght to display a r$ col\r4 ,on %[+ ! spectrum on a scre51 if "s solution ( soda or o!r sodium salt be held 9 ! c\rse ( ! light1 almo/ all ! col\r$ rays b "o w be cut (f1 & a little b& is se5 9 ! yell[ "p ( ! spectrum4 ,?is is because ! sodium flame is almo/ 8mono*romatic10 or s+le-l9$3 x cuts (f all ! col\rs b ! yell[4 ,aga91 if metallic ?allium is held 9 ! flame1 ! only b& rema9+ 9 ! spectrum w be ! gre52 & if a li?ium salt1 ! only surviv+ col\r w be r$4 ,pigm5ts4--,! t]m 8pigm5ts0 is appli$ to ^? col\r+ matt]s :i* are mix$ 9 a p[d]y =m ) oil or o!r vehicle = ! purpose ( pa9t+4 ,!y diff] 9 ?is respect f ! dye/uffs1 :i* are always employ$ 9 solution4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! pigm5ts 9 common use are d]iv$ f ! m9]al k+dom1 ! mo/ notable exceptions be+ f\nd 9 ! blacks & lakes4 ,all pigm5ts are requir$ to possess 8body10 or d5sity & opacity2 to be insoluble 9 wat] & mo/ o!r solv5ts1 except ! /rong] m9]al acids2 & to be in]t1 or incapable ( ex]cis+ *emical or o!r influ5ce on ea* o!r or on ! vehicle or dri] ) :i* !y are mix$ prior to use4 ,!y may be conv5i5tly classifi$ accord+ to _! col\rs 9 ! fir/ place1 res]v+ ! consid]ation ( _! prep>ation = use = a lat] *apt]4 ,! *ief classes are ,blacks1 ,blues1 ,br[ns1 ,gre5s1 ,r$s1 ,:ites1 & ,yell[s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,blacks4 ,all ! black pigm5ts 9 use owe _! col\r to c>bon1 & all are produc$ by artificial means1 no natural =m ( c>bon possess+ ! requisite qualities4 ,sev]al manufactur$ c>bonace\s sub/ances are kn[n 9 comm]ce "u ! g5]ic "n ( 8,blacks40 ,! mo/ important ( ^! are animal-black1 bone-black1 ,frank=t-black1 ivory-black1 & lamp-black4 ,!y are usually obta9$ by c>bonis+ organic matt]1 p>ticul>ly bones1 9 clos$ vessels or crucibles1 or by collect+ ! soot =m$ by ! combu/ion ( oily1 res9\s1 & bitum9\s sub/ances4 ,o!r blacks ?an ^? enum]at$ are manufactur$1 b only on s small a scale z to be ( no comm]cial importance4 ,c>bon1 lamp1 & vegetable blacks consi/ almo/ entirely ( c>bon1 conta9+ usually f #ih to #ii p] c5t4 ( t sub/ance1 ! residue consi/+ ( a little a%1 wat]1 & occasionally unburnt oil4 ,bone & ivory blacks1 on ! o!r h&1 are *iefly compos$ ( m9]al matt]1 :i* may am\nt to #fe or #ge p] c5t4 & is ma9ly repres5t$ by phosphate ( lime4 ,_! actual col\r+ matt]1 ! c>bon1 only con/itutes #ae to #cj p] c5t4 ( ! mass4 ,! balance is wat] & unburnt animal tissue4 ,blacks prep>$ f animal matt]s o!r ?an bone & ivory c>ry #dj to #hj p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 & _! m9]al matt] is g5]ally 9 ! =m ( c>bonates ( lime & ( ! alkalies4 ,! pr9cipal impurity to be wat*ful ( 9 ! vegetable & lamp blacks is a small quantity ( oily matt] :i* may s]i\sly int]f]e ) _! dry+ qualities4 ,!y %\ld leave v little a% aft] be+ burn$ 9 a crucible4 ,bone & ivory blacks are sometimes valu$ z mu* = _! m9]al matt] z = _! col\r+ matt]4 ,! proportion ( ?is m9]al matt] is asc]ta9$ by heat+ a c]ta9 weight ( ! black to r$ heat 9 a crucible till e trace ( black has disappe>$1 & !n weigh+ ! residue4 ,! residue %\ld next be boil$ 9 /rong hydro*loric acid till x is dissolv$2 if !re is any :i* w n dissolve x is mo/ probably b>ytes1 :i* has be5 add$ z an adult]ant & to make ! black weigh heavy4 ,:5 ! solution is complete1 ! addition ( ammonia w ?r[ d[n a precipitate ( phosphate ( lime1 :i* %\ld equal #fj to #gj p] c5t4 ( ! orig9al weight ( m9]al matt]4 ,if mu* less ?an ?is1 x is likely t :it+ or gypsum has be5 mix$ ) ! pigm5t4 ,z c>bon is n act$ ^u by acids or alkalies1 x foll[s t all pure c>bon blacks are 9 !mselves p]fectly /able & p]man5t pigm5ts1 & t !y ex]t no influ5ce on o!r pigm5ts ) :i* !y may be mix$4 ,animal-black4--,?is sub/ance is almo/ id5tical ) bone-black1 b is g5]ally 9 a m f9ely divid$ /ate4 ,any animal refuse matt] may be us$ 9 its prep>ation1 su* z album51 gelat9e1 horn %av+s1 c4 ,^! are subject$ to dry di/illation 9 an e>!nw>e retort4 ,an inflammable gas is giv5 (f1 toge!r ) mu* oily matt]1 ammonia1 & wat]1 :ile a black c>bonace\s mass is left beh9d4 ,?is is wa%$ ) wat] & p[d]$ 9 a mill1 ! product be+ animal-black4 ,x is l>gely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pa9t1 pr9t+ ink1 & black+4 ,bone-black4--,:5 bones are heat$ 9 a retort or crucible1 ! organic con/itu5ts are decompos$ & c>bonis$4 ,a mixture ( combu/ible gases is giv5 (f2 "s ( ^! d n cond5se on cool+1 o!rs cond5se 9 ! =m ( a heavy oil1 call$ bone-oil4 ,also mu* wat] conta9+ t>ry wat] & ammoniacal salts 9 solution passes ov]4 ,! residue 9 ! retort or crucible consi/s ( f9ely divid$ c>bon1 9 intimate mixture ) ! inorganic con/itu5ts ( ! bones3 ?is mixture con/itutes ord9>y bone-black1 or animal *>coal1 z x is sometimes call$4 ,! inorganic portion may1 if requir$1 be remov$ by wa%+ ! residue 9 dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,! process1 z work$ on ! l>ge scale1 is c>ri$ on 9 diff]5t ways1 accord+ z x is desir$ to collect ! volatile cond5sable portion ( ! di/illate1 or to all[ x to escape4 ,9 ! latt] case1 :5 x is requir$ to obta9 only bone-black1 ! app>atus employ$ is ( a v simple nature1 & ! am\nt ( fuel ne$$ is comp>atively small4 ,! c>bonisation is effect$ 9 fire-clay crucibles1 #af 94 high & #ab 94 diamet]4 ,^! are to be pref]r$ to crucibles made ( iron1 :i* 7 mu* us$ at "o "t1 s9ce !y d n lose _! r\nd =m :5 subject$ to a high temp]ature2 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 !y fit m closely toge!r 9 ! furnace1 less air c p5etrate1 & !re=e less ( ! *>coal is consum$ by oxidation4 ,! furnace is an ord9>y flat he>?1 hav+ a sup]ficial area ( ab\t #dj squ>e y>ds1 & is cov]$ 9 ) a flat ar*1 all ( brickwork4 ,! fireplace is situate 9 ! middle ( ! he>?2 ! crucibles are introduc$ ?r\gh doors 9 ! front1 :i* are brick$ up :5 ! furnace is fill$2 ea* furnace holds eighte5 crucibles4 ,! crucibles1 fill$ ) ! co>sely brok5 bones1 are cov]$ ) a lid lut$ on ) clay4 ,to economise fuel1 ! furnaces %\ld be 9 a r[1 & plac$ back to back4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! furnace & pots is %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,a is ! fireplace2 ,b1 ! crucibles1 eighte5 9 numb]1 spread ov] ! floor ( ! furnace 9 a s+le lay]2 c1 d1 e1 & f are ! flues = conduct+ away ! heat$ gases aris+ f ! calc9ation ( ! bones1 z well z ! wa/e heat itself2 ! la/ portion ( ! flue is fitt$ ) a damp] g4 ,! furnaces are int5d$ to be built 9 f\rs1 back to back1 ! wa/e heat s]v+ 9 a great measure to conduct ! op]ation ( ! revivify+ app>atus plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! gr\p1 & m>k$ ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #a & #b4--;,,bone-,,black ,,furnace4 ,:5 ! furnace is fill$ & ! doors are brick$ up1 ! heat is sl[ly rais$ to r$ness1 at :i* po9t x is kept = six or eight h\rs4 ,! combu/ible gases are evolv$ & consum$ 9 ! furnace z ! bones beg9 to decompose1 & by ?is means s mu* heat is produc$ t only a small quantity ( fuel is ne$$ to ma9ta9 ! requir$ temp]ature4 ,:5 ! c>bonisation is complete1 ! doors are tak5 d[n & ! crucibles are remov$ to cool1 _! places be+ imm$iately fill$ ) fre% ones4 ,! heat mu/ be kept z uni=m z possible ?r\gh\t ! process3 if x be n suffici5tly high1 ! bone-black w conta9 a portion ( undecompos$ organic matt]1 :i* r5d]s x q unfit = use2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! temp]ature be rais$ too high1 ! bone-black w become d5se & compact1 :]eby its efficacy z a decoloris] is mu* r$uc$4 ,:5 ! *>coal 9 ! crucible has become p]fectly cool1 x is remov$ & cru%$4 ,:5 requir$ = decoloris+ or deodoris+ purposes1 x is only r\ghly brok5 up into small lumps1 9 :i* =m x is mo/ readily applicable4 ,! cru%+ is effect$ by means ( two groov$ cyl9d]s1 consi/+ ( too!d discs1 alt]nately #aj & #ab 94 9 diamet]4 ,^! are s plac$ t ! #aj-;94 discs ( "o cyl9d] are opposite ! #ab-;94 discs ( ! o!r1 & ?us1 9 revolv+1 ! c>bonis$ bones are cru%$ to fragm5ts betwe5 !m1 b are n r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,!y are pass$ successively ?r\gh six ( ^! mills1 ! cyl9d]s ( ea* c\ple be+ ne>] to ea* o!r ?an ! la/4 ,f9ally ! cru%$ bones are c>efully siev$2 ! p[d] is plac$ ap>t f ! lumps1 aga9 pass$ ?r\gh f9] sieves1 & sort$ out into diff]5t sizes4 ,a furnace su* z t describ$ above w c>bonise f\r *>ges ( bones 9 "o day1 ea* *>ge be+ m ?an half a ton 9 weight4 ,) c>eful "w1 ! bones w yield #fj p] c5t4 ( bone-black1 or m ?an "o ton daily4 ,if x be requir$ to cond5se ! volatile gase\s products ( ! c>bonisation1 ?is process is conduct$ 9 retorts simil> to ^? us$ 9 ! manufacture ( acetic acid f wood3 ^! are s arrang$ t ! :ole ( ! gase\s products are cond5s$ & collect$4 ,! aque\s portion ( ! di/illate is usually evaporat$ d[n to obta9 salts ( ammonia2 ! uncond5sable gases may be employ$ = illum9at+ purposes4 ,! manufacture ( bone-black is usually c>ri$ on 9 ! neighb\rhood ( l>ge t[ns1 :]e a good supply ( bones may be readily obta9$4 ,ord9>y bone-black has ab\t ! foll[+ composition3 ,phosphate & c>bonate ( lime1 & sulphide or oxide ( iron1 #hh p>ts2 *>coal1 conta9+ a small quantity ( nitrog5\s matt]1 #aj p>ts2 silicat$ c>bide ( iron1 #b p>ts4 ,! decoloris+ prop]ties ( bone-black are due solely to ! pres5ce ( ! *>coal4 ,:5 int5d$ = use z a deodoris] or decoloris]1 bone-black %\ld be kept c>efully exclud$ f ! air1 = by exposure x loses ?is p[] to a great ext5t1 & becomes almo/ in]t4 ,t :i* has be5 fre%ly burn$ is !re=e be/ = ^! purposes4 ,! co/ ( production ( bone-black may be calculat$ z foll[s3-- s4 d4 #d tons fat bones at #ds4 p] cwt #af #j #j #bg bu%els coals #a #c #i #b firem5 #j #d #i #d workm5 #j #h #j #a c>man #j #b #d #b horses #j #e #g ,break+ up ! bones #a #e #d ,r5t & taxes #j #h #j ,int]e/1 repairs1 & we> & te> #j #g #b ,cont+5cies & transports #j #b #d ------------- #bj #g #c ,produce3-- ,black1 #fj p] c5t41 say #ch cwt4 9 gra9s1 at #ads4 #c;d4 #ac #aj #i #aj cwt4 f9e1 at #es4 #f;d4 #a #g #h ,fat1 #f p] c5t41 say #e cwt41 at #cas4 #h;d4 #g #ah #d --------- #bb #af #i #bb #af #i -------- ,pr(it #b #i #f ,bone-black nev] has ! dep? or brilliancy ( lamp-black1 b x mixes well ) ei!r wat] or oil1 & ?\gh a sl[ dri] z an oil pa9t1 is p]man5t & n high pric$4 ,frank=t-black or ,drop-black4--,?is is a black p[d] obta9$ f dri$ v9e-twigs c>bonis$ to a full black & !n gr\nd v f9e4 ,on a l>ge scale x is prep>$ f a mixture ( v9e-twigs1 w9e-lees1 pea*-/ones1 bone-%av+s1 & ivory refuse4 ,x v>ies 9 %ade accord+ z ! animal or vegetable *>coal is 9 excess2 :5 ! latt] pr$om9ates1 ! p[d] is ( a blui% col\r2 b :5 !re is an excess ( animal *>coal1 x has a br[ni% t+e4 ,x is cu/om>y to wa% ! p[d] well :5 fir/ made1 9 ord] to remove any soluble inorganic impurities4 ,! f9e/ ,frank=t-black is probably ! soot obta9$ f ! combu/ion ( ! mat]ials m5tion$ above4 ,x makes an excell5t pigm5t1 & is ext5sively us$ by copp]plate engrav]s 9 ! prep>ation ( _! ink4 ,drop-black is simply ,frank=t-black gr\nd exce$+ly f9e1 mix$ ) a little glue wat]1 & dri$ 9 pe>-%ap$ drops = sale4 ,ivory-black4--,ivory-black is a beautiful black pigm5t prep>$ by c>bonis+ wa/e fragm5ts & turn+s ( ivory4 ,^! are expos$ to a r$ heat = "s h\rs 9 crucibles1 great c>e be+ tak5 to avoid ov]heat+ or burn+4 ,:5 q cold1 ! crucibles are op5$1 & ! cont5ts are pulv]is$1 ! ri*e/ col\r$ fragm5ts be+ kept ap>t = ! be/ quality4 ,! p[d] is !n levigat$ on a porphyry slab1 wa%$ well ) hot wat] on a filt]1 & dri$ 9 an ov5 at a temp]ature n exce$+ #bab ,f4 ,! product is ( a v beautiful velvety black col\r1 sup]ior ev5 to t obta9$ f pea*-k]nels1 & q free f ! r$di% t+e :i* s (t5 *>act]ises bone-black4 ,ivory-black1 l ,frank=t-black1 is employ$ by copp]plate pr9t]s 9 ! prep>ation ( _! ink4 ,mix$ ) :ite lead1 x af=ds a ri* pe>l-grey pigm5t4 ,lamp-black4--,lamp-black is an exce$+ly light1 dull-black p[d]1 =m$ by ! imp]fect combu/ion ( oils1 fats1 res9s1 c4 ,x may be prep>$ on a small scale by susp5d+ a small t9-plate funnel ov] ! flame ( a lamp f$ ) oil1 tall[1 or crude naph?a1 ! wick be+ s arrang$ t x %all burn ) a l>ge & smoky flame4 ,d5se masses ( ?is light c>bonace\s matt] gradually collect 9 ! funnel1 & may be remov$ f "t to "t4 ,! funnel %\ld be furni%$ ) a metal tube to convey ! gases away f ! room1 b no sold] mu/ be us$ 9 mak+ ! connections4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #c & #d4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,mak+ ,,lamp-,,black4 ,an especially f9e quality ( lamp-black is obta9$ f bone-oil1 depriv$ ( ! ammonia ) :i* x is always contam9at$4 ,x is manufactur$ on a comm]cial scale by means ( ! app>atus %[n 9 ,figs4 #c & #d4 ,! oil is conta9$ 9 ! lamp ,a & kept at a con/ant level by means ( ! globul> vessel ,b1 :i* is also fill$ ) oil & inv]t$ ov] ,a4 ,! oil fl[s f ! lamp into ! tube ,c1 :i* is b5t upw>ds at ! f>!r extremity on a level ) ! oil 9 ! lamp4 ,a cotton wick is suppli$ to ! b5t end ( ! tube1 z well z a little sp\t ,d1 = conduct+ away any oil t may ov]fl[ into ! receptacle ,e plac$ b5ea?4 ,a conical hood a surr\nds ! flame ( ! lamp & t]m9ates 9 a tube b1 ?r\gh :i* are convey$ ! sooty products ( ! combu/ion ( ! oil into ! wide lat]al tube c1 arrang$ to accommodate ! smoke f ab\t a doz5 su* lamps plac$ at int]vals ( ab\t #f feet1 z indicat$ 9 ! figures4 ,! effect ( ?is wide tube c is n only to cool ! smoke1 b also to collect ! wat] & o!r liquids cond5s$4 ,! smoke & vap\rs pass h5ce into d1 ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( sacks made ( closely wov5 l951 ab\t #aj or #ab feet long & #c feet 9 diamet]1 clos$ at ! bottom ) a trap or slide e1 & =m$ at ! upp] & l[] ends ( %eet-copp] tub+ made funnel-%ap$4 ,! upp] "o ( ^! is prolong$ into an additional pipe f1 by means ( :i* ! smoke arrives at ! second sack g 9 ! s]ies1 !nce f9d+ its way to ! ?ird1 & s on till ! la/ sack ( ! r[ is rea*$4 ,9 connection ) ! la/ sack ( ea* r[ is plac$ a horizontal flue ,f1 9 :i* are arrang$ frames cov]$ ) wire gauze & m\nt$ on h+es4 ,_! purpose is to reta9 ! small rema9+ portions ( lamp-black pass+ out ) ! smoke f ! sacks4 ,! me%es ( ! gauze are con/antly gett+ fill$ up ) soot1 :i* necessitates a p]iodical *eck+ ( ! draught = its removal4 ,?is is done by means ( ! rod ,g1 :i*1 :5 rais$ & all[$ to fall sudd5ly1 j]ks ! accumulat$ mass (f ! gauze4 ,! curr5t ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! entire app>atus c be regulat$ by a damp] plac$ at ! entrance to ! *imney 9 :i* ! flue ,f emb\*es4 ,at regul> int]vals1 ! m\?pieces 9 ! l[] ends ( ! sacks are remov$1 & _! cont5ts are %ak5 out sep>ately & collect$ accord+ to _! v>i\s qualities4 ,t ga!r$ f ! fir/ sack 9 ea* r[ %\ld always be kept ap>t f ! rema9d]1 z x is mu* contam9at$ by ! pres5ce ( res9\s & t>ry matt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,mak+ ,,lamp-,,black4 ,! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( prep>+ lamp-black f ! incomplete combu/ion ( gas t> is conduct$ 9 an app>atus resembl+ t %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! furnace a1 l9$ ) fire-brick1 conta9s a kettle b1 & is surm\nt$ by a l>ge ?ick ca/-iron hood c1 communicat+ ) a /one or brick cond5s+ *amb]1 divid$ by means ( p]=at$ p>tition walls into ?ree unequal siz$ comp>tm5ts d1 e1 f1 :]e9 ! black is deposit$4 ,a *imney g deliv]s uncond5s$ vap\rs into ! atmosph]e4 ,9 work+1 ! furnace is fir/ br\ght to a r$ heat1 !n ! kettle b1 *>g$ ) t>1 is introduc$4 ,z a *>ge is f9i%$1 m t> is add$1 ) occasional /irr+1 till ! kettle becomes inconv5i5tly full ( residue1 :5 x is )drawn & a fre% "o replaces x4 ,! residue is *ipp$ out & us$ z fuel4 ,! black is remov$ weekly ?r\gh ! door h4 ,x is ( good quality & col\r s long z ! combu/ion is conduct$ ) a m9imum ( air1 admission ( :i* is controll$ at ! furnace4 ,! yield is ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! t>2 & "o furnace %\ld treat a ton ( t> 9 a week4 ,"o workman c manage sev]al furnaces4 ,an improv$ process has be5 introduc$ by ,m>t9 & ,grafton = ! prep>ation ( lamp-black f coal-t>1 :i* af=ds a v good product4 ,! coal-t> is fir/ /irr$ up en]getically ) lime-wat] 9 any conv5i5t vessel1 aft] :i* ! mixture is all[$ to /& until ! coal-t> has subsid$ to ! bottom1 :5 ! lime-wat] is drawn (f4 ,! t> is !n well wa%$ by decantation ) hot wat]1 & rectifi$ 9 ! ord9>y naph?a /ill4 ,aft]w>ds x is run into a long iron cyl9d]1 :i* is plac$ ov] a furnace1 & suppli$ ) num]\s l>ge burn]s4 ,ea* burn] has a metal funnel plac$ imm$iately above x1 connect$ ) a ca/-iron pipe1 into :i* all ! fumes f ea* burn] are conduct$4 ,! naph?a 9 ! cyl9d] is heat$ almo/ to ! boil+ po9t by ! furnace b5ea?4 ,a s]ies ( small] pipes lead away ! fumes f ! ma9 pipe into a r[ ( *amb]s1 & !nce into a s]ies ( l>ge canvas bags1 plac$ side by side1 & connect$ alt]nately at top & bottom4 ,! bags v>y 9 numb] f fifty to eighty1 ! la/ "o be+ left op5 to all[ ! smoke to escape1 aft] trav]s+ "s #djj y>ds s9ce leav+ ! burn]s4 ,! be/ quality ( lamp-black is f\nd 9 ! la/ bags1 t ne> ! furnace be+ mu* co>s] & less pure4 ,! bags are empti$ :5ev] !y conta9 a suffici5t quantity4 ,! process employ$ 9 ,g]many = ! manufacture ( lamp-black is to conduct ! products ( ! combu/ion ( any res9\s matt] 9 a furnace into a long flue1 at ! end ( :i* is plac$ a loose hood1 made ( "s wooll5 mat]ial1 & susp5d$ by a rope & pulley4 ,! lamp-black collects 9 ?is hood1 &1 :5 a suffici5t quantity has accumulat$1 is %ak5 d[n & remov$4 ,9 ?is mann] ab\t #f cwt4 ( lamp-black may be collect$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,"o =m ( ! app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,! circul> /ructure a is l9$ inside ) hang+ clo?s ^u :i* ! black c cond5se1 & is cov]$ ) a conical ro( f :i* dep5ds a movable %eet-iron cone b1 p]=at$ at its apex to give egress to a curr5t ( air4 ,?is cone b is support$ by a rope g pass+ ov] a pulley c & accessible f ! outside4 ,a fireplace d1 conta9+ a small iron di% e = hold+ ! res91 is built aga9/ "o ( ! side walls ( ! /ructure 9 su* a mann] t x c be fir$ ext]nally4 ,! rate ( combu/ion is regulat$ by a small slid+ damp] on ! door ( ! fireplace4 ,:5 ! black has accumulat$ 9 ! *amb] a to su* an ext5t t op]ations mu/ be susp5d$1 ! fire is let out1 & ! *amb] is left to cool entirely1 s t ! black may n ignite on contact ) ! air4 ,! cone b is !n l[]$1 & 9 its desc5t scrapes ! walls ( ! *amb] a & causes ! black to collect on ! floor1 :5ce x is remov$ ?r\gh an iron door f :i* at o!r times is kept tightly lut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,mak+ ,,lamp-,,black4 ,9 ,engl&1 an inf]ior v>iety is sometimes obta9$ f ! flues ( coke-ov5s4 ,t kn[n z ,russian lamp-black is made by burn+ *ips ( res9\s deal or p9e wood1 & collect+ ! soot =m$2 b x is objectionable1 ow+ to its liability to take fire spontane\sly :5 left = a long "t moi/5$ ) oil4 ,a modifi$ =m ( app>atus has be5 introduc$ by ,?alwitz]1 a ,g]man manufactur]1 & is %[n 9 ,figs4 #g & #h4 ,a v]tical tube is provid$ at its upp] end ) a funnel1 into :i* cool+ wat] is p\r$ & fl[s out ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! tube imm$iately above a circul> plate ( ?9 ca/ or wr\ght iron arrang$ horizontally & ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #g & #h4--,,?alwitz]',s ,,lamp-,,black ,,app>atus4 secur$ at its c5tre to ! tube4 ,r\nd ! p]iph]y ( ?is plate is a v]tical rim ( t9 plate1 at ! top ( :i* is a pipe ?r\gh :i* ! cool+ wat] runs into a gutt] r\nd ! top ( ! cyl9drical cas+1 ! wat] be+ c>ri$ (f f ?is gutt] by a pipe4 ,! v]tical tube is c>ri$ ne> its upp] end 9 a be>+1 & at t "p is atta*$ a worm-:eel ge>$ into x by a worm driv5 by any suitable p[]4 ,at ! und]side ( ! circul> plate is fix$ a scrap]1 ! edge ( :i* is =m$ ) a /rip ( lea!r 9 contact ) ! l[] surface ( ! plate4 ,opposite ! scrap]1 at ! bottom ( ! cas+1 is a burn+ lamp1 :i* sucks up ! oil = its consumption by a flat wide wick4 ,! op]ation is z foll[s3--,! v]tical tube is caus$ to revolve by ! action ( ! worm-:eel1 ! circul> plate !reby receiv+ a sl[ rot>y movem5t2 & a small /ream ( wat] be+ p\r$ into ! funnel at ! top ( ! tube1 ?is wat] passes d[n ! latt] & ?r\gh ! op5+s on to ! circul> plate1 :i* is ?us kept cool4 ,! burn+ lamp fill$ ) p>aff9 or o!r oil is br\ght z ne> to ! circul> plate z is necess>y = ! cool+ ( ! flame & ! mo/ p]fect extraction ( ! c>bon1 :i*1 9 ! =m ( soot1 atta*es itself readily to ! plate1 ow+ to its coldness & to ! cond5sation ( ! /eam produc$4 ,! revolv+ plate pres5ts cont9ually to ! flames a new & clean surface1 9 consequ5ce ( ! lamp-black be+ scrap$ away by ! scrap] z soon z deposit$1 & br\ght away ?r\gh a pipe or %oot into a collect+ b>rel4 ,! app>atus z %[n 9 ,figs4 #g & #h consi/s ( a r\nd metal plate ,a1 provid$ ) a flange a1 & fix$ on a v]tical %aft b support$ by ! be>+ ,b1 & c>ry+ at its upp] end a worm :eel d set 9 motion by a worm4 ,! plate ,a is cool$ by wat] admitt$ ?r\gh a pipe g1 & ! flange a is provid$ ) a dis*>ge pipe h1 ?r\gh :i* ! cool+ wat] runs into ! groove ,d1 surr\nd+ ! :ole app>atus4 ,und]nea? ! plate ,a a numb] ( lamps ,j are appli$1 :i* are f$ ) oil by a common pipe l4 ,h is an oblique scrat*] or blade1 ! work+ edge ( :i* is =m$ by a /rip ( lea!r1 & t\*es ! l[] surface ( ! plate ,a4 ,= manufactur+ lamp-black1 a sl[ rot>y motion is imp>t$ to ! app>atus by means ( ! worm & worm-:eel1 & a slight curr5t ( wat] is direct$ ^u ! plate ,a ?r\gh ! pipe g4 ,! lamps ,j1 fill$ ) p>aff9 oil d]iv$ f lignite1 or ) any o!r suitable oil1 are ignit$ & approa*$ to ! plate ,a z f> z is necess>y = cool+ ! flame1 s z to deposit ! greate/ possible quantity ( black4 ,! latt] adh]es to ! cold surface ( ! plate1 :i* is also kept damp by ! aque\s vap\r =m$ dur+ ! combu/ion4 ,! revolution ( ! plate s]ves to br+ ! flame cont9ually into contact ) new & clean portions ( ! plate1 ! black be+ cont9ually scrap$ (f by ! blade or scrap] plac$ opposite ! flames1 & conduct$ ?r\gh a *annel into a collect+ tr\gh4 ,!re is a risk ( ov]burn+1 caus+ a grey t9t & a h>d & granul> texture4 ,a v>iety ( lamp-black kn[n z 8c>bon black0 or 8gas black10 has ( late ye>s assum$ an important position among black pigm5ts4 ,x is produc$ 9 consid]able quantities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! combu/ion ( ! natural gas issu+ f ! e>? 9 ! m9]al oil regions4 ,! soot aris+ f ! imp]fect combu/ion ( ! gase\s hydroc>bon is made to deposit itself on cool$ iron surfaces4 ,^! at fir/ 7 made /ation>y1 b n[ take ! =m ( revolv+ discs or cyl9d]s1 :i* are automatically cleans$ ( ! black z fa/ z x is deposit$4 ,?is type ( lamp-black is rem>kably free f m9]al impurities & unburn$ oil1 & ( a full col\r4 ,an improv$ lamp-black kiln has be5 introduc$ 9 :i* ! use ( wat] is disp5s$ )4 ,x is %[n 9 ,figs4 #i & #aj4 ,! furnace ,a1 :i* is pref]ably built d\ble1 z %[n1 is con/ruct$ ( brick l9$ ) firebrick1 ) a re> wall a t divides ! furnace room f ! cond5s+ room1 side walls b1 front c1 & c5tral divid+ wall d1 t divides ! furnace into two long & n>r[ fire ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #i & #aj4--;,,am]ican ,,lamp-,,black ,,kiln4 spaces4 ,! bottom ( ! fire spaces e is =m$ by a %eet iron plate f t is support$ by ! walls1 & ! space bel[ plate f s]ves z an air space ?r\gh :i* air circulates by op5+s g 9 ! front & side walls1 ?is circulation ( air t5d+ to keep ! plate f cool4 ,! re> ( ! fire space e ext5ds upw>d & communicates by an op5+ h ?r\gh ! wall ) ! cond5s+ room4 ,9 ! front wall c is an op5+ to ea* fire space e & a door i to ea* op5+4 ,! oil or o!r liquid is suppli$ by pipes k t ent] f ! outside ne> ! re> ( ! fire spaces4 ,! out] end ( ea* pipe k is fitt$ ) a cup-%ap$ receptacle l1 into :i* ! oil w run f ! v]tical bran* ( ! ma9 supply pipe m1 s t ! am\nt ( oil runn+ into ea* pipe k may be obs]v$1 & regulat$ by a cock4 ,! pipe m fe$s ! oil to "o or m furnaces1 ! supply ( mat]ial to ea* furnace be+ sep>ately regulat$4 ,9 ! fire spaces b5ea? pipes k are plac$ %all[ ca/ iron drip pans o to receive ! oil1 & ! oil runn+ 9 fa/] ?an x w burn w drop :ile on fire into ! pans o1 & be spatt]$ into small p>ticles4 ,^! pans are *ang$ frequ5tly1 access to !m be+ obta9$ by doors i4 ,a slide p is provid$ 9 ea* door i to all[ ( v5tilation :5 requir$4 ,! slides & doors %\ld close air-tight4 ,by con/ruct+ ! fire space e long & n>r[1 ! plate f is m readily kept cool1 & ! space 9 front ( ! po9t ( combu/ion r5d]s ! smoke less liable to escape by ! doors4 ,! products ( combu/ion pass ?r\gh ! op5+ h to ! cond5s+ room1 :i* is la!d & pla/]$1 & if ! room is suffici5tly l>ge a numb] ( furnaces may be fitt$ to dis*>ge into ! same room4 ,?is furnace is especially adapt$ = burn+ dead oil2 b by us+ burn]s ( suitable con/ruction o!r oils may be burn$1 & a sup]ior quality ( lamp-black made f mitigat$ spirits4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! lamp-black n[ made is d]iv$ f ! combu/ion ( creosote or an?rac5e oils f coal t>1 or ( ! residues ( %ale-oil di/illation4 ,! =m ( combu/ion *amb] v>ies 9 diff]5t works1 b is typifi$ by ! foll[+ r\gh sket* ( t 9 use at ! ,/amp%aw ,*emical ,works 7,fig4 #aa74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,app>atus = mak+ ,lamp-black f ,creosote or ,%ale ,oil4 ,at ^! works a horizontal brick flue a ab\t #ah in*es squ>e & ab\t #aj feet long is provid$4 ,at "o end x ent]s ! black-h\se b1 & is "h provid$ ) a damp] c to %ut x (f :5 n work+4 ,! o!r end op5s to ! air1 & "h is a slid+ door d :i*1 :5 %ut d[n1 leaves an op5+ r\nd a small pipe e1 :i* ent]s 9 ?is situation f a ma9 pipe t conveys oil 9 a simil> mann] to f\r burn]s ( ?is description plac$ side by side4 ,at ! bottom ( ! flue is an iron tray f to cat* any liquid t falls f ! tube1 & 9 ?is tray ! oil is burn$4 ,! burn+ ( oil 9 "o ( ^! flues is n all[$ to g on = m ?an ?ree h\rs1 &1 :5 ! combu/ion is ov]1 ! communication ) ! black-h\se is clos$1 ! entrance door ( ! flue is op5$1 & ! cov] is tak5 (f ! *imney g s t ! flue may become cool$1 & ano!r flue is tak5 into use4 ,! black-h\se is a brick *amb] into :i* ! smoke passes1 & :]e x deposits its sooty p>ticles4 ,9 "s works !re is only "o undivid$ *amb]2 9 o!r works !re are m ?an "o1 & ! *amb]s communicate by flues ?r\gh :i* ! smoke passes f "o to ano!r4 ,at o!r works ! *amb] is divid$ by v]tical p>titions1 spr++ alt]nately f ! two ends1 s z to con/itute "o high zigzag flue1 along :i* ! smoke mu/ travel to its outlet f ! black-h\se4 ,?is *amb] mu/ ne$s h an op5+ some:]e to ! out] air4 ,! op5+ is sometimes a small *imney 9 ! ro(1 & sometimes a %ort l\vre t[]4 ,?is is necess>y to produce a trifl+ draught1 j en\gh to c>ry ! smoke into ! *amb] & no m4 ,9 "s works1 ! black f ! black-h\se is also calc9$1 ! object ( ! 8calc9ation0 be+ to get rid ( all greas9ess1 a po9t ( great importance :5 ! lamp-black is to be us$ = mak+ f9e pigm5t4 ,?is process is conduct$ 9 circul> iron pans1 usually ab\t #b feet high & #b feet diamet]1 :i* are provid$ ) removable iron cov]s4 ,a pan ( ?is size w hold ab\t #b lb4 ( lamp-black4 ,a b[lful is fir/ put 9 & light$ by a r$-hot iron2 m & m is add$ f "t to "t z ! ignition proce$s4 ,:5 ! pan1 be+ full1 leaves (f smok+1 ! calc9ation is kn[n to be complete1 & ! pan is !n cov]$ & its cont5ts are all[$ to cool4 ,! loss und]gone 9 ?is process is ab\t #be p] c5t4 ,! smoke :i* comes (f is acrid & v irritat+ to ! eyes1 l t proce$+ f boil+ oil1 & x is difficult = a p]son unaccu/om$ to x to rema9 _m m9utes 9 ! *amb] :]e calc9+ is go+ on4 ,?is process is sometimes conduct$ )9 a *amb]1 b frequ5tly "u a %$ or ev5 9 a build+ freely op5 to ! air4 ,!re are ?ree s\rces f :i* nuisance may arise 9 lamp-black mak+3 #a4 ,! smoke :i* issues f ! *imney ( ! black-h\se1 small z x sometimes is1 (t5 con/itutes a nuisance to ne> neighb\rs2 b ! nuisance is n a v s]i\s "o1 & x does n ext5d v f> f ! works1 nev] to a great] di/ance ?an ab\t #ej y>ds4 ,! od\r1 ev5 :5 b little smoke escapes1 is oppressive & suffocat+ 9 "*1 & resembles t diffus$ 9 a room by a smok+ table-lamp4 ,x occasions heada*e1 b is n o!rwise injuri\s to heal?4 #b4 ,a simil> nuisance ( suffocat+ smoke sometimes proce$s f ! burn]s1 b ?is is :5 !y are leaky or :5 !re is a defici5cy ( draught ?r\gh ! black-h\se1 or :5 ! doors ( ! burn+ *amb]s d n %ut closely1 & :5 !re is mu* w9d bl[+ pa/ !m4 ,?is nuisance *iefly occurs :5 ! burn]s are op5 to ! air & m]ely protect$ by an op5 %$4 #c4 ,! escape ( acrole9 & o!r (f5sive vap\rs f ! calc9+ h\se4 ,! be/ mode ( prev5t+ nuisance f ! black-h\se is s to elongate ! *amb] z to give abundant opportunity = ! soot to deposit 9 ! c\rse ( ! smoke along x to ! outlet1 & by tak+ means to consume by fire :at little smoke escapes deposition4 ,a mo/ effectual arrangem5t = ! accompli%m5t ( ^! ends is to h a black-h\se #aej feet long1 & s divid$ by p>titions )9 z to cause ! smoke to trav]se a di/ance ( altoge!r #ejj feet be=e x f9ds an exit2 ! exit f ! *amb] communicat+ ) a fire1 9 :i* ! la/ ( ! smoke is consum$1 & :i* s]ves to assi/ 9 regulat+ ! draught ?r\gh ! *amb]4 ,! regulation ( ! draught ?r\gh ! burn] & black *amb] is ( importance 9 ord] to avoid ! escape ( smoke f ! burn]s4 ,if ! draught be too great1 too mu* black is lo/ f ! *amb]1 b if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be too little1 ! smoke in/ead ( pass+ into ! *amb] w come out into ! works & create a nuisance1 especially :]e ! burn]s are erect$ 9 ! op5 air1 "u circum/ances 9 :i* v>iation 9 ! =ce ( ! w9d _c fail to int]f]e ) due regulation ( draught4 ,?is "p ( ! manufacture %\ld be conduct$ )9 a build+ ( "s sort4 ,! be/ mode ( prev5t+ nuisance f calc9ation is 9 op]ation at ,%ackell ,edw>ds' works1 9 ,hornsey ,road1 ,isl+ton4 ,at ^! works ! black is calc9$ 9 a *amb] #bj feet squ>e & #be feet 9 greate/ height1 ) a pav$ floor & ar*$ ro(4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! ro( is ! op5+ :]e a fire 0 =m]ly plac$1 b :i* is n[ clos$ by a sky-light1 capable ( be+ rais$4 ,! calc9+ pots are rang$ r\nd ?is *amb]1 & a fan1 employ$ to draw (f ! vap\rs f ! oil-boil+ pans1 is fur!r utilis$ to draw (f also1 f ! upp] "p ( ! calc9+-h\se1 ! vap\rs aris+ f ! calc9ation1 & to drive !m into ! boil] fire1 :]e !y are consum$4 ,calc9ation %\ld always be conduct$ 9 a clos$ build+ duly v5tilat$ s z n to create nuisance4 ,! transport ( lamp-black is effect$ 9 b>rels or bags2 :5 9 ! latt]1 ^! %\ld be previ\sly soak$ 9 wat] conta9+ "s clay 9 susp5sion1 :i* /ops up ! pores ( ! sack+1 & !reby prev5ts loss4 ,! p>ticul> virtue ( lamp-black z a pigm5t lies 9 its /ate ( extremely f9e division1 :i* c\ld n possibly be atta9$ by artificial means2 ?is quality r5d]s x invaluable z ! basis ( black pigm5ts1 all ( :i* conta9 x 9 a great] or less quantity4 ,indian ink & pr9t]s' ink are also compos$ pr9cipally ( ?is sub/ance4 ,unimportant ,blacks4--,9 addition to ! recognis$ blacks already notic$ !re are a numb] ( o!r s\rces ( black pigm5t :i* h be5 drawn ^u to a limit$ ext5t1 or h be5 sugge/$ z sub/itutes = ! /&>d articles4 ,!y only m]it a %ort description4 ,anil9e black is prep>$ by add+ an acidifi$ 7sulphuric7 solution ( bi*romate ( pota% to an aque\s solution ( hydro*lorate ( anil9e1 & wa%+ ! precipitate4 ,! co/ is prohibitive4 ,c&le black is c&le smoke cond5s$ on a cold plate4 ,*>coal black is f9ely-gr\nd wood *>coal4 ,coal black has be5 sugge/$ by gr9d+ coal1 b lacks ! requisite qualities ( a pigm5t4 ,cork black is a v f9e pigm5t prep>$ by calc9+ cork refuse4 ,limit$ supply4 ,g]man black is ,frank=t black4 ,iron black is gr\nd black sulphide ( iron4 ,lead black is prep>$ by boil+ lead fume 9 sulphide ( soda solution4 ,x w\ld probably be un/able on acc\nt ( oxidation4 ,manganese black is gr\nd oxide ( manganese4 ,x is co/ly1 & dries too quickly4 ,prussian black is calc9$ ,prussian blue4 ,x is n ( a good col\r1 nor economical4 ,prussiate black is ! c>bonace\s residue f mak+ yell[ prussiate ( pota%4 ,us$ *iefly = decoloris+ syrups1 c4 ,spani% black is cork black4 ,tann9 black is propos$ to be made by exhau/+ ! tann9 f refuse lea!r & tann+ ag5ts1 & add+ alum & sulphate ( iron4 ,! col\r is blue-black1 weak1 & un/able4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,blues4 ,cobalt ,blues4--,"s ( ! comp\nds ( cobalt ) alum9a1 phosphoric acid1 silica1 & t91 are rem>kable = possess+ a f9e blue col\r ( great p]man5cy & inde/ructibility1 & /ill f9d a limit$ application4 ,!y are *iefly z foll[s3-- ,cruleum--a mixture ( ! oxides ( cobalt & t94 ,cobalt blue--a mixture ( ! oxides ( cobalt & alum9a4 ,smalts--a d\ble silicate ( cobalt & pota%4 ,c,,ruleum4--,?is is a light-blue slightly gre5i% col\r1 ) no purple t5d5cy 9 artificial light4 ,x is non-granul>1 cov]s well1 mixes ) wat] or oil1 & is a good arti/s' col\r = sky effects4 ,x is p]man5t 9 /rong sunlight & impure atmosph]e1 & resi/s acids & alkalies at normal temp]atures4 ,hot hydro*loric acid dissolves x1 & addition ( wat] to ! pale blue solution produces a violet r$2 evaporation to dryness re/ores ! orig9al pigm5t4 ,! gre5 t9t ( a nitric acid solution is due to iron & nickel impurites4 ,dilute sulphuric acid causes p>tial decomposition ( cruleum1 b x is pro( aga9/ cau/ic pota%1 acetic acid1 & conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,its composition is giv5 z ,cobalt oxide #ahff ,t9 oxide #diff ,silica & sulphate ( lime #cafh ------ #ajjjj ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( prep>+ cruleum3-- 7#a7 ,a solution ( /annate ( pota% is add$ to "o ( cobalt4 ,a blue precipitate is ?r[n d[n1 :i*1 on wa%+1 becomes fir/ light-r$ & !n br[n4 ,:5 calc9$ at a :ite heat x assumes a blue col\r4 7#b7 ,a solution ( /annate ( soda is mix$ ) a solution ( nitrate ( cobalt1 & ! result+ precipitate calc9$ to bright r$ness =ms a blue pigm5t4 7#c7 ,solutions ( cobalt & t9 are mix$ & precipitat$ by soda1 ! precipitate wa%$ free f soda be+ calc9$ z 9 all ! o!r cases4 ,! silicate ( soda is ! mo/ satisfactory sodium salt = a precipitant4 ,,cobalt ,,blue4--,?is ri* pure blue pigm5t is n alone p]man5t1 b actually develops its full int5sity only aft] exposure to ! air4 ,) age1 h[ev]1 x acquires a gre5i% t5d5cy1 & 9 artificial light x incl9es to a violet t9t4 ,x is pro( aga9/ acids & alkalies1 & mixes p>ticul>ly well ) wat]4 ,9 comb9ation ) o!r pigm5ts x is unalt]$ & has no effect on !m4 ,its tones are diff]5t f ^? ( ultram>9e4 ,x sl[ly decomposes :5 heat$ 9 /rong sulphuric acid1 yield+ a violet solution & a :ite precipitate1 :i* latt] dissolves & af=ds a blue liquid on dilution ) wat]4 ,x consi/s pr9cipally ( ab\t #hj p] c5t4 alum9a1 & #ae p] c5t4 oxide ( cobalt4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( prep>+ x3-- 7#a7 ,by ,?n>d's orig9al process1 roa/$ cobalt1 f ,tunab]g1 ,sw$51 is dissolv$ "u heat 9 an excess ( nitric acid4 ,! solution1 evaporat$ ne>ly to dryness1 is boil$ 9 wat]1 & ! deposit ( ars5iate ( iron is filt]$ out4 ,into ! filtrate is p\r$ a solution ( basic phosphate ( soda1 :i* ?r[s d[n a precipitate ( basic phosphate ( cobalt1 v>y+ 9 hue f violet to p9k4 ,?is precipitate is wa%$ on a filt]1 &1 :ile /ill gelat9\s1 #a lb4 ( x is intimately mix$ ) #h lb4 ( hydrat$ alum9a1 rec5tly precipitat$ by ammonia f a solution ( pota%-alum4 ,! mass is fir/ dri$ to brittl5ess & !n calc9$ 9 a cov]$ clay vessel = half an h\r at a *]ry-r$ heat4 ,! resultant blue pigm5t is /or$ 9 glass receptacles4 ,! prep>ation ( ! gelat9\s alum9a is conduct$ z foll[s4 ,! pota%-alum is dissolv$ 9 at lea/ ?ree times z mu* wat] z is necess>y1 & is !n precipitat$ by an abundant excess ( ammonia1 ) frequ5t /irr+4 ,:5 settl$1 ! sup]natant liquor is siphon$ (f1 & ! precipitate is ?or\ghly wa%$ sev]al times on a filt]4 ,?n>d blue w v>y 9 t9t accord+ to ! proportions ( alum9a us$4 ,a pure col\r is obta9$ ) #d-e p>ts alum9a to #a ( phosphate ( cobalt2 a gre5i% hue ) equal p>ts ( alum9a & cobalt salt2 & almo/ any int]m$iate tone by v>y+ ! proportions betwe5 ^! limits4 7#b7 ,to #af p>ts ( gelat9\s alum9a add #a "p ( ars5iate ( cobalt1 obta9$ by precipitat+ ! solution ( cobalt by ars5iate ( pota%4 7#c7 ,a ri*] & m velvety blue is got by us+ oxide ( cobalt & sub/itut+ phosphate ( lime = ! alum9a 7,b\llai-,m>illac74 7#d7 ,b9d]'s process is z foll[s3--,dissolve by boil+ #f lb4 alum1 free f iron1 9 a lead5 or e>!nw>e vessel1 & filt] x into a vat #e ft4 high & #c ft4 across1 "o-?ird full ( clean wat]4 ,precipitate ! alum9a by solution ( pota%1 fill up ! vat ) wat]1 settle1 decant ! cle> liquor1 & wa% repeat$ly till b>ium *loride gives no precipitate4 ,dissolve lb4 sesquioxide ( cobalt 9 #a lb4 hydro*loric acid at #bb ,b41 & evaporate to dryness4 ,dissolve ! residue 9 #c lb4 hydro*loric acid1 & pass a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh x1 to ?r[ d[n any =eign metals4 ,filt] cle>1 evaporate aga9 to dryness1 & dissolve ! residue 9 en\gh wat] to produce #d-e lb4 ( solution4 ,next precipitate ! cobalt solution 7#c to #f lb41 accord+ to dep? ( t9t requir$7 by ammonia1 avoid+ excess4 ,wa% ! precipitate1 & add x to ! wat]1 hold+ ! gelat9\s alum9a 9 susp5sion1 /irr+ ?or\ghly = an h\r4 ,a r$di% t9t 9 ! sup]natant liquor %[s t "s ( ! cobalt has be5 dissolv$4 ,add a little ammonia1 & all[ ! precipitate to settle4 ,decant & add new wat]s repeat$ly4 ,f9ally collect on a f9e filt] clo?1 dra91 press1 /ove dry1 & calc9e = #b-b h\rs at r$ heat 9 clay crucibles3 !n cool1 gr9d fir/ 9 a mill & !n on a slab1 & sift4 ,,smalts4--,?is pigm5t has n ma9ta9$ its position 9 competition ) artificial ultram>9e4 ,=m]ly x 0 v l>gely us$ to correct ! yell[ tone ( cottons1 pap]s1 & pott]y4 ,x has a pale violet-blue t9t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n con/ant 9 artificial light4 ,be+ a silicate x is v p]man5t1 & pro( aga9/ ! action ( acids1 alkalies1 & sunlight1 besides be+ in]t :5 mix$ ) o!r pigm5ts4 ,x c be us$ ) ei!r wat] or oil z a m$ium1 b is n a successful pa9t ow+ to its weak col\r+ p[]4 ,x is virtually a d\ble silicate ( cobalt & pota%1 or a cobalt glass1 conta9+ a few impurities1 ( :i* ! *ief are alum9ium1 iron1 & lead oxides4 ,! col\r v>ies some:at accord+ z ^! impurities fluctuate1 & ! f9e/ gr\nd sample is always ! pale/4 ,x is h>dly ev] adult]at$1 & ! *ief po9t to secure is t x be gr\nd to ! f9e/ possible degree4 ,its manufacture is mo/ ext5sively & successfully c>ri$ on 9 ,saxony4 ,! raw mat]ials us$ are cobalt speiss 7an ars5ide ( cobalt & iron71 pota%1 & s&4 ,! ore is brok5 up into conv5i5t siz$ pieces & roa/$ at r$ heat 9 a rev]b]atory furnace provid$ ) a tall %aft = dis*>g+ ! sulphur\s & ars5ical fumes at a high altitude4 ,:5 ! evolution ( ^! fumes has ceas$ & ! mass beg9s to assume a pa/y consi/5ce1 ! roa/$ ore is remov$ f ! furnace1 cool$1 r$uc$ to a f9e pulv]ul5t condition 7!n kn[n z 8zaffre07 & pass$ ?r\gh a silk5 sieve4 ,%\ld x be necess>y1 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,,furnace ,,= ,,roa/+ ,,cobalt ,,ores4 ! cobalt ore is fir/ spall$ & h&-pick$ to remove ! ores ( =eign metals :i* are associat$ ) x2 & !n r$uc$ to a v f9e /ate 9 an edge runn] or mort> mill1 & fre$ f e>?y impurities by wa%+4 ,! conc5trat$ ore is !n dri$ & dead-roa/$ 9 small *>ges at a "t 7ab\t #d cwt47 9 a specially design$ rev]b]atory furnace su* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 ( :i* a is ! he>? on :i* ! ore is spread2 b1 ! fireplace1 ! products ( combu/ion f :i* pass ov] ! ore on ! he>?1 & !nce into ! flues c1 :i* repeat$ly circle r\nd ! furnace s z to provide abundant opportunity = ! ars5i\s oxide d]iv$ f ! combu/ion 7oxidation7 ( ! ars5ic 9 ! ore to cond5se2 ?is highly poison\s ars5i\s oxide is collect$ 9 a solid =m f ! flues at conv5i5t int]vals by means ( ! doors d4 ,! ore is *>g$ & dis*>g$ at ! door e4 ,! roa/+ %\ld n be c>ri$ to su* a po9t t ! :ole ( ! sulphur & ars5ic are remov$ :5 mak+ smalts1 z by leav+ a portion ( ^! sub/ances 9 ! ore at ?is /age1 ! ultimate purification is bett] accompli%$4 ,! next /age is to fuse ! roa/$ ore ) pota% & silica s z to =m a blue glass4 ,! proportions 9 :i* ! +r$i5ts are mix$ dep5d ^u ! dep? ( col\r 9 ! zaffre op]at$ ^u & ! t9t desir$ 9 ! f9i%$ smalts2 h5ce x is always det]m9$ by a prelim9>y exp]im5t1 & is !n mo/ c>efully adh]$ to1 ea* mat]ial be+ accurately weigh$ out4 ,only ! be/ pota% c be us$1 z x mu/ be q free f soda1 & iron or o!r metal2 ! effect ( soda is to r5d] ! blue gre5i% t9t$4 ,qu>tz af=ds ! requisite silica1 & is h&-pick$ to ensure fre$om f alum9a1 iron1 & lime1 :i* import dullness into ! col\r1 & !n gr\nd to a f9e p[d] 9 an edge runn] mill4 ,! duly weigh$ quantities ( ! sev]al +r$i5ts are intimately mix$ 9 wood5 or cem5t l9$ vessels1 s z to preclude ! possibility ( any metallic iron f9d+ its way 92 & z a fur!r protection aga9/ ?is risk a little :ite ars5ic is (t5 add$ s t ! iron may be c>ri$ d[n 9 ! regulus :i* is =m$ dur+ ! fusion 9 ! crucible4 ,^! crucibles are ( refractory e>!nw>e q free f lime1 & measure ab\t #ah in*es across at top1 gradually dim9i%+ to #ad in*es at bottom1 s t an ord9>y *>ge is ab\t cwt4 ,!y are plac$ 9 r[s 9 a furnace :i* g5]ally be>s a close resemblance to a glass furnace1 ! op]ation be+ v simil>4 ,! =m ( furnace common 9 ,saxony1 :]e mo/ ( ! smalts is made1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,by means ( a s]ies ( op5+s a 9 ! walls ( ! furnace ! pots b are introduc$ on to ! he>? ( ! furnace1 :]eupon ! op5+s a are brick$ up aga9 & rema9 clos$ dur+ ! op]ation4 ,! +r$i5ts are *>g$ into ! pots b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,,furnace ,,= ,,mak+ ,,smalts4 by means ( long iron ladles :i* are introduc$ ?r\gh ! small squ>e ap]tures c1 :i* c be tempor>ily clos$ by a half-brick or o!r simple article4 ,! fire is !n lit 9 ! fireplace d1 & ! products ( combu/ion circulate ar\nd ! pots b1 & f9ally escape at ! orifices e at ! top ( ! furnace into flues lead+ to ! *imney f4 ,aft] ab\t #h h\rs' fir+ fusion comm5ces 9 ! pots1 :]eupon ! cont5ts are ?or\ghly /irr$ by rods ins]t$ ?r\gh ! work+ holes c4 ,! temp]ature is !n increas$ till a :ite heat is atta9$1 ?is be+ necess>y = ! =mation ( a glass4 ,! fus$ mass is repeat$ly sampl$1 & :5 x has become q homog5e\s1 & ! regulus or speiss conta9+ ! iron1 antimony1 bismu?1 ars5ic1 copp]1 nickel1 sulphur & o!r impurities has completely sep>at$ itself & collect$ at ! bottom ( ! pots1 ! blue glass is ladl$ out & dropp$ at once into cold wat]1 by :i* x is dis9tegrat$ & r5d]$ v brittle ready = ! subsequ5t gr9d+4 ,! regulus is !n drawn (f f ! pots ?r\gh holes provid$ = ! purpose1 & remov$ by ! orifices g1 aft] :i* ! pots are ready = ano!r *>ge4 ,!y ord9>ily rema9 s]viceable = ab\t six mon?s4 ,! gr9d+ ne$s to be done ) great ?or\ghness1 & is accompli%$ p>tly by /amps & p>tly by edge-runn] mills 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,! p>ticles z r$uc$ are float$ (f by ! wat] to a s]ies ( settl+ tanks communicat+ "o ) ano!r4 ,! portion :i* settles 9 ! fir/ ( ! s]ies is too co>se = use1 & is return$ to ! edge-runn] = fur!r gr9d+2 :ile ! portion 9 ! la/ ( ! s]ies possesses su* a weak col\r t x is reject$1 or put into ! crucible to und]go a second fusion4 ,! select$ portions are dri$ ready = ! consum]4 ,copp] ,blues4--,^! =m an unimportant class1 be+ un/able & n end[$ ) great col\r+ p[]4 ,_! t9t is pale & gre5i%1 & ?\gh opaque 9 wat]1 !y are n p>ticul>ly s :5 mix$ ) oil4 ,expos$ to ! action ( sulphur or its comp\nds1 :e!r pres5t z sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 ! air1 or 9 comb9ation ) a metal1 =m+ ano!r pigm5t ) :i* !y may be mix$1 copp] blues und]go an important *emical *ange1 ! c>bonates & oxides ( copp] be+ conv]t$ into ! sulphide1 :i* is black4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( heat too ! blue c>bonate w lose its c>bonic acid1 & be turn$ into ! black oxide4 ,ammonia & ! acids dissolve !m1 b o!r alkalies are resi/$ until heat is appli$4 ,! *ief k9ds ( copp] blue are ,brem5 blue1 cruleum1 lime blue1 m\nta9 blue1 ,pligot's blue1 & blue v]dit]4 ,,brem5 ,,blue4--,?is is a m or less pure hydrat$ oxide ( copp]1 v>y+ 9 its qualities accord+ to ! me?od ( prep>ation4 ,:5 made by precipitat+ a neutral salt ( copp] f solution1 x =ms a d5se & compact mass2 :]eas a por\s & pulv]ul5t pigm5t results :5 basic & insoluble copp] salts are treat$ ) alkalies4 7#a7 ,! f\ndation ( ! manufacture ( ?is col\r 0 wa/e copp] scrap1 su* z %ip's %ea?+1 f :i*1 9 v>i\s ways1 0 prep>$ a basic *loride or oxy-*loride4 ,"s ( ! me?ods adopt$ 73--7a7 #ajj lb4 scrap copp]1 #ii lb4 p[d]$ sulphate ( pota%1 & #ajj lb4 salt1 moi/5$ ) clean wat]2 7b7 #ajj lb4 copp] fragm5ts1 #fj lb4 salt1 & #cj lb4 dilut$ sulphuric acid 7#c volumes ( wat] to #a ( acid72 7c7 a solution ( copp] oxide 7scales7 9 pure hydro*loric acid p\r$ ov] ! scrap copp]4 ,! me?od 7a7 produces a *loride ( copp] :i*1 9 contact ) m metal1 becomes a sub-*loride2 ?is1 absorb+ m oxyg5 f ! air1 is conv]t$ into ! basic gre5 8oxide0 ( ! factories4 ,by ! 7b7 process1 ! hydro*loric acid set free1 & ! atmosph]ic oxyg5 produce ! same result4 ,9 ! 7c7 process a simil> effect is obta9$4 ,x is ( prim>y importance t no trace ( ?is sub-*loride ( copp] %all be all[$ to rema91 z x und]goes decomposition by cau/ic alkalies1 & ?r[s d[n an orange-yell[ sub-oxide ( copp]4 ,h5ce x has sometimes be5 ! practice to prep>e ! basic oxy-*loride twelve mon?s 9 advance1 & to /ir x frequ5tly be=e use4 ,complete oxidation1 h[ev]1 c be z satisfactorily accompli%$ by alt]nately wett+ & completely dry+ ! mass4 ,an int]e/+ ph5om5on takes place dur+ ! trans=mation ( ?is gre5 magma into a hydrat$ oxide ( copp]4 ,on ?is magma be+ introduc$ by degrees into a cau/ic pota% or soda lye ( ab\t #bb ,b41 ! ?or\ghly wa%$ & dri$ product is exce$+ly f9e1 ) great cov]+ p[]1 & deep5s on addition ( a little wat]4 ,:5 ! magma is dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat]1 & ! mixture at once p\r$ into an excess ( cau/ic lye1 ) con/ant agitation1 a few m9utes' re/ w suffice = ! mass to assume a mo/ compact consi/5ce4 ,! col\r ?us produc$1 :5 wa%$ & dri$1 is mu* light] 9 col\r1 & has less body4 ,a blue d]iv$ f any ( ^! products is unsatisfactory z reg>ds fre%ness & int5sity ( col\r2 :]eas by add+ a small quantity ( conc5trat$ solution ( sulphate ( copp] to ! magma be=e treat+ x ) ! alkal9e lye1 app>5tly a highly basic sulphate ( copp] is produc$ :i* deep5s ! col\r4 ,a pigm5t ) good body c be made 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,to #ajj lb4 ( ! ?ick magma ( basic oxy*loride add a conc5trat$ solution ( #g lb4 sulphate ( copp]1 & !n #dj lb4 ( a conc5trat$ cau/ic lye 7#cb-cf ,b171 ) vigor\s & rapid /irr+1 f9ally add+ ab\t #aej lb4 ( cau/ic lye at #bj ,b4 ,:5 ! decomposition is q complete1 ! precipitate is c>efully wa%$1 pass$ ?r\gh a f9e hair sieve1 & filt]$4 ,dry+ is effect$ at a l[ temp]ature1 to ensure t ! hydrat$ /ate ( ! oxide is n *ang$2 & ! air ( ! dry+ *amb] mu/ be free f acid or sulphurett$ vap\rs4 7#b7 ,if neutral nitrate ( copp] be decompos$ by an insuffici5cy ( pota% c>bonate solution1 ! floccul5t precipitate ( copp] c>bonate result+ is by degrees trans=m$ into a sub-nitrate ( copp]1 :i* goes d[n z a heavy gre5 p[d]4 ,on treat+ ?is sub-nitrate ) a potassic solution ( z9c oxide1 a d>k-blue col\r$ pigm5t is =m$1 :i* is app>5tly a z9cate ( copp] mix$ ) a v small proportion ( a highly basic nitrate ( copp]4 ,?\gh v light x has great cov]+ p[]4 ,9 practice ! manufacture is conduct$ z foll[s4 ,calc9e copp] scales 9 a rev]b]atory or muffle furnace till ! sub-oxide is entirely conv]t$ into protoxide1 or until x dissolves 9 nitric acid )\t evolv+ r$ nitr\s fumes4 ,heat is appli$ to ! solution ( nitrate ( copp]1 :i* is decompos$ by addition ( a cle> solution ( pota% c>bonate4 ,aft] eff]vesc5ce has subsid$1 small doses ( pota% c>bonate solution are add$ till b little undecompos$ copp] is left4 ,?is residue is recov]$ by decant+ ! cle> liquor1 & repeat$ly wa%+ ! gre5 precipitate ) small quantities ( clean wat]1 collect+ all ! wa%+s1 & f9ally precipitat+ by pota% solution4 ,on introduc+ ! gre5 c>bonate ( copp] into a new solution ( copp] nitrate1 x is trans=m$ into a basic salt4 ,cry/als ( nitrate ( pota% are obta9$ by evaporat+ ! previ\s liquors4 ,to obta9 an economic solution ( z9c oxide1 clipp+s ( metallic z9c are treat$ ) a solution ( cau/ic pota% or soda 9 a ca/-iron vessel4 ,! imm$iate result is a dis5gagem5t ( hydrog51 & saturation ( ! alkali ) z9c oxide1 :i* behaves z an acid4 ,! cle>$ liquor s]ves = decompos+ ! basic nitrate ( copp]4 ,! pigm5t produc$ is a h&some blue1 & ! pota% liquor c be evaporat$ d[n till x yields cry/als ( saltpetre4 ,! economy ( ?is me?od lies 9 produc+ nitric acid *eaply f soda nitrate & obta9+ saltpetre z a bye-product4 7#c7 ,an inf]ior & *eap] pigm5t is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,to a solution ( copp] sulphate add "o ( b>ium or calcium *loride till a :ite precipitate ceases to g d[n1 & f ! cle>$ blue liquor all ! copp] is precipitat$ by addition ( fre% milk ( lime4 ,usually ! weight ( quicklime requir$ is #bj p] c5t4 ( ! copp] sulphate4 ,! settl$1 wa%$1 & dri$ precipitate is ! pigm5t desir$4 ,! cle>$ b>ium or calcium *loride solution may be us$ anew z a precipitant = ! next bat*4 ,c,,ruleum4--,?is "n has be5 giv5 to ! beautiful blue pigm5t us$ 9 ,egyptian & ,pompeian mural pa9t+s1 & exhibit+ ! same bright blue aft] #ajjj ye>s' exposure to ! wea!r z :5 fir/ us$4 ,its composition has be5 giv5 by ,f\qu z approximately #fc p] c5t4 silica1 #ba p] c5t4 copp] oxide1 & #ad p] c5t4 calcium oxide1 & he reg>ds x z a d\ble silicate ( copp] & calcium4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 produc$ by fus+ toge!r copp] ore1 s& & lime1 b exp]im5ts h n yet result$ 9 a successful imitation ( ! pigm5t1 a difficulty be+ enc\nt]$ 9 ! fact t if too high a temp]ature be p]mitt$1 de/ruction ( ! blue col\r ensues1 & a gre5 glass results in/ead4 ,?is is un=tunate1 z its rem>kably bright & /able hue w\ld make x v popul> if x c\ld be manufactur$ at a mod]ate co/4 ,x )/&s sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ev5 prolong$ boil+ ) any ( ! acids or alkalies4 ,,lime ,,blue4--,?is pigm5t is ess5tially a mixture ( hydrat$ oxide ( copp] & calcium sulphate4 ,x resi/s ! action ( alkalies 9 ! cold1 b turns black :5 boil$ 9 cau/ic soda1 & is completely soluble 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,ultram>9e has l>gely1 if n entirely usurp$ its place4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( mak+ lime blue3-- #a4 ,any soluble copp] salt ! acid ( :i* w make a soluble salt ) lime is suitable1 ! only precaution necess>y be+ t if 9 ! decomposition ( ! copp] & lime salts1 ! comb9ation ( ! :ole ( ! sulphuric acid ) ! lime is n atta9$1 !re %\ld be an excess ( copp] sulphate 9 ! liquor r ?an ( ! lime salt4 ,! result+ copp] solution1 conta9+ v little lime sulphate1 is settl$ 9 a cool place = #bd-cf h\rs1 filt]$1 & dilut$ ) clean wat] d[n to ab\t #ah ,b4 ,meantime a milk ( lime is prep>$ ) v :ite & well-burn$ lime1 slak$ & mix$ ) abundance ( pure wat]1 & kept /irr$ = a long "t 9 a lead-l9$ vat4 ,aft] a %ort re/ to p]mit s&1 c41 to precipitate itself1 ! milk is drawn (f1 & left to settle 9 lead-l9$ or copp] pans4 ,! deposit is collect$1 gr\nd 9 a mill :]e contact ) iron is impossible1 & pass$ ?r\gh a v f9e sieve4 ,! mixture ( lime & copp] solution is made 9 ! proportion ( #ajj lb4 dry lime ) #age dry copp] salt1 if ! mo/ int5se coloration is desir$1 b ! proportion ( lime may be mu* increas$ )\t detrim5t to ! pigm5t beyond less5+ its int5sity ( col\r4 ,aft] complete settlem5t ( ! precipitate1 ! cle> liquor is decant$2 ! pigm5t is c>efully wa%$ ) clean s(t wat]1 & dra9$ on filt] clo?s till x is ( a conv5i5t consi/5ce =m+ a gre5 pa/e4 ,a def9ite weight ( ?is pa/e calculat$ on ! dry pigm5t is tak5 = fur!r incorporation1 consequ5tly x is fir/ necess>y to asc]ta9 h[ mu* wat] is 9 ! pa/e4 ,usually x am\nts to #ge p] c5t41 & on ?is basis #e lb4 ( ! pa/e are /irr$ up ) #a gal4 clean wat] 9 a lead-l9$ vat1 ) addition ( lb4 wet lime "u con/ant agitation4 ,subsequ5tly p9t ( cle> solution ( be/ pota% at #ae ,b4 is well /irr$ 91 & ! mixture is imm$iately tak5 to ! mill & mo/ ?or\ghly gr\nd4 ,fur!r1 = ea* #aj gal4 ( gre5 pa/e is prep>$ a cle> solution ( #a lb4 pure salammoniac 9 #b gal4 wat] & ano!r solution ( #b lb4 copp] sulphate 9 #b gal4 wat]4 ,! liquid pa/e is drawn (f f ! mill into a /onew>e vessel1 & ! two solutions ( salammoniac & copp] sulphate are imm$iately add$4 ,aft] complete agitation & comb9ation1 ! mixture is left = #d or #e days to settle1 & turn$ into a lead-l9$ vat1 :]e x is repeat$ly wa%$ ) clean wat]s until turm]ic pap] is n discol\r$4 7#b7 ,precipitation ( copp] sulphate by excess ( ?9 milk ( lime 9 ! cold1 foll[$ by wa%+ & dry+1 w give a lime blue :i* w dry )\t turn+ black4 ,or #ajj lb4 ( ! copp] sulphate may be treat$ ) a milk ( lime prep>$ f #cj lb4 quicklime & addition ( #ab lb4 salammoniac4 ,:5 ! liquor has become col\rless1 ! pigm5t is prep>$ f ! precipitate2 b ! lime %\ld be gr\nd aft] slak+1 & ! milk ( lime left to /& = "s days1 be=e use4 ,! salammoniac seems to be ess5tial to ! production ( a pure full blue4 ,milk ( lime p\r$ drop by drop into ! ammoniacal copp] solution gives a precipitate :i* r$issolves on agitation1 & rema9s long 9 solution "u heat1 b f9ally ?r[s d[n a p]man5t precipitate1 :ile ! liquor on /&+ gives beautiful blue cry/als4 ,f exp]im5ts x appe>s t out ( sev5 atoms ( copp] sulphate 9 ! liquor1 five are precipitat$ by milk ( lime & ! la/ two are decompos$ by ammonia4 ,a great] proportion ( lime w produce a precipitate hold+ a c]ta9 quantity ( less valuable pigm5t4 ,a small] proportion ( lime yields a f9] col\r$ & m cry/all9e pigm5t1 because x cry/allises p>tly 9 ! excess ( solution1 s t by incomplete decomposition a small] yield ( sup]ior pigm5t is obta9$4 ,! proportions necess>y = =mation ( ! col\r are #g equival5ts ( copp] sulphate1 #e ( lime1 & #b ( ammonia1 & if ! #b equival5ts ( ammonia be replac$ by #b ( lime & #b ( salammoniac1 ! proportions furni%+ ! be/ col\r w be #ajj lb4 copp] sulphate1 #bd lb4 lime1 & #bb lb4 salammoniac4 ,bo? cau/ic soda & cau/ic pota% produce a f9e blue precipitate 9 a solution ( ammoniacal copp] sulphate ) excess ( ammonia1 b ! liquor decolorises only on evaporation ( ! ammonia4 ,! precipitate becomes light]-hu$ ! m x is wa%$1 & consi/s ( hydrat$ oxide ( copp] ) a little c>bonic acid2 x does n turn br[n ev5 :5 heat$ 9 pres5ce ( excess ( pota% or soda4 ,moreov] ! pres5ce ( ammonia r5d]s ! hydrat$ oxide ( copp] mu* m p]man5t4 ,! composition ( ?is pigm5t is giv5 by ,g5tele z #cc p] c5t4 copp] oxide1 #bc sulphuric acid1 #af lime1 & ! rema9d] wat]1 c4 ,,m\nta9 ,,blue ,,or ,,azurite4--,?is natural blue pigm5t consi/s ess5tially ( a basic c>bonate ( copp]1 & is f\nd 9 qu>tz rocks 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,bohemia1 ,hesse1 ,saxony1 ! ,tyrol1 & ,sib]ia4 ,x af=ds a ri* sky-blue pa9t ( a p]man5t "*1 b be+ comp>atively co/ly is n l>gely employ$4 ,its composition is ab\t #fi p] c5t4 copp] oxide1 #be c>bonic acid1 & #e wat]4 ,! only prep>ation ne$$ is exce$+ly f9e gr9d+4 ,p,,ligot ,,blue4--7#a7 ,:]eas ! hydrat$ oxide ( copp] precipitat$ f a solution ( a salt ( copp] by excess ( pota% or soda rapidly black5s ev5 ?\gh wa%$ ) cold wat]1 ,pligot obta9s a blue hydrat$ oxide :i* resi/s boil+ & heat+ at #bab ,f4 ,he uses any soluble copp] salt1 b pref]ably ! sulphate4 ,a v dilute solution ( ! copp] sulphate is treat$ ) ammonia 9 excess 7aqua ammoni or an ammoniacal salt7 & precipitat$ by soda or pota%4 7#b7 ,on add+ wat] 9 excess to a slightly ammoniacal solution ( copp] nitrate1 ! same pigm5t is obta9$4 7#c7 ,a mixture ( #gc p>ts silica1 #af oxide ( copp]1 #h lime1 & #c soda1 is fus$ toge!r at a temp]ature n mu* exce$+ #hjj ,f4 ,at high] temp]atures !re is risk ( ! pigm5t turn+ black4 ,,v]dit]4--,?is sky-blue & n v durable pigm5t1 us$ 9 wat]-col\r pa9t+1 closely resembles ,brem5 blue 7see p4 #cd7 9 composition & manufacture4 ,x consi/s *iefly ( copp] c>bonate1 mix$ ) a less] proportion ( hydroxide1 sulphate1 or oxide1 & occasionally a small quantity ( sulphate ( lime2 & is mo/ satisfactorily prep>$ f copp] *loride or nitrate1 ?\gh almo/ any salt ( copp] may be us$4 ,! mode ( fabrication v>ies4 7#a7 ,to a solution ( ! nitrate or sulphate is add$ "o ( pota% or soda c>bonate s long z any precipitate is =m$1 & ?is precipitate1 :5 filt]$ & wa%$1 is treat$ ) a weak cau/ic soda solution4 7#b7 ,a hot solution ( *loride ( lime is add$ to a hot solution ( sulphate ( copp] at #fb ,tw4 till ! precipitate ceases to g d[n4 ,! solution ( *loride ( copp] :i* con/itutes ! liquor is filt]$ (f1 dilut$ ) wat] to ab\t #ca ,tw41 & treat$ ) repeat$ small doses ( slak$ lime gr\nd exce$+ly f9e 9 wat] till no m copp] is precipitat$4 ,! result+ gre5 pa/e is dra9$1 filt]$1 wa%$1 & put into wood5 vats2 "h #h lb4 ( lime pa/e & #e p9ts ( pota% c>bonate solution at #be ,tw4 are add$ = e #gj lb4 ( dry col\r conta9$ 9 ! gre5 pa/e1 ! :ole mass be+ ?or\ghly agitat$1 !n all[$ to re/ till ! developm5t ( ! requir$ %ade is accompli%$1 :5 x is filt]$1 wa%$1 & dri$4 7#c7 ,9 "s ,g]man works ! f9al gre5 pa/e z prep>$ 9 7#b7 is put into air-tight vessels1 & a solution ( #c lb4 ammonium *loride & #d lb4 sulphate ( copp] 9 #g gal4 ( wat] is introduc$ = ea* #gj lb4 ( dry col\r 9 ! gre5 pa/e4 ,aft] complete admixture ( all ! +r$i5ts1 ! receptacles are fa/5$ up = sev]al days s t ! reactions may proce$ out ( contact ) ! air1 & f9ally ! pigm5t is remov$1 wa%$1 & dri$ = use4 ,indigo4--,! well-kn[n blue col\r+ matt] t]m$ indigo is produc$ by a great numb] & v>iety ( plants1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t all ! tropical c\ntries ( ! globe4 ,comm]cially1 x is obta9$ *iefly f species ( ,indig(]a1 z ,i4 t9ctoria1 ! cultivat$ species ( ,india1 furni%+ ! *ief article ( comm]ce1 f\nd also 9 ,madagasc>1 ,/4 ,dom+o1 c42 & ,i4 ,anil1 9 ! ,punjab1 ,w4 ,indies1 & on ! ,gambia riv]4 ,"s is also obta9$ f ,i4 arg5tea1 9 ,africa & ,am]ica3 ,i4 ,c>ol9iana2 ,i4 disp]ma1 ! cultivat$ plant ( ,spa91 ,am]ica1 & "s ( ! ,e4 ,indies2 ,i4 crulea1 ! 8black indigo0 ( ,india2 ,i4 glauca1 9 ,egypt & ,arabia2 ,i4 pseudo-t9ctoria1 cultivat$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,e4 ,indies1 & said to yield ! be/ dye2 ,i4 c9]ea1 ,i4 erecta1 ,i4 hirsuta1 & ,i4 glabra1 9 ,gu9ea4 ,consid]able local supplies are obta9$ f ! foll[+ plants3--,isatis t9ctoria1 9 ,europe & ,*9a 7see ,woad72 ,i4 indigotica1 cultivat$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,*9a2 ,amorpha fruticosa1 9 ,c>ol9a2 ,baptisia t9ctoria1 wild1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,gymnemia 7,asclepias7 t+5s1 9 ,burmah2 ,polygala t9ctoria1 9 ,arabia2 ,polygonum ,*95se1 ,p4 t9ctorium1 ,p4 p]foliatum1 ,p4 b>batum1 ,p4 avicul>e1 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 & introduc$ into ,belgium2 ,ruellia indigotica1 l>gely cultivat$ 9 ,assam1 z well z 9 ,india1 & at ,*e-k+1 9 ,*9a2 ,tephrosia t9ctoria1 & ,t4 apoll9ea1 9 ,india & ,egypt2 ,wrightia t9ctoria 7,n]ium t9ctorium71 ! ,palas indigo ( ! ,c>natic4 ,! cultivation ( indigo 7*iefly ,indig(]a t9ctoria7 is v ext5sively c>ri$ on 9 ,india1 especially 9 ! di/rict includ$ betwe5 #bj & #cj ,n4 lat4 ,! soil be/ suit$ = ! culture is a ri* loam1 ) a subsoil :i* is nei!r too s&y nor too /iff2 alluvial soils give ! be/ returns1 b good crops are sometimes rais$ on high] gr\nds4 ,! l& is pl\gh$ 9 ,octob]-,novemb]1 aft] ! ra9s2 ! se$1 ab\t #ab lb4 to ! acre1 is s[n 9 ,febru>y-,april4 ,too rapid gr[? dim9i%es ! yield ( dye4 ,9 ,july-,septemb]1 ! plants are 9 full blossom1 & ! h>ve/ takes place4 ,! prep>ation ( ! dye/uff may be p]=m$ 9 ei!r ( two ways1 :i* are di/+ui%$ z ! 8dry-leaf10 & ! 8gre5-leaf0 process4 ,! latt] is consid]$ ! bett]1 & is ! m g5]al2 x is conduct$ z foll[s3--,! fl[]+ plants are cut d[n at ab\t #f 94 f ! gr\nd1 & imm$iately tak5 to ! /eep+ vats1 )9 :i* !y are spread out & press$ d[n by beams fitt$ to ! side po/s ( ! tanks4 ,en\gh wat] is !n admitt$ to cov] ! plants2 if ?is be delay$1 f]m5tation may set 9 & spoil ! product4 ,! duration ( ! /eep+ is liable to consid]able modification1 & ne$s mu* judgm5t & exp]i5ce2 ) a temp]ature ( #if ,f4 9 ! %ade1 #aa-ab h\rs may suffice2 9 cool] wea!r1 #ae-af h\rs may be necess>y4 ,moreov]1 v ripe plants require less "t ?an "y & unripe ones4 ,! foll[+ g5]al conditions indicate ! "t = susp5d+ ! mac]ation3--7#a7 ,! s9k+ ( ! wat] 9 ! vat2 7#b7 ! imm$iate bur/+ ( ! bubbles t arise2 7#c7 an orange t9t m+l$ ) ! gre51 :5 ! surface wat] is di/urb$2 7#d7 ! emission ( a sweeti%1 pung5t od\r1 q di/9ct f ! raw od\r ( ! unripe liquor4 ,at ?is po9t1 m5 ent] ! vat1 & /ir up its cont5ts ei!r by h& or by a wood5 paddle4 ,! agitation is at fir/ g5tle1 b increases z ! fecula beg9s to sep>ate2 ?is is kn[n by ! disappe>ance ( ! fro?1 & by ! col\r ( ! liquor *ang+ f gre5 to blue4 ,! 8beat+10 z x is call$1 is cont9u$ = #a-c h\rs1 ! foll[+ conditions be+ a guide z to its suffici5cy3--7#a7 ,! ready precipitation ( ! fecula f a sample ( ! liquor1 & ! madeira-w9e col\r ( ! latt]2 7#b7 a br[ni% col\r obs]v$ on dipp+ a clo? into ! liquor1 & wr++ x out2 7#c7 ! appe>ance ( a glassy surface on ! liquor1 & ! subsid5ce ( ! fro? ) sp>kl+ & eff]vesc5ce4 ,next a little pure cold wat]1 or weak lime-wat]1 is spr9kl$ ov] ! surface ( ! liquor1 to ha/5 ! settlem5t ( ! fecula1 :i* occupies #c-d h\rs4 ,aft] ?is1 ! wat] is dra9$ away f ! top1 by means ( plug-holes 9 ! side ( ! vat4 ,! precipitat$ fecula is !n remov$ to a boil]4 ,"h x is made to boil z promptly z possible1 & is kept boil+ = #e-f h\rs2 x is con/antly /irr$1 & skimm$ ) a p]=at$ ladle4 ,aft] boil+1 x is run (f to a /ra9+ table1 :]e x /ays = #ab-ae h\rs to dra92 next x is press$ = ab\t #ab h\rs1 & !n cut1 /amp$1 & plac$ to dry4 ,! ord9>y dim5sions ( a /eep+-vat are #af ft4 by #ad ft4 by #d ft4 deep2 ?is w conta9 ab\t #ajj maunds 7#hbjj lb47 ( plants1 :i* may yield f #dj lb4 d[nw>ds ( indigo4 ,! beat+-vat is less deep4 ,su* are ! me?ods ( cultivation & manufacture mo/ g5]ally 9 use ?r\gh\t ,india4 ,9 limit$ di/ricts1 h[ev]1 "s modifications are 9 vogue4 ,on l& subject to inundation1 ! plants la/ only "o ye>4 ,s\? ( ! ,ganges1 ! se$ is s[n at ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9s1 & ! plants rema9 on ! gr\nd = two ye>s1 ?us giv+ a d\ble crop1 ! second ( :i* is ! l>g] & bett]4 ,9 v /rong l&1 a ?ird crop is sometimes secur$4 ,occasionally1 sesame is s[n on ! same gr\nd1 & h>ve/$ be=e ! indigo is cut4 ,small quantities ( indigo are gr[n on poppy l&s1 & irrigat$4 ,! se$ is s[n 9 ,m>*-,april1 & ! crop is ga!r$ at ! end ( ! ra9s1 9 "t = an opium crop to be tak5 (f ! l&4 ,indigo is sometimes manufactur$ by collect+ ! fecula1 & dropp+ x 9 cakes to h>d5 9 ! sun2 ?is is 8gaud0 indigo1 ( v inf]ior quality4 ,! fecula is improv$ by boil+ x 9 copp]s & press+ x into boxes4 ,! production ( ! indigo blue is ! result ( ! decomposition ( ! col\r+ pr9ciple ( ! plant1 :i* exi/s z a glucoside4 ,plants gr[n on poor soils1 & 9 dry climates1 yield almo/ ! :ole ( ?is glucoside to ! ord9>y process ( /eep+ & beat+ describ$ above2 b plants rais$ on ri* alluvial soil1 & 9 damp heat1 conta9 an am\nt ( glucoside :i* _c be utilis$ by ! ord9>y process4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ?is wa/e1 :i* causes ! ri*e/ plants to give ! lea/ return1 x is necess>y ei!r to prolong ! f]m5tation1 & raise ! heat to #ie-ajj ,f41 or to add a solution ( sug> or glucose to ! vat-liquor4 ,olph]t adopts ! use ( /eam1 to raise ! temp]ature ( ! vat to #aaa ,f41 & ?us obta9s #be p] c5t4 m col\r+ matt]4 ,japan possesses sev]al l>ge factories = prep>+ indigo f ! native ,polygonum t9ctorium4 ,! plants1 #b-c ft4 high1 are cut into ?ree p>ts1 ! upp]mo/ be+ ! mo/ valuable4 ,! be/ dye is made f ! leaves alone1 :i*1 aft] a few h\rs' exposure to air & sun1 are plac$ 9 /raw bags4 ,!y are aft]w>ds remov$ f ! bags & moi/5$ ) wat]1 :i* mu/ be proportion$ ) ! greate/ exactitude4 ,!y are !n spread ^u1 & cov]$ by1 mats1 = a few days1 aft] :i* ! spr9kl+ is repeat$4 ,! process cont9ues = ab\t #hj days1 ! moi/5+ be+ r5ew$ ab\t #be times = ! be/ leaves1 & #i = ! inf]ior4 ,aft] ?is f]m5tation1 ! leaves are p\nd$ 9 wood5 mort>s = two consecutive days1 by :i* !y are r$uc$ to a pulp2 ?is is !n =m$ into balls ( d>k-blue col\r4 ,! c5tral prov9ces ( ,java yield l>ge quantities ( indigo1 :i* are export$ to ,holl&1 & !nce widely di/ribut$4 ,! indigo prep>$ by ! natives is ( an indiff]5t quality1 9 a semi-fluid /ate1 & conta9s mu* quicklime2 b t prep>$ by ,europeans is ( a v sup]ior quality4 ,an inf]ior v>iety1 hav+ small] se$s1 & be+ ( quick] gr[?1 is usually plant$ z a second crop on l& :]e "o rice crop has be5 rais$4 ,9 ^! situations1 ! plant rises to a height ( ab\t #c ft4 ,x is !n cut1 & ! cutt+s are repeat$ ?ree1 or ev5 f\r times1 till ! gr\nd is aga9 requir$ = ! annual rice crop4 ,b ! sup]ior plant1 :5 cultivat$ on a naturally ri* soil1 n impov]i%$ by a previ\s heavy crop1 atta9s a height ( #e ft41 & gr[s ) ! greate/ luxuriance4 ,! plants int5d$ = se$ are rais$ 9 fav\rite spots1 on ! ridges ( rice-fields 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! villages1 & ! se$ ( "o di/rict is frequ5tly ex*ang$ = t ( ano!r4 ,t ( ! ri* m\nta9\s di/ricts1 be+ e/eem$ ( be/ quality1 is occasionally introduc$ into ! l[l&s1 & is ?\ght necess>y to prev5t t deg5]ation :i* w\ld be ! consequ5ce ( cultivat+ = a long "t ! same plant ^u ! same soil4 ,! climate1 soil1 & /ate ( society ( ,java seem to (f] peculi> advantages = ! ext5sive cultivation ( ?is plant4 ,! p]iodical dr\ghts & inundations ( ! ,b5gal prov9ces are unkn[n 9 ,java1 :]e ! plant1 9 fav\r$ situations1 may be cultivat$ ne>ly ?r\gh\t ! :ole ye>1 & :]e x w\ld be secure ( a prolong$ p]iod ( t k9d ( wea!r necess>y = ! cutt+4 ,! dye is prep>$ 9 a liquid /ate by ! natives1 by infus+ ! leaves ) a quantity ( lime2 9 ?is /ate1 x =ms by f> ! pr9cipal dye-/uff ( ! c\ntry4 ,! indigos prep>$ 9 ,java by ,say]s's process are ( unusually high & con/ant quality4 ,!y conta9 an av]age ( #gj p] c5t4 ( indigot9e1 & a m9imum ( #fe-ff p] c5t42 & an av]age ( #bgg p] c5t4 ( a%4 ,ord9>y comm]cial indigos seldom atta9 #fe-ff p] c5t4 ( indigot9e2 & _! a% av]ages ab\t #af p] c5t4 ,! ,philipp9es produce consid]able quantities ( indigo1 ! be/ com+ f ,luzon4 ,! plants suff] f locu/s & /orms1 b ! cultivation is v pr(itable4 ,! yield ( indigot9e is l>ge1 b ! prep>ation is conduct$ 9 su* a primitive mann] t ! value ( ! product is mu* det]iorat$4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,africa1 z ,si]ra ,leone1 ,lib]ia1 ,abeokuta1 ! ,nig] valley1 ,natal1 ,cape ,colony1 ,tunis1 & ! ,s\dan1 species ( indigo plants are f\nd 9 a wild /ate1 & f !m ! natives prep>e an inf]ior dye-/uff4 ,9 "s ( ! ,s4 ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 notably ,s4 ,c>ol9a1 indigo culture has be5 att5d$ ) m or less success4 ,! me?od ( prep>ation pursu$ "h v>ies b v slightly f ! ord9>y ,indian process1 almo/ ! only important modification be+ ! addition ( a little oil to ! liquor 9 ! beat+-vat1 :5 ! f]m5tation becomes too viol5t4 ,! precipitat$ fecula is plac$ 9 co>se l95 bags1 & hung up to dra94 ,! dry+ is f9i%$ by turn+ x out ( ! bags ^u a floor ( por\s timb]1 & work+ x up4 ,x is frequ5tly expos$ to ! sun = %ort p]iods at morn+ & ev5+1 & is !n plac$ 9 boxes or frames1 to cure till x is fit = ! m>ket4 ,sev]al ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican ,/ates h figur$ conspicu\sly z indigo produc]s4 ,! dye is precipitat$ 9 ! beat+-vat by ! sap conta9$ 9 ! b>k ( ,tihuilate 7,yonidium71 ,platanillo 7,myrosma ,indica71 or ,cuaja t9ta4 ,! fecula is left dur+ ! night2 &1 on ! foll[+ day1 is boil$1 filt]$1 press$1 & sun-dri$4 ,9 mo/ di/ricts1 ! cultivation is decl9+1 p>tly ow+ to ! c>elessness exhibit$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! dye4 ,indigo is judg$ comm]cially by its lightness1 by a copp] gloss on ! surface1 & by exhibit+ no =eign +r$i5ts :5 brok54 ,!re are sev]al ways ( te/+ x *emically1 to asc]ta9 ! exact proportion ( indigot9e pres5t2 "o me?od is z foll[s3--,f9ely pulv]is$ indigo1 #a "p2 gre5 copp]as1 #b p>ts2 & wat] conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 ( cau/ic soda1 #bjj p>ts2 are well boil$ 9 a flask1 & left to cool4 ,! cle> liquor is expos$ 9 %all[ vessels to ! air1 :5 ! soluble indigo is oxidis$1 & precipitat$ z pure indigot9e4 ,! residue 9 ! flask is ?us treat$ ?ree times2 ! :ole indigot9e is !n collect$ on a filt]1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,! consumption ( indigo is /ill v l>ge4 ,artificial indigo has n1 z yet1 be5 manufactur$ on a comm]cial scale1 nor at a comm]cial price2 b x has be5 produc$1 9 ! laboratory1 f coal-t> d]ivatives1 & fur!r exp]im5t may reveal a process = prep>+ ! article at a suffici5tly l[ price to compete ) ! natural col\r4 ,sev]al prep>ations ( indigo are 9 use3--7#a7 ,sulphopurpuric acid1 ph5ic9e1 or indigo-purple1 is made by mix+ #a "p ( indigo ) #d p>ts ( sulphuric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ahde71 & heat+ = -#a h\r2 ! acid mass is ?r[n into #dj-ej p>ts ( wat]1 :5 ! purple falls d[n2 x is collect$ on a filt]1 & wa%$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid4 7#b7 ,sulph9digotic acid is prep>$ by mix+ indigot9e1 #a "p1 ) sulphuric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ahde7 #f p>ts2 ! op]ation mu/ be p]=m$ 9 a lead5 vessel1 cool$ outside1 & ! indigo mu/ be add$ by degrees1 to avoid heat+2 ! mixture is !n left = #h days1 :5 ! conv]sion w be complete4 ,fum+ or anhydr\s acid may be us$1 9 less proportion1 b ! reaction is m difficult to manage4 ,weak] acid w require a long] p]iod1 say a mon? = 8br[n acid0 7#ade ,tw474 7#c7 ,sulph9digotic acids are trans=m$ into neutral pa/e1 or 8c>m9e10 by neutralis+ ) c>bonate ( soda1 & wa%+ ! pa/e1 on a wooll5 filt]1 ) a solution ( *loride ( sodium 7common salt74 ,manganese ,blue4--7#a7 ,kuhlmann f\nd a blue mass ( manganate ( lime 9 furnaces us$ = mak+ calcium *loride by calc9+ a mixture ( *alk & residues f *lor9e mak+4 ,! =mation ( ?is beautiful col\r$ manganate he attributes to ! decomposition ( ! calcium *loride by /eam1 & to a c]ta9 solubility ( ! lime 9 undecompos$ calcium *loride4 ,unsuccessful attempts to reproduce ?is result 7 app>5tly due to ! lime n be+ "u su* fav\rable conditions = act+ ^u ! manganese oxide z :5 x is 9 solution 9 ! calcium *loride4 ,z accid5tally produc$ 9 rev]b]atory furnaces1 ! manganate ( lime is ( an ultram>9e t9t1 & is insoluble 9 wat] ?\gh n p]man5t "u its influ5ce2 x is act$ ^u by ! weake/ acids4 7#b7 ,bong has propos$ sev]al =mul = mak+ manganese blues1 ! +r$i5ts 9 ea* case be+ heat$ to r$ness 9 an oxidis+ atmosph]e1 tak+ special c>e to avoid iron4 ,! foll[+ are 8 recipes3--7a7 #f p>ts soda a%1 #e ( calcium c>bonate1 #c ( silica1 & #c ( manganese oxide2 7b7 #h ( b>ium nitrate1 #b ( kaol91 & #c ( manganese oxide2 7c7 #h ( b>ium nitrate1 #c ( silica1 & #c ( manganese oxide4 ,! t9t c be v>i$ f violet to gre5 by alt]+ ! proportions4 ,prussian ,blue4--,?is blue owes its col\r to a comb9ation ( iron & f]rocyanog54 ,! comm]cial products v>y v mu* 9 t9t1 dep? ( col\r1 cov]+ p[]1 & solubility4 ,!y are us$ = a v>iety ( purposes1 ne>ly all ( :i* require ! blue to h "s prop]ty diff]5t f :at x %\ld h = o!r uses4 ,= "s purposes a gre5 %ade blue is want$1 = o!rs a violet %ade blue2 "s us]s want ! blue to be soluble 9 wat]1 o!rs = x to be soluble 9 oxalic acid1 o!rs require x to be insoluble4 ,ord9>y ,prussian blue is insoluble 9 wat]1 acids1 & alkal9e salts2 blea*+ p[d] has no action on x1 & !re=e x is l>gely us$ = t9t+ pap]4 ,x is capable ( resi/+ acids2 b alkalies1 su* z cau/ic soda1 cau/ic pota%1 ! c>bonates ( ! same metals1 lime & ammonia1 decompose x1 oxide ( iron & a solution ( a f]rocyanide ( ! alkali be+ =m$1 ! decomposition be+ %[n by a *ange ( col\r f blue to a r$di% br[n4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,prussian blues _c be us$ = col\r+ soaps & alkal9e products1 or us$ z a pigm5t 9 di/emp] pa9t+ along ) lime4 ,! *ange ( col\r1 f blue to br[n1 by ! action ( alkalies1 di/+ui%es ?is blue f o!r blues4 ,prussian blues require to be te/$ = _! solubility 9 oxalic acid1 by tak+ ab\t #bj gr4 ( ! blue1 mix+ ) #a oz4 ( wat] & #bj gr4 ( oxalic acid1 9 :i* a good blue ought to dissolve completely4 ,"s br&s are soluble 9 /rong hydro*loric acid :ile o!rs are n4 ,x is decompos$ by boil+ sulphuric acid1 & turn$ gre5 by boil+ nitric acid4 ,= all ! ord9>y uses ( a pigm5t ,prussian blue is q durable1 & possesses a dep? ( col\r & a def9ite t9t :i* is pro( aga9/ ! de/ructive ag5cies ( light & air2 & ?\gh its cov]+ p[]s are n great1 x is "o ( ! mo/ important blue pigm5ts 9 use4 ,:5 a salt ( ! high] oxide ( iron is add$ to a solution ( yell[ prussiate ( pota% 7or f]rocyanide ( potassium7 a blue comp\nd is =m$ :i* is call$ ,prussian blue4 ,b ?is is n ! me?od adopt$ = its comm]cial manufacture4 ,9 t case a f]r\s salt1 ! proto-sulphate ( iron1 is add$ to a potassium f]rocyanide solution1 ! result ( :i* is t a dirty blui% :ite precipitate is ?r[n d[n4 ,on add+ to ?is a little solution ( bi*romate ( pota% & sulphuric acid1 ! full deep blue is obta9$4 ,?is is ! indu/rial me?od ( manufactur+ ,prussian blue4 ,yell[ ,prussiate4--,! fir/ /ep is ! prep>ation ( ! yell[ prussiate ( pota%4 ,! manufacture ( ?is sub/ance1 al?\gh an indu/ry ( consid]able importance1 is comp>atively little und]/ood1 ei!r f a sci5tific or a practical po9t ( view4 ,at all ev5ts1 _m prussiate mak]s seem completely at sea ) reg>d to ! mo/ fav\rable conditions = c>ry+ on ! manufacture1 & !re c be no d\bt t 9 _m cases great wa/e occurs1 ?r\gh ignorance ( ! v>i\s reactions :i* take place dur+ ! process4 ,! raw mat]ials usually consi/ ( c>bonate ( pota%1 iron fil+s or turn+s1 & organic matt]s conta9+ c>bon & nitrog5--su* z dri$ blood1 wooll5 rags1 horn1 hair1 lea!r scraps1 c4 ,! mo/ suitable sub/ances = use are1 ( c\rse1 ^? conta9+ ! l>ge/ proportion ( nitrog54 ,! foll[+ are ! p]c5tages ( nitrog5 9 v>i\s k9ds ( animal matt]3-- ,horn #ae to #ag ,dri$ blood #ae to #ag ,wooll5 rags #aj to #af ,%eep %e>+s #af to #ag ,calves' hair #ae to #ag ,bri/les #i to #aj ,fea!rs #af to #ag ,hide clipp+s #d to #e ,old %oes #f to #g ,horn *>coal #b to #g ,rag *>coal #b to #ab ,animal matt]s always conta9 m c>bon ?an is necess>y = ! =mation ( cyanog5 by comb9+ ) ! nitrog5 also pres5t4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 su* sub/ances are heat$ ) pe>la%1 ! excess ( c>bon r$uces a portion ( ! c>bonate to ! metallic /ate1 & ?is potassium comb9es ) ! cyanog5 to produce potassium cyanide4 ,! manufacture ( yell[ prussiate ( pota% may be conv5i5tly divid$ into ?ree /ages3 7#a7 ,! production ( ! molt5 mass te*nically kn[n z 8metal02 7#b7 ! lixiviation2 & 7#c7 ! cry/allisation4 7#a7 ,! 8metal0 is made by fus+ animal matt]s ) pe>la%1 almo/ inv>iably ) ! addition ( iron scrap4 ,! animal sub/ances are sometimes us$ 9 _! orig9al condition1 :il/ sometimes !y are previ\sly *>r$4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 a judici\s mixture ( ! fre% & *>r$ mat]ials has be5 f\nd to give ! be/ results4 ,! *>coal :i* is left on c>bonis+ animal matt]s conta9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( nitrog51 decreas+ 9 proportion z ! temp]ature rises2 b a small] quantity ( *>coal is also !reby produc$4 ,= example3 #ajj p>ts ( rags c>bonis$ at a c]ta9 temp]ature left #ge p>ts *>coal conta9+ #ab p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 :ile ! same rag c>bonis$ at a high] temp]ature yield$ #be p>ts ( *>coal1 :i* conta9$ only #b p] c5t4 ( nitrog54 ,! animal matt]s employ$ %\ld n leave mu* a% on ignition1 z ?is w\ld bo? ?ick5 ! mass & decompose a portion ( ! pota%4 ,9 ?is respect s& is specially objectionable1 = on ignition #a "p w decompose #b ( pe>la%1 ow+ to =mation ( silicate ( pota%4 ,x is n necess>y t ! pe>la% %\ld be q pure2 9 fact1 a c]ta9 proportion ( sulphate is /at$ to be useful1 z x is *ang$ into sulphide by ignition ) ! c>bonace\s mat]ials4 ,! !ory ( ! =mation ( yell[ prussiate ( pota% may be briefly /at$ z foll[s3 ,! c>bonate & sulphate ( pota% react ) ! c>bon1 nitrog51 & iron1 =m+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance sulphide ( potassium1 :i* aft]w>ds conv]ts ! iron into sulphide1 :il/ potassium cyanide is simultane\sly produc$4 ,x %\ld be "h expla9$ t f]rocyanide ( potassium 7yell[ prussiate7 is n =m$ dur+ ! ignition ( ! above m5tion$ mat]ials1 b results f ! lixiviation ( ! fus$ mass ) wat]1 :5 ! cyanide ( potassium & iron sulphide decompose ea* o!r1 produc+ f]rocyanide & sulphide ( potassium4 ,x is q obvi\s t ev5 if any f]rocyanide 7 produc$ dur+ ! process ( fusion1 x w\ld almo/ imm$iately be decompos$1 at ! int5se heat to :i* ! mass is subject$1 into potassium cyanide1 iron c>bide1 & nitrog5 gas4 ,if any d\bt 7 felt on ?is po9t1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,liebig conclusively prove t ! =mation ( f]rocyanide takes place on dissolv+ ! ignit$ mass 9 wat]1 b n previ\sly4 ,liebig f\nd t if ! fus$ mixture be all[$ to cool1 & !n treat$ ) mod]ately /rong alcohol1 potassium cyanide alone is extract$1 & ! residue :5 dissolv$ 9 wat] no long] yields f]rocyanide4 ,z f]rocyanide is n =m$ dur+ ! process ( fusion1 ! pres5ce ( iron 9 ! prelim9>y /ages may appe> sup]flu\s2 b su* is n ! case4 ,! pres5ce ( iron is necess>y = two reasons1 fir/ly1 because ! sulphate ( pota% :i* is g5]ally pres5t is conv]t$ into sulphide & bisulphide1 & ^!1 9 ! abs5ce ( iron1 w\ld decompose "s ( ! cyanide ( pota% into sulphocyanate1 !reby caus+ a loss ( cyanog5 s f> z yell[ prussiate is conc]n$2 & secondly1 because potassium bisulphide has a v corrosive action on ! iron pot 9 :i* ! fusion takes place4 ,:5 iron is pres5t x readily decomposes any alkal9e sulphides1 !reby prev5t+ =mation ( sulphocyanate1 & be+ itself conv]t$ into iron sulphide1 :i* is aga9 *ang$ into prussiate by ! action ( ! aque\s cyanide4 ,pe>-%ap$ iron pots 7 =m]ly us$ = fus+ ! raw mat]ials4 ,! arrangem5t n[ g5]ally adopt$ 9 l>ge ,engli% works consi/s ( a s]ies ( iron pots almo/ hemisph]ical 9 %ape1 set 9 brickwork1 & ea* heat$ by a sep>ate fire & circul> flue4 ,^! vessels are clos$ by iron lids1 ) ap]tures = ! admittance ( animal matt]s1 ! ap]ture be+ at once clos$ by a slide aft] ea* addition4 ,?r\gh e lid !re passes a v]tical sp9dle1 c>ry+ a set ( blades = mix+ ! mat]ials1 & set 9 motion by a suitable %aft work$ by /eam p[]4 ,in/ead ( ! ord9>y iron pots1 rev]b]atory furnaces are (t5 employ$1 especially 9 ,g]many4 ,! reason = ?is pref]5ce is1 t ord9>y iron vessels are worn out 9 a comp>atively %ort "t1 ! de/ructive action be+ greate/ on ! "u surface ( ! muffle4 ,a mu* l>g] quantity ( raw mat]ial c also be op]at$ ^u at "o "t if a rev]b]atory furnace be us$4 ,! mode ( proc$ure dep5ds to "s ext5t ^u ! condition ( ! organic mat]ials employ$4 ,if fre%1 ! muffle or furnace mu/ be left op51 s z to p]mit ! mixture to be well & frequ5tly /irr$1 & additions to be made at int]vals until ev5tually ammonia ceases to be evolv$4 ,! furnaces are arrang$ 9 su* a mann] t :5 ! c>bonate ( pota% has once become fus$ ! doors ( ! fire-place may be %ut1 & no fre% fir+ is requir$ dur+ ! introduction ( ! animal matt]s4 ,! molt5 mass is kept well /irr$ by means ( a ?ick iron b>1 susp5d$ by a *a91 & fix$ 9 an ap]ture 9 ! side ( ! furnace4 ,by ! use ( ?is arrangem5t ! /irr+ is mu* m easily & ?or\ghly effect$ ?an is ! case ) ! old fa%ion$ pots4 ,ord9>y rev]b]atory furnaces _c be us$ = ! fusion1 because ! silica 9 ! he>? w\ld comb9e ) ! pota% to =m silicate ( pota%4 ,gas g5]ators ) air bla/ are n[ sometimes employ$ in/ead ( ord9>y fuel 9 ! manufacture ( yell[ prussiate ( pota%4 ,sev]al advantages are ga9$ by op]at+ 9 ?is mann]1 especially t ( p]mitt+ ! regulation ( temp]ature & ! admission ( oxyg51 s z to obta9 an ord9>y1 a neutral1 or a r$uc+ flame1 accord+ to requirem5ts4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! 