,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,! spell+1 punctuation & hyph5ation are z ! orig9al except = app>5t typographical errors1 :i* h be5 correct$4 ,italic text is d5ot$ ?us4 ,bold text is d5ot$ ?us4 ,bold1 sans s]if text1 repres5t+ physical appe>ance e4g41 ( a #8,vee' %ap$ ?read is d5ot$ ?us ,v4 ,subscripts are d5ot$ ?us #a4 ,"s page numb]s pr9t$ 9 ! orig9al #8,index to ,"p ,"o' d n appe> 9 ! body ( ! book 4 ,! transcrib] has endeav\r$ to make assumptions z to ! mo/ appropriate an*or locations4 ,! appe>ance ( ! orig9al index has n be5 *ang$4 ,examples 7possibly relocat$1 by ! au?or1 into ,"p ,two7 are3 ,air1 des41 composition (1 #ae1 #af ,air pump1 #ac ,nitrog51 :at "p ( air1 #ae ,oxyg51 :at "p ( air1 #ae ,value ( ,reidl] belt-driv5 pump1 ills4 & des41 #bch-bdj *ang$ 9 ! ,index to3- ,valve ( ,ri$l] belt-driv5 pump1 ills4 & des41 #bch-bdj ,all ref]5ces to #8,reidl]' pumps h be5 correct$ to #8,ri$l]' 7,alois ,ri$l]1 #ahej-aicf1 ,au/rian pr(essor ( eng9e]+74 ,,pumps ,,& ,,hydraulics4 ,,9 ,,two ,,p>ts4 ,"p ,"o4 8,!re are _m f+]s po9t+ to ! value ( a tra9+ 9 sci5ce1 z ! "o ?+ ne$ful to make ! man1 :o %all rise above 8 fell[s40--,,frank ,,all54 ,illu/ration3 ,elephant 8,! motto m>k$ ^u our =eheads1 writt5 ^u our door-po/s1 *annel$ 9 ! e>?1 & waft$ ^u ! waves is & mu/ be1 #8,lab\r is honorable & ,idl5ess is di%onorable4'0--,,c>lyle4 ,?is "w is respectfully d$icat$ to ,,maj4 ,,abram ,b4 ,,g>n]1 ( ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 --,,&-- ,,alb]to ,h4 ,,caffee1 ,,esq41 ( ,new ,york ,city4 #8,g5tlem5 )\t fe> & )\t reproa*4' ,illu/ration3 ,h5ry ,r4 ,wor?+ton 8,?\ght is ! pr9cipal factor 9 all me*anical "w2 ! me*anical ef=t is an incid5t r ?an ! pr9cipal equipm5t 9 any trade or occupation40 8,any trade is easily le>n$ by an apt s*ol> :o uses 8 reason+ faculties & makes a /udy ( cause & effect40--,,*as4 ,j4 ,,mason4 ,,pumps --,,&-- ,,hydraulics --,,by-- ,,william ,,rog]s ,au?or ( 8,draw+ & ,design10 etc4 ,illu/ration ,,relat+ ,,to ,,h& ,,pumps2 ,,p[] ,,pumps2 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,pumps2 ,,electrically ,,driv5 ,,pumps2 ,,/eam ,,pumps1 ,,s+le1 ,,duplex ,,& ,,comp\nd2 ,,pump+ ,,eng9es1 ,,high ,,duty ,,& ,,triple ,,expansion2 ,,! ,,/eam ,,fire ,,eng9e2 ,,und]writ]s' ,,pumps2 ,,m9+ ,,pumps2 ,,air ,,& ,,vacuum ,,pumps2 ,,compressors2 ,,c5trifugal ,,& ,,rot>y ,,pumps2 ,,! ,,pulsomet]2 ,,jet ,,pumps ,,& ,,! ,,injector2 ,,utilities ,,& ,,accessories2 ,,valve ,,sett+2 ,,managem5t2 ,,calculations1 ,,rules ,,& ,,tables4 ,,) ,,illu/rations4 ,,also ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations2 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,pump ,,t]ms2 ,,hi/orical ,,introduction1 ,,) ,,illu/rations2 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,hydro-,,me*anics1 ,,hydro/atics ,,& ,,pneumatics2 ,,gravity ,,& ,,friction2 ,,hydraulic ,,memor&a2 ,,laws ,,gov]n+ ,,fluids2 ,,wat] ,,pressure ,,ma*9es2 ,,pumps ,,z ,,hydraulic ,,ma*9es1 ,,etc4 ,,"p ,,"o4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,company #gb ,,fif? ,,ave41 ,,new ,,york1 ,u4,s4,a4 #g1 ,,imp]ial ,,arcade1 ,,ludgate ,,circus1 ,e4,c41 ,,london1 ,,eng4 ,copyright$1 #aije1 by ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,co41 ,,new ,,york4 ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s ,hall1 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,protect$ by ,int]national ,copyright 9 ,great ,brita9 & all h] ,colonies1 &1 "u ! provisions ( ! ,b]ne ,conv5tion1 9 ,belgium1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,switz]l&1 ,tunis1 ,hayti1 ,luxemb\rg1 ,monaco1 ,mont9egro & ,norway4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,"p ,,"o4 ,! divisions ( ,"p ,"o are repres5t$ by ! foll[+ head+s3 ea* subject is fully treat$ & illu/rat$ on ! pages %[n3 ,,pages ,,introductory ,,consid]ations #a-af ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,pump ,,& ,,hydraulic ,,t]ms #ag-cd ,,hi/orical ,,introduction #ce-gj ,,elem5t>y ,,hydraulics #gj-ajd ,,fl[ ,,( ,,wat] ,,"u ,,pressure #aje-aaf ,,wat] ,,pressure ,,ma*9es #aag-aed ,,wat] ,,:eels #aai-abe ,,turb9e ,,wat] ,,:eels #abf-ace1 #ada-add ,,turb9e ,,pumps #acf-aci ,,wat] ,,pressure ,,eng9es #ade-adg ,,hydraulic ,,motors #adg-aed ,,hydraulic ,,app>atus #aee-ahd ,,hydraulic ,,jack #aei-afh ,,hydraulic ,,press #afi-agj ,,hydraulic ,,accumulator #aga-agc ,,hydraulic ,,ram #age-ahj ,,pumps ,,z ,,hydraulic ,,app>atus #aha-ahd ,,classification ,,( ,,pumps #ahe-cde ,,h& ,,pumps #ahi-bjd ,,p[] ,,pumps #bje-bbd ,,belt$ ,,pumps #bbe-bdj ,,! ,,electric ,,pump #bda-bgf ,,! ,,/eam ,,pump #bbg-ccj ,,! ,,duplex ,,pump #cca-cdc ,,und]writ] ,,fire ,,pumps #cdd ,,specifications ,,( ,,! ,,national ,,bo>d ,,( ,,fire ,,und]writ]s ,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,duplex ,,fire ,,pumps #cdg-cih ,,ready ,,ref]5ce ,,index ,,to ,,"p ,,"o 8,among ! fir/ ?+s a practical eng9e] %\ld "k1 & among ! la/ ?+s he w1 aft] becom+ su*1 =get1 is t 9 h&l+ wat] )9 pipes he has a fluid :i*1 :ile x is flexible to ! greate/ ext5t & is susceptible ( ! influ5ce ( p[]1 or =ce1 ( great] or less int5sity1 & :ile x may be drawn f bel[ & rais$ to ! heights above1 c be turn$ to ! "r or to ! left at w1 & :ile1 ) a seem+ docility :i* is z flatt]+ z x is deceptive1 x b5ds itself to ! w ( ! eng9e]1 /ill !re are "s ?+s x w n d1 & :i* all ! complicat$ appliances ( ! eng9e] h z yet fail$ to compel x to d4 ,:5 inclos$ )9 *amb]s & pipes1 to an ext5t t fills !m1 x w n p]mit ! introduction ( an add$ atom )\t bur/+ its b\nds4 ,:ile inclos$ )9 long l9es ( pipes x w n sudd5ly />t into motion1 or :5 9 motion sudd5ly come to a re/1 )\t %ocks or /ra9s m or less disa/r\s2 & s1 :ile x seems to be h&l$ ) ! greate/ ease1 x is only 9 ! mann] x *ooses to g1 & all me*anical appliances n design$ ) ref]5ce to foll[+ ^! imp]ative laws are sure to meet tr\ble1 if n disa/]4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 an unyield+ =ce meets an unyield+ resi/ance1 _! com+ toge!r means a %ock to all ab\t40 ,,introductory ,,consid]ations 8,:5ev] a full m9d meets an empty "o1 x is a call to tea*1 n to sc(f40--,,anon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,orifices ,,( ,,pipes1 ,,etc41 ,,symbolical ,,( ,,irrigation4 8,he :o s$ul\sly att5ds1 po9t$ly asks1 calmly speaks1 coolly answ]s & ceases :5 he has no m to say1 is 9 possession ( "s ( ! be/ requisites ( man40--,,levat]4 ,,preface4 ,x %\ld be a matt] ( ?ankfulness to au?or & read]1 or r to bo? in/ructor & /ud5t1 = ?is is design$ to be an educational "w1 t ! ,laws ( ,nature are un*angeable4 ,f age to age & co-ext5sive ) ! globe ! immutable pr9ciples und]ly+ & actuat+ ! physical /ates ( all matt] rema9 /eadfa/2 gase\s bodies exp& by un*ang+ laws :i* are obey$ d[n to ! m]e/ atom1 fluids fl[ by law & ! e>? to ! smalle/ p>ticle rema9s firm1 all ?+s at all times responsive to ! m&ates ( ! ,au?or ( ,creation4 ,! sil5t1 mighty1 unansw]+ physical *>act]i/ics ( ,gravity1 ,cohesion1 ,t5acity1 furni% an agreeable contra/ to ! d91 discord & frequ5t argum5t1 to ! v]ge ( hatr$1 t h too (t5 accompani$ ! ef=ts ( mank9d to co-op]ate ) ! =ces ( ,nature4 ,b n[1 betwe5 au?or & read]1 let x be hop$1 t 9 ! unfold+ ( ! subject-matt] ( ?is "w t k9d consid]ation w be ext5d$ & t "s ( t peacefulness & tru/ :i* exi/$ on ! e>?1 :5 fl9ts 7 ! weapons & ! g\rds ! only goblets1 may prevail f beg9n+ to ! 8f9is0 ( ! volumes4 ,! au?or 9 plann+ ! outl9es ( ?is "w has aim$ to keep close to real ?+s belong+ to ! practical side ( hydraulics1 pumps1 pump+-eng9es1 & to ! simple explanation ( ! ,natural ,laws p]ta9+ to _! indu/rial application4 ,a k ( ! real ?+s 9 ! objective _w ab\t u & ! laws t gov]n !m 9 _! int]-relations is ( practical value to e man2 all bran*es ( sci5ce are simply bran*es ( "o great sci5ce & all phases ( human activity are t\*$ by x2 man is s con/itut$ t he mu/ h some?+ to be int]e/$ 91 & if he has no res\rces )9 himself he looks else:]e1 & (t5 to 8 own disadvantage4 ,& s1 ! au?or has aim$ to make ! subjects ( ?is book int]e/+ z well z useful2 #a1 by _! self-help arrangem5t2 #b1 by ! illu/rations1 & #c1 by leav+ v mu* to ! fur!r rese>* & inve/igation ( ! read]1 z1 9 a well-told /ory1 _m ?+s are left to ! imag9ation ( ! li/5]s4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d by ! read]1 t ! "w is design$ to be s]i\sly ,educational 9 its plan & scope1 & ,progressive 9 ! pres5tation ( its subject-matt]2 no?+ has be5 )held t might add to its la/+ value4 ,?is is said 9 ! way ( an introduction to ! ,table ( ,cont5ts to :i* ! /ud5t is ref]r$ z %[+ ! me?od ( treatm5t1 9 ! wide range ( ! !ory & practice1 ( ?is important bran* ( ,indu/rial ,sci5ce4 ,9 ! back ( ! volume may be f\nd a ,ready ,ref]5ce ,index :i* by its admirable me?od ( arrangem5t af=ds a spe$y key to ! cont5ts ( ! book :5 occasion requires4 ,,:at ,a ,,/eam ,,pump ,,w\ld ,,say ,,if ,,x ,,c\ld ,,talk4 ,! well-kn[n pump exp]t1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,m]iam ,:eel]1 writes u say+ t if ! manufactur]s ( /eam pumps w\ld s5d out ) _! pumps a c>d read+ some?+ l ! foll[+1 x w\ld probably impress ! m5 :o run ! pumps m =cibly ?an any?+ t c\ld be said or writt5 9 ! ord9>y way ( giv+ in/ructions3 8,please d n gorge me ) oil1 z x w give my /eam *e/ indige/ion4 ,:at ,i l is a /eady diet & ?us enable my valves to "w smoo?ly & ) durability4 ,a v small am\nt ( oil f$ to me /eadily is ! ?+--x saves oil & repair bills4 8,two or ?ree times a ye> give me a good dose ( k]os5e1 to clean out any ob/ructions t may h accumulat$ 9 ! passageways ( my /eam *e/1 or on ! face or work+ p>ts ( ! valve & valve-seat1 or on ! *e/ pi/on4 8,d all y c to help me make a full l5g? ( /roke1 z x means t ,i w use less /eam & d bett] "w4 ,! adju/able coll>s on ! valve rod w all[ y to regulate ! l5g? ( my /roke to a nicety4 8,by all[+ me to make %ort /rokes1 y prev5t my /eam pi/on f gett+ 9 its prop] cu%ion1 :i* x w\ld d if x c\ld complete its full /roke4 ,my /eam pi/on is suppos$ to run up to ! end ( ! cyl9d] & pass across ! exhau/ port1 cu%ion+ on ! conf9$ /eam betwe5 said port & ! cyl9d] cov]4 8,! h& :eels on ! side ( my /eam cyl9d] are = controll+ ! am\nt ( ?is cu%ion4 ,= sl[ spe$s ^! cu%ion valves %\ld be %ut tight4 ,:5 runn+ at ord9>y spe$ or a high rate ( spe$1 ^! cu%ion valves %\ld be slightly op5$4 8,once 9 a :ile take a look at my wat] cyl9d]4 ,see t ! pack+ ( ! wat] pi/on is n set up s tight t x makes me grunt1 produc+ unnecess>y friction & we>4 ,or1 p]haps ! pack+ is too loose a fit1 or is worn out & ne$s r5ew+4 8,please see t my wat] valves are seat+ prop]ly1 because if !y are n tight ,i _c pump z mu* wat] z ,i ought to d = a giv5 spe$4 ,sometimes ! spr+s on ! backs ( my wat] valves ne$ r5ew+ or look+ aft]4 8,if y h n already provid$ a good suction air *amb] = my wat] cyl9d]1 y ought to d x1 because x w prev5t ! wat] column 9 ! suction pipe f slapp+ ! face ( my wat] pi/on at ! end ( ea* /roke 9 a h>% mann] & s produce #8wat] hamm]4' ,a good suction air *amb]1 prop]ly locat$1 saves we> & te>1 & makes a pump quiet runn+4 8,please keep me nice & clean4 ,i may n be ( z mu* importance z y\r big eng9e1 b !re is no reason :y ,i %\ld n be kept free f dirt & grease4 ,i hate to h oil slobb]$ all ov] my /eam *e/1 or my /uff+-boxes left leak+4 8,y w f9d x pays to keep me 9 good condition1 l a well-groom$ horse4 ,treat me well & ,i'll s]ve y well & long6660--,,! ,,eng9e]4 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,pump ,,& ,,hydraulic ,,t]ms4 ,air-b\nd4 ,?is ^w applies to bo? pump & pip+ & expresses ! conf9em5t ( air betwe5 ! dis*>ge valve ( ! pump & ! *eck-valve or ! po9t ( deliv]y4 ,air-cock4 ,is ! same z a pet-cock & is us$ to relieve pipes t are air-b\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,air ,,cock4 ,annul> ,valve4 ,f annul>--a r+--i4 e41 a r\nd valve ) a hole 9 ! middle4 ,area4 ,! ext5t ( surface1 z ! area ( a pi/on4 ,assembl+4 ,putt+ toge!r ! p>ts ( a ma*9e4 ,atmosph]ic ,pressure4 ,! pressure ( atmosph]ic air1 n only d[nw>d b 9 e direction1 ?is am\nts to ab\t #ad4g lbs4 p] squ>e in* at ! sea level4 ,usually tak5 at #ae lbs4 to facilitate calculations4 ,auxili>y4 ,some?+ to 8help out10 z an auxili>y cyl9d] or an auxili>y pi/on4 ,ball ,*eck-valve4 ,"o 9 :i* a metal ball is us$ 9 place ( a poppet-valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ball ,,*eck-,,valve4 ,balanc$ ,valve4 ,a valve hav+ an equal pressure on all sides4 ,see equilibrium valve4 ,basket4 ,! out] cas+ or nett+ ( a foot valve :i* =ms a /ra9] on a pump suction pipe4 ,b5ds4 ,9 pipe1 ! turns 9 l9es ( pipe may be angle b5ds 7call$ 8elb[s87 or (fset b5ds4 ,bibb-cock4 ,?is is a plug cock hav+ an elb[ or curv$ outlet direct+ ! outfl[ d[nw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bibb-,,cock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bibb ,,compression4 ,bibb ,compression4 ,a bibb-cock hav+ 9 place ( ! plug a /em ) ?read & h&le to op5 by unscrew+2 ! valve conta9s fibr\s pack+ & is made tight by compression4 ,bonnets4 ,^! are cov]s = ! op5+ into valve *amb]s ( pumps4 ,boss4 ,any r\nd protub]ance on a ca/+ to support a /ud or to /r5g!n a /eam *e/ cov]1 etc4 ,bu%+4 ,a nut us$ 9 pipe fitt+1 ?read$ inside & outside to accommodate two sizes ( pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bu%+4 ,*eck ,valve4 ,a valve ?r\gh :i* fluid c pass only 9 "o direction2 us$ betwe5 pump & res]voir or boil]4 ,see sw+-*eck4 ,*eck-,nut4 ,a second nut screw$ aga9/ ! fir/ to hold x firmly 9 place2 also call$ a lock-nut4 ,circulat+ ,pump4 ,a pump arrang$ to =ce wat] ?r\gh ! tubes ( a surface cond5s]4 ,frequ5tly a c5trifugal pump is us$ z a circulat+ pump4 ,clack ,valve4 ,?is takes its "n f ! noise x makes 9 seat+2 x is made ( lea!r ) a metal weight on top1 ! lea!r =m+ a h+e on "o side4 ,9 ! cut ! lift$ valve is ! 8clack40 ,illu/ration3 ,,clack ,,valve4 ,cle>ance4 ,! space or di/ance by :i* "o piece cle>s ano!r4 ,! space betwe5 pi/on & cyl9d] head4 ,cock4 ,a faucet or device = op5+ or clos+ a passage4 ,! illu/ration %[s a /raight-way cock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pla9 ,,cock4 ,column ,pipe4 ,a column may be consid]$ z a beam set on end & a column pipe may1 simil>ly1 be def9$ z a pipe set on end4 ,! pipes lead+ f a wat] column to boil]4 ,compression ,gauge ,cock4 ,a device hav+ a ?read$ /eam sp9dle & made tight by compression4 ,! figure exhibits an outside view ( a locomotive compression gauge cock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,compression ,,gauge ,,cock4 ,corrosion4 ,ru/+ or wa/+ away ( ! surfaces ( metals4 ,cr[4 ,a claw ) a screw atta*$ to support & fe$ a drill brace = drill+ holes 9 pipes4 ,cup ,lea!r ,pack+4 ,! lea!r pack+ us$ ar\nd ! ram ( a press4 ,9 section x resembles a cup--h5ce ! "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cup ,,lea!r ,,pack+4 ,cu%ion+4 ,?is t]m appli$ to ! op]ation ( pumps1 etc41 is ! imprison+ ( /eam1 wat] or air betwe5 ! pi/on & cyl9d] head to prev5t ! pi/on f impact ) ! head4 ,cyl9d] ,head or ,cyl9d] ,cov]4 ,a plate :i* encloses or cov]s ! end ( a cyl9d]4 ,dead end ( a pipe4 ,! clos$ end ( a pipe or sy/em ( pipes4 ,disk or ,disc4 ,a cyl9d]1 ^: l5g? is v %ort 9 proportion to its diamet]2 a r\nd plate ) a hole 9 its c5t]4 ,d\ble-eye or ,knuckle ,jo9t4 ,a jo9t =m$ ( two =ks or jaws ) a cube ( iron betwe5 !m1 ) a bolt or p9 ?r\gh ea* jaw & ! cube at "r angles4 ,w "w freely 9 all positions f a /raight l9e up to #de4 ,d\ble seat$ poppet valve4 ,a poppet valve hav+ two valves on "o /em1 ) two seats 9 ! same %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble-,,seat$ ,,poppet ,,valve4 ,draft+ wat]4 ,ano!r t]m = 8rais+8 wat] by suction1 9 di/9ction to 8=c+ wat]40 ,drip-pipe4 ,a device us$ to draw (f ! wat] ( cond5sation f sy/ems ( pip+1 /eam cyl9d]s1 heat]s1 etc4 ,dra9-cocks are us$ = simil> purposes4 8,dut*man40 ,a piece 8fitt$ 90 to re/ore a worn "p or to hide a defect4 ,duct4 ,a passage or conduit4 8,duty0 ( pumps4 ,?is indicates ! measurem5t ( ! "w p]=m$ by pumps4 8,duty trials0 are c>eful te/s ( ! "w done by ! l>g] pump+-eng9es4 ,elb[4 ,?is fitt+ is us$ = unit+ two pipes toge!r at "r angles4 ,! illu/ration %[s a malleable-iron gas-pipe elb[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elb[4 ,equilibrium ,valve4 ,a valve balanc$ by an equal pressure on bo? ends4 ,expansion ,jo9t4 ,a telescopic slip jo9t hav+ a pack$ /uff+ box1 p]mitt+ ! p>ts x connects to exp& & contract "u v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,expansion ,,jo9t4 ,face4 ,! broade/ flat surface ( a piece ( "w1 or ! "o hav+ ! greate/ area4 ,factor ( ,safety4 ,:5 a calculation ( ! ultimate /r5g? ( a ma*9e is to be made x is necess>y to provide = cont+5cies--?is takes ! =m ( a multipli]1 & is call$ ! factor ( safety1 or ! m>g9 ( safety4 ,fea!r1 or sunk key4 ,a key t is fa/ 9 "o piece ( "w1 & an easy fit 9 ! o!r1 z a fea!r 9 a %aft4 ,fl[4 ,motion ( a fluid or liquid 9 "o direction4 8,fl[-gate8 is a t]m sometimes appli$ to a ris]4 ,flume4 ,an op5 tr\gh = convey+ wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gate ,,valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,globe ,,valve4 ,gate ,valve4 ,a valve :i* op5s ! full area ( ! pipe1 on ! pr9ciple ( a gate 9 a wat] flume4 ,globe ,valve4 ,a valve hav+ a r\nd ball-l %ell z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,gl&4 ,! slid+ bu%+ = hold+ pack+ into a /uff+ box1 adju/$ by /uds & nuts4 ,goose neck4 ,a pipe fitt+ hav+ two b5ds 9 opposite directions :i* resemble ! neck ( a goose4 ,gridiron ,valve4 ,a type ( slide valve famili>ly call$ a 8grid10 :i* may be circul> or rectangul>1 consi/+ ( alt]nate b>s & spaces1 slid+ ov] a simil>ly =m$ seat1 ! object be+ to obta9 ! necess>y /eam way ) a dim9i%$ am\nt ( valve travel4 ,h&-,nut4 ,a nut hav+ w+s or projections s t x may be screw$ up by h& )\t ! aid ( a wr5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h&-,,nut4 ,head ( wat]4 ,9 hydraulics 8head8 means pressure due to height ( column ( wat]4 ,heat ,units4 ,! unit ( heat is ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to raise "o p\nd ( wat] "o degree1 usually f #cb to #cc ,fahr4 8,hesitates40 ,a pump is said to 8hesitate0 :5 ! motion becomes unc]ta94 ,horse-p[] ( a pump4 ,is ! same z is us$ to designate t ( a /eam eng9e1 ) ?is exception3 ! initial pressure 9 ! pump rema9s con/ant ?r\gh\t ! /roke4 ,=mula is ! same z = a /eam eng9e4 8,hump40 ,?is is an ar* or b5d :i* causes an 8air pocket0 9 a wat]-pipe l9e4 ,hydrant4 ,a valve & sp\t connect+ ) a /reet ma94 ,hydraulic ,belt4 ,an endless wool5 b& = rais+ wat]4 ,! l[] bight is imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & ! upp] bight passes ov] a roll]4 ,! belt travels ab\t #a1jjj feet p] m9ute1 & dis*>ges at its upp] turn4 ,hydraulic ,jack4 ,a lift+ device 9 :i* a ram1 a pump1 & liquid is us$ in/ead ( a screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hydraulic ,,jack4 ,hydraulic ,pivot4 ,a 8slipp]y liquid support0 = an upright %aft1 a film ( wat] be+ introduc$ b5ea? x by pressure to support ! weight !re( & prev5t ! usual friction ( ! %aft on its /ep4 ,hydraulic ,%e>s4 ,a ma*9e = %e>+ or cutt+ metals1 etc41 by ! =ce ( wat] pressure op]at+ cutt]s4 ,hydraulic ,valve4 ,a valve = regulat+ ! di/ribution ( wat] 9 ! cyl9d]s ( hydraulic elevators1 cranes & o!r wat] pressure ma*9es & devices4 ,hydraulic ,:eel4 ,"o = rais+ wat] by appli$ p[]1 z ! ,noria ,scoop :eel1 tympanum1 etc4 ,see illu/rations 9 section relat+ to ! hi/ory ( ! pump4 ,impact4 ,! s+le in/antane\s %ock ( a body 9 motion :5 x /rikes aga9/ ano!r body ei!r 9 motion or at re/4 ,leakage4 ,! loss ( wat] f any cause4 8,lift & drop ( a valve40 ,?is t]m indicates ! am\nt ( 8play0 up & d[n1 design$ to be giv5 to a valve by its design]4 ,l9]4 ,a piece ( iron or o!r metal put beh9d or on a piece to take up its we>4 ,lo/ ,motion4 ,motion t is n transmitt$ on acc\nt ( ! loos5ess ( ! p>ts1 h5ce x is lo/4 8,los+ wat]40 ,a t]m us$ :5 ! pump /ops1 caus$ by air leak+ into ! suction pipe1 or =eign matt] clogg+ ! /ra9] at ! end ( ! suction pipe4 ,l[ pressure /eam4 ,/eam :i* is ei!r bel[ #cj lbs41 or b a few p\nds 9 excess ( ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,lug4 ,t :i* projects l an e>1 especially t by :i* any?+ is support$1 or aga9/ :i* any?+ be>s1 or ?r\gh :i* a belt passes4 ,ma94 ,a pr9cipal pipe or duct z di/+ui%$ f less] ones1 especially a pr9cipal pipe lead+ to or f a res]voir or a fire-ma92 a 8=c+ ma90 is ! deliv]y pipe ( a pump4 ,mean gradi5t4 ,! grade ( a pipe-l9e :i* %\ld be made z ne>ly /raight z possible to avoid air pockets4 ,m9]'s ,in*4 ,! am\nt ( wat] t w fl[ p] m9ute ?r\gh an op5+ "o in* squ>e 9 a plank two in*es ?ick1 "u a head ( f\r in*es ( wat] above ! upp] edge ( ! op5+1 & is equal to n9e ,unit$ ,/ates gallons4 ,mississippi ,riv] gauge cock4 ,a cock )\t a h&le or ?read ^u ! /em & design$ to be op5$ by pressure ^u ! top end ( ! /em z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mississippi ,,riv] ,,gauge ,,cock4 8,modulus0 ( a /eam pump4 ,! measure or multipli] ( p[] us$ 9 op]at+ pumps4 ,modulus has ne>ly ! same mean+ z measure4 ,nipple4 ,a %ort connect+ piece ( pipe ?read$ ^u bo? ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nipple4 ,outbo>d deliv]y pipe4 ,! pipe :i* leads1 9 /eam vessels1 f ! cond5s] ?r\gh ! side ( ! %ip4 ,pipette4 ,a small tube us$ to )draw & transf] fluids or gases f "o vessel to ano!r4 ,! %ape diff]s ) ! special use to :i* x is adapt$3 "s are graduat$ to measure fluids accurately z well z to transf] !m4 ,p5/ock4 ,! b>rel ( a pump 9 :i* ! pi/on plays & ?r\gh :i* ! wat] presses up2 also ! conduit or tr\gh f ! s\rce ( supply to a wat] :eel4 ,pet-cock4 ,?is is an air-cock4 ,see air-cock4 ,pipe-clamp4 ,a device = connect+ "o pipe to ano!r )\t cutt+ ! pipe & ins]t+ a tee2 a pipe-saddle p]=ms ! same (fice z ! above1 b = l>g] pipes4 ,pit*] ,pump4 ,a h& pump :i* takes its "n f ! %ape ( its dis*>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pit*] ,,pump4 ,plug-valve4 ,?is is a tap]+ plug :i* turns 9 a %ell1 example1 ! plug ( a faucet4 ,see ,cock4 ,a fire-plug is a /reet hydrant to :i* a hose may be atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plumb ,,bob4 ,plumb-bob4 ,?is is a device = te/+ :e!r any?+ /&s exactly v]tical2 a plumb-rule conta9s a plumb-bob4 ,pressure-r$uc+ ,valve4 ,a valve = r$uc+ high boil] pressure to l[ pressure1 = /eam heat+1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pressure ,,r$uc+ ,,valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section4 ,prim+4 ,to fill a pump ) wat] :5 x refuses to lift ( its own action1 is call$ 8prim+ ! pump40 ,pump-brake4 ,! h&le or lev] by :i* a pump is work$4 ,pump-box4 ,a cap or case cov]+ ! top ( a pump2 ! cas+s ( ! upp] & l[] valves are ! upp] & l[] pump boxes4 ,pump-*a94 ,an endless *a9 ) discs =m+ valves at prop] di/ances1 work+ on two :eels1 "o above & "o bel[1 & pass+ d[n outside & return+ upw>d ?r\gh a wood5 tube l a belt4 ,pump-*eeks4 ,a =k$ piece s]v+ z a fulcrum = ! h&le ( a pump4 ,pump-well4 ,a comp>tm5t ext5d+ f a %ip's bottom to ! l[] or ! upp] deck1 z ! case may be1 to conta9 ! pump /ocks1 etc4 ,! bilge wat] collects 9 ! limb]s & is dis*>g$ ?r\gh a sp\t call$ ! pump-dale4 ,ra9-gauge4 ,a vessel graduat$ to measure ! fall ( ra9 9 a giv5 p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$uc+ ,,c\pl+4 ,r$uc+-c\pl+4 ,a fitt+ = connect+ two sizes ( ?read$ pipe4 ,resi/ance4 ,! =ce t a pump has to "w aga9/1 caus$ by gravity1 friction1 head ( wat]1 etc4 ,"r-h& ,?read4 ,a screw ?read 9 :i*1 ) ! ?read$ end ( ! bolt t[>ds y1 ! top ( ! nut mu/ revolve f left to "r l ! h&s ( a wat*1 9 ord] to cause ! nut to screw ^u ! bolt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,op54 ,,rope ,,sockets4 ,,clos$4 ,rope-socket4 ,a device fa/5$ to ! end ( a rope by means ( :i* ! rope may be atta*$ to its load4 ,! socket may be op5 or clos$4 ,ru/-jo9t4 ,a jo9t :i* is made by be+ fill$ ) sift$ ca/-iron bor+s1 mix$ ) sal ammoniac1 sulphur & wat]2 ?is causes ! cutt+s to ru/ & =m a solid cem5t4 ,sea ,injection4 ,! pipe & valve ?r\gh :i* sea wat] is inject$ into ! cond5s] ( a m>9e eng9e4 ,screw jack or lift+ jack4 ,a screw work+ 9 a ?read$ base or /ation>y nut & turn$ by a lev] ins]t$ into holes ne> ! top1 ( :i* !re are usually f\r4 ,a loose plate or swivel is plac$ on top ( screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,screw ,,jacks4 8,slams0 & 8,%ocks40 ,bang+1 clank+ & j>r+ noises indicat+ a d]angem5t ( ! action ( a pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sleeve ,,c\pl+4 ,sleeve-c\pl+4 ,a ?read$ connection = unit+ ! two ends ( pipes ( equal size4 8,slippage40 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! calculat$ & actual "w p]=m$ by a pump4 ,sluice4 ,a wat]-gate2 a *annel to run (f wa/e wat]4 ,slurry pump4 ,a special pump = h&l+ a mixture ( e>? wat]4 ,socket-wr5*4 ,a wr5* = turn+ nuts1 hav+ a socket 9 ! end made to a special size & %ape ( ! nut to be turn$4 ,spann]4 ,is a wr5* = turn+ r\nd nuts hav+ holes or slots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spann]4 ,spl9e or fea!r4 ,a key made fa/ 9 a %aft4 ,split-p9 or cutt]4 ,an iron p9 divid$ at ! end :i* is to be spread ap>t aft] ins]t+ 9 ! hole4 8,spread40 ,a t]m us$ to indicate ! di/ance f c5t] to c5t] ( ! cyl9d]s ( a duplex pump4 ,spr+-seat4 ,an ela/ic seat = a valve4 ,/eam ?r[n valves4 ,valves mov$ by /eam only4 ,/eam end ( a pump4 ,! end op]at$ by /eam4 8,/ick+ ( valves40 ,inability to "w caus$ by ! introduction into ! valves ( s&1 soil1 etc42 or x may be caus$ by too tight a fit ( ! mov+ p>ts1 ru/ or corrosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/reet ,,elb[4 ,/reet elb[4 ,an elb[ hav+ an ext5sion piece at "o end4 8,/roke0 ( pump4 ,! di/ance travel$ by ! pi/on 9 "o motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ud-,,bolt4 ,/ud-bolt4 ,a piece ( r\nd b> metal ) a ?read ^u ea* end4 ,a repres5ts ?read = nut2 ,b body ( bolt & ,c ?read to fit 9 ca/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ub-,,end4 ,/ub-end4 ,ei!r end ( a connect+ rod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ra9]4 ,/ra9]4 ,a device = sep>at+ solid p>ticles f ! liquid :i* conta9s !m4 ,/uff+ box4 ,a recess to receive ! pack+ ar\nd pi/on rods1 plung]s & valve /ems4 ,subm]g$ pump4 ,a pump :i* works "u wat]4 8,suck+ w9d40 ,a leakage ( air into ! suction "p ( a pump4 ,supplem5tal pi/on4 ,! pi/on :i* op]ates ! ma9 valve 9 ! /eam pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sw+ ,,*eck ,,valve4 ,sw+ *eck valve4 ,"o :i* sw+s ^u a pivot or h+e 9 op5+ & clos+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,swit* ,,cock4 ,swit* cock or valve4 ,a device = conduct+ exhau/ /eam into ! smoke /ack or atmosph]e4 ,a ?ree-way cock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,syphon ,,cock4 ,syphon ,cock4 ,a cock hav+ a comb9$ *amb] :i* is p>tially fill$ ) wat] ( cond5sation1 atta*$ to a /eam gauge to keep /eam f ent]+ & damag+ ! works ( ! in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?umb-,,nut4 ,?umb-nut4 ,! same z a w+-nut1 b a small] size ( ! two1 %[n above1 appli$ to h&-vice4 ,tob9-bronze4 ,an alloy ( copp]1 t9 & z9c treat$ 9 a special mann]2 x is non-corrosive1 has great t5sile /r5g? & c be =g$ at a *]ry r$ heat4 8,trail+ ,wat]40 ,wat] c be trail$1 i4e41 c>ri$ ?r\gh pipes to pumps a v great di/ance s long z 8! lift0 is n ov] #be to #cc feet4 8,trompe40 ,! t]m us$ to designate a wat]-bla/--a =m ( pump4 ,turb9e4 ,a wat] :eel driv5 by ! impact or reaction ( /reams ( wat] fl[+ ?r\gh x or by ! impact & reaction comb9$2 x is also di/+ui%$ by ! mann] 9 :i* x dis*>ges ! wat]1 z outw>d1 v]tical or c5tral dis*>ge turb9e :eels4 ,turb9e-pump4 ,a pump 9 :i* wat] is rais$ by ! action ( a turb9e :eel driv5 by ext]ior p[] 9 ! opposite direction f t 9 :i* x is turn$ :5 us$ z a motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tube-,,plug4 ,tube-plug4 ,a tube /opp] to be us$ 9 case ( a leak 9 a boil] tube2 x consi/s ( two wood pi/ons jo9$ toge!r s t ! leak w come betwe5 !m4 ,tube plugs are frequ5tly made ( turn$ tap]$ ca/ iron1 "o ( :i* is to be driv5 into ea* end ( a leak+ tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,union4 ,union4 ,a fitt+ design$ to unite ! two screw$ ends ( a pipe1 ) a s+le nut to secure !m4 ,vacuum4 ,a void space2 an inclos$ *amb] f :i* ! air 7or o!r gas7 has be5 v ne>ly remov$1 z by an air pump4 ,valve4 ,any device or appliance us$ to control ! fl[ ( a liquid1 vapor1 or gas1 or loose mat]ial1 ?r\gh a pipe1 outlet or inlet2 ! t]m includes air1 gas1 /eam & wat]-cocks ( all k9ds2 wat]-gates1 air-gates1 etc4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty ( su* devices are nam$ by ,knight 9 8 8,me*anical ,diction>y40 ,viscosity4 ,glut9\s1 adh]+1 or /icky1 z t>1 gums1 molasses4 ,int]nal friction or resi/ance to *ange ( %ape4 ,v ?read4 ,a ?read on a rod or bolt cut 9 ! =m ( a lett] ,v4 ,wa%]4 ,a circul> piece ( lea!r1 rubb]1 metal1 or o!r mat]ial ) a hole 9 its c5t]1 ?r\gh :i* a rod or bolt may pass4 ,wat] ,ar*4 ,a *amb] ( plates or ( pipes ov] ! furnace door ( brick set boil]s to take ! place ( ! usual ca/ iron or fire brick ar*1 & connect$ ) ! boil] to supply x ) wat]4 ,! fe$ wat] is (t5 introduc$ ?r\gh ! wat] ar*4 ,wat]-bell[s4 ,a =m ( pump1 l a bell[s--( great antiquity4 ,wat]-cap4 ,! cov] = dis*>ge valves on a /eam pump4 ,wat]-end4 ,! pump end ( a /eam-pump2 9 di/9ction f ! /eam end4 ,wat]-hamm]4 ,a noise caus$ by ! pulsative motion ( wat] inside a /eam pipe1 resembl+ ! bl[s ( a hamm]4 ,wat] ,ram4 ,a hydraulic ram4 ,work+ ,b>rel4 ,! wat] end ( a pump4 ,:irlpool-*amb]4 ,a *amb] atta*$ to ! dis*>ge end ( ! c5trifugal pump 9 :i* ! :irl+ wat] gradually loses its rotation1 !reby r$uc+ friction4 ,w+-nut4 ,an iron nut hav+ a w+ at ea* side4 ,sometimes call$ a 8butt]fly nut40 ,illu/ration3 ,,yoke4 ,yoke4 ,a bran* pipe1 or a two-way c\pl+ = pipes1 p>ticul>ly tw9 hot & cold-wat] pipes t unite 9 _! dis*>ge4 ,y4--,a pipe fitt+ = unit+ two pipes at an angle ( #de4 ,,hi/orical ,,introduction4 ,! v small degree ( antiquity to :i* ma*9e tools c lay claim appe>s =cibly 9 ! sp>se records ( ! /ate ( ! me*anic arts a c5tury ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g\rd1 ,,cauldron ,,& ,,pipk94 ,a few tools ( a rude k9d1 su* z trip-hamm]s 7work$ by wat] :eels71 & a few special ones1 :i* aim$ at accuracy b 7 ( limit$ application1 su* z 8mills0 = bor+ cannon1 or 8eng9es0 = cutt+ ! tee? ( clock :eels1 7 almo/ _! only repres5tatives4 ,! transmission ( p[] 0 un?\ght (1 except = ! v limit$ di/ances :i* 7 possible ) ! ill-fitt$ 8gudgeons0 & 8lant]ns & trundles0 ( ! old millwrights4 ,! /eam-eng9e1 h[ev]1 *ang$ all ?is2 on ! "o h& ! hi!rto unhe>d ( accuracy ( fit requir$ by its work+ p>ts creat$ a dem& = tools ( increas$ p[] & precision1 & on ! o!r x r5d]$ ! use ( su* tools possible 9 almo/ any situation4 ,?us1 act+ & re-act+ on ea* o!r1 ma*9e tools & /eam eng9es h gr[n side by side1 al?\gh ! fir/ /eps 7 co/ly & difficult to a degree :i* is n n[ easy to realize4 ,james ,watt1 = in/ance1 9 #aggi 0 fa9 to be cont5t ) a cyl9d] = 8 8fire-eng9e10 ( :i*1 ?\gh x 0 b #ah in*es 9 ! bore1 ! diamet] 9 "o place exce$$ t at ano!r by ab\t #c_/h ( an in*2 its pi/on 0 n unnaturally leaky2 ?\gh he pack$ x ) 8pap]1 cork1 putty1 pa/ebo>d & old hat40 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! pump+-eng9e is ! hi/ory ( ! /eam-eng9e1 = orig9ally & = _m ye>s ! only way 9 :i* ! /eam-eng9e 0 utiliz$ 0 = pump+ wat] out ( ! coal m9es ( ,engl& & f ! l[ l&s ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 #afih ,capt4 ,?omas ,sav]y secur$ ,lett]s ,pat5t = a ma*9e = rais+ wat] by /eam4 ,x consi/$ ( two boil]s & two receiv]s = ! /eam1 ) valves & ! ne$ful pipes4 ,"o ( ! receiv]s be+ fill$ ) /eam1 its communication ) ! boil] 0 !n cut (f & ! /eam cond5s$ ) cold wat] outside ( x2 into ! vacuum ?us =m$ ! atmosph]e =c$ ! wat] f bel[1 :5 ! /eam 0 aga9 caus$ to press ^u ! wat] & drive x /ill high]4 ,?is eng9e 0 us$ ext5sively = dra9+ m9es & ! wat] 01 9 "s in/ances1 made to turn a wat] :eel1 by :i* la!s & o!r ma*9]y 7 driv54 ,9 #agje ,?omas ,newcom51 ) 8 associates1 pat5t$ an eng9e :i* comb9$1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! cyl9d] & pi/on & sep>ate boil]4 ,?is soon became ext5sively introduc$ = dra9+ m9es & colli]ies1 & ! eng9es grew to be ( gigantic size1 ) cyl9d]s #fj in*es 9 diamet] & o!r p>ts 9 proportion4 ,?is eng9e 01 9 c\rse ( ye>s1 us$ 9 connection ) ! ,corni% pump1 ^: p]=mance 9 rais+ wat] f m9es came to be a matt] ( ! nice/ sci5tific inve/igation1 & adopt$ z ! /&>d = ! duty or "w1 by :i* to comp>e ! multitud9\s exp]im5tal ma*9es v soon introduc$ by _m inv5tors4 ,b !re is an e>li] hi/ory :i* long ant$ates ! a*ievem5ts ( ,sav]y1 ,newcom5 & ,watt1 :i* belongs1 h[ev]1 pr9cipally to ! doma9 ( hydraulics4 ,be=e proce$+ to discuss ! advancem5ts made )9 ! memory ( m5 n[ liv+1 x may be well to take a glance backw>d & occupy a few pages ) _! appropriate illu/rations1 ) ! facts record$ 9 hi/ory4 ,x 7 va9 to ev5 try1 to trace ! advances made t[>d ! mammo? city pump+ /ations1 f ! e>ly beg9n+ h]eaft] describ$1 :i* h inspir$ ! words record$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,holl[ay1 ,m4 ,e43 8,9 look+ ^u ! pond]\s pump+ eng9es :i* lift a volume ( wat] equal to ! fl[ ( a riv]1 s5d+ x ) ea* ?robb+ beat ( _! pulsat+ plung]s ?r\gh ! art]ies & ve9s t n[ rea* out 9 e direction 9 our great cities1 br++ heal?1 com=t1 cleanl9ess & protection to e home !re91 we _c b wond] :at is ! hi/ory ( _! beg9n+1 :at ! process ( _! evolution out f ! crude appliances ( long ago4 ,j :o ! fir/ man 01 & by :at /ream he sat gaz+ on 8 p>*$ fields1 on :i* ! cl\dless skies ( ! ,ori5t %$ no ra91 & :]e ! e>ly ris+ sun ) eag] ha/e lapp$ up ! dew drops :i* ! m k9dly night 9 pity ov] 8 h>d lot _h %$1 & :o1 look+ on 8 )]+ gra9 /alks on ! "o side & ! life-giv+ wat]s :i* fl[$ by on ! o!r1 fir/ caught ! inspir+ ?\ght t if "o c\ld only be br\ght to ! o!r1 h[ great w\ld be ! h>ve/1 we %all nev] "k4 ,kn[+1 z we d1 t su* /ill is ! problem t confronts ! toil] on ! pla9s ( t f>-(f ,ea/]n l& :]e man's necessities fir/ prompt$ man's inv5tion1 x does n require a great /ret* ( ! imag9ation to conceive ( su* a situation1 & to believe t1 act+ on ! impulse ( ! mom5t1 he call$ 8 mate1 & ty+ ?ongs to ! feet ( a %eep-sk9 & /&+ on ei!r side ( ! brook1 ) alt]nate sw++s ( ! susp5d$ sk9 !y lift$ ! wat]s ( ! /ream to ! ?ir/y field1 mak+ its blan*$ furr[s to bloom ) vegetation1 & at ! same "t introduc+ to ! _w ! fir/ hydraulic app>atus ev] inv5t$1 & c]ta9ly ! fir/ hydraulic ram ev] us$40 ,! figures %[n on ! op5+ page ( ?is section ( ! "w repres5t ! v fir/ ut5sils us$ = collect+ & conta9+ wat]4 ,! g\rd or calaba% 0 und\bt$ly ! v fir/2 x 0 common among ! anci5t ,romans1 ,mexicans & ,egyptians1 & 9 ! mo/ mod]n times cont9ues to be 9 use 9 ,africa1 ,s\? ,am]ica & o!r w>m c\ntries4 ,! ,new ,zeal&]s possess$ no o!r vessels = hold+ liquids1 & ! same rem>k is applicable to num]\s o!r savage tribes4 ,al?\gh n /rictly connect$ ) ! subject1 x may be obs]v$ t ! g\rd is probably ! orig9al vessel = heat+ wat]1 cook+1 etc4 ,9 ^! & o!r applications ! neck is sometimes us$ z a h&le & an op5+ made into ! body by remov+ a portion ( x1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 its ext]ior be+ kept moi/5$ by wat] :ile on ! fire1 :ile o!rs apply a coat+ ( clay to protect x f ! effects ( ! flame4 ,:5 9 process ( "t vessels = heat+ wat] 7 =m$ :olly ( clay1 !y 7 fa%ion$ aft] ! cauldron z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #dg-eb4 ,! above illu/rations are repres5tations ( anci5t vases2 x is curi\s to note _! con=mation to ! figure ( ! g\rd4 ,! fir/ ?ree on ! left are f ,!bes4 ,gold5 ew]s ( a simil> =m 7 us$ by ri* ,egyptians = conta9+ wat] to wa% ! h&s & feet ( _! gue/s4 ,simil> %ap$ vessels ( ! ,greeks1 ,romans & o!r p might be easily produc$4 ,9 ,egypt1 ,india1 ,*aldea & ,*9a ! clepsydra or wat]-clocks date back beyond all records4 ,plut>* m5tions !m 9 8 life ( ,alcibiades :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,fif? ,c5tury ,b4 ,c4 :5 !y 7 employ$ 9 ! tribunals at ,a!ns to measure ! "t to :i* ! orators 7 limit$ 9 _! addresses to ! judges4 ,julius ,cs> f\nd ! ,britons 9 possession ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,,wat]-,,clock4 ,! clepsydra is a device = measur+ "t by ! am\nt ( wat] dis*>g$ f a vessel ?r\gh a small ap]ture1 ! quantity dis*>g$ 9 a giv5 unit ( "t1 z an h\r be+ fir/ det]m9$4 ,9 ! e>li] clepsydras ! h\rs 7 measur$ by ! s9k+ ( ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! vessel conta9+ x4 ,9 o!rs ! wat] ran f "o vessel to ano!r1 !re be+ 9 ! l[] a cork or piece ( light wood :i* z ! vessel fill$1 rose & ?us indicat$ ! h\r4 ,9 lat] clepsydras ! h\r has be5 indicat$ by a dial4 ,fig4 #ec %[s a wat]-clock describ$ by ,h]o ( ,alex&ria1 ,egypt1 made to gov]n ! quantities ( fluids fl[+ f a vessel4 ,! note bel[ gives ! exact word+ ( ! description :i* has come d[n to u4 8,a vessel conta9+ w9e1 & provid$ ) an op5 sp\t1 /&s ^u a p$e/al3 x is requir$ by %ift+ a weight to cause ! sp\t to p\r =? a giv5 quantity1--sometimes1 = in/ance1 a half cotyle 7#a_/d p9t71 sometimes a cotyle 7#a_/b p9t71 & 9 %ort1 :atev] quantity we please4 ,a ,b 7fig4 #ec71 is ! vessel into :i* w9e is to be p\r$3 ne> ! bottom is a sp\t ,d3 ! neck is clos$ by ! p>tition ,e ,f1 & ?r\gh ,e ,f is ins]t$ a tube1 ,g ,h1 rea*+ ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 b s z to all[ ( ! passage ( wat]4 ,k ,l ,m ,n is ! p$e/al on :i* ! vessel /&s1 & ,o ,x ano!r tube rea*+ )9 a little ( ! p>tition & ext5d+ into ! p$e/al 9 :i* wat] is plac$ s z to cov] ! orifice ,o1 ( ! tube4 ,fix a rod1 ,p ,r1 "o-half )91 & ! o!r )\t ! p$e/al1 mov+ l ! beam ( a lev] ab\t ! po9t ,s2 & f ! extremity ,p ( ! rod susp5d a wat]-clock1 ,t1 hav+ a hole 9 ! bottom4 ,! sp\t ,d hav+ be5 fir/ clos$1 ! vessel %\ld be fill$ ?r\gh ! tube ,g ,h be=e wat] is p\r$ into ! p$e/al1 t ! air may escape ?r\gh ! tube ,x ,o2 !n p\r wat] into ! p$e/al1 ?r\gh a hole1 until ! orifice ,o is clos$1 & set ! sp\t ,d free4 ,x is evid5t t ! w9e w n fl[1 z !re is no op5+ ?r\gh :i* air c be introduc$3 b if we depress ! extremity ,r ( ! rod1 a portion ( ! wat]-clock w be rais$ f ! wat]1 &1 ! v5t ,o be+ uncov]$1 ! sp\t ,d w run until ! wat] susp5d$ 9 ! wat]-clock has fl[$ back & clos$ ! v5t ,o4 ,if1 :5 ! wat]-clock is fill$ aga91 we depress ! extremity ,r /ill fur!r1 ! liquid susp5d$ 9 ! wat]-clock w take a long] "t to fl[ out1 & !re w be a long] dis*>ge f ,d3 & if ! wat]-clock be entirely rais$ above ! wat]1 ! dis*>ge w la/ consid]ably long]4 ,to avoid ! necessity ( depress+ ! extremity ,r ( ! rod ) ! h&1 take a weight ,q1 slid+ along ! out] portion ( ! rod1 ,r ,w1 & able1 if plac$ at ,r1 to lift ! :ole wat]-clock2 if at a di/ance f ,r1 "s small] portion ( x4 ,!n1 hav+ obta9$ by trial ! quantities :i* we wi% to fl[ f ,d1 we mu/ make not*es 9 ! rod ,r ,w & regi/] ! quantities2 s t1 :5 we wi% a giv5 quantity to fl[ out1 we h only to br+ ! weight to ! correspond+ not* & leave ! dis*>ge to take place40 ,,! ,,syphon4 ,! ,syphon is a b5t pipe or tube ) legs ( unequal l5g?1 us$ = draw+ liquid out ( a vessel by caus+ x to rise 9 ! tube ov] ! rim or top4 ,= ?is purpose ! %ort] leg is ins]t$ 9 ! liquid1 & ! air is exhau/$ by be+ drawn ?r\gh ! long] leg4 ,! liquid !n rises by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e & fills ! tube & ! fl[ beg9s f ! l[] end4 ,! g5]al me?od ( use is to fill ! tube 9 ! fir/ place ) ! liquid1 & !n1 /opp+ ! m\? ( ! long] leg1 to ins]t ! %ort] leg 9 ! vessel2 ^u removal ( ! /op1 ! liquid w imm$iately beg9 to run4 ,! fl[ dep5ds ^u ! diff]5ce 9 v]tical height ( ! two columns ( ! liquids1 measur$ respectively f ! b5d ( ! tube1 to ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! vessel & to ! op5 end ( ! tube4 ,! fl[ ceases z soon z1 by ! l[]+ ( ! level 9 ! vessel1 ^! columns become ( equal height or :5 ?is level desc5ds to ! end ( ! %ort] leg4 ,! atmosph]ic pressure is ess5tial to ! support ( ! column ( liquid f ! vessel up to ! top ( ! b5d ( ! tube1 & ?is height is consequ5tly limit$2 at sea height ! maximum height is a little less ?an #cd feet = wat]1 b ?is v>ies accord+ to ! d5sity ( ! fluid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ed #ee #ef #eg #eh #ei ,syphons are necess>y 9 num]\s manipulations ( ! laboratory1 & mod]n rese>*es 9 *emi/ry h giv5 rise to sev]al beautiful devices = *>g+ !m1 & also = int]rupt+ & r5ew+ _! action4 ,:5 corrosive liquids or ^? ( high temp]atures are to be transf]r$ by syphons1 x is (t5 inconv5i5t1 & sometimes dang]\s to put !m 9 op]ation by ! lungs4 ,moreov] cocks & valves ( metal are act$ on by acids1 & 9 "s cases w\ld affect or de/roy ! prop]ties ( ! fluids !mselves4 ,fig4 #ed %[s h[ hot or corrosive liquids may be drawn (f f a wide m\!d bottle or j>4 ,! %ort leg ( a syphon is ins]t$ ?r\gh ! cork1 & also a small tube1 ?r\gh :i* ! op]ator bl[s1 & by ! pressure ( 8 brea? =ces ! liquid ?r\gh ! syphon4 ,fig4 #ee repres5ts a syphon sometimes employ$ by *emi/s4 ,:5 us$1 ! %ort leg is fir/ plac$ 9 ! fluid to be decant$1 ! flame ( a lamp or c&le is !n appli$ to ! und]side ( ! bulb2 ! heat r>efies ! air1 & consequ5tly drives out ! great] "p ( x ?r\gh ! dis*>g+ orifice4 ,! f+] is appli$ to ?is orifice1 & z ! bulb becomes cool ! atmosph]e drives up ! liquid into ! void & puts ! in/rum5t 9 op]ation4 ,fig4 #ef is a syphon *>g$ by p\r+ a quantity ( ! fluid to be decant$ into ! funnel1 ! b5t pipe atta*$ to :i* t]m9ates ne> ! top ( ! dis*>g+ leg4 ,! fluid 9 desc5d+ ?r\gh ?is leg be>s d[n ! air )9 x1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! trompe1 & ! atmosph]e drives up ! liquid 9 ! res]voir ?r\gh ! %ort leg4 ,fig4 #eg is a glass syphon = decant+ acids1 c4 ,x is *>g$ by suck+1 & to gu>d aga9/ ! cont5ts ent]+ ! m\?1 a bulb is bl[n on ! suck+ tube4 ,! accumulation ( a liquid 9 ?is bulb be+ visible1 ! op]ator c always )draw 8 lips 9 "t to prev5t 8 ta/+ x4 ,fig4 #eh is design$ to reta9 its cont5ts :5 n 9 use1 s t on plung+ ! %ort leg deep into a liquid ! in/rum5t w op]ate4 ,?is effect h[ev] w n foll[ if ! end ( ! dis*>g+ leg desc5d bel[ ! b5d ne> x1 & if its orifice be n contract$ ne>ly to t ( a capill>y tube4 ,fig4 #ei is a syphon by :i* liquids may be drawn at int]vals1 viz41 by rais+ & l[]+ ! end ( ! dis*>g+ leg accord+ to ! surface ( ! liquid 9 ! ci/]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,figs4 #fj1 #fa1 #fb are syphons describ$ by ,h]o ( ,alex&ria :o liv$ #abj ,b4 ,c42 ! descriptions ( ! figures are ! translation ( ! orig9al4 ,let ,a ,b ,c ,d 7,fig4 #fj7 be a vessel op5 at ! top1 & ?r\gh its bottom pass a tube1 ei!r an inclos$ pipe z ,e ,f ,g1 or a b5t syphon ,g ,h ,k4 ,:5 ! vessel ,a ,b ,c ,d is fill$1 & ! wat] runs ov]1 a dis*>ge w beg9 & cont9ue till ! vessel is empty1 if ! int]ior op5+ is s ne> ! bottom ( ! vessel z only to leave a passage = ! wat]4 ,z be=e1 let !re be a vessel1 ,a ,b 7,fig4 #fa71 conta9+ wat]4 ,?r\gh its bottom ins]t a tube1 ,c ,d1 sold]$ into ! bottom & project+ bel[4 ,let ! ap]ture ,c ( ! syphon approa* to ! m\? ( ! vessel ,a ,b1 & let ano!r tube1 ,e ,f1 inclose ! tube ,c ,d1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! tubes be+ ev]y:]e equal1 & ! m\? ( ! out] tube be+ clos$ by a plate1 ,e ,g1 a little above ! m\? ,c4 ,if we exhau/1 by suction ?r\gh ! m\? ,d1 ! air 9 ! tube ,c ,d1 we %all draw into x ! wat] 9 ! vessel ,a ,b1 s t x w fl[ out ?r\gh ! projection ( ! syphon until ! wat] is exhau/$4 ,= ! air conta9$ betwe5 ! liquid & ! tube ,e ,f1 be+ b little1 c pass into ! tube ,c ,d1 & ! wat] c !n be drawn aft] x4 ,& ! wat] w n cease fl[+ because ( ! projection ( ! syphon bel[3--if1 inde$1 ! tube ,e ,f 7 remov$1 ! dis*>ge w\ld cease on ! surface ( ! wat] arriv+ at ,c1 9 spite ( ! projection bel[2 b :5 ,e ,f is entirely imm]s$ no air c ent] ! syphon 9 place ( t drawn (f1 s9ce ! air :i* ent]s ! vessel takes ! place ( ! wat] z x passes out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,let ,a ,b ,c 7,fig4 #fb71 be a b5t syphon1 or tube1 ( :i* ! leg ,a ,b is plung$ into a vessel ,d ,e conta9+ wat]4 ,if ! surface ( ! wat] is 9 ,f ,g1 ! leg ( ! syphon1 ,a ,b1 w be fill$ ) wat] z high z ! surface1 t is1 up to ,h1 ! portion ,h ,b ,c rema9+ full ( air4 ,if1 !n we draw (f ! air by suction ?r\gh ! ap]ture ,c1 ! liquid also w foll[4 ,& if ! ap]ture ,c be level ) ! surface ( ! wat]1 ! syphon1 ?\gh full1 w n dis*>ge ! wat]1 b w rema9 full3 s t1 al?\gh x is contr>y to nature = wat] to rise1 x has ris5 s z to fill ! tube ,a ,b ,c2 & ! wat] w rema9 9 equilibrium1 l ! beams ( a balance1 ! portion ,h ,b be+ rais$ on high1 & ! portion ,b ,c susp5d$4 ,b if ! out] m\? ( ! syphon be l[] ?an ! surface ,f ,g1 z at ,k1 ! wat] fl[s out1 = ! liquid 9 ,k ,b1 be+ heavi]1 ov]p[]s & draws t[>d x ! liquid ,b ,h4 ,! dis*>ge1 h[ev]1 cont9ues only until ! surface ( ! wat] is on a level ) ! m\? ,k1 :51 = ! same reason z be=e1 ! efflux ceases4 ,b if ! out] m\? ( ! tube be l[] ?an ,k1 z at ,l1 ! dis*>ge cont9ues until ! surface ( ! wat] rea*es ! m\? ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,! ,syr+e is an in/rum5t ( v high antiquity & 0 probably ! fir/ ma*9e consi/+ ( a cyl9d] & pi/on t 0 especially design$ to =ce liquids4 ,9 ! clos$ end a %ort conical pipe is atta*$ ^: dim5sions are adapt$ to ! p>ticul> purpose = :i* ! in/rum5t is to be us$4 ,! pi/on is solid & cov]$ ) a piece ( s(t lea!r1 hemp1 wool5 li/+1 or any simil> sub/ance t readily imbibes moi/ure1 9 ord] to prev5t air or wat] f pass+ betwe5 x & ! sides ( ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! end ( ! pipe is plac$ 9 a liquid & ! pi/on drawn back1 ! atmosph]e drives ! liquid into ! cyl9d]2 :5ce x is expell$ ?r\gh ! same orifice by pu%+ ! pi/on d[n3 9 ! =m] case ! syr+e acts z a suck+ pump3 9 ! latt] z a =c+ "o4 ,!y are =m$ ( silv]1 brass1 pewt]1 glass1 & sometimes ( wood4 ,= "s purposes ! small pipe is disp5s$ )1 ! end ( ! cyl9d] be+ clos$ by a p]=at$ plate1 z 9 ^? in/rum5ts ) :i* g>d5]s syr+e _! plants4 ,,wells4 ,long be=e pump+ devices 7 conceiv$1 wells exi/$ z ! inv5tion ( prehi/oric man4 ,h]e) is a sectional view ( ,joseph's ,well to be se5 at ! pres5t "t at ,cairo1 ,egypt4 ,sci5ti/s ?9k x ! production ( ! same p t built ! pyramids & ! unrival$ monum5ts ( ,!bes1 ,d5d>oh & ,ebsambone4 ,! magnitude ( ! well & ! skill display$ 9 its con/ruction is p]fectly unique4 ,illu/ration3 ,,joseph',s ,,well4 ,?is /up5d\s well is an oblong squ>e1 tw5ty f\r feet by eighte51 be+ suffici5tly capaci\s to admit )9 its m\? a mod]ate siz$ h\se4 ,x is excavat$ 7( ^! dim5sions7 ?r\gh solid rock to ! dep? ( "o hundr$ & sixty-five feet1 :]e x is enl>g$ into a capaci\s *amb]1 9 ! bottom ( :i* is =m$ a bas9 or res]voir1 to receive ! wat] rais$ f bel[ 7= ?is *amb] is n ! bottom ( ! well74 ,on "o side ( ! res]voir ano!r %aft is cont9u$1 "o hundr$ & ?irty feet l[]1 :]e x em]ges ?r\gh ! rock into a b$ ( gravel1 9 :i* ! wat] is f\nd1 ! :ole dep? be+ two hundr$ & n9ety-sev5 feet2 ! l[] %aft is n 9 ! same v]tical l9e ) ! upp] "o1 nor is x s l>ge1 be+ fifte5 feet by n9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,twelf? ,,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,asiatic ,,pulley ,,& ,,bucket4 ,z ! wat] is fir/ rais$ into ! bas91 by means ( ma*9]y propell$ by horses or ox5 )9 ! *amb]1 x may be ask$1 h[ are ^! animals convey$ to t dep? 9 ?is trem5d\s pit1 & by :at means d !y asc5d8 ,a spiral passage-way is cut ?r\gh ! rock1 f ! surface ( ! gr\nd to ! *amb]1 indep5d5t ( ! well1 r\nd :i* x w9ds ) s g5tle a desc5t1 t p]sons sometimes ride up or d[n ^u asses or mules4 ,x is six feet f\r in*es wide1 & sev5 feet two in*es high4 ,betwe5 x & ! int]ior ( ! well1 a wall ( rock is left1 to prev5t p]sons fall+ into1 or ev5 look+ d[n x 7:i* 9 "s cases w\ld be equally fatal71 except ?r\gh c]ta9 op5+s or w9d[s1 by means ( :i* x is fa9tly light$ f ! int]ior ( ! well4 ,! animals desc5d by ?is passage to drive ! ma*9]y t raises ! wat] f ! l[] %aft into ! res]voir or bas91 f :i* x is aga9 elevat$ by simil> ma*9]y & o!r ox5 on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! l[] %aft a pa? is also cut d[n to ! wat]1 b z no p>tition is left betwe5 x & ! well1 x is extremely p]il\s = /rang]s to desc5d4 ,,note4--,h[ev] old & num]\s wells ) /airs 9 !m may be1 mo/ ( ! anci5t ones 7 con/ruct$ )\t !m2 h5ce ! necessity ( "s mode ( rais+ ! wat]4 ,f ! e>lie/ ages1 a vessel susp5d$ by a cord1 has be5 us$ by all nations--a device m simple & m ext5sively employ$ ?an any o!r1 & "o :i* 0 und\bt$ly ! g]m ( ! mo/ useful hydraulic ma*9e ( ! anci5ts4 ,! figures %[n on ?is & a few succe$+ pages are f ! collection made by ,ewbank--to :om ref]5ce has be5 made 9 ano!r portion ( ?is "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pulley ,,& ,,two ,,buckets4 7,,anci5t47 ,! squ>e op5+s repres5t$ on ea* side ( ! upp] %aft are sections ( ! spiral passage1 & ! zig-zag l9es indicate its direction4 ,! :eels at ! top c>ry endless ropes1 ! l[] p>ts ( :i* rea* d[n into ! wat]2 to ^!1 e>!nw>e vases are secur$ by ligatures 7see ,a ,a7 at equal di/ances ?r\gh ! :ole ( _! l5g?1 s t :5 ! ma*9]y moves ^! vessels asc5d full ( wat] on "o side ( ! :eels1 dis*>ge x into tr\ghs z !y pass ov] !m & desc5d 9 an inv]t$ position on ! o!r side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*9ese ,,w9dlass4 ,?is celebrat$ production ( =m] times1 z w be p]ceiv$1 resembles an enorm\s holl[ screw1 ! c5t] ( :i* =ms ! well & ! ?reads a w9d+ /air-case ar\nd x4 ,to erect ( granite1 a flight ( 8geometrical0 or 8well /airs10 two or ?ree hundr$ feet high1 on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 w\ld require extraord9>y skill1 al?\gh 9 its execution e aid f rules1 measures1 & ! light ( day1 w\ld guide ! workm5 at e /ep2 b to beg9 su* a "w at ! top1 & con/ruct x d[nw>ds by excavation alone1 9 ! d>k b[els ( ! e>?1 is a m ardu\s und]tak+1 especially z deviations f ! correct l9es c\ld n be rem$i$2 yet 9 ,joseph's well1 ! p>tition ( rock betwe5 ! pit & ! passage-way1 & ! uni=m incl9ation ( ! latt]1 seem to h be5 asc]ta9$ ) equal precision1 z if ! :ole _h be5 con/ruct$ ( cut /one on ! surface4 ,0 ! pit1 or ! passage1 =m$ fir/2 or 7 !y simultane\sly c>ri$ on1 & ! excavat$ masses f bo? borne up ! passage1 are unansw]$ que/ions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,crane4 ,! extreme ?9ness ( ! p>tition wall1 excit$ ! a/oni%m5t ( ,m4 ,jom>d1 ^: acc\nt ( ! well is ins]t$ 9 ! second volume ( ,memoirs 9 ,napoleon's great "w on ,egypt4 ,x is1 accord+ to him1 b sixte5 c5timetres ?ick1 ab\t six in*es6 ,he ju/ly rem>ks t x mu/ h requir$ s+ul> c>e to leave & pres]ve s small a portion :ile excavat+ ! rock f bo? sides ( x4 ,x w\ld seem no /rong] 9 proportion1 ?an %eets ( pa/e-bo>d plac$ on edge1 to support "o end ( ! /airs ( a mod]n built h\se1 = x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 t ! massive ro( ( ! spiral passage next ! well1 has no?+ b ?is film ( rock to support x1 or to prev5t f fall+1 su* portions z are loos5$ by fissures1 or su*1 z f *anges 9 ! direction ( ! /rata1 are n firmly unit$ to ! g5]al mass4 ,b ?is is n all3 ?9 & insuffici5t z x may seem1 ! bold design] has pi]c$ x ?r\gh its :ole ext5t ) semi-circul> op5+s1 to admit light f ! well3 ^? on "o side are %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,swape ,,or ,,sweep1 ,a4 ,d4 #adic4 ,aqu$ucts1 f\nta9s1 ci/]ns & wells1 are 9 num]\s in/ances ! only rema9s ( "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ cities ( ! anci5t _w4 ,( ,heliopolis1 ,sy5e & ,babylon 9 ,egypt2 ( ,tyre1 ,sidon1 ,palmyra1 ,n9eveh1 ,c>?age1 ,utica1 ,b>ca1 & _m o!rs4 8,! features ( nature10 says ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 8cont9ue ! same1 ?\gh works ( art may be done away3 ! #8beautiful gate' ( ! ,j]usalem temple is no m1 b ,siloah's f\nta9 /ill fl[s1 & ,k$ron /ill murmurs 9 ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat40 ,accord+ to ,*ateaubri&1 ! ,pool ( ,be!sda1 a res]voir1 "o hundr$ & fifty feet by =ty1 con/ruct$ ( l>ge /ones cramp$ ) iron1 & l9$ ) fl9ts emb$d$ 9 cem5t1 is ! only specim5 rema9+ ( ! anci5t ar*itecture ( t city4 ,,note4--,roman wells are f\nd 9 e c\ntry :i* t p conqu]$4 ,_! armies _h con/ant rec\rse to !m :5 o!r s\rces ( wat] fail$4 ,pompey & ,cs> (t5 pres]v$ _! troops f de/ruction by hav+ provid$ !m4 ,x 0 ,pompey's sup]ior k 9 ?us obta9+ wat]1 :i* enabl$ him to ov]?r[ ,mi?ridates1 by reta9+ possession ( an important po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,picotah ,,( ,,h9do/an4 ,,note4--,! op]ation ( ?is primitive device may be ?us describ$--,ne> ! well or tank1 a piece ( wood is fix$1 =k$ at ! top2 9 ?is =k ano!r piece ( wood is fix$ to =m a swape1 :i* is =m$ by a peg1 & /eps cut out at ! bottom1 t ! p]son :o works ! ma*9e may easily get up & d[n4 ,commonly1 ! l[] "p ( ! swape is ! trunk ( a tree2 to ! upp] end is fix$ a pole1 at ! end ( :i* hangs a lea!r bucket4 ,a man gets up ! /eps to ! top ( ! swape1 & supports himself by a bamboo scre5 erect$ by ! sides ( ! ma*9e4 ,he plunges ! bucket into ! wat]1 & draws x up by 8 weight2 :ile ano!r p]son /&s ready to empty x4 ,ephesus1 too1 is no m2 & ! temple ( ,diana1 t accord+ to ,pl9y 0 #bbj ye>s 9 build+1 & ^u :i* 0 lavi%$ ! tal5t & treasure ( ! ea/2 ! pride ( all ,asia1 also "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w1 has vani%$1 :ile ! f\nta9s :i* furni%$ ! citiz5s ) wat]1 rema9 z fre% & p]fect z ev]4 ,ci/]ns h be5 discov]$ 9 ! olde/ citadels 9 ,greece4 ,! f\nta9s ( ,b\n>ba%i are p]haps ! only objects rema9+ t c be reli$ on1 9 locat+ ! palace ( ,priam & ! site ( anci5t ,troy4 ,& ! well ne> ! out] walls ( ! temple ( ! sun at ,palmyra1 w1 9 all probability1 furni% m5 ) wat]1 :5 o!r relics ( ,tadmor 9 ! wild]ness h disappe>$2 a great numb] ( ! wells ( ! anci5t _w /ill supply man ) wat]1 al?\gh _! hi/ory g5]ally1 is lo/ 9 ! night ( "t4 ,we are n[ to exam9e ! modes practis$ by ! anci5ts1 9 obta9+ wat] f wells4 ,9 all cases ( mod]ate dep?1 ! mo/ simple & effici5t1 0 to =m an incl9$ plane or passage1 f ! surface ( ! gr\nd to ! wat]2 a me?od by :i* ! pr9cipal advantages ( an op5 spr+ on ! surface 7 reta9$1 & "o by :i* dome/ic animals c\ld procure wat] = !mselves )\t ! aid or att5dance ( man4 ,b :5 9 process ( "t1 ^! became too deep = ext]ior passages ( ?is k9d to be conv5i5t or practicable1 ! wells !mselves 7 enl>g$1 & /airs = desc5d+ to ! wat]1 con/ruct$ )9 !m4 ,,hi/orical ,,note4--,"o ( ! mo/ appall+ facts t is record$ ( suff]+ f ?ir/ occurr$ 9 #ahje4 ,a c>avan proce$+ f ,timbuctoo to ,talifet1 0 disappo9t$ 9 n f9d+ wat] at ! usual wat]+ places2 :51 horrible to relate1 all ! p]sons belong+ to x1 two ?\s& 9 numb]1 besides eighte5 hundr$ camels p]i%$ by ?ir/6 ,occurr5ces l ?is1 acc\nt = ! va/ quantities ( human & o!r bones1 :i* are f\nd heap$ toge!r 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! des]t4 ,:ile ! crusad]s besieg$ ,j]usalem1 great numb]s p]i%$ ( ?ir/1 = ! ,turks _h fill$ ! wells 9 ! vic9ity4 ,memorials ( _! suff]+s may yet be f\nd 9 ! h]aldic be>+s ( _! desc5dants4 ,! *>ge ( a =ag+ p>ty 8= wat]10 we are told1 80 an (fice ( di/9ction20 h5ce1 "s ( ! comm&]s on ^! occasions1 subsequ5tly adopt$ wat] buckets 9 _! coats ( arms1 z emblems ( _! labors 9 ,pale/9e4 ,wells ) /airs by :i* to desc5d to ! wat]1 are /ill common4 ,! inhabitants ( ,arkeko 9 ,abyss9ia1 are suppli$ ) wat] f six wells1 :i* are tw5ty feet deep & fifte5 9 diamet]4 ,! wat] is collect$ & c>ri$ up a brok5 asc5t by m51 wom5 & *ildr54 ,fry] 9 8 ,travels 9 ,india speaks ( 8deep wells _m fa?oms und]gr\nd1 ) /ately /one /airs40 ,ne> ! village ( ,futtehpore1 is a l>ge well1 n9ety feet 9 circumf]5ce1 ) a broad /one /aircase :i* is ab\t ?irty feet deep to desc5d to ! wat]4 ,! f\nta9 ( ,siloam is rea*$ by a desc5t ( ?irty /eps cut 9 ! solid rock1 & ! inhabitants ( ,libya1 :]e ! wells (t5 conta9 little wat]1 8draw x out 9 little buckets1 made ( ! %ank bones ( camels40 ,wells ) /airs are n only ( v remote orig91 b !y appe> to h be5 us$ by all ! nations ( antiquity4 ,!y 7 common *iefly1 among ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,italian ,,mode ,,( ,,rais+ ,,wat] ,,to ,,! ,,upp] ,,floors ,,( ,a ,,h\se4 ,z a matt] ( int]e/ "s six or eight repres5tations ( ! e>ly =ms ( wells1 h be5 introduc$2 b little ne$ to be writt5 relat+ to !m--! cuts ) ! titles speak = !mselves & also indicate _! mann] ( use4 7,see note47 ,9 ,syria & ,pale/9e at ! pres5t "t ! antique bucket & rope1 9 modifi$ =m1 is /ill us$ 9 rais+ wat] f wells = irrigation4 ,! buckets are atta*$ to ! ropes at regul> int]vals & pass ov] l>ge drums go+ d[n empty & ris+ full4 ,!y dis*>ge at ! top into a l>ge op5 tr\gh1 :i* conveys ! wat] to ! irrigat+ dit*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,roman ,,screw4--,,fig4 #gb4 ,a me?od mu* us$ :]e riv]s are available is ! :eel & bucket1 9 :i* ! buckets are m\nt$ on ! rim ( a l>ge :eel :i* is ( a diamet] equal to ! height to :i* ! wat] is to be rais$4 ,! processes al?\gh extremely crude are well adapt$ to c\ntries :]e labor is inexp5sive z ! runn+ exp5se ( ! devices is v small4 ,,note4--,! s\rce f :i* _m ( ^! h be5 d]iv$ is 8,eubank's ,hydraulics10 to :i* "w cr$it is gladly giv5 = ne>ly all ! hi/orical data s f> us$ 9 ?is volume4 ,! au?or ( ! book nam$ gave _m ye>s ( rese>* into ! e>ly records ( all relat+ to hydraulics & wat] ma*9es & k9dr$ subjects4 ,,wat]-,,lift+ ,,inv5tions4 ,! rais+ ( wat] is "o ( ! e>ly arts2 beg9n+ 9 anci5t times ) devices ( ! crude/ =m x has foll[$ ! progress ( civilization ) ev]-increas+ importance4 ,9 ! pres5t era1 x dem&s eng9e]+ ability ( ! highe/ ord] & ! f9e/ ( ma*9]y4 ,important epo*s 9 ! gradual inv5tions relat+ to pumps & hydraulics are3 7#a7 ,! 8=ce pump10 due to ,ctesibius #bjj ,b4 ,c42 7#b7 ! 8d\ble-act+ pump10 inv5t$ by ,la ,hire 9 #agah2 7#c7 ! 8hydraulic ram10 by ,:itehur/ 9 #aggb2 7#d7 ! 8hydraulic press10 introduc$ by ,joseph ,bramah 9 #ahjb4 ,mo/ ( ! ma*9es hi!rto notic$1 raise wat] by means ( flexible cords or *a9s1 & are g5]ally applicable to wells ( great dep?4 ,we n[ ent] ^u ! exam9ation ( ano!r v>iety1 :i*1 ) "o exception 7! *a9 ( pots71 are compos$ ( inflexible mat]ials1 & raise wat] to limit$ heights only4 ,9 prec$+ ma*9es1 ! 8me*anical p[]s0 are di/9ct f ! hydraulic app>atus1 i4 e41 ! :eels1 pulleys1 w9dlass1 cap/an1 etc41 =m no ess5tial "p ( ! ma*9es prop] = rais+ ! wat]1 b are m]ely employ$ to transmit motion to !m2 :]eas ^? we are n[ ab\t to describe1 are made 9 ! =m ( lev]s1 :eels1 etc41 & are propell$ z su*4 ,! ,roman ,screw del9eat$ ^u ! opposite page1 if n ! e>lie/ hydraulic eng9e t 0 compos$ ( tubes1 or 9 ! con/ruction ( :i* !y 7 introduc$1 is c]ta9ly ! olde/ "o kn[n ( t description2 9 its mode ( op]ation x diff]s ess5tially f all o!r anci5t tube ma*9es2 9 ! latt] ! tubes m]ely s]ve z conduits = ! asc5d+ wat]1 & z su* are at re/2 :ile 9 ! screw x is ! tubes !mselves 9 motion t raises ! liquid4 ,fig4 #gc repres5ts "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( a d\ble gutt]1 plac$ across a tr\gh or res]voir design$ to receive ! wat]4 ,a p>tition is =m$ 9 ! c5t]1 & two op5+s made ?r\gh ! bottom on ea* ( its sides1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] t is rais$ escapes4 ,! ma*9e is work$ by "o or m m51 :o alt]nately plunge ! ends into ! wat]1 & ?us produce a cont9u\s dis*>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,sometimes1 op5+s are made 9 ! bottom next ! labor]s1 & cov]$ by flaps1 to admit ! wat] )\t ! necessity ( :olly imm]s+ ^? ends2 ma*9es ( ?is k9d probably date f remote antiquity2 !y are obvi\sly modifications ( ! ,jantu ( ,h9do/an & o!r p>ts ( ,asia4 ,! jantu is a ma*9e ext5sively us$ 9 p>ts ( ,india1 to raise wat] = ! irrigation ( l&1 & is ?us describ$3 8,x consi/s ( a holl[ tr\gh ( wood1 ab\t fifte5 feet long1 six in*es wide1 & t5 in*es deep1 & is plac$ on a horizontal beam ly+ on bamboos fix$ 9 ! bank ( a pond or riv]4 ,"o end ( ! tr\gh z %[n 9 ! figure re/s ^u ! bank :]e a gutt] is prep>$ to c>ry (f ! wat]1 & ! o!r end is dipp$ 9 ! wat]1 by a man /&+ on a /age1 plung+ x 9 ) 8 foot4 ,a long bamboo ) a l>ge weight ( e>? at ! f>!r end ( x1 is fa/5$ to ! end ( ! jantu ne> ! riv]1 & pass+ ov] ! gall[s1 poises up ! jantu full ( wat]1 & causes x to empty itself into ! gutt]4 ,?is ma*9e raises wat] ?ree feet1 b by plac+ a s]ies ( !m "o above ano!r1 x may be rais$ to any height1 ! wat] be+ dis*>g$ into small res]voirs1 suffici5tly deep to admit ! jantu above1 to be plung$ l[ en\gh to fill x20 wat] is ?us convey$ ov] ris+ gr\nd to ! di/ance ( a mile & m4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,b5gal1 !y h diff]5t me?ods ( rais+ wat]1 b ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,! ,tympanum4 ,?is is a wat] rais+ curr5t :eel orig9ally made 9 ! =m ( a drum1 h5ce ! "n4 ,x is n[ a circul> op5 frame :eel1 fitt$ ) radial p>titions z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gd1 s curv$ z to po9t upw>d on ! ris+ side ( ! :eel & d[nw>d on ! desc5d+ side4 ,! :eel is s susp5d$ t its l[] edge is j subm]g$ & is turn$ by ! curr5t 7or by o!r p[]71 ! p>titions scoop+ up a quantity ( wat] :i*1 z ! :eel revolves1 runs back to ! axis ( ! :eel :]e x is dis*>g$2 or x may dis*>ge at "s po9t ( ! p]iph]y2 :ile "o ( ! mo/ anci5t =ms ( wat] lift+ ma*9es x is /ill us$ 9 draw+ works4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,a little /udy ( ! figure 7#gd7 w expla9 its op]ation4 ,s1 is ! %aft2 ,g ,g1 ! gutt]s2 ,a1 a tr\gh to take away ! wat]4 ,! arr[ indicates ! direction 9 :i* ! :eel turns2 ea* gutt]1 z x revolves scoops up a portion ( wat] & elevates x1 till by ! incl9ation to ! axle1 x fl[s t[>ds ! latt]1 & is dis*>g$ ?r\gh "o end ( x4 ,! prom95t defect ( ! tympanum arises f ! wat] be+ always at ! extremity ( a radius ( ! :eel1 by :i* its resi/ance increases z x asc5ds to a level ) ! axis1 be+ rais$ at ! end ( lev]s :i* virtually l5g!n till ! wat] is dis*>g$ f !m2 ?is has be5 rem$i$ by mak+ ! arms curv+ z %[n 9 ! ,scoop ,:eel 7,fig4 #ge47 ,z ?is revolves 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ ! extremities ( ! p>titions dip into ! wat] & scoop x up & z !y asc5d dis*>ge x into a tr\gh plac$ "u "o end ( ! %aft :i* is holl[$ into z _m comp>tm5ts z !re are p>titions or scoops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,fig4 #gf repres5ts a sectional view ( an improv$ tympanum2 ?is 0 inv5t$ by ,de ,la ,faye2 ! illu/ration w be readily und]/ood4 ,z %[n 9 ,figs4 #gd & #ge ! :eel is driv5 by ! curr5t ( a /ream imp++ ^u :at 9 lat] times came to be kn[n z bo>ds or floats on ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,)9 ! enclosure are arrang$ f\r scrolls ( suitable proportions1 dipp+ ! wat]1 at "o end1 & empty+ x out at ! c5t] ( ! :eel z m cle>ly %[n 9 ,figs4 #gd & #ge4 ,! ,noria or ,egyptian ,:eel4 ,! tympanum has be5 describ$ z an assemblage ( gutt]s1 & ! ,noria may be consid]$ z a numb] ( revolv+ swapes4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( poles unit$ l ! arms ( a :eel to a horizontal %aft4 ,to ! extremity ( ea*1 a vessel is atta*$ :i* fills z x dips into ! wat]1 & is dis*>g$ into a res]voir or gutt] at ! upp] "p ( ! circle :i* x describes4 ,h5ce1 ! =m] raises wat] only ?r\gh half a diamet]1 :ile ?is elevates x ?r\gh a :ole "o4 7,fig4 #gg47 ,! ,*9ese make ! noria1 9 :at w\ld seem to h be5 its primitive =m1 & ) an admirable degree ( economy1 simplicity1 & skill4 ,) ! exception ( ! axle & two po/s to support x1 ! :ole is ( bamboo1 & n a nail us$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,ev5 ! vessels1 are (t5 jo9ts ( ! same1 be+ g5]ally ab\t f\r feet long & two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y are atta*$ to ! poles by ligatures at su* an angle1 z to fill ne>ly :5 9 ! wat]1 & to dis*>ge _! cont5ts :5 at1 or ne> ! top4 ,! p]iph]y ( ! :eel is compos$ ( ?ree r+s ( unequal diamet] & s arrang$ z to =m a fru/rum ( a cone4 ,! smalle/ "o1 to :i* ! op5 ends ( ! tubes are atta*$1 be+ next ! bank ov] :i* ! wat] is convey$4 ,by ?is arrangem5t _! cont5ts are necess>ily dis*>g$ into ! gutt] z !y pass ! end ( x4 ,:5 employ$ to raise wat] f runn+ /reams !y are propell$ by ! curr5t 9 ! usual way--! paddles be+ =m$ ( wov5 bamboo4 ,! sizes ( ^! :eels1 v>y f tw5ty to sev5ty feet 9 diamet]2 "s raise ov] ?ree hundr$ tons ( wat] 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,a writ] m5tions o!rs :i* raise a hundr$ & fifty tons to ! height ( =ty feet dur+ ! same "t4 ,,note4--,! mode ( con/ruct+ & mov+ ! noria by ! ,romans1 is ?us describ$ by ,vitruvius1 :o liv$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 8,:5 wat] is to be rais$ high] ?an by ! tympanum1 a :eel is made r\nd on axis ( su* a magnitude z ! height to :i* ! wat] is to be rais$ requires4 ,ar\nd ! extremity ( ! side ( ! :eel1 squ>e buckets cem5t$ ) pit* & wax are fix$2 s t :5 ! :eel is turn$ by ! walk+ ( m51 ! fill$ buckets be+ rais$ to ! top & turn+ aga9 t[>d ! bottom1 dis*>ge ( !mselves :at !y h br\ght into ! res]voir40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,! ,p]sian ,:eel4 ,two prom95t defects exi/ 9 ! noria4 ,fir/1 "p ( ! wat] escapes aft] be+ rais$ ne>ly to ! requir$ elevation4 ,second1 a l>ge portion is rais$ high] ?an ! res]voir plac$ to receive x1 into :i* x is dis*>g$ aft] ! vessels beg9 to desc5d2 to obviate ?is ! ,p]sian :eel 0 devis$4 ,! vessels 9 :i* ! wat] is rais$1 in/ead ( be+ fa/5$ to ! rim1 or =m+ "p ( x1 z 9 ! prec$+ figures1 are susp5d$ f p9s1 on :i* !y turn1 & !reby reta9 a v]tical position ?r\gh _! entire asc5t2 & :5 at ! top are inv]t$ by _! l[] "p com+ 9 contact ) a p9 or roll] atta*$ to ! edge ( ! gutt] or res]voir1 z repres5t$ 9 ! figure4 ,by ?is arrangem5t no wat] escapes 9 ris+1 nor is x elevat$ any high] ?an ! edge ( ! res]voir2 h5ce1 ! defects 9 ! noria are avoid$4 ,x is believ$1 to h be5 us$ 9 ,europe ev] s9ce ! "t ( ! ,romans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,,ga9+ ,,& ,,los+ ,,buckets4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,sixte5?1 or beg9n+ ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury a ma*9e :i* is entitl$ to p>ticul> notice on acc\nt ( its be+1 z claim$1 ! fir/ "o ( ! k9d to be self-act+1 = rais+ wat] 0 9 use 9 ,italy4 ,x is ascrib$ to ,gironimo ,f9ugio :o put "o 9 op]ation at ,rome 9 #afaf4 ,illu/ration ,betwe5 ! illu/ration & ! foll[+ description its op]ation may be cle>ly und]/ood4 ,on a pulley ,s1 are susp5d$ by a rope two buckets ,a & ,b1 ( unequal dim5sions4 ,! small] "o ,b1 is made heavi] ?an ,a :5 bo? are empty1 b light] :5 !y are fill$4 ,x is requir$ to raise by !m "p ( ! wat] f ! spr+ or res]voir ,e1 into ! ci/]n ,z4 ,z ! small] ,bucket ,b1 by its sup]ior gravity1 desc5ds into ,e1 7a flap valve 9 its bottom admitt+ ! wat]71 x consequ5tly raises ,a into ! position repres5t$ 9 ! figure4 ,a pipe ,f1 !n conveys wat] f ! res]voir into ,a1 ! orifice or bore ( :i* pipe is s proportion$1 t bo? vessels are fill$ simultane\sly4 ,! l>g] bucket !n prepond]ates1 desc5d+ to ,o1 & ,b at ! same "t ris+ to ! upp] edge ( ,z1 :5 ! project+ p9s ,o ,o1 cat* aga9/ o!rs on ! l[] sides ( ! buckets1 & ov]turn !m at ! same mom5t4 ,! bails or h&les are atta*$ by swivels to ! sides1 a little above _! c5t] ( gravity4 ,z soon z bo? buckets are empti$1 ,b aga9 prepond]ates1 & ! op]ation is repeat$ )\t any att5dance1 s long z !re is wat] 9 ,e & ! app>atus cont9ues 9 ord]4 ,9 ,moxon's ma*9e1 ! buckets 7 fill$ by two sep>ate tubes ( unequal bore2 ! orifices be+ cov]$ by valves to prev5t ! escape ( wat] :ile ! buckets 7 9 motion2 ^! valves 7 op5$ & clos$ by means ( cords atta*$ to ! buckets4 ,! efflux ?r\gh ,f 9 ! figure1 may easily be /opp$ z soon z ,a beg9s to desc5d1 by ! action ( ei!r bucket on ! end ( a lev] atta*$ to a valve1 or by o!r obvi\s contrivances4 ,! wat] dis*>g$ f ,a1 runs to wa/e ?r\gh a *annel provid$ = t purpose4 ,^! ma*9es are ( limit$ application1 s9ce !y require a fall = ! desc5t ( ,a1 equal to ! elevation to :i* ! liquid is rais$ 9 ,b4 ,!y may h[ev] be modifi$ to suit locations :]e a less desc5t only c be obta9$4 ,?us1 by connect+ ! rope ( ,b to ! p]iph]y ( a l>ge :eel1 :ile t ( ,a is unit$ to a small] "o on ! same axis1 wat] may be rais$ high] ?an ! l>g] bucket falls1 b ! quantity rais$ w ( c\rse be proportionally dim9i%$4 ,9 ! face ( ^! secur+ advantages x has fall5 into disuse2 x 0 mu* too complex & cumb]some1 & ( too limit$ application4 ,! pr9ciple ( self-action 9 all ^! ma*9es is no mod]n discov]y1 = x 0 describ$ by ,h]o ( ,alex&ria1 :o appli$ x to ! op5+ & clos+ ! doors ( a temple1 & to o!r purposes4 ,,! ,,pulley ,,& ,,w9dlass4 ,9 ^? va/ p]iods prec$+ ! dawn ( hi/ory1 wat] 0 z heavy & z necess>y = ! use ( mank9d & animals z x is to-day2 ! toil & labor 9 secur+ x mu/ inde$ h be5 h>d4 ,d\btless1 ! fir/ inv5tions ( ! primitive man 7 fir/ made--p]haps1 aft] weapons ( def5ce--to relieve himself ( ! pa9ful endeavor ( supply+ ! preci\s liquid4 ,!re are reasons :i* r5d] x probable t ! s+le pulley 0 devis$ to raise wat] & e>? f wells2 ! latt] are n only ( ! highe/ antiquity b !y are ! only kn[n works ( man 9 e>ly times 9 :i* ! pulley c\ld h be5 requir$ or appli$4 ,t x prec$$ ! inv5tion ( %ips & ! erection ( l(ty build+s ( /one1 is all b c]ta92 b = :at purpose1 save = rais+ ( wat]1 ! pulley c\ld h be5 previ\sly requir$ x w\ld be difficult to div9e2 x seems to h be5 ! fir/ addition made to ^? primitive implem5ts1 ! cord & ! bucket4 ,by x ! friction ( ! rope 9 rubb+ aga9/ ! curb & ! consequ5t loss ( a portion ( ! p[] exp5d$ 9 rais+ ! wat]1 7 avoid$1 & by x also a b5eficial *ange 9 ! direction ( ! p[] 0 atta9$2 in/ead ( be+ ex]t$ 9 an asc5d+ direction1 x is appli$ m conv5i5tly & effici5tly 9 a desc5d+ motion z %[n 9 ! v>i\s figures & illu/rations 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,b ! gr& advantage ( ! pulley 9 ! e>ly ages 0 ?is3--by x ! v]tical direction 9 :i* m5 ex]t$ _! /r5g?1 c\ld be directly *ang$ into a horizontal l9e1 by :i* *ange animals c\ld be employ$4 ,! wells ( ,asia1 frequ5tly v>y+ f two to ?ree1 & ev5 f\r hundr$ feet 9 dep?1 obvi\sly requir$ m ?an "o p]son to raise ! cont5ts ( an ord9>y siz$ vessel2 & :]e numb]s ( p dep5d$ on su* wells1 n m]ely to supply _! dome/ic wants1 b = ! purposes ( irrigation1 ! sub/itution ( animals 9 place ( m5 to raise wat]1 became a matt] almo/ ( necessity1 & 0 c]ta9ly adopt$ at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,9 employ+ an ox = ?is purpose1 ! simple/ way & "o :i* deviat$ ! lea/ f _! accu/om$ me?od1 0 m]ely to atta* ! end ( ! rope to ! yoke1 aft] pass+ x ov] a pulley fix$ suffici5tly high above ! m\? ( ! well1 & !n driv+ ! animal a di/ance equal to its dep?1 9 a direct l9e f x1 :5 ! bucket *>g$ ) ! liquid w\ld be rais$ f ! bottom4 ,al?\gh x may nev] be kn[n to :om ! _w is indebt$ = ! w9dlass1 !re are circum/ances :i* po9t to ! con/ruction ( wells & rais+ ( wat] f !m1 z among ! fir/ uses to :i* x z well z ! pulley1 0 appli$4 ,! w9dlass possesses an important advantage ov] ! s+le pulley 9 lift+ weights1 or ov]com+ any resi/ance s9ce ! int5sity ( ! =ce transmitt$ ?r\gh x c be modifi$1 ei!r by v>y+ ! l5g? ( ! crank1 or ! circumf]5ce ( ! roll] on :i* ! rope is coil$4 ,sometimes a s+le vessel & rope1 b frequ5tly two1 are employ$ z %[n 9 sev]al ( ! prec$+ illu/rations2 "o ( ^! is ! ,*9ese ,w9dlass4 ,?is furni%es ! means ( increas+ me*anical en]gy to almo/ any ext5t1 & z x is us$ to raise wat] f "s ( ^? prodigi\sly deep wells already notic$1 a figure ( x1 page #dg1 has be5 ins]t$4 ,! roll] consi/s ( two p>ts ( unequal diamet]s1 to ! extremities ( :i* ! ends ( ! rope are fa/5$ on opposite sides1 s z to w9d r\nd bo? p>ts 9 diff]5t directions4 ,z ! load to be rais$ is susp5d$ to a pulley1 e turn ( ! roll] raises a portion ( ! rope equal to ! circumf]5ce ( ! ?ick] "p1 b at ! same "t lets d[n a portion equal to t ( ! small]2 consequ5tly ! weight is rais$ at ea* turn1 ?r\gh a space equal only to half ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! circumf]5ces ( ! two p>ts ( ! roll]4 ,! action ( ?is ma*9e is !re=e sl[1 b ! me*anical advantages are proportionately great4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,! fusee w9dlass is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gi4 ,?is is an e>ly inv5tion design$ to ov]come 9 a me*anical me?od ! great] weight :i* ! rope hung at its extremity has1 z comp>$ to :at x is :5 ne>ly w\nd up4 ,at ! bottom ( ! well ! rope !n be+ at its heavie/ p]iod is w\nd ^u ! small end ( ! fusee2 & z ! l5g? dim9i%es x coils r\nd ! l>g] "p4 7,see ,fig4 #gi71 :i* is h[ev] inaccurately drawn--z ! bucket is at ! top ( ! well2 x %\ld h be5 repres5t$ z susp5d$ f ! l>ge end ( ! fusee4 ,! value ( a device l ?is w be appreciat$ :5 ! great dep? ( "s wells is consid]$ & ! consequ5t additional weight ( ! *a9s4 ,9 ! =tress ( ,dresd5 is a well eighte5 hundr$ feet deep2 at ,augu/burgh is a well 9 :i* half an h\r is requir$ to raise ! bucket2 & at ,nuremburgh ano!r1 sixte5 hundr$ feet deep4 ,9 all ^!1 ! wat] is rais$ by *a9s1 & ! weight ( ! "o us$ 9 ! latt] is /at$ to be upw>ds ( a ton4 ,! tympanum & noria 9 all _! modifications h be5 consid]$ z orig9at+ 9 ! gutt] or jantu1 & ! swape2 :ile ! ma*9e we are n[ to exam9e is evid5tly d]iv$ f ! primitive cord & bucket4 ,! fir/ improvem5t ( ! latt] 0 ! introduction ( a pulley or %eave ov] :i* ! cord 0 direct$--! next 0 ! addition ( ano!r vessel1 s z to h "o at ea* end ( ! rope1 & ! la/ & mo/ important consi/$ 9 unit+ ! ends ( ! rope1 & secur+ to x a numb] ( vessels at equal di/ances ?r\gh ! :ole ( its l5g?--& ! *a9 ( pots 0 ! result4 7,see ,fig4 #hj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,! g5]al con/ruction ( ?is ma*9e w appe> f an exam9ation ( ^? :i* are employ$ to raise wat] f ,joseph's well at ,cairo1 repres5t$ on page #de4 ,above ! m\? ( ea* %aft a v]tical :eel is plac$1 ov] :i* two endless ropes pass & are susp5d$ f x4 ,^! are kept p>allel to1 & at a %ort di/ance f ea* o!r1 by rungs secur$ to !m at regul> int]vals1 s t :5 ?us unit$1 !y =m an endless ladd] ( ropes4 ,! rungs are sometimes ( wood1 b m frequ5tly ( cord l ! %r\ds ( a %ip1 & ! :ole is ( su* a l5g? t ! l[e/ "p hangs two or ?ree feet bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] t is to be rais$4 ,betwe5 ! rungs1 e>!nw>e vases 7( ! design %[n at ,a ,a7 are secur$ by cords r\nd ! neck1 & also r\nd a knob =m$ on ! bottom = t purpose4 ,,:eel ,,& ,,axle4 ,9 all ! prec$+ ma*9es ! roll] is us$ 9 a horizontal position2 b at "s unkn[n p]iod ( pa/ ages1 ano!r modification 0 devis$1 "o by :i* ! p[] c\ld be appli$ at any di/ance f ! c5t]4 ,in/ead ( plac+ ! roll] z be=e1 ov] ! well's m\?1 x 0 remov$ a %ort di/ance f x1 & secur$ 9 a v]tical position1 by :i* x 0 conv]t$ into ! :eel or cap/an4 ,"o or m horizontal b>s 7 atta*$ to x1 ( a l5g? adapt$ to ! p[] employ$1 :e!r ( m5 or animals2 & an alt]nat+ rot>y movem5t imp>t$ to x1 z 9 ! common :eel or cap/an1 repres5t$ 9 ! figure4 ,x appe>s t ma*9es ( ?is k9d1 & work$ by m5 7 common 9 ,europe previ\s to1 & at ! "t he wrote4 ,sometimes ! %aft 0 plac$ 9 ! edge ( ! well1 s t ! p]son :o mov$ x walk$ r\nd ! latt]1 & ?us occupi$ less space4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,,successive ,,inv5tions4 ,) ! wide acceptance 9 practical use ( ! ,duplex /eam pump1 may be dat$ ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n inv5tive p]iod ( pump+ ma*9]y2 ?is introduction ( ! ,duplex pump 0 only "o ( five successive advances :i* x 7 well = ! /ud5t to memorize3 #a4 ,! ,corni%1 #b4 ,! ,rotative1 #c4 ,! ,direct ,act+1 #d4 ,! ,duplex1 & #e4 ,! ,comp\nd$ ,/eam ,pump4 ,! ,corni% eng9es h be5 allud$ to 9 connection ) ! ,newcom5 eng9e4 ,probably no l>ge pump+ eng9es 9 ! pa/ h held1 & des]v$ly s1 z high repute z h ! ,corni% eng9es :5 us$ = deep m9e pump+4 ,_! con/ruction1 ) ! rude appliances at h&1 is n only a m>vel b z well a high tribute to ! +5uity ( ^? :o design$ !m & to ! skill ( ! workm5 :o built !m4 ,a r full illu/rat$ description ( ?is almo/ unexcell$ ma*9e w be f\nd lat] on 9 ! book4 ,! next class ( l>ge /eam pump+-eng9es :i* h play$ an important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( hydraulic eng9e]+ may be gr\p$ toge!r z 8rotative eng9es40 ,:at is "h meant by ! t]m 8rotative0 is eng9es 9 :i* !re are p>ts :i* make complete & cont9u\s rot>y motion & 9 :i* are us$1 9 "s way or ano!r1 %afts1 cranks & fly-:eels4 ,^! eng9es v>y greatly 9 _! design & 9 ! details ( _! con/ruction4 ,!y are ( v>y+ sizes1 includ+ "s ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ exp5sive 9 ! _w4 ,z a g5]al ?+ !y are employ$ 9 supply+ t[ns & cities ) wat]1 & 9 "s cases free+ %all[ m9es ( wat]4 ,! application ( ! p[] ( ! /eam us$ 9 ! /eam cyl9d]s 9 ?is class ( eng9es to drive ! plung]s or pi/ons 9 ! pumps1 v>ies greatly1 bo? z to ! g5]al design ^u :i* !y are built1 & 9 ! detail ( _! con/ruction4 ,9 "s in/ances x is ?r\gh ! use ( long or %ort beams or bell cranks1 sometimes ?r\gh ge>+1 & occasionally ?r\gh ! plung] or pi/on ( ! pump direct2 b 9 all cases ! limit ( ! /roke ( ! /eam pi/on1 & ( ! pump plung]1 is gov]n$ by a crank on a revolv+ %aft4 ,atta*$ to ! revolv+ %aft is a fly-:eel ( great] or less diamet] & weight1 :i*1 9 addition to assi/+ ! crank to pass ! c5t] at ea* end ( its /roke1 is employ$ to /ore up at ! beg9n+ ( ea* /roke ( ! /eam pi/on1 :atev] excess ( p[] or impulse !re may be imp>t$ to x1 beyond t requir$ to /eadily move ! wat] column1 & to give out aga91 t[>d ! latt] "p ( ! /roke1 :5 ! p[] ( ! /eam is ( itself bel[ t requir$ to move ! wat] column1 ! p[] previ\sly /or$ 9 x4 ,9 ?is respect ! function ( a revolv+ fly-:eel on a rotative eng9e is ! same z is ! weight$ plung] 9 ! ,corni% eng9e2 bo? be+ us$ = ! purpose ( p]mitt+ ! /eam to be cut (f at a portion ( its /roke 9 ! /eam cyl9d]1 & exp&$ dur+ ! re/ ( ! /roke4 ,9 %ort1 ^! devices1 z employ$ 9 bo? ! classes ( pump+ eng9es describ$1 7 us$ 9 ord] t ! be/ economy 9 ! consumption ( /eam by means ( e>ly cut(f & a high grade ( expansion1 might be atta9$4 ,! succe$+ class ( pumps to be describ$1 driv5 by /eam are direct act+ /eam-pumps4 ,:at is "h meant z 8direct-act+10 is a /eam-driv5 pump 9 :i* !re are no revolv+ p>ts1 su* z %afts1 cranks & fly-:eels2 pumps 9 :i* ! p[] ( ! /eam 9 ! /eam cyl9d] is transf]r$ to ! pi/on or plung] 9 ! pump 9 a direct l9e1 & ?r\gh ! use ( a cont9u\s rod or connection4 7,fig4 #hb47 ,! introduction ( ! direct-act+ /eam-pump m>k$ a po9t ( deviation1 & x ent]$ ! field almo/ )\t a rival1 & at a "t :5 economy 0 ov]%ad[$ by its conv5i5ce4 ,9 ! brief description giv5 ( ^! ?ree mo/ prom95t classes ( pump+ eng9es1 no attempt has be5 made to describe any ( ! peculi>ities ( _! g5]al con/ruction1 beyond :at 0 necess>y to describe _! action & ! pr9ciples ^u :i* !y op]ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,9 pumps ( ?is con/ruction !re are no weights 9 ! mov+ p>ts o!r ?an t requir$ to produce suffici5t /r5g? 9 su* "p = ! "w !y are expect$ to p]=m1 &1 z !re is consequ5tly no opportunity to /ore up p[] 9 "o "p ( ! /roke1 to be giv5 out at ano!r1 x is impossible to cut (f ! /eam 9 ! /eam cyl9d] dur+ any "p ( its /roke4 ,! uni=m & /eady action ( ! direct-act+ /eam-pump is dep5d5t alone on ! use ( a /eady uni=m pressure ( /eam ?r\gh ! entire /roke ( ! pi/on aga9/ a /eady1 uni=m resi/ance ( wat] pressure 9 ! pump2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p[] ex]t$ 9 ! /eam cyl9d]s ov] ! resi/ance 9 ! pump gov]n+ ! rate ( spe$ at :i* ! pi/on or plung] ( ! pump w move4 ,! l5g? ( ! /roke ( ! /eam pi/on1 )9 ! /eam cyl9d]s ( ?is class ( pumps1 is limit$ & controll$ alone by ! admission1 suppression & release ( ! /eam us$ 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,,note4--,up to ! introduction ( ! direct-act+ /eam pump1 all ! o!r pump+ ma*9]y ( ! _w !n 9 use 0 ! outcome ( evolution4 ,x _h be5 develop$ by sl[ /ages1 9 :i* "o eng9e] aft] ano!r aid$ by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs & ( 8 own1 supplem5t$ by 8 inv5tive faculties1 add$ "h & !re slight improvem5ts to :i* o!r eng9e]s1 ) increas$ exp]i5ce1 7 enabl$ to add /ill o!r improvem5ts1 s t ea* new eng9e con/ruct$ "u m favorable circum/ances1 & ) increas+ exp5ditures1 0 suppos$ to excel all previ\sly built2 until at ?is "t we h1 z x is fair to suppose1 pump+ eng9es :i* comb9e all ! wisdom ( ! pa/1 & :i* leave little or no room = fur!r improvem5ts 9 _! respective classes4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,direct-,act+ ,/eam ,pump diff]s f all o!rs f ! fact t x 0 ! inv5tion ( "o man1 & 0 9 ! ma9 p]fect$ dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,x 0 s /rik+ly diff]5t f all t _h prec$$ x1 t !re 0 no?