8metal10 = e #ajj p>ts ( pe>la% f #ajj to #abe p>ts ( fre% animal sub/ances are requir$1 toge!r ) #f or #h p>ts ( iron 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,! pe>la%1 or a mixture ( #a "p ( pe>la% ) #b to #d p>ts 8blue salt0 or 8blue pota%0 7?is sub/ance w be ref]r$ to lat] on71 is melt$ 9 ! furnace & heat$ to bright r$ness1 s t ! temp]ature ( ! mass may n be r$uc$ too mu* by ! addition ( ! animal matt]s4 ,^!1 9 _! orig9al condition1 or an equival5t quantity ( c>bonis$ mat]ials1 toge!r ) ! prop] proportion ( iron1 are !n introduc$--fir/ pretty frequ5tly1 aft]w>ds at long] int]vals4 ,ea* addition ( animal matt] causes a some:at viol5t fro?+ & escape ( combu/ible gases1 along ) wat] & c>bonic acid1 & ! :ole becomes ?ick--n s mu* ow+ to ! introduction ( solid sub/ances z by ! fall ( temp]ature1 result+ f ! production ( su* l>ge quantities ( gas4 ,9 ord] to ha/5 ! decomposition1 vigor\s /irr+ mu/ be appli$4 ,:5 ! reaction is at an end1 ! semi-fluid mass is transf]r$ to ca/-iron di%es1 & ! furnace is aga9 fill$ ) c>bonate ( pota% & heat$4 ,9 ?is way f\r or five *>ges may be accompli%$ e day1 & ! process c>ri$ on cont9u\sly4 ,! mo/ fav\rable conditions = effect+ ! melt+ "p ( ! process are atta9$ :5 ! heat approa*es :it5ess1 & a bright1 cle> flame is produc$ z soon z ! raw mat]ials are introduc$4 ,accord+ to "o au?ority1 wooll5 rags & good pe>la%1 ) a small proportion ( wa/e iron1 h produc$ ! l>ge/ yield ( yell[ prussiate1 al?\gh ev5 9 ?is case two-?irds ( ! total nitrog5 pres5t 0 lo/ 9 ! =m ( ammonia4 7#b7 ,lixiviation4--,! fus$ mass1 if prop]ly prep>$1 %\ld yield ab\t #af p] c5t4 ( prussiate on dissolv+ 9 wat]4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! process1 ! 8metal0 :5 cold is brok5 into lumps & plac$ 9 cold wat] mix$ ) ! weak lyes f =m] op]ations4 ,heat is !n appli$ until ! temp]ature rises to ab\t #ahj-aij ,f41 & ! liquid is /irr$ vigor\sly s z to promote rapid solution1 because "s ( ! potassium cyanide is apt to be decompos$ dur+ lixiviation4 ,:5 ! solution atta9s a d5sity ( #cj-dj ,tw4 x is left to cl>ify1 ! heat be+ )drawn4 ,! cle> solution is decant$1 & evaporat$ 9 pans1 :i* are g5]ally heat$ by ! wa/e heat ( ! furnaces4 ,:5 x has a d5sity ( #ed ,tw4 x is run (f into ! cry/allis]s1 :]e x deposits ! crude salt4 7#c7 ,cry/allisation4--,?is is a v important /age ( ! manufacture1 z x is ! f9al process by :i* ! crude prussiate is r5d]$ suffici5tly pure to be plac$ on ! m>ket4 ,! impure sub/ance is dissolv$ 9 w>m wat] until ! solution /&s at #ed ,tw42 aft] all insoluble matt] has deposit$1 ! cle> liquor is plac$ 9 ! cry/allis+ vessels4 ,^! are occasionally made ( wood2 b :5 su* vessels are us$1 ! cry/allis$ salt g5]ally possesses a gre5 col\r1 :i* is believ$ to be due to ! tann9 pres5t 9 ! wood4 ,on ?is acc\nt ca/-iron cry/allis]s are m frequ5tly employ$4 ,! cry/allisation proce$s sl[ly--(t5 go+ on = sev]al weeks 9 l>ge vessels4 ,! "m liquor is !n drawn (f1 & if n too impure is us$ = dissolv+ fre% quantities ( ! crude prussiate4 ,! f]rocyanide is deposit$ 9 cru/s 9 ! cry/allis]s2 b by hang+ lumps ( ! solid salt 9 ! solution1 long clu/]s ( cry/als may be obta9$1 & by susp5d+ ^! 9 fre% prussiate lyes imm5se cry/als are produc$4 ,f #ajj p>ts crude prussiate ab\t #ij p>ts pure potassium f]rocyanide are obta9$1 or sometimes 9 ! case ( pur] mat]ials #ig p>ts4 ,sulphate ( pota% is (t5 pres5t 9 comm]cial yell[ prussiate4 ,! sep>ation ( ?is impurity is be/ effect$ on ! l>ge scale by evaporat+ ! prussiate solution to a d5sity ( #fb ,tw41 at :i* po9t mo/ ( ! sulphate w cry/allise out4 ,if ! cle> liquor be !n drawn (f1 dilut$ to #eb ,tw41 & all[$ to cool1 almo/ pure potassium f]rocyanide w gradually deposit4 ,?is may be r5d]$ absolutely pure by g5tly fus+ ! cry/als1 dissolv+ 9 wat]1 & treat+ ) a small quantity ( acetic acid1 :i* w decompose any c>bonates & cyanides4 ,on add+ suffici5t /rong alcohol1 ! f]rocyanide is precipitat$1 & :5 cry/allis$ once or twice m f wat] x may be reg>d$ z *emically pure4 ,blue salt4--,?is sub/ance1 to :i* we h previ\sly ref]r$1 is a residue obta9$ 9 ! manufacture ( prussiate ( pota%4 ,! la/ "m-liquor conta9s a l>ge quantity ( c>bonate ( pota%1 along ) small] am\nts ( hydrate1 silicate1 *loride1 & sulphocyanate4 ,x is conc5trat$ until ! liquid has a d5sity ( #ij ,tw41 :5 mo/ ( ! *loride1 silicate1 c41 sep>ates out1 & ! /rong liquor conta9+ ! great] proportion ( ! c>bonate is evaporat$ to dryness1 & calc9$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace4 ,! dry residue con/itutes ! 8blue salt0 or 8blue pota%10 & conta9s f #gj to #hj p] c5t4 c>bonate ( pota%4 ,x may be employ$ in/ead ( pe>la%1 or mix$ ) x1 = ! next bat* ( yell[ prussiate4 ,! composition & am\nt ( ! insoluble residue left on lixiviation ( ! 8metal0 v>y accord+ to ! proportions & "* ( ! raw mat]ials us$4 ,o!r conditions be+ equal1 horn gives ! l[e/ p]c5tage ( insoluble matt] on lixiviation4 ,! l>ge proportions ( pota% & phosphates conta9$ 9 ! insoluble residues r5d] !m well suit$ = use 9 ! manufacture ( artificial manures4 ,z already m5tion$1 :5 reg>d$ f a sci5tific or economical po9t ( view1 ! yell[ prussiate indu/ry is c>ri$ on "u v imp]fect conditions4 ,9 addition to ! am\nt ( pota%1 !re is a v consid]able wa/e ( nitrog51 fir/ly1 because ! l>g] proportion ( t elem5t pres5t 9 ! animal sub/ances is n conv]t$ into cyanog5 at all1 b passes (f *iefly 9 ! =m ( ammonia salts2 &1 secondly1 because "p ( ! potassium cyanide :i* is actually produc$ is lo/ by decomposition1 & ano!r portion is left 9 ! "m liquor4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t out ( e #ajj p>ts ( f]rocyanide :i* %\ld !oretically be obta9$1 #d p>ts are lo/ :5 fairly pure mat]ials h be5 employ$1 & #ad 9 ! case ( impure +r$i5ts4 ,! foll[+ analyses indicate ! p]c5tage composition ( two samples ( insoluble residue3-- ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,sulphate ( pota%1 c4 #ijf #cba ,phosphates ( lime1 magnesia & iron #acgd #fbd ,oxide ( iron #accd #aieh ,lime & magnesia #ejh #gbc ,s& & silica #bcig #bibd ,*>coal & moi/ure #cdha #cdej ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj ,accord+ to ,k>mrodt1 ! foll[+ proportions ( ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 v>i\s animal sub/ances are actually conv]t$ into cyanog5 dur+ ! manufacture ( yell[ prussiate ( pota%3-- ,p] c5t4 ,wooll5 rags #af ,horn #bj ,lea!r cutt+s #cc ,c[ hair #ad ,dri$ blood #af ,horn *>coal #ef ,rag *>coal #cc ,z is well kn[n1 human excreta conta9 a consid]able proportion ( nitrog51 & !re seems no reason :y ?is %\ld n be employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( yell[ prussiate4 ,x is q possible t municipal bodies might f9d ?is a conv5i5t & pr(itable plan ( dispos+ ( a portion ( ! sewage ) :i* !y h to deal4 ,x is obvi\s to all p]sons :o h giv5 ?is subject mu* consid]ation1 t ! nitrog5 requir$ 9 ! manufacture ( yell[ prussiate ( pota% might be obta9$ ) comp>ative ease f ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,inde$1 f a !oretical po9t ( view ?is seems a *>m+ process4 ,ab\t fifty ye>s ago ! ,society ( ,arts aw>d$ ,lewis ,?ompson a m$al 9 connection ) ?is v process4 ,?ompson ignit$ a mixture ( #b p>ts pe>la%1 #b p>ts coke1 & #a "p iron turn+s 9 an op5 crucible = a consid]able "t at a full r$ heat4 ,! result+ black mass 0 f\nd to conta9 a l>ge quantity ( f]rocyanide1 toge!r ) excess ( c>bonate ( pota%1 c4 ,?is process1 or a simil> "o1 9 :i* a curr5t ( air 0 pass$ ov] a mixture ( *>coal & iron saturat$ ) c>bonate ( pota%1 0 tri$ on a l>ge scale = two ye>s at ,bramwell's works at ,newca/le4 ,ab\t #a ton ( yell[ prussiate 0 made daily by ?is process2 b x 0 n f\nd to "w pr(itably1 & 0 ev5tually ab&on$1 *iefly1 x is said1 ow+ to ! l>ge am\nt ( fuel requir$1 & because ! cyl9d]s1 :e!r ( iron or fireclay1 7 n able to /& = any l5g? ( "t ! int5se heat to :i* !y 7 subject$4 ,! annex$ illu/rations1 ,figs4 #ad to #ag1 %[ ! arrangem5t ( a prussiate ( pota% furnace at ,sir ,e4 ,buckley's works1 at ,clayton1 ,man*e/]1 :i* are well design$ to prev5t nuisance3 ,a1 iron pot2 ,b1 fire-place2 a1 cov] ( pot2 b1 /irr]2 c1 h+$ pipe convey+ vap\rs to ! flues2 d1 flues surr\nd+ ! pot1 & lead+ to ! *imney-%aft2 e1 *a9 to lift up ca/-iron vap\r hood4 ,brunquell1 a ,g]man manufactur]1 has criticis$ ! pres5t me?od ( conduct+ op]ations1 & proposes t x is necess>y z f> z practicable to aid ! second>y =mation ( cyanog5 by ammonia & inc&esc5t *>coal1 & to avoid loss ( pota% by us+ pure animal sub/ances1 & prev5t+ contact ) ! solid products ( combu/ion f ! furnace4 ,) ?is view he adopts a horizontal rev]b]atory furnace1 ! he>? ( :i* is a ca/-iron tray ab\t #d ft4 long1 #d ft4 wide1 & #c 94 deep4 ,! cr[n ( ! furnace is built z flat z possible1 ! work+ space is limit$1 & ! *>ge is kept f contam9ation by ! fire4 ,su* a furnace1 despite c]ta9 drawbacks1 pres5ts important advantages4 ,fuel is economis$2 ! process is ha/5$ s t sev5 or eight *>ges c be dealt ) 9 a day1 in/ead ( only f\r2 & ! furnaces co/ less & endure long]4 ,! *>ge consi/s ( #bbj lb4 pota%1 ( :i* two-?irds is f evaporat$ "m-liquors1 & "o-?ird fre%2 #dd lb4 animal *>coal f ! c>bonisation ( sub/ances poor 9 nitrog52 #adj-aej lb4 ( pure animal matt]s z dry z practicable2 & #ag lb4 iron4 ,! fir+ is urg$ & ! *>ge is /irr$ till all ! pota% is fus$1 :5 ! a%-pit is clos$1 & ! damp] turn$ on = *>g+ half ! animal *>coal4 ,! fir+ & /irr+ are aga9 pu%$ on till ! prop] consi/5cy is atta9$1 & potassium vap\r beg9s to burn (f4 ,9 ?is /ate ! mass is ready to receive ! animal ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag4--,,yell[ ,,prussiate ,,furnace4 sub/ances1 ^? ri* 9 nitrog5 be+ fir/ add$ 9 small portions at a "t4 ,_! effect is to r5d] ! mass h>d1 dry1 & difficult ( fusion1 :]eupon ! rema9d] ( ! animal *>coal %\ld be promptly introduc$4 ,aft] ?or\gh agitation1 ! work+ door is clos$ = a %ort "t1 & ! cont5ts ( ! furnace are rapidly dis*>g$ into a cov]$ iron pan4 ,! "* ( ! animal matt]s employ$ v>ies s mu* t x is impossible to lay d[n h>d & fa/ rules = ! proportions ( ! sev]al +r$i5ts1 or ! duration ( ! roa/+4 ,nor is ! value ( a raw mat]ial always 9 proportion to its ri*ness 9 nitrog51 because ! poor] mat]ial may wa/e less pota%1 consume less fuel1 & require less lab\r4 ,! addition ( iron fil+s or turn+s is useful only 9 prolong+ ! life ( ! ca/-iron crucibles4 ,comb9ation ( ! ,cyanide & ,iron ,solutions4--,a great numb] ( recipes are 9 vogue = comb9+ ! two solutions ( f]rocyanide & an iron salt1 bo? ) ref]5ce to _! proportions1 & to ! addition ( =eign matt]s ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,^! v>iations 9 ! =mul give rise to di/9ct names = "s k9ds ( ,prussian blue1 :i* w be ref]r$ to bel[4 ,! ord9>y common ,prussian blue has a gre5i% t5d5cy1 & is *iefly made accord+ to "o or ! o!r ( ! foll[+ directions3-- 7#a7 ,mix a solution ( #ajj lb4 yell[ prussiate ) a solution ( #ajj lb4 gre5 copp]as 7f]r\s sulphate7 & #ah lb4 alum1 to :i* #i lb4 sulphuric acid has be5 add$1 & let ! mixture /& = #b-c h\rs1 or until ! solid portion has completely settl$ out4 ,decant ! cle> sup]natant liquor1 & well wa% ! precipitate ) clean wat]s4 ,f9ally ?r[ x on a filt] & subject x to repeat$ di/urbance1 s z to ensure ! admission ( air to e p>ticle1 9 ord] t ! requisite oxidation may take place4 ,! proportion ( alum us$ is subject to v great v>iation accord+ to individual fancy2 x r5d]s ! subsequ5t gr9d+ ( ! pigm5t a v mu* easi] matt]1 b x causes ! %ade ( blue to be pal] ?an x o!rwise w\ld be4 7#b7 ,! simple solutions ( gre5 copp]as & yell[ prussiate 9 equal proportions are mix$ toge!r )\t any o!r +r$i5t be+ add$1 & ! precipitate produc$ is wa%$1 filt]$1 & arat$ z 9 7#a74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 inf]ior by reason ( ! oxide ( iron =m$ 9 ! pigm5t spoil+ ! purity ( ! col\r1 & necessitat+ ! treatm5t ( ! wet mass ) hydro*loric acid1 at "s exp5se1 = removal ( ! iron oxide4 ,,antw]p ,,blue4--,?is pale v>iety ( ,prussian blue has b little importance n[4 ,x is prep>$ by add+ a solution ( #d lb4 yell[ prussiate 9 #e-f gallons ( wat] to "o ( #b lb4 sulphate ( iron1 & #a lb4 ea* ( alum & sulphate ( z9c 9 an equal quantity ( wat]4 ,! result+ pigm5t consi/s ( a mixture ( ! f]rocyanides ( iron1 alum9a1 & z9c2 x is wa%$1 filt]$1 arat$1 & dri$ z o!r =ms ( ,prussian blue4 ,,bong',s ,,blue4--,:5 cyanide ( potassium is add$ to an acid solution ( a copp] salt1 a r$ col\r is produc$1 :i* has already be5 m5tion$ by diff]5t obs]v]s4 ,! sub/ance =m$ is v *angeable1 at lea/ 9 ! liquid :]e x is =m$4 ,x is decompos$ by acids1 alkalies1 cyanide ( potassium1 & ev5 decomposes spontane\sly1 ! col\r *ang+ to yell[4 ,x is precipitat$ by insoluble cyanides2 h5ce :5 a dilute acid is add$ to ! r$ solution1 ! dye is at once ?r[n d[n along ) ! cyanide ( copp]4 ,if ! precipitate ?us obta9$ is treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 x is decompos$ & ! sub/ance is set free4 ,?is sub/ance c comb9e ) iron1 l cyanog51 s z to conceal ! prop]ties ( ! iron4 ,?is comp\nd is v p]man5t1 & has lately be5 /udi$ by ,bong1 :o gives ! foll[+ directions = its prep>ation3-- ,cyanide ( potassium is add$ 9 excess to an acid solution ( a copp] salt until ! r$ col\r at fir/ =m$ has disappe>$1 :5 a f]ric salt is at once add$4 ,on ! addition ( ! iron salt1 ( c\rse1 a copi\s precipitation ( ,prussian blue takes place1 & ! liquid aga9 turns to a d>k purple-r$4 ,to sep>ate ! col\r+ sub/ance f ! alkal9e salts 9 ! liquid1 a dilute acid is add$1 :i* precipitates x & ! cyanide ( copp]4 ,?is precipitate is comb9$ ) ! ,prussian blue1 :i* also conta9s a consid]able quantity ( ! col\r+ sub/ance1 & !n treat$ ) a boil+ solution ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 9 :i* x dissolves4 ,z ! cyanide ( copp] also goes into solution1 x is sep>at$ by aga9 precipitat+ x ) an acid1 & treat+ ! precipitate ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! col\r+ sub/ance ?us lib]at$ n[ conta9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( hydr(]rocyanic acid1 :i* is remov$ aft] neutralisation by acetate ( lead4 ,x is n[ filt]$1 & ! purification is complet$ by precipitat+ ) a silv] salt & treat+ ! precipitate ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,?is purple-col\r$ comp\nd cry/allises v indi/9ctly4 ,to det]m9e its composition1 ,bong precipitat$ x ) acetate ( copp]4 ,:5 dri$ at #bab ,f41 ! rose-col\r$ precipitate _h ! foll[+ composition3 ,c>bon #bdca1 nitrog5 #bhjd1 hydrog5 #ahh1 iron #acff1 copp] #agfg1 oxyg5 #addd4 ,total #ajjjj4 ,^! numb]s correspond to ! =mula ,cu1 ,fe ,cy#d 7,,ho7#d4 ,?is sub/ance is likewise precipitat$ by salts ( z9c1 m]cury1 & silv]4 ,all ^! precipitates are p9k or purple1 v beautiful1 & ( rem>kable brilliancy4 ,!y are soluble 9 alkalies4 ,iron salts yield no precipitate1 nor d lead salts1 except 9 ! pres5ce ( ammonia1 :5 a blue-violet precipitate is =m$4 ,:5 treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 ^! precipitates yield purple-r$ & acid liquids1 :i* und]go *ange 9 ! air1 especially if w>m1 =m+ ,prussian blue4 ,:5 ^! liquids are neutralis$ ) alkali1 purple comp\nds are =m$1 :i* are p]man5t 9 ! air1 soluble 9 wat]1 slightly s 9 alcohol1 & insoluble 9 e!r4 ,_! col\r+ p[] is exceptionally great4 ,^! pigm5ts w unite ) f]rocyanides1 & 9 its prep>ation su* a comp\nd is produc$ 9 consid]able quantity2 x is likewise ( a purple col\r1 & gives a rose-col\r$ precipitate ) acetate ( lead4 ,bo? alone & 9 ?is comp\nd x is v p]man5t2 x resi/s ! action ( sulphur\s acid1 conc5trat$ & boil+ alkalies1 & dilute acids1 b is rapidly de/roy$ by *lor9e & nitric acid4 ,if ?is pigm5t c\ld be prep>$ *eaply en\gh1 x w\ld probably be us$ ) advantage 9 ! arts1 on acc\nt ( its resi/ance to *emical reag5ts & light1 ! v>iety ( its %ades1 & its brilliancy4 ,x does n col\r fibres directly1 b c readily be fix$ on !m f slightly acid solutions1 if !y are previ\sly mordant$ ) metallic oxides4 ,,brunswick ,,blue4--,?is pigm5t is made 9 pale1 m$ium1 & deep %ades1 & is an extremely useful col\r1 be+ v f9e1 requir+ no gr9d+1 ?or\ghly p]man5t 9 light & air1 h>dly act$ ^u by acids1 b turn$ br[n by alkalies1 & liable on /&+ to sep>ate into two portions--a :ite & a blue--! latt] com+ to ! surface :ile ! =m] s9ks1 & necessitat+ a ?or\gh /irr+ ( ! pa9t be=e use4 ,x g5]ally consi/s simply ( b>ytes1 or gypsum1 or *9a clay1 col\r$ by a small p]c5tage ( ,prussian blue1 ) or )\t ! addition ( a less] proportion ( ultram>9e4 ,! b>ytes or o!r base is v ?or\ghly agitat$ 9 wat]1 :ile a solution ( gre5 copp]as & a solution ( yell[ prussiate are gradually add$ )\t ceas+ ! agitation4 ,:5 ! incorporation ( ! +r$i5ts has be5 completely accompli%$1 ! precipitate is settl$1 wa%$1 filt]$1 & dri$4 ,foll[+ are a few recipes3-- ,pale4 7#a7 #a cwt4 b>ytes1 #a lb4 gre5 copp]as1 #a lb4 yell[ prussiate4 ,pale4 7#b7 #a cwt4 *9a clay1 #b lb4 gre5 copp]as1 #b lb4 yell[ prussiate4 ,pale4 7#c7 #a cwt4 gypsum1 #a lb4 gre5 copp]as1 #a lb4 yell[ prussiate4 ,m$ium4 7#a7 #a cwt4 b>ytes1 #c lb4 gre5 copp]as1 #c lb4 yell[ prussiate4 ,m$ium4 7#b7 #a cwt4 *9a clay1 #f lb4 gre5 copp]as1 #f lb4 yell[ prussiate4 ,m$ium4 7#c7 #a cwt4 gypsum1 #d lb4 gre5 copp]as1 #d lb4 yell[ prussiate4 ,deep4 7#a7 #a cwt4 b>ytes1 #e lb4 gre5 copp]as1 #e lb4 yell[ prussiate4 ,deep4 7#b7 #a cwt4 *9a clay1 #aj lb4 gre5 copp]as1 #aj lb4 yell[ prussiate4 ,deep4 7#c7 #a cwt4 gypsum1 #g lb4 gre5 copp]as1 #g lb4 yell[ prussiate4 ,9 ea* case ab\t #ej-fj gallons ( wat] are requir$4 ,to det]m9e ! am\nt ( b>ytes pres5t 9 a sample1 boil ab\t #ej gr4 ) cau/ic soda1 filt]1 wa% ! residue free f soda1 treat ) sulphuric acid1 well wa% ! insoluble residue1 dry1 & weigh4 ,,*9ese ,,blue4--,?is well-kn[n & fav\rite =m ( ,prussian blue is prep>$ ) great c>e1 & is usually sold 9 f9e p[d] or little cubes4 ,its composition is virtually id5tical ) t ( ord9>y ,prussian blue1 b x is m free f impurities1 & %[s a f9e bronze bloom or lu/re on newly fractur$ surfaces4 ,be+ pure1 x is entirely dissolv$ by oxalic acid2 & its composition is ab\t #eb p] c5t4 oxide ( iron1 #dc cyanog51 & #d wat]4 ,9 dye+ & calico-pr9t+ x is ext5sively employ$4 ,its t9t v>ies f gre5i% to violet1 accord+ to modifications 9 ! me?od ( manufacture1 ! *ief diff]5ce be+ t yell[ prussiate gives a gre5i% tone & r$ prussiate a violet4 ,! process ( prep>ation is ma9ly z foll[s4 ,9 ab\t #dj gallons ( cold wat] dissolve #a cwt4 ( gre5 copp]as select+ x c>efully = fre$om f insoluble oxide2 add ab\t #e p9ts ( sulphuric acid4 ,?is liquor v rapidly und]goes oxidation1 by :i* oxide ( iron is ?r[n d[n1 & ! solution is r5d]$ unfit = mak+ ! be/ quality pigm5t4 ,!re=e x %\ld be prep>$ only imm$iately be=e x is us$4 ,9 ano!r vessel conta9+ ab\t #dj gallons ( cold wat]1 dissolve #a cwt4 ( yell[ prussiate 7if a gre5 %ade is desir$71 or ( r$ prussiate 7if a violet t9t is wi%$ =74 ,ev5 l>g] quantities ( wat] may be us$ = ! solutions1 z ! m dilute !y are ! f9] is ! col\r precipitat$ & ! great] ! lu/re on ! surface ( ! f9i%$ pigm5t4 ,:5 ! two solutions ( yell[ or r$ prussiate & acidifi$ gre5 copp]as are br\ght toge!r1 a blui%-:ite precipitate is ?r[n d[n4 ,?is is all[$ to completely sep>ate itself1 & !n ! cle> sup]natant liquid is drawn (f4 ,! next /ep is to ?or\ghly oxidise ! precipitate4 ,?is _c be satisfactorily accompli%$ by utilis+ ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e1 z is done 9 o!r cases1 because t me?od entails ! production ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( oxide ( iron1 :i* prejudicially affects ! purity ( col\r ( ! f9i%$ article4 ,( ! *emical oxidis+ ag5ts :i* are available1 ! mo/ satisfactory 9 po9t ( co/ & effici5cy is *loride ( lime 7blea*+ p[d]74 ,= ea* cwt4 ( gre5 copp]as1 mix ab\t #bj lb4 ( blea*+ p[d] into a ?9 cream ) wat]1 & add x1 9 small quantities at a "t1 to ! precipitate1 con/antly /irr+ s z to ensure ! absorption ( ! :ole ( ! *lor9e by ! blue4 ,)\t ! addition be made gradually & "u agitation1 ! *lor9e w be g5]at$ m quickly ?an x c be absorb$1 entail+ a wa/e ( gas & a noxi\s vap\r to be brea!d by ! workm54 ,sometimes ! blea*+ p[d] is add$ at an e>li] /age1 viz4 to ! gre5 copp]as solution1 & 9 t case ! blue assumes a violet tone4 ,aft] ! addition ( ! blea*+ p[d] solution to ! blui%-:ite precipitate1 x is acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid1 :i* develops ! blue4 ,:5 ! :ole has settl$1 ! sup]natant liquor is drawn (f1 & ! blue p[d] is well wa%$ & /ra9$ on a filt]1 !n plac$ 9 pans & dri$ v gradually inde$ 9 ! d>k1 at a temp]ature nev] exce$+ #acj ,f4 ,! sl[] ! dry+ ! bett] is ! gloss ( ! pigm5t4 ,x is mo/ ess5tial t iron be exclud$ dur+ ! f9al gr9d+ op]ation1 or x may cause ignition ( ! mass1 & its conv]sion into oxide ( iron w\ld spe$ily foll[4 ,x has be5 propos$ to treat ! :ite precipitate 7obta9$ 9 ! usual mann] f gre5 copp]as & yell[ prussiate7 by ! *lor9e conta9$ 9 aqua regia 7nitro-hydro*loric acid74 ,! copp]as1 h[ev]1 mu/ be z free z possible f basic sulphate 7oxide71 :i* is ensur$ by keep+ a little metallic iron 9 ! acid solution ( copp]as4 ,x is also desirable to effect ! precipitation ) crude prussiate1 s z to avoid absorption ( oxyg5 & premature developm5t ( ! blue col\r4 ,habi* consid]s t ! mi/ake is g5]ally made ( us+ too little copp]as1 & he has f\nd t :5 #ij lb4 ( copp]as h be5 add$ to #ajj lb4 ( yell[ prussiate1 a drop ( iron solution 9 ! filt]$ liquor produces no precipitate1 :ile ! :ite precipitate has c>ri$ ) x a c]ta9 proportion ( prussiate1 :i* c be wa%$ out4 ,he !re=e proposes to avoid ?is wa/e by p\r+ ! copp]as solution into ! prussiate solution1 ) con/ant agitation1 till no fur!r precipitate goes d[n1 !n add+ "o volume ( ! copp]as solution equal to "o-n9? ( t already us$4 ,aft] fifte5 m9utes /irr+1 x is c]ta9 t all ! prussiate c>ri$ d[n is decompos$4 ,! dra9$ precipitate is blu$ 7p]oxidis$7 by add+ aqua regia prep>$ sev]al days previ\sly1 & 9 proportions dep5d+ on ! /r5g?s ( ! two acids4 ,g5]ally1 ! aqua regia mixture w be #ajj lb4 ( comm]cial nitric acid at #cj ,b4 7conta9+ #ced lb4 ( anhydr\s acid7 & #fbb lb4 comm]cial hydro*loric acid at #bc ,b4 7conta9+ #bci lb4 ( ! anhydr\s acid72 & #dj lb4 ( ?is mixture w suffice = blu+ ! precipitate result+ f #ajj lb4 yell[ prussiate4 ,! addition ( ! aqua regia %\ld take place 9 a wood5 vessel ) con/ant agitation4 ,accord+ to ano!r modification1 ! :ite precipitate obta9$ 9 ! usual way is blu$ by add+ a solution ( p]*loride ( iron1 :i* may be made f a hematite ore free f clay & c>bonate ( lime1 or f r\ge4 ,! iron oxide1 f :atev] s\rce1 is gr\nd to a v f9e /ate1 & treat$ ) crude hydro*loric acid 9 a lead-l9$ tank1 :]e ! mixture rema9s = sev]al days1 & is con/antly /irr$4 ,:5 saturat$ ) iron ! cle> liquid is )drawn = use4 ,to receive x1 ! :ite precipitate is rapidly heat$ to boil+ 9 a copp] vessel1 & is !n transf]r$ to a wood5 vat1 & ! iron p]*loride solution is /irr$ 9 till ! desir$ t9t is produc$4 ,! pigm5t is wa%$ & dri$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 :ile ! sup]natant liquor 7ess5tially proto*loride ( iron7 is p\r$ ov] old scrap iron & us$ in/ead ( copp]as = a fre% bat* ( yell[ prussiate4 ,a solution ( p]*loride ( manganese may be us$ in/ead ( p]*loride ( iron4 ,inf]ior qualities ( manganese ore c be employ$1 & ! residues left aft] treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid may be wa%$ & dri$ = sale z purifi$ or p]oxidis$ manganese4 ,,p>is ,,blue4--7#a7 ,a synonym = ! violet-t9t$ k9d ( ,prussian blue4 7#b7 ,a s]ies ( comp\nds describ$ bel[4 a ,a ?or\gh mixture ( #b p>ts sulphur & #a "p dry c>bonate ( soda is gradually heat$ 9 a cov]$ crucible to r$ness or till fus$2 a mixture ( silicate ( soda & alum9ate ( soda is !n spr9kl$ 91 & ! heat is cont9u$ = an h\r2 ! little free sulphur pres5t may be wa%$ out by wat]4 b ,an intimate mixture ( #cg p>ts *9a-clay1 #ae p>ts sulphate ( soda1 #bb p>ts c>bonate ( soda1 #ah p>ts sulphur1 & #h p>ts *>coal1 is heat$ 9 l>ge crucibles = #bd-cj h\rs2 ! mass is re-heat$ 9 ca/-iron boxes at a mod]ate temp]ature till ! desir$ t9t appe>s1 & is f9ally pulv]is$1 wa%$1 & dri$4 c ,g5tly fuse #ajge oz4 cry/allis$ c>bonate ( soda 9 its wat] ( cry/allisation2 %ake 9 #e oz4 f9ely-pulv]is$ orpim5t1 &1 :5 p>tly decompos$1 z mu* gelat9\s alum9a hydrate z conta9s #g oz4 anhydr\s alum9a2 add #ajj oz4 f9ely-sift$ clay1 & #bba oz4 fl[]s ( sulphur2 place ! :ole 9 a cov]$ crucible1 & heat g5tly till ! wat] is driv5 (f1 !n to r$ness1 s t ! +r$i5ts s9t] toge!r )\t fus+2 ! mass is !n cool$1 f9ely pulv]is$1 susp5d$ 9 riv]-wat]1 & filt]$4 ,! product is heat$ 9 a cov]$ di% to dull r$ness = #a-b h\rs1 ) occasional /irr+4 ,col\rless or br[ni% pat*es may occur1 & mu/ be remov$4 ,,saxon ,,blue4--,foll[+ is a recipe = ! prep>ation ( ?is pigm5t1 :i* possesses limit$ importance4 ,dissolve #h lb4 alum & #a lb4 gre5 copp]as 9 #af gallons ( wat]4 ,add sep>ate solutions ( pe>la% & yell[ prussiate till precipitate ceases to g d[n4 ,collect ! precipitate :5 x has completely settl$2 wa% ?or\ghly1 & dry4 ,,soluble ,,blue4--,?is t]m is appli$ to a v>iety ( ,prussian blue :i*1 :ile possess+ no diff]5ce 9 ! matt] ( *emical composition1 yet has ! di/9ctive feature ( be+ soluble 9 wat]1 :i* ! o!r v>ieties are n4 ,x no long] enjoys ! popul>ity x once _h z a dye1 on acc\nt ( ! sev]e competition ( ! coal-t> col\rs4 ,bel[ are "s ( ! mo/ satisfactory =mul = its prep>ation4 7#a7 ,mix #aj lb4 ( ,prussian blue ?or\ghly 9 ab\t #aj gallons ( cold wat]4 ,!n add #e lb4 ( yell[ prussiate & let ! :ole mass boil /eadily = sev]al h\rs4 ,/ra9 (f ! liquor & well wa% ! precipitate on a filt]4 ,f9ally dry = use4 7#b7 ,dissolve ab\t #a cwt4 ( r$ prussiate 9 wat] & make ! solution hot4 ,prep>e ano!r solution ( ab\t #gc lb4 ( gre5 copp]as 9 hot wat]4 ,mix ! two solutions toge!r & boil !m = ab\t a c\ple ( h\rs4 ,all[ ! solid matt]s to settle out1 !n put !m on a filt] & wa% ) clean wat] until a blue coloration manife/s itself 9 ! dra9+s4 ,! blue residue is !n dri$ z usual4 7#c7 ,make "o solution ( #aj lb4 ( yell[ prussiate1 & ano!r ( #h lb4 ( gre5 copp]as1 wat] be+ ! solv5t 9 bo? cases4 ,mix ^! two solutions toge!r & give !m an h\r's boil+4 ,add #c lb4 ( a mixture ( nitro-sulphuric acid1 conta9+ #b p>ts ( ! =m] to #a ( ! latt]4 ,boil = ano!r h\r4 ,let ! solid pigm5t precipitate itself ?or\ghly1 & !n filt]1 wa%1 & dry z 9 ! o!r cases4 7#d7 ,dissolve ab\t #a cwt4 ( p]*loride ( iron & #aj lb4 ( sulphate ( soda 9 wat]4 ,also dissolve 9 ano!r vessel #b cwt4 ( yell[ prussiate & #aj lb4 ( sulphate ( soda4 ,p\r ! fir/ solution into ! second 7nev] ! contr>y7 & take c>e t ! prussiate solution is always prepond]ant4 ,! ,glaub]'s salt is useful 9 r5d]+ ! precipitation ( ! blue pigm5t m complete by reason ( ! insolubility ( ! latt] 9 sal9e fluids4 ,:5 ! blue s$im5t is all ?r[n d[n x is dra9$ (f on a filt]1 & repeat$ly wa%$ till a blue t9t appe>s 9 ! wa%-wat]s1 :5 x is dri$ = use4 ,,turnbull',s ,,blue4--,?is is an old-fa%ion$ "n (t5 appli$1 l ! t]m ,p>is blue1 to ! violet %ades ( ,prussian blue :i* h be5 prep>$ ) r$ prussiate4 ,ultram>9e4--,accord+ to ,r[l& ,williams1 ,f4,c4,s41 natural ultram>9e is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ beautiful blue pigm5t kn[n4 ,x 0 =m]ly1 & is n[ to a small ext5t1 manufactur$ 7*iefly = arti/s' use7 f lapis lazuli1 a blue m9]al :i* occurs1 int]mix$ ) lime/one & iron pyrites1 9 ,sib]ia1 ,?ibet1 & ,*9a4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ultram>9e f lapis lazuli1 ! r\ghly pulv]is$ m9]al is ignit$1 dipp$ into v9eg> to remove c>bonate ( lime1 & !n r$uc$ to ! f9e/ possible /ate ( division4 ,! p[d] is next mix$ ) a cem5t compos$ ( ros91 l9se$ oil1 :ite wax1 & ,burgundy pit*1 & ! resultant pa/e is work$ "u wat] until all ! ultram>9e is sep>at$4 ,! ultram>9e is wa%$ sev]al times ) wat]1 & aft]w>ds ) alcohol1 :i* removes any ( ! res9\s comp\nd :i* may h adh]$4 ,:5 treat$ 9 ?is mann]1 lapis lazuli yields f #b to #c p] c5t4 ( ultram>9e4 ,accord+ to ,clem5t & ,desormes1 lapis lazuli has ! foll[+ composition3-- ,p] c5t4 ,soda #bcb ,alum9a #cdh ,silica #ceh ,sulphur #ca ,c>bonate ( lime #ca ----- #ajjj ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ultram>9e ess5tially consi/s ( alum9a1 silica1 soda1 & sulphur1 & may be reg>d$ z a sodium alum9ium sulphate1 9 comb9ation ei!r ) polysulphide ( sodium alone1 or ) a polysulphide & a poly?ionate ( sodium4 ,clem5t & ,desormes believe t ! iron 9 lazulite 7lapis lazuli7 is an accid5tal impurity1 & is nei!r ess5tial to ! m9]al itself nor to ! ultram>9e d]iv$ f x4 ,!re is /ill "s d\bt on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 _m em95t *emi/s hold+ ! op9ion t iron is a necess>y con/itu5t ( ultram>9e blue4 ,natural ultram>9e has be5 almo/ entirely replac$ by ! artificial product1 s9ce me?ods h be5 devis$ = ! manufacture ( ! latt] on a l>ge scale4 ,! possibility ( prep>+ artificial ultram>9e sugge/$ itself 9 a curi\s mann]4 ,ab\t sev5ty ye>s ago a ,fr5* alkali mak] notic$ ! occasional appe>ance ( a blue col\r$ sub/ance 9 8 soda furnace4 ,on analysis1 ,vauquel9 f\nd ! sub/ance to h ! same *emical composition z lapis lazuli1 & ?is incid5t l$ him to believe t ultram>9e might be built up f its elem5ts4 ,sev]al ye>s pass$ away be=e ,guimet succe$$ 9 manufactur+ artificial ultram>9e on any?+ l a l>ge scale1 b ,gmel9 is said to h prep>$ x 9 small quantity half a doz5 ye>s previ\sly4 ,!re are f\r v>ieties ( artificial ultram>9e3 7#a7 ! pure deep blue1 equal 9 col\r to av]age native ultram>9e2 7#b7 pale blue2 7#c7 violet or p9k ultram>9e2 7#d7 gre5 ultram>9e4 ,! latt] is obta9$ 9 ! fir/ /age ( ! ultram>9e manufacture1 be+ ! result ( incomplete ignition ( ! mat]ials employ$4 ,ultram>9e is g5]ally manufactur$ by "o ( ! foll[+ processes3--7a7 8,sulphate02 7b7 8,soda02 7c7 8,silica40 7a7 8,sulphate0 ,ultram>9e4--,?is may be prep>$ f sulphate ( soda 7,glaub]'s salt71 *>coal1 & kaol9 7*9a clay74 ,! mat]ials %\ld be z free z possible f iron1 & x has be5 f\nd t clay hav+ approximately ! =mula ,al#b,o#b 7,si,o#b7b gives ! be/ results4 ,! clay & sulphate ( soda mu/ be ?or\ghly calc9$4 ,!y are !n intimately mix$ ) *>coal 9 ! foll[+ proportions3-- ,p] c5t4 ,clay #dhc ,sulphate ( soda #dce ,*>coal #hb ----- #ajjj ,sometimes a portion ( ! sulphate ( soda is omitt$1 & "s c>bonate ( soda & sulphur add$ in/ead4 ,! composition ( ! mixture !n becomes3-- ,p] c5t4 ,clay #dgb ,sulphate ( soda #aic ,c>bonate ( soda #aic ,*>coal #ha ,sulphur #fa ----- #ajjj ,cau/ic soda is also sometimes us$ in/ead ( c>bonate4 ,^! mixtures 7:e!r sulphate alone or sulphate & c>bonate7 are made ) a view to h ! soda pres5t 9 suffici5t am\nt to comb9e ) "o-half ! silica conta9$ 9 ! clay1 & to leave suffici5t soda to =m polysulphide ( sodium ) a portion ( ! sulphur4 ,!re %\ld !n rema9 en\gh soda & sulphur to produce ord9>y sulphide ( sodium 7,na#b,s74 ,if ei!r ( ! two mixtures be ignit$ out ( contact ) air1 a :ite comp\nd is =m$1 :i* is sometimes t]m$ :ite ultram>9e4 ,on leav+ ?is expos$ to ! atmosph]e = "s "t x becomes gre51 & on fur!r ignition1 ) free access ( air1 x is conv]t$ into ultram>9e blue4 ,9 actual work+ ! c>efully prep>$ mixture ( ! above m5tion$ mat]ials is heat$ = sev]al h\rs to a high temp]ature 9 fire-clay crucibles1 only a limit$ supply ( air be+ all[$ to ent]1 & ! temp]ature be+ ev5tually rais$ to a :ite heat4 ,! product ( ?is op]ation1 :5 cool1 has a grey or yell[i%-gre5 appe>ance4 ,x is wa%$ sev]al times ) wat]1 dri$1 r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 & !n repres5ts ! gre5 ultram>9e ( comm]ce4 ,/lzel f\nd t gre5 ultram>9e _h ! foll[+ composition3-- ,p] c5t4 ,alum9a #cjaa ,silica #cgdf ,sodium #aiji ,sulphur #fjh ,iron #di ,calcium #de ,*lor9e #cg ,oxyg5 #eai ,sulphuric acid #gf ,magnesia1 pota%1 & phosphoric acid traces4 ------- #ajjjj ,gre5 ultram>9e is trans=m$ into blue by heat+ ) ab\t #d p] c5t4 ( sulphur at a l[ temp]ature1 ) free access ( air4 ,sulphur is aft]w>ds add$1 if necess>y1 9 small quantities at a "t1 & ! heat+ is cont9u$ until ! desir$ %ade ( blue is obta9$4 ,! mass is !n p[d]$1 ! soluble matt] 7sulphide ( soda1 c47 is remov$ by wa%+ ) wat]1 & ! blue is dri$ & assort$ accord+ to quality4 7b7 8,soda0 ,ultram>9e is sometimes made ) soda alone 7ei!r c>bonate or cau/ic71 & at o!rs ) a mixture ( soda & sulphate ( soda4 ,r[l& ,williams f\nd ! foll[+ proportions ( ! respective +r$i5ts to answ] satisfactorily3-- ,p] c5t4 ,*9a clay #cfh ,c>bonate ( soda #cfh ,sulphur #bbj ,coal #dd ----- #ajjj ,! proportions = soda & sulphate ( soda ultram>9e h be5 previ\sly giv5 "u 8sulphate ultram>9e40 ,! ignition is c>ri$ on 9 a mann] simil> to t already describ$4 ,! resultant gre5 product1 ow+ to its avidity = oxyg51 is p>tially *ang$ into ultram>9e blue by simple contact ) ! air4 ,x is entirely conv]t$ into ! blue v>iety by roa/+ ) an additional quantity ( sulphur4 ,) c>e1 ultram>9e blue may be manufactur$ 9 "o op]ation1 by increas+ ! proportions ( soda & sulphur4 7c7 8,silica0 ,ultram>9e is manufactur$ 9 ! same way z soda ultram>9e1 except t1 9 addition to ! o!r mat]ials1 silica to ! ext5t ( #e or #aj p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( clay is employ$4 ,by ?is process1 ultram>9e blue ( a slightly r$di% t9t is obta9$ 9 "o op]ation4 ,! me?od has1 h[ev]1 "o decid$ drawback1 viz4 t ! mat]ials employ$ are r liable to fuse dur+ ignition4 ,! fa9tly r$di% hue ( 8silica0 ultram>9e becomes m int5se accord+ to ! proportion ( silica pres5t4 8,silica0 ultram>9e is said by "s to be less readily attack$ by acids & by /rong alum solutions ?an ultram>9e prep>$ by ! 8sulphate0 & 8soda0 processes2 b ,r[l& ,williams' exp]i5ce does n confirm ?is /atem5t4 ,he m5tions t good artificial ultram>9e )/&s ! action ( weak acids mu* bett] ?an is g5]ally imag9$4 ,he _h occasion to te/ _m samples :i* resi/$ ! action ( dilute acids to a rem>kable degree4 ,mo/ /rong acids1 ( c\rse1 decompose bo? artificial & native ultram>9e1 ) evolution ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,native ultram>9e is1 h[ev]1 less susceptible to ! influ5ce ( acids 7bo? /rong & dilute7 ?an ! artificial comp\nd4 ,?is diff]5ce ( behavi\r is probably due to ! fact t ! =m] conta9s consid]ably less sulphur ?an ! latt]1 & x is also possible t ! con/itu5ts ( natural ultram>9e may be comb9$ 9 a some:at diff]5t mann] f ^? ( ! artificial product4 ,not)/&+ ! l>ge am\nt ( rese>* ) ref]5ce to ! *emical composition ( ultram>9e1 ! orig9 ( its blue col\r /ill rema9s 9 d\bt4 ,accord+ to ,wilk5s 7,ann4 ,*4 ,ph>m41 xcix4 #ba71 ultram>9e consi/s ( two portions1 "o ( :i* is easily attack$ by hydro*loric acid1 & is reg>d$ by him z ! ess5tial con/itu5t1 :il/ ! o!r portion is insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid1 & conta9s v>iable proportions ( clay1 s&1 oxide ( iron1 & sulphuric acid4 ,f 8 analyses ( ! pure blue1 ,wilk5s d$uces ! =mula 7#b;,al#b,o#c #c,si,o#b7 7,al#b,o#c #d,si,o#b7 ,na#b,s#b,o#c #c,na#b,s3-- ,p] c5t4 ,silica #cgf ,alum9a #bgd ,sulphur #adb ,soda 7,na#b,o7 #bjj ---- #iib ,wilk5s reg>ds ! blue col\r+ pr9ciple ( ultram>9e z a comp\nd ( hyposulphite & sulphide ( sodium4 ,he consid]s ! pres5ce ( iron is n necess>y = ! production ( ! blue2 :il/ ,dr4 ,elsn]1 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 #ahda1 /ates t ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( iron 7:i* he presumes to be 9 ! /ate ( sulphide7 is ess5tial4 ,r[l& ,williams asks :e!r x is n conceivable t ! blue col\r ( ultram>9e may be due to ! pres5ce ( a small quantity ( black sulphide ( iron1 mo/ intimately comb9$ ) a col\rless or comp>atively col\rless comp\nd 7su* z :ite ultram>9e71 ! :ole mass 7ow+ to ! dilution ( ! black sulphide7 %[+ a blue reflection4 ,ultram>9e is insoluble )\t decomposition 9 any kn[n m5/ruum4 ,accord+ to ,p4 ,ebell 7,b]4 #af71 ultram>9e1 :5 9 ! mo/ f9ely divid$ /ate1 w rema9 susp5d$ 9 pure wat] = mon?s4 ,! liquid may be filt]$ un*ang$ ?r\gh sev]al lay]s ( ,sw$i% filt] pap]1 & appe>s p]fectly cle> :5 exam9$ 9 a 94 lay]1 & on evaporation deposits ! ultram>9e z a lu/r\s coat+ on ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,r[l& ,williams repeat$ ! above exp]im5t1 & c confirm ,ebell's /atem5t4 ,?is result %[s ! necessity ( due precautions be+ tak5 dur+ ! wa%+ ( ! ultram>9e 9 ! process ( manufacture1 o!rwise a consid]able am\nt ( ! f9ely divid$ blue may be lo/4 ,ultram>9e is l>gely us$ 9 calico pr9t+ = pigm5t /yles1 be+ fix$ on ! fibre by means ( album54 ,x is also employ$ = blue+ l95 & cotton1 wax c&les1 lump sug>1 c4 ,ultram>9e is n adult]at$ to a l>ge ext5t1 ! *ief sophi/ication be+ b>ium sulphate 7b>ytes71 & occasionally *alk & *9a clay4--7,r[l& ,williams1 9 ,indu/ries47 ,ano!r writ] 9 ,indu/ries says t ! manufacture ( ultram>9e has p]haps h>dly receiv$ ! att5tion x des]ves 9 ,engl&4 ,! importance ( ! indu/ry has be5 recognis$ 9 ,g]many1 h[ev]1 & ?\gh ! palmy days ( ! trade1 :5 ! :ole production 0 9 ! h&s ( a few firms1 & ! price 0 a matt] ( private fri5dly arrangem5t1 are gone = ev]1 yet ! bus9ess is 9 a fl\ri%+ /ate1 & %\ld prove lucrative if prop]ly manag$4 ,x is a *>act]i/ically ,engli% fail+ to ov]look bran*es ( bus9ess n deal+ ) l>ge quantities ( /aple commodities1 & ?us _m ( ! small] b remun]ative indu/ries h pass$ out ( our h&s4 ,:5 "o obs]ves t almo/ e %eet ( ord9>y blue (ficial pap] is decoloris$ :5 accid5tally br\ght into contact ) an acid1 betray+ ! fact at once t its col\r+ matt] is ultram>9e1 "o realises t a v consid]able consumption = ?is & simil> purposes mu/ take place4 ,l mo/ trades bas$ ^u *emical pr9ciples1 ! manufacture ( ultram>9e has rec5tly made rapid /rides1 & "s ( ! late/ developm5ts are record$ 9 a pap] by ,j4 ,wund]1 appe>+ 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,*emik] ,zeitung1 :i* is wor?y ( "s att5tion4 ,) mo/ p n directly int]e/$ 9 x1 ! t]m ultram>9e is tak5 to mean ! blue pigm5t kn[n "u t "n1 ! words be+ reckon$ almo/ synonym\s4 ,o!rs1 m erudite1 recognise ! exi/5ce ( a gre5 v>iety1 b t ! production ( su* col\rs z r$ & violet is possible is sc>cely suspect$4 ,( c\rse ! blue is ! mo/ important1 b ev5 t does n correspond to "o specific sub/ance1 products ( diff]5t %ade be+ prep>$ by modify+ ! process ( manufacture4 ,z usually made1 ultram>9e is =m$ by heat+ toge!r c>bonate ( soda1 kaol91 sulphur1 & *>coal1 ) limit$ access ( air1 ! result+ pigm5t be+ gre52 ?is1 on roa/+ ) sulphur1 becomes blue4 ,if ! op]ation be conduct$ ) complete exclusion ( air1 s-call$ ultram>9e :ite 79 reality grey7 is produc$1 :i* becomes gre5 on fur!r heat+4 ,ultram>9e blue capable ( resi/+ ! action ( alum is sometimes requir$1 & may be obta9$ by ! use ( a highly silici\s *>ge & mu* sulphur1 ! burn+ be+ conduct$ 9 crucibles or 9 mass accord+ to ! purpose = :i* ! pigm5t is requir$4 ,! =m] process is co/ly1 :ile ! latt] gives a product conta9+ a good deal ( free sulphur1 :i* is objectionable = su* purposes z calico pr9t+4 ,removal ( ! excess ( sulphur by heat or cau/ic soda is n feasible1 z ! col\r suff]s 9 ei!r case1 b a c]ta9 am\nt ( success has att5d$ exp]im5ts ) sodium sulphide1 ! col\r (t5 bright5+ noticeably4 ,x is curi\s t *emically pure sodium c>bonate1 or su* z is made by ! ammonia-soda process1 is n well fitt$ = ! manufacture ( ultram>9e2 ,leblanc soda1 conta9+ a little cau/ic1 is di/9ctly pref]able4 ,spr9kl+ ! soda ) a /rong solution ( sodium sulphide be=e use is a good plan1 & "o easy to adopt4 ,! m silici\s ! mixture ! m difficulties are enc\nt]$1 b ! product is a deep]1 ri*] col\r1 & )/&s ! action ( alum & weak acids bett]4 ,excess ( oxyg5 mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/2 _m a manufactur] has _h a bat* turn out a h>d cold blue1 in/ead ( a s(t ri* col\r1 solely on acc\nt ( a too-excell5t draught1 an accid5t especially liable to happ5 9 w9t] "t4 ,s mu* dread$ is ?is cata/rophe t "s mak]s habitually limit ! air supply--smo!r+ ! neighb\rhood ) smoke1 & wa/+ coal4 ,! ne$ = exact control "h indicat$ po9ts to a probable advantage f ! use ( gase\s fuel4 ,consid]able economy has result$ f ! use ( ! wa/e gases f "o furnace s]v+ = ! prelim9>y heat+ ( ano!r2 a bett] plan w\ld probably be ! introduction ( reg5]ative heat+4 ,! crude ultram>9e z x comes f ! furnace conta9s a l>ge proportion ( soluble salts1 notably #bj to #bd p] c5t4 ( sodium sulphate1 :i* h to be remov$ be=e x is m]*antable4 ,usually1 aft] gr9d+1 x is simply /irr$ up repeat$ly ) hot wat] & ! aque\s extract is siphon$ (f4 ,t su* a crude me?od %\ld be 9 vogue at ! pres5t "t is v significant ( ! ample m>g9 ( pr(it t mu/ exi/4 ,by sy/ematic extraction & filtration "u pressure ! wa%+ may be effect$ ) s little wat] t ! solution is suffici5tly conc5trat$ to pay = evaporation by ! heat ( wa/e furnace gases1 ! recov]$ sodium sulphate s]v+ to replace "p ( ! raw mat]ial4 ,! quality ( ultram>9e l>gely dep5d+ ^u its f95ess1 x is grad$ by levigation1 ! co>s] portions be+ filt] press$1 & ! f9e/ 8float+0 quality1 :i* rema9s 9 susp5sion = an inconv5i5tly long "t1 precipitat$ by ! addition ( a trace ( an ammonium salt1 gypsum1 or ev5 h>d wat]1 & filt]$ by ! aid ( a suction tube on ! pr9ciple ( an ord9>y ,buns5 pump4 ,! fir/ successful attempt to produce ultram>9e violet 0 made by ,pr(essor ,leykauf 9 #ahei4 ,by heat+ ord9>y ultram>9e ) calcium *loride 9 ! pres5ce ( air & moi/ure1 he obta9$ a violet-ton$ pigm5t1 b x 0 n a full col\r4 ,! active sub/ance 9 ?is *ange 0 probably hydro*loric acid1 produc$ by ! decomposition ( ! calcium *loride4 ,lat] exp]im5ts ) o!r reag5ts1 su* z *lor9e & gase\s hydro*loric acid1 l$ to ! foll[+ me?ods be+ devis$4 ,9 ! fir/1 ultram>9e blue is spread out on /onew>e %elves 9 iron *amb]s & treat$ ) a mixture ( *lor9e & /eam at a temp]ature ( #cjj ,f4 to #dhj ,f4 = ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,9 ! second1 ! plant is v simil>1 b at ! bottom ( ! *amb]s are /onew>e di%es1 into :i* hydro*loric acid is p\r$ f "t to "t4 ,z ! temp]ature is rais$1 copi\s vap\rs arise f ^!1 evaporation be+ aid$ by a /rong draught1 & ! ultram>9e blue1 aft] be+ kept at #dbh-ddf ,f4 = "s sev5 h\rs1 becomes conv]t$ into a dull violet1 :i* bright5s on cont9u+ ! process ) a temp]ature gradually fall+ to #cbj ,f4 ,! ultram>9e violet produc$ by ei!r ( ! above me?ods resi/s ! action ( lime1 & is ( g5]al applicability4 ,! pigm5t produc$ by a ?ird & simpl] process1 consi/+ m]ely 9 heat+ ultram>9e blue mix$ ) salammoniac & a little sodium nitrate1 is un=tunately n s /able4 ,ano!r %ade ( consid]able int]e/ is a pure bright light blue1 =m$ by heat+ ! violet v>iety 9 hydrog5 to ab\t #ecf-eed ,f4 ,x has n yet be5 prep>$ on a comm]cial scale1 b c]ta9ly m]its ! att5tion ( manufactur]s4 ,an ultram>9e r$ has be5 made by act+ on ! violet produc$ by ei!r ( ! fir/ two me?ods ) ! vap\r ( ei!r nitric or hydro*loric acid at #bge-bic ,f41 ! sole ess5tial det]m9+ condition be+ ! temp]ature4 ,iron vessels c\ld be us$ 9 ! case ( nitric acid at ?is temp]ature1 b if hydro*loric acid 7 employ$ /onew>e w\ld h to be sub/itut$4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ! violet ! temp]ature is above ! limit at :i* hydro*loric acid acts on iron4 ,x is n[ only necess>y = "s successful exp]im5t] to put on ! m>ket yell[ & orange %ades ( ultram>9e = almo/ ! :ole ( ! spectrum to be repres5t$4 ,! problem ( ! cause ( ! col\r ( ultram>9e1 attempts to solve :i* h be5 repeat$ly made1 seems increas+ly difficult :5 its protean "* is consid]$2 b ?is f ! indu/rial po9t ( view is ( second>y importance1 provid$ all requir$ %ades c be produc$ ) ease & economy4 ,nev]!less1 x is c]ta9 t "h1 z 9 o!r cases1 sub/antial te*nical progress w\ld foll[ f adequate sci5tific inve/igation4--7,indu/ries47 ,ultram>9e 0 also made ! subject ( a v int]e/+ pap]1 by ,h]b]t ,j4 ,l4 ,rawl9s1 read be=e ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 9 ,decemb] #ahhg4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! native =m1 lapis lazuli1 ,rawl9s goes on to obs]ve t 8analysis c\ld give no clue z to ! cause ( ! blue col\r4 ,to prep>e x artificially became a great object1 & ! ef=ts 9 ?is direction 7 /imulat$ by ! (f] ( prizes1 among/ :i* 0 "o ( #fjjj francs1 (f]$ by ! #8,socit d',enc\ragem5t' ( ,france1 to be aw>d$ to ! discov]] ( a me?od ( mak+ ultram>9e1 provid$ x did n co/ m ?an #ijs4 p] lb4 ,h[ /range x seems to ?9k ( ?is 9 ^! days :5 ! value has fall5 to less ?an half t price p] cwt46 8,z e>ly z #ahad1 two ,g]man *emi/s1 ,tessrt & ,kuhlmann1 _h obs]v$ ! =mation ( a blue product 9 soda kilns & calc9ation kilns1 b ,guimet1 9 #ahbh1 fir/ discov]$ h[ x 0 produc$1 & ga9$ ! #fjjj francs prize4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 publi% 8 me?od1 & grew imm5sely ri*1 al?\gh ! price sank to ab\t #afs4 p] lb4 ,9 #ahbh he 0 produc+ at ! rate ( #abj1jjj lb4 annually4 8,ab\t ! same "t1 or1 z is positively ass]t$ by "s1 ev5 prior to ,guimet1 ,gmel9 made ! same discov]y & publi%$ 8 rese>*es 9 full1 ?us p]haps lay+ ! f\ndation /one ( ! pres5t supremacy ( ,g]many 9 ?is manufacture4 8,9 spite ( ! valuable discov]ies ( ,h(fmann1 ,ung]1 & o!rs1 our k ( ! *emical con/itution ( ultram>9e is v limit$ & unc]ta91 _m diff]5t !ories hav+ be5 advanc$ reg>d+ ! cause ( ! blue col\r4 8,accord+ to ,wilk9s1 ultram>9e is compos$ ( two portions1 "o ( :i* consi/s ( two silicates ( alum9a ) sulphite & sulphide ( sodium1 & is con/ant 9 its composition2 ! o!r be+ a mixture ( v>iable quantities ( s&1 clay & oxide ( iron1 ) sulphuric acid4 ,! blue col\r+ pr9ciple he consid]s to be a comp\nd ( sodium sulphite & sulphide4 ,ano!r +5i\s !ori/1 ,/e91 9 two pap]s publi%$ 9 ! ,jahresb]i*te 9 #ahga & #ahgb1 concludes t blue ultram>9e conta9s sulphur\s1 & n ?iosulphuric acid1 t nei!r sulphites nor ?iosulphates are necess>y to its composition1 & t x owes its col\r to ! pres5ce ( black sulphide ( sodium1 :i* is =m$ at high temp]atures by ! action ( sulphide ( sodium on alum9a--admitt+1 !re=e1 t x is n a *emical comp\nd1 b m]ely a me*anical mixture1 ! blue col\r ( :i* is due to ! bodies compos+ x4 8,brunn] consid]s ultram>9e to be a comp\nd ( alum9ium silicate1 ) sodium sulphate & sulphide2 :ile ,brnl9 reg>ds x z a d\ble silicate ( alum9ium & sodium1 9 comb9ation ) p5tasulphide ( sodium4 ,gre5 ultram>9e he consid]s to be ! same d\ble silicate 9 comb9ation ) bisulphide ( sodium4 8,aga91 accord+ to ,ritt]1 ultram>9e conta9s a d\ble silicate1 n only associat$ ) polysulphide1 b also ) ?iosulphate ( soda2 & ,s*lz5b]g]1 on ! o!r h&1 consid]s t x is a mixture ( a d\ble silicate ) sulphite & monosulphide ( sodium4 8,endemann consid]s t ! blue col\r is due to a #8col\r nucleus1' consi/+ ( un*ang+ proportions ( alum9ium1 sodium1 oxyg5 & sulphur1 9 ea* v>iety ( ultram>9e ! proportion be+ diff]5t1 :ile ! re/ ( ! sodium & alum9ium & ! :ole ( ! silica m]ely act z a vehicle necess>y to ! prep>ation & exi/5ce ( ! col\r4 ,he consid]s t ?is #8col\r nucleus1' 9 ! case ( :ite ultram>9e1 :i* he calls ! #8"m-sub/ance 9 ! manufacture ( blue ultram>9e1' has ! =mula ,al,na#d,o#b,s#b4 ,by ! action on two molecules ( ?is ( sulphur\s acid gas1 ,na#b,o is remov$1 & gre5 ultram>9e ,al#b,na#f,o#c,s#d is =m$1 :i* !n1 by ! action ( oxyg51 :i* =ms sodium sulphate1 passes into ! pure gre5 comp\nd1 hav+ ! =mula ,al#b,na#d,o#c,s#c4 ,9 ! #8indirect process' ( manufacture1 gre5 ultram>9e is conv]t$ into blue by be+ burn$ ) sulphur4 ,by ?is means ,endemann consid]s t m sodium & sulphur are remov$1 & blue ultram>9e ,al#b,na#b,o#c,s#c is =m$4 ,he consid]s t ! o!r portion1 n includ$ 9 ! #8col\r nucleus1' diff]s 9 diff]5t samples4 ,9 "o :i* he m5tions x has ab\t ! composition #c;,al#b,o#c4e,na#b,o4#af,si,o#b4 8,b ( all *emi/s :o h work$ on ?is subject1 none has done m to increase our k ( #8! blue m>vel ( inorganic *emi/ry1' z he himself has call$ x1 ?an ,re9hold ,h(fmann4 ,8 position ( manag] ( ! ,m>i5b]g ,ultram>9e ,works1 ne> ,b5s*eim1 9 ! ,gr& ,du*y ( ,hesse1 r5d]s 8 acqua9tance ) ! manufacture p]fect1 & 8 untir+ rese>*es on ! subject h be5 well rew>d$ by results bo? int]e/+ & valuable4 ,he consid]s ultram>9e to be a d\ble silicate ( sodium & alum9ium1 toge!r ) bisulphide ( sodium1 ! v>iety poor 9 silica1 *>act]is$ by its pal5ess & purity ( t9t1 & easy decomposition by acids1 hav+ ! =mula #d7;,al#b,na#b,si#b,o#h7 ,na#b,s#d2 :ile t ri* 9 silica1 *>act]is$ by its d>k & some:at r$di% t9t1 & m difficult decomposition by acids1 has ! =mula #b7;,al#b,na#b,si#c,o#aj7 ,na#b,s#d4 ,he also consid]s x v d\btful :e!r gre5 ultram>9e is really a *emical comp\nd1 & inde$ x is n[ g5]ally consid]$ t ! col\r is only due to small traces ( sodium salts 9 v intimate me*anical mixture ) ! blue v>iety1 = by heat+ ! gre5 body = "s "t at #afj ) wat] 9 clos$ tubes1 x is conv]t$ into ! blue product1 & small traces ( sodium comp\nds are f\nd 9 solution 9 ! wat]2 & fur!r1 on heat+ blue ultram>9e /rongly ) sodium sulphate & *>coal--t is1 act+ ^u x ) sodium sulphide--! gre5 v>iety is =m$4 8,9 a pap] by ,knapp1 an ab/ract ( :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society = ,m>* #ahhj1 !re are "s curi\s facts record$ ) reg>d to ! col\r+ ag5t4 ,x 0 notic$ t :5 silicic acid 0 replac$ by boracic acid1 a blue1 ne>ly z /able 9 its prop]ties z t ( ord9>y ultram>9e1 0 produc$4 ,x 0 f\nd t a blue c\ld be obta9$ )\t alum9a be+ introduc$4 ,h5ce silica )\t alum9a1 & alum9a )\t silica1 c be employ$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( success4 ,! blue1 h[ev]1 =m$ )\t silica1 is n s /rong or /able z t =m$ ) x4 8,"o v curi\s prop]ty :i* ultram>9e possesses is its p[] ( giv+ up its sodium 9 ex*ange = o!r metals4 ,?us1 by heat+ blue ultram>9e ) a conc5trat$ solution ( silv] nitrate 9 seal$ tubes to #abj = fifte5 h\rs1 a d>k yell[ silv] ultram>9e is produc$1 conta9+ ab\t #dfe p] c5t4 ( silv]4 ,?is corresponds to ab\t #aee p] c5t4 ( sodium1 :i* is j ab\t ! am\nt t ! orig9al body conta9$4 8,:5 ?is body is heat$ ) an aque\s solution ( sodium *loride to #abj 9 seal$ tubes1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! silv] is replac$ by sodium1 b ! o!r qu>t] _c be s replac$2 9 fact1 blue ultram>9e1 :5 heat$ ) silv] *loride1 takes up silv]1 & becomes gre54 ,b by heat+ silv] ultram>9e ) sodium *loride 9 ! dry way1 at r a high] temp]ature1 ! :ole ( ! silv] is replac$ by sodium1 b ! ultram>9e ?us reg5]at$ does n equal ! orig9al body 9 col\r4 ,! *ange is probably due to ! loss ( sulphur 9 ! =mation ( ! silv] ultram>9e4 8,if 9 ! above exp]im5t potassium *loride be sub/itut$ = ! sodium salt1 & ! temp]ature n all[$ to exce$ #djj1 a blui%-gre5 potassium ultram>9e is =m$4 ,b>ium ultram>9e is a yell[i%-br[n product1 z9c ultram>9e is violet1 & magnesium ultram>9e is grey4 ,^! may all be obta9$ by act+ on ! yell[ silv] ultram>9e ) ! correspond+ metallic *loride4 8,f ! exp]im5ts ( ,dollfus & ,goppelsrd] "s v /rik+ diff]5ces h be5 br\ght to light betwe5 ! ?ree types ( col\r :i* !y exam9$--namely1 ! blue1 gre5 & violet--9 _! behavi\r ) v>i\s reag5ts4 ,?us1 an aque\s solution ( cau/ic soda or pota% does n act on ! blue or gre51 b turns ! violet to blue1 & :5 heat$ ) c>bonic oxide ! same result ensues4 ,_m o!r reag5ts h ! same effect on ! violet v>iety1 b :5 act$ ^u ) sodium sulphide1 ! gre5 turns grey1 & :5 heat$ ) potassium *lorate becomes d>k] & loses its brightness ( col\r4 ,dollfus & ,goppelsrd] attempt no explanation ( ^! facts1 b simply /ate !m z results ( _! obs]vations1 & pr(ess _! inability to give any *emical =mul = ! ?ree ultram>9es1 ?\gh !y consid] t !re is suffici5t pro( t ea* has its di/9ct con/itution4 ,!y give z _! op9ion1 h[ev]1 t !y are d\ble silicates ( alum9ium & sodium1 9 :i* a "p ( ! oxyg5 is replac$ by sulphur4 8,violet & r$ ultram>9es are m bodies ( sci5tific int]e/ ?an ( any practical use1 z _! col\r+ p[] is n suffici5tly great4 ,! violet v>iety may be prep>$ by expos+ ! und]gr\nd blue product to *lor9e gas "u a high temp]ature1 :ile ! r$ may be obta9$ f ! violet by act+ on x1 "u a l[ temp]ature1 by dilute nitric acid fumes4 8,! fir/ artificial me?od ( produc+ ultram>9e 0 t kn[n z ! #8indirect process'--t is1 fir/ ! manufacture ( gre5 ultram>9e2 & secondly1 its conv]sion into blue4 ,x 0 c>ri$ out z foll[s3-- 8,an intimate mixture ( ,glaub]'s salts1 *9a clay1 & coal or ros91 f9ely gr\nd toge!r1 0 plac$ 9 crucibles & bak$ or burn$ 9 an ov5 = ab\t six h\rs4 ,x 0 !n transf]r$ to iron trays1 & heat$ ) fl[]s ( sulphur to ! po9t :]e ! sulphur took fire1 :5 x 0 all[$ to burn itself out4 ,by ?is second process ! gre5 0 conv]t$ into blue4 ,x 0 !n wa%$1 gr\nd ) wat]1 & settl$ out1 ! fir/ deposit be+ ( a d>k] %ade ?an ! second1 & ! col\r becom+ light] z ! p[d] settl$ 0 f9] 9 gr9d4 ,?is is ess5tially ! me?od employ$ n[ at _m ,g]man works--^? at ,m>i5b]g1 = in/ance--& produces :at is kn[n z 8sulphate ultram>9e10 di/+ui%$ by its pale %ade & almo/ gre5i% blue t9t4 8,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s objections to ! indirect process1 & x 0 consid]$ advisable to f9d a plan by :i* ultram>9e c\ld be made 9 bulk 9 a muffle furnace4 ,! foll[+ is a me?od :i* is employ$ at ! pres5t "t 9 "s ( ! ,g]man works3-- 8,a mixture ( *9a clay1 c>bonate ( soda1 sulphate ( soda1 sulphur1 s& & *>coal or ros91 f9ely gr\nd toge!r1 are plac$ ^u ! floor ( a muffle furnace1 be+ press$ d[n s z to pres5t an ev5 surface4 ,! mixture is !n entirely enclos$ ) fire-clay tiles1 ! spaces betwe5 :i* are fill$ 9 ) ?9 mort>4 ,:5 ! ov5 is s *>g$1 ! front is built up1 a small hole be+ left = wat*+ ! temp]ature ( ! flue betwe5 ! tiles & ! top ( ! furnace1 & = draw+ samples dur+ ! process1 :i* is done ?r\gh a correspond+ hole 9 ! front ( ! fire-clay tiles1 tempor>ily clos$ ) a fire-clay /opp]4 ,! ov5 is n[ heat$1 sl[ly at fir/1 & aft]w>ds m /rongly1 s t at ! end ( eight or n9e h\rs x is at a dull r$ heat4 ,x is kept at ?is temp]ature = ab\t #bd h\rs1 :5 ! heat is rais$ s t a cle> r$ gl[ is obta9$1 :i* is kept up to ! end ( ! op]ation4 8,= ! purpose ( tak+ a sample1 an iron spoon bor] is introduc$ ?r\gh ! hole left 9 ! enclos+ tiles1 turn$ r\nd1 & pull$ out4 ,! cont5ts are laid on a clean tile1 & quickly cov]$ ) ano!r tile1 on :i* a second quantity is plac$1 & all[$ to rema9 expos$ to ! air4 ,if ! ov5 has be5 suffici5tly heat$ ! cov]$ sample %\ld appe> ( a blui% gre51 & no long] br[n or yell[1 :ile ! second sample %\ld be r blu]4 ,if ?is be ! case1 ! ov5 is heat$ sl[ly = ano!r h\r1 & !n all communication ) ! out] air is cut (f4 ,x is all[$ to cool & !n op5$1 :5 ! cont5ts %\ld appe> z a beautiful blue mass1 ! l[] portion ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is ( a gre5i% t+e4 ,bo? p>ts are n[ treat$ alike1 b work$ up sep>ately1 ! gre5i%-blue portion mak+ an inf]ior article4 ,! f9i%+ process is z foll[s3-- 8,! raw ultram>9e is gr\nd 9 upright mills1 & !n repeat$ly boil$ = ab\t t5 or fifte5 m9utes at a "t 9 ca/-iron boil]s1 be+ all ! "t agitat$ by a me*anical /irr+ arrangem5t4 ,x is !n all[$ to settle1 & ! wat] is drawn (f ) a siphon4 ,z soon z ! p[d] settles into a h>d compact mass1 x has be5 suffici5tly wa%$1 & x is !n dug out4 ,! "p next to ! bottom ( ! boil] is g5]ally co>se & ( poor quality4 ,x is c>efully sep>at$ f ! upp] portion1 :i* is transf]r$ to wet mills ( ! ord9>y description1 & !re gr\nd = six to twelve h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t ab\t #aej lb4 c be treat$ 9 ea* mill4 ,! gr\nd col\r f ^! mills is !n collect$ 9 a l>ge tub1 & all[$ to settle = f\r h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t ! co>se/ p>ticles fall to ! bottom4 ,! liquid is !n pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( tubs1 9 ea* ( :i* x is all[$ to /& = a p]iod ( "t1 l5g!n+ z ! quality settl$ out becomes f9]1 ! la/ settl+ requir+ ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,! v>i\s qualities are !n dri$ & sift$1 :5 !y are ready = ! m>ket4 8,! blue produc$ by ?is op]ation is ( a good quality1 b !re are "s objections to ! process1 :i* h giv5 rise to ano!r1 9 :i* ! ultram>9e is produc$ direct 9 crucibles simil> to ^? us$ 9 ! indirect process4 8,?is is conduct$ z foll[s3--,! mixture ( raw mat]ials consi/s ( ab\t #ajj p>ts ( *9a clay1 #ij ( c>bonate ( soda1 #aaj ( sulphur1 #bj ( *>coal1 & a quantity ( infusorial e>?1 v>y+ accord+ z ! ultram>9e produc$ is desir$ to be ri* or poor 9 silica4 ,^! are f9ely gr\nd toge!r1 9 :i* process great c>e mu/ be obs]v$1 z mu* dep5ds ^u its be+ prop]ly c>ri$ out4 ,! mixture is !n fill$ loosely into crucibles provid$ ) flat circul> lids1 :i* are fix$ on ) mort> conta9+ clay4 ,?is is all[$ to dry1 & ! crucibles are !n ready = fir+1 :i* process is conduct$ 9 ov5s1 g5]ally con/ruct$ s z to conta9 sev]al hundr$ crucibles1 :i* are arrang$ 9 r[s "o above ano!r4 8,! mixture und]goes a v curi\s *ange ( col\r :ile 9 ! ov5s4 ,:5 put 9 x is greyi% :ite1 & dur+ ! process ( burn+ x becomes successively br[n1 gre51 blue1 violet1 r$ & :ite1 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,^! *anges are1 accord+ to ,guimet1 due to oxidation4 ,! br[n appe>s ) ! blue flames due to ! combu/ion ( ! sulphur1 ! gre5 j aft] ! sulphur flames h ceas$1 & ! blue is fir/ =m$ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #gjj--;i4 e4 a bright r$ heat4 ,if1 aft] ?is1 heat be /ill appli$ & air freely admitt$1 ! mixture becomes fir/ violet1 !n r$ or rose col\r$1 & f9ally :ite4 ,:5 ?is :ite body is heat$ to r$ness ) c>bon or o!r r$uc+ ag5ts1 ! r$1 violet1 blue1 gre5 & br[n col\rs 7accord+ to ! am\nt ( r$uc+ ag5t employ$7 may sometimes be reproduc$1 ?\gh ! reaction is by no means a c]ta9 "o4 8,if br[n ultram>9e be remov$ f ! ov51 & all[$ to rema9 expos$ to ! air1 x imm$iately takes fire & burns to an inf]ior blue col\r4 ,! same ?+ occurs ) ! gre5 body4 ,ev5 if ! br[n product be completely cool$ be=e be+ expos$ to ! air1 x w1 z soon z ! air is all[$ to rea* x1 get hott] & hott]1 until x is gl[+1 :5 x w bur/ into flame & become blue4 ,attempts h be5 made to pres]ve ! br[n col\r1 :i* is ( a beautiful *ocolate t9t1 b h always fail$4 ,9 "o in/ance1 :5 ?is 0 tri$1 ! col\r 0 put imm$iately into wat]1 & treat$ l ! ord9>y blue v>iety1 & z long z x 0 kept moi/ no *ange 0 app>5t4 ,aft] be+ wa%$ & wet gr\nd ! moi/ p[d] 0 put into a cask1 :]e = "s "t x 0 all[$ to rema9 undi/urb$4 ,at ! end ( ab\t ?ree weeks x 0 notic$ t ! mass 0 hot1 & on be+ turn$ out ( ! cask & brok5 up x 0 f\nd to be at a gl[+ heat 9 ! int]ior4 8,aft] ! ov5 has be5 fir$ = sev]al h\rs1 x is c>efully clos$ at e po9t :]e air might ent]1 & all[$ to cool = f\r or five days4 ,! exact l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! ov5s are fir$1 & ! am\nt ( air admitt$1 dep5d ^u v>i\s circum/ances1 "o important "o be+ ! /ate ( ! wea!r4 ,?us1 on a dull1 foggy day1 :5 ! draught 9 ! *imney is n good1 a long] "t is requir$4 ,( c\rse1 no rule c be giv5 = ?is1 & x is ! exp]i5ce requir$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! ov5 t makes ! manufacture s difficult to c>ry out successfully1 ! e>ly ef=ts ( a manufactur] n unfrequ5tly result+ 9 ! loss ( a :ole ov5ful ( raw mat]ial4 ,z soon z ! ov5 has cool$1 ! crucibles are tak5 out1 & ! cont5ts ( ea* are turn$ out 9 a solid mass1 :i* mu/ be c>efully clean$ ) a knife ( any badly burn$ portions1 & aft]w>ds brok5 up & ?r[n into a cask along ) ! cont5ts ( o!r crucibles4 8,?is =ms :at is kn[n z crude raw ultram>9e4 ,x conta9s ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( sulphate ( soda1 :i* mu/ be remov$ be=e ! col\r is fit = sale4 8,= ?is purpose x is wa%$ ) hot wat] 9 l>ge tubs1 aft] :i* x is gr\nd 9 wet mills to an impalpable p[d]1 & all[$ to /& = ab\t an h\r 9 a l>ge tub1 9 ord] to remove ! co>se/ p>ticles & dirt :i* are sure to be pres5t4 ,x is !n remov$ to ano!r tub1 :]e x settles = f\r or five h\rs1 & f ?is x passes to o!rs1 :]e x /&s = v>i\s l5g?s ( "t1 increas+1 ( c\rse1 z ! p[d] to be settl$ becomes f9]1 ! la/ settl+ occupy+ ?ree or f\r weeks1 & produc+ ! /ronge/ quality t c be obta9$--t is to say1 x w be> mix+ ) m ( a r$uc+ m$ium1 su* z m9]al :ite1 ?an w\ld a =m] settl+ = ! mixture 9 ea* case to be ( ! same dep? ( col\r4 8,! wat]1 aft] ! f9al settl+1 /ill conta9s ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( ultram>9e4 ,?is w\ld take five or six mon?s to settle1 & z ?is "t c\ld n g5]ally be giv5 to x1 x is precipitat$ ) lime wat]1 :i* has a sort ( coagulat+ influ5ce ^u ! p>ticles1 :i* c !n be remov$ by filtration4 ,x is a curi\s ?+ t ?is la/ quality is q diff]5t f ! "o prec$+ x1 be+ v inf]ior 9 bo? col\r & /r5g?4 8,aft] settl+1 all ! v>i\s qualities are dri$ 9 kilns1 & sift$ ?r\gh f9e brass wire sieves by means ( a fan1 :i* breaks up ! lumps & =ces ! p>ticles ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! sieve1 :i* mu/ be v close--ab\t #ajj to ! in*--9 ord] t ! ultram>9e may be p]fectly smoo? & free f lumps or grit ( any sort4 ,:5 f9i%$1 x %\ld be 9 ! =m ( an impalpable p[d]--! f9] qualities s f9e1 inde$1 z to feel almo/ butt]y :5 rubb$ betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,aft] ?is process ! diff]5t qualities & %ades are mix$ to c]ta9 /&>ds1 & are !n ready = sale4 8,! uses ( ultram>9e 9 ! arts & manufactures are v num]\s & important4 ,! mo/ important1 f ! po9t ( view ( quantity1 is ! manufacture ( #8squ>e blue' = wa%+ purposes4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is article ! ultram>9e is g5]ally mix$ ) bic>bonate ( soda & "s glut9\s mat]ial1 to help x to reta9 its %ape1 & is !n press$ into ! well-kn[n =m ( small squ>e or oblong blocks4 8,x is also us$ l>gely 9 ! manufacture ( blue pa9t & pr9t+ ink1 & 9 ! prep>ation ( blue mottl$ soap4 ,! way 9 :i* x is employ$ 9 ! la/-nam$ manufacture is wor?y ( rem>k4 ,x is add$ to ! soap :ile x is 9 a molt5 /ate & j be=e x is all[$ to cool1 & ?or\ghly mix$ ) x1 s t ! :ole mass is ( a pale blue t9t4 ,if a small quantity ( ?is be remov$ f ! boil] & cool$ quickly1 x rema9s ( a uni=m t9t1 b 9 ! case ( ! :ole boil]ful1 :]e ! cool+ is v sl[1 ! action is entirely diff]5t4 ,j at ! po9t ( cool+1 :5 ! soap is go+ to set h>d1 ! ultram>9e--to use a te*nical expression--8/rikes10 & goes into ! =m :i* gives to blue mottl$ soap its well-kn[n appe>ance4 8,9 ! manufacture ( pap]1 ultram>9e also plays an important "p4 ,x is "h us$ n only = produc+ blue %ades1 b also z a blea*+ ag5t1 to c\nt]act ! yell[ :5 :ite pap] is made4 8,ano!r important use is 9 ! calico manufacture1 :]e x is us$ bo? 9 ! pr9t+ ( blue patt]ns & 9 ! f9i%+ ( goods4 ,9 ! case ( calico pr9t+1 x is mix$ ) album5 & pr9t$ on to ! calico1 :i* is !n subject$ to ! action ( /eam1 ! album5 be+ by ?is means coagulat$ & ea* gra9 ( ultram>9e surr\nd$ by an insoluble envelope1 s t x _c be wa%$ out ( ! calico4 8,! gr[? 9 ! manufacture ( ultram>9e has be5 v rem>kable1 especially :5 x is consid]$ h[ little ! process is und]/ood *emically1 & :at c>e & pati5ce--to say no?+ ( ! equally important item ( capital--are requir$ 9 ! />t+ ( a manufactory4 ,comm5c+ less ?an #ej ye>s ago 9 ! works ( ,guimet1 at ,lyons1 :o produc$ #abj1jjj lb4 annually1 !re are at ! pres5t day ne>ly #dj manufactories at "w 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w--*iefly 9 ,g]many--produc+ ab\t #bj million lb4 p] ye>4 ,! foll[+ figures w give "s idea ( t5 ye>s' gr[? ( ?is indu/ry--f #ahfb to #ahgb3-- #ahfb4 #ahgb4 ,numb] ( manufactories #bd #cb ,m5 employ$ #ifd #aibi ,tons manufactur$ #ceef #hehe 8,f ! above numb]s x w be se5 t 9 ^! t5 ye>s ! manufacture m ?an d\bl$ itself1 ! fact be+ due1 h[ev]1 n s mu* to ! increase 9 ! numb] ( works1 :i* 0 only "o-?ird1 z to ! enl>g$ capabilities ( ^? exi/+ 9 #ahfb4 ,?us1 9 ! works ( ,dr4 ,lev]kus1 ne> ,cologne--! fir/ works ev] />t$ 9 ,g]many--! numb] ( m5 employ$ _h1 dur+ ^! t5 ye>s1 m ?an d\bl$1 :ile ! output _h trebl$2 & 9 ! case ( ! ,m>i5b]g ,works ! diff]5ce 0 ev5 m /rik+1 ! numb] ( h&s employ$ & ! quantity turn$ out p] annum hav+ ne>ly quadrupl$40 ,9 reply to v>i\s que/ions :i* 7 ask$ 9 ! discussion :i* ensu$1 ,mr4 ,rawl9s said t1 ) reg>d to ! use ( ammonia soda1 x _h frequ5tly be5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ultram>9e1 & 0 con/antly us$ he und]/ood1 b he himself _h n mu* exp]i5ce ( x4 ,z f> z he c\ld make out1 x c]ta9ly produc$ ultram>9e1 b ( a d>k] %ade ?an t made ) ,leblanc soda4 ,x c\ld n be suppos$1 9 works :]e ! ,leblanc soda 0 us$1 t ammonia soda c\ld conv5i5tly be sub/itut$1 = ( c\rse a works :5 e/abli%$ _h to adh]e to its kn[n /&>ds & %ades1 & x w\ld n d to *ange ! raw mat]ials1 ?\gh ! ammonia soda produc$ a v good ultram>9e4 ,z reg>ds ! discov]y ( ultram>9e1 ! fir/ works />t$ any:]e 7 ,guimet's4 ,he _h ) him a little hi/orical li/ conta9+ ! dates at :i* ! v>i\s works e/abli%$ be=e #ahff or a little lat] _h be5 />t$4 ,x 0 drawn out by ,h(fmann1 :o1 z he /at$ be=e1 0 ! manag] ( l>ge ultram>9e works1 & he put d[n ,guimet's1 :i* 7 />t$ 9 #ahbi1 fir/ on ! li/4 ,dr4 ,lev]kus />t$ 9 #ahcd4 ,he knew t ! discov]y ( ultram>9e _h be5 attribut$ to diff]5t p4 ,he _h m5tion$ ,guimet because x _h g5]ally be5 consid]$1 z f> z he _h he>d1 t ,guimet & ,gmel9 7 ! two :o discov]$ x f a manufactur+ po9t ( view4 ,he _h he>d ( cry/als ( ultram>9e1 b _h nev] se5 any1 & he knew !y 7 v difficult to prep>e1 & v r>e4 ,he _h m5tion$ t ! gr9d+ _h to be done v ?or\ghly1 because ! bett] x 0 mix$ & ! f9] x 0 gr\nd1 ! bett] 0 ! ultram>9e produc$4 ,if x 0 badly mix$ x 0 q fatal to gett+ a good result4 ,gr9d+ light5s ! col\r4 ,raw ultram>9e mu/ be gr\nd be=e x 0 practicable to use x at all4 ,= in/ance1 a co>se ultram>9e c\ld n be us$ = pr9t+ calico4 ,!re=e x 0 necess>y to gr9d x bo? = ! sake ( ! col\r & = ! sake ( ! way 9 :i* x 0 appli$4 ,x 0 increas$ 9 value by gr9d+ because x made x /rong] & f9]4 ,be=e gr9d+ x 0 ( a d>k col\r1 b aft] gr9d+ x became light] & bright]4 ,! mat]ials employ$ 9 ,mc,ivor's process = mak+ ultram>9e are kaol9 or o!r suitable clay1 a solution ( sulphide ( sodium1 9 :i* sulphur 9 ! =m ( fl[]s ( sulphur is dissolv$ to saturation1 & cau/ic or c>bonate ( soda4 ,! prep>ation ( ! solution is effect$ by add+ ! sulphur to boil+ sulphide ( sodium liquor ( maximum /r5g? until x ceases to be tak5 up4 ,! clay & soda are fir/ roa/$ toge!r at a r$ heat1 s z to effect a p>tial d\ble decomposition1 & ! product1 aft] gr9d+1 is made into a ?ick pa/e ) 8sulphur liquor10 i4 e4 ! sulphide ( sodium solution ( sulphur4 ,?is latt] op]ation may be c>ri$ out 9 an ord9>y pug-mill4 ,! pa/e s =m$ is dri$ 9 an ov5 or o!r conv5i5t way1 & ! dri$ mass 7be+ brok5 into small pieces7 is roa/$ )\t access ( air 9 a clos$ e>!nw>e retort1 fir/ at ab\t #dhj-egj ,f4 = an h\r1 !n at a r$ heat = eight h\rs1 & f9ally at a mod]ate heat j bel[ dull r$ness1 9 pres5ce ( a sl[ curr5t ( air1 :i* ent]s ?r\gh a s]ies ( holes or small op5+s 9 ! front ( ! retort1 ! curr5t be+ regulat$ by means ( a damp] or an adju/able slide4 ,! retort %\ld be all[$ to become q cold be=e be+ op5$1 o!rwise ! t9t ( ! product w be injur$4 ,mc,ivor has f\nd ! foll[+ proportions ( ! raw mat]ials us$ 9 ! process to yield excell5t results1 viz3-- ,sulphide ( sodium #db lb4 ,sulphur #bj 8 ,kaol9 7*9a clay7 #aaj 8 ,soda 7z c>bonate7 #ajf 8 or ,cau/ic soda #dj 8 ,^! quantities yield ab\t #b cwt4 ( ultram>9e blue4 ,! foll[+ communication f ! p5 ( ,j4 ,b4 ,nej$ly1 ( ,vi5na1 appe>$ 9 ! ,*emik] ,zeitung1 dur+ #ahhh3-- 8,animat$ by v>i\s articles & notes 9 y\r j\rnal "u ! head+ ( #8,! ,pres5t ,position ( ! ,manufacture ( ,ultram>9e1' ,i w\ld l to draw out ( obscurity a little "w on ?is indu/ry :i* conta9s mu* t is true1 & furni%es at ! same "t _m comp>isons ) reg>d to ! pres5t position ( ! ultram>9e indu/ry 9 ,g]many4 8,! "w above ref]r$ to 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ye> #ahdj & be>s ! title3-- 8#8,treatise on ! *emico-te*nical prep>ation ( ,ultram>9e col\rs1 accord+ to ! discov]ies ( ,leykauf & ,heyne1 or on ! importance ( ! manufacture ( blue & gre5 ,ultram>9e = purposes ( sci5ce1 art1 & indu/ry4 ,by ,fri$r4 ,wilh4 ,heyne1 presid5t ( ! ,nrnb]g ,ultram>9e ,manufactory4 ,nrnb]g3 #ahdj4 ,pr9t$ at ! ,campe ,press4' 8,! preface1 :i* ,i consid] to be well suit$ to pres5t circum/ances1 ,i reproduce v]batim1 :ile f ! little "w itself ,i w only quote su* s5t5ces z w\ld seem to be suit$ to ! pres5t "t1 & :i* are ! mo/ important z be>+ on ! subject4 8#8,preface4--,! incitem5t to ?is treatise 0 furni%$ by ! utility ( ! discov]y ( ,leykauf1 in/ructor ( *emi/ry at ! te*nical s*ools 9 ,nrnb]g1 ( artificially prep>+ ! well-kn[n blue m9]al col\r /yl$ ultram>9e1 accord+ to simple pr9ciples1 :i* discov]y 0 supplem5t$ by ! production ( ! gre5 ultram>9e1 an equally g5u9e & beautiful gre5 m9]al col\r1 by ! te*ni/ ,heyne 9 ,nrnb]g4 ,a %ort review ( ! importance ( ^! two discov]ies = mank9d 9 g5]al & = sci5ce1 art1 & indu/ry 9 p>ticul>1 w =m ! ma9 subject ( ?is treatise1 :i* has no o!r object b t ( ar\s+ ! att5tion ( all high protectors & /imulators1 z well z fri5ds ( indu/ry & art1 to a newly-born indu/rial bran*4 ,at ?is mom5t we are liv+ 9 a p]iod :5 _m indu/ries h got into ! /ocks1 9 consequ5ce ( f> too sev]e competition1 comb9$ ) o!r influ5ces2 inde$ !y are b>ely able to support ^? engag$ 9 !m4 ,if 9 consequ5ce ( ?is /ate ( ?+s x already becomes ( ! mo/ vital importance t fre% s\rces ( acquisition %\ld be obta9$1 x becomes all ! m s :5 by _! means at ! same "t mat]ials come into requisition :i* ! ,fa!rl& possesses 9 great sup]fluity1 & :i* o!rwise possess no intr9sic value beyond j ! exp5se ( extract+ !m f _! natural localities or deposits1 & ! wor? t atta*es to _! work+ up = indu/rial purpose4 ,a s\rce ( acquisition 9 ?is s5se is met ) 9 ! manufacture ( blue & gre5 ultram>9e col\rs1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t c be rais$ to an extremely valuable acquisition4 ,may ! communications "h made result 9 _! be+ consid]$ wor?y ( a ?or\gh _m-sid$ inve/igation & consid]ation4' 8,,reg>d+ ,,! ,,"w ,,itself4 8,page #ba4--#8,n long s9ce a prize ( #fjjj francs 0 (f]$ by ! 8,socit d',enc\ragem5t40 ,?is prize 0 ga9$ by ,guimet1 :o has n publi%$ 8 process1 & :o n[ furni%es ultram>9e at ! price ( #be francs p] oz41 :]eas x o!rwise co/ #bjj francs p] oz4 ,latt]ly1 9 #ahci1 ,guimet r$uc$ 8 price = ultram>9e1 viz4 ,no4 #a1 = pa9t+1 to #aj francs1 a light] %ade be+ #f francs p] oz4 ,9 addition1 ?is manufactur] furni%es l[] qualities = c>pet & pap] manufactur]s at #bj francs & #ab francs p] lb4' 8,page #bc4--#8;,inde$1 if we are able to produce ultram>9e by means ( a polysulphide ( sodium & common clay1 !n ! mo/ beautiful & mo/ la/+ ( all kn[n blue col\rs w\ld at ! same "t become ! *eape/ ( !m all4' 8,page #bg4--#8;,all faults :i* are kn[n to exi/ 9 ! old me?ods are obviat$ 9 ! new inv5tion ( ,leykauf & ,heyne1 :ile ! same (f]s ! foll[+ advantages3-- 8#87#a7 ,! mat]ials :i* are treat$ ) x c be br\ght into use )\t any special previ\s *emical prep>ations1 inde$ z suppli$ by ,nature1 :ile *emical treatm5t is entirely unnecess>y4 ,9 view ( ! unimportant co/ ( d]ivation ( ! raw mat]ial1 !re _c consequ5tly be any que/ions rais$ ) reg>d to wa/e4 8#87#b7 ,?is me?od is s simple t any man ( s\nd intellect c easily "w x1 )\t possess+ any special *emical k be=eh&4 ,z ! lab\r c be easily grappl$ )1 errors c only occur :5 ! grosse/ c>elessness is %[n 9 con=m+ to ! in/ructions prescrib$4 8#87#c7 ,accord+ to ! said me?od "o c "w accord+ to any desir$ scale1 &1 :at is be/ ( all1 ! l>g] ?is scale ! m fav\rable are ! results obta9$1 light] "w & excell5ce ( quality4 8#87#d7 ,if ! process is c>efully conduct$1 ev]y?+ is 9 y\r own p[]1 no?+ dep5d+ on *ance4 8#87#e7 ,consequ5tly an equal product c inv>iably be obta9$1 :ile ?is c at w be br\ght to ! mo/ complete /age ( p]fection at b little great] co/ ?an l[] qualities entail4 8#87#f7 ,accord+ to ?is me?od y are ma/] ( ! fire1 enabl+ a ret5tion ( col\rs 9 any desir$ %ade1 ( ! deepe/ tone1 ( ! greate/ p]man5cy4 8#8,f ?is x appe>s3 ,t ?is process is ! easie/1 ! *eape/1 & ! mo/ complete4 ,work$ accord+ to ?is me?od ! hope is likely soon to become a reality t ultram>9e may yet become ! *eape/ ( all m9]al col\rs1 & z 9 ! same ev]y?+ re/s ^u simplicity1 ! prep>ation ( ! article 9 future w be c>ri$ on some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( bak+1 brew+1 c4' 8,page #cb4--#8,moreov]1 !re is n only blue ultram>9e1 b also a pure gre51 & we may v5ture ! hope t simil> comb9ations 9 :ite1 black1 r$1 & yell[ w soon foll[ 9 equal p]fection4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! discov]ies1 ,leykauf & ,heyne h erect$ a factory 9 ,nrnb]g1 :i*1 accord+ to a circul> dat$ #ae? ,july1 #ahdj1 is 9 op]ation "u ! /yle ( 8,leykauf1 ,heyne & ,co410 & are produc+ ! two ultram>9e col\rs ref]r$ to at ! pres5t "t at ! rate ( #ej lb4 p] day4' 8,page #cc4--#8;,all ! me*anical appliances ( ! factory are at ! pres5t "t exclusively work$ by h&1 ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ be+ sixte52 :ile ! e/abli%m5t ^u completion ( ! build+s t are want+ is calculat$ to employ tw5ty op]atives & two horses4 ,) ?is ext5sion ! factory w be able to turn out #e cwt4 blue & #e cwt4 gre5 weekly1 consequ5tly annually #ejj cwt4 ( f9i%$ m]*antable ultram>9e w be br\ght on ! m>ket4' 8,page #ce4--#8,n[1 z reg>ds ! prices rul+ at pres5t = ,nrnb]g ultram>9e1 ^! are1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,fr5*1 m ?an #ejj p] c5t4 *eap]4 ,blue ultram>9e co/s1 namely1 9 ,nrnb]g1 quality ,no4 #j1 #aj flor9s p] lb42 a light] quality1 :i* is nev]!less d>k] ?an ! d>ke/ ,fr5* at #ajj francs1 #e fl4 p] lb42 a ?ird quality likewise d>k] ?an ! seconds ,fr5* at #fj francs1 #c fl4 p] lb4 ,gre5 ultram>9e1 #c fl4 #aj kr4 p] lb4 8#8,h[ mu* fur!r1 h[ev]1 ^! l[ prices w be yet r$uc$ aft] ! completion ( ! factory1 may be ga!r$ f a detail$ calculation ( co/ :i* ! *ief ( ?is factory has made himself responsible = z be+ ! highe/ e/imate4 ,?is calculation ( co/ is bas$ ^u ! weekly production ( #aj cwt41 :i* ! factory w soon be able to turn out1 & ^u a necess>y co/ ( plant & work+ capital ( #ij1jjj ,rh5i% flor9s1 z foll[s3-- 8,page #cf4--#8;,calculation ( co/ ( #ejj cwt4 blue & gre5 ultram>9e3-- ,fl4 7#a7 ,raw mat]ial & co/ ( transport #aj1jjj 7#b7 ,fuel1 includ+ co/ ( transport ( #gbjj cwt4 ( coal at fl4 #a4cj #aj1hjj 7#c7 ,wages ( #bj op]atives at fl4 #bej p] annum #e1jjj 7#d7 ,ut5sils & app>atus #c1bjj 7#e7 ,build+s & repairs #c1djj 7#f7 ,keep = two horses #fjj 7#g7 ,exp5se ( factory #c1jjj 7#h7 ,co/ ( adm9i/ration #b1jjj 7#i7 ,un=ese5 matt]s & accid5ts #b1jjj 7#aj7 ,int]e/ on build+ & work+ capital at #e p] c5t4 #d1ejj 7#aa7 ,public taxes1 insurance1 c4 #ejj ------ ,?us #ejj cwt4 w co/ ,fl4 #de1jjj 8 #a 8 8 ,fl4 #ij 8 #a lb4 8 #dekr4 8#8,=ty-five kreutz]s1 !re=e1 9 accordance ) ! above1 w 9 future be ! production co/ ( a col\r :i*1 z is well kn[n1 c\ld n be obta9$ = sev]al hundr$ guld5s1 :ile 9 gre5 x 0 n procurable at any price4' 8,i v5ture to hope t ! =ego+ communication may yet prove ( "s int]e/ 9 *emical circles40 #a flor9 or guld5 #bs4 #a kreutz] d4 ,ultram>9e is by f> ! mo/ commonly us$ ( ! blue pigm5ts4 ,x is a *emical comb9ation ( silica1 alum9a1 soda1 & sulphur1 b its exact *emical con/itution is n kn[n1 ! proportions ( its +r$i5ts v>y+ some:at ) diff]5t makes4 ,!re are two pr9cipal v>ieties ( ultram>9e sold4 ,"o is kn[n z sulphate ultram>9e ! o!r z soda ultram>9e1 f ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! process ( manufacture4 ,9 ! fir/1 silica1 *9a clay1 sulphate ( soda1 & coal are us$2 9 ! latt]1 silica1 *9a clay1 c>bonate ( soda1 & sulphur are us$4 ,! sulphate ultram>9e is di/+ui%$ by its v pale gre5i% blue col\r1 :ile ! soda ultram>9e is ( a violet hue4 ,ultram>9e is di/+ui%$ f o!r blues by ! fact t acids completely decolorise x1 ) ! evolution ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 & ! =mation ( a :ite precipitate ( sulphate4 ,! sulphate ultram>9e is m easily decompos$ by acids ?an ! soda ultram>9e1 & "s makes ( ! latt] m easily ?an o!rs4 ,alkalies & heat h no action on ?is pigm5t4 ,boil$ 9 /rong nitric acid1 ultram>9e is completely decoloris$1 a col\rless solution be+ =m$1 & a gelat9\s mass ( silica be+ left z a residue4 ,x is n z a rule necess>y to make an analysis ( ! pigm5t2 ! above te/s s]ve to di/+ui% x f o!r pigm5ts4 ,an assay ( ultram>9e %\ld include ! foll[+ po9ts3--#a/1 col\r or t9t2 #bnd1 cov]+ p[] or body2 #crd1 acid resi/+ prop]ties3 ?is c be te/$ by mak+ a v weak solution ( sulphuric acid--ab\t #d oz4 9 #ajjj oz4 ( wat]--& add+ a little ( ?is to ! pigm5t conta9$ 9 a glass1 & not+ h[ long x takes to br+ ab\t decolorisation2 #d?1 ! p[] ( resi/ance to ! action ( alum4 ,:5 ultram>9es are boil$ ) a solution ( alum1 !y are m or less r$d5$ !reby2 ^? :i* are made ) a l>ge excess ( silica are f\nd to resi/ ?is action ( alum bett] ?an ^? conta9+ a normal quantity ( ?is comp\nd4 ,su* ultram>9es are pref]r$ by ! pap] mak]1 :o uses a l>ge quantity ( alum & sulphate ( alum9a 9 ! siz+ ( 8 pap]s1 & !re=e he wants an ultram>9e :i* %all n *ange 9 %ade :5 us$ = t9t+ alum9a siz$ pap]s4 ,?is po9t is easily te/$4 ,a solution ( alum is made1 & 9 a little ( ?is a small quantity ( ultram>9e is boil$ = a few m9utes1 & x is not$ :e!r any *ange ( %ade occurs4 ,if any sample is f\nd to *ange mu*1 t sample mu/ be reject$ = pap] t9t+1 al?