+ 9 ! way ( prec$5t1 ei!r 9 anci5t or mod]n practice1 ( :i* ! inv5tor c\ld avail himself by :i* to aid or guide him to success4 ,! date ( ! fir/ pat5t on ^! pumps 0 ,septemb] #g1 #ahda4 ,x 0 issu$ on a small pump us$ = supply+ fe$ wat] to a /eam boil]1 & consi/$ ( "o /eam cyl9d] connect$ to a =ce pump1 & s arrang$ t by ! use ( lev]s1 trips1 spr+s1 & o!r connections betwe5 ! pi/on rod & ! slide valve1 ! movem5t ( ! pi/on rod controll$ ! movem5ts ( ! slide valve to an ext5t t n only regulat$ ! l5g? ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 b rev]s$ its motion4 ,?is pump 0 plac$ alongside ( ! /eam boil]1 & 0 s connect$ by means ( pipes & lev]s & floats )9 ! boil]1 t :5 ! wat] fell bel[ ! prop] level 9 ! boil]1 x w\ld />t ! pump1 & /op x :5 ! wat] rose too high4 ,,note4--,at ! head ( a li/ consi/+ ( two names only1 :o1 on ! =emo/ pages ( 8,! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s10 are record$ z ! 8,honor>y ,memb]s 9 ,p]petuity0 ( t l>ge society1 & /&+ z well at ! head ( t long & increas+ li/ ( memb]s :o h accompli%$ _! "w on e>?1 may be se5 ! "n ( ,h5ry ,rossit] ,wor?+ton1 ! inv5tor & orig9al build] ( ! 8direct-act+ /eam pump40 ,feel+ h[ incomplete 0 an inv5tion :i* did n provide aga9/ ! int]mitt5t action ( ! pump1 ,mr4 ,wor?+ton devot$ mu* "t & /udy to correct ?is tr\ble1 & a few ye>s lat] he br\ght out an improv$ pump :i*1 9 its simplicity ( p>ts1 c]ta9ty ( action1 & *eapness ( con/ruction m ?an rival$ ! orig9al inv5tion itself4 ,?is pump is n[ univ]sally kn[n z ! 8,direct-,act+ ,duplex ,/eam ,pump40 ,9 ! ma91 ! con/ruction ( ! /eam ends & ! wat] ends ( ! duplex pump diff]s b slightly f ^? ( ! s+le-act+ pump1 b ! me*anism :i* op]ates ! /eam valves is diff]5t1 & ! effect on ! wat] column 0 m>vel\sly diff]5t2 ! pr9ciple ^u :i* x op]ates is ?is3 ,two pumps ( simil> con/ruction are plac$ side by side1 a lev] atta*$ to ! pi/on rod ( ea* pump connects to ! slide valve ( ! opposite /eam cyl9d]2 ?us ! movem5t ( ea* pi/on1 in/ead ( op]at+ its own slide valve z 9 ! s+le pump1 op]ates ! slide valve ( ! opposite cyl9d]4 ,! effect ( ?is arrangem5t is1 t z ! pi/on or plung] ( "o pump arrives ne> ! end ( its /roke1 ! plung] or pi/on ( ! o!r beg9s its movem5t1 ?us alt]nately tak+ up ! load ( ! wat] column1 produc+ a regul>1 /eady1 onw>d fl[ ( wat]1 )\t ! unusual /ra9s induc$ by su* a column :5 sudd5ly arre/$ or />t$ 9 motion4 ,:ile ! 8duplex /eam pump0 ov]came "o ( ! greate/ objections to ! =m] s+le pump1 !re /ill rema9$ 9 ?is class ( pump+ ma*9]y "o o!r difficulty4 ,x did n use /eam expansively4 ,?is n only deb>r$ x f compet+ ) o!r eng9es :]e a l>ge quantity ( wat] 0 requir$ to be rais$1 & :]e ! co/ ( fuel 0 an item ( importance1 b z well prev5t$ ! pump f tak+ rank among ! hydraulic appliances requir$ 9 supply+ t[ns & cities4 ,?is objection 0 "o :i* seem$ insurm\ntable1 /eam 9 !m c\ld n be us$ economically4 ,appli$ to ! propulsion ( ! plung] or pi/on ( ?is pump x mu/ be ( suffici5t quantity1 & pressure1 to ov]come ! height ( ! column ( wat] on ! pump1 toge!r ) its friction ?r\gh ! pump & its connections1 at ! v beg9n+ ( ! /roke2 & x mu/ be ma9ta9$1 bo? z to its volume1 & its pressure up to ! v la/ "p ( ! /roke4 ,any dim9ution1 ei!r ( volume or pressure1 dur+ any "p ( ! /roke w\ld simply br+ ! pump to a /op4 ,?is app>5t inability to cut (f ! /eam 9 ! /eam cyl9d]1 & to complete ! /roke ( ! pump by ! aid ( ! /eam rema9+ 9 ! cyl9d]1 & by its expansive =ce1 _h deb>r$ ?is pump f com+ into g5]al use = l>ge wat] works4 ,h[ ?is1 ! only rema9+ objection to _! use = su* purposes1 0 ov]come1 =ms an int]e/+ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! 8,direct-,act+ ,/eam ,pump40 ,x 0 :5 ?is "q _h assum$ a mo/ =midable1 importance1 t ! pr9ciple ( us+ /eam 9 comp\nd /eam eng9es _h engag$ ! c>eful consid]ation ( ! mo/ em95t eng9e]s ( ?is & o!r c\ntries2 its adju/m5t to ! ,duplex pumps 0 made1 & :ile x 0 easily done1 ow+ to _! peculi> con/ruction1 its application produc$ a mo/ wond]ful result 9 _! work+1 & _! spe$y introduction = wat] works use4 ,,note4--,at ?is "t ! man :o _h inv5t$ & built ! little /eam pump = ! canal boat1 :o _h wat*$ its gr[? & developm5t1 supplem5t$ "o device aft] ano!r to help x on ?r\gh ! trial p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 _h m]g$ x at la/ into ! dual or duplex /age ( its advancem5t1 _h add$ to x ! comp\nd feature1 _h se5 x exp&+ 9 size & importance until1 gr[+ up & out ( ! day ( small ?+s1 x _h come to take its well-e>n$ place alongside ^? old & massive ma*9es ^: inv5tion & orig9 0 lo/ amid ! mu/y records ( ! pa/--x 01 at ?is "t1 & ( :i* any man might well h be5 pr\d1 t 8 lifelong labors came to an end ,dec4 #ah41 #ahhj1 at ! ,ev]ett ,h\se1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,elem5t>y ,,hydraulics ,,elem5t>y ,,hydraulics4 ,!re are ?ree physical /ates or conditions ( matt]1 :i* are ! solid1 liquid & gase\s1 :i* 9 ?is connection apply to ,ice1 ,wat] & ,/eam4 ,a solid (f]s resi/ance bo? to *ange ( %ape & to *ange ( bulk4 ,a ,fluid (f]s no resi/ance to *ange ( %ape4 ,aga9 fluids c be divid$ into liquids & vapors or gases4 ,wat] is ! mo/ famili> example ( a liquid4 ,a liquid c be p\r$ out 9 drops :ile a gas or vapor fl[s 9 a /ream or /reams4 ,gas is a t]m at fir/ us$ z mean+ ! same z ! "n air1 b is n[ re/rict$ to fluids suppos$ to be p]man5tly ela/ic1 z oxyg51 hydrog51 etc41 9 di/9ction f vapor su* z /eam :i* become liquid ^u a r$uction ( temp]ature4 ,x is important to note t exp]im5t proves t e vapor becomes a gas at a suffici5tly high temp]ature or l[ pressure1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 e gas becomes a vapor at suffici5tly l[ & high pressures4 ,9 pres5t popul> usage ! t]m gas applies to any sub/ance 9 ! a]i=m ela/ic condition4 ,hydraulics is t bran* ( sci5ce or ( eng9e]+ :i* treats ( ! motion ( liquids1 especially ( wat] & ( ! laws by :i* x is regulat$4 ,z a sci5ce1 hydraulics includes hydrodynamics or ! pr9ciples ( me*anics applicable to ! motion ( wat]4 ,z a bran* ( eng9e]+1 hydraulics consi/s 9 ! practical application ( ! me*anics ( fluids1 to ! control & managem5t ( wat]1 ) ref]5ce to ! wants ( man1 includ+ wat] works1 hydraulic ma*9es1 pumps1 wat] :eels1 etc4 ,! t]m hydraulics1 s famili> 9 daily use1 is =m$ f two ,greek words mean+3 #a1 wat]2 #b1 a pipe2 h5ce1 x w be obs]v$ ) int]e/ h[ close ! orig9al mean+ foll[s ! developm5t ( ! sci5ce 9 its practical adaptation2 !re is always ! 8pipe0 or hold+ vessel & ! 8wat]0 or its equival5t4 ,f ! same elem5t>y ^w mean+ wat]1 9 ! ,greek language1 has be5 =m$ v _m o!r words 9 common use1 = example hydrophobia1 hydrog51 hydrant1 hygromet]1 etc41 z well z ! foll[+3 ,hydrome*anics is t bran* ( natural philosophy :i* treats ( ! me*anics ( liquid bodies1 or 9 o!r words1 ( _! laws ( equilibrium & motion4 ,hydrome*anics comprises prop]ly ^? ph5om5a ( liquids by :i* ^! bodies diff] f solids or f bodies at l>ge2 h5ce1 its f\ndation is laid 9 ! prop]ties t di/+ui% ! liquid f o!r /ates ( bodies1 viz43 ! pres5ce ( cohesion1 ) great mobility ( p>ts1 & p]fect ela/icity4 ,hydro/atics is t bran* ( sci5ce :i* relates to ! pressure & equilibrium ( non-ela/ic fluids1 z wat]1 m]cury1 etc42 ?us1 ! hydro/atic press is a ma*9e 9 :i* great =ce ) sl[ motion is action communicat$ to a l>ge plung] by means ( wat] =c$ into ! cyl9d] 9 :i* x moves1 by a =c+ pump4 ,/atics treats ( =ces t keep bodies at re/ or 9 equilibrium1 ! wat] ?r\gh :i* ! =ce op]ates 9 ! hydro/atic press always rema9+ at re/ s]ves z a good illu/ration4 ,pneumatics is t bran* ( sci5ce1 :i* relates to air1 or gases 9 g5]al or _! prop]ties2 also ( employ+ 7compress$7 air or o!r gas z a motive p[]4 ,! use ( pneumatic pump+ ma*9]y is con/antly increas+1 especially ( ! direct pressure types2 "u ! section ( ?is "w relat+ to ,air ,pumps additional data w be pres5t$4 ,hydropneumatics is def9$ z involv+ ! comb9$ action ( wat] & air1 or gas1 z %[n1 = example1 9 ! hydropneumatic accumulator4 ,! ^w is a comp\nd =m$ ( ! ,greek words mean+ wat] & air4 ,semi-liquids4 ,all ! results /at$ 9 ref]5ce to wat] are fur!r modifi$ 9 ^? semi-liquids :i* h great] or less viscidity1 z pit*1 syrup1 fix$ oils1 etc4 ,viscosity may be def9$ z ! quality ( fl[+ sl[ly1 ?us ! viscosity ( su* liquids z h be5 nam$ is v great z comp>$ ) t ( a mobile liquid l alcohol4 ,,hydrodynamics4 ,wat]1 consid]$ f a *emical /&po9t1 is a comp\nd sub/ance consi/+ ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 9 ! proportion ( two volumes ( ! =m] gas to "o volume ( ! latt]2 or by weight x is compos$ ( two p>ts ( hydrog5 unit$ ) sixte5 p>ts ( oxyg54 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! union ( ^! two gases is effect$ by *emical action & n by me*anical mixture4 ,pure wat] is transp>5t1 inodor\s & ta/eless4 ,"u ord9>y conditions wat] passes ! liquid =m only at temp]atures ly+ betwe5 #cb ,f4 & #bab ,f42 x assumes a solid =m1 t ( ice or sn[ at #cb ,f41 & x takes ! =m ( vapor or /eam at #bab ,f4 ,!re are f\r notable temp]atures = wat]1 namely3 #cb ,f41 or #j ,c4 ! freez+ po9t "u "o atmosph]e4 #cia or #d ! po9t ( maximum d5sity4 #fb or #afff ! /&>d temp]ature4 #bab or #ajj ! boil+ po9t1 "u "o atmosph]e4 ,! temp]ature #fb ,f4 is ! temp]ature ( wat] us$ 9 calculat+ ! specific gravity ( bodies1 ) respect to ! gravity or d5sity ( wat] z a basis1 or z unity4 ,weight ( "o cubic foot ( ,pure ,wat]4 ,at #cb ,f4 #fbdah p\nds4 ,at #cia4 #fbdbe ,at #fb 7,/&>d temp]ature7 #fbcee ,at #bab #eifdj ,! weight ( a cubic foot ( wat] is1 x may be add$1 ab\t #ajjj ounces 7exactly #iihh ounces71 at ! temp]ature ( maximum d5sity4 ,! weight ( a cyl9drical foot ( wat] at #fb ,f4 is #dhigc p\nds4 ,weight ( "o cubic in* ( ,pure ,wat]4 ,at #cb ,f4 #jcfab p\nd1 or #jeggi ounce4 ,at #cga #jcfabe #jeghj ,at #fb #jcfjh #jeggc or #bebeie gra9s4 ,at #bab #jcdea #jeebb ,! weight ( "o cyl9drical in* ( pure wat] at #fb ,f4 is #jbhcc p\nds1 or #jdecc ounce4 ,volume ( "o p\nd ( ,pure ,wat]4 ,at #cb ,f4 #jafjba cubic foot1 or #bgfhd cubic in*es4 ,at #cia #jafjai #bgfhj ,at #fb #jafjcg #bggab ,at #bab #jafggj #bhigh ,! volume ( "o ounce ( pure wat] at #fb ,f4 is #agcb cubic in*es4 ,! weight ( wat] is usually tak5 9 r\nd numb]s1 = ord9>y calculations1 at #fbd lbs4 p] cubic foot1 :i* is ! weight at #ebc ,f42 or x is tak5 at #fb-a_/b lbs4 p] cubic foot4 ,salt wat] boils at a high] temp]ature ?an fre% wat] ow+ to its great] d5sity1 & because ! boil+ po9t ( wat] is increas$ by any sub/ance t ent]s into *emical comb9ation ) x4 ,! d5sity ( wat] decreases z ! temp]ature increases1 s9ce heat de/roys cohesion & exp&s ! p>ticles1 caus+ !m to occupy great] space1 :]e precision is n requir$2 ! pressure on a squ>e foot at diff]5t ocean dep?s are approximate1 9 ! foll[+ ,,table4 ,dep? 9 feet4 ,pressure on sq4 foot4 #h #ejj lbs4 #af #ajjj #bd #aejj #cb #bjjj #dj #bejj #dh #cjjj #ef #cejj #fd #djjj #gb #dejj #hj #ejjj #hh #eejj #if #fjjj ------------------------------------- #a mile1 or #e1bhj feet1 #ccj1jjj lbs4 #e miles1 #a1fej1jjj ,?is table is bas$ ^u an all[ance ( #fb-a_/b lbs4 ( wat] to ! cubic foot1 ?us #h feet #fb-a_/b #ejj1 etc4 ,,hydraulic ,,data4 ,wat] is practically non-ela/ic4 ,a pressure ( #cj1jjj lbs4 to ! squ>e in* has be5 appli$ & its contraction has be5 f\nd to be less ?an "o-twelf?4 ,exp]im5t appe>s to %[ t = ea* atmosph]e ( pressure x is cond5s$ #dg-a_/b million? ( its bulk4 ,! me*anical prop]ties ( liquids are det]m9$ on ! hypo!sis t liquids are incompressible2 accord+ to kn[n g5]al pr9ciples ?is is f\nd to be = all practical purposes true1 yet liquids are m compressible ?an solids4 ,if wat] be conf9$ 9 a p]fectly rigid cyl9drical vessel1 its compression w\ld equal #a_/cjjjjj ( its l5g? = e p\nd p] unit ( area ( ! end pressure4 ,wat] is ne>ly #ajj times z compressible z /eel1 yet = almo/ all practical purposes1 liquids may be consid]$ z non-ela/ic bodies )\t involv+ s5sible error4 ,! pressure ^u ! horizontal base ( any vessel conta9+ a fluid1 is equal to ! weight ( a column ( ! fluid1 f\nd by multiply+ ! area ( ! base into ! p]p5dicul> height ( ! column1 :atev] be ! %ape ( ! vessel4 ,?is foll[s1 s9ce "h ! di/ance ( ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! base f ! surface ( ! fluid1 is ! same z ! p]p5dicul> height ( ! column4 ,) a giv5 base & height1 !re=e1 ! pressure is ! same :e!r ! vessel is l>g] or small] above1 :e!r its figure is regul> or irregul>1 :e!r x rises to ! giv5 height 9 a broad op5 funnel1 or is c>ri$ up 9 a sl5d] tube4 ,h5ce1 any quantity ( wat]1 h[ev] small1 may be made to balance any quantity1 h[ev] great4 ,?is is call$ ! hydro/atic p>adox4 ,! exp]im5t is usually p]=m$ by means ( a wat]-bell[s1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #hd4 ,:5 ! pipe ,,ad is fill$ ) wat]1 ! pressure ^u ! surface ( ! bell[s1 & consequ5tly ! =ce ) :i* x raises ! weights laid on x1 w be equal to ! weight ( a cyl9d] ( wat]1 ^: base is ! surface ( ! bell[s1 & height t ( ! column ,,ad4 ,!re=e1 by mak+ ! tube small1 & ! bell[s l>ge1 ! p[] ( a giv5 quantity ( wat]1 h[ev] small1 may be increas$ indef9itely4 ,! pressure ( ! column ( wat] 9 ?is case corresponds to ! =ce appli$ by ! pi/on 9 ! hydro/atic press4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,we h already se5 t ! pressure on ! bottom ( a vessel dep5ds nei!r on ! =m ( ! vessel nor on ! quantity ( ! liquid1 b simply on ! height ( ! liquid above ! bottom4 ,b ! pressure ?us ex]t$ mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! pressure :i* ! vessel itself ex]ts on ! body :i* supports x4 ,! latt] is always equal to ! comb9$ weight ( ! liquid & ! vessel 9 :i* x is conta9$1 :ile ! =m] may be ei!r small] or great] ?an ?is weight1 accord+ to ! =m ( ! vessel4 ,?is fact is (t5 t]m$ ! hydro/atic p>adox1 because at fir/ sight x appe>s p>adoxical4 ,,cd 7,fig4 #he7 is a vessel compos$ ( two cyl9drical p>ts ( unequal diamet]s1 & fill$ ) wat] to a4 ,f :at has be5 said be=e1 ! bottom ( ! vessel ,,cd supports ! same pressure z if its diamet] 7 ev]y:]e ! same z t ( its l[] "p2 & x w\ld at fir/ sight seem t ! scale ,,mn ( ! balance1 9 :i* ! vessel ,,cd is plac$1 ought to %[ ! same weight z if !re _h be5 plac$ 9 x a cyl9drical vessel hav+ ! same weight ( wat]1 & hav+ ! diamet] ( ! "p ,d4 ,b ! pressure ex]t$ on ! bottom ( ! vessel is n all transmitt$ to ! scale ,,mn2 = ! upw>d pressure ^u ! surface n o ( ! vessel is precisely equal to ! weight ( ! extra quantity ( wat] :i* a cyl9drical vessel w\ld conta91 & balances an equal portion ( ! d[nw>d pressure on m4 ,consequ5tly ! pressure on ! plate ,,mn is simply equal to ! weight ( ! vessel ,,cd & ( ! wat] :i* x conta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,pressure ex]t$ any:]e ^u a mass ( liquid is transmitt$ undim9i%$ 9 all directions1 & acts ) ! same =ce on all equal surfaces1 & 9 a direction at "r angles to ^? surfaces4 ,to get a cle>] idea ( ! tru? ( ?is pr9ciple1 let u conceive a vessel ( any giv5 =m 9 ! sides ( :i* are plac$ v>i\s cyl9drical ap]tures1 all ( equal size1 & clos$ by movable pi/ons4 ,let u1 fur!r1 imag9e ?is vessel to be fill$ ) liquid & unaffect$ by ! action ( gravity2 ! pi/ons w1 obvi\sly1 h no t5d5cy to move4 ,if n[ a weight ( ,p p\nds be plac$ ^u ! pi/on ,a 7,fig4 #hf71 :i* has a surface ,a1 x w be press$ inw>ds1 & ! pressure w be transmitt$ to ! int]nal faces ( ea* ( ! pi/ons ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 & ,e1 :i* w ea* be =c$ outw>ds by a pressure ,p1 _! surfaces be+ equal to t ( ! fir/ pi/on4 ,s9ce ea* ( ! pi/ons und]goes a pressure1 ,p1 equal to t on ,a1 let u suppose two ( ! pi/ons unit$ s z to con/itute a surface #b;a2 x w h to support a pressure #b,p4 ,simil>ly1 if ! pi/on 7 equal to #c;a1 x w\ld exp]i5ce a pressure ( #c,p2 & if its area 7 #ajj or #a1jjj times t ( a1 x w\ld su/a9 a pressure ( #ajj or #a1jjj times ,p4 ,9 o!r words1 ! pressure on any "p ( ! int]nal walls ( ! vessel w\ld be proportional to ! surface4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! equality ( pressure is assum$ z a consequ5ce ( ! con/itution ( fluids4 ,by ! foll[+ exp]im5t x c be %[n t pressure is transmitt$ 9 all directions2 a cyl9d] provid$ ) a pi/on is fitt$ into a holl[ sph]e 7,fig4 #hg74 9 :i* small cyl9drical jets are plac$ p]p5dicul> to ! sides4 ,! sph]e & ! cyl9d] be+ bo? fill$ ) wat]1 :5 ! pi/on is mov$ ! liquid sp\ts =? f all ! orifices1 & n m]ely f t :i* is opposite to ! pi/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,! reason :y a satisfactory quantitative exp]im5tal demon/ration ( ! pr9ciple ( ! equality ( pressure _c be giv5 is t ! influ5ce ( ! weight ( ! liquid & ( ! friction ( ! pi/ons _c be altoge!r elim9at$4 ,,note4--,! influ5ce ( ! weight 7or gravity7 ( wat] & its fractional resi/ance 9 practical use is s great ^u all ! processes ( numb]s & ( ! application ( ! natural laws gov]n+ ! op]ation ( fluids1 z /at$ "u ! head+ ( ,hydraulic ,data1 t sep>ate pages w h]eaft] be f\nd devot$ to a m ext5d$ explanation ( ?is subject ( gravity & friction ( wat]4 ,yet an approximate v]ification may be effect$ by ! exp]im5t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #hh4 ,two cyl9d]s ( diff]5t diamet]s are jo9$ by a tube & fill$ ) wat]4 ,on ! surface ( ! liquid are two pi/ons1 ,p & p1 :i* h]metically close ! cyl9d]s1 b move )\t friction4 ,let ! area ( ! l>ge pi/on1 ,p1 be1 = in/ance1 ?irty times t ( ! small] "o1 p4 ,t be+ assum$1 let a weight1 say ( two p\nds1 be plac$ ^u ! small pi/on2 ?is pressure w be transmitt$ to ! wat] & to ! l>ge pi/on1 & z ?is pressure am\nts to two p\nds on ea* portion ( its surface equal to t ( ! small pi/on1 ! l>ge pi/on mu/ be expos$ to an upw>d pressure ?irty times z mu*1 or ( sixty p\nds4 ,if n[1 ?is weight be plac$ ^u ! l>ge pi/on1 bo? w rema9 9 equilibrium2 b if ! weight is great] or less1 ?is is no long] ! case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,x is important to obs]ve t 9 speak+ ( ! transmission ( pressure to ! sides ( ! conta9+ vessel1 ^! pressures mu/ always be suppos$ to be p]p5dicul> to ! sides4 ,equilibrium or /ate ( re/ ( sup]pos$ liquids4 ,9 ord] t !re %\ld be equilibrium :5 sev]al het]og5e\s liquids are sup]pos$ 9 ! same vessel1 ea* ( !m mu/ satisfy ! conditions necess>y = a s+le liquid1 & fur!r !re w be a /able /ate ( re/ only :5 ! liquids are arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! decreas+ d5sities f ! bottom upw>ds4 ,! la/ condition is exp]im5tally demon/rat$ by means ( ! phial ( f\r elem5ts4 ,?is consi/s ( a long n>r[ bottle conta9+ m]cury1 wat]1 color$ r$1 saturat$ ) c>bonate ( pota%1 alcohol1 & petroleum4 ,:5 ! phial is %ak5 ! liquids mix1 b :5 x is all[$ to re/ !y sep>ate2 ! m]cury s9ks to ! bottom1 !n comes ! wat]1 !n ! alcohol1 & !n ! petroleum4 ,?is is ! ord] ( ! decreas+ d5sities ( ! bodies4 ,! wat] is saturat$ ) c>bonate ( pota% to prev5t its mix+ ) ! alcohol4 ,?is sep>ation ( ! liquids is due to ! same cause z t :i* enables solid bodies to float on ! surface ( a liquid ( great] d5sity ?an _! own4 ,x is also on ?is acc\nt t fre% wat]1 at ! m\?s ( riv]s1 floats = a long "t on ! d5s] salt wat] ( ! sea2 & x is = ! same reason t cream1 :i* is light] ?an milk1 rises to ! surface4 ,! pressure ^u any p>ticle ( a fluid ( uni=m d5sity is proportion$ to its dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,example #a4 ,let ! column ( fluid ,,abcd ,fig4 7#a7 be p]p5dicul> to ! horizon4 ,take any po9ts1 x & y1 at diff]5t dep?s1 & conceive ! column to be divid$ into a numb] ( equal spaces by horizontal planes4 ,!n1 s9ce ! d5sity ( ! fluid is uni=m ?r\gh\t1 ! pressure ^u x & y1 respectively1 mu/ be 9 proportion to ! numb] ( equal spaces above !m1 & consequ5tly 9 proportion to _! dep?s4 ,example #b4 ,let ! column be ( ! same p]p5dicul> height z be=e1 b incl9$ z is ,fig4 7#b72 !n its quantity1 & ( c\rse its weight1 is increas$ 9 ! same ratio z its l5g? exce$s its height2 b s9ce ! column is p>tly support$ by ! plane1 l any o!r heavy body1 ! =ce ( gravity act+ ^u x is dim9i%$ on ?is acc\nt 9 ! same ratio z its l5g? exce$s its height2 !re=e z mu* z ! pressure on ! base w\ld be augm5t$ by ! increas$ l5g? ( ! column1 j s mu* x is less5$ by ! action ( ! incl9$ plane2 & ! pressure on any "p ( ,cc w be1 z be=e1 proportion$ to its p]p5dicul> dep?2 & ! pressure ( ! incl9$ column ,,acac w be ! same z t ( ! p]p5dicul> column ,,abcd4 ,fluids rise to ! same level 9 ! opposite arms ( a recurv$ tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,let ,,abc1 7,fig4 #ij7 be a recurv$ tube3 if wat] be p\r$ into "o arm ( ! tube1 x w rise to ! same height 9 ! o!r arm4 ,=1 ! pressure act+ ^u ! l[e/ "p at ,b1 9 opposite directions1 is proportion$ to its dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! fluid4 ,!re=e1 ^! dep?s mu/ be equal1 t is1 ! height ( ! two columns mu/ be equal1 9 ord] t ! fluid at ,b may be at re/2 & unless ?is "p is at re/1 ! o!r p>ts ( ! column _c be at re/4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! equilibrium dep5ds on no?+ else ?an ! heights ( ! respective columns1 !re=e1 ! opposite columns may diff] to any degree 9 quantity1 %ape1 or incl9ation to ! horizon4 ,?us1 if vessels & tubes v div]se 9 %ape & capacity1 z 9 ,fig4 p4 #hd be connect$ ) a res]voir1 & wat] be p\r$ into any "o ( !m1 x w rise to ! same level 9 !m all4 ,! reason ( ?is fact w be fur!r und]/ood f ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( equal mom5ta1 = x w be se5 t ! velocity ( ! columns1 :5 9 motion1 w be z mu* great] 9 ! small] ?an 9 ! l>g] columns1 z ! quantity ( matt] is less2 & h5ce ! opposite mom5ta w be con/antly equal4 ,h5ce1 wat] convey$ 9 aqu$ucts or runn+ 9 natural *annels1 w rise j z high z its s\rce4 ,betwe5 ! place :]e ! wat] ( an aqu$uct is deliv]$ & ! spr+1 ! gr\nd may rise into hills & desc5d into valleys1 & ! pipes :i* convey ! wat] may foll[ all ! undulations ( ! c\ntry1 & ! wat] w run freely1 provid$ no pipe is laid high] ?an ! spr+4 ,pressure ( wat] due to its weight4 ,! pressure on any p>ticle ( wat] is proportion$ to its dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,! pressure ( /ill wat] 9 p\nds p] squ>e in* aga9/ ! sides ( any pipe1 *annel1 or vessel ( any %ape :atev]1 is due solely to ! 8head0 or height ( ! level surface ( ! wat] above ! po9t at :i* ! pressure is consid]$ & is equal to #dccjb lbs4 p] squ>e foot1 e foot ( head or #fbcee lbs4 p] squ>e foot = e foot ( head at #fb ,f4 ,! pressure p] squ>e in* is equal 9 all directions d[nw>ds1 upw>ds or sideways & is indep5d5t ( ! %ape or size ( ! conta9+ vessel2 = example1 ! pressure on a plug =c$ inw>d on a squ>e in* ( ! surface ( wat] is sudd5ly communicat$ to e squ>e in* ( ! vessel's surface1 h[ev] great & to e in* ( ! surface ( any body imm]s$ 9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,v>i\s %apes ( vessel4 ,x is ?is pr9ciple :i* op]ates ) su* a/oni%+ effect 9 hydro/atic presses1 ( :i* famili> examples are f\nd 9 ! hydraulic pumps1 by ! use ( :i* boil]s are te/$4 ,by ! m]e weight ( a man's body :5 lean+ on ! extremity ( a lev]1 a pressure may be produc$ ( upw>ds ( #bj tons2 x is ! simple/ & mo/ easily applicable ( all contrivances = increas+ human p[]1 & x is only limit$ by want ( mat]ials ( suffici5t /r5g? to utilize x4 ,,univ]sal ,,gravitation4 ,gravity or ,gravitation is t species ( attraction1 or =ce by :i*1 all bodies or p>ticles ( matt] 9 ! univ]se t5d t[>ds ea* o!r2 x is also call$ attraction ( gravitation & univ]sal gravity2 gravity1 9 a m limit$1 s5se is ! t5d5cy ( a mass ( matt] t[>d a c5t] ( attraction especially ! t5d5cy ( a body t[>d ! c5t] ( ! e>?4 ,?is influ5ce is convey$ f "o body to ano!r )\t any p]ceptible int]val ( "t4 ,if ! action ( gravitation is n in/antane\s1 x comes v ne>ly to x by mov+ m ?an fifty millions ( times fa/] ?an light4 ,gravity ext5ds to all kn[n bodies 9 ! univ]se1 f ! smalle/ to ! greate/2 by x all bodies are drawn t[>d ! c5t] ( ! e>?1 n because !re is any peculi> prop]ty or p[] 9 ! c5t]1 b because ! e>? be+ a sph]e1 ! aggregate effect ( ! attractions ex]t$ by all its p>ts ^u any body ext]ior to x1 is su* z to influ5ce t body t[>d ! c5t]4 ,?is prop]ty manife/s itself1 n only 9 ! motion ( fall+ bodies1 b 9 ! pressure ex]t$ by "o portion ( matt] ^u ano!r :i* su/a9s x2 & bodies desc5d+ freely "u its influ5ce1 :atev] be _! figure1 dim5sions or texture1 all are equally accel]at$ 9 "r l9es p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! horizon4 ,! app>5t inequality ( ! action ( gravity ^u diff]5t species ( matt] ne> ! surface ( ! e>? arises entirely f ! resi/ance :i* !y meet ) 9 _! passage ?r\gh ! air4 ,:5 ?is resi/ance is remov$ 7z 9 ! exhau/$ receiv] ( an air-pump71 ! inequality likewise disappe>s4 ,! law ( gravity1 discov]$ by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 t[>d ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,e p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se attracts e o!r p>ticle ) a =ce ^: direction is t ( a l9e jo9+ ! two p>ticles consid]$1 & ^: magnitude is directly z ! product ( ! masses & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,z a gr\ndwork = ?is great g5]alization1 ,newton employ$ ! results ( two ( ! greate/ a/ronom]s :o prec$$ him1 ,cop]nicus & ,kepl]4 ,ab\t #aejj ,a4 ,d4 ,cop]nicus p]ceiv$ & ann\nc$ t ! app>5t rotation ( ! heav5s ab\t ! e>? c\ld be expla9$ by suppos+ ! e>? to rotate on an axis once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,previ\s to ?is "t ! e>? _h be5 reg>d$ z ! c5t] ( ! univ]se4 ,he also %[$ t ne>ly all ! motions ( ! planets1 includ+ ! e>?1 c\ld be expla9$ on ! assumption t ^! revolv$ 9 circul> orbits ab\t ! sun1 ^: position 9 ! circle1 h[ev]1 0 slightly ecc5tric4 ,?us1 build+ some:at ^u ! labors ( ! two p>ties nam$1 ,newton 0 ! fir/ to prove ! law ( ! =ces :i* w\ld acc\nt = ! motions ( all ! bodies 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,,laws ,,( ,,fall+ ,,bodies4 ,s9ce a body falls to ! gr\nd 9 consequ5ce ( ! e>?'s attraction on ea* ( its molecules1 x foll[s t1 all o!r ?+s be+ equal1 all bodies1 great & small1 light & heavy1 ought to fall ) equal rapidity1 & a lump ( s& )\t cohesion %\ld dur+ its fall reta9 its orig9al =m z p]fectly z if x 7 compact /one4 ,! fact t a /one falls m rapidly ?an a fea!r is due solely to ! unequal resi/ances oppos$ by ! air to ! desc5t ( ^! bodies2 9 a vacuum all bodies fall ) equal velocity4 ,9 a vacuum1 h[ev]1 liquids fall l solids )\t sep>ation ( _! molecules4 ,! wat]-hamm]1 a model us$ 9 sci5tific s*ools1 illu/rates ?is3 ! in/rum5t consi/s ( a ?ick glass tube ab\t a foot long1 half fill$ ) wat]1 ! air hav+ be5 expell$ by ebullition previ\s to clos+ "o extremity ) ! bl[-pipe4 ,:5 su* a tube is sudd5ly inv]t$1 ! wat] falls 9 "o undivid$ mass aga9/ ! o!r extremity ( ! tube1 & produces a %>p metallic s\nd1 resembl+ t :i* accompanies ! %ock ( two solid bodies com+ sudd5ly toge!r4 ,,note4--,! resi/ance oppos$ by ! air to fall+ bodies is especially rem>kable 9 ! case ( liquids4 ,! ,/aubba* 9 ,switz]l& is a good illu/ration2 an imm5se mass ( wat] is se5 fall+ ov] a high precipice1 b be=e rea*+ ! bottom x is %att]$ by ! air into ! f9e/ mi/4 ,see ,p>k]'s ,philosophy1 pp4 #fi-gj4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$1 by exp]im5t1 t f re/1 a body fall+ freely w desc5d #af-a_/ab feet 9 ! fir/ second ( "t1 & w !n h acquir$ a velocity1 :i* be+ cont9u$ uni=mly1 w c>ry x ?r\gh #cb-a_/f feet 9 ! next second4 ,!re=e if ! fir/ s]ies ( numb]s be express$ 9 seconds1 #a1 #b1 #c1 c41 ! velocities 9 feet w be #cb-a_/f1 #fd-a_/c1 #if-a_/b1 c42 ! spaces pass$ ?r\gh z #af-a_/ab1 #fd-a_/c1 #add-c_/d1 c41 & ! spaces = ea* second1 #af-a_/b1 #dh-a_/d1 #hj-e_/ab1 c4 ,,table4 ,%[+ ! ,relation ( ,"t1 ,space & ,velocity4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,"t 9 ,velocity ,space fall5 ,:ole space seconds (acquir$ at,squ>es4 ?r\gh ,space4fall5 ?r\gh 9 ! body's! end ( 9 t ! la/ second fall4 t "t4 "t4 ( ! fall4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a #cbaf #a #afjh #a #afjh #b #fdcc #d #fdcc #c #dhbe #c #ife #i #addge #e #hjda #d #abhff #af #begcc #g #aabeh #e #afjhc #be #djbjh #i #addge #f #aic #cf #egi #aa #agfia #g #bbeag #di #ghhjh #ac #bjijh #h #begcc #fd #ajbicc #ae #bdabe #i #bhie #ha #acjbge #ag #bgcdb #aj #cbaff #ajj #aidfjh #ai #cjeeh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! measurem5t ( all physical quantities may be express$ 9 t]ms ( ?ree fundam5tal magnitudes4 ,^? commonly *os5 = ?is purpose are "t1 l5g? & mass or quantity ( matt]4 ,x may be assum$ t our ideas ( "t & space are suffici5tly exact = all practical purposes4 ,! subject ( matt]1 h[ev]1 requires m p>ticul> consid]ation4 ,( ! ?ree magnitudes nam$1 matt] alone is directly cognizable by ! s5ses1 & inve/$ ) a v>iety ( int]e/+ prop]ties4 ,= pres5t purposes matt] may be def9$ z any?+ t c be weigh$1 & ! quantity ( matt] z proportional to its weight2 i4 e41 its attraction t[>ds ! e>?4 ,! weight ( a body is ! =ce x ex]ts 9 consequ5ce ( its gravity1 & is measur$ by its me*anical effects1 su* z b5d+ a spr+4 ,we weigh a body by asc]ta9+ ! =ce requir$ to hold x up1 or to keep x f desc5d+4 ,h5ce1 weights are no?+ m ?an measures ( ! =ce ( gravity 9 diff]5t bodies4 ,aga91 ,gravitation1 ! mo/ feeble ( physical actions betwe5 small masses1 is almo/ imp]ceptible2 yet x is an en]gy abundant 9 proportion to ! quantity ( matt] 9 ! univ]se1 & fully compet5t1 by its gradual cond5s+ ag5cy1 to acc\nt = ! orig9ation ( planet>y sy/ems & _! movem5ts4 ,x is n /range1 !re=e1 t by "s physici/s ?is en]gy is suppos$ to be ! beg9n+ ( t ( :i* all o!r =ms ( =ce are residues or metamorphoses4 ,gravity is ! "n especially giv5 to its t]re/rial manife/ations4 ,a p>ticle or body )\t a sph]e or sph]oid1 solid or holl[1 is attract$ to ! c5t] ( ! mass ( su* body2 )9 a holl[ sph]e1 x w rema9 at re/ at any po9t4 ,at diff]5t dep?s bel[ ! e>?'s surface1 a body w be attract$ ) a =ce dim9i%+ z ! di/ance f its c5t] decreases4 ,! slight v>iation 9 ! gravitat+ =ce ( ! same fall+ body at diff]5t heights is 9 practice usually disreg>d$4 ,! weight ( a body1 z ! measure ( its gravitat+ t5d5cy1 mu/ v>y bo? ) mass & ) ! =ce act+ on x2 h5ce1 f ! =m ( ! e>?1 ! same body at ! sea level w weigh less & less z x is remov$ f ei!r pole t[>d ! equator4 ,an elevation above ! sea level gives a l result4 ,a /one falls ?r\gh a less di/ance 9 a giv5 "t on a m\nta9 ?an 9 ! valley bel[1 less at ! equator ?an at ei!r pole4 ,! loss ( weight 9 ^! cases _c be te/$ by lev] scales1 9 :i* ?is loss is equal on bo? sides2 b x may be by ! spr+ balance1 9 :i* bodies are weigh$ by ! pull !y ex]t aga9/ ! ela/icity ( a coil$ wire4 ,! effect ( c5trifugal =ce1 increas+ f ! pole to ! equator1 co-op]ates ) increas+ removal f ! e>?'s c5t] to less5 weight2 ! result ( ! comb9$ action ( ^! two causes is1 t a body weigh+ #aie lbs4 at ei!r pole w weigh b #aid ov] ! equator4 ,! l9e ( a fall+ body1 call$ also ! l9e ( direction1 is int]e/+ z be+ t direction 9 space at any po9t ( ! e>?'s surface ) ref]5ce to :i* all o!r directions are nam$1 & by :i* !y are to be det]m9$4 ,a few po9ts rema9 to be nam$4 ,! fl[ ( wat] is ! result ( ! =ce ( gravity2 ! importance ( ?is fact & its wide influ5ce _c be ov] /at$2 ! g5tly fall+ dew1 ! mighty curr5ts 9 ! unfa?omable dep?s ( ! ocean1 z well z ! rivulet m]rily fall+ ov] ! rocks to a l[] level are all subject to ! laws ( t]re/rial gravity4 ,! upp] surface ( a liquid 9 a vessel expos$ to ! atmosph]e is call$ ! free surface & is press$ d[nw>ds by ! air "u ab\t #ae lbs4 pressure p] squ>e in*4 ,! free surface ( a small body ( a p]fect liquid1 at re/1 is horizontal & p]p5dicul> to ! action ( gravity al?\gh 9 l>ge bodies ( liquid1 z lakes & ponds1 ! free surface is sph]ical1 assum+ ! curvature ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,,rules ,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,velocity ,,( ,,fall+ ,,bodies4 #a4--,to f9d ! ,velocity a fall+ ,body w acquire 9 any giv5 "t4 ,multiply ! "t1 9 seconds1 by #cb-a_/f1 & x w give ! velocity acquir$ 9 feet1 p] second4 ,example4 ,requir$ ! velocity 9 sev5 seconds4 #cb-a_/f #g #bbe-a_/f feet4 ,ans4 #b4--,to f9d ! ,velocity a ,body w acquire by fall+ f any giv5 height4 ,multiply ! space1 9 feet1 by #fd-a_/c1 ! squ>e root ( ! product w be ! velocity acquir$1 9 feet1 p] second4 ,example4 ,requir$ ! velocity :i* a ball has acquir$ 9 desc5d+ ?r\gh #bja feet4 #fd-a_/c #bja #abica2 #abica #aacg feet4 ,ans4 #c4--,to f9d ! ,space ?r\gh :i* a ,body w fall 9 any giv5 "t4 ,multiply ! squ>e ( ! "t1 9 seconds1 by #af-a_/ab1 & x w give ! space 9 feet4 ,example4 ,requir$ ! space fall5 ?r\gh 9 sev5 seconds4 #af-a_/ab #g #ghh-a_/ab feet4 ,ans4 #d4--,to f9d ! ,"t :i* a ,body w occupy 9 fall+ ?r\gh a giv5 space4 ,divide ! squ>e root ( ! space fall5 ?r\gh by #d1 & ! quoti5t w be ! "t 9 :i* x 0 fall+4 ,example4 ,requir$ ! "t a body w take 9 fall+ ?r\gh #djb4jh feet ( space4 #djbjh #bjjdi1 & #bjjdi #d #ejab4 ,ans4 #e4--,! ,velocity be+ giv51 to f9d ! ,space fall5 ?r\gh4 ,divide ! velocity by #h1 & ! squ>e ( ! quoti5t w be ! di/ance fall5 ?r\gh to acquire t velocity4 ,example4 ,if ! velocity ( a cannon ball be #ffj feet p] second1 f :at height mu/ a body fall to acquire ! same velocity8 #ffj #h #hbe #fhjfbe feet4 ,ans4 #f4--,to f9d ! ,"t1 ! ,velocity p] second be+ giv54 ,divide ! giv5 velocity by #h1 & "o-f\r? "p ( ! quoti5t w be ! answ]4 ,example4 ,h[ long mu/ a bullet be fall+1 to acquire a velocity ( #dhj feet p] second8 #dhj #h #fj #d #ae seconds4 ,ans4 ,,specific ,,gravity4 ,specific ,gravity is ! proportion ( ! weight ( a body to t ( an equal volume ( "s o!r sub/ance adopt$ z a /&>d ( ref]5ce4 ,= solids & liquids ! /&>d is pure wat]1 at a temp]ature ( #fj ,f41 ! b>omet] be+ at #cj in*es4 ,ari=m bodies are ref]r$ to ! air z _! /&>d4 ,a cubic foot ( wat] weighs #a1jjj ounces2 if ! same bulk ( ano!r sub/ance1 z = in/ance ca/ iron1 is f\nd to weigh #g1bjj ounces1 its proportional weight or specific gravity is #gb4 ,x is conv5i5t to "k ! figures repres5t+ ?is proportion = e sub/ance 9 common use1 t ! weight ( any giv5 bulk may be readily det]m9$4 ,= all sub/ances ! specific gravity is us$ 9 v>i\s te/s = ! purpose ( di/+ui%+ bodies f ea* o!r1 ! same sub/ance be+ f\nd1 "u ! equal conditions ( temp]ature1 c41 to reta9 its peculi> proportional weight or d5sity4 ,h5ce tables ( specific gravities ( bodies are prep>$ = ref]5ce1 & 9 e sci5tific description ( sub/ances ! specific gravity is m5tion$4 ,9 practical use1 ! weight ( a cubic foot is obta9$ f ! figures repres5t+ ! d5sity by mov+ ! decimal po9t ?ree figures to ! "r1 :i* obvi\sly f ! example above1 gives ! ounces1 & ^! divid$ by #af gives ! p\nds avoirdupois1 9 ! cubic foot4 ,diff]5t me?ods may be employ$ to asc]ta9 ! specific gravity ( solids4 ,t by measur+ ! bulk & weigh+1 is r>ely practicable2 z a body imm]s$ 9 wat] mu/ displace its own bulk ( ! fluid1 ! specific gravity may be asc]ta9$ by introduc+ a body1 aft] weigh+ x1 into a suitable vessel exactly fill$ ) wat]1 & !n weigh+ ! fluid :i* ov]fl[s4 ,! proportional weight is ?us at once obta9$4 ,wax w cause its own weight ( wat] to ov]fl[2 its specific gravity is !n #a4 ,plat9um1 accord+ to ! condition x is 91 w cause only f #a_/ba to #a_/bae ( its weight ( wat] to ov]fl[1 %[+ its specific gravity to be f #ba to #bae4 ,b a m exact me?od ?an ?is is commonly employ$4 ,! diff]5ce ( weight ( ! same sub/ance weigh$ 9 air & :5 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 is exactly t ( ! wat] x displaces1 & may consequ5tly be tak5 z ! weight ( its own bulk ( wat]4 ,see ,fig4 #ic & rule & example on page #ie4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,! specific gravity is !n obta9$ by weigh+ ! body fir/ 9 air1 & !n1 susp5d$ by a fibre ( silk or a hair1 9 wat]1 & divid+ ! weight 9 air by ! diff]5ce4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ! sub/ance exam9$ mu/ be free f mixture ( =eign matt]s1 & especially f cavities t may conta9 air4 ,,note4--,hydromet]s are in/rum5ts = det]m9+ ! relative d5sity ( fluids2 di/ill$ wat] is usually ref]r$ to z ! /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,!y consi/ usually ( a bulb or float weight$ at bottom s z to float upright1 & hav+ an elongat$ /em graduat$ to indicate ! d5sity ( ! liquid by ! dep? to :i* !y s9k !re94 ,,! ,,hydro/atic ,,balance4 ,e body imm]s$ 9 a liquid is submitt$ to ! action ( two =ces3 gravity :i* t5ds to l[] x1 & ! buoyancy ( ! liquid :i* t5ds to raise x ) a =ce equal to ! weight ( ! liquid displac$4 ,! weight ( ! body is ei!r totally or p>tially ov]come by its buoyancy1 by :i* x is conclud$ t a body imm]s$ 9 a liquid loses a "p ( its weight equal to ! weight ( ! displac$ liquid4 ,?is pr9ciple1 :i* is ! basis ( ! !ory ( imm]s$ & float+ bodies1 is call$ ! pr9ciple ( ,ar*im$es1 aft] ! discov]]4 ,x may be %[n exp]im5tally by means ( ! hydro/atic balance 7,fig4 #ib74 ,?is is an ord9>y balance1 ea* pan ( :i* is provid$ ) a hook2 ! beam be+ rais$1 a holl[ brass cyl9d] is susp5d$ f "o ( ! pans1 & bel[ ?is a solid cyl9d] ^: volume is exactly equal to ! capacity ( ! fir/ cyl9d]2 la/ly1 an equipoise is plac$ 9 ! o!r pan4 ,if n[ ! holl[ cyl9d] be fill$ ) wat]1 ! equilibrium is di/urb$2 b if at ! same "t ! beam is l[]$ s t ! solid cyl9d] becomes imm]s$ 9 a vessel ( wat] plac$ b5ea? x1 ! equilibrium w be re/or$4 ,by be+ imm]s$ 9 wat] ! solid cyl9d] loses a portion ( its weight equal to t ( ! wat] 9 ! holl[ cyl9d]4 ,n[1 z ! capacity ( ! holl[ cyl9d] is exactly equal to ! volume ( ! solid cyl9d] ! pr9ciple :i* has be5 be=e laid d[n is prov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,m9]als1 if suspect$ ( conta9+ spaces1 %\ld be co>sely pulv]iz$1 & !n ! second me?od may be conv5i5tly appli$ to det]m9e _! d5sity--?us prep>$1 a high] result w be obta9$1 & ev5 metals :5 pulv]iz$ 7 f\nd to give a great] specific gravity ?an :5 ?is is det]m9$ f samples 9 _! ord9>y /ate4 ,v f9e p[d]s may also be exam9$ by ! me?od 9 use = asc]ta9+ ! specific gravity ( fluids1 viz43 by comp>+ ! weight ( a measur$ quantity ) t ( ! same quantity ( wat]4 ,a glass vessel call$ a specific gravity bottle is commonly employ$1 :i* is furni%$ ) a sl5d] neck1 ^u :i* is a m>k indicat+ ! height rea*$ by #a1jjj gra9s ( wat]4 ,! sub/ance to be exam9$ is introduc$ till x rea*es ! same m>k1 &1 ! weight ( ! bottle be+ kn[n1 only "o weigh+ is requir$ to obta9 ! result4 ,! specific gravity ( fluids is also tak5 by ! in/rum5t call$ a hydromet] or alcomet]4 ,su* in/rum5ts are mu* us$ = asc]ta9+ ! specific gravity ( spiritu\s & o!r liquors1 z an indication ( _! /r5g?4 ,if ! solid body to be te/$ is light] ?an wat]1 x mu/ be atta*$ to "s heavy sub/ance to cause x to s9k4 ,its specific gravity is !n calculat$ by divid+ its weight 9 ! air by ! sum ( ! weights ( ! atta*$ body bo? 9 air & 9 wat]1 fir/ subtract+ f ?is sum ! weight ( ! two bodies toge!r 9 ! wat]4 ,bodies soluble 9 wat] may be weigh$ 9 "s o!r fluid1 z alcohol1 e!r1 olive oil1 c41 & _! proportional weight to t ( ?is fluid be+ ?us asc]ta9$1 _! d5sity comp>$ ) t ( wat] is readily calculat$ or !y may be envelop$ 9 wax or o!r suitable sub/ance to protect !m1 & !n treat$ by ! me?od j giv5 = sub/ances light] ?an wat]4 ,gase\s bodies are weigh$ 9 a ?9 glass flask or o!r vessel made = ! purpose1 & provid$ ) a /op-cock4 ,! vessel is exhau/$ ( air be=e ! introduction ( ! gas4 ,,rule ,,= ,,f9d+ ,,! ,,specific ,,gravity ,,( ,a ,,solid ,,body4 ,weigh ! solid 9 air & !n 9 pure wat]4 ,! diff]5ce is ! weight ( wat] displac$1 ^: specific gravity is #a4jjj4 ,!n1 z ! diff]5ce ( weight is to #ajjj1 s is ! weight 9 air to ! specific gravity2 or divide ! weight ( ! body 9 air by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weights 9 air & 9 wat]4 ,,example4 ,a lump ( glass is f\nd to weigh 9 air #egg gra9s2 x is !n susp5d$ by a horse hair f ! bottom ( ! scale pan1 & imm]s$ 9 a vessel ( pure wat]1 :5 x is f\nd to weigh #cii4d gra9s4 ,:at is its specific gravity8 #egg4j ,!n1 z #agg4f 3 #a 33 #egg4j 3 sp4 gravity4 #cii4d #a ----- ----- #aggf ! diff]5ce #aggf7eggj7cbdh1 ,ans4 #ecbh ----- #ddbj #ceeb ---- #hfhj #gajd ----- #aegfj #adbjh ----- #aeeb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,,note4--,! above figures are introduc$ to %[ m vividly ! comp>ison betwe5 bulk & weight1 ! size ( ! diff]5t sub/ances1 ( c\rse1 be+ m]ely approximate4 ,a /udy ( ! ,table ( ,specific ,gravities to be f\nd 9 ! next page is wor?y ( ! "t & att5tion4 ,,table ,,( ,,specific ,,gravities4 ,,metals4 ,iron1 7ca/7 #gbjg 7wr\ght7 #gfhh ,/eel 7s(t7 #gghj 7temp]$7 #ghdj ,lead 7ca/7 #aadjj 7%eet7 #aadjg ,brass 7ca/7 #hchd 7wire drawn7 #hedd ,copp] 7%eet7 #hgfg 7ca/7 #hfjg ,gold 7ca/7 #aibch 7hamm]$7 #aicfa ,gold 7#bb c>ats7 #agdha 7#bj 7 #aegji ,silv] 7pure1 ca/7 #ajdgd 7hamm]$7 #ajeaa ,m]cury 7#fj7 #acehj ,pewt] #gbdh ,t9 #gbic ,z9c 7ca/7 #gbae ,plat9um #baejj ,antimony #fgab ,ars5ic #egfc ,bronze 7gun metal7 #hgjj ,,/ones ,,& ,,e>?4 ,coal 7,bitum9\s7 #abef 7,an?racite7 #adcf #afdj ,*>coal #dda ,brick #aijj ,clay #aicj ,common ,soil #aihd ,em]y #djjj ,glass 7plalte7 #cbdh ,ivory #ahbb ,gr9d/one #badc ,diamond #ceba ,gypsum #bafh ,lime #bgbj ,granite #bfbe ,m>ble #bgjh ,mica #bhjj ,mill/one #bdhd ,nitre #aijj ,porcela9 #bche ,phosphorus #aggj ,pumice ,/one #iae ,salt #bacj ,s& #ahjj ,slate #bfgb ,sulphur #bjcc ,,woods4 ,a% #hde ,bee* #heb ,bir* #gbj ,oak #aabj ,p9e 7yell[7 #ffj 7:ite7 #eed ,*]ry #gae ,cork #bdj ,elm #fga ,popl> #chc ,walnut #fga ,will[ #ehe ,,liquids4 ,acid ,sulphuric #ahea ,muriatic #abjj ,spirits ( ,w9e #iag ,alcohol #gij ,oil 7turp5t9e7 #hgj 7olive7 #iae ,oil 7l9se$7 #icb 7ca/or7 #ifa ,pure wat] #ajjj ,v9eg> #ajhj ,milk #ajcb ,sea wat] #ajbi ,,to ,,f9d ,,! ,,weight ,,( ,a ,,cubic ,,foot ,,( ,,any?