\gh x may be us$ by ! pa9t] or ! laundress4 ,x may be wor? po9t+ out "h t ultram>9e %\ld n be us$ ) any o!r col\rs :i* h a t5d5cy to be acid1 z soon] or lat] ! col\r w be de/roy$4 ,x %\ld also n be us$ ) lead or copp] pigm5ts1 z ! sulphur x conta9s t5ds to react on ^? metals2 =m+ ! black sulphides1 ?us lead+ to ! ultimate discoloration ( ! mixture4--7,*emical ,trade ,j\rnal74 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,br[ns4 ,br[n col\r+ matt]s are obta9$ f all ?ree k+doms--! animal1 ! vegetable1 & ! m9]al--b 9 greate/ abundance f ! la/ nam$4 ,! natural m9]al br[n pigm5ts af=d almo/ e v>iety ( t9t1 & be+ l>gely compos$ ( silica & metallic oxides !y are rem>kably p]man5t4 ,,asphalt ,,or ,,bitum54--,^! names are appli$ to a v>iety ( black or br[n res9\s matt]s f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w 9 a m9]alis$ /ate1 ?\gh d]iv$ orig9ally f organic s\rces4 ,! 8,bitum5 ( ,juda0 is suppos$ to be f\nd on & ar\nd ! ,dead ,sea1 b ! bulk ( ! product go+ by t "n really comes f ,tr9idad4 ,all k9ds ( asphalt h a pung5t & peculi> smell1 melt at a l[ temp]ature1 are v combu/ible1 & :ile dissolv+ 9 turp5t9e1 & m readily 9 coal t> naph?a1 are insoluble 9 wat] & 9 alcohol4 ,v little asphalt is n[ us$ z a pigm5t1 b x cont9ues to f9d a limit$ application 9 v>ni% mak+1 not)/&+ ! t5d5cy ( v>ni%es conta9+ x to suff] f m9ute cracks ) ! lapse ( "t4 ,,bi/re4--,?is pigm5t is us$ exclusively 9 wat]-col\r pa9t+1 = :i* purpose x af=ds a f9e w>m yell[i% t9t$ br[n4 ,x is ( vegetable orig91 be+ prep>$ f ! soot :i* is deposit$ 9 ! flues lead+ f fireplaces :i* consume wood fuel4 ,e wood1 h[ev]1 does n af=d an equally good sample ( bi/re1 & bee* occupies ! =emo/ rank 9 ?is respect4 ,! brighte/ & blacke/ soot is select$1 & aft] c>eful gr9d+ & sift+ ?r\gh a v f9e sieve1 x is repeat$ly /irr$ up1 = sev]al h\rs at a "t1 9 a s]ies ( clean hot wat]s1 ! object ( :i* is to dissolve out all traces ( t>ry & o!r soluble matt]s1 :i* v s]i\sly affect its p]man5ce1 be+ oxidis$ on exposure to air & light1 & ?us weak5+ ! t9t4 ,! wa%+ is !re=e a matt] ( ! v fir/ importance4 ,! solid pigm5t is all[$ to settle out ( ea* wa% wat]1 & is collect$ & dri$1 be+ mix$ ) a small proportion ( gum wat] to give cohesion4 ,! dry+ is effect$ 9 a /ove room4 ,,bone ,,br[n4--,?is unimportant pigm5t is simply und]done bone black 7see p4 #f71 & is obta9$ by /opp+ ! calc9ation ( ! bones at a po9t :i* falls %ort ( ?or\gh *>r+4 ,9 consequ5ce x conta9s a proportion ( unalt]$ animal matt]s1 :i* soon] or lat] may und]go decomposition1 & prejudicially affect ! pa9t+4 ,,cappagh ,,br[n4--,a m9]al pigm5t :i* is only a v>iety ( umb]1 & may be/ be describ$ "u t head 7see p4 #aje74 ,,cassel ,,e>?4--,ano!r "n = ,cologne e>?1 q4 v4 ,,*icory ,,br[n4--,?is vegetable pigm5t is ri*-col\r$ b lacks p]man5ce4 ,x is prep>$ by calc9+ roots1 su* z ^? ( *icory1 9 vessels to :i* air is n admitt$1 f :i* !n results a f9e br[n p[d]4 ,?is is boil$ 9 wat]1 & ! solution is evaporat$ to dryness1 yield+ a br[n pigm5t1 :i*1 be+ soluble 9 wat]1 is sometimes employ$ by wat]-col\r arti/s4 ,,cologne ,,e>?4--,?is mat]ial1 :i* is also kn[n z ,cassel e>? or ,rub5s br[n1 is an e>?y c>bonace\s sub/ance1 probably d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( lignite or br[n coal1 readily und]go+ combu/ion )\t emitt+ flame or smoke4 ,l>ge deposits ( x are work$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,cologne1 :5ce its "n4 ,x is blacki%-br[n 9 col\r1 smoo? & crumbl+ to ! t\*1 & v light4 ,to remove soluble impurities x is subject$ to sev]al wa%+s 9 wat]1 & !n collect$1 mix$ ) a little gum-wat]1 & dri$ 9 small m\lds4 ,! col\r is us$ by arti/s1 b is v v>iable 9 composition & unc]ta9 9 durability4 ,,manganese ,,br[n4--,"o ( ! mo/ durable br[n pigm5ts us$ by ! ,romans is f\nd to be oxide ( manganese1 :i* discov]y has l$ to ! proposal to prep>e ! b9oxide ( t metal z a br[n pigm5t4 ,! me?od sugge/$ is z foll[s3-- ,! proto*loride ( manganese1 d]iv$ f ! manufacture ( *lor9e1 or ! protosulphate result+ f ! calc9ation ( ! protoxide ) iron sulphate1 is dissolv$ 9 w>m wat] 7#he-aje ,f472 to ?is is add$ a sodium hypo*lorite solution1 or a solution ( potassium hypo*lorite conta9+ a small proportion ( c>bonate ( soda1 ! addition be+ cont9u$ until ! precipitat$ manganese b9oxide ceases to *ange col\r1 m>k+ ! completion ( ! oxidation4 ,! sup]natant cle> liquor is drawn (f1 & ! precipitate is wa%$ fir/ ) acidulat$ wat] 7conta9+ #b p] c5t4 ( sulphuric acid71 & !n ) pure wat] till all trace ( ! acid is remov$4 ,! d>k-br[n impalpable p[d] ( manganese b9oxide is /ove dri$1 & =ms a p]man5t & safe pigm5t ) good cov]+ p[]4 ,,m>s ,,br[n4--,"o ( ! products obta9$ by ! calc9ation ( ,m>s yell[ 7q4 v47 at v>i\s temp]atures & "u diff]5t conditions is a full-t9t$ & durable br[n due to sesquioxide ( iron4 ,ano!r me?od ( prep>+ x is f alum1 sulphate ( iron1 & *loride ( manganese4 ,9 ei!r case ! pigm5t is n sup]ior to umb] or oxide ( iron1 :ile x _c be produc$ z *eaply4 ,,prussian ,,br[n4--,an arti/s' col\r kn[n by ?is "n is prep>$ f ,prussian blue1 b z x has no sup]iority ov] ,v&yke br[n or umb]1 & is high] pric$1 x is n 9 g5]al use4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( c>bon & f]ric oxide1 resembles bi/re 9 tone1 & possesses durability & good cov]+ p[]s4 ,! op]ation ( calc9+ ! ,prussian blue %\ld be conduct$ sl[ly1 & is be/ p]=m$ 9 a clos$ vessel1 ?\gh x may also be done 9 ! op54 ,! pieces ( blue %\ld n be l>g] ?an a hazel nut4 ,!y soon split1 scale (f1 & become r$1 :5 ! heat+ %\ld cease4 ,on break+ ! cool$ p>ticles !y w %[ a pat*y coloration v>y+ f yell[i%-br[n to black4 ,on gr9d+1 ! mass assumes ! desir$ br[n hue4 ,,rub5s ,,br[n4--,ano!r "n = ,cassel br[n or ,cologne e>? 7q4 v474 ,,sepia4--,?is is "o ( ! few pigm5ts d]iv$ f ! animal k+dom4 ,x is produc$ by sev]al sea-inhabit+ creatures belong+ to ! class call$ ,cephalopoda1 & m p>ticul>ly by two memb]s ( ! g5us ,sepia1 kn[n respectively z ,sepia (fic9alis & ,sepia loligo4 ,a peculi>ity ( ^! cephalopods is t !y are provid$ ) :at is commonly call$ an ink bag1 9 o!r words a gl& or sac fill$ ) a blacki%-br[n liquid1 :i* possesses int5se col\r+ p[]4 ,! object ( ! secretion is ! protection ( ! creature f pursuit by its enemies1 a portion ( fluid be+ dis*>g$ at w1 & s obscur+ ! surr\nd+ wat] t escape is facilitat$4 ,= ! sake ( ?is pigm5t ! cuttle-fi% are s\ght aft] by fi%]m5 9 ! localities frequ5t$ by ! animals1 notably 9 ! w>m wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,:5 ! creatures are captur$1 _! gl&s are c>efully extract$ & sun-dri$ s z to solidify ! cont5ts4 ,9 ?is /ate ink bags are s5t into comm]ce4 ,! col\rman subjects ! sacs to boil+ 9 a solution ( soda or pota%1 :]eby ! col\r is dissolv$ out ( ! receptacle1 & be+ filt]$ cle> ( all fragm5ts ( ! animal tissue1 is next precipitat$ by ! addition ( acid1 collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$1 & dri$4 ,x !n =ms an exce$+ly useful pigm5t1 hav+1 accord+ to ,pr\t1 ! foll[+ av]age composition3-- ,p] c5t4 ,black pigm5t 7melan97 ab\t #gh ,calcium c>bonate #aj ,magnesium c>bonate #g ,alkal9e *lorides & sulphates #b ,organic matt] #a ,x is rem>kably p]man5t = an organic sub/ance1 suff]+ no alt]ation on be+ comb9$ ) o!r pigm5ts1 & )/&+ ! effects ( exposure to air & light4 ,?\gh slightly transp>5t1 & n q con/ant 9 t9t1 x possesses v great col\r+ p[]4 ,be+ ( extremely f9e texture x c be work$ up equally well z an oil col\r or z a wat] col\r1 b x is especially 9 ! latt] capacity t x =ms an indisp5sable arti/s' col\r1 & p]mits ! production ( a great range ( %ades & t9ts4 ,,ulm94--,! pigm5ts gr\p$ "u ?is "n are also ( organic orig92 b ?\gh !y possess good col\r1 mix well1 & fl[ readily f ! bru%1 !y lack ! durability :i* is ess5tial to _! successful use4 ,! foll[+ me?ods h be5 employ$ 9 _! prep>ation3--7#a7 ,fus$ cau/ic pota% is dige/$ 9 alcohol1 & ! liquor filt]$ & heat$ till a br[n p[d] is ?r[n d[n1 :i* is filt]$ & wa%$ ) acidulat$ wat]2 7#b7 ,wa/e cotton1 peat1 or br[n coal1 heat$ ) an alkali2 7#c7 ,f>9ace\s matt]s c>bonis$ by m9]al acids4 ,,umb]s4--,^! =m a l>ge class ( natural e>?s ( a br[n col\r1 diff]+ widely 9 ! proportions ( _! *ief con/itu5ts1 b closely alli$ to ! o*res & si5nas 9 g5]al composition1 & ow+ _! col\r ma9ly to ! pres5ce ( hydrat$ oxides ( iron & manganese1 ! latt] prevail+ 9 ! umb]s to a great] degree ?an 9 ! o*res & si5nas1 :i* consequ5tly belong to ! yell[ gr\p 7q4 v474 ,b$s or ve9s ( umb] ( v>y+ ?ickness & ext5t are f\nd 9 _m places1 especially 9 connection ) magnesian lime/one 7dolomite74 ,app>5tly !y are (t5 d]iv$ f decomposition ( ?is rock1 p]haps due to ! infiltration ( c>bonat$ wat]1 :i* has act$ ^u ! calcium & magnesium c>bonates 9 ! dolomite1 & left ! silica & ! iron & manganese z oxides1 =m+ ! bulk ( ! umb]4 ,usually ^! b$s ( umb] are ne> ! surface1 ?\gh cov]$ by an ov]burd5 ( vegetable soil1 & ! op]ation ( work+ !m may be call$ qu>ry+ r ?an m9+1 be+ ( a sup]ficial & simple "*1 (t5 only am\nt+ to small pits4 ,z no umb] is a def9ite body1 b r a mixture ( v>i\s sub/ances1 s ! composition ( e k9d is peculi> to itself1 & v wide diff]5ces are noticeable4 ,ev5 ! same b$ w n necess>ily produce always ! same class ( umb]4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! ext5t to :i* ! proportions ( ! sev]al +r$i5ts may v>y3-- ,p] c5t4 ,wat] giv5 (f at #bab ,f4 #d to #fe ,wat] 9 comb9ation #e to #aa ,silica #d to #bi ,manganese dioxide #g to #bg ,f]ric oxide #f to #cf ,calcium c>bonate is sometimes pres5t to ! ext5t ( #b to #f p] c5t41 & at o!r times is q abs5t1 its place be+ tak5 by to #a p] c5t4 ( lime 7calcium oxide72 "s ( ! ,engli% umb]s conta9 ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( calcium sulphate 7gypsum7 9 addition to ! c>bonate4 ,alum9a may occur to ! am\nt ( #b to #ab p] c5t41 or may be want+ altoge!r4 ,9 a sample ( ,d]by%ire umb] analys$ by ,hur/ !re appe>s to h be5 ov] #cj p] c5t4 ( b>ium sulphate 7b>ytes71 :i* looks suspici\sly l adult]ation4 ,almo/ e v>iety ( %ade may be f\nd 9 umb]s4 ,! d>ke/ & ri*e/ 9 col\r--a w>m violet-br[n--is ! s-call$ ,turkey umb]1 m9$ 9 ,cyprus1 & =m]ly %ipp$ vi ,con/ant9ople2 ?is is ( v f9e quality & comm&s ! high] price 9 ! m>ket4 ,a r$di%-br[n ,iri% umb]1 kn[n z ,cappagh br[n1 obta9$ f ! ,cappagh m9es 9 ,cork c\nty1 is mu* e/eem$ among arti/s1 bo? = wat]-col\r & oil pa9t+1 & especially = ! latt] :5 x has be5 subject$ to a prelim9>y desiccation at a temp]ature ( ab\t #agj ,f4 ,heat$ to ! boil+ po9t its col\r *anges to a ri* r$1 resembl+ burnt si5na4 ,corni% umb]s are ( fairly good quality4 ,d]by%ire umb]s are poor1 & incl9e to a r$di% t9t1 besides be+ gritty4 ,sometimes !y are adult]at$ ) a little lamp black1 :i* r5d]s ! tone m l t ( ,turkey umb]1 & ?us deceives ! unw>y buy]4 ,!re are ?ree conditions 9 :i* umb]s come into comm]ce3 7#a7 z raw lump1 be+ ! m9]al j z x is m9$2 7#b7 z raw p[d]$1 :5 x has be5 gr\nd v f9e & levigat$ or wa%$ 9 fl[+ wat]1 :]eby ! p>ticles get assort$ accord+ to _! sev]al degrees ( f95ess2 & 7#c7 z burnt1 be+ ! p[d] aft] x has be5 subject$ to calc9ation 9 a clos$ furnace4 ,"s umb]s are s s(t t !y c be wa%$ )\t any previ\s gr9d+1 b ?is is n g5]ally ! case4 ,! app>atus us$ 9 gr9d+ & levigat+ is common to all pigm5ts :]e ^! processes are employ$1 & w !re=e be describ$ once = all 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! calc9ation is conduct$ at a r$ heat1 & by ?is process ! t9t is made d>k] & w>m]1 b x mu/ n be pu%$ too f> or ! pigm5t w black54 ,:ile diff]5t samples ( umb] pres5t diff]5ces ( tone & %ade1 f a yell[i% to a violet br[n1 !y are alike 9 be+ v durable & pro( aga9/ ! injuri\s influ5ces ( air1 light1 & impure atmosph]es2 ord9>y acids & cau/ic soda h no appreciable effect4 ,!y mix well ) o!r pigm5ts )\t provok+ any *ange1 & are equally satisfactory z oil or wat] col\rs4 ,!y d n admit ( mu* adult]ation1 except 9 ! sub/itution ( an inf]ior grade = a sup]ior "o1 & possibly ! addition ( b>ytes z a make-weight4 ,,v&yke ,,br[n4--,:at ! orig9al br[n us$ s mu* by ! great ,van ,dyke 0 no "o c tell4 ,! pigm5ts n[ sold "u ! "n ( ,v&yke br[n are ( v>y+ composition1 "s be+ simply mixtures ( r$ oxide ( iron & lamp black1 o!rs are natural e>?y sub/ances aft] ! "* ( ,cologne e>?1 & o!rs aga9 are artificial products ( ! p>tial c>bonisation ( vegetable matt]s1 su* z cork wa/e4 ,z x is unc]ta9 :at 0 ! composition ( ! orig9al ,v&yke br[n1 no /&>d ( *emical purity c be e/abli%$4 ,probably ! mo/ g5]al s\rces ( ,v&yke br[n are r$ oxide & lamp black1 & ! quality ( su* a pigm5t w *iefly dep5d on secur+ a good black1 z any traces ( unburn$ oily matt] w make ! pa9t difficult to dry4 ,almo/ any v>iety ( %ade c be produc$ by adju/+ ! proportions ( lamp black & r$ oxide1 ) sometimes ! addition ( a little o*re4 ,! pigm5t made 9 ?is mann] =ms ! /aple br[n pa9t = indu/rial application1 mix+ well ) oil1 & be+ ( a durable "*1 b x does n mix s well ) wat]4 ,v&yke br[ns ( ! ,cologne e>? type1 f e>?y lignites & peaty matt]1 are mu* us$ 9 & ar\nd ! localities :]e !y are produc$1 & entail no?+ m ?an gr9d+ & levigation to fit !m = ! m>ket4 ,!y are 9 g5]al be/ adapt$ to wat]-col\r pa9t+4 ,w>m & slightly r$di% t9ts ( ,v&yke br[n are obta9$ by ! p>tial c>bonisation ( ligne\s mat]ial1 9 o!r words by subject+ cork & b>k wa/e to mod]ate calc9ation 9 clos$ retorts4 ,^! mix equally well 9 wat] or oil4 ,all v>ieties ( ,v&yke br[n are /able pigm5ts1 )\t any di/urb+ influ5ce :5 us$ 9 admixture ) o!r col\rs1 & q pro( aga9/ any *ange on exposure to air & light4 ,next to ! umb]s !y are ! mo/ g5]ally useful br[ns4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,gre5s4 ,gre5 pigm5ts =m an important & num]\s class1 b _m ( ^? :i* possess ! mo/ brilliant & durable qualities conta9 highly poison\s +r$i5ts1 & "s ( ! mo/ beautiful are n p]man5t4 ,all ?+s consid]$ !y are p]haps ! lea/ satisfactory gr\p ( col\r+ matt]s4 ,! foll[+ li/ comprises all wor? notice4 ,,b>yta ,,gre54--,x is said t ! manganate ( b>yta makes an excell5t gre5 pigm5t1 :i* may ) advantage replace = _m purposes ^? gre5s :i* conta9 ars5ic4 ,sev]al me?ods ( prep>+ x h be5 publi%$3--7a7 ,"o consi/s 9 ignit+ toge!r ! nitrate ( b>yta & manganese oxide or dioxide4 7b7 ,ano!r consi/s 9 fus+ a mixture ( pyrolusite or black oxide ( manganese1 cau/ic b>tya1 & *lorate ( pota%4 7c7 ,accord+ to a ?ird me?od1 mix #b p>ts cau/ic soda & #a "p *lorate ( pota%1 & gradually add #b p>ts v f9ely p[d]$ manganese2 heat gradually up to dull r$ness1 !n all[ to cool1 p[d]1 & exhau/ ) wat]2 filt] & cool1 & add a solution ( nitrate ( b>yta to ! filtrate2 a violet-col\r$ b>yta precipitate =ms2 ?is is c>efully wa%$1 dri$1 & treat$ ) -#a "p ( cau/ic b>yta1 hydrat$1 & gradually heat$ up to r$ness1 ) con/ant /irr+4 ,! cool$ mass is p[d]$1 & f9ally wa%$ to remove any excess ( b>yta4 ,by ei!r process a gre5 mass is obta9$1 b ! second me?od seems to yield a m beautiful & homog5e\s product4 ,9 exp]im5t+ ) o!r & m direct me?ods = prep>+ a b>yta gre5 ( great purity & beauty1 ,flei*] has made sev]al obs]vations ( its prop]ties4 ,if a gre5 solution ( manganate ( pota% be precipitat$1 :ile boil+1 by *loride ( b>ium1 a heavy1 granul>1 b n cry/all9e1 precipitate ( manganate ( b>ium is obta9$4 ,?is precipitate has a violet col\r1 approa*+ blue1 c be wa%$ by decantation at fir/1 & aft]w>ds may be collect$ on a filt]4 ,on dry+ ! precipitate1 its col\r gr[s light] ) ! increase ( temp]ature2 & on be+ heat$ to a d>k r$ heat1 x looks almo/ p]fectly :ite1 ) only a %ade ( greyi% blue4 ,if1 !n1 x be heat$ /ill high] ) free access ( air1 or 9 an oxidis+ flame1 x gradually turns gre52 by c>ry+ ! process f>!r ! col\r becomes a beautiful gre5i%-blue1 & f9ally1 at a v high heat1 a dirty greyi%-br[n mass is =m$ f ! r$uction ( ! manganic acid to b9oxide ( manganese4 ,on add+ *loride ( b>ium to a solution ( ! p]manganate ( pota%1 & boil+1 a precipitate is sl[ly =m$ ( a pea*-blossom col\r1 :ile ! liquid reta9s a deep violet col\r4 ,by decant+ & br++ ! mass1 dilut$ ) wat]1 on a filt]1 ! precipitate is n decompos$1 & c be dri$ at #bab ,f4 )\t *ang+ col\r4 ,:5 ! dry p]manganate ( b>ium is gradually heat$1 its col\r also gr[s pal]1 b does n1 l ! manganate ( b>yta1 acquire a gre5 col\r at a /ill high] temp]ature2 = aft] ! col\r has once vani%$1 an increase ( temp]ature soon conv]ts x into ! greyi%-br[n mixture ( ! b9oxide ( manganese & b>yta or c>bonate ( b>yta4 ,h5ce x is impossible to prep>e ! gre5 manganate ( b>yta f ! p]manganate4 ,9 reg>d to ! col\r itself1 exp]im5ts h %[n t ! mo/ beautiful gre5 is t =m$ by ignit+ ! manganate z describ$ above4 ,! gre5 prep>$ by ,ros5/iehl's process--fus+ toge!r cau/ic b>yta1 *lorate ( pota%1 & b9oxide ( manganese--is less beautiful ?an ! above2 :ile t atta9$ f nitrate ( b>yta & b9oxide ( manganese is f> inf]ior to ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ?is col\r c\ld be improv$ by prep>+ x 9 a rev]b]atory furnace ) a /rong oxidis+ flame4 ,! blue-gre5 b>yta pigm5t has diff]5t %ades1 accord+ to its prep>ation1 "s be+ almo/ pure blue ) only a %ade ( gre51 & resembl+ ! light blue quill fea!rs ( _m p>rots4 ,! gre5] ! col\r ! m x ga9s 9 int5sity1 b x loses 9 f95ess1 al?\gh /ill surpass+ ! gre5 manganate ( b>yta4 ,! production ( ! blue or blui%-gre5 b>yta is due entirely to ! alkal9e prop]ty ( ! mass4 ,:e!r ea* def9ite col\r is due to a def9ite composition is d\btful1 s9ce ! temp]ature1 :i* mu/ n exce$ t ( a bright r$ heat1 ex]ts a great] influ5ce on ! col\r4 ,?is mu* is h[ev] c]ta91 t bo? manganic acid z well z ! p]manganate ( b>yta1 :5 mix$ ) ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( hydrate ( b>yta & ignit$ at a r$ heat1 w always produce ?is blue-gre5 col\r4 ,x is evid5t t ! blue-gre5 col\r is dep5d5t entirely on its basic "*2 = on plac+ ?is p[d] 9 weak acids1 x fir/ turns gre5 & is !n gradually decompos$4 ,! b>yta pigm5t is q p]man5t1 & may be subject$ to ! action ( /rong sulphuric acid = h\rs1 at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 be=e ! col\r w be de/roy$4 ,boil+ pota% solution has no p]ceptible effect ^u x4 ,! p]man5ce1 especially ( ! blue %ade1 is increas$ by add+ a little b>yta1 :i* increases its alkal9ity4 ,x is also wor?y ( rem>k t ! pigm5t prep>$ f ! nitrate ( b>yta is mu* less p]man5t1 because ! nitr\s acid pres5t w aft] a "t ex]t a r$uc+ action4 ,! b>yta pigm5ts seem especially adapt$ to fresco pa9t+1 because !y appe> v bright & lively on /one1 & especially on lime1 :]e _m o!r pigm5ts lose _! beauty or are entirely de/roy$4 ,,brem5 ,,gre54--,?is old-fa%ion$ pigm5t is a basic c>bonate ( copp]1 & has be5 produc$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,at fir/ a basic *loride or oxy*loride 0 us$1 its mode ( prep>ation v>y+ some:at b )\t affect+ ! "* ( ! result1 ! great ess5tial be+ t no sub*loride ( copp] %\ld be pres5t4 ,!re=e1 9 "s factories1 x 0 ! practice to prep>e ! magma ( basic oxy*loride ev5 a ye> 9 advance2 or1 to subject x to repeat$ wett+ & dry+ 9 ord] to ensure prefect oxidation4 ,! me?od has n[ become obsolete1 & is sup]s$$ by ! foll[+3-- ,:5 neutral nitrate ( copp] is decompos$ by an insuffici5cy ( a pota% c>bonate solution1 ! floccul5t precipitate ( copp] c>bonate =m$ at fir/ is gradually *ang$ into a subnitrate ( copp] :i* is precipitat$ z a heavy gre5 p[d]4 ,9 practice ! op]ation is conduct$ z foll[s3--,copp] scales are calc9$ 9 a rev]b]atory or muffle furnace1 till all ! suboxide is conv]t$ into protoxide1 or until a sample dissolves 9 nitric acid )\t evolution ( r$ nitr\s vap\rs4 ,! copp] nitrate solution is heat$ & decompos$ by a cle> solution ( pota% c>bonate1 & :5 ! eff]vesc5ce subsides1 small doses ( pota% c>bonate solution are add$1 till b little undecompos$ copp] rema9s 9 ! solution4 ,to recov] ?is la/ portion1 ! cle> liquor is decant$1 & ! gre5 precipitate is wa%$ sev]al times ) small quantities ( wat]4 ,all ! liquors are collect$1 & ! rema9+ copp] is precipitat$ by pota% solution4 ,! gre5 c>bonate ( copp] is introduc$ into a new solution ( copp] nitrate1 9 :i* x is trans=m$ into a basic salt4 ,! previ\s liquors are evaporat$ till !y af=d cry/als ( nitrate ( pota%1 :i* is a valuable second>y product4 ,,brighton ,,gre54--,! foll[+ recipe has be5 publi%$ = mak+ ?is pigm5t4 ,dissolve sep>ately #g lb4 sulphate ( copp] & #c lb4 sug> ( lead1 ea* 9 #e p9ts ( wat]2 mix ! solutions1 /ir 9 #bd lb4 ( :it+1 & :5 ! mass is dry gr9d to p[d]4 ,,brunswick ,,gre54--7a7 ,old process4 ,! ,brunswick gre5 ( =m] days 0 closely alli$ to ,brem5 gre51 ess5tially consi/+ ( a basic *loride or oxy*loride ( copp]1 & possess+ all ! faults incid5tal to t class ( copp] salt4 ,:ile hav+ fairly good cov]+ p[]1 & capable ( be+ us$ ei!r z a wat] col\r or an oil col\r1 x 0 t$i\s & !re=e exp5sive to prep>e1 & n ?or\ghly durable "u exposure to air & sunlight4 ,nev]!less x 0 a useful blui%-gre5 pigm5t4 ,foll[+ are "s ( ! _m me?ods by :i* x has be5 prep>$3-- 7#a7 ,poor oxidis$ copp] ores are moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & spread out expos$ to ! air4 ,! metal is ?us r5d]$ v susceptible to ! action ( *lor9e1 & is ev5 attack$ by solutions ( ammonium *loride & ( common salt4 ,! sub-*loride produc$ is rapidly trans=m$ into oxy-*loride1 & =ms a f9e light-gre5 pigm5t4 7#b7 ,place #b p>ts by weight ( copp]-fil+s 9 a vessel capable ( be+ tightly clos$1 & ov] !m p\r #c p>ts by weight ( salammoniac 9 ! =m ( a saturat$ aque\s solution4 ,keep ! mixture 9 a w>m place = "s weeks & ?or\ghly agitate x occasionally4 ,9 due "t ! newly =m$ oxy*loride is remov$ f ! vessel1 & sep>at$ f ! non-oxidis$ copp] by wa%+ on a sieve4 ,?is wa%+ mu/ be cont9u$ until all traces ( alkali h be5 de/roy$1 :5 ! pigm5t is dra9$1 & v sl[ly dri$ at a l[ temp]ature to avoid decomposition4 7#c7 ,copp] scrap is cov]$ ) a conc5trat$ solution ( *loride ( copp] & all[$ to rema9 until ! *loride has und]gone conv]sion into basic *loride4 ,! latt] is !n subject$ to ! /ra9+1 wa%+1 & dry+ treatm5t prescrib$ 9 7#b74 7#d7 ,9 a lead-l9$ vessel1 place a quantity ( copp] fil+s or wa/e1 & add to x two-?irds ( its weight ( common salt1 & "o-?ird ( its weight ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 ! latt] be+ h[ev] fir/ dilut$ by admixture ) ?ree times its volume ( wat]4 ,! mass is left to /&1 ) occasional /irr+ till all ! copp] has be5 trans=m$ into oxy*loride1 :5 x is /ra9$1 wa%$1 & dri$ z 9 7#b74 7#e7 ,a modification ( 7#d7 is to put ! copp] scrap into a wood5 vessel1 & cov] x ) an equal weight ( common salt & an equal weight ( sulphate ( pota% dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,aft] /&+ & agitation z be=e1 ! oxy*loride is =m$1 & ! /ra9+1 wa%+1 & dry+ are repeat$4 7#f7 ,a solution ( crude c>bonate ( ammonia is add$ to a mix$ solution ( alum & blue vitriol s long z any reaction takes place4 ,:5 x is complet$1 ! precipitate is collect$1 wa%$1 & dri$ z 9 ! o!r cases4 7#g7 ,light] %ades are produc$ by ! addition ( alum1 or ( sulphate ( b>yta4 7b7 ,new process4 ,! mod]n ,brunswick gre5s1 :i* are made 9 a v>iety ( %ades1 & sometimes kn[n z *rome gre5s1 ,prussian gre5s1 ,victoria gre5s1 & by o!r fancy names1 really consi/ ( a :ite pigm5t z a basis--usually sulphate ( b>yta 7b>ytes71 b occasionally also sulphate ( lime 7gypsum7 & sulphate ( lead--col\r$ gre5 ( v>y+ int5sity & dep? by addition ( a blue pigm5t 9 ! %ape ( ,prussian blue1 & a yell[ 9 ! guise ( *rome-yell[4 ,!re are :at may be call$ f\r di/9ct /&>d %ades recognis$ by col\r-mak]s1 viz4 8pale10 8m$ium10 8deep10 & 8extra deep02 b inasmu* z e manufactur] adopts a =mula ( 8 own1 !re may be appreciable diff]5ces among col\rs ( ! same nom9al /&>d if by diff]5t mak]s4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( _! total weight consi/s ( ! f\ndation :ite pigm5t1 usually b>ytes2 ab\t #a to #f p] c5t4 is ,prussian blue1 accord+ to ! %ade2 & #ad to #ah p] c5t4 *rome yell[2 b !re are br&s occasionally met ) :i* dep>t consid]ably f ^! av]age figures4 ,! actual +r$i5ts employ$ to =m ^! gre5 pigm5ts are ess5tially diff]5t1 accord+ z ! wet or ! dry me?od ( comb9+ !m be adopt$4 ,9 select+ ! v>i\s +r$i5ts ! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,! ,prussian blue ( e mak] is n ! same 9 quality1 & :ile ! "* ( ! blue is n ( ! =emo/ importance :5 d>k gre5s are be+ made1 = light %ades ( gre51 on ! o!r h&1 x is ess5tial to select only ! be/ & brighte/ br&s4 ,9 ! same way ! t9t & quality ( ! *rome yell[ are liable to consid]able fluctuation1 & x is almo/ impossible to ensure two lots hav+ exactly ! same *>act]i/ics1 consequ5tly ! only way 9 :i* a c]ta9 %ade ( gre5 c be ensur$ is by exp]im5tal trial ) small quantities = ea* bat*4 ,middle *romes c be us$ = deep gre5s1 b only ! lemon *romes = pale %ades4 ,reg>d+ ! b>ytes :i* =ms ! basis ( ! pigm5t1 !re are no special precautions to be obs]v$2 & ! same may be said ( ! gypsum1 %\ld t be adopt$ z a sub/itute = ! b>ytes1 except t #a "p by weight ( gypsum takes ! place ( ab\t #b p>ts ( b>ytes4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 is mu* ! m commonly us$4 ,= ! dry me?od ( comp\nd+ ,brunswick gre5s1 ! above nam$ +r$i5ts are all t are requir$4 ,9 ! wet me?od !re is ?is ess5tial diff]5ce1 t x is s\ght to precipitate ! blue & yell[ col\rs ^u ! in]t base by br++ ab\t c]ta9 reactions1 & !re=e :ile ! base rema9s ! same z 9 ! dry me?od1 ! col\r+ m$ia are totally di/9ct1 consi/+ ( lead acetate1 bi*romate ( pota%1 sulphate ( iron1 & yell[ or r$ prussiate ( pota%4 ,! *ief condition to be obs]v$ ) reg>d to ! lead acetate is t x %all be 9 ! proportion ( slightly m ?an ?ree to "o ( ! bi*romate ( pota%2 9 o!r words1 ! bi*romate %\ld be a trifle less ?an "o-?ird ! weight ( ! lead acetate4 ,z to ! iron salt1 if comm]cial acetate or nitrate ( iron c\ld be b\ght ( con/ant quality or purity1 t w\ld be ! mo/ conv5i5t =m2 b fail+ t1 rec\rse is _h to fre%ly made & good quality sulphate ( iron 7gre5 copp]as74 ,x is f\nd t ! be/ results are secur$ :5 ! weight ( ! sulphate ( iron is exactly ! same z t ( ! prussiate ( pota%4 ,on ! score ( economy1 ! yell[ prussiate ( pota% 7f]rocyanide7 is employ$1 b ! r$ prussiate 7f]ricyanide ( potassium7 gives bett] & m c]ta9 results1 & %\ld be adopt$ :5 mak+ a sup]ior pa9t :i* w comm& a high] price4 ,z to ! comp>ative m]its ( ! wet & dry sy/ems ( mix+ ! +r$i5ts ( ,brunswick gre5s1 pref]5ce mu/ be giv5 to ! =m] on ! score ( quality ( ! pigm5t produc$1 b on ! o!r h& x entails mu* m tr\ble & skill1 & !re nev] c be ! same degree ( control ov] ! conduct ( ! op]ation or ! %ade ( col\r develop$4 ,! dry me?od1 h[ev]1 ?\gh mu* m easily c>ri$ out1 & enabl+ ! exact %ade desir$ to be obta9$ to a nicety by add+ a little m ( ei!r ! blue or ! yell[ dur+ ! process ( manufacture1 is seldom adopt$1 because ! quality & f95ess ( ! t9ts ?us secur$ are mu* inf]ior4 ,! modus op]&i ) ! wet me?od is z foll[s3--,! b>ytes1 9 ! requisite f9e /ate ( subdivision1 is v ?or\ghly /irr$ up ) wat] 9 a capaci\s vessel fitt$ ) an agitator1 ! wat] be+ 9 suffici5t quantity to make q a fluid mass4 ,9 conv5i5t proximity to ! b>ytes tank1 & elevat$ above x1 provide ?ree o!r tanks ( less] capacity furni%$ ) means ( dis*>g+ _! cont5ts into ! b>ytes tank4 ,9 "o ( ^! small] tanks dissolve ! gre5 copp]as 9 cold wat]2 9 ano!r1 ! sug> ( lead2 & 9 ! ?ird ! bi*romate & prussiate ( pota% toge!r4 ,:5 all ! salts are ?or\ghly dissolv$1 & :ile ! b>ytes is kept 9 con/ant agitation1 admit fir/ ( all ! copp]as solution1 !n ! lead acetate solution1 & f9ally ! comb9$ bi*romate & prussiate solution1 nev] all[+ ! /irr+ to slack5 till aft] ! la/ drop ( ^! solutions has be5 introduc$4 ,:5 ! comm+l+ ( all ! +r$i5ts is judg$ to be complete1 ! gre5 pigm5t =m$ is all[$ to subside1 & ! cle> sup]natant fluid is siphon$ (f4 ,! pigm5t is wa%$ sev]al times by admitt+ clean wat]1 agitat+ & settl+1 & f9ally is remov$1 dra9$ on a filt]1 & sl[ly & c>efully dri$4 ,_m ways ( arrang+ ! app>atus w sugge/ !mselves1 ! *ief po9t to keep 9 m9d be+ to economise lab\r z mu* z possible4 ,! dry me?od ( mix+ is simplicity itself 9 comp>ison ) ! above1 & m]ely entails putt+ ! compon5t mat]ials--b>ytes1 *rome-yell[ & ,prussian blue--?r\gh an edge-runn] mill simultane\sly1 9 ! proportions adapt$ = produc+ ! %ade requir$4 ,9 giv+ =mul = comp\nd+ ^! ,brunswick gre5s1 x mu/ be und]/ood t !y are n absolute1 z e manufactur] adopts 8 own p>ticul> proportions = a c]ta9 %ade1 b !y =m a suffici5tly approximate basis f :i* to "w4 ,!y are all comput$ = #ajj lb4 ( b>ytes =m+ ! body ( ! new pigm5t3-- ,pale3 ,wet--#a lb4 ea* copp]as & prussiate1 #ab lb4 lead acetate1 #c lb4 bi*romate4 ,dry--#hj lb4 *rome yell[1 #a lb4 ,prussian blue4 ,m$ium3 ,wet--#a lb4 ea* copp]as & prussiate1 #ab lb4 lead acetate1 #d lb4 bi*romate4 ,dry--#cj lb4 *rome yell[1 #b lb4 ,prussian blue4 ,deep3 ,wet--#b lb4 ea* copp]as & prussiate1 #ac lb4 lead acetate1 #d lb4 bi*romate4 ,dry--#cj lb4 *rome yell[1 #d lb4 ,prussian blue4 ,extra deep3 ,wet--#c lb4 ea*1 copp]as & prussiate1 #ad lb4 lead acetate1 #d lb4 bi*romate4 ,dry--#cj lb4 *rome yell[1 #g lb4 ,prussian blue4 ,! ,brunswick gre5s are 9 ! front rank ( gre5 pigm5ts s f> z cov]+ p[] is conc]n$1 &1 :5 made f reliable mat]ials1 are reasonably durable "u ! influ5ce ( air & light1 9 :i* respect1 h[ev]1 !y v>y consid]ably4 ,!y c be us$ z wat] col\rs1 b are sup]ior 9 oil pa9ts4 ,precautions are necess>y 9 mix+ !m ) o!r pigm5ts4 ,by ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 or sulphur 9 any =m1 ! col\r is d>k5$ to a notable degree2 by ! action ( acids1 ! *rome is de/roy$ & ! gre5 becomes blue2 by ! action ( alkalies1 bo? ! blue & ! yell[ con/itu5ts are affect$1 & ! gre5 gives place to a r$di% hue4 ,! pale & m$ium %ades are yell[ gre5s2 ! deep & extra deep are blue gre5s4 ,^! col\rs c be di/+ui%$ by heat+ !m ) cau/ic soda1 :i* turns !m br[ni% 9 tone1 ow+ to ! de/ruction ( ! ,prussian blue4 ,if ! residue be filt]$1 & to ! filtrate "s acid & f]ric *loride be add$1 a blue precipitate w be obta9$1 indicative ( ! pres5ce ( ,prussian blue4 ,on wa%+ ! residue ) wat] & treat+ ) hydro*loric acid1 ! br[n col\r disappe>s1 &1 9 mo/ cases1 only a :ite residue ( b>ytes is left2 sometimes ! residue may h a fa9t yell[i% col\r4 ,! solution 9 hydro*loric acid w give ! *>act]i/ic te/s = iron4 ,! yell[ elem5t c be recognis$ by boil+ 9 hydro*loric acid1 filt]+1 & all[+ ! filtrate to cool1 :5 cry/als ( lead *loride w deposit2 ^!1 sep>at$ out & dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 w give ! *>act]i/ic te/s = lead1 su* z a :ite precipitate ) sulphuric acid1 & yell[ precipitate ) bi*romate ( pota%4 ,! filtrate w h a gre5 col\r1 indicative ( *romium4 ,,*9ese ,,gre54--,ano!r "n = ! vegetable pigm5t kn[n 9 ,*9a z ,lokao 7q4v47 ,,*rome ,,gre54--,?is "n is (t5 appli$ to any gre5 9 :i* *rome ent]s z an elem5t1 b m p>ticul>ly to ! mod]n ,brunswick gre5s describ$ on pp4 #aad-aah2 & to ! gre5 :i* be>s ! "n ( its fir/ mak]1 ,guignet1 & describ$ "u ! title ( ,guignet's ,gre51 see p4 #abe4 ,,cobalt ,,gre54--,?is rem>kably /able1 b some:at co/ly1 pigm5t is also kn[n by ! names ( ,r9mann gre5 & z9c gre51 ! =m] aft] ! "n ( ! *emi/ :o fir/ prep>$ x1 & ! latt] because x conta9s a l>ge proportion ( z9c4 ,x is 9 fact a comb9ation ( ! oxides ( cobalt & z9c1 & 0 orig9ally produc$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3- lb4 pure cobalt ore 0 dissolv$ 9 #d lb4 conc5trat$ nitric acid1 & add$ to a solution ( #a lb4 z9c 9 #e lb4 nitric acid2 ! mixture 0 dilut$ ) wat]1 & a solution ( pota% c>bonate 0 add$1 ?r[+ d[n a p9ki% precipitate1 :i* 0 wa%$ on a filt]1 dri$1 & calc9$ at a high temp]ature4 ,wagn] f\nd t an indisp5sable condition 0 to h a protoxide ( cobalt z free z possible f =eign metals1 ) :i* object he practis$ ! foll[+ me?od3--,cobalt oxide is dissolv$ 9 ?ree equival5ts ( hydro*loric acid1 & ! solution is evaporat$ to dryness2 ! residue is dissolv$ 9 six equival5ts ( wat]1 & ?r\gh ! solution is pass$ a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 s long z any precipitate is =m$4 ,?is precipitate consi/s ( sulphides ( ! =eign metals4 ,! cle> solution is siphon$ (f1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residue is dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,z requir$1 ?is solution is treat$ ) c>bonate ( soda1 & ! precipitate1 wa%$1 & :ile /ill wet1 is mix$ ) z9c :ite4 ,! r$di% mass produc$ 9 ?is way is dri$ & calc9$4 ,! be/ tone is atta9$ by comb9+ #i to #aj p>ts ( z9c oxide ) #a to #a p>ts ( cobalt protoxide4 ,l\yet has %[n t if ! cobaltic solution be precipitat$ by ! phosphate or ! ars5iate ( pota%1 ! correspond+ salt ( cobalt ?us produc$ possesses ! prop]ty ( imp>t+ a gre5 col\r to z9c :ite at a mu* l[] temp]ature ?an is requir$ 9 ! case ( ord9>y protoxide ( cobalt3 moreov]1 ! pigm5t ga9s 9 body1 & ! col\r ga9s 9 purity & brightness4 ,if a small quantity ( ars5i\s acid is add$ to ! ord9>y mixture be=e calc9ation1 ! calc9$ mass w assume a rem>kably bright gre5 col\r2 & its /ructure be+ loos5$ by ! dis5gagem5t ( fumes ( ars5i\s acid1 x w be easy to gr9d4 ,accord+ to ,b>ruel & ,leclaire's me?od1 #a lb4 ( pure dry sulphate ( cobalt1 dissolv$ 9 hot wat]1 is mix$ ) #e lb4 ( z9c oxide4 ,! mixture is dri$1 & calc9$ = ?ree h\rs at a cle> r$ heat 9 a muffle2 :5 cool$1 x is ?r[n into wat]1 wa%$1 & dri$4 ,! composition ( cobalt gre5 has be5 %[n by ,wagn] to v>y consid]ably1 z is to be expect$ f ! me?ods ( its prep>ation4 ,! proportion ( z9c oxide ranges f #ga to #hh p] c5t41 & ! cobalt protoxide f #aa to #ai p] c5t42 9 addition1 !re w be fluctuat+ p]c5tages ( phosphoric acid1 soda1 oxide ( iron1 c41 accord+ to ! process foll[$4 ,) ! s+le exception ( its co/l9ess1 cobalt gre5 possesses advantages ov] mo/ o!r gre5 pigm5ts4 ,x has a bright col\r1 sometimes incl9+ to a yell[i% t9t1 or1 :5 phosphates are us$ 9 its prep>ation1 lean+ to a blue %ade4 ,b x is always p]man5t1 n only "u ! influ5ce ( air & light1 b also 9 ! pres5ce ( alkalies & any b conc5trat$ acids2 ?us x may safely be comp\nd$ ) o!r pigm5ts4 ,,d\glas ,,gre54--,?is pigm5t1 :i* is fairly p]man5t1 & possess$ ( consid]able cov]+ p[]1 owes its "n to ! *emi/ :o proposes its use1 & its col\r to ! oxide ( *romium4 ,! me?od by :i* x is prep>$ is z foll[s3--,solutions ( b>ium *loride & potassium *romate are mix$ toge!r4 ,to ! b>ium *romate ?us produc$ is add$ "o-fif? ( its weight ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 :]eby p>tial decomposition is br\ght ab\t1 result+ 9 a mixture ( b>ium *romate1 b>ium sulphate1 & *romic acid4 ,?is mixture is dri$1 & calc9$ 9 a crucible at bright r$ heat1 ! effect ( :i* is t ! *romic acid is conv]t$ into gre5 oxide ( *romium1 &1 be+ scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! mass1 imbues x ) a gre5 col\r4 ,,em]ald ,,gre54--,?is is q an old-fa%ion$ pigm5t1 hav+ be5 9 use "s #hj ye>s4 ,x is a comb9ation ( acetate & ars5ite ( copp]1 & v>ies 9 t9t f a d>k to a pale gre51 always ) a blui% ca/4 ,x possesses good cov]+ p[]1 & c be us$ ei!r z an oil-or z a wat]-col\r1 b p>ticul>ly z ! latt]1 & is mu* us$ 9 pap] /a9+4 ,9 composition x v>ies consid]ably1 z !re are "s half-doz5 indu/rial me?ods ( mak+ x2 b 9 g5]al t]ms x usually conta9s ov] #ej p] c5t4 ( ars5i\s acid1 & ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( oxide ( copp]1 toge!r ) v>i\s impurities4 ,foll[+ are "s ( ! processes by :i* x is manufactur$4 7#a7 ,accord+ to ! me?od introduc$ by ,liebig1 #a "p ( v]digris is heat$ 9 a copp] kettle ) suffici5t di/ill$ v9eg> to effect its solution1 & to ?is is add$ a solution ( #a "p ( ars5i\s acid 9 wat]4 ,! result is a precipitate ( a dirty gre5 col\r1 :i* is dissolv$ 9 a new quantity ( v9eg> & boil$ = "s "t4 ,9 ?is way is obta9$ a new precipitate1 granul> & cry/all9e1 & exhibit+ a spl5did gre5 col\r4 ,:5 ?is has be5 filt]$ (f1 wa%$1 & dra9$1 x is boil$ ) "o-t5? ( its weight ( comm]cial pota%1 9 ord] to deep5 & bright5 ! col\r & de/roy ! blui% t9t4 ,%\ld ! wa/e liquor obta9$ aft] ! filtration ( ! pigm5t f ! second boil+ 9 v9eg> conta9 any rema9+ copp]1 ars5i\s acid is add$2 & if ars5i\s acid be pres5t1 copp] acetate is add$2 :ile if acetic acid survives x may be us$ aga9 = dissolv+ ano!r lot ( v]digris4 7#b7 ,=m a pa/e ) #a "p v]digris 9 suffici5t boil+ wat]1 pass x ?r\gh1 a sieve to remove lumps1 & gradually add x to a boil+ solution ( #a "p ars5i\s acid 9 #aj p>ts wat]1 ! mixture be+ con/antly /irr$ until ! precipitate becomes a heavy granul> p[d]1 :5 x is filt]$ ?r\gh calico1 & dri$ v c>efully4 7#c7 ,acetate ( copp] is mix$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( wat] heat$ to #abb ,f41 to make a homog5e\s & liquid pa/e4 ,to #aj p>ts ( acetate ( copp] 9 ?is condition is add$ a solution ( #h p>ts ( ars5i\s acid 9 #ajj p>ts ( boil+ wat]1 ! :ole be+ !n kept 9 a /ate ( ebullition4 ,! addition ( a little acetic acid helps to develop ! beauty ( ! col\r4 ,:5 precipitation is complete1 ! cle> liquor is drawn (f1 & =ms a conv5i5t solv5t = ! next *>ge ( ars5ic1 ! op]ation be+ facilitat$ by add+ a little c>bonate ( pota%1 =m+ an ars5ite ( pota%4 ,! precipitate con/itut+ ! desir$ gre5 pigm5t is filt]$ (f & dri$ at ! l[e/ effective temp]ature4 7#d7 ,dissolve #e lb4 ( sulphate ( copp] 9 wat]1 & add to x a solution ( #a lb4 ( lime 9 #b gallons ( v9eg>4 ,mix #e lb4 ( :ite ars5ic ) suffici5t wat] to =m a pa/e4 ,add ! ars5ic pa/e to ! copp] & lime mixture1 & leave ! :ole at re/ 9 a mod]ate degree ( heat4 ,mutual decomposition sl[ly ensues1 ) consequ5t =mation ( ! gre5 pigm5t1 :i* is filt]$ (f1 wa%$1 & dri$ ) ! same precaution z be=e4 ,:5 sulphate ( copp] is us$ 9 ! production ( em]ald gre51 x is v desirable t x %all be free f sulphate ( iron1 :i* is a common impurity 9 ! comm]cial article1 & greatly detracts f ! purity & brilliance ( ! pigm5t4 ,a good me?od ( elim9at+ ?is iron is to add to ! sulphate ( copp] solution a small quantity ( a gelat9\s precipitate ( c>bonate ( copp]1 produc$ by decompos+ a copp] sulphate solution by a soda c>bonate solution1 & wa%+4 ,on add+ ! gelat9\s c>bonate ( copp]1 ) agitation1 ! iron is soon ?r[n d[n 9 flakes ( oxide1 & pure sulphate ( copp] may be filt]$ (f4 7#e7 ,braconnot proce$s z foll[s3--,a solution ( #c lb4 ( sulphate ( copp] is made 9 a small quantity ( hot wat]2 & a second solution ( #c lb4 ( ars5i\s acid & #d lb4 ( comm]cial c>bonate ( pota% 9 boil+ wat]4 ,:5 ! evolution ( c>bonic acid gas has ceas$1 ! two liquors are mix$ toge!r :ile be+ kept cont9u\sly /irr$2 ! result is an abundant precipitate ( a dirty yell[i%-gre5 col\r4 ,on add+ a slight excess ( acetic acid1 a f9e cry/all9e gre5 is develop$2 ?is is wa%$ ) boil+ wat] on a filt]1 & dri$ v sl[ly & c>efully4 7#f7 ,a r\gh & ready process is to mix :ite ars5ic ) wat]1 & !n /ir 9 an equal weight ( v]digris1 all[+ ! mixture to be at re/ = a "t 9 a mod]ately w>m temp]ature till ! pigm5t is completely precipitat$1 :5 x is wa%$ on a filt]1 & dri$ v gradually4 7#g7 ,a me?od due to ,k*l9 is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--,an aque\s solution ( sulphate ( copp] is made by add+ #ajj grammes ( ! salt to #ejj cc4 ( wat]4 ,to ?is1 :5 solution is complete1 is add$ #ahg cc4 ( a solution ( ars5ite ( soda1 :i* is ( ! /r5g? repres5t$ by #ejj grammes ( ars5ite 9 #a litre ( wat]4 ,! result is t a precipitate ( ars5ite ( copp] is ?r[n d[n4 ,?is precipitate is treat$ ) #fb cc4 ( acetic acid at #aa to #ab ,tw41 or half t quantity ( pure =mic acid1 = "o h\r1 at a temp]ature rang+ f #ajd to #abb ,f4 ,! pigm5t ?us produc$ is ( good col\r1 b its sup]iority w\ld n seem to ju/ify ! use ( su* an exp5sive article z pure =mic acid1 nor ! m9ute adju/m5t ( ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts1 9 an op]ation to be conduct$ on a comm]cial scale4 7#h7 ,ano!r complicat$ process has be5 inv5t$ by ,pr(4 ,gall[ay1 :i*1 "u skill$ sup]vision1 & :5 ! correct proportions ( ! sev]al +r$i5ts h be5 asc]ta9$ by c>eful exp]im5t1 may give good results1 b sev]al precautions h to be obs]v$ :i* _c be entru/$ to ord9>y factory h&s4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! process is t :5 a quantity ( sulphate ( copp] is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 suffici5t c>bonate ( soda is add$ to ?r[ d[n "o-f\r? ( t copp] sulphate z c>bonate ( copp]1 & !n s mu* acetic acid is introduc$ z w conv]t t copp] c>bonate into acetate4 ,9 ord] to conv]t ! balance ( ! copp] sulphate into ars5ite1 a solution ( ars5ic 9 boil+ c>bonate ( soda is made & add$ to ! copp] acetate solution1 bo? solutions be+ at a boil+ temp]ature4 ,em]ald gre5 is a pigm5t :i* possesses consid]able /ability 9 dry pure air1 b 9 damp atmosph]es x becomes br[n2 9 ! pres5ce ( acid or ammoniacal vap\rs x turns blue1 & "u ! influ5ce ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 x black5s2 moreov]1 /rong alkalies de/roy x4 ,consequ5tly x _c be us$ 9 _m situations1 nor 9 association ) su* pigm5ts z conta9 sulphur comp\nds4 ,9 decorative pa9t+ x is difficult to apply on l>ge flat surfaces1 & necessitates /ippl+ 9 ord] to get x to lie well2 b :5 /ippl$ on a gr\nd ( prop] gre5 x develops an exce$+ly beautiful bloom-l appe>ance4 ,its peculi> %ade di/+ui%es x f all o!r gre5 pigm5ts1 none ( :i* approa*es x 9 ! pal5ess & brightness ( its col\r4 ,x c be di/+ui%$ by ! fact t x is soluble 9 acids & ammonia1 to a blue solution :i* does n *ange on boil+4 ,9 cau/ic soda x also dissolves ) a blue col\r3 on boil+1 a r$ precipitate ( cupr\s oxide falls d[n4 ,no o!r gre5 pigm5t answ]s to all ^! te/s4 ,!re are a good _m imitation em]ald gre5s on ! m>ket1 "s ( :i* are (f]$ z g5u9e em]ald gre5s1 o!rs z 8em]ald t9t0 gre51 :i* is mu* m hone/4 ,! composition ( ^! gre5s necess>ily v>ies greatly1 "s are prep>$ f coal t> gre5s1 o!rs by c>eful admixture ( v>i\s gre51 blue1 & yell[ pigm5ts4 ,if ! t9t ( ^! sub/itutes is "r & !y are sold = :at !y are1 !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n be us$ 9 place ( ! real article1 ov] :i* !y h ! advantage ( n be+ poison\s1 :i* is a great disadvantage ( ! g5u9e em]ald gre54 ,al?\gh "o au?ority disputes ?is po9t1 c]ta9ly ! poison\s action ( em]ald gre5 v>ies v consid]ably ) diff]5t individuals4 ,! g5u9e em]ald gre5 may be di/+ui%$ f ! spuri\s by be+ p]fectly soluble 9 acids & alkalies1 :i* ! imitations are n2 ! "* ( ! latt] mu/ be inf]r$ by ! application ( a few special te/s1 ! nature ( :i* w be readily d$uc$ f :at is said z to ! prop]ties ( o!r gre5 pigm5ts4 ,em]ald gre5 %\ld be assay$ = purity & t9t2 ?is is important1 z pure em]ald gre5 has a t9t ( its own1 :i* is difficult to imitate1 & sometimes really pure em]ald gre5 (f]$ = sale is ( a defective t9t1 due to "s fault 9 ! process ( manufacture4 ,su* samples %\ld be reject$4 ,,guignet',s ,,gre54--,! gre5s ( ?is class1 :i* owe _! col\r to *romium oxide1 are also kn[n z 8*rome gre5s10 a "n :i* !y %>e ) a totally diff]5t gr\p into ^: composition *rome yell[ ent]s z a con/itu5t1 & :i* h be5 already describ$ "u ! synonym 8,brunswick gre5s10 on pp4 #aad-aah4 ,?\gh "o ( ! simple/ ( *emical products1 a great _m ways ( prep>+ *romium oxides h be5 propos$4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ = indu/rial application 0 t ( ,guignet1 :o has giv5 8 "n to ! pigm5t1 & ?is may fitly comm5ce ! long li/4 7#a7 ,! fir/ me?od adopt$ by ,guignet consi/$ 9 mix+ bi*romate ( pota% ) ?ree times its weight ( boracic acid & moi/5+ ! mass ) j suffici5t wat] to =m x into a ?ick pa/e4 ,?is pa/e is put on ! he>? ( a rev]b]atory furnace1 :i* is c>efully heat$ to a po9t nev] exce$+ a d>k r$ heat2 if ?is precaution is neglect$1 ! mass1 in/ead ( becom+ por\s1 w fuse entirely1 & ! anhydr\s oxide w be produc$1 :i* has a pale-gre5 col\r4 ,! heat$ pa/e1 :ile /ill r$ hot1 is ?r[n into cold wat] & wa%$ ) boil+ wat]1 9 ord] to remove borate ( pota% 9 solution2 & ?is solution1 :5 boil$ d[n & treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 c be made to yield up mo/ ( ! boracic acid x conta9s4 ,! filt]$ & wa%$ residue is ! hydrat$ oxide ( *romium4 7#b7 ,a modification ( 7#a71 foll[$ by ,guignet1 0 to replace ! bi*romate ( pota% by *romate ( soda1 prep>$ by dissolv+ 9 boil+ wat] #fa p>ts ( neutral *romate ( pota% & #ec p>ts ( nitrate ( soda4 ,= ! neutral *romate ( pota%1 also1 may be sub/itut$ a mixture ( #ib p>ts ( bi*romate ( pota% & #hi p>ts ( cry/allis$ c>bonate ( soda1 ! nitrate ( soda rema9+ z be=e4 ,on cool+1 9 ei!r case1 ! solution deposits mu* nitrate ( pota%1 :i* is comm]cially valuable4 ,! *romate ( soda pres5t 9 ! "m liquors is obta9$ by evaporat+ to dryness4 ,! pigm5t produc$ by ! *romate ( soda process is light] 9 col\r ?an t obta9$ ) bi*romate ( pota%4 ,x may be /ill fur!r pal$ by add+ a little alum9a1 b>yta1 or o!r :ite pigm5t to ! bi*romate & boracic acid mixture be=e calc9+4 7#c7 ,equal quantities ( pota% bi*romate & potato />* are ?or\ghly mix$ & !n calc9$ 9 a crucible at a high temp]ature4 ,! product is wa%$ ) boil+ wat]1 to remove ! pota% c>bonate =m$1 & any rema9+ undecompos$ bi*romate4 ,! precipitat$ *romium oxide is filt]$1 dri$1 & aga9 calc9$ to drive (f ! wat]4 ,! f9al result is a h&some pigm5t :i* fl[s well f ! bru%4 7#d7 ,on heat+ 9 a crucible a mixture ( #c p>ts ( neutral *romate ( pota% ) #b p>ts ( salammoniac1 ! two salts are decompos$1 ! result be+ =mation ( *romium oxide mix$ ) potassium *loride1 :i* latt] is remov$ by sev]al wa%+s ) hot wat]4 ,! brilliancy ( ! *romium oxide is enhanc$ by calc9ation at a dull r$ heat4 7#e7 ,fuse toge!r #c p>ts ( boracic acid & #a "p ( pota% bi*romate at a dull r$ heat on ! he>? ( a rev]b]atory furnace4 ,?us is =m$ a borate ( *romium & pota%1 ) evolution ( oxyg54 ,! mass is repeat$ly wa%$ ) boil+ wat]1 :i* causes decomposition1 & consequ5t sep>ation ( hydrat$ oxide ( *romium1 & a soluble borate ( pota%4 ,! *romium oxide is wa%$1 & gr\nd v f9e4 7#f7 ,:5 a solution ( pota% bi*romate is p\r$ into a neutral solution ( m]cury proto-nitrate1 x =ms an orange-col\r$ precipitate1 :i* is wa%$ & g5tly dri$1 !n p[d]$1 & heat$ 9 a /onew>e retort provid$ ) an arm dipp+ into cold wat]1 by :i* ! m]cury is di/ill$ & cond5s$4 ,! residue 9 ! retort is a highly comm9ut$ *romium oxide1 ( a f9e d>k-gre5 col\r4 7#g7 ,on calc9+ pota% bi*romate 9 a crucible at a v high temp]ature1 x is decompos$1 & results 9 *romium oxide & pota%1 ! latt] ( :i* c be wa%$ out4 ,! *romium oxide ?us obta9$ is v d5se & ( a d>k-gre5 col\r resembl+ 7#f74 7#h7 ,equal quantities ( fl[]s ( sulphur & bi*romate ( pota% are ?or\ghly mix$1 & heat$ to r$ness 9 a crucible1 produc+ a mixture ( oxide ( *romium ) sulphide & sulphate ( pota%4 ,! latt] are dissolv$ out by wa%+ repeat$ly ) hot wat]1 leav+ ! *romium oxide z a f9ely comm9ut$ d5se p[d] ( an int5se gre5 col\r4 7#i7 ,a modification ( 7#h7 consi/s 9 add+ small successive quantities ( fl[]s ( sulphur to a boil+ conc5trat$ solution ( pota% bi*romate4 ,f ?is results a gelat9\s oxide ( *romium1 :i* is wa%$ ) boil+ wat]1 dri$1 & calc9$ 9 a crucible at a r$ heat4 7#aj7 ,hydro*loric acid decomposes bi*romate ( pota%1 =m+ a soluble *loride ( pota% :i* c be remov$ by wa%+1 & a residue ( *romium oxide1 :i* is wa%$ on a filt] & dri$4 ,!re rema9 = description two or ?ree processes 9 :i* phosphoric acid plays a "p1 b ! gre5s made by ^! me?ods d n possess ! fre%ness ( ! o!rs1 & x is difficult to see :at advantages c att5d ?is modification4 7#aa7 ,accord+ to ,arnaudon1 #adi p>ts ( bi*romate ( pota% are ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) #abh p>ts ( cry/allis$ neutral phosphate ( ammonia1 & ! mixture is heat$ 9 ?9 lay]s to a temp]ature betwe5 #cch & #cef ,f41 :i* br+s ab\t intumesc5ce1 *ange ( col\r1 & dis5gagem5t ( wat] & ammonia2 ! heat+ is cont9u$ = half an h\r1 b mu/ n be all[$ to exce$ #cib ,f4 ,:5 ! developm5t ( ! gre5 col\r is complete1 ! product is wa%$ ) hot wat] to remove soluble salts1 & ! residue con/itutes an impalpable p[d] ( *romium oxide1 =m+ a leaf-gre5 pigm5t4 7#ab7 ,dissolve #aj lb4 ( bi*romate ( pota% & #ah lb4 ( phosphate ( soda 9 boil+ wat]1 & add to ! boil+ mixture #aj lb4 ( ?io-sulphate ( soda solution & a little hydro*loric acid4 ,a precipitate ( phosphate ( *romium is gradually ?r[n d[n z ! boil+ is ma9ta9$4 ,= g5]al utility no class ( pigm5ts c exce$ ! sev]al =ms ( ,guignet's gre54 ,x is capable ( af=d+ a great v>iety ( t9ts1 all absolutely p]man5t "u reasonable conditions4 ,no ord9>y ag5t w decompose !m1 & !y w /& almo/ any te/ to :i* !y may be subject$ )\t los+ col\r4 ,!y are q insoluble 9 acids & alkalies1 & are n affect$ ev5 by ! extreme heat ( ! glass furnace4 ,!y possess good cov]+ p[]1 d n suff] 9 brightness or purity "u artificial light1 & are equally useful z oil or wat] col\rs1 besides be+ admirably adapt$ = fresco & silici\s pa9t+1 & employ$ 9 mak+ gre5 glass & 9 calico pr9t+4 ,!y c be mix$ ) any o!r pigm5t4 ,adult]ation ) ,brunswick or ,prussian gre5s is (t5 practis$1 b may be discov]$ by a portion be+ dissolv$ on boil+ ) cau/ic soda1 ! solution giv+ a precipitate ( *rome yell[ on add+ acetic acid1 & 7a sep>ate portion1 ( c\rse7 ,prussian blue ) hydro*loric acid & p]*loride ( iron4 ,,lokao4--,?is pigm5t1 :i* is also kn[n z 8,*9ese gre510 0 fir/ met ) z a s$im5t left aft] dye+ cotton clo?s ) ! b>ks ( "o or m species ( buck?orn1 notably ,rhamnus *lorophorus & ,r4 utilis1 & pass+ 9 ,*9a "u ! g5]al "n ( ,lo-,kao4 ,?is s$im5t is spread on blott+ pap] & ?us dri$1 =m+ ?9 cakes4 ,latt]ly1 ! juice af=d$ by ! b]ries ( ! same trees is extract$ by pressure1 absorb$ by alum1 & dri$ 9 ! same =m ( little cakes4 ,:5 fir/ introduc$ into ,engl& x 0 highly valu$ z af=d+ a pure gre51 ev5 9 artificial light4 ,its price on ! ,london m>ket 9 #ahfa 0 #gs4 #f;d4 an ounce4 ,s long ago z #ahec x 0 import$ into ,france & us$ = dye+ silk4 ,! col\r+ pr9ciple appe>s to consi/ ( a glucose 7lokaose7 & an acid 7lokaonic acid74 ,9 #ahfd1 ,*auv9 obta9$ an id5tical col\r+ matt] f ,rhamnus ca?>ticus1 or ! common buck?orn1 a %rub :i* gr[s wild 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,europe1 & f\nd a ready m>ket = ! pigm5t at #cgs4 a p\nd4 ,?is 0 simply ! article kn[n z sap gre5 7see p4 #acb47 ,,mala*ite4--,?is is "o ( ! names appli$ to m\nta9 gre5 7q4v474 ,,manganese ,,gre54--,sev]al =mul h be5 publi%$ = mak+ a gre5 pigm5t f manganese1 z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,an intimate mixture ( #hj p>ts ( nitrate ( b>ium1 #ad p>ts ( oxide ( manganese & #f p>ts ( sulphate ( b>ium1 is plac$ 9 a crucible & heat$ to bright r$ness until ! gre5 col\r is ?or\ghly develop$4 ,! fus$ gre5 mass is p\r$ out ( ! crucible1 cool$1 & gr\nd wet to a f9e condition4 7#b7 ,to #c or #d p>ts ( cau/ic b>yta moi/5$ ) wat] are add$ #b p>ts ( nitrate ( b>ium & #b p>ts ( oxide ( manganese2 ! :ole mass is mo/ intimately mix$1 !n put into a crucible 9 a furnace1 & subject$ to a dull r$ heat s long z may be necess>y = secur+ complete decomposition4 ,:5 ! gre5 col\r is satisfactorily produc$1 ! mass 9 a /ate ( fusion is p\r$ out1 cool$1 pulv]is$1 dige/$ 9 boil+ wat]1 !n wa%$ ) cold wat]1 & f9ally dri$ 9 an atmosph]e :i* is free f c>bonic acid4 7#c7 ,! oxide ( manganese may be replac$ by ! nitrate1 :5 ! quantities are #df p>ts nitrate ( b>ium1 #cj p>ts ( sulphate ( b>ium1 & #bd p>ts ( nitrate ( manganese2 ! fusion1 gr9d+ & wa%+ are repeat$ z be=e4 ,accord+ to "s recipes ! p[d]y pigm5t1 consi/+ ess5tially ( manganate ( b>ium1 is mix$ ) a little dextr9e to make sure ( its /ability1 b x is n cle> :e!r ?is is really ess5tial4 ,,m9]al ,,gre54--,?is is only ano!r "n = ! gre5 made f copp] c>bonate1 & describ$ "u m\nta9 gre51 see p4 #aca4 ,,mitis ,,gre54--,?is pigm5t is an ars5iate ( copp]1 & be>s a v close relation%ip to ! em]ald gre5 made accord+ to ,braconnot's =mula1 & describ$ 9 ! fif? p>agraph ( t section1 see p4 #abc4 ,mitis gre5 is prep>$ by dissolv+ ars5iate ( pota% 9 five times ! quantity ( hot wat] & add+ a solution ( an equal weight ( sulphate ( copp]1 keep+ ! :ole 9 con/ant agitation4 ,a pulv]ul5t precipitate is =m$1 possess+ a grass gre5 col\r4 ,?is is wa%$ & dri$4 ,! t9t c be v>i$ by alt]+ ! proportions ( ! ars5iate & sulphate4 ,! ars5iate ( pota% is made by boil+ ars5i\s acid 9 conc5trat$ nitric acid1 filt]+1 & saturat+ ) c>bonate ( pota%4 ,! ars5iate is all[$ to cry/allise out ( ! liquor4 ,,m\nta9 ,,gre54--,?is pigm5t is also kn[n by ! names ( mala*ite & m9]al gre54 7#a7 ,9 its native =m ! m9]al mala*ite or gre5 c>bonate ( copp] is v widely di/ribut$ 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,am]ica1 & ,au/ralia1 b on a comm]cial scale x is *iefly produc$ 9 ! ,ural m\nta9s ( ,sib]ia & 9 ! ,banat ( ,hung>y4 ,x only ne$s to be pick$ clean f adh]+ rock & to be gr\nd to a v f9e p[d] 9 ord] to r5d] x ready = use4 ,x is mu* sup]ior to any ( ! artificial sub/itutes ref]r$ to bel[1 b its co/ conf9es its application to arti/ic "w4 7#b7 ,sometimes a little orpim5t or *rome yell[ is gr\nd up ) ! mala*ite4 7#c7 ,a v simple =mula = mak+ ! artificial pigm5t is to add solution ( c>bonate ( soda or pota% to a hot mix$ solution ( alum & blue/one 7sulphate ( copp]74 7#d7 ,o!r recipes = mak+ m\nta9 gre5s h be5 publi%$ :i* be> no relation to ! composition ( ! orig9al article1 e4 g4 by mix+ a solution conta9+ pota% & ars5ic ) a solution ( blue/one2 or1 z a mu* m complicat$ example1 treat+ a solution ( blue/one fir/ ) slak$ lime1 !n ) a solution ( ars5ic & soda obta9$ by boil+ 9 wat]1 & f9ally ) t>t>ic acid4 ,! advantages att5dant on s mu* tr\ble 9 produc+ :at is at be/ an un/able pigm5t are n v app>5t4 ,,p>is ,,gre54--,?is is ano!r "n1 us$ especially 9 ,am]ica1 = ! em]ald gre5s describ$ on p4 #aba4 ,,prussian ,,gre54--,a "n (t5 appli$ to class b ( ! ,brunswick gre5s 7see p4 #aad71 or 9 o!r words ^? :i* are prep>$ f ,prussian blue4 ,,r9mann ,,gre54--,! fir/ cobalt gre5 7see p4 #aai71 put on ! m>ket 0 made by ,r9mann1 & h5ce x is /ill (t5 call$ by 8 "n4 ,,sap ,,gre54--,?is vegetable pigm5t or lake is closely alli$ to ! ,*9ese gre5 or lokao1 describ$ on p4 #abi4 ,x consi/s ( ! solidifi$ juice extract$ f ! b]ries ( ! common buck?orn %rub 7,rhamnus ca?>ticus71 :i* is obta9$ ei!r by all[+ ! b]ries to und]go slight f]m5tation = ab\t a week 9 wood5 tubs1 !n press+ & /ra9+2 or by boil+ ! b]ries1 & /ra9+ (f ! juice4 ,9 ei!r case ! clean juice is boil$ d[n to a syrupy consi/5ce1 & a little alum 7ab\t oz4 to ! p9t ( ?ick5$ juice7 is add$1 ! liquor be+ !n evaporat$ to dryness1 or v ne>ly to t po9t1 ! dry+ be+ left to complete itself aft] ! pigm5t has be5 ran into bladd]s4 ,! quality ( ?is gre5 is liable to s]i\s fluctuation1 ow+ to ! neglect or ignorance ( c]ta9 simple precautions4 ,?us1 = a true gre5 ! b]ries %\ld be select$ be=e !y h q rea*$ maturity4 ,! m ne>ly ripe ! b]ries are1 ! m yell[ w be ! t9t ( ! gre5 af=d$ by !m4 ,! boil+ ( ! b]ries1 if foll[$1 & ! evaporation ( ! juice1 mu/ be done at a l[ temp]ature1 & ! f9al /ages ( ! evaporation _c safely be done ) direct fire heat1 b %\ld be effect$ 9 a wat] ba?4 ,! only sub/ance incorporat$ ) ! juice %\ld be pota% alum4 ,sometimes x is replac$ by c>bonate ( magnesia 7:i* de/roys ! transp>5cy ( ! pigm5t72 or by c>bonate ( pota% 7:i* introduces a /ick9ess or viscosity74 ,sap gre5 possesses too little body & is too transluc5t = use z an oil pa9t2 b be+ non-poison\s1 & 9 fact p]fectly h>mless1 x f9ds _m useful applications outside ( wat] col\r & pa/el pa9t+1 viz4 9 col\r+ alim5t>y sub/ances su* z dr9ks & sweets4 ,its true col\r is a leaf gre51 glossy & transluc5t4 ,9 durability x is n rem>kable4 ,,s*eele',s ,,gre54--,= m ?an a c5tury has ,s*eele's gre5 be5 a famili> pigm5t1 b ! reputation x enjoy$ 9 its e>ly days has long s9ce dep>t$1 & x is n[ to be class$ among ! inf]ior gre5 col\r+ matt]s4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a basic ars5ite ( copp]1 & conta9s f #h to m ?an #dj p] c5t4 ( ars5ic1 accord+ to ! mode ( prep>ation1 ( :i* !re are sev]al1 z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,a mixture ( #b p>ts ( comm]cial c>bonate ( pota% & #a "p ( p[d]$ ars5i\s acid 7:ite ars5ic71 are dissolv$ 9 #ce p>ts ( boil+ wat]2 ! solution is filt]$ cle>1 & !n add$ gradually & :ile /ill w>m to a filt]$ solution ( #b p>ts ( sulphate ( copp] until no fur!r precipitate goes d[n4 ,?is latt] is collect$1 wa%$ ) w>m wat] on a filt]1 & sl[ly dri$ )\t excess ( heat4 7#b7 ,! prec$+ =mula is modifi$ by mak+ "o solution ( ! ars5ic & ! sulphate ( copp]1 & precipitat+ by add+ ! c>bonate ( pota% solution till ! col\r is fully develop$1 agitation be+ con/antly ma9ta9$4 7#c7 ,ano!r v>iation is to mix ! ars5ic ) soda cry/als 9 boil+ wat]1 & to p\r ! ars5ite ( soda solution ?us =m$ into ! blue/one solution1 ! boil+ be+ kept up = a few m9utes4 ,s*eele's gre5 has a pale yell[i% ca/1 & mixes well ) ei!r wat] or oil1 b x lacks brightness1 durability1 & cov]+ p[]1 9 addition to be+ highly poison\s1 & ?\gh once mu* employ$ 9 /a9+ wall pap]s1 is n[ g5]ally disc>d$4 ,,s*we9fur? ,,gre54--,?is is an old-fa%ion$ "n = em]ald gre51 :i* has be5 describ$ on pp4 #aba-abe4 ,,t]re ,,v]te4--,r5d]$ into ,engli%1 ! "n t]re v]te means 8gre5 e>?40 ,x is appli$ to a numb] ( gre5-col\r$ e>?s f\nd widely di/ribut$ 9 rocks ( v>i\s ages1 b especially 9 ^? ( a basaltic or porphyritic "*4 ,9 comm]cial quantity x occurs notably 9 ,cyprus & ne> ,v]ona 9 ,italy2 ! latt] locality is s important t ! pigm5t is (t5 kn[n z 8,v]ona e>?40 ,not)/&+ m9or po9ts ( dissimil>ity 9 samples f diff]5t s\rces1 !re is a great family lik5ess among !m1 suffici5t to indicate t ! ess5tial con/itu5t is a silicate ( iron & magnesia4 ,! o!r +r$i5ts v>y ) ! locality produc+ ! m9]al4 ,! same may be said ( ! physical *>act]i/ics1 "s specim5s be+ s(t & e>?y1 :ile o!rs are h>d & glassy4 ,all possess ! peculi> soapy t\* ( ! magnesian e>?s1 & a clay-l od\r4 ,analysis ( a ,v]ona e>? gave3-- ,p] c5t4 ,silica #eaba ,iron protoxide #bjgb ,magnesia #faf ,wat] #ddi ,alum9a #gbe ,soda #fba ,manganese protoxide trace4 ,:ile a ,cyprus e>? %[$3-- ,p] c5t4 ,silica #eae ,iron protoxide #bje ,magnesia #ae ,wat] #hj ,pota% #ahj ,! pres5ce ( copp] w\ld po9t suspici\sly to adult]ation1 & 9 any case %\ld suffice to condemn ! sample = use4 ,naturally !re is consid]able v>iety ( t9t among ! _m k9ds ( t]re v]te1 b !y all belong to ! pale greyi% class1 & are m or less transluc5t1 consequ5tly _! cov]+ p[] is small4 ,_! value lies 9 _! durability1 & ! resi/ance !y (f] to ! injuri\s effects ( /rong light & impure atmosph]e4 ,!y c be employ$ ei!r z oil or wat] col\rs4 ,! only prep>ation to :i* ! natural pigm5ts are submitt$ is f9e gr9d+ & wa%+4 ,,titanium ,,gre54--,an excell5t d>k gre5 pigm5t1 ?\gh r co/ly1 c be prep>$ f rutile or any titanif]\s iron ore by ! foll[+ me?od3-- ,! ore is dress$ clean1 & fus$ ) twelve times its weight ( acid sulphate ( pota% 9 a crucible4 ,:5 cool1 x is r$uc$ to f9e p[d]1 & dige/$ at #abj ,f4 9 dilute hydro*loric acid 7half wat]7 until solution is complete4 ,! hot solution is filt]$ (f f ! residue & c>efully evaporat$ d[n to a syrupy consi/5ce1 :5 ! ne>ly pure titanic acid is all[$ to cool 9 ! di% & ?r[n on a filt]4 ,:5 suffici5tly dra9$1 x is boil$ 9 a l>ge volume ( wat] conta9+ a little ammonia1 & ! precipitat$ titanic acid is filt]$ & wa%$4 ,if an ore is us$ conta9+ c>bonate ( lime1 x mu/ fir/ be treat$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid be=e ! sulphate ( pota% is appli$4 ,! titanic acid on ! filt] is next mix$ ) a conc5trat$ solution ( sal ammoniac1 & aga9 filt]$4 ,!n x is dige/$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid at #abj to #adj ,f4 till ! solution is complete4 ,on add+ f]rocyanide ( potassium to ! acid liquor1 & br++ quickly to a boil1 a precipitate ( f]ro-cyanide ( titanium is ?r[n d[n4 ,?is is v c>efully & sl[ly dri$1 at a temp]ature nev] exce$+ #bjj ,f4 ,,v]digris4--,! *emical exam9ation ( v]digris %[s x to be a basic hydrat$ acetate ( copp]1 conta9+ v>iable proportions ( ! bibasic & tribasic acetates4 ,comm]cially x is prep>$ 9 di/ricts :]e acetic or pyroligne\s acid c be _h at small co/4 ,?9 pieces ( scrap copp] are subject$ to ! action ( f]m5t+ grape sk9s 9 mass1 or cid] refuse1 = a =tnight or ?ree weeks2 or to ! influ5ce ( pyroligne\s acid = f\r or five days4 ,by ?is means ! copp] surfaces are attack$ by ! acetic acid be+ g5]at$ or lib]at$1 & become coat$ ) acetate ( copp]4 ,at int]vals ! pieces are remov$1 & surfaces are clean$ ( ! accumulat$ acetate or v]digris & ?is is repeat$ till ! metallic copp] has ?us be5 completely conv]t$4 ,! collect$ v]digris is wa%$1 & c>efully dri$ at a v l[ temp]ature4 ,its composition is subject to _m irregul>ities1 & ! col\r v>ies f gre5 to blui% gre5 accord+ to ! proportion ( sesquibasic acetate pres5t4 ,x is "o ( ! lea/ p]man5t pigm5ts1 especially 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]1 & is exce$+ly poison\s4 ,at "o "t x 0 l>gely us$ z a pigm5t1 b is n[ gradually go+1 if inde$ x has n already gone1 out ( use4 ,x c be di/+ui%$ by its solubility 9 acids & ammonia1 ! latt] giv+ a deep azure blue solution4 ,on be+ heat$1 x turns black1 ow+ to its p>t+ ) acetic acid & leav+ ! black oxide ( copp] beh9d4 ,?is %\ld be entirely soluble 9 nitric acid1 ! solution giv+ ! *>act]i/ic te/s = copp]4 ,! solution %\ld give no precipitate ) *loride ( b>ium or nitrate ( silv]1 & ! orig9al pigm5t %\ld be freely soluble 9 any acid & 9 ammonia )\t eff]vesc5ce4 ,,v]dit]4--,gre5 v]dit] is ano!r ( ! copp] gre5s :i* has practically disappe>$ f ! mod]n pa9t]'s li/ ( pigm5ts4 ,x is a yell[ t9t$ v fugitive col\r1 consi/+ ( a basic c>bonate ( copp]1 & is manufactur$ by treat+ copp] solutions ) c>bonate ( soda1 or ( pota%4 ,,v]ona ,,e>?4--,"o k9d ( t]re v]te 7see p4 #acd71 is kn[n by ?is "n because x is produc$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,v]ona4 ,,victoria ,,gre54--,?is is a fancy "n = ! ,brunswick gre5s comp\nd$ f ,prussian blue1 & already describ$ on p4 #aad4 ,,vi5na ,,gre54--,! aceto-ars5ite ( copp] describ$ "u ! head+ ( em]ald gre5 7see pp4 #aba-abe71 is sometimes call$ by ?is "n4 ,,z9c ,,gre54--,! pigm5ts describ$ "u cobalt gre5 7see p4 #aai71 z (t5 pass by ! "n ( z9c gre5s1 & 9 fact !y conta9 mu* m z9c ?an cobalt4 ,a h&some b n p]man5t gre5 may be made by comb9+ z9c ) iron in/ead ( cobalt1 9 ! =m ( a d\ble cyanide4 ,! process is z foll[s3--,f9ely p[d]$ ,prussian blue is /irr$ into a conc5trat$ solution ( *loride ( z9c1 & put by to all[ ! decomposition to take place4 ,aft] "s "t1 ! precipitat$ f]ro-z9c cyanide is ?or\ghly wa%$1 & dri$ out ( rea* ( ! light4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,r$s4 ,?\gh ! r$ pigm5ts are an important class1 !y are n num]\s1 &1 ) ! exception ( a few lakes1 !y are drawn f ! m9]al k+dom4 ,! mo/ useful are comp\nds ( ! sev]al metals1 iron1 lead1 & m]cury4 ,,antimony ,,v]milion4--,?is useful pigm5t is prep>$ by sev]al me?ods1 z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ successful processes 0 t introduc$ by ,ma?ieu ,plessy1 :i* gives a sc>let product4 ,he obta9s ! pigm5t1 a modifi$ sulphide ( antimony1 by decomposition ( hyposulphite ( soda 9 ! pres5ce ( *loride ( antimony4 ,! two solutions ( hyposulphite ( soda & *loride ( antimony1 ea* at #be ,b41 be+ prep>$1 ! next /ep is to p\r into a /onew>e vessel #d gals4 ( ! antimony *loride solution1 #f gals4 ( wat]1 & #aj gals4 ( soda hyposulphite solutions4 ,! precipitate caus$ by ! wat] is rapidly dissolv$ 9 ! cold by ! hyposulphite4 ,! /onew>e vessel is !n plac$ 9 a hot wat] ba?1 & ! temp]ature ( ! cont5ts is ?us gradually rais$4 ,at ab\t #hf ,f4 ! precipitation ( ! sulphide comm5ces1 %[+ orange yell[ at fir/1 b becom+ d>k] subsequ5tly4 ,:5 ! temp]ature has rea*$ #acj ,f41 ! vessel is remov$ f ! wat] ba?1 & ! deposition ( ! precipitate proce$s rapidly4 ,! sup]natant liquor is siphon$ (f1 & ! solid residue is wa%$ fir/ ) wat] acidulat$ by add+ to x "o fifte5? ( its bulk ( hydro*loric acid1 & !n ) clean wat]4 ,f9ally ! residue is collect$ on a filt]1 & dri$4 ,x is exce$+ly brilliant :ile wet1 b loses a portion ( its brightness :5 dri$4 ,provision mu/ be made = dispos+ ( ! sulphur\s oxide gas driv5 (f dur+ ! process ( manufacture4 7#b7 ,kopp f\nd c]ta9 disadvantages 9 work+ by ! above me?od1 & adopt$ in/ead ! reaction ( antimony *loride ^u a dilute solution ( hyposulphite ( lime4 ,exp]i5c+ mu* difficulty 9 ! decomposition ( antimony sulphide by hydro*loric acid on an indu/rial scale1 he exp]im5t$ on roa/+ ! sulphide at a mod]ate temp]ature 9 contact ) air & /eam1 :]eby mo/ ( ! antimony sulphide is conv]t$ into oxide1 :ile ! sulphur\s acid driv5 (f is utilis$ = mak+ ! hyposulphite ( lime4 ,?is prov$ a mo/ successful plan1 & ! result+ antimony oxide is readily dissolv$ by comm]cial hydro*loric acid4 ,dur+ ! oxidation ( ! antimony sulphide1 a c]ta9 proportion ( antimoni\s acid may be produc$4 ,?is is b slightly soluble 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,x may be collect$1 h[ev]1 by sav+ ! residues f ! treatm5t by hydro*loric acid1 & wa%+ !m ) *loride or hyposulphite ( lime1 :i* w dissolve ! adh]5t antimony *loride2 !y are !n dri$1 & melt$ ) a little antimony sulphide & quicklime1 s z to trans=m ! :ole into antimony gre51 ! quicklime hav+ ! effect ( decompos+ any small residue ( antimony *loride4 ,! prep>ation ( ! hyposulphite ( lime is *eaply effect$ by ! action ( sulphur\s acid on sulphides ( lime1 ! sulphur\s acid be+ d]iv$ ei!r f ! roa/+ ( ! antimony sulphide1 or f pyrites or brim/one 9 ! usual way4 ,calcium polysulphide is prep>$ by boil+ f9ely p[d]$ sulphur & newly slak$ lime 9 wat]4 ,c]ta9 advantages arise f ! addition to ?is solution ( a little p[d]$ calcium oxysulphide1 or "s quicklime4 ,9 ! reaction ( sulphur\s acid on calcium sulphide & oxysulphide1 sulphur is set free & =ms a sulphite ( lime1 :i*1 9 ! pres5ce ( sulphur & undecompos$ sulphide1 is soon trans=m$ into hyposulphite1 ! reaction be+ facilitat$ by ! rise ( temp]ature :i* takes place 9 ! app>atus4 ,z soon z ! liquor has become slightly acid1 x is drawn (f into a l>ge settl+ tank4 ,if1 aft] agitat+ = "s "t1 ! liquor has n become neutralis$ by ! undecompos$ calcium oxysulphide conta9$ 9 x1 ?is is br\ght ab\t by addition ( a little calcium sulphide1 & is recognisable by ! appe>ance ( a black precipitate ( sulphide ( iron4 ,aft] due settlem5t1 ! cle> liquor is decant$1 & =ms a solution ( ne>ly pure hyposulphite ( lime4 ,! production ( antimony v]milion is effect$ f ! =ego+ solutions ( antimony *loride & hyposulphite ( lime1 9 app>atus consi/+ simply ( a s]ies ( wood5 tanks rais$ conv5i5tly above ! floor1 hold+ ab\t #ejj gals4 ea*1 & provid$ ) /eam coils = heat+ _! cont5ts4 ,suffici5t hyposulphite ( lime solution is run into ! tanks to fill ab\t sev5-eigh?s ( _! dep?2 & !n into ! fir/ tank is p\r$ ! *loride ( antimony solution1 9 quantities ( a few p9ts at a "t4 ,a :ite precipitate is =m$1 & rapidly dissolves at fir/2 :5 x is sl[ 9 go+ into solution1 ev5 ?\gh /irr$1 ! addition ( antimony *loride %\ld be /opp$1 z an excess ( hyposulphite ( lime is ess5tial4 ,! liquor 9 ! tank mu/ be p]fectly cle> & limpid1 & %\ld any :ite precipitate rema9 x mu/ be dissolv$ by mak+ small additions ( hyposulphite4 ,at ?is /age /eam is admitt$ into ! coils1 & !reby ! temp]ature ( ! solutions is gradually rais$ to #abj or #adj ,f41 or ev5 to #afj ,f41 :ile /irr+ is unceas+ly c>ri$ on4 ,! reaction is soon manife/$ by ! successive col\rs ( ! liquor1 pass+ f /raw-yell[ to lemon-yell[1 orange-yell[1 orange1 orange-r$1 & la/ly a v deep & brilliant r$4 ,! /eam is %ut (f f ! coil be=e ! desir$ t9t is arriv$ at1 z ! acquir$ heat & ! agitation complete ! developm5t ( ! col\r4 ,if ! heat+ is c>ri$ too f>1 ! r$ gradually passes to a br[n & lat] to ne>ly black4 ,) exp]i5ce1 almo/ any desir$ %ade ( r$ c be produc$4 ,:5 ! precipitate has atta9$ ! requir$ col\r1 x is all[$ to settle1 & ! tank is cov]$4 ,! cle> & limpid liquor1 hav+ a /rong sulphur\s od\r1 is let out ?r\gh tap holes at v>i\s levels 9 ! sides ( ! tanks1 & run by wood5 gutt]s or lead5 pipes into a l>ge res]voir hold+ a quantity ( sulphide & oxysulphide ( lime4 ,"h ! sulphur\s liquor reg5]ates a c]ta9 am\nt ( hyposulphite ( lime4 ,! antimony *loride solution always conta9s a l>ge proportion ( *loride ( iron1 :i* provides an easy means ( guid+ ! progress ( ?is latt] op]ation4 ,all ! iron rema9s soluble 9 ! "m liquors ( ! antimony sulphide1 & z soon z !y are br\ght into contact ) ! calcium sulphide1 an insoluble black precipitate ( iron sulphide is =m$4 ,s long z ?is rema9s1 ! "m liquors *>g$ ) sulphur\s acid h n be5 add$ 9 excess2 b :5 x disappe>s by conv]sion into soluble hyposulphite ( iron1 t is a sign t ! sulphur\s solution is 9 excess4 ,! cont5ts ( ! res]voir are !n well /irr$1 & calcium sulphide is introduc$ if necess>y1 until ! precipitate ( iron sulphide returns & rema9s4 ,x is also ne$ful to ensure t a c]ta9 proportion ( hyposulphite ( iron %all rema9 9 solution4 ,! cle> liquor decant$ (f :5 all ! precipitate has gone d[n is a neutral solution ( hyposulphite ( lime1 conta9+ "s calcium *loride & hyposulphite ( iron4 ,ano!r requisite precaution 9 ?is reg5]ation ( hyposulphite ( lime is t no excess ( calcium sulphide be left1 or x w give an orange-yell[ t9t to ! v]milion2 & if ! hyposulphite ( lime solution is alkal9e & yell[1 sulphur\s acid liquor mu/ be run 9 till all alkal9ity is de/roy$4 ,?is reg5]at$ solution ( hyposulphite ( lime is us$ l ! fir/4 ,! "m liquors *>g$ ) sulphur\s acid are aga9 neutralis$ 9 ! l>ge res]voir by new proportions ( calcium sulphide & oxysulphide1 until s mu* calcium *loride is pres5t t !y are useless = ! purpose1 say aft] #be to #cj op]ations4 ,! antimony v]milion precipitat$ on ! bottom ( ! fir/ tank is receiv$ into a conical clo? filt]1 & ! liquor dra9$ (f is pass$ to ! res]voir4 ,! fir/ tank is !n wa%$ out ) w>m wat]1 :i* also passes ?r\gh ! filt]4 ,! precipitate ( r$ sulphide _c be too c>efully or completely wa%$1 & f9ally is filt]$ & sl[ly dri$ bel[ #adj ,f4 7#c7 ,wagn]'s me?od ( mak+ a sc>let pigm5t is to dissolve #f lb4 ( t>t>ic acid & #h lb4 ( t>t> emetic 9 #d gallons ( wat] at #adj ,f41 add+ a solution ( hyposulphite ( soda at #dj ,tw41 & heat+ ! :ole mixture to #ahj ,f41 :]eby ! r$ pigm5t is gradually precipitat$4 ,x is collect$ on a filt]1 well wa%$ & dri$4 7#d7 ,! process adopt$ by ,murdo*1 9 :i* a solution ( antimony *loride 7prep>$ by dissolv+ black sulphide ( antimony 9 hydro*loric acid7 is act$ on by a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 has disadvantages 9 ! app>atus necess>y1 9 ! limit$ range ( t9ts :i* c be produc$1 & 9 ! almo/ c]ta9 pres5ce ( free sulphur 9 ! f9i%$ pigm5t4 ,antimony v]milion =ms an exce$+ly useful pigm5t1 :i* c be prep>$ 9 e %ade ( r$1 f orange to r$-br[n4 ,x is produc$ 9 ! condition ( a v f9e p[d]1 requir+ no gr9d+1 & mixes readily ) wat] or oil1 especially ! latt]1 & moreov] does n int]f]e ) ! dry+ ( ! oil4 ,x possesses great cov]+ p[]s1 & c be made at a l[ price4 ,x und]goes no *ange 9 /rong light & impure air1 & is insoluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 ess5tial oils1 weak acids1 ammonia1 & alkal9e c>bonates2 b x is de/roy$ by high temp]atures1 /rong acids1 & cau/ic alkalies4 ,x _c be mix$ ) o!r pigm5ts :i* are intol]ant ( sulphur1 nor ) alkal9e vehicles4 ,:5 pure1 x %\ld consi/ ( no?+ b antimony sulphide & a little wat]2 ! pres5ce ( iron or lead indicates adult]ation4 ,,b>yta ,,r$4--,an orange r$ may be prep>$1 accord+ to ,wagn]1 9 ! =m ( a sulpho-antimonite ( b>ium1 by calc9+ 9 a clay or graphite crucible at r$ heat = sev]al h\rs a mixture ( #b p>ts ( f9ely p[d]$ b>ytes1 #a "p ( native antimony sulphide1 & #a "p ( p[d]$ *>coal4 ,! calc9$ mass is n remov$ until ! crucible is q cold1 z x is liable to und]go combu/ion4 ,:5 cold1 x is boil$ 9 wat] & filt]$4 ,! residue1 conta9+ "s undecompos$ sulphate & sulphide ( b>ium1 is utilis$ 9 ! next bat*4 ,! pale-yell[ filtrate is treat$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 by :i* sulphurett$ hydrog5 is driv5 (f1 & an orange precipitate is ?r[n d[n4 ,?is is collect$1 wa%$ on a filt]1 & dri$1 con/itut+ ! pigm5t4 ,,cassius ,,purple4--,?is co/ly pigm5t is a /annate ( protoxide ( gold1 mu* us$ 9 pa9t+ on porcela9 & = m9iatures4 ,x is ! precipitate :i* is ?r[n d[n :5 solutions ( gold & t9 *lorides are mix$ "u prop] conditions1 accord+ to "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods3-- 7#a7 ,buisson prep>es ?ree solutions3 a a neutral solution ( proto*loride ( t9 by dissolv+ #a "p ( t9 9 hydro*loric acid2 b a solution 7bi*loride7 ( #b p>ts ( granulat$ t9 9 an aqua regia conta9+ #c p>ts ( nitric to #a ( hydro*loric acid1 remov+ ! excess ( acid2 c a neutral solution ( #g p>ts ( gold 9 an aqua regia compos$ ( #a "p ( nitric & #f p>ts ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! gold *loride solution is l>gely dilut$ ) wat]1 & to x is add$ ! solution b ( bi*loride1 & f9ally ! solution a ( proto*loride is introduc$1 a drop at a "t1 until ! desir$ col\r is produc$ 9 ! precipitate4 ,?is la/ is rapidly wa%$ by decantation1 & f9ally dri$ away f ! light4 7#b7 ,figui] prep>es a gold bi*loride solution by dissolv+ #bj grammes ( gold 9 #ajj grammes ( an aqua regia conta9+ #d p>ts ( hydro*loric to #a ( nitric acid4 ,! solution is evaporat$ to dryness 9 a wat] ba?1 & ! residue is dissolv$ 9 #gej grammes ( wat]4 ,into ?is solution1 :5 duly filt]$1 pure granulat$ t9 is introduc$1 & ! :ole is left = "s days1 at ! end ( :i* "t all ! gold w be 9 ! /ate ( /annate ( protoxide2 x is collect$ on a filt]1 c>efully wa%$1 & g5tly dri$4 ,! residues conta9 "s gold1 & %\ld be pres]v$ = subsequ5t op]ations4 ,,*9ese ,,r$4--,"o ( ! _m names ( ! *romate ( lead pigm5t1 describ$ "u ,d]by r$1 see p4 #ade4 ,,*rome ,,orange4--,a popul> "n = ! gr\p ( yell[-r$ pigm5ts consi/+ ess5tially ( lead *romate1 & describ$ "u ,lead orange1 on p4 #adg4 ,,*rome ,,r$4--,ano!r ( ! synonyms = ,d]by r$1 see p4 #ade4 ,,cobalt ,,p9k4--,?is co/ly & p]man5t arti/s' col\r is a comb9ation ( oxide ( cobalt ) magnesia4 ,x is prep>$ by treat+ c>bonate ( magnesia ) a conc5trat$ solution ( nitrate ( cobalt2 ! result+ pa/e is dri$ 9 a /ove1 calc9$ 9 a porcela9 crucible1 & f9ally gr\nd to a f9e p[d]4 ,,cobalt ,,r$4--,a v deep-col\r$ & p]man5t r$ pigm5t us$ 9 oil pa9t+ is ! ars5iate ( cobalt1 :i* is f\nd native 9 admixture ) o!r sub/ances 9 cobalt m9es1 or may be artificially produc$4 ,! native m9]al is treat$ ) boil+ nitric acid2 ! solution is filt]$ cle>1 & small portions ( pota% are add$ till all ! iron has be5 ?r[n d[n z ars5iate4 ,aft] ?is is complet$1 ! mass is all[$ to settle1 & ! cle> liquor is p\r$ (f4 ,on add+ fur!r small portions ( pota%1 ! cobalt is also precipitat$ z ars5iate4 ,to prep>e artificial cobalt ars5iate1 grey cobalt ore 7sulph-ars5ide ( cobalt71 r$uc$ to a p[d]1 is mix$ ) a little s& & twice its weight ( pota%1 & fus$ 9 a crucible4 ,! slag ( mix$ sulphides :i* is =m$ is remov$1 & ! rema9+ :ite ars5iate ( cobalt is pulv]is$ & subject$ to ano!r fusion ) pota%4 ,! slag is aga9 remov$1 & ! button ( pure ars5ide ( cobalt rema9+ is f9ely p[d]$ & aga9 roa/$ to effect conv]sion into ars5iate ( cobalt4 ,la/ly1 x is gr\nd v f9e4 ,,colco?>4--,a fancy "n = a k9d ( iron oxide pigm5t1 describ$ "u oxide r$s 7see p4 #aej74 ,,d]by ,,r$4--,z a basic *romate ( lead1 (t5 kn[n z *rome r$1 ,d]by r$ is closely alli$ to *rome yell[1 ! prep>ation ( :i* is describ$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t all ! *rome r$s1 f ! d>ke/ c9nab> r$ to a lu/reless m9ium r$1 are di/+ui%able simply by ! size ( ! cry/als compos+ ! p[d]1 z may be easily det]m9$ "u ! microscope1 & t if v>i\s *rome r$s ( ! same hue1 b ) diff]5t int5sities ( col\r1 are r$uc$ by gr9d+ to ! same degree ( comm9ution1 ! sev]al p[d]s w possess exactly ! same degrees ( int5sity ( coloration1 ?\gh !y lose 9 brightness4 ,!re=e ! conditions :i* give brilliancy & int5sity ( col\r are ^? :i* fav\r cry/allisation4 ,on ?is supposition x is recomm5d$ by ,riffault to adopt a plan :i* disp5ses ) agitation1 & he supports ! foll[+ me?od3-- 7#a7 ,*rome yell[ is precipitat$ 9 ! usual mann]1 z describ$ 9 a lat] *apt]1 )\t sulphuric acid1 & is c>efully wa%$4 ,aft] dra9+1 ! mass is well /irr$1 & six or eight equal samples are drawn f x & put into glass vessels ( equal size & ?ickness ( /ructure4 ,to ea* sample is add$ a diff]5t volume ( cau/ic soda or pota% lye1 m>k+ ab\t #bj ,b4 ,= in/ance1 to #e volumes ( pa/e are add$ #b1 #b1 #c1 #c1 #d1 #e1 c41 volumes ( lye4 ,! diff]5t mixtures are rapidly & ?or\ghly agitat$1 b ! *emical reaction is all[$ to take place )\t any di/urbance4 ,aft] exam9ation ( ! quality ( ! products1 ! relative proportions ( pulp & lye are not$ d[n = ! be/ hues obta9$4 ,too mu* lye w fail to deep5 ! r$ col\r2 9 fact1 ,d]by r$ is entirely soluble 9 an excess ( lye1 & =ms ne$le-l cry/als hold+ pota% :5 ! cau/ic solution has absorb$ c>bonic acid f ! air4 ,on ! indu/rial scale ! op]ation is conduct$ 9 a l>ge tub1 :i* receives ! mixture ( pulp & cau/ic lye 9 precisely ! proportions f\nd by exp]im5t to give ! be/ results4 ,! *anges 9 col\r soon manife/ !mselves1 & ! :ole reaction is complet$ 9 ab\t #ab h\rs4 ,at ! end ( t "t1 ! lye is drawn (f1 & c>ries ) x mu* ( ! *romic acid4 ,! precipitat$ pigm5t is c>efully wa%$ ) pure wat] once 9 ! tub1 & ! mass is g5tly /irr$4 ,! wa%+ is cont9u$ 9 ! filt]s by ?r[+ wat] ^u ! pulp1 & 9 ?is mann] !re is less friction betwe5 ! cry/als1 :i* reta9 _! deep col\r4 ,( c\rse a highly cry/all9e d>k r$ _c possess great cov]+ p[]4 7#b7 ,pr9valt mixes toge!r #ajj lb4 ( lead c>bonate & #cj lb4 ( pota% bi*romate neutralis$ ) cau/ic pota%1 9 #ej gallons ( wat]1 leav+ !m 9 contact = a c\ple ( days "u repeat$ agitation4 ,ab\t half an h\r's boil+ !n suffices to develop ! r$ col\r4 ,aft] settl+1 ! sup]natant liquor is drawn (f1 & ! precipitat$ pigm5t is wa%$ twice ) pure wat] & f9ally ) acidulat$ wat] 7#a lb4 sulphuric acid 9 #aj gallons ( wat]71 & dri$4 ,!re are sev]al o!r recipes publi%$ :i* diff] 9 detail f 7#b71 b !y d n dem& a l5g?y description4 7#c7 #ajj lb4 ( lead c>bonate 7:ite lead7 made into a pa/e ) wat]1 !n add$ to & boil$ ) a solution ( #ej lb4 ( pota% bi*romate & #ae lb4 ( cau/ic soda ( #gg p] c5t4 ,rema9d] ( process z be=e4 7#d7 #d cwt4 ( lead monoxide 7li?>ge7 & #fj lb4 ( salt dissolv$ 9 #ej gallons ( wat]1 & left ) agitation = #d or #e days2 !n boil$ = #b h\rs ) solution ( #aej lb4 ( pota% bi*romate4 7#e7 #ajj lb4 ( lead c>bonate 7:ite lead7 made into a pa/e ) wat]1 !n add$ to a solution ( #cj lb4 ( pota% bi*romate & #ab lb4 ( cau/ic soda at #gg p] c5t41 & boil$4 ,d]by r$ possesses great cov]+ p[] & consid]able brilliancy2 b if n v c>efully wa%$ x is liable to reta9 a little alkali1 :i* r5d]s x un/able4 ,o!rwise1 x well resi/s damp1 /rong light1 & impure air s long z sulphurett$ hydrog5 is abs5t4 ,tak5 altoge!r x is n "o ( ! be/ r$ pigm5ts1 & its consumption is decl9+4 ,,indian ,,r$4--,?is is "o ( ! names = ! r$ pigm5ts due to oxide ( iron1 & is describ$ "u oxide r$1 p4 #aej4 ,,lead ,,orange4--,equally well kn[n z *rome orange1 ?is pigm5t may be reg>d$ z a ,d]by r$ 9 :i* ! reactions h be5 curtail$4 ,t is to say1 ! yell[ normal lead *romate be+ 9 excess1 ! r$ *romate =m$ by ! action ( ! alkali comb9es ) t excess ( ! yell[ salt & =ms a yell[-r$1 i4e4 orange4 ,obvi\sly1 !re=e1 a great v>iety ( t9ts c be produc$ by alt]+ ! proportions ( ! alkali1 & ?is is fur!r regulat$ by ! duration ( ! boil+1 :ile ! t9t c also be weak5$ by admixture ( b>ytes or gypsum4 ,! bett] k9ds ( lead orange are prep>$ ) ! aid ( cau/ic pota% or soda z ! alkali1 :ile ! *eap] sorts dep5d on lime4 ,! op]ations are practically id5tical ) ^? adopt$ 9 ! case ( ,d]by r$ 7see p4 #ade71 ! *ief diff]5ces ly+ 9 ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,?us3-- 7#a7 ,pale4--,add a ?9 cream made f #aj lb4 ( quicklime to a *rome yell[ made f #ajj lb4 ( lead acetate1 #cj lb4 ( soda or pota% bi*romate1 & #ba lb4 ( soda sulphate4 ,boil4 7#b7 ,pale4--,add a ?9 cream ( #aj lb4 ( quicklime to a *rome yell[ made f #bjj lb4 ( b>yta sulphate1 #ajj lb4 ( lead acetate1 & #ce lb4 ( pota% bi*romate4 ,boil4 7#c7 ,deep4--,precipitate a *rome yell[ by add+ #ce lb4 ( soda or pota% bi*romate to #ajj lb4 ( lead acetate2 settle4 ,draw (f sup]natant liquor & admit solution ( #i lb4 ( cau/ic soda at #gg p] c5t4 7#d7 ,deep4--,add a cream ( #aj lb4 ( quicklime to a *rome yell[ made f #ajj lb4 ( lead acetate1 #ge lb4 ( b>yta sulphate1 & #ce lb4 ( pota% bi*romate4 ,boil4 ,9 *>act]s ! lead oranges resemble ,d]by r$ 7see p4 #ade47 ,,m9ium4--,! important r$ pigm5t kn[n z m9ium or r$ lead is compos$ ( two oxides ( lead 9 comb9ation1 viz4 ab\t #fe p] c5t4 ( protoxide & #ce p] c5t4 ( b9oxide4 ,9 its prep>ation1 metallic lead is fir/ conv]t$ by roa/+ into protoxide 7t]m$ 8massicot10 8dross10 or 8cas+07 & ?is protoxide is fur!r subject$ to heat 9 a rev]b]atory furnace :]eby a portion ( x is *ang$ into b9oxide4 ,x is also possible to produce r$ lead by ! decomposition ( ! c>bonate ( lead 7:ite lead7 at a high temp]ature1 b ?is does n seem to be an indu/rial process4 ,! foll[+ me?ods are recognis$3-- 7#a7 ,! practice 9 ,france1 z c>ri$ on ne> ,t\rs1 at ! :ite lead works us+ ! ,?n>d process1 is to calc9e ! be/ metallic lead 9 rev]b]atory furnaces built 9 ! rock4 ,^! furnaces are five 9 numb]1 ) d\ble fireplaces1 f\r be+ con/antly 9 op]ation1 deal+ ) ab\t #djjj lb4 at a *>ge1 & us+ bitum9\s coal z fuel4 ,ea* furnace is ne>ly circul> 9 %ape & ab\t #aa feet 9 diamet]1 ) a fire-place on ea* side ( ! he>?4 ,! latt] is con/ruct$ ( fire-brick conta9+ z little silica z possible1 & is made holl[ s z to reta9 ! metallic lead :5 ! heat has r5d]$ x fluid4 ,! products ( combu/ion f ! side fire-places1 hav+ heat$ ! he>? & its cont5ts1 pass ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 front ( ! *>g+ door ( ! he>?1 & !nce g to furni% heat to an upp] he>? :]e ! conv]sion ( ! oxide into r$ lead takes place4 ,a p]iod ( ab\t #ab h\rs is occupi$ 9 ! oxidation ( a *>ge1 :i* is repeat$ly 8rabbl$40 ,ev5 !n a consid]able am\nt ( ! metallic lead rema9s unoxidis$ & is return$ to ! calc9] ) ! next *>ge4 ,half ! oxide is utilis$ = mak+ :ite lead1 z describ$ 9 a lat] *apt]1 & ! o!r half is conv]t$ into r$ lead by ! me?od detail$ h]eund]4 ,! crude oxide is pulv]is$ 9 a small mill & sep>at$ f ! unconv]t$ metal4 ,! mill takes ! =m ( a flat circul> ca/-iron plate on :i* rotates a ca/-iron mull]4 ,wat] & an agitat+ arrangem5t are also provid$4 ,z ! mull] revolves ! mat]ial und]goes comm9ution1 & ! small p>ticles ( oxide z =m$ are di/urb$ by ! agitator & kept 9 susp5sion 9 ! wat]1 by ! ov]fl[ ( :i* !y are cont9u\sly c>ri$ away into settl+ pits4 ,! residual metallic lead is n pulv]is$1 & ( c\rse nev] becomes susp5d$ 9 ! wat]1 consequ5tly x accumulates at ! bottom ( ! mill1 :5ce x is occasionally )drawn = re-calc9ation4 ,suffici5t oxide hav+ collect$ 9 ! settl+ pits1 x is transf]r$ to a %all[ pan heat$ by ! wa/e heat f ! furnaces & is !re r5d]$ almo/ dry4 ,9 ?is /ate x is put into small squ>e di%es made ( %eet iron1 & adapt$ to hold ab\t #cj lb4 ea*4 ,a *>ge consi/s ( a hundr$ ( ^! di%es1 :i* are plac$ 9 ! heat$ furnaces at ! end ( ea* day4 ,! roa/+ is repeat$ sev]al times1 & ! product is accord+ly kn[n z 8two fires10 8?ree fires10 c4 ,! mat]ial at ?is /age is lumpy & co>se1 & has to und]go dry pulv]isation1 ! f9e p>ticles z !y are produc$ be+ drawn (f by means ( a pneumatic fan1 & collect$4 7#b7 ,:at may 9 contradi/9ction be call$ ! ,engli% me?od ( mak+ m9ium does n diff] mat]ially f ! prec$+4 ,! 8dross+0 furnace1 :]e ! metallic lead is fir/ oxidis$1 receives a small] *>ge z a rule1 & p]haps great] c>e is giv5 to ! rabbl+1 & to ! regulation ( ! temp]ature s t x is only j above ! melt+ po9t ( ! metallic lead1 & n suffici5t to fuse ! massicot4 ,m9ium or r$ lead is "o ( ! mo/ important & useful r$ pigm5ts1 z x mixes well ) oil1 has good cov]+ p[]1 dries quickly1 & is p]man5t except 9 pres5ce ( sulphur or sulphides4 ,,orange ,,m9]al4--,! pigm5t kn[n z orange m9]al or orange lead is simply m9ium :i* has be5 imp]fectly calc9$4 ,consequ5tly x is almo/ id5tical ) r$ lead 9 composition1 qualities1 & me?od ( manufacture1 ! only exception be+ t1 z ! calc9ation is n c>ri$ q s f>1 !re=e ! col\r is n s fully develop$1 & is an orange r ?an a r$4 ,z ) m9ium1 practically ! only adult]ant is iron oxide r$1 :i* may be detect$ by boil+ ! pigm5t to a col\rless solution ) nitric acid1 :5 addition ( prussiate ( pota% w give a blue precipitate4 ,,oxide ,,r$s4--,"u v>i\s names--su* z ,p]sian r$1 light r$1 ,indian r$1 sc>let r$1 r\ge1 colco?>1 r$ oxide1 purple oxide1 c4--_m pigm5ts1 ( :i* ! base is ! f]ric oxide ,fe#b,o#c1 are n[ made4 ,^! v>y 9 %ade f a deep sc>let r$ to a d>k violet4 ,!y are obta9$ bo? f natural & artificial s\rces4 ,oxide ( iron occurs naturally z ! m9]al hematite1 & "s v>ieties ( ?is are bright en\gh & s(t en\gh to be us$ z pigm5t :5 gr\nd up4 ,^! are usually ne>ly pure oxide ( iron4 ,!n ! o*res1 :5 calc9$1 yield r$ pigm5ts kn[n z light r$1 ,indian r$1 c41 & a good _m r$s are obta9$ f ?is s\rce4 ,! composition ( ^! is v>iable1 be+ dep5d5t ^u t ( ! o*res f :i* !y are made1 & ^!1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 v>y v mu*4 ,!n1 9 prep>+ fum+ sulphuric acid f copp]as1 oxide ( iron :i* is specially sold z r\ge1 is obta9$4 ,colco?> is produc$ z a residue2 ?is is ne>ly pure oxide ( iron1 & usually has a r$ col\r4 ,9 ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid f pyrites1 a d>k violet oxide ( iron is left z a residue1 & mu* ( ?is is us$ z a pigm5t "u ! "n ( purple oxide4 ,!n a l>ge quantity ( oxide ( iron r$s are made artificially f wa/e liquors obta9$ 9 copp] ref9+1 galvanis+ iron1 c4 ,! composition ( ! oxide ( iron r$s1 !re=e1 is v v>iable4 ,! :ole gr\p ( oxide r$s is ( =emo/ importance1 by reason ( _! good col\r1 cov]+ p[]1 & durability1 besides :i*1 be+ mo/ly bye-products ( mu* m important manufactures1 _! co/ is reasonable4 ,! me?ods ( prep>ation ( oxide r$s v>y slightly 9 detail accord+ to ! mat]ial f :i* !y are made1 b ! g5]al features ( ! processes are almo/ id5tical & em95tly simple4 ,! pr9cipal s\rces are impure native oxides ( iron1 su* z ! o*res1 v>i\s wa/e liquors conta9+ iron salts 9 solution1 & copp]as 7protosulphate ( iron74 7#a7 ,native oxides4 ,! iron pres5t 9 ! o*res & simil> native e>?s exi/s 9 ! =m ( hydrat$ oxide1 & has a br[n r$ col\r4 ,= _m purposes ?is hue is satisfactory1 & ! prep>ation ( su* a pigm5t consi/s simply 9 gr9d+ ! m9]al 9 a wet mill1 subject+ x to levigation till all grit is remov$1 & dry+4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a bright] r$ f ! native oxides !y mu/ be calc9$ to effect dehydration4 ,?is c be accompli%$ 9 ! mo/ rudim5t>y =ms ( furnace1 & _m k9ds are 9 use4 ,! col\r produc$ dep5ds on ! degree & duration ( ! heat to :i* ! mat]ial is expos$1 ! %ade becom+ deep] z ! roa/+ is prolong$ or ! temp]ature increas$4 ,z no two samples ( o*re are j alike x is impossible to fix a precise "t = ! l5g? ( ! op]ation1 & !re=e x is necess>y to repeat$ly draw samples 9 ord] to judge ( ! progress ( ! dehydration & developm5t ( ! col\r desir$4 ,:5 ! requisite %ade is atta9$1 ! *>ge is drawn & all[$ to cool4 7#b7 ,wa/e ,products4 ,! pyrites c9d]s f sulphuric acid works af=d an abundance ( oxide ( iron4 ,:5 ! pyrites has conta9$ no copp]1 ! c9d]s m]ely require gr9d+ & levigat+1 ! iron be+ pres5t z oxide4 ,b :5 ! pyrite%as be5 treat$ = ! recov]y ( ! copp]1 by a second roa/+ ) salt1 ! liquors conta9 ! iron z *loride & sulphate1 & lime has to be add$ to precipitate ! oxide4 ,?is la/ is dri$ & calc9$ 9 ! same mann] z ! native oxides1 & gr9d+ & levigation c be disp5s$ )4 ,! liquors f galvanis+ works conta9 acid sulphate ( iron 7gre5 copp]as7 9 solution4 ,to correct ! acidity1 m iron is add$ 9 ! =m ( scrap4 ,!n lime or o!r alkal9e sub/ance is introduc$ to ?r[ d[n ! iron z oxide1 & ?is la/ is filt]$ out1 dri$1 & calc9$ 9 ! usual way4 7#c7 ,copp]as4 ,:]e b$s ( common iron pyrites occur1 ! iron sulphide is conv]t$ into sulphate by exposure to ! oxidis+ influ5ce ( ! air4 ,! result is an acid sulphate ( iron1 :i* is lea*$ out & neutralis$ by addition ( m iron 9 ! =m ( scrap4 ,! neutral sulphate is cry/allis$ out ( ! liquor1 & calc9$ 9 a muffle furnace1 ! %ade ( ! ultimate product be+ gov]n$ by ! degree or duration ( ! roa/+4 ,! sulphur\s acid lib]at$ 9 ! roa/+ is sometimes utilis$ = mak+ sulphuric acid1 b is m (t5 wa/$1 because1 to be comm]cially successful1 ! sulphuric acid manufacture mu/ be conduct$ on a l>ge scale1 dem&+ #ajjl4 ( capital = e #al4 necess>y = ! copp] & r$ oxide fabrication4 ,,p]sian ,,r$4--,a "n :i* is us$ some:at indiscrim9ately bo? = ,d]by r$ 7p4 #ade7 & = oxide r$ 7p4 #aej74 ,,realg>4--,! native m9]al realg> is a yell[-r$ bisulphide ( ars5ic1 (t5 call$ also ruby ( ars5ic1 or ars5ic orange4 ,x occurs native 9 v limit$ quantities 9 "s ( ! old] rocks1 & !n only requires to be gr\nd & levigat$4 ,b = pa9t]s' purposes x is prep>$ artificially by heat+ a mixture ( sulphur & ars5ic 9 su* a way t !y are melt$ 9 company & react on ea* o!r to =m ! ars5ic sulphide4 ,! heat+ takes place 9 crucibles1 & ! proportions are two p>ts by weight ( ars5i\s acid 7:ite ars5ic7 to "o ( fl[]s ( sulphur4 ,:5 ! reaction has ceas$1 ! cont5ts ( ! crucible are all[$ to cool1 & !n r$uc$ to v f9e p[d]4 ,! pigm5t is exce$+ly poison\s & n rem>kably durable1 besides :i*1 x _c be mix$ ) any o!r pigm5t :i* is affect$ by sulphur4 ,,r$ ,,lead4--,a common "n = m9ium1 see p4 #adh4 ,,r\ge4--,"o ( ! names = a p>ticul> %ade ( ! oxide r$s1 see p4 #aej4 ,,v5etian ,,r$4--,a fancy "n = a special %ade ( oxide r$1 see p4 #aej4 ,,v]milion4--,?is old pigm5t is gradually go+ out ( use2 ! new] r$s1 :i* are m brilliant 9 col\r & *eap]1 are gradually displac+ x1 al?\gh x is d\btful :e!r x w ev] g completely out ( use4 ,x is ! m]curic sulphide ,hg,s4 ,:5 pure1 x is n attack$ by acids or alkalies2 only aqua regia1 a mixture ( hydro*loric & nitric acids1 is capable ( dissolv+ x1 :5 x =ms a cle> solution4 ,heat$ 9 ! flame ( a ,buns5 burn]1 x is completely volatile1 a prop]ty possess$ by no o!r pigm5t 9 common use1 !re=e any adult]ation c be readily detect$ by simply heat+ a little v]milion 9 a crucible2 if a kn[n weight is tak5 & ! residue is weigh$1 ! am\nt ( adult]ation c be asc]ta9$4 ,v]milion is *iefly adult]at$ ) oxide ( iron & orange lead4 ,f ! "* ( ! residue left on heat+ 9 a crucible1 ! k9d ( adult]ation c be readily asc]ta9$4 7#a7 ,! foll[+ notes are tak5 f ,*ri/y's translation ( a bro*ure on ! ,imp]ial ,quicksilv] ,works at ,idria1 ,kra93-- ,9 ! olde/ times ( ! exi/5ce ( ! pres5t works1 v]milion 0 manufactur$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ x 0 m]ely pure pulv]is$ c9nab> ore1 !n lat] x 0 a product made by sublimation f ?is sub/ance2 & !re 7 =m]ly o!r works = v]milion manufacture ?an ^? = quicksilv] production4 ,:5 ! ,v5etians & ,dut* began to produce bett] w>es1 ! production "h sank /eadily4 ,! rese>*es ( ,*ri/(oletti1 #afha1 & ( ,b>on ,ri*t5fels1 #agbf1 = ! improvem5t ( ,idrian v]milion1 met ) z little success z ^? ( "s ,v5etian wom5--#agdj-agda--:o _h lo/ _! husb&s 9 ! ,v5etian works & _h (f]$ !mselves to manufacture v]milion accord+ to ! ,v5etian me?od4 ,aft] ,hacquet _h /rongly urg$ ! manufacture ( v]milion1 ,ob]htt5mei/] ,ignaz v4 ,passetzky succe$$1 ) ! ,dut*man ,gussig assi/+ him1 9 mak+ beautiful cake c9nab> 9 #aghb1 & 9 #aghe v]milion also1 9 ! newly-built works on ! "r bank ( ! ,idriza4 ,9 #agif ,ob]htt5v]walt] 7manag] ( ! works7 ,leopold v4 ,passetzky introduc$ ! sublimate & precipitate manufacture1 b x 0 ab&on$ z unpr(itable 9 #ahbd4 ,! _m =eign attempts to manufacture v]milion 9 ! wet way caus$ simil> ones "h1 z ^? ( ,fabriks-,controlor ,rabits* 9 #ahch1 & lat] ( ,htt5v]walt] ,m4 ,gl[acki1 :i* br\ght l>ge am\nts ( ! v]milion s manufactur$ into ! m>ket4 ,/ill ?is manufacture came to no full developm5t1 & became =gott51 until1 f9ally1 9 ! ye>s #ahgg & #ahgh1 exp]im5ts l$ to its be+ discont9u$ on acc\nt ( ! co/l9ess & unc]ta9ty ( ! me?od4 ,a new set ( exp]im5ts 9 #ahgh & #ahgi1 by ,assay] ,e4 ,teub] & ,director ( ,works 7,htt5v]walt]7 ,h4 ,lang]1 "u ! direction ( ! ,imp]ial ,agricultural ,m9i/ry1 l$ to fav\rable results4 ,a new manufactory1 set 9 op]ation 9 #ahhj1 furni%es ?ree sorts ( v]milion manufactur$ 9 ! wet way4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ! works = ! manufacture ( v]milion 9 ! dry way consi/ (3--,"o sulphur /amp batt]y4 ,"o amalgamat+ plant ) eighte5 small b>rels2 bo? pieces ( app>atus be+ driv5 by a two horse-p[] wat]-:eel4 ,f\r sublimation furnaces1 ea* ) six retorts ( ca/ iron4 ,f\r v]milion mills1 ea* driv5 by a wat]-:eel ( #be horse-p[]4 ,kettles & vats = heat+1 dige/+1 & ref9+ ! gr\nd c9nab>4 ,"o dry+ he>?4 ,! prep>ation ( v]milion z an article ( comm]ce1 falls into sev]al sep>ate op]ations1 viz43 #a4 ,amalgamation2 i4 e4 prep>ation ( ! raw mohr4 #b4 ,sublimation2 i4 e4 prep>ation ( ! cake c9nab>4 #c4 ,gr9d+ ( ! cake c9nab>1 ref9+ & dry+ ( ! v]milion4 ,= ! prep>ation ( ! raw mohr1 = ea* *>ge ( eighte5 kegs !re are tak5 #hjfd kg4 7#aag lb47 p[d]$ & sift$ sulphur1 & #dbccf kg4 7#gca lb47 ( quicksilv]4 ,! amalgamat+ kegs ea* conta9 #bh kg4 7#fa lb47 ( ! *>ge1 & are giv5 int]mitt5t rotat+ motion by a rack & p9ion driv5 by a wat]-:eel4 ,aft] an av]age ( two & ?ree-qu>t] h\rs1 ! amalgamation is complete1 & ! raw mohr is tak5 f ! casks4 ,= ! sublimation1 f\r furnaces are us$1 ea* ) six pe>-%ap$ ca/-iron retorts ( consid]able ?ickness4 ,ea* is *>g$ ) #eh kg4 7#abg lb47 ( mohr1 ! m\? cov]$ ) a loosely plac$ %eet-iron helmet1 ! furnace be+ sl[ly fir$2 ! comb9ation ( ! sulphur & ! quicksilv] !n results 9 ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 ) a detonation4 ,z soon z ?is op]ation 7das ,abdampf57 is ov]1 a clay helmet is plac$ ov] ! retort1 & ! fir+ is increas$1 s t aft] two h\rs & tw5ty m9utes ! excess ( sulphur evaporates f ! tube4 ,! cond5s] is n[ add$ 7,/ckp]iode--,cake-p]iod7 & lut$1 !n ! fir+ is /ill m urg$1 :]eupon ! c9nab> volatilises & deposits itself ^u ! glaz$ e>!nw>e cond5sation app>atus 7tube1 helmet1 c474 ,aft] f\r h\rs1 ! sublimation is complete1 & !re is furni%$ by ! helmet #fi p] c5t41 by ! tubes #bf p] c5t41 by ! cond5s] 7,vorlage7 #b p] c5t41 c9nab>4 ,! gr9d+ ( ! cake c9nab> takes place 9 f\r mills driv5 by an und]%ot wat]-:eel4 ,^! mills h a fix$ "u & upp] movable /one1 & ! gr9d+ is done ) wat]4 ,! v]milion :i* leaves ! sp\t & runs into glaz$ clay vessels has a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj ,f41 t ( ! air be+ #ei ,f4 ,! mill/ones make =ty revolutions p] m9ute1 & aft] ea* passage ( ! *>ge are plac$ ne>] toge!r4 7#b7 ,a ,g]man *emi/ nam$ ,fleck has discov]$ t :5 a w>m solution ( hyposulphite ( soda is add$ to a d\ble salt ( m]cury1 su* z *loride ( m]cury & sodium1 ! solution becomes acid1 & black sulphide ( m]cury is deposit$4 ,b if ! hyposulphite solution is add$ 9 excess1 & ! temp]ature is n all[$ to rise beyond #adj ,f41 ! solution rema9s neutral1 & r$ sulphide ( m]cury1 or v]milion1 is deposit$4 ,! lea/ quantity ( acid causes ! production ( ! black sulphide4 ,! pres5ce ( a salt ( z9c facilitates ! production ( ! v]milion4 ,! be/ me?od is z foll[s3--,to f\r equival5ts ( hyposulphite ( soda mix$ ) f\r equival5ts ( sulphate ( z9c 9 dilut$ solution1 is add$1 drop by drop1 a solution conta9+ "o equival5t ( corrosive sublimate4 ,! :ole is g5tly heat$ = #fj h\rs1 at a temp]ature ( #aab to #acj ,f4 7#c7 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( v]milion manufacture 9 ,*9a appe>$ ov] ! initials ,t4 ,i4 ,b41 9 ! ,*emical ,news4 ,! ,*9aman has no k :atev] ( *emi/ry1 & ( ! pr9ciples ( natural philosophy & /atics g5]ally 8 notions are ( ! mo/ rudim5t>y & primitive description4 ,h[1 !n1 9 ! face ( ^! obvi\s disadvantages h ! ,*9ese contriv$ to place !mselves 9 ! front rank among/ nations 9 ! matt] ( c]ta9 *emical manufactures1 "o ( ! mo/ important ( :i* is ! subject ( ?is article--,v]milion8 ,we h se5 ) :at +5uity & p]t9acity 9 c>ry+ out 8 ends ! ,*9aman has succe$$ 9 mak+ p]haps ! mo/ delicate & p]fect iron ca/+s 9 ! _w4 ,he has succe$$ 9 t in/ance1 n by any deep rese>*es into ! hidd5 my/]ies ( ,nature1 by no process ( ?\ght involv+ an enquiry into ! 8reason :y02 to ?is ! ,*9aman is av]se1 ! :ole t5d5cy ( 8 education1 su* z x is1 t5ds to make him satisfi$ ) obs]v+ effects2 x is suffici5t to him to "k t ?+s are s1 )\t go+ into tr\blesome or elaborate inve/igations into ^? *angeless laws ( ,nature into :i* 8 philosophy tea*es him t1 z he _c alt] or control1 rese>* is fruitless3 b t he has 9 8 own small1 +5i\s1 pati5t way obs]v$ effects to v good purpose1 ! unrivall$ excell5ce ( "s ( 8 manufactures te/ifies4 ,we w n[ ent] a v]milion manufactory & wat* ! process f ! fir/ /age ( mix+ its two +r$i5ts--m]cury & sulphur--to ! f9al process ( weigh+ & pack+ ?is co/ly & beautiful pigm5t = ! m>ket4 ,! fir/ objects to attract ! visitor's att5tion on ent]+ ! y>d atta*$ to ! works w probably be l>ge piles or /acks ( *>coal1 crates or baskets ( brok5 crock]y w>e1 & num]\s ru/y old iron pans ( some:at simil> %ape to rice pans1 b consid]ably ?ick] & heavi]4 ,!re w also probably be a few brok5 & disus$ ca/-iron mort>s4 ,all ^! articles are ! ca/ (f or worn out implem5ts ( ! manufacture1 & w be describ$ 9 _! prop] ord]4 ,on ent]+ ! factory prop]1 scores ( little /one mills1 ea* be+ turn$ by "o man1 & o!r long r[s ( workm5 weigh+ out & wrapp+ up ! v]milion1 w be se54 ,! furnaces are !n arriv$ at3 !re may be a score or m 9 numb]1 & may be t5 or twelve 9 ea* furnace room1 five or six on ea* side4 ,aft] pass+ ^!1 ! /ores ( quicksilv]1 sulphur1 alum1 glue1 new sp>e iron pans1 s]viceable crock]y w>e1 & sieves & o!r ut5sils us$ 9 ! factory are arriv$ at1 & ?is completes ! view ( ! works4 ,! iron pans 9 :i* ! v]milion is sublim$ are ^? ref]r$ to above2 !y are circul> & hemisph]ical 9 %ape2 all are ( ! same size & weight2 !y are ca/ upside d[n1 & 9 ! ca/+1 a runn] or lump ( iron1 two & ?ree-eigh?s in*es 9 diamet] by f six-eigh?s to "o in* 9 dep?1 is purposely left on e pan 9 ord] to enable ! workman ! m readily to h&le ! pan :5 /irr+ up its cont5ts4 ,! size ( ! pans prov$ by actual measurem5t to be #bi in*es 9 diamet]1 by #h in*es deep1 & ! weight #dj catties1 or say ab\t #ec lb4 ,^! pans are set 9 r[s ( #e or #f on ea* side ( a small rectangul> room1 9 size "s #ab feet by #ae feet2 ! door ( ?is room is ( wood & conta9s an ap]ture a few in*es squ>e 9 ord] to enable ! workman to wat* ! progress ( 8 op]ation1 f "t to "t1 )\t ! necessity ( l[]+ ! temp]ature ( ! ap>tm5t by op5+ ! door4 ,! pans are set 9 brickwork1 ea* pan hav+ b5ea? x a grate to hold ! *>coal us$ z fuel4 ,!re is no communication betwe5 ! grates or furnaces "u ea* pan1 & no *imney1 ! flames & products ( combu/ion f9d+ exit f ! front ( ! grate1 :i* is left :olly op5 at all /ages ( ! op]ation4 ,! process ( manufacture is z foll[s3--,tak+ an iron pan :i* is ( #d in*es small] diamet] ?an ^? describ$1 & also 9 all o!r respects proportionally less1 except ! runn]1 :i* is ( ! same size1 a skill$ workman proce$s to weigh out #ag lb4 ( sulphur4 ,?is he places 9 ! pan1 & adds ab\t half ! cont5ts ( a bottle ( quicksilv]4 ,! pan ) its cont5ts is !n put ^u a small e>!n brazi] or portable furnace1 ! fuel us$ 9 :i* is *>coal4 ,:5 ! sulphur is suffici5tly melt$1 ! workman1 tak+ an iron spatula or /irr]1 rapidly /irs up ! quicksilv] ) ! sulphur1 & gradually adds ! rema9+ cont5ts ( ! bottle ( quicksilv]1 /irr+ ! two +r$i5ts toge!r mean:ile until ! m]cury has :olly disappe>$1 or 8be5 kill$10 z ! ,*9ese put x4 ,:5 ?is takes place1 ! pan is remov$ f ! fire1 a small quantity ( wat] is add$1 & rapidly /irr$ up ) ! cont5ts ( ! pan1 :i* h n[ assum$ a d>k blood-r$ appe>ance & semi-cry/all9e /ructure4 ,?is mass is !n turn$ out ( ! pan into an iron mort>1 & !n brok5 up into a co>se p[d]4 ,?is =ms a *>ge = "o ( ! l>ge pans previ\sly describ$1 & :5 suffici5t mat]ial has be5 prep>$ to *>ge all ! pans 9 "o furnace *amb] ! sublimation is proce$$ ) z foll[s3-- ,all ! pans hav+ receiv$ _! quantum ( crude v]milion1 ?is is cov]$ ) a numb] ( crock]y-or porcela9-w>e plates1 ( t\gh1 /rong manufacture1 ea* ab\t #h in*es 9 diamet]2 "s ( ^! plates1 h[ev]1 are brok5 up1 & are 9 a m or less fragm5t>y condition4 ,:5 ^! plates h be5 pil$ up into a dome-%ap$ heap ( ! same %ape z ! bottom ( ! upp] pan1 to :i* !y %\ld ext5d1 ! :ole is cov]$ ) "o ( ! small] pans previ\sly describ$4 ,n[ x w be rememb]$ t ! small] pan 0 ( #d in*es less diamet] ?an ! l>g] "o2 !re w consequ5tly be a circul> space two in*es all r\nd betwe5 ! circumf]5ces ( ! pans4 ,consequ5tly ! rim ( ! upp] or cov]+ pan w be ab\t #b in*es l[] ?an ! rim ( ! l[] pan2 !re w also be "s #d in*es space horizontally betwe5 ! rim ( ! l>ge l[] pan & t portion ( ! small] pan :i* is at ! same height z ! rim ( ! l>g] "o4 ,?is space is c>efully fill$ ) a clay lut+ into :i* "s holes1 g5]ally ab\t f\r 9 numb]1 are pi]c$1 ext5d+ d[n to ! rim ( ! small] pan or cov]2 ?is is done 9 ord] to all[ ! heat$ air & o!r matt]s to escape4 ,all ! pans 9 "o furnace *amb] be+ ?us *>g$ & cov]$1 ! fires are light$4 ,! flames f ! *>coal %\ld occasionally play sev]al feet above ! m\?s ( ! furnaces4 ,! door ( ! *amb] is kept clos$1 except :5 x is op5 = a mom5t 9 ord] to enable ! workm5 to repl5i% ! fires1 :i* mu/ be kept up at a fi]ce heat = eighte5 h\rs4 ,dur+ ?is process a blue lamb5t flame is se5 to play above ea* ( ! f\r holes :i* are pi]c$ ?r\gh ! clay lut+ ( ! pans1 s x is evid5t t a consid]able quantity ( ei!r "o or probably bo? ! +r$i5ts is wa/$4 ,aft] eighte5 h\rs ! fires are all[$ to g out1 & ! cont5ts ( ! pan cool d[n4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$1 ! great] portion ( ! v]milion w be f\nd adh]+ to ! l[] surface ( ! brok5-up porcela9 plates ) :i* ! crude product is cov]$4 ,! v]milion is !n c>efully remov$ f ! porcela9 by means ( *isels1 & is n[ ready = ! elutriat+ mills4 ,ano!r portion ( v]milion ( n s good quality is f\nd adh]+ to ! upp] iron pan1 & t obta9$ by wa%+ ! clay lut+ 9 a cradle1 z digg]s wa% dirt = gold4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! wip+s & scrap+s g5]ally1 is mix$ up ) alum & glue-wat] into cakes1 &1 aft] dry+ on a brick surface heat$ b5ea? by means ( wood or *>coal1 is p[d]$ up on a mort>1 & re-sublim$ :5 a suffici5t quantity has accumulat$4 ,! v]milion :i* 0 remov$ f ! porcela9 plates is ( a blood-r$ col\r & cry/all9e /ructure4 ,?is is !n p[d]$ up 9 a mort> & remov$ to ! levigat+ mills4 ,^! are ! ord9>y little horizontal /one mills us$ by ,*9ese & o!r natives ( ! ,ea/ to gr9d rice & o!r gra9 into fl\r or pulp1 z ! case may be4 ,ea* /one is ab\t #b feet 9 diamet]2 ! l[] /one is /ation>y1 ! upp] is turn$ by a direct-act+ piece ( wood hav+ a hole 9 x :i* works a wood5 peg affix$ to ! upp] /one1 :i* is made to revolve by a backw>d & =w>d movem5t ( ! piece ( wood1 or h&le1 "s #c or #d feet long1 previ\sly m5tion$4 ,"o man turns ea* mill4 ,! upp] /one has a small hole 9 x ne> its c5tre1 d[n :i* ! workman f "t to "t p\rs a little spoonful ( ! p[d]$ v]milion1 :i* he wa%es d[n into ! mill ) wat]2 z he turns ! mill1 ! workman keeps cont9ually ladl+ little spoonfuls ( wat] d[n ! ap]ture or hole 9 ! upp] /one2 ! gr\nd & ?us elutriat$ v]milion1 z x escapes f betwe5 ! /ones1 is wa%$ d[n by ! wat] into a vessel plac$ b5ea? to receive x4 ,:5 "w is susp5d$ = ! ev5+1 ! gr\nd v]milion is c>efully /irr$ up ) a solution ( glue & alum 9 wat]1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t an ounce ( ea* to ! gallon4 ,! glue has be5 made to mix ) ! wat] by previ\sly heat+ x ) a small quantity ( wat]2 ! e>!n pots 9 :i* ?is process is effect$ ea* hold ab\t #f gallons4 ,! mixture is !n left to settle4 ,9 ! foll[+ morn+ ! mixture ( glue & alum is p\r$ (f ! v]milion1 & ! upp] portion ( ! cake ( v]milion at ! bottom ( ! vessel--t is1 ! portion :i* rema9$ longe/ susp5d$ 9 ! liquid--w be f\nd to be 9 a mu* f9] /ate ( subdivision ?an ! l[] portion1 :i* requires to be aga9 elutriat$ z on ! previ\s day3 ?is sep>ation ( ! m f9ely divid$ v]milion f t :i* 0 co>s]1 by susp5sion 9 a d5se m$ium1 is a really mo/ +5i\s process1 = :i* we %\ld give ! ,*9aman e cr$it4 ,! process ( gr9d+1 elutriation1 & sep>ation ( ! co>sely gr\nd f ! f9e v]milion1 sometimes requires to be sev]al times repeat$1 9 ord] to fully br+ out ! col\r4 ,z a f9al process ! damp cake ( f9ely gr\nd v]milion is /irr$ up ) clean wat]1 & all[$ to settle d[n until ! next morn+1 :5 ! wat] is c>efully p\r$ (f into l>ge wood5 vats to /ill fur!r deposit a small quantity ( v]milion yet rema9+ 9 susp5sion1 & ! v]milion is dri$ 9 ! op5 air on ! ro( ( ! premises4 ,:5 q dri$1 ! cakes ( n[ full-col\r$ pigm5t are c>efully p[d]$1 & sift$ by means ( squ>e musl9-bottom$ sieves1 conta9$ 9 a cov]$ box "s #b feet high by #b wide1 9 :i* ! sieves1 :i* slide on a framework inside ! box1 are j]k$ backw>ds & =w>ds by means ( a h&le on ! outside ( ! box or case conta9+ !m4 ,! n[ fully-prep>$ v]milion is remov$ to ! pack+ h\se1 :]e may be se5 r[s ( workm51 m5 & boys1 seat$ be=e a s]ies ( tables4 ,betwe5 e two workm5 is a ?ird1 ) a small pair ( scales1 :i* he holds 9 8 left h&2 & z ! workm5 on ei!r side place be=e him ! little pieces ( pap] 9 :i* ! v]milion is to be wrapp$ up1 he weighs into ea* pap] "o tael 7ab\t an ounce & a ?ird avoirdupois7 weight ( v]milion2 ! pap]s are two 9 numb]1 ! inn] a black or prep>$ pap]1 & ! out] a piece ( ord9>y :ite pap]4 ,aft] be+ wrapp$ up1 ! packets are plac$ 9 r[s be=e ano!r workman1 :o /amps !m ) a seal conta9+ 9 ,*9ese *>act]s ! "n & address ( ! manufactory 9 :i* ! article has be5 made1 & ! quantity & quality ( v]milion conta9$ 9 ! packet4 ,! rapidity & deftness ( ! ,*9ese workm5 at ?is employm5t is really surpris+2 ! /amp+1 = in/ance1 is effect$ at ! av]age rate ( sixty impressions p] m9ute1 & ! wrapp+ up is c>ri$ on ) proportionate rapidity4 ,! mixture ( alum1 :i* is ! ord9>y alum9ium potassium sulphate1 ) ! v]milion1 9 "o ( its /ages ( manufacture z describ$ above1 is n add$1 z at fir/ sight we ?\ght x might be1 m]ely to assi/ 9 cl>ify+ or purify+ ! wat] by caus+ x to deposit its s$im5t1 b seems to h "s peculi> effect ^u ! col\r1 al?\gh :at may be ! rationale ( ! process1 or h[ x acts1 we _c q cle>ly see4 ,! glue is add$ z describ$ above m]ely to fav\r sep>ation ( ! f9ely elutriat$ v]milion by hold+ x long] 9 susp5sion ?an ! co>s] p>ticles1 :i* s9k fir/1 & may !re=e be sep>at$ 9 _! ord] ( /ratification4 ,! actual composition ( v]milion is #ajj p>ts ( m]cury to #af ( sulphur1 :5 bo? ^! +r$i5ts are 9 a p]fectly pure /ate2 ! excess ( #e lb4 ( sulphur add$ by ! ,*9ese is probably volatilis$ & lo/ 9 ! process ( sublimation1 or1 z ! sulphur us$ is g5]ally n q pure1 a "p may g = =eign matt] conta9$ 9 ! sulphur2 ! balance be+ probably ! raison d'tre ( ! blue lamb5t flame se5 play+ ov] ! ap]tures 9 ! lut+ dur+ ! sublimation process4 ,= a p hav+1 l ! ,*9ese1 no acqua9tance ) ev5 ! fir/ rudim5ts ( *emi/ry1 ! proportion ( +r$i5ts tak5--#ef catties to #ac catties1 or say #ge lb4 to #ag lb4--%[s wond]fully accurate p[]s ( obs]vation & a k ( comb9+ proportions only to be ga9$ by mu* exp]i5ce & a long ext5d$ s]ies ( c>eful obs]vations highly cr$itable to ! manufactur]s4 ,! entire process is "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s & int]e/+ to be se5 9 any "p ( ! _w4--7,t4 ,i4 ,b47 ,ano!r & brief] acc\nt ( ! ,*9ese v]milion manufacture is giv5 by ,h4 ,maccallum1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,society4 ,he says !re are ?ree v]milion works 9 ,hong ,kong1 ! me?od ( manufacture be+ exactly ! same 9 ea*4 ,! l>ge/ works consume ab\t #fjjj bottles ( m]cury annually1 & x 0 9 ?is "o t ! foll[+ op]ations 7 witness$3-- ,fir/ ,/ep4--,a l>ge1 v ?9 iron pan1 conta9+ a weigh$ quantity1 ab\t #ad lb41 ( sulphur1 is plac$ ov] a sl[ fire1 & two-?irds ( a bottle ( m]cury add$2 z soon z ! sulphur beg9s to melt1 ! mixture is vigor\sly /irr$ ) an iron /irr] until x assumes a black pulv]ul5t appe>ance ) "s melt$ sulphur float+ on ! surface2 x is !n remov$ f ! fire & ! rema9d] ( ! bottle ( m]cury is add$1 ! :ole be+ well /irr$4 ,a little wat] is n[ p\r$ ov] ! mass1 :i* rapidly cools x2 ! pan is imm$iately empti$1 :5 x is aga9 ready = ! next bat*4 ,! :ole op]ation does n la/ m ?an t5 m9utes4 ,! result+ black p[d] is n a def9ite sulphide1 z uncomb9$ m]cury c be se5 ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass2 besides1 ! quantity ( sulphur us$ is mu* 9 excess ( ! am\nt requir$ to =m m]curic sulphide4 ,second ,/ep4--,! black p[d] obta9$ 9 ! fir/ /ep is plac$ 9 a semi-hemisph]ical iron pan1 built 9 ) brick1 & hav+ a fireplace b5ea?1 cov]$ ov] ) brok5 pieces ( porcela94 ,^! are built up 9 a loose por\s mann]1 s z to fill ano!r semi-hemisph]ical iron pan1 :i* is !n plac$ ov] ! fix$ "o & securely lut$ ) clay1 a l>ge /one be+ plac$ on ! top ( x to assi/ 9 keep+ x 9 its place4 ,! fire is !n light$ & kept up = sixte5 h\rs4 ,! :ole is !n all[$ to cool4 ,:5 ! top pan is remov$1 ! v]milion1 toge!r ) ! great] "p ( ! brok5 porcela91 is atta*$ to x 9 a coh]5t mass1 :i* is easily sep>at$ into its compon5t p>ts4 ,! surfaces ( ! v]milion :i* 7 atta*$ to ! porcela9 h a br[ni% r$ & poli%$ appe>ance1 ! brok5 surfaces be+ some:at bright] & cry/all9e4 ,?ird ,/ep4--,! sublim$ mass obta9$ 9 ! second /ep is p\nd$ 9 a mort> to a co>se p[d]1 & !n gr\nd ) wat] betwe5 two /ones1 some:at aft] ! mann] ( gr9d+ corn4 ,! result+ semi-fluid mass is transf]r$ to l>ge vats ( wat] & all[$ to settle1 ! sup]natant wat] is remov$1 & ! s$im5t is dri$ at a g5tle heat2 :5 dri$1 x is aga9 p[d]$1 pass$ ?r\gh a sieve1 & is !n fit = ! m>ket4--,proc4 ,ph>m4 ,soc4 7#d7 ,firm5i* describes a process :i* he decl>es gives bett] results 9 ! beauty ( col\r ?an any o!r4 ,x consi/s 9 us+ sulphide ( potassium1 :i* mu/ be 9 a /ate ( great purity4 ,( ! v>i\s me?ods = prep>+ potassium sulphide1 ,firm5i* rejects ^? 9 :i* cau/ic pota% lye is boil$ ) excess ( fl[]s ( sulphur1 on acc\nt ( ! simultane\s =mation ( a hyposulphite or sulphate ( pota%1 :i* int]f]es 9 ! prep>ation ( ! v]milion4 ,! process adopt$ by ,firm5i* = mak+ pure potassium sulphide is to r$uce sulphate ( pota% by heat+ ) *>coal1 & subsequ5tly saturat+ ! lye ) sulphur to ! necess>y degree4 ,usually ab\t #bj p>ts by weight ( potassium sulphate & #f p>ts by weight ( *>coal are r$uc$ to v f9e p[d] & ?or\ghly incorporat$4 ,plac$ 9 a ,hessian crucible1 ! mass is cov]$1 lut$1 & /rongly heat$4 ,z consid]able ebullition takes place ! crucible %\ld be ( su* a size t ! *>ge only occupies two-?irds ( its capacity4 ,aft] fusion is complete1 ! mass1 :i* is n[ potassium sulphide1 is all[$ to cool2 x pres5ts a r$di%-br[n cry/all9e appe>ance1 & is v hygroscopic4 ,x is put into a ca/-iron pan1 ) addition ( s(t wat] 9 ! proportion ( #g p>ts ( wat] to e #b p>ts ( ! potassium sulphide2 aft] boil+1 x is filt]$ & on cool+1 ! undecompos$ sulphate ( pota% collects 9 cry/als atta*$ to ! sides ( ! pan4 ,! ?us purifi$ lye is boil$ a second "t ) fl[]s ( sulphur1 add$ 9 small doses until saturation is indicat$ by bubbl+ & eff]vesc5ce4 ,! simple 7monosulphide7 potassium sulphide 9 ?is mann] takes up f\r additional atoms ( sulphur1 & becomes ! p5tasulphide4 ,! prep>ation ( ! v]milion !n proce$s 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,into a s]ies ( l>ge flasks are put #aa lb4 ( m]cury1 #e lb4 ( ! potassium sulphide lye1 & #b lb4 ( sulphur4 ,! cont5ts are subject$ to a mod]ate heat1 & ! flasks are !n agitat$ 9 a curi\s mann] by arrang+ !m 9 pairs 9 baskets susp5d$ f /r+s1 ov] a /raw mattress1 on :i* ! baskets bump ea* "t !y desc5d4 ,occasionally ! flasks are turn$ ab\t1 & aft] ab\t two h\rs ( ?is agitation !y comm5ce to gr[ hot1 & ! cont5ts assume a gre5i%-br[n col\r4 ,! lye is robb$ ( its sulphur by ! m]cury1 & repl5i%es itself f ! excess add$4 ,complete comb9ation ( ! m]cury & sulphur is accompli%$ 9 ab\t ?ree & a half h\rs1 :5 ! col\r ( ! mass becomes d>k br[n4 ,! next /ep is to cool ! comp\nd1 an op]ation :i* mu/ proce$ v sl[ly1 & %\ld occupy ab\t five h\rs4 ,developm5t ( ! col\r is effect$ by heat1 = :i* purpose ! flasks are plac$ 9 a /ove room or wat] ba?1 & subject$ to a temp]ature :i* does n fluctuate beyond #aac & #abb ,f41 "u ! influ5ce ( :i* ! r$ col\r appe>s4 ,! greate/ c>e is necess>y 9 ?is heat+ process1 z x det]m9es ! success or failure ( ! col\r4 ,x la/s sev]al days1 dur+ :i* ! flasks %\ld be %ak5 ?ree or f\r times daily4 ,9 ord] to sep>ate ! v]milion f ! excess ( sulphur1 wat] is add$ to ! cont5ts ( ea* bottle1 &1 aft] ?or\gh %ak+1 ! :ole is turn$ out into a filt]4 ,! cle> liquor escapes1 & ! residual v]milion is mix$ ) cau/ic soda lye 9 /onew>e j>s1 & ?us ! rema9+ free sulphur is dissolv$ out4 ,subsequ5tly ! lye is p\r$ (f z completely z possible1 & ! deposit is repeat$ly wa%$1 fir/ by decantation & f9ally on a filt]4 ,! :ole op]ation ( filt]+ & wa%+ _c be complet$ 9 less ?an two or ?ree days4 ,:5 ?is is f9i%$1 ! dry+ mu/ be c>ri$ on at a v l[ temp]ature1 till ! v]milion c readily be brok5 & is dry to ! t\*1 :5 x is put into iron bas9s & repeat$ly /irr$1 :ile ! temp]ature is all[$ to rea* #adc ,f41 b nev] beyond t4 ,! f9al desiccation occupies ab\t five h\rs4 ,v]milion made 9 ?is way is reput$ m p]man5t & less co/ly ?an by ! usual me?ods4 7#e7 ,dut* v]milion has a good "n1 & "o me?od adopt$ 9 ,holl& is z foll[s3--,a mixture ( #b lb4 ( m]cury & #a lb4 ( sulphur is ?or\ghly gr\nd1 & to #ajj lb4 ( ! mixture are add$ #b lb4 ( m9ium or ( granulat$ lead4 ,ab\t #b cwt4 ( ! comp\nd is put into ea* sublimation pot1 :i* is duly heat$4 ,:5 ! op]ation is f9i%$1 ! pots are all[$ to cool = eighte5 to tw5ty h\rs1 :5 !y are brok51 & _! cont5ts are gr\nd 9 a mill4 ,! lead rema9s z a sulphide 9 ! bottom ( ! pots4 7#f7 ,a modification ( ! ,dut* me?od consi/s 9 mak+ an intimate mixture ( #ed lb4 ( m]cury squeez$ ?r\gh *amois lea!r & #g lb4 ( fl[]s ( sulphur1 :i* is !n mod]ately heat$ on a %all[ iron di%1 & ! result+ black sulphide 78e?iops07 is co>sely brok51 gr\nd1 & kept 9 pots4 ,to conv]t ! e?iops into v]milion1 ! =m] is put into l>ge clay crucibles 9 a furnace1 & heat$ to d>k-r$ness1 :]eupon ! mass takes fire4 ,z soon z ! flame has subsid$1 ! crucibles are cov]$ ) a close-fitt+ iron plate1 & ! fir+ is cont9u$ = ?irty-six h\rs4 ,! mass is /irr$ e half-h\r ) an iron rod1 & fre% additions ( e?iops are made at f\r or five h\rs' int]vals4 ,! v]milion is sublim$1 & cond5ses on ! cool portion ( ! int]ior ( ! crucibles1 :5ce x is collect$ by break+ ! crucibles :5 cold1 & is f9ally gr\nd & levigat$4 7#g7 ,kir*(f's me?od requires special c>e1 & consi/s 9 gr9d+ #cjj lb4 ( m]cury ) #fh lb4 ( fl[]s ( sulphur 9 a mort>1 ! sulphur be+ fir/ moi/5$ ) a few drops ( cau/ic pota%4 ,! result+ black sulphide ( m]cury is add$ to #afj lb4 ( cau/ic pota% dissolv$ 9 v little wat]1 & ! :ole is heat$ = half an h\r on a s& ba?1 ) occasional addition ( wat] to make up = loss by evaporation4 ,gradually ! mass1 "u con/ant agitation1 becomes br[n & gelat9\s1 & f9ally r$4 ,!reupon x is c>ri$ to ! /ove room & /ill agitat$ at int]vals4 ,aft] sev]al wa%+s x is dra9$1 & dri$ v g5tly4 7#h7 ,we%le mixes f9ely p[d]$ c9nab> ) #a p] c5t4 ( antimony sulphide1 & boils ! mixture sev]al times ) ?ree p>ts ( potassium sulphide 9 a ca/-iron pot4 ,! precipitate is wat]-wa%$1 dige/$ ) hydro*loric acid1 wa%$ aga91 & f9ally dri$4 7#i7 ,jacquel9 takes #ij lb4 ( m]cury1 #cj ( sulphur1 #cj ( wat]1 & #bj ( hydrat$ pota%2 ! m]cury & sulphur are put into a %all[ ca/-iron di%1 dipp+ into cold wat]1 & ! pota% solution is add$ by degrees :ile ! mass is kept 9 agitation4 ,!n ! mixture is heat$ = an h\r at #agf ,f41 ! evaporat$ wat] be+ repl5i%$4 ,! v]milion is wa%$ 9 an excess ( boil+ wat]1 & aga9 sev]al times 9 cold wat]1 & f9ally filt]$ & dri$4 ,,victoria ,,r$4--,"o ( ! fancy names = ,d]by r$4 7,see p4 #ade47 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,:ites4 ,9 ! :ole range ( pigm5ts !re is no m important class ?an ^? to be describ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,n only are ! :ite pigm5ts l>gely employ$ = ! sake ( _! di/9ctive col\r1 b !y are probably ev5 m ext5sively appli$ z a basis ( o!r pigm5ts1 bo? z an +r$i5t 9 ! composition ( ! o!r col\r$ pa9ts & = gr\nd coats :]e ! f9al coat is to be ( a delicate %ade4 ,!y are among ! *eape/ & mo/ p]man5t pigm5ts1 & possess z a :ole rem>kably good cov]+ p[]s4 ,,b>yta ,,:ite4--,b>ytes or sulphate ( b>yta1 ! mo/ important ( ! salts ( b>ium1 is f\nd native 9 l>ge quantities1 =m+ ! species ( m9]al t]m$ b>ites or b>ytes1 & commonly kn[n z heavy-sp>1 on acc\nt ( its weight 7sp4 gr4 f #dc to #dg74 ,x is f\nd 9 ,d]by%ire & ,%rop%ire1 & (t5 occurs 9 f9e tabul> cry/als4 ,! massive v>iety f\nd 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ! above c\nties is sometimes call$ 8cawk02 x is m frequ5tly f\nd 9 :ite or r$di%-:ite masses4 ,9 ,saxony x occurs z ! m9]al /ang5-spa?1 9 a column> =m2 & at ,bologna1 a nodul> v>iety is f\nd1 call$ ,bologna /one1 :i* is notable = its phosphoresc5t p[]s :5 heat$4 ,! pure salt may be prep>$ artificially = use z a pigm5t1 by add+ dilute sulphuric acid to a solution ( *loride ( b>yta1 :5 a :ite precipitate is =m$2 ?is is well wa%$ & dri$4 ,x is a heavy1 :ite p[d]1 insoluble 9 wat] & ne>ly insoluble 9 all o!r m5/rua4 ,x may also be prep>$ by heat+ ! native m9]al1 gr9d+ x to p[d]1 & well wa%+ x1 fir/ 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 9 ord] to remove any traces ( iron1 & aft]w>ds 9 wat]2 ! :ite p[d] is aft]w>ds ?or\ghly dri$4 ,?is process is employ$ at sev]al works 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,matlock ,ba?1 9 ,d]by%ire1 b mu* l>g] quantities c\ld be produc$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry if ! dem& = ! article r5d]$ its production m pr(itable4 ,! pr9cipal use ( sulphate ( b>yta is to adult]ate :ite lead1 & to =m ! pigm5t kn[n z blanc fixe1 or p]man5t :ite4 ,= ^! purposes1 ! native m9]al1 gr\nd & wa%$ z describ$ above1 is commonly employ$4 ,improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y & 9 ! process ( treat+ natural b>ytes h ov]come _m ( ! objections :i* =m]ly exi/$ to its utilisation1 & consid]able att5tion is n[ be+ giv5 to ! localities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e x is f\nd4 ,! m9]al1 9 ord] to be available = ! uses to :i* x is put1 mu/ be fairly free f qu>tz gra9s1 ! /a9 ( iron ru/1 & o!r impurities4 ,if ! b>ytes is /a9$ to any ext5t1 x is practically valueless1 z a good :ite col\r is ess5tial to its usefulness4 ,qu>tz gra9s or o!r h>d sub/ances ) :i* x is apt to be associat$ injure ! ma*9]y 9 gr9d+4 ,! pure/ b>ytes s f> produc$ 9 ,am]ica comes f ,miss\ri1 ?\gh a v fair grade is n[ be+ m9$ 9 consid]able quantities 9 ,virg9ia4 ,! returns f all produc]s ( crude v>ieties %[ a product 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = #ahhi1 ( #ba1fdj %ort tons1 valu$ at #ajf1cac dols41 aga9/ #bj1jjj %ort tons 9 #ahhh1 valu$1 approximately1 at #aaj1jjj dols4 ,! product 0 limit$ to f\r ,/ates1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,%ort tons4 ,value4 ,ill9ois #bjj #a1cjj ,miss\ri #g1eeh #cb1gae ,nor? ,c>ol9a #c1jjj #ae1jjj ,virg9ia #aj1gjb #eg1bih ------ -------- ,total #ba1dfj #ajf1cac ,,blanc ,,fixe4--,?is "n is giv5 to b>yta :ite :5 x has be5 artificially prep>$ by add+ sulphuric acid to a solution ( *loride ( b>ium4 7,see p4 #agj47 ,,*>lton ,,:ite4--,"o ( ! names appli$ to a :ite pigm5t1 conta9+ z9c oxide & sulphide1 & describ$ "u z9c :ites1 p4 #bed4 ,,*9a ,,clay4--,?is sub/ance is also kn[n z kaol91 porcela9 clay1 & ,corni% clay4 ,x arises f ! natural decomposition ( felsp> 9 s(t dis9tegrat+ granite1 gneiss1 & porphyry1 ! rocks :i* are ri* 9 soda-felsp> yield+ x mo/ abundantly4 ,! ma9 supplies ( ?is c\ntry are d]iv$ f ,cornwall & ,devon2 9 cont95tal ,europe1 b$s ( good quality exi/ 9 ,france1 ,bav>ia1 ,saxony1 ,prussia1 ,bohemia1 ,bornholm isl&1 & ,hung>y2 9 ,*9a1 x is v pl5tiful2 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x occurs 9 _m localities4 ,! approximate composition ( *9a clay may be /at$ z silica1 #dgb2 alum9a1 #cia2 wat]1 #acg p] c5t4 ,(t5 a little iron1 lime1 & pota% or soda are left 9 ! prep>$ article by ! imp]fection ( ! cleans+ process4 ,! mo/ important *>act]s are col\r1 pla/icity1 & a capacity = h>d5+ "u ! influ5ce ( heat4 ,! *9a-clay indu/ry ( ,cornwall & ,devon has be5 admirably describ$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,coll9s1 ,f4,g4,s41 9 a pap] rec5tly read be=e ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,occurr5ce4--,! natural clay rock is almo/ always cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( /ones1 s&1 or impure & discol\r$ clay1 kn[n z 8ov]burd540 ,?is capp+ (t5 mu* resembles glacial drift2 b x nev] conta9s any scrat*$ or glaciat$ /ones1 or travell$ blocks4 ,x v>ies 9 ?ickness f #c feet to #dj feet1 & mu/1 ( c\rse1 be remov$ be=e ! clay c be wr\ght4 ,! clay rock1 be+ a decompos$ granite1 consi/s ( *9a-clay1 irregul> cry/als ( qu>tz1 & flakes ( mica1 ) sometimes a little s*orl & undecompos$ felsp>4 ,extraction & ,prep>ation4--,! foll[+ descriptions apply1 ) m or less accuracy1 to a majority ( ! l>g] works ( ! pres5t day1 turn+ out f #bejj to #hjjj tons ( clay ea*1 ye>ly4 ,two some:at diff]5t me?ods are employ$1 accord+ to ! situation ( ! 8b$0 ( clay 9 relation to ! surface cont\r ( ! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,! mo/ g5]al case is t 9 :i* ! clay has to be rais$ f a v]itable pit1 ! bottom ( :i* is l[] ?an ! gr\nd on all sides4 ,! exact situation ( ! clay is fir/ det]m9$ by sy/ematic 8pitt+10 to a dep? ( sev]al fa?oms1 or occasionally by bor+4 ,a %aft is !n sunk ei!r 9 ! clay itself1 or1 pref]ably1 9 ! granite close to ! clay4 ,f ! bottom ( ?is %aft1 a level is driv5 out "u t "p ( ! clay :i* x is int5d$ to "w fir/1 & a 8rise0 is put up to ! surface1 :i* %\ld1 by ?is "t1 be p>tially cle>$ ( its ov]burd54 ,a common dep? = su* a %aft w be f t5 to twelve fa?oms4 ,z soon z ! rise is complet$ to surface1 a 8button-hole0 laund] is plac$ 9 x1 & ! rema9d] ( ! rise is aga9 fill$ up ) clay4 ,9 ! meantime1 a column ( pumps has be5 plac$ 9 ! %aft1 ) an eng9e to "w !m1 unless wat]-p[] is obta9able4 ,= wat]1 _m works are almo/ entirely dep5d5t ^u t met ) 9 s9k+ ! %aft & 9 driv+ levels2 b1 ( c\rse1 ?is may be1 & is1 ek$ out by cat*+ ! ra9-wat] 9 res]voirs1 & by mak+ use ( su* small /reams z may happ5 to be available4 ,a small con/ant supply is suffici5t ev5 = a l>ge "w1 z x is us$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,! op]ation is begun by digg+ a small pit 9 ! clay1 ar\nd ! upp] end ( ! button-hole laund]1 & runn+ a /ream ( wat] ov] ! expos$ clay1 or 8/ope10 :i* is brok5 up ) picks4 ,a v l>ge quantity ( s& is con/antly di/urb$1 & z con/antly %ovell$ out ( ! way1 :ile ! wat]1 hold+ ! clay & f9] impurities 9 susp5sion1 runs d[n ! laund]1 along ! level1 & into ! bottom ( ! %aft1 f :5ce x is pump$ up by ! eng9e or wat]-:eel4 ,z ! excavation becomes l>g] & deep]1 m ov]burd5 is remov$1 & ! upp] portions ( ! laund] are tak5 away1 until at la/ ! /opes rea* ! level1 :5 ! laund] is1 ( c\rse1 no long] requir$4 ,at fir/1 ! s& is ?r[n out by "o or two 8?r[s10 b v soon x becomes necess>y to put 9 an incl9$ road1 = pull+ up ! s& 9 waggons2 ^! are work$ by a horse-:im1 or by w9d+ ge> atta*$ to ! eng9e or wat]-:eel4 ,z !re are f ?ree to eight tons ( s& to ea* ton ( clay1 its removal 9 ! *eape/ possible mann] is a matt] ( great importance4 ,any ve9s or lodes ( /one1 or discol\r$ portions ( clay1 are rais$ f ! 8bottoms0 9 ! same way z ! s&4 ,! /ream ( wat]1 hold+ 9 susp5sion clay1 f9e s&1 & mica1 is1 9 well-arrang$ works1 lift$ at once high en\gh to all[ ( all subsequ5t op]ations be+ c>ri$ out by ! aid ( gravity4 ,! /ream is fir/ l$ into "o or two long *annels1 ! sides ( :i* are built ( r\gh /one4 ,9 ^! *annels1 call$ 8drags10 ! curr5t suff]s a p>tial *eck1 & ! f9e s& & r\gh] p>ticles ( mica are deposit$4 ,f ^! drags1 ! /ream passes on into o!r *annels1 mu* resembl+ !m1 b ( great] numb]1 s z to divide ! /ream /ill fur!r4 ,?is second s]ies ( *annels1 kn[n z 8micas10 are (t5 built ( wood1 b sometimes ( /one4 ,!y diff] 9 no ess5tial respect f ! drags1 b are m c>efully con/ruct$ & bett] look$ aft]1 &1 z ! /ream is greatly divid$ & v g5tle1 ! f9e mica is deposit$ 9 !m4 ,! micas are (t5 ab\t #aa in*es wide1 t5 or a doz5 9 numb]1 & #ajj feet or m long4 ,provision is made1 by und]gr\nd *annels & plug holes1 = ! p]iodical cleans+ ( ! drags & micas4 ,?is may h to be done twice a day1 b g5]ally only once4 ,! deposit 9 ! drags is wor?less at pres5t1 & is always ?r[n away2 b t f ! micas is (t5 sav$1 & sold z inf]ior or 8mica0 clay4 ,! ref9$ /ream ( clay !n passes on to ! 8pits10 :i* are circul>1 #cj to #dj feet diamet] & #g to #aj feet deep4 ,^! pits are built ( r\gh masonry1 & h an outlet at ! bottom1 opposite ! po9t at :i* ! /ream ( clay-wat] is admitt$4 ,?is outlet is /opp$ by a gate or 8hat*10 or by a plug1 & is kept clos$ until ! pit is full ( clay4 ,9 ea* outlet1 h[ev]1 is fix$ an upright laund] "s #d in*es squ>e1 provid$ ) 8p9-holes0 & wood5 p9s set close toge!r4 ,z ! /ream ( clay ent]s on "o side1 x is con/antly deposit+ its burd51 & ! wat] is z con/antly drawn (f ne>ly or q cle> f ! p9 holes1 ! p9s be+ put high] & high] z ! clay rises 9 ! pit4 ,! efflu5t wat] is conduct$ directly to small /orage res]voirs1 & !nce ov] ! clay /opes1 :5ce x does its "w ov] aga94 ,:5 ! /ream ( clay-wat] ent]s ! pits1 x conta9s f #a to #c p] c5t4 ( clay2 & :at is call$ a good wa%+ /ream w c>ry ab\t "o ton ( clay an h\r4 ,:5 ! pit is full1 ! 8hat*0 is drawn1 & ! clay is 8l&$0 into ! tank4 ,! upp] portion is suffici5tly fluid to run 9 ( itself2 b t ne> ! bottom has to be help$ out by m5 us+ 8%iv]s0 ( wood or iron1 :i* resemble l>ge hoes2 !y are assi/$ by a small /ream ( wat]4 ,! tanks are commonly1 b n always1 rectangul>1 built ( /one1 & pav$ ) /one at bottom1 (t5 #fj feet by #cj feet by #f feet or l>g]4 ,once 9 ! tank1 ! clay is left to settle1 until x has ! consi/5cy ( cream *eese1 ! wat] be+ drawn (f f "t to "t2 x is !n ready to be tramm$ into ! 8dry40 ,! 8dry0 is a l>ge build+ erect$ 9 imm$iate proximity to ! tanks4 ,x is always compos$ ( two p>ts1 ! dry prop] & ! 8l9hay40 ,! floor or 8pan0 ( ! dry is compos$ ( fire-clay tiles #ah in*es squ>e1 #e or #f in*es ?ick at ! fire end1 & gradually ?9n+ (f to #b or #b in*es at ! /ack end4 ,! flues are built ( fire-brick1 ab\t #ae in*es wide1 #b feet deep at ! fire end1 & #i in*es deep at ! /ack end4 ,ea* flue %\ld be suppli$ ) a damp]4 ,! furnaces are built 9 & ar*$ ov] ) be/ fire-brick2 ! fire b>s run longitud9ally1 & are ab\t #f feet long4 ,! grate surface is ab\t #b feet #f in*es wide 9 front1 & #d feet #f in*es to #f feet at back1 accord+ z ea* furnace supplies ?ree or f\r flues4 ,! clay1 br\ght 9 f ! tanks 9 tram-waggons hold+ ab\t half a ton1 is tipp$ on to ! tiles1 & spread 9 a lay] f #i in*es ?ick at ! fire end to #f in*es ?ick at ! /ack end4 ,! fire end is load$ & cle>$ e day2 ! o!r end p]haps twice or ?rice a week1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! dry1 ?ickness ( tiles1 p]fection ( draught1 c4 ,an av]age size = a fir/-class dry is p]haps #ae feet wide & #abj feet long2 b "s h be5 con/ruct$ consid]ably l>g] ?an ?is4 ,! pan ( ! dry %\ld be #f or #h feet above ! l9hay :5ev] possible1 s z to af=d /orage space = ! dry clay1 )\t exp5d+ lab\r 9 pil+4 ,! tiles %\ld be z por\s z possible1 = v mu* m wat] passes ?r\gh ! tiles & into ! flues ?an is driv5 upw>ds 9 ! /ate ( /eam4 ,! temp]ature %\ld nev] be all[$ to rise s high t ! workm5 _c walk on ! tiles1 o!rwise ! clay may become bak$ & damag$4 ,9 cases :]e !re are no means ( artificial dry+1 z at "s old-fa%ion$ works1 ! ?ick clay is at once transf]r$ f ! orig9al settl+ pit to %all[ depressions 9 ! gr\nd1 call$ 8pans40 ,t5 or twelve ( ^!1 ea* hold+ f #dj to #ej tons1 %\ld be provid$ = ea* settl+ pit2 !y measure f #bj to #dj feet squ>e1 & #b feet deep1 & are enclos$ by granite walls1 ! int]/ices ( :i* are r5d]$ imp]vi\s by plugg+ ) moss4 ,! clay1 fill+ two-?irds ( _! dep?1 is "h left expos$ to ! sun & w9d1 by :i* x is p>tially depriv$ ( its moi/ure4 ,9 ord] to complete its desiccation1 ! clay is remov$ f ! pans aft] ?ree or f\r mon?s' exposure4 ,a numb] ( p>allel incisions are made l5g?wise 9 ! clay1 by means ( a knife atta*$ to a long h&le2 ! /rips are next divid$ transv]sely1 by m5 ) spades1 :o ?r[ ! blocks on to a bo>d1 ^u :i* !y are borne by wom5 & *ildr5 to ! s&y dry+ y>d1 :]e1 9 f9e summ] wea!r1 !y soon become dry4 ,!y are !n collect$1 & pil$ away 9 %$s1 "u a numb] ( ?at*$ gates or 8re$]s10 or are plac$ 9 "s %elt]$ position :]e air c circulate ar\nd !m )\t _! becom+ wet f ra94 ,:5 requir$1 ! blocks are scrap$ by wom5 arm$ ) hoes1 be=e be+ despat*$ f ! works4 ,! transport is (t5 effect$ 9 small casks1 hold+ ab\t half a ton4 ,a few ye>s s9ce1 a ma*9e = dry+ *9a-clay 0 inv5t$ by a me*anical eng9e] nam$ ,leopoldo ,h5rion1 ( ,sampi]dac5a1 ne> ,g5oa4 ,x is said t1 by its use1 ! op]ation c be effect$ 9 a few h\rs1 at a relatively small co/4 ,coll9s 0 fir/ l$ to adopt 8 arrangem5t 9 consequ5ce ( ! =mation ( ! gr\nd2 b he is incl9$ to recomm5d x 9 mo/ cases if practicable4 ,v l>ge quantities ( /one are requir$ 9 ! dry pits1 tanks1 c4 ,v (t5 ?is is got1 9 "p or entirely1 9 ! process ( excavat+ ! pits1 c42 b if x _c be s obta9$1 a v s]i\s exp5se w be incurr$1 9 "s in/ances am\nt+ to sev]al ?\s& p\nds4 ,! total co/ ( ! works may ev5 be d\bl$ f ?is cause1 if /one has to be fet*$ f a di/ance ( sev]al miles4 ,two modes ( build+ ) r\gh /one are adopt$2 !y are kn[n z 8lime build+10 & 8dry /one wall+40 ,! fir/ ne$s no special rem>k1 b ! second is v +5i\s & v effectual4 ,! wall is built up d\ble1 ) a batt] ( ab\t in* or #a in* to ! foot4 ,moss is plac$ betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ! wall1 & ! space betwe5 is fill$ 9 ) %>p s&1 ! refuse ( t or "s o!r clay works4 ,a small /ream ( wat] is !n made to fl[ ov] ! s&1 :i* is well beat5 9 ) ramm]s1 or by tread+ ) ! feet4 ,?is process is cont9u$1 a foot at a "t1 till ! wall rea*es ! requir$ height1 :5 x is ei!r pav$ ) r\gh /ones set on edge1 or turf$4 ,a wall prop]ly built1 9 ! mann] j describ$1 is q imp]vi\s to moi/ure1 & w /& = fifty ye>s or m4 ,x is1 :]e ! prop] k9d ( s& is abundant1 mu* *eap] ?an lime wall+1 & is always pref]r$ = ! walls ( pits & tanks4 ,:]e ! b$ ( clay is situat$ on a hill-side1 ) pl5ty ( space bel[1 a tunnel is driv5 9 f ! hill-side or f ! valley to ! requir$ dep?1 & a rise is put up z be=e4 ,?is rise is !n divid$ (f into two p>ts4 ,9 ! small]1 a button-hole laund] is plac$ z be=e1 & pack$ ar\nd ) clay2 b ! l>g] is left op54 ,a /ream ( wat]1 obta9$ by pump+ or o!rwise1 is made to run ov] ! /ope1 & d[n ! button-hole laund]4 ,x !n fl[s along a laund] plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! level1 until x makes its exit 9 ! valley4 ,x may !n be purifi$1 settl$1 & dri$ exactly z already describ$--! works be+ laid out at a l[] level ?an ! adit2 or1 if ! cle> wat] is want$ to fl[ ov] ! /ope1 or x is1 = any reason1 necess>y to place ! pits & tanks at a high] level ?an ! /opes1 ! wat] is pump$ up aft] p>tial or complete purification4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce 9 ?is mode ( work+ is t in/ead ( pull+ ! s& & rubbi% up ov] an incl9e1 x may be tipp$ d[n ! pass into waggons1 run out ?r\gh ! level1 & tipp$ ov] ! hill-sides4 ,9 cases :]e wa/e wat] is abundant1 x may ev5 be wa%$ out at night1 ?us sav+ ! exp5se ( tramm+4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ! work+s h rea*$ _! full dep?1 ! rise & ! laund] are disp5s$ )1 & ! adit level communicates directly ) ! 8bottoms40 ,by ?is mode ( work+ a consid]able economy may be effect$1 especially :5 x is n necess>y to pump ! clay wat] = settl+ or repeat+4 ,co/ ( ,production4--,:]e ! conditions ( production v>y s greatly1 !re mu/ necess>ily be great diff]5ces ( co/2 b1 aft] hav+ be5 at "s pa9s to det]m9e ! co/ "u av]age conditions1 ,coll9s ?9ks ! foll[+ figures & /atem5ts may be reli$ ^u4 ,a "w capable ( produc+ say #djjj tons ( clay ye>ly w co/ f #bejjl4 to #ejjjl4 ,to get ! clay 9 ! l9hay ready = ! m>ket w co/ ab\t #is4 a ton1 ( :i* ab\t #bs4 #f;d4 mu/ be exp5d$ 9 fuel = pump+ & dry+1 #as4 9 remov+ ov]burd51 #as4 9 remov+ s&1 & #as4 = managem5t & (fice exp5ses1 leav+ #cs4 #f;d4 z ! net lab\r co/ ( wa%+ & dry+ a ton ( clay4 ,to ! #is4 net co/ ( clay mu/ be add$ an av]age ( #cs4 = royalties1 #ds4 = transit & plac+ on bo>d %ip1 & #as4 = ag5cies1 commission1 bad debts1 & sundries1 mak+ ! av]age actual co/ am\nt to #ags4 ,"s fav\rably situat$ works c no d\bt save #bs4 or ev5 #cs4 on ?is acc\nt2 9 o!rs1 ! co/ may am\nt to #bjs4 or ev5 #bbs4 ,z to ! sell+ price1 ?is v>ies mu* m widely ?an ! co/ ( production1 rang+ f #ads4 to #ces4 f4o4b4 ,clays sold at ! l[] rate are unremun]ative4 ,nature & ,utilisation ( ,wa/e ,products4--,besides ! clay prop]1 !re are c]ta9 wa/e or pseudo-wa/e sub/ances produc$ 9 v l>ge quantities4 ,^! are z foll[s3-- ,f9e ,mica4--,?is is deposit$ 9 ! 8micas02 a few ye>s s9ce x 0 ?r[n away1 or r wa%$ away1 z is /ill ! case 9 _m works4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is collect$1 dri$ 9 ! mann] ( clay prop]1 & sold to ! mak]s ( s(t pap]1 pa/e-bo>d1 inf]ior pott]y1 c41 at a l[ price4 ,co>se ,mica4--,?is is inv>iably wa%$ away1 or ?r[n away1 !re be+ at pres5t no dem& = x4 ,x1 h[ev]1 conta9s a v beautiful mat]ial1 :i* might be appli$ to _m ornam5tal purposes4 ,s&4--,?is consi/s ( brok5 qu>tz cry/als1 mo/ly :ite or pale br[ni%2 :5 wa%$ clean1 x is ! f9e/ build+ s& kn[n1 z ! angles are all %>p4 ,mix$ ) "o-eigh? ( ,portl& cem5t1 x =ms a concrete z h>d z /one4 ,discol\r$ ,clay4--,?is has to be dug out f among ! good :ite clay 9 _m places4 ,x has be5 successfully us$ 9 ! manufacture ( :ite bricks = build+ purposes4 ,9 "s in/ances1 a quantity ( ! s& already m5tion$ is mix$ ) ! refuse clay1 & produces an excell5t fire-brick4 ,! same mat]ial is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! tiles us$ z a floor = dry+ ! clay4 ,! manufacture ( bricks & tiles f ?is debris is a gr[?1 x is believ$1 ( ! la/ twelve ye>s4 ,ov]burd54--,! upp] "p ( ?is consi/s ( soil1 or 8meat e>?02 ?is is usually remov$ & c>efully pres]v$4 ,und]nea? is a h>d1 (t5 /ony or s&y lay]1 :i*1 9 di/ricts :]e t9 is work$1 (t5 conta9s en\gh t9 to pay = wa%+4 ,) ?is /ony or s&y lay]1 is usually a consid]able ?ickness ( discol\r$ clay suitable = brick-mak+4 ,bran*es4--,^! are /ony ve9s :i* run ?r\gh ! clay /opes 9 v>i\s directions4 ,sometimes !y are q wor?less2 b 9 a few in/ances !y are v]itable t9 lodes1 & conta9 en\gh t9 to pay = /amp+ & dress+4 ,?us at ,c>claze1 ne> ,/4 ,au/ell1 ea* #ajjj tons ( clay yields some?+ l "o ton ( oxide ( t91 & =m]ly ! proportion 0 mu* great]4 ,! proportions ( ^! wa/e mat]ials1 z comp>$ ) ! f9e clay procur$1 are ?us /at$3-- ,= e #a ton ( f9e clay !re is remov$--f #c to #g tons ( s&1 av]age ab\t #c tons2 f #b to #e cwt4 ( co>se mica1 av]age #c cwt42 f #a to #c cwt4 ( f9e mica1 av]age #b cwt42 f #j to #a cwt4 ( /ones1 av]age cwt4 ,a cubic fa?om ( clay rock1 ( av]age quality1 w yield ab\t #b tons ( f9e clay2 & ab\t half a fa?om ( ov]burd5 mu/ be remov$ to get x4 ,sugge/$ ,improvem5ts 9 ,prep>+4--,coll9s ?9ks t !re is /ill mu* room = improvem5t 9 ! prep>ation ( *9a clay1 b t su* mu/ be a gr[? ( "t & circum/ances4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ab\t "o ton ( wat] has to be driv5 (f f ea* ton ( clay 9 ! 8dry10 & ?is uses at lea/ #b cwt4 ( coals on an av]age1 & co/s f #h;d4 to #aj;d4 9 lab\r4 ,9 a few mod]n drys1 a small economy 9 fuel has be5 effect$1 by l5g!n+ ! kiln2 b 9 none has x be5 br\ght s l[ z #a cwt4 to ! ton ( clay4 ,/ock]1 9 #ahfb1 sugge/$ ! use ( filt] b$s1 & also devis$ a c5trifugal dry]2 b nei!r ( ^! contrivances has come into use1 & ! fir/ w\ld seem q inapplicable on acc\nt ( ! extreme f95ess ( ! p>ticles ( clay1 & ! imp]meability ( ev5 a ?9 lay] ( t sub/ance4 ,"s economy might p]haps result f ! use ( hydraulic filt]s ( calico1 su* z are us$ 9 ! pott]ies = dry+ ! slip2 b x is v d\btful if any sav+ w\ld be effect$1 z ! lab\r w\ld be ab\t ! same1 &1 aga9/ ! #bs4 a ton = fuel1 w\ld h to be plac$ ! we> & te> ( ! calico4 ,9 wa%+ ! clay f ! /ope1 "s b5efit might accrue f ! use ( a jet ( wat] "u a pressure ( f #ej to #ajj lb4 p] squ>e in*1 z 9 ! s-call$ hydraulic m9+4 ,?is c\ld only be appli$ to /opes ( ev5 quality1 :]e v little pick+ out ( inf]ior portions 0 requir$2 b x w\ld sup]s$e ! s]vices ( ! 8break]s0 on ! /ope1 & greatly less5 ! lab\r ( ! wa%]s4 ,x is b r>ely t a natural head ( wat] is obta9able equal to ! requir$ pressure2 b :]e ma*9]y is us$ = pump+1 ! additional co/ ( pump+1 say #bej gals4 a m9ute to a height ( #aej feet 9 a /&pipe1 w\ld be v slight1 z ! extra p[] requir$ is little m ?an t ( "o horse4 ,/ati/ics4--,f /ati/ics obta9$ f _m s\rces1 x is evid5t t ! production has v l>gely increas$ f #ahji to #ahgd--biai tons aga9/ #bbf1cji4 ,9 #ahaj1 ,tre?osa 7"o ( ! l>ge/ works7 produc$ #cjj tons p] annum1 & employ$ ?irte5 p]sons1 viz4 eight 9 remov+ burd5 & rais+ 7break+7 clay 7at p] fa?om71 ?ree wa%+1 two att5d+ ponds & pack+4 ,9 #ahgd1 "o ( ! works ne> ,/4 ,au/ell produc$ #ijjj tons1 employ+ ab\t ?irty m54 ,_m works produc$ #fjjj tons1 employ+ tw5ty m54 ,! quantity s5t annually f ,cornwall mu/ av]age at lea/ #aej1jjj tons4 ,x goes n only to ,/af=d%ire1 b also l>gely to ,france1 ,belgium1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,! ext5sive clay works rec5tly op5$ 9 sev]al dep>tm5ts ( ,nor!rn ,france h done mu* to curtail ! export ( ,corni% clay to t c\ntry1 & ! l>ge deposits ( ! isl& ( ,bornholm h lately be5 work$ ^u to supply ! ne$s ( ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 & ,g]many2 :ile simil> utilisation ( native clays has be5 c>ri$ out 9 ,am]ica4 ,nev]!less1 ! gr[? ( home indu/ries :i* dep5d 9 a measure ^u ?is article w1 d\btless1 c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( decreas+ exports4 ,artificial ,*9a ,clay4--,! pr9cipal supplies ( *9a clay are obta9$1 z has be5 describ$1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( natural decompos+ influ5ces 9 granite rocks4 ,9 "o in/ance1 h[ev]1 at ,betleek1 ,c\nty ,f]managh1 x is procur$ by calc9+ ! r$ or?oclase granite ( ! di/rict4 ,! felsp> is :it5$ by ! process1 & ! iron becomes sep>at$ 9 a metallic /ate1 & is remov$ by magnets4 ,*>act]s4--,be+ virtually a hydrat$ silicate ( alum9a1 *9a clay is a rem>kably /able pigm5t4 ,n only is x unaffect$ by prolong$ exposure to /rong light & impure air1 b is insoluble 9 wat]1 weak acids1 & alkalies4 ,x is moreov] v mu* light] 9 weight ?an any o!r :ite pigm5t1 an advantage on ! score ( co/ :5 buy+ by weight4 ,its cov]+ p[] 9 di/emp] "w & z a wat] col\r is good2 b ! addition ( oil r$uces its capacity4 ,! be/ qualities are exce$+ly f9e 9 gra9 & pure 9 t9t1 b inf]ior samples sometimes h _! yell[ness 8correct$0 by ! addition ( a little ultram>9e4 ,,enamell$ ,,:ite4--,ano!r "n = ! f9e/ k9ds ( b>yta :ite1 see p4 #agj4 ,,engli% ,,:ite4--,a synonym = :it+1 see p4 #bdf4 ,,gypsum4--,?is v common & abundant m9]al is a hydrat$ sulphate ( lime1 occurr+ 9 sev]al =ms1 ( :i* only ! opaque :ite v>iety is useful z a pigm5t4 ,! native m9]al is qu>ri$1 dress$1 gr\nd1 & levigat$1 9 all :i* op]ations !re is no?+ special to be not$4 ,:e!r obta9$ 9 ?is way1 or prep>$ artificially1 or =m$ z a bye product 9 o!r indu/ries1 gypsum af=ds a p]man5t & neutral :ite pigm5t1 mix+ well ) oil or wat]1 & possess+ a cov]+ p[] :i* ranks betwe5 :ite lead & z9c :ite4 ,x has a blui% t9t1 b less s ?an ord9>y :ite lead4 ,,kaol94--,"o ( ! names appli$ to *9a clay1 see p4 #agb4 ,,lead ,,:ites1 ,,or ,,:ite ,,leads4--,on ! gr\nds ( ! quantity 9 :i* x is produc$ & ! ext5t to :i* x is appli$1 probably no pigm5t c comp>e ) :ite lead1 includ+ 9 t t]m ! v>i\s :ite pigm5ts hav+ lead z a basis4 ,9 its commone/ =m :ite lead is lead c>bonate4 ,!re are _m ways 9 :i* x is made comm]cially1 all dep5d5t ^u c]ta9 *emical reactions4 ,:5 a solution ( normal plumbic acetate is attack$ by c>bonic acid1 no precipitate is produc$4 ,t normal solution is =m$ by ! action ( acetic acid or hydric acetate ^u oxide ( lead4 ,x consi/s ( a c]ta9 weight ( lead to a c]ta9 weight ( acid1 :i* conv]ts x into ! acetate4 ,c>bonic acid has no p[] to sep>ate out f x ! lead1 & =m c>bonate ( lead4 ,b ?is acetate ( lead has ! p[] ( dissolv+ a consid]able quantity ( oxide ( lead 9 addition to t :i* 0 us$ 9 its fir/ =mation1 & :5 ?is additional quantity ( oxide ( lead is dissolv$ by ! acetate1 a sub/ance is =m$ :i* is t]m$ a basic acetate1 t means an acetate :i* conta9s m ( ! base 7! lead oxide7 ?an ! normal acetate itself does4 ,f su* a solution we are able to precipitate1 by means ( c>bonic acid1 a :ite sub/ance1 :i* :ite sub/ance is a c>bonate ( lead4 ,?n>d1 a ,fr5* *emi/1 propos$ to make :ite lead 9 ?is way1 b x 0 f\nd t al?\gh ! col\r 0 pure & good1 yet ! lead _h n suffici5t body to satisfy ! wi%es ( arti/s & pa9t]s4 ,:ite lead has be5 made = ye>s pa/ accord+ to :at is call$ ! ,dut* me?od4 ,lead is ca/ into plates1 & ^! plates1 9 "s factories1 are roll$ into coils4 ,^! coils !n are imm]s$ 9 e>!n pots2 ! pots are plac$ 9 a r[1 & a small quantity ( v9eg> is put into ea* pot4 ,on ! top ( "o r[ ( pots a bo>d is plac$1 & !n o!r pots above1 & s a /ack is made4 ,betwe5 ! int]/ices ( ! pots is put sp5t tan1 or "s o!r sub/ance :i* by oxidation w evolve heat1 & also c>bonic acid gas4 ,n[ ! heat :i* is evolv$ 9 oxidation ( ! sp5t tan is useful 9 volatilis+ ! acid f ! v9eg>1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is acetate ! oxyg5 ( ! air oxidises ! lead4 ,! oxide ( lead is dissolv$ by ! acid1 & ! normal acetate ( lead is =m$4 ,m oxide is produc$1 & ?is is dissolv$ by ! normal acetate1 & !n y h basic acetate4 ,:5 sub/ances conta9+ c>bon are oxidis$1 c>bonic acid is ! product ( ! oxidation :5 ! oxyg5 is 9 excess1 z 9 ?is p>ticul> case4 ,c>bonic acid is !n =m$ by ! oxidation ( ! sp5t tan4 ,! c>bonic acid !n unites ) ! oxide ( lead :i* 0 dissolv$ 9 ! normal acetate1 & a ?9 film ( lead c>bonate is =m$4 ,^! ?9 films g on =m+ 9 succession1 until at la/ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! lead is conv]t$ into c>bonate1 :i* reta9s ! %ape ( ! orig9al lead4 ,9 "s cases1 grat+s ( lead are us$4 ,:5 ! lead is conv]t$ into c>bonate1 x is gr\nd 9 wat] & r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 & is !n made up into ! sort ( pigm5ts requir$1 ei!r ) wat] or ) oil4 ,?is is1 or r 01 an op]ation att5d$ ) consid]able dang] to ! workm51 :o 7 subject$ to :at is t]m$ lead-poison+1 to :i*1 un=tunately1 _m pa9t]s1 f want ( cleanly habits1 are subject n[4 ,dut* ,process4--,9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,c>t] ,bell1 :o has read a mo/ int]e/+ pap] on ! subject be=e ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ! manufacture ( :ite lead is a mo/ anci5t proce$+1 & has be5 pursu$ ) b little v>iation 9 ! mode ( manufacture = "s hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,! ,dut* seem to h be5 ! orig9ators ( ?is me?od ( mak+ :ite lead1 :i* is n[ s l>gely conduct$ 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ?is process metallic lead is pil$ 9 /acks1 & submitt$ to ! action ( acetic acid1 wat]y vap\r1 air1 & c>bonic acid = "s "t1 by :i* means ! metallic lead becomes gradually conv]t$ into :ite lead4 ,?is me?od is call$ ! 8/ack0 or ,dut* process4 ,! con/ruction ( a /ack is a v simple & rude op]ation4 ,lay]s ( dung or tan1 or a mixture ( ! two1 are s arrang$ z to imb$ a l>ge numb] ( e>!nw>e pots1 ea* conta9+ "s acetic acid4 ,^! pots are ab\t #d or #e in*es 9 diamet]1 & ab\t #g or #h in*es high2 a coil ( lead is plac$ 9 ea* pot1 & buckles or grat+s ( lead support$ on oak5 be>]s are laid across & on top ( ! pots2 bo>ds are laid to cov] ! :ole1 & =m a floor4 ,! /ack is compos$ ( a numb] ( su* lay]s ( pots1 be>]s1 & buckles or grat+s1 rais$ "o ^u ano!r4 ,a /ack *amb] is a brick enclosure #aj or #ab feet squ>e1 & #bj or #be feet high2 su* a *amb] w conta9 ab\t #gj tons ( lead :5 /ack$ & pil$4 ,9 a :ite lead factory sev]al ( ^! *amb]s are built side by side1 & :5 !y are 9 full op]ation a set ( *amb]s w conta9 z mu* z #gjj or #ajjj tons ( lead4 ,only ! pure/ k9d ( lead w be suitable = conv]sion 9 ?is /ack process ( mak+ :ite lead1 ! common v>ieties be+ inadmissible4 ,messrs4 ,pontifex & ,wood h furni%$ ! foll[+ analyses ( lead us$ = :ite lead mak+4 ,copp]4 ,antimony4 ,iron4 ,spelt]4 ,silv]4 ,lead4 ,a #jjjgjj #jjjdij #jjjbjj #jjjjhj #jjjajj #iiihdcj ,b #jjgehj #jjjcbj #jjjbbj #jjjcbj #jjjbjj #iiiacfj ,c #jjjcdj #jjjdfj #jjjabj #jjjjgj #jjjcej #iiihffj ,d #jjebfj #jjjgdj #jjjaej #jjjahj #jjjdjj #iiicbgj ,e #jjjidj #jjjbaj #jjjafj #jjjajj #jjjjge #iiiheae ,f #jjbcfj #jjjehj #jjjbaj #jjjahj #jjjajj #iiifegj ,! pres5ce ( silv]1 copp] & iron 9 ! lead w\ld damage ! col\r ( ! :ite lead result+1 & o!r admixtures ret>d or prev5t ! progress ( conv]sion4 ,9 old5 times horse dung 0 ! only imb$d+ mat]ial us$ 9 ! /ack arrangem5t4 ,?is mat]ial :5 heat$ evolves gases :i* s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! col\r ( ! result+ corrosion4 ,dung has be5 almo/ sup]s$$ 9 ?is c\ntry by tann]s' refuse2 9 ,belgium dung is yet employ$1 & 9 "s places a mixture ( dung & tan4 ,:]e dung is us$1 ! process ( corrosion ( ! lead goes on m quickly ?an :5 tan alone is employ$1 b ! use ( tan (f]s great advantages1 especially ?is "o3 t x does n give (f gases t damage ! :ite lead4 ,! op]ations ( *>g+ & dis*>g+ ^! *amb]s are pr9cipally ! "w ( wom51 & are mo/ labori\s & fatigu+4 ,9 empty+ ! *amb]s & /ripp+ ! /acks1 ! wom5 are fully expos$ to ! heat$ gases :i* are yield$ by ! decompos+ tan1 & ! heat$ & corrod$ lead4 ,^! gases1 9 !mselves mo/ injuri\s to heal?1 are n to be comp>$ 9 ?is respect to ! du/ :i* p]vades ! air & fills ! *amb] 9 :i* ^! wom5 "w4 ,:5 a /ack is *>g$1 ! *amb] conta9+ x is enclos$4 ,! tan or dung )9 soon comm5ces heat+1 & ! heat soon causes ! acetic acid 9 ! pots1 & ! wat] 9 ! tan or dung1 to rise 9 vap\r & p5etrate ! /ack4 ,air is admitt$ to ! /ack ?r\gh op5+s left = t purpose1 & c>bonic acid is evolv$ f ! heat$ decompos+ tan or dung1 & ?is gas also p5etrates ! /ack1 & ! process ( conv]t+ blue lead into ! :ite lead gradually proce$s1 & ! blue metal becomes corrod$ & incru/$ ) a :ite cru/ or cov]+4 ,z to ! exact *emical *anges & comb9ations proce$+ 9 ! work+ ( a /ack1 diff]5ces ( op9ion exi/1 b we may fairly conclude t ! process resolves itself into ?is--fir/1 ! =mation ( sub-acetate ( lead1 :i*1 decompos$ by ! ag5cy ( ! c>bonic acid gas1 becomes r$uc$ to ! condition ( normal acetate by loss ( a portion ( its basic oxide ( lead4 ,! r$uc$ sub-acetate !n aga9 takes up an additional molecule ( oxide ( lead1 & is re-conv]t$ into its orig9al subsalt /ate1 to be aga9 attack$ & r$uc$ by ! c>bonic acid gas1 & s on cont9ually dur+ ! work+ ( ! /ack4 ,x w be evid5t t ! 8nasc5t0 /ate ( ! v>i\s sub/ances dis5gag$ dur+ ! *emical *anges :i* are proce$+ 9 ! /ack is an important factor 9 ?is process1 & mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 consid]+ ! philosophy ( ! op]ation4 ,x w also be evid5t t ! mode ( proce$+ 9 :ite lead mak+ by ! /ack process is mo/ crude & clumsy1 & a mo/ unc]ta9 me?od1 "o gov]n$ by rule ( ?umb1 &1 by no elem5t ( c]ta9ty or sci5ce4 ,:ite lead mak]s1 z a rule1 "k no?+ ( ! *emi/ry ( _! subject4 ,?is abs5ce ( *emical k ( ! subject1 by ^? :o are engag$ 9 ?is manufacture1 may expla9 ! curi\s circum/ance t = hundr$s ( ye>s ?is indu/ry has be5 pursu$ 9 ! same old-fa%ion$ & unc]ta9 way1 & ! /ack1 or ,dut* process1 /ill holds its gr\nd & displays little or no advance 9 k or improvem5ts 9 its me?od ( proce$+1 ev5 9 ! pres5t age ( precision 9 almo/ e bran* ( manufacture4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( ! /ack process is %[n mo/ cle>ly 9 ?is3 ,t /acks may "w & "s d n "w4 ,9 ! latt] case all ! "t & lab\r sp5t 9 =m+ ! /acks1 & all ! acid !y conta9$1 is lo/4 ,no am\nt ( =esight w avail to det]m9e be=eh& :i* /ack %all accompli% ! conv]sion ( its conta9$ metallic lead1 & :i* w n4 ,! /acks are g5]ally all[$ to rema9 9 op]ation1 aft] !y are *>g$1 ?ree or f\r mon?s2 9 ?is "t x is presum$ all pr(itable action 9 ! /ack has ceas$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! /ack1 :i* _h ris5 gradually f ! normal temp]ature to #ajj or #aej ,f41 w h gradually fall51 & ?is fall+ temp]ature is ! indication t ! corrosion ( ! lead 9 ! /ack has t]m9at$4 ,aft] ! ?ree mon?s' action ( ! /acks1 !y are /ripp$ & pull$ to pieces4 ,"s w be f\nd to be done bett] ?an o!rs1 & "o "p ( ! same /ack w be done m p]fectly ?an ano!r4 ,! coat+ on ! lead w also diff]2 "s w be smoo?1 regul>1 & equal 9 =mation1 "s w be r\gh & bli/]$1 & f> f uni=m4 ,! r\gh bli/]$ ca/+ is reject$ z unfit = :ite lead mak+3 ! workm5 call x 8dross40 ,! smoo? lam9at$ coat+ is ! "o pres]v$ = ! aft] manufacture4 ,x is a curi\s fact connect$ ) ! consid]ation ( ! total want ( educat$ guidance 9 ^! matt]s t prevails1 t 9 all factories ( ?is description "s *amb]s are not$ z always work+ well1 & o!rs are equally well kn[n to always d _! "w ! rev]se ( well4 ,no "o kn[s :y6 ,no "o /ays to seek ! reason4 ,! factory way goes on fill+ & empty+ ^! :ite lead *amb]s :e!r ! /acks be work+ well or no4 ,! incru/ation t is mo/ e/eem$ by ! manufactur]s ( :ite lead 9 ?is old-fa%ion$ /yle is a h>d1 *9a-l mat]ial1 =m$ ( ?9 deposits1 lay] ^u lay]1 9 a sl[1 cont9u\s1 regul> way4 ,x is at once conceivable t 9 ! r\gh-&-ready mann] ( /ack manufacture mo/ irregul> action mu/ proce$4 ,x w\ld be almo/ impossible = ! cont5ts ( ! pile or /ack to be submitt$ to ! same action ( ! gases ?r\gh\t4 ,"s p>ts ( ! /ack & its cont5ts w be "u m fav\rable conditions ?an o!rs1 h5ce ! reason :y1 9 practice1 x is inv>iably f\nd t "s /acks1 & "s p>ts ( a /ack1 "w bett] ?an o!rs4 ,"u ! microscope1 ?is good cru/ ( :ite lead1 ! prop] incru/ation f :i* to prep>e :ite lead1 w be readily se5 to consi/ ( v ?9 coat+s or lay]s ( :ite lead1 :i* h be5 sl[ly =m$ on ! metallic lead & pil$ "o ^u ano!r to ! ?ickness ( an eigh? or a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,?is =mation con/itutes ! h>d1 *9a-l sub/ance1 :i* alone possesses ! *emical con/itution & ! prop]ties to =m good :ite lead pa9t4 ,:ite lead mak]s1 recognis+ ?is peculi> incru/ation z ! only "o capable ( fulfill+ _! desir$ purpose ( mak+ good :ite lead pa9t1 d n ev5 recognise any o!r z ( any s]vice = t purpose1 be x good or bad4 ,su* a mat]ial1 if obta9$1 h[ev] good1 w\ld be outside _! exp]i5ce & beyond _! philosophy4 ,aft] ! /acks h be5 /ripp$1 ! grat+s or buckles ) _! adh]+ coat+ ( :ite lead are moi/5$ ) wat] & are pass$ ?r\gh cru%+ roll]s to sep>ate ! unconv]t$ lead2 !n ! cru/ :i* has be5 deta*$ is gr\nd "u heavy edge runn]s ) wat]4 ,?is deta*$ cru/ ( :ite lead w v>y mu* 9 col\r3 x w be :ite 9 "s p>ts1 yell[i% or greyi% 9 o!rs4 ,^! discolorations arise f v>i\s causes1 b !y are pr9cipally caus$ by ! contact ( ! moi/ wood & tan4 ,! :ite lead is n[ a r\gh cru%$ mat]ial1 v h>d1 & requir+ to be gr\nd to ! f9e/ p[d]4 ,x conta9s1 also1 small fragm5ts ( blue lead :i* h pass$ ! cru%+ rolls1 & a quantity ( acetate ( lead4 ,! pres5ce ( acetate ( lead is always f\nd 9 l>g] or small] quantities1 :i* v>y ) e op]ation1 & :i* inv>iably accompany :ite lead produc$ 9 ! /ack4 ,to remove discolorations--to sep>ate ! fragm5ts ( metal & to dissolve out ! acetate salt--mu* wat] & wa%+ are employ$4 ,! mat]ial is gr\nd ) wat] "u ! heavy edge runn] /ones1 x !n proce$s to a s]ies ( horizontal mills1 ea* succe$+ mill set clos] ?an its fell[1 & is fur!r & fur!r gr\nd to f95ess ) wat]4 ,f ^! mills x runs z a milky liquid to a s]ies ( settl+ tanks1 :]e x is all[$ to subside1 & ! cle> fluid is run (f to wa/e1 or into tanks to be us$ ov] aga94 ,?is wa/e wat] w n[ conta9 ! col\r+ matt] remov$ f ! incru/ation1 & ! pr9cipal portion ( ! acetate ( lead :i* ! incru/ation previ\sly conta9$1 & any o!r soluble matt]s remov$ f ! wa%$ & gr\nd mat]ial4 ,! small fragm5ts ( lead :i* pass$ ! cru%+ roll & edge runn] mills w h be5 previ\sly remov$ by subsid5ce 9 wat]4 ,! :ite lead deposit$ 9 ! tanks is 9 "s factories ladl$ out into skips & agitat$ by a 8dolly10 :i* fur!r enables ! heavy p[d] to get free f ! wat] 9 :i* x is entangl$4 ,! moi/ p[d] is next plac$ on trays or di%es1 & is convey$ to ! /ove or dry+ *amb]4 ,wom5 always p]=m ?is "w4 ,! dry+ or /ov+ room is a l>ge enclos$ space heat$ by a 8cockle0 arrangem5t2 r\gh scaffold+s are erect$ )9 ?is *amb]1 on :i* wom5 m\nt to /[ ! trays on %elves fitt$ = ! purpose4 ,! trays & _! cont5ts rema9 9 ! heat$ atmosph]e ( ?is *amb] = two or ?ree weeks1 by :i* "t !y become dry & ready = removal1 to be pack$ 9 lumps = c]ta9 m>kets1 or gr\nd to dry p[d] & pack$ 9 b>rels = o!rs4 ,wom5 are employ$ to fill & also to empty ! dry+ or /ov+ *amb]1 & dur+ ?is "w !y are fully expos$ to its contam9at+ atmosph]e4 ,hot & dry1 & *>g$ ) f9e du/y p>ticles ( :ite lead1 x becomes a dang]\s trap1 & contam9ates ! blood ( ^? engag$ ) its deadly poison4 ,x is 9 ?is "p ( ! manufacture t ! pr9cipal damage to heal? occurs4 ,?is is ! mo/ labori\s "w2 heat makes x v fatigu+1 ! atmosph]e )9 ?is *amb] be+ always mu* above ! ext]ior air4 ,rec5t ,gov]nm5t regulations h s\ght to curtail ^! & o!r evils 9 ?is manufacture4 ,wom5 engag$ 9 ^! /oves are ord]$ to we> ov]clo?