+ ,,conta9$ ,,9 ,,^! ,,tables4 ,rule4 ,multiply #fbe lbs4 7! weight ( a cubic foot ( pure wat]7 by ! specific gravity ( ! giv5 body4 ,example4 ,:at is ! weight ( a cubic foot ( sea wat]8 #fbe lbs4 #ajbi sp4 gravity4 ----- #efbe #abej #fbe ------- ,answ]1 #fdcabe lbs4 is ! actual weight3 b #fd lbs4 is tak5 9 practice z ! weight ( a cubic foot ( sea wat]4 ,example4 ,h[ _m cubic feet ( sea wat] w weigh a ton8 ,divide #bbdj lbs4 7#a ton7 by #fd lbs4 #h7bbdj #fd ---- #h7 #bhj ---- ,ans4 #ce ,example4 ,:at is ! weight ( a cubic foot ( wr\ght iron8 #fbe lbs4 #gfi sp4 gravity4 ----- #efbe #cgej #dcge ------- ,answ]1 #dhjfbe lbs4 #dhj lbs4 9 practice is ! weight ( #a cubic foot ( wr\ght iron4 ,,note4--#ce cubic feet ( sea wat] is acc\nt$ to be a ton1 z 9 sea wat] balla/ = /eam]s1 & 9 calculat+ displacem5t ( %ips4 ,example4 ,:at is ! av]age weight ( a cubic foot ( ,bitum9\s coal8 #abef sp4 gravity4 #fbe lbs4 ----- #fbhj #beab #gecf ------- ,answ]1 #ghejjj lbs4 ,?is #ghe lbs4 is ! weight ( a cubic foot 9 a solid block1 b loose1 z us$ = fuel1 a cubic foot weighs ab\t #di4g lbs4 :i* is ! av]age ( #ac k9ds4 ,example4 ,:at is ! weight ( a solid ca/ cyl9d] ( copp]1 #d in*es diamet] & #f in*es high8 #hfjg sp4 gravity4 #fbe lbs4 ----- #dcjce #agbad #eafdb -------- #ecgicge lbs4 p] cub4 ft4 -------- ,say #ech lbs4 #ghed #af diam4 squ>$4 ----- #dgabd #ghed ----- #abeffd area ( base4 #f high ------- #gecihd cu4 94 9 volume ------- ,say #ged cubic in*es4 cub4 94 cub4 94 lbs4 ,!n1 z #agbh 3 #ged 33 #ech 3 ,answ]4 #ech ---- #fjcb #bbfb #cggj ------ #ab7djefeb --------- #agbh #ab7cchjdcc --------- #ab7 #bhagjb ------- #bcdge lbs4 ,answ]1 #bc-a_/b lbs4 ne>ly4 ,,friction ,,& ,,viscosity ,,( ,,fluids4 ,frictional ,resi/ance4--,! resi/ance ) :i* bodies oppose ! movem5t ( "o surface on ano!r is t]m$ friction4 ,x dep5ds on ! nature1 & ! r\ghness ( ! surfaces 9 contact2 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! slid+1 x is great] ?an :5 ! motion is cont9u$4 ,friction is 9 effect an equival5t =ce ex]t$ 9 a direction opposite to t 9 :i* ! slid+ occurs4 ,its :ole am\nt is ! product ( two factors3 ! fir/ ( ^!1 :i* sums up ! effect ( ! nature & condition ( ! surfaces1 is call$ ! coeffici5t ( friction2 ! second1 :i* is ! sum ( all pressures1 z weight /ra91 & ! adhesion due to magnetism 7:5 employ$71 :i* act to urge ! two bodies toge!r1 i4 e41 p]p5dicul>ly to ! surface ( contact1 is call$ ! normal pressure4 ,b ?is law holds only :]e1 ) dry surfaces1 ! pressure is n en\gh to ind5t or abrade ei!r2 or1 ) wet surfaces1 n en\gh to =ce out ! ungu5t4 ,9 ei!r ( ^! cases1 ! friction increases m rapidly ?an ! ratio ( normal pressure4 ,no surfaces c be made absolutely h>d or smoo?2 :5 "o surface is made to slide ov] ano!r1 ! slight r\ghness ( ! "o int]lock ) ^? ( ! o!r1 s t ! surfaces mu/ be sep>at$ or ! po9ts abrad$ to all[ ( ! motion2 b if "o surface roll ^u ano!r1 ! prom95t po9ts are successively rais$1 )\t ! ne$ ( complete lift+ ( ! body or we>+ (f ^? po9ts4 ,h5ce1 !re are two k9ds ( friction1 ! slid+ & ! roll+4 ,! =m] ( ^! 9 am\nt greatly exce$s ! latt]2 x is a lead+ elem5t 9 ! /ability ( /ructures & fabrics ( all l&s1 & ! mo/ important resi/ance & s\rce ( wa/e 9 all ma*9]y1 & is !re=e a *ief object ( reg>d 9 ! arts ( con/ruction & ! sci5ce ( eng9e]+4 ,slid+ friction increases ) ! r\ghness ( ! surfaces 9 contact2 h5ce1 x is 9 practice dim9i%$ z ^! surfaces become worn1 also by poli%+1 & by ! use ( lubricants1 :i* smoo? ! rubb+ surfaces by fill+ _! depressions4 ,x increases1 almo/ univ]sally1 9 exact proportion ) ! entire pressure1 ow+ to weight or o!r causes1 ) :i* ! two surfaces are held toge!r2 b at v great pressures1 some:at less rapidly4 ,consequ5tly1 9 all ord9>y cases1 s long z ! entire weight or pressure rema9s ! same1 ! friction is1 9 g5]al1 entirely indep5d5t ( ! ext5t ( ! surfaces 9 contact4 ,! exceptions are1 "s increase :5 ! rubb+ surfaces "u ! same total pressure are v greatly ext5d$1 or :5 ei!r surface is comp>atively s(t2 & consid]able less5+ ( friction :5 ! bodies are v small1 z 9 ! runn]s ( skates ^u ice4 ,= ord9>y rates ( motion1 ! total friction )9 a giv5 space or di/ance is 9 l mann] entirely indep5d5t ( ! velocity ) :i* "o surface is caus$ to move ov] ! o!r2 b 9 v sl[ motions x is increas$1 & 9 v rapid motions p]ceptibly dim9i%$4 ,friction is also increas$ 9 proportion to ! t5d5cy ( ! surfaces to adh]e2 h5ce1 x is usually f\nd great] betwe5 bodies ( ! same k9d 7/eel on /eel prov+ almo/ an exception7 ?an betwe5 ^? ( diff]5t k9ds2 x is usually great] :5 ! surfaces h be5 long 9 contact1 & at ! beg9n+ ( motion1 & always s1 unless correct$ by lubricants1 betwe5 metallic surfaces s highly poli%$ t air may be exclud$ f betwe5 !m4 ,! frictional resi/ance ret>d+ ! fl[ ( wat] is subject to ?ree laws3 #a4 ,x is proportion$ to ! am\nt ( surface 9 contact4 #b4 ,x is indep5d5t ( ! pressure4 #c4 ,x is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! laws relat+ to friction1 betwe5 solid bodies op]ate q diff]5tly f :at !y d :5 appli$ to liquids2 h5ce1 ! l>ge mass ( data relat+ to ! g5]al subject ( friction mu/ be disreg>d$ 9 ! consid]ation ( hydrome*anics & alli$ subjects4 ,= all fluids1 :e!r liquids or gase\s1 ! resi/ance is indep5d5t ( ! pressure betwe5 ! masses 9 contact4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! second law z /at$4 ,! friction = all fluids 7liquid or gase\s7 is 9 proportion to ! area ( ! rubb+ surface2 ?is foll[s f ! fir/ law & z ! sectional area ( a circle is ! lea/1 pipes f _! circul> =m pres5t ! smalle/ resi/ance to ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,f ! ?ird law1 9 practice we desire ! mak+ ( pipes z l>ge z possible2 exp]im5t hav+ prov$ t l[ spe$s are pref]able to mod]ate & /ill m s1 z comp>$ to high spe$s 9 proportion+ ! pip+ ( hydraulic app>atus4 ,friction ( fluids is also indep5d5t ( ! nature ( ! solid aga9/ :i* ! /ream may fl[1 b dep5d5t to "s ext5t ^u _! degree ( r\ghness4 ,friction = all fluids is also proportional to ! d5sity ( ! fluid1 & relat$ 9 "s way to its adhesiv5ess4 ,wat] fl[+ ?r\gh a pipe t5ds to drag ! pipe along ) x on acc\nt ( friction2 9 all actual fluids !re is viscosity or int]nal friction1 b if ! relative motion is only sl[ en\gh x makes little diff]5ce :e!r ! fluid is visc\s or n4 ,ord9>y fluids w *ange 9 %ape "u ! action ( a =ce1 h[ev] small1 if en\gh "t is giv5 = ! *ange to take place1 & ! rate ( *ange ( %ape is a measure ( its viscosity4 ,! laws ( friction1 bo? = solids & liquids1 h be5 e/abli%$ f exp]im5ts endlessly v>i$4 ,9 inve/igat+ ^! pr9ciples we fir/ proce$ on ! supposition t ! =ces 9 "q act )\t any imp$im5ts4 ,great simplicity is atta9$ by fir/ br++ ! subject to ?is ideal /&>d ( p]fection1 & aft]w>ds mak+ suitable all[ances = all ^! causes :i* op]ate 9 any giv5 case to prev5t ! p]fect application ( ! law4 ,sev]al tables & o!r data relat+ to ! friction ( wat] w be f\nd 9 ! o!r sections ( ?is "w1 ref]5ce to :i* is made 9 ! ,index4 ,! t]m viscosity has be5 describ$ 9 ! ,gloss>y at ! beg9n+ ( ?is "w2 a p]fect fluid is incapable ( resi/+--except by its weight or in]tia--a *ange ( %ape4 ,su* a sub/ance does n actually exi/ = all fluids h viscosity or int]nal friction4 ,?is is def9$ z a resi/ance to a *ange ( %ape dep5d+ on ! rate at :i* ! *ange is effect$1 b1 z ! fluids :i* eng9e]s h to deal ) are wat] & vapors & gases1 x simplifies ne>ly all ! calculations to assume t !y h no int]nal viscosity or friction4 ,a sl[ cont9u\s *ange ( ! %ape ( solids or semi-solids "u ! action ( gravity1 or ext]nal =ce1 is also by ! ext5sion ( ! t]m call$ viscosity1 z ! viscosity ( ice1 z obs]v$ 9 ! sl[ movem5t ( ^? riv]s ( ice1 ! glaci]s4 ,! viscosity ( liquids arises f ! mutual attractions ( ! molecules & is dim9i%$ by ! effect ( ! w&]+ molecules 7,c4 ,d474 ,! viscosity ( gases increases :ile t ( liquids dim9i%es z ! temp]ature is rais$4 ,! viscosity ( fluids pres5ts a c]ta9 analogy ) ! malleability ( solids4 ,vis ,viva is equival5t to active or liv+ =ce2 temp]ature is ! ,vis ,viva ( ! smalle/ p>ticles ( a body2 9 bodies ( ! same temp]ature ! atoms h ! same vis viva1 ! small] mass ( ! light] atoms be+ comp5sat$ by _! great] velocity4 ,?is t]m1 :i* is (t5 met ) 9 sci5tific treatises1 0 inv5t$ by ,leibnitz4 ,x is well kn[n t wat] 9 rapid circulation w absorb m heat ?an :5 /agnant or mov+ sl[ly2 ?is is caus$ by ,vis ,viva ( ! atoms4 ,,capill>y ,,attraction4 ,capill>y attraction is ! attraction :i* causes ! asc5t ( fluids 9 small tubes4 ,?is ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 capillus--a hair4 ,! tubes mu/ be less ?an "o-t5? ( an in* 9 diamet] 9 ord] to produce ! mo/ satisfactory results1 & tubes ^: bores are no l>g] ?an a hair pres5t ! ph5om5on ! mo/ /rik+ly4 ,b ?\gh ! rise ( wat] above its natural level1 is mo/ manife/ 9 small tubes1 x appe>s1 9 a degree1 9 vessels ( all sizes & %apes1 by a r+ ( wat] =m$ ar\nd ! sides ) a concavity upw>d4 ,! foll[+ are ! lead+ facts respect+ capill>y attraction4 7#a47 ,:5 small tubes1 op5 at bo? ends1 are imm]s$ p]p5dicul>ly 9 any liquid1 ! liquid rises 9 !m1 to a height :i* is inv]sely z ! diamet] ( ! bore4 ,?\gh tubes ( glass are usually employ$ 9 exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 yet tubes made ( any o!r mat]ial exhibit ! same prop]ty4 ,nor does ! ?ickness ( ! solid "p ( ! tube1 or its quantity ( matt]1 make ! lea/ diff]5ce1 ! effect dep5d+ solely on ! attraction ( ! surface1 & consequ5tly ext5d+ only to a v small di/ance4 7#b47 ,diff]5t fluids are rais$ to unequal heights by ! same tube4 ,?us1 accord+ to exp]im5t1 a tube :i* w raise wat] #bc in*es w raise alcohol only #i in*es4 7#c47 ,a tube #a_/ajj ( an in* 9 diamet] raises wat] #e4c in*es2 & s9ce ! height is reciprocally z ! diamet]1 ! product ( ! diamet] into ! height is a con/ant quantity1 namely1 ! 4#jec? "p ( an in* squ>e4 7#d47 ,fluids rise 9 a simil> mann] betwe5 plates ( glass1 metal1 c41 plac$ p]p5dicul>ly 9 ! fluids1 & ne> to "o ano!r4 ,if ! plates are p>allel1 ! height to :i* a fluid w rise1 is inv]sely z ! di/ance betwe5 ! plates2 & ! :ole asc5t is j half t :i* takes place 9 a tube ( ! same diamet]4 ,if ! plates be plac$ edge to edge1 s z to =m an angle1 & !y be imm]s$ 9 wat]1 ) ! l9e ( _! int]section v]tical1 ! wat] w asc5d betwe5 !m 9 a curve hav+ its v]tex at ! angle ( int]section4 ,?is curve is f\nd to h ! prop]ties & =m ( ! hyp]bola4 ,9 ! adju/m5t ( ! /ems ( b>omet]s & ! !rmomet] an all[ance is made to comp5sate = ! influ5ce ( capill>y attraction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #id-if4 ,su* are ! lead+ facts asc]ta9$ respect+ capill>y attraction4 ,v>i\s explanations ( !m h be5 attempt$ b t ( ,la ,place is mo/ g5]ally receiv$4 ,accord+ to ?is high au?ority1 ! action ( ! sides ( ! tube draws up ! film ( fluid ne>e/ to x1 & t film draws along ) x ! film imm$iately bel[ x1 & s ea* film drags along ) x ! next bel[1 until ! weight ( ! volume ( fluid rais$ exactly balances all ! =ces :i* act ^u x4 ,! fact t ! elevation ( ! wat] betwe5 ! p>allel plates is exactly half t 9 a tube ( ! same diamet]1 cle>ly indicates t ! =ce resides 9 ! surr\nd+ body2 & ! additional fact t ! ?ickness or quantity ( t body makes no diff]5ce1 proves t ! =ce resides 9 ! surface1 & t ! action ext5ds only to a v small di/ance4 ,,note4--,sev]al famili> examples ( capill>y attraction may be add$4 ,a piece ( sponge1 or a lump ( sug>1 t\*+ wat] at its l[e/ corn]1 soon becomes moi/5$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! wick ( a lamp lifts ! oil to supply ! flame1 to ! height ( sev]al in*es4 ,a capill>y glass tube1 b5t 9 ! =m ( a syphon1 & hav+ its %ort] end ins]t$ 9 a vessel ( wat]1 w fill itself & deliv] ov] ! wat] 9 drops4 ,a lock ( ?read or ( c&le-wick1 ins]t$ 9 a vessel ( wat] 9 a simil> mann]1 ) "o end hang+ ov] ! vessel1 w exhibit ! same result4 ,an imm5se weight or mass may be rais$ ?r\gh a small space1 by fir/ /ret*+ a dry rope betwe5 x & a support1 & !n wett+ ! rope4 ,! sev]al figures above ne$ no explanation to ! att5tive read]4 ,,fl[ ,,( ,,wat] ,,"u ,,pressure4 ,"u ?is head ?ree g5]al cases are to be consid]$3 #a1 t ( liquids issu+ f orifices2 #b1 _! fl[ ?r\gh tubes1 or 9 /reams2 &1 #c1 ! effects ( ! mom5tum & impact ( liquids4 ,! pr9ciples gov]n+ ! action ( ! two la/ w be introduc$1 #b1 "u t portion ( ! "w relat+ to 8pip+10 &1 #c1 "u ! sections p]ta9+ to ! jet pump4 ,?r\gh\t ! diff]5t portions ( ! book w ! ?ree cases be /ill fur!r elucidat$4 ,n[1 z to ! laws gov]n+ ! escape ( liquids "u pressure ?r\gh an op5+1 x may be und]/ood t :5 ! liquid escapes f a vessel1 ow+ to ! excess ( ! int]nal pressure1 ! volume :i* escapes dep5ds on ! section ( ! orifice & ! velocity ) :i* ! liquid molecules move at ! mom5t ( _! escape f x4 ,?is velocity dep5ds ^u ! d5sity ( ! liquid1 ! excess ( pressure at ! op5+1 & ! friction ( ! liquid1 bo? at ! op5+ & aga9/ ! walls4 ,:5 ! ap]ture is made 9 a v ?9 wall ( a l>ge vessel1 s z to remove1 z mu* z possible1 ! causes t5d+ to modify ! motion ( ! escap+ fluid1 ! laws ( ! escape are compris$ 9 ! foll[+ !orem1 discov]$ by ,torricelli1 9 #afdc1 z a consequ5ce ( ! law ( ! fall ( bodies discov]$ by ,galileo3 8,liquid molecules1 fl[+ f an orifice1 h ! same velocity1 z if !y fell freely 9 vacuo f a height equal to ! v]tical di/ance f ! surface to ! c5t] ( ! orifice40 ,d$uctions f ! above3--#a1 ! velocity dep5ds on ! dep? ( ! orifice f ! surface1 & is indep5d5t ( ! d5sity ( ! liquid4 ,wat] & m]cury 9 vacuo w\ld fall f ! same height 9 ! same "t2 & s escap+ f an orifice at ! same dep?1 bel[ ! surface1 w\ld pass out ) equal velocity2 b m]cury1 be+ #ace times z heavy z wat]1 ! pressure ex]t$ at ! ap]ture ( a vessel fill$ ) m]cury1 w be #ace times z great z ! pressure ex]t$ at ! ap]ture ( a vessel fill$ ) wat]2 #b1 ! velocity ( liquids is z ! squ>e roots ( ! dep?s ( ! orifices bel[ ! surfaces ( ! liquids4 ,,note4--,torricelli discov]$1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ag? c5tury1 ! rem>kable fact t a fluid issues f a small orifice ) ! same velocity 7friction & atmosph]ic resi/ance exclud$7 :i* x w\ld h acquir$ 9 fall+ ?r\gh ! dep? f its surface4 ,?is 0 "o ( a long s]ies ( discov]ies lead+ t[>d ! n[ almo/ exact sci5ce ( hydro-me*anics4 ,?us /at+1 ! velocity ( a liquid escap+ f an orifice "o foot bel[ ! surface to be "o2 f a simil> orifice f\r feet bel[ ! surface1 x w be two1 & at n9e feet ?ree1 at sixte5 feet f\r1 & s on4 ,f comp>ative exp]im5ts made by a great numb] ( obs]v]s1 x is le>n$ t ! actual fl[ is only ab\t two-?irds ( ! !oretical fl[4 ,see note4 ,! =m & con/itution ( liquid ve9s h be5 /udi$ & f\nd to be3 #a4--,t ! fluid issu+ v]tically f an orifice made 9 a plane & ?9 horizontal wall1 is always compos$ ( two di/9ct p>ts1 ,fig4 #ig1 ! portion ne>e/ ! orifice is calm & transp>5t1 l a rod ( glass1 gradually decreas+ 9 diamet]4 ,! l[] "p1 on ! contr>y1 is always agitat$1 & takes an irregul> =m1 9 :i* are regul>ly di/ribut$ elongat$ swell+s1 call$ v5tres1 ^: maximum diamet] is great] ?an t ( ! orifice4 ,,note4--,!oretical & actual fl[4--,! actual fl[ f an orifice1 is ! volume ( liquid :i* escapes f x 9 a giv5 "t4 ,! !oretical fl[1 is a volume equal to t ( a cyl9d] :i* has = its base ! orifice1 & = its height ! velocity1 furni%$ by ! discov]y ( ,torricelli4 ,t is1 ! !oretical fl[ is ! product ( ! area ( ! orifice multipli$ by ! !oretical velocity4 ,x is obs]v$ t ! ve9 escap+ f an orifice1 contracts q rapidly1 s t its diamet] is soon only ab\t two-?irds ( ! diamet] ( ! orifice4 ,if !re 0 no contraction ( ! ve9 aft] leav+ ! orifice1 & its velocity 0 ! !oretical velocity1 ! actual fl[ w\ld be ! same z t indicat$ by !ory4 ,b its section is mu* less ?an at ! orifice1 & its velocity is n s great z ! !oretical velocity1 s t ! actual fl[ is mu* less ?an ! !oretical fl[2 & 9 ord] to r$uce ?is to ! fir/1 x is necess>y to multiply x by a fraction4 #b4--;,9 ! l[] "p ( ! ve91 ! liquid is n cont9u\s2 = if we employ an opaque liquid1 z m]cury1 we c see ?r\gh ! ve91 ,fig4 #ih4 ,! app>5t cont9uity 9 a ve9 ( wat] is ow+ to ! fact t ! globules :i* con/itute x succe$ ea* o!r at a di/ance inappreciable to ! eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ig1 #ih4 ,! "t x takes by a vessel to empty itself is to ! "t requir$1 :5 x is kept con/antly full1 to dis*>ge ! same quantity ( wat]1 z #b to #a1 & ! spaces describ$ by ! surface 9 its desc5t 9 a column ( equal size ?r\gh\t1 are z ! odd numb]s1 #i1 #g1 #e1 #c1 #a4 ,?us ^! spaces measure equal times4 ,s9ce liquids are n p]fectly mobile1 & _! exit at an orifice mu/ be ret>d$ by cohesion & friction1 ! results ?us f> giv5 are mu* modifi$ 9 practice4 ,:5 a liquid fl[s ?r\gh an orifice 9 a vessel1 eddies are =m$ ab\t ! sides ( ! orifice1 prev5t+ ! escape ( a jet equival5t to its full size2 & ow+ to ^!1 & to accel]ation ( velocity1 if ! jet be d[nw>d1 x rapidly contracts 9 its diamet]4 ,at a di/ance outside ab\t equal to diamet] ( ! op5+1 x is contract$ to #b_/c or #e_/g its orig9al area2 & ?is "p has be5 call$ ! 8contract$ ve940 ,x has be5 %[n1 t bel[ ?is ! /ream /ill contracts1 ?\gh less rapidly4 ,^! swell+s sep>ate m widely z !y desc5d ) increas$ rapidity2 b fall+ ?r\gh great heights1 ! :ole may f9ally be dissipat$ 9 a mi/4 ,,note4--,! annul> swell+s conta9 air & arise f a p]iodical succession ( pulsations ne> ! orifice1 :i* mu/ be produc$ by v small oscillations ( ! entire mass ( ! liquid1 s t ! velocity ( ! fl[ is p]iodically v>iable4 ,! suck+1 :i/l+ noise :i* is (t5 he>d 9 ! desc5t ( wat] ?r\gh an orifice is caus$ by air drawn 9 by ! :irl+ motion4 ,see ,fig4 #ajc4 ,if an orifice 9 a vessel looks d[nw>d1 & ! column ( liquid ov] x be %ort1 ?is w simply drop out by its own weight1 />t+ at a velocity ( o4 ,b if a consid]able dep? ( liquid be above1 its gravity produces a correspond+ pressure on its base1 or on t liquid :i* is ne> x2 s t1 if a plug be remov$ f an orifice 9 or close to ! base1 ! liquid />ts at once into rapid motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,ea* p>ticle ( a jet ,a issu+ f ! side ( a vessel moves horizontally ) ! velocity above m5tion$1 b x is at once drawn d[nw>d by ! =ce ( gravity 9 ! same mann] z a bullet fir$ f a gun1 ) its axis horizontal4 ,x is well kn[n t ! bullet describes a p>abola ) a v]tical axis1 ! v]tex be+ ! muzzle ( ! gun4 ,n[1 s9ce ea* p>ticle ( ! jet moves 9 ! same curve1 ?is jet ,c takes ! p>abolic =m4 ,9 e p>abola !re is a c]ta9 po9t call$ ! focus1 & ! di/ance f ! v]tex to ! focus fixes ! magnitude ( a p>abola 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! di/ance f ! c5t] to ! circumf]5ce fixes ! magnitude ( a circle4 ,n[ x c be prov$ t ! focus ,b is z mu* bel[ z ! surface ( ! wat] is above ! orifice4 ,accord+ly1 if wat] issues ?r\gh orifices :i* are small 9 comp>ison ) ! cont5ts ( ! vessel1 ! jets f orifices at diff]5t dep?s bel[ ! surface take diff]5t =ms1 z %[n at ,d4 ,if ^! curves are trac$ on pap] held beh9d ! jet1 !n1 kn[+ ! horizontal di/ance & ! v]tical height1 x is easy to demon/rate t ! jet =ms a p>abola4 ,quantity ( ,efflux4--,if we suppose ! bottom ( a vessel conta9+ wat] to be ?91 & ! orifice to be a small circle ^: area is ,a 7see ,fig4 #ajj7 :]e ,a ,b repres5ts an orifice 9 ! bottom ( a vessel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,e p>ticle above ,a ,b tries to pass out ( ! vessel1 at once & 9 s do+ ex]ts a pressure on ^? ne>e/4 ,^? t issue ne> ,a & ,b ex]t pressures 9 ! directions ,m ,m & ,n ,n2 ^? ne> ! c5t] ( ! orifice 9 ! direction ,r ,q1 ^? 9 ! int]m$iate p>ts 9 ! directions ,p ,q1 ,p ,q4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! wat] )9 ! space ,p ,q ,p is unable to escape1 & t :i* does escape1 in/ead ( assum+ a cyl9drical =m1 at fir/ contracts1 & takes ! =m ( a truncat$ cone4 ,x is f\nd t ! escap+ jet cont9ues to contract until at a di/ance f ! orifice ab\t equal to ! diamet] ( ! orifice2 ?is "p ( ! jet is call$ ! v5a contracta or contract$ ve91 z expla9$ on a previ\s page4 ,influ5ce ( tubes on ! quantity ( efflux4--,! result be=e giv5 has ref]5ce to an ap]ture 9 a ?9 wall4 ,if a cyl9drical or conical efflux tube is fitt$ to ! ap]ture1 ! am\nt ( ! fl[ is consid]ably increas$4 ,a %ort tube1 ^: l5g? is f two to ?ree times its diamet]1 has be5 f\nd to increase ! actual efflux p] second to ab\t #hb p] c5t4 ( ! !oretical4 ,9 ?is case ! wat] on ent]+ ! tube =ms a contract$ ve91 ,fig4 #aja4 j z x w\ld d on issu+ freely into ! air2 b aft]w>ds x exp&s1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( ! adhesion ( ! wat] to ! int]ior surface ( ! tube1 has1 on leav+ ! tube1 a section great] ?an t ( ! contract$ ve94 ,! contraction ( ! jet )9 ! tube causes a p>tial vacuum %[n 9 black 9 ! figure4 ,n[1 if an ap]ture is made 9 ! tube1 ne> ! po9t ( greate/ contraction1 & is c>efully fitt$ ) a v]tical tube1 ! l[] end ( :i* dips into wat]1 ,fig4 #aja1 x is f\nd t wat] rises 9 ! v]tical tube1 !reby prov+ conclusively ! =mation ( a p>tial vacuum4 ,if ! nozzle has ! =m ( a conic fru/um ^: l>g] end is at ! ap]ture1 ! efflux 9 a second may be rais$ to #ib p] c5t41 provid$ ! dim5sions are prop]ly *os54 ,if ! small] end ( a fru/um ( a cone ( suitable dim5sions be fitt$ to ! orifice1 ! efflux may be /ill fur!r increas$1 :i* w fall v little %ort ( ! !oretical am\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,velocities ( /reams4--,! velocity ( /reams v>ies greatly4 ,! sl[] fl[ ( riv]s has a velocity ( less ?an ?ree feet p] second1 & ! m rapid1 z mu* z six feet p] second1 :i* gives respectively ab\t two & f\r miles p] h\r4 ,! velocities v>y 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same transv]se section ( a /ream1 = ! air ^u ! surface ( ! wat]1 z well also z ! solid bottom ( ! /ream1 has a c]ta9 effect 9 ret>d+ ! curr5t4 ,! velocity is f\nd to be greate/ 9 ! middle1 :]e ! wat] is deepe/1 ,fig4 #ajb1 some:]e 9 m1 bel[ ! surface2 !n x decreases ) ! dep? t[>ds ! sides1 be+ lea/ at a & b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,appe>ance ( ! surface dur+ a dis*>ge4--,a vessel conta9+ a liquid1 dis*>g+ itself ?r\gh an orifice1 does n always pres]ve a horizontal surface4 ,:5 ! ve9 issues f an orifice 9 ! bottom ( a vessel1 & ! level ( ! liquid is ne> ! orifice1 ! liquid =ms a :irlpool1 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,if ! liquid has a rot>y movem5t1 ! funnel is =m$ soon]2 if ! orifice is at ! side ( ! vessel1 !re is a depression ( ! surface ^u t side1 above ! orifice1 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,^! movem5ts dep5d ^u ! =m ( ! vessel1 ! height ( ! liquid 9 x1 & ! dim5sions & =m ( ! orifice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,9 ord] to v]ify _m ( ! laws ( hydraulics 9 an accurate mann]1 x is necess>y to ma9ta9 a uni=m pressure on ! escap+ liquid1 !reby obta9+ a con/ant velocity at ! orifice4 ,?is may be done 9 v>i\s ways1 z by all[+ ! wat] to fl[ into ! vessel 9 a little l>g] quantity ?an c escape f ! orifice1 ! excess be+ dis*>g$ ov] ! upp] edge ( ! vessel2 also by means ( ! syphon4 ,by susp5d+ solid p>ticles1 su* z *>r$ pap]1 pulv]iz$ 9 ! wat]1 we r5d] ! curr5ts t are =m$ visible4 ,^! solid p>ticles arrange !mselves1 9 curv$ l9es1 t[>ds & into ! orifice1 z a c5t] ( attraction1 ,fig4 #aje4 ,! p>ticles 9 imm$iate contact ) ! orifice1 n mov+ s easily z ^? )91 mu/ cause contraction2 s1 also1 we c see t gravity 9 accel]at+ ! velocity1 mu/ cause cont9ual decrease 9 ! section ( ! jet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,upw>d jets ( wat]4--,z ! velocity ( a liquid escap+ f an orifice is ! same z t :i* a body acquires1 fall+ f a height equal to ! di/ance f ! level ( ! liquid to ! orifice1 a jet ( wat] escap+ f a horizontal op5+ upw>ds1 %\ld !oretically rea* ! level ( ! liquid 9 ! vessel4 ,b ?is nev] takes place1 ,fig4 #ajf1 because (--#a/1 ! friction 9 ! conduct+ tubes de/roy+ ! velocity4 #bnd1 ! resi/ance ( ! air4 #crd1 ! return+ wat] fall+ ^u t :i* is ris+4 ,! height ( ! jet is increas$ by hav+ ! orifices v small1 9 comp>ison ) ! conduct+ tube2 pi]c+ !m 9 a v ?9 wall1 & incl9+ ! jet a little1 ?us avoid+ ! effect ( ! return+ wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,height ( ! jet4--,if a jet issu+ f an orifice 9 a v]tical direction has ! same velocity z a body w\ld h :i* fell f ! surface ( ! liquid to t orifice1 ! jet ought to rise to ! level ( ! liquid4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 rea* ?is2 = ! p>ticles :i* fall h9d] x4 ,b by incl9+ ! jet at a small angle ) ! v]tical x rea*es ab\t #i_/aj ( ! !oretical height1 ! diff]5ce be+ due to friction & to ! resi/ance ( ! air4 ,! quantities ( wat] :i* issue f orifices ( diff]5t areas are v ne>ly proportional to ! size ( ! orifice1 provid$ ! level rema9s con/ant1 & ?is is true irrespective ( ! =m ( ! op5+ :i* may be r\nd1 squ>e1 or any o!r %ape4 ,escape ( liquids ?r\gh %ort tubes4--,we (t5 place 9 an orifice1 to increase ! fl[1 a %ort tube 7call$ an adjutage7 ei!r cyl9drical or conical4 ,if ! ve9 pass ?r\gh ! tube )\t adh]+ to x1 ! fl[ is n modifi$2 if ! ve9 adh]e 7! liquid wett+ ! int]ior walls7 ! contract$ "p is dilat$1 & ! fl[ is increas$4 ,9 ! la/ case1 & ) a cyl9drical adjutage1 its l5g? n be+ m ?an f\r times its diamet]1 ! fl[ is augm5t$ ab\t "o-?ird4 ,conical pipes1 conv]g+ t[>ds ! ext]ior1 increase ! fl[ /ill m ?an ! prec$+1 ! fl[ & velocity ( ! ve9 v>y+ ) ! angle4 ,escape ( liquids ?r\gh long tubes4--,:5 a liquid passes ?r\gh a long /raight tube1 ! fl[ soon dim9i%es greatly 9 velocity1 because ( ! friction :i* takes place betwe5 ! liquid p>ticles & ! walls4 ,if !re be any b5ds or curves 9 ! tube1 x is /ill fur!r dim9i%$ by ! same cause4 ,! dis*>ge is !n mu* less ?an x w\ld be f an orifice 9 a ?9 wall1 & !re=e ! tube is g5]ally incl9$2 ! liquid !n passes d[n ?is incl9$ plane1 or x is =c$ ?r\gh by pressure1 appli$ at ! opposite end4 ,direction ( ! jet f lat]al orifices4--,f ! pr9ciple ( ! equal transmission ( pressure1 wat] issues f an orifice 9 ! side ( a vessel ) ! same velocity z f an ap]ture 9 ! bottom ( a vessel at ! same dep?4 ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,wat] ,,pressure4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! table on ! next page1 x may be well to say t x has two uses2 by x :5 ! 8head0 is kn[n ! pressure c be asc]ta9$ to a fraction1 ?us1 ,ex4 #a1 ,if ! head is #adj feet1 !n ! pressure is #fjfd p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,aga91 ,ex4 #b1 ,if ! pressure is #aeaf p] squ>e in*1 !n ! head is #ce feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inside4 7,see ,page #aae47 ,,outside4 ,,pressure ,,( ,,wat]4 ,! pressure ( wat] 9 p\nds p] squ>e in* = e foot 9 height to #cjj feet2 & !n by int]vals1 to #ajjj feet head ,by ?is table1 f ! p\nds pressure p] squ>e in*1 ! feet head is readily obta9$2 & vice v]sa4 ---------------- ,feet ,pressure ,head4 p] squ>e in*4 ---------------- #a #jdc #b #jhf #c #acj #d #agc #e #baf #f #bei #g #cjc #h #cdf #i #chi #aj #dcc #aa #dgf #ab #ebj #ac #efc #ad #fjf #ae #fdi #af #fic #ag #gcf #ah #ggi #ai #hbb #bj #hff #ba #iji #bb #iec #bc #iif #bd #ajci #be #ajhb #bf #aabf #bg #aafi #bh #abab #bi #abee #cj #abii #ca #acdb #cb #achf #cc #adbi #cd #adgb #ce #aeaf #cf #aeei #cg #afjb #ch #afde #ci #afhi #dj #agcb #da #agge #db #ahai #dc #ahfb #dd #aije #de #aidi #df #aiib #dg #bjce #dh #bjgi #di #babb #ej #bafe #ea #bbji #eb #bbeb #ec #bbie #ed #bcci #ee #bchb #ef #bdbf #eg #bdfi #eh #beab #ei #beee #fj #beii #fa #bfdb #fb #bfhe #fc #bgbi #fd #bggb #fe #bhae #ff #bheh #fg #bijb #fh #bide #fi #bihh #gj #cjcb #ga #cjge #gb #caah #gc #cafb #gd #cbje #ge #cbdh #gf #cbib #gg #ccce #gh #ccgh #gi #cdba #hj #cdfe #ha #cejh #hb #ceeb #hc #ceie #hd #cfci #he #cfhb #hf #cgbe #hg #cgfh #hh #chab #hi #chee #ij #chih #ia #cidb #ib #cihe #ic #djbh #id #djgb #ie #daae #if #daeh #ig #dbja #ih #dbde #ii #dbhh #ajj #dcca #aja #dcge #ajb #ddah #ajc #ddfa #ajd #deje #aje #dedh #ajf #deia #ajg #dfcd #ajh #dfgh #aji #dgba #aaj #dgfd #aaa #dhjh #aab #dhea #aac #dhid #aad #dich #aae #diha #aaf #ejbd #aag #ejfh #aah #eaaa #aai #eaed #abj #eaih #aba #ebda #abb #ebhd #abc #ecbh #abd #ecga #abe #edae #abf #edeh #abg #eeja #abh #eedd #abi #eehh #acj #efca #aca #efgd #acb #egah #acc #egfa #acd #ehjd #ace #ehdh #acf #ehia #acg #eicd #ach #eigg #aci #fjba #adj #fjfd #ada #fajg #adb #faea #adc #faid #add #fbcg #ade #fbha #adf #fcbd #adg #fcfg #adh #fdaj #adi #fded #aej #fdig #aea #fedj #aeb #fehd #aec #ffbg #aed #ffgj #aee #fgad #aef #fgeg #aeg #fhjj #aeh #fhdc #aei #fhhg #afj #fica #afa #figd #afb #gjag #afc #gjfa #afd #gajd #afe #gadg #aff #gaia #afg #gbcd #afh #gbgg #afi #gcbj #agj #gcfd #aga #gdjg #agb #gdej #agc #gdid #agd #gecg #age #gehj #agf #gfbc #agg #gffg #agh #ggaj #agi #ggec #ahj #ggig #aha #ghdj #ahb #ghhd #ahc #gibg #ahd #gigj #ahe #hjad #ahf #hjeg #ahg #hajj #ahh #hadc #ahi #hahg #aij #hbcj #aia #hbgc #aib #hcag #aic #hcfj #aid #hdjc #aie #hddg #aif #hdij #aig #hecc #aih #hegf #aii #hfbj #bjj #hffc #bja #hgjg #bjb #hgej #bjc #hgic #bjd #hhcf #bje #hhhj #bjf #hibc #bjg #hiff #bjh #ijaj #bji #ijec #baj #ijif #baa #iaci #bab #iahc #bac #ibbf #bad #ibfi #bae #icac #baf #icef #bag #icii #bah #iddc #bai #idhf #bbj #iecj #bba #iegc #bbb #ifaf #bbc #iffj #bbd #igjc #bbe #igdf #bbf #igij #bbg #ihcc #bbh #ihgf #bbi #iibj #bcj #iifc #bca #ajjjf #bcb #ajjdi #bcc #ajjic #bcd #ajacf #bce #ajagi #bcf #ajbbc #bcg #ajbff #bch #ajcji #bci #ajcec #bdj #ajcif #bda #ajdci #bdb #ajdhc #bdc #ajebf #bdd #ajefi #bde #ajfac #bdf #ajfef #bdg #ajfii #bdh #ajgdc #bdi #ajghf #bej #ajhbi #bea #ajhgc #beb #ajiaf #bec #ajiei #bed #aajjc #bee #aajdf #bef #aajhi #beg #aaacb #beh #aaagf #bei #aabai #bfj #aabfb #bfa #aacjf #bfb #aacdi #bfc #aacib #bfd #aadcf #bfe #aadgi #bff #aaebb #bfg #aaeff #bfh #aafji #bfi #aafeb #bgj #aafif #bga #aagci #bgb #aaghb #bgc #aahbf #bgd #aahfi #bge #aaiab #bgf #aaief #bgg #aaiii #bgh #abjdb #bgi #abjhe #bhj #ababi #bha #abagb #bhb #abbae #bhc #abbei #bhd #abcjb #bhe #abcde #bhf #abchi #bhg #abdcb #bhh #abdge #bhi #abeah #bij #abefb #bia #abfje #bib #abfdh #bic #abfib #bid #abgce #bie #abggh #bif #abhbb #big #abhfe #bih #abijh #bii #abiea #cjj #abiie #caj #acdbh #cbj #achfb #ccj #adbie #cdj #adgbh #cej #aeafa #cfj #aeeid #cgj #afjbg #chj #afdfa #cij #afhid #djj #agcbg #ejj #bafeh #fjj #beiij #gjj #cjcbb #hjj #cdfed #ijj #chihf #ajjj #dccah ,,hydraulic ,,gauges4 ,! ,piezomet]1 or pressure gauge1 is an in/rum5t = measur+ ! pressure ( wat] 9 a pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,x may be broadly /at$ t all pressures & weights relat+ to wat]1 /eam1 gases1 etc41 are n[ record$ by gauges4 ,! pr9ciple ( con/ruction ( ! dial gauge is t ! pressure may be indicat$ by means ( a spr+ & po9t] ^u a divid$ dial simil> to a clock face1 b m>k$ 9 divisions1 indicat+ p\nds1 hundr$s1 etc41 pressure in/ead ( h\rs & m9utes4 ,! m approv$ =ms ( gauges are n[ con/ruct$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! ,b\rdon spr+ or metallic b>omet] inv5t$ 9 #ahdi4 7,see page #aac = illus47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciple--or discov]y--is ?is3 t a metal curv$ tube--oval cross section1 "u pressure1 t5ds to /raight5 itself accord+ to ! =ce ex]t$ by ! pressure inside4 ,figs4 #ajg & #ajh %[ ! ord9>y /yle ( gauge :i* consi/s ( an elliptical tube1 connect$ at "o end to a pipe 9 communication ) ! pressure1 & at ! o!r end ) too!d arc & p9ion to a po9t] sp9dle z %[n 9 cuts4 ,,note4--,hydraulic gauges are indisp5sable z x is (t5 necess>y to /op ! pressure at po9ts bel[ t at :i* ! safety valve has be5 set4 ,)9 ! gauges--or cases1 is a small coil$ tube clos$ at "o end1 :ile ! o!r end is atta*$ to ! socket ?r\gh :i* ! wat] is admitt$2 ?is tube has a t5d5cy to /raight5 :5 "u pressure1 & ?us its free clos$ end moves1 & ?is motion is communicat$ to ! po9t]2 :5 ! pressure is reliev$ ! tube assumes its orig9al position & ! po9t] returns to z]o4 ,!re are _m modifications & special adaptations ( ! ,b\rdon discov]y1 b ! pr9ciple rema9s1 & ! same useful results are obta9$ ) bo? s+le & d\ble tubes1 ! latt] be+ ! mo/ res5sitive4 ,fig4 #ajg %[s ! dial ( a hydraulic gauge :i* is graduat$ to suit ! "w to :i* x is relat$4 ,^! gauges are made = pressures f #a1jjj to #bj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! spr+s are =m$ ( heavy solid b> /eel turn$ & bor$ to size & are ( ! ,b\rdon /yle4 ,!y are 9 use 9 l>ge railroad %ops1 sug> ref9]ies & cotton-se$ oil mills4 ,^! gauges are also made ) connections ?r\gh ! back ( ! case4 ,! gauge illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ajh is us$ 9 connection ) hot wat] heat]s1 d5ot+ ! height ( column ( wat] 9 ! tank or res]voir1 "o h& be+ pa9t$ r$ & ! o!r black4 ,z x is necess>y to h at all times 9 ! tank or res]voir a c]ta9 height ( wat]1 ! r$ h& is set at ! po9t on ! dial :i* d5otes ?is height4 ,! black h& is connect$ ) ! work+ p>ts ( ! gauge & indicates on ! dial ! actual height ( wat] 9 ! tank or res]voir4 ,! dial ( ?is gauge is graduat$ 9 feet1 in/ead ( p\nds4 ,a *eck valve is almo/ indisp5sable 9 us+ a hydraulic gauge1 z ! pressure is (t5 sudd5ly remov$ & ! mom5tum ( ! h& w ?r[ ! p9ion out ( ge> ) ! too!d arc1 & is liable to break ! hair-spr+4 ,a *eck valve prev5ts any tr\ble ( ?is k9d & %\ld always be us$4 ,,wat] ,,pressure ,,ma*9es ,,wat] ,,:eels4 ,hydraulic ma*9]y may be broadly divid$ into #a4 ,motor ma*9es1 &1 #b4 ,pumps4 ,wat] motors may be divid$ into #a4 ,wat] :eels1 #b4 ,turb9es1 &1 #c4 ,wat] pressure eng9es4 ,9 hydraulic motor ma*9es a quantity ( wat] desc5d+ f a high] to a l[] level1 or f a high] to a l[] pressure1 drives a ma*9e :i* receives en]gy f ! wat] & applies x to ov]com+ ! resi/ances ( o!r ma*9es do+ "w4 ,9 ! next g5]al class1 "w done on ! ma*9e by a /eam eng9e or o!r s\rce ( en]gy is employ$ 9 lift+ wat] f a l[] to a high] level4 ,a few ma*9es su* z ! ram & jet pump comb9e ! functions ( bo? motors & pumps4 ,! subject ( wat] :eels is b a cont9uation ( mu* t has be5 illu/rat$ & def9$ 9 ! hi/orical introduction to :i* is n[ add$ ! foll[+ summ>y4 ,9 e sy/em ( ma*9]y d]iv+ en]gy f a natural wat]-fall !re exi/ ! foll[+ p>ts3 7#a7 ,a supply *annel1 lead+ ! wat] f ! highe/ accessible level1 to ! site ( ! ma*9e2 ?is may be an op5 *annel ( e>?1 masonry1 or wood1 or x may be a clos$ ca/ or wr\ght-iron pipe2 9 "s cases "p ( ! head race is an op5 *annel1 "p a clos$ pipe4 7#b7 ,lead+ f ! motor !re is a tail race1 culv]t1 or dis*>ge pipe deliv]+ ! wat] aft] x has done its "w4 7#c7 ,a wa/e *annel plac$ on or at ! orig9 ( ! head race by :i* surplus wat]1 9 floods1 escapes4 7#d7 ,! motor itself1 :i* ei!r ov]comes a useful resi/ance directly1 z 9 ! case ( a ram act+ on a lift or crane *a91 or indirectly by actuat+ transmissive ma*9]y1 z :5 a turb9e drives ! %aft+1 belt+1 & ge>+ ( a mill4 ,) ! motor is usually comb9$ regulat+ ma*9]y = adju/+ ! p[] & spe$1 to ! "w done4 ,! great conv5i5ce & simplicity ( wat] motors has l$ to _! adoption 9 c]ta9 cases1 :]e no natural s\rce ( wat] p[] is available4 ,9 ^! cases1 an artificial s\rce ( wat] p[] is creat$ by us+ a /eam eng9e to pump wat] to a res]voir at a great elevation1 or to pump wat] into a clos$ res]voir 9 :i* !re is great pressure4 ,wat] fl[+ f ! res]voir ?r\gh hydraulic eng9es gives back ! en]gy exp5d$1 less s mu* z has be5 wa/$ 9 friction4 ,:]e a cont9u\sly act+ /eam eng9e /ores up en]gy by pump+ ! wat]1 :ile ! "w done by ! hydraulic eng9es is done int]mitt5tly1--?is arrangem5t is consid]$ ! mo/ useful4 ,,note4--8,:]ev] a /ream fl[s f a high] to a l[] level x is possible to erect a wat] motor4 ,! am\nt ( p[] obta9able dep5ds on ! available head & ! supply ( wat]4 ,9 *oos+ a site ! eng9e] w select a portion ( ! /ream :]e !re is an abrupt natural fall1 or at lea/ a consid]able slope ( ! b$4 ,he w h reg>d to ! facility ( con/ruct+ ! *annels :i* are to convey ! wat]1 & w take advantage ( any b5d 9 ! riv] :i* enables him to %ort5 !m4 ,he w h accurate measurem5ts made ( ! quantity ( wat] fl[+ 9 ! /ream1 & he w endeavor to asc]ta9 ! av]age quantity available ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 ! m9imum quantity 9 dry seasons1 & ! maximum = :i* bye-wa% *annels mu/ be provid$4 ,9 _m cases ! natural fall c be increas$ by a dam or weir ?r[n across ! /ream4 ,! eng9e] w also exam9e to :at ext5t ! head may v>y 9 diff]5t seasons1 & :e!r x is necess>y to sacrifice "p ( ! fall & give a /eep slope to ! tail race to prev5t ! motor be+ flood$ by backwat] 9 fre%et "t4 ,9 design+ or select+ a wat] motor x is suffici5t to consid] only its effici5cy 9 normal work+ conditions4 ,x is g5]ally q z important to "k h[ x w act ) a scanty wat] supply or a dim9i%$ head4 ,! greate/ diff]5ce 9 wat] motors is 9 _! adaptability to v>y+ work+ conditions40--,,encyc4 ,,brit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,wat] :eels are l>ge v]tical :eels driv5 by wat] fall+ f a high] to a l[] level3 !y are motors on :i* ! wat] acts1 p>tly by weight1 p>tly by impulse4 ,turb9es are :eels1 g5]ally ( small size comp>$ ) wat] :eels1 driv5 *iefly by ! impulse ( ! wat]4 ,be=e ent]+ ! mov+ "p ( ! turb9e1 ! wat] is all[$ to acquire a consid]able velocity2 dur+ its action on ! :eel ?is velocity is dim9i%$1 & ! impulse due to ! *ange ( mom5tum drives ! turb9e4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! fluid acts 9 a wat]-pressure eng9e directly by its pressure1 9 a wat] :eel *iefly by its weight caus+ a pressure4 ,a flutt]-:eel is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,?is is a wat] :eel ( mod]ate diamet] plac$ at ! bottom ( a *ute s z to receive ! impact ( ! head ( wat] 9 ! *ute & p5/ock4 ,its "n is d]iv$ f its rapid motion1 ! effect ( :i* is to cause a commotion ( ! wat] l 8! flutt]+0 ( a f[l4 ,impact ,:eels4--,! simple/ & mo/ imp]fect ( ! horizontal :eels are ! s-call$ impact :eels or impact turb9es1 su* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,!y consi/ ( #af or #bj rectangul> blades fa/5$ to ! :eel at an incl9ation ( #ej to #gj ) ! horizon4 ,! wat] is br\ght on ?r\gh a race ( #dj to #bj incl9ation1 s t x /rikes at ab\t "r angles ^u ! blades4 ,^! :eels are us$ 9 falls f #aj to #bj ft41 :]e a l>ge numb] ( revolutions is necess>y1 z 9 gra9 mills1 :]e ! mov+ mill/one is hung on ! v]tical %aft ( ! :eel1 h5ce int]m$iate ge>+ is unnecess>y4 ,^! crude ma*9es are f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 ,nor? ,africa1 9 ! ,alps1 ,pyr5ees1 & 9 ,algi]s4 ,!y are ab\t #e ft4 9 diamet]1 & ! blades are #ae in*es high & #h to #aj in*es long 7measur$ radially74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,fig4 #aab %[s an 8und]%ot wat] :eel40 ,9 ?is /yle ( :eel1 ! "w is done by impact alone1 z ! runn+ wat] acts only on a few imm]s$ buckets on ! "u side ( ! :eel4 ,9 ! brea/ :eel1 ,fig4 #aac1 ! wat] is admitt$ on a level or slightly above ! c5t] ( ! %aft1 s t ! wat] acts by impact & weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,,note4--8,a weir is a dam erect$ across a riv] to /op & raise ! wat]1 z = ! purpose ( tak+ fi%1 ( convey+ a /ream to a mill1 ( ma9ta9+ ! wat] at a level requir$ = navigat+ x1 or = ! purposes ( irrigation40 ,= facilitat+ ! computation ( ! quantity ( wat] fl[+ ov] weirs1 ,weir ,tables1 are us$1 bas$ ^u approv$ =mulas1 ( :i* 8,francis' ,=mula0 is p]haps ! mo/ reliable4 ,^! tables are applicable to ! subject ( wat] :eels b _c be pr9t$ 9 ?is "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,fig #aad repres5ts an ov]-%ot wat] :eel 7,f ,g ,h ,l1 ) axis at ,o7 9 :i* ! wat] fl[s ^u ! top ( ! :eel at h1 9 ! same direction 9 :i* x revolves1 !re=e ! impact ( ! wat] is utiliz$ ^u ! upp] buckets ,h1 a1 b1 aft] :i* ! weight ( ! wat] acts 9 ! buckets c1 d1 e1 ,f1 e1 d & c4 ,at b ! buckets beg9 to ov]fl[ & empty !mselves z %[n at a4 ,x w be se5 t ! wat] acts ^u almo/ "o-half ! circumf]5ce ( ?is :eel1 ?us realiz+ ! greate/ me*anical effect ) ! smalle/ quantity ( wat]4 ,! curr5t-:eel is p]haps ! fir/ application ( ! =ce ( wat] 9 motion1 to drive ma*9]y4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4 ,c41 wat]-:eels = driv+ mills 7 us$ 9 ,asia ,m9or & on ! ,tib]4 ,9 ! =m] case we suppose1 b 9 ! latt] case we "k1 t ^! 