+1 headdress & respirators4 ,! g5]al exp]i5ce ( _! practice1 not)/&+ ,gov]nm5t regulations1 is ?is2 t !y _c "w 9 !m ) ease & conv5i5ce1 & m (t5 we> ! respirator ar\nd _! necks ?an 9 front ( nose & m\?4 ,! excessive mortality 9 wom5 :o "w 9 ^! /acks & /ov+ h\ses sc>cely requires ass]tion4 ,few1 ev5 ( ^? :o employ !m1 "k ! ext5t ( ! deadly op]ation4 ,rec5tly1 m$ical m5 h made public t cases are )9 _! k ( *ildr5 born already contam9at$ ) lead poison4 ,woman lab\r %\ld surely be re/rict$ by ,gov]nm5t enactm5ts 9 all su* deadly occupations4 ,we may sum up ! :ole matt] z reg>ds :ite lead mak+ by ! /ack or ,dut* me?od 9 a few brief words3 ,x is a mo/ t$i\s & unc]ta9 op]ation2 x is a mo/ dang]\s occupation = all conc]n$2 x is f\nd$ ^u no true pr9ciples ( any k9d2 & ( sci5ce its :ole c\rse is ignorant4 ,:ite lead mak+ is rul$ by a 8happy-g-lucky0 philosophy4 ,! repres5tatives ( ?is manufacture are completely ignorant ( ! sci5tific details relat+ to x1 & h5ce we may n be surpris$ to f9d among/ !m an enorm\s am\nt ( ignorance & prejudice4 ,good :ite lead w n diff] mat]ially 9 its composition by :atev] process x may be made1 b x may diff] s]i\sly 9 its physical "*1 & 9 its fitness to produce a sub/ance adapt$ to ! uses to :i* :ite lead pa9t is appli$4 ,good :ite lead is a comp\nd :i* conta9s hydrate & c>bonate ( ! metal1 9 ! proportions ei!r ( "o molecule ( hydrate ( lead comb9$ ) two ( c>bonate1 or is made up ( "o molecule ( hydrate ) ?ree ( c>bonate ( lead4 ,if we consid] ! fir/ comp\nd r\ghly ,pb,h#b,o#b1b,pb ,,co#c :ite lead w be made up ( "o "p ( hydrate & two p>ts ( c>bonate ( lead4 ,! second comp\nd r\ghly e/imat$ ,pb ,h#b,o#b1c,pb ,,co#c w be "o "p ( hydrate1 comb9$ ) ?ree p>ts ( c>bonate or lead4 ,! latt] w be 9 ! proportion ( #ge p] c5t1 ( c>bonate & #be p] c5t1 ( hydrate ( lead1 & ?is repres5ts ! composition :i* has be5 assign$ to good :ite lead by ^? mo/ acqua9t$ ) ! subject4 ,! am\nt ( hydrate conta9$ 9 :ite lead %\ld nev] exce$ ! proportion above nam$ ( #be p] c5t41 nor %\ld its am\nt be mu* bel[ ! #be p] c5t4 ,! hydrate conta9$ 9 ! sub/ance s]ves to unite ) ! oil 9 ! pa9t2 x =ms !re) a dry+ :ite & ela/ic v>ni% :i* embraces & holds ! p>ticles ( :ite c>bonate & prev5ts _! subsid5ce & sep>ation 9 ! pa9t4 ,!re is a *emical action ( a mu* m intimate "* betwe5 ! compon5ts ( good :ite lead :5 mix$ ) oil :i* nei!r ( ! con/itu5ts ( ?is comp\nd c alone produce4 ,= in/ance1 hydrate ( lead & l9se$ oil produce a v>ni%-l sub/ance1 semi-transp>5t & ( no cov]+ capability4 ,c>bonate ( lead & l9se$ oil produce a comp\nd :i* is opaque1 b has no body or cov]+ p[]1 & 9 :i* ! :ite solid c>bonate is held 9 feeble me*anical susp5sion4 ,nei!r ( !m con/itutes a pa9t1 b :5 toge!r z :ite lead !y are mix$ ) oil1 comb9ation takes place1 & s]viceable pa9t ( good body & cov]+ p[] & endur+ quality is produc$4 ,good :ite lead is a d5se1 p]fectly amorph\s p[d] ( p]fect :it5ess1 possess$ ( great body & cov]+ p[] :5 comb9$ ) oil4 ,:5 mix$ ) l9se$ oil & us$ z pa9t x rapidly dries 9 ! air & assumes a v>ni%-l1 glossy1 h>d surface1 & is capable :5 once dry ( resi/+ ! action ( air & wat] = any l5g? ( "t4 ,x does n weep :5 laid on a surface ) a bru%1 t is1 ! oil does n sep>ate f ! solid mat]ial ( ! pa9t4 ,attempts h be5 made to produce :ite lead quickly & *eaply by precipitat+ processes1 b 9 all su* me?ods ! result+ comp\nd is defici5t 9 c]ta9 special qualities absolutely necess>y to :ite lead prop] & to its uses4 ,! precipitat$ :ite lead is always ( a cry/all9e /ructure1 & cry/all9e lead c nev] furni% a good body pa9t--no am\nt ( pulv]is+ & gr9d+ ( ?is cry/all9e mat]ial w correct ?is defect 9 its nature1 & deprive x ( its cry/all9e =m4 8,once a cry/al always a cry/al0 has an especial application to ?is po9t ( our philosophy4 ,pulv]is+ a cry/al w n alt] its /ructure1 b simply r$uces ! size ( ! cry/als4 ,cry/als ( :ite lead are unable to effect ! necess>y comb9ation ) ! oil & =m ! true v>ni% :i* :ite amorph\s lead s readily produces4 ,pa9t made ) ! precipitat$ :ite lead lacks body & cov]+ p[]1 & ?is because ( ! abs5ce ( ?is *emical union ) ! oil4 ,! manufacture ( :ite lead by process ( precipitation1 ev5 7 ! result+ prep>ation suitable1 does n correct ! evils ( ! pres5t me?od by ,dut* or /ack process ( mak+ :ite lead4 ,a solution ( lead may be precipitat$ 9 a few m9utes1 b x _c be made s quickly4 ,! :ite lead1 aft] its precipitation1 has to be filt]$ or sep>at$1 wa%$ & dri$1 & gr\nd to p[d]1 :i* processes _c occupy less "t ?an a few weeks = completion4 ,precipitat$ :ite lead has be5 made 9 ,france & ,g]many = "s ye>s1 & x is n[ manufactur$ 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,x is n[ made 9 ,engl& by "o pat5t process1 b ! product lacks c]ta9 qualities1 & is consequ5tly /ill op5 to ! objections already not$4 ,sub/itutes = :ite lead ( a non-poison\s nature1 or ( su* a nature z n to produce su* deadly effects 9 _! prep>ation or use z :ite lead does1 h be5 propos$2 _! introduction has n1 h[ev]1 be5 a great success4 ,a mixture ( sulphate1 sulphide & oxide ( z9c is a pat5t :ite made by sublim+ gal5a 9 an oxidis+ furnace or he>?4 ,?is comp\nd lacks body4 ,all ( ^! s-call$ sub/itutes are v inf]ior to :ite lead1 n only z to quality b z to co/4 ,!y _c compete ) :ite lead4 ,a committee ( enquiry on ^! sub/itutes = :ite lead1 report+ ! result ( _! enquiry & exam9ation1 /at$ t !y f\nd t ^! 7 mo/ly prep>$ ) v>ni%es be=e !y 7 sold = use1 & t 9 mo/ in/ances !y 7 mix$ ) a l>ge quantity ( dri]s1 & t ! dri] inv>iably 0 a comp\nd ( lead4 ,! pr9cipal consumption ( :ite lead is = pa9t2 to produce ?is pa9t x is gr\nd ) oil 9 v>y+ proportions1 ab\t #h to #ae p] c5t4 ,?is produces ! ord9>y :ite lead 9 oil1 & is wor? f #ail4 to #bjl4 a ton1 b (t5 m ?an ?is am\nt4 ,dry p[d]$ :ite lead is *iefly made = & us$ by gr9d]s & mix]s1 :o comb9e ) x a v>iety ( o!r *eap] mat]ials--*alk1 clay1 sulphate ( lime1 & sulphate ( b>yta1 b pr9cipal use is made ( *alk & b>ytes4 ,^! are mix$ ) ! :ite lead1 & !n ! mixture is gr\nd ) oil & =m$ into pa9t1 sold "u v>i\s names accord+ to quality3 ?us--gu>ante$ :ite lead1 fir/s1 seconds1 ?irds1 & f\r?s1 ! proportion ( :ite lead dim9i%+1 & t ( ! adult]ant increas+1 z we desc5d f ! pure mat]ial4 ,gu>ante$ & be/ :ite lead is n pure1 & does n mean pure :ite lead4 ,pure :ite lead c be pur*as$ at "s mak]s1 b its price1 if pure1 c nev] fall bel[ #ail4 or #bjl4 p] ton4 ,to sophi/icate :ite lead1 & produce ! v>i\s inf]iors nam$1 dry p[d]$ :ite lead is ne$$ z a />t+ po9t1 & = ?is purpose pr9cipally arises ! necessity = its production4 ,if gr\nd 9 oil ! adult]ants _c be prop]ly incorporat$ ) x4 ,dry :ite lead is us$ = no?+ else t c\ld ev] give rise to any great dem& = x4 ,we h already obs]v$ t ! production ( ?is dry & p[d]$ :ite lead is ! mo/ dang]\s proce$+ connect$ ) ?is indu/ry4 ,gr9d+ 9 oil is unatt5d$ ) any important consequ5ce to ! heal? & com=t ( ^? employ$4 ,a s]i\s drawback to ! 8/ack0 production1 ! *9a-l incru/ation to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made1 is t x requires cru%+1 gr9d+1 wa%+1 & dry+1 & a second c\rse ( dry gr9d+ aft] x is dri$--! mo/ objectionable /ep 9 its prep>ation4 ,c\ld ! corrosion ( ! blue lead be effect$ 9 su* a way z to prev5t any discoloration ( ! mat]ial by ! tan & wood--c\ld ! corrosion be s produc$ z to be easily sep>at$ f ! buckle or grat+ on :i* x has =m$--c\ld ?is sep>ation be s effect$ z to prev5t ! break+ up ( ! lead skeleton1 & ! pres5ce ( small pieces ( metal 9 ! deta*$ cru/ ( :ite lead1 two pr9cipal reasons = wa%+ & dry+ are remov$4 ,!re is yet ano!r consid]ation1 t is1 ! pres5ce ( acetate ( lead1 always f\nd 9 v>y+ quantities 9 ! incru/ation produc$1 & rema9+ at ! close ( ! op]ation & conv]sion4 ,to remove ?is1 c>eful wa%+1 & aft]-/ov+ & dry+ mu/ be accompli%$4 ,! am\nt ( ?is salt pres5t is f\nd to diff] ) ea* op]ation1 & 9 v>i\s portions ( ! same make4 ,! wa%+ out ( ! acetate is nev] p]fect1 & x involves a l>ge am\nt ( lab\r4 ,op9ions diff] z to ! effect ( ?is acetate if all[$ to rema9 9 ! product4 ,:ite lead mak]s on ! 8/ack0 pr9ciple av] t x %\ld & mu/ be wa%$ out1 le/ x %\ld damage ! qualities ( ! pa9t4 ,?is is que/ionable1 & n "o c produce practical evid5ce ( its be+ ! cause ( any damage if /ill conta9$ 9 :ite lead4 ,facts seem to d5y its h>mfulness 9 ?is respect1 inasmu* z ! be/ prep>$ samples1 ^? wa%$ & dri$ f ! mo/ c>eful mak]s1 w be f\nd ^u analysis to conta9 m or less ( acetate ( lead4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ?is salt 9 :ite lead may n be b5eficial = _m reasons1 b a small p]c5tage c d no h>m2 nay1 = _m purposes x may be good4 ,!re is no sub/ance us$ = dri]s = :ite lead t is m e/eem$ ?an ?is acetate ( lead1 commonly kn[n z 8sug> ( lead40 ,a small am\nt ( ?is salt pres5t 9 :ite lead w\ld communicate dry+ prop]ties1 & ?is alone is :at x c\ld d4 ,grant+ t we c discov] a me?od ( produc+ :ite lead ( amorph\s "*1 ( good d5sity1 free f all discoloration1 free f all p>ticles ( metallic lead1 & free f all b a small p]c5tage ( acetate ( lead1 !n wa%+ w n be ne$$4 ,/ov+ & dry+ become unnecess>y4 ,! "w ( wom51 _! deadly occupation1 s burd5some to ! op]atives & to all ) :om !y are conc]n$1 is done away )4 ,condy's ,process4--,an improvem5t 9 ! manufacture ( :ite lead 0 pat5t$ by ,condy1 ( ,batt]sea1 9 #ahha1 :i*1 ?\gh giv+ p]fectly satisfactory results :5 c>efully conduct$1 necessitat$ special precautions1 & l$ to 8 sub/itut+ 9 practice ! foll[+ additions & modifications1 :i* are ( great consequ5ce 9 r5d]+ ! process m c]ta9 9 ! quality ( its product1 & m valuable z a comm]cial manufacture on ! practical scale1 by virtue ( its (f]+ greatly increas$ facility & economy 9 production4 ,! results ( num]\s & repeat$ exp]im5ts on ! l>g] scale induc$ ,condy to qualify ! recomm5dation conta9$ 9 8 fir/ pat5t1 viz4 t ( employ+ a solution ( tribasic acetate ( lead & bic>bonate ( soda 9 prop] proportion to precipitate ne>ly ! :ole ( ! lead1 & fur!r /at+ t he pref]r$ to employ 8a slight excess ( tribasic lead salt r ?an f9d c>bonate ( soda 9 excess40 ,?\gh1 :5 c>efully conduct$1 if ! greate/ nicety is obs]v$1 a satisfactory result is obta9$2 9 practice1 ! lea/ v>iation f ! exact composition ( ! two sub/ances is att5d$ ) ! drawback t ! :ite lead is liable to a slight unc]ta9ty ( t9t aft] x is gr\nd 9 oil1 :]eas by ! process h]e9aft] describ$ a positive & reliable result c be obta9$1 z ! :ite lead produc$ w be ( a uni=m :ite col\r1 & n liable to turn :5 gr\nd 9 oil4 ,?\gh ! e>li] process 0 9 itself complete = ! manufacture ( :ite lead f oxide ( lead1 x aft]w>ds occurr$ to ,condy t a great object w\ld be atta9$ 9 r5d]+ ! process m valuable & m practical1 if a me?od 7 devis$1 work$ out1 & describ$ = ! manufacture ( tribasic acetate ( lead to be made entirely f metallic lead by ! action ( acetic acid or neutral acetate ( lead on metallic lead1 & n to be dep5d5t on ! employm5t 9 any way ( previ\sly manufactur$ oxide ( lead4 ,?is portion ( ,condy's inv5tion relat+ to ! manufacture ( tribasic acetate ( lead may be describ$ z foll[s3 he melts1 &1 aft] skimm+ c>efully1 fea!rs ! metallic lead by dropp+ x into wat]2 he places ?is granulat$ lead 9 wood5 vessels or vats previ\sly fitt$ ) p]=at$ false bottoms "u :i* are fix$ taps = draw+ ! liquor (f into o!r vats or tanks plac$ on a l[] level4 ,hav+ fill$ ) granulat$ lead ! vessels fitt$ ) ! false bottoms1 he fills up ! int]/ices ) a dilute acetic acid compos$ ( "o "p1 by weight1 ( acid 7specific gravity #ajde at #fj ,f47 & #ab p>ts ( wat]1 & aft] all[+ ! dilute acid to /& = two h\rs1 draws x (f ?r\gh ! taps into ! l[] tanks4 ,?is all[s access ( atmosph]ic air to ! lead1 :i* has ! effect ( heat+ ! lead s t oxidation takes place4 ,aft] a "t 7ab\t ?ree or f\r h\rs71 ?is oxidation beg9s to slack51 :5 he pumps up a second "t ! acid solution f ! l[] vat on to ! granulat$ lead1 & all[s !m to /& 9 contact = "o h\r2 he !n aga9 draws (f ! liquid into ! l[] tank1 & aga9 exposes ! metallic lead to atmosph]ic oxidation1 all[+ ?ree or f\r h\rs = ! latt] op]ation2 & if ! solution ( lead has n already atta9$ ! specific gravity ( #ajdj1 at #fj ,f41 he aga9 repasses ! liquor ov] ! metallic lead p>tially oxidis$1 until x has atta9$ t specific gravity1 :5 he places ! dissolv$ lead ) fre% granulat$ lead & recomm5ces ! manufacture 9 ! same way4 ,?is op]ation succe$s mu* bett] on ! l>ge scale ?an on a laboratory scale4 ,9 vats conta9+ upw>ds ( "o ton ( lead1 ! result is all t c be desir$1 & c be obta9$ by pass+ ! liquor f twice to ?ree times ov] ! metallic lead p>tially oxidis$4 ,a little practice enables ! op]ator s to control ! process t he c obta9 ! solution ( ! desir$ specific gravity ) p]fect ease4 ,?is plan ( manufactur+ tribasic acetate ( lead possesses ! advantage ( produc+ t sub/ance :olly or ne>ly :olly free f ! impurities conta9$ 9 metallic lead1 su* z copp] & silv]1 :i* are n tak5 up1 or soluble1 9 ! pres5ce ( metallic lead4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! circum/ance t =eign matt] is left almo/ unt\*$1 x is practicable to make :ite lead ( a f9e quality f old lead su* z lead pip+1 ro(+1 & worn out lead g5]ally1 :i* c ?us be utilis$ to great] advantage ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,hav+ obta9$ ?is solution ( basic acetate ( lead ( ! specific gravity ( #ajdj at #fj ,f41 ,condy proce$s z foll[s3--,to ! solution produc$ by ea* #fj lb4 ( acid & #gej lb4 ( wat] previ\sly pump$ up into ano!r vat or tank1 he adds bic>bonate ( soda 9 ! proportion ( #cj lb4 = ea* #fj lb4 by weight ( acid orig9ally employ$1 & agitates ! mixture4 ,?is w g5]ally precipitate all ! :ite lead1 b x is necess>y to te/ ! filtrate to asc]ta9 ! exact po9t :5 all ! lead is ?r[n d[n4 ,suffici5t bic>bonate ( soda %\ld be add$ to d ?is completely1 & x w\ld be bett] to use bic>bonate ( soda 9 excess r ?an leave any lead unprecipitat$1 z by ?is means great] c]ta9ty is obta9$ 9 secur+ on ! l>ge & practical scale a :ite lead capable ( /&+ ! effect ( light & gr9d+ 9 oil )\t *ang+4 ,! :ite lead aft] precipitation c be wa%$1 press$1 & dri$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! foll[+ v>iation may be made f ! me?od describ$ ( mak+ tribasic acetate ( lead1 ?us3--,to ea* #fj lb4 ( acid & #gej lb4 ( wat] may be add$ suffici5t ( ! tribasic solution to make neutral acetate ( lead1 ) :i* to recomm5ce ! manufacture ( tribasic acetate ( lead by ! process describ$4 ,vague ref]5ce has be5 made 9 works on te*nical *emi/ry to ! possibility ( us+ metallic lead 9 ! manufacture ( sug> ( lead1 b su* ref]5ces h be5 practically wor?less1 z !y conta9 no in=mation ( a practical nature ev5 = ! manufacture ( neutral acetate ( lead1 & no process at all has ev] be5 describ$ = ! manufacture ( basic acetate ( lead f metallic lead act$ on by acetic acid or acetate ( lead4 ,g>dn]'s ,process4--,! conditions obs]v$ & fulfill$ 9 ! arrangem5ts adopt$ by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,v4 ,g>dn]1 are f\nd$ ^u a /udy ( ! nature1 prop]ties & behavi\r ( ! sub/ances conc]n$1 "u c]ta9 me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,!re are sev]al oxides ( lead :i* may be =m$ "u special conditions4--7#a7 ,pb#b,o1 & ! same oxide comb9$ ) wat] ,pb#b;,h#b,o#b2 7#b7 ,pb,o1 & ! same oxide comb9$ ) wat] ,pb,h#b,o#b4 ,9 ! hydrat$ =m ^! oxides comb9e readily ) c>bonic acid1 b !y d n comb9e readily ) c>bonic acid :5 dehydrat$4 ,! hydrates are mo/ readily =m$ at ab\t #abj-acj ,f41 & are decompos$ aft] !y are =m$ if heat$ to #bab ,f4 ,^! oxides & _! hydrates comb9e ) acetic acid to =m acetate & sub-acetate ( lead1 & ) nitric acid to =m nitrate & sub-nitrate ( lead4 ,lead1 submitt$ to ! action ( air1 wat]y vap\r1 & acetic or nitric acid1 or a mixture ( ^! acids1 ) air or oxyg51 ) prop] precautions1 =ms sub-acetate or sub-nitrate ( lead1 & ?is sub-acetate or sub-nitrate ( lead readily absorbs c>bonic acid & =ms c>bonate & sub-c>bonate ( lead4 ,suffici5t acetic or nitric acid1 or a mixture ( ^! & air or oxyg51 & wat]y vap\r1 mu/ be con/antly suppli$ to =m ! subsalts ( lead1 to c>ry on ! op]ation ( conv]t+ blue lead into :ite lead2 b an excess or an insuffici5cy ( ^! ag5ts w 9 ei!r case prev5t ! =mation ( sub-acetate or sub-nitrate1 & consequ5tly ( ! sub-c>bonates4 ,?us--too little air1 acetic acid & aque\s vap\r prev5ts ! =mation ( ! hydrat$ sub-acetate & consequ5tly sub-c>bonate ( lead4 ,too mu* acetic acid & aque\s vap\r1 & too little air =ms an acetate on ! surface ( ! lead1 :i*1 by ! excess ( wat]1 dissolves & wa/es1 & wa%es ! lead2 x also v>ni%es ! surface ( ! lead ) a coat+ ( acetate1 & *ecks1 if x does n completely prev5t1 ! =mation ( sub-acetate ( lead1 & consequ5tly ! =mation ( c>bonate & sub-c>bonate ( lead4 ,simil> rules hold good 9 ! case ( nitric acid & ! =mation ( nitrate & sub-nitrate4 ,! process ( =m+ ! hydrat$ sub-acetate or sub-nitrate ( lead is mo/ en]getic at a temp]ature ( #abj-acj ,f4 ,9 a l[] temp]ature1 a mu* long] "t is occupi$ 9 c>ry+ out ! process ( conv]sion2 :ile at a high] temp]ature ! delicate sub-acetate or sub-nitrate ( lead fir/ =m$ suff]s loss ( wat]1 until1 at #bab ,f41 x is completely dehydrat$4 ,at a temp]ature ab\t #ace ,f41 ! p[] ( =m+ c>bonate & sub-c>bonates is less5$1 & at #bab ,f4 is consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,! c>bonate itself is dehydrat$ at #bab ,f41 & is decompos$ at a high] temp]ature4 ,to obta9 a :ite lead ( excell5t quality = its v>i\s uses1 x is necess>y to produce a sub/ance :i* possesses suffici5t body to cov] surfaces to :i* x may be appli$ z pa9t1 & x mu/ possess suffici5t base to comb9e ) ! oil ( ! pa9t to =m a vehicle or v>ni% to reta9 & hold ! body on ! surface4 ,?is is f\nd to be ! case ) sub-c>bonate ( lead1 or especially ) a comp\nd con/itut$ ( two or ?ree equival5ts ( c>bonate ( lead1 ) "o equival5t ( hydrat$ oxide ( t metal4 ,lead1 to be attack$ by *emical ag5ts1 %\ld possess a clean surface4 ,if ! surface ( ! lead is *emically clean1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,! surface ( ! lead %\ld be ext5d$ z mu* z possible1 & expos$ to ! action ( ! gases & vap\rs at a c]ta9 heat = its conv]sion into :ite lead4 ,if ! mo/ fav\rable conditions are s\ght1 ! temp]ature %\ld be betwe5 #abj & #acj ,f42 & to c>ry on ! *emical action mo/ satisfactorily1 ! lead dur+ its conv]sion %\ld pres5t a granul> coat+--t is1 ! coat+ =m$ by ! *emical ag5ts %\ld be granul> & n smoo? & cont9u\s 9 "*4 ,x %\ld be por\s1 & n ( a cont9u\s v>ni%-l or vitre\s "*4 ,to rapidly c>ry on ! *emical action1 ! *emical ag5ts %\ld be well diffus$ & comm+l$ ?r\gh\t ea* o!r1 & ! blue lead %\ld be s expos$ z to be op5 to _! attack on all p>ts ( its surface equally1 & all %\ld be at1 & kept at1 a prop] temp]ature & a prop] degree ( humidity4 ,too dry a heat prev5ts ! process ( conv]sion4 ,too moi/ an atmosph]e wa/es ! mat]ials & arre/s _! action4 ,! conditions1 !re=e1 :i* are mo/ fav\rable w be a c]ta9 humid atmosph]e ( well diffus$ & comm+l$ vap\rs or gases1 act+ on metallic lead expos$ to !m "u ! physical conditions describ$1 & at a temp]ature betwe5 #aaj & #ace ,f4 ,^! fav\rable conditions c be fur!r augm5t$ by c]ta9 electrical arrangem5ts 9 connection ) !m4 ,aga91 9 ! s\rces f :i* ! c>bonic acid is d]iv$1 & 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! app>atus = apply+ ! c>bonic acid1 fav\rable & unfav\rable conditions c be import$4 ,?us1 by us+ p>aff91 petroleum1 b5z9e1 or light oil ( p>aff9 or petroleum1 or simil> c>bonace\s sub/ances free f sulphur1 or mixtures ( su* c>bonace\s sub/ances ei!r alone or mix$ ) air or o!r oxidis+ sub/ance1 comp>atively pure c>bonic acid may be furni%$ )\t at ! same "t produc+ any objectionable comp\nds4 ,z a result ( 8 rese>*es & exp]im5ts1 ,pr(4 ,g>dn] has propos$ 7,eng4 ,pat4 #ahhb1 ,no4 #gca7 c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ! me?od ( conv]t+ blue lead into :ite lead1 9 ! app>atus employ$1 & 9 ! me?od ( mak+ & apply+ ! c>bonic acid us$ 9 ! process4 ,"s ( ^! improvem5ts are applicable to ! op5 /ack or *amb] process1 :ile o!rs relate to clos$ *amb]s4 ,pref]ably1 = ! conv]sion ( blue lead into :ite lead1 ,pr(4 ,g>dn] adopts a clos$1 b n air-tight1 *amb]4 ,?is *amb] is v5tilat$ or reliev$ s z to enable ! incom+ gases & vap\rs to ent] x )\t h9drance1 & to escape by means ( an exit valve & pipe1 or an exit %aft1 connect$ ) ! *amb]1 communicat+ ) ! ext]ior air1 & regulat$ by a valve or damp]4 ,! gases & vap\rs )9 ! *amb] c f9d _! way out by ?is exit %aft only1 by slight pressure on expansion f )9 ! *amb]2 ?us ! int]ior ( ! *amb] is pres]v$ f di/urbance1 by prev5t+ ! =mation ( curr5ts )9 its atmosph]e1 & yet a p]fect circulation ( ! gases & vap\rs is kept up4 ,to w>m ! int]ior ( ?is *amb]1 :i* is con/ruct$ ( any mat]ial t w resi/ ! action ( ! vap\rs & gases1 & :i* is n too absorb5t1 ,pr(4 ,g>dn] makes ! bottom ( ! *amb] ( su* a %ape z to =m a heat+ vessel to hold wat] or /eam1 ?is wat] or /eam1 or bo?1 be+ kept at ! requir$ temp]ature by means ( a /eam coil4 ,matt]s are s arrang$ t ! cont5ts ( ?is coil are protect$ f any excess ( pressure1 & consequ5tly ! temp]ature seldom or nev] exce$s ab\t #bab ,f41 unless = any special reason x is desir$ to raise x to a high] po9t4 ,sometimes ! sides are con/ruct$ simil>ly to ! bottom4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* ^! *amb]s are con/ruct$ mu/ be capable ( resi/+ ! heat$ & acidifi$ vap\rs )9 !m4 ,ca/ or wr\ght iron fac$ ) glass1 slate1 tiles1 pewt]1 or glaz$ bricks2 t9n$ copp]1 t9n$ brass1 or pewt]2 timb]1 :e!r gre5 or aft] c>bonis+ by heat or sulphuric acid2 all are m or less suitable4 ,means ( obs]v+ ! progress ( ! conv]sion1 & means ( lift+ ! cont5ts 9 or out1 mu/ also be provid$1 z well z !rmomet]s to indicate ! temp]ature prevail+ inside4 ,! gases & vap\rs :i* effect ! conv]sion ( ! blue lead into :ite lead are g5]at$ outside ! *amb] j describ$1 & are conduct$ into x by means ( pipes1 be+ fir/ rais$ to su* a temp]ature 9 excess ( t :i* %\ld exi/ inside ! conv]t+ *amb] z to all[ = ! cool+ effect aris+ f ! friction & loss ( heat 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s pipes & di/ributors atta*$ to ! conv]t+ *amb]4 ,ow+ to ?is extra heat+1 ! gases & vap\rs are exp&$1 diffus$1 & comm+l$1 & d n rob ! int]ior ( ! conv]t+ *amb] ( any heat on ent]+ x1 s t ! heat inside ! conv]t+ *amb] is kept con/ant1 & c op]ate to fur!r exp& & diffuse ! gases & vap\rs 9 contact ) ! blue lead inside ! *amb]4 ,9 practice x is f\nd t ! temp]ature ( ! conv]t+ *amb] _c be suitably controll$ if any portion ( ! gases or vap\rs be g5]at$ )9 t *amb]4 ,! blue lead is arrang$ 9 ! conv]t+ *amb] 9 trays1 or on %elves or frames1 s z to all[ x to be completely surr\nd$ & attack$ by ! vap\rs or gases1 & !reby be conv]t$ into :ite lead1 at ! same "t prev5t+ ! =mation ( direct curr5ts or eddies4 ,fram$ supports resembl+ a d9n] waggon s]ve well = hold+ ! lead1 & may easily be arrang$ to lift bodily 9 & out ( ! *amb] ) _! burd5 ( blue or :ite lead4 ,! surface on :i* ! blue lead is directly support$ is made ( graphitic c>bon1 h>d coke1 plat9um1 or c>bonis$ or plat9is$ mat]ial1 su* z is us$ = plates 9 electric batt]ies1 or ( o!r mat]ial /&+ 9 a simil> electrical relation%ip to lead1 or capable ( g5]at+ ) x an electric curr5t4 ,9 apply+ ?is developm5t ( electrical en]gy to ! ord9>y 8/ack10 z = in/ance ! ,dut* process1 ! pots conta9+ ! acet\s liquid & blue lead are made (1 or l9$ )1 su* electrical c>bon1 or conta9 a portion ( x 9 susp5sion1 by :i* ! same effect is realis$4 ,advantage may also be d]iv$ f furni%+ a supplem5t>y supply ( c>bonic acid to ! /ack beyond t due to ! decompos+ dung1 c42 z well z f inject+ a curr5t ( air or oxyg5 at suitable temp]atures1 & f ! admission ( /eam 9 a coil ?r\gh\t ! /ack4 ,! g5]ation or production ( ! acetic or nitric acid vap\rs is atta9$ by heat 9 a vessel s arrang$ t its cont5ts are kept at a c]ta9 temp]ature = vaporis+1 by hav+ ! boil+ acid solution at ab\t #ajjc sp4 gr41 procur$ by mix+ wat] ) v9eg> or acetic or nitric acids4 ,! supply pipes convey+ ! air or oxyg5 & ! c>bonic acid1 or ei!r ( !m1 c easily be made to emit _! cont5ts close to ! boil+ acid solution1 :]eby ! vap\rs aris+ f ! latt] are mix$ & int]m+l$ ) !m1 & all pass toge!r ?r\gh ! pipes & di/ributors into ! conv]t+ *amb] or /ack4 ,9 prep>+ ! c>bonic acid x is necess>y to obs]ve c]ta9 precautions1 especially t x %all be pure & t no c>bonic oxide %all ga9 admission to ! *amb]4 ,if ! ord9>y *alk & c>bon me?od be employ$1 ! furnace mu/ be provid$ at ! uptake ) a s]ies ( air inlets1 s z to ensure t ! gases pass+ f ! furnace to ! deliv]y tube %all be mo/ ?or\ghly oxidis$4 ,! purification ( ! c>bonic acid may be effect$ 9 ! usual way by pass+ x ?r\gh a vessel conta9+ wat]2 or1 if requisite1 x may be cleans$1 exp&$1 & heat$ 9 "o op]ation by pass+ x ?r\gh or ov] hot wat]1 or ov] a hot aque\s solution ( c>bonate ( soda1 all ( :i*1 h[ev]1 incur consid]able co/ 9 plant & manipulation4 ,ow+ to ^! difficulties 9 purify+ c>bonic acid1 ,pr(4 ,g>dn] pref]s to prep>e a practically pure c>bonic acid 9 ! fir/ place1 & ?is he does by all[+ petroleum1 b5z9e1 p>aff91 or o!r hydroc>bon or c>bonace\s liquid to gradually fall into a retort conta9+ *alk or o!r suitable c>bonate at a high temp]ature1 :]eby relatively pure c>bonic acid gas is g5]at$2 & :ile /ill 9 a highly heat$ /ate x enc\nt]s a /ream ( air or oxyg51 ensur+ its complete combu/ion be=e ent]+ ! conv]t+ *amb]4 ,ano!r me?od ( procur+ fairly pure c>bonic acid is by ! combu/ion & oxidation ( any ( ! liquid hydroc>bons m5tion$ above1 9 suitable lamps2 & :5 c>bonic acid gas ( exceptional purity is requir$1 x may be obta9$ by heat+ bic>bonates to a suffici5t degree to drive (f "o molecule ( c>bonic acid1 r$uc+ ! bic>bonate to c>bonate1 f :i* x c be reproduc$ by treatm5t ) c>bonic acid gas obta9$ f *eap] s\rces4 ,! modus op]&i adopt$ by ,pr(4 ,g>dn] is z foll[s3 ,! lead is granulat$ & prep>$ = conv]sion 9 "o op]ation1 ?us--an iron or a slate slab ab\t #b-c in*es ?ick is plac$ 9 a tank conta9+ acetic or nitric acid solutions ris+ ab\t #c in*es above ! upp] surface ( ! slab4 ,! lead is melt$ at l[ r$ heat & p\r$ f a height ( #d to #f feet into ! acid solution1 ?r\gh :i* x falls till x enc\nt]s ! slab1 & !reupon passes away into ! surr\nd+ solution1 be+ ?us conv]t$ into a spongy condition4 ,9 ?is condition ! lead is spread on frames or trays1 :i* are !n lift$ bodily into _! places 9 ! conv]t+ *amb]s4 ,! latt] is clos$ & heat$ to #abj ,f4 = #c-d h\rs1 or until ! :ole cont5ts h assum$ a uni=m temp]ature4 ,!reupon ! acid vap\rs & air are admitt$ & di/ribut$1 tak+ c>e t ! temp]ature is n !reby r$uc$ bel[ #aaj ,f4 nor increas$ above #abe ,f41 /eam be+ tempor>ily %ut (f if necess>y4 ,?is treatm5t is cont9u$ = #bd h\rs4 ,! admission ( aque\s vap\r %\ld be s regulat$ t :ile a dry atmosph]e is avoid$1 yet !re is no appreciable cond5sation ( moi/ure 9 ! *amb]4 ,:ile ensur+ ?is condition1 ! temp]ature may rea* z high z #acj ,f4 = a second p]iod ( #bd h\rs1 b mu/ n ov]/ep ! limits ( #abj ,f4 m9imum & #ace ,f4 maximum4 ,aft] #dh h\rs' treatm5t1 ! supply ( duly w>m$ c>bonic acid gas is admitt$ = a p]iod ( two h\rs1 )\t discont9u+ ! introduction ( acid vap\rs1 air & /eam2 & ?is addition ( c>bonat+ gas is repeat$ = two h\rs at a "t ) int]vals ( f\r h\rs dur+ :i* x is cut (f4 ,:51 aft] f\r or five days1 effloresc5ce or exfoliation appe>s on ! lead1 ! supply ( c>bonic gas is increas$ to two h\rs 9 e f\r1 or f\r 9 e six2 & ! admission ( acid vap\rs1 air & /eam may also be augm5t$ s long z ! temp]ature is n all[$ to exce$ #acj-ace;,f4 ,! :ole op]ation is complet$ 9 sev5 to f\rte5 days4 ,( ?is process1 ,mr4 ,c>t] ,bell1 9 8 pap] be=e ref]r$ to1 speaks 9 ! highe/ t]ms4 ,no wa%+ or dry+ is necess>y4 ,no wom5 are engag$ 9 ! manufacture1 & b few m54 ,! :ite lead ?us produc$ by ! aid ( electricity is deposit$ 9 a peculi> /ate ( dis9tegration1 x is p]fectly amorph\s & non-cry/all9e1 ( ! pure/ quality2 its d5sity is #eh4 ,:5 gr\nd 9 oil & made into pa9t1 x possesses great body & a cov]+ p[] inf]ior to no o!r pa9t1 if n sup]ior to !m all4 ,pa9t]s :o h us$ ! pa9t1 practical m51 & among/ ^! we may obs]ve coa* pa9t]s1 h pron\nc$ its excell5ce & sup]iority to ! be/ ord9>y :ite lead pa9t4 ,by ?is electrical process ( manufacture1 n only is ! "t consum$ 9 ! mak+ & 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is mat]ial greatly %ort5$1 b ! co/ ( prep>ation is r$uc$1 & add$ to ?is is ! important fact1 ! vital factor 9 our consid]ation4 ,! lab\r ( wom5 is unnecess>y4 ,no lives are sacrific$ to its work+ requirem5ts4 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,v4 ,g>dn]1 :o has be5 = "s ye>s occupy+ 8 att5tion ) ! subject ( :ite lead mak+1 ) a view especially to rem$y+ its exi/+ evils1 has inv5t$ 8 electrical *amb] process ( manufacture1 & an entirely new c\rse ( aft] treatm5t4 ,he has = ! la/ sev5 or eight ye>s be5 m or less occupi$ p]fect+ 8 conception1 & accommodat+ x to practical & comm]cial claims4 ,*amb] processes are n new1 !re h be5 sev]al pat5ts enroll$ = mak+ :ite lead 9 clos$ *amb]s1 b none has prov$ comm]cially conv5i5t or practically successful 9 its adaptation1 & none has surviv$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ,g]many1 :ite lead is made 9 *amb]s at ! pres5t day4 ,! lead 9 grat+s or %eets is support$ on wood5 rods1 saddle fa%ion1 ! *amb] is !n fill$1 & its cont5ts are submitt$ to curr5ts ( acetic acid vap\r1 air1 /eam1 & c>bonic acid gas2 ! "t ne$ful = conv]sion is six or sev5 weeks4 ,! aft] /eps 9 ! sep>ation ( ! incru/ation1 & its prep>ation = trade purposes are mu* ! same z 9 ! 8/ack0 product prep>ation4 ,x is wa%$1 /ov$1 dri$1 & gr\nd4 ,! :ite lead made on ! ,g]man plan does n diff] 9 any mat]ial degree1 save x be 9 price1 f ! be/ ,engli% commodity4 ,we may assume t ! wa%+ & dry+ 9 ,g]many consumes a l p]iod ( "t to t process 9 ,engli% works1 viz4 two or ?ree weeks4 ,we !n see t ! ,g]man plan ( mak+ :ite lead _c be p]fect$ 9 less ?an eight or t5 weeks' "t f ! comm5cem5t ( ! corrod+ action 9 ! *amb]4 ,to comp>e ^! facts & ! effici5cy ( ! diff]5t plans describ$3-- ,! "t requir$ to complete ! corrosion 9 ! /ack is at lea/ #ad or #af weeks4 ,! ,g>dn]'s electric process requires = ! same purpose only #ad days4 ,z to po9t ( "t1 ! ,g]man plan excels ! /ack1 & c be c>ri$ out 9 "o-half ! "t requir$ 9 ! /ack me?od ( conv]sion4 ,! ,g>dn]'s electrical me?od excels ! ,g]man1 & c be p]fect$ 9 "o-?ird ! "t ne$$ = ! ,g]man *amb] op]ation1 & "o-six? ! "t requir$ ! /ack4 ,^! figures op5 out a mo/ important matt] :5 we reg>d ! capital inve/$ & ly+ dormant 9 /ack lead works4 ,x is well kn[n t we h 9 electricity a mo/ p[]ful ag5t by :i* to effect ! *emical comb9ation ( v>i\s sub/ances on ! "o h&1 or on ! o!r1 by its means to break up & disrupt a *emical comp\nd4 ,pr(essor ,g>dn]'s ma9 pr9ciple ( action 9 8 new process is f\nd$ ^u ^! facts1 & he takes advantage ( electrical p[] to cause ! comb9ation ( ! lead ) ! necess>y elem5ts to build up :ite lead 9 8 *amb]s4 ,he ei!r employs electrical dis*>ges to en]gise & r5d] active 9 _! *emical aff9ities ! v>i\s mat]ials engag$1 or he s disposes ( !m z to =m an electric or galvanic comb9ation 9 ! *amb]4 ,9 ! latt] arrangem5t ! *amb] & its cont5ts repres5t a gas batt]y on an ext5sive scale4 ,9 practice he pref]s ! latt] plan2 x is m simple1 m manageable 9 ! h&s ( ! ord9>y workm54 ,! orig9al plan 0 to h graphite or graphitic c>bon plates or supports = ! buckles or grat+s ( lead )9 ! conv]t+ *amb]4 ,^! c>bon plates & ! lead to be conv]t$1 7 s plac$ z to =m a collection ( galvanic 8c\ples0 or 8pairs10 & 9 ?is condition 7 submitt$ to ! gases ent]+ ! *amb] f )\t4 ,x w be und]/ood t v>i\s modes ( arrangem5t w\ld occur )\t dep>t+ f ! pr9ciple conc]n$4 ,9 practice ?is me?od answ]$ v well1 b pres5tly a difficulty arose2 n only 7 ! graphitic c>bon or graphitic plates exp5sive1 b !y 7 easily brok51 & became friable 9 use4 ,c>bon plates ( an especial k9d 7 manufactur$ to meet ^! failures & rem$y ^! defects1 n )\t success1 b /ill op5 to objection4 ,9 look+ r\nd = "s sub/itute to replace ! c>bon1 two po9ts 7 to be kept 9 view1 to seek "s electro-negative to lead l ! c>bon1 & "s electro-conductive l x1 & "s mat]ial t w\ld be> r\gh h&l+ su* z workm5 give1 & be practically conv5i5t 9 its adaptation to a work+ *amb]4 ,gold or plat9um w\ld excel 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 b !re are consid]ations :i* deb> _! use4 ,pure t9 pres5t$ itself1 & t9 0 tri$ ) great success4 ,t9 w\ld at fir/ be ?\ght1 on acc\nt ( its close electrical relation%ip to lead1 f> f fav\rable to ! purpose4 ,graphite or c>bon w\ld appe> f> m suitable4 ,practice pron\nc$ ! t9 to act z effici5tly z c>bon4 ,?is may at fir/ seem contradictory & /range1 b if we consid] t :ile ! c>bon is c]ta9ly m highly electro-negative to lead ?an t91 yet ! t9 is ! m conductive1 & (f]s ! less resi/ance to ! electric curr5t ( ! two2 9 ?is mann] ! t9 comp5sates by its conductive p[] all x may lack1 z comp>$ ) c>bon1 9 electrical en]gy :5 c\pl$ up ) lead4 ,t9 plate is n[ us$ z ! electric-negative elem5t 9 ! *amb] ( ! ,g>dn] plan4 ,t9 plate means pure t94 ,+ot t9 is roll$ out into plates1 ! bottom ( ! *amb] is cov]$ ) ?is pure t9 plate1 s are ! be>]s & ! %elves1 or supports :i* are to hold ! lead dur+ its conv]sion4 ,t9 pipes & t9 fitt+s1 :i* resi/ ! action ( acetic acid1 are also us$ to conduct ! gases to ! *amb] to c>ry on ! conv]t+ op]ation1 & to pres]ve ! product f any s\rce ( discoloration4 ,:5 a *amb] is prep>$ = ! conv]t+ op]ation1 ! :ole ( ! lead x conta9s w be 9 metallic communication ) ! t9 supports1 & ^! ) ! t9 cov]$ bottom ( ! *amb]4 ,! *amb] :5 work+ is kept at a c]ta9 temp]ature by a /eam coil b5ea? ! floor ( ! *amb]4 ,! process is simple4 ,! lead buckles or grat+s are plac$ on t9-cov]$ /&s1 some:at 9 =m & make l a d9n]-waggon4 ,! :ole is haul$ up & dipp$ into a ba? ( acetic acid & acetate ( lead2 x !re rema9s = "o or two m9utes1 x is !n haul$ out1 dra9$ & lift$ bodily ?r\gh ! top into ! *amb]4 ,o!r /&s fill$ ) buckles are s dipp$ & s plac$ till ! space ( ! *amb] is fully occupi$4 ,?is dipp+ cleanses ! surface ( ! metal1 & :5 x is expos$ to ! air x is spe$ily coat$ ) a hydrat$ oxide ( lead4 ,?is is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! process ( conv]sion4 ,! *amb] :5 fill$ is clos$1 & its temp]ature is br\ght to ab\t #ajj ,f42 !n vap\r ( acetic acid & vap\r ( wat] & air are suppli$ f )\t to ! int]ior ( ! *amb]4 ,?is is cont9u$ = #ae or #bj h\rs4 ,! lead buckles )9 ! *amb] w n[ possess a :iti% coat+1 consi/+ ( subhydrate & subacetate ( lead1 & !y w pres5t a uni=m col\r4 ,c>bonic acid g5]at$ 9 any conv5i5t mann] is next pass$ into ! acid g5]ator2 x mixes ) ! o!r gases & vap\rs1 & ) !m goes on its way to supply ! *amb]4 ,spe$ily ! action ( ! c>bonic acid is obs]v$1 ! surface lead becomes q :ite & pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a sn[ %[] hav+ fall5 )9 ! *amb]4 ,! =mation ( :ite lead is n[ spe$ily effect$4 ,?is treatm5t is cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! space ( #ac days2 at ! end ( ?is "t ! supply ( acetic acid vap\r is /opp$1 & ! supply ( air1 /eam & c>bonic acid is cont9u$1 accord+ z x is desir$ to obta9 :ite lead ri* 9 oxide or 9 c>bonate4 ,aft] a %ort fur!r p]iod1 /eam & air only are s5t into ! *amb]1 :i* is v>i$ 9 temp]ature to #abj or #acj;,f41 & la/ly ! /eam supply is /opp$2 air alone ent]s ! *amb]1 :i* is kept heat$ by ! coils b5ea? ! floor4 ,! cont5ts ( ! *amb] are n[ 9 a dry /ate1 & ! op]ation is t]m9at$4 ,x w occur to mo/ read]s t ^! t]m9al proce$+s am\nt 9 effect to a conv5i5t me?od ( wa%+ & dry+ ! :ite lead :ile x is /ill atta*$ to ! p>5t lead1 & ?is x is 9 fact4 ,! cont5ts ( ! conv]t+ *amb] are lift$ out ?r\gh ! op5$ top1 & ! buckles or grat+s ) _! cru/ ( :ite lead are turn$ into ! agitator4 ,?is agitator is an iron cage revolv+ inside a clos$ *amb] ( ! same mat]ial4 ,dur+ ! revolution ( ?is cyl9d] or cage1 ! conta9$ lead grat+s fall f side to side1 & ! incru/ation on _! surfaces becomes deta*$ & brok5 up4 ,x falls 91 ?is brok5 /ate ?r\gh ! b>s ( ! cage or cyl9d] into a receptacle b5ea?4 ,! d5ud$ buckles or grat+s are reta9$ 9 ! cyl9d] & are remov$4 ,^! grat+s or buckles are ca/ ( su* a ?ickness z to )/& two or ?ree conv]t+ op]ations 9 ! *amb] be=e !y are reca/4 ,?is crude :ite lead is c>ri$ by an elevator1 or x falls into ! hopp] ( a pair ( granite cru%+ rolls1 also enclos$2 & f ^! x passes into ! mix] or incorporator f :i* x c be remov$ 9 a dry /ate or mix$ ) oil4 ,! incru/ation ( :ite lead w be f\nd ^u exam9ation to be possess$ ( "s peculi>ities1 ! result ( ! electrical action :i* has be5 go+ on )9 ! *amb]4 ,x is q :ite4 ,x falls f ! lead buckle or grat+ :i* x coats1 if ! grat+ be /ruck aga9/ a piece ( wood ) b a slight bl[4 ,x is easily friable1 & c be rubb$ to ! f9e/ p[d] betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]1 or on ! palm ( ! h&4 ,n[1 we may expla91 z we conceive x1 ! philosophy ( its production 9 ?is /ate ( dis9tegration4 ,we "k t a feeble & prolong$ curr5t ( electricity w 9 "t deposit metals f _! solutions 9 a cry/all9e condition1 & t if we quick5 ! curr5t ( electricity & cause x m en]getically to act on ! same solution1 we c precipitate ! metal f t solution 9 a /ate ( p[d]4 ,x is to simil> action ( electricity z t to :i* we la/ ref] t we ascribe ! =mation ( ! cru/ on ! grat+s ( lead 9 ! non-adh]5t & dis9tegrat$ condition 9 :i* x is produc$1 & by reason ( :i* x is s easily deta*$ f ! lead & brok5 up to p[d]4 ,no edge runn] gr9d+1 su* z is requir$ by ! /ack process1 is 9 ?is case necess>y4 ,! crude :ite lead & cru%$ mat]ial1 :e!r 9 a dry /ate1 or incorporat$ ) oil1 is f9i%$ & gr\nd 9 a granite roll] pa9t mill1 f :i* x issues z dry :ite lead1 or z :ite lead 9 oil4 ,pa9t made f ?is electric :ite lead has be5 s5t to ,am]ica1 to ,france1 to ,belgium1 to ,g]many = trial1 & has also be5 l>gely te/$ 9 ?is c\ntry by pa9t]s1 eng9e]s1 & o!rs unacqua9t$ ) its precise nature1 & x has be5 productive ( good results4 ,( its d5sity1 body1 & cov]+ p[]1 !re c be no d\bt1 & nev] once h ^! qualities be5 call$ 9 "q4 ,! co/ ( ! manufacture ( :ite lead by ! /ack process is ab\t #cl4 to #cl4 #ajs4 p] ton4 ,by ! ,g]man me?od1 ! co/ is ab\t ! same z by ! /ack4 ,by ,g>dn]'s electric process1 ! co/ ( conv]sion is #ajs4 a ton4 ,to ?is #ajs4 mu/ be add$ ! co/ ( lab\r exp5d$ 9 prep>ation1 an item :i* _c be well e/imat$ on ! pres5t limit$ scale ( manufacture2 x c\ld n exce$ an additional #aes4 a ton4 ,?is w\ld br+ ! co/ ( manufacture ( electric :ite lead to #bes4 a ton4 ,9 ?is electric process inf]ior lead c be op]at$ ^u ) success4 ,br&s ( t metal su* z :ite lead mak]s by ! /ack me?od d>e n employ1 may be successfully conv]t$ 9 an electric *amb]1 & ) fair results z to ! quantity & quality ( ! :ite lead produc$4 ,by ! use ( ,g>dn]'s electric process x w\ld appe> t we n only pres]ve heal?1 b save lives2 we n only save "t1 b int]e/ on l>ge capitals1 :i* lie idle = long p]iods at a "t2 & we c economise & simplify ! :ole manufacture & prep>ation ( :ite lead1 dive/+ x ( all its pres5t cumb]some & unheal?y /ages4 ,g>dn]'s process1 we believe1 mu/ take a prom95t position z "o ( ! mo/ necess>y1 valuable1 & sci5tific inv5tions ( mod]n times4 ,hannay's ,process4--,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,hannay1 ^: "n is well kn[n 9 connection ) v>i\s *emical & eng9e]+ inv5tions & processes1 has rec5tly br\ght out a process = ! manufacture ( :ite lead4 ,! old me?od ( produc+ :ite lead or c>bonate ( lead is "o involv+ mu* "t & lab\r1 toge!r ) no small risk to ! heal? ( ! workpeople4 ,by ! new process br\ght out by ,mr4 ,hannay1 sulphate ( lead is manufactur$ direct f gal5a or lead ore1 )\t ! necessity ( ! int]m$iate process ( ! r$uction ( ! ore & ! extraction ( metallic lead4 ,x is said t ! sulphate ( lead produc$ by ! new process is :it] & m p]man5t ?an ! c>bonate4 ,! process is describ$ z foll[s3--,a furnace1 #cf 94 by #cj 941 & #dh 94 deep1 contract+ to a n>r[ *amb] ab\t #cf 94 long by #ad 94 wide1 communicat+ ) ! ma9 flue1 is *>g$ ) coke & br\ght to a r$ heat4 ,! b$ ( coke is s ?ick z to be almo/ up to ! level ( ! sill ( ! furnace door4 ,! lead ore is n *>g$ 9 l>ge quantity & left = an indef9ite "t1 b is ?r[n 9 9 quantities ( a few %ovelfuls at a "t1 ! object be+ to effect extremely rapid volatilisation & consequ5t oxidation4 ,! proportion ( ore to fuel is #a ton to #a ton1 & ! result is said to be ! conv]sion ( #ie p] c5t4 ( ! *>ge into its equival5t 9 :ite lead4 ,9 ! fir/ or wide *amb]1 ! coke is oxidis$1 c>bonic oxide be+ ! result+ gas1 ! rapid volatilisation ( ! gal5a or sulphide ( lead also tak+ place 9 ! same *amb]4 ,on ent]+ ! inn] portion ( ! furnace1 ! volatilis$ sulphide ( lead & ! c>bonic oxide are conv]t$ into c>bonic acid & sulphate ( lead4 ,=c$ bla/ has be5 employ$ to cause ! high temp]ature necess>y = ! volatilisation ( ! ore2 b x has be5 f\nd unnecess>y1 admission ( air at atmosph]ic pressure ?r\gh tuy]e holes be+ q adequate4 ,aft] leav+ ! inn] *amb] ( ! furnace1 ! gases pass into a flue1 level ) ! furnace1 & ab\t #dj feet long by #af squ>e feet 9 sectional area4 ,f ?is flue ! gases pass into a t[] ab\t #bj feet high1 & f !nce into wr\ght-iron flues #c feet 9 diamet]4 ,^! flues t]m9ate 9 a wr\ght-iron *e/1 9 :i* are fitt$ two /eam injectors4 ,! gases are =c$ by ^! injectors into ! c5tral *amb]s ( ! cond5s]s4 ,^! cond5s]s are two 9 numb]1 & conta9 a c5tral *amb]1 #af feet by #ab in*es1 into :i* ! gases are =c$ z describ$4 ,! gases escape ?r\gh int]/ices into ! out] *amb]s ( ! cond5s]1 & are !re cond5s$1 a cont9u\s /ream ( wat] occupy+ ! l[] "p ( ! cond5s]4 ,! wa/e gases escape by a d[nca/ lead+ to a tall *imney4 ,! temp]ature ( ! gases z !y ent] ! cond5s] is ab\t #hdj ,f4 ,! product is pump$ f ! cond5s]s to a settl+ vat4 ,"h x settles = an h\r1 ! deposit be+ pump$ into a second vat & wa%$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 9 ord] to remove impurities4 ,! result+ product is wa%$ sev]al times ) wat]1 & is !n pass$ ?r\gh a filt] press4 ,f ! press x drops into bogies1 :i* c>ry ! pulp to ! dry+ h\se1 :]e x is dri$ by hot air4 ,! process w\ld ?us appe> an extremely simple & practical "o4 ,sev]al *emical au?orities ( repute1 z well z manufactur+ firms & o!rs :o h us$ ! new :ite lead1 h express$ !mselves /rongly z to its m]its4 ,"o po9t imm5sely 9 fav\r ( sulphate ( lead z oppos$ to c>bonate1 is t ! =m] is almo/ entirely innocu\s1 :]eas ! poison\s prop]ties ( ! o!r are well kn[n4 ,x is claim$ t ! sulphate is n act$ ^u by coal gas or by ! atmosph]e ( t[ns1 :i* is always m or less impregnat$ ) gases su* z sulphurett$ hydrog51 ^: reactions ) v>i\s metals h only too good reason to be kn[n4 ,accord+ to ! pat5t specification be>+ ! names ( ,fr5* & ,hannay1 !y employ lead ores1 lead fume1 or lead slags conta9+ sulphur2 & :5 ^! mat]ials d n conta9 suffici5t sulphur to =m a sulphate ) all ! lead :i* sublimes 9 ! process1 !y add to !m pyrites or o!r sulphur-yield+ sub/ance to make up ! defici5cy4 ,!y heat ! mat]ials mix$ ) a suitable proportion ( coke 9 an air-bla/ cupola furnace1 :i* is by pref]5ce ( an improv$ & special con/ruction %[n 9 ,figs4 #ah to #bj1 & h]e9aft] describ$2 & !y !reby produce sulphite ( lead z a sublimate1 provid$ t !re are no *lorides su* z common salt pres5t 9 ! *>ge1 9 :i* case sulphate & *loride ( lead w be =m$4 ,! sublimate is c>ri$ =w>d ) ! curr5t ( gases ?r\gh flues to a fume cond5s]1 :i* is by pref]5ce ( ! k9d kn[n z ,wilson's & ,fr5*'s4 ,z ! gases & sublimate pass ?r\gh ! flues1 hydro*loric acid is mix$ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,fr5* ,,& ,,hannay',s ,,:ite-,,lead ,,furnace4 ) !m1 be+ by pref]5ce =m$ 9 a *amb] 9 connection ) ! flue1 by introduc+ a solution ( *loride ( sodium 9 spray1 & by provid+ a suffici5t excess ( sulphur\s acid beyond t requir$ = =m+ ! sulphite ( lead4 ,air is also pres5t1 & a well kn[n reaction takes place1 yield+ hydro*loric acid & sulphate ( soda1 ! op]ation tak+ place at a "p ( ! flue ne> en\gh to ! furnace to be always at a r$ heat4 ,! hydro*loric acid ?us mix$ ) ! gases & sublimate causes ! =mation ( *loro-sulphite ( lead1 or o!r comb9ations ( lead1 sulphur1 oxyg51 & *lor9e ( v>iable con/itution1 dep5d+ on ! proportions ( ! sev]al con/itu5ts1 b 9 mo/ cases ! product is a body :i* =ms a :ite pigm5t ( extremely good quality4 ,fig4 #ah is an elevation ( _! improv$ cupola furnace2 ,fig4 #ai is a correspond+ v]tical section2 & ,fig4 #bj is a horizontal section z at ! level ( ! pr9cipal tuy]es4 ,?is cupola furnace is =m$ ) a deep he>? a 7l ! ,am]ican lead smelt+ cupola7 hav+ a siphon outlet b1 = )draw+ molt5 lead :5 necess>y4 ,at a level a little above ! siphon outlet b1 an outlet c = slag & scoria is provid$1 & ! ma9 bla/ tuy]es d ent] at ab\t ! same or a slightly high] level4 ,) ?is arrangem5t1 a consid]able dep? ( melt$ lead is con/antly ma9ta9$1 & ! *ok+ ( mat]ials is !reby avoid$ at ! level ( ! tuy]es4 ,= a %ort di/ance above ! ma9 tuy]es d1 ! int]ior ( ! furnace is made ) ! sides e mod]ately & gradually wid5+ upw>ds1 & is aft]w>ds cont9u$ upw>ds ( uni=m diamet] or wid?4 ,! *>g+ door f is betwe5 #c & #d feet above ! ma9 tuy]es d1 & ! space above ! *>g+ door is cross$ by two or m ar*$ diaphragms g h1 ( brickwork1 hav+ irregul> op5+s 9 !m1 !re be+ doors i k 9 ! side ( ! furnace above ea* diaphragm1 = inspection & clean+4 ,! purpose ( ^! diaphragms is to cause ! air1 gases1 & sublimate to become ?or\ghly int]mix$ & to ensure ! complete combu/ion ( any black smoke & ! oxidation ( any sulphide ( lead t may be pres5t4 ,an upp] s]ies ( small tuy]es or jet pipes l is provid$ = admitt+ air a little bel[ ! l[e/ diaphragm g1 ^! jet pipes l be+ suppli$ by a bran* pipe m f ! ma9 air bla/ pipe n1 x be+ f\nd t ! introduction ( ! air & ! production ( heat c be be/ regulat$ by supply+ a portion at ! upp] "p ( ! furnace 9 ?is way1 9 addition to t suppli$ by ! ma9 tuy]es d2 & a tap or valve o is fitt$ on ! bran* pipe m = adju/+ ! supplem5t>y supply ?us admitt$4 ,above ! highe/ p]=at$ diaphragm h1 ! int]ior ( ! furnace communicates ) a lat]al flue p1 ?r\gh :i* ! gases & sublimate pass2 & at a "p ( ?is flue p1 suffici5tly ne> ! surface = ! gases to be /ill hot en\gh1 an enl>gem5t or *amb] r =m+ a desc5d+ "p ( ! flue1 is con/ruct$4 ,into ?is *amb] r a solution ( *loride ( sodium is introduc$ z a spray f a numb] ( jet pipes s1 = ! purpose h]e9be=e expla9$4 ,?is *amb] r is provid$ ) a door t at its l[] "p1 = p]iodically remov+ matt]s t become deposit$ 9 x4 ,! cont9uation u ( ! flue communicates ) ! l[] "p ( ! *amb] r4 ,pref]ably ! spray ( *loride ( sodium is f9e en\gh to all[ ( all or ne>ly all ( ! wat] be+ in/antly evaporat$1 s z to leave ! salt 9 f9e p>ticles1 & 9 a fav\rable condition = be+ act$ ^u by ! sulphur\s acid1 /eam1 & oxyg5 pres5t 9 ! gase\s curr5ts4 ,! temp]ature ( ! *amb] r %\ld n be all[$ to fall bel[ r$ heat4 ,! proportion ( *loride ( sodium us$ w dep5d on ! am\nt ( *lor9ation ( ! lead t may be desir$1 9 addition to :at is necess>y = conv]t+ ! z9c & o!r metals into *lorides4 ,9 practice a proportion ( salt #b to #e p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! sublimate =m$ answ]s ! purpose & yields a good product1 b a l>g] proportion may be us$ )\t injury4 ,x is ( great importance to keep ! temp]ature ( ! upp] "p ( ! furnace /eadily at a r$ heat & flam+1 z ! col\r ( ! sublimate w be inf]ior if ! temp]ature is ei!r too high or too l[4 ,to facilitate ! prop] regulation ( ! temp]ature1 a pyromet] 7:i* may be simil> to ! k9d us$ 9 ironworks7 is employ$1 :i* pyromet] is plac$ 9 ! flue at a di/ance f ! furnace :]e x _c be injur$2 & by a few trials is asc]ta9$ :at temp]ature %\ld be indicat$ by ! pyromet] :5 ! temp]ature 9 ! furnace is :at x %\ld be4 ,?is po9t hav+ be5 asc]ta9$1 a glance at ! pyromet] w at any "t %[ :e!r ! furnace is work+ prop]ly or n4 ,! inv5tors also provide = rapidly cool+ ! upp] "p ( ! furnace )\t int]f]+ ) ! l[] "p1 9 ! ev5t ( ! heat becom+ too great1 by arrang+ a wat] pipe w1 ) a set ( jets1 r\nd ! top ( ! furnace1 s t on turn+ a tap on ! supply pipe a spray ( wat] may be appli$ to ! outside ( ! furnace2 & z x is desirable t wat] appli$ 9 ?is way %\ld n run d[n to ! l[] "p ( ! furnace !y build gutt] plates x into ! sides ( ! furnace j above ! *>g+ door f1 to lead (f any surplus wat] to a dra9 pipe4 ,suffici5t hydro*loric acid may be =m$ or introduc$1 z h]e9be=e describ$1 n only = =m+ *loro-sulphite ( lead 9 ! cond5s]1 b also = saturat+ all ! free oxide ( lead1 & = comb9+ ) & r5d]+ soluble any iron1 z9c1 antimony1 silv]1 or o!r metals4 ,! *lorides ?us =m$ become dissolv$ 9 ! wat] ( ! cond5s]1 & ! solution1 sep>at$ f ! insoluble :ite pigm5t1 may be treat$ by kn[n processes = recov]y ( ! metals4 ,:5 ! lead ores or o!r lead-yield+ mat]ials conta9 silv] to a great] ext5t ?an #e oz4 p] ton1 a notable quantity ( ! silv] is volatilis$1 & if x is left 9 ! :ite pigm5t x r5d]s ! latt] s5sitive to sunlight2 :]eas if r5d]$ soluble 9 ! mann] h]e9be=e describ$1 & sep>at$ by any ( ! kn[n processes1 x becomes a s\rce ( pr(it4 ,! :ite pigm5t is wa%$ 9 ! ord9>y way2 & :5 *loride ( z9c is n completely remov$ by wa%+1 a small quantity ( sulphuric acid may be mix$ ) ! pigm5t1 by add+ ! same to ! la/ wa%+ wat]1 to conv]t ! *loride ( z9c into sulphate1 :i* is n hygroscopic4 ,! :ite pigm5t made z h]e9be=e describ$ is a v good & economical mat]ial = manufactur+ into *rome yell[1 ?is be+ done by mix+ a solution ( any suitable *romate or bi*romate ) ! wet pigm5t2 :il/ ! *rome yell[ ?us obta9$ may be conv]t$ into *rome orange or r$ by treat+ x 9 ! usual way4 ,italian ,process4--,! precise p]iod ( ! introduction ( :ite-lead manufacture 9 ,italy is unkn[n1 b x 0 c]ta9ly previ\s to ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,prior to #ahha1 ! ,dut* process 0 exclusively us$ 9 ,italy4 ,9 #ahha ! s-call$ ,bruml5 & ,dahn process 0 introduc$ into ,liguria4 ,some:at lat] ! ,rh5i% process 0 introduc$4 ,! ,rh5i% process is "o 9 use 9 ne>ly all ! ,italian :ite-lead manufactories4 ,x is employ$ 9 a l>ge manufactory at ,cogoleto1 z foll[s3--,lead 9 ?9 %eets ( ab\t #c feet 9 l5g?1 & #d in*es 9 wid? are plac$ 9 a clay *amb] hav+ ! =m ( a cube1 ( ab\t ! capacity ( #ehjj cubic feet4 ,9 ?is *amb] !re is a wood5 framework1 ^u :i* are hung ! %eets ( lead4 ,?ree ( ^! %eets weigh toge!r ab\t #d lb41 & z ! capacity ( ! *amb] is ab\t #bj tons1 x c hold ab\t #cj1jjj %eets ( lead4 ,on ! floor ( ! *amb] are plac$ tw5ty-f\r copp] receptacles1 ea* hav+ f\r circul> ap]tures4 ,^! receptacles are all 9 direct communication ) a l>ge pipe ( masonry1 :i*1 by means ( a copp] tube1 receives ! gas com+ f a boil] & furnace plac$ "u ! *amb]4 ,9 ! boil]1 :i* is also ( copp]1 is plac$ a mixture ( #ijj p>ts ( wat]1 & #hj p>ts ( acetic acid conc5trat$ to #dj1 & ! capacity ( ! boil] is ab\t equival5t to #be1hhb gallons4 ,! furnace s]ves ! purpose ( produc+ c>bonic acid4 ,! gase\s mixture1 consi/+ ( volatilis$ acetic acid1 c>bonic acid1 & aque\s vap\r1 is admitt$ f ! boil] & furnace into ! *amb] 9 quantity & proportions be/ adapt$ to ea* /age ( ! "w4 ,! *emical reactions result+ are analog\s to ^? :i* take place 9 ! ,dut* process1 & ! ,bruml5 & ,dahn process4 ,ea* op]ation la/s six weeks1 & gives a product ( ab\t #bj tons ( :ite lead1 ) a consumption ( #g p] c5t4 ( acetic acid1 & #i tons ( coke4 ,! residuum ( lead is ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! quantity plac$ 9 ! *amb]4 ,at ! end ( ea* op]ation ! :ite lead tak5 f ! *amb] is wa%$ & purifi$ 9 l>ge tubs1 "s ( :i* are furni%$ ) filt]s4 ,f9ally1 x is pack$ 9 e>!n vessels1 & dri$1 :5 x is ready = ! m>ket1 & is sold ei!r 9 cakes or p[d]4 ,! e/abli%m5t at ,cogoleto1 above ref]r$ to1 is able to produce annually ab\t #bjjj tons ( :ite lead1 ( :i* #abjj tons are produc$ by ! ,rh5i% process1 & #hjj tons by ! ,bruml5 & ,dahn process4 ,!re is also 9 a manufactory 9 ,milan1 ! process ( revolv+ heat]s4 ,! process ( precipitation has n yet be5 us$ 9 ,italy4 ,! ,rh5i% process1 z above describ$1 furni%es ! great] "p ( ,italian :ite lead4 ,! small] manufactur]s /ill use ! ,dut* process1 b ! ,bruml5 & ,dahn process is g5]ally reg>d$ z unsatisfactory4 ,x is believ$ t ! production ( :ite lead 9 ,italy dur+ ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( ?is c5tury 0 ab\t #cjj tons p] annum4 ,! total annual production at pres5t is1 9 r\nd numb]s1 ab\t #cejj tons1 ( :i* #bhjj are produc$ 9 ! ,ligurian manufactories1 & ab\t #cjj 9 ^? ( ,naples4 ,milan also produces ab\t #cjj tons4 ,! product f9ds a m>ket almo/ exclusively 9 ,italy4 ,! annual am\nt export$ is ab\t #cjj tons1 & goes *iefly to ,con/ant9ople4 ,( ! quantity ( #bjjj tons p] annum produc$ at ,cogoleto1 ab\t #cjj tons is sold mix$ ) oil4 ,no exact /ati/ics are atta9able z to ! total am\nt ( ,italian :ite lead :i* is annually sold o!r ?an 9 ! dry /ate1 b x is believ$ to be little1 if any1 l>g] ?an #cjj tons4 ,:5 ! price ( :ite lead 0 high1 sulphate ( b>yta 0 mix$ ) c>bonate ( lead to produce :ite lead ( inf]ior quality1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! pres5t price ( :ite lead ! use ( sulphate ( b>yta has almo/ entirely ceas$4 ,no o!r me?ods ( adult]ation are kn[n to be 9 use4 ,9 ,italy1 :ite lead is univ]sally kn[n z 8biacca0 :5 x is sold 9 cakes4 ,:5 sold 9 p[d] x is kn[n z 8c>bonato di piombo0 7c>bonate ( lead74 ,! lead f :i* all ! :ite lead made 9 ,italy is manufactur$ comes f ! lead m9es ( ! isl& ( ,s>d9ia1 ) ! exception ( a v small quantity ( arg5tif]\s lead com+ f ,spa94 ,! acetic acid us$ 9 ! process ( manufacture comes f ,france4 ,! m>ket price ( :ite lead 9 ,italy is n[ ab\t #de lire ! qu9tal 7equival5t to #ahs4 p] cwt474 ,lewis's ,process4--,_m attempts h be5 made to sub/itute = c>bonate ( lead--! ord9>y poison\s :ite lead1 t sl[ly b surely induces p>alysis 9 ^? :o come 9 contact ) x = any consid]able p]iod--"s less delet]i\s pigm5t4 ,z9c :ite has (t5 be5 put =w>d z a sub/itute1 & is inde$ l>gely employ$2 b x is op5 to ! objection ( n possess+ suffici5t body or opacity4 ,sulphate ( lead is n poison\s2 b1 :5 prep>$ 9 ! ord9>y way by precipitation1 is ( a cry/all9e nature1 &1 !re=e1 want+ 9 bo? ^! qualities4 ,a sulphate ( lead has1 h[ev]1 be5 produc$ by ,john ,t4 ,lewis1 ( ,philadelphia1 by sublimation1 :i*1 :5 treat$ by ! ,freeman process1 is /at$ to possess a body & col\r sup]ior to ! be/ :ite lead made by ! ord9>y process1 ) ! additional m]it ( be+ *eap]1 :ile x is also non-poison\s4 ,9 ! smelt+ ( lead ore into pig lead1 #ae p] c5t4 goes (f 9 fumes1 & #aj p] c5t4 are all t x has hi!rto be5 f\nd possible to recov]2 by ?is process1 h[ev]1 ! :ole #ae p] c5t4 are recov]$4 ,! sulphate may also be produc$ f a l[ quality ( gal5a1 or lead ore1 :i* is n suit$ = smelt+ into metallic lead1 & f ! slag =m$ 9 ! process ( smelt+4 ,! plant consi/s ( simple sublim+ furnaces1 iron cool+ pipes1 suction fans1 & a s]ies ( flannel or calico bags1 arrang$ v]tically 9 a build+1 well v5tilat$1 s z to all[ ! filt]$ gases to escape1 leav+ beh9d ! sublim$ :ite lead1 :i* is !n m]ely %ak5 d[n f ! bags into b>rels plac$ b5ea? !m4 ,! manufacture is c>ri$ on at ,jopl91 ,miss\ri1 ) f\r sublim+ furnaces1 ab\t #ejj feet ( cool+ pipes & t[]s1 ) suction fans1 :i* drive ! fumes into #cjj bags1 #bj in*es 9 diamet]1 & #ch feet long1 arrang$ v]tically4 ,ab\t #ej tons weekly ( :ite lead are n[ be+ produc$ f wa/e fumes1 slag1 & poor ore1 by ?is e/abli%m5t alone1 at a co/ n exce$+ t giv5 9 ! foll[+ figures3-- s4 d4 #bj cwt4 ( gal5a 7) #hb p] c5t1 ( ore7 #h #j #j ,co/ ( sublim+ & cat*+1 includ+ repairs1 lab\r & all exp5ses #a #aj #j ,casks #j #f #j ------------ #i #af #j ,freeman's process 7see p4 #bed7 consi/s ( gr9d+ toge!r1 9 a dry /ate1 "u great pressure1 & consequ5tly ) great friction1 sulphate ( lead & sulphate ( z9c4 ,:ile nei!r ( ^! two sub/ances alone possesses good body or opacity1 :5 treat$ by ?is process !y are s *ang$ 9 "* t ! new sub/ance is /at$ to be sup]ior 9 ^! respects to ! be/ =m ( ord9>y :ite lead4 ,! :ite lead ?us obta9$ mixes well ) oil1 & has also ! advantage ( n becom+ black5$ :5 expos$ to ! fumes ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ( n peel+ (f 9 a sal9e atmosph]e4 ,z a basis = col\r$ pa9ts1 x is recomm5d$ on ! gr\nd t1 be+ decompos$ ) great] difficulty1 x c be mix$ ) almo/ any col\r+ sub/ance2 &1 be+ free f acid1 x does n *ange ! t9ts ( o!r sub/ances4 ,! details ( ,lewis's process1 & ! plant employ$1 are m fully set =? bel[4 ,h]et(ore ! manufacture ( dry :ite lead f gal5a or ! native sulphurets has be5 effect$ by roa/+ or desulphuris+ ! gal5a1 & !n mix+ ! residue1 aft] roa/+1 ) c>bon1 & subject+ ! mixture to ! action ( heat 9 a comp\nd r$uc+ or sublim+ & oxidis+ furnace1 & collect+ ! result+ fumes 9 textile bags4 ,lewis's process1 h[ev]1 is bas$ ^u ! discov]y t by sublim+ unroa/$ gal5a1 or ! native or raw sulphuret ( lead1 & !n oxidis+ ! volatile products1 cool+ ! fumes1 & collect+ !m by means ( a textile fabric1 a sup]ior basis ( a pigm5t c be obta9$4 ,! admixture ( c>bon ) ! raw ore w facilitate ! sublim+ process1 or x may be c>ri$ on 9 a muffle or rev]b]atory furnace )\t ! previ\s admixture ( c>bon4 ,! furnace1 :i* has be5 f\nd to answ] well = ! purposes above m5tion$1 is commonly kn[n z ! ,we!rill furnace1 & is repres5t$ 9 plan1 9 ,fig4 #ba2 9 front & back elevations1 9 ,figs4 #bb1 #bc2 & 9 c5tral longitud9al section1 9 ,fig4 #bd4 a repres5ts ! ma9 *amb]1 ! bottom b ( :i* is compos$ ( iron b>s p]=at$ ) small holes ( ab\t in* 9 diamet] & ab\t #a in* ap>t1 & pref]ably made slightly conical1 ) ! l>g] diamet] d[nw>d1 t is to say1 ! said holes are ( su* a size z to prev5t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,,lewis',s ,,:ite ,,lead ,,plant4 ! escape ( ! cru%$ ore & coal4 ,^! p]=at$ b>s are suitably su/a9$ at ! ends on ! front & back walls ( ! furnace4 ,! a% pit bel[ ! p]=at$ bottom is ( equal area !re)1 & is provid$ ) a door e 9 front1 & ) a hole f at ! back = ! reception ( a pipe f suitable bl[+ app>atus4 ,! walls g1 & ar* on ! top %\ld be built ( "s refractory sub/ance1 su* z fire-brick4 ,! front ( ! furnace is entirely op51 & is provid$ ) slid+ doors i1 by :i* x c be clos$ :5 work+1 & op5$ to remove ! residuum4 ,at ! back ( ! furnace !re are two slides j1 to p]mit access to ! ma9 *amb]1 = /irr+ ! *>ge & = inspection4 ,at ! back1 ne> ! ar*1 !re is a hole k1 gov]n$ by a slid+ damp] lead+ to a *imney1 = c>ry+ (f smoke & impure gases at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation ^u a new *>ge4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! ro( !re is an ap]ture l1 gov]n$ by a damp] or slid+ door m1 ! said ap]ture lead+ to a suitable app>atus = ! collection ( ! oxidis$ vap\rs ( lead4 ,! ext]ior walls n o p q may be built up to =m two fe$+ tr\ghs r1 "o on ea* side ( ! ar* or ro(1 & ea* provid$ ) an ap]ture or passage s1 communicat+ ) ! inside or ma9 *amb]1 & ea* ap]ture or passage is provid$ ) a cov] to be put on aft] ! furnace has be5 *>g$4 ,9 work+ ) ?is furnace1 cru%$ ore 7native sulphuret ( lead7 & c>bon1 pref]ably 9 ! /ate ( pea or du/ an?racite coal1 are mix$ 9 equal proportions2 ! mixture is ignit$1 & ! fumes are oxidis$ by ! bla/ ?r\gh ! mixture1 :i* also promotes ! combu/ion4 ,d5se :ite vap\rs or fumes pass (f1 & are convey$ to a sep>ate *amb]1 :]e !y are /ra9$ by pass+ ?r\gh a scre5 or s]ies ( scre5s ( musl9 or o!r textile fabric4 ,lime may also be employ$ 9 ! furnace1 9 ! proportion ( #bjj lb4 ( lime to #djj lb4 ( gal5a1 al?\gh ! addition ( ! lime is n necess>y 9 all cases4 ,in/ead ( ! furnace above describ$1 a muffle furnace may be employ$1 9 :i* ! heat is appli$ indirectly to ! ore1 ) ! precaution ( con/ruct+ ! sole or bottom ( ?is furnace ( a mat]ial n rapidly act$ on by ! con/itu5ts ( ! ore2 or a rev]b]atory furnace may be us$ 9 :i* ! heat is directly appli$4 ,9 bo? ( ^! two cases r$uc+ c>bon may or may n be mix$ ) ! ore4 ,sometimes1 g5]at$ gas is employ$ 9 place ( coal1 to effect ! same result4 ,9 a lat] specification ,lewis rem>ks t :5 :ite lead pigm5t is manufactur$ f gal5a or o!r lead ores1 9 ! raw /ate1 or ev5 9 ! roa/$ /ate1 by subject+ !m to ! jo9t action ( heat & air1 ei!r ) or )\t r$uc+ means1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! lead ores us$1 ! fumes are discol\r$ by p>ticles ( c>bon or sulphuret ( lead1 or bo?1 :5 !y are caught 9 bags ( textile fabric1 & are unfit :5 9 ?is /ate = use z a :ite pigm5t4 ,! fumes :i* are produc$ by ?is action ( heat & air on gal5a or o!r lead ore are cool$ & !n collect$ 9 bags1 & ,lewis pref]s to expose ! s-collect$ products to ! jo9t action ( heat & air1 to de/roy or to burn out all ! p>ticles ( c>bon or sulphuret ( lead1 or bo?1 by ei!r ?r[+ ! said fumes on a bright clean an?racite or coke fire1 ) a bla/ f ! sides or f bel[1 or by ?r[+ !m ov] su* fires or into a cupola furnace1 or by ?r[+ or bl[+ !m into a g5]ator gas flame1 or ?r\gh ext]nally heat$ retorts4 ,he !n 9 ei!r case collects ! escap+ fumes f ! furnace or retort 9 bags or scre5+ *amb]s4 ,! be/ process to be adopt$ dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( fuel 9 ! locality :]e ! fumes are ref9$1 & also ^u ! purity ( ! lead fumes4 ,if !y conta9 iron1 clay1 or ! l1 x is be/ to ?r[ !m into a coal fire2 b if !y are pure1 "o process is ab\t z effective z ! o!r1 & ! degree ( purity ( ! fuel decides ! k9d ( heat+ app>atus to be us$4 ,!re be+ su* great diff]5ce 9 ! purity ( fuels1 & ?is irregul>ity n all[+ ( uni=m results1 ,lewis pref]s to use a furnace 9 :i* ! flame & heat are produc$ by burn+ gase\s fuel ) air1 :i* is =c$ into ! furnace ) ! fumes :i* h be5 collect$ 9 a previ\s process4 ,fig4 #be repres5ts a furnace :i* may be advantage\sly employ$ = ! purpose :5 gas is us$ z fuel4 a repres5ts a bl[]1 into :i* ! fumes are f$ f ! hopp] b4 ,! fumes1 be+ ?or\ghly mix$ ) air 9 ?is bl[]1 are =c$ into a *amb] c1 & !n ?r\gh a s]ies ( tuy]es d4 ,at ! same "t1 gas f a g5]ator or produc] is admitt$ by ! flue e1 & is burn$ by ! incom+ bla/ f ! tuy]es d2 ! volatile fumes produc$ 9 ! furnace f pass ?r\gh x & out ( ! flue g1 & are collect$ 9 bags or scre5+ *amb]s4 ,by us+ gas fuel1 :i* is easily & fully burn$1 & clean to h&le1 a f9e :ite pigm5t is produc$4 ,mac,ivor's ,processes4--,! "n ( ,mac,ivor is a famili> "o 9 improvem5ts 9 manufactur+ *emi/ry1 & n ! lea/ 9 connection ) ! subject ( pigm5ts1 sometimes 9 conjunction ) o!r inv5tors4 ,9 #ahhi ,mac,ivor & o!rs introduc$ "s modifications 9 ! process ( produc+ :ite lead or c>bonate ( lead1 by ! treatm5t ( oxide ( lead 7li?>ge or massicot7 ) a solution ( acetate ( ammonia1 :]eby ! oxide ( lead is trans=m$ into hydrate & acetate1 :i* are subsequ5tly conv]t$ into c>bonate ( lead by ! injection ( c>bonic acid4 ,! hydrate & acetate ( lead1 9 pres5ce ( free ammonia =m$ 9 ! reaction1 are quickly decompos$ by ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,,lewis',s ,,:ite ,,lead ,,plant4 ! c>bonic acid1 yield+ ! f9al product1 namely c>bonate ( lead1 & re-=m+ ! acetate ( ammonia4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! conv]sion ( oxide ( lead into hydrate c be effect$ dep5ds ^u ! /r5g? ( ! acetate ( ammonia solution employ$1 t is to say1 ! weak] ! solution ! sl[] w be ! conv]sion4 ,x has be5 f\nd t1 = comm]cial purposes1 ! solution ( acetate ( ammonia may be us$ ) advantage ( a /r5g? :i* ne$ n be m ?an #be p] c5t4 nor less ?an #e p] c5t4 ,a /r5g? ( #be p] c5t1 op]ates 9 a comp>atively %ort space ( "t2 b a /r5g? z l[ z p] c5t4 w effect ! hydration if !re be a suffici5t quantity ( ! weak solution1 ! lead oxide be+ 9 a f9e /ate ( division1 & "t ( no object4 ,?is p] c5t4 /r5g?1 h[ev]1 or any /r5g? bel[ #e p] c5t41 is n recomm5d$ = comm]cial purposes1 hav+ reg>d to ! "t requir$ = complet+ ! op]ation4 ,! conv]sion ( ! oxide ( lead into ! hydrate & acetate ( lead is effect$ 9 ! cold 7heat may be us$1 b = comm]cial op]ation x is n recomm5d$74 ,! conv]sion is facilitat$ by employ+ a me*anical arrangem5t1 simil> 9 _m respects to t adopt$ 9 a previ\s specification1 b modifi$ by connect+ ! dige/+ vat ) a ci/]n or vat conta9+ acetic acid1 :]eby any free ammonia c>ri$ ov] dur+ ! op]ation may be absorb$4 ,also by introduc+ c>bonic acid to ! mass ( hydroxide & acetate ( lead =m$ by ! oxide ( lead & acetate ( ammonia1 ei!r by a s]ies ( conc5tric r+s p]=at$ ) small holes 9 ! bottom ( ! vat itself1 or by pass+ c>bonic acid d[n a holl[ %aft to :i* are atta*$ /irr]s1 & ?r\gh p]=at$ tubes atta*$ to ! blades ( ! /irr]s1 or by any o!r means t may ensure ! ?or\gh saturation ( ! hydroxide & acetate ( lead s z to =m c>bonate ( lead4 ,! solution ( acetate ( ammonia may be recov]$ f ! :ite lead1 & be repeat$ly us$1 = ! conv]sion ( fur!r quantities ( oxide ( lead into hydrate & acetate ( lead1 :i* hydrate & acetate are conv]t$ into c>bonate ( lead by ! injection ( c>bonic acid4 ,!oretically1 a giv5 weight ( acetate ( ammonia 9 solution1 us$ 9 conjunction ) c>bonic acid1 %\ld be capable ( conv]t+ an unlimit$ quantity ( oxide ( lead into c>bonate ( lead2 b dur+ ! manufacture ( :ite lead by ?is process1 x may be reckon$ t !re w be a loss ( ammonia acetate v>y+ ) ! /r5g? ( ! solution employ$1 b x %\ld n exce$ #aj p] c5t4 on ea* *>ge4 ,?is loss arises 9 ! wa%+ ( ! f9al product1 & ?r\gh ! escape ( "s ammonia dur+ ! process4 ,fig4 #bf is a v]tical section ( ! app>atus employ$4 a is a vat1 :i* may be made ( wood or o!r mat]ial capable ( resi/+ ! *emicals employ$2 x may conv5i5tly be #f feet 9 diamet] & #d feet deep1 & x is provid$ ) a closely fitt+ cov]1 b is a ci/]n situate at a high] level1 & int5d$ to conta9 a solution ( acetate ( ammonia1 c is a pipe by :i* ! solution c be drawn d[n f ! ci/]n b into ! vat a2 a cock is provid$ ^u ?is pipe1 z ! draw+ indicates4 ,!re is a man-hole d 9 ! cov] ( ! vat1 & ! vat conta9s an agitator e1 ) a v]tical %aft :i* c be turn$ by ge>+ f z %[n1 or ! agitator may be driv5 by any suitable motor4 ,! %aft ( ! agitator e is holl[1 & pipes g1 :i* /& imm$iately beh9d ! /irr+ t9es1 are connect$ ) ! holl[ %aft1 to deliv] ! c>bonic acid gas into ! vat2 or ?is may be effect$ by means ( coils ( pipe laid at ! bottom ( ! vat1 & pi]c$ ) small holes4 ,! pipes g are op5 at _! l[] ends4 h is a cock by :i* ! liquor c be drawn (f f ! vat into ! receiv] i4 ,a pump k is provid$ ^u ! cov] ( ! receiv]1 by :i* ! liquor may be return$ into ! vat a4 l are outlets by :i* ! :ite lead is dis*>g$ f ! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,,macivor',s ,,:ite ,,lead ,,plant4 vat into ! wa%+ ci/]ns m & n4 o is a man-hole1 :i* may be op5$ to facilitate ! empty+ ( ! vat4 p is a plug :i* is remov$ to let ! :ite lead run out ( ! vat4 r is an ammonia cat* box1 *>g$ ) acetic acid4 ,all ! metal-"w ( ! app>atus ) :i* ! acetate solution comes into contact %\ld be ( su* a "* z to resi/ corrosion1 or %\ld be coat$ ) a mat]ial capable ( )/&+ attack by ! *emicals employ$ 9 or =m$ dur+ ! process4 ,! op]ation is by pref]5ce conduct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 b ! details admit ( v>iation4 ,! *>ge ( monoxide ( lead = an app>atus ( ! dim5sions indicat$ may weigh ab\t #aabj lb4 ,! monoxide %\ld be 9 f9e p[d]1 & may be ei!r moi/ or dry4 ,hav+ receiv$ ?is *>ge1 :i* is introduc$ by ! upp] man-hole d1 ! vat a is clos$1 & a solution ( acetate ( ammonia is let d[n ^u ! *>ge f ! ci/]n b1 or pump$ out ( ! receiv] i4 ,! vat a %\ld be *>g$ ) ! solution ( acetate ( ammonia 9 ! proportion ( ?ree p>ts ( said solution to "o "p ( lead monoxide by weight4 ,x is conv5i5t to employ a solution conta9+ #e p] c5t4 ( acetate ( ammonia1 & ! quantities above /at$ are suit$ to a solution ( ?is /r5g?2 b ! /r5g? ( ! acetate solution may be v>i$ )9 wide limits1 z h]eaft] expla9$4 ,! *>ge ( monoxide ( lead & acetate ( ammonia 9 ! vat %\ld be kept con/antly /irr$ by ! agitator until x becomes :iti% 9 col\r1 :5 x w be f\nd t ! monoxide ( lead has become conv]t$ into hydrate & acetate4 ,! workman w "k t ?is *ange is complete :5 ! r$di% or yell[i% appe>ance ( ! monoxide ( lead disappe>s1 & ! mass 9 ! vat becomes :iti% 9 col\r4 ,! holl[ axis ( ! agitator is connect$ ) a pipe1 by :i* c>bonic acid gas is suppli$ to x "u pressure suffici5t to cause ! gas to pass ?r\gh ! cont5ts ( ! vat4 ,?is gas escapes at ! l[] ends ( ! pipes g1 & asc5ds ?r\gh ! liquid 9 :i* ! hydrate & acetate ( lead are held susp5d$4 ,a free fl[ ( ?is gas %\ld be ma9ta9$1 & "s excess all[$ to pass away by a pipe on ! cov] into ! ammonia cat* box r4 ,! pipe dips d[n into ! acetic acid :i* ?is box conta9s1 & any ammonia pass+ (f ) ! c>bonic acid gas is caught by ! acid1 & =ms acetate ( ammonia4 ,:5 ! hydrate & acetate ( lead are completely conv]t$ into basic c>bonate 7& ?is ! workman w "k by its *ang$ appe>ance71 ! motion ( ! agitator is caus$ to cease1 & ! :ite lead is all[$ to settle4 ,!re is a gauge glass on ! side ( ! vat a1 & 9 ?is glass ! *anges ( appe>ance c be recognis$ by :i* ! workman regulates ! process4 ,:5 ! :ite lead is deposit$1 ! liquor is drawn (f into ! receiv] i by op5+ ! cock h4 ,! plug p is !n displac$1 & ! :ite lead is all[$ to desc5d into ! wa%+ ci/]n m4 ,bel[ ! cock h is ano!r cock or cocks1 9 ord] t any fur!r quantity ( liquor may be drawn (f into ! ci/]n i if requir$4 ,! tap] plug p is !n rais$1 by be+ pu%$ up f und]nea? ! vat a1 ?r\gh pipe l4 ,! :ite lead requires to be well wa%$ ) clean cold wat]4 ,:5 a fre% *>ge ( monoxide ( lead has be5 plac$ 9 ! vat a1 ! liquor is pump$ up on to x f ! receiv] i1 & !n a fur!r quantity ( solution is drawn f ! ci/]n b1 & also f ! ammonia cat* box r1 until ! prop] quantity has be5 suppli$1 :i* is det]m9$ by ! gauge4 ,q rec5tly1 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,watson ,smi?1 ,mr4 ,mac,ivor has introduc$ fur!r improvem5ts 9 ! production ( 8:ite lead0 or basic c>bonate ( lead1 by ! treatm5t ( oxide ( lead 7li?>ge or 8massicot07 ) a heat$ solution ( acetate ( ammonium1 9 a clos$ vessel 7call$ ! dige/or71 ) agitation & "u pressure1 s t ! oxide ( lead is trans=m$ ) exce$+ rapidity into basic acetate ( lead1 *iefly consi/+ ( ! tribasic acetate1 ammonia be+ set free2 & ! subsequ5t treatm5t ( ! basic acetate ?us obta9$1 aft] filt]+ or o!rwise remov+ insoluble impurities1 & aft] cool+ ) c>bonic acid gas 9 a sep>ate vessel 7call$ ! c>bonator74 ,! acetate ( ammonium is by pref]5ce fir/ *>g$ into ! dige/or1 & !n ! oxide ( lead 7li?>ge or massicot7 9 f9e p[d]1 & 9 ! equival5t proportions calculat$ to be at lea/ some:at slightly 9 excess ( ! quantity necess>y to =m ) ! acetic acid ( ! acetate ( ammonium ! tribasic acetate ( lead ,pb7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b #b ,pb,o or ,pb#c,o#b 7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b1 is add$ 7?is be+ 9 all[ance = ! c]ta9 am\nt ( insoluble & unconv]tible matt]s 9 ! li?>ge71 ! acetate ( ammonium liquor ( a /r5g? pref]ably n bel[ #e p] c5t41 ?\gh x may be /rong]1 be+ fir/1 be=e ! addition ( ! oxide ( lead1 set 9 vigor\s agitation & circulation by ! pump1 & heat hav+ be5 appli$ by means ( a /eam heat] z %[n 9 ! draw+ & z w be expla9$ lat] on4 ,! dige/or is clos$1 & ! temp]ature rises4 ,z ! temp]ature rises1 & approa*es #bab ,f41 & z ! pressure1 due m especially to ! t5sion ( vap\r ( ammonia set free dur+ ! reaction ) ! li?>ge1 increases1 s is ! rapidity ( ! conv]sion ( ! oxide into basic acetate increas$1 & m & m ( ?is basic acetate becomes dissolv$1 :il/ at or ab\t #bab ,f4 x is entirely 9 a /ate ( solution4 ,! degree ( heat1 or ! prolongation ( ! heat1 dep5d ( c\rse ^u ! /ate ( dilution ( ! acetate ( ammonium us$4 ,some?+ m specific w be said lat] on reg>d+ ?is "q ( degree ( heat4 ,! cle> liquor1 toge!r ) extrane\s col\r$ p>ticles1 r$ lead1 dirt & undissolv$ matt]s1 is pump$ out ?r\gh a suitable filt] to "o ( ! c>bonators1 be+ c>ri$ en r\te ?r\gh a cool+-pipe sy/em1 & be+ let cool fur!r if necess>y 9 ! c>bonator itself4 ,aft] cool+ ?or\ghly1 ! cold basic acetate1 :i* may n[ h cry/allis$ or sep>at$ out m or less1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! solution1 is treat$ ) c>bonic acid gas1 :]eby ! basic acetate1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ammonia set free1 is conv]t$ into basic c>bonate ( lead ( exceptionally :ite col\r1 & ) high basicity & cov]+ p[]1 prop] c>e be+ tak5 z specially indicat$ lat] on4 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y great] :it5ess ( ! product is secur$1 ! pr9cipal "o be+ t filtration f solid & insoluble col\r$ impurities has tak5 place previ\s to ! c>bonat+ process4 ,! advantages ( ! employm5t ( heat & pressure = ! =mation ( ! basic acetate ( lead f oxide ( lead1 & ! advantage ( ?us c>ry+ out ! conv]sion ( oxide into basic acetate ( lead sep>ately f ! conv]sion ( t basic acetate ( lead into basic c>bonate or :ite lead1 are-- ,fir/ly--,t sep>ation by filtration f impurities & s =? left by ! oxide ( lead us$1 & insoluble 9 ! acetate ( ammonium1 is made possible1 & !reby a pigm5t ( exce$+ :it5ess & purity c be obta9$1 besides high basicity1 ) correspond+ body & cov]+ p[]4 ,secondly--,t ! rapidity ( ! conv]sion ( oxide ( lead into basic acetate ( lead is imm5sely increas$--x becomes 9 fact almo/ in/antane\s1 mu* "t be+ sav$4 ,?irdly--,t ! conv]sion is effect$ quickly & 9 a p]fectly clos$ vessel2 no *ance ( ! escape ( ammonia occurs1 &1 9 ! c>bonat+ /age ( ! process1 ! free ammonia pres5t 9 ! liquid assi/s 9 secur+ ! =mation ( basic c>bonate ( lead1 & ! ma9t5ance ( ?is basicity ?r\gh\t ! conv]sion4 ,?is free ammonia is conv]t$ by ! c>bonic acid into ! less volatile b /ill alkal9e c>bonate1 &1 lat] on1 ?is ammonium c>bonate reacts ^u ! basic acetate ( lead1 conv]t+ x into basic c>bonate ( lead1 acetate ( ammonium1 /ill less volatile1 be+ simultane\sly produc$1 ready = use ov] aga94 ,x mu/ be und]/ood !n1 t z ! c>bonic acid passes into & ?r\gh ! ammoniacal mixture 9 ! c>bonator1 x cont9ually precipitates or =ms basic c>bonate ( lead1 9 pres5ce ( m or less ( ! volatile alkali1 :i* h[ev] cont9ually dim9i%es 9 quantity z ! conv]sion proce$s4 ,7 no ammonia pres5t1 b only tribasic acetate ( lead1 z 9 ! case ( ! e>li] me?ods ( precipitat+ :ite lead1 unless a v sl[ curr5t ( c>bonic acid gas 7 pass$ ?r\gh1 "s ( ! fir/ =m$ basic c>bonate ( lead w\ld be 9 dang] ( be+ ov]-c>bonat$ & los+ its basicity1 be+ conv]t$ into mono-c>bonate ( lead4 ,?is dang] is mu* less5$1 & consequ5tly a mu* great] possibility ( rapidity ( c>bonat+ is conf]r$1 9 ! case ( ! process z above describ$1 & by virtue ( ! ammonia :i* is pres5t4 ,nev]!less ! c>bonic acid gas mu/ n be pass$1 ev5 into ! ammoniacal liquid conta9+ ! tribasic acetate ( lead1 ) su* rapidity t di/9ct alkal9ity to ! usual te/s ceases to be ma9ta9$1 & ! process mu/ be t]m9at$ :il/ ! liquid is /ill alkal9e4 ,if a little lead salt on ! "o h&1 & a little ammonia on ! o!r1 be left 9 ! "m liquors ultimately obta9$ on filt]+ f ! :ite lead1 !y w be return$ & circulat$4 ,fig4 #bg %[s an elevation 7p>tly 9 section7 ( ! app>atus employ$4 a is an iron vessel made ( boil] plate1 & l9$ int]nally ) lead4 ,x may be "h add$ t all ! app>atus is ?us l9$1 or is con/ruct$ ( mat]ial invuln]able to ! action ( lead salts1 ammonia1 or acetate ( ammonia4 ,! vessel a1 :i* is t]m$ ! dige/or1 %\ld be furni%$ )1 a !rmomet]1 pressure gauge1 safety valve1 *>g+ hole b1 & suitably arrang$ sampl+ pipe ) cock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,,macivor',s ,,:ite ,,lead ,,plant4 ,agitation ( ! cont5ts ( ! vessel is effect$ by means ( ! circulat+ pump c1 :i*1 draw+ (f sup]natant liquor along ) air & ammonia vap\r f ! upp] "p ( ! dige/or a1 by ! pipe d1 =ces x ?r\gh ! pipe e to ! heat] f1 consi/+ ( a coil suitably heat$ by /eam 9 a /eam vessel g1 or by simil> means1 & !n is =c$ ?r\gh a pipe h1 lead+ to ! bottom ( ! dige/or a1 :]e x t]m9ates 9 a cone-spread] i1 provid$ ) a regulat+ valve j4 ,by means ( ?is spread]1 ! liquid is =c$ ?r\gh ! heavy & d5se mixture conta9+ ! oxide ( lead1 :i* x vigor\sly agitates & keeps m or less 9 circulation z indicat$4 ,! *>ges ( li?>ge & acetate ( ammonium w v>y accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! latt]4 ,= a #e p] c5t4 /r5g? ( acetate ( ammonium solution1 h[ev]1 x w be be/ to calculate ! proportions z foll[s1 viz4 ab\t #abjj gallons ( #e p] c5t4 acetate ( ammonium liquor = #a ton ( li?>ge1 :i* %\ld be f9ely gr\nd4 ,! temp]ature ( ! liquor may v>y betwe5 #adj ,f4 & #bab ,f42 b )9 ^! limits1 ! l[e/ temp]ature consi/5t ) ! suffici5tly rapid conv]sion & solution ( ! li?>ge is pref]able4 ,! reason ( ?is is simply t ! less ! heat employ$1 ! less is ! t5sion ( ! ammonia1 & ! *ances ( ! loss ( ammonia are ?us m9imis$2 9 addition to ?is1 less delay is involv$ & less refrig]ation or cool+ is ne$$ be=e c>bonat+4 ,! object ( ! viol5t agitation ( ! li?>ge among/ ! heat$ acetate ( ammonium 9 ! dige/or a1 is t cak+ ( ! =m] may be prev5t$1 & a mo/ rapid conv]sion ( ! oxide ( lead into basic acetate ( lead1 ) m9imum exp5diture ( heat1 be secur$4 ,! effect ( ! heat 9 ! clos$ space is greatly aid$ by t ( ! pressure due to ! t5sion ( ! ammonia & aque\s vap\r at ! increas+ temp]atures4 ,:5 ! li?