7 curr5t-:eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,! tide or curr5t :eel1 7,fig4 #aae7 erect$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! nor? end ( ,london ,bridge1 & subsequ5tly "u its nor!rn ar*1 0 erect$ by ,pet] ,morice1 a ,dut*man1 9 #aehb1 & op]at$ =ce-pumps :i* suppli$ a "p ( ,london ) wat]4 ,! /&-pipe f ! pump 0 #abj feet high1 & conduct$ ! wat] to a ci/]n at t height4 ,! am\nt rais$ 0 ab\t #baf gallons p] m9ute4 ,! :eel work$ sixte5 pumps1 ea* #g in*es 9 diamet]1 & hav+ a uni=m /roke ( #cj in*es4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies ! works 7 ext5d$ f "t to "t1 & occupi$ "o aft] ano!r ( ! ar*es4 ,9 ! fir/ ar* ( ! bridge 0 "o :eel work+ sixte5 =ce-pumps4 ,9 ! ?ird ar* 7 ?ree :eels1 work+ fifty-two pumps4 ,! unit$ effect 0 #b1jeb gallons p] m9ute1 rais$ #abj feet high4 ,9 #agfg ,smeaton add$ :eels 9 ! fif? ar*4 ,/eam-eng9es 7 add$ ab\t ?is "t to assi/ at l[ wat] & at neap-tides4 ,?us ! matt] rema9$ till #ahba4 ,/[1 ! antiqu>ian & hi/orian1 describes ! works 9 #afjj2 & ,beighton 9 #agca gives an acc\nt ( !m at t date4 ,! wat]-:eels at t "t 7 plac$ "u sev]al ( ! ar*es4 ,! axis ( ^! :eels 0 #ai feet long #c feet diamet]4 ,! radial arms support$ ! r+s & tw5ty-six floats1 #ad feet long by #ah in*es wide4 ,! axis turn$ on brass gudgeons support$ by c\nt]pois$ lev]s1 :i* p]mitt$ ! v]tical adju/m5t ( ! :eel z ! tide rose & fell4 ,on ! axis ( ! :eel 0 a cog-:eel #h feet 9 diamet] & hav+ =ty-f\r cogs2 me%+ into a trundle-:eel #d-a_/b feet 9 diamet] & hav+ #bj r\nds1 or p9s & ^: iron axle revolv$ 9 brasses4 ,! axis ( ! trundle 0 prolong$ at ea* end1 & _h quadruple cranks :i* connect$ by rods to ! ends ( f\r walk+ beams #bd feet long1 ^: o!r ends work$ ! pi/on-rods ( ! pumps4 ,! axis ( oscillation ( ! lev] support+ ! :eel1 & by :i* x 0 adju/$ to ! height ( ! tide1 0 co9cid5t ) ! axis ( ! trundle1 s t ! latt] engag$ ! #h-;feet cog-:eel 9 all conditions ( v]tical adju/m5t4 ,cranks op]at$ "o end ( ! beams :ile pumps 7 atta*$ to ! o!r end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,fig4 #aaf exhibits an ov]%ot wat] :eel employ$ at ,laxey1 ,isle ( ,man1 = driv+ ! pumps :i* dra9 ! m9es at t village2 ^! h an extreme dep? ( #a1chj feet4 ,! :eel is #gb feet #f in*es 9 diamet]1 #f feet 9 bread?1 ex]ts a =ce ( ab\t #bjj horse-p[] & is capable ( pump+ #bej gallons p] m94 f a dep? ( #a1bjj feet4 ,its crank-/roke is #aj feet4 ,! wat] = driv+ x is conduct$ by pipes f a res]voir on a neighbor+ hill1 & asc5ds 9 ! column ( masonry %[n to ! left ( ! :eel4 7,knight ,vol4 ,,iii47 ,an extra crank appe>s to be %[n 9 ! =egr\nd ( ?is reproduction ( an old draw+4 ,,turb9e ,,wat] ,,:eels4 ,! ^w turb9e is d]iv$ f ! ,lat91 8turbo0--t :i* sp9s or :irls ar\nd--a :irlw9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,! turb9e is a horizontal wat] :eel1 & is simil> to ! hydraulic t\rniquet or reaction :eel %[n 9 ,fig4 #aag4 ,?is consi/s ( a glass vessel1 ,m1 conta9+ wat] & capable ( mov+ ab\t its v]tical axis4 ,at ! l[] "p !re is a tube1 ,c1 b5t horizontally 9 opposite direction at ! two ends4 ,if ! vessel 7 full ( wat] & ! tubes clos$1 ! pressure ( ! sides ( ,c w\ld balance ea* o!r1 be+ equal & act+ 9 contr>y direction3 b1 be+ op51 ! wat] runs out & ! pressure is n ex]t$ on ! op5 "p b only on ! opposite side1 z %[n 9 ! figure ,a4 ,& ?is pressure1 n be+ neutraliz$ by an opposite pressure1 imp>ts a rot>y motion 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 ! velocity ( :i* increases ) ! height ( ! liquid & ! size ( ! ap]ture4 ,?is description & ! illu/ration gives an idea ( ! crude reaction :eel inv5t$ by ,b>k] ab\t #agdj2 aga9 a turb9e is simply a c5trifugal pump rev]s$1 b ! turb9e is usually furni%$ ) curv$ guide vanes to guide ! wat] z x ent]s ! :eel4 ,,note4--,! /eam turb9e has come into common use & competes 9 its economical p]=mance ) ! simpl] & less economical types ( ! /eam eng9e2 x is impell$ by /eam jets1 ! /eam imp++ ^u vanes or buckets on ! circumf]5ce ( a rotat+ disc or cyl9d]4 ,9 ^? turb9es :i* are )\t guide blades--i4 e41 :i* h a high fall--! dis*>g$ wat] /ill possesses a great velocity & ! :eel is !reby depriv$ ( a consid]able "p ( me*anical p[]4 ,?is loss c1 h[ev]1 be obviat$ or less5$ by us+ ! en]gy ( ?is dis*>g$ wat] to drive a second :eel4 ,a con/ruction ( ?is sort has be5 c>ri$ out by ,ob]-,b]gra? ,al?aus 9 ! tann+ mill at ,vall5d> ne> ,ehr5breit/e94 ,! ess5tial p>ts ( ! arrangem5t c be se5 9 ,fig4 #aah4 ,a ,e ,a is an ord9>y reaction :eel ) f\r curv$ revolv+ pipes & a fall ( #abd ft41 & ,b ,b is a l>g] :eel ) floats :i* is set 9 rotation by ! wat] issu+ f ,a4 ,a4 ,s9ce ! two :eels turn 9 opposite directions1 !y mu/ be connect$ toge!r by a special =m ( :eel-"w4 ,! out] :eel af=ds ! additional advantage ( s]v+ at ! same "t z a fly-:eel1 !reby giv+ a m uni=m rate ( motion to ! :ole ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,turb9es are v>i\sly con/ruct$1 b all h curv$ floats or buckets aga9/ :i* ! wat] acts by its impulse or reaction 9 fl[+ ei!r outw>d f a #a c5tral *amb]1 #b inw>d f an ext]nal cas+1 #c f above d[nw>d1 &1 #d f bel[2 ^! con/ructions are ei!r divid$ into outw>d1 v]tical or c5tral dis*>ge :eels4 ,turb9es may also be divid$ into reaction turb9es1 or ^? actuat$ sub/antially by ! wat] pass+ ?r\gh !m 7_! buckets mov+ 9 a direction opposite to t ( ! fl[72 impulse turb9es or ^? pr9cipally driv5 by impact aga9/ _! blades or buckets 7! buckets mov+ ) ! fl[72 & comb9$ reaction & impulse :eels :i* include ! be/ mod]n types ( turb9es4 ,9 reaction turb9es ! :eel passages are design$ to be always full & !re=e ! wat] "u pressure2 9 ! impulse turb9e ! passages are n usually full4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,turb9es 9 :i* ! wat] fl[s 9 a direction p>allel to ! axis are call$ p>allel fl[ turb9es--or j\rnal turb9es4 ,! turb9e-dynamomet] is a device us$ = measur+s or te/+ ! p[] deliv]$ by turb9es 7:5ce its "n74 ,f\rneyron's ,turb9e4 ,?is is1 9 its late/ =m1 :5 prop]ly con/ruct$1 ! ne>e/ p]fect ( ! horizontal wat]-:eels4 ,x revolves ei!r 9 ! air or "u wat]1 & may be ei!r high or l[ pressure4 ,= ! l[-pressure :eel1 ! wat] ent]s ! flume f ! op5 res]voir1 ) free surface1 z 9 ,fig4 #aai4 ,= high pressure1 ! res]voir is box$ up & ! wat] br\ght 9 at ! side ?r\gh a pipe1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abd1 page #acf4 ,! fir/ is = l[ & ! second = high falls4 ,,note4--,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! turb9e is "o ( consid]able int]e/ especially 9 view ( ! developm5t ( ! /eam1 f ! wat] turb9e4 8,m4 ,f\rneyron1 :o began 8 exp]im5ts 9 #ahbc1 erect$ 8 fir/ turb9e 9 #ahbg1 at ,pont sur l',ognon1 9 ,france4 ,! result f> exce$$ 8 expectations1 b he _h mu* prejudice to cont5d )1 & x 0 n until #ahcd t he con/ruct$ ano!r1 9 ,fran*e ,comt at ! iron-works ( ,m4 ,c>on1 to bl[ a furnace4 ,x 0 ( #g or #h horse-p[]1 & work$ at times ) a fall ( only #i in*es4 ,its p]=mance 0 s satisfactory t ! same proprietor _h aft]w>ds ano!r ( #ej horse-p[] erect$1 to replace #b wat]-:eels1 :i* toge!r1 7 equal to #cj horse-p[]4 ,! fall ( wat] 0 #d feet #c in*es1 & ! useful effect1 v>i$ ) ! head & ! imm]sion ( ! turb9e1 #fe to #hj p] c5t4 ,sev]al o!rs 7 n[ erect$3 #b = falls ( sev5 feet2 #a at ,inval1 ne> ,gisors1 = a fall ( #f feet #f in*es1 ! p[] be+ ne>ly #dj-;horse1 on ! riv] ,ept1 exp5d+ #ce cubic feet ( wat] p] second1 ! useful effect be+ #ga p] c5t4 ( ! =ce employ$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,! ,leffel-,samson turb9e :eel is %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ,fig4 #abj1 page #abi1 :]e ,n4,n4 repres5ts ! bottom ca/+ ( ! case flang$ to support ! :eel by re/+ ^u ! bottom ( ! p5/ock4 ,! draft tube ,i is ( conical %ape z repres5t$ at ,j4 ,j4 to r$uce ! friction ( dis*>ge wat] :i* aft] p]=m+ its "w 9 ! :eel escapes at ! bottom ( ! draft tube4 ,?is tube mu/ always project into ! tail wat] at lea/ two or ?ree in*es4 ,! gates ,h4,h4,h4 are pivot$ at ! c5t] s t !y are balanc$ & are op5$ & clos$ ) ! lea/ possible friction4 ,^! gates are op]at$ by rods ,l4 ,l41 connect+ ) a rack & p9ion :i* are manipulat$ by ! op]ator z occasion requires1 by an ext5sion %aft f ! c\pl+ ,k1 hav+ a h&-:eel on top4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,p[] is transmitt$ f ! :eel %aft ,f to ! ge>s & pulleys connect$ ) ! c\pl+ above2 ! mann] ( sett+ turb9e :eels 9 op5/ocks is %[n a few pages fur!r on4 ,f ! con/ruction ( gates & guides ^u turb9e :eels "o may readily see ! absolute necessity ( c>efully gu>d+ ! flume aga9/ ! admission ( /icks & o!r solid mat]ials t might wreck ! :eel or jam ! gates s t !y c\ld n be op]at$2 ?is is be/ accompli%$ by plac+ a wat] rack 9 front ( ! head gate at ! entrance to ! flume4 ,^! wat] racks are be/ made ( flat b>s ( wr\ght iron plac$ edgewise 9 a v]tical position1 or :at is bett]1 let ! top incl9e say "o foot or two 7dep5d+ ^u ! size ( flume7 t[>ds ! head gates4 ,:5 plac$ 9 an incl9$ position x is v mu* easi] to clean ! rack f drift wood & ! l ?an :5 plac$ 9 a v]tical position z by means ( a hoe or scrap] ^! ob/ructions may be haul$ up ov] ! top ( ! incl9$ rack4 ,! racks %\ld be made v /rong & sub/antial to gu>d aga9/ be+ brok5 by ice 9 ! w9t]1 = %\ld ! rack give way at any inopportune "t ! admission ( /icks & o!r rubbi% might wreck ! :eel4 ,! 8runn]0 :i* is ! revolv+ "p1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aba1 is compos$ ( two sep>ate & di/9ct types ( :eels1 & has two diamet]s1 z %[n4 ,ea* :eel or set ( buckets receives its sep>ate quantity ( wat] f "o & ! same set ( guides b ea* set acts only once & indep5d5tly ^u ! wat] us$1 h5ce ! wat] does n act twice ^u ! comb9$ :eel z might be suppos$1 z 9 ! comp\nd /eam eng9e4 ,! upp] :eel ,g receives ! wat] z %[n by ! arr[s at ,a1 & has a c5tral & d[nw>d dis*>ge1 :ile ! l[] :eel ,c receives ! wat] z %[n by ! arr[s at ,b & has an inw>d1 d[nw>d & outw>d dis*>ge z %[n by ! arr[s at ,d4 ,^! two sets ( buckets ne$ to be exce$+ly /rong4 ,! l[] set ,b are made ( heavy flang$ /eel plate & are ca/ into _! places by be+ plac$ 9 ! s& m\ld1 & ! ca/ iron fl[s ar\nd !m =m+ ! heavy r+ ,c1 surr\nd+ ! out] & l[] edges4 ,?is r+ is a "p ( ! diaphragm :i* sep>ates ! two :eels4 ,! upp] edge ( ! r+ ,c is bevel$ to =m a neat jo9t :i* prev5ts any unnecess>y loss ( wat]4 ,?is runn] is balanc$ & secur$ to a hamm]$ iron or /eel %aft ,f4 ,x is support$ usually by a /ep ( ! be/ specially select$ h>d wood ?or\ghly soak$ 9 oil = mon?s be=e use4 ,! l[] end ( ! %aft is di%$ out at ,e1 =m+ a true arc ( a circle--concave--:ile ! wood5 /ep is made sph]ical--convex--to fit into ! end ( ! %aft4 ,! /ep is =m$ 9 ?is way s t no s& c lodge betwe5 ! be>+ surfaces1 & cut !m out4 ,! resid5t oil 9 ! wood comb9$ ) ! wat] make a mo/ durable means ( lubrication1 & ^! /eps la/ = _m mon?s :]e ! wat] is cle>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,to get at ! exact quantity ( wat] consum$ by a turb9e :eel1 "o _c make an accurate calculation f ! op5+s ?r\gh ! :eels b ! wat] is measur$ aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh ! :eel1 z x fl[s away into ! tail race4 ,any slight v>iation 9 ! =m ( buckets or admission ap]tures w make an appreciable v>iation 9 ! quantity ( wat] dis*>g$ by a turb9e :eel4 ,^! :eels are made ei!r = v]tical or horizontal %afts & are also made s+le or d\ble4 ,! engrav+1 ,fig4 #abb1 %[s a ,h]cules turb9e )9 ! case & gate ready to set 9 ! p5/ock4 ,up to ! ye> #ahgf ?is make ( :eel te/$ at ! flume ( ! ,holyoke ,wat] ,works %[$ ! highe/ effici5cy at all /ages ( gate1 namely #hg p] c5t4 7page #ig1 ,em]son's te/s74 ,! design ( case w naturally lead ! read] to conclude t ?is :eel has1 #a1 an inw>d1 #b1 d[nw>d &1 #c1 an outw>d dis*>ge :i* is correct4 ,! gate is simply a curb or holl[ cyl9d] :i* =ms a sleeve outside ! case & is rais$ & l[]$ by ! ge>+ & rack %ewn 9 ! engrav+4 ,z ?is sleeve rises x gradually uncov]s ! op5+s %[n :i* admits wat] into ! :eel4 ,horizontal ,turb9e--,! turb9e ( #aj1ejj horse p[] in/all$ 9 ! ,%aw9igan plant1 ,canada1 see ,,iv ,pt4 #b4 is ( ! horizontal type1 ! wat] ent]+ at1 ,a1 ! l[e/ "p ( ! turb9e & fl[s ar\nd & fills ! out] special tube1 passes ?r\gh an annul> gate1 fl[s radially ?r\gh ! :eel !nce out ?r\gh two draft tubes1 ,b1 "o on ea* side4 ,! weight ( ! wat] :eel is #ahb tons1 ! %aft weigh+ #aj tons & ! bronze runn] #e tons4 ,x is #cj feet f base to top & #cb feet #b-a_/b in*es wide ov] all4 ,! %aft1 ,c1 is ( solid =g$ /eel1 #bb in*es diamet] 9 ! middle1 tap]+ d[n to #aj in*es diamet] on "o end & #af in*es diamet] on ! o!r1 ! di/ance betwe5 be>+s be+ #bg feet4 ,! intake is #aj feet 9 diamet] & ! quantity ( wat] go+ ?r\gh ! turb9e :5 develop+ full p[] is #cie1jjj gallons a m9ute4 ,! spe$ ( ! :eel is #ahj revolutions p] m9ute ) a head ( wat] act+ on ! turb9e ( #abe to #ace feet4 ,fig #abc is design$ to %[ ,! ,sett+ ( a turb9e :eel 9 a wood5 p5/ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,! pr9cipal & mo/ ess5tial dim5sions necess>y to be consid]$ 9 sett+ turb9es are indicat$ by lett]s1 ea* size hav+ its own p>ticul> dim5sions4 ,9 sett+ ! :eel 9 ! ord9>y p5/ock x is necess>y 9 ! fir/ place1 to h ! floor exactly level1 & x is g5]ally m conv5i5t to lay d[n a r+ ( s(t wood ar\nd ! hole 9 ! floor1 z x w be mu* easi] to dress (f ) a plane ?an ! plank floor4 ,! floor %\ld be support$ by po/s "u ! timb]s ar\nd ! hole1 s t !re w be no settl+ ( ! floor aft] be+ once made level4 ,z ! flange on :i* ! :eel re/s is turn$ true1 ! :eel w1 :5 plac$ on ?is level floor1 /& 9 ! exact position requir$1 i4 e41 ! %aft w be exactly v]tical4 ,if ! :eel is a l>ge "o & 0 tak5 ap>t = %ipm5t1 ! draft tube is fir/ erect$ 9 position1 !n ! :eel is plac$ on its /ep1 ! o!r p>ts be+ put on 9 _! ord]4 ,! /ep & o!r be>+s are adju/$ be=e leav+ ! %op1 b x w sometimes happ5 t !y w 9 "s way get %ift$1 & z ! :eel is be+ put toge!r1 !y %\ld be inspect$ & readju/$1 if necess>y4 ,! only *ange t c occur 9 ! /ep is its v]tical adju/m5t1 :i* is regulat$ by screws4 ,:5 ! "r height is f\nd1 ! broad flange ar\nd ! l[] "p ( ! :eel %\ld /& ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* bel[ ! "u side ( ! base ( ! guide rim :]e x re/s ^u ! draft tube4 ,! adju/able be>+ on ! top ( ! cov] plate %\ld be fitt$ up closely ar\nd ! %aft1 b n screw$ s tightly z to b9d x4 ,all ^! :eels above fifte5 in*es 9 diamet] are provid$ ) *a9s & weights to c\nt]balance ! weight ( ! gate1 s t x w move easily4 ,x is be/1 :5 x c be done )\t mu* tr\ble1 to c>ry ! weights outside ( ! flume1 b !y c be us$ inside :]e ! height is suffici5t1 al?\gh x w require a little m weight to be z effective4 ,:5 ! :eel is n likely to be />t$ up at once1 x is a good plan1 :5 putt+ x toge!r1 to sme> ! /ep & ! %aft at ! be>+ ) tall[1 z a protection aga9/ ru/ :ile x rema9s idle4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to use a draft tube long] ?an is ord9>ily atta*$ to ! :eel4 ,if prop]ly con/ruct$ & appli$ !re w be no s5sible loss ( p[]1 b x mu/ be air tight1 & :5 ( consid]able l5g? x is bett] enl>g$ gradually t[>d ! l[] end1 especially 9 cases :]e x may be necess>y to c>ry ?is tube ne> ! pit bottom4 ,iron cases = ,turb9es4 ,fig4 #abd %[s ! sett+ ( a ,h]cules :eel )9 an iron case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #abd4 ,al?\gh ! exp5se ( iron is z a rule consid]ably great] ?an wood1 ! results obta9$ by ! use ( iron cases & p5/ocks are mu* bett] ?an c\ld be possible ) wood1 on acc\nt ( _! durability & fre$om f leakage4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t !re is a great risk ( ! /ep becom+ heat$ & burn+ out :5 plac$ 9 a draft tube above ! tail-wat]1 & a jet ( wat] is requir$ to c\nt]act ?is t5d5cy to ov]heat4 ,z all su* fixtures are liable to d]angem5t & (t5 fail to op]ate1 we are 9 favor ( sett+ ! :eel ) ! /ep imm]s$1 :5ev] x c be done )\t too great exp5se4 ,?is case consi/s ( two ca/ iron heads ) boil] iron sides & is provid$ ) a cov]1 s t ! :eel may be tak5 out entire4 ,?is cov] is fitt$ ) /uff+ boxes = bo? :eel & gate %afts1 & a manhole af=ds easy access to ! :eel4 ,! be>+ surfaces ( ! heads are nicely turn$1 insur+ tight jo9ts1 & all holes = rivets are accurately spac$ & drill$4 ,! heads ( ! l>g] cases are made to clamp1 ! two halves be+ plan$ toge!r2 ! cases are fitt$ ) m\?pieces hav+ ca/ iron flanges = fe$] connections1 to secure by bolts to ei!r iron or wood5 fe$]s4 ,:]e two :eels ( ! same or diff]5t diamet]s are to be us$1 correspond+ cases connect$ 9 ! c5tre ) "o common fe$] connection1 or are plac$ 9 cases provid$ ) sep>ate fe$]s4 ,9 connection ) ^! cases an iron draft tube ( any desir$ l5g? may be us$4 ,! :eel is usually fitt$ to ! case be=e leav+ ! works1 & 9 erect+ ! small] :eels1 all t rema9s to be done is to set ! case on ! f\ndations provid$ = x & make ! necess>y connections z /at$ 9 explanation previ\sly made = ,figs4 #abb & #abc4 ,! g5]al arrangem5ts requir$ = ! prop] erection ( turb9es are well und]/ood by compet5t millwrights & d n 9 ord9>y cases pres5t any s]i\s difficulties4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to _m1 & to ! advantage ( "s :o may consid] ! use ( wat] p[]1 if a few g5]al rem>ks on ?is subject are add$4 ,9 practice !re is almo/ always a little loss ( head due to ! velocity ) :i* ! wat] passes ?r\gh ! *annels lead+ to & away f ! :eel1 & x %\ld be ! aim 9 con/ruct+ flumes to br+ ! loss to a m9imum4 ,:5 ! size ( ! :eel & ! quantity ( wat] to be us$ h be5 det]m9$1 #a1 ! size ( ! conduit = c>ry+ ! wat] to ! :eel1 #b1 ! wid? & dep? ( ! :eel-pit & tail-race1 & #c1 ! dim5sions & location ( ! flume = ! :eel are to be consid]$ & prop]ly arrang$4 ,all ( ^! %\ld be ( su* dim5sions z to insure ! fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh !m at a mod]ate velocity1 & ) z little *ange ( direction z may be practicable4 ,! l>g] ! pipe or canal ! bett]1 b !re mu/ be a limit 9 practice1 & x may be laid d[n z a g5]al rule t a velocity ( ?ree feet p] second is good practice 9 %ort tubes ( uni=m section ( n m ?an fifty feet 9 l5g?2 b ! velocity %\ld be r$uc$ z ! di/ance increases1 until 9 a l5g? ( #bjj feet1 x %\ld n exce$ two feet p] second4 ,! same rule applies to ! tail-race1 except t ! velocity %\ld be some:at l[] 9 dit*es cut ?r\gh rock or e>? & hav+ ! naturally result+ r\ghness ( sides & bottom4 ,! wid? & dep? ( ! pit bel[ ! :eel may1 = a giv5 :eel1 v>y some:at z ! wat] dis*>g$ into x is great] or less2 !re=e1 ! dim5sions %\ld increase ) a great] head = ! same :eel4 ,! foll[+ is an approximate rule = ! dim5sions ( ! pit1 say = a head ( tw5ty feet3 wid? ( pit equal to f\r times ! diamet] ( :eel1 dep? bel[ ! level ( tail-wat] "o & a half times ! diamet] ( :eel4 ,! flume = ! :eel %\ld be ab\t ?ree times ! diamet] ( ! :eel 9 its wid? or diamet]1 & if x is deck$ ov] at ! top x %\ld be high en\gh inside to cle> ! c\pl+ on ! :eel %aft4 ,! ,wat]tight ,turb9e is a special ma*9e design$ to keep ! case tight by ! pressure ( ! wat] aga9/ ! gates at ! sides1 no matt] h[ mu* ^! gates we>4 ,fig4 #abe %[s ! plan ( *utes1 gate-seats1 gates1 & buckets ( ! :eel4 ,"p ( ! gates are %[n op51 & o!rs are clos$4 ,! gates make a qu>t] ( a turn 9 op5+1 & ! same 9 %utt+1 & to op5 all ! gates1 ! gate :eel makes half a revolution4 ,! upp] half ( case %[s ! gate-:eel & p9ion = op]at+ its p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,illu/ration ,! small illu/ration is a p]spective view ( ! gate & gate segm5t us$ on ! wat]tight turb9e4 ,! "p cut away =ms "p ( ! *ute :5 ! gate is op5 z %[n 9 ! l[] left-h& side ( ! figure4 ,! %>p edge ( ! gate cuts (f /icks & rubbi% :i* are liable to get 9 ! :eel1 :i* is an obvi\s advantage4 ,ano!r desirable feature claim$ = ?is :eel is ! plan ( op]at+ ! gates 9 opposite pairs2 by ?is means #b1 #d1 #f1 #h or #aj full gates may be op5$ at w1 accord+ to ! p[] requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,niag>a ,,falls ,,turb9e4--,,fig4 #abf4 ,turb9es at ,niag>a ,falls4 ,a numb] ( turb9es in/all$ at ,niag>a ,falls1 ,n4 ,y41 are "h briefly describ$2 !y are ab\t #e1jjj horse-p[] ea*2 a canal leads wat] f ! riv] to ! :eel pit4 ,! wat] is c>ri$ d[n ! pit ?r\gh /eel p5/ocks to ! turb9es1 :i* are plac$ #acf feet bel[ ! wat] level 9 ! canal4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! :eels ! wa/e wat] is convey$ to ! riv] bel[ by a tunnel #g1jjj feet long4 ,! 8plan0 ,fig4 #abf %[s a cross-section ( ! :eel pit1 ) an end view ( a p5/ock1 :eel case & %aft4 ,fig4 #abf exhibits "p ( a v]tical section ( ! :eel pit & a side view ( ?is p5/ock1 ) ! enclos+ case & %aft ( ! turb9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,top ,,view ,,or ,,plan ,,( ,,fig4 #abf4 ,?is turb9e has a rock-surface :eel pit1 b ?is surface is protect$ by a brick l9+ hav+ a ?ickness ( ab\t #ae in*es4 ,! wid? ( ! :eel pit is #bj feet at ! top & #af feet at ! bottom1 & ! cyl9drical p5/ock is #g-a_/b feet 9 diamet]4 ,! %aft ( ! turb9e is a /eel tube #ch in*es 9 diamet]1 built 9 ?ree sections1 & connect$ by %ort solid /eel %afts #aa in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* revolve 9 be>+s4 ,on ! top ( ea* %aft is a dynamo = g5]at+ ! electric p[]4 ,9 ,fig4 #abf is %[n a v]tical section ( ! l[] "p ( ! p5/ock1 %aft1 & tw9 :eels4 ,! wat] fills ! cas+ ar\nd ! %aft1 passes bo? upw>d & d[nw>d to ! guide passages1 ?r\gh :i* x ent]s ! two :eels1 causes !m to revolve1 & !n drops d[n to ! tail race at ! entrance to ! tunnel1 :i* c>ries x away to ! riv]4 ,! gate = regulat+ ! supply is se5 ^u ! outside ( ^! :eels1 bo? at ! top & bottom1 ,fig4 #abf4 ,fig4 #abh gives a l>g] v]tical section ( ! l[] :eel ) ! guides1 %aft1 & connect+ memb]s4 ,! guide passages1 & ! :eel passages1 are triple z %[n s t ! latt] may be fill$ n only at full gate1 b also :5 x is "o-?ird or two-?irds op51 ?us avoid+ ! loss ( en]gy due to sudd5 enl>gem5t ( ! fl[+ /ream4 ,! two horizontal p>titions 9 ! :eel are also advantage\s 9 /r5g!n+ x4 ,! inn] radius ( ! :eel is #ca-a_/b in*es & ! out] radius is #cg-a_/b in*es1 :ile ! dep? is ab\t #ab in*es4 ,9 ?is figure ! gate is repres5t$ clos$ & to op51 x moves d[nw>d uncov]+ ! guide passages z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abf1 ! position x occupies load$4 ,9 ,fig4 #abg is %[n a half-plan ( "o ( ! :eels1 9 a "p ( :i* are se5 ! guides & vanes1 !re be+ #cf ( ! =m] & #cb ( ! latt]4 ,al?\gh ! wat] on leav+ ! :eel is dis*>g$ into ! air1 ! v small annul> space betwe5 ! guides & vanes1 toge!r ) ! decreas+ area betwe5 ! vanes f ! entrance to ! exit orifices1 ensures t ! :eels move l reaction turb9es = ! ?ree positions ( ! gates correspond to ! ?ree horizontal /ages or op5+s ?r\gh ! guides z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abh1 i4 e41 ?ree /ages ( gate4 ,,note4--,a te/ ( "o ( ^! :eels1 made 9 #ahie1 develop$ #e1dih electrical horse-p[]1 g5]at$ by an exp5diture ( #ddgb cubic feet ( wat] p] second "u a head ( #acea feet4 ,! effici5cy ( ! dynamo be+ #ig p] c5t41 ! effici5cy ( ! :eel & approa*es 0 #hb-a_/b p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,! av]age dis*>ge ?r\gh "o ( ^! tw9 turb9es is ab\t #dcj cubic feet p] second1 & ! !oretic p[] due to ?is dis*>ge is #f1fde horse-p[]4 ,h5ce if #e1jjj horse-p[] be utiliz$ ! effici5cy is #ge4b p] c5t4 ,"u ?is dis*>ge ! mean velocity ( wat] 9 ! p5/ock is ne>ly #aj feet p] second1 b ! loss ( head due to friction 9 ! p5/ock w be b a small fraction ( a foot4 ,! pressure-head 9 ! :eel case is !n practically t due to ! actual /atic head1 or closely #ada-a_/b feet ^u ! l[] & #acj feet ^u ! upp] :eel4 ,! absolute velocity ( ! wat] :5 ent]+ ! :eel is ab\t #ff feet p] second1 s t ! pressure-head 9 ! guide passages ( ! upp] :eel is ne>ly #ff feet4 ,! mean absolute velocity ( ! wat] :5 leav+ ! :eels is ab\t #ai feet p] second1 s t ! loss due to ?is is only ab\t #d p] c5t4 ( ! total head4 ,,note4--,! above description ref]s to ! t5 turb9es 9 :eel pit ,no4 #a4 ,! illu/rations are ^? ( ! :eels call$ units #a1 #b1 & #c :i* 7 in/all$ 9 #ahid & #ahie4 ,units #d to #aj1 inclusive1 in/all$ 9 #ahih-aijj1 are ( ! same type except t bo? ! p5/ock & :eel case h ca/-iron ribs on _! sides :i* re/ on massive ca/+s built into ! masonry ( ! side walls4 ,?is arrangem5t disp5ses ) ! support+ gird]s %[n 9 ,fig4 #abf & gives mu* great] rigidity to bo? p5/ocks & :eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--;,,enl>g$ ,,v]tical ,,section ,,( ,,l[] ,,:eel1 ,,%[+ ,,gates4 ,! weight ( ! dynamo1 %aft1 & turb9e is balanc$1 :5 ! :eels are 9 motion1 by ! upw>d pressure ( ! wat] 9 ! :eel case on a pi/on plac$ above ! upp] :eel4 ,! upp] disc conta9+ ! guides is1 = ?is purpose1 p]=at$1 s t ! wat] pressure c be equaliz$4 ,,wat] ,,pressure ,,eng9es4 ,wat] pressure eng9es are ma*9es ) a cyl9d] & pi/on or ram1 9 pr9ciple id5tical ) ! correspond+ "p ( a /eam eng9e2 ! wat] is alt]nately admitt$ to & dis*>g$ f ! cyl9d]1 caus+ a reciprocat+ action ( ! pi/on or ram4 ,x is admitt$ at a high pressure & aft] do+ its "w on ! pi/on is dis*>g$4 ,! wat] 9 "s ( ^! ma*9es acquires a high velocity2 ! useful "w is due to ! diff]5ce 9 ! pressure ( admission & dis*>ge1 :e!r t pressure is due to ! weight ( a column ( wat] ( m or less consid]able height1 or is artificially produc$4 ,:5 an incompressible fluid su* z wat]1 is us$ to actuate pi/on eng9es1 two special difficulties arise4 ,"o is t ! lo/ "w 9 friction is v great1 if ! wat] atta9s a consid]able velocity2 ano!r is t !re is ov]-/ra9+ action on ! ma*9]y4 ,! viol5t /ra9+ action due to ! m or less sudd5 arre/ ( ! motion ( wat] 9 ma*9]y is t]m$ hydraulic %ock4 ,= ^! reasons ! maximum velocity ( fl[ ( wat] 9 reciprocat+ hydraulic ma*9es %\ld g5]ally n exce$ #e to #aj feet p] second4 ,"u high pressure1 :]e !re is less object 9 sav+ & x is v important to keep ! dim5sions ( ! ma*9]y small1 ,mr4 ,&]son gives #bd feet p] second z ! limit ( velocity4 ,9 l>ge wat]-pressure eng9es us$ = pump+ m9es ! av]age pi/on spe$ does n exce$ #a_/b to #b feet p] second4 ,! suitability ( wat] = ! transmission ( p[] has be5 fully recogniz$ 9 rec5t ye>s2 ! facility ) :i* wat] "u pressure is capable ( be+ utiliz$1 & ! advantages t att5d its use 9 motors h result$ 9 _m practical difficulties be+ ov]come1 :i* 7 at fir/ consid]$ insurm\ntable4 ,at ! outset ( ! employm5t ( wat] pressure x 0 fe>$ t ! wat] 9 ! pipes & ma*9]y might freeze4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has be5 f\nd n to be a difficulty :]e well-kn[n precautions are tak54 ,! work+ p>ts %\ld1 :]e possible1 be plac$ "u gr\nd1 or %\ld be cas$ 91 if !y are above gr\nd4 ,! wat] %\ld be run out ( all valves & cyl9d]s :i* _c be cas$ 91 & protect$ z soon z ! work+ ( ! ma*9e ceases4 ,a v small gas jet or lamp plac$ ne> ! unprotect$ p>ts w prev5t freez+4 ,exp]im5ts h also %[n t a mixture ( glyc]9e & wat] prev5ts ! effects ( fro/ at a temp]ature z l[ z #af ,fahr41 provid$ ! glyc]9e has a specific gravity ( #a4abe1 & t x is mix$ 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( glyc]9e by weight to f\r p>ts ( wat]4 ,:]e wat] is us$ ov] aga9 9 ! ma*9es 7by return+ ! exhau/ wat] f ! ma*9es to a res]voir71 su* addition ( glyc]9e is m easily resort$ to4 ,:]e mod]ate risks ( fro/ h to be dealt )1 ! proportion ( "o gallon ( glyc]9e to #cjj gallons ( wat] proves effectual4 ,if ! wat] is at a high pressure1 su* z #a1ejj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 x is less liable to freeze ?an :5 us$ at a l[ pressure4 ,aga91 x 0 at fir/ fe>$ t accid5ts might be frequ5t f ! bur/+ ( hydraulic pipes & cyl9d]s "u high pressure4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 has be5 prov$ n to be ! case 9 practice1 & ev5 :]e pipes or cyl9d]s d bur/1 ! pressure is at once dissipat$1 z ! body ( wat] :i* c escape at ! op5+ is b slight4 ,x is desirable to use wat] :i* is z free z possible ei!r f susp5d$ matt] or f *emical impurity4 ,! =m] increases ! we> & te> ( ! pack+1 & is o!rwise inconv5i5t1 & ! latt] acts injuri\sly on ! seats & fitt+s ( valves4 ,sea-wat] c be us$ = hydraulic ma*9]y1 b on acc\nt ( its corrosion1 fre%-wat] is bett]4 ,wat]-pressure has sometimes be5 appli$ to op]ate ma*9es :i* are work$ cont9u\sly & n int]mitt5tly1 & to cont9u\s work+ rot>y ma*9es4 ,?is is unwise1 = 9 apply+ hydraulic p[] to ! cont9u\s work+ ( %aft+ or %op tools1 ! am\nt ( p[] develop$ by ! hydraulic eng9e _c be v>i$ to suit ! "w to be done1 nei!r c ! spe$ be regulat$ ) suffici5t nicety4 ,,hydraulic ,,motors4 ,pressure or ,hydraulic ,motors =m an int]e/+ v>iety ( hydraulic devices2 !y consi/ ( work+ cyl9d]s ) valves & pi/ons1 & resemble =c+ pumps 9 _! con/ruction1 b diff] f !m 9 _! op]ation2 ! pi/ons n be+ mov$ by any ext]nal =ce appli$ to !m ?r\gh cranks1 lev]s1 etc41 b by ! weight or pressure ( a column ( wat] act+ directly ^u or aga9/ ! pi/ons4 ,pressure eng9es or motors are applicable to locations--su* z af=d a suitable supply ( wat] = ! motive column2 b :]e-ev] refuse1 impure1 salt or o!r wat] c be obta9$ f a suffici5t elevation1 su* may be us$ to raise a quantity ( fre% wat] by ^! ma*9es4 ,! /ress consid]$ 9 hydro-me*anics is always a pressure1 z liquids are 9 g5]al capable ( su/a9+ only a slight t5sion )\t disruption3 ! int5sity ( ! pressure is measur$ by ! numb] ( units ( =ce p] unit ( area4 ,?us we say1 "o ?\s& p\nds ( pressure p] squ>e in* ( pi/on--! p\nds & ! squ>e in*es are ! units us$ 9 ^! calculations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #abi1 #acj4 ,= description see page #aea4 ,! inv5tion ( pressure eng9es br\ght to light a new mode ( employ+ wat] z a motive ag5t3 & also ! means ( apply+ x 9 locations :]e x c\ld n o!rwise be us$2 ) pressure eng9es ! motive ag5t may be tak5 to ! ma*9e itself4 ,9 valleys or l[l&s1 hav+ no natural fall ( wat]1 b :]e t liquid c be convey$ 9 tubes f a suffici5t elevation 7no matt] h[ di/ant ! s\rce may be71 su* wat]1 by ^! ma*9es1 may be made to propel o!rs2 unlike ! /eam eng9e1 a pressure eng9e is inexp5sive1 & simple 9 con/ruction--x requires nei!r *imneys1 furnaces nor fuel2 nei!r firem5 nor eng9e]s1 nor is !re any dang] ( explosions4 ,x may be plac$ 9 ! com] ( a room1 or be conceal$ "u a c\nt] or a table4 ,x may be set 9 op]ation 9 a mom5t1 by op5+ a cock1 & ! in/ant ! "w is done1 x may be /opp$ by %utt+ ! same1 & ?us prev5t wa/e ( p[]4 ,pressure eng9es af=d an illu/ration ( ! v>iety ( purposes to :i* a pi/on & cyl9d] may be appli$4 ,^! 7 probably fir/ us$ 9 pi/on bell[s2 next 9 ! syr+e2 subsequ5tly 9 pumps ( e v>iety2 & !n 9 wat]-pressure & /eam eng9es4 ,! mov+ pi/on is ! nucleus or elem5tal "p t gives effici5cy to !m all2 & ! app>atus t surr\nd x 9 "s ( !m1 are b its p>ts4 ,! hi/ory ( ma*9es compos$ ( pi/ons & cyl9d]s also illu/rates ! process by :i* "s simple inv5tions h become appli$ to purposes1 =eign to ^? = :i* !y 7 orig9ally design$--ea* application op5+ ! way = a diff]5t "o4 ,9 ano!r =m hydraulic motors h be5 adopt$1 9 favorable locations1 z fir/ mov]s ( ma*9]y1 & :5 ?us us$1 !y exhibit a v /rik+ resemblance to high pressure /eam eng9es4 ,inde$1 ! elem5tal features ( /eam & pressure eng9es are ! same1 & ! modes ( employ+ ! motive ag5ts 9 bo? are id5tical--x is ! diff]5t prop]ties ( ! ag5ts t induces a slight v>iation 9 ! ma*9es--"o be+ an ela/ic fluid1 ! o!r a non-ela/ic liquid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4 ,9 /eam eng9es a pi/on is alt]nately pu%$ =w>d & back 9 its cyl9d] by /eam2 & by means ( ! rod to :i* ! pi/on is secur$1 motion is communicat$ to a crank & fly-:eel1 & ?r\gh ^! to ! ma*9]y to be driv53 x is ! same ) pressure eng9es :5 us$ to move o!r ma*9es1 except t in/ead ( ! ela/ic vapor ( wat]1 a column ( t liquid drives ! pi/ons to & fro4 ,,note4--8,! hydraulic eng9e ( ,huelgoat1 9 ,brittany1 is us$ to dra9 a m9e2 is s+le-act+1 & acts directly to lift ! pi/on ( ! pump4 ,x makes five & a half /rokes p] m9ute1 ! /roke be+ a little m ?an eight feet 9 l5g?4 ,! pi/on-rod is #gfg feet long1 & x weighs #af tons4 ,! p[] ( ! eng9e is d]iv$ f a s\rce at a height #cgj feet above its own level40--,,knight4 ,9 default ( a natural head ( suffici5t pressure1 ! head is sometimes e/abli%$ 9 an accumulator ( p[]2 ?is is a body ( wat] driv5 into a res]voir "u heavy pressure1 by =c+ pumps work$ by p[]4 ,9 cities :]e ! wat] di/ribution is f elevat$ res]voirs1 & 9 :i* ! wat] supply is suffici5tly abundant to ju/ify ! application ( a portion ( x to indu/rial uses1 ! wat]-eng9e or motor is recomm5d$4 ,! foll[+ description ( a wat] eng9e ( _w-wide adaptation w1 if att5tively /udi$1 %[ ! work+ ( an approv$ type ( ?is ma*9e3 ,ramsbottom's hydraulic eng9e 7,figs4 #abi & #acj71 is oscillat+1 & employs two cyl9d]s b1 l1 op]at+ "o crank-%aft1 a1 by means ( two cranks at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,9 "o ( ! accompany+ figures ! *annels ( induction are m>k$ j & are ca/ on ! cyl9d]s2 ! dott$ circle c %[s ! position ( ! supply & dis*>ge pipes2 9 ! o!r figure ^! pipes are indicat$ by arr[s4 ,! two views are v]tical cross-sections at "r angles to ea* o!r1 "o be+ ?r\gh ! axis ( ! cyl9d]s & ! o!r ?r\gh ! middle po/ 9 :i* ! inn] trunnions ( ! cyl9d]s are j\rnal$4 ,! ap]tures ( induction are se5 at h & ^? ( eduction at i1 & h ! =m ( truncat$ circul> sectors1 ^: c5t] is ! c5t] ( motion4 ,! induction & eduction spaces are divid$ by a sectoral p>tition2 ! ap]tures ( admission & dis*>ge on ! sides ( ! cyl9d]s are ( simil> con/ruction4 ,! surfaces ( contact betwe5 ! cyl9d]s b1 l & ! support d are plan$ & poli%$ & are made wat]-tight by ! adju/+ screws m m ( ! pivots4 ,:5 ! pi/on p is at ! end ( its c\rse 9 ei!r direction ! cyl9d] & crank are v]tical1 & ! valves all mom5t>ily clos$1 ! op5+s by :i* ! *annels j j communicate ) ! dis*>ge & supply pipes pres5t+ !mselves exactly opposite ! solid sectors :i* sep>ate h f i4 ,9 ! next mom5t ! fl[ ( wat] w recomm5ce1 ! cyl9d] dis*>g+ itself f ! full side ( ! pi/on1 & fill+ anew f ! opposite side4 ,air *amb]s & relief-valves are us$ z a provision aga9/ c\nt]-pressure & hydraulic %ocks4 ,! ,bro!rhood ?ree-cyl9d] reciprocat+ eng9e is an appliance = produc+ rot>y motion by wat]-pressure4 ,! work+ p>ts ( ! ,bro!rhood ?ree-cyl9d] hydraulic eng9e consi/ only ( ! ?ree pi/ons & connect+ rods1 "o crank & "o rotat+ balanc$ valve & sp9dle :i* fits into ! driv] & is turn$ direct f ! crank-p92 !re are no gl&s1 /uff+ boxes1 or oscillat+ jo9ts4 ,x is %[n by ,figs4 #aca1 #acb4 ,! ?ree cyl9d]s1 ,a 7made 9 "o ca/+7 are always op5 at _! inn] ends1 & are atta*$ to a c5tral *amb]1 ,b4 ,!y conta9 ?ree pi/ons1 ,p1 :i* transmit motion to ! crank-p9 ?r\gh ! rods1 ,c4 ,! wat] is admitt$ & exhau/$ by means ( ! circul> disc valve1 ,v1 hav+ a lignum-vit seat4 ,! valve is rotat$ by ! ecc5tric p91 ,e4 ,a face view ( ?is valve is %[n above ! /eam *e/4 ,x has segm5tal ports :i*1 9 rotat+1 pass ov] ap]tures 9 ! valve seat4 ,!re be+ no dead c5t]s1 ! eng9e w />t f all positions ( ! crank-p91 & a uni=m motion ( ! %aft is produc$ )\t a fly:eel4 ,! pressure is always on ! out] end ( ! pi/on1 s t ! rods1 ,c1 are 9 compression1 & take up _! own we>4 ,?is eng9e is well adapt$ = transmitt+ pressure to appliances :i* are work$ int]mitt5tly1 z1 ow+ to ! great spe$ at :i* x c be run1 x w n only save ! loss f friction 7:]e ge>+ is employ$71 b w also r$uce ! friction 9 ! ma*9e itself by enabl+ ! ge>+ = increas+ spe$ to be disp5s$ )4 ,! production ( ?is simple hydraulic rot>y eng9e l$ to its wide application to cap/ans4 ,fig4 #acc repres5ts a small hydraulic eng9e--,! ,compton ,hydraulic ,motor--atta*$ to & op]at+ a gas-compressor4 ,x %[s a /yle ( wat] motor 9 l>ge use 9 connection ) city wat]-ma9s4 ,a pressure ( #ae to #bj lbs4 p] squ>e in* is suffici5t to op]ate x2 ! motor "h illu/rat$ occupies a floor space ( #i x #bc in*es2 x w supply gas burn]s to ! ext5t ( #f1jjj c&le-p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4 ,! valve motion on ! motor is unique 9 ?is1 ! outlets & inlets h a positive motion by :i* !y are simultane\sly op5$ & clos$ by ! motion ( ! pi/on2 ?is valve motion is design$ to ov]come ! back pressure2 x has a gov]nor1 incorporat$ 9 ! valve-motion = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ uni=m pressure on ! ma9 pipes4 ,,hydraulic ,,pack+s4 ,g5]ally speak+ a pack+ is a contrivance or a mat]ial to close a jo9t4 ,v>i\s greasy mat]ials ) gaskets1 flax1 hemp1 etc41 are us$ 9 jo9ts :i* are screw$ d[n1 also coll>s ( rubb]1 r$ lead1 lut+1 graphite1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 8,u0 ,,pack+--,,fig4 #acd4 ,a mo/ important "p 9 ! practical work+ ( ne>ly all wat]-pressure ma*9es is ! lea!r coll>1 ! inv5tion ( :i* by ,bramah remov$ ! difficulties :i* _h be5 exp]i5c$ 9 mak+ ! l>ge ram "w wat]-tight :5 submitt$ to great pressure4 ,x consi/s ( a circul> piece ( /\t lea!r 7see cut page #bj71 9 ! c5t] ( :i* a circul> hole is cut4 ,?is piece ( lea!r is ?or\ghly soak$ 9 wat] & is press$ into a metallic m\ld & s t a section ( x repres5ts a rev]s$ ,u1 & is fitt$ into a groove made 9 ! neck ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is coll> be+ concave d[nw>ds1 !n 9 proportion z ! pressure increases1 ! edge ne>e/ ! ram be+ trimm$ d[n1 x fits ! m tightly aga9/ ! ram plung] on "o side & ! neck ( ! cyl9d] on ! o!r4 ,x %\ld be saturat$ ) ,neatsfoot or ,ca/or oil s z to be imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cup ,,pack+--,,fig4 #ace4 ,:5 ! lea/ am\nt ( friction possible is desir$ 9 ! op]at+ ( a hydraulic plung]1 !re is no =m ( pack+ :i* c surpass a prop]ly prep>$ & appli$ ,lea!r 8,u0 ,pack+ 7,fig4 #acd71 & 9 practice its position is accord+ to conditions1 ei!r 9 a groove ne> ! upp] end ( ! cyl9d]1 or at ! l[] end ( ! ram4 ,:5 = any reason x is n desir$ to use ! out] lip ( ! pack+1 ! result+ =m is kn[n z a ,cup ,pack+1 7,fig4 #ace71 & :5 ! inn] lip is us$ !n we h ! ,hat or ,flange ,pack+4 ,fig4 #acf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,flange ,,pack+4 ,,fig4 #acf4 ,:5 ! wat] pressure is n ov] #b1jjj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 & a great] all[ance = friction is n important1 a fibr\s pack+ c be us$1 :i* is easi] ( application ?an ^! = l>ge siz$ cyl9d]s4 ,! loss ( p[] by ! be/ ( lea!r pack+s is #a p] c5t4 on #d 94 ram1 #a_/b p] c5t4 ) #h 94 ram & #a_/d p] c5t4 ) #af 94 ram4 ,,hydraulic ,,app>atus ,,hydraulic ,,app>atus4 ,app>atus is ano!r "n = ma*9]y b x also c>ries ! p>ticul> mean+ ( a complete collection ( in/rum5ts or devices prep>$ = a p>ticul> use1 h5ce1 hydraulic app>atus may be said to include v _m comb9ations ( ma*9es to utilize ! pressure or weight ( wat]4 ,a numb] ( ^! devices are illu/rat$ 9 ! succe$+ pages4 ,x 7 va9 to attempt to describe all4 ,knight 9 8 ,me*anical ,diction>y has gr\p$ "s six hundr$ & sev5ty five t]ms & names "u ! head+ ( 8,hydraulic ,eng9e]+ & ,devices40 ,9 ! note are giv5 "s t]ms1 ! def9ition ( :i* ! /ud5t may1 p]haps1 look up2 ?us3 ,gyle 7! fir/ t]m giv57 is a l>ge ci/]n or vat4 ,! liquor gyle 9 a brew]y is ! wat]-vat or gyle-tun4 ,hydraulic app>atus has be5 develop$ ma9ly f two s\rces4 ,! 8cut & try0 me?od1 :i* ( c\rse 0 ! fir/ & second f sci5tific calculations1 bas$ ^u bo? ! exp]im5ts & ^u ! ma!matics ( hydraulics4 ,x is difficult at ?is date to say to :i* proc$ure ! _w is ! mo/ indebt$1 b x is pla9ly disc]nable t ! two me?ods h be5 necess>y z a *eck ^u ea* o!r4 ,untold ?\s&s ( practical exp]im5ts & an almo/ equal numb] ( tables1 rules & calculations h be5 made4 ,! result has be5 t out ( _m failures ! po9t ( economy & effici5cy1 aim$ at1 ( hydraulic app>atus is well def9$4 ,,note4--,t]ms relat+ to hydraulics nam$ by ,edw>d ,h4 ,knight1 ,civil & ,me*anical ,eng9e]1 z above4 ,gyle2 ,sluice ,valve2 ,! ,s\gh2 ,/ade2 ,worm-safe2 ,weel2 ,wat]-twi/2 ,wat]-lute2 ,wat]-gild+2 ,v9eficatur2 ,tun2 ,tide-lock2 ,tail-bag2 ,swa%-bank2 ,sump2 ,/op-plank2 ,/]hydraulic app>atus2 ,/ai?2 ,rip-rap2 ,quay2 ,puff]2 ,psy*romet]2 ,levee2 ,leam2 ,lea*2 ,l& tank2 ,kiddle2 ,kimel92 ,keir2 ,jetty2 ,inv]t ,burette2 ,hydraulic ,bl[]1 etc4 ,"s ( ^! t]ms g 8way back10 & ! above are a specim5 only ( ! #fge head+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4 ,,section ,,( ,,claw ,,type ,,hydraulic ,,jack4 ,,hydraulic ,,jack4 ,a ,lift+-,jack is a contrivance = rais+ great weights by =ce f bel[2 also call$ a jack-screw4 ,f its d]ivation f ,jack1 equival5t to lad or boy1 has aris5 its mod]n use z d5ot+ a contrivance :i* is subject to r\gh usage4 ,x is op]at$ by a screw1 :]eas--a hydraulic jack is a jack or lift+ app>atus op]at$ by "s liquid1 usually oil1 act+ aga9/ a pi/on or plung]1 ! pressure on ! liquid be+ produc$ by a =ce pump4 ,! hydraulic jack consi/s (1 #a1 a cyl9d]2 #b1 a ram or plung]2 & #c1 a pump4 ,"o ( ^! ma*9es is %[n & describ$ 9 ! ,gloss>y1 page #bd1 ano!r is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ach4 ,! ,fig4 #acg on ! opposite page %[s ! inside view ( ,fig4 #ach b on a diff]5t scale4 ,! names ( ! p>ts are p>ticul>ly to be not$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4 ,movable hydraulic1 or screw1 jacks s]ve on num]\s occasions mo/ effectively = lift+ or propp+-up ( less accessible p>ts4 ,eye-bolts & jack-bolts are arrang$ =1 9 all p>ts t are likely to be h&l$1 to facilitate & accel]ate ! "w 9 necess>ily cr[d$ qu>t]s4 ,! base or foot is usually made ( ca/ iron or ca/ /eel & may be ei!r r\nd or squ>e to suit requirem5ts4 ,! cyl9d] is bor$ f a seamless /eel +ot & hav+ a ?read ^u its l[] end is screw$ into ! base4 ,! ram is also a tube ( seamless /eel hav+ a ?read at ! top & is screw$ into ! head or cap :i* is made ei!r ( ca/ iron or ca/ /eel4 ,! l[] end ( ! ram has a ?read inside to receive ! pump plug :i* conta9s ! deliv]y valve1 :ile ^u its outside is plac$ ! cup lea!r pack+ & ! ram pack+ r+4 ,! pump = op]at+ ! ram is f five-eigh?s to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet] dep5d+ ^u ! capacity ( ! jack1 & has a plung] pack$ ) a cup lea!r4 ,a suction valve is conta9$ )9 ! plung]4 ,a %ort arm is fitt$ ^u a socket :i* ent]s ?r\gh ! side ( ! head or res]voir4 ,?is arm is connect$ by a p9 to ! pump inside ! ram :ile ! out] end ( ! socket has a tap]$ rectangul> hole ?r\gh x to receive ! jack-lev]4 ,a lea!r coll> pack+ makes ! socket tight :]e x ent]s ! side ( ! res]voir4 ,to prop]ly use a hydraulic jack4 ,place ! head "u ! weight to be rais$1 be c>eful to set ! jack plumb ) a good solid foot+2 put ! lev] into ! socket ) its projection on ! bottom side2 "w ! lev] until ! weight has be5 rais$ to ! desir$ height or an escape ( liquid bl[s out ( ! safety v5t4 ,hold ! lev] up or raise x to its highe/ position & remove x f ! socket to prev5t ! valve f op5+4 ,9 l[]+ ins]t ! lev] 9 ! socket ) ! projection und]nea? & !n cauti\sly press x sl[ly d[n until x br+s up aga9/ ! /op2 remove ! lev] & turn x ov] ) ! projection on top2 ins]t ! lev] 9 ! socket & g5tly b firmly press x on ! end ) ! "r h& clasp+ ! ram ) ! =e f+]1 & ?umb ( ! left h&3 ?us ! workman has full control ( ! jack & c l[] & /op z frequ5tly z may be f\nd necess>y4 ,if f any cause ! valves /ick a few %>p quick /rokes ( ! lev] w usually release x & cause x to "w1 if n1 x %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$4 ,be=e %ipp+ ! brass fill+ screw %\ld always be screw$ d[n tight1 & be=e us+ ?is screw %\ld always be loos5$ to let ! air out & 94 ,,note4--,a prom95t firm mak+ ^! tools says3 8,9 our ,jacks1 rams are cut & cyl9d]s bor$ f solid high c>bon /eel4 ,we h ne>ly #cjj /yles = pu%+1 pull+ or lift+40 ,?is %[s ! wide use to :i* hydraulic jacks are put2 ! /yle %[n 9 ! ,gloss>y ) its broad base is to be us$ :5 ! jack /&s ^u a light bo>d on ! gr\nd & c be plac$ "u ! "w1 or :]e /ead9ess is requir$4 ,fig4 #aci %[s a /yle to be us$ :5 !re is n room en\gh to get ! head ( ! jack "u ! "w1 & is ! /yle g5]ally us$ = mov+ eng9es1 boil]s1 ma*9]y1 etc4 ,9 repair+ hydraulic jacks ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be c>efully obs]v$2 be=e attempt+ to repair a hydraulic jack ! tr\ble %\ld be def9itely locat$1 next3 ,put ! jack "u a weight & attempt to raise x1 c>efully wat*+ its action4 ,%\ld ! liquid leak out ar\nd ! lev] socket1 ! gl& %\ld be tight5$ slightly until ?is leak disappe>s4 ,if ! pack+ is worn out unscrew ! set screw at ! back ( ! head ab\t "o-qu>t] in*1 !n )draw ! socket n m ?an "o in*1 unscrew ! gl& & put 9 a new pack+ ( lamp wick braid$ & well oil$ ) m9]al oil1 :i* is free f gum4 ,aft]w>ds put ! socket back to its =m] place & tight5 ! set screw4 ,:5 ! pump valve leaks ! lev] c be work$ up & d[n )\t rais+ ! ram4 ,?is is also true :5 ! plung] pack+ becomes worn4 ,if ! tr\ble is f\nd ) ! valve x c be gr\nd by tak+ out ! pump plug & unscrew+ ! brass bonnet :i* cov]s ! valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4 ,sometimes ! jack w become air b\nd by reason ( ! accumulation ( dirt ar\nd ! fill+ plug2 ?is mu/ be remov$ be=e ! jack w "w4 ,sometimes ! liquid w all h be5 displac$ be=e ! ram is half way up1 9 ?is em]g5cy ! res]voir mu/ be refill$4 ,x (t5 happ5s t :5 ! workman /ops work+ ! lev] x w p]si/ 9 ris+ to its highe/ position4 ,?is indicates ! pres5ce ( dirt "u ! l[] or deliv]y valve4 ,"o or two %>p quick /rokes ( ! lev] w g5]ally dislodge su* ob/ructions2 if ?is does n br+ relief ! valve is probably worn s z to ne$ regr9d+4 ,:5 a jack has be5 tak5 ap>t ea* "p %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 clean wat]4 ,:ile us+1 if ! liquid escapes ov] ! top ( ! cyl9d] ! ram pack+ is too loose1 & may be set out by ins]t+ a /rip or /rips ( t9 or any %eet metal betwe5 ! lea!r & ! ram pack+ r+2 all lea!rs %\ld be kept s(t & pliable by saturat+ ) a prop] lea!r dress+ su* z ,frank ,mill]'s ,lea!r ,pres]vative or ,%oemak]s' ,dubb+4 ,ca/or ,oil is excell5t z well4 ,"o man c ex]t ^u ! lev] all ! pressure t ! jack is capable ( rais+ & ?is pressure %\ld n exce$ #aej lbs4 ,beyond ?is ! jack w be /ra9$4 ,to repack ! pump remove ! pump plug1 & unscrew ! set screw 9 ! head1 !n )draw ! socket f> en\gh to p]mit x to revolve cle> ( ! lug1 on ! head1 :i* br+s ! pi/on head out ( ! pump4 ,aft] ! new pack+ is 9 place ! pi/on %\ld be work$ 9 & out a few /rokes to see if x is "r1 !n replace ! plug4 ,to fill ! res]voir remove ! fill+ screw 9 ! top ( ! head1 & fill ) a mixture ( pro( alcohol 7#ie p] c5t471 two p>ts & wat] ?ree p>ts = w9t] use1 or = summ] use "o "p alcohol to f\r p>ts wat]4 ,:5 n 9 use ! ram 9 a hydraulic jack %\ld be kept 9 its l[e/ position1 t is to say1 all ! way d[n1 or 91 z ! case may be4 ,,important4--,jacks %\ld nev] be fill$ ) k]os5e oil1 wat] or wood alcohol1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,k]os5e oil de/roys ! lea!r pack+1 wat] w ru/ ! p>ts & make !m r\gh1 :ile wood alcohol attacks ! smoo? /eel surfaces1 & ?us de/roys bo? ! cyl9d] & ram4 ,all liquids %\ld be well /ra9$ be=e putt+ !m into ! res]voir & great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to prev5t any dirt f gett+ into ?is res]voir4 ,! ,pull+ ,jack4--,! pull+ jack1 ,fig4 #aci1 is us$ 9 connection ) travell+ cranes ov] :eel presses1 qu>t]+ ma*9es1 plan]s1 drill presses & la!s4 ,its op]ation is ! rev]se ( lift+ jacks4 ,?is ,jack has an improv$ =ce-pump on ! outside1 work$ by a lev]1 :i* draws ! liquid f ! upp] end & =ces x into ! space on ! opposite side ( ! pi/on4 ,! pi/on rod has "o ( ! r+s atta*$ at ! end4 ,by ?is op]ation ! r+s are drawn toge!r & ) !m ! body to be lift$ or mov$1 = x w be und]/ood t ?is /yle ( jack works ei!r 9 a horizontal or v]tical position4 ,hooks are furni%$ in/ead ( r+s :5 desir$4 ,! liquid is introduc$ into a hole 9 ! side ( cyl9d]1 c>e1 be+ obs]v$ to pu% ! pi/on into ! cyl9d]4 ,! proportions ( fill+ liquid are pro( alcohol two p>ts & wat] ?ree p>ts4 ,to use ?is jack ext5d x z f> z x c be pull$ ap>t1 fir/ op5+ ! valve 9 ! side ( =ce-pump4 ,n[ close ?is valve & "w ! pump lev]4 ,?is jack appeals p>ticul>ly to ! m>9e eng9e]1 to be atta*$ to ! trolley ov] ! eng9e = ! purpose ( rais+ pi/ons1 rods & lift+ v>i\s p>ts ( ! ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4 ,horizontal ,jack4--,! accompany+ engrav+1 ,fig4 #adj1 %[s a horizontal type = pull+ armatures on to %afts1 putt+ 9 cranks p9s1 & m>9e "w4 ,! directions giv5 = ! c>e & h&l+ ( ! regul> hydraulic jack apply also to ?is z well z o!r devices ( ! same description4 ,?is pump has two plung]s ( diff]5t diamet]s1 ! small "o inside ( ! l>ge1 s t by ?r[+ a clut*1 bo? plung]s may "w toge!r z "o1 or !y may be sep>at$1 & ! small] "o us$2 z = example1 9 />t+1 ! l>g] pump is us$ z f> z possible1 i4e41 until ! pressure becomes too great = ! l>ge plung]1 !n ! clut* is ?r[n & ! small] "o f9i%es ! "w4 ,! spe$ ( ?is appliance may be *ang$ to ?ree times great]1 & its p[] r$uc$ to "o-?ird ( ! maximum by ?r[+ ! clut* :i* br+s ! l>ge plung] into op]ation4 ,a rack & p9ion ) h&le is connect$ ) ! ma9 ram to cause its return :5 =c$ out to its full l5g?4 ,! size %[n 9 ,fig4 #adj repres5ts a capacity ( #bjj tons & its approximate weight is #a1bjj lbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4 ,! ,hydraulic ,bolt ,extractor4--,mu* h>m is done to c\pl+ bolts 9 driv+ !m out ) a hamm] or sl$ge4 ,! hydraulic bolt extractor %[n 9 ,fig4 #ada is an admirable device to d ?is "w )\t injur+ ! bolts or ?reads4 ,?is same app>atus may be us$ = o!r purposes z well z t = :i* x 0 design$1 z w appe> f "t to "t4 ,! ,hydraulic ,pun*4--,! hydraulic pun* has be5 f\nd ( greate/ utility 9 ! erection ( /eel /ructures1 su* z build+s1 bridges & %ip build+4 ,x consi/s ( a hydraulic jack atta*$ to a 8pun*+ be>0 in/ead ( ! usual screw to op]ate ! pun*4 ,by an +5i\s device ! pun* c be %ov$ d[n close ^u ! "w )\t pump+ all ! way1 z 9 ! e>li] /yles ( hydraulic pun*es2 ?is means a consid]able sav+ ( "t & muscle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4 ,! con/ruction & op]ation ( work+ p>ts ( ?is pun* w be easily und]/ood by ref]r+ to ! engrav+1 ,fig4 #adb :]e #ah repres5ts ! body or 8pun*+ be>10 #ag ! ram1 #ai ! rais+ & l[]+ p9ion to move ! ram quickly to its "w2 #bj %[s ! die ) pun* 9 place above x1 secur$ by its gl&2 #c ! pun* head ci/]n1 ! screw$ cov] hav+ a hole 9 its c5t] to guide ! end #b ( pump plung] #i1 hav+ cup lea!r pack+ #aj1 at its l[] end2 #e repres5ts ! l[] socket :i* c>ries ! arm #d to op]ate ! pi/on #f4 ,! suction valve #aa is support$ by ! spr+ und]nea?2 #ab is ! safety v5t2 #ac ! release or l[]+ valve op]at$ by ! /em #g :i* is pu%$ d[nw>d by ! projection ( ! pi/on #f :5ev] ! lev] is turn$ & press$ d[nw>ds z describ$ 9 l[]+ ! lift+ jacks4 ,! relief valve is kept seat$ by ! spr+ #ad4 #h repres5ts ! body ( ! pump #af its pack+ & #ae ! ram pack+ r+4 ,no4 #af does n move1 b ! ram #ag does1 hav+ a cup lea!r rev]s$ at its upp] end appli$ 9 ! same way & mann] z #af1 ) screw$ pack+ r+4 ,! dis*>ge valve is locat$ beh9d ! pump plung] #i & is1 !re=e1 invisible4 ,a hydraulic pun* m\nt$ ^u ?ree legs or supports is %[n 9 ,fig4 #adc1 & x also has a %ackle at its back to susp5d ! pun* 9 mid air z occasion requires4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4 ,! details ( ?is pun* are l ,fig4 #adb4 ,x has two gu>ds1 "o ea* side ( ! pun* to pull ! mat]ial op]at$ ^u (f ! pun* z x is rais$ by ! l[] lev]4 ,ano!r v conv5i5t /yle ( hydraulic pun* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #add :]e ,a repres5ts ! body ( pun*1 ,b ! op]at+ lev] ) ! l[]+ or adju/+ lev] %[n brok5 (f4 ,! pun* prop] is %[n at ,c4 ,! c5t] ( gravity ( ?is pun* has be5 s nicely locat$ t by susp5d+ f ! h&le ! ram hangs plumb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4 ,,! ,,hydraulic ,,press4 ,! hydraulic press consi/s ( #a4 ,a ,lev]1 #b4 ,a ,pump1 #c4 & a ,ram work+ 9 a #d4 ,cyl9d]4 ,bramah 9 ! ye> #agif br\ght out a v int]e/+ app>atus :i* illu/rates ! law ( ! equality ( pressure :i* has be5 widely adopt$ 9 ! practical use ( ! hydraulic press4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ?is press works is due to ,pascal b x rema9$ = ,bramah to put x to practical use4 ,enorm\s pressures are develop$ by op]at+ ! h& lev] %[n at ,m 9 ,fig4 #ade1 :i* is connect$ ) pump plung] ,p4 ,! pump b>rel ,a is v ?ick & receives its supply f ! ci/]n ,h ?r\gh ! suction pipe a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4 ,wat] is deliv]$ f ! pump ,a ?r\gh a heavy lead pipe into ! cyl9d] ,b ( ! hydraulic press4 ,! ram ,p is made tight by ! lea!r pack+ n & has a table or plat=m atta*$ to its upp] end z %[n4 ,! /ation>y "p ,q consi/s ( a heavy ca/-iron plate support$ by f\r wr\ght-iron or ma*9]y /eel columns4 ,by op]at+ ! h&le ,m ( ! pump any sub/ances plac$ betwe5 ! table on ! ram ,p & ! plate ,q may be compress$ to any reasonable ext5t4 ,! pressure :i* c be obta9$ by ?is press dep5ds on ! relation ( ! ram ,p to t ( ! plung] ,p4 ,if ! =m] has a transv]se section fifty or a hundr$ times z l>ge z ! latt]1 ! upw>d pressure on ! ram w be fifty or a hundr$ times t ex]t$ ^u ! pump plung]4 ,by means ( ! lev] ,m an additional advantage is obta9$4 ,if ! di/ance f ! fulcrum to ! po9t :]e ! p[] is appli$ is five times ! di/ance f ! fulcrum to ! plung] ,p ! pressure on x w be five times ! p[]4 ,?us1 if a man acts on ,m ) a =ce ( sixty p\nds1 ! =ce transmitt$ by ! plung] ,p w be #cjj p\nds1 & ! =ce :i* t5ds to raise ! ram w be #c1jjj1 suppos+ ! section ( ram is a hundr$ times t ( ! pump plung]4 ,ov]-pressure1 is prev5t$ by safety-valve %[n 9 front ( ! pump ,a4 ,fig4 #adf %[s an enl>g$ section ( ! pump us$ 9 connection ) ?is press4 ,:5 ! plung] ,p rises a p>tial vacuum is =m$ bel[ x & ! suction valve ,o rises all[+ ! pump b>rel to fill ) wat] ?r\gh ! /ra9] & suction pipe 9 ! ci/]n4 ,:5 ! plung] desc5ds ! valve ,o closes & ! wat] passes ?r\gh ! dis*>ge valve h into ! pipe ,k1 !nce into ! cyl9d] ,b ( ! press :]e x acts ^u ! ram4 ,:5 ! press has done its "w ! ram may be l[]$ by op5+ ! relief valve r4 ,! safety valve is %[n at i4 ,by remov+ ! plug h ! dis*>ge valve c be rea*$ to gr9d x 9 :5 necess>y4 ,,note4--,hydraulic ,pressure ,transmission4 ,wat] "u high pressure--#ejj to #cjjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* & upw>ds--af=ds a v satisfactory me?od ( transmitt+ p[] to a di/ance1 especially = ! movem5t ( heavy loads at small velocities1 z by cranes & elevators4 ,! sy/em consi/s usually ( "o or m pumps capable ( develop+ ! requir$ pressure2 #b1 accumulators1 describ$ on ! next page2 #c1 ! di/ribut+ pipes1 & #d1 ! presses1 cranes1 or o!r ma*9]y to be op]at$4 ,?is prop]ty ( fluids inve/s u ) a p[] ( increas+ ! int5sity ( a pressure ex]t$ by a comp>atively small =ce1 )\t any o!r limit ?an t ( ! /r5g? ( ! mat]ials ( :i* ! eng9e itself is con/ruct$4 ,x also enables u ) great facility to transmit ! motion & =ce ( "o ma*9e to ano!r1 9 cases :]e local circum/ances preclude ! possibility ( in/itut+ any ord9>y me*anical connection betwe5 ! two ma*9es4 ,?us1 m]ely by means ( wat]-pipes1 ! =ce ( a ma*9e may be transmitt$ to any di/ance1 & ov] inequalities ( gr\nd1 or ?r\gh any o!r ob/ructions4 ,,! ,,hydraulic ,,accumulator4 ,?is useful & indisp5sable app>atus 0 design$ by ,sir ,william ,arm/rong4 ,its use 0 to secure a uni=m pressure ( wat] 9 a res]voir by weight s t h[ev] mu* or little ( ?is wat] 0 us$ ! pressure w\ld rema9 con/ant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elevation4 ,,fig4 #adg4 ,9 ! fir/ accumulator :i* is /ill 9 use ! ram 0 atta*$ to ! f\ndation :ile ! cyl9d] rose & fell z ! pressure 0 utiliz$4 ,! weights 7 annul> 9 %ape & 7 hung ^u ! outside ( cyl9d]4 ,9 ! mod]n types ( accumulators ! cyl9d] is /ation>y & ! ram support+ ! weights is made to rise & fall4 ,by means ( a hydraulic accumulator a uni=m pressure c be e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ on all p>ts ( a hydraulic ma9 or sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,at ,,bottom4 ,,fig4 #adh4 ,! volume ( wat] :i* is us$ int]mitt5tly = ! purpose ( op]at+ presses--draw-b5*es = brass & copp] tub+ & ! l is replac$ by a pump or pumps :i* are />t$ & /opp$ automatically by a connection betwe5 ! accumulator & ! ?rottle or belt %ift] ( ! pump4 ,! accumulator is us$ = a d\ble purpose ( ma9ta9+ a con/ant pressure & to /ore up any surplus =ce ( ! pumps4 ,! friction loss 9 ! transmission ( p[] by wat] ?r\gh ma9s is v small1 z = example3 ,x has be5 f\nd t wat] "u a pressure ( #gjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* may be transmitt$ ?r\gh well proportion$ ma9s1 "o mile ) a loss ( only two p] c5t4 ,! useful "w /or$ 9 an accumulator may be calculat$ by ! foll[+ rule3 ,multiply ! area ( ram 9 squ>e in*es by ! l5g? ( ! /roke 9 in*es by ! pressure m p\nds p] squ>e in* divid$ by #cc1jjj lbs4 ! equival5t ( "o ,h4 ,p4 ,?is repres5ts ! "w done by "o full /roke ( ! accumulator ram 9 desc5d+ f its highe/ position to its l[e/4 ,example4 ,requir$ ! "w done by "o /roke ( a ram twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 & a /roke ( tw5ty-two feet1 "u a pressure ( #gej lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,area ( #ab ram #aacjig squ>e in*es4 ,no4 ( ins4 9 #bb ft4 #bfd4 ,!n #aacjig #bfd #gej ------------------- #fghehb ,h4,p4 #cc1jjj ,mr4 ,tw$del design$ ! accumulator %[n 9 ,figs4 #adg & #adh to furni% ! v>y+ dem& = wat] :]e only "o appliance ( ?is k9d is us$ 9 connection ) a hydraulic sy/em ( %op tools m especially :]e ^! tools are num]\s4 ,! ram or sp9dle ,a is fix$ top & bottom & acts z a guide = ! cyl9d] ,b :i* slides up & d[n ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v]tical ,,section4 ,,fig4 #adi4 ,?is cyl9d] is load$ ) weights m>k$ to indicate ! pressure :i* ! accumulator w balance ) ^? weights 9 use4 ,! wat] is pump$ into ! bottom ?r\gh ! pipe ,c1 & fills ! annul> space ar\nd ! sp9dle4 ,! entire weight ( cyl9d] is rais$ by ! pressure ( wat] act+ only on ! area ( ! end ( brass sleeve ,d ,d1 :i* is only #a_/b in* ?ick all ar\nd ! c5t] sp9dle1 & ext5ds d[n ?r\gh ! bottom pack+ 9 cyl9d]1 z %[n 9 sectional view4 ,fig4 #adi4 ,a compact arrangem5t is ?us ga9$ & any reasonable1 requir$ cubical capacity may be rea*$ by l5g!n+ ! /roke4 ,! accumulator is suppli$ by two pumps hav+ plung]s #a-c_/h diam4 by #c-a_/b /roke1 spe$ #ajj to #abj rev4 p] m9ute4 ,:5 ! load$ cyl9d] ,b rea*es ! top ( its /roke1 by means ( a small *a9 x closes ! suction cock ,e1 :i* %uts (f ! wat] supply ( ! pumps4 ,to put 9 a new bottom pack+1 ! cyl9d] is let d[n to re/ on ! wood5 blocks ,g1 & ! sp9dle is lift$ out ( its tap]$ seat at ! bottom by a tackle hook$ into ! eye-bolt at ! top4 ,to r5ew ! top lea!r ! bracket hold+ ! top end ( sp9dle ,a1 has to be remov$4 ,?is accumulator 7hav+ only a small area7 falls quickly :5 ! wat] is )drawn1 ?us produc+ a comb9$ bl[ & squeeze1 :i* is ( great advantage 9 hydraulic rivet+4 ,! ,hydraulic ,int5sifi] is a cyl9d] hav+ two diamet]s1 9 pr9ciple v l ! t&em comp\nd eng9e4 ,x is us$ = increas+ ! pressure ( wat] 9 hydraulic ma9s1 pipes1 or ma*9es1 us+ only ! en]gy ( ! pressure wat] to effect ! *ange4 ,b = ?is di/9ction a /eam pump w\ld be an int5sifi]4 ,an int5sifi] work$ ! rev]se way is a 8dim9i%]0 z a hydraulic pump usually is1 giv+ a r$uc$ pressure4 ,! int5sifi] is 9 "s respects analog\s to ! electric trans=m]4 ,! int5sifi] z us$ 9 connection ) hydraulic app>atus 0 pat5t$ 9 ! ye> #ahfi by ,mr4 ,as*r(t1 b ! pr9ciple ^u :i* x works is v mu* old]4 ,int5sifi]s are made bo? s+le & d\ble act+4 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,! ,,total ,,am\nt ,,( ,,wat] ,,tak5 ,,f ,,! ,,res]voir4 ,elevation ( dis*>ge above deliv]y valve ( ram 9 feet4 ,height ------------------------------ ( fall #ae #ah #ba #bd #bg 9 feet4------------------------------ ,p]c5tage4 -------------------------------------- #b #jgbd #jehc #jdjb #jcjg #jbee #c #acbg #ajbj #jhjg #jfea #jecb #d #aifj #aece #abcd #ajbj #jhed #e #bfad #bjfh #afhf #adjd #aahi #f #cbhb #bfad #badf #ahjj #aece #g #cifj #cagj #bfad #bbjc #ahhe #h #dfdg #cgcc #cjij #bfad #bbdh #i #ecda #dcjc #cegb #cjcj #bfad #aj #fjdj #dhgg #djeh #cdej #bihd #aa #fgde #edei #dedi #chgd #cceg #ab #gdec #fjdj #ejdc #dcjb #cgcc #ac #haff #ffbg #eedj #dgcb #daab #ad #hhha #gbag #fjdj #eaff #ddid #ae #ifjj #ghji #fedc #efja #dhgg #af -- #hdjd #gjdh #fjdj #ebfc #ag -- #ijja #geee #fdhj #efej #ah -- #ifjj #hjfd #fiba #fjdj #ai -- -- #hegd #gcfd #fdcj #bj -- -- #ijhf #ghjj #fhbc #ba -- -- #ifjj #hbed #gbag #bb -- -- -- #hgja #gfab #bc -- -- -- #iaej #hjjg #bd -- -- -- #ifjj #hdjd -------------------------------------- ,elevation ( dis*>ge above deliv]y valve ( ram 9 feet4 ,height ------------------------------ ( fall #cj #ce #dj #de #ej 9 feet4------------------------------ ,p]c5tage4 -------------------------------------- #b #jaha #jaab #jjfc #jjbg -- #c #jdda #jcbf #jbdc #jaha #jacb #d #jgbd #jefj #jdda #jcdh #jbha #e #ajbj #jhjg #jfeb #jecc #jdda #f #acbg #ajfc #jhgj #jgbd #jfjh #g #afdj #acbg #ajif #jibj #jghb #h #aifj #aeie #acbg #aaba #jifj #i #bbhe #ahfh #aefa #acbg #aadb #aj #bfad #bade #ahjj #aece #acbg #aa #bidg #bdbe #bjda #agdf #aead #ab #cbhb #bgjh #bbhe #aifj #agjd #ac #cfbj #biid #becb #bagg #ahif #ad #cifj #cbhb #bghj #bcie #bjij #ae #dcjc #cegb #cjcj #bfad #bbhe #af #dfdg #chfc #cbhb #bhce #bdhb #ag #diic #daeg #cece #cjeh #bfhj #ah #ecda #ddea #cgij #cbcb #bchj #ai #efij #dgdf #djdf #cejg #cjha #bj #fjdj #ejdb #dcjc #cgcc #cbhb #ba #fcib #ecdj #defa #cifj #cdhf #bb #fgde #efdj #dhbj #dahh #cfhh #bc #gjih #eidj #ejhj #ddag #chib #bd #gdcc #fbda #ecda #dfeg #djig -------------------------------------- ,elevation ( dis*>ge above deliv]y valve ( ram 9 feet4 ,height ------------------------------ ( fall #fj #gj #hj #ij #ajj 9 feet4------------------------------ ,p]c5tage4 -------------------------------------- #b -- -- -- -- -- #c #jjfc #jjag -- -- -- #d #jahj #jaab #jjfc #jjbg -- #e #jcjg #jbag #jaej #jjii #jjfc #f #jdda #jcbe #jbdc #jahj #jacb #g #jehj #jdda #jcdj #jbfd #jbje #h #jgbd #jefj #jdda #jcea #jbha #i #jhgj #jfhb #jede #jdda #jcfj #aj #ajbj #jhjg #jfea #jecc #jdda #aa #aagb #jicd #jgfj #jfbg #jebd #ab #acbg #ajfc #jhgj #jgbc #jfjh #ac #adhc #aaid #jihc #jhba #jfid #ad #afdj #acbg #ajif #jibj #jghb #ae #ahjj #adfj #abaa #ajbj #jhgj #af #aifj #aeie #acbg #aaba #jifj #ag #babc #agca #addd #abbc #ajej #ah #bbhf #ahfh #aefa #acbg #aadb #ai #bddi #bjjf #afhj #adcj #abfb #bj #bfad #bade #ahjj #aece #acbg #ba #bghj #bbhf #aibj #afdj #adbj #bb #bidg #bdbe #bjda #agdf #aead #bc #caad #befg #bafc #ahec #afji #bd #cbhb #bgjh #bahe #aifj #agjd ,= explanation ( ^! tables see page #agg4 ,,hydraulic ,,ram4 ,a hydraulic ram or wat]-ram is a sub/itute = a pump = rais+ wat] by means ( ! en]gy ( ! mov+ wat]1 ( :i* a portion is to be rais$4 ,x 0 consid]$ a notable discov]y :5 x 0 demon/rat$ by ,daniel ,b]novilli1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ah? c5tury1 t wat] fl[+ ?r\gh a pipe1 & arriv+ at a "p 9 :i* ! pipe is sudd5ly contract$1 w\ld h its velocity at fir/ v greatly increas$4 ,! hydraulic ram owes its efficacy to ! fact t :5 a fl[ ( wat] 9 a pipe is sudd5ly /opp$1 a consid]able =ce is g5]at$ by ! mom5tum ( ! wat]1 by its *ange f a /ate ( motion to a /ate ( re/4 ,9 practice1 ! pipe convey+ wat] f ! res]voir or head1 connects ) a *amb] :i* has a valve op5+ d[nw>d1 or outlet valve1 all[+ ! curr5t ( wat] to pass on or escape :5 ! valve is op52 b on fl[+ ! curr5t 9 ! pipe acquires suffici5t =ce to close ?is valve1 :i* *ecks ! fl[ 9 ! pipe4 ,! curr5t is ?us sudd5ly /opp$2 ?is causes a reaction1 :i* produces pressure suffici5t to op5 ano!r valve 7inlet valve7 betwe5 ! curr5t-pipe & an air *amb]1 & a portion ( wat] ent]s by means ( ! =ce ( ! curr5t1 b by s do+ ! curr5t has sp5t its =ce2 ! outlet valve at ! end ( ! *amb] falls by its own weight1 & ! pressure 9 ! pipe ceas+1 ! inlet valve 9 ! air-*amb] falls & closes ! op5+4 ,! condition ( ?+s is !n re/or$2 ! wat] !n acquires a mom5tum :i* closes ! outlet valve & =ces m wat] aga9 into ! *amb]4 ,a v slight desc5d+ column is capable ( rais+ "o asc5d+ v high4 ,9 all cases ! drive-pipe or inlet pipe mu/ be suffici5tly long to prev5t wat] be+ =c$ back into ! res]voir4 ,! air-*amb] s]ves to keep up a /eady supply f ! res]voir1 prev5t+ spasmodic action4 ,to prev5t admixture ( air ) ! wat] 9 ! air *amb]1 :i* is caus$ by pressure ( wat] :5 rais$ to a great height1 a small hole %\ld be made on ! upp] side ( ! inlet pipe1 imm$iately 9 front ( ! same4 ,by ! action ( ! ram at ea* /roke1 a p>tial vacuum is =m$ bel[ ! air *amb]1 & ! air ru%+ ?r\gh ! small hole 9 ! inlet pipe1 passes into ! air *amb]1 mak+ good t :i* ! wat] absorbs4 ,,note4--,9 #agig ,mat!w ,b\lton 7manufactur] & practical eng9e]1 & 9 lat] life a p>tn] ( ,jas4 ,watt1 ! ,fa!r ( ! /eam eng9e7 obta9$ a pat5t = a mode ( rais+ wat] by impulse4 ,! app>atus _h excit$ mu* att5tion 9 ,france1 "u ! "n ( ,montgolfi]'s hydraulic ram1 & ,b\lton add$ to x a numb] ( +5i\s modifications1 :i* 7 ! basis ( 8 pat5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4 ,fig4 #aej %[s 9 section ! con/ruction ( ! ram 9 its simple/ =m 9 :i* ,e is ! res]voir1 ,a ! pipe 9 :i* ! wat] falls1 ,b ! *annel1 a & b ! valves1 ,c ! air-*amb]1 & ,d ! dis*>ge4 ,wat] fir/ fl[s out 9 quantity ?r\gh ! valve a1 & z soon z x has acquir$ a c]ta9 velocity x raises t valve1 clos+ ! ap]ture4 ,! impact ?us produc$1 act+ on ! sides ( ! pipe & ! valve b1 raises ?is valve1 & a quantity ( wat] passes into ! air-*amb] %utt+ (f air & compress+ x 9 ! space above ! m\? d ( ! dis*>ge ,d4 ,?is air by its electric =ce closes ! valve b1 & ! wat] :i* has ent]$ is rais$ 9 ! dis*>ge ,d4 ,z soon z ! impulsive action is ov]1 & ! wat] 9 ! *annel ,a comes to re/1 ! valve a aga9 falls by its own weight1 ! fl[ beg9s afre%1 & :5 x has acquir$ suffici5t velocity ! valve b aga9 closes1 & ! :ole process is repeat$4 ,! effici5cy ( hydraulic rams has be5 mu* discuss$2 exhau/ive practical te/s h be5 made & ! results h be5 r$uc$ to =mulas4 ,:ittak]'s ,me*anical ,eng9e]'s ,pocket ,book gives ! foll[+3 ,g ,h ,e ----- g h :]e ,e ! effici5cy2 ,g gallons ( drive wat] us$2 g gallons ( wat] rais$2 ,h height ( fall1 9 feet2 h height to :i* ! wat] is rais$1 9 feet4 ,! ,table giv5 on page #agd is f ! ,am]ican ,eng9e]4 ,its use is app>5t1 ?us3 :5 ! height ( fall 9 feet is1 say #ab feet1 & ! elevation ( dis*>ge above ! deliv]y valve ( ram1 9 feet1 is #cj feet1 ! effici5cy or p] c5t41 is #cbhb4 7,example7 ( #ajj gallons #cb-hb_/ajj gallons w\ld be deliv]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4 ,! d\ble hydraulic ram is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aea4 ,a sectional view ( ! same device is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aeb1 ! cuts repres5t ! ,rife hydraulic eng9e1 or ram1--a s-call$ d\ble act+ or d\ble supply type ( ! wat] ram4 ,x is m cle>ly describ$ by consid]+ x1 fir/1 z a s+le ma*9e by disreg>d+ its d\ble supply feature4 ,fir/1 suppose ! op5+ at ,h1 ,fig4 #aeb1 to be clos$1 ! valve ,b be+ op51 ! wat] f ! s\rce ( supply f m or less elevation above ! ma*9e fl[s d[n ! drive pipe1 ,a1 & escapes ?r\gh ! op5+ at ,b until ! pressure due to ! increas+ velocity ( ! wat] is suffici5t to close ! valve1 ,b4 ,:5 ! fl[ ?r\gh ?is valve ceases1 ! in]tia ( ! mov+ column ( wat] produces a reaction1 call$ ! ramm+ /roke1 :i* op5s ! valve at ,c1 & compresses ! air 9 ! air *amb]1 ,d1 until ! pressure ( ! air plus ! pressure due to ! head ( ! wat] 9 ! ma91 is suffici5t to ov]come ! in]tia ( ! mov+ column ( wat] 9 ! drive pipe4 ,?is motion may be lik5$ to ! oscillation ( wat] 9 a ,u %ap$ tube4 ,! in/ant ! column ( wat] 9 ! drive pipe comes to re/1 & ! air pressure be+ great] ?an ! /atic head alone1 ! motion ( ! mov+ column is rev]s$1 & ! valve1 ,c1 closes4 ,! wat] 9 ! drive pipe !n moves backw>d1 & ) ! clos+ ( valve ,c a p>tial vacuum is =m$ at ! base ( ! drive pipe4 ,?is negative pressure causes ! valve1 ,b1 to op5 aga91 & completes ! cycle ( op]ations4 ,at ! mom5t negative pressure appe>s ! little snift+ valve1 ,e1 admits a small quantity ( air1 & at ! foll[+ /roke ?is air rises into ! air *amb] ,d1 :i* w\ld o!rwise gradually fill ) wat]1 or ! air is gradually absorb$ by ! wat]4 ,9 ?is ma*9e ! valve1 ,b1 is made z light z is consi/5t ) ! necess>y /r5g?1 & ! negative pressure at ! completion ( ! /roke op5s ! valve4 ,9 ! l>ge/ size ( ^! ma*9es ?is valve is #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a head ( #h feet1 :i* is a common head = use ) hydraulic rams2 ! /atic pressure on ! "u side ( ?is valve is #hhc p\nds2 x is se5 t s great a %ock 9 a valve ( ?is weight w\ld rapidly de/roy bo? valve & seat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4 ,! wa/e 9 a me*anism ( ! ,rife eng9e consi/s ( a l>ge port ) ample op5+ & a l>ge rubb] valve or ov]fl[ ) a balance c\nt]weight & spr+ seat1 :i* removes almo/ entirely ! j> ( clos+4 ,! valve1 ,c1 9 ! air *amb] consi/s ( a rubb] disc ) gridiron ports & convex seats fa/5$ at ! c5t] & lips ar\nd its circumf]5ce4 ,! object ( ?is arrangem5t is to transf] ! %ock f ! p[] ( ! driv+ wat] to ! air cu%ion ) ! smalle/ possible friction & vibration4 ,aft] ! valve1 ,c1 closes1 ! pressure 9 ! air *amb] =ces ! wat] 9 ! air *amb] out into ! deliv]y pipes4 ,! ,rife eng9e is claim$ to elevate wat] #cj feet = ea* foot ( fall 9 ! driv+ head2 ! ma*9e is built 9 sizes to elevate z mu* z #aej1jjj gallons p] day1 ! effici5cy be+ ab\t #hb p] c5t4 ,:5 a wat] supply pipe is atta*$ to ,h1 ! eng9e is call$ d\ble act+2 spr+ wat]1 or t :i* is pur] ?an ! wat] us$ to drive ! eng9e1 may !n be suppli$ ?r\gh ! supplem5tal drive pipe ,i1 & by a prop] adju/m5t ( ! relative fl[ ( ! impure driv+ wat]1 & t ( ! pure supply1 ! eng9e may be made to deliv] only ! pure wat] into ! ma9s4 ,?is me?od is employ$ :]e ! supply ( pure wat] is limit$4 ,! mo/ important detail 9 :i* ! ,rife eng9e diff]s f ! ord9>y hydraulic ram is ! wa/e valve4 ,x w be se5 9 ! engrav+ t ! c\nt]weight on ! project+ arm ( ?is valve p]mits ! adju/m5t ( ?is valve to suit v>y+ heads & l5g?s ( drive pipe4 ,by adju/+ ! c\nt]weight s t ! valve is ne>ly balanc$1 ! valve comes to its seat v quickly aft] ! fl[ pa/ x beg9s4 ,! result is t ! ram makes a great numb] ( %ort1 quick /rokes1 :i* are mu* easi] on ! valves & seats ?an sl[] & heavi] /rokes4 ,! /roke mu/ be suffici5tly p[]ful to act effici5tly 9 ov]com+ ! head 9 ! deliv]y pipe4 ,! adju/able weight p]mits ?is to be effect$ ) great nicety4 ,,note4--,! eng9e illu/rat$ weighs approximately #b1hjj p\nds2 ! capacity ( ! air *amb] is #bj-c_/d cubic feet2 diamet] ( drive pipe1 #h in*es2 diamet] ( ! wa/e valve1 #ah in*es2 weight ( wa/e valve1 #ej p\nds2 diamet] ( deliv]y pipe1 #d in*es2 height to top ( air *amb]1 #g-a_/b feet4 ,lifts & ,cranes4 ,^!1 z hydraulic ma*9es1 are adapt$ to v _m places :]e o!r p[] app>atus is too sl[2 !y op]ate on ! same pr9ciple z ! hydraulic press2 hav+ a cyl9d] & a ram3 !y h *a9 :eels atta*$ to ! out] end ( ! ram1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,crane ,z ! ram advances ! *a9 is %ort5$ & :5 x rec$es ! *a9 is l5g!n$1 ?us1 ! weight atta*$ to ! end ( ! *a9 is rais$ & l[]$4 ,! hydraulic 8lift0 9 pass5g] elevators op]ates ^u ! same pr9ciple & ?is gives an idea ( ! rapid motion capable ( be+ imp>t$ to ! load4 ,x is by ! adaptation ( hydraulic lifts & cranes 9 /eel mills t su* economical results h be5 atta9$4 ,,pumps ,,z ,,hydraulic ,,app>atus4 ,9 ,figs4 #aec & #aed are %[n repres5tations ( c]ta9 app>atus1 long us$ 9 s*ools1 to expla9 ! r obscure op]ation1 ( ev5 ! simple/ ( pumps2 ^! models are made ( glass s t all ! movem5ts ( ! valves1 etc41 may be cle>ly not$4 ,cr$it is due to ,monsieur ,ganot1 au?or ( ,elem5ts ( ,physics1 = ! foll[+4 ,fig4 #aec repres5ts a model ( a suction-pump su* z is us$ 9 lectures1 b :i* has ess5tially ! same arrangem5t z ! pumps 9 common use4 ,x consi/s1 #a/1 ( a glass cyl9d]1 ,b1 at ! bottom ( :i* is a valve1 ,s1 op5+ upw>ds2 #bnd1 ( a suction-tube1 ,a1 :i* dips into ! res]voir f :i* wat] is to be rais$2 #crd1 ( a pi/on1 :i* is mov$ up & d[n by a rod work$ by a h&le1 ,p4 ,! pi/on has a hole 9 its c5t]2 ?is upp] ap]ture is clos$ by a valve1 ,o op5+ upw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4 ,:5 ! pi/on rises f ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] ,b1 a vacuum is produc$ bel[1 & ! valve ,o is kept clos$ by ! atmosph]ic pressure1 :ile ! air 9 ! pipe ,a1 9 consequ5ce ( its ela/icity1 raises ! valve ,s1 & "p ( x passes into ! cyl9d]4 ,! air be+ ?us r>efi$1 wat] rises 9 ! pipe until ! pressure ( ! liquid column1 toge!r ) ! pressure ( ! r>efi$ air :i* rema9s 9 ! tube1 c\nt]balances ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e on ! wat] 9 ! res]voir4 ,:5 ! pi/on desc5ds1 ! valve ,s closes by its own weight1 & prev5ts ! return ( ! air f ! cyl9d] into ! tube ,a4 ,! air compress$ by ! pi/on op5s ! valve ,o1 & escapes into ! atmosph]e by ! pipe ,c4 ,) a second /roke1 ! same s]ies ( ph5om5a is produc$1 until aft] a few /rokes ! wat] rea*es ! cyl9d]4 ,! effect is n[ some:at modifi$2 dur+ ! desc5t ( ! pi/on ! valve ,s closes1 & ! wat] raises ! valve ,o1 & passes above ! pi/on by :i* x is lift$ into ! upp] res]voir ,d4 ,!re is n[ no m air 9 ! pump1 & ! wat] =c$ by ! atmosph]ic pressure rises ) ! pi/on1 provid$ t :5 x is at ! summit ( its c\rse x is n m ?an #cd feet above ! level ( ! wat] into :i* ! tube ,a dips4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4 ,9 practice ! height ( ! tube ,a does n exce$ #bf to #bh feet2 = al?\gh ! atmosph]ic pressure c support a high] column1 ! vacuum produc$ 9 ! b>rel is n p]fect1 ow+ to ! fact t ! pi/on does n fit exactly on ! bottom ( ! b>rel4 ,b :5 ! wat] has pass$ ! pi/on1 x is ! asc5d+ =ce ( ! latt] :i* raises x1 & ! height to :i* x c be br\ght dep5ds on ! p[] :i* works ! pi/on4 ,! action ( ?is pump1 a model ( :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aed1 dep5ds bo? on exhau/ion & on pressure4 ,at ! base ( ! b>rel1 :]e x is connect$ ) ! tube ,a1 !re is a valve1 ,s1 :i* op5s upw>ds4 ,ano!r valve1 ,o1 op5+ 9 ! same direction1 closes ! ap]ture ( a conduit1 :i* dis*>ges f a hole1 o1 ne> ! valve ,s1 into a vessel1 ,m1 :i* is call$ ! air-*amb]4 ,f ?is *amb] !re is ano!r tube1 ,d1 up :i* ! wat] is =c$4 ,at ea* asc5t ( ! pi/on ,b1 :i* is solid1 ! wat] rises ?r\gh ! tube ,a into ! b>rel4 ,:5 ! pi/on s9ks ! valve ,s closes1 ! wat] is =c$ ?r\gh ! valve ,o into ! res]voir ,m1 & !nce into ! tube ,d4 ,! height to :i* x c be elevat$ 9 ?is tube dep5ds solely on ! motive p[] :i* works ! pump4 ,if ! tube ,d 7 a prolongation ( ! tube ,jao1 ! fl[ w\ld be int]mitt5t2 x w\ld take place :5 ! pi/on desc5d$1 & w\ld cease z soon z x asc5d$4 ,b betwe5 ^! motions !re is an int]val1 :i*1 by means ( ! air 9 ! res]voir ,m1 ensures a cont9u\s fl[4 ,! wat] =c$ into ! res]voir ,m sep>ates into two p>ts1 "o ( :i*1 ris+ 9 ,d1 presses on ! wat] 9 ! res]voir by its weight2 :ile ! o!r1 by virtue ( ?is pressure1 rises 9 ! res]voir above ! l[] orifice ( ! tube ,d1 compress+ ! air above4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! pi/on asc5ds1 x no long] =ces ! wat] into ,m1 ! air ( ! res]voir1 by ! pressure x has receiv$1 reacts on ! liquid1 & raises x 9 ! tube ,d1 until ! pi/on aga9 desc5ds1 s t ! jet is cont9u\s4 ,hydraulic ,ma*9e ,tools4 ,probably 9 no dep>tm5t ( eng9e]+ has ! use ( hydraulic p[] met ) m success ?an 9 its application to c]ta9 ma*9e tools4 ,?is success is ow+ to ! peculi> suitability ( pressure--wat] z ! motive ag5t = ! p]=mance ( a c]ta9 class ( op]ations requir+ ! ex]tion ( a great =ce ) comp>ative sl[ motion1 z 9 pun*+1 rivet+1 =g+ & ! l4 ,! wide spread & successful use ( hydraulic ma*9es--( :i* a few only h be5 describ$ & illu/rat$ ^u ! pages ( ?is book--is due to ! necessity = su* tools & ! inv5tive ability ( our tool design]s4 ,a l>ge fix$ hydraulic rivet] is %[n 9 ,fig4 bel[2 x is capable ( ex]t+ on ! rivet a pressure ( #dj tons or m2 ! ma*9e has a work+ pressure ( #a1ejj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,work+ pressures ( #e1jjj to #aj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* are us$ 9 hydraulic =g+ presses1 b 9 ! rivet] mu* less pressure is requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,l>ge fix$ hydraulic rivet]4 ,,note4--,! proportions ( ?is ma*9e are imm5se4 ,! plat=m weighs #bb1ejj lbs4 & is op]at$ by a s+le lev] %[n 9 ! side view4 ,! 8gap0 is #h feet across4 ,! ma*9e has a l>ge /eel 8/ake0 c>ry+ ! /ation>y die2 ?is is held 9 t5sion /ra9 by ! two /eel bolts %[n1 "o ^u ea* side ( ! ma*9e4 ,! o!r "p ( ! jaw is ca/ iron4 ,,classification ,,( ,,pumps ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4--,,! ,,bell[s ,,pump4 ,,classification ,,( ,,pumps ,,& ,,pump+ ,,eng9es4 ,! simple/ division ( ! subject matt] relat+ to ?is bran* ( practical me*anics is t :i* goes back to ! v e>lie/ ( times2 x is ?us3 #a4 ,h& ,pumps4 #b4 ,p[] ,pumps4 ,! names indicate ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! two4 ,! foll[+ are m mod]n divisions1 indicat+ ! me?od ( action di/+ui%+ ea*3 #a4 ,suction or ,lift ,pumps4 #b4 ,=ce ,pumps4 #c4 ,suction & ,=ce ,pumps4 ,^! aga9 may be reciprocat+ or rot>y4 ,! p[]s actuat+ pumps are1 9 ! ma91 z foll[s3 #a4 ,manual4 #b4 ,animal4 #c4 ,belts4 #d4 ,wat]4 #e4 ,w9d4 #f4 ,/eam4 #g4 ,gas4 #h4 ,electricity4 ,^! v>i\s motors give di/9ct names to g5]al classes1 ?us1 electric pumps1 belt pumps1 elevator pumps1 etc4 ,a sub-division ( titles indicat+ diff]5ces 9 con/ruction are ^!3 #a4 ,v]tical ,pumps4 #b4 ,horizontal ,pumps1 or aga9 #a4 ,s+le ,act+ ,pumps4 #b4 ,d\ble ,act+ ,pumps4 ,! li/ is /ill fur!r ext5d$1 z pumps v>y 9 design to suit _! sev]al uses1 & are def9$ z rope1 *a91 diaphragm1 jet1 c5trifugal1 rot>y1 oscillat+1 cyl9d]4 ,x is ) ! la/ nam$ ) :i* ?is volume has pr9cipally to deal2 cyl9d] pumps cause ! la/ giv5 classification1 z !y are ei!r s+le or d\ble act+4 ,a s+le act+ pump does its "w ?r\gh "o end ( ! cyl9d] or b>rel ( ! pump4 ,9 d\ble act+ pumps ! motion ( ! pi/on 9 "o direction causes an infl[ ( wat]1 & a dis*>ge at ! same "t1 9 ! o!r2 & on ! return /roke ?is action is r5ew$ z ! dis*>ge end alt]nately becomes ! suction end2 ! pump is ?us d\ble act+4 ,f9ally pumps may be classifi$ ) ref]5ce to p>ticul> uses to :i* !y are specifically adapt$ by _! =m & ! mat]ials !y are requir$ to h&le4 ,pumps n[ raise1 convey & deliv] be]1 molasses1 acids1 oils1 & melt$ asphalt4 ,!y also h&le su* gases z air1 ammonia1 light+ gas & ev5 oxyg54 ,9 ! ord]ly progress ( ! cont5ts ( ! volume1 x w be se5 t ! ma9 subject1 occupy+ _m pages ) illu/rations1 is t relat+ to 8,/eam pumps20 ^? hav+ a /eam-end & a wat]-end & :i* consi/ ( pump & /eam-motor comb9$4 ,an int]e/+ class "u ,vacuum-pumps w be f\nd1 #a1 ! comb9$ vacuum & fe$2 #b1 ! comb9$ vacuum & circulat+ &1 #c1 ! comb9$ vacuum & refrig]at+ pumps4 ,"u ,pump+ ,eng9es & ! ,/eam ,fire ,eng9e w be f\nd a description ( ! mo/ brilliant & fasc9at+ ( mod]n sci5tific & me*anical a*ievem5ts2 ^! two sections relate to hydraulic eng9e]+ 9 its highe/ developm5t4 ,,h& ,,pumps4 ,! !oretical action ( a pump has already be5 describ$ & illu/rat$2--! practical op]ation is describ$ 9 ! note bel[4 ,! subject is important en\gh to ju/ify ! space x takes to pres5t ^! two descriptions ( ! action ( a pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4 ,! p>ts ( :i* a pump is compos$ are3 #a1 ! b>rel or cyl9d]2 #b1 ! plung] or pi/on2 #c1 ! valves2 #d1 ! pipes4 ,! b>rel ( a mod]n pump is a tube ( metal hav+ a wat] tight plung] or pi/on :i* moves freely up & d[n at ! pleasure ( ! op]ator4 ,?is plung] is 9 its simple/ =m made ( ca/ iron 9 two p>ts4 ,! upp] "p consi/s ( an ar*$ "p hav+ a hole 9 its c5t] to receive a bolt :i* passes ?r\gh x & a jaw on ! l[] end ( ! pitman or connect+ rod4 ,! upp] end ( ?is pitman is atta*$ to ! pump h&le by means ( a bolt4 ,! inside ( ! upp] "p ( ! plung] is ?read$ to receive ! l[] "p ) a cup lea!r pack+ & conta9s a valve ( metal hav+ a conical seat4 ,fig4 #aef %[s a design ( a pump 9 common use 9 ! #ad? c5tury4 ,,note4--,! action ( a pump is z foll[s3 ,! pi/on or plung] by mov+ to "o end1 or out ( ! pump cyl9d]1 leaves ! space x occupi$1 or pass$ ?r\gh1 to be fill$ by some?