>ge is conv]t$ into tribasic acetate ( lead1 & br\ght into solution1 ! liquor & sludge ( insoluble matt]s is pref]ably pump$ ?r\gh pipe k1 by means ( ! filt]-press pump l1 & =c$ ?r\gh ! filt]-press m1 :i* removes & reta9s ! insoluble matt]1 all[+ ! cle> liquor to pass to ! cool] n1 & ?r\gh ?is to ! c>bonator o1 simil> 9 con/ruction to ! dige/or a4 ,"h ! cool$ liquid is circulat$ by means ( pump p 79 a simil> mann] to t adopt$ 9 ! dige/or process already describ$71 c>bonic acid be+ simultane\sly pump$ 9 ?r\gh ! pipe q1 :i* is p]=at$ z %[n1 or introduc$ 9 any o!r way4 ,:5 c>bonat$ to ! desir$ ext5t1 ! :ite magma1 consi/+ ( basic c>bonate ( lead & "m liquor1 is drawn ?r\gh ! pipe r1 by ! pump s1 into ! filt] press t4 ,! cle> liquid fl[s ?r\gh u1 into ! cov]$ "m liquor tank v1 :il/ ! press-cakes ( :ite lead1 aft] suffici5t wa%+ ) wat]1 are remov$ & dri$ 9 a suitable mann]4 ,! wa%+s are run (f to a weak liquor tank 7n %[n7 = conc5tration = use ov] aga94 ,any in]t gases accompany+ ! c>bonic acid1 or ! latt] alone 9 excess1 pass f ! c>bonator ?r\gh pipe w1 into ! cat*-box or o!r cond5s+ & absorb+ app>atus x1 conta9+ ei!r dilute acetic acid or cold wat]1 9 ord] to reta9 any ammonia c>ri$ ov]1 & furni%$ ) p]=at$ trays or baffle-plates4 ,?is cat*-box is1 if necess>y1 also connect$ ) a fur!r cond5s]1 s z to remove all ammonia f ! displac$ air1 or in]t gases 7if impure c>bonic acid has be5 us$7 ( ! c>bonator4 ,x is a lead l9$ vessel pref]ably4 ,! ammonia c>ri$ f ea* *>ge ?us is te/$ by measur+ ! volume ( ! solution f ! cat*-box or o!r cond5s+ & absorb+ app>atus1 & e/imat+ ! ammonia pres5t 9 ! solution4 ,?is am\nt ( ammonia 9 a suffici5tly conc5trat$ =m is !n add$ to ! *>ge 9 ! c>bonator1 :5 cold1 s z to produce a completely neutral solution4 ,! ammonia 9 ! cat*-box is ei!r add$ to ! ammonia /ock 9 ! ammonia dep>tm5t1 us$ = dilution ( /rong ammonia 9 mak+ fre% acetate1 or /r5g!n$ up to fur!r absorption 9 ! cat*-box or cond5s]1 until /rong en\gh to add to a fre%ly run & cool$ *>ge 9 ! c>bonator1 to replace any ammonia driv5 (f by heat4 ,! sludge 9 ! filt]-press m is wa%$ ) wat] to remove acetate liquors & ammonia1 ! weak liquors be+ run to a sep>ate clos$ vessel simil> to ! c>bonator o1 b small]1 & n %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,"h :ite lead is precipitat$ by c>bonic acid1 & ! product is pass$ into ! filt]-press t1 ! weak liquors associat$ ) x s]v+ to give a prelim9>y wa%+ to a fre%ly receiv$ *>ge ( :ite lead already 9 ! press4 ,! weak filtrate liquors ?us obta9$ are pref]ably s5t to ! weak liquor tank already m5tion$1 = subsequ5t conc5tration1 in/ead ( to ! /rong] liquor tank v4 ,! sludge-cakes f ! filt]-press m1 connect$ ) ! dige/or1 are suitably treat$ = ! recov]y ( lead !refrom4 ,! "m liquors conta9$ 9 tank v f ! :ite lead filt]-press t1 are directly return$ to ! ammonium acetate tank y1 by ! pump z1 = use ov] aga94 ,! c>bonators may be op]at$ s+ly z describ$1 or two or ?ree may be connect$ toge!r s z to be work$ 9 rotation1 ! p>tially absorb$ c>bonic acid f "o c>bonator be+ completely1 or m or less completely1 absorb$ 9 ! "o1 or two1 ) :i* x is connect$4 ,! la/ ( su* s]ies ( c>bonators w\ld ( c\rse be connect$ ) ! cat*-box arrangem5t previ\sly describ$1 or o!r cond5s+ & absorb+ app>atus4 ,*>act]s4--,! advantages & disadvantages 9 ! employm5t ( :ite lead h be5 describ$ pretty fully by ,pr(4 ,b>ff 9 "o ( ! ,cantor s]ies ( lectures :i* =m su* an important feature 9 ! publications ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,probably ! fact t :ite lead possesses ! body x has is ! reason :y x has be5 s l>gely us$1 & :y s _m pa9t+s :i* h be5 pa9t$ ) x h come to a mo/ untimely end4 ,pr(4 ,b>ff says he kn[s ( no pigm5t s liable to *ange ( col\r z :ite lead4 ,9 say+ ?is he expects t !re are _m :o w n agree ) him4 ,!y "k t :ite lead works well & easily1 & !y l x because x cov]s d[n well2 b !n he po9ts out "s ( ! great defects "u :i* x lab\rs4 ,if y take "s oil1 & if to t y add lime-wat]1 ! oil w mix ) ! lime-wat]1 & =m a k9d ( emulsion4 ,aga91 if y boil oil or fat ) soda1 a k9d ( soap is =m$1 & ! process ( manufactur+ soap is t]m$ ! process ( saponification4 ,n[ if1 in/ead ( boil+ fat ) soda or alkali1 we boil x ) plumbic oxide or oxide ( lead1 we %all =m a soap1 & t soap goes by ! "n1 among/ m$ical m51 ( empla/rum plumbi1 or lead pla/]4 ,?is is a sub/ance made by ! saponification ( oil ) ! oxide ( lead4 ,because ?is oxide & c>bonate ( lead h ! p[] ( saponify+ oils1 y get 9 :ite lead t peculi>ly smoo? easy work+ :i* y d n get ) any o!r :ite pigm5t2 & x is on ?is acc\nt1 = "o reason1 t x is lik$ by arti/s & pa9t]s4 ,tak+ a piece ( pap] coat$ ) "s ( ?is lead pla/]1 if y ?r[ a light ^u x1 y w see t ! sub/ance is semi-transp>5t4 ,?is is a peculi>ity ( lead t x w saponify & =m ?is sort ( transp>5t sub/ance4 ,! fam\s l&scape pa9t]1 ,mr4 ,wilson1 made an addition to a room 9 8 h\se4 ,! old "p ( ! room _h be5 pa9t$ a d>k col\r2 ! new "p1 ( c\rse1 :5 x left ! workman's h&s1 0 p]fectly :ite1 & !re=e ! pa9t]s pa9t$ d[n ! d>k col\r ) :ite lead1 until ! :ole room display$ "o uni=m t9t4 ,aft] a :ile1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t ! "p :i* 0 orig9ally pa9t$ d>k became d>k aga92 ! d>k pa9t1 9 fact1 %[$ ?r\gh ! :ite lead4 ,sometimes1 possibly1 :5 an arti/ wi%es to put 9 figures ^u a d>k backgr\nd t he has pa9t$1 he uses :ite lead1 & ! figures w /& out well & brilliantly at fir/1 b aft] a "t ! d>k col\r ^u :i* !y are pa9t$ /rikes ?r\gh ! lead1 & ! figures ( c\rse rec$e4 ,n[1 ?is /rik+ ?r\gh is ow+ to a slight process ( saponification1 no d\bt ow+ to an int]*ange betwe5 ! c>bonic acid ( ! lead c>bonate & ! /e>ic & oleic acids ( ! oil ) :i* ! lead is mix$2 s t1 9 "t1 ! :ite lead1 :i* has a body :i* makes x s great a fav\rite ) arti/s1 loses t body1 & becomes a transp>5t or semi-transp>5t sub/ance1 some?+ l lead pla/]4 ,"h is a reason :y :ite lead %\ld n be us$ unless ! gr\nd has previ\sly be5 br\ght to a light col\r4 ,!re is ano!r objection to ! use ( :ite lead1 & really a v valid "o x is4 ,p]sons g on ye> aft] ye> lay+ out sums ( money = hav+ _! h\ses pa9t$ ) :ite lead1 :5 o!r pigm5ts :i* w keep _! col\r might well be employ$4 ,a h\se pa9t$ ) :ite lead aft] "s "t d>k5s 9 t9t consid]ably2 ! col\r is *ang$ by "s influ5ce t is act+ ^u x ?r\gh ! air1 & t influ5ce is sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,if y pa9t ) :ite lead doors plac$ ne> a dra9 f :i* ?is gas escapes1 ^? doors w become br[n$ & black5$4 ,:ite lead is v (t51 p>ticul>ly t procur$ at ord9>y %ops1 adult]at$ ) a sub/ance call$ sulphate ( b>yta1 or1 commonly1 b>ytes4 ,?is is mu* m transp>5t :5 gr\nd ) oil ?an :ite lead itself1 & x w mat]ially impair t prop]ty = :i* :ite lead is valu$1 viz4 t ( cov]+ d[n well & solidly4 ,:ite lead adult]at$ ) b>ytes has1 g5]ally speak+1 a blui% sort ( look2 x is semi-transp>5t4 ,x has n t opacity t pure :ite lead has4 ,if y take a small piece ( :ite lead & put x into a te/-tube1 & add to x a little nitric acid1 or aqua=tis1 & "s wat]1 if ! lead is pure ! :ole ( x w dissolve 9 ! liquid1 & y w h a pure solution4 ,if x does n dissolve !re is a :ite precipitate1 :i* w fall d[n to ! bottom ( ! tube1 & t precipitate is sulphate ( b>yta4 ,sulphate ( b>yta is insoluble 9 aqua=tis1 b c>bonate ( lead1 & mo/ lead salts1 are soluble 9 x4 ,!re is ano!r excell5t te/ = ! purity ( :ite lead1 :i* is ?is4 ,if y take a small portion1 & gr9d x up ) a little c>bonate ( soda into a small pellet ab\t ! size ( a pea1 & !n put x ^u a piece ( *>coal & hold x 9 ! middle flame ( a bl[-pipe = "s %ort "t1 ! sulphate ( b>yta becomes decompos$1 & y get sulphide ( sodium =m$4 ,if ?is sulphide ( sodium be act$ ^u by an acid liquid1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 is giv5 (f1 :i* c\ld n be =m$ f c>bonate ( lead1 = 9 x !re is no sulphur at all2 & inasmu* z sulphate ( b>yta is ! impurity = :i* we h to look1 ! pres5ce ( sulphide aft] ?is treatm5t indicates t x 0 ) ! :ite lead :i* 0 exam9$4 ,,lime ,,:ite4--,a "n sometimes giv5 to ! :ite pigm5t prep>$ f sulphate ( b>ium4 ,see b>yta :ite1 p4 #agj4 ,,li?ophone4--,?is is a fancy title = "o ( ! sev]al v>ieties ( :ite pigm5t hav+ ! metal z9c z a basis1 & describ$ "u z9c :ites on p4 #bdg4 ,,magnesite4--,! m9]al kn[n by ?is "n is a natural c>bonate ( magnesia1 j z lime/one is a natural c>bonate ( lime4 ,:]e suffici5tly abundant x is qu>ri$1 gr\nd1 & levigat$ mu* 9 ! same mann] z b>ytes1 :i* x greatly resembles 9 its qualities z a pigm5t1 & = :i* x con/itutes a suitable sub/itute4 ,x is v :ite1 heavy1 & opaque2 p]man5t 9 ord9>y situations2 neutral ) o!r pigm5ts1 mixes equally well ) oil or wat]1 & possesses good cov]+ p[]4 ,,m9]al ,,:ite4--,"o ( ! names appli$ to ! pigm5t prep>$ f gypsum1 see p4 #ahc4 ,,orr',s ,,enamel ,,:ite4--,a "n d]iv$ f ! mak] ( a c]ta9 v>iety ( ! z9c sulphide pigm5ts1 describ$ "u z9c :ites1 p4 #bed4 ,,p>is ,,:ite4--,ano!r "n = ! be/ br&s ( :it+1 see bel[4 ,,p]man5t ,,:ite4--,?is "n is (t5 be/[$ ^u b>yta :ite 7see p4 #agj71 on acc\nt ( its durability z comp>$ ) :ite lead4 ,,sat9 ,,:ite4--,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( confusion 9 ! application ( ?is t]m1 = :ile x is sometimes ref]r$ to b>yta :ite 7p4 #agj71 x is also a synonym = f9e gypsum 7see p4 #ahc74 ,,spani% ,,:ite4--,! mo/ c>efully prep>$ samples ( :it+ 7see bel[71 are (t5 kn[n by ?is "n4 ,,/rontia ,,:ite4--,?\gh mu* less common ?an ! closely simil> sulphate ( b>ium1 ! natural sulphate ( /rontium is equally suitable = employm5t z a pigm5t1 & is prep>$ 9 exactly ! same way z b>yta :ite 7see p4 #agj74 ,! artificial product is also us$4 ,bo? possess qualities rem>kably ak9 to ^? ( b>yta :ite4 ,,t]ra ,,alba4--,an old-fa%ion$ "n = levigat$ gypsum 7see p4 #ahc74 ,,:it+4--,?is mat]ial is simply prep>$ *alk4 ,x %\ld be soluble 9 hydro*loric acid ) eff]vesc5ce1 leav+ at ! mo/ b a small residue4 ,sometimes samples ( :it+ are f\nd :i* are m or less alkal9e or cau/ic 9 _! prop]ties4 ,?is is a s]i\s defect = _m purposes4 ,x c be detect$ by treat+ ! sample ) wat]1 & add+ to ! liquor a little ph5olph?ale94 ,if a brilliant r$ col\r is obta9$1 cau/ic lime is pres5t1 & ! sample %\ld be reject$1 if to be us$ = mix+ ) *romes or ,brunswick gre5s1 :]e a neutral product is requir$4 ,*alk itself is too famili> to ne$ any description beyond say+ t x ess5tially consi/s ( c>bonate ( lime1 ) always a small p]c5tage ( silica associat$ ) x4 ,its prep>ation consi/s 9 h& selection to exclude ! silica :i*1 occurs 9 ! m pron\nc$ =m ( fl9ts1 !n gr9d+ 9 sev]al /ages1 levigation & dry+4 ,! levigation is effect$ by hav+ a s]ies ( settl+ pits into :i* ! gr\nd mat]ial fl[s ) wat]1 & deposits accord+ to its degree ( f95ess4 ,! dry+ is p]=m$ 9 *amb]s provid$ ei!r ) pipes c>ry+ /eam or heat$ air1 or by fires b5ea? ! floor1 & ?or\ghly v5tilat$ s t ! moi/ air c escape z fa/ z x is saturat$4 ,f9ally ! dri$ :it+ is aga9 gr\nd v f9e4 ,! dry+ mu/ be done ) great c>e & at a l[ temp]ature1 s z to ensure avoid+ calc9ation1 :]eby ! c>bonate ( lime is *ang$ into oxide 7quicklime74 ,:it+ is a p]man5t & useful pigm5t mix$ ) wat] 9 di/emp]s1 b is n applicable z an oil col\r4 ,,z9c ,,:ites4--,orig9ally & prop]ly ! t]m z9c :ite 0 res]v$ = ! :ite pigm5t consi/+ ( z9c oxide2 b latt]ly _m k9ds ( :ite pigm5t h be5 introduc$ conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( sulphide ( z9c1 sometimes associat$ ) m or less oxide1 & sometimes )\t any oxide1 & ^! are also by _m p call$ z9c :ites1 to :i* "n !y are p]haps z well entitl$ z ! orig9al z9c oxide4 ,x w !re=e be conv5i5t to arrange !m all "u ! same g5]al head+ ( z9c :ites4 7#a7 ,oxide4--,"u ! influ5ce ( a :ite heat metallic z9c is volatilis$1 & if ! vap\r is ?us br\ght into contact ) oxyg51 ei!r 9 ! pure /ate or z air1 combu/ion takes place1 & ! oxyg5 unites ) ! metal to =m z9c oxide4 ,on ?is v simple pr9ciple is bas$ ! manufacture ( z9c oxide :ite4 ,! op]ation is conduct$ 9 plant simil> to t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh1 :i* consi/s ess5tially ( two dep>tm5ts1 t 9 :i* ! z9c is volatilis$ & t 9 :i* ! oxidis$ vap\r is deposit$ = collection4 ,! volatilis+ process takes place 9 a s]ies ( oblong fire-clay retorts a1 v>y+ some:at 9 =m b always ) a contract$ & ris+ neck4 ,ord9>y dim5sions are ab\t #b feet long & #i in*es 9 diamet] ea* way1 ) walls ab\t #a in*es ?ick4 ,^! are heat$ to :it5ess & !n *>g$ ) +ots ( metallic z9c4 ,! retorts are arrang$ 9 d\ble r[s 9 rev]b]atory furnaces b1 two furnaces be+ arrang$ back to back s z to economise heat4 ,! furnaces are fir$ at ! side1 & ! heat is convey$ ar\nd ! retorts by means ( ! flues c1 ! products ( combu/ion ( ! fuel f9ally escap+ by ! *imney /ack d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,mak+ ,,z9c ,,oxide4 ,z ! vaporis$ z9c is emitt$ at ! m\?s ( ! retorts a 9 a p>tially asc5d+ curr5t1 x imm$iately enc\nt]s a pl5tiful supply ( air1 & !reupon takes fire 7und]goes combu/ion or oxidation74 ,9 ?is condition x ent]s ! l[] & funnel-%ap$ end ( ! %eet-iron flue e1 by :i* x is convey$ into ! s]ies ( settl+ comp>tm5ts f4 ,:ile ! bulk ( ! z9c oxide ?us =m$ passes into ! settl+ *amb]s1 a portion ( x is too heavy to d s2 its specific gravity is su* t ! =ce ( ! draught is n suffici5t to c>ry x up4 ,?is portion falls at once into a receptacle plac$ b5ea? ! m\? ( ! flue e4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! necess>y draught1 ! conduits h are op5 to ! outside atmosph]e1 & introduce a supply ( air j bel[ ! m\?s ( ! retorts a1 s t x imp+es aga9/ ! curr5t ( escap+ z9c vap\r4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! settl+ *amb]s f1 ! sup]flu\s air f9ds an outlet at i into a suffici5tly capaci\s flue k1 :i* communicates ) ! *imney /ack d4 ,?us ! draught creat$ by ! fuel consum$ 9 ! rev]b]atory furnaces is made to assi/ ! curr5t ?r\gh ! settl+ *amb]s4 ,^! settl+ *amb]s f1 are con/ruct$ ( wood1 & are usually ab\t ?ree 9 numb]1 int]communicat+ ( c\rse4 ,! z9c oxide ent]s ! fir/ comp>tm5t ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 ! top ( ! side to :i* ! dis*>ge end ( ! iron flue e is atta*$4 ,aft] trav]s+ ! fir/ *amb]1 ! /ream ( air & su* oxide z has n yet settl$ passes into ! second *amb] ?r\gh ! orifice l1 ne> ! bottom ( ! p>tition divid+ ! two *amb]s4 ,to rea* ! next comp>tm5t1 ! /ream has to asc5d aga91 ! ap]ture be+ at ! top ( ! p>tition1 & ?is alt]nation is c>ri$ on to ! end ( ! s]ies1 ?us *eck+ ! ?r\gh draught & facilitat+ ! settlem5t ( ! z9c oxide4 ,! floors ( all ! *amb]s are made funnel-%ap$1 ) a door at ! l[e/ po9t1 s t ! dis*>ge ( _! cont5ts may be z automatic z possible4 ,! flue k conta9s scre5s hung at int]vals = ! purpose ( h9d]+1 z f> z possible1 ! escape ( m9ute p>ticles ( z9c oxide into ! *imney1 & !nce into ! out] air1 :]eby !y w\ld be lo/4 ,a description ( ! process z conduct$ 9 ,belgium1 says t +ot z9c is plac$ 9 a s]ies ( retorts )9 "o furnace1 & ! oxide is =m$ 9 an exhau/ *imney1 & !n passes ?r\gh a long s]ies ( passages & cond5s+ *amb]s1 9 :i* are rang$ tanks ( %eet iron or clo? to collect deposits4 ,at a c]ta9 h\r ( ! day x is collect$ into casks1 & aft] be+ te/$ z to quality x is ready = deliv]y4 ,accord+ to ! purity ( ! metal v>i\s qualities are produc$4 ,! be/ is call$ 8blanc de neige10 or sn[ :ite1 & is ( a v sup]ior quality2 ,no4 #a :ite is ! mo/ us$1 ! ores = ?is quality be+ select$ & purifi$ by remelt+2 ,no4 #b :ite is ! common v>iety4 ,9 ! process ( manufacture !re is m or less wa/e mat]ial1 imp]fectly oxidis$1 deposit$ 9 ! retorts & passages4 ,?is residuum is c>efully gr\nd1 wa%$ & dri$1 & is employ$ 9 pa9t+ 9 ! place ( lead4 ,9 ! ,am]ican me?od ( mak+ z9c :ite !y use ! ore direct4 ,?is is *eap] ?an ! ,lige me?od1 b its product is ( inf]ior quality to t produc$ by sublimation4 ,!re are b two works 9 ,belgium = mak+ z9c :ite1 ! ,vieille ,montagne ,company 7at ! ,val5t9e ,cocq works71 :i* produce ye>ly #cjjj tons by sublimation2 ! o!r is at ,ougree1 ne> ,lige1 :]e ! ,am]ican me?od is employ$1 b at pres5t x is idle4 ,!re are _m o!r modifications 9 detail 9 diff]5t works4 ,"o may be notic$ "h z x is claim$ = x t ! pigm5t is gift$ ) great] cov]+ p[] or body1 ! limit$ degree ( :i* is ! only drawback to z9c oxide :ites4 ,! plan consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! oxide is all[$ to collect 9 ! cond5s+ *amb]s till x is ( su* a dep? t a man ent]+ /&s wai/ deep 9 ! pigm5t4 ,! latt] is ga!r$ 9 pieces ( sack+1 :i* are drawn toge!r & squeez$ up tightly1 s t ! oxide1 :5 newly prep>$1 is press$ into h>d d5se masses4 7#b7 ,sulphide4--,pr(4 ,phipson1 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,int]national ,heal? ,congress1 at ,p>is1 rem>k$ t = sev]al ye>s ef=ts _h be5 made to discov] "s :ite sub/ance to replace :ite lead = pa9t+ build+s1 %ips1 c4 ,he himself _h devot$ sev]al mon?s to ?is important subject1 b )\t success4 ,!re has be5 f\nd1 x is true1 9 oxide ( z9c a sub/ance less poison\s ?an lead1 & s]v+ v well z a :ite pigm5t 9 oil pa9t+2 b its production is v exp5sive1 & its me*anical prop]ties z a col\r 9 oil are n pron\nc$ en\gh to all[ x to compete 9 comm]ce ) :ite lead4 ,su* is n ! case1 h[ev]1 ) an inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,?omas ,griffi?s1 ( ,liv]pool1 :o has succe$$ 9 obta9+ a v int]e/+ product4 ,?is new prep>ation1 :i* is be+ manufactur$ at ! pres5t "t on a pretty ext5sive scale1 has = its base sulphide ( z9c 7or an oxysulphide ( t metal71 ! prop]ties ( :i* z an oil col\r are ( ! mo/ rem>kable "*4 ,x is prep>$ by precipitat+ "o ( ! salts ( z9c by a soluble sulphide1 & wa%+ & dry+ ! precipitate4 ,! latt] is !n calc9$ at a r$ heat1 ) "s precaution>y measures1 !n tak5 f ! furnace1 &1 :ile /ill w>m1 ?r[n into cold wat]4 ,x is aft]w>ds levigat$ & dri$4 ,! result is a :ite pigm5t1 v f9e1 & ( great beauty4 ,reg>d$ f a hygi5ic po9t ( view1 ,griffi?s' new :ite is inf9itely sup]ior to :ite lead1 z x also is 9 its practical be>+2 x possesses no injuri\s qualities2 its manufacture & use d n affect ! heal? ( workm52 its durability 9 climates ( ! mo/ div]se k9ds is1 s to speak1 illimitable2 x is alt]$ nei!r by gase\s emanations nor by dampness2 & its price is comp>atively l[4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ?+ ab\t ?is new :ite is t x cov]s z well z :ite lead1 :ile x )/&s ! effects ( all k9ds ( wea!r1 s t its use is n only depriv$ ( all dang] to heal?1 b x is mu* m economical ?an :ite lead4 ,pr(4 ,phipson /at$ to ! ,congress t he reg>d$ ?is new *emical prep>ation z be+ among ! mo/ +5i\s & useful products t h be5 discov]$ 9 our "t4 ,a lat] me?od1 introduc$ by ,griffi?s & ,cawley1 consi/s 9 mak+ an artificial sulphide ( z9c by br++ ! vap\rs ( z9c & sulphur into intimate contact4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is process1 sulphur is melt$ 9 a jacket pan heat$ pref]ably by high pressure /eam4 ,! melt+ vessel is connect$ ) a ca/-iron /ill by means ( a jacket$ pipe1 & ! connection is regulat$ by means ( a valve 9 ! bottom ( ! melt+ pan4 ,! latt] %\ld be at su* a height above ! /ill t ! pressure due to ! column ( sulphur 9 ! conduit pipe may be great] ?an ! t5sion ( ! sulphur vap\r 9 ! /ill1 s t :5 ! valve is op5$1 ! sulphur 9 ! melt+ pans may desc5d into ! /ill4 ,! /ill is kept dur+ ! process at a temp]ature ( incipi5t r$ness1 s t :5 ! sulphur rea*es x1 ! sulphur is imm$iately vaporis$ & ! result+ curr5t ( vap\r passes to ! *amb] describ$ bel[4 ,metallic z9c is melt$ 9 a retort or crucible1 heat$ pref]ably by means ( a furnace on ! ,siem5s or a simil> pr9ciple1 & rais$ to su* a temp]ature t x beg9s to volatilise freely4 ,:5 ?is takes place1 ! result+ z9c vap\r is met by a curr5t ( sulphur vap\r obta9$ z above describ$1 & 9 excess ( t requir$ to =m ) ! z9c sulphide ( z9c4 ,! reaction takes place accord+ to ! *emical equation ,zn ,s ,zn,s4 ,! sulphide ( z9c is 9 ! =m ( :ite extremely light p[d]1 :i* is c>ri$ along by ! curr5t ( sulphur into ! collect+ *amb]1 su* z is us$ = ! manufacture ( oxide ( z9c4 ,?is all[s ( ! sep>ation ( ! diff]5t con/itu5ts ( ! products into diff]5t qualities2 ^? p>ts t are c>ri$ ! f>!/ are ! :ite/ & be/ g5]ally4 ,^? portions ne>e/ to ! "p ( ! app>atus :]e comb9ation takes place may sometimes conta9 metallic z9c1 if ! sulphur supply has n be5 c>efully att5d$ to1 b ?is may be sep>at$ f ! sulphide by levigation4 ,! collect+ app>atus %\ld be kept at a temp]ature slightly sup]ior to t ( ! boil+ po9t ( sulphur1 9 ord] t sulphur1 :i* is necess>ily 9 excess1 may n be deposit$ ) ! sulphide ( z9c1 b may pass on 9 ! vapor\s =m to a suitable cond5s]1 :]e1 aft] cond5sation1 x may be collect$ & us$ aga94 ,be=e ! sulphur vap\r rea*es ! cond5s]1 ! la/ traces ( sulphide c>ri$ along ) x are collect$ by ! int]position ( metallic scre5s or sieves1 plac$ betwe5 ! sulphur cond5s] & ! app>atus4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! process1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! collect+ app>atus z cool z possible consi/5tly ) ! fulfilm5t ( ! conditions above m5tion$1 viz4 t no sulphur be cond5s$ !re94 ,9 practice1 ?is object c be effect$ ) little difficulty4 ,impurities 9 ! z9c & sulphur are ( little consequ5ce provid$ !y are n volatile1 & n ( su* a nature t !y w\ld detract f ! :it5ess ( ! sulphide ( z9c =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,mak+ ,,z9c ,,sulphide4 ,! accompany+ diagram1 ,fig4 #bi1 is giv5 z an example ( a plant t may be employ$ ) good results4 a is ! sulphur melt+ pan ) its /eam jacket b1 & /eam pipe c2 d is a ca/-iron /ill1 arrang$ )9 a gas furnace e2 f is a crucible = melt+ & volatilis+ z9c1 ! said crucible be+ conta9$ 9 a gas furnace g2 h is an automatic app>atus = free+ ! m\? ( ! z9c vessel f deposit$ sulphide ( z9c2 i is ! collect+ app>atus2 & k1 ! cond5s+ app>atus4 7#c7 ,mixtures4--,!re are a numb] ( comp\nd pigm5ts commonly kn[n z z9c :ites1 :i* only des]ve ! "n 9 s f> z !y conta9 a proportion1 great] or small]1 ( "s z9c salt4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$ t "s ( ^! comb9ations possess v good qualities1 & t ! =eign +r$i5ts l>gely correct ! weak po9ts ( ! z9c comp\nds4 ,freeman's4--,?is pigm5t1 :5 gr\nd ) oil 9 ! cu/om>y way1 =ms a pa9t equal 9 body & cov]+ p[] to ! be/ :ite lead1 :ile x is sup]ior 9 col\r1 p]man5ce1 & d5sity1 & is free f od\r & noxi\s qualities4 ,x is produc$ by gr9d+ toge!r 8z9c :ite0 7ei!r oxide or sulphide71 lead sulphate & b>ium sulphate1 9 c]ta9 proportions1 9 ! dry /ate1 9 an edge-runn] mill4 ,by ?us gr9d+ ! sev]al pigm5ts toge!r1 _! p>ticles become intimately incorporat$ & und]go *anges 9 "*4 ,! b>ium sulphate n only *eap5s ! product by reason ( its l[ co/1 b also imp>ts a di/9ct feature 9 r5d]+ ! pa9t m free work+4 ,! proportions g5]ally adopt$1 calculat$ by weight1 are #e p>ts lead sulphate1 #b ( z9c :ite1 & #a ( b>ium sulphate4 ,! duration ( ! gr9d+ w necess>ily v>y 9 accordance ) v>i\s gov]n+ conditions1 b x %\ld be cont9u$ until ! mixture has a d5sity ( ab\t #bjj lb4 p] cubic foot4 ,orr's4--,! pigm5t kn[n z ,orr's enamel or ,*>lton :ite1 is a comp\nd ( oxide & sulphide ( z9c & sulphate ( /rontia1 or ( b>yta4 ,x is prep>$ 9 two ways4 7a7 ,b>ytes is calc9$ = "s h\rs at :ite heat ) *>coal1 & ! calc9$ mass is lixiviat$ ) wat] to wa% out ! b>ium sulphide2 to "o-half ( ?is solution is add$ z9c *loride1 :i* produces a precipitate ( z9c sulphide1 leav+ b>ium *loride 9 solution4 ,to ?is mixture ( z9c sulphide & b>ium *loride is add$ ! rema9+ half ( ! b>ium sulphide & "s z9c sulphate1 ! result ( :i* is a d\ble precipitate ( z9c sulphide & b>ium sulphate4 ,?is is wat]-wa%$1 filt]-press$1 dri$1 calc9$ at r$ heat1 ?r[n imm$iately into cold wat]1 gr\nd v f9e1 & f9ally dri$4 7b7 ,! second process closely resembles ! fir/1 b cele/9e takes ! place ( ! b>ytes4 ,ei!r =m ( ,orr's enamel is a good useful :ite pigm5t1 v p]man5t1 mix+ well1 ( excell5t cov]+ p[]1 & pure 9 col\r4 ,*>act]s4--,z9c oxide1 be+ an exp5sive pigm5t1 is liable to adult]ation2 =tunately1 all su* adult]ations are easily detect$1 & _! nature asc]ta9$ by a few simple te/s4 ,z9c oxide1 if pure1 %\ld dissolve entirely )\t eff]vesc5ce 9 nitric acid2 any residue w\ld indicate adult]ation ) b>ytes or *9a clay2 ! =m] may be di/+ui%$ by its weight & ! yell[i% gre5 col\r x imp>ts to ! ,buns5 flame1 ! latt] is light] & gives no col\r to ! ,buns5 flame4 ,boil$ ) /rong sulphuric acid1 b>ytes is n act$ on1 :ile *9a clay is4 ,if1 aft] cool+1 ! mass be dilut$ ) wat]1 & ammonia be add$ to ! liquor1 if b>ytes is pres5t no precipitate w be obta9$1 :ile if *9a clay is pres5t a :ite precipitate is produc$4 ,if ! z9c oxide dissolves ) eff]vesc5ce1 :ite lead or :it+ may be pres5t2 ! solution %\ld give no precipitate ( black sulphide ( lead on pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh x4 ,on neutralis+ ! solution 9 nitric acid ) suffici5t ammonia1 & add+ ammonia sulphide to precipitate all ! z9c 7! precipitate %\ld be :ite1 any o!r col\r w\ld %[ "s impurity71 filt]+ (f & add+ a little oxalate ( ammonia1 no :ite precipitate ( calcium oxalate %\ld be obta9$2 su* a precipitate w\ld %[ pres5ce ( :it+ or gypsum4 ,! :ite pigm5ts hav+ z a base ! sulphide ( z9c1 also conta9 b>ytes1 oxide ( z9c1 sulphate ( /rontium1 c4 ,!y c be di/+ui%$ by evolv+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 recognisable by its od\r1 on treatm5t ) an acid4 ,!y are n entirely soluble 9 acids1 ! residue be+ mo/ly b>ytes1 b may also be sulphate ( /rontium2 x is immat]ial :e!r ! two be di/+ui%$ or n4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,yell[s4 ,! yell[ pigm5ts d n =m a l>ge or important gr\p1 & beyond a few organic col\r+ matt]s :i* h a limit$ use 9 arti/ic pa9t+1 !y are *iefly conf9$ to ! o*res ( natural orig9 & to ! *romes1 & "o or two o!r k9ds artificially prep>$ f m9]al sub/ances4 ,,ars5ic ,,yell[4--,ano!r "n = ,orpim5t 7see p4 #bhj74 ,,aureol9 ,,yell[4--,?is col\r is prep>$ by precipitat+ c>bonate ( cobalt f a solution ( a cobalt salt ) c>bonate ( pota%2 ?is precipitate is dissolv$ 9 acetic acid1 & to x is add$ nitrite ( sodium2 nitrite ( potassium & cobalt are ?r[n d[n z a yell[ p[d]4 ,exp]im5ts made on ! fre%ly-precipitat$ col\r prep>$ 9 ?is way1 h prov$ x to be inv>iably de/roy$ by cau/ic pota%2 b aureol9 yell[ prep>$ 9 ano!r way1 put into a flask ) "s cau/ic soda1 has rema9$ un*ang$ = sev]al days1 & prov$ to be p]fectly /able "u ?is treatm5t4 ,samples ( ! same yell[1 expos$ to ! action ( ammonia1 soda1 & pota% = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 h n *ang$4 ,?is is really a mo/ important fact1 because aureol9 yell[ is s beautiful a pigm5t t "o wi%es x w\ld /& = ev]4 ,x is1 9 fresco & silici\s pa9t+1 a great desid]atum to h col\rs t w /& ! action ( lime & cau/ic alkalies4 ,our col\rs = fresco pa9t+ are v limit$1 & if aureol9 w /& ! action ( cau/ic alkalies1 x may be safely us$ bo? = fresco & silici\s pa9t+4 ,,cadmium ,,yell[4--,! pigm5t kn[n z cadmium yell[ is important on acc\nt ( its p]man5ce & brilliance4 ,x is prep>$ by pass+ a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas ?r\gh a slightly acid solution ( a salt ( cobalt1 usually ! nitrate or sulphate1 :]eby ! sulphide ( cadmium is precipitat$ z an impalpable p[d]4 ,x is filt]$ (f1 well wa%$ ) wat]1 & f9ally dri$ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,by ?is me?od !re is consid]able difficulty 9 produc+ any precise1 %ade ( yell[1 :i* is dep5d5t on ! proportion ( precipitant us$1 & c only be controll$ aft] long practical exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e "s modifications h be5 introduc$ ) ! object ( secur+ def9ite t9ts4 ,! ord9>y col\r is a pure *rome yell[4 ,= a lemon-yell[ %ade1 a solution ( yell[ sulphide ( ammonium is add$ to "o ( sulphate ( cadmium4 ,= an orange t9t1 ! cadmium solution 7*loride or sulphate7 is made v acid by addition ( hydro*loric acid be=e pass+ ! sulphurett$ hydrog52 or ! cadmium solution1 z = lemon-yell[1 is boil$1 & receives ! ammonium sulphide solution :ile /ill boil+4 ,b none ( ^! modifications results 9 a really durable pigm5t1 on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( traces ( free sulphur or acid4 ,! be/ br&s ( ?is pigm5t be+ some:at exp5sive1 !re is great inducem5t = adult]ation1 :i* usually takes ! =m ( orpim5t or ( *rome4 ,! =m] c be detect$ by ! ord9>y te/s = ars5ic1 & ! latt] by ! process describ$ on p4 #bff4 ,,*rome ,,yell[s4--,a v important family ( yell[ pigm5ts are ! 8*romes10 consi/+ ma9ly ( *romic acid 9 comb9ation ) lead1 iron1 or z9c4 ,*romates ( lead1 says ,pr(4 ,b>ff1 are produc$ by precipitat+ a lead salt ) a salt ( *romic acid1 & ! diff]5ce 9 t9t is ow+ to ! diff]5t quantity ( ! *romic acid :i* is pres5t 9 ! salt4 ,! orange *rome is a basic *romate ( lead1 & basic *romate ( lead conta9s m ( ! *romic acid ?an is pres5t 9 ! lemon *rome4 ,! lighte/ *rome conta9s "s sulphate ( lead precipitat$ ) ! *romate4 ,all ^! col\rs conta9 lead1 & are !re=e liable to ! influ5ce ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,n[1 if a *romate ( lead is b\ght hap-haz>d any:]e1 x may or may n be pure1 b g5]ally speak+1 unless ! *romates are obta9$ f mak]s :o are c>eful 9 ! prep>ation ( _! col\rs1 !y conta9 _m o!r sub/ances besides *romate ( lead4 ,= in/ance1 !y conta9 a quantity ( ! solution1 9 a dry /ate1 f :i* !y h be5 precipitat$1 & are by no means pure4 ,obvi\sly1 also1 !re is an inducem5t to m5 :o sell *eap col\rs to adult]ate !m1 to br+ !m d[n ) :it+1 & s =?4 ,9 t case ! *rome loses its body2 if x is br\ght d[n ) lead sulphate x has m body2 b :5 *rome yell[s are prep>$ & mix$ ) good oils1 & put on c>efully1 & ^? oils h "t all[$ !m to become oxidis$1 p]fectly dry 9 fact--n dry 9 ! s5se 9 :i* an arti/ consid]s a pa9t+ dry1 b p]fectly h>d--!n ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 ! atmosph]e w n be ( su* great mom5t z if ! col\rs are impure1 or if !y are submitt$ to ! influ5ce ( t delet]i\s gas be=e !y h become p]fectly h>d4 ,ano!r objection to ! *romes1 on ! au?ority ( ,pr(4 ,b>ff1 is t !y are soluble 9 alkali1 & s are _m o!r col\rs4 ,if a pa9t+ is pa9t$ ) *romes1 & if t pa9t+ be wa%$ ) an alkal9e soap1 x is q c]ta9 t "s ( ! *romates w be dissolv$4 ,consequ5tly ! m9ute & delicate t\*es1 ^u :i* ! arti/ dep5d$ = "s ( ! be/ effects ( 8 picture1 are remov$ ) soap & wat]4 ,no pa9t+ %\ld ev] be wa%$ ) soap & wat] at all2 b !re are c]ta9 col\rs :i* w )/& ! action ( soap1 ev5 if x is int5sely alkal9e1 :ile o!rs w n4 ,tak+ a precipitate ( lemon *rome1 if we act ^u ?is ) pota% or soda1 x dissolves up ! yell[ precipitate1 & de/roys x altoge!r4 ,accord+ to ,web]1 ! prep>ation ( *rome yell[ pres5ts difficulties 9 practice1 because products diff]+ 9 %ade & /ructure1 al?\gh ( uni=m *emical composition1 are obta9$ accord+ to modifications ( ! me?od ( manufacture or nature ( mat]ials employ$4 ,a special difficulty is ! turn+ ( col\r1 :]eby a 8turn$0 yell[ has a dirty orange-yell[ col\r1 :i* :5 mix$ ) b>ytes gives a yell[i%-br[n lea!r-col\r$ %ade & n a light pure yell[4 ,o!r d]iv$ col\rs are simil>ly affect$4 ,lead ,*romates4--,! acetate & nitrate ( lead are ! soluble lead salts g5]ally us$4 ,basic c>bonate ( lead 7:ite lead7 is also mu* us$1 ! yell[s prep>$ f ?is mat]ial be+ *eap]1 hav+ a l>ge cov]+ capacity1 & be+ p>ticul>ly adapt$ = ord9>y gre5s2 b ^! h n ! smoo?ness & lightness s mu* priz$ 9 "s ( ! yell[s obta9$ f soluble lead salts4 ,! oxide1 sulphate1 & *loride ( lead h be5 propos$ = ! manufacture ( *rome yell[1 b _! treatm5t w\ld be v t$i\s & ! products obta9$ only ( m$ium quality4 ,9 ! manufacture ( *rome yell[ f acetate ( lead & bi*romate ( pota%1 diff]5t proportions ( ^! mat]ials are giv5 by diff]5t au?orities1 b "s ( ^! are obvi\sly wrong :]e an excess ( bi*romate is to be us$1 = e light *rome yell[ is liable to turn by ! action ( *romic acid or a *romate & !reby become ( little value4 ,proportions %\ld be us$1 :]eby ! acetate ( lead rema9s 9 excess1 & ! reaction %\ld take place 9 a solution z cold & dilute z possible4 ,9 ?is way a brilliant yell[ t9t is obta9$4 ,= ! light] *rome yell[s1 lead sulphate is precipitat$ simultane\sly ) ! *romate by add+ sulphuric acid or a soluble sulphate to ! solution ( ! bi*romate2 ^! yell[s h less t5d5cy to *ange col\r ?an ! pure *romate ( lead1 if ! above precautions are obs]v$4 ,*rome yell[1 precipitat$ f an excess ( lead acetate solution1 by means ( potassium bi*romate1 corresponds to ! =mula ,pb,cr,o#d4 ,:5 dri$ x =ms light pieces1 :i* %[ a con*oidal fracture4 ,a /ill m volum9\s product corresponds to ! =mula ,pb,cr,o#d1 ,pb,s,o#d4 ,! yell[ hav+ ! composition ,pb,cr,o#d1 #b,pb,s,o#d1 is v heavy & %[s a smoo? fracture4 ,lightness is (t5 imp>t$ to *rome yell[ by ! addition ( magnesium c>bonate4 ,nitrate ( lead (f]s no advantages ov] ! acetate1 & is g5]ally m exp5sive to use4 ,free nitric acid is m objectionable ?an free acetic acid1 because x may act z a solv5t on *rome yell[ & lib]ate free *romic acid1 :i* is liable to 8turn0 ! yell[4 ,:5 us+ lead nitrate x is pref]able to neutralise potassium bi*romate ) soda1 to avoid ! pres5ce ( free nitric acid4 ,! yell[s mo/ly 9 dem& are ! inf]ior qualities1 prep>$ by mix+ pure *rome yell[s ) :ite m9]al matt]s1 g5]ally b>ytes1 gypsum1 & kaol91 usually /irr$ 9 ) ! bi*romate solution be=e add+ ! lead salt4 ,b>ytes injures ! col\r lea/1 b kaol9 has ! advantage t x does n increase ! weight ( ! col\r s mu*4 ,gypsum occupies an int]m$iate position2 x is mu* m volum9\s ?an b>ytes1 & does n injure ! col\r s mu* z kaol91 b x is g5]ally us$ toge!r ) b>ytes4 ,x is n advisable to use ?is comb9ation1 = ! reason t ! col\r on dry+ =ms v h>d pieces1 :i* (f] difficulties 9 gr9d+4 ,gypsum1 too1 f be+ m easily act$ on by reag5ts ?an b>ytes or kaol91 t5ds to take "p 9 ! reaction by decompos+ ! potassium bi*romate be=e ! addition ( ! lead salt1 & ?is is objectionable4 7,web]47 ,a writ] 9 ! ,*emical ,trade ,j\rnal gives ! foll[+ =mula = ! production ( v>i\s yell[s3-- 7#a7 ,= soluble lead salts3-- ,kilos4 ,lead acetate #ajj ,potassium bi*romate #ah ,sulphuric acid 7#ff ,b47 #ab ,?is mixture yields a yell[ ( ! =mula ,pb,cr,o#d1 ,pb,s,o#d4 ,to obta9 good %ades1 ! am\nt ( wat] employ$ %\ld n be less ?an #ajjj litres1 or d\ble z mu* ) ! nitrate4 ,9 ! latt] case1 x is bett] to neutralise ! lead nitrate & to replace ! acid by ! sulphate ( an alkali or ( magnesium1 or pref]ably ( alum9ium2 = ! neutralisation ( ! bi*romate1 ! be/ sub/ance is magnesite4 ,! =mula ?us becomes--,lead acetate & bi*romate z be=e2 magnesite1 #f kilos42 alum9ium sulphate1 #bg kilos4 7#b7 ,! ,basic ,acetate ,me?od4--,li?>ge1 #gf kilos42 acetic acid 7#cj p] c5t471 #db2 bi*romate1 #bae2 sulphuric acid1 #bae2 wat]1 #bjjj to #cjjj litres4 ,to obta9 a d5s] *rome1 #aj kilos4 ( soda %\ld be add$ to ! acetate1 & #e ( ! sulphuric acid replac$ by #aj ( alum9ium sulphate4 ,= ! production ( an orange *rome1 ! foll[+ =mula is giv53 ,li?>ge1 #gf kilos42 acetic acid 7#cj p] c5t471 #db2 bi*romate1 #bd2 ,solvay's soda1 #ae2 & cau/ic soda 7#ajj p] c5t471 #e4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! temp]ature does n rise suffici5tly high to spoil ! %ade4 7#c7 ,! ,:ite ,lead ,me?od4--,9 ?is case ! :ite lead mu/ be 9 ! f9e/ /ate ( subdivision possible1 & susp5d$ 9 ! wat]3 ,:ite lead1 #ajj kilos42 nitric acid 7#cf ,b471 #ab2 bi*romate1 #ac2 & alum9ium sulphate1 #aj3 or nitric acid 7#dj ,b471 #dd2 bi*romate1 #bd2 sulphate1 #bj1 ! latt] giv+ ! m fi]y %ade4 ,= ! production ( an orange3 :ite lead1 #ajj kilos42 nitric acid 7#cf ,b47 #ah2 bi*romate1 #bh2 & cau/ic soda1 #h1 ! latt] be+ be/ add$ to ! bi*romate be=e precipitation1 & ! temp]ature kept betwe5 #aej & #afe ,f4 7#d7 ,! ,basic ,*loride ,me?od4--,! same proportions & temp]ature are suitable "h z 9 ! case ( ! :ite lead4 7#e7 ,! ,sulphate ,me?od4--,lead sulphate1 #ajj kilos42 bi*romate1 #bd to #be2 ,solvay's soda1 #hge to #af2 ammonia 7#bd p] c5t471 #a to #b2 & acetic acid 7#cj p] c5t471 #e to #aj4 ,! sulphate1 9 ! =m ( a cream1 is gradually add$ to ! o!r +r$i5ts aft] solution4 ,a new & improv$ process = manufactur+ f gal5a *emically pure *rome yell[ hav+ great col\r+ p[]1 accord+ to ! ,pap] ,trade ,j\rnal1 consi/s 9 fir/ dissolv+ pulv]is$ gal5a ) nitric acid to produce liquid nitrate ( lead1 & !n precipitat+ ! *romate ( lead by subject+ ! nitrate ( lead to ! action ( bi*romate ( pota%1 neutral *romate ( pota% or *romate ( pota%-soda4 ,! gal5a 7sulphide ( lead7 is fir/ pulv]is$ by suitable means1 & 9 case x conta9s =eign m9]als or o!r impurities1 x is wa%$ or o!rwise treat$ 9 a suitable mann] to remove ^! sub/ances4 ,! pulv]is$ gal5a is !n plac$ 9 acid-pro( vessels & is dissolv$ by add+ nitric acid dilut$ ) wat]1 ! entire mass be+ well /irr$4 ,a sl[ dissolv+ takes place at ! ord9>y temp]ature2 b :5 ! mass is heat$ artificially1 ei!r by heat+ ! vessel1 or by us+ hot wat] add$ to ! nitric acid1 or by ! use ( /eam1 m rapid solution is effect$4 ,! product obta9$ is nitrate ( lead 9 a liquid /ate4 ,! quantity ( nitric acid necess>y = dissolv+ a c]ta9 quantity ( gal5a dep5ds on ! p]c5tage ( lead conta9$ 9 ! ore1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t on ! am\nt & nature ( impurities pres5t 9 x1 & also on ! l5g? ( "t 9 :i* ! dissolv+ takes place4 ,9 treat+ #ajj lb4 ( gal5a hav+ #hj p] c5t4 ( metallic lead1 ab\t #ij to #ajj lb4 ( nitric acid ( #cf to #ch ,b4 are us$1 & ! nitric acid is dilut$ ) #ajj to #bjj lb4 ( wat]4 ,?is mixture is left = ab\t #bd to #cf h\rs1 & is /irr$ up occasionally1 z above /at$4 ,aft] ! gal5a is dissolv$ by ! nitric acid1 & ! sulphide ( lead is *ang$ into liquid plumbic nitrate1 !n ! sulphur :i* floats occasionally on ! surface ( ! solution is remov$1 & ! sub/ance :i* rema9s undissolv$ is wa%$ out & is also remov$4 ,! liquid nitrate is !n pass$ ?r\gh filt]s ( felt1 l951 hemp1 flannel1 c41 or is left /&+ = ab\t #ab to #ah h\rs = settl+ & cle>+4 ,n[ 9 ord] to produce ! *rome yell[ f ?is nitrate ( lead1 bi*romate ( pota% is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & a suffici5t quantity ( ?is solution is p\r$ into ! plumbic nitrate solution until all ! plumbic nitrate is *ang$ into *romate ( lead1 call$ 8*rome yell[40 ,in/ead ( ! bi*romate ( pota%1 neutral *romate1 or *romate ( soda may be us$1 & = ! purpose ( obta9+ light] t9ts !y may be temp]$ ) sulphuric acid or any o!r comp\nd ( sulphur4 ,! liquid nitrate ( lead is plac$1 pref]ably1 9 l>ge op5 receptacles ( wood1 clay1 e>!nw>e1 or o!r suitable mat]ial1 & ! *romate ( pota% solution is put into simil> vessels1 & !n plac$ above ! receptacles conta9+ ! plumbic nitrate4 ,! *romate ( pota% c !n easily be run into ! l[] receptacles conta9+ ! liquid nitrate ( lead1 & ?is mixture is con/antly agitat$ by simil> means until all ! plumbic nitrate is *ang$ into *romate ( lead1 :i* is precipitat$ on ! bottom ( ! l>g] receptacles4 ,! *emical action :i* takes place by ?is *ang+ ( nitrate ( lead into *romate ( lead is t ! *romic acid ( ! pota% assumes ! place ( ! nitric acid1 :i* p>ts f ! lead & comb9es ) ! potassium1 s t ! lead z *romate ( lead is precipitat$ on ! bottom ( ! receptacle1 :ile ! nitric acid ( ! plumbic nitrate rema9s ) ! potassium1 :i* latt] has p>t$ ) its *romic acid1 & a quantity ( wat] z solution above ! *romate ( lead4 ,to *ange ! nitrate ( lead recov]$ out ( ! #ajj lb4 ( gal5a above m5tion$ into *romate ( lead1 ab\t #ef lb4 ( bi*romate ( pota% are us$4 ,?is *ange usually takes place 9 f ab\t #aj to #cj m9utes1 aft] :i* ! *rome yell[ 7*romate ( lead7 is left = a few h\rs to settle1 & !n ! solution /&+ on top ( ! *rome yell[ is drawn (f by suitable means1 or run out ( ! vessel by op5+ a cock plac$ above ! level ( ! *romate ( lead4 ,! latt] is !n wa%$ by add+ pure wat]1 :i* is p\r$ ^u ! *rome yell[1 & ! mixture is /irr$ up1 s t all ! rema9+ liquid nitrate ( pota% is remov$4 ,aft] ?is is accompli%$1 ! mass is left to settle1 & ! wat] is aga9 drawn (f f ! precipitate1 :i* !n settles on ! bottom ( ! receptacle4 ,?is wa%+ is repeat$ z (t5 z is deem$ necess>y4 ,! *rome yell[ is next plac$ 9 suitable receptacles1 & dri$ 9 ! op5 air or 9 specially con/ruct$ dry+ rooms1 aft] :i* x is pack$ 9 boxes1 kegs1 c41 & is !n ready = use4 ,! liquid nitrate ( potassium1 or saltpetre lye1 remov$ f ! receptacles 9 :i* ! *rome yell[ is precipitat$1 & ! fir/ wat] us$ = wa%+ ! *rome yell[1 z above describ$1 are plac$ 9 l>ge op5 flat receptacles or excavations1 s z to be expos$ to ! action ( ! air & sun2 or ! liquids may be op]at$ on by a small graduation "w1 s t a great portion ( wat] evaporates4 ,! residue is !n heat$ 9 suitable vessels or tr\ghs by a sl[ heat until a salt cru/ is =m$1 :i*1 :5 cool$ (f & left to dry1 is nitrate ( potassium or saltpetre 9 a pure /ate4 ,f #ajj lb4 ( gal5a hav+ #hj p] c5t4 metallic lead1 "s #bh to #cj lb4 ( pure & dry saltpetre are produc$ by ! above describ$ process4 ,! sulphur produc$ by ! dissolv+ ( ! gal5a by nitric acid is melt$ 9 a small /ove or furnace 9 ! usual mann]1 & !n ref9$1 s z to produce b>s ( sulphur call$ 8brim/one40 ,ab\t #aj lb4 ( su* sulphur are produc$ f #ajj lb4 ( su* gal5a treat$ 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,! *rome yell[ ?us produc$ is said to be *emically pure1 & ( great cov]+ p[]1 equal to ! be/ *rome yell[ 9 ! m>ket4 ,! process is v simple1 & ! crude lead ore is trans=m$ into *rome yell[ 9 f ?ree to f\r days4 ,*>act]s4--,pure *romate ( lead has an orange-yell[ col\r1 & 9 :atev] mann] x be made x always has ?is t9t4 ,comm]cially1 *romes are made ( a great v>iety ( t9ts1 f a pale-lemon *rome to a deep sc>let1 ?r\gh all ! int]m$iate %ades ( yell[s & oranges2 9 fact1 mo/ col\r mak]s produce n less ?an eight1 & "s m %ades ( *romes1 :5ce x is obvi\s t !y _c be *emically pure1 b mu/ be mix$ ) "s o!r bodies4 ,9 comm]ce1 *romes are di/+ui%$ z 8pure0 & 8common03 ! di/9ction betwe5 !m is t ! 8pure0 *romes are made f a lead base1 & consi/ ( *romate ( lead mix$ to a l>g] or small] am\nt ) sulphate ( lead1 ! pal] %ades conta9+ mo/ ( ! latt]2 :ile ! 8common0 *romes are mix$ ) *9a clay1 b>ytes1 gypsum1 or simil> bodies4 ,to di/+ui% ! two k9ds ( *romes1 treat ) boil+ hydro*loric acid4 ,if pure1 ! *rome w completely dissolve1 ! solution usually hav+ a gre5 col\r4 ,on cool+1 cry/als ( lead *loride sep>ate out4 ,! liquor w give a :ite precipitate ) b>ium *loride4 ,by tak+ a weigh$ quantity ( *rome1 dissolv+ 9 hydro*loric acid1 add+ excess ( b>ium *loride1 filt]+1 ?or\ghly wa%+ ! precipitate ) boil+ wat]1 dry+ & weigh+ x1 & mak+ ! necess>y calculations1 e "o "p ( ! precipitate be+ equal to #ac p>ts ( sulphate ( lead1 ! quantity ( ! latt] 9 ! *rome is obta9$4 ,! 8common0 *romes1 :i* mo/ly conta9 b>ytes1 are n completely dissolv$ on boil+ 9 hydro*loric acid1 ! b>ytes !y hold be+ left z an insoluble residue4 ,by tak+ a weigh$ quantity ( ! *rome1 & filt]+ (f1 dry+ & weigh+ ! residue1 ! am\nt ( b>ytes pres5t c be asc]ta9$2 ! solution c be te/$ = sulphate ( lead1 :i* !y sometimes conta91 z describ$ above4 ,*rome yell[s & oranges %\ld be assay$ = col\r & t9t1 c>e be+ tak5 to comp>e !m ) a ?or\ghly reliable /&>d sample4 ,_! col\r+ p[] & body %\ld also be assay$4 ,ano!r prop]ty :i* %\ld be te/$ is ! col\r t !y yield on mix+ ) ,prussian blue4 ,a great deal ( *rome is us$ = mak+ gre5s by mix+ ) ,prussian blue1 & z !re is a v consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 ! %ade ( gre5 !y give1 x is r important to te/ ?is prop]ty1 :i* c readily be done by mix+ #ajj gra9s ( ! *rome ) #aj gra9s ( ,prussian blue1 gr9d+ !m toge!r 9 a mort>1 & obs]v+ ! %ade ( ! gre5 :i* is produc$ !reby2 if ! gre5 is n bright & pure1 ! *rome is n fit to be made into gre5s1 & %\ld be reject$ = t purpose4 ,iron ,*romate4--,if a solution ( *loride ( iron acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid be add$ to neutral *romate ( lead1 a light orange p[d] is precipitat$1 :i* is *romate ( iron4 ,dri$ at #ajd ,f41 x is f\nd to consi/ ( #fe to #feaa *romic acid1 & #cdeh to #cdgh oxide ( iron4 ,*romate ( iron is insoluble 9 wat]1 dissolves easily 9 hydro*loric1 nitric1 & sulphuric acids1 & decomposes :5 mix$ ) soda lye4 ,"u /rong heat1 x melts into a br[ni% mass4 ,x may be us$ 9 pa9t+ 9 oils1 z a sub/itute = *romate ( lead4 ,al?\gh inf]ior to ! latt] 9 brilliancy1 x has c]ta9 advantages ov] x--x does n black5 ) exposure to sulphurett$ hydrog51 is n injuri\s to ! us]1 & )al is *eap]4 ,z9c ,*romates4--,! be=e-quot$ writ] 9 ! ,*emical ,trade ,j\rnal1 speak+ ( z9c *romates1 says t al?\gh x is possible to prep>e lead *romates hav+ %ades v>y+ imp]ceptibly f ! pale/ lemon to a deep granite r$1 9 ! case ( ! z9c comp\nds sc>cely any v>iation f ! normal is possible1 ?is be+1 h[ev]1 diff]5t f any?+ obta9able ) lead4 ,z9c yell[s fall consid]ably bel[ ! ord9>y *romes 9 _! col\r+ p[]1 b !y are fa/] 9 light & are less poison\s4 ,m ?an #hj p] c5t4 ( ! am\nt annually made 9 ,g]many is us$ = ! production ( z9c gre5 by mix+ ) ,prussian blues1 ( :i* sub/ance ,holl&1 ,switz]l&1 & ,hung>y are ! greate/ consum]s4 ,! z9c yell[s met ) 9 comm]ce v>y 9 _! con/itution consid]ably1 be+ usually acid *romates ( z9c & potassium1 basic z9c *romates be+ r>e4 ,ord9>y salts ( z9c inv>iably conta9 small am\nts ( iron1 :i* mu/ be remov$ be=e !y are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( col\rs4 ,! simple/ me?od is to heat !m ) ! quantity ( p]manganate !oretically necess>y to conv]t all ! iron pres5t into ! f]ric /ate1 add+ z9c hydrate1 :i* ne$ n be free f iron2 aft] ?or\gh /irr+1 ! :ole is all[$ to settle1 & filt]$1 :5 ! liquid w be f\nd to conta9 n a trace ( iron4 ,on ! addition ( *romate to su* solutions1 a yell[ precipitate 7,zn,cr,o#d7 falls1 b ow+ to its great solubility 9 ! liquid ?is process is valueless4 ,by us+ an excess ( bi*romate1 ! z9c *romate comb9es ) "s ( ! alkal9e salt1 =m+ ! comp\nd 7,zn,cr,o#d7c4,k#b;,cr#b,o#g1 :i* may be wa%$ )\t loss2 b on dry+ yields an extremely h>d1 s&y p[d]1 possess+1 9 spite ( its f9e col\r1 no value z a pigm5t4 ,by neutralis+ ! two solutions be=e precipitat+1 a mu* high] yield ( *romate is obta9$1 b /ill s mu* *romic acid is lo/ z to make ! process too exp5sive to pay4 ,=m]ly an addition ( calcium *loride 0 made to ! neutral solutions1 s z to precipitate z calcium *romate "s ( ! acid :i* rema9$ mix$ ) ! z9c salt4 ,! be/ results1 bo? 9 reg>d to yield & col\r1 are obta9$ by add+ to ! z9c salt suffici5t alkali to decompose "o-qu>t] ( x1 s t ! *rome may h ! =mula 7,zn,cr,o#d7c4,zn,o4 ,to ! bi*romate1 en\gh alkali %\ld also be add$ to conv]t x into ! normal salt4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ! nature ( ! metal comb9$ ) ! *romic acid has ! greate/ influ5ce on ! %ade ( ! z9c yell[1 s mu* s t 9 manufactur+ 8acid0 z9c yell[1 ! use ( sodium bi*romate is inadmissible4 ,a basic z9c yell[ prep>$ f ! sodium salt has a r$d] & m cl\dy %ade ?an "o made f ! potassium comp\nd1 b ! diff]5ce is h>dly noticeable :5 sodium-potassium *romate is employ$4 ,mod]n z9c yell[s are inv>iably prep>$ f acid solutions1 & consi/ ( a d\ble salt ( z9c *romate & potassium bi*romate1 mix$ ) a v>y+ am\nt ( un*ang$ z9c oxide1 :i* mu/ n be reg>d$ z an adult]ation ( ! pigm5t1 = its pres5ce gives ! sub/ance 8body40 ,z previ\sly /at$1 sodium bi*romate is inadmissible1 z x does n =m simil> d\ble salts4 ,! raw mat]ial is usually z9c oxide1 :i* is met ) 9 a /ate ( great purity2 by ! addition ( sulphuric acid1 ?is is conv]t$ into basic z9c sulphate2 potassium bi*romate solution is add$1 & ! :ole is /irr$ vigor\sly = an h\r4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t1 ! z9c *romate1 :i* 0 previ\sly 9 a /ate ( p>tial solution1 beg9s to sep>ate out 9 ! =m ( a brilliant yell[ scum on ! surface ( ! liquid1 consi/+ ( 7,zn,cr,o#d7c4,k#b;,cr#b,o#g1 :ile ! solution rapidly becomes almo/ col\rless4 ,suitable proportions are3--,z9c oxide1 #ajj p>ts2 sulphuric acid 7#ff ,b47 #fj2 & potassium bi*romate1 #ajj4 ,al?\gh x is h>dly possible t any hydration takes place1 x is f\nd advisable to soak ! z9c oxide 9 wat] = #bd h\rs be=e ! o!r reag5ts are add$1 ! sulphuric acid aft] dilution be+ add$ gradually4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! solutions are all cold1 & ! /irr+ is cont9u\s1 to avoid ! pigm5t be+ deposit$ 9 a h>d s&y =m4 ,z9c yell[s ?us prep>$ are n liable to *ange dur+ wa%+ 9 a mann] analog\s to ! lead comp\nds4 ,z9c *rome is n mu* us$1 p>tly because x is exp5sive1 p>tly because x _c compete ) ! lead *romes 9 brilliance1 dep? ( col\r1 & body4 ,/ill1 ow+ to ! fact t x c be mix$ ) sulphur pigm5ts )\t *ange1 x is (t5 employ$ 9 ! place ( ! lead *romes4 ,pure z9c *rome is completely soluble 9 sulphuric acid )\t any eff]vesc5ce1 b a slight eff]vesc5ce may be disreg>d$4 ,any residue may be put d[n z adult]ation1 & its "* c be asc]ta9$ by a few simple te/s3 x may be *rome yell[1 b>ytes1 c4 ,,gamboge4--,gamboge is a product ( sev]al trees ( ,ea/]n ,asia3 viz4 ,g>c9ia ,morella v>4 4 p$icellata ,g4 ,hanburyi1 a native ( ,cambodia1 ! prov9ce ( ,*antibun 9 ,siam1 ! isl&s on ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,gulf ( ,siam1 & ! s\? p>ts ( ,co*9 ,*9a2 ,g4 ,morella1 gr[+ 9 ! moi/ =e/s ( ,ceylon & ,s\!rn ,india2 & ,g4 pictoria1 ( ,s\!rn ,india1 by "s consid]$ id5tical ) ,g4 ,morella4 ,g4 travancorica1 ( ! s\!rn =e/s ( ,travancore & ! ,t9nevelly ,ghts1 is capable ( af=d+ small supplies ( ! pigm5t = local use1 b n = export4 ,:5 ! ra9y season has set 91 p>ties ( natives />t 9 se>* ( gamboge-trees1 & select ^? :i* are suffici5tly matur$4 ,a spiral incision is made 9 ! b>k on two sides ( ! tree1 & jo9ts ( bamboo are plac$ at ! base ( ! incision s z to cat* ! gum-res9 z x exudes ) extreme sl[ness dur+ a p]iod ( sev]al mon?s4 ,x issues z a yell[i% fluid1 b gradually assumes a visc\s & f9ally a solid /ate 9 ! bamboo receptacle4 ,x is v commonly adult]at$ ) rice-fl\r & ! p[d]$ b>k ( ! tree1 b ! latt] imp>ts a gre5i% t9t4 ,s& is occasionally add$4 ,! product f a good tree may fill ?ree bamboo jo9ts1 ea* #ah to #bj in*es long & #a in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! trees fl\ri% on bo? high & l[ l&4 ,annual tapp+ is said to %ort5 _! lives1 b if ! gum-res9 is only drawn 9 alt]nate ye>s1 ! trees d n seem to suff]1 & la/ = _m ye>s4 ,dr4 ,jamie1 ( ,s+apore1 :o has gamboge-trees gr[+ on 8 e/ate1 says t !y fl\ri% mo/ luxuriantly 9 ! d5se jungles4 ,he consid]s ! be/ "t = cutt+ to be ,febru>y to ,april4 ,! fill$ bamboos are rotat$ ne> a fire till ! moi/ure 9 ! gamboge has evaporat$ suffici5tly to p]mit ! bamboo to be /ripp$ f ! h>d5$ gum-res94 ,! gamboge is secret$ by ! tree *iefly 9 num]\s ducts 9 ! middle lay] ( ! b>k1 besides a little 9 ! dott$ vessels ( ! out]mo/ lay] ( ! wood1 & 9 ! pi?4 ,x arrives 9 comm]ce 9 ! =m ( cyl9d]s1 #d to #h in*es long & #a to #b in*es 9 diamet]1 (t5 m or less r5d]$ %apeless4 ,:5 good1 x is d5se1 homog5e\s1 brittle1 %[+ con*oidal fracture1 sc>cely transluc5t1 & ( ri* br[ni%-orange col\r4 ,inf]ior qualities %[ r\gh1 granul> fracture1 & br[ni% hue1 & are sometimes /ill s(t4 ,! pigm5t consi/s ( a mixture ( #ae to #bj p] c5t4 gum ) #he to #hj p] c5t4 res94 ,its *ief uses are 9 wat]-col\r pa9t+1 & 9 v>ni%es4 ,,k+',s ,,yell[4--,a famili> "n = ! trisulphide ( ars5ic1 also kn[n z orpim5t 7see p4 #bhj74 ,,naples ,,yell[s4--,?is gr\p ( pigm5ts embraces sev]al comb9ations ( ! oxides ( lead & antimony1 d]iv$ f v>i\s s\rces1 & prep>$ by sundry me?ods4 ,two ( ! mo/ useful =mul are z foll[s3-- 7a7 ,mix #c lb4 p[d]$ metallic antimony1 #a lb4 oxide ( z9c1 & #b lb4 r$-lead2 calc9e1 gr9d f9e1 & fuse 9 a clos$ crucible2 gr9d ! fus$ mass to f9e p[d]1 & wa% well4 7b7 ,gr9d #a "p wa%$ antimony ) #b p>ts r$-lead to a /iff pa/e ) wat]1 & expose to r$ heat = #d or #e h\rs4 ,!re are a great _m modifications bo? 9 ! +r$i5ts & ! processes1 & a great v>iety ( %ades 9 consequ5ce4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! ,naples yell[s are unsatisfactory pigm5ts1 v prone to det]iorate 9 impure air1 & necessitat+ great c>e 9 _! prep>ation to avoid contact ) iron1 :i* turns !m gre54 ,!y cov] well1 are fairly brilliant1 & mix readily ) wat] or oil1 b _! application is decl9+ rapidly4 ,,o*res4--,! l>ge class ( m9]al pigm5ts kn[n collectively z o*res or si5na e>?s possess consid]able importance1 notably on acc\nt ( _! rem>kable durability & _! reasonable price4 ,!y all consi/ ess5tially ( an e>?y base col\r$ by oxide ( iron or ( manganese1 or ( bo?4 ,"s au?orities diff]5tiate betwe5 o*res & si5nas1 & ascribe ! latt] "n only to ^? e>?s :i* conta9 manganese1 b ?is seems to be an arbitr>y proce$+1 because ! t]m si5na1 or m prop]ly ,si5a1 is d]iv$ solely f ! "n ( ! ,italian prov9ce 9 :i* ^! m9]als are work$4 ,!y are ( widespread occurr5ce1 bo? geographically & geologically1 & ! me?ods ( m9+ & prep>+ !m are n subject to mu* v>iation4 ,consul ,colnaghi1 9 8 report on ! m9]al products ( ! prov9ce ( ,si5a1 says t ,si5a e>?s1 kn[n also "u ! names ( o*re1 bole1 umb]1 c41 are consid]$ by "s m9]alogi/s to be f]rug9\s clays1 by o!rs1 m9]als ( iron4 ,!y are *iefly f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! communes ( ,ca/el del ,piano & ,arcidosso4 ,! yell[ e>?s & bole f\nd on ! we/]n slopes ( ,monte ,amiata are true lacu/r9e deposits f\nd amid ! tra*ytic rocks1 ( :i* x is pr9cipally compos$4 ,!y lie "u1 & are entirely cov]$ by1 ! vegetable soil4 ,v>y+ 9 compactness & col\r1 !y are t]m$ yell[ e>?s :5 ( a cle> o*re\s t9t1 & t]ra bol>e1 or bole1 :5 ( a d>k *e/nut col\r4 ,ea* deposit consi/s = ! great] "p ( yell[ e>?1 b5ea? :i* bole is f\nd 9 /rata or small ve9s4 ,! m9]al be+ v friable1 its excavation is easy1 & is g5]ally conduct$ 9 op5 pits4 ,! diff]5t qualities are sep>at$ dur+ ! process1 ! bole1 :i* has ! high] comm]cial value1 be+ ! m c>efully treat$4 ,aft] ! fir/ sep>ation ! bole is fur!r class$ into fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & int]m$iate qualities--boletta1 fascia1 c]*ione1 c4 ,its mo/ important *>act]i/ic is t]m$1 9 comm]cial language1 punto di colore1 or t9t4 ,! value ( ! bole rises z its t9t deep5s4 ,?us bole ( ! ?ird quality is light] ?an t ( ! second1 & ! second ?an t ( ! fir/4 ,aft] ! ?ird quality comes ! t]ra guilla4 ,! yell[ e>?s1 aft] excavation1 are expos$ to ! op5 air = ab\t a ye>1 by ! pit side1 )\t classification4 ,! bole1 on ! contr>y1 is plac$ 9 well-v5tilat$ /oreh\ses to dry = ab\t six mon?s4 ,?is div]sity ( treatm5t is ow+ to ! fact t exposure to ! elem5ts bright5s ! col\r ( ! yell[ e>?s1 & raises _! value1 :ile x w\ld damage ! bole by turn+ its d>k] t9t fir/ into an orange yell[1 &1 if cont9u$1 into an ord9>y yell[ e>?4 ,x also loses 9 compactness & crumbles up "u exposure4 ,9 addition to ! punto di colore1 ! size ( ! pieces influ5ces ! comm]cial value ( ! bole1 :i* increases ) _! volume4 ,?us ! classification is bolo pezzo1 bolo grapol9o1 & bolo polv]e4 ,! yell[ e>?s are class$ z giallo 9 pezzo1 giallo commune1 & giallo impalpabile1 ! impalpable be+ wor? m ?an ! common yell[4 ,! production ( ! ,si5a e>?s is e/imat$ at ab\t #fjj tons p] annum1 ( :i* am\nt ab\t #ej tons are calc9$1 & ! re/ sold 9 ! natural condition4 ,! value ( ! trade is e/imat$ at f #djjj to #fjjj4 ,! ,european trade 9 ^! e>?s is v l>ge4 ,r\5 exports "s #ejjj tons ye>ly1 & ,havre ab\t #aejj tons4 ,simil> deposits occur 9 ,am]ica1 :]e !y are kn[n z 8pa9t-b$s10 & ! e>?s are call$ 8metallic pa9ts40 ,a prom95t example is ! pa9t-b$ at ,lehigh ,gap1 ,c>bon ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 :i* 0 orig9ally op5$ z an iron/one m9e4 ,! m9]al prov$ valueless metallurgically1 b rem>kably useful z a pigm5t1 s9ce x conta9s ab\t #bh p] c5t4 ( hydraulic cem5t1 :i* ha/5s ! dry+ & causes ! pa9t to set )\t any addition ( artificial dry]s1 !reby mak+ x em95tly fitt$ = all outdoor application4 ,along ! outcrop ( ! pa9t1 ! b$s are cov]$ by a cap or ov]burd5 ( clay1 & by ! decompos$ l[] portion ( ! ,m>cellus slate1 :i* is #ej feet ?ick at ! ,ru!r=d %aft4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,m>cellus slate1 ! measures occur 9 ! foll[+ desc5d+ ord]3-- a4 ,hydraulic cem5t 7probably ,upp] ,held]b]g71 v h>d & compact4 b4 ,blue clay1 ab\t #f in*es ?ick4 c4 ,pa9t-ore1 v>y+ f #f in*es to #f feet 9 ?ickness4 d4 ,yell[ clay1 #f feet ?ick4 e4 ,oriskany s&/one1 =m+ ! cre/ & s\!rn side ( ! ridge4 ,ea/ ( ! ,ru!r=d %aft ! s&/one =ms ! top-rock ( ! b$4 ,?is is due to an ov]?r[ occurr+ betwe5 ! ,ru!r=d tunnel & %aft4 ,! pa9t-b$ is n cont9u\s ?r\gh\t its ext5t4 ,x is fault$ at sev]al places2 sometimes x is p9*$ out to a few in*es & aga9 increases 9 wid? to #f feet4 ,a %ort di/ance s\? ( ,b[man's !re is a fault /rik+2 nor?-ea/ 9 ! ,m>cellus slate1 :i* has produc$ a ?r[ ( ab\t #bjj feet4 ,! measures dip f #aj to #ij4 ,! dip at ! ,ru!r=d %aft is ab\t #gi s\?1 :]eas at ! tunnel x is #de nor?4 ,! ore is blui%-gray1 resembl+ lime/one1 & is v h>d & compact4 ,! b$ is ( a light] t9t1 h[ev]1 9 ! upp] ?an 9 ! l[] "p1 & ?is is probably due to its conta9+ m hydraulic cem5t 9 ! upp] /rata4 ,! pa9t-ore conta9s p>t+s ( clay & slate at v>i\s places4 ,at ! ,ru!r=d %aft !re are f9e b&s ( ore1 alt]nat+ ) clay & slate1 z foll[s--,s&/one 7hang+-wall71 clay1 ore1 slate1 ore1 clay1 ore1 clay1 ore1 slate1 ore1 cem5t1 slate 7foot-wall74 ,^! p>t+s1 h[ev]1 are n cont9u\s1 b p9* out1 leav+ ! ore )\t ! admixture ( clay & slate4 ,ne> ! outcrop ! b$ becomes br[n hematite1 due to ! lea*+ out ( ! lime & to complete oxidation4 ,occasionally1 /reaks ( hematite are int]leav$ ) ! pa9t-ore4 ,9 driv+ up ! brea/s1 t[>ds ! outcrop1 ! ore is f\nd at ! top 9 r\nd$1 p>tially oxidis$ & wea!r$ masses1 call$ 8bomb%ells10 cov]$ ) iron oxide & surr\nd$ by a blui% clay4 ,9 l>ge pieces ! ore %[s a decid$ cleavage4 ,! me?od us$ 9 m9+ is a v>iation ( panel-"w4 ,ne>ly ! same sy/em ( work+ is employ$ by all ( ! companies :o h develop$ _! m9es ei!r by means ( tunnels or %afts4 ,tunnels are pref]r$ :5ev] equally conv5i5t1 because !y involve no exp5ses = pump+ & hoi/+ ma*9]y1 fuel1 repairs to ma*9]y1 c4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! op]ation ( ! ,ru!r=d m9es is typical ( all ! work+s 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! ,ru!r=d tunnel is #f feet high & #fjj feet long4 ,! gangways are driv5 along ! foot-wall ( ! cem5t side1 #f feet high1 & are heavily timb]$ & lagg$ at ! top & on ! clay side4 ,! sets ( timb]s are #c feet ap>t1 & usually ( #i-;in* timb]4 ,! wid? at ! top is #c feet1 ) a spread ( #e feet at ! bottom1 ! extra wid? be+ cut f ! clay4 ,:]e ! cem5t-rock is firm1 ! coll> is hit*$ #f in*es into x & support$ by a leg on ! clay side4 ,! co/ ( ! timb] is #ed c5ts 7#bs4 #c;d47 p] set1 includ+ ! lagg+4 ,! monkey gangway1 :i* c>ries ! air along ! top ( ! brea/ f ! air-%aft1 is #b feet high1 #a feet wide at ! top1 ) a spread ( #b feet at ! bottom4 ,wood5 rails ) a gauge ( #ah in*es are spik$ to ! cross-ties4 ,! gangway is n driv5 cont9u\sly1 b aft] be+ driv5 ab\t #ee feet on ei!r side ( ! %aft1 ! brea/s are />t$ #be feet f ! %aft1 a pill> be+ left to protect x4 ,! brea/ is !n op5$ up to ! face ( ! gangway1 & :5 "o ore-brea/ is work$ out1 ! gangway is driv5 ahead ab\t #cj feet1 & a new brea/ is op5$ & work$ out be=e comm5c+ a ?ird4 ,! air-hole is fir/ driv5 to ! surface1 !n ! brea/ is op5$ to its full wid? ( #f feet4 ,! ?ickness ( ! b$ ( ore "h v>ies f #d to #f feet1 dep5d+ ^u ! ?ickness ( ! p>t+s ( clay & slate4 ,! clay & slate are left on ! bottom1 :i* is made slop+ to all[ ! ore to roll d[n to ! %ute2 ?is is #f feet wide & #d feet long & heavily timb]$4 ,small props or sprags are hit*$ into ! cem5t1 & w$g$ ) a lid on ! clay side to prev5t falls ( rock4 ,! holes are drill$ by h& 9 ! clay-p>t+s4 ,!y v>y 9 dep? f #a to #d feet1 & ! *>ge ( dynamite is v>i$ correspond+ly1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( ore x is desir$ to ?r[ d[n4 ,! loose ore is w$g$ d[n ) cr[b>s & picks1 & is !n fre$ f any adh]+ clay & ?r[n d[n ! %ute4 ,x is !re load$ into boxes hold+ ab\t half a ton ea*1 :i* are pu%$ to ! %aft on a truck4 ,! ore-boxes h f\r r+s at ! corn]s1 to :i* are atta*$ f\r *a9s1 susp5d$ f ! wire hoi/+-rope4 ,at ! top ( ! %aft ! boxes are deta*$ & plac$ on a truck1 :i* is run to ! dump4 ,?irty c>s1 av]ag+ #ae tons1 are extract$ 9 a day ( two %ifts1 ! day-%ift work+ n9e h\rs & ! night-%ift elev54 ,! pay ( ! m9]s is #es4 p] %ift4 ,! co/ ( m9+ ! ore av]ages #gs4 p] ton4 ,! ore1 z x comes f ! m9es1 is free f refuse1 great c>e hav+ be5 tak5 to sep>ate slate & clay f x 9 ! work+ places4 ,x is haul$ 9 #b-ton wagons to kilns1 :i* are situat$ on a hill-side = conv5i5ce 9 *>g+4 ,! plat=m ^u :i* ! ore is dump$ is built f ! top ( ! kiln to ! side ( ! hill4 ,! ore is fir/ spall$ to fi/-size & fre$ f slate1 & is !n c>ri$ 9 buggies to ! *>g+-hole ( ! kiln4 ,! slate1 :5 burn$1 has a light yell[i% col\r1 :i* w\ld *ange ! col\r ( ! product4 ,figs4 #cj to #cb repres5t a front elevation ( ! kiln & two sections at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,! kiln is #bb feet high & #af feet squ>e on ! outside4 ,! int]ior is cyl9drical1 #e feet 9 diamet]1 ) a fire-brick l9+ a ( ! be/ quality4 ,! int]ior l9+ slopes f ! fire-place b to ! door c1 by :i* ! *>ges are )drawn2 ?is facilitates ! removal ( ! calc9$ ore4 ,! cas+ d is ( s&/one1 #e feet ?ick1 & ti$ toge!r ) ! be/ :ite-oak timb] e4 ,:5 *>g$1 a kiln holds #af tons ( ore1 & ! kiln is kept con/antly full4 ,! heat passes f ! fire-places b--( :i* !re are two1 plac$ diametrically opposite ea* o!r--?r\gh a *eck]-"w f ( brick into ! c5tre ( ! *>ge4 ,! *>ge ent]s at g & is )drawn by a door c 9 ! front wall1 #b feet long & #ah in*es high4 ,! a%pit is at i4 ,! fire is kept at a *]ry-r$ heat1 & ab\t "o cord ( wood is burn$ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! kiln works cont9u\sly1 calc9$ ore be+ )drawn & fre% *>ges made )\t int]ruption4 ,! ore is subject$ = =ty-eight h\rs to ! heat1 :i* expels ! moi/ure1 sulphur & c>bon-dioxide4 ,ab\t #a tons ( calc9$ ore are )drawn e ?ree h\rs dur+ ! day4 ,! outside ( ! lumps ( calc9$ ore has a light br[n col\r1 :ile ! int]ior %[s ^u fracture a d>k] br[n4 ,great c>e is necess>y to regulate ! heat ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #cj1 #ca1 #cb4--,,ru!r=d ,,& ,,b>clay ,,kiln4 s t ! ore is n ov] burn$4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 ! product has a black scoriace\s appe>ance1 & is unfit = ! manufacture ( metallic pa9t1 z x is extremely h>d to gr9d4 ,! calc9$ ore is c>ri$ f ! kiln 9 wagons to ! mill1 :]e x is brok5 to ! size ( gra9s ( corn 9 a rotat+ cru%]4 ,! brok5 ore is c>ri$ by elevators to ! /ock-b9s at ! top ( ! build+1 & !nce by %utes to ! hopp]s ( ! mills1 :i* gr9d x to ! necess>y degree ( f95ess4 ,elevators aga9 c>ry x to ! pack+-ma*9e by a sp\t1 & x is pack$ into b>rels hold+ #ejj1 #cjj1 or #ajj lb4 ea*4 ,*>act]s4--,o*res owe _! col\r to hydrat$ oxide ( iron1 besides :i* body !y conta9 clayey matt] 7silicate ( alum9a71 e>?y matt]s1 b>ytes1 c>bonate & sulphate ( calcium1 c41 dep5d5t ^u ! locality f :5ce !y are obta9$2 ?us ,d]by%ire o*res conta9 mo/ly calc>e\s e>?y matt]s1 b>ytes1 gypsum1 c41 :ile ,ox=d o*res & ,fr5* o*res conta9 clayey matt]2 ,wel% o*res are v>iable1 & usually conta9 a good deal ( silici\s matt]4 ,crude o*res %\ld fir/ be assay$ = actual col\r+ matt] & grit or refuse4 ,?is c be done by a k9d ( levigation me?od3 #bjj gra9s ( ! crude o*re are cru%$ 9 a mort>2 ! gr9d+ mu/ n be too well done1 or o!rwise faulty results w be obta9$4 ,! cru%$ o*re is put into a tall conical glass2 a long glass funnel passes to ! bottom ( ! glass1 & ! :ole is arrang$ 9 a l>ge glass bas9 or di%4 ,a curr5t ( wat] is n[ caus$ to fl[ d[n ! glass funnel2 ?is wa%es ! f9e p>ticles ( o*re away f ! grit1 & !y are c>ri$ ov] ! sides ( ! glass into ! di%4 ,"h !y are all[$ to settle1 & are collect$ & weigh$ aft] dry+1 an op]ation :i* gives ! am\nt ( o*re 9 ! crude mat]ial4 ,levigat$ & prep>$ o*res c be te/$ = col\r & cov]+ p[]1 by ! usual me?ods4 ,^! are ! mo/ important po9ts ab\t o*res to :i* att5tion %\ld be paid4 ,,orpim5t4--,orpim5t1 k+'s yell[1 or trisulphide ( ars5ic1 is a lemon or orange-yell[ col\r$ sub/ance1 f\nd native 9 ,hung>y1 ! ,h>tz1 & o!r places4 ,! f9e/ samples us$ by arti/s 7gold5 orpim5t7 come f ,p]sia4 ,! comm]cial article is artificially prep>$ = use z a pigm5t 9 ! foll[+ way3-- ,a mixture ( ars5i\s acid & sulphur is plac$ 9 an iron sublim+-pot1 simil> to ^? us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( crude :ite ars5ic4 ,! mixture is !n heat$ until ! sublimate :i* imm$iately =ms ^u ! r+s fix$ above ! pot beg9s to melt4 ,! proportions ( ! two +r$i5ts us$ v>y l>gely1 ! be/ col\rs be+ probably produc$ :5 ! mixture conta9s f "o-?ird to "o-fif? ( sulphur2 = ! light] col\rs1 a small] proportion ( sulphur is employ$4 ,orpim5t made 9 ?is mann] consi/s ( a me*anical mixture ( sulphide & oxide ( ars5ic4 ,orpim5t is also employ$ z a dye1 9 ! prep>ation ( fireworks1 & 9 "s depilatories4 ,! native sulphide is pref]r$ to ! artificial v>iety by arti/s & dy]s1 by reason ( its ri*] col\r2 b x is a col\r :i* 9 reality is h>dly ev] us$ n[4 ,sometimes x is employ$ 9 wat]-col\rs1 b z a pigm5t x is wor?less4 ,if x comes 9 contact ) :ite lead x is decompos$ 9 "t1 & a br[n or black sulphide ( lead is =m$4 ,:ile x endures x is a v brilliant col\r4 ,,realg>4--,realg> or disulphide ( ars5ic1 is a deep orange-r$ sub/ance1 soluble 9 wat]1 & highly volatile & poison\s4 ,x is f\nd native 9 "s volcanic di/ricts1 especially 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,naples2 b ! comm]cial article is made by di/ill+1 9 e>!nw>e retorts1 ars5ical pyrites1 or a mixture ( sulphur & ars5ic1 or ( orpim5t & sulphur1 or ( ars5i\s acid1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 9 ! prop] proportions2 x has n ! brilliant col\r ( ! native m9]al1 & is mu* m poison\s4 ,on a l>ge scale1 ! manufacture is c>ri$ on 9 ! foll[+ way3--,! +r$i5ts are mix$ toge!r 9 su* proportions t ! mixture %all conta9 #ae p] c5t4 ( ars5ic1 & f #bf to #bh p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 9 ord] to make all[ance = ! volatilisation ( a portion ( ! latt] sub/ance4 ,! mixture is !n plac$ 9 a s]ies ( e>!nw>e retorts1 :i* are *>g$ e twelve h\rs ) ab\t #fj lb42 ?is quantity %\ld fill !m ?ree p>ts full4 ,^! are !n gradually heat$ to r$ness = f eight to twelve h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t ! realg> di/ils (f1 & is collect$ 9 e>!n receiv]s1 simil> to ! retorts1 b p]=at$ ) small holes to p]mit ! escape ( ^! gases4 ,aft] ! op]ation1 ! receiv]s are empti$1 & ! crude product is remelt$4 ,?is is p]=m$ 9 ca/-iron pots1 ! cont5ts be+ well agitat$1 & ! slag c>efully remov$4 ,! requisite am\nt ( sulphur or ars5ic is !n add$1 accord+ to ! col\r ( ! mixture1 or else a prop] quantity ( realg> conta9+ an excess ( ! requir$ con/itu5t1 & ! mass is aga9 /irr$4 ,:51 on cool+1 x exhibits ! correct col\r & compactness1 x is run (f into conical m\lds ( %eet iron1 cool$ & brok5 up2 x is sometimes ref9$ by re-sublimation4 ,! *ief use ( realg> is z a pigm5t2 & 9 pyrote*ny 9 ! prep>ation ( :ite fires4 ,z a pigm5t x possesses ! same features & faults z its close ally orpim5t4 ,,si5nas4--,ano!r "n = o*res1 describ$ on p4 #bgb4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,lakes4 ,organic col\r+ matt]s = use z pigm5ts are mo/ly made 9 ! =m ( 8lakes10 by "o ( ! ?ree foll[+ me?ods3-- 7a7 ,to a filt]$ solution ( ! col\r+ matt] is add$ a solution ( alum2 ! :ole is agitat$1 & ! col\r is precipitat$ by a solution ( c>bonate ( pota%4 7b7 ,a solution ( ! col\r+ matt] is made 9 a weak alkal9e lye1 & precipitat$ by add+ a solution ( alum4 7c7 ,rec5tly-precipitat$ alum9a is agitat$ ) a solution ( ! col\r+ matt] z be=e1 until ! liquid is ne>ly decoloris$1 or ! alum9a assumes a suffici5tly deep t9t4 ,! fir/ me?od is g5]ally adopt$ = acidul\s solutions ( col\r+ matt]1 or ^? injur$ by alkalies2 ! second = ^? n injur$ by alkalies2 ! ?ird1 = ^? ^: aff9ity = gelat9\s alum9a enables !m to comb9e ) x by m]e agitation4 ,alum9a 9 a /ate suitable = ! prep>ation ( ! pigm5ts kn[n z 8lakes0 may be produc$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,dissolve #a lb4 ( alum 9 gallon ( wat]1 & add #ge gra9s ( sulphate ( copp]1 & ab\t lb4 ( z9c turn+s2 leave ! mixture = ?ree days 9 a w>m place1 r5ew+ ! wat] lo/ by evaporation4 ,! copp] is fir/ deposit$ ^u ! z9c1 ! two metals ?us =m+ a voltaic c\ple suffici5tly /rong4 ,hydrog5 is dis5gag$1 sulphate ( z9c is =m$1 & ! alum9a gradually sep>ates 9 ! /ate ( a v f9e p[d]2 ! action is all[$ to cont9ue until !re is no m alum9a left 9 solution1 or until ammonia ceases to give a precipitate4 ,if ! reaction is prolong$ beyond ?is po9t1 oxide ( iron w precipitate if pres5t4 ,! alum9a wa%es easily1 & does n contract ^u dry+4 ,,brazil-,,wood ,,lake4--7a7 ,dige/ #a lb4 gr\nd ,brazil-wood 9 #d gal4 wat] = #bd h\rs1 boil h\r1 & add #a lb4 alum dissolv$ 9 a little wat]2 mix1 decant1 /ra91 add lb4 t9 solution1 aga9 mix well1 & filt]2 to ! cle> liquid cauti\sly add a solution ( c>bonate ( soda :ile a precipitate =ms1 avoid+ excess2 collect1 wa%1 & dry4 ,! %ade w v>y accord+ z ! precipitate is collect$4 7b7 ,add wa%$ & rec5tly-precipitat$ alum9a to a /rong filt]$ decoction ( ,brazil-wood4 ,,c>m9at$ ,,lake4--7a7 ,! co*9eal residue left 9 mak+ c>m9e is boil$ ) repeat$ portions ( wat] till exhau/$2 ! liquor is mix$ ) t decant$ (f ! c>m9e1 & at once filt]$2 "s rec5tly-precipitat$ alum9a is add$1 & ! :ole is g5tly heat$1 & well agitat$ = a %ort "t4 ,z soon z ! alum9a has absorb$ en\gh col\r1 ! mixture is all[$ to settle1 ! cle> portion is decant$1 & ! lake is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$1 & dri$4 ,! decant$ liquor1 if /ill col\r$1 is treat$ ) fre% alum9a till exhau/$1 & ?us a lake ( second quality is obta9$4 7b7 ,to ! col\r$ liquor obta9$ f ! c>m9e & co*9eal z j /at$1 a solution ( alum is add$1 ! filt]$ liquor is precipitat$ ) a solution ( c>bonate ( pota%1 & ! lake is collect$ & treat$ z be=e4 ,! col\r is bright5$ by addition ( t9 solution4 ,,c>m9e4--,boil #a lb4 co*9eal & #d dr4 c>bonate ( pota% 9 #g gal4 wat] = h\r4 ,remove f ! fire1 & /ir 9 #h dr4 p[d]$ alum1 & all[ to settle = #bj to #cj m9utes4 ,p\r ! liquid into ano!r vessel1 & mix 9 a /ra9$ solution ( #d dr4 is+lass 9 #a p9t wat]2 :5 a sk9 has =m$ ^u ! surface1 remove f ! fire1 /ir rapidly1 & all[ to settle = h\r1 :5 ! deposit$ c>m9e is c>efully collect$1 dra9$1 & dri$4 ,,co*9eal ,,lake4--7a7 ,dige/ #a oz4 co>sely p[d]$ co*9eal 9 #b oz4 ea* wat] & rectifi$ alcohol = a week2 filt]1 & precipitate by add+ a few drops ( t9 solution e #b h\rs1 till ! :ole ( ! col\r+ matt] is ?r[n d[n2 wa% ! precipitate 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dry4 7b7 ,dige/ p[d]$ co*9eal 9 ammonia wat] = a week2 dilute ) a little wat]1 & add ! liquid to a solution ( alum z long z any precipitate 7lake7 falls4 7c7 ,boil #a lb4 co>sely p[d]$ co*9eal 9 #b gal4 wat] = #a h\r2 decant1 /ra91 add solution ( #a lb4 cream ( t>t>1 & precipitate ) solution ( alum4 ,by add+ ! alum fir/ & precipitat+ ! lake ) ! t>t>1 ! col\r is slightly *ang$4 ,,madd] ,,lake4--7a7 ,tie #b oz4 madd] 9 a clo?1 beat x well 9 a p9t ( wat] 9 a /one mort>1 & repeat ! process ) ab\t #e p9ts ( fre% wat] till x ceases to yield col\r2 boil ! mix$ liquor 9 an e>!rn vessel1 p\r into a l>ge bas91 & add #a oz4 alum dissolv$ 9 #a p9t boil+ wat]2 /ir well1 & gradually p\r 9 #a oz4 ( /rong solution ( c>bonate ( pota%2 let /& until cold1 p\r (f ! yell[ liquor f ! top1 dra91 agitate ! residue repeat$ly 9 #a qt4 boil+ wat]1 decant1 dra91 & dry4 7b7 ,add a little solution ( acetate ( lead to a decoction ( madd]1 to ?r[ d[n ! br[n col\r+ matt]2 filt]1 add solution ( t9 or alum1 precipitate ) solution ( c>bonate ( soda or pota%1 & proce$ z be=e4 7c7 ,mac]ate #b lb4 gr\nd madd] 9 #a gal4 wat] = #aj m9utes2 /ra9 & press q dry2 repeat a second & ?ird "t1 & add to ! mix$ liquors lb4 alum dissolv$ 9 #c qt4 wat]2 heat 9 wat]-ba? = #c-d h\rs1 add+ wat] z x evaporates2 filt] fir/ ?r\gh flannel1 & :5 cold en\gh ?r\gh pap]2 add solution ( c>bonate ( soda z long z precipitate falls2 wa% ! latt] till ! wat] comes (f col\rless1 & dry4 ,,yell[ ,,lakes4--7a7 ,boil #a lb4 ,p]sian b]ries1 qu]citron-b>k1 or turm]ic1 & #a oz4 cream ( t>t>1 9 #a gal4 wat] till r$uc$ to half2 /ra9 ! decoction1 & precipitate by solution ( alum4 7b7 ,boil #a lb4 ( ! dye/uff ) lb4 alum 9 #a gal4 wat]1 & precipitate by solution ( c>bonate ( pota%4 7c7 ,boil #d oz4 annatto & #ab oz4 pe>la% 9 #a gal4 wat] = h\r2 /ra91 precipitate by add+ #a lb4 alum dissolv$ 9 #a gal4 wat] till x ceases to produce eff]vesc5ce or a precipitate2 /ra9 & dry4 ,= in=mation conc]n+ ! num]\s coal-t> col\rs n[ l>gely manufactur$ into lakes1 ! read] is ref]r$ to 8,spon's ,encyclopdia ( ,indu/rial ,arts40 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,lum9\s ,,pa9ts4 ,! lum9osity ( m9]als has an obvi\s practical value 9 ! case ( su* sub/ances z c be conv5i5tly appli$ 9 ! =m ( a pa9t to surfaces :i* are alt]nately expos$ to light & d>kness1 su* expos$ surfaces emitt+ at "o "t ! light :i* !y h absorb$ at ano!r4 ,famili> illu/rations are /reet plates1 buoys1 & int]iors ( railway c>riages hav+ to trav]se _m tunnels4 ,! light absorb$ may be ei!r daylight or p[]ful artificial light4 ,) ?is object1 sev]al compositions are prep>$ "u ! g5]ic "n ( lum9\s pa9ts4 ,!y are *iefly z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,balma9's4--,?is consi/s ( a phosphoresc5t sub/ance introduc$ into ord9>y pa9t4 ,! phosphoresc5t sub/ance employ$ = ! purpose is a comp\nd obta9$ by simply heat+ toge!r a mixture ( lime & sulphur1 or sub/ances conta9+ lime & sulphur1 su* z alaba/]1 gypsum1 c41 ) c>bon or o!r ag5t1 to remove a portion ( ! oxyg5 pres5t2 or by heat+ lime 9 a vap\r conta9+ sulphur4 ,9 apply+ ?is phosphoresc5t p[d]1 ! be/ results are obta9$ by mix+ x ) a col\rless v>ni% made f ma/ic & turp5t9e2 dry+ oils1 gums1 pa/es1 sizes1 c41 may1 h[ev]1 also be us$4 7#b7 ,a ,fr5* comp\nd4--#ajj lb4 ( a c>bonate ( lime & phosphate ( lime produc$ by ! calc9ation ( sea-%ells1 & especially ^? ( ! g5us ,tridacna & ! cuttle-fi% bone1 intimately mix$ ) #ajj lb4 ( lime r5d]$ *emically pure by calc9ation1 #be lb4 ( calc9$ sea-salt1 #be-ej p] c5t4 ( ! :ole mass ( sulphur1 incorporat$ by ! process ( sublimation1 & #c-g p] c5t4 ( col\r+ matt] 9 ! =m ( p[d] compos$ ( monosulphide ( calcium1 b>ium1 /rontium1 uranium1 magnesium1 alum9ium1 or o!r m9]al or sub/ance produc+ ! same physical appe>ances1 i4 e4 :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 impregnat$ ) light becomes lum9\s 9 ! d>k4 ,aft] hav+ mix$ ^! five +r$i5ts intimately1 ! composition obta9$ is ready = use4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 & m especially = augm5t+ ! int5sity & ! duration ( ! lum9\s effect ( ! composition1 a six? +r$i5t is add$1 9 ! =m ( phosphorus r$uc$ to p[d]1 :i* is obta9$ f seawe$ by ! well-kn[n process ( calc9ation4 ,z to proportion1 x is f\nd t ! phosphorus conta9$ 9 a quantity ( seawe$1 repres5t+ #be p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! composition =m$ by ! five above-nam$ +r$i5ts1 gives v good results4 ,! phosphoresc5t p[d] ?us obta9$ & r$uc$ to pa/e by ! addition ( a suffici5t quantity ( v>ni%1 su* z copal1 may s]ve = illum9at+ a great numb] ( objects1 by arrang+ x 9 m or less ?ick coat+s1 or by ! application ( "o or m coat+s ( ! p[d] incorporat$ 9 ! v>ni%1 or by v>ni%+ previ\sly & spr9kl+ ! dry p[d] ^u ! v>ni%4 ,! am\nt ( p[d] appli$ %\ld n exce$ ! ?ickness ( a ?9 %eet ( c>dbo>d4 ,! dry phosphoresc5t p[d]s are also conv]t$ into transluc5t flexible %eets ( unlimit$ l5g?1 ?ickness1 & wid?1 by mix+ !m ) ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( _! weight ( e!r & collodion 9 equal p>ts 9 a close vessel1 & roll+ ! product into %eets1 ) :i* any objects may be cov]$ :i* are int5d$ to be lum9\s 9 ! d>k4 ,! p[d]s may also be intimately mix$ ) /e>9e1 p>aff91 rectifi$ glue1 is+lass1 wat] glass1 or o!r transp>5t solid matt]1 9 ! proportion ( #bj to #cj p] c5t4 ( ! =m] ) #ej to #hj p] c5t4 ( ei!r ( ^! sub/ances1 & ?is mass is !n r$uc$ into %eets ( v>iable l5g?1 wid?1 & ?ickness1 accord+ to _! int5d$ applications4 ,a lum9\s glass is also manufactur$ by means ( ! p[d]s1 by mix+ !m 9 glass 9 a fus$ /ate 9 ! proportions ( #e to #bj p] c5t4 ( ! mass ( glass4 ,aft] ! composition has be5 puddl$ or mix$1 x is conv]t$ into diff]5t articles1 accord+ to ! ord9>y processes2 or aft] ! manufacture ( an object /ill w>m & pla/ic1 made ( ord9>y glass1 x is spr9kl$ ) ! p[d]s1 :i* latt] are !n incorporat$ into ! surface ( ! article by pressure ex]t$ 9 ! m\ld1 or 9 any o!r suitable way4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 aft] v>i\s trials1 t ! passage ( an electric curr5t ?r\gh ! diff]5t compositions augm5ts _! lum9\s prop]ties or brilliancy to a great ext5t2 ?is peculi>ity is int5d$ to be utilis$ 9 v>i\s applications too num]\s to describe1 b ( :i* buoys =m a good example4 ,! curr5t ( electricity is furni%$ by plates ( z9c & copp] m\nt$ on ! buoy itself1 :5 ! latt] is us$ at sea2 b 9 riv]s & fre%-wat] inlets ! batt]y w be c>ri$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! buoy4 ,to secure ! full effect1 #aj to #bj p] c5t4 ( f9e z9c1 copp]1 or antimony du/ is add$ to ! phosphoresc5t p[d] describ$4 7#c7 ,take oy/]-%ells & clean !m ) w>m wat]2 put !m into ! fire = h\r2 at ! end ( t "t take !m out & let !m cool4 ,:5 q cool1 p\nd !m f9e1 & take away any grey p>ts1 z !y are ( no use4 ,put ! p[d] 9 a crucible ) alt]nate lay]s ( fl[]s ( sulphur4 ,put on ! lid1 & cem5t ) s& made into a /iff pa/e ) be]4 ,:5 dry1 put ov] ! fire & bake = an h\r4 ,wait until q cold be=e op5+ ! lid4 ,! product ought to be :ite4 ,y mu/ sep>ate all grey p>ts1 z !y are n lum9\s4 ,make a sift] 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,take a pot1 put a piece ( v f9e musl9 v loosely across x1 tie ar\nd ) a /r+1 put ! p[d] into ! top1 & rake ab\t until only ! co>se p[d] rema9s2 op5 ! pot1 & y w f9d a v small p[d]4 ,mix x into a ?9 pa9t ) gum wat]1 z two ?9 applications are bett] ?an "o ?ick "o4 ,?is w give pa9t t w rema9 lum9\s f> into ! night1 provid$ x is expos$ to ! light dur+ ! day4 7#d7 ,sulphides ( calcium1 ( b>ium1 ( /rontium1 c41 give phosphoresc5t p[d]s :5 duly heat$4 ,ea* sulphide has a pr$om9ant col\r1 b ! temp]ature to :i* x is heat$ has a modify+ effect on ! col\r4 ,calc9e 9 a cov]$ crucible1 along ) p[d]$ *>coal1 sulphate ( lime1 sulphate ( b>yta1 or sulphate ( /rontia2 !re is produc$ 9 ea* case a greyi% :ite p[d]1 :i*1 aft] exposure to /rong light 7ei!r sun-light or magnesium light71 w be phosphoresc5t1 ! col\r dep5d+ on ! sulphate us$ & ! degree ( heat employ$4 7#e7 ,five p>ts ( a lum9\s sulphide ( an alkal9e e>?1 #aj ( fluorsp>1 cryolite1 or o!r simil> fluoride1 #a ( b>ium borate2 p[d]$1 mix$1 made into a cream ) wat]1 pa9t$ on ! glass or /one article1 dri$1 & fir$ 9 ! usual way = enamels4 ,if ! article conta9s an oxide ( iron1 lead1 or o!r metal1 x mu/ be fir/ glaz$ ) gr\nd felsp>1 silica1 lime phosphate1 or clay1 to keep ! sulphur ( ! sulphide f comb9+ ) ! metal4 ,! result is an enamell$ lum9\s article4 7,heaton & ,bolas47 7#f7 ,boil = #a h\r #b oz4 cau/ic lime1 rec5tly prep>$ by calc9+ clean :ite %ells at a /rong r$ heat1 ) #a oz4 pure sulphur 7fl[]s7 & #a qt4 s(t wat]4 ,set aside 9 a cov]$ vessel = a few days2 !n p\r (f ! liquid1 collect ! cle> orange-col\r$ cry/als :i* h deposit$1 & let !m dra9 & dry on bibul\s pap]4 ,place ! dri$ sulphide 9 a clean graphite crucible provid$ ) a cov]4 ,heat = h\r at a temp]ature j %ort ( r$ness1 !n quickly = ab\t #ae m9utes at a :ite heat4 ,remove cov]1 & pack 9 clay until p]fectly cold4 ,a small quantity ( pure calcium fluoride is add$ to ! sulphide be=e heat+ x4 ,x may be mix$ ) alcoholic copal v>ni%4 7,bo/on ,jl4 ,*em47 ,! lum9\s calcic sulphide 7also call$ sulphide ( calcium71 n[ obta9able 9 ! m>ket1 has a yell[i% :ite t9t1 :i* consid]ably limits its direct application z a pa9t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! calcic sulphide1 or ! lum9\s pa9t obta9$ !refrom1 loses its lum9\s prop]ty1 if x is directly mix$ ) ! ord9>y comm]cial pa9ts4 ,s*atte1 ( ,dresd51 produces durable :ite or col\r$ pa9ts1 conta9+ a lum9\s sub/ance :i* causes !m to %9e 9 ! d>k1 )\t *ang+ or neutralis+ 9 daylight ! t9t ( ! col\r+ sub/ance or sub/ances conta9$ 9 su* pa9ts4 ,= ?is purpose1 ,zanzib> or c[rie copal is melt$ ov] a *>coal fire1 #ae p>ts ( ?is melt$ mass are dissolv$ 9 #fj p>ts ( ,fr5* turp5t9e1 & ! result+ mixture is filt]$1 :]eupon #be p>ts ( pure l9se$ oil are add$1 :i* l9se$ oil has be5 previ\sly boil$ & all[$ to cool a little4 ,! lake v>ni% ?us obta9$ is c>efully treat$ 9 a pa9t mill ) granite roll]s1 & work$ into a lum9\s pa9t by "o ( ! processes h]e9aft] describ$4 ,iron roll]s capable ( giv+ (f "u great pressure small p>ticles ( iron1 :i* might affect ! lum9\s p[]1 %\ld n be us$4 ,lake v>ni% z obta9$ 9 comm]ce conta9s ne>ly always lead or manganese1 :i* w\ld de/roy ! lum9\s p[] ( ! calcic sulphide4 ,! proportions giv5 are z foll[s3-- ,pure ,:ite3 ,by mix+ #dj p>ts ( lake v>ni% obta9$ z describ$ ) #f p>ts ( prep>$ b>ic sulphate1 #f p>ts ( prep>$ calcic c>bonate1 #ab p>ts ( prep>$ z9c sulphide :ite1 & #cf p>ts ( calcic sulphide 9 a lum9\s condition1 9 an oil vessel1 & work$ into a co>se emulsion1 :i* is !n gr\nd f9e betwe5 ! roll]s4 ,r$3 #ej p>ts ( ! said lake v>ni% are mix$ ) #h p>ts ( prep>$ b>ic sulphate1 #b p>ts ( prep>$ madd] lake1 #f p>ts ( prep>$ realg> 7di>s5i\s disulphide71 & #cd p>ts ( calcic sulphide 9 a lum9\s condition1 & ! mixture is work$ 9 ! same way z describ$ = :ite4 ,orange3 #df p>ts v>ni% are mix$ ) #age p>ts prep>$ b>ium sulphate1 #a "p prep>$ ,india yell[1 #ae p>ts prep>$ madd] lake1 & #ch p>ts lum9\s calcium sulphide4 ,yell[3 #dh p>ts v>ni% are mix$ ) #aj p>ts prep>$ b>ium sulphate1 #h p>ts b>ium *romate1 & #cd p>ts lum9\s calcium sulphide4 ,gre53 #dh p>ts v>ni% are mix$ ) #aj p>ts prep>$ b>ium sulphate1 #h p>ts *romium oxide gre51 & #cd p>ts lum9\s calcium sulphide4 ,blue3 #db p>ts v>ni%1 #ajb p>ts prep>$ b>ium sulphate1 #fd p>ts ultram>9e blue1 #ed p>ts cobalt blue1 & #df p>ts lum9\s calcium sulphide4 ,violet3 #db p>ts v>ni%1 #ajb p>ts prep>$ b>ium sulphate1 #bh p>ts ultram>9e violet1 #i p>ts cobalt ars5ate1 & #cf p>ts lum9\s calcium sulphide4 ,grey3 #de p>ts ( ! v>ni% are mix$ ) #f p>ts prep>$ b>ium sulphate1 #f p>ts prep>$ calcium c>bonate1 #je "p ultram>9e blue1 #fe p>ts grey z9c sulphide4 ,yell[i%-br[n3 #dh p>ts v>ni%1 #aj p>ts precipitat$ b>ium sulphate1 #h p>ts auripigm5t1 & #cd p>ts lum9\s calcium sulphide4 ,lum9\s col\rs = arti/s' use are prep>$ by us+ pure ,ea/ ,india poppy oil1 9 ! same quantity1 in/ead ( ! v>ni%1 & tak+ p>ticul> pa9s to gr9d ! mat]ials z f9e z possible4 ,= lum9\s oil-col\r pa9ts1 equal quantities ( pure l9se$ oil are us$ 9 ! place ( ! v>ni%4 ,! l9se$ oil mu/ be cold-press$ & ?ick5$ by heat4 ,all ! above lum9\s pa9ts c be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( col\r$ pap]s1 c41 if ! v>ni% is altoge!r omitt$1 & ! dry mixtures are gr\nd to a pa/e ) wat]4 ,! lum9\s pa9ts c also be us$ z wax col\rs = pa9t+ on glass & simil> objects1 by add+1 in/ead ( ! v>ni%1 #aj p] c5t4 m ( ,japanese wax & "o-f\r? ! quantity ( ! latt] ( olive oil4 ,! wax col\rs prep>$ 9 ?is way may also be us$ = pa9t+ ^u porcela91 & are !n c>efully burn$ )\t access ( air4 ,pa9t+s ( ?is k9d c also be treat$ ) wat] glass4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,pigm5ts4 ,besides ! *emical te/s = purity & adult]ation1 :i* necess>ily mu/ v>y ) ea* pigm5t1 !re are c]ta9 o!r exam9ations :i* p>take r ( a me*anical nature1 & :i* are applicable to practically all pigm5ts )\t any modification4 ,!y are direct$ *iefly to asc]ta9+ f95ess1 body1 col\r1 & durability4 ,,f95ess4--,f95ess may be te/$ = z foll[s3--,a tall glass cyl9d] is fill$ ) clean wat]1 & ab\t oz4 ( ! pigm5t "u exam9ation is well %ak5 9 ! wat]2 ! glass is plac$ on "o side to settle out1 & ! l5g? ( "t tak5 to settle may be not$ = future ref]5ce4 ,! f9] ! sample1 ! long] ! "t x takes to settle out2 & ! "t 9 seconds may be tak5 z an approximate e/imate ( ! f95ess ( ! sample4 ,,body ,,or ,,cov]+ ,,p[]4--,an equal & exact quantity1 say #ej gr41 ( ! sample "u exam9ation & ( a /&>d sample ( ! same degree ( f95ess is weigh$ out1 & plac$ on two sep>ate %eets ( pap]4 ,to ea* sample is add$ an equal quantity1 say #ae gr41 ( vegetable black or ( v f9ely gr\nd b>ytes1 accord+ z ! pigm5t is a light or a d>k-t9t$ k9d4 ,! +r$i5ts ( ea* sample are mo/ intimately & completely mix$1 & ! t9ts ( ! two mixtures are comp>$ by obs]vation ) ! nak$ eye4 ,! pigm5t :i* mo/ ne>ly reta9s its own col\r1 possesses ! greate/ body or cov]+ p[]4 ,,col\r4--,! col\r or t9t ( a pigm5t c only be e/imat$ by comp>+ x ) a /&>d sample2 ?is is done z foll[s3--,a %eet ( black pap]1 )1 a dead surface1 is spread out on a table 9 front ( a w9d[1 a small heap ( ! /&>d is plac$ on ! pap]1 & next to x a simil> heap ( ! sample to be comp>$2 by means ( a palette knife ! surface ( ! two heaps is flatt5$ out2 on n[ c>efully look+ at ! two heaps1 ! "o :i* has ! pure/ col\r c readily be pick$ out4 ,! heaps %\ld be look$ at f sev]al po9ts ( view be=e a f9al judgm5t is arriv$ at4 ,if ! pigm5t is d>k-col\r$1 x %\ld be spread on :ite pap]1 tak+ c>e t ! same k9d ( pap] is us$ = ! two samples4 ,durability4--,durability is n a difficult po9t to te/1 b x takes "s "t to make a complete te/4 ,! be/ me?od is to mix a small quantity ( ! pigm5t 9 "q ) raw l9se$ oil1 cov] a piece ( glass ) ! mixture1 & expose x outside to ! action ( ! sun & air = "s "t1 not+ at int]vals h[ x behaves4 ,x is well = ! sake ( comp>ison to coat a second piece ( glass ) ! mixture1 & keep ?is 9 a d>k place4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two f "t to "t w %[ h[ ! pigm5t behaves "u ! influ5ce ( light & air4 ,z ! durability ( pigm5ts is decid$ly diff]5t accord+ z !y are us$ 9 oil or wat]-col\r pa9t+1 ! oil 9 ! =m] case act+ z a protective ag5t1 x is well to use a simil> te/1 us+ a little gum wat] z a vehicle to mix ! pigm5t )4 ,x w take f two to ?ree mon?s at lea/ to prop]ly te/ ! durability ( a pigm5t 9 summ]1 :ile 9 w9t] ! "t w be increas$ consid]ably4 ,glass is ! be/ sub/ance to use1 z x is q neutral1 & does n ( itself introduce into ! te/ any injuri\s elem5t1 z wood or pap] might d1 al?