+4 ,z !re is little or no air !re9 a p>tial vacuum is =m$ unless ! supply to ! pump is ( suffici5t =ce to foll[ ! pi/on or plung] ( its own accord4 ,if ?is is n ! case1 h[ev]1 z x is :5 ! wat] level f :i* ! pump obta9s its supply is bel[ ! pump itself1 !re be+ a p>tial vacuum produc$1 ! atmosph]ic pressure =ces ! wat] into ! space displac$ by ! plung] or pi/on1 cont9u+ its fl[ until ! end ( /roke is rea*$4 ,! wat] !n ceases to fl[ 91 & ! suction valve ( ! pump closes1 =bidd+ ! wat] fl[+ back ! r\te x came4 ,! pi/on or plung] !n beg9s to return into ! space x has j vacat$1 & :i* has become fill$ ) wat]1 & imm$iately meets ) a resi/ance :i* w\ld be insurm\ntable 7 ! wat] n all[$ to g some:]e4 7,see next page47 ,its only egress is by rais+ ! dis*>ge valve by its own pressure1 & pass+ out ?r\gh x4 ,?is dis*>ge valve is 9 a pipe lead+ to ! boil]1 & 9 go+ out ( ! cyl9d] by t r\te ! wat] mu/ ov]come boil] pressure & its own friction along ! passages4 ,wat] is in]t & _c act ( itself2 s x mu/ d]ive ?is p[] to fl[ into ! fe$ pipe & boil] f ! /eam act+ ^u ! /eam pi/on ( ! pump4 ,! /eam pi/on & pump pi/on are at ! two ends ( ! same rod4 ,!re=e ! /eam pressure ex]t$ ^u ! /eam pi/on w be ex]t$ ^u ! pump pi/on direct4 ,betwe5 ! upp] & l[] p>ts ( ! plung] a cup lea!r is introduc$ be=e ^! p>ts are screw$ toge!r4 ,?is cup lea!r1 :ile x all[s ! plung] to move freely1 also makes a wat]-tight jo9t4 ,! l[] valve consi/s ( a piece ( ca/-iron flat on ! bottom & circul> 9 %ape ab\t ?ree-eigh?s in* ?ick ) a curv$ toe at "o side4 ,?is iron disc is secur$ to ! flat lea!r valve by a screw t passes ?r\gh ! valve & is ?read$ 9 ! disc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4 ,! object ( ?is toe ^u ! disc is to op5 ! l[] valve by means ( rais+ ! pump h&le z f> z x w g :i* l[]s ! plung] ^u ! toe & tips ! l[] valve ^u its seat4 ,?is same op]ation also lifts ! valve 9 ! plung] (f its seat1 s t all ! wat] 9 ! b>rel dra9s back into ! well s ! pump is kept f freez+ up 9 w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4 ,! lea!r :i* =ms ! l[] valve is held 9 place by clamp+ ! pump b>rel ^u x1 s t x is held betwe5 ! b>rel & ! base plate4 ,h& pumps are prim>ily divid$ into3 #a1 suction or lift pumps2 #b1 =ce pumps1 & #c1 suction & =c+ pumps2 #d1 also pumps = exhau/+ air f vessels4 ,( ! fir/ class1 ! common s+le-act+ h\se-pumps %[n 9 ,figs4 #aeg & #aeh are examples2 ! pumps are simply modifications ( ! suction-pump2 a common =m ( lift-pump has a pitman-rod :i* pu%es ! wat] up in/ead ( lift+ x ?r\gh a sp\t at or ne> ! top ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! details ( ! suction-pump are z foll[s--at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] is a pipe communicat+ ) ! liquid to be rais$1 & a valve :i* op5s f b5ea?4 ,a simil> valve is plac$ 9 ! pi/on4 ,a =ce-pump is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aei2 f ! two figures ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! lift & ! =ce-pump may be und]/ood2 :ile ! =m] raises ! liquid above its pi/on f :i* x fl[s "u no pressure1 ! latt] =ces x out ( ! b>rel "u a v>y+ pressure :i* dep5ds ^u circum/ances4 ,:5 ! pi/on rises ! suction valve op5s1 & ! valve 9 ! pi/on closes by ! air-pressure4 ,! liquid !n ent]s ! b>rel b5ea? ! pi/on4 ,on ! desc5d+ /roke ! suction valve closes1 & ! liquid fl[s upw>d into ! dis*>ge pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4 ,9 ,fig4 #afj is %[n an air-*amb] atta*$ to a =ce-pump = ! purpose ( prev5t+ %ocks 9 ! dis*>ge1 & = produc+ a /eady fl[2 air-*amb]s are also frequ5tly atta*$ to suction pipes = a simil> purpose4 ,accord+ to ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( action ?us f> expla9$ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( pumps h be5 con/ruct$ & op]at$4 ,x is beyond ! limits ( ?is volume--or any s+le book to give ! names & details ( ^! s-call$ 8h&-pumps10 h[ev]1 ?ree approv$ /yles are %[n 9 ,figs4 #afa1 #afb1 #afc4 ,fig4 #afa repres5ts a d\ble act+ =ce pump us$ ext5sively on %ip-bo>d1 :>ves1 ar\nd factories1 mills1 etc41 & 9 resid5ces1 = tank pump+4 ,on %ips ^! pumps p]=m ! ?ree-fold purpose ( fill+ boil]s :5 cold1 wa%+ d[n decks & to satisfy gov]nm5t inspection z to fire protection2 9 s]vice 9 m9es !y are unaffect$ by m9e wat]1 ! work+ p>ts be+ made non-corrosive4 ,x is claim$ t a ?ree-in* diamet] cyl9d] ) a /roke ( f\r & a half in*es ) a #a-a_/d-;in* suction pipe & #a-;in* dis*>ge pipe w lift & =ce wat] #aej ft4 high & has a capacity ( #bh gallons = ea* /roke1 ) ! wat] n m ?an tw5ty-five feet bel[ ! pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4 ,fig4 #afb repres5ts a two cyl9d] =ce pump2 ?is has v]tical s+le act+ pi/ons actuat$ by "o lev]1 produc+ ! same results z a d\ble-act+ pump4 ,x is claim$ t ! total lift & =ce1 f supply to po9t ( deliv]y1 ) ! pump n m ?an tw5ty-five feet above wat] w atta9 "o hundr$ feet2 t a #c-;in* #d in* cyl9d]1 #a-a_/b-;in* suction & #a-a_/d-;in* dis*>ge w deliv] #bd gallons ( wat] = ea* /roke4 ,fig4 #afc repres5ts a widely us$ type ( suction pump1 x is design$ = vessels ( n m ?an fifte5 to tw5ty feet deep2 = contractors :o wi% to pump l>ge quantities ( wat] f excavations1 etc42 = irrigation or any o!r purpose :]e a compact & capaci\s pump is desir$4 ,! lev] may be work$ f ?ree diff]5t po9ts z %[n by lugs on ! illu/ration4 ,! lev] socket is made at su* an angle t ! b5t wr\ght iron lev] :5 put 9 "o side up1 is "r = ord9>y pump+ & by simply *ang+ x ! o!r side up1 x becomes a v]tical lev]4 ,! valves are accessible & removable by h& f above4 ,x is claim$ t ) #h-a_/b-;94 diamet] cyl9d] & #f-;94 /roke t ! capacity is #a-dg_/ajj gallons = ea* /roke1 ) #bj feet lift--! suction pipe be+ #c-;94 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4 ,9 ! illu/rations 7,figs4 #afa & #afb7 x w be notic$ t ! dis*>ge is conv5i5tly arrang$ to receive ei!r fire hose1 or iron pipe connections = o!r uses1 z 9 m9es & on %ip-bo>d4 ,be+ made 9 l>ge factories1 !re are imm5se numb]s 9 _w-wide use2 e detail ( ^! pumps is c>efully consid]$2 ! sizes manufactur$ range f #b in*es to #f in*es diamet] ( cyl9d]s1 ) /rokes #d1 #d-a_/b & #e in*es4 ,! capacity ( ea* pump is also giv5 9 ! publi%$ li/s by ! mak]s2 ?is is giv5 "u ! head+ 8,capacity p] ,revolution0 ) ! add$ in=mation z to ! be/ sizes to be us$ = ! suction & dis*>ge pipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4 ,,note4--,x 7 well = ! /ud5t to "k t 9 case ( breakage or worn out p>ts ( an o!rwise s]viceable app>atus t ! mak]s h provid$ = _! repairs z w be indicat$ by ! foll[+ tak5 f ! catalogue ( a well kn[n manufactur]4 8,9 ! foll[+ li/s w be f\nd descriptions ( pieces = all ! /aple pumps1 :i* w prove ( decid$ conv5i5ce4 ,9 ?is connection we desire to impress mo/ emphatically on ! m9ds ( deal]s t ! ?reads are cut to exact & accurate gauges2 all holes 9 flanges1 etc41 drill$ to templets2 all ca/+s made f exact metal patt]ns1 simil> p>ts be+ always ! same4 ,!re=e1 repairs w inv>iably take ! place ( ! brok5 p>ts40 ,fig4 #afc repres5ts a ,pit*] ,sp\t ,pump1 ( l>ge size = contractors1 & ,fig4 #afd ! p>ts ( a common h\se pump4 ,! two figures %[ pumps sub/antially ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4 ,! smalle/ size 8li/$0 ( ?is pump has a cyl9d] diamet] ( #b-a_/b in*es1 fitt$ ) #a-a_/d 94 pipe & x has a capacity ( #ji gal4 p] /roke & x takes m ?an elev5 /rokes to pump a s+le gallon4 ,) a cyl9d] #d-a_/b in*es1 ) pipe #a-a_/b 94 diam41 ! pump has a capacity ( #cd gal4 p] /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4 ,! engrav+ #afd %[s a pit*] pump dissect$1 9 :i* ,a repres5ts ! lev] or h&le1 ,b ! plung] :i* conta9s ! dis*>ge valve & is made tight by a cup lea!r pack+1 ,c is ! fulcrum = ! lev]1 ,d ! b>rel or cyl9d]1 ,e ! l[] or suction valve1 ,f ! base :i* supports ! pump4 ,! lea!r :i* =ms ! valve ,e also makes ! jo9t betwe5 ! cyl9d] & ! base4 ,fig4 #afe repres5ts a ,two-,cyl9d] ,suction & ,=ce ,pump arrang$ ) ext5sion lev]s4 ,:5 ^! lev]s are put 9 place1 !y af=d room = a l>ge =ce ( m5 to "w1 r5d]s ?is pump a mo/ p[]ful eng9e = ?r[+ wat] on fires1 or supply+ x = _m uses ab\t factories1 w>eh\ses1 :>ves1 etc4 ,! dis*>ge hose c be fitt$ bo? ends = wr\ght-iron pipe or ei!r end = hose4 ,! ,table bel[ gives ! mak]s' numb]s1 ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]s1 etc41 & also di/ance to :i* ! wat] c be lift$ or =c$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4 ,,table ,,( ,,sizes1 ,,capacities1 ,,etc4 ----------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,no4,diamet] ,/roke ,capacity ,dis*>ge ,suction 99,lift & ,cyl9d] p] ,rev4 ,=ce ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #d #c 94#f-a_/b 94 #dj gal4#a-a_/d 94 hose#a-a_/b 94 pipe#ajj ft4 #d #c #f-a_/b #dj gal4#a-a_/d #a-a_/b #ajj ft4 #f #c-a_/b #f-a_/b #ed #a-a_/b #b #ge #h #d #h #hg #b #b-a_/b #ge #aj #d-a_/b #h #aaj #b #b-a_/b #ge #ab #e #h #acf #b #b-a_/b #ge #af #f #g #aif #b-a_/b #d #ej ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- 99 ,total lift & =ce f supply to po9t ( deliv]y1 ,pump n m ?an #be feet above wat]4 ,fig4 #aff repres5ts a h&1 rot>y =ce pump provid$ ) a balance :eel4 ,a sectional view ( ?is pump is giv5 9 ,fig4 #afg2 ^! pumps are adapt$ = almo/ any place or purpose :]e lift or =ce pumps c be us$1 !y c be mov$ to any place :]e wat] is )9 suction di/ance & imm$iately op]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4 ,! provision ( a foot valve at ! end ( ! suction pipe w keep x always fill$4 ,9 ! rot>y pump !re are no pi/ons4 ,z w be se5 9 ! ,fig4 #afg1 !re are two p9ions ( extremely co>se pit* me%+ into "o ano!r ) neat fit 9 ! case2 ! jo9ts become practically air-tight by ! wat] :i* surr\nds !m & passes ?r\gh ! case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4 ,bo? p9ions are support$ by a j\rnal at ea* end1 ! %aft ( "o be+ ext5d$ to receive a pulley or h& :eel z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aff1 h5ce1 "o p9ion causes ! o!r to revolve4 ,! tee? on ! bottom side ( ! p9ions move away f ea* o!r & =m a p>tial vacuum :i* ! wat] fills & is c>ri$ ar\nd betwe5 ! tee? ( ! p9ions on opposite sides & is dis*>g$ ?r\gh a c5tral op5+ 9 ! case at ! top1 !nce ?r\gh ! dis*>ge pipe into ! tank or res]voir4 ,9 ! small sizes ( ! rot>y pump !re is no tr\ble f leakage1 until ! p>ts become mu* worn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4 ,bag ,pump4 ,?is is a =m ( bell[s-pump 9 :i* ! valve disc ,a1 :i* takes ! place ( ! bucket1 is connect$ ) ! base ( ! b>rel by an ela/ic bag di/5d$ at int]vals by r+s4 ,?is bag may be made ( lea!r or ( d\ble canvas4 ,! upp] end ( ! bag %\ld be firmly ti$ ) a cord 9 a groove g\g$ out ( ! rim ( ! bo>d at ,a4 ,into ?is bo>d is fix$ ! =k ( ! pi/on rod1 & ! bag is kept di/5d$ by a numb] ( wood5 hoops or r+s ( wire1 fix$ to x at a few in*es di/ance f "o ano!r1 & kept at equal di/ances by ?ree or f\r cords b9d+ !m toge!r & /ret*+ f ! top to ! bottom ( ! bag4 ,n[ let ?is trunk be imm]s$ 9 ! wat]3 x is evid5t t if ! bag be /ret*$ f ! compress$ =m :i* its own weight w give x by draw+ up ! pi/on rod1 its capacity w be enl>g$1 ! valve ,a w be %ut by its own weight1 ! air 9 ! bag w be r>efi$1 & ! atmosph]e w press ! wat] into ! bag4 ,:5 ! rod is ?ru/ d[n aga91 ! wat] w come out at ! valve ,a1 & fill "p ( ! trunk4 ,a repetition ( ! op]ation w h a simil> effect2 ! trunk w be fill$1 & ! wat] w at la/ be dis*>g$ at ! sp\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4 ,bell[s-pump 7,page #ahf74 ,?is is an atmosph]ic pump 9 :i* ! "p ( ! pi/on is play$ by ! top leaf ( ! bell[s4 ,a v simple me?od ( describ+ an inv5tion1 f :i* great good 9 dra9age ( wa/e l&s 9 ,europe1 0 realiz$4 8,!re 0 ( c\rse a valve cov]+ ! int]ior orifice ( ! nozzle & op5+ outw>ds1 to prev5t ! air f ent]+ :5 ! upp] bo>d 0 rais$4 ,?is valve is n %[n because ! art ( repres5t+ ! int]ior ( ma*9es by section1 0 n !n und]/ood1 or n practic$4 ,! l[] bo>d is fa/5$ to ! gr\nd by a plat=m :ile ! suction pipe dips into ! wat]4 ,a weight is plac$ on ! upp] bo>d to assi/ 9 expell+ ! wat]40 ,fig4 #afi repres5ts a ,d\ble ,lant]n ,bell[s-,pump z us$ 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,?is engrav+ is pla9 & requires no description4 ,fig4 #agj %[s a diaphragm pump 9 :i* a %eet ( rubb] or its equival5t is us$ z a sub/itute = a pi/on 9 a cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4 ,,note4--,:5 an ox or a horse plunges 8 m\? into a /ream1 he dilates 8 *e/ & ! atmosph]e =ces ! liquid up into 8 /oma* precisely z up ! pipe ( a pump4 ,x is inde$ 9 imitation ( ^! natural pumps t wat] is rais$ 9 artificial ones4 ,! ?orax is ! pump2 ! muscul> en]gy ( ! animal1 ! p[] t works x2 ! ?roat is ! pipe1 ! l[] orifice ( :i* is ! m\?1 & :i* he mu/ necess>ily ins]t into ! liquid he ?us pumps into 8 /oma*4 ,! capaci\s *e/ ( ! tall camel1 or ( ! /ill tall] cameleop>d or giraffe1 ^: head sometimes moves tw5ty feet f ! gr\nd1 is a l>ge bell[s-pump :i* raises wat] ?r\gh ! long *annel or pipe 9 8 neck4 ,! elephant by a simil> pneumatic app>atus1 elevates ! liquid ?r\gh t flexible 8suction pipe10 8 proboscis2 & ^? nimble eng9e]s1 ! common h\se-flies1 raise x ?r\gh _! m9ik9 trunks 9 ! mann] ( ! gigantic animals :i* 9 remote ages roam$ ov] ?is planet1 & :i* qu5*$ _! ?ir/ z ! ox does4 ,!re c\ld h be5 none :i* /ood s high z to h _! /oma*s ?irty feet above ! wat] !y ?us rais$ into !m4 ,rope ,pump4 ,?is ma*9e consi/s ( "o or m endless ropes1 all /ret*$ on two pulleys z %[n 9 ,figs4 #aga & #agb4 ,^! pulleys h grooves =m$ 9 _! surfaces = ! reception ( ! ropes4 ,a rapid rot>y motion is communicat$ to ! upp] pulley1 by a multiply+ :eel1 & ! asc5d+ side ( ea* rope c>ries up ! wat] absorb$ by x1 & :i* is sep>at$ f x :ile pass+ ov] ! upp] pulley1 p>tly by c5trifugal =ce1 & p>tly by be+ squeez$ 9 ! deep groove4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! motion1 ! column ( wat] adh]+ to ! rope1 is always less ?an :5 x has be5 work$ = "s "t1 & cont9ues to increase till ! surr\nd+ air p>takes ( its motion4 ,by ! utmo/ ef=ts ( a man1 n9e gallons ( wat] 7 rais$ by "o ( ^! ma*9es f a well1 n9ety-five feet deep1 9 "o m9ute4 7,adam's ,philos47 ,! hydraulic belt is a simil> contrivance4 ,x is an endless d\ble b& ( wool5 clo?1 pass+ ov] two roll]s1 n "h %[n4 ,x is driv5 ) a velocity ( n less ?an a ?\s& feet p] m9ute2 :5 ! wat] conta9$ betwe5 ! two surfaces is c>ri$ up & dis*>g$ z x passes ov] ! upp] roll]1 by ! pressure ( ! b&4 ,"s ma*9es ( ?is k9d are /at$ to h produc$ an effect equal to sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( ! p[] exp5d$1 :ile t ( ord9>y pumps seldom exce$s sixty p] c5t4 7,lon4 ,me*an4 ,mag47 ,spray ,pump4 ,fig4 #agc exhibits a c>efully design$ pump made to spray trees1 plants1 etc4 ,all ! work+ p>ts are ( brass1 ! valves are metal2 ! air *amb] is made ( galvaniz$ iron or copp] & has l>ge capacity4 ,x w hold suffici5t compress$ air to keep ! spray go+ f six to t5 m9utes aft] ! pump+ /ops4 ,! 8agitators0 are plac$ s t !y keep ! liquid ?or\ghly /irr$4 ,! plung]s c be easily remov$ & pack$ )\t ! necessity ( tak+ ! pump to a %op4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4 ,! pump is fa/5$ to ! bottom ( ! b>rel by a bolt pass+ ?r\gh ! b>rel & secur$ by a nut und]nea?1 ) pack+ to prev5t leakage1 & by an iron plate at ! top cov]+ ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! pump is plac$ 9 ! b>rel4 ,?is pump is arrang$ ) "o1 or two lev]s1 & = "o or two l9es ( dis*>ge hose4 ,! cyl9d]s are #b-a_/b in*es diamet] ) /roke #c in*es2 its capacity p] /roke is #jac gal4 ,comb9$ ,pump & ,horse ,p[]4 ,! 8horse p[]0 7app>atus7 ) its 8pole0 = "o horse & two poles = two horses & its wr\ght iron 8tumbl+ %aft0 has be5 s modifi$ t a horse op]ates ! pump1 by means ( a 8sweep10 direct connect$ to ! pump crank %aft4 ,! animal w make ?ree to f\r circuits p] m9ute1 giv+ ! pump crank %aft a spe$ ( #dj to #ej revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! capacity ( a #d 94 plung] & #h 94 /roke is giv5 z #cabj gallons p] h\r2 ! suction pipe is giv5 z #c-a_/b 94 diam4 & ! dis*>ge z #c 94 pipe4 ,,driv5 ,,or ,,tube ,,wells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age-;,a4 ,aside f ! wells describ$ on page #de & ^? foll[+ x1 !re are wells made by =c+ iron tub+ d[n into ! e>? until a wat] supply is rea*$4 ,)9 reasonable di/ances & 9 a rem>kably l>ge proportion1 ^! pipe wells are directly connect$ ) ! suction "p ( h& pumps4 ,,note4--8,:5 a well fails to yield a fair am\nt ( oil or wat]1 an increase 9 ! fl[ is (t5 effect$ by means ( ! ,rob]ts torp$o4 ,?is is a ?9 wat]-tight cyl9d] ( metal or pap]1 #d to #f ft4 long & #b or #c 94 9 diamet]1 *>g$ ) p[d]1 gun-cotton or nitro-glyc]9e4 ,x is l[]$ to ! bottom ( ! well1 or to a dep? t w br+ x opposite ! desir$ /ratum1 & ! well is !n flood$4 ,! *>ge is explod$ by a cap or electric sp>k1 & ! explosion (t5 cle>s away ! ob/ruction f ! oil or wat] ve94 ,?is applies p>ticul>ly to deep wells40 ,to ?is class also belong ! fam\s oil & artesian wells :i* p5etrate ?r\gh e>? & rock ?\s&s ( feet1 _m ( !m op]at$ by p[] pump+ ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4 ,! process ( driv+ tube-wells resembles pile-driv+1 b ) ?is di/9ction1 t :ile piles receive ! bl[s ( ! 8monkey0 on _! heads1 ! tubes are n /ruck at all1 ! bl[ be+ communicat$ by ! clamp1 :i* receives ! bl[ ne> ! gr\nd4 ,! tube-well1 z 9 ord9>y use1 is n int5d$ = pi]c+ rock or solid =mations1 b is q capable ( p5etrat+ v h>d & compact soils1 & c be also successfully driv5 ?r\gh *alk1 break+ ?r\gh ! fl9ts :i* may ob/ruct its passage d[nw>d4 ,:5 solid masses ( rock or /one are rea*$1 special means ( drill+ h to be provid$ = x4 ,:5 com+ ^u rock or /one1 ! be/ plan is to pull up ! tube & try 9 ano!r spot4 ,?is applies also :5 deep b$s ( clay are driv5 into2 =1 by go+ a little di/ance (f1 & te/+ aga91 9 _m cases wat] w be f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4 ,! op]ation is z foll[s3 ,! fir/ or pione] tube1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #age is furni%$ ) a /eel po9t ( bulb\s =m1 & p]=at$ ) holes v>y+ f "o-eigh? to an in*1 ext5d+ f #ae 94 to #c ft4 f ! po9t1 ,fig4 #agh4 ,! enl>gem5t ( ! po9t s]ves to cle> a passage = ! c\pl+s by :i* ! tubes are screw$ toge!r4 ,on ?is tube ! clamp ,fig4 #agf is held ab\t #c ft4 f ! po9t by two bolts2 ! clamp is ( wr\ght iron ) /eel bu%+ screw$ int]nally s z to =m tee? to grip ! tube4 ,next1 ! ca/-iron driv+-weight or monkey is slipp$ on to ! tube above ! clamp4 ,! monkey is op]at$ ) ropes4 ,suck]-,rod ,c\pl+s4 ,^! c\pl+s are usually made ( iron galvaniz$ & are us$ to connect ! ends ( wood5 suck] rods = deep well pumps4 ,ea* half ( c\pl+ is secur$ to ! end ( wood5 rods by ?ree bolts2 ! ends ( ! c\pl+s are jo9$ by male & female ?reads 9 ! usual way4 ,ei!r bolts or rivets may be us$ to atta* ! rods to ! c\pl+s4 7,see ,fig4 #agi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4 ,,po9ts ,,= ,,erect+ ,,& ,,op]at+ ,,h& ,,pumps4 ,f\ndation--,= ! small] sizes a f\ndation is n necess>y1 o!r ?an a good floor4 ,) ! l>ge sizes x is advisable to h a sub/antial f\ndation4 ,concrete1 well ramm$ into place1 surm\nt$ by a cap/one1 is z good z any4 ,! f\ndation all[s ! pump to be run at a high] spe$2 a plan %[+ location ( bolt-holes1 position ( flanges1 & g5]al dim5sions1 s t !re may be no delay 9 sett+ ! pump ^u arrival at its de/9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4 ,suction ,pipe--,! suction pipe %\ld be z %ort & direct z possible1 avoid+ all turns n necess>y4 ,place a /ra9] & foot-valve1 ,fig4 #ahj1 on ! suction pipe4 ,x is bett] = ! pump to h a slight suction except :5 hot wat] is pump$1 ?an to supply ! wat] to ! pump "u a slight head4 ,dis*>ge ,pipe--,make ! dis*>ge pip+ z /raight z possible1 us+ long b5ds4 ,pack+--,! /uff+ boxes %\ld be c>efully pack$ & ! gl& br\ght up firmly aga9/ ! pack+2 screw+ up ! gl& by h& %\ld be suffici5t4 ,l>ge sizes ( suction & dis*>ge pipe are desirable1 because ! friction ( ! wat] 9 ! pipes ?us r$uc$ makes ! pump "w easi]4 ,,p[] ,,pumps ,,p[] ,,driv5 ,,pumps4 ,by a p[]-driv5 pump is meant "o actuat$ by ,belt1 ,rope-transmission1 ,ge>1 ,%aft+1 ,electric-motor1 ,wat]-:eel1 ,friction1 or by direct connection to a p[] %aft4 ,x ?us becomes v frequ5tly a "q :i* app>atus is mo/ desirable4 ,^! are classifi$1 ?us-- #a4 ,s+le p[] pumps1 #b4 ,duplex p[] pumps1 #c4 ,triplex 7triple7 p[] pumps1 #d4 ,quadruplex1 etc4 ,:]e ! sizes /ill fur!r increase !y are nam$ f ! numb] ( b>rels or wat] cyl9d]s1 b :5 ( mu* l>g] size ?an ! ,triplex !y come "u ! classification ( pump+ eng9es4 ,:]e p[] c be _h f a %aft 9 motion !re is no pump s economical z ! p[] or belt driv5 pump4 ,?is fact is %[n by ! rapid increase 9 ! numb] ( applications ( ?is type ( pump3 ! r$uc$ co/ ( manufacture 9 mak+ ! tee? ( ! ge> :eels1 ! use ( automatic ma*9]y1 ! production ( int]*angeable p>ts h t5d$ to produce a high grade ( ma*9e at an attractive price4 ,! en]gy exp5d$ 9 op]at+ ! p[] driv5 pump is obta9$ at ! same economy z t requir$ by ! ma*9]y 9 ! mill or factory1 & z a mod]n automatic cut(f eng9e w develop a horse p[] ) consid]able less /eam ?an ! direct act+ /eam pump ! co/ ( ! p[] requir$ by ! p[] driv5 pump is correspond+ly less2 x p>ticipates 9 ! economy ( ! /eam eng9e us+ f "o & a half p\nds ( coal to five or six p\nds p] ,h4 ,p4 p] h\r4 ,= ?is reason ! p[] driv5 pump is (t5times ! m economical1 & especially :]e %aft+ is adjac5t to ! location ( ! pump1 or c be conv5i5tly arrang$ by simply add+ ano!r l5g? ( %aft+ ) ! necess>y pulleys1 or ev5 by cutt+ suitable op5+s ?r\gh ! walls = ! belts4 ,s+le1 duplex & triplex p[] pumps are describ$ & illu/rat$ ^u ! succe$+ pages2 p[] pumps are built ) "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r or five cyl9d]s & = ei!r high or l[ pressure or g5]al s]vice1 & _! sizes1 capacities1 & ! mat]ials !y h&le are no m num]\s ?an _! comb9ations 9 erection4 ,! portion ( ?is "w devot$ to p[] pumps %\ld be especially int]e/+ & in/ructive to ! att5dants op]at+ /eam1 compress$ air & p[] driv5 pumps4 ,p>ticul> att5tion has be5 giv5 to s+le-cyl9d] /eam pumps because ( ! great v>iety ( /eam-actuat$ valves to be f\nd 9 practice1 ea* diff]+ f ! o!r 9 "o or m ess5tial features4 ,x is due v l>gely to ! num]\s designs ( /eam valves1 t difficulty has be5 enc\nt]$ 9 manag+ s+le-cyl9d] pumps z successfully z ^? ( ! duplex type1 ! simil>ity ( con/ruction 9 ! latt] type1 ev5 9 m9or details1 be+ mu* m m>k$4 ,! successful op]ation ( a pump dep5ds to a great ext5t ^u ! intellig5ce display$ 9 its managem5t1 & an eng9e] c sc>cely hope to obta9 quiet & smoo? runn+ pumps & fre$om f breakd[ns & p]plex+ delays except by a ?or\gh k ( ! details ( con/ruction & op]ation4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t p[] pumps are to be illu/rat$ & expla9$ 9 a class entirely exclud+ /eam pumps2 ! latt] are pumps 9 :i* ! mov+ =ce is /eam4 ,electric ,pumps are prop]ly p[] pumps 9 :i* ! mov+ =ce is electricity :i* is conduct$ to ! pumps by wires4 ,,pump ,,p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4 ,wat] ,ends4 ,!re are prop]ly speak+ f\r k9ds ( wat] ends to /eam & p[] pumps3 #a1 ,a solid plung]1 ) a /uff+ box us$ = heavy press+s 9 hydraulic app>atus1 or z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahb1 = l>g] plung]s4 #b1 ,a pi/on pack$ ) fibr\s mat]ial )9 ! cyl9d]4 ,see ,fig4 #aha4 ,! lett] ,p 9 ,fig4 #ahb & ! foll[+ cuts indicates ! plung]4 #c1 ,a plung] pack$ ) a metal r+ ar\nd ! outside1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ahc4 #d1 ,two plung]s1 ,fig4 #ahd1 connect$ outside ( ! cyl9d] ) a /uff+ box 9 two cyl9d] heads1 ?r\gh :i* ! plung]s "w4 ,^! are m fully expla9$ & illu/rat$ z !y occur 9 _m examples z !y are ref]r$ to 9 ! oncom+ *apt]s ( ?is "w4 ,! con/ruction ( ! wat] ends ( s+le cyl9d] & duplex pumps is practically ! same2 any slight diff]5ces :i* may be f\nd are conf9$ to m9or details1 :i* 9 no way affect ! g5]al design or op]ation ( ! pump4 ,! /eam or p[] ends ( num]\s & v>i$ makes ( pumps are also z %[n 9 ! foll[+ pages ( ?is "w2 all pumps actuat$ by p[]--/eam1 electric1 etc4--are possess$ ( ^! two di/+ui%+ features--#a1 a /eam or p[] end1 & #b1 ! wat] end4 ,,note4--,?is /atem5t has exception 9 ! cases ( l>ge pump+ eng9es hav+ a fly :eel or supplem5tal cyl9d]s atta*$ to an accumulator1 9 :i* case ! /eam is work$ expansively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4 ,! /eam end ( ! ord9>y s+le /eam pump1 & also ( ! duplex pump1 diff]s f ! /eam cyl9d] ( ! /eam eng9e 9 t ! =m] has f\r ports to ea* cyl9d]1 i4 e41 two /eam ports & two cu%ion+ ports z %[n h]eaft] 9 figures4 ,"u ! division ( ! "w allott$ to ! 8,/eam ,pump0 w be f\nd all necess>y fur!r notice ( ! /eam ends ( ,pumps4 ,pump ,valves4 ,! valve app>atus is p]haps ! mo/ important "p ( any =m ( pump & its design has a mat]ial be>+ ^u its effici5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4 ,! valves %[n 9 ,fig4 #aha are c>ri$ by two plates or decks1 ! suction valves be+ atta*$ to ! l[] plate & ! deliv]y valves to ! upp] "o4 ,! upp] deck1 & sometimes bo? decks1 are removable4 ,! valves are secur$ to ! plates by means ( bolts or long ma*9e screws1 :i*1 9 turn1 are screw$ into ! bridge across ! bo>d 9 ! plate1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ahe & #ahf or capp$ z 9 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,! valves 9 all pumps except ! l>ge sizes1 :i* may prop]ly be class$ ) pump+ eng9es1 are ( ! flat rubb] disc type1 ) a hole 9 ! c5t] to enable ! valve to rise easily on ! bolt1 ! latt] s]v+ z a guide4 ,a conical spr+ is employ$ to hold ! valve firmly to its seat1 ! spr+ be+ held 9 position by ! head ( ! bolt1 or cap1 z %[n4 ,c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 pump-valves h be5 made :i* t5d to increase ! durability & to prev5t ! liability ( /ick+1 :i* is n an uncommon occurr5ce aft] ! valves h become badly worn4 ,! improv$ =ms ( pump valves are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ahf & #ahg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4 ,:5 ^! valves leak ?r\gh we> ! disc may be rev]s$1 us+ ! upp] side ( ! disc next to ! valve seat4 ,?is c be done ) ord9>y valves also1 provid$ ! spr+ has n injur$ ! upp] surface ( ! disc4 ,valve seats are g5]ally press$ into ! plates1 al?\gh in/ances may be f\nd :]e !y are screw$4 ,:5 press$ 9 !y may be )drawn by sub/itut+ a bolt hav+ long] screw ?reads ?an ! regul> bolt1 & provid$ ) a nut1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,! bolt is slipp$ ?r\gh a yoke & screw$ into ! bridge4 ,by turn+ ! nut ! seat c g5]ally be />t$ )\t difficulty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4 ,fig4 #ahi repres5ts ! cu/om>y gl& & /uff+-box 9 :i* ! gl& is adju/$ by ! nuts ,c & ,d ^u two /uds4 ,aft] ! adju/m5t has be5 prop]ly made lock-nuts are tight5$ :i* leaves ! gl& free yet pres]ves ! alignm5t4 ,x has be5 prov5 by practice--aft] long & co/ly exp]im5ts--t a numb] ( small valves in/ead ( "o l>ge "o are f> ! mo/ durable2 durability be+ ! "q4 ,corliss1 ,leavitt1 ,holly & o!r lead+ pump build]s _h occasion to f9d ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t e>ly 9 _! c>e]s4 ,! 8slamm+0 ( l>ge valves "u mod]ate spe$s prov$ itself an almo/ insurm\ntable difficulty until ! pr9ciple ( keep+ ! valve area z l[ z possible )9 reasonable limits _h be5 fully demon/rat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4 ,to illu/rate ! advantage ( hav+ a numb] ( comp>atively small valves in/ead ( "o l>ge "o1 suppose a pump to be fitt$ ) f\r #c-a_/b-;in* deliv]y valves at ea* end1 ! valves cov]+ ports #b-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! area ( ea* port is #di squ>e in*es4 ,9 ord] to provide an equal area betwe5 ! valve & ! seat ! valve mu/ rise a di/ance equal to "o-f\r? ! diamet] ( ! port4 ,! comb9$ area ( ! f\r ports is #aif squ>e in*es1 :i* corresponds to ! area ( a circul> op5+ #e in*es 9 diamet]1 "o-f\r? ( :i* is #a-a_/d in*es4 ,x w be und]/ood t ! small] valves c seat mu* m quickly & ) less j> ?an ! l>g] "o1 h5ce a l>g] numb] ( small valves is n only bett] because ( ! great r$uction 9 slippage1 b !y are also m economical1 be+ subject$ to less we> & te>4 ,! lift ( valves = mod]ate or l[ spe$ pumps is se5 9 ,fig4 #aij & ^? = high] spe$s 9 ,fig4 #aia4 ,^! engrav+s cle>ly %[ ! relative position ( ! suction & dis*>ge valves dur+ ! movem5ts ( ! pi/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4 ,pump slip or slippage is a t]m us$ to d5ote ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! calculat$ & ! actual dis*>ge ( a pump1 & is g5]ally express$ z a p]c5tage ( ! calculat$ dis*>ge4 ,?us1 :5 ! slippage is giv5 z #ae p] c5t4 x indicates t ! loss due to slip am\nts to #ae p] c5t4 ( ! calculat$ dis*>ge4 ,slippage is due to two causes1 ! "t requir$ = ! suction & dis*>ge valves to seat4 ,:5 pumps run v fa/ ! pi/on spe$ is s high t ! wat] _c ent] ! pump fa/ en\gh to completely fill ! cyl9d] & consequ5tly a p>tial cyl9d] full ( wat] is deliv]$ at ea* /roke4 ,high spe$s also increase slippage1 due to ! seat+ ( ! valves4 ,fig4 #aia repres5ts a sectional view ( ! wat] end ( a pump1 %[+ ! position ( ! valves dur+ a quick rev]sal 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s1 :i* illu/rates ! position ( ! valves correspond+ to high spe$4 ,! valves 9 a pump1 l almo/ e o!r detail 9 ! op]ation ( ma*9]y1 d n act in/antane\sly1 b require "t to rea* ! seats4 ,:5 pumps run at high spe$ ! pi/on w move a consid]able di/ance1 :ile ! valves are desc5d+ to _! seats1 & wat] fl[s back into ! pump cyl9d] until ! valves are tightly clos$4 ,! valves w rema9 9 ! rais$ position %[n 9 ,fig4 #aia until ! pi/on /ops at ! end ( ! /roke1 & "u high spe$ ! pi/on w rea* ! position on ! return /roke indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e ,l by ! "t ! valves are clos$4 ,! cyl9d] w be fill$ up to ?is po9t ) wat] f ! deliv]y *amb] s t no vacuum c be =m$ until aft] ! pi/on rea*es ?is position4 ,! volume ( wat] t c be drawn into ! cyl9d] mu/ necess>ily be repres5t$ by ! cubic in*es cf space1 m9us ! quantity :i* fl[s back dur+ ! "t ! valves are clos+4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! actual volume ( wat] dis*>g$ is consid]ably less ?an a cyl9d]ful1 & ! diff]5ce1 :atev] x may prove to be1 is call$1 & is due to slippage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4 ,fig4 #aij repres5ts ! same pump runn+ at a comp>atively l[ spe$4 ,x w be notic$ t ! valves h n be5 rais$ z high z 9 ,fig4 #aia1 because a long] "t be+ all[$ = ! dis*>ge ( ! wat]1 a small] orifice is suffici5t4 ,x w be se5 also t ! pi/on1 mov+ at a l[] velocity1 _c travel z f> 9 ,fig4 #aij be=e ! valves seat1 & consequ5tly a vacuum c be creat$ 9 ! cyl9d] e>li] 9 ! /roke1 & a l>g] volume ( wat] c !re=e be drawn 9 dur+ ! return /roke4 ,9 ! latt] case x is evid5t t ! volume ( wat] drawn into ! cyl9d] w be ne>ly equal to a cyl9d]ful & consequ5tly ! loss by slippage mu/ be correspond+ly less4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ! loss by slippage sev]al valves are us$ in/ead ( a s+le valve ( equal area4 ,a flat disc valve w rise a di/ance equal to "o-f\r? ! diamet] ( ! port or ( ! op5+ 9 ! seat to dis*>ge ! same volume ( wat] t c fl[ ?r\gh ! port 9 ! same "t4 ,9 practice ! rise exce$s ?is proportion ( "o-f\r? a trifle1 ow+ to ! friction ( ! wat]1 & ?is is especially true at high spe$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic4 ,re9=c$ pump valves4 ,:]e pure gum has be5 us$ = pump valves x has always prov$ too s(t & :5 x has be5 comp\nd$ ) o!r sub/ances x has be5 f\nd too h>d to )/& ! sev]e duty to :i* x is subject$ z a mat]ial = pump valves4 ,9 ! accompany+ ,fig4 #aib is %[n ! ,brad5 pump valve1 :i* is made ( composition ( rubb] hav+ wire r+s emb$d$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! disc4 ,! composition has be5 remov$ f a section to %[ ^! r+s4 ,a f]rule ( composition metal =ms a hub ar\nd ! c5t] ?r\gh :i* ! bolt or /ud passes to guide ! valve & to prev5t excessive we> ( ! hole4 ,its wire coil frame "w clo!d ) rubb] ma9ta9s a due am\nt ( /iffness1 ) a degree ( flexibility :i* prev5ts its bulg+ into ! holes 9 ! seats1 or /ick+ !re91 & ?us impair+ ! suction & dis*>ge4 ,bo? sides1 ! upp] z well z ! l[]1 are made available = s]vice4 ,^! qualities ( /iffness & flexibility comb9$1 p]mit ?is valve to adju/ itself to =m a wat]-tight seat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #aid1 #aie1 #aih4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #aif1 #aig4 ,armor$ pump valves4 ,z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aic ?is is a valve made by /amp+ a metal disc out ( /eel :i* is !n plat$ ) copp] to protect ! surface & secure ! adhesion ( ! rubb]4 ,m>g9al not*es are left on ! inside & outside edges ( ! plate & rubb] is m\ld$ ar\nd ^!1 & vulcaniz$ to ! requir$ h>dness2 a brass or copp] plate may be us$ in/ead ( /eel & ! plates may be corrugat$ radially to increase _! /iffness :5 ! area ( ! valve is l>ge4 ,exp]i5ce proves t ! wat] valve adopt$ toge!r ) its location1 has a mat]ial be>+ ^u ! effici5cy ( any pump2 easy seat+ valves are subject to m or less slippage1 ow+ to t>dy seat+2 ! location ( wat] valves %\ld be above ! pump cyl9d]1 inasmu* z 9 op]ation ! pump is always prim$1 :ile if suction valves are plac$ bel[1 any we> on ! valves or valve seats1 or ob/ruction "u ! valves1 w cause ! wat] to leak entirely out ( ! wat] cyl9d]1 mak+ x necess>y to prime ! pump be=e x c be />t$4 ,,note4--,! screw$ seat is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aid1 ,/ud ,fig4 #aie1 ,metal ,valve ,fig4 #aif1 ,spr+ ,fig4 #aig1 & all put toge!r 9 ,fig4 #aih4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aii4 ,valve seats1 bolts & spr+s %\ld be ( ! be/ composition or gun-metal2 & valves ( composition1 or h>d or s(t rubb]1 to suit ! duty su* pump is requir$ to p]=m4 ,^! valve seats are screw$ into ! valve plate1 & valves may be *ang$ f composition to rubb] by m]ely remov+ bolt1 & sub/itut+ "o = ! o!r )\t remov+ ! seat4 ,?is is ( great advantage :]e a pump is to be us$ = hot wat] aft] be+ us$ = cold wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bja4 ,air *amb]s are plac$ ^u ! top ( a pump1 see ,figs4 #aii & #bjj1 & conta9 air = ! purpose ( introduc+ an air cu%ion to c\nt]act ! solidity ( ! wat]1 ?us prev5t+ %ocks z ! wat] fl[s ?r\gh ! valves2 & also = ! purpose ( secur+ a /eady dis*>ge ( wat]4 ,! wat] be+ "u pressure 9 ! dis*>ge *amb]1 compresses ! air 9 ! air *amb] dur+ ea* /roke ( ! wat] pi/on &1 :5 ! pi/on /ops mom5t>ily at ! end ( ! /roke1 ! air exp&s to a c]ta9 ext5t & t5ds to produce a gradual /opp+ ( ! fl[ ( wat]1 ?us p]mitt+ ! valves to seat easily & )\t %ock or j>4 ,! capacity ( ! air *amb] v>ies 9 diff]5t makes ( pumps f #b to #c-a_/b times ! volume ( ! wat] cyl9d] 9 s+le cyl9d] pumps1 & f #a to #b-a_/b times ! volume ( ! wat] cyl9d] 9 ! duplex type4 ,! volume ( ! wat] cyl9d] is repres5t$ by ! area ( ! wat] pi/on multipli$ by ! l5g? ( /roke4 ,= s+le-cyl9d]1 boil]-fe$ pumps & ^? employ$ = elevator & simil> s]vice ! volume ( ! air *amb] %\ld be #c times ! volume ( ! wat] cyl9d]1 & = duplex pumps1 n less ?an twice ! volume ( ! wat] cyl9d]4 ,high spe$ pumps1 su* z fire pumps1 %\ld be provid$ ) air *amb]s conta9+ f #e to #f times ! volume ( ! wat] cyl9d]4 ,! diamet] ( ! neck %\ld n exce$ "o-?ird ! diamet] ( ! *amb]4 ,:5 ! pumps "w "u pressure exce$+ #he or #ij p\nds p] squ>e in*1 x is frequ5tly f\nd t ! air gradually disappe>s f ! air *amb]1 ! air pass+ (f ) ! wat] by absorption4 ,9 ?is case air %\ld be suppli$ to ! air *amb] unless ! pump runs at v l[ spe$s1 say1 f #aj to #bj /rokes = ! small] sizes & f #c to #e /rokes p] m9ute = pump+ eng9es4 ,at high] spe$ & ) no air 9 ! air *amb] ! valves are apt to seat heavily & cause m or less j> & noise1 & ! fl[ ( wat] w n be uni=m4 ,! wat] level 9 ! air *amb] %\ld be kept d[n to f "o-f\r? to "o-?ird ! height ( ! air *amb] = smoo? runn+ at m$ium & high spe$s4 ,,note4--,9 l>ge pump+ plants small air pumps are employ$ = keep+ ! air *amb]s prop]ly *>g$4 ,9 small] plants an ord9>y bicycle pump & a piece ( rubb] tub+ are us$ to good advantage4 ,vacuum *amb]s are %[n 9 ,figs4 #aii1 #bjj & #bja4 ,^! devices are atta*$ to ! suction pipe4 ,:5 ! column ( wat] 9 ! suction pipe ( a pump is once set 9 motion1 x is q important1 especially "u high spe$s1 to keep ! wat] 9 full motion1 & :5 x is /opp$1 to /op x gradually & easily4 ,?is is accompli%$ by plac+ a vacuum *amb] on ! suction pipe1 z %[n 9 ! figures4 ,! location ( ! vacuum *amb] may be v>i$ to suit ! conv5i5ce ( ! eng9e room arrangem5ts4 ,fig4 #aii repres5ts ! vacuum *amb] at ! side ( ! pump1 ,fig4 #bjj %[s x opposite ! suction & ,fig4 #bja repres5ts its position at ! end ( ! pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjc4 ,vacuum *amb]s are practically ( two designs1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #bjb & #bjc4 ,! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjc %\ld be plac$ 9 su* position z to receive ! impact ( ! column ( wat] 9 ! suction pipe4 ,9 ord] to d ?is effectively x %\ld be plac$ 9 ! position %[n 9 ,figs4 #aii1 #bjj or #bja4 ,! *amb] illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bjb is plac$ 9 ! suction pipe bel[1 b close to ! pump4 ,! action ( ! vacuum *amb] is practically ! rev]se ( t ( ! air *amb]4 ,! object ( ! vacuum *amb] is to facilitate *ang+ cont9u\s into int]mitt5t motion4 ,! mov+ column ( wat] compresses ! air 9 ! vacuum *amb] at ! ends ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 & :5 ! pi/on />ts ! air exp&s 7?us creat+ a p>tial vacuum above ! wat]7 & aids ! pi/on 9 sett+ ! column ( wat] 9 motion aga94 ,?us ! fl[ ( wat] into ! suction *amb] ( ! pump is mu* m uni=m dur+ ea* /roke ( ! pi/on ?an )\t ! vacuum *amb]1 & consequ5tly ! pump c be run at high] spe$s )\t increas+ ! loss due to slippage & )\t 8slamm+0 ( ! valves4 ,vacuum *amb]s %\ld be slightly l>g] ?an ! suction pipe & ( consid]able l5g? r ?an ( l>ge diamet] & %ort4 ,! size ( ! neck is sub/antially ! same z 9 ! air *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjd4 ,,pip+ ,a ,,pump4 ,fig4 #bjd on ! opposite page repres5ts ! pipe connections1 etc41 ( a pump ) ! deliv]y op5+ on ! opposite side4 ,d repres5ts ! foot valve & /ra9] plac$ on ! l[] end ( ! suction1 :i* %\ld be n less ?an a foot f ! bottom ( ! well2 ! di/ance nam$ provides = ! gradual fill+ ( ! well4 ,c is ! suction pipe prop]1 screw$ into ! elb[1 ,e1 :i* *anges its direction into ! suction *amb]1 :i* conta9s ! /ra9]1 ,a4 ,?is /ra9] c be remov$ = clean+ by lift+ ! bonnet secur$ by /ud bolts on top4 ,9 connect+ l>ge pumps x is cu/om>y to atta* a vacuum *amb]1 ,f1 :i* 9 ! abs5ce ( any regul> patt]n1 may be made ( a piece ( pipe ( ! same diamet] z ! suction & screw$ into a ,t1 in/ead ( ! elb[1 ,e1 ) a regulation screw$ cap on top z %[n 9 ! dott$ l9es4 ,a prim+ pipe is %[n by ! lett] ,j1 (t5 us$ to fill ! pump on />t+4 ,! dis*>ge pipe connection is %[n at ,g ) ! air *amb] atta*$4 ,?is figure is introduc$ = ! purpose ( %[+ an approv$ me?od ( pip+ a pump4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ! flange jo9ts 9 ?is design are s arrang$ t !y may be disconnect$ )\t unscrew+ any "p ( ! suction pipe2 ?is feature is almo/ ess5tial 9 view ( ne$$ repairs4 ,! =ego+ description ( ! p>ts ( a pump relate to ! wat] end solely2 !re rema9 ! m complex & widely diff]+ p>ts ( ! /eam-end :i* con/itute ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ! pumps built by ! diff]5t mak]s4 ,!re rema9 also ! p>ticul> p>ts belong+ to ! l>ge pump+ eng9es1 air-pumps1 etc4 ,^! w be describ$ "u _! respective *apt]s ) mu* add$ & ess5tial matt]4 ,p>ticul> details z to ! conditions ( s]vice "u :i* x is propos$ to op]ate pumps are to be f\nd on ! next page4 ,,conditions ,,( ,,s]vice ,,requir$ ,,( ,a ,,pump4 ,x is especially important t ! mak]s & also ! sell]s ( pumps & pump+ ma*9]y %\ld be in=m$ reg>d+ ! prop] type1 size1 patt]n & proportion ( p>ts = any peculi> s]vice1 z well z to ! plan ( _! connections & ! k9d ( mat]ial to be us$ 9 _! con/ruction4 ,?is in=mation reg>d+ ! conditions ( ! s]vice "u :i* ! pump is to be work$ is q p]t95t to ! =ego+ pages reg>d+ ! p>ts ( pumps4 ,! foll[+ que/ions are extract$ f ! catalogue ( an ext5sive manufactur]4 ,fir/--,to :at s]vice is x to be appli$8 ,second--,! quality ( ! liquid to be pump$1 :e!r salt1 fre%1 acid1 cle> or gritty1 & :e!r cold or hot8 ,?ird--,to :at height is ! wat] to be lift$ by suction1 & :at are ! l5g? & diamet] ( ! suction & dis*>ge pipes8 ,f\r?