\gh ^! bodies may be us$ if ?\ght desirable4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,vehicles ,,& ,,dry]s4 ,pa9t consi/s ess5tially ( two p>ts1 ! pigm5t 7see ,*apt]s ,i4 to ,,viii471 & ! vehicle or m$ium4 ,9 ! case ( oil pa9ts1 a ?ird sub/ance t]m$ a dry] becomes necess>y1 to facilitate ! 8dry+10 or solidification ( ! vehicle4 ,a p]fect vehicle %\ld mix readily ) ! pigm5t1 =m+ a mass ( ab\t ! consi/5cy ( treacle4 ,x %\ld itself be col\rless1 & h no *emical action ^u ! pigm5ts ) :i* x is mix$4 ,:5 spread out 9 a ?9 lay] ^u a non-por\s sub/ance1 x %\ld solidify1 & =m a film n liable to subsequ5t dis9tegration or decay1 & suffici5tly ela/ic to resi/ a slight concussion4 ,un=tunately1 we possess no vehicle :i* complies ) all ^! conditions2 ^? :i* mo/ ne>ly approa* !m are ! dry+ oils4 ,oils are comp\nd bodies conta9+ acids & a base4 ,"s oils oxidise v rapidly1 :ile o!rs d n oxidise at all4 ,:5 oils oxidise !y *ange _! col\r1 & h[ev] :ite !y may be at fir/1 !y gradually turn yell[ & f9ally br[n4 ,! advantages ( oils are t !y mix k9dly ) mo/ pigm5ts1 c be dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e1 & c be us$ 9 almo/ any desir$ /ate ( fluidity4 ,aga9/ ^! h to be set ! disadvantage ( ! oxidation ( ! oil1 to :i* oxidation ! use ( oil 9 pa9t is entirely due4 ,! use ( oil 9 pa9t+ is said to h be5 inv5t$ 9 ! #ad? c5tury1 &1 9 a %ort "t1 x rea*$ a consid]able degree ( p]fection4 ,we h only to comp>e a ,van ,eyck ) a pa9t+ by a mod]n ma/]--,turn]1 = in/ance--to see t ev5 ! be/ ( rec5t pa9t]s h n succe$$ 9 giv+ to _! works t durability :i* ! orig9ators ( ! me?od atta9$4 ,all organic sub/ances are liable to a m or less rapid oxidation1 especially if expos$ to light & heat4 ,oil is no exception to ?is rule2 b x seems t1 9 its pure /ate1 x is mu* m durable ?an :5 mix$ ) o!r sub/ances4 ,al?\gh gr\nd-nut-& poppy-oils are sometimes employ$ by arti/s :]e fre$om f col\r is ess5tial1 yet l9se$-oil is ! vehicle ( by f> ! l>g] proportion ( pa9ts us$ bo? = arti/ic & g5]al purposes4 ,oil-pa9t appe>s to h be5 unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 :o us$ v>i\s vehicles1 *iefly ( animal orig94 ,"o ( ^!1 :i* 0 9 high repute at ,rome1 0 ! :ite ( eggs beat5 ) twigs ( ! fig-tree4 ,no d\bt ! india-rubb] conta9$ 9 ! milky juice exud+ f ! twigs contribut$ to ! ela/icity ( ! film result+ f ! dry+ ( ?is vehicle4 ,pl9y 0 aw>e ( ! fact t :5 glue is dissolv$ 9 v9eg> & all[$ to dry1 x is less soluble ?an 9 its orig9al /ate4 ,_m sugge/ions h be5 made 9 mod]n times = vehicles 9 :i* glue or size plays an important "p4 ,9 ord] to r5d] x insoluble1 v>i\s *emicals h be5 add$ to its solution1 su* z tann91 alum1 & a *romic salt4 ,none ( ^! vehicles1 h[ev] useful = special purposes1 has become suffici5tly well kn[n to w>rant description "h4 ,sub/itutes :i* d claim att5tion are wax & damm> gum1 or p>aff9 wax1 dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e4 ,! col\rs mu/ !n be gr\nd 9 turp5t9e & n 9 oil4 ,su* a vehicle is v pleasant to "w )1 & gives good results2 moreov]1 x p]mits alt]ations or corrections to be made by rubb+ out ) turp5t9e4 ,nev]!less1 bo? ! wax & ! turp5t9e und]go oxidation to "s ext5t1 & are !re=e n altoge!r free f ! same objections z oils4 ,b b5zol1 especially :5 c>efully prep>$1 answ]s all ! purposes ( turp5t9e )\t und]go+ oxidation4 ,! only drawback t c be urg$ aga9/ b5zol is its od\r1 :i* "s p h an av]sion to2 b x really has v little smell1 & x evaporates away completely 9 a v %ort "t4 ,a mixture ( wax1 damm>1 & b5zol =ms an excell5t vehicle4 ,! wax may be replac$ by p>aff9 wax ) advantage4 ,x is desirable to be able to asc]ta9 :e!r ! oil int5d$ = use is1 or is n1 adult]at$ ) non-dry+ oil4 ,! di/9ction ( non-dry+ oils is t !y solidify :5 act$ ^u by p]oxide ( hydrog51 or by sub-nitrate ( m]cury--! oleic acid is concret$1 & a sub/ance call$ elaid9 is =m$4 ,?is does n take place ) ! dry+ oils4 ,! oils us$ 9 pa9t mak+ are *iefly-- ,gr\nd-nut4 ,hempse$4 ,kukui or c&le-nut4 ,l9se$4 ,m5had54 ,poppy-se$4 ,tobacco-se$4 ,walnut4 ,wood or ,tung4 ,,gr\nd-,,nut ,,oil4--,! gr\nd-nut or pea-nut 7,ara*is hypoga7 is v widely cultivat$ 9 ! tropics = ! sake ( its oily se$s4 ,9 ,java1 ! oil is extract$ by dry+ ! se$s 9 ! sun1 & !n subject+ !m to pressure4 ,9 ,european mills1 ! nuts are fir/ clean$1 !n decorticat$ & w9n[$1 by :i* ! k]nels are left p]fectly clean4 ,^! are cru%$ l any o!r oil se$1 & put into bags1 :i* are introduc$ into cold presses2 ! express$ oil is ref9$ by pass+ ?r\gh filt]-bags4 ,! residual cake is gr\nd v f9e1 & press$ "u #c tons to ! in*1 9 ! pres5ce ( /eam-heat2 ?is af=ds a second quantity ( oil1 inf]ior 9 quality to ! cold press$4 ,! usual product is #a gal4 ( oil f #a bu%4 ( nuts by ! cold process1 besides ! extra yield by ! hot press+4 ,9 ,france1 :]e ! oil is mo/ l>gely prep>$1 ?ree expressions are adopt$1 z ) "s sorts ( g+elly3 ! fir/ gives ab\t #ah p] c5t4 ( sup]f9e oil1 fit = alim5t>y purposes2 ! second1 aft] moi/5+ ) cold wat]1 af=ds #f p] c5t4 ( a f9e oil1 suitable = light+ & = wooll5-dress+2 ! ?ird1 aft] treat+ ) hot wat]1 yields #f p] c5t4 ( rabat1 or oil applicable only to soap-mak+4 ,9 ,india1 ! total mean yield is #cg p] c5t4 at ,pondi*]ry1 & #dc 9 ,madras4 ,! cold-press$ oil is almo/ col\rless1 ( agreeable fa9t od\r1 & bl& olive-l flav\r4 ,! be/ has a sp4 gr4 ( ab\t #jiah1 or #jiafc at #ei ,f42 x becomes turbid at #cg ,f41 concretes at #bf-be;,f41 & h>d5s at #ai ,f4 ,by exposure x *anges v sl[ly1 b ?ick5s ) "t1 & assumes a rancid od\r & flav\r4 ,x is n a good oil = pa9t4 ,,hempse$-,,oil4--,! se$s ( ! hemp plant1 s well-kn[n z a fibre-produc]1 are valu$ = _! oil4 ,x is f ,russia & ,lorra9e t ! se$ = express+ mo/ly comes4 ,:5 ! fibr\s /ems are ti$ 9 bundles1 ! se$ is rudely ?re%$ out1 & spread 9 ?9 lay]s "u cov] to dry4 ,! extraction ( ! oil is p]=m$ 9 ! same mann] z ) o!r se$ oils1 describ$ on p4 #cjh4 ,! proportion ( oil conta9$ 9 ! se$ is ab\t #cd p] c5t4 on an av]age2 ! yield v>ies f #be to #cj p] c5t4 ,! oil is at fir/ gre5i% or br[ni%-yell[1 deep5+ ) exposure to ! air2 ! flav\r is disagreeable1 & ! od\r is mild4 ,x has a sp4 gr4 ( #jibeb at #ei ,f42 x ?ick5s at #e ,f41 & solidifies at-#ac to-#ah ,f42 x dissolves 9 #cj p>ts ( cold alcohol & any proportion ( boil+2 x saponifies ) difficulty1 =m+ a s(t soap1 b less s(t ?an t f l9se$ oil4 ,x is inf]ior = ! pa9t]'s purposes4 ,,kukui ,,or ,,c&le-,,nut ,,oil4--,an oil be>+ a multitude ( names is obta9$ f ! c&le-nut 7,aleurites moluccana74 ,x is ! mo/ important product ( ! tree1 & con/itutes ab\t two-?irds ( ! entire weight ( ! k]nel ( ! nut4 ,a great ob/acle to its wid] developm5t is ! difficulty enc\nt]$ 9 extract+ ! k]nels f ! %ells1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! extreme h>dness ( ! latt]1 & ! ob/9acy ) :i* ! two adh]e4 ,boil+ is out ( ! "q1 z ! k]nels are cook$ long be=e ! %ells are affect$2 b !re is e reason to suppose t a slight roa/+ w\ld h ! desir$ effect1 inasmu* z ?is plan seems to be adopt$ successfully by ! ,samoans4 ,! weight ( ! %ells necessitates ?is treatm5t be+ p]=m$ on ! spot1 &1 z ! k]nels quickly become rancid & d>k-col\r$ aft] lib]ation1 !y mu/ also be op]at$ ^u )\t removal4 ,! local *eapness ( lab\r is an additional argum5t 9 fav\r ( prep>+ ! oil at ! places :]e ! nut gr[s4 ,! extraction ( ! oil is v simple4 ,9 ,jamaica1 ,polynesia1 & ! ,ea/ ,indies1 #ej p] c5t4 is obta9$ by boil+ ! k]nels 9 wat]2 by r$uc+ ! k]nels to meal1 heat+ 9 a wat]-ba?1 & plac+ ! mass 9 bags "u hydraulic pressure1 ! yield is ab\t #fj-ff p] c5t4 ,! %ells are !mselves excell5t fuel4 ,! oil is completely cl>ifi$ by m]e filtration4 ,z ord9>ily prep>$1 x is amb]-col\r$1 ta/eless & od\rless2 slightly viscid at ! temp]ature ( ! air 9 ,engl&1 congeal+ at #cb ,f42 its sp4 gr4 is #jibc2 x is insoluble 9 alcohol1 & saponifies readily1 giv+ a v s(t soda-soap4 ,x dries less rapidly ?an l9se$ oil1 & is us$ = mix+ pa9ts & mak+ oil-v>ni%es4 ,x is said to corrode t9 plate & ev5 plat9um4 ,,l9se$-,,oil4--,! flax plant1 s well kn[n z yield+ a textile fibre1 af=ds a valuable oil-se$4 ,! supplies ( l9se$ = cru%+ are furni%$ *iefly by ,russia & ,india4 ,x is f\nd t1 z a g5]al rule1 ! cold] ! climate 9 :i* ! se$ is gr[n1 ! great] are ! dry+ prop]ties ( ! oil1 b ! worse is its col\r4 ,9 ,india1 pref]5ce is giv5 to :ite se$1 z yield+ #b p] c5t4 m oil1 af=d+ x m freely1 & giv+ a s(t] & sweet] cake1 ?an ! r$ se$2 ! latt]1 moreov]1 always comes to m>ket l>gely mix$ ) rape-se$1 :i* is v difficult ( sep>ation1 & greatly depreciates ! m>ket value4 ,oil f unripe se$ is wat]y4 ,! se$ %\ld always be kept = #c-d mon?s 9 a dry place1 z ! oil furni%$ aft] ?is lapse ( "t is mu* m abundant ?an :5 ! expression takes place imm$iately aft] ! h>ve/4 ,! se$ is cru%$ & press$ 9 ! mann] describ$ on p4 #cjh4 ,! be/ & f9e/ oil is t :i* is 8cold-drawn02 x is pal]1 less odor\s1 & less flav\r$1 b ! yield is only #ba-bb p] c5t4 ( ! se$4 ,by ! aid ( a temp]ature n exce$+ #bjj ,f41 & p[]ful & long-cont9u$ pressure1 z mu* z #bh p] c5t4 ( v good oil c be obta9$4 ,! cake =ms a valuable cattle food4 ,! ,italian v>iety is said to h a mu* m highly oleag9\s se$ ?an ! ,russian4 ,l9se$-oil has a fa9t col\r1 & mild od\r & flav\r :5 pure1 b ! comm]cial article is d>k-yell[1 ) %>p repulsive flav\r & od\r4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #jicj2 at #j ,f41 a little solid fat sep>ates out2 at-#d ,f41 x solidifies4 ,by exposure to ! air1 aft] heat+ ) oxide ( lead1 x rapidly dries up to a transp>5t v>ni%4 ,! fre% oil saponifies readily1 giv+ a yell[ & v s(t soap ) soda2 by saponification1 x yields #ie p] c5t4 ( fatty acids1 *iefly l9oleic1 ) a little oleic1 palmitic1 & myri/ic acids4 ,x dissolves 9 #af p>ts ( e!r1 & 9 #cb p>ts ( alcohol at #jhbj sp4 gr4 ,! oil is v ext5sively us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pa9t & oil-v>ni%es4 ,= arti/s' use x is purifi$ by %ak+ up ) :it+1 & w>m+4 ,l9se$-oil is nev] met ) 9 comm]ce really pure1 nor ev5 ! se$ itself4 ,previ\s to ! ,crimean ,w>1 x 0 a recognis$ cu/om at ! ,black ,sea ports to add "o measure ( hemp or o!r se$ to e #ci ( l9se$4 ,s9ce !n ! proportion has advanc$ to #a 9 #ai1 9 addition to :i* ! ,indian se$ is gr[n mo/ly z a mix$ crop ) mu/>d & colza3 pure l9se$ oil c only be obta9$ by pick+ out ! se$s individually4 ,l9se$-oil1 to be suitable = pa9t+1 mu/ dry well4 ,a reliable te/ is to cov] a piece ( glass ) a film ( ! raw oil1 & to expose x to a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj ,f4 ,! "t :i* ! film requires to solidify is a measure ( ! quality ( ! oil4 ,if ! oil has be5 extract$ f unripe or impure se$1 ! surface ( ! te/-glass w rema9 8tacky0 or /icky = "s "t1 & ! same w happ5 if ! oil "u exam9ation has be5 adult]at$ ) ei!r an animal or vegetable non-dry+ oil4 ,until rec5tly1 l9se$ oil 0 frequ5tly adult]at$ ) cotton-se$ oil1 extract$ f ! wa/e se$s ( ! cotton plant4 ,:]e ! admixture 0 consid]able1 x c\ld easily be detect$ by ! %>p1 acrid ta/e ( ! cotton-se$ oil4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 means h be5 f\nd = remov+ ?is disagreeable ta/e1 & ! consequ5ce has be5 t cotton-se$ oil is s l>gely us$ = adult]at+ olive-oil1 or z a sub/itute = x1 t its price has ris5 above t ( l9se$ oil4 ,ano!r adult]ant :i* is r difficult to detect is ros94 ,oil conta9+ ?is sub/ance is ?ick1 & d>k] 9 col\r ?an pure oil4 ,:5 ! proportion ( ros9 is consid]able1 its pres5ce may be asc]ta9$ by heat+ a film ( ! oil ^u a metallic plate1 :5 ! *>act]i/ic smell ( burn+ ros9 w be p]ceptible4 ,:5 ! p]c5tage ( ros9 is too small = detection 9 ?is mann]1 a film ( ! oil %\ld be spread ^u glass & all[$ to dry4 ,:5 q h>d1 ! film %\ld be scrap$ (f1 & treat$ ) cold turp5t9e1 :i* w dissolve any ros9 :i* may be pres5t1 )\t mat]ially affect+ ! oxidis$ oil4 ,! pres5ce ( ros9 may also be detect$ by ! foll[+ simple *emical te/4 ,! oil is boil$ = a few m9utes ) a small quantity ( alcohol 7sp4 gr4 ,o#i71 & is all[$ to /& until ! alcohol becomes cle>4 ,! sup]natant liquid is !n p\r$ (f1 & treat$ ) an alcoholic solution ( acetate ( lead4 ,if ! oil be pure1 !re w be b a v slight turbidity1 :ile ! pres5ce ( ros9 causes a d5se floccul5t precipitate4 ,%\ld l9se$ oil be adult]at$ ) a non-dry+ oil1 x w rema9 /icky = mon?s :5 spread out 9 a ?9 film ^u glass or any o!r non-absorb5t sub/ance4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( l9se$ oil is1 9 "s cases1 ( value 9 e/imat+ its quality2 b z ! v>iations are slight1 x w\ld be difficult to detect !m 9 s ?ick a liquid by means ( an ord9>y hydromet]4 ,a simple me?od ( obta9+ an approximate result is to procure a sample ( oil ( kn[n good quality1 & to col\r x ) an anil9e dye4 ,a drop ( ?is t9t$ oil w1 :5 plac$ 9 ! oil to be te/$1 indicate1 by its s9k+ or swimm+1 ! relative d5sity ( ! liquid "u exam9ation4 ,fre%ly-extract$ l9se$ oil is unfit = mak+ pa9t4 ,x conta9s wat] & organic impurities1 respect+ ! composition ( :i* little is kn[n1 & :i* are g5]ally t]m$ 8mucilage40 ,by /or+ ! oil 9 tanks = a long "t1 ! wat] & ! great] "p ( ! impurities are precipitat$1 =m+ at ! bottom ( ! ci/]n a pa/y mass kn[n z 8foots40 ,to accel]ate ! purification ( ! oil1 & to remove at lea/ a portion ( ! col\r+ matt]1 v>i\s me?ods are 9 use4 ,! action ( sulphuric acid ^u l9se$-oil is n s fav\rable z ^u o!r oils4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 sometimes employ$1 9 ! proportion ( two p>ts ( a mixture ( equal volumes ( comm]cial sulphuric acid & wat] to #ajj p>ts ( oil4 ,! dilute acid is p\r$ gradually into ! oil1 & ! mixture is viol5tly agitat$ = sev]al h\rs4 ,x is !n run into tanks1 & all[$ to settle4 ,a conc5trat$ solution ( *loride ( z9c has be5 sub/itut$ = sulphuric acid 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! oil4 ,:5 ! reaction is complete1 /eam or w>m wat] is admitt$ into ! liquid1 9 ord] to cl>ify x4 ,oil treat$ 9 ?is way loses a consid]able proportion ( ! col\r+ matt] :i* x orig9ally conta9$4 ,:5 ! oil is to be us$ = :ite pa9t1 x is sometimes blea*$ by expos+ x to ! action ( light4 ,on a l>ge scale1 ?is is done by plac+ x 9 %all[ tr\ghs1 l9$ ) lead & cov]$ ) glass4 ,! lead itself appe>s to h "s influ5ce ^u ! blea*+ ( ! oil1 = ! decoloration is n s rapid if ! tr\ghs be l9$ ) z9c4 ,= small quantities1 a %all[ tray ( :ite porcela9 or e>!nw>e1 simil> to ^? 9 use = photographic purposes1 gives v good results1 ! :ite surface increas+ ! photo-*emical action4 ,x is n q cle> :e!r ! pres5ce ( wat] accel]ates ! blea*+ ( oil by ?is me?od2 "s manufactur]s consid] its pres5ce necess>y1 o!rs omit x4 ,v>i\s salts are add$ to ! wat]1 ! "o mo/ 9 use be+ copp]as4 ,h[ev] ! oil may h be5 prep>$1 x w1 if kept a long "t1 deposit a s$im5t4 ,at fir/ ?is conta9s mucilage2 b ! s$im5t f old oil consi/s *iefly ( ! products ( decomposition ( ! oil itself4 ,! pres5ce ( oxyg5 is n necess>y = ?is decomposition2 b x is increas$ by ! action ( light4 ,raw l9se$-oil dries m sl[ly ?an boil$2 b ! result+ film is m brilliant & durable4 ,raw & boil$ oil are !re=e usually mix$ 9 proportions v>y+ accord+ to ! "t :i* c be all[$ = ! pa9t to dry1 or to ! prop]ties requir$ ( ! film4 ,= ! ord9>y k9ds ( pa9t1 equal p>ts ( boil$ & raw oils are cu/om>y4 ,l9se$-oil heat$ to a temp]ature ( #cej-djj ,f4 dries mu* m rapidly ?an 9 its raw /ate4 ,,m5had5 ,,oil4--,a fi% eag]ly s\ght = its oil on ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,am]ica' is ! 8,m5had50 or 8porgie0 7,alosa ,brevoordia ,m5had571 a memb] ( ! h]r+ family1 ab\t #h-ad 94 long4 ,! fi%]y is c>ri$ on all along ! coa/ f ,ma9e to ,m>yl&4 ,! fi% leave ! ,gulf ,/ream & /rike ! coa/ ( ,new ,j]sey 9 ,april1 rea*+ ! coa/ ( ,ma9e 9 ,may-,june1 & rema9+ till ,octob]-,novemb]4 ,!y migrate 9 enorm\s s*ools1 & are caught 9 se9es1 c>ri$ by ! fa/e/ & sm>te/ ya*ts4 ,v few ( ! fi% are s5t to ! table2 ne>ly all are boil$ d[n = _! oil4 ,?is is p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! fi% are %ot into receiv+-tanks situat$ outside ! build+2 !nce a slid+ door op5s into ! boil+-tanks1 :i* are long1 wat]tight1 uncov]$ boxes1 ( v>y+ capacity1 provid$ ) a coil ( p]=at$ pipe = ! admission ( /eam1 & a plug-hole = ! exit ( ! liquid aft] boil+4 ,"s wat] is put into ! tanks ready = ! fi%1 & z soon z ! latt] h be5 introduc$1 /eam is turn$ on1 & ! :ole mass is boil$ = #bj-dj m9utes4 ,:5 ! cook+ is complet$1 ! liquor1 conta9+ a portion ( ! oil ( ! fi%1 is drawn (f into settl+ tanks1 = ! recov]y ( ! oil4 ,! 8pomace0 or cook$ fi% is rak$ into 8curbs10 p]=at$ cyl9d]s fitt$ ) h+$ bottoms1 & ^!1 :5 full1 are plac$ "u hydraulic presses4 ,pressure is appli$ s long z wat] & oil cont9ue to escape f ! mass4 ,! rema9+ solid matt]s1 call$ 8scrap10 are treat$ = ! prep>ation ( a f]tilis+ compo/4 ,! oil & wat] pass by gutt]s into settl+ tanks1 :]e ! oil soon rises to ! surface1 & is skimm$ (f1 or all[$ to escape ov] a sep>at+ p>tition4 ,! oil is /ill crude1 & requires cl>ify+ & blea*+ be=e x becomes a saleable commodity4 ,?is is effect$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,x is fir/ boil$1 to free x completely f wat]4 ,x is purifi$ f solid matt]s by runn+ x into filt]-bags susp5d$ ov] casks1 & !n subject+ x to pressure 9 bags1 ! oil escap+ :ile ! s$im5t rema9s 9 ! bags4 ,?is refuse1 t]m$ 8foots10 is blea*$ & us$ = soap-mak+4 ,! oil ?us ref9$ is t]m$ 8traits10 & is ready = b>rell+4 8,bank0 is an inf]ior grade4 ,blea*+ is sometimes p]=m$ by exposure to ! sun 9 %all[ tanks1 hav+ glass cov]s to exclude du/ :5 a sup]ior quality is desir$4 ,its pr9cipal application 9 ,am]ica is = tann+ & curry+ purposes4 ,9 ,france1 x is l>gely employ$ z a sub/itute = cod-liv] oil4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 x is (t5 pass$ (f z olive-oil1 & consid]able quantities ( x are mix$ ) l9se$-oil = pa9t]s' use4 ,! rapidity ) :i* x oxidises1 & its good body1 r5d] x n unsuitable z a vehicle = pa9t4 ,,poppy-,,se$ ,,oils4--,oil is yield$ by ! se$s ( ?ree k9ds ( poppy--! opium-poppy 7,papav] somnif]um71 ! sp9y-poppy 7,argem5e mexicana71 & ! yell[-horn poppy 7,glaucium luteum74 ,9 ,asia ,m9or & ,p]sia1 aft] ! collection ( ! opium f ! poppy-heads1 ! latt] are ga!r$1 & ! se$ is %ak5 out & pres]v$4 ,x is black1 br[n1 yell[1 or :ite2 "s di/ricts produce m :ite se$ ?an o!rs4 ,! se$ is press$ 9 wood5 lev] presses to extract ! oil1 :i* is us$ by ! peasants = cul9>y & illum9at+ purposes4 ,"s ( ! se$ is also sold to ,smyrna m]*ants1 :o %ip x to ,m>seilles1 :]e x is employ$ 9 soap-mak+1 & z a sub/itute = l9se$-oil4 ,! av]age yield ( oil is #ce-db p] c5t41 ! :ite se$ be+ consid]$ ! ri*e/4 ,! same economy takes place 9 ,india1 :]e ! plant is also gr[n = ! sake ( its se$ alone 9 "s di/ricts4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 ! s[+ takes place 9 ,m>*-,april1 ab\t #b lb4 ( se$ be+ s[n broadca/ to "o acre4 ,! se$ vessels rip5 9 ,augu/2 ! heads are !n cut (f1 sun-dri$1 sort$1 & trodd5 out 9 bags1 or ?re%$4 ,! se$ is imm$iately cru%$ & press$1 ! yield ( oil be+ 9 proportion to ! fre%ness ( ! se$1 & am\nt+ to #ad oz4 f #d lb4 "u fav\rable conditions4 ,! oil readily blea*es by exposure to ! sun 9 %all[ vessels1 & is !n transp>5t & almo/ ta/eless4 ,! natives use x v l>gely = cook+ purposes1 & z a lamp-oil4 ,! cake is consum$ z food by ! poor] classes4 ,! unpress$ se$ is l>gely export$ f ,india4 ,france gr[s a l>ge quantity ( poppy-se$ at home1 ov] #ajj1jjj acres hav+ be5 return$ z "u ?is crop "s few ye>s s9ce4 ,! ,fr5* oil is ( two k9ds1 a :ite cold-drawn oil1 & a co>s] oil obta9$ by a second expression & f inf]ior se$1 ! total yield be+ #dj p] c5t4 ,! f9] oil is fit = alim5t>y purposes1 & is l>gely us$ to adult]ate olive-oil2 x is also employ$ z a lamp-oil1 & v ext5sively by arti/s = gr9d+ light pigm5ts1 z1 ?\gh possess+ less /r5g? & t5acity ?an l9se$-oil1 x keeps its col\r bett]4 ,! pure oil has a gold5-yell[ t9t & agreeable flav\r2 its sp4 gr4 is #jibd at #ei ,f42 x solidifies at #j ,f41 & rema9s long 9 ?is /ate at #bh ,f41 is sl[ to become rancid1 & saponifies readily2 dissolves 9 #be p>ts cold & #f p>ts boil+ alcohol1 & dries 9 ! air m rapidly ?an l9se$ oil4 ,glaucium luteum is a common plant on ! s&y %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! we/]n coa/ ( ,europe z f> z ,sc&9avia1 & "s p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x is v h>dy & cultivat$ ) little tr\ble4 ,x pref]s /ony & *alky soils1 :]e few o!r plants w ?rive1 & has !re=e be5 recomm5d$ = culture on su* o!rwise wa/e l&4 ,"u cultivation1 x af=ds ab\t #aj bu%4 ( se$ p] acre4 ,! se$ conta9s #db p] c5t4 ( oil1 & yields ab\t #cb p] c5t4 by pressure4 ,! oil obta9$ by cold expression is devoid ( od\r & flav\r1 & has a sp4 gr4 ( #jiac4 ,x is applicable to cul9>y & illum9at+ purposes1 z well z = soap-mak+ & pa9t4 ,! cake is a good phosphatic manure4 ,x seems to h be5 v little utilis$1 probably on acc\nt ( ! comp>atively small yield ( se$4 ,,tobacco-,,se$ ,,oil4--,! se$s ( ! tobacco-plant conta9 ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( a fatty oil1 :i* is extract$ by p[d]+ !m1 knead+ !m into a /iff pa/e ) hot wat]1 & press+ hot4 ,! oil is cle>1 limpid1 gold5-yell[ 9 col\r1 inodor\s1 & mild flav\r$2 its d5sity is #jibc at #ei ,f42 x rema9s liquid at #f ,f41 dissolves 9 #afh p>ts ( alcohol at #jhaa sp4 gr41 & saponifies readily4 ,"o au?ority excludes x f ! dry+ oils2 ano!r consid]s its dry+ quality to be unusually develop$1 & recomm5ds x = pa9ts & v>ni%es4 ,,walnut ,,oil4--,! common walnut 7,juglans regia7 is f\nd native f ,greece & ,asia ,m9or1 ov] ,lebanon & ,p]sia1 along ! ,indu ,ku% to ! ,himalayas1 & f ! ,caucasus almo/ ?r\gh\t ,*9a1 besides hav+ be5 introduc$ g5]ally ?r\gh\t temp]ate ,europe4 ,9 portions ( ! ,alps & ,ap5n9es1 x is v abundant1 & is fairly pl5tiful 9 ! =e/s ( ,lazi/an1 on ! ,black ,sea1 b is p]haps mo/ common 9 ,ca%m]e1 :5ce come ! walnuts import$ into ! pla9s ( ,india4 ,! album9\s k]nel ( ! walnut af=ds "s #ej p] c5t4 ( oil4 ,x is said t x furni%es "o-?ird ( all ! oil made 9 ,france2 x is ext5sively prep>$ 9 ! c5tral & s\!rn dep>tm5ts1 notably ,*>5te1 ,*>5te-,infrieure1 & ,dordogne1 :]e x is commonly met ) 9 b>rels ( #ej kilo4 ,9 bo? ,spa9 & ,italy1 outside ! olive-region1 walnut-oil is l>gely express$4 ,x is ( consid]able importance 9 ! hill di/ricts ( ,india1 b is seldom se5 9 ! pla9s4 ,ca%m]e & ,circassia also include x among _! indu/rial products4 ,! oil %\ld n be extract$ f ! nuts until #b-c mon?s aft] !y h be5 ga!r$4 ,?is delay is absolutely necess>y to secure an abundant yield1 z ! fre% k]nel conta9s only a sort ( emulsive milk1 & ! oil cont9ues to =m aft] ! h>ve/ has tak5 place2 if too long a p]iod elapse1 ! oil w be less sweet1 & p]haps ev5 rancid4 ,! k]nels are c>efully fre$ f %ell & sk91 & cru%$ into a pa/e1 :i* is put into bags & submitt$ to a press2 ! fir/ oil :i* escapes is t]m$ 8virg910 & is res]v$ = fe$+ purposes4 ,! cake is !n rubb$ d[n 9 boil+ wat]1 & press$ anew2 ! second oil1 call$ 8fire-drawn10 is appli$ to indu/rial uses4 ,! exhau/$ cake =ms good cattle-food4 ,! virg9 oil1 rec5tly extract$1 is fluid1 almo/ col\rless1 ) a feeble od\r1 & n disagreeable flav\r4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #jibf at #ei ,f41 & #jhga at #bja ,f42 x ?ick5s to a butt]-l consi/5ce at #e ,f41 & solidifies to a :ite mass at-#ag ,f4 ,9 ! fre% /ate1 x is l>gely us$ 9 ,nassau1 ,switz]l&1 & o!r c\ntries1 z a sub/itute = olive-oil 9 salads1 c41 b is sc>cely to be consid]$ z a fir/-class alim5t>y oil4 ,! fire-drawn oil is gre5i%1 cau/ic1 & siccative1 surpass+ l9se$-oil 9 ! la/ respect & exhibit+ ! prop]ty m /rongly z x becomes m rancid4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is pref]r$ by _m arti/s be=e all o!r oils4 ,,wood-,,oil ,,or ,,tung-,,oil4--,?is fatty oil is a product ( ! s-call$ 8oil tree0 ( ,*9a1 ,co*9 ,*9a1 & ,japan 7,aleurites cordata ,elococca v]nicia1 ,dry&ra cordata71 & mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! ,malayan article1 :i* is an oleo-res94 ,! fruit capsules ( ! t'ung are fill$ ) ri* oil-yield+ k]nels1 f :i* #ce p] c5t4 by weight ( oil may be obta9$ by simple pressure 9 ! cold4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( ! oil is #jicfb at #ei ,f4 ,x possesses sev]al rem>kable prop]ties3 heat$ to #bab-cib ,f4 out ( contact ) ! air1 x reta9s its orig9al limpidity aft] cool+1 b 9 contact ) ! air x solidifies almo/ in/antane\sly1 melt+ aga9 at #ic ,f1 & exhibit+ ! same elem5t>y composition2 ! cold express$ oil rapidly solidifies by light 9 ! abs5ce ( air2 & its dry+ qualities exce$ ^? ( any o!r kn[n oil4 ,x is devoid ( col\r1 od\r1 & flav\r4 ,! oil is produc$ 9 imm5se quantities 9 ,*9a2 9 ! prov9ces ( ,i*ang & ,sze*u51 x is "o ( ! pr9cipal articles ( native manufacture4 ,9 ,*9a ! oil is univ]sally employ$ = caulk+ & pa9t+ junks & boats1 & = v>ni%+ & pres]v+ woodwork ( all k9ds4 ,! oil is unkn[n to ,european comm]ce1 b an attempt to naturalise ! tree 9 ,alg]ia has be5 project$4 ,its indu/rial value has be5 too long neglect$4 ,,extraction ,,( ,,se$-,,oils4--,! old-fa%ion$ crude app>atus = extract+ oil f se$s1 :i* answ]$ ! purposes ( our =efa!rs1 has _h to give way to mod]n improv$ ma*9]y1 su* z t manufactur$ by ,rose1 ,d[ns ,?ompson1 ( ,hull1 & %[n 9 ! subjo9$ illu/rations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,,se$-,,oil ,,mill4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! mill is %[n 9 plan 9 ,fig4 #cc & 9 elevation 9 ,fig4 #cd4 ,! se$ or o!r mat]ial passes ?r\gh ! foll[+ c\rse3--,x runs f an upp] floor ?r\gh ! roll frame ,a1 by :i* x is cru%$ ?ree or f\r times2 x is !n tak5 by ! elevators ,b to ! kettle ,c1 :]e x is heat$ & damp$4 ,f b5ea? ! kettle1 x is drawn1 9 quantities suffici5t to make a cake1 by a box :i* conveys x to ! m\ld+ ma*9e ,e4 ,"h x und]goes prelim9>y compression1 ! objects ( :i* are 7#a7 to increase ! numb] ( cakes :i* may be ins]t$ 9 ! presses at "o "t1 enabl+ #ah #ab-lb4 cakes to be made :]e #d #h-lb4 cakes 7 =m]ly made1 & 7#b7 to ensure uni=m size & weight1 & uni=m d5sity or consi/5ce ?r\gh\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,,se$-,,oil ,,mill4 ,! cakes are remov$ f ! m\ld+ ma*9e1 & put into ! press ,f1 #c or #d ( :i* are requir$ to ea* m\ld+ ma*9e4 ,! pressure is appli$ ei!r by means ( hydraulic pumps1 or by a high & l[ pressure accumulator2 b unless extreme c>e is us$ ) ! latt]1 x gives too rapid a pressure1 squirt+ out ! se$ at ! side ( ! plates1 & ex]cis+ a de/ructive effect ^u ! clo? employ$4 ,! pulsation caus$ by ! pumps work+ directly to ! press cyl9d] is m ak9 to ! action ( a w$ge1 & seems to extract ! oil bett] ?an ! dead pressure giv5 by ! accumulator4 ,if ! latt] is us$1 a small cyl9d] may be appli$ to give ! prelim9>y pressure 9 ! m\ld+ ma*9e1 9 lieu ( a cam4 ,aft] rema9+ "u pressure ab\t #be m9utes1 ! cakes are )drawn1 & aft] be+ /ripp$ ( ! clo?1 are p>$ by ! ma*9e ,h1 :i* completes ! manufacture ( ! cakes4 ,! p>+s fall "u a v small pair ( edge-runn+ /ones ,j1 :i* automatically dis*>ge !m :5 suffici5tly gr\nd1 into an elevator conduct+ to ! kettle1 :]e !y are work$ up ) fre% se$4 ,9 a mill ) #d presses1 #b m5 & a boy 9 ! press room c make #f tons ( cake 9 #aa h\rs1 a rate ( production requir+ #f m5 by ! old process4 ,! sav+ 9 /eam p[] is ab\t #cj p] c5t41 *iefly due to ! abs5ce ( ! heavy edge runn]s1 :i* also effects an economy ( space4 ,ab\t #b p] c5t4 m oil is extract$1 & ! cakes are improv$ 9 appe>ance by n hav+ ! /ructureless texture caus$ by ! trituration ( ! se$ "u edge-runn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,,se$-,,cru%+ ,,rolls4 ,hav+ describ$ ! g5]al r\t9e ( ! process1 "s details may be add$ conc]n+ ! work+ ( ! sev]al ma*9es4 ,! roll-frame1 ,fig4 #ce1 consi/s ( #d or #e *ill$-iron rolls1 ea* #c ft4 #f 94 long by #af 94 9 diamet]1 plac$ "o above ! o!r4 ,^! rolls are us$ = cru%+ all ! se$ t passes ?r\gh "o set ( presses1 mak+ #e-f tons l9se$-cake p] spell ( #aa h\rs4 ,! se$ passes into ! hopp] 9 ! usual mann]1 & is di/ribut$ to ! cru%+-rolls by a flut$ fe$ roll ! same l5g? z ! cru%+-rolls1 plac$ at ! bottom ( ! hopp]4 ,:5 ! se$ passes ! fe$ roll1 x falls on a guide-plate t c>ries x betwe5 ! #a/ & #bnd roll4 ,aft] pass+ betwe5 ^! rolls & be+ p>tly cru%$1 x falls on a guide-plate on ! o!r side1 :i* c>ries x back betwe5 ! #bnd & #crd rolls1 :]e x is cru%$ m fully4 ,x !n falls on ano!r guide-plate1 :i* c>ries x betwe5 ! #crd & #d? rolls1 :]e x is gr\nd m fully4 ,!n x falls on a #d? guide-plate1 & is convey$ betwe5 ! #d? & #e? rolls to receive ! f9i%+ t\*4 ,x is ?us cru%$ f\r times4 ,! kettle is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf1 :i* repres5ts "o capable ( heat+ suffici5t se$ to keep f\r #af-plate presses occupi$1 or to make #f tons ( cake p] #aa h\rs4 ,x is /eam jacket$ & furni%$ inside ) a damp+ app>atus4 ,! inside diamet] is #e ft41 & ! dep? #b ft4 #f 94 ,! se$ introduc$ is kept 9 motion by ! /irr+ ge>1 & :5 suffici5tly heat$ & damp$1 is )drawn by ! box ,a 9 quantities to =m "o cake1 & transf]r$ at once to ! m\ld+ ma*9e1 atta*$ or sep>ate4 ,?is ma*9e is illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #cg1 #ch4 ,its purpose is to measure ! quantity ( se$ requir$ to make ea* cake1 to %ape x z requir$1 & to press x s mu*1 )\t extract+ any oil1 z w enable ! greate/ numb] ( cakes to be put into ! press4 ,! measure ( se$ is plac$ on a /rip ( wooll5 clo?1 spread ^u a ?9 iron tray1 slid+ on ! guides ,b2 ! bottomless h+$ m\ld ,c1 hav+ ! exact %ape ( ! int5d$ cake1 is clos$ ^u x1 & ! measure ,a 7,fig4 #cf71 :i* is also bottomless1 is drawn ov] guides 9 ! upp] surface ( ! m\ld ,c1 ?us accurately di/ribut+ ! se$4 ,! m\ld is next ?r[n ^u its h+e 7,fig4 #cg71 & ! ends ( ! /rip ( clo? are fold$ ov] ! se$1 ! ?ickness ( :i* is ab\t #c 94 ,! ?9 iron tray1 ) ! m\ld ( se$ ^u x1 is !n pu%$ along ! guides ,b1 b5ea? ! die ,d4 ,?is action gives motion to a cam1 %[n above 9 ! illu/rations1 b :i* may be plac$ b5ea? if necess>y4 ,?is cam br+s d[n ! die & compresses ! m\ld ( se$ to a ?ickness ( #a 942 its revolutions are s tim$ t ! se$ is "u pressure long en\gh 7ab\t "o-?ird ( a m9ute7 to let ! workman h ano!r cake ready4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,,se$-,,boil+ ,,kettle4 ,:5 ! die ( ! m\ld+-ma*9e rises1 ! cake & tray are remov$ & plac$ 9 ! press 7,fig4 #ci71 ! tray be+ )drawn4 ,! plates ( ! press are slightly ?ick5$ t[>ds ! edges1 & be> ! "n ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,,oil-,,cake ,,m\ld+ ,,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,,oil-,,cake ,,m\ld+ ,,ma*9e4 manufactur] 9 rev]se4 ,! press is suitable = extract+ oil f l9se$1 rape-se$1 cotton-se$1 hemp-se$1 nig]-se$1 sunfl[]-se$1 g+elly-se$1 ca/or-se$1 gr\nd-nuts1 coco-nuts1 olives1 c4 ,x is made 9 v>i\s sizes4 ,! ,no4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,,oil-,,se$ ,,press4 d\ble press 7n %[n7 is furni%$ ) #d cake boxes1 suitable = mak+ #d tap]$ cakes at "o press+1 ea* ab\t #b ft4 #e 94 long1 by #aj 94 wide at "o end1 & #g 94 at ! o!r1 :5 us+ l9se$1 #dh lb4 ( ,bombay se$ be+ requir$ to *>ge ! press1 & giv+ a cake weigh+ ab\t #h lb42 ! maximum & m9imum weights ( its *>ges are #fj lb4 & #dj lb41 ( ! cakes1 #ac lb4 & #f lb4 ,! *>ges v>y f #c to #f an h\r1 be+ #d = cotton-se$ & #e = l9se$2 mo/ o!r se$s are work$ ! same z l9se$1 b rape & g+elly are work$ twice4 ,by us+ #b presses = ! fir/ "t & #c = ! second1 #c presses w cru% z mu* se$ z #e4 ,^! presses are made ( a capacity to take #bgj-cbj lb4 ( se$ at a *>ge1 giv+ cakes ( #i-ae lb41 & requir+ #cj-de m9utes = ! op]ation4 ,9 all ^! presses1 ! hair wrapp]s1 weigh+ "s #bf lb41 us$ 9 ! old process1 are disp5s$ )4 ,a v complete acc\nt ( oils & fats w be f\nd 9 ,spon's #8,encyclopdia ( ! ,indu/rial ,arts1' to :i* ! read] is ref]r$ = fur!r in=mation4 ,,dry]s4--,! maximum ( dry+ p[] 9 oils is obta9$ by ! addition ( c]ta9 metallic oxides1 :i* n only "p ) "s ( _! own oxyg5 to ! oil1 b also act z c>ri]s betwe5 ! atmosph]ic oxyg5 & ! heat$ liquid4 ,?is heat+ ( ! oil ) oxides is kn[n z boil+1 al?\gh ! liquid is n volatilis$ )\t decomposition1 z is ! case ) wat]4 ,at ab\t #ejj ,f41 bubbles beg9 to rise 9 ! oil1 produc+ acrid1 :ite fumes on com+ into contact ) ! air4 ,! gas ?us giv5 (f consi/s *iefly ( vap\r ( acrole9 m+l$ ) c>bonic oxide4 ,!re is no advantage 9 heat+ ! oil to a high] temp]ature ?an #cej ,f4 ,accurate exp]im5ts h %[n t ! dry+ prop]ties ( ! oil are n increas$ by heat+ x beyond ?is po9t1 :ile its col\r is consid]ably d>k5$4 ,= ! f9] qualities ( boil$ oils1 x is ess5tial t ! raw oil %\ld h be5 /or$ = "s "t1 s t x may be free f mucilage4 ,?is mucilage is ! *ief s\rce ( ! d>k col\r ( "s boil$ oils2 :5 heat$1 x =ms a br[n sub/ance1 :i* is soluble 9 ! oil itself1 & extremely difficult to remove4 ,! oxides usually add$ to ! oil dur+ boil+ are li?>ge or r$-lead1 ! =m] be+ pref]r$ on acc\nt ( its l[] price4 ,ab\t #b-e p] c5t4 by weight ( ! oxides or dry]s is gradually /irr$ into ! oil aft] x has be5 sl[ly rais$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t #cjj ,f4 ,! /irr+ %\ld be cont9u$ until ! li?>ge is dissolv$1 or x w\ld cake on ! bottom ( ! pan1 & cause ! oil to burn4 ,li?>ge may ev5 be r$uc$ to a cake ( metallic lead :5 ! fire is brisk4 ,"s pans are furni%$ ) /irr]s & ge>+ by :i* ! latt] c be work$1 ei!r by h& or /eam4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* ! pans are made is ei!r wr\ght or ca/ iron4 ,copp] pans are sometimes us$ ) ! object ( improv+ ! col\r ( ! oil4 ,little is kn[n respect+ ! *emical reactions :i* take place dur+ ! boil+ ( oil4 ,ev5 :5 ! air is exclud$ dur+ ! process1 ! dry+ prop]ties are greatly increas$1 &1 if boil$ long en\gh1 ! oil is conv]t$ into a solid sub/ance4 ,! loss ( weight :i* ensues is dep5d5t ^u ! temp]ature & ! "t dur+ :i* ! op]ation cont9ues4 ,x is less :5 ! air is freely admitt$ ?an if ! pan is cov]$ ) a hood4 ,! vap\rs giv5 (f by ! oil are ( an extremely irritat+ "*1 & %\ld be de/roy$ by pass+ !m ?r\gh a furnace4 ,z _! mixture ) air 9 c]ta9 proportions is explosive1 ?is furnace %\ld be situat$ at "s di/ance1 & ! gases be conduct$ into x by means ( an e>!nw>e pipe4 ,s9ce z9c oxide has be5 introduc$ z a sub/itute = :ite lead 9 pa9t+1 rese>*es h be5 made to replace li?>ge z a dry]1 because x is n logical to disc>d ! lead pigm5t & !n use a lead dry] ) a z9c pigm5t4 ,sev]al metallic oxides & salts1 especially z9c sulphate1 manganese oxide1 & umb]1 h ! prop]ty ( comb9+ ) oils1 :i* !y r5d] dry+4 ,to ^! may be add$ ! protoxides ( ! metals ( ! ?ird class1 i4 e4 iron1 cobalt1 & t94 ,b ^! oxides are v un/able & difficult ( prep>ation2 h5ce x became desirable to discov] "s means by :i* !y might be comb9$ ) bodies :i* w\ld enable !m to be prep>$ *eaply1 & at ! same "t leave unimpair$ _! desiccat+ p[]s4 ,moreov]1 x is ackn[l$g$ t dry]s 9 ! dry /ate are pref]able 9 _m respects to dry+ oils4 ,foll[+ are "s ( ! rec5tly introduc$ dry]s3-- ,cobalt & ,manganese ,b5zoates4--,b5zoic acid is dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 ! liquid be+ cont9ually /irr$1 & neutralis$ ) cobalt c>bonate until eff]vesc5ce ceases4 ,excess ( c>bonate is remov$ by filtration1 & ! liquor is evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! salt ?us prep>$ is an amorph\s1 h>d1 br[ni% mat]ial1 :i* may be p[d]$ l ros91 & kept 9 ! pulv]ul5t /ate 9 any climate1 simply fold$ 9 pap]4 ,pa9t+ execut$ ) a pa9t compos$ ( #c p>ts ( ?is dry] ) #ajjj ( oil & #abjj ( z9c-:ite1 dries 9 #ah to #bj h\rs4 ,manganese b5zoate is prep>$ 9 ! same way1 sub/itut+ manganese c>bonate = t ( cobalt4 ,appli$ "u simil> circum/ances1 x dries a little m rapidly1 & a little less is requir$4 ,urob5zoic 7hippuric7 acid is equally efficaci\s4 ,cobalt & ,manganese ,borates4--,^! salts also1 9 ! same proportions1 are f\nd to be ( equal efficacy4 ,! latt] is extremely active1 & requires to be us$ 9 mu* small] proportions4 ,res9ates4--,if an alkal9e res9ate ( pota% or soda be dissolv$ 9 hot wat]1 & ?is solution be precipitat$ by a solution ( a proportionate quantity ( a cobalt or manganese *loride or sulphate1 an amorph\s res9ate is =m$1 :i*1 aft] be+ collect$ on clo? filt]s1 wa%$1 & dri$1 =ms an excell5t dri]4 ,zumatic 7,transp>5t7 ,dry]4--,take z9c c>bonate1 #ij lb42 manganese borate1 #aj lb42 l9se$-oil1 #ij lb4 ,gr9d ?or\ghly1 & keep 9 bladd]s or t9 tubes2 ! latt] are pref]able4 ,zumatic 7,opaque7 ,dry]4--,manganese borate1 z a dry]1 is s en]getic t x is prop] to r$uce its action 9 ! foll[+ way3--,take z9c-:ite1 #be lb42 manganese borate1 #a lb4 ,mix ?or\ghly1 fir/ by h&1 !n 9 a revolv+ drum2 #a lb4 ( ?is mix$ ) #bj lb4 pa9t ensures rapid dry+4 ,manganese ,oxide4--,purifi$ l9se$-oil is boil$ = #f or #h h\rs1 & to e #ajj lb4 boil$ oil are add$ #e lb4 ( p[d]$ manganese p]oxide1 :i* may be kept susp5d$ 9 a bag1 l li?>ge4 ,! liquid is boil$ & /irr$ = #e or #f h\rs m1 & !n cool$ & filt]$4 ,?is dry+ oil is employ$ 9 ! proportion ( #e to #aj p] c5t4 ( ! z9c :ite4 ,guynem]'s4--,take pure manganese sulphate1 #a "p2 manganese acetate1 #a "p2 calc9$ z9c sulphate1 #a "p2 :ite z9c oxide1 #ig p>ts4 ,gr9d ! sulphates & acetate to impalpable p[d]1 sift ?r\gh a metallic sieve4 ,du/ #c p>ts ( ?is p[d] ov] #ig ( z9c oxide1 spread out ov] a slab or bo>d1 ?or\ghly mix1 & gr9d4 ,! result+ :ite p[d]1 mix$ 9 ! proportion ( or #a p] c5t4 ) z9c-:ite1 w enorm\sly increase ! dry+ prop]ty ( ?is body1 :i* w become dry 9 #aj or #ab h\rs4 ,manganese ,oxalate4--,a writ] 9 ! ,moniteur de ,produits ,*imiques draws att5tion to ! prop]ties possess$ by manganese oxalate z a dri]4 ,?is salt has hi!rto n _h any important indu/rial uses1 b x c be readily prep>$ 9 a /ate ( purity f ! native c>bonate by ! action ( oxalic acid2 ! au?or is ( ! op9ion t x w be f\nd ( use = ?is purpose4 ,if prep>$ f c>bonate free f iron & lime1 x c be obta9$ z a f9e cry/all9e :ite p[d]1 & two-fif?s p] c5t4 suffices to br+ ab\t ! *ange4 ,! oxalate is resolv$ by heat into manganese oxide1 c>bonic acid & c>bon monoxide1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( fatty acids ! manganese oxide =m$ comb9es ) !m1 ! decomposition tak+ place at ab\t #acj4 ,! op]ation is c>ri$ out by mix+ 9 a mort> ! oxalate ) two or ?ree times its weight ( oil1 & !n add+ ! mixture to ! ma9 portion ( ! oil4 ,! heat %\ld be appli$ gradually1 & ! decomposition is kn[n to be complete :5 !re is no fur!r evolution ( gas4 ,! boil$ oil1 "u ?is treatm5t1 pres]ves its limpidity & also rema9s col\rless4 ,manganese oxalate has ! advantage ov] oxide ( lead1 :i* is commonly employ$ = ?is purpose1 9 caus+ ! oil to rema9 transp>5t :5 expos$ to sulphur vap\rs4 ,manganese acetate has also be5 us$1 b x likewise causes a d>k5+ 9 ! col\r ( ! oil1 & ! nitrate is dang]\s ow+ to ! possible action ( nitric acid on ! fats pres5t 9 ! oil4 ,manganese borate appe>s to be next 9 value to ! oxalate z an oil dri]4 ,9 a pap] rec5tly read be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,pr(4 ,h>tley rem>k$ t pa9t1 su* z is us$ = ord9>y purposes1 is ess5tially compos$ ( ?ree mat]ials1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! col\r$ pigm5ts4 7#a7 ,:ite lead1 or sublim$ z9c-:ite4 7#b7 ,an oil1 g5]ally l9se$ or poppy oil1 :i* is gr\nd up ) ! :ite lead or z9c-:ite until x becomes a s(t pa/e4 ,?is is mix$ ) v>iable prep>ations ( l9se$ oil & _s ( turp5t9e4 7#c7 ,a sub/ance call$ dry]s1 or siccative mat]ials2 x may be l9se$ oil 9 :i* li?>ge is dissolv$1 or x may be l9se$ oil conta9+ a comp\nd ( manganese4 ,pa9t owes to ! dry]s its prop]ty ( dry+ m rapidly ?an x w\ld d )\t x2 & x is consid]$ indisp5sable 9 build+s 9 all cases :]e pa9t appli$ to wood1 /one1 or metal1 w\ld n be q dry 9 #dh h\rs1 or at mo/ 9 #gb h\rs1 aft] ! fir/ application4 ,! fir/ "q :i* requires an answ] is1 :at *emical process takes place :5 a pa9t dries4 ,,boil$ ,,oil4--,l9se$ oil absorbs oxyg52 &1 :5 ! oil conta9s manganese1 x absorbs oxyg5 mu* m gre$ily2 & :5 a manganese oil--t is to say1 a boil$ oil conta9+ manganese--is mix$ ) l9se$ oil1 ! sub/ance absorbs oxyg51 f a limit$ supply ( air conta9$ 9 a clos$ space1 until no trace ( any o!r gas b nitrog5 rema9s4 ,! p[] ( absorb+ oxyg5 possess$ by #ajj volumes ( l9se$ oil1 comp>$ ) t ( #ajj volumes ( a mixture ( l9se$ oil & s-call$ manganese oil1 is z #id to #ajj4 ,?is may be t]m$ ! measure ( its dry+ p[]4 ,a mixture ( l9se$ oil1 ) a little m ?an "o-f\r? ( its volume ( manganese oil1 has a p[] ( absorb+ oxyg5 f\r & a half times great] ?an ei!r ( ! compon5ts ( ! mixture tak5 sep>ately4 ,9 ?is case ,*evreul argues t l9se$ oil may be consid]$ z a 8dry]0 to manganese oil4 ,l9se$ oil1 )\t any addition :atev]1 if boil$ = ?ree h\rs1 becomes a bett] dry+ oil ?an x 0 previ\s to ! action ( heat4 ,oil boil$ ) #aj p] c5t1 ( li?>ge = ?ree h\rs1 is a mu* bett] dry] ?an :5 heat$ )\t ?is oxide4 ,oil boil$ alone = five h\rs is an inf]ior dry+ oil to "o heat$ = only ?ree h\rs4 ,oil previ\sly boil$ alone = five h\rs1 & boil$ alone aga9 = ?ree h\rs1 is sc>cely alt]$ 9 dry+ p[]1 b x becomes a bett] dry+ oil if x is boil$ ! second "t ) li?>ge4 ,x is inf]ior to a dry+ oil :i* has be5 boil$ only ?ree h\rs ) li?>ge1 )\t be+ submitt$ to a previ\s boil+4 ,oil boil$ alone = five h\rs1 boil$ = a fur!r p]iod ( ?ree h\rs ) manganese dioxide :i* has already be5 us$ = "o op]ation1 is v ne>ly z /rong a dry] z t :i* has be5 boil$ ) li?>ge "u ! same conditions2 b x is sup]ior to an oil :i* has be5 boil$ ) manganese dioxide = eight h\rs4 ,?is no d\bt arises f ! long] boil+ ) manganese hav+ caus$ a l>g] quantity ( manganese to dissolve1 & t ! quantity dissolv$ is 9 excess ( t :i* yields ! be/ result4 ,f9ally1 oil boil$ = five h\rs1 & !n boil$ alone once m = eight h\rs1 becomes visc\s1 & ! fir/ coat requires a consid]able "t to dry4 ,we ?us see t ! oxides ( lead & ( manganese 9 c]ta9 proportions concur ) heat 9 increas+ ! dry+ p[] ( l9se$ oil4 ,?is dry+ ( oils is a process ( sl[ oxidation4 ,! foll[+ po9ts ( ,*evreul's appe>$ to be difficult ( satisfactory explanation1 & sugge/$ to ,pr(4 ,h>tley an exam9ation de novo ( ! facts1 z well z an inve/igation ( ! *emi/ry ( ! subject g5]ally3-- #a4 ,l9se$ oil n boil$ act$ z a dry] to ! same oil boil$ ) manganese dioxide4 #b4 ,l9se$ oil1 boil$ ) ei!r li?>ge or manganese dri$ m rapidly :5 mix$ ) turp5t9e4 #c4 ,oil1 mix$ ) :ite lead1 z9c :ite1 antimony :ite1 & ars5iate ( t91 acts diff]5tly1 ?us3--,! :ite lead dries mo/ rapidly1 ! z9c :ite next1 b antimony :ite & ars5iate ( t9 are incapable ( act+ z dry]s1 9 fact1 !y ret>d ! dry+ process4 #d4 ,oil boil$ alone = five h\rs1 & boil$ = a fur!r p]iod ( ?ree h\rs ) manganese dioxide becomes a sup]ior dry+ oil to "o :i* has be5 boil$ ) manganese dioxide = eight h\rs4 ,f a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 cont9u$ = two ye>s1 on tw5ty-five weigh$ quantities ( raw l9se$ oil1 ,pr(4 ,h>tley draws ! foll[+ d$uctions3-- #a4 ,! *emical action ( a manganese comp\nd1 :5 dissolv$ 9 l9se$ oil1 is t ( a c>ri] ( oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e to ! oil4 ,manganese oxide takes up oxyg5 f ! air1 & transf]s x to ! oil1 & 9 s do+ x suff]s alt]nately ! opposite processes ( oxidation & r$uction4 #b4 ,to obta9 ! be/ result1 ! am\nt ( manganese pres5t mu/ n exce$ a c]ta9 small proportion ( ! oil4 #c4 ,oil to :i* turp5t9e has be5 add$ dries m rapidly ?an oil )\t su* addition1 because ! oil be+ dilut$ & r5d]$ ?9n]1 x spreads ov] a l>g] surface1 & is 9 contact1 !re=e1 ) a mu* l>g] quantity ( oxyg54 #d4 ,turp5t9e does n act z a dry]1 t is1 z a c>ri] ( oxyg5 to l9se$ oil4 #e4 ,diff]5t :ite pigm5ts behave diff]5tly :5 dry+1 because ! m p[]fully basic ! prop]ties ( ! pigm5t1 ! m p[]ful is its action z a dry]4 ,lead oxide & :ite lead 7basic lead c>bonate7 comb9e m easily ) ! acids ( l9se$ oil ?an z9c oxide does4 ,b z9c oxide dries bett] ?an antimony oxide1 because x is a /rong] base1 :ile ars5iate ( t9 has no basic prop]ties1 !re=e does n act z a dry]4 ,diff]5t sub/ances1 t is to say1 ^? )\t *emical action on oil1 su* z lamp-black1 sulphate ( b>yta1 & sulphate ( lead1 _c act z 8dry]s40 ,l9se$ oil is a glyc]ide ( a peculi> acid1 call$ l9oleic acid4 ,:atev] ! exact con/itution ( l9oleic acid may be1 l9se$ oil = ! mo/ "p is compos$ ( tril9ole94 ,raw l9se$ oil conta9s ! foll[+ con/itu5ts3-- #a4 ,glyc]ide ( l9oleic acid or tril9ole9 ,c#ah;,h#ca,o,o#c4 ,c#c;,h#e #b4 ,wat]4 #c4 ,mucilage1 ) ! composition n7,c#f;,h#aj,o#e74 ,on boil+ ) dilute acids ?is yields a gum & a sug>4 #d4 ,an ess5tial oil1 pres5t 9 m9ute proportions1 & ( unkn[n composition4 #e4 ,a mixture ( col\r+ matt]s ( int5se t9ctorial p[]1 viz4 blue & yell[ *lorophylls & ery?rophyll4 ,! only useful & desirable sub/ance is ! tril9ole94 ,! effect ( oxidation ^u l9se$ oil is to de/roy all ! glyc]9e1 & to produce !refrom c>bonic1 =mic1 & acetic acids1 toge!r ) "s acrole94 ,:5 boil$ at a high temp]ature )\t ! addition ( any metallic oxide1 ! glyc]ide is decompos$1 acrole9 is =m$1 & l9oleic acid is set free4 ,9 fact1 :e!r oil is oxidis$ by air or by metallic oxides1 or :e!r x be simply heat$1 ! action 9 ea* case fir/ leads to ! de/ruction ( ! glyc]9e & ! lib]ation ( l9oleic acid4 ,b l9oleic acid v readily absorbs oxyg51 & ! oxidis$ sub/ance becomes a t\gh ela/ic solid1 :i* is ess5tially a v>ni%4 ,9 fact1 ! process :i* an oil und]goes 9 dry+ is n desiccation1 or depriv+ x ( moi/ure or ( glyc]9e1 b solidification1 & ! te*nical t]m 8dry+0 is a misnom]4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is ( little consequ5ce if we really "k :at is ! *emical action ( ! 8dry+0 process4 ,:5 oxidis$ ev5 at a l[ temp]ature1 ! glyc]9e is de/roy$1 & ! oxidis$ products =m a t\gh v>ni%4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( conv]t+ l9se$ oil into a dry+ oil or v>ni%3-- #a4 ,heat+ x to a high temp]ature ) li?>ge4 #b4 ,heat+ ) r$ oxide ( lead4 #c4 ,heat+ ) metallic lead4 #d4 ,heat+ to a high temp]ature ) manganic oxide4 #e4 ,heat+ ) manganese borate4 #f4 ,heat+ ) manganese oxalate4 #g4 ,by ! jo9t action ( air & heat ^u ! oil & mangan\s oxide1 or a solution ( manganese dioxide or mangan\s oxide 9 ! oil4 ,9 ! processes #a1 #b1 #c1 !re c be no d\bt t a lead ( l9oleic acid is produc$1 & t ?is facilitates fur!r oxidation 9 air1 by =m+ salts ) "s ( ! acid products ( su* oxidation1 :ile ! oxidation ( ! l9oleic acid cont9ues4 ,heat+ ) r$ lead fav\rs oxidation1 by ! comp\nd itself convey+ oxyg5 to ! oil4 ,9 ! case ( metallic lead1 x mu/ be not$ t ! metal is dissolv$4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances1 metals become dry]s to oils2 ?us %eets ( metallic lead are capable ( act+ z dry]s to l9se$ oil4 ,l9se$ oil is pre-em95t 9 its capacity = absorb+ oxyg54 ,?is action ( metallic lead z a dry] is due to ! metal becom+ oxidis$ at ! exp5se ( ! glyc]9e ( ! oil1 & s pass+ into solution by comb9+ ) ! l9oleic acid1 or ) acetic or =mic acid1 caus$ by ! oxidation ( ! glyc]9e4 ,x is ! de/ruction ( ! glyc]9e ) concurr5t oxidation ( ! fatty acid :i* causes ! dry+ or h>d5+ ( ! oil4 ,:5 a dry+ oil :i* has be5 treat$ ) metallic lead1 or ) li?>ge1 is %ak5 up ) a solution ( z9c sulphate1 all ! lead is precipitat$ f ! oil1 & z9c passes into solution !re94 ,by manganese sulphate or copp] sulphate1 ! lead is remov$ by manganese or copp]4 ,oil *>g$ ) lead dries 9 #bd h\rs :5 spread out 9 a ?9 lay] on glass2 x w dry completely 9 #e or #f h\rs if *>g$ ) manganese1 9 #cj or #cf h\rs ) copp]1 z9c1 or cobalt2 & x requires m ?an #dh h\rs ) nickel1 iron1 *romium1 c4 ,al?\gh solidification ( a dry+ oil *>g$ ) manganese takes place 9 f #e to #f h\rs :5 spread 9 ?9 films1 ! solidification ( ?ick] films requires a long] "t4 ,a temp]ature ( #abb to #adj ,f4 accel]ates ! oxidation ( ! dry+ oils1 p>tly because ! oil becomes m fluid1 & p>tly because ! oxyg5 is m active at a high] temp]ature4 ,h5ce1 oil :i* has be5 mix$ ) an equal volume ( turp5t9e1 or a light hydroc>bon1 su* z b5z5e1 dries m rapidly ?an oil )\t su* admixture4 ,:5 a boil$ oil1 prep>$ ) manganese1 is dissolv$ 9 an equal volume ( b5z5e1 & %ak5 up ) air 9 a bottle1 rapid absorption ( oxyg5 occurs1 especially ab\t #abj ,f4 ,if fre% air is repeat$ly provid$1 ! oxidation is suffici5t to cause ! liquid to become ?ick1 &1 on di/ill+ (f ! sapi5t1 a p]fectly dry & ela/ic solid rema9s4 ,an oil conta9+ manganese is a v sup]ior dry+ oil to "o :i* has be5 prep>$ ) lead4 ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 is to be not$1 t ?\gh a l>ge proportion ( manganese 9 an oil may ha/5 its dry+1 yet x is disadvantage\s1 because x does n =m s t\gh a film4 ,?is arises f ! film becom+ h>d ^u ! surface1 & s protect+ ! oil und]nea? f absorb+ oxyg5 f ! air4 ,?\gh ! oils conta9+ l>ge quantities ( dry]s dry1 !y aft]w>ds lose weight1 & become visc\s "u ! same conditions4 ,pure l9oleates ( lead & ( z9c are n dry]s2 b if heat$ until x has turn$ br[n1 or begun to black51 a lead dry] becomes effective1 al?\gh x conta9s less ( ! lead comp\nd4 ,9 ?is case1 "s comp\nd ( lead is =m$ by absorption ( oxyg51 :i* ei!r itself actually oxidises or causes ! oxidation ( ord9>y l9se$ oil4 ,hav+ treat$ ( ! mat]ials us$ = produc+ boil$ oil1 & ( _! action ^u ! oil1 let u n[ consid] h[ ! op]ation is br\ght ab\t4 ,process #a4--,oil is boil$ at a high temp]ature1 t is to say1 x is heat$ until fro?+ & bubbles ( gas escape1 :5 li?>ge or a manganese comp\nd is add$4 ,process #b4--,oil is boil$ at a /eam heat1 ) li?>ge or a manganese comp\nd1 9 conjunction ) a bla/ ( air4 ,process #a4--,! *emical action 9 ! fir/ process is d\btless "o :i* takes place 9 ?ree /ages4 ,x comm5ces by depriv+ ! oil ( wat]2 9 ! second /age1 x de/roys ! mucilage1 by *>r+ x2 9 ! ?ird1 x de/roys1 9 "p1 ! glyc]9e1 & sets free ! fatty acids4 ,aft] ! li?>ge or manganese comp\nd is add$1 !re is =m$ 9 ! oil a solution ( lead salts ( ! fatty acids1 or a manganese salt ( ! fatty acids4 ,! oil !n1 at ! high temp]ature1 loses glyc]9e by oxidation caus$ by ! air1 su* oxidation be+ greatly facilitat$ by ! pres5ce ( manganese comp\nds1 :i* are repeat$ly oxidis$ by ! air & r$uc$ by ! oil1 t is to say1 !y absorb oxyg5 & pass x ov] to ! oil ) great facility4 ,x matt]s little1 s long z ! ultimate action is oxidation1 :at salt ( manganese or :at oxide is us$1 if x be capable ( und]go+ processes ( an alt]nate "* call$ oxidations & r$uctions4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t "s manganese comp\nds are m suitable ?an o!rs1 ow+ to _! m or less complete solubility 9 ! oil1 & _! m readily und]go+ ! two diff]5t processes ( oxidation & r$uction 9 pres5ce ( air & ( oil4 ,process #b4--,! cr$it ( be+ ! fir/ to boil oil )\t resort+ to ! dang]\s exp$i5t ( us+ an op5 fire & a high1 temp]ature 9 ! manufacture1 is due to ,v9c5t4 ,he us$ manganese comp\nds1 or bo? manganese salts & li?>ge4 ,8 me?od ( boil+ oil = ! manufacture ( pr9t+ inks is1 ) "s modifications 9 te*nical details1 c>ri$ out on a l>ge scale at ! pres5t "t 9 ! prep>ation ( ord9>y boil$ oil4 ,! ess5tial p>ts ( ! plant are a /eam-jacket$ close boil] ) agitat+ ge>1 & a pipe = conduct+ a curr5t ( air into ! oil by means ( a bl[+ eng9e4 ,f ! head ( ! boil] !re passes a funnel "u ! back ( ! furnace fire1 by :i* ! disagreeable products ( ! *emical action are conduct$ to a place :]e !y are de/roy$4 ,^! products1 z already m5tion$1 are volatile fatty acids & acrole94 ,oil boil+1 z ord9>ily c>ri$ out1 is conduct$ by means ( li?>ge along ) comp\nds ( manganese2 9 "s processes ^! are mix$ ) salts ( alum9a & z9c4 ,! oil s produc$ is br[n & n cle>1 b x is cl>ifi$ by keep+4 ,_m samples ( su* boil$ oil deposit insoluble matt] :5 /or$ = "s "t1 ev5 al?\gh !y may h become cle> previ\sly4 ,?is is n a desirable prop]ty4 ,sometimes ros9 is add$ to ha/5 its dry+4 ,! defects to be notic$1 ev5 9 ! be/ samples ( boil$ oil1 are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,! oil causes a br[ni% or yell[ col\r to be communicat$ to :ite lead or z9c :ite4 #b4 ,! oil d>k5s pigm5ts conta9+ brilliantly col\r$ metallic sulphides1 su* z v]milion1 cadmium yell[1 & ultram>9e blue4 #c4 ,delicate col\rs are d>k5$ by ! oil :5 expos$ to ord9>y t[n air1 t is to say1 air :i*1 is n q pure4 ,?is is ! case ev5 :5 ! oils !mselves may n injure ! pa9ts4 ,! causes ( su* alt]ations is1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 ! use ( lead dry]s4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 boil$ oil :i* conta9s li?>ge or o!r lead comp\nds takes a p]man5t br[n col\r1 :i* affects ! purity ( :ite lead1 z9c :ite1 & delicate pale t9ts4 #b4 ,lead =ms1 ) extreme ease1 lead sulphide1 :i*1 9 v m9ute proportions1 is yell[ or br[n2 9 l>g] quantity its col\r is black4 ,! lead sulphide is readily =m$ by contact ) o!r sulphides1 z1 = in/ance1 v]milion1 cadmium yell[1 & ultram>9e4 #c4 ,boil$ oil1 conta9+ lead1 is col\r$ br[n by exposure to air1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( m9ute quantities ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i* causes ! =mation ( lead sulphide4 ,! rem$y is obvi\s3 no oil %\ld be us$ :i* has be5 boil$ ) dry]s conta9+ lead4 ,9 o!r words1 oil %\ld be boil$ ) pure manganese comp\nds only4 ,9 cases :]e x is desirable to h in=mation ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( lead 9 a boil$ oil1 ! foll[+ te/ w be f\nd mo/ useful3--,a mixture is made ( #d oz4 ( glyc]9e ) #a oz4 ( ammonium sulphide1 ! liquid be+ kept 9 a /opp]$ bottle4 ,or glyc]9e is mix$ ) an equal volume ( wat]1 & saturat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,half an ounce ( ! oil to be te/$ is plac$ 9 a :ite bas91 ) ! addition ( two or ?ree drops ( ! glyc]9e solution4 ,! two liquids are ?or\ghly incorporat$1 by /irr+ ) a /rip ( glass4 ,a br[n or black col\r1 :i* gradually appe>s1 indicates ! pres5ce ( lead4 ,a pure manganese oil simply becomes slightly yell[4 ,x is true t1 if iron is pres5t1 a black col\r might appe>1 b iron is also an undesirable impurity4 ,%\ld x be requir$ to asc]ta9 t ! coloration is or is n caus$ by iron1 two or ?ree drops ( glacial acetic acid may be /irr$ into ! oil1 :51 if ! black col\r rema9s1 x is c]ta9ly n caus$ by iron4 ,"u ! old process ( oil-boil+ at a high temp]ature1 ! br[n col\r ( ! oil 01 to "s ext5t1 an indication t ! oil _h be5 suffici5tly heat$--t is to say1 prop]ly boil$2 b 9 ! mod]n processes1 s l>gely us$1 9 :i* oxidation is aid$ by a bla/ ( air1 ?is coloration is no indication :atev] ( ! excell5ce ( ! oil2 x may be1 9 fact1 ! v rev]se4 ,?is fact appe>s to be unkn[n1 or1 at any rate1 is n a matt] ( common k among practical m5 9 ?is c\ntry1 :o1 be+ un9=m$ z to ! me?ods ( prep>+ ! oils1 consid] t a br[n col\r is desirable1 if n ess5tial4 ,:5 oil-boil]s 7 compell$ to adopt "s exp$i5t to give a r$di%-br[n col\r to ! oil1 !y add$ a small am\nt ( li?>ge1 ! introduction ( :i* actually spoils ! oil1 & makes x unsuitable = _m purposes to :i* x is o!rwise applicable4 ,( late ye>s1 pale boil$ oils h be5 m l>gely manufactur$ = special purposes4 ,x is obvi\s t1 = decorative h\se pa9t+1 9 :i* delicate t9ts are a lead+ feature1 !y may be advantage\sly employ$4 ,not)/&+ t "s ( ! br[n oils1 :5 mix$ ) :ite lead1 d n entirely reta9 ! br[ni% t9t1 b1 to "s ext5t1 lose x ^u dry+1 yet !y nev] pres]ve ! :it5ess ( :ite lead4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t a pale col\r 9 ! oil1 provid$ x is n ! yell[ col\r ( raw oil1 is greatly to be pref]r$4 ,moreov]1 :5 pa9ts are mix$ ) z9c :ite1 no trace ( lead %\ld be conta9$ 9 ! oil1 o!rwise1 "o ( ! valuable prop]ties ( z9c :ite pigm5ts is de/roy$1 namely1 its p[] to reta9 its :it5ess 9 ! atmosph]e ( a t[n1 because its col\r is n affect$ by sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,v g5]ally1 z9c :ite & :ite lead pa9ts are n mix$ ) dry+ oils1 b ) ref9$ l9se$ or blea*$ oil4 ,?is1 at any rate1 is ! practice on ! ,cont95t4 ,t is to say1 ! pigm5ts are mix$ ) an oil f :i* ! impurities1 & ! natural yell[ & r$ col\r+ matt]1 h be5 remov$1 s t ! col\r ( ! pa9t is :ite4 ,if ord9>y oil be us$1 ! pa9t is m or less yell[4 ,9 ord] to r5d] su* pa9t quick dry+1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( dry]s1 9 a solid or liquid =m1 is add$4 ,^! dry]s almo/ inv>iably conta9 lead1 s t z9c :ite pa9t is contam9at$ by lead 9 ano!r way1 :i* may n be suspect$1 or :i* is ov]look$4 ,n[ z to ! *emical action ( dry]s on oils4 ,raw oil conta9s wat] & mucilage2 ! =m] c be absorb$ by anhydr\s z9c salts & by dri$ alum1 & solutions ( ! salts & ! salts !mselves are capable ( precipitat+ mucilage f ! oil2 h5ce ^! sub/ances cause ! impurities to become insoluble1 s t !y are c>ri$ d[n z 8foots40 ,heat greatly facilitates ?is action1 p>ticul>ly by caus+ ! oil to become m fluid2 & by ! action ( ! anhydr\s salts wat] is )drawn f ! oil4 ,on ! 8dry+0 or oxidation ( ! oil1 !y ex]t no *emical action :atev]4 ,z9c l9oleate & lead l9oleate d n act z dry]s :5 simply add$ to ! oil4 ,?\gh ! =m] is soluble 9 hot oil x is insoluble 9 cold oil1 & x !re=e sep>ates f ! oil z x cools4 ,! latt] is v soluble 9 l9se$ oil1 b only adds to its dry+ p[] :5 heat$ !re)4 ,9 conjunction ) a high temp]ature1 lead dissolves 9 oil at ! exp5se ( ! glyc]9e1 :i* is decompos$ into acrole91 :ile lead l9oleate is =m$4 ,:5 li?>ge is heat$ ) l9se$ oil1 ! action is some:at simil>1 ! sub/ances =m$ be+ acrole91 lead l9oleate1 & l9oleic acid4 ,if we consid] ! action ( r$ lead on tril9ole91 we h n only ! =mation ( ^! lead l9oleates1 b an excess ( oxyg5 available = ! oxidation ( glyc]9e to acrole9 & acrylic acid1 or to acetic & =mic acids4 ,^! equations s]ve to %[ ! effect ( lead & lead oxides 9 :at may be t]m$ ! initiation ( ! *emical action ^u ! oil4 ,subsequ5t *anges1 no d\bt1 dep5d ^u ! conditions :i* obta9 at ! "t1 notably ^u ! temp]ature & ^u access ( air to ! oil4 ,x is probable t acid l9oleates are =m$1 & t comp\nds =m$ f ! polym]isation ( l9oleic acid result ev5tually4 ,:atev] d\bt !re may be z to ! action ( lead salts1 !re c be none :atev] z to t ( manganese comp\nds4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 mangan\s oxide is a p[]ful base1 :i* readily dissolves 9 oil2 manganic oxide is also readily soluble1 yield+ fatty acid salts ( manganese1 & caus+ oxidation ( glyc]9e4 ,manganese borate & manganese oxalate are bo? soluble 9 oil1 ! =m] mu* m readily ?an ! latt]1 b !y are bo? salts ( little /ability at high temp]atures 9 contact ) oils4 ,!y bo? dissolve by ! aid ( heat1 =m+ fatty acid salts ( manganese4 ,borate lib]ates boric acid "u ^! circum/ances1 b oxalate yields a mixture ( c>bon monoxide & c>bon dioxide4 ,( manganese oleate & l9oleate no?+ m may be said ?an t bo? are extremely soluble 9 oil1 & bo? easily oxidis$ f col\rless to br[n comp\nds :5 submitt$ to ! action ( air4 ,! *ief adult]ants ( l9se$ oil & ( boil$ oil are cotton-se$ oil1 ros9 oil1 & l9oleic acid4 ,cotton-se$1 :i* is to "s ext5t a dry+ oil1 c act z su* :5 mix$ ) l9se$1 b :5 add$ to olive oil1 x behaves z a non-dry+ oil4 ,9 fact1 its behavi\r is anomal\s1 & ( su* a "* t x greatly facilitates its ext5sive use z an adult]at+ mat]ial = ! m exp5sive oils4 ,ros9 oil is a delet]i\s adult]ant1 b "o :i* may be m readily detect$ ?an cotton-se$ oil4 ,ros9 is add$ to boil$ oil to ha/5 its dry+2 ?is also is an injuri\s sub/ance4 ,( late ye>s glyc]9e has become an article ( great] value ?an =m]ly1 & ?is may acc\nt = ! manufacture ( l9oleic acid & its use z an adult]ant ( oleic acid & ( l9se$ oil4 ,la/ly1 x may be m5tion$ t c]ta9 samples ( 8pale boil$ oil0 h be5 f\nd to conta9 :at is practically a raw oil mix$ ) dry]s4 ,al?\gh su* oils w dry1 _! effici5cy is no?+ l s great z t ( an oil 8boil$0 ) a bla/ ( air at a suitable temp]ature1 &1 moreov]1 su* oils are defici5t 9 body4 ,9 blea*+ vegetable oils1 x is necess>y to consid] ! nature ( ! col\r+ matt]s naturally conta9$ 9 !m4 ,^! consi/ ( a mixture 9 v>y+ proportions ( ! col\r+ matt]s kn[n to exi/ 9 ! leaves ( plants1 b :i*1 9 ! case ( oils1 are d]iv$ f ! fruit or se$s f :i* ! oils are express$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ^! sub/ances are closely alli$ 9 *emical con/itution2 !y all possess an int5sely p[]ful col\r+ prop]ty1 by :i* is meant t ?\gh ! col\r ( "s ( !m may n be d>k1 yet a v m9ute weight is capable ( imp>t+ a t9t to a v l>ge quantity ( mat]ial4 ,! names ( ^! sub/ances are3-- ,xan?ophyll--yell[4 ,yell[ *lorophyll--yell[4 ,blue *lorophyll--blue4 ,ery?rophyll--r$4 ,9 "s oils only ! xan?ophyll & yell[ *lorophyll are pres5t2 9 o!rs1 su* z olive oil1 ! yell[ & blue *lorophylls occur1 & give ! liquid a gre5 t9t2 :ile 9 l9se$ ery?rophyll is always pres5t ) m or less ( ! yell[ & blue *lorophylls1 & "s xan?ophyll4 ,accord+ to ! diff]5t proportions ( ^! col\r+ matt]s ! oil v>ies 9 col\r4 ,= in/ance1 l9se$ oil1 :5 br[n1 conta9s a mixture ( ery?rophyll ) yell[ & blue *lorophylls2 :5 gre5i% br[n1 ! yell[ & blue *lorophylls are pres5t 9 some:at l>g] proportion1 b mix$ ) ery?rophyll2 :ile1 g5]ally speak+1 a bright yell[ or pale yell[ oil conta9s xan?ophyll only4 ,^! sub/ances appe> to be comb9$ ) ! oils1 or to be sub/ances ( a fatty nature4 ,!y are nei!r dissolv$ nor act$ ^u by wat]1 nor by acids dilut$ ) wat]1 :5 naturally conta9$ 9 ! oils4 ,!y are freely soluble 9 alcohol1 & an alcoholic solution is n only susceptible ( be+ de/roy$ by ! jo9t action ( air & wat]1 b by v dilute aque\s solutions ( m9]al acids1 & by acetic acid4 ,9 aque\s & alcoholic solutions1 light spe$ily modifies ! blue1 & ev5tually de/roys all ^! col\rs4 ,a solution 9 turp5t9e ( ! isolat$ col\r+ matt]s is also easily de/roy$4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 a solution ( ! col\rs 9 melt$ p>aff9 wax is comp>atively /able4 ,z9c hydroxide1 copp] hydroxide1 b>yta1 pota%1 & soda easily comb9e to =m metallic salts ) blue *lorophyll1 less readily1 ?\gh readily en\gh ) yell[ *lorophyll1 b f> less readily ) xan?ophyll & ery?rophyll4 ,! foll[+ facts w s]ve to %[ t ?is is ! case4 ,:5 a solution ( ! col\r+ matt]s conta9$ 9 gre5 leaves is made by extract+ dry1 b fre%ly-ga!r$1 leaves ) absolute alcohol1 an addition ( a saturat$ solution ( b>yta wat]1 to ! int5sely gre5 extract1 precipitates fir/ ! comp\nd ( blue *lorophyll ) b>yta1 !n a fur!r addition precipitates ! yell[ *lorophyll1 also z a b>yta salt2 b xan?ophyll & ery?rophyll ei!r rema9 9 solution1 or require a mu* l>g] addition ( ! base 9 ord] to be precipitat$4 ,a cry/all9e comp\nd ( blue *lorophyll ) soda is comp>atively /able4 ,?is sub/ance is1 no d\bt1 =m$ 9 gre5 vegetables :5 !y are boil$ 9 wat] to :i* "s c>bonate ( soda has be5 add$ to ma9ta9 _! fre% appe>ance4 ,! addition ( a small trace ( copp] sulphate to peas & to pickles =ms a v p]man5t copp] comp\nd ) ! col\r+ matt]1 :i* gives an attractive appe>ance to ^! articles4 ,su* be+ an outl9e ( ! *ief *emical prop]ties ( ! natural col\r+ matt]s conta9$ 9 oils1 ! facts m5tion$ w s]ve to r5d] ! processes = remov+ ! col\r f oils m intelligible ?an !y o!rwise w\ld be4 ,vegetable oils are decoloris$1 ei!r p>tially or completely1 by ! application ( "o ( ! foll[+ processes3-- #a4 ,by ! action ( light1 or by ! jo9t action ( light & air4 #b4 ,by acids4 #c4 ,by saponification4 #d4 ,by ! action ( *lor9e4 #a4 ,by expos+ raw l9se$ oil to ! action ( sunlight1 x sl[ly becomes pale 9 col\r1 & f9ally col\rless4 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree probable t1 z oxyg5 is absorb$ by ! oil & acid sub/ances are !reby produc$1 ^! acids effect ! de/ruction ( ! col\r+ matt]s4 ,9 su* wise ca/or oil is blea*$4 #b4 ,by treat+ l9se$ oil ) mod]ately /rong sulphuric acid4 ,z ! oil & sulphuric acid are ( v diff]5t specific gravities1 x is ess5tial t !y be v rapidly & ?or\ghly mix$ by viol5t agitation4 ,! impurities1 su* z mucilage & album9\s matt]s1 are ?us depriv$ ( wat]1 & m or less *>r$1 & along ) !m ! col\r+ matt]s are de/roy$ by ! acid4 ,x is ess5tial = ! success ( ! process t ! oil & ! acid be n long 9 contact )\t und]go+ dilution1 o!rwise ! oil itself may become *>r$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible to obta9 oil by ?is process 9 a fairly col\rless condition1 aft] x has be5 ?or\ghly wa%$ ) wat] & all[$ to settle4 #c4 ,bo? rape oil & cotton oil may be r5d]$ ( a pale yell[1 & ev5 almo/ col\rless1 by a process ( p>tial saponification ) cau/ic alkali ( a suitable /r5g?4 ,! col\r+ matt]s are saponifi$1 & ! result+ soap is ( a d>k yell[ or br[n col\r1 f ! col\r+ matt] hav+ comb9$ ) ! alkali4 #d4 ,by ! action ( *lor9e produc$ 9 contact ) ! oil :51 = in/ance1 an aque\s solution ( blea*+ p[d] is acidifi$ ) a *eap m9]al acid1 su* z dilute sulphuric4 ,9 ?is case rapid mix+ & viol5t agitation are ess5tial to ! success ( ! process1 o!rwise *lor9is$ products are reta9$ 9 ! oil1 :i* n only conf] ^u x a di/9ct flav\r & od\r1 b also cause ! oil to solidify ) a v mod]ate l[]+ ( ! normal temp]ature4 ,x is v que/ionable :e!r dry+ oils c ) advantage be submitt$ to su* treatm5t4 #e4 ,a v>iety ( me?ods may be m]ely m5tion$1 su* z treatm5t ) sulphur\s acid1 ) f]r\s sulphate 7gre5 vitriol71 & potassium di*romate & sulphuric acid4 #f4 ,la/ly1 ! me?od ( ,b9ks1 to :i* ref]5ce w be made f>!r on4 ,pr(4 ,h>tley next gives an acc\nt ( c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ! process ( oil-boil+1 design$ ) ! object ( produc+ a dry+ oil absolutely free f lead1 &1 z comp>$ ) ord9>y oils1 absolutely free f col\r4 ,! op]ations h be5 c>ri$ out1 on a manufactur+ scale1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,b4 ,bl5k9sop & himself1 & !re is no d\bt ( ! practicability ( ! process4 ,! process consi/s 91 fir/1 ref9+ ! oil1 by ! removal !refrom ( wat] & mucilage2 second1 boil+ & blea*+ ! oil at "o op]ation4 ,x is a fact t wat] & mucilage c be remov$ f l9se$ oil by ! action ( c]ta9 dehydrat+ sub/ances & solutions ( metallic salts1 z1 = in/ance1 by alum1 by /rong sulphuric acid1 & by a solution ( z9c *loride4 ,!re are c]ta9 objections to ea* ( ^! me?ods1 :i* are ( a practical nature3 ?us1 9 treat+ ! oil ) /rong sulphuric acid1 !re is too frequ5tly a *>r+ ( some?+1 ei!r ! oil itself1 or ( "s impurity !re91 & ?is *>r+1 ?\gh x may be v slight1 has ! effect ( giv+ a pale br[ni% t+e to ! oil1 :i* _c be completely remov$ by ! blea*+ process to :i* ! natural col\r+ matt]s 9 ! oil are am5able4 ,x is q true t ?is br[n col\r sep>ates sometimes1 b x is only aft] /orage = a long p]iod1 :5 a f9ely divid$ floccul5t matt] sep>ates by subsid5ce4 ,treatm5t ) z9c *loride is satisfactory b exp5sive4 ,p]fectly pure manganese sulphate1 :i* is a neutral salt1 has be5 us$ by ,h>tley & ,bl5k9sop 9 v /rong solution1 & :]e !re is an objection to us+ an acid4 ,= ord9>y purposes1 p]fectly satisfactory results are obta9$ by ! use ( a dilute sulphuric acid conta9+ ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( ,h#b,,s#d1 s9ce1 ?\gh x possesses ! p[] ( )draw+ wat] f ! oil1 x may rema9 9 contact !re) )\t caus+ any *>r+1 & at ! same "t x causes ! precipitation 9 a complete & rapid mann] ( all ! mucilage4 ,a purifi$ l9se$ oil is ?us produc$ :i* is bright1 cle>1 & slightly yell[i% 9 col\r1 ?\gh some:at pal] ?an ! ord9>y oil4 ,x is important t ! /r5g? ( ! oil %\ld n exce$ t degree ( conc5tration :i* is suffici5t = ! purpose = :i* x is int5d$4 ,! oil hav+ be5 s treat$1 & ! impurities sep>at$ by subsid5ce or o!rwise1 x is next submitt$ to ! blea*+ & oxidis+ treatm5t4 ,b9ks blea*$ oils ) oxides ( manganese dissolv$ 9 ! oil1 b difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 c>efully regulat+ ! quantity ( ! manganese comp\nds :i* 7 to be introduc$ into ! oil4 ,= in/ance1 he precipitat$ mangan\s hydroxide 9 contact ) oil1 & add$ ! mixture to ! bulk ( ! mat]ial1 & he also modifi$ ! treatm5t by dissolv+ mangan\s hydroxide 9 ammonia1 & add$ ! solution to ! oil4 ,h>tley & ,bl5k9sop prep>e manganese l9oleate1 & dissolve ?is 9 a hydroc>bon1 & add a suffici5t quantity ( ! solution to ! oil1 :]eby x dissolves easily & mixes completely4 ,by ?is treatm5t1 ! col\r+ matt] ( ! oil =ms a comp\nd ) ! manganese :i*1 :ile x rema9s 9 solution1 is v spe$ily oxidis$ 9 contact ) air1 especially :5 a curr5t ( air or oxyg5 is bl[n ?r\gh4 ,! oxidation de/roys ! col\r+ matt]1 & ! manganese comp\nd is deoxidis$2 subsequ5tly x und]goes oxidation aga91 & ! products ( su* oxidation tak+ place 9 ! oil are acrole91 =mic & acetic acids4 ,aft]1 or concurr5tly )1 ! oxidation ( ! col\r+ matt]s1 ! oil is oxidis$1 &1 at a suitable temp]ature bel[ #acb ,f41 ! oil is blea*$1 increas$ 9 d5sity1 & conv]t$ into a pale dry+ oil4 ,by limit+ ! am\nt ( ! manganese l9oleate to t :i* is capable ( j oxidis+ ! col\r+ matt]s1 oils may be blea*$ ) v little fur!r oxidation4 ,excell5t dry+ oils h be5 produc$ by ?is process1 ( a v pale col\r4 ,! oil has be5 us$ = decorative h\se pa9t+1 = bo? indoor & outdoor "w1 on wood & on metal4 ,x has also be5 us$ z a coat+ = iron "w1 )\t ! addition ( a pigm5t4 ,! plant us$ 9 its production is ! same z t employ$ 9 oil-boil+ by ! usual processes :5 a bla/ ( air is us$4 ,! advantages ( a pale boil$ oil1 conta9+ no lead1 are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,z9c :ite reta9s its pure :ite col\r4 #b4 ,delicate t9ts1 & col\rs conta9+ sulphides1 are n d>k5$ 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,x may be sugge/$ t = indoor decoration1 = ! pa9t+ ( %ips1 railway c>riages1 railway semaphores1 signs1 & /ations1 su* oil is free f liability to alt] ! col\rs ) :i* x is mix$1 ow+ to its fre$om f lead1 :i* is d>k5$ by traces ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 ! air to :i* su* pa9ts are expos$4 ,gasomet]s 9 gas-works may be pa9t$ an unalt]able :ite ) su* oil & z9c :ite4 ,b 9 ?is case also ! z9c :ite mu/ be free f lead c>bonate or oxide4 ,9 comm5t+ on ,pr(4 ,h>tley's pap]1 ,mr4 ,laurie said he _h nev] us$ l9oleate ( manganese = boil+ ) oil1 b by ! use ( borate "o did get a boil$ oil pal] ?an ! oil ) :i* "o />t$4 ,if y take l9se$ oil :i* has be5 already blea*$ 9 ! sun to a gold5 yell[1 & conv]t x into boil$ oil ) manganese1 a fur!r blea*+ process und\bt$ly takes place4 ,an oil prep>$ ) manganese salts1 spread on a glass plate1 & all[$ to dry 9 ! d>k1 w rema9 almo/ col\rless1 :]eas if x 7 boil$ ) a lead salt x quickly d>k5s1 ev5 if x is kept away f impure air4 ,ev5 9 a d>k room1 9 pure air1 a picture pa9t$ ) oil boil$ ) lead w d>k54 ,t is ano!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( manganese1 & he %\ld say x ought always to be us$ 9 prep>+ oil = arti/ic purposes4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,pa9t ,,ma*9]y4 ,9 ,fig4 #dj is %[n a complete set ( pa9t gr9d+ & mix+ ma*9]y1 made by ,wright ,co41 #aeg ,s\?w>k ,bridge ,road1 ,london1 ,s4,e41 :i* has giv5 highly satisfactory results 9 effici5cy & economy4 ,x has a set ( ?ree granite roll]s #cj in*es by #ae1 & two mix+ cyl9d]s or pugs1 #bd in*es 9 diamet] by #be in*es deep1 ! :ole m\nt$ on a /rong ca/-iron frame4 ,x is made 9 ! foll[+ five sizes3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,"w turn$ out p] day4 ,no4 #c-roll] ,mills4 ,diam4 ( ,spe$ ( ,weight4 ------------------------ ,size ( ,roll]4 ,pulleys4 ,pulleys4 7,approx47 ,ord9>y ,:ite ,col\rs4 ,lead4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- 94 94 94 cwt4 tons4 tons4 #a #af #i #ah #gj #ab to #a #b #bb #ab #bd #fj #af #a 8 #b #d #c #bb #ad #bf #ee #bb #c 8 #d #h #d #cj #ae #cj #ej #cj #d 8 #e #aj #e #cf #af #cj #ej #ce #e 8 #f #ab ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,! utility ( hav+ ! pug mills plac$ above ! granite roll]s is to save lab\r & space1 & ! roll] mill is kept con/antly at "w4 ,!re are two pugs1 "o ( :i* is always ready to deliv] to ! roll]s1 :il/ ! o!r is gett+ ready by ! "t ! fir/ is be+ empti$2 by ?is means ! output is always go+ on1 & h5ce great sav+ bo? ( "t & lab\r4 ,! pugs are ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,,wright',s ,,pa9t ,,mill4 easily f$ f a wood5 /age fix$ to ! frame at ! back ( pugs4 ,! draw+ %[s ! ge> driv5 by a cog-:eel1 b if requir$ x c be driv5 by fa/ & loose pulleys4 ,! :ole ( ! ma*9e is v compact4 ,a h&y little gr9d+ ma*9e by ! same well-kn[n firm is %[n 9 ,fig4 #da2 a liquid-pa9t mix]1 9 ,fig4 #db2 & a s+le pug mill = pa9t or putty1 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,nei!r ( ^! ma*9es requires any special description1 z ! mode ( application is evid5t f ! illu/rations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,,wright',s ,,small ,,pa9t ,,mill4 ,?is firm are also ! manufactur]s ( ,cl>k's pat5t pa9t mill1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,?is mill diff]s f ! ord9>y mills 9 hav+ five in/ead ( ?ree roll]s4 ,! mat]ial is f$ 9 betwe5 ! two upp]mo/ roll]s1 be+ prev5t$ f spread+ too mu* by means ( wood5 *eeks %ap$ s z to fit betwe5 ! roll]s & =m a k9d ( hopp] 9 :i* ! mat]ial to be gr\nd is plac$4 ,f ^! two roll]s x passes to a ?ird & ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,,liquid-,,pa9t ,,mix]4 f\r? plac$ bel[1 & receives a f9al gr9d f ! fif? roll] 9 front ( ! ma*9e1 f :i* x is deliv]$ to ! sp\t z %[n4 ,! roll]s are all ( granite turn$ truly cyl9drical4 ,!y are #ae in*es 9 diamet] & are m\nt$ on /rong /eel sp9dles4 ,^! sp9dles run on be>+s work+ 9 guides1 by means ( :i* ! di/ance ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,,s+le ,,pug ,,mill4 ap>t ( ! roll]s & ! f95ess ( ! gr9d+ c be adju/$4 ,x w be se5 t ! driv+-%aft ( ! ma*9e is ! l[e/ ( ! six %[n4 ,x drives by means ( spur ge>+ roll] numb] ?ree1 & ?r\gh x ! o!r roll]s ( ! mill4 ,no two roll]s work+ toge!r revolve at ! same spe$1 & h5ce "o rubs ov] ! o!r1 & !y ?or\ghly gr9d ! mat]ial betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! common ?ree-roll] mills x is necess>y to pass ! mat]ial to be gr\nd ?r\gh ! mill twice1 b 9 ?is ma*9e "o passage is suffici5t1 s t bo? "t & floor space are sav$1 z ! ma*9e1 x is claim$1 does ! "w ( two ord9>y mills4 ,ano!r notewor?y feature ( ?is mill is t on ,no4 #b roll] is a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,,cl>k',s ,,pat5t ,,granite-,,roll] ,,mill4 lat]al motion giv+ a sidewise movem5t ( in*4 ,?is is also appli$ to ,no4 #d roll]1 & gives ! same movem5t4 ,ea* roll] c be sep>ately & easily adju/$ by means ( adju/+ screws4 ,! fif? roll] is ! deliv]y roll]4 ,! weight ( ,no4 #b roll] is c>ri$ by a /rong spr+ fix$ betwe5 ! be>+s ( roll]s ,nos4 #b & #c1 s t by ! movem5t ( ! adju/+ screw1 ! ,no4 #b roll] c be br\ght d[n ^u ,no4 #c ) ! requir$ pressure4 ,! pr9ciple ( m\nt+ ! roll]s ( mo/ ma*9es1 is t ! c5tre roll %all revolve 9 fix$ be>+s1 & ! two out] ones %all revolve 9 be>+s made to slide backw>d & =w>d 9 grooves 9 ! framework4 ,!re is no means ( adju/+ ! roll]s 9 ord] to keep !m 9 p]fect p>allel plane1 or to comp5sate = ! we> ( ! brasses4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t imm$iately ! be>+s beg9 to we>1 ! rolls are n !n 9 p>allel plane ) ea* o!r1 & ! long] !y "w ! worse !y get2 until !y only gr9d a small di/ance 9 ! c5tre ( ! roll1 caus+ ! ma*9e n only to p]=m imp]fect "w1 b ! rolls to we> holl[ 9 ! c5tre4 ,h9d & ,lund1 ,limit$1 ( ! ,atlas ,works1 ,pre/on1 ,lanca%ire1 claim t 9 _! ma*9e 7,fig4 #de7 ^! defects are entirely obviat$4 ,! c5tre roll is m\nt$ 9 a simil> mann] to o!r ma*9es1 b ! two out] rolls are hung ^u exc5tric /uds at ea* side4 ,%\ld ! j\rnals we> at all unev5ly1 ?is is at once deta*$1 & by a s+le turn ( ! exc5tric /ud at ei!r "o side or ! o!r z ! case may be1 ! rolls are kept always 9 p]fect p>allel plane4 ,?is ma*9e is fitt$ ) reliev+ app>atus = ?r[+ ! two out] rolls ap>t :il/ work+1 9 case ( accid5t1 or = clean+ purposes4 ,?us ! ma*9e may be run = an indef9ite p]iod )\t ! granite t\*+1 h5ce no we> c take place2 :ile ! roll]s may be in/antly put back to _! work+ di/ances1 j exactly z !y 7 be=e ! rolls 7 ?r[n ap>t4 ,z w be readily und]/ood1 ?is is a v valuable improvem5t1 z ! ma*9e c be put 9 & out ( actual gr9d+ "w z (t5 z may be desir$1 )\t once alt]+ ! pressure ^u ! spr+s or ! gr9d+ di/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--;,,h9d ,,& ,,lund',s ,,pat5t ,,pa9t ,,mill4 ,! be>+s are all self-lubricat+1 & ! mo/ delicate col\rs or :ite lead c be gr\nd )\t fe> ( be+ det]iorat$4 ,! ma*9e too is almo/ noiseless4 ,_m ( !m c be se5 at "w1 & giv+ great satisfaction4 ,br9jes & ,goodw9's ma*9e is %[n 9 ,figs4 #df1 #dg1 & #dh4 ,! oil & pigm5ts1 hav+ be5 measur$ or weigh$1 are plac$ 9 ! tr\gh h4 ,?is is provid$ ) ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #df & #dg4--;,,br9jes ,,& ,,goodw9',s ,,pa9t ,,mill4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,,br9jes ,,& ,,goodw9',s ,,pa9t ,,mill4 /irr]s1 simil> to ^? 9 a pug-mill1 :i* are driv5 by means ( ! pulley l1 m be+ a loose pulley2 by %ift+ ! /rap on to ?is1 ! ma*9e c be /opp$ at once4 ,:5 ! oil has be5 ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! pigm5t1 ! mixture is all[$ to run ?r\gh ! sp\t g on ! roll] a4 ,work+ aga9/ a is a second roll] b1 & ?is 9 its turn be>s ^u a ?ird roll] c4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! groov+ ( ! faces ( ! roll]s1 :i* always takes place :5 !y revolve 9 ! same plane1 !re is an arrangem5t by :i* a slight lat]al motion is communicat$ to b1 9 addition to ! rot>y motion4 ,a p9 fix$ ^u ! rigid bracket k works 9 ! groov$ cam i1 :i* is key$ on ! %aft ( ! roll] b4 ,! gr9d+ p[] ( ! ma*9e is consid]ably increas$ by ?is modification4 ,! roll]s are work$ f ! pulley d2 ! loose pulley e receives ! /rap :5 a pause 9 ! work+ ( ! ma*9e becomes necess>y4 ,! details ( ! con/ruction ( ! gr9d+ ma*9e are giv5 9 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! roll]s a b c are con/ruct$ ( granite or porcela92 = f9e gr9d+1 ! latt] sub/ance is pref]able4 ,!y are adju/$ by means ( ! screws g h4 ,^! are furni%$ ) spiral spr+s1 s t %\ld a nail or o!r h>d sub/ance get betwe5 ! roll]s1 ^! c rise 9 _! be>+s1 lett+ ! nail fall d[n at ! back4 ,! 8doctor0 or scrap] f removes ! pa9t f ! surface ( ! roll] c2 a b are also provid$ ) small] scrap]s1 :i* remove any pa9t t may cake ^u _! surfaces4 ,:]e extreme f95ess is requisite1 ! pa9t is aga9 pass$ ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 & ?is op]ation is sometimes repeat$ sev]al times4 ,9 work+ ^! or any o!r =m ( gr9d+ roll]s1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to clean !m ?or\ghly imm$iately aft] use4 ,if ! pa9t be all[$ to dry ^u ! surface ( ! roll]s x is difficult ( removal1 & int]f]es ) ! p]fect action ( ! ma*9e4 ,%\ld ! work+ p>ts become clogg$ ) solidifi$ oil1 a /rong solution ( cau/ic soda or pota% w remove x4 ,by means ( ! same solutions1 porcela9 roll]s may be kept q :ite1 ev5 if us$ = mix+ col\r$ pa9ts4 ,al?\gh ! col\r ( mo/ pigm5ts is improv$ by gr9d+ !m f9ely 9 oil1 yet !re are "s :i* suff] 9 int5sity :]e _! size ( gra9 is r$uc$4 ,*rome r$1 = in/ance1 owes its deep col\r to ! cry/als ( :i* x is compos$1 & :5 ^! are r$uc$ to extremely f9e fragm5ts1 ! col\r is consid]ably modifi$4 ,,pack+4--,:5 pa9t is n int5d$ = imm$iate use1 x is pack$ 9 metallic kegs4 ,! con/ruction ( ^!1 z made by ,b4 ,noakes ,co41 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,= exportation to hot climates1 ! rim ( ! lid is sometimes sold]$ d[n1 a practice :i* effectually prev5ts access ( atmosph]ic oxyg54 ,:ite-lead pa9t is frequ5tly pack$ 9 wood5 kegs2 ^! prev5t ! discoloration sometimes caus$ by ! metal ( iron kegs4 ,:5 pa9t is mix$ ready = use1 x w1 if expos$ to ! air1 become cov]$ ) a sk91 :i* soon atta9s suffici5t ?ickness to exclude ! atmosph]ic oxyg51 & prev5t any fur!r solidification ( ! oil4 ,! pa9t may be /ill bett] protect$ by p\r+ wat] ov] x1 or x may be plac$ 9 air-tight cans4 ,if x has be5 all[$ to /& = "s "t1 x mu/ be well /irr$ be=e us+1 z ! pigm5ts h a t5d5cy n only to sep>ate f ! oil1 b also to settle d[n accord+ to _! specific gravity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,,pa9t ,,keg4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,pa9t+4 ,! successful application ( pa9t1 :e!r = arti/ic or pres]vative purposes1 necessitates c>eful att5tion to a numb] ( consid]ations1 "s ( a me*anical & o!rs ( a *emical "*4 ,! ,surface4--,( :atev] ! surface may be to :i* ! pa9t is to be appli$1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 t x is p]fectly dry4 ,wood especially1 ev5 :5 app>5tly dry1 may on a damp day conta9 z mu* z #bj p] c5t4 ( moi/ure4 ,a film ( pa9t appli$ to ! surface ( wood 9 ?is condition prev5ts ! moi/ure f escap+1 & x rema9s enclos$ until a w>m sun or artificial heat conv]ts x into vap\r1 :i* raises ! pa9t & causes bli/]s4 ,moi/ure enclos$ betwe5 two coats ( pa9t has ! same effect4 ,pa9t r>ely bli/]s :5 appli$ to wood f :i* old pa9t has be5 burnt (f2 ?is is probably due to ! dry+ ( ! wood dur+ ! op]ation ( burn+4 ,:5 ! surface to be pa9t$ is already cov]$ ) old pa9t1 ?is %\ld be ei!r remov$ or rubb$ d[n smoo? be=e apply+ ! new4 ,:5 ! ?ickness ( ! old coat is n great1 rubb+ d[n1 accompani$ by a c>eful scrap+ ( bli/]s & defective p>ts1 w suffice4 ,:5 ! ?ickness ( ! old pa9t necessitates its removal1 x may ei!r be burn$ (f1 or s(t5$ by a solution ( cau/ic alkali1 & aft]w>ds scrap$4 ,! burn+ process is ! mo/ effective1 & leaves ! wood 9 a fit condition to receive ! fre% coat ( pa9t2 b x is n applicable 9 ! case ( f9e m\ld+s4 ,:5 cau/ic pota% or soda is us$1 ! pa9t is left 9 contact )1 x = "s "t1 :5 ! l9oleic acid ( ! oxidis$ l9se$-oil becomes saponifi$1 & c easily be scrap$ or scrubb$ (f ! surface ( ! wood4 ,:5ev] an alkali is employ$1 x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! wood %\ld aft]w>ds be ?or\ghly wa%$ sev]al times ) clean wat]1 9 ord] to remove e trace ( ! solv5ts4 ,any soda or pota% rema9+ 9 ! pores ( ! wood w\ld n only reta9 moi/ure & cause bli/]+1 b w\ld also h an injuri\s action ^u ! vehicle ( ! pa9t subsequ5tly appli$1 & 9 _m cases ^u ! pigm5t itself4 ,! rem>ks already made z to ! necessity ( an absolutely dry surface %\ld be borne 9 m9d 9 ?is in/ance4 ,:5 ! surface ( ! pa9t is to be protect$ by a coat ( v>ni%1 ! latt] %\ld n be appli$ until ! :ole ( ! oil conta9$ 9 ! pa9t has solidifi$4 ,! wr9kl+ ( v>ni% ^u pa9t is frequ5tly errone\sly attribut$ to ! bad quality ( ! v>ni%1 :5 ! real cause is ! incomplete oxidation ( ! pa9t itself4 ,prim+4--,! fir/ coat ( pa9t appli$ to any surface is t]m$ ! 8prim+-coat40 ,x usually consi/s ( r$ lead & boil$ & raw l9se$-oil4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t su* a prim+ n only dries quickly itself1 b also accel]ates ! dry+ ( ! next coat4 ,! latt] action mu/ be attribut$ to ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! r$ lead1 only a small portion ( :i* is absorb$ by ! oil ) :i* x is mix$4 ,kali1 ( ,heidelb]g1 prep>es a sub/itute = boil$ oil by mix+ #aj p>ts :ipp$ blood1 j z x is furni%$ f ! slaught]-h\ses1 ) #a "p ( air-slak$ lime sift$ into x ?r\gh a f9e sieve4 ,! two are well mix$ & left /&+ = #bd h\rs4 ,! dirty portion t collects on top is tak5 (f1 & ! solid portion is brok5 loose f ! lime at ! bottom2 ! latt] is /irr$ up ) wat]1 left to settle1 & ! wat] is p\r$ (f aft] ! lime has settl$4 ,! cle> liquid is well mix$ up ) ! solid sub/ance be=e m5tion$4 ,?is mass is left /&+ = #aj or #ab days1 aft] :i* a solution ( pota% p]manganate is add$1 :i* decolorises x & prev5ts putrefaction4 ,f9ally ! mixture is /irr$ up1 dilut$ ) m wat] to give x ! consi/5ce ( v ?9 size1 filt]$1 a few drops ( oil ( lav5d] are add$1 & ! prep>ation is pres]v$ 9 clos$ vessels4 ,x is said to keep a long "t )\t *ange4 ,a s+le coat ( ?is liquid w suffice to prep>e wood or pap]1 z well z lime or h>d pla/] walls1 = pa9t+ ) oil col\rs4 ,?is sub/ance is *eap] ?an l9se$ oil1 & closes ! pores ( ! surface s p]fectly t x takes mu* less pa9t to cov] x ?an :5 prim$ ) oil4 ,dry+4--,! dry+ ( pa9t is to a great ext5t dep5d5t ^u ! temp]ature4 ,bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( wat]1 pa9t w rema9 wet = weeks1 ev5 :5 mix$ ) a consid]able proportion ( dry]s2 :ile1 if expos$ to a heat ( #abj ,f4 ! same pa9t w become solid 9 a few h\rs4 ,! dry+ ( pa9t be+ a process ( oxidation1 & n evaporation1 x is ess5tial t a good supply ( fre% air %\ld be provid$4 ,:5 a film ( fre% pa9t is plac$ ) air 9 a clos$ vessel1 x does n absorb ! :ole ( ! oxyg5 pres5t2 b aft] a "t ! dry+ process is arre/$1 & ! rema9+ oxyg5 appe>s to h become in]t4 ,consid]able quantities ( volatile vap\rs are giv5 (f dur+ ! dry+ ( pa9t2 ^! are due to ! decomposition ( ! oil4 ,:5 ! pa9t has be5 ?9n$ d[n by turp5t9e1 ! :ole ( ?is liquid evaporates on exposure to ! air4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be a pl5tiful access ( air1 to remove ! vap\rs =m$1 & af=d a fre% supply ( active oxyg54 ,! pres5ce ( moi/ure 9 ! air is r b5eficial ?an injuri\s at ?is /age4 ,especially 9 ! case ( pa9ts mix$ ) v>ni%1 moi/ air appe>s to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy to crack or %r9k4 ,"u ! errone\s impression t ! dry+ ( pa9t is a species ( evaporation1 op5 fires are sometimes kept up 9 fre%ly-pa9t$ rooms4 ,x is only :5 ! temp]ature is v l[ t any b5efit c result f ?is practice2 z a rule1 x r ret>ds ?an ha/5s ! solidification ( ! oil1 :i* _c take place rapidly 9 an atmosph]e lad5 ) c>bonic acid4 ,! fir/ coat ( pa9t %\ld be ?or\ghly dry be=e ! second is appli$4 ,acrylic acid is =m$ dur+ ! oxidation ( l9se$-oil1 & unless ?is be all[$ to evaporate1 x may subsequ5tly lib]ate c>bonic acid f ! :ite lead pres5t 9 mo/ pa9ts1 & give rise to bli/]s4 ,sometimes a second prim+-coat is giv52 b usually ! second coat appli$ conta9s ! pigm5t4 ,?is1 z soon z dry1 is aga9 cov]$ by ano!r coat1 & subsequ5tly by two or m f9i%+ coats1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! "w4 ,fill+4--,be=e ! fir/ coat is appli$ to wood1 all holes %\ld be fill$ up4 ,! fill+ usually employ$ is ord9>y putty2 ?is1 h[ev]1 sometimes consi/s ( :it+ gr\nd up ) oil foots ( a non-dry+ "*1 & :5 ! films ( pa9t are dry1 ! oil f ! putty exudes to ! surface1 caus+ a /a94 ,! be/ fill+ = ord9>y purposes is :it+ gr\nd to a pa/e ) boil$ l9se$-oil4 ,= f9] "w1 & = fill+ cracks1 r$ lead mix$ ) ! same vehicle may be employ$4 ,= por\s h>d woods1 use boil$ oil & corn />* /irr$ into a v ?ick pa/e2 add a little japan1 & r$uce ) turp5t9e4 ,add no col\r = light a%2 = d>k a% & *e/nut1 use a little raw si5na2 = walnut1 burnt umb] & a slight am\nt ( ,v5etian r$2 = bay wood1 burnt si5na4 ,9 no case use m col\r ?an is requir$ to ov]come ! :ite appe>ance ( ! />*1 unless y wi% to /a9 ! wood4 ,?is fill] is work$ ) bru% & rags 9 ! usual mann]4 ,let x dry #dh h\rs1 or until x is 9 condition to rub d[n ) ,no4 #j s&-pap] )\t mu* gumm+ up2 & if an extra f9e f9i% is desir$1 fill aga9 ) ! same mat]ials1 us+ less oil1 b m japan & turp5t9e4 ,! second coat w n %r9k1 be+ support$ by ! fir/4 ,:5 ! second coat is h>d1 ! wood is ready = f9i%+ up by foll[+ ! usual me?ods4 ,?is =mula is n int5d$ = rosewood4 ,coats4--,!re is no advantage 9 lay+ on ! pa9t too ?ickly4 ,a ?ick film takes long] to dry ?or\ghly ?an two ?9 films ( ! same aggregate ?ickness4 ,pa9t is ?9n$ d[n or dilut$ ) l9se$-oil or turp5t9e4 ,! latt] liquid1 :5 us$ 9 excess1 causes ! pa9t to dry ) a dull surface1 & has an injuri\s effect ^u its /ability4 ,sometimes ! la/ coat ( pa9t is mix$ ) v>ni%1 9 ord] to give x great] brilliancy4 ,9 ?is case1 special c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! previ\s coats h ?or\ghly solidifi$1 or cracks 9 ! f9al coat may subsequ5tly appe>4 ,! same rem>k applies :5 ! surface ( ! pa9t is v>ni%$4 ,! turp5t9e ) :i* ! v>ni% is mix$ has a p[]ful action ^u ! oil conta9$ 9 ! pa9t1 if ! latt] is n ?or\ghly oxidis$4 ,! ext]ior ( ! pa9t is ?us s(t5$1 & ! v>ni% is enabl$ to %r9k & crack1 especially 9 w>m wea!r4 ,bru%es4--,! bri/les are frequ5tly fa/5$ by glue or size1 :i* is n p]ceptibly act$ ^u by oil1 & if br\ght into contact ) ?is liquid alone1 !re w\ld be no compla9ts ( loose hairs com+ out & spoil+ ! "w4 ,x is a common practice to leave ! bru%es 9 a pa9t-pot1 9 :i* ! pa9t is cov]$ ) wat] to keep x f dry+4 ,! bru%es are c]ta9ly kept s(t & pliant 9 ?is way2 b at ! same "t ! glue is s(t5$1 & ! bri/les come out z soon z ! bru% is us$4 ,aft] use1 bru%es %\ld be clean$1 & plac$ 9 l9se$-oil until aga9 requir$1 :5 !y w be f\nd 9 good condition4 ,treat$ 9 ?is way1 !y w we> s mu* bett] t ! little additional tr\ble entail$ is amply repaid4 ,:5 bru%es w n aga9 be requir$ = "s "t1 ! oil rema9+ 9 !m %\ld be wa%$ out by means ( turp5t9e1 aft] :i* !y may be dri$ )\t det]ioration4 ,on no acc\nt %\ld oil be all[$ to dry 9 a bru%1 z x is mo/ difficult to remove aft] oxidation has tak5 place4 ,! be/ means are /eep+ 9 b5zol9e = a few days1 or 9 turp5t9e1 ) occasional wa%+ 9 soda-wat] & ) s(t-soap1 avoid+ too viol5t rubb+4 ,wat]-col\rs4--,! manufacture ( wat]-col\r pa9ts is m simple ?an t ( oil pa9ts1 ! pigm5ts be+ fir/ gr\nd extremely f9e & !n mix$ ) a solution ( gum or glue4 ,! pa/e produc$ 9 ?is mann] is all[$ to dry1 aft] hav+ be5 /amp$ into ! =m ( cakes4 ,z soon z ! h>d5$ mass is rubb$ d[n ) wat]1 ! gum s(t5s & dissolves1 & if ! proportion ( wat] be n too great1 ! pigm5t w rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! solution ( gum1 & c be appli$ 9 ! same mann] z oil-pa9t4 ,to facilitate ! mix+ ) wat]1 glyc]9e is sometimes add$ to ! cake ( pa9t1 :i* !n rema9s moi/ & s(t4 ,remov+ ,od\r4--7#a7 ,place a vessel ( light$ *>coal 9 ! room1 & ?r[ on x #b or #c h&fuls ( junip] b]ries2 %ut ! w9d[s1 ! *imney1 & ! door close2 #bd h\rs aft]w>ds ! room may be op5$1 :5 x w be f\nd t ! sickly1 un:olesome smell w be entirely gone4 7#b7 ,plunge a h&ful ( hay into a pail ( wat]1 & let x /& 9 ! room newly pa9t$4 ,discoloration4--,light-col\r$ pa9ts1 especially ^? hav+ :ite lead z a basis1 rapidly discol\r "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,?us :ite pa9t discol\rs :5 exclud$ f ! light2 /one col\rs lose _! tone :5 expos$ to sulphurett$ hydrog51 ev5 :5 t is only pres5t 9 v small quantity 9 ! air2 gre5s fade or d>k51 & v]milion loses its brilliancy rapidly 9 a smoky atmosph]e l t ( ,london4 ,lud]sdorf ?9ks t ! de/ructive *ange is pr9cipally due to a prop]ty 9 l9se$-oil :i* _c be de/roy$4 ,! utility ( dry+ oils = mix+ pigm5ts dep5ds entirely on ! fact t !y are conv]t$ by ! absorption ( oxyg5 into a k9d ( res91 :i* reta9s ! col\r+ pigm5t 9 its semblance2 b dur+ ?is oxidation ( ! oil--! dry+ ( ! pa9t--a process is set up :i*1 especially 9 ! abs5ce ( light & air1 soon gives ! :ite/ pa9t a yell[ t+e4 ,lud]sdorf !re=e proposes to employ an already =m$ b col\rless res9 z ! b9d+ mat]ial ( ! pa9t1 & he selects two res9s z be+ specially suitable--"o1 s&>a*1 soluble 9 alcohol2 ! o!r1 damm>1 soluble 9 turp5t9e4 ,! s&>a* mu/ be c>efully pick$ ov]1 & #g oz4 is add$ to #b oz4 ,v5ice turp5t9e & #bd oz4 alcohol ( sp4 gr4 #jhcc4 ,! mixture is put 9 a suitable vessel ov] a sl[ fire or _s-lamp1 & heat$1 /irr+ dilig5tly1 until x is almo/ boil+4 ,if ! mixture be kept at ?is temp]ature1 ) frequ5t /irr+ = an h\r1 ! res9 w be dissolv$1 & ! v>ni% is ready = use z soon z cool4 ,! ,v5ice turp5t9e is necess>y to prev5t too rapid dry+1 & m dilute alcohol _c be employ$1 because s&>a* does n dissolve easily 9 weak] alcohol1 &1 fur!rmore1 ! alcohol1 by evaporation1 w\ld soon become s weak t ! res9 w\ld be precipitat$ z a p[d]4 ,:5 ?is is to be mix$ ) :ite lead1 ! latt] mu/ fir/ be f9ely gr\nd 9 wat]1 & dri$ aga94 ,x is !n rubb$ ) a little turp5t9e on a slab1 no m turp5t9e be+ tak5 ?an is absolutely necess>y to enable x to be work$ ) ! mull]2 #a lb4 ( ! :ite lead is !n mix$ ) exactly lb4 ( v>ni%1 & /irr$ up = use4 ,x mu/ be appli$ rapidly1 because x dries s quickly4 ,if :5 dry ! col\r is want+ 9 lu/re1 x indicates ! use ( too mu* v>ni%4 ,9 su* cases1 ! article pa9t$ %\ld be rubb$1 :5 p]fectly dry1 ) a wooll5 clo? to give x a gloss4 ,! damm> v>ni% is made by heat+ #h oz4 damm> 9 #af oz4 turp5t9e oil at #afe to #aij ,f41 /irr+ dilig5tly1 & keep+ x at ?is temp]ature until all is dissolv$1 :i* requires ab\t an h\r4 ,! v>ni% is !n decant$ f any impurities1 & pres]v$ = use4 ,! second coat ( ! pure v>ni%1 to :i* half its weight ( oil ( turp5t9e has be5 add$1 may be appli$4 ,x is /ill bett] to apply a coat ( s&>a* v>ni% made ) alcohol1 because damm> v>ni% alone does n possess ! h>dness ( s&>a*1 & :5 ! article cov]$ ) x is h&l$ mu*1 does n la/ s long4 ,composition4--,! composition ( pa9ts %\ld be gov]n$-- 7#a7 ,by ! nature ( ! mat]ial to be pa9t$3 ?us ! pa9ts respectively be/ adapt$ = wood & iron diff] consid]ably4 7#b7 ,by ! k9d ( surface to be cov]$3 a por\s surface requires m oil ?an "o t is imp]vi\s4 7#c7 ,by ! nature & appe>ance ( ! "w to be done3 delicate t9ts require col\rless oil1 a flatt$ surface mu/ be pa9t$ )\t oil 7:i* gives gloss to a %9+ surface71 pa9t = surfaces int5d$ to be v>ni%$ mu/ conta9 a m9imum ( oil4 7#d7 ,by ! climate & ! degree ( exposure to :i* ! "w w be subject$3 = outside "w1 boil$ oil is us$1 because x wea!rs bett] ?an raw oil2 turps is avoid$ z mu* z possible1 because x evaporates & does n la/2 if1 h[ev]1 ! "w is to be expos$ to ! sun1 turps is necess>y1 to prev5t ! pa9t f bli/]+4 7#e7 ,! skill ( ! pa9t] affects ! composition3 a good workman c lay on ev5 coats ) a small] quantity ( oil & turps ?an "o :o is unskilful2 extra turps1 especially1 are (t5 add$ to save lab\r4 7#f7 ,! quality ( ! mat]ials makes an important diff]5ce 9 ! proportions us$3 ?us m oil & turps w comb9e ) pure ?an ) impure :ite lead2 ?ick oil mu/ be us$ 9 great] quantity ?an ?9 :5 pa9t is pur*as$ ready gr\nd 9 oil1 a s(t pa/e w require less turps & oil = ?9n+ ?an a ?ick4 7#g7 ,! diff]5t coats ( pa9t v>y 9 _! composition3 ! fir/ coat laid on to new "w requires a good deal ( oil to soak into ! mat]ial2 on old "w1 ! fir/ coat requires turp5t9e to make x adh]e2 ! int]m$iate coats conta9 a proportion ( turp5t9e to make !m "w smoo?ly2 & to ! f9al coats ! col\r+ mat]ials are add$1 ! rema9d] ( ! +r$i5ts be+ v>i$ accord+ z ! surface is to be glossy or flat4 ,! exact proportions ( +r$i5ts be/ to be us$ 9 mix+ pa9ts v>y accord+ to _! quality1 ! nature ( ! "w requir$1 ! climate1 & o!r consid]ations4 ,! composition ( pa9t = diff]5t coats also v>ies consid]ably4 ,! proportions giv5 9 ! foll[+ table mu/ only be tak5 z an approximate guide :5 ! mat]ials are ( good quality3-- ,,table %[+ ! ,,composition ( ! diff]5t ,,coats ( ,,:ite ,,pa9t1 & ! ,,quantities requir$ to cov] #ajj yd4 ( ,,newly-,,work$ ,,p9e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,r$ ,:ite ,raw ,boil$,turp4,dry]s,,rem>ks lead lead4 ,l9s4,l9s4 7see oil oil footnotes7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,inside "w1 #d coats n ,a flatt$4 lb4 lb4 pt4 pt4 pt4 lb4 ,prim+ #af #f -- -- #bnd coat ,b #ae #c -- #a #crd coat -- #ac #b -- #a #d? coat -- #ac #b -- #a ,inside "w #d coats flatt+4 ,prim+ #a #af #f -- #a-h #bnd coat -- #ab #d -- #a #a-aj #crd coat -- #ab #d -- #j #a-aj #d? coat -- #ab #d -- #j #a-aj ,flatt+ -- #i #j -- #c #a-aj ,outside "w ,c #d coats n flatt$4 ,prim+ #b #ah #b #b -- #a-h #bnd coat -- #ae #b #b #a-aj #crd coat -- #ae #b #b #a-aj #d? coat -- #ae #c #b #j #a-aj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,a ,sometimes m r$ lead is us$ & less dry]4 ,b ,sometimes j en\gh r$ lead is us$ to give a fle%-col\r$ t9t4 ,c ,:5 ! f9i%$ col\r is n to be pure :ite1 x is bett] to h ne>ly all ! oil boil$ oil4 ,all boil$ oil does n "w well4 ,= pure :ite a l>g] proportion ( raw oil is necess>y1 because boil$ oil is too d>k4 ,area ,cov]$4--,= e #ajj sq4 yd41 besides ! mat]ial enum]at$ 9 ! =ego+1 #b lb4 :ite lead & #e lb4 putty w be requir$ = /opp+4 ,! area :i* a giv5 quantity ( pa9t w cov] dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! surface to :i* x is appli$1 ! proportion ( ! +r$i5ts1 & ! /ate ( ! wea!r4 ,:5 ! "w is requir$ to dry quickly1 m turp5t9e is add$ to all ! coats4 ,9 repa9t+ old "w1 two coats are g5]ally requir$1 ! old pa9t be+ consid]$ z prim+4 ,sometimes ano!r coat may be deem$ necess>y4 ,= outside old "w expos$ to ! sun1 bo? coats %\ld conta9 #a p9t turp5t9e & #d p9ts boil$ oil1 ! rema9+ +r$i5ts be+ z /at$ 9 ! =ego+ table4 ,! extra turp5t9e is us$ to prev5t bli/]+4 ,9 cold wea!r1 m turp5t9e %\ld be us$ to make ! pa9t fl[ freely4 ,accord+ to ano!r au?ority1 x is f\nd t 9 pa9t+ wood1 "o coat takes #bj lb4 lead & #d gal4 oil p] #ajj sq4 yd42 ! second coat1 #dj lb4 lead & #d gal4 oil2 & ! ?ird ! same z ! second2 say #ajj lb4 lead & #af gal4 oil p] sq4 yd4 = ! ?ree coats4 ,! numb] ( squ>e y>ds cov]$ by "o gallon ( prim+ col\r is f\nd to be #ej2 ( :ite z9c1 #ej2 ( :ite lead pa9t1 #dd2 ( lead col\r1 #ej2 ( black pa9t1 #ej2 ( /one col\r1 #dd2 ( yell[ pa9t1 #dd2 ( blue col\r1 #de2 ( gre5 pa9t1 #de4 ,measur+4--,surface pa9t+ is measur$ by ! sup]ficial y>d1 girt+ e "p ( ! "w cov]$1 always mak+ all[ance = ! deep cutt+s 9 m\ld+s1 c>v$ "w1 rail+s1 or o!r "w t is difficult to get at4 ,:]e "w is v high1 & scaffold+ or ladd]s h to be employ$1 all[ances mu/ be made4 ,! foll[+ rules are g5]ally adopt$ 9 ,am]ica 9 ! measurem5t ( "w3--,surfaces "u #f 94 9 wid? or girt are call$ #f 942 f #f to #ab 941 #ab 942 ov] #ab 941 measur$ sup]ficial4 ,op5+s are d$uct$1 b all jambs1 reveals1 or cas+s are measur$ girt4 ,sa%es are measur$ solid if m ?an two lights4 ,doors1 %utt]s & panell+ are measur$ by ! girt1 runn+ ! tape 9 all quirks1 angles or corn]s4 ,sa% doors measure solid4 ,glaz+1 9 bo? w9d[s & doors1 is always extra4 ,! tape %\ld be run close 9 ov] ! batt5s1 on batt5 doors1 & if ! /uff is bead$1 add #a 94 9 wid? = ea* bead4 ,v5etian bl9ds are measur$ d\ble4 ,d5tels1 brackets1 m$allions1 ornam5t$ iron "w1 balu/]s1 lattice "w1 pal+s1 or turn$ "w1 %\ld all be measur$ d\ble4 ,*ang+ col\rs on base bo>ds1 panels1 cornices1 or o!r "w1 "o-f\r? extra measurem5t %\ld be all[$ = ea* t9t4 ,add #e p] c5t4 to regul> price = knott+1 putty+1 clean+1 & s&-pap]+4 ,= "w done above ! gr\nd floor1 *>ge z foll[s3--,add #e p] c5t4 = ea* /ory ( #ab ft4 or less1 if int]ior "w2 if ext]ior "w1 add #a p] c5t4 = ea* foot ( height above ! fir/ #ab ft4 ,,c>riage ,,& ,,c> ,,pa9t+4--,! foll[+ is ! sub/ance ( an address deliv]$ by ,mc,keon1 secret>y & treasur] ( ! ,ma/] ,c>-,pa9t]s' ,association ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3--,a fir/-class railway coa* co/s1 :5 complete1 ab\t #abjjl4 ,to protect ?is "w1 ! pa9t] exp5ds #fjl4 to #abjl4 ,! latt] figure w make a fir/ class job4 ,! c> has be5 complet$ 9 ! wood-%op1 & is turn$ ov] to ! pa9t]1 :o is responsible = ! f9i%4 ,he is expect$ to smoo? ov] all r\gh places or defects 9 ! wood1 :i* requires bo? pati5ce & skill to make ! "w look well4 ,twelve weeks %\ld be ! "t all[$ to pa9t a c>1 & x _c be done 9 any less "t1 to make a good job t w be a cr$it to ! pa9t] & all o!r p>ties int]e/$ 9 ! con/ruction & f9i% ( ! c>4 ,too mu* pa9t+ is done 9 a hurry3 prop] "t is n giv5 ! "w to dry or become ?or\ghly h>d5$ be=e x is run out ( ! %op1 & consequ5tly x does n always give ! satisfaction x %\ld2 nor c x be expect$ t hurri$ "w w be s la/+ or durable z t :i* has ! necess>y "t giv5 to f9i% x4 ,prim+ ,pa9t4--,! prim+ coat ( pa9t on a c> is ( z mu* importance z any succe$+ "o1 & p]haps m4 ,good "w is ru9$ 9 ! prim+ by little or no att5tion be+ giv5 by ! pa9t] to ! mix+ & application ( ! fir/ coat4 ,! f\ndation is ! support1 & on t re/s success or failure4 ,! prim+ %\ld be made ( ! prop] mat]ial1 mix$ ) c>e f good lead & good oil1 & n pick$ up f old pa9ts :i* h be5 /&+ mix$1 & mu/ necess>ily be fat & gummy1 = su* are unfit = use on a good job1 & w h a decid$ t5d5cy to spoil ! :ole "w4 ,special c>e %\ld be ex]cis$1 bo? 9 mix+ & apply+ ! prim+1 & x %\ld be put on v light1 s t x may p5etrate well into ! wood4 ,too mu* oil is worse ?an n en\gh4 ,good gr\nd lead is by f> ! be/ mat]ial = ! und]coats on a c>4 ,two coats %\ld be giv5 to ! c> be=e x is putti$1 z x is be/ to fill well ) pa9t ! nail-holes & plugs1 z well z defects 9 ! wood1 s t moi/ure may n secure a lodgm5t1 :i* o!rwise w cause ! putty to swell1 al?\gh sometimes unseason$ lumb] w swell ! putty2 & z x %r9ks1 ! nail rema9s /ation>y1 & ( c\rse ! putty mu/ give way4 ,be/ ,putty4--,9 mix+ putty1 :i* may be a small matt] ) "s1 take c>e to s prep>e x t x w dry p]fectly h>d 9 #ah h\rs4 ,use gr\nd lead & japan1 /iff5+ up ) dry lead1 & :atev] col\r+ y may require 9 x to mat* y\r prim+ coats4 ,! next coats1 aft] ! "w is well putti$1 %\ld be made to dry flat & h>d4 ,two coats %\ld be appli$1 &1 = all ord9>y jobs or *eap "w1 s&-pap]+ is all t is necess>y = ea* coat2 b :5 a good surface is requir$1 ,i w\ld recomm5d "o coat to be put on heavy en\gh to fill ! gra92 & be=e be+ set1 scrape ) a /eel scrap]4 ,! pla9 surface is all t requires coat+ & scrap+ ) ! heavy mixture4 ,= ?is coat1 :i* is call$ fill+1 use "o-half gr\nd lead & any good m9]al :i* exp]i5ce has %[n c be reli$ on4 ,?is scrap+ ( ! panel "w w fill ! wood equal to two coats ( r\gh /uff1 & saves a great am\nt ( lab\r ov] ! old process1 :5 s mu* rubb+ ) lump pumice 0 done4 ,s&-pap] :5 ! fill+ is ?or\ghly h>d1 & apply ano!r coat ( pa9t ( ord9>y ?ickness1 :51 aft] ano!r s&-pap]+1 y h a good surface = y\r col\r4 ,r\gh-coat+ on c>s has gone almo/ out ( use1 & few %ops are n[ us+ x to any ext5t4 ,my exp]i5ce is t pa9t has less t5d5cy to crack :]e r\gh /uff is left (f4 ,i d n claim t ! fill+ 0 ! pr9cipal cause ( ! crack+1 if x 0 prop]ly mix$2 b ,i believe ! wat] us$ 9 rubb+ d[n a c> ) ! lump pumice injures ! pa9t1 z x w p5etrate 9 "s places1 p>ticul>ly ar\nd ! m\ld+ plugs4 ,f9i%+ ,col\r4--,! c> be+ ready = ! f9i%+ col\r1 ?is %\ld be mix$ ) ! same proportion ( dry] z ! previ\s coat1 or j suffici5t to h x dry 9 ab\t ! same "t4 ,a great error ) _m c> pa9t]s is us+ a l>ge portion ( oil 9 ! "u coats1 & !n b little1 if any1 9 ! f9i%+ coats2 ?is has a decid$ t5d5cy to crack1 ! "u coats be+ m ela/ic4 ,always aim to h col\r dry 9 ab\t ! same "t1 aft] y h done y\r prim+2 by ?is plan y secure :at all pa9t]s %\ld lab\r to accompli%--namely1 little liability to crack4 ,"w w ( c\rse crack sometimes aft] be+ out a few mon?s1 or :5 x has repeat$ coat+s ( v>ni%2 & us+ a quick rubb+ v>ni% on "w w cause x to give way 9 f9e *ecks quick] ?an any?+ else4 ,_m ( ! v>ni%es us$ are ! cause ( ! pa9t crack+1 & no pa9t] has be5 :olly exempt f ?is tr\ble4 ,cause ( ,crack+4--,! mo/ common cause ( crack+ is poor japan1 :i* is ! wor/ enemy t ! c>-pa9t] has to cont5d )4 ,! great] "p ( ! japan is too ela/ic1 & w dry ) a tack1 & ! japan gold size has g5]ally ! same fault1 al?\gh ! ,engli% gold size is g5]ally ( good quality2 b its high price is an objection to its use4 ,a little m c>e 9 ! manufacture ( japans w\ld give a bett] dry]1 & few w\ld object to ! additional co/4 ,japan frequ5tly curdles 9 ! pa9t2 x w n mix ) x1 b ga!rs 9 small gummy p>ticles on ! top4 ,"w pa9t$ ) su* mat]ial _c d o!rwise ?an crack & scale1 & ! rem$y lies only 9 gett+ a good pure article ( turp5t9e japan4 ,9 reg>d to us+ gr\nd lead1 c>-pa9t]s diff]1 z "s pref] to gr9d _! own 9 ! %op4 ,i use ! manufactur$ lead1 & my reasons = do+ s are t x is g5]ally f9] ?an any %op c gr9d x ) pres5t facilities1 & x has age aft] gr9d+1 :i* improves its quality4 ,y c also get a pur] lead & "o ) m body ?an y c by gr9d+ 9 ! %op1 :i* is a fact t ,i ?9k mo/ pa9t]s mu/ admit4 ,i h te/$ x v fully1 & am conv9c$ on ?is po9t4 ,mix+ ! ,pa9ts4--,p]mit me to make a few sugge/ions "h 9 reg>d to ! mix+ ( pa9t1 :i* may n fully agree ) o!rs' views4 ,!re is j z mu* pa9t t cracks by putt+ x on too flat z by us+ too mu* oil4 ,"s pa9t]s mix _! f9i%+ col\r s t x is impossible to get ov] a panel ( ord9>y size be=e x is set "u ! bru%1 & consequ5tly ! col\r w r\gh up4 ,col\r %\ld be mix$ up s t x w n flat d[n = "s "t aft] leav+ x1 & !n y h got "s sub/ance t w n absorb ! v>ni% z fa/ z x is appli$ to ! surface4 ,?is quick dry+ ( col\r is n always caus$ by want ( oil 9 x1 b because !re is too mu* japan1 & a less quantity ( ! latt] w d bett] "w1 & make a smoo!r f9i%4 ,give y\r col\r #dh h\rs to dry betwe5 coats2 always give t "t1 unless x is a hurri$ job1 & exp]i5ce has fully demon/rat$ t x is poor economy to hurry "w out ( ! %op be=e x is prop]ly f9i%$4 ,oils1 ,dry]s1 & ,col\rs4--,9 c>-pa9t+1 bo? raw & boil$ oils are us$1 & good "w may be done ) ei!r1 b ,i recomm5d oil t is b slightly boil$1 9 pref]5ce to ei!r ! raw or ! boil$4 ,aft] x is boil$1 if x is done 9 ! %op1 let x /& #bd h\rs to settle1 !n /ra9 (f c>efully2 ?is takes out all ! impurities & fatty matt] f ! oil1 & x w dry mu* bett]1 nor w x h t tack aft] dry+ t y f9d ) common boil$ oil4 ,use ! prop] quantity ( dry] 9 mix+ y\r pa9t1 & a good reliable job w be ! result4 ,9 c>-pa9t+1 nev] use prep>$ col\rs :i* are gr\nd 9 oil1 z n9e-t5?s ( su* col\rs are gr\nd 9 v inf]ior oil1 & !y may h be5 put up = a great l5g? ( "t1 9 :i* case !y become fatty1 & w inv>iably crack4 ,^! cann$ col\rs d n improve ) age1 z lead & v>ni% d4 ,f9i%+ col\rs %\ld all be gr\nd 9 ! %op1 unless special arrangem5ts c be made ) manufactur]s to prep>e !m2 & ! col\r %\ld be fre%1 n ov] #f or #h days old aft] be+ mix$1 & op5 to ! air4 ,en\gh may be prep>$ at a "t to complete ! coat+ on a job2 b :5 col\r /&s ov] a week x is n fit to use on fir/-class "w1 z x becomes lifeless1 & has lo/ t free work+ :i* we f9d 9 fre%ly-mix$ col\rs4 ,su* col\r may1 h[ev]1 be us$ ^u a *eap class ( "w1 or on trucks1 /eps1 c41 s t no?+ ne$ be wa/$ 9 ! %op4 ,v>ni%+4--,?ree coats ( v>ni% ov] ! col\r are necess>y on a fir/-class coa*4 ,! fir/ coat %\ld be a h>d dry+ v>ni% put on ! flat col\r2 ! quick rubb+ t "s use ,i w\ld n recomm5d1 b "o t w dry 9 five days 79 good dry+ wea!r7 suffici5tly h>d to rub1 is ! be/ = durability4 ,aft] /rip+ & ornam5t+ ! c>1 & :5 ?or\ghly wa%$1 give a coat ( m$ium dry v>ni%4 ,let ?is /& #h days2 !n rub lightly ) curl$ hair or f9e pumice1 & apply ! f9i%+ coat1 :i* is 8we>+ body20 ?is w dry h>d 9 ab\t #aj days1 aft] :i* ! c> may be run out ( ! %op4 ,x %\ld !n be wa%$ ) cold wat] & a s(t bru%1 & is ready = ! road4 ,9 v>ni%+1 _m w apply ! v>ni% z heavy z !y c possibly make x lie1 :51 z a consequ5ce1 x fl[s ov] & runs or sags d[n 9 ridges1 & ( c\rse does n h>d5 prop]ly2 ?is also leaves a sub/ance = ! wea!r to act on4 ,x is bett] to get j en\gh on at a coat to make a good ev5 coat+ :i* w fl[ out smoo?1 & ?is w dry h>d1 & w c]ta9ly we> bett] ?an ! coat t is pil$ on heavily4 ,v>ni%+1 we claim1 c be ov]-done1 despite "s pa9t]s' op9ions to ! contr>y4 ,we h he>d ( ^? :o put #b gal4 on ! body ( a #ej-;foot c> at "o application1 & we h also li/5$ to ! decl>ation1 made by a memb] ( ! craft1 t he put #b gal4 on ! body ( a locomotive tank4 ,su* ?+s are p]haps possible1 & may h be5 done2 b if s1 we "k t ! "w nev] /ood z well z x w\ld if done ) "o-half ! quantity to a coat4 ,9 v>ni%+ a c>1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to h ! surface clean2 wat] nev] injures pa9t :]e x is us$ = wa%+2 & a prop] att5tion to cleanl9ess 9 ?is respect1 & 9 ! c>e ( bru%es us$ = v>ni%+1 w ensure a good-look+ job4 ,p]haps y\r %op facilities = do+ "w are none ( ! be/1 b d ! be/ y c ) :at y h4 ,select if possible1 a /ill1 dry day = v>ni%+1 especially = ! f9i%+ coat4 ,keep y\r %op at an ev5 temp]ature2 avoid cold draughts on ! c> f doors & w9d[s2 wet ! floor only j suffici5t to lay ! du/1 = if too wet1 ! dampness aris+ w h a t5d5cy to de/roy ! lu/re ( y\r v>ni%4 ,( c\rse we _c always d v>ni%+ to our p]fect satisfaction1 especially :]e !re are #be or #cj m5 at "w 9 an op5 %op1 & #f or #h c>s are be+ pa9t$1 :5 m or less dirt & du/ are sure to get on ! "w4 ,a sugge/ion might "h be made to railroad manag]s1 :i* is t no pa9t-%op is complete :]e ! entire process ( pa9t+ & f9i%+ a c> is to be done 9 "o op5 %op4 ,a pa9t-%op %\ld be made to %ut (f 9 sections by slid+ doors1 "o "p ( ! %op be+ us$ exclusively = /rip+ & v>ni%+4 ,i "k f exp]i5ce t n9e-t5?s ( ! railroad pa9t-%ops are defici5t 9 ?is p>ticul>1 & /ill we are expect$ to turn out a clean job1 no matt] :at difficulties we are compell$ to lab\r "u4 ,importance ( ,wa%+ ,c>s4--,9 reg>d to ! c>e ( a c> aft] x has left ! %op1 m att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ?is ?an is done on _m roads4 ,! c> %\ld n be all[$ to run until x is pa/ rem$y1 & ! dirt & smoke become imb$d$ 9 ! v>ni%1 actually =m+ a "p ( ! coat+1 s t :5 y und]take to clean ! c> y mu/ use soda or soap /rong en\gh to cut ! v>ni% be=e y succe$ 9 remov+ ! dirt4 ,c>s %\ld be wa%$ well ) a bru% & wat] at ! end ( e trip4 ,?is only w obviate ! difficulty1 & ^! repeat$ wa%+s w h>d5 ! v>ni% z well z increase its lu/re4 ,we "k t1 9 wa%+ a c>1 :]e soap is requir$ to remove ! dirt & smoke1 x is almo/ impossible to get ! smoke wa%$ (f clean2 & if x is n q impossible1 ! hot sun & ra9 w act on ! v>ni% & v soon de/roy x4 ,re-v>ni%+4--,c>s %\ld be tak5 9 & re-v>ni%$ at lea/ once 9 #ab mon?s2 & if done once 9 #h mon?s x is bett] = !m1 & !y w require only "o coat2 b :]e !y run a ye>1 !y w g5]ally ne$ two coats4 ,^? v>ni%$ dur+ ! hot mon?s w n /& z well z if done at any o!r "t4 ,pa9t+ done 9 extremely cold wea!r1 or 9 a cold %op1 is m liable to crack ?an if done 9 w>m wea!r4 ,h[ to ,dry ,pa9t4--,pa9t dri$ 9 ! %op :]e !re is a draught ( dry air pass+ ?r\gh1 w /& bett] ?an t dri$ by artificial heat2 & y w f9d1 by giv+ x y\r att5tion1 t "w :i* has fail$ to /&1 & :i* crack$ or scal$1 0 inv>iably pa9t$ 9 ! w9t] season1 or 9 cool1 wet wea!r4 ,i h paid "s att5tion to ?is matt]1 & "k ! result4 ,,woodwork ,,pa9t+4--,"o ( ! att5dant drawbacks ( h\ses t are newly built1 or h be5 ha/ily f9i%$ = lett+1 is ! inf]ior pa9t+ ( ! woodwork1 & its spe$y de/ruction4 ,! wood is n ?or\ghly dry1 & ! consequ5ce is ! prep>atory coat does n adh]e2 ! pores be+ full ( dampness1 x is impossible = ! oil to s9k into !m1 especially z oil & wat] are unmiscible4 ,ano!r equally injuri\s condition is ! gum-res9 :i* exudes f ! knots ( new p9e & o!r timb]4 ,pa9t$ ov] be=e x has "t to come to ! surface1 ! coat is de/roy$ by ! action ( ! gum4 ,n[1 ^! evils h to be endur$ s long z ! wood has no "t to get season$4 ,! pa9t] foll[s ! c>p5t] )\t any int]val ( "t1 & be=e ! action ( ! wea!r c br+ out ! moi/ure & res9\s sub/ances4 ,a coat+ ( %ellac is usually giv5 to ! knots1 ?\gh ?is is (t5 s ?9 z to be wor?less4 ,crude petroleum1 z a pres]vative coat1 is f\nd to be an admirable prep>ation = ! pa9t+4 ,! petroleum is ?91 & p5etrates ! wood1 fill+ up ! pores1 & giv+ a good gr\nd = ! coats ( pa9t4 ,accord+ to "o ,am]ican au?ority1 ! prep>ation is ( great value4 ,! prim+ coat %\ld be ?9 & well rubb$ 91 & x is bett] to use a d>k] col\r ?an :ite lead z a base4 ,:ite lead =ms a d5se cov]+ to ! surface1 ?\gh x has its disadvantages4 ,:5 petroleum has =m$ ! fir/ coat1 two o!r coats w suffice1 "o be+ ! prim+ coat1 & a ?ird coat may be giv5 aft] ! "w has /ood = a season4 ,x is a v desirable plan to leave ! pa9t+1 or r f9i%+ coats1 = a "t1 s t any imp]fections 9 ! wood or "w may be discov]$2 x also all[s "t = any *ange ( col\r t may be made4 ,aft] ! prim+ coat1 x is usual 9 good "w to /op all cracks1 nail-holes1 & o!r defects ) putty2 b 9 ! common] class ( pa9t+s1 ! coats are laid on quickly1 ! prec$+ coat has h>dly "t to dry be=e ! next is put on1 & all ! defects ( wood1 bad season+1 exudation ( gum1 c41 quickly beg9 to %[ !mselves ?r\gh & disfigure ! "w4 ,a good pa9t ought to possess body1 p[] ( cov]+1 & fl[ ev5ly f ! bru%1 & become h>d4 ,?\gh z9c :ite has less body ?an :ite lead1 x is m durable1 & w /& sulphur acids )\t black5+4 ,"s col\rs /& bett] ?an o!rs2 ! o*res1 ,indian & ,v5etian r$s1 burnt & raw umb]1 are reliable1 & may be us$ )\t scruple4 ,x is also wor?y ( notice t salt air acts injuri\sly on :ite lead1 & z9c :ite is !re=e pref]able 9 situations expos$ to ! sea-air4 7,engli% ,me*anic47 ,,iron ,,pa9t+4--,! decay ( iron becomes v m>k$ 9 c]ta9 situations1 & weak5s ! metal 9 direct proportion to ! dep? to :i* x has p5etrat$2 & al?\gh :]e ! metal is 9 quantity ?is is n v appreciable1 x really becomes s :5 ! metal is "u in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! natural surface ( ca/ iron is v mu* h>d] ?an ! int]ior1 occasion$ no d\bt by its becom+ *ill$1 or by its conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( silica1 & ?is af=ds an excell5t protection4 ,b %\ld ?is surface be at all brok51 ru/ imm$iately attacks ! metal & soon de/roys x4 ,x is v desirable t ! ca/+ be protect$1 & a prim+ coat ( oil or pa9t %\ld be appli$ = ?is purpose2 ! o!r coats1 ?\gh requisite1 c be giv5 at leisure4 ,! foll[+ is a process to :i* all ca/-iron wat] pipes %\ld be submitt$4 ,x 0 introduc$ by ,dr4 ,smi?1 & is equally applicable to any o!r ca/+ t c be manipulat$3--,ea* ca/+ is ?or\ghly dress$1 & made clean & free f ! e>? & s& :i* cl+ to ! iron 9 ! m\lds1 h>d bru%es be+ us$ 9 f9i%+ ! process to remove ! loose du/4 ,e ca/+ mu/ be likewise free f ru/ :5 ! pa9t is appli$4 ,if ! ca/+ _c promptly be dipp$ aft] be+ cleans$1 ! surface mu/ be oil$ ) l9se$ oil to pres]ve x until x is ready to be dipp$4 ,no ca/+ is on any acc\nt to be dipp$ aft] ru/ has set 94 ,! coal-t> pit* us$ z a pa9t 9 ?is process is made f coal-t> di/ill$ until ! naph?a is entirely remov$ & ! mat]ial is deodoris$4 ,9 ,engl& x is di/ill$ until ! pit* is ab\t ! consi/5ce ( wax4 ,! mixture ( #e or #f p] c5t4 ( l9se$ oil is recomm5d$ by ,dr4 ,smi?4 ,pit* :i* becomes h>d & brittle :5 cold w n answ] = ?is use4 ,pit* ( ! prop] quality hav+ be5 obta9$1 x mu/ be c>efully heat$ 9 a suitable vessel to a temp]ature ( #cjj ,f41 & mu/ be ma9ta9$ at n less ?an ?is temp]ature dur+ ! "t ( dipp+4 ,! mat]ial w ?ick51 & det]iorate aft] a numb] ( pieces h be5 dipp$2 fre% pit* mu/1 !re=e1 frequ5tly be add$1 & occasionally ! vessel mu/ be entirely empti$ ( its old cont5ts & refill$ ) fre% pit*4 ,! refuse w be h>d & brittle l common pit*1 & consequ5tly wor?less = ! purpose4 ,e ca/+ mu/ atta9 a temp]ature ( #cjj ,f41 ei!r by previ\s heat+ or dur+ ! imm]sion be=e be+ remov$ f ! vessel ( hot pit*4 ,x may !n be sl[ly remov$1 & laid ^u skids to drip4 ,9 ! case ( wat] pipes1 all ^? ( #bj in*es diamet] & upw>ds w h to rema9 at lea/ #cj m9utes 9 ! hot fluid to atta9 ?is temp]ature4 ,! coat+ :5 cold %\ld be t\gh & t5aci\s1 & n brittle nor h ! slighte/ t5d5cy to scale (f4 ,9 consid]+ ! pa9t+ ( wr\ght iron x mu/ be notic$ t :5 iron is oxidis$ by heat+ 9 contact ) ! atmosph]e1 two or ?ree di/9ct lay]s ( scale =m on ! surface1 &1 unlike ! sk9 ^u ca/ iron1 c be readily deta*$1 z by b5d+ or by hamm]+ ! metal4 ,! out] lay] ( ?is scale is m highly oxidis$ ?an ! inn]1 & is slightly r$d] 9 t+e f ! pres5ce ( a v>iable excess ( f]ric oxide ov] t conta9$ 9 ! inn] lay]4 ,! oxide occurr+ 9 ! out] scale is fusible only at a high temp]ature1 is /rongly magnetic1 & slightly metallic 9 lu/re2 :ile ! inn] lay]s are m por\s1 dull1 & non-metallic 9 lu/re1 less brittle1 & also less p[]fully magnetic4 ,x w be se5 t ! iron has a t5d5cy to ru/ f ! mom5t x leaves ! hamm] or rolls1 & t ! scale above describ$ mu/ come away4 ,"o ( ! plans to pres]ve ! iron has be5 to coat x ) pa9t :5 /ill hot at ! mill2 & al?\gh ?is answ]s = a :ile1 x is a v tr\blesome me?od1 :i* iron-ma/]s _c be p]suad$ to adopt1 & ! subsequ5t cutt+ processes to :i* x is submitt$ leave _m p>ts ( ! iron b>e4 ,besides1 a good deal ( ! scale rema9s1 & until ?is has fall5 (f1 or has be5 remov$1 any pa9t+ ov] x w be ( little value4 ,! only effectual way ( prep>+ wr\ght iron is to effect a ?or\gh & *emical cleans+ ( ! surface ( ! metal ^u :i* ! pa9t is to be appli$1 t is1 x mu/ be imm]s$ = ?ree or f\r h\rs 9 wat] conta9+ f #a to #b p] c5t4 ( sulphuric acid4 ,! metal is aft]w>ds r9s$ 9 cold wat]1 &1 if necess>y1 sc\r$ ) s&1 put aga9 into ! acid ba? or pickle1 & !n well r9s$4 ,! real value ( any pa9t dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! l9se$ oil1 ! quality & "* ( ! pigm5t1 & ! c>e be/[$ on ! gr9d+ & mix+1 & z all ?is is entirely a matt] ( exp5se1 *eap pa9ts are n to be reli$ ^u4 ,! sup]iority ( mo/ e/eem$ pa9ts is due to ! above causes r ?an to any unkn[n process or mat]ial employ$ 9 ! manufacture4 ,! foll[+ excell5t article on ! pres]vation ( iron & /eel /ructural "w appe>$ 9 ! #8,illu/rat$ ,c>p5t] & ,build]4' ,x conveys ! mo/ rec5t ,am]ican op9ion4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important economic que/ions ( ! pres5t day is ! pres]vation ( iron & /eel /ructures4 ,9 ,am]ica _m millions ( doll>s are annually sp5t 9 ! erection & con/ruction ( ^!1 & ! am\nt is increas+ 9 rapid proportion4 ,bridges1 build+s1 viaducts1 %ips1 & ma*9]y are n[ be+ made ( ^! mat]ials1 to almo/ ! entire exclusion ( o!rs4 ,f _! v nature iron & /eel are peculi>ly subject to decay f atmosph]ic & o!r influ5ces4 ,! "q ( pres]v+ !m is n m]ely "o ( f9ance1 b1 especially 9 ! case ( railroads1 "o affect+ ! lives & prop]ty ( a l>ge portion ( ! community4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! be/ me?od ( pres]v+ !m8 ,! almo/ univ]sal me?od is by means ( pa9ts1 or ! application ( sub/ances to _! surfaces :i* w resi/ or ret>d ! influ5ce ( air1 wat]1 & o!r de/ructive ag5cies4 ,! requisites ( a good pa9t = ?is purpose are t x %all adh]e firmly to ! surface1 & n *ip or peel (f1 !reby leav+ portions ( ! surface expos$4 ,x mu/ n corrode ! iron1 else ! rem$y may only aggravate ! disease4 ,x mu/ =m a surface h>d en\gh to resi/ influ5ces :i* w\ld remove x by friction1 yet ela/ic en\gh to con=m to ! expansion & contraction ( ! metal by heat & cold4 ,x mu/ be imp]vi\s to & unaffect$1 z f> z possible1 by moi/ure1 atmosph]ic & o!r influ5ces to :i* ! /ructure may be expos$4 ,! pa9ts t h be5 us$ = ?is purpose are pr9cipally asphalt & coal-t> pa9ts1 consi/+ ( m9]al & artificial asphalt or coal-t>1 ei!r appli$ alone or comb9$ ) ea* o!r1 &1 m or less1 ) metallic bases1 & iron oxide pa9ts & lead oxide pa9ts1 especially r$ lead1 9 all ( :i* ! pigm5t is held to ! surface ( ! iron or /eel by comb9ation ) l9se$ oil4 ,! *oice ( pa9ts mu/ lie1 s f> z our pres5t practical exp]i5ce goes1 betwe5 ^! ?ree classes1 z9c oxide be+ f\nd to be entirely unsuitable on acc\nt ( a prop5sity to peel (f4 ,:at1 !n1 is f\nd to be ! exp]i5ce 9 actual practice ) ^!8 ,asphalt & coal-t> pa9ts 8run0 :5 expos$ to ! sun & o!r s\rces ( heat1 :i* is a s]i\s matt] ) v]tical surfaces2 & aft] a "t become extremely brittle & scale (f entirely1 leav+ ! "u surface expos$1 unless ! pa9t is con/antly r5ew$4 ,9 ! meantime ! expos$ iron & /eel are be+ corrod$ by ru/4 ,iron oxide pa9ts1 includ+ 8metallic br[n10 are pa9ts made f iron ore1 or by "s *emical process ) an iron base4 ,^! are inv>iably iron 9 a great] or less degree ( oxidation1 or 9 o!r words1 ru/$ iron4 ,n[ x is well kn[n t "o ( ! mo/ active promot]s ( ru/ or decay 9 iron is ! ru/ itself4 ,"u ! comb9$ influ5ces ( ! moi/ure & c>bonic acid ( ! atmosph]e1 iron oxide or iron ru/ becomes a c>ri] ( oxyg5 f ! air to ! metal1 ru/ begett+ ru/4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ?is mat]ial alone has no pres]v+ effect on iron2 9 fact1 x promot$ its decay4 ,h[ is x :5 comb9$ ) l9se$ oil 9 ! =m ( pa9t8 ,9 ! economy ( nature1 iron oxide is a great dis9fectant4 ,:5 9 contact ) organic matt] & moi/ure1 ev5 at a l[ temp]ature1 "u fav\rable conditions1 x readily gives up oxyg51 de/roy+ m or less ! organic matt]1 & be+ itself r$uc$ to a l[] oxide4 ,:5 ?us r$uc$1 ) equal read9ess x absorbs oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e1 & aga9 passes x on1 !reby promot+ & ev5tually ensur+ ! de/ruction or trans=mation ( ! organic matt] ) :i* x may be 9 contact1 ei!r 9 ! soil or else:]e4 ,! same process appe>s to take place :5 comb9$ ) l9se$ oil 9 ! =m ( pa9t & expos$ to atmosph]ic influ5ces1 ! oil be+ ! organic matt]4 ,if l9se$ oil 9 dry+ =m$ an air-& wat]-pro( film1 x might be urg$ t ! oxide ( iron w\ld be entirely protect$ f ! direct influ5ces ( oxyg5 ( ! air & moi/ure4 ,su* h[ev] is n ! case4 ,! mo/ em95t au?orities h rec5tly %[n t ! dri$ film ( l9se$ oil1 unless unit$ ) a pigm5t t comb9es *emically & =ms a wat]-pro( coat+ ) x1 actually absorbs wat] v mu* l a sponge4 ,:]e wat] w g air w also g1 & we ?us h 9 direct contact ) ! iron oxide ( ! pa9t1 :i* does n comb9e *emically ) oil1 ^? elem5ts1 air1 moi/ure1 & organic matt]1 :i* cause ! iron to become a c>ri] ( oxyg5 & a de/roy] ( :at x is 9 contact )4 ,x is well kn[n t iron pa9t d>k5s ) age2 ?is is caus$ l>gely by ! iron oxide los+ oxyg51 :i* is p>tly transf]r$ to ! oil1 burn+ x up & de/roy+ its t5acity1 z may be se5 by exam9+ iron /ructures pa9t$ = "s "t ) iron pa9t or metallic br[n1 ! pa9t be+ f\nd extremely brittle & 9 fea!ry scales4 ,?is is n all ! damage t is done4 ,! iron oxide 9 ! pa9t becomes a c>ri] ( oxyg5 to ! v metal x 0 design$ to protect1 & ! process ( corrosion is comm5c$ & c>ri$ on "u ! pa9t1 :i* ev5tually peels or scales (f1 ! surface ( ! metal be+ f\nd m or less oxidis$ & corrod$4 ,asphalt & iron oxide be+ ?us %[n to be entirely incapable ( pres]v+ ! iron1 x rema9s = u to consid] ! effect ( r$ lead4 ,?is pigm5t has ! prop]ty ( =m+ ) l9se$ oil a h>d ela/ic coat+1 cl++ ) great t5acity to ! metal4 ,x has no oxidis+ effect on iron1 & does n act z a c>ri] ( oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e aft] ! pa9t has set1 nei!r does x r5d] ! oil brittle nor promote ru/4 ,:5 r$ lead fails1 x is pr9cipally by gradual we> or friction f ! outside4 ,x does n scale or bli/]1 :i* bo? asphalt & iron oxide pa9ts w d1 !reby requir+ a ?or\gh scrap+ & removal ( old mat]ial be=e a new coat c be appli$4 ,any r$ lead pigm5t adh]+ to ! metal =ms a p]man5t base = subsequ5t pa9t+s1 & is utilis$ 9 fur!r pres]v+ ! metal4 ,! ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t specifications = ironwork 9 ! new ,libr>y ,build+ ( ,congress provide t 8all ! "w n ,b[]-,b>ff$ mu/ be giv5 "o coat ( pure r$ lead pa9t--n metallic pa9t ( any k9d1 b pure r$ lead--be=e leav+ ! %op & becom+ ru/$40 ,! exp]im5ts ( ! ,u4,s4 ,navy ,dep>tm5t on ! pres]vation & f\l+ ( plates cov]$ ) diff]5t pigm5ts may be int]e/+4 ,a plate ( iron cov]$ ) asphalt pa9t 0 imm]s$ 9 sea-wat] = eight mon?s & six days at ! ,u4,s4 ,navy ,y>d1 ,portsm\?1 ,n4,h4 ,at ! end ( t p]iod x 0 f\nd to be cov]$ ) scum & mud1 & v badly ru/$4 ,a plate coat$ ) iron pa9t1 imm]s$ at ,key ,we/1 ,fla41 0 f\nd to be cov]$ ) bran* %ell & coral1 b little pa9t rema9+1 & v badly pitt$ & ru/$4 ,a plate ) two coats ( r$ lead1 at ! ,norfolk ,navy ,y>d1 0 f\nd to h a few b>nacles atta*$1 b to be 9 fair condition1 ) no ru/ :atev] on ! iron aft] ! pa9t 0 remov$4 ,x w be se5 t n only did ! r$ lead protect ! iron bett] ?an ! o!r pigm5ts ref]r$ to1 b t ! plates 7 9 f> bett] condition z reg>ds b>nacles & f\l+4 ,! sup]iority ( r$ lead be+ ?us e/abli%$1 x is adopt$ = use on hulls ( ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t w>%ips4 ,on ! ,dut* ,/ate railroads a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s 7 made ) ! above pigm5ts on scrubb$ plates1 z well z ^? :i* _h be5 pickl$ 9 acid to remove ! scale4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! r$ lead 0 sup]ior 9 ea* case to ! o!rs4 ,if r$ lead is ?us prov$ to be ! be/ pigm5t = pres]v+ iron & /eel /ructures1 :at is ! prop] me?od = apply+ x8 ,we h se5 above t ! value ( r$ lead dep5ds ^u its =m+ c]ta9 comb9ations ) ! oil1 & actually sett+ v mu* ! same z pla/] ( ,p>is or cem5t sets :5 mix$ ) wat]4 ,to successfully "w ) ! latt] sub/ances1 x is necess>y to put !m 9 %ape z quickly z possible aft] mix+ ) wat] be=e ! sett+ takes place4 ,if ! *emical action ( sett+ has p>tly tak5 place1 ! mat]ial may be m\ld$1 b x is kn[n t good results w n be obta9$4 ,r$ lead1 l ^! sub/ances1 mu/ be appli$ to ! "w be=e x sets ) ! oil4 ,x is on ?is po9t t failures 9 ! use ( pigm5t h g5]ally occurr$1 because if x be appli$ aft] ! comb9+ or sett+ process has tak5 place1 ! h>d1 ela/ic1 cl++ coat+ w n be =m$ on ! iron surface4 ,! foll[+ is ! practice ( "o ( ! l>ge/ %ipbuild+ e/abli%m5ts 9 apply+ r$ lead to ! hulls ( vessels4 ,! plates are fir/ pickl$ 9 a dilute solution ( muriatic acid2 !n pass$ betwe5 rapidly revolv+ wire bru%es1 :i* remove all scale & dirt1 leav+ ! iron ) a bright1 smoo? surface2 !n ?or\ghly wa%$ ) pure wat]1 & rubb$ entirely dry2 & imm$iately coat$ ) r$ lead & pure raw l9se$ oil4 ,! r$ lead is fir/ ?or\ghly mix$ ) j en\gh l9se$ oil to =m a v ?ick1 t\gh pa/e1 :i* w keep = sev]al days )\t h>d5+4 ,?is pa/e1 z want$ = use1 is ?9n$ d[n to ! prop] consi/5cy = spread+ ) pure l9se$ oil1 & appli$ at once1 c>e be+ tak5 to leave pa9t-pots empty at night4 ,a gallon ( pa9t ?us prep>$ conta9s ab\t #e lb4 ( oil & #ah lb4 ( r$ lead1 & w cov] on fir/ coat ab\t #ejj squ>e feet4 ,9 ?is way ! r$ lead & oil get _! initial set on ! surface ( ! iron1 & ! clos] ! pigm5t is br\ght to ! iron ! m durable w x be f\nd4 ,"s p>ties prime iron ) iron oxide pa9t or metallic br[n be=e apply+ r$ lead1 :i* appe>s to be a mi/ake1 z ?is pa9t readily scales f iron1 &1 ( c\rse1 c>ries ! lead ) x4 ,o!rs coat ! iron ) oil be=e apply+ ! r$ lead4 ,?is1 too1 prev5ts ! adh]+ pa9t f com+ 9 contact directly ) ! surface1 & %\ld be avoid$1 provid$ ! iron is prop]ly prep>$ by ?or\gh clean+ & removal ( any scale & moi/ure1 :i* is a matt] ( ! greate/ importance4 ,9 prim+ wood surfaces :i* are absorb5t ( oil1 ! be/ practice fav\rs ! putt+ on ( a coat ( pure oil1 or oil ?9n$ ) turp5t9e1 :i* %all p5etrate ! surface1 & =m a b9d] = ! subsequ5t coats4 ,) iron1 ! case is q diff]5t1 provid$ we h a pa9t :i*1 f its v nature1 c atta* itself firmly to ! surface1 because x is out ( ! "q = x to hold on to ! surface ( iron by any process ( absorption into ! pores ( ! metal1 z l9se$ oil w n p5etrate to any ext5t4 ,su* a pa9t %\ld be put directly on ! surface ( ! clean1 dry metal1 z is done 9 ! cases ( ,gov]nm5t vessels ref]r$ to1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a coat ( oil or o!r sub/ances4 ,! ru/+ ( iron be=e ! application ( pa9t1 :i* is sometimes recomm5d$1 %\ld by all means be avoid$1 z x n only prev5ts ! contact ( ! pa9t ) ! metal1 b induces a *emical action :i* may g on ) its corrod+ "w "u ! appli$ pa9t4 ,z to ! relative co/ ( iron oxide pa9ts & r$ lead1 !re is no d\bt t ! fir/ co/ ( pa9t+ /ructures ) iron oxide is some:at less ?an ) r$ lead4 ,! be/ railroad au?orities /ate1 h[ev]1 t lab\r 9 pa9t+ /ructural "w co/s twice z mu* z mat]ial4 ,! true economy mu/ !re=e be s\ght 9 ! durability ( ! pa9t z well z ! pres]vation ( ! /ructure f ru/4 ,actual exp]im5ts h %[n t /ructures pa9t$ ) iron pa9t _h to be repa9t$ 9 ! ?ird or f\r? ye>1 ^? ) r$ lead n until ! six? ye>4 ,9 ! second pa9t+ ) iron pa9t1 ! old mat]ial mu/ be entirely remov$ be=e a fre% coat c be prop]ly appli$1 entail+ consid]able increas$ co/1 :]eas ) ! r$ lead no su* exp5se is necess>y1 b1 z be=e /at$1 a portion ( ! pigm5t rema9s on ! iron1 cont9u+ to protect ! surface1 & is ! v be/ base = ! new coat1 besides contribut+ mat]ially t[>ds x1 less5+ ! exp5se ( ea* repa9t+4 ,x w !re=e be easily se5 t1 al?\gh 9 fir/ co/ r$ lead may be slightly de>] ?an ! iron pa9t1 yet 9 ! long run x w be greatly *eap]1 besides giv+ assurance1 = ! reasons above /at$1 t ! /ructure is n det]iorat+ f ! effects ( ! atmosph]e & pa9t4 ,be=e clos+1 x might be well to allude to ! effect ( lampblack :5 mix$ 9 small quantities1 say an ounce to ! p\nd ( r$ lead4 ,x *anges ! col\r to a deep *ocolate1 a possible advantage 9 "s cases1 & also prev5ts ! r$ lead f tak+ its initial set ) l9se$ oil z quickly z :5 mix$ ) oil alone4 ,exp]im5ts rec5tly made %[$ t ?is comp\nd w\ld rema9 mix$ 9 pa/e =m ) l9se$ oil "s ?irty days )\t h>d5+4 ,?or\gh mixture is ( ! greate/ importance1 & %\ld be done 9 ! dry /ate be=e add+ ! oil4 ,if rapid dry+ is desir$1 ,japan dry] c be mix$ ) ! oil us$ 9 ?9n+ ! pa/e be=e application ) ! bru%4 ,too mu* /ress _c be laid on ! great importance ( hav+ ! metallic surface p]fectly clean & z free z possible f scale & ru/ be=e ! application ( ! pa9t4 ,:]e pickl+ ) acid is impracticable1 z is frequ5tly ! case 9 railroad & o!r /ructural "w1 ?or\gh bru%+ ) wire bru%es %\ld be resort$ to4 ,,fresco ,,pa9t+4--,! foll[+ obs]vations are due to ,pr(4 ,b>ff1 :o dealt ) ! subject 9 "o ( ! ,cantor ,lectures giv5 at ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,! gr\nd ^u :i* fresco is pa9t$ is a lime gr\nd2 & 9 ord] to h a p]man5t picture1 x is cle> we mu/ h a firm & /able gr\nd4 ,9 ord] to prep>e t gr\nd1 fir/ ( all ! wall mu/ be absolutely dry2 !re mu/ be no leakage ( moi/ure f beh9d4 ,lime :i* has be5 8run0 7z x is te*nically call$ by build]s7 = a ye> or a ye> & a half is be/ to be employ$1 = 9 proportion z ! lime has be5 c>bonat$ 7?\gh x mu/ n be s to too great an ext5t7 by ! action ( ! c>bonic acid ( ! air x makes a bett] & a h>d] mort>4 ,) ?is lime mu/ be mix$ s&1 & a great deal dep5ds on ! selection ( ! s&4 ,x mu/ be riv] s&1 & x %\ld be ( ev5 gra92 ! s& %\ld be mix$ ) wat]1 & all[$ to pass along d[n a small /ream1 s t 9 ! c5tre ( ! /ream y w\ld h s& gra9s pretty ne>ly equal 9 size4 ,?is is a po9t ( consid]able importance4 ,! reason :y new lime _c & ought n to be us$ is because x bli/]s2 small bli/]s appe> on ! surface1 & t ( c\rse w\ld be ru9\s to a picture4 ,a well-pla/]$ wall %\ld n h a bli/] or crack 9 x1 & ?is is secur$ by hav+ y\r lime run = "s "t1 ( good quality to />t )1 & mix$ ) good s&4 ,!re is no *emical process t takes place 9 fresco pa9t+ o!r ?an ?is1 t silicates are =m$ by ! action ( ! lime ^u ! s&1 & c>bonates by ! action ( ! c>bonic acid ( ! air ^u ! lime4 ,9 pa9t+ a fresco picture1 inasmu* z !re is no ret\*+ ! "w :5 x is f9i%$1 ! arti/ mu/ make 8 draw+ v c>efully4 ,! c>toon is made ^u ord9>y pap]1 !n x is fix$ aga9/ ! wall :]e ! picture is to be pa9t$4 ,! "p :]e ! arti/ decides to beg9 8 "w is uncov]$1 t is to say1 a portion ( ! pap] is turn$ d[n & cut away1 b 9 su* a mann] t x may be replac$4 ,!n ! pla/]] puts fre% pla/]1 ab\t an eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 ^u ! uncov]$ portion ( ! wall1 & ! pla/]]'s "w is ( ! utmo/ importance 9 fresco pa9t+4 ,! workman ought to practise x well be=e he attempts to prep>e ! gr\nd = a l>ge picture1 & x is ( ! greate/ importance to all[ ! man to practise = sev]al weeks be=e he is all[$ to prep>e any portion ( ! gr\nd1 ev5 = decorative3 pa9t+4 ,9 ?is way he becomes accu/om$ to ! suction ( ! wall1 & ^u ! suction ( ! wall dep5ds ! s\ndness ( ! gr\nd & ! success ( fresco pa9t+4 ,:5 ! pla/] is fir/ put on1 ( c\rse x is v s(t2 ! piece ( c>toon is replac$ ^u x1 & ! l9es ( ! picture are gone ov] ) a bone po9t1 s t an ind5tation is made1 & !n ! arti/ beg9s 8 pa9t+4 ,at fir/ he f9ds 8 col\rs "w greasy2 y _c get ! t9t to lie on1 x works /reaky2 b y mu/ n m9d t1 y mu/ pa9t on1 b y mu/ only pa9t on = a c]ta9 "t1 = if y g on pa9t+ too long y w int]f]e ) ! satisfactory suction ( ! gr\nd1 :i* is s necess>y to produce a good fresco pa9t+4 ,( c\rse1 no?+ b practice c tell any "o ! p]iod at :i* he ought to /op4 ,aft] "s practice1 y "k p]fectly well by ! feel :5 y ought to /op4 ,if y feel y\r col\r fl[+ f y\r bru% too readily1 y ought to /op at ?is p]iod4 ,y mu/ !n leave y\r "w = a "t1 & g back to x aga94 ,& !n y w f9d1 z ! pla/] sucks 9 ! col\r :i* y h fir/ laid on1 t !re w be--x may be 9 ! c\rse ( half-an-h\r1 x may be an h\r1 t dep5ds ^u ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e--a pleasant suction f y\r bru%1 ! col\r go+ f x agreeably1 & y w f9d t x w cov] bett]4 ,n[ is ! "t to pa9t rapidly1 & complete ! "w y h 9 h&4 ,:5 ! col\r leaves y\r bru% z ?\gh ! wall 0 ?ir/y = moi/ure1 y %\ld cease pa9t+2 e t\* t is appli$ aft] t w turn out grey :5 x dries1 & ! col\r w n be fa/ ^u ! wall4 ,y w see1 !n1 h[ impossible x is1 ) su* mat]ials1 to pa9t 9 ! same /yle 9 :i* y pa9t a picture 9 oil-col\r4 ,fresco pa9t+ involves ! adoption ( an entirely diff]5t /yle f oil pa9t+4 ,! frescoes ( ! old ma/]s are n highly wr\ght up1 highly-f9i%$ works4 ,!y dep5d = _! effect ^u ! juxtaposition ( t9ts1 ! %ad[s be+ int5sifi$ by l9es & cross-hat*+4 ,if y look at ^? reproductions ( "s ( ! mo/ valuable fresco pa9t+s ( ! old ma/]s1 y w see ! me?od adopt$ by !m dep5d$ ^u ! juxtaposition ( t9ts1 n ^u cov]+ ov]1 & ov]1 & ov] aga94 ,t juxtaposition ( t9ts produces r\ndness1 transp>5cy1 & has a v pleas+ effect ^u ! eye4 ,if two t9ts are put aga9/ "o ano!r1 !y d n appe> to u z if !y 7 s+le1 b ea* adds some?+ to ! effect ( ! o!r1 & toge!r !y produce a pleasurable & agreeable effect1 if !y h be5 prop]ly select$4 ,we all "k h[ tempt+ x is to g back to a piece ( pa9t+ & d some?+ to x t ought to h be5 done be=e4 ,we ?9k t a t\* w improve x1 & we g & make x3 b 9 fresco pa9t+ ! temptation mu/ be resi/$1 = x w be absolutely fatal to ! p]man5cy ( ! "w4 ,,index ,african indigo1 #dg ,alkali = remov+ old pa9t1 #cea ,alum9a = lakes1 #bhb ,am]ican indigo1 #dg ---- lamp-black furnace1 #bj ,anil9e black1 #be ,animal black1 #e1 #f ---- matt]s1 nitrog5 91 #ea ,an?rac5e oil black1 #ba ,antimony v]milion1 #ach ,antw]p blue1 #fb ,area cov]$ by pa9t1 #cei1 #cfj ,arnaudon's gre51 #abh ,ars5ic f cobalt ores1 #ca ---- orange1 #aec ---- yell[1 #beg1 #bhj ,asphalt br[n1 #aja ---- = pa9t+ iron1 #cgc ,aureol91 #beg ,azurite blue1 #dj ,balma9s lum9\s pa9t1 #bhf ,b>yta blue1 #aaa ---- gre51 #aji ---- r$1 #adc ---- :ite1 #agj ,b>ytes1 #agj ,b5zoates z dry]s1 #cah ,b5zol vehicles1 #bif ,b9d]'s cobalt blue1 #bi ,bi/re1 #aja ,bitum51 #aja ,blacks1 #e-bf ---- adult]ations1 #f ---- anil9e1 #be ---- animal1 #e1 #f ---- an?rac5e oil1 #ba ---- bone1 #e1 #f ---- bone-oil1 #ab ---- c&le1 #be ---- 8c>bon10 #ai ---- *>coal1 #be ---- coal1 #be ---- coal t>1 #ad1 #ae1 #ba ---- coke-ov51 #af ---- composition1 #e ---- cork1 #be ---- creosote oil1 #ba ---- drop1 #aa ---- fat1 #aa1 #ab1 #ba ---- ,frank=t1 #aa ---- 8gas10 #ai ---- gas-t>1 #ad1 #ae1 #ba ---- ,g]man1 #bf ---- impurities1 #e ---- iron1 #bf ---- ivory1 #e1 #aa ---- lamp1 #e1 #aa ---- lead1 #bf ---- manganese1 #bf ---- m9]al gas1 #ai ---- ---- matt] 91 #f ---- natural gas1 #ai ---- oil1 #aa1 #ab1 #ba ---- oily matt] 91 #e ---- organic1 #e ---- p>aff91 #af ---- pea*-/one1 #aa ---- ,prussian1 #bf ---- prussiate1 #bf ---- res91 #aa4 #ae1 #af ---- %ale oil1 #ba ---- ,spani%1 #bf ---- tann91 #bf ---- t>1 #ad1 #ae1 #ba ---- te/+1 #f ---- unimportant1 #be ---- vegetable1 #e1 #aa1 #be1 #bf ---- v9e twig1 #aa ---- w9e lees1 #aa ,blanc fixe1 #agb ,blea*+ oils1 #ccb ,bl5k9sop & ,h>tley's dry]1 #cce ,blood 9 prim+ coat1 #ceb ,blue lum9\s pa9t1 #bia ---- pota%1 #ed1 #ef ---- salt1 #ed1 #ef ---- wa%+1 #ij ,blues1 #bg-ajj ---- ,antw]p1 #fb ---- azurite1 #dj ---- b>yta1 #aaa ---- ,b9d]'s cobalt1 #bh ---- ,bong's1 #fb ---- ,brem51 #cd ---- ,brunswick1 #fd ---- cruleum1 #bg ---- ,*9ese1 #fe ---- cobalt1 #bg1 #bh ---- cruleum1 #cg ---- copp]1 #cd ---- indigo1 #db ---- lime1 #ch ---- manganese1 #di ---- m\nta91 #dj ---- ,p>is1 #fh ---- ,pligot1 #da ---- ,prussian1 #di ---- ,saxon1 #fi ---- smalts1 #bg1 #cj ---- soluble1 #fi ---- ,?n>d's cobalt1 #bh ---- ,turnbull's1 #gj ---- ultram>9e1 #gj ---- v]dit]1 #da ---- zaffre1 #cj ,body ( pigm5ts1 #bic ,boil$ oils1 adult]ants (1 #cca ---- ---- defects1 #cbg ---- ---- sub/itute =1 #ceb ---- ---- te/+ = lead 91 #cbh ,boil+ oil1 #caf1 #cbj ,bole1 #bgb ,boletta1 #bgc ,bologna /one1 #agj ,bone black1 #e1 #f ---- ---- composition1 #aj ---- co/ ( production1 #aj ---- ---- furnaces1 #g ---- ---- qualities1 #aj ---- br[n1 #ajb ---- oil black1 #ab ,bones1 c>bonis+1 #g ---- gases f1 utilis+1 #i ,bong's manganese blue1 #di ---- ,prussian blue1 #fb ,borates z dry]s1 #cah ,braconnot's gre51 #abc ,bramwell's prussiate1 #eh ,brazil-wood lake1 #bhc ,brem5 blue1 #cd ---- gre51 #aab ,brighton gre51 #aab ,br9jes & ,goodw9's pa9t mill1 #cdf ,br[n lum9\s pa9t1 #bia ,br[ns1 #aja1 #ajh ---- asphalt1 #aja ---- bi/re1 #aja ---- bitum51 #aja ---- bone1 #ajb ---- cappagh1 #ajb ---- ,cassel e>?1 #ajb ---- *icory1 #ajb ---- ,cologne e>?1 #ajb ---- manganese1 #ajc ---- ,m>s1 #ajc ---- ,prussian1 #ajc ---- ,rub5s1 #ajb ---- sepia1 #ajd ---- ulm91 #aje ---- ultram>9e1 #hh ---- umb]s1 #aje ---- ,v&yke1 #ajg ,brunquell on prussiate1 #ei ,brunswick blue1 #fd ---- gre51 #aac ---- ---- *>act]s1 #aah ---- ---- dry me?od1 #aag ---- ---- te/+1 #aah ---- ---- wet me?od1 #aae ,bru%es1 #cee ---- keep+1 #cee ,buckley's prussiate works1 #ei ,cadmium ,yell[1 #beh ,cruleum1 #bg ,calc9+ lamp-black1 #bc ,calcium hyposulphite1 prep>+1 #aci ---- polysulphide1 prep>+1 #aci ,c&le black1 #be ,c&le-nut oil1 #bih ,cappagh br[n1 #ajb1 #ajf 8,c>bon0 black1 #ai ---- pigm5ts1 #e ,c>bonis+ bones1 #g ,c>m9at$ lake1 #bhc ,c>m9e lake1 #bhc ,c>riages1 pa9t+1 #cfa ---- v>ni%+1 #cfe ,c>s1 pa9t+1 #cfa ---- re-v>ni%+1 #cfg ---- wa%+1 #cfg ,cassel e>?1 #ajb ,cassius purple1 #adc ,cawk1 #agj ,c5tral ,am]ican indigo1 #dg ,c]*ione1 #bgc ,*alk1 #bdf ,*>coal black1 #be ,*>lton :ite1 #agb1 #bed ,*icory br[n1 #ajb ,*9a clay1 #agb ---- ---- artificial1 #ahb ---- ---- *>act]s1 #ahb ---- ---- dry+1 #age1 #aha ---- ---- wa/e products1 #agi ---- ---- works1 #agc ,*9ese blue1 #fe ---- gre51 #aah1 #abi ---- r$1 #add1 #ahe ---- v]milion1 #aeg ,*romates1 iron1 #bfg ---- lead1 #bfj ---- z9c1 #bfh ,*rome gre5s1 #aac1 #aah1 #abe ---- orange1 #add ---- r$1 #add1 #ade ---- yell[s1 #beh ,*romes1 *>act]s1 #bff ,cl>k's pa9t mill1 #cda ,coa*es1 pa9t+1 #cfa ---- re-v>ni%+1 #cfg ---- v>ni%+1 #cfe ---- wa%+1 #cfg ,coal black1 #be ,coal-t> black1 #ad1 #ae1 #ba ,coats ( pa9t1 #cee ,cobalt b5zoate1 #cah ---- blues1 #bg1 #bh ---- borate1 #cah ---- gre5s1 #aai ---- ore furnace1 #ca ---- oxide blue1 #bh ---- p9k1 #add ---- r$1 #add ,co*9eal lake1 #bhd ,cruleum blue1 #cg ,coke ov5 black1 #af ,colco?>1 #ade1 #aej ,cologne e>?1 #ajb ,col\r & aggregation ( p>ticles1 #b ---- ---- *emical composition1 #b ---- ---- light1 #a ---- causes1 #a ---- def9$1 #a ---- de/ruction1 #b ---- ( pigm5ts1 te/+1 #bic ---- s5se1 #a ,cond5s]1 fume1 #baf ,cond5s+ smoke1 #ac1 #ae1 #ag ,condy's :ite lead1 #aig ,copp] blues1 #cd ---- c>bonate1 #dj ---- gre5s1 #aba1 #acj1 #aca ---- hydrat$ oxide1 #cd1 #da ---- nitrate1 #cf ---- sulphate dry]1 #cbe ,cork black1 #be ,corni% umb]1 #ajg ,cotton se$ oil 9 l9se$ oil1 #cja ,cov]+ p[] ( pigm5ts1 #bic ,crack+1 causes1 #cfc ,creosote oil black1 #ba ,crucibles = roa/+ smalts1 #cb ,cuttle fi% br[n1 #ajd ,cyanog5 9 prussiate mak+1 #eh ,cyprus e>?1 #acd ,damm> vehicles1 #bif ,d]by r$1 #ade ,d]by%ire umb]1 #ajf ,discoloration ( pa9t1 #cef ,d\glas gre51 #abj ,drop black1 #aa ,dry]s1 #bie-cch1 #cfe ,dry]s1 b5zoates1 #cah ---- ,bl5k9sop & ,h>tley's1 #cce ---- borates1 #cah ---- *emical action (1 #cbb ---- ---- ---- 9 oils1 #ccj ---- cobalt b5zoate1 #cah ---- copp] sulphate1 #cbe ---- ,guynem]'s1 #cai ---- lead1 #cbe ---- li?>ge1 #caf ---- manganese b5zoate1 #cah ---- ---- oxalate1 #cai ---- ---- oxide1 #cah ---- ---- sulphate1 #cbe ---- r$ lead1 #caf ---- res9ates1 #cah --- zumatic1 #cah ,dry+ *9a clay1 #age1 #aha ---- pa9t1 #cec1 #cfg ---- :ite lead1 #aia ,durability ( pigm5ts1 #bid ,dut* v]milion1 #afg ---- :ite lead1 #ahe ,dye/uff def9$1 #a1 #c ,egyptian cruleum1 #cg ,em]ald gre51 #aba ---- ---- *>act]s1 #abd ---- ---- te/+1 #abd ---- t9t gre5s1 #abd ,enamel :ite1 #bde1 #bed ,enamell$ :ite1 #agj1 #ahc ,engli% :ite1 #ahc1 #bdf ,extraction ( oils1 #cjh ,eye1 col\r effect on1 #a ,fascia1 #bgc ,fat-black1 #aa1 #ab1 #ba ,f]ric oxide r$s1 #aej ,figui]'s r$1 #add ,fill+ be=e pa9t+1 #ced1 #cfb ,f95ess ( pigm5ts1 te/+1 #bic ,f9i%+ pa9t+1 #cfc ,firm5i*'s v]milion1 #afe ,fleck's v]milion1 #aef ,frank=t black1 #aa ,freeman's :ite1 #bbd1 #bed ,fr5* & ,hannay's :ite lead1 #baf ,fresco col\rs1 #beg ---- pa9t+1 #aaa1 #cgh ,fume cond5s]1 #baf ,furnaces1 bone-black1 #g ---- cobalt ore1 #ca ---- gal5a1 #bbe ---- lamp-black1 #ab1 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba ---- o*re1 #bgg ---- prussiate1 #ec1 #ei1 #fj ---- smalts1 #cb1 #cc ,gal5a1 *romates f1 #bfc ---- :ite lead f1 #bbe ,gall[ay's gre51 #abc ,gamboge1 #bgj ,g>dn]'s :ite lead1 #bjj 8,gas0 black1 #ai ,gases f bones1 utilis+1 #i ,gas-t> black1 #ad1 #ae1 #ba ,gaud indigo1 #de ,g]man black1 #bf ---- lamp-black1 #ae ,gmel9's ultram>9e1 #ha ,gre5 lum9\s pa9t1 #bia ,gre5s1 #aji ---- ,arnaudon's1 #abh ---- b>yta1 #aji ---- ,braconnot's1 #abc ---- ,brem51 #aab ---- ,brighton1 #aab ---- ,brunswick1 #aac ---- ,*9ese1 #aah1 #abi ---- *rome1 #aac1 #aah1 #abe ---- cobalt1 #aai ---- copp]1 #aba1 #acj1 #aca ---- ,cyprus e>?1 #acd ---- ,d\glas1 #abj ---- em]ald1 #aba ---- ---- t9t1 #abd ---- ,gall[ay's1 #abc ---- ,guignet's1 #abe ---- ,k*l9's1 #abc ---- lokao1 #abi ---- mala*ite1 #abi1 #aca ---- manganese1 #acj ---- m9]al1 #acj1 #aca ---- mitis1 #acj ---- m\nta91 #aca ---- ,p>is1 #acb ---- ,prussian1 #acb ---- ,r9mann's1 #acb ---- sap1 #abi1 #acb ---- ,s*eele's1 #acc ---- ,s*we9fur?1 #acd ---- t]re v]te1 #acd ---- titanium1 #ace ---- ultram>9e1 #gc ---- v]digris1 #ace ---- v]dit]1 #acf ---- ,v]ona e>?1 #acd1 #acf ---- ,victoria1 #acg ---- ,vi5na1 #acg ---- z9c1 #acg ,grey lum9\s pa9t1 #bia ,griffi?'s z9c :ite1 #bea ,gr9d+ ,*9ese blue1 #fg ---- smalts1 #cd ,gr\nd-nut oil1 #big ,guignet's gre51 #abe ,guimet's ultram>9e1 #ha ,guynem]'s dry]1 #cai ,gypsum1 #ahc ,hannay's :ite lead1 #bad ,h>tley ,bl5k9sop's dry]1 #cce ---- on dry]s1 #cbb ,hempse$ oil1 #bih ,h9d & ,lund's pa9t mill1 #cde ,hyposulphite ( lime1 prep>+1 #aci ,idrian v]milion works1 #aed ,indian indigo1 #dc ---- r$1 #adg1 #aej ,indigo1 ,african1 #dg ---- ,am]ican1 #dg ---- blue1 #db ---- c>m9e1 #dh ---- ,c5tral ,am]ican1 #dg ---- cultivation1 #dc ---- gaud1 #de ---- ,indian1 #dc ---- ,japanese1 #de ---- ,javan1 #df ---- mac]ation1 #dc ---- manufacture1 #dc ---- ,philipp9e1 #dg ---- plants1 #db ---- prep>ations1 #dh ---- qualities1 #dh ---- te/+1 #dh ,iri% umb]1 #ajf ,iron black1 #bf ---- *romates1 #bfg ---- decay1 #cfi ---- oxide = pa9t+1 #cgc ---- ---- r$s1 #aej ---- pa9t+1 #cfi ---- ---- exp]im5ts1 #cge ---- pit*+1 #cfi ,italian :ite lead1 #bba ,ivory black1 #e1 #aa ,jacquel9's v]milion1 #afh ,japanese indigo1 #de ,javan indigo1 #df ,kaol91 #agb1 #ahc ,keep+ bru%es1 #cee ,kegs1 pa9t1 #cdi ,kilns1 #g1 #ab1 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #ec1 #ei1 #fj1 #bbe1 #bgg ,k+'s yell[1 #bga1 #bhj ,kir*(f's v]milion1 #afh ,k*l9's gre51 #abc ,kukui oil1 #bih ,lakes1 #bhb ---- alum9a1 #bhb ---- ,brazil-wood1 #bhc ---- c>m9at$1 #bhc ---- c>m9e1 #bhc ---- co*9eal1 #bhd ---- madd]1 #bhd ---- yell[1 #bhe ,lamp-black1 #e1 #aa ---- ---- an?rac5e oil1 #ba ---- ---- app>atus1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb ---- ---- calc9+1 #bc ---- ---- creosote oil1 #ba ---- ---- gas t>1 #ad1 #ae1 #ba ---- ---- ,g]man1 #ae ---- ---- 9 iron pa9t+1 #cgh ---- ---- ,m>t9 ,grafton's1 #ae ---- ---- natural gas1 #ai ---- ---- nuisance 9 mak+1 #bc ---- ---- p>aff91 #af ---- ---- qualities1 #be ---- ---- ,russian1 #af ---- ---- ,%ackell ,edw>ds' ,works1 #bd ---- ---- %ale oil1 #ba ---- ---- transport1 #be ,lapis lazuli1 #gj ,lead black1 #bf ---- *romates1 #bfj ---- dry]s1 #cbe ---- = :ite lead mak+1 #ahf ---- 9 boil$ oil1 te/+ =1 #cbh ---- orange1 #adg ---- r$1 #adh ---- sulphate1 #bbc ---- :ites1 #ahc ,levigat+ ultram>9e1 #gi ,lewis's :ite lead1 #bbc ,light & col\r1 #a ,lime blue1 #ch ---- hyposulphite1 prep>+1 #aci ---- manganate1 #di ---- polysulphide1 prep>+1 #aci ---- :ite1 #agj1 #bde ,l9se$ oil1 #bii ---- ---- adult]ants1 #cca ---- ---- blea*+1 #cjc ---- ---- impurities1 #cja ---- ---- purify+1 #cjb ,li?>ge z a dry]1 #caf ,li?ophone1 #bde1 #bdg ,lokao1 #abi ,lum9\s pa9ts1 #bhf ,mac,ivor's ultram>9e1 #ic ---- :ite lead1 #bbi ,madd]1 lake1 #bhd ,magnesite1 #bde ,mala*ite gre51 #abi1 #aca ,manganese b5zoate1 #cah ---- black1 #bf ---- blue1 #di ---- borate1 #cah ---- br[n1 #ajc ---- gre51 #acj ---- l9oleate1 #ccf ---- oxalate dry]1 #cai ---- oxide dry]1 #cah ---- sulphate dry]1 #cbe ,manure f prussiate residue1 #eg ,m>s br[n1 #ajc ,m>t9 ,grafton's lamp-black1 #ae ,massicot1 #adh ,measur+ pa9t+1 #cfj ,m5had5 oil1 #cjc ,metallic pa9ts1 #bgd ,mica1 #agi ,mills1 oil1 #cji ---- pa9t1 #cci1 #cda1 #cde1 #cdf ,m9]al gas black1 #ai ---- gre51 #acj1 #aca ---- matt] 9 blacks1 #f ---- orange1 #aej ,m9ium1 #adh ,mitis gre51 #acj ,mix] = pa9t1 #cda ,mix+ pa9t1 #cfd ,m\nta9 blue1 #dj ---- gre51 #aca ,murdo*'s antimony r$1 #adb ,naples yell[s1 #bga ,natural gas black1 #ai ,nitrog5 conv]t$ into cyanog5 9 prussiate mak+1 #eh ---- 9 animal matt]s1 #ea ,nuisance f mak+ lamp-black1 #bc ---- prev5tion1 #bd ,o*res1 #bgb ---- *>act]s1 #bgi ---- kilns1 #bgg ---- work+1 #bgd ,od\r ( pa9t1 remov+1 #cef ,oil-black1 #aa1 #ab1 #ba ---- cake1 m\ld+1 #cac ---- mill1 #cji ---- se$ cru%+ rolls1 #caa ---- ---- kettles1 #cab ---- vehicles1 #bie ,oils1 blea*+1 #ccb ---- boil$1 defects1 #cbg ---- ---- sub/itute =1 #ceb ---- ---- te/+ = lead 91 #cbh ---- boil+1 #caf1 #cbj ---- ---- *emi/ry (1 #cbf ---- c&le-nut1 #bih ---- *emical action ( dry]s on1 #ccj ---- dry+ & non-dry+1 #big ---- extraction1 #cjh ---- gr\nd-nut1 #big ---- hemp-se$1 #bih ---- kukui1 #bih ---- l9se$1 #bii ---- m5had51 #cjc ---- pea-nut1 #big ---- poppy1 #cje ---- porgie1 #cjc ---- ref9+1 #cce ---- tobacco1 #cjf ---- tung1 #cjh ---- walnut1 #cjg ---- wood1 #cjh ,oily matt] 9 blacks1 #e ,old pa9t1 remov+1 #cea ,orange1 *rome1 #add ---- lead1 #adg ---- lum9\s pa9t1 #bia ---- m9]al1 #aej ,organic blacks1 #e ,orpim5t1 #bhj ,orr's :ite1 #bde1 #bed ,oxide r$s1 #aej ,oxyg5 9 mak+ ultram>9e1 #gh ,pack+ pa9t1 #cdi ,pa9t b$s1 #bgd ---- composition1 #ceh ---- cov]+ p[]1 #cei1 #cfj ---- crack+1 #cfc ---- def9$1 #a ---- discoloration1 #cef ---- dry+1 #cfg ---- e/imat+ quantity requir$1 #cei1 #cfj ---- ma*9]y1 #cci ---- mills1 #cci1 #cda1 #cde1 #cdf ---- mix]1 #cda ---- mix+1 #cfd ---- old1 remov+1 #cea ---- pack+1 #cdi ---- prim+1 #ced1 #cfb ,pa9t+1 #cea ---- bru%es1 #cee ---- c>riages1 #cfa ---- coats1 #cee ---- dry+1 #cec ---- fill+1 #ced1 #cfb ---- f9i%+1 #cfc ---- fresco1 #cgh ---- iron1 #cfi ---- measur+1 #cfj ---- pla/]1 #cgh ---- prim+ coat1 #ceb1 #cfb ---- remov+ od\r1 #cef ---- surface1 #cea ---- walls1 #cgh ---- wat]-col\rs1 #cef ---- woodwork1 #cfh ,p>aff9 black1 #af ---- wax vehicles1 #bif ,p>is blue1 #fh ---- gre51 #acb --- :ite1 #bdf ,pea*-/one black1 #aa ,pea-nut oil1 #big ,pligot blue1 #da ,p]man5t :ite1 #agj1 #bdf ,p]sian r$1 #ade1 #aej1 #aec ,philipp9e indigo1 #dg ,phosphoresc5t pa9ts1 #bhf ,pigm5ts1 c>bon1 #e ---- def9$1 #a1 #c ---- exam9+1 #bic ---- requirem5ts1 #c ---- te/+ body1 #bic ---- ---- col\r1 #bic ---- ---- cov]+ p[]1 #bic ---- ---- f95ess1 #bic ,p9k1 cobalt1 #add ,pit*+ iron1 #cfi ,pla/] pa9t+1 #cgh ,pompeian cruleum1 #cg ,poppy se$ oils1 #cje ,porgie oil1 #cjc ,pota%1 blue1 #ed1 #ef ---- prussiate1 #ej ,prev5tion ( nuisance1 #bd ,prim+ coat1 #ceb ---- pa9t1 #cfb ,prussian black1 #bf ---- blue1 #di ---- ---- ,bong's1 #fb ---- ---- common1 #fa ---- ---- qualities1 #di ---- ---- recipes1 #fa ---- ---- te/+1 #ej ---- br[n1 #ajc ---- gre51 #acb ,prussiate1 #ej ---- black1 #bf ---- ,bramwell's works1 #eh ---- ,brunquell on1 #ei ---- ,buckley's works1 #ei ---- cry/allisation1 #ee ---- =mation1 #eb ---- furnaces1 #ec1 #ei1 #fj ---- metal1 lixiviation1 #ee ---- ( pota%1 #ej ---- pots1 #ec ---- residue z manure1 #eg ---- sep>at+3 impurities1 #ef ,pug mill1 #cda ,purple ( ,cassius1 #adc ,putty1 #ced1 #cfb ,putty+1 #ced1 #cfb ,realg>1 #aec1 #bhj ,r$ lead1 #adh ---- ---- z a dry]1 #caf ---- ---- = pa9t+ iron1 #cgd ---- lum9\s pa9t1 #bia ---- ultram>9e1 #gg1 #hj ,r$s1 #ach-afi ---- antimony v]milion1 #ach ---- b>yta1 #adc ---- ,cassius purple1 #adc ---- ,*9ese1 #add1 #ade ---- *rome1 #add1 #ade ---- ---- orange1 #add ---- cobalt1 #add ---- ---- p9k1 #add ---- colco?>1 #ade1 #aej ---- ,d]by1 #ade ---- ,indian1 #adg1 #aej ---- iron oxide1 #aej ---- lead orange1 #adg ---- m9ium1 #adh ---- orange m9]al1 #aej ---- oxides1 #aej ---- ,p]sian1 #ade1 #aej1 #aec ---- realg>1 #aec ---- r\ge1 #aej1 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blue1 #ij ,/ack :ite lead1 #ahe ,/amp%aw lamp-black furnace1 #ba ,/ang5-spa?1 #agj ,/rontia :ite1 #bdf ,sulphate ultram>9e1 #gb ,surface = pa9t+1 #cea ,tann9 black1 #bf ,t> black1 #ad1 #ae1 #ba ,t]ra alba1 #ahc1 #bdf ---- bol>e1 #bgc ---- guilla1 #bgc ,t]re v]te1 #acd ,?alwitz]'s lamp-black app>atus1 #af ,?n>d's cobalt blue1 #bh ---- :ite lead1 #ahd ,t9 r$1 #add ,titanium gre51 #ace ,tobacco-se$ oil1 #cjf ,transport1 lamp-black1 #be ---- pa9t1 #cdi ,tung oil1 #cjh ,turkey umb]1 #ajf ,turnbull's blue1 #gj ,ulm91 #aje ,ultram>9e1 #gj ---- adult]ations1 #gf ---- anci5t treatise on1 #id ---- artificial1 #ga ---- br[n1 #hh ---- ,brunn] on1 #hb ---- *emi/ry1 #ha ---- col\r+ pr9ciple1 #ge ---- composition1 #ha ---- direct crucible process1 #hg ---- ,dollfus on1 #hd ---- effect ( silica1 #hc ---- ,endemann on1 #hb ---- faults1 #ajj ---- ,g]man process1 #hf ---- ,gmel9's1 #ha ---- ,goppelsrd] on1 #hd ---- gre51 #gc ---- ,guimet's1 #ha ---- ,heyne on1 #id ---- hi/ory1 #hj ---- ,h(fmann on1 #hc 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