--,( :at mat]ial is ! suction pipe1 & :at is its g5]al arrangem5t z reg>ds o!r pipes lead+ into x1 etc48 ,fif?--,w ! supply be tak5 f a driv5 well8 ,if n1 f :at s\rce8 ,six?--,to :at height1 or aga9/ :at pressure1 is ! wat] to be pump$8 ,sev5?--,:at is ! greate/ quantity ( wat] to be deliv]$ p] h\r8 ,eigh?--,:at boil] pressure ( /eam is c>ri$8 ,n9?--,w ! pump exhau/ into ! atmosph]e1 into a cond5s]1 or aga9/ a back pressure8 ,if ! latt]1 h[ mu*8 ,,belt$ ,,pumps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bje4 ,fig4 #bje repres5ts an approv$ =m ( /eam boil] fe$ pump1 s+le act+4 ,x has a crank %aft & a tight & loose pulley4 ,x may be driv5 direct f any l9e %aft1 a c\nt]%aft be+ unnecess>y4 ,?is is a compact =m ( a boil] fe$ pump2 =m]ly ! pump crank %aft 0 atta*$ to floor beams or timb]s above & connect$ by a long pitman to ! pump :i* /ood ^u ! floor2 ! objections to ! old] sy/em ( app>atus 7 f\nd to be ! vibration ( ! long pitman & ! spr++ ( ! floors4 ,to obviate ^! two difficulties ! pump & c\nt]%aft 7 atta*$ to a po/ br++ !m ne>] toge!r b f9ally result+ 9 ! design ( pump "h %[n4 ,! broad base insures great /ability 9 ! op]ation ( ! pump especially :5 fix$ to a rigid floor or timb] f\ndation4 ,9 ! ,table bel[ are giv5 "s details furni%$ by ! mak]s relat+ to six sizes ( ?is /yle ( pump1 to :i* may be add$ t ! spe$ ord9>ily us$ v>ies f #ajj revolutions p] m9ute = ! small sizes1 to #bj revolutions = ! l>g] sizes4 ,,table4 ,no4 ,size ,suction fitt$ ,dis*>ge fitt$,/roke4,size pi/on4 =4 =4 pulleys1 94 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a #b 94 #a 94 pipe #a 94 pipe #c 94 #af #d #b #b-a_/b #a #a #c #af #d #c #c #a-a_/d #a-a_/d #c #af #d #d #b #a-a_/d #a-a_/d #f #ah #d #e #b-a_/b #a-a_/d #a-a_/d #f #ah #d #f #c #a-a_/b #a-a_/b #f #ah #d ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjf4 ,fig4 #bjf exhibits two indep5d5t pumps4 ,! description ( ! pump %[n 9 ,fig4 #bje w apply to ! left-h& pump :i* is a boil] fe$ pump4 ,! improvem5t consi/s 9 ! addition ( ano!r pump at ! "r-h& side2 ?is is a suction =ce pump ) an air *amb] & is us$ to draw wat] f a well & dis*>ge x into a tank f :i* x is tak5 by ! o!r pump & =c$ into ! boil]1 z occasion requires4 ,^! two pumps "w simultane\sly1 be+ driv5 f ! same %aft ) cranks set opposite ea* o!r4 ,l ! pump previ\sly describ$ ?is has a tight & loose pulley4 ,! l>g] sizes are ge>$1 hav+ a p9ion on ! pulley %aft & a spur :eel on ! crank %aft4 ,^! two pumps repres5t a high s]vice & a l[ s]vice1 ! left-h& pump work+ "u high pressure1 aga9/ t 9 ! boil] & ! "r "o aga9/ ! head ( wat] 9 ! tank4 ,ea* pump has its own sep>ate connections--"o or m--to suit ! requir$ conditions4 ,! "r-h& pump is d\ble act+2 ! plung]-rod is guid$ by a /eadim5t :i* holds x 9 l9e & pres]ves ?is alignm5t & ! p[] is transmitt$ ?r\gh a =k$ connect+ rod4 ,! ,table bel[ ref]s to bo? ^! pumps4 ,,table4 ,,boil] ,,pump4 ,,dble4-,,act+ ,,=ce ,,pump4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,diam4 ,suc4 & ,gal4 p] ,diam4 ,suc4 & ,gal4 p] cyl4 dis4 /roke cyl4 dis4 rev4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #b-a_/b 94 #a-a_/d 94 #a--h #c 94 #a-a_/b 94 #b--e #b-a_/b #a-a_/d #a--h #d #b #d--e ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,9 ,fig4 #bjg is %[n a d\ble act+ p[] pump us$ pr9cipally = fe$+ boil]s b may be employ$ = any purpose 9 =c+ wat] or o!r liquids aga9/ pressure4 ,?is pump is d\ble act+1 is made ) f\r *eck valves1 z %[n 9 engrav+1 & w draw wat] ?r\gh #be feet ( suction pipe4 ,on a high lift l ! =ego+ a foot valve 7z %[n at ,d 9 ,fig4 #bjd7 %\ld be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjg4 ,! =m ( valves us$ 9 ?is type ( pump are ! regul> comm]cial *eck valves1 made ( /eam-metal1 extra heavy2 ! valve prop] is ( ! w+ patt]n z %[n 9 ! small cuts4 ,!re are f\r ( ^! w+s on ea* valve1 at "r angles to "o ano!r =m+ a cross ) arms ( equal l5g?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/raight ,,w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spiral ,,w+s4 ,! seat ( ! valve has an angle ( #de to :i* ! valve is adju/$4 ,a "p ( ?is valve projects above ! top & has a slot1 %[n by ! dott$ l9e 9 x to receive ! edge ( a screw-driv]1 held 9 a bit /ock to gr9d ! valve seat 9 refitt+4 ,! lift ( ! valve is regulat$ by ! di/ance betwe5 ! top ( ! /em & ! bottom ( ! cov]+ nut or cap4 ,9 hydraulic pumps x is f\nd to be good practice to give ! w+s ( ^! valves a twi/1 or pit*1 s t ! wat] 9 pass+ ?r\gh w cause ! valve to rotate & fall 9 a new position e "t x comes 9 contact ) ! seat4 ,fig4 #bjh repres5ts a v compact design ( d\ble act+ l[ s]vice belt driv5 pump4 ,! wat] cyl9d] is bor$ & has a pi/on fitt$ to x2 bo? ends ( ?is cyl9d] are cov]$ ) 8heads10 "o ( :i* has a /uff+ box ?r\gh :i* ! pi/on op]ates2 ! out] end ( ?is pi/on rod is fitt$ to a slott$ yoke :i* slides ^u a guide at ! bottom4 ,?is me*anism1 j describ$1 takes ! place ( a pitman connection & occupies v mu* less space4 ,! crank %aft is support$ at ea* end 9 pill[ blocks & is driv5 by a belt hav+ a tight & loose pulley2 l>g] sizes are ge>$4 ,access to ! two sets ( valves c be _h by slack+ up f\r nuts ^u ! long belts1 two ( :i* are %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,! broad base secures great /ability = ?is size pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bji4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baj4 ,fig4 #bji exhibits two s+le act+ plung] pumps actuat$ by "o %aft hav+ a crank ^u ea* end ) crank p9s opposite to "o ano!r4 ,?is %aft is support$ on ! top ( two pill>s :i* =m a "p ( ! solid ca/ iron frame4 ,! boxes are babbit$4 ,! crank %aft has a ca/ iron spur ge> key$ to x & me%es into a p9ion ^u ! pulley %aft4 ,! tee? are cut to insure smoo? & quiet runn+4 ,! p[] is transmitt$ ?r\gh a belt ^u a tight & loose pulley4 ,ea* pump is secur$ to ! frame by f\r bolts4 ,! l[] end ( ! pitman has an arrangem5t to take up ! we> by means ( two set screws ) lock-nuts z %[n 9 ! figure on ! top ( ea* plung]4 ,?is pump is l>gely us$ z a boil] fe$ pump4 ,^! pumps c be us$ sep>ately or toge!r & ) s+le or comp\nd connections4 ,duplex ,p[] ,pump4 ,?is engrav+1 ,fig4 #baj1 %[s a special boil] fe$ pump hav+ ball valves1 z %[n 9 section1 & :i* is also int5d$ = use 9 pulp mills & 9 o!r places :]e x is necess>y to pump s&y or muddy wat]1 or *emicals1 soap & o!r heavy bodi$ liquids4 ,^! pumps h composition ball valves1 composition plung]s & composition l9$ cyl9d]s & gl&s4 ,! two b>rels or cyl9d]s ( ?is pump are br\ght toge!r s z to occupy z little space z possible4 ,in/ead ( cranks ecc5trics are us$ hav+ v l>ge we>+ surfaces4 ,ea* pitman has a ball at its l[] extremity =m+ a 8ball & socket0 jo9t1 :i* is adju/able to comp5sate = we>4 ,all ! be>+s are ,babbitt$ & l ! la/ pump describ$ ! ge>s h cut tee?4 ,x is belt driv54 ,if !re are two cranks z 9 ! duplex p[] pump !y are plac$ opposite to "o ano!r or #ahj ap>t1 ! circle describ$ by ! crank-p9 conta9+ #cfj degrees4 ,9 ! triplex pump ?is circle is divid$ into ?ree equal p>ts ( #abj ea* :i* is repres5t$ by ! position ( ! cranks2 a quadruplex or two duplex pumps atta*$ to ! same %aft ! cranks w be #ij ap>t4 ,?is arrangem5t effects a uni=m di/ribution ( load on ! crank %aft & "o ( ! pumps is cont9u\sly dis*>g+ at its maximum capacity4 ,?is duplex p[] pump %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! 8,duplex ,pump0 s call$4 ,! latt] has two /eam cyl9d]s & two wat] cyl9d]s & is d\ble act+ :ile ! =m] is s+le act+4 ,! successful op]ation & durability ( ^!1 z ( all p[] pumps1 dep5ds l>gely ^u ! judici\s selection & application ( a prop] pack+ to ! /uff+ boxes4 ,z = example1 plait$ flax dipp$ 9 a mixture ( w>m graphite & tall[1 braid$ ra:ide1 ,seld5's pack+1 etc41 h prov$ by long s]vice to h a l[ co-effici5t ( friction & are n liable to cut ! plung]s4 ,! triplex p[] gang pump is %[n 9 ,fig4 #baa4 ,! engrav+ repres5ts two triplex pumps bolt$ to "o b$1 & hav+ an ext5d$ pulley %aft ) p9ions ne> ea* end to drive all ( ! pumps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baa4 ,,table4 ,no4 #a #b #c #d #e ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,size ( ,plung] #b-a_/d #c #d-a_/b #f #h 9 in*es ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,l5g? ( ,/roke #b-c_/d #c-a_/d #d-c_/d #f-a_/b #h-a_/b 9 ,in*es ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,gallons p] ,/roke 4#bh 4#eh #a4if #dgf #aa4jh or #a ,rev4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,revolutions p] #bj to #ejaj to #djaj to #djaj to #cjaj to #be ,m9ute ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,size ( ,suction #a-a_/d #a-a_/b #b-a_/b #d #e 9 ,in*es ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,size ( ,dis*>ge #a-a_/d #a-a_/b #b #c-a_/b #d 9 ,in*es ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,size ( ,,accord+ ,,to ,,duty ,,requir$ ,pulleys ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,ge>$ 99#af 99#af 99#ac 99#bj 99#bj #gb #hj #ga #hi #hj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,pressure #age #age #agj #afe #afj ,p\nds ---------------------------------------- ----------- 99 ,tee? 9 ,p9ion4 ,tee? 9 ,spur ,ge>4 ,! description ( ! duplex p[] pump j giv51 applies to ?is type also4 ,! exception is t ! triplex has ?ree plung]s & b>rels in/ead ( two4 ,!re are two spur :eels & two p9ions on ea* pump to equalize ! p[] to bett] advantage1 z by ?is arrangem5t "o ecc5tric is plac$ betwe5 ea* pair ( spur :eels & two ecc5trics outside4 ,! p9ion %aft is 9 "o piece hav+ tight & loose pulleys4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bab4 ,! ecc5trics--six 9 numb]--are set at #fj1 & an ev5 /ra9 on ! belt at all po9ts ( ! /roke is ?us obta9$1 & connect+ bo? dis*>ges toge!r insures a /eady fl[ )\t %ock4 ,:]e light duty only is requir$1 ^! pumps are made )\t ge>s to run ) ! belt ov] pulleys4 ,fig4 #bab repres5ts a s+le act+ triplex plung] pump actuat$ by a belt ov] a tight & loose pulley4 ,! pr9cipal *>act]i/ic ( ?is pump is ! long connect+ rods4 ,^! h at _! upp] ends regul> connect+ rod /raps ) brasses fitt$ to !m & adju/$ by w$ges & set screws4 ,at ! plung] or l[] ends ( ^! rods bronze bu%+s & /eel p9s are us$4 ,^! pumps are l>gely employ$ = pump+ semi-liquids su* z t>1 soap1 mud1 tan-liquor1 oils1 *emicals1 sewage1 etc4 ,! tee? ( ! p9ion & ! me%+ "p ( ! two ge>s are protect$ by a %ield to prev5t clo?+ be+ caught or p>ts ( ! body f be+ injur$4 ,= ^! v>i\s mat]ials diff]5t valves are necess>y to be us$ ea* suit$ to ! sub/ance to be elevat$ or convey$4 ,! removal ( "o cov]1 9 ?is pump1 exposes all ! dis*>ge valves & a plate uncov]s ea* ( ! ?ree gr\ps ( suction valves1 z %[n4 ,! suction pipe may be atta*$ at ei!r end ( ! suction *amb] :ile ! dis*>ge pipe may be connect$ ) "o or bo? ends ( ! dis*>ge *amb]4 ,! pump "h repres5t$ has b>rels #h-;in* 9 diamet] by #aj-;in* /roke4 ,! air *amb] is v l>ge 9 proportion to ! pump4 ,,table4 ,,plung]s ,capacity "o ,,sizes ,,( ,,pipe ,tight ---------------,revolution (-----------------,ge>$& ,loose ,diamet] ,/roke ,crank ,%aft ,suction ,dis*>ge ,pulleys ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #d 94 #d 94 #jfe gals4 #c 94 #c 94 #e to #abj #c 94 #d #f #a #c #c #e to #abj #c #e #f #ae #d #d #d to #abj #d #e #h #b #d #d #d to #abj #d #g #h #d #e #e #d to #acj #e #h #aj #fe #f #f #e to #acf #f #h #ab #gh #f #f #e to #acf #f ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! ,deane s+le act+ triplex p[] pump is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bac4 ,pumps ( ?is type are us$ = g5]al s]vice 9 places :]e a l>ge quantity ( wat] is to be obta9$ 9 a %ort "t & deliv]$ "u high pressure2 !y are adapt$ = tank s]vice1 wat] works1 boil] fe$1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bac4 ,! pill>1 or column design ( frame is employ$ 9 ?is pump :i* secures great /r5g? ) ! lea/ weight ( mat]ial1 & at ! same "t is accessible = adju/m5t or repairs4 ,! be>+s = bo? ! /eel %afts are unusually long1 :i* r$uces ! pressure p] squ>e in* bel[ ! factor ( safety & increases ! durability4 ,! crankp9s are set #abj degrees ) "o ano!r s t ! /rokes successively ov]lap1 :i* promotes an easy fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh ! deliv]y pipe4 ,! crank %aft is ( ! composite design1 ! c5t] crank p9 is ( equal diamet] & =m+ a "p ( ! %aft1 ) discs & crank p9s atta*$ to ea* end by %r9k+ fits & keys4 ,ei!r disc1 crank1 or _! crank p9s1 c be duplicat$ )\t sacrific+ any o!r "p1 :i* 9 itself is a great advantage4 ,! connect+ rods h solid ends ) adju/able boxes1 ) adju/m5t by means ( w$ge & screws4 ,! brasses are l9$ ) a special anti-friction metal bor$ to exact size4 ,! cros%eads are ( ! box design ) adju/able %oes hav+ l>ge we>+ surfaces 9 bor$ guides4 ,^! guides are secur$ to ! frame by /uds & nuts4 ,! plung]s are outside pack$1 ! cyl9d]s are subm]g$1 ?us keep+ ! pump prim$ at all times4 ,! plung]s are bolt$ to ! cros%eads & are readily remov$ :5 necess>y4 ,! cyl9d]s are s+le act+ & are ca/ sep>ate f ! base & o!r p>ts ( ! ma*9e1 s t repairs c be made at small co/1 &1 fur!rmore1 %\ld x be desirable to use ! pump = mov+ liquids :i* w\ld be injuri\s to ca/ iron1 cyl9d]s ( o!r metals are sub/itut$4 ,! wat] *e/ is ca/ sep>ate f ! cyl9d]s & is provid$ ) l>ge h&holes1 af=d+ easy access to ! int]ior & to ! valves = inspection & clean+4 ,! h&holes are locat$ s t "o valve may be remov$ indep5d5t ( ! o!rs4 ,improv$ grease cups are plac$ on all ! be>+s4 ,?is pump is v popul> ) ! us]s ( p[] driv5 pumps & is g5]ally select$ = high pressures & = hot or gritty wat]4 ,its simplicity ( design & con/ruction1 toge!r ) ! conv5i5t arrangem5t ( work+ p>ts1 r5d]s x desirable 9 isolat$ places :]e little att5tion is giv5 to any k9d ( pumps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bad4 ,fig4 #bad repres5ts ! ,g\ld triplex s+le act+ p[] pump & is "o ( _m designs ( ?is class ( p[] pumps4 ,! frame consi/s ( two /&>ds1 :i* conta9 ! two end cyl9d]s1 & ! seats to :i* ! outside cros%ead guides are bolt$4 ,^! are held toge!r by two ca/+s1 "o conta9+ ! c5t] cros%ead guide1 & ! o!r ! c5t] cyl9d]4 ,! crank%aft is a solid /eel =g+1 :ile ! be>+s are ( phosphor bronze1 & ! p9ion %aft be>+s ,babbitt$4 ,! ge> :eels are ma*9e cut1 ! p9ion & ! adjac5t tee? ( ! l>ge ge> are cov]$ by suitable gu>ds4 ,! cros%eads are provid$ ) adju/able %oes or gibs1 :i* "w 9 bor$ guides4 ,! connect+ rods are fitt$ ) /raps & bronze boxes1 :i* are adju/able = we> by means ( w$ge & set screws1 ! wri/p9 brasses be+ ( ! m>9e type4 ,! cyl9d]s are provid$ ) bronze l9]s1 :i* are readily removable :5 necess>y = repairs1 ! plung]s be+ gr\nd to size1 pres5t a smoo? poli%$ surface to resi/ ! we>4 ,! valve boxes are sep>ate ca/+s1 & ea* conta9s a set ( suction & dis*>ge valves4 ,^! valves are rubb] discs1 held firmly aga9/ ! bronze seats by cyl9drically w\nd spr+s4 ,all ( ^! pumps are furni%$ ) air *amb]s1 & vacuum *amb]s are provid$ :5 ! nature ( ! s]vice dem&s x4 ,all valves & o!r work+ p>ts ( ! pump are accessible = inspection1 clean+ & repairs1 all int]nal p>ts be+ arrang$ )9 easy rea* ?r\gh ! l>ge h&holes4 ,! pumps "h %[n are int5d$ = mod]ately light pressures z = example n to exce$ #aej lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 b !y are also made 9 heavi] proportions = v high pressures 7#e1jjj lbs4 to #ae1jjj lbs47 su* z is necess>y to op]ate hydraulic presses1 draw b5*es = brass & copp] tub+ & t class ( "w4 ,a v simple automatic regulator & by-pass connection 7%[n 9 ! *apt] on accessories7 c be atta*$ to ^! pumps 9 situations :]e a con/ant pressure is to be ma9ta9$ & all[ ! pump to run cont9u\sly at its maximum spe$4 ,?is regulator is adju/$ to op5 ! by-pass valve :5ev] ! pressure 9 ! compression tank or pipe sy/em exce$s ! limit pressure1 & s fills ! (fice ( a safety valve by all[+ ! surplus wat] to return to ! tank4 ,! ,ri$l] belt driv5 pump is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bae4 ,! pr9cipal feature ( ?is pump is its valve2 !re is b "o valve = ! suction & "o = ! dis*>ge1 :i* greatly simplifies ! pump end4 ,:5 work+ aga9/ high pressures1 ! ord9>y rubb] or lea!r fac$ valves are (t5times p\nd$ to pieces1 b 9 ?is pump1 on acc\nt ( ! me*anical control1 ! valves "w well "u all pressures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bae4 ,?is valve & valve seat are circul> 9 =m1 & made ( bronze1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #baf4 ,! valve has a lift ( f #a to #b in*es1 & an area suffici5tly l>ge to r$uce ! velocity ( ! wat] fl[+ ?r\gh x to a few feet p] second4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke ! valve op5s automatically1 controll$1 h[ev]1 by a v simple & effective me*anical device1 & x rema9s op5 practically dur+ ! entire /roke4 ,:5 ne> ! end1 x is positively clos$ at ! prop] mom5t by ! controll]4 ,?is valve1 see ,fig4 #baf1 may be briefly describ$ z foll[s4 ,! seat1 ,a1 is turn$ to slip into its place 9 ! pump & is made tight by a r\nd rubb] hydraulic pack+1 ,b1 9 a groove ne> ! bottom4 ,a sp9dle or /ud1 ,c1 9 ! c5t] ( ?is seat supports & guides ! valve1 ,d1 :i* is made tight by a lea!r seal1 ,e4 ,! rubb] coll> or buff] spr+ holds ! valve above its seat1 & ?is valve unlike ord9>y pump valves1 always rema9s op5 except :5 pressure is br\ght to be> to close x4 ,! valve bonnet1 ,g1 also =ms ! be>+ = ! valve /em ) =k1 :i* spans ! sp9dle1 ,c1 at "o end & hav+ ! valve lev] & p91 ,h1 = op]at+ at ! o!r end4 ,! valve /em is made tight by a /uff+-box & gl& z %[n4 ,! op]ation ( ?is valve is sub/antially z foll[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baf4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! suction /roke ! valve is op5$ by ! rubb] spr+1 ,f1 ! pressure ^u ! coll> be+ reliev$ by lift+ ( ! valve =k arms ?r\gh motion ( ! ecc5tric4 ,x w be obs]v$ f an inspection ( ,fig4 #bae t bo? ! suction valve & ! dis*>ge valve are controll$ by an ecc5tric--rock arm--& valve lev]s simil> to ! motion ( ,corliss valves4 ,z ! plung] ne>s ! end ( its /roke & be=e x />ts on ! return /roke1 ! valve =k closes ! valve1 & ?us prev5ts slip & avoids p\nd+1 s common 9 pumps hav+ valves t close by _! own weight4 ,9 case ( any ob/ruction betwe5 ! valve & its seat ! rubb] buff] spr+ w be compress$ ?us prev5t+ all injury to me*anism4 ,! lo/ "w exp5d$ 9 clos+ ! valves is h>dly wor? any consid]ation z x is practically ! friction only ( ! ecc5tric & ! memb]s ( ! valve ge>+1 ! be>+s ( :i* are all small4 ,! motion = ^! valve ge>s is usually tak5 f an ecc5tric on ! ma9 %aft4 ,! /&>d spe$ ( ! ,ri$l] pumps is ab\t #aej revolutions p] m9ute4 ,small] pumps run ev5 fa/] ?an ?is4 ,x may be desir$ to connect a pump directly to a high spe$ electric motor or wat] :eel already in/all$4 ,to meet ^! conditions1 a special design kn[n z ! ,ri$l] ,express pump1 is built4 ,! *ief feature ( ?is pump1 is its suction valve4 ,?is valve is conc5tric )1 & outside ( ! plung]1 & lifts 9 ! opposite direction to t ( ! plung] :5 on its suction /roke4 ,at ! end ( ! suction /roke1 ! plung] presses ! valve to its seat1 ?us mak+ x c]ta9 t ! valve is seat$ :5 ! plung] />ts on its deliv]y /roke1 all[+ practically no slip4 ,a high air suction *amb] conta9+ a column ( wat] is plac$ imm$iately be=e ! suction valve1 s x is c]ta9 t ! pump w fill z ! plung] moves4 ,ord9>ily ! pump w\ld n completely fill1 ow+ to ! high spe$ ( ! plung]4 ,^! pumps are also built ) /eam cyl9d]s bo? ( ! pla9 slide valve & ,corliss designs4 ,,! ,,electric ,,pump ,illu/ration3 ,,compass ,,ne$le--,see ,,page #bff4 ,,electricity ,,& ,,electrical ,,ma*9]y4 ,ea* k9d ( p[] requires its own special ma*9]y s con/ruct$ & adapt$ z to utilize x2 h5ce1 to be s]viceable to mank9d1 electricity dem&s ma*9]y suit$ to its nature2 :at t is1 w be indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ few p>agraphs4 ,electricity is a "n d]iv$ f ! ,greek ^w electron--amb]4 ,x 0 discov]$ m ?an #b1jjj ye>s ago t amb] :5 rubb$ ) a ,fox's tail possess$ ! curi\s prop]ty ( attract+ light bodies4 ,x 0 discov]$ aft]w>ds t ?is prop]ty c\ld be produc$ 9 a dry /eam jet by friction1 & 9 ,a4 ,d4 #afjj or !reab\ts1 t glass1 seal+-wax1 etc41 7 also affect$ by rubb+1 produc+ electricity4 ,:atev] electricity is1 x is impossible to say1 b = ! pres5t x is conv5i5t to consid] x z a k9d ( invisible some?+ :i* p]vades all bodies4 ,:ile ! nature & s\rce ( electricity are a my/]y1 & a con/ant *all5ge to ! inquir]1 _m ?+s ab\t x h become kn[n--?us1 x is positively assur$ t electricity nev] manife/s itself except :5 !re is "s me*anical di/urbance 9 ord9>y matt]1 & e exhibition ( electricity 9 any ( its multitud9\s ways may always be trac$ back to a mass ( matt]4 ,,note4--,! great =ces ( ! _w are invisible & impalpable2 we _c grasp or h&le !m2 & ?\gh !y are real en\gh1 !y h ! appe>ance ( be+ v unreal4 ,electricity & gravity are z subtle z !y are mighty2 !y elude ! eye & h& ( ! mo/ skillful philosoph]4 ,9 view ( ?is1 x is well = ! av]age man n to try to fa?om1 too deeply1 ! sci5ce ( ei!r4 ,to take ! ma*9es & appliances z !y are 8on ! m>ket10 & to acquire ! skill to op]ate !m1 is ! longe/ /ep t[>d ! reason = do+ x1 & :y ! desir$ results foll[4 ,electricity1 x is also conc$$1 is )\t weight1 &1 :ile electricity is1 )\t d\bt1 "o & ! same1 x is = conv5i5ce sometimes classifi$ accord+ to its motion1 z-- #a4 ,/atic electricity1 or electricity at re/4 #b4 ,curr5t electricity1 or electricity 9 motion4 #c4 ,magnetism1 or electricity 9 rotation4 #d4 ,electricity 9 vibration4 ,o!r useful divisions are into-- #a4 ,frictional & #b4 ,dynamical1 ,& into-- #a4 ,/atic1 z ! opposite ( #b4 ,dynamic electricity4 ,!re are /ill o!r def9itions or divisions :i* are 9 e-day use1 su* z 8vitre\s0 electricity1 8atmosph]ic0 electricity1 8res9\s0 electricity1 etc4 ,/atic ,electricity4--,?is is a t]m employ$ to def9e electricity produc$ by friction4 ,x is prop]ly employ$ 9 ! s5se ( a /atic *>ge :i* %[s itself by ! attraction or repulsion betwe5 *>g$ bodies4 ,:5 /atic electricity is dis*>g$1 x causes m or less ( a curr5t1 :i* %[s itself by ! passage ( sp>ks or a bru% dis*>ge2 by a peculi> prickl+ s5sation2 by an unusual smell due to its *emical effects2 by heat+ ! air or o!r sub/ances 9 its pa?2 & sometimes 9 o!r ways4 ,curr5t ,electricity4--,?is may be def9$ z ! quantity ( electricity :i* passes ?r\gh a conductor 9 a giv5 "t--or1 electricity 9 ! act ( be+ dis*>g$1 or electricity 9 motion4 ,an electric curr5t manife/s itself by heat+ ! wire or conductor1 by caus+ a magnetic field ar\nd ! conductor & by caus+ *emical *anges 9 a liquid ?r\gh :i* x may pass4 ,,note4--,/atics is t bran* ( me*anics :i* treats ( ! =ces :i* keep bodies at re/ or 9 equilibrium4 ,dynamics treats ( bodies 9 motion4 ,h5ce /atic electricity is electricity at re/4 ,! e>?'s great /ore ( electricity is at re/ or 9 equilibrium4 ,radiat$ electricity is electricity 9 vibration4 ,:]e ! curr5t oscillates or vibrates back & =? ) extreme rapidity1 x takes ! =m ( waves :i* are simil> to waves ( light4 ,positive ,electricity4--,?is t]m expresses ! condition ( ! po9t ( an electrifi$ body hav+ ! high] en]gy f :i* x fl[s to a l[] level4 ,! sign :i* d5otes ?is phase ( electric excitem5t is 2 all electricity is ei!r positive or1-1 negative4 ,negative ,electricity4--,?is is ! rev]se condition to ! above & is express$ by ! sign or symbol-4 ,^! two t]ms are us$ 9 ! same s5se z hot & cold4 ,atmosph]ic electricity is ! free electricity ( ! air :i* is almo/ always pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,its exact cause is unkn[n4 ,! ph5om5a ( atmosph]ic electricity are ( two k9ds2 !re are ! well-kn[n manife/ations ( ?und]/orms2 & !re are ! ph5om5a ( cont9ual slight electrification 9 ! air1 be/ obs]v$ :5 ! wea!r is f9e2 ! aurora con/itutes a ?ird bran* ( ! subject4 ,dynamic ,electricity4--,?is t]m is us$ to def9e curr5t electricity to di/+ui% x f /atic electricity4 ,?is is ! electricity produc$ by ! dynamo4 ,frictional electricity is t produc$ by ! friction ( "o sub/ance aga9/ ano!r4 ,res9\s ,electricity4--,?is is a t]m =m]ly us$1 9 place ( negative electricity4 ,! phrase orig9at$ 9 ! well kn[n fact t a c]ta9 7negative7 k9d ( electricity 0 produc$ by rubb+ ros94 ,vitre\s electricity is a t]m1 =m]ly us$1 to describe t k9d ( electricity 7positive7 produc$ by rubb+ glass4 ,magneto-electricity is electricity 9 ! =m ( curr5ts fl[+ along wires2 x is electricity d]iv$ f ! motion ( magnets--h5ce ! "n4 ,voltaic ,electricity4--,?is is electricity produc$ by ! action ( ! voltaic cell or batt]y4 ,electricity itself is ! same ?+1 or phase ( en]gy1 by :atev] s\rce x is produc$1 & ! =ego+ def9itions are giv5 only z a matt] ( conv5i5ce4 ,,electro-,,motive ,,=ce4 ,! t]m is employ$ to d5ote t :i* moves or t5ds to move electricity f "o place to ano!r4 ,= brevity x is writt5 ,e4 ,m4 ,f42 x is ! result ( ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial1 & proportional to x4 ,j z 9 wat] pipes1 a diff]5ce ( level produces a pressure1 & ! pressure produces a fl[ s soon z ! tap is turn$ on1 s diff]5ce ( pot5tial produces electro-motive =ce1 & electro-motive =ce sets up a curr5t s soon z a circuit is complet$ = ! electricity to fl[ ?r\gh4 ,electro-motive =ce1 !re=e1 may (t5 be conv5i5tly express$ z a diff]5ce ( pot5tial1 & vice v]sa2 b ! read] mu/ n =get ?is di/9ction4 ,9 ord9>y acceptance among eng9e]s & practical work+ electricians1 electro-motive =ce is consid]$ z pressure & x is measur$ 9 units call$ volts4 ,! usual /&>d = te/+ & comp>ison is a special =m voltaic cell1 call$ ! ,cl>k cell4 ,?is is made ) great c>e & compos$ ( pure *emicals4 ,! t]m positive expresses ! condition ( ! po9t hav+ ! high] electric en]gy or pressure1 &1 negative1 ! l[] relative condition ( ! o!r po9t1 & ! curr5t is =c$ ?r\gh ! circuit by ! 7,e4 ,m4 ,f47 electric pressure at ! g5]ator1 j z a curr5t ( /eam is impell$ ?r\gh pipes by ! g5]at+ pressure at ! /eam-boil]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to confuse electro-motive =ce ) electric =ce or electric en]gy1 :5 matt] is mov$ by a magnet1 we speak rightly ( magnetic =ce2 :5 electricity moves matt]1 we may speak ( electric =ce4 ,b1 ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 is q a diff]5t ?+1 n 8=ce0 at all1 = x acts n on matt] b on electricity1 & t5ds to move x4 ,,! ,,dynamo1 ,,or ,,g5]ator4 ,! ^w dynamo1 mean+ p[]1 is "o transf]r$ f ! ,greek to ! ,engli% language1 h5ce ! prim>y mean+ ( ! t]m signify+ ! electric g5]ator is1 ! electric p[] ma*9e4 ,! ^w g5]ator is d]iv$ f a ^w mean+ bir? giv+1 h5ce also ! dynamo is ! ma*9e g5]at+ or giv+ bir? to electricity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bag4--,see page #bea4 ,aga91 ! dynamo is a ma*9e driv5 by p[]1 g5]ally /eam or wat] p[]1 & conv]t+ ! me*anical en]gy exp5d$ 9 driv+ x1 into electrical en]gy ( ! curr5t =m4 ,to summ>ize1 ! dynamo-electric g5]ator or ! dynamo-electric ma*9e1 prop]1 consi/s ( five pr9cipal p>ts1 viz3 #a4 ,! armature or revolv+ portion4 #b4 ,! field magnets1 :i* produce ! magnetic field 9 :i* ! armature turns4 #c4 ,! pole-pieces4 #d4 ,! commutator or collector4 #e4 ,! collect+-bru%es t re/ on ! commutator cyl9d] & take (f ! curr5t ( electricity g5]at$ by ! ma*9e4 ,fig4 #bah %[s a dynamo ( ! e>ly ,edison type--! names ( ! pr9cipal p>ts are giv5 9 ! note bel[1 z well z ^? ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bah4 ,?is is a two-pole ma*9e1 direct curr5t2 ! figure is introduc$ to %[ ! 8p>ts0 only--z ?is dynamo has be5 l>gely sup]s$$ by o!rs ( ! f\r pole type4 ,,note4--,a1 ,magnet yoke2 ,b1 ,magnet & field piece2 ,c1 ,pole piece2 ,d1 ,z9c field piece2 ,e1 ,armature2 ,f1 ,commutator2 ,i1 ,quadrant2 ,,jj1 ,bru%es2 ,k1 ,adju/+ h&le = ! bru%es2 ,l1 ,swit* pivot2 ,m1 ,pilot lamp receptacle2 ,n1 ,negative lug2 ,o1 ,swit* lev]2 ,p1 ,positive lug2 ,q1 ,positive t]m9al2 ,r1 ,negative t]m9al2 ,s1 ,negative rod2 ,t1 ,pole piece2 ,,uu1 ,be>+s2 ,x1 ,slides = belt tight5]2 ,,vvv1 ,driv+ pulley2 ,y1 ,connect+ blocks1 "o on ea* side ( ma*9e4 ,an electric motor is a ma*9e = conv]t+ electrical en]gy into me*anical en]gy2 9 o!r words x produces me*anical p[] :5 suppli$ ) an electric curr5t2 a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy mu/ be exp5d$ 9 driv+ x2 ! intake ( ! ma*9e is ! t]m us$ 9 def9+ ! en]gy exp5d$ 9 driv+ x2 ! am\nt ( p[] x deliv]s to ! ma*9]y is d5om9at$ its out-put4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! out-put to ! intake is ! real effici5cy ( ! ma*9e2 x is well kn[n t ! total effici5cy ( an electric di/ribution sy/em1 :i* may include sev]al ma*9es1 usually ranges f #ge to #hj p] c5t41 at full load1 & %\ld n "u ord9>y circum/ances fall (f m ?an say #e p] c5t4 at "o-?ird to half load2 ! effici5cy ( motors v>ies ) _! size1 :ile a "o horse-p[] motor w1 p]haps1 h an effici5cy ( #fj p] c5t41 a #ajj horse-p[] may easily h an effici5cy ( #ij p] c5t4 & ! l>g] sizes ev5 m4 ,! g5]al & gr[+ application ( electric p[] to ! driv+ ( all k9ds ( ma*9]y includ+ pumps makes ! "q ( motor driv+ "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! p[] field4 ,= _m purposes1 a s+le spe$ is suffici5t1 b = o!rs1 x is imp]ative t ! spe$ %\ld be v>iable2 & = /ill o!rs1 ?\gh n absolutely necess>y1 a spe$ adju/m5t is v desirable4 ,:ile ! direct-curr5t motor has be5 9 ?is field s long t its prop]ties are well kn[n & its possibilities fully develop$1 9 ! op]ation ( motors locat$ 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! g5]ator ! alt]nat+-curr5t motor has m>k$ advantages :]e a l>ge area ( t]ritory has to be cov]$ & ! conditions are ne>ly uni=m1 t is to say-- ,:]e ! curr5t has to be transmitt$ a long di/ance & ! load is approximately con/ant1 ! alt]nat+ sy/em is pref]r$1 z x c be op]at$ ) small ma9 l9es or conductors4 ,?is effects a sav+ 9 copp]1 ov] ! direct sy/em :i* requires l>g] conductors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbj4 ,fig4 #bag1 on page #bdg1 %[s a f\r-pole g5]ator design$ to run by a belt or directly connect$ to an eng9e4 ,! five p>ts nam$1 z ! pr9cipal p>ts ( a dynamo1 are all %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! ma*9e is arrang$ ready to be bolt$ to ! floor4 ,fig4 #bai on ! opposite page is ! armature :i* is made up ( coils ( insulat$ wire1 ! free ends ( :i*1 see ,fig4 #bbj1 are unit$ to ! arms ( ! commutator b>s4 ,:5 ! armature is f9i%$1 z %[n1 ! wire =ms an unbrok5 circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bba4 ,fig4 #bba is int5d$ to repres5t ano!r =m ( armature1 b ! pr9ciple ^u :i* x op]ates1 is ! same1 z ! o!r %[n4 ,a ,a1 repres5ts ! wire coils ( ! armature1 ,b1 is ! %aft ) its j\rnals1 ,c1 is ! commutator4 ,all commutators bo? = g5]ators & = motor armatures are insulat$ by mica betwe5 ! b>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbb4 ,fig4 #bbb %[s a wov5 wire bru%4 ,! bru%es on ! dynamo1 page #bdg1 are made ( c>bon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4 ,fig4 #bbc %[s an alt]nat+ induction motor4 ,induction is a prop]ty by virtue ( :i* an electric curr5t is transf]r$ f "o conduct+ l9e to ano!r )\t any metallic connection2 x is t influ5ce by :i* a /rong curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh a conductor controls or affects a weak] curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ano!r conductor 9 its imm$iate neighborhood1--! /rong curr5t rema9+ unaffect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbd4 ,fig4 #bbd exhibits ! armature = ! above alt]nator2 x is famili>ly call$ a 8squirrel cage armature0 on acc\nt ( its resemblance to ! :eel 9 a squirrel's cage4 ,its peculi> con/ruction enables x to run )\t produc+ any sp>ks2 ?is feature r5d]s x safe to run :]e !re are explosive gases :i* might be ignit$ by an electric sp>k4 ,9 ! ma*9e ! be>+s are ca/ solid ) ! end %ields1 ?us assur+ p]fect alignm5t :5 prop]ly turn$4 ,ano!r feature is ! automatic self adju/+ be>+s :i* are lubricat$ me*anically by r+s re/+ ^u ! %aft4 ,^! r+s 7 =m]ly a failure1 b by ! use ( m9]al oils are n[ a success4 ,?is ma*9e is "o ( ! simple/ designs ( alt]nat+ motors1 ! example1 ,fig4 #bbc1 is "o develop+ "o hundr$ horse-p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbe4 ,fig4 #bbe %[s a revolv+ field ) 8spid]40 ,9 ?is con/ruction ( g5]ators or motors ! field revolves 9 place ( ! armatures1 ! fir/ object ( ?is design is to r$uce ! high rotative spe$2 x is also claim$ to h a bett] electrical effici5cy4 ,! field spid] consi/s ( an extra heavy ca/ iron pulley :i* is key$ to ! %aft2 ! l[ spe$ at :i* x runs p]mits ! employm5t ( bolts to secure ! field coils & lam9at$ pole pieces to ! rim ( ! spid]1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,) ?is con/ruction ea* individual pole piece c be remov$ & replac$ indep5d5t ( ! o!rs4 ,! lam9at$ pole piece1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 detail 9 ,figs4 #bbf-bbi1 takes its "n f ! fact t x is built up ( a l>ge numb] ( lay]s ( s(t %eet iron1 :i* x has be5 demon/rat$ give a bett] electrical effici5cy ?an a solid iron4 ,s(t iron is ! mo/ magnetic ( all metals & is bett] suit$ = pole pieces ?an /eel4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ea* individual pole piece is insulat$ f ! o!rs z well z f ! spid]4 ,! pieces ( %eet iron are /amp$ out--l wa%]s & are cut ap>t & ! ends unit$ s z to =m a cont9u\s coil1 l a coil ( wire & ea* coil is isolat$2 mica is us$ betwe5 ! lay]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #bbf-bbi4 ,fig4 #bcj is design$ to illu/rate ! front ( a cont9u\s curr5t two wire swit*bo>d ) circuit break]s2 ^! are made up usually ( m>ble or slate s t !y w n burn2 ! ,insurance ,und]writ]s require a non-combu/ible mat]ial at ?is place1 z well z hang]s1 & insulators us$ = conductors4 ,! ,swit*es %[n 9 ! middle ( ! bo>d1 are enl>g$ 9 ,fig4 #bcb1 & are us$ = clos+ ! connections ) ! g5]ators & l9es runn+ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! field to be light$ or furni%$ ) p[]4 ,! swit* h&les are made usually ( wood or h>d rubb]2 ! blades are ( copp]4 ,! connections are sold]$ into ! sockets %[n ^u ! ends ( ! screws :i* project beyond ! back ( ! swit*-bo>d4 ,! upp] r[ ( figures z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcj & enl>g$ 9 ! engrav+1 #bca1 are circuit-break]s4 ,! use ( ^! is analog\s to t ( ! safety-valve ^u a /eam boil]1 s t :5 ! pressure 9 ! circuit exce$s t at :i* x is set ! 8break]0 op5s ! circuit & ?us prev5ts damage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcj4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ma9 contact is =m$ by means ( a lam9at$ bru% :ile ! f9al /roke is made on c>bon1 ! motion ( ?is break] is by means ( a toggle-jo9t :i* s multiplies ! p[] appli$ t x does n require mu* ( an ef=t to close x2 ?is device ma9ta9s ! same spe$ 9 op]at+ ! break]s :5 ! circuit-break] is tripp$4 ,a ,rheo/at is a device = controll+ ! am\nt ( electricity 9 a conductor--by ! ins]tion ( coils ( wire 9 a box--:i* may be successively swit*$ 9 or out ( ! ma9 circuit by means ( a lev] & button-swit*4 ,! be/ place to in/all a rheo/at is on a wall or po/1 z ! resi/ance trans=ms a portion ( ! electric en]gy into heat1 :i* heat mu/ be disp]s$ into ! atmosph]e4 ,a trans=m] is an induction coil employ$ usually = l[]+ electric pressure1 b x may also be us$ = rais+ ! same1 9 :i* case x is sometimes call$ a boo/]4 ,a comp5sator is a trans=m] :i* works automatically4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcb4 ,ammet]s record ! quantity ( curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ! circuit1 9 amp]es4 ,voltmet]s record ! pressure or /r5g? ( ! curr5t 9 volts4 ,an ,amp]e is an electric curr5t :i* w\ld pass ?r\gh a circuit ^: resi/ance is "o ohm "u an electro-motive =ce ( "o volt4 ,a ,volt is an electro-motive =ce ( suffici5t /r5g? to cause a curr5t ( "o amp]e to fl[ aga9/ a resi/ance ( "o ohm4 ,! amp]e is ! unit = calculations relat+ to ! quantity or volume ( a curr5t2 ! volt is ! unit = calculat+ ! pressure or /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,! action ( ! electric curr5t 9 produc+ rotation 9 an electric motor is really q simple4 ,:ile _m electrical problems are comp>atively complicat$1 ! pr9cipal elem5ts 9 ! op]ation ( electric motors may be readily und]/ood4 ,! fundam5tal fact 9 ?is connection is ! relation betwe5 an electric curr5t & a magnet4 ,if a piece ( r\nd b> iron be surr\nd$ by a coil ?r\gh :i* an electric curr5t passes1 x becomes a magnet4 ,9 ,fig4 #bcc ! passage ( a curr5t ?r\gh ! coil ( wire ar\nd ! iron b> 9 ei!r direction1 r5d]s ! iron a magnet1 ) all its well-kn[n prop]ties4 ,x w attract iron1 & ! space surr\nd+ x becomes magnetic4 ,iron fil+s w arrange !mselves 9 ! direction %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ! figure4 ,"o end ( ! magnet is ! ,nor? or positive pole & ! o!r ! ,s\? or negative - pole4 ,if a wire1 su* z ,,cd1 be mov$ pa/ ei!r pole ( ! magnet1 !re w be a t5d5cy = curr5t to fl[ 9 ! wire ei!r f ,c to ,d or ,d to ,c1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! pole pa/ :i* x is mov$1 & to ! direction ( ! movem5t4 ,if ! ends ( ! wire ,,cd are jo9$ by a conductor1 s t !re is a complete circuit1 a curr5t ( electricity w fl[ ?r\gh ?is circuit4 ,?is circuit may be a simple wire1 z %[n by ! l9e ,,cefd1 or x may be ! wire coils on ma*9es enabl+ ! curr5t to produce me*anical "w1 or x may be electric lamps produc+ light4 ,! indisp5sable feature is t !re %all be a complete unbrok5 circuit f ,c to ,d = ! curr5t to fl[1 no matt] h[ complicat$ or h[ long ?is circuit may be4 ,?is description ( a dynamo & motor c>ries ) x all ( ! elem5t>y !ory ( electric g5]ators & motors t is necess>y = an att5dant to "k 9 ord] to take reasonably intellig5t c>e ( electric ma*9es4 ,fur!r useful k mu/ be acquir$ by /udy+ ! diff]5t types ( electric motors & dynamos4 ,all ^! o!r types ( direct curr5t ma*9es h ! same elem5t>y !ory1 al?\gh _! con/ruction may be q diff]5t4 ,by suitable illu/rations ! op]ation ( ! electric motor z appli$ to pumps w be easily und]/ood2 its application to o!r ma*9es is ! same 9 !ory & practice4 8,:y an electric motor revolves0 is a "q well wor? c>eful1 &1 if necess>y1 long /udy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcc4 ,! reason :y !re is a t5d5cy = an electric curr5t to fl[ 9 ! wire ,,cd :5 x is mov$ 9 ! vic9ity ( a magnet is n fully kn[n4 ,!re are sev]al !ories1 all m or less complicat$1 & dep5d+ ^u pure assumptions z to ! nature ( an electric curr5t4 ,= practical purposes x matt]s little :at ! reason is1 ! fact t curr5t fl[s :5 !re ts an electric pressure 9 a clos$ circuit1 is ! important ?+1 & x s]ves all useful purposes to "k t curr5t does fl[1 & t its direction & am\nt are always ! same "u simil> circum/ances4 ,!re are _m facts 9 me*anics t are accept$ & us$ practically1 ab\t :i* little is kn[n z to _! fundam5tal & prim>y causes1 & ?is fact ab\t motors & dynamos is1 !re=e1 only "o ( _m :i* all mu/ accept )\t a full & complete explanation4 ,! int5sity ( ! electric pressure1 or electro-motive =ce1 dep5ds ^u ! velocity ( revolution ( ! wire sections 9 ! armature & ^u ! /r5g? ( ! magnets1 & ! quantity ( curr5t dep5ds ^u ! electro-motive =ce & ^u ! am\nt ( ! resi/ance 9 ! circuit4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! curr5t1 fl[+ ?r\gh a long small wire1 or great] resi/ance1 w be less ?an ?r\gh a %ort1 ?ick wire1 or a less resi/ance4 ,hav+ se5 t :5 a wire is mov$ 9 ! vic9ity ( a magnet an electric pressure is produc$ :i* w cause a curr5t to fl[ 9 a clos$ circuit1 "o c easily conceive ( _m ways 9 :i*1 by comb9+ magnets & wires s t !re w be a relative motion betwe5 !m1 a curr5t ( electricity may be g5]at$4 ,9 ord] to cause a cont9u\s fl[ ! relative motion mu/ be cont9u\s2 & if ! curr5t is to be uni=m ! motion mu/ be uni=m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcd4 ,two electro-magnets are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcd1 9 :i* ! ,nor? pole ( "o magnet is ne> ! ,s\? pole ( ! o!r1 & ! magnetic field betwe5 ! two lies 9 ! approximately /raight l9es betwe5 ! two magnets1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,if ! wire ,,cd be mov$ across ?is field & its ends be jo9$1 z by ! metallic circuit ,,cefd1 a curr5t w fl[ 9 ?is circuit4 ,! wire ,,cd may be made to revolve ar\nd ! wire ,,ef1 pass+ 9 front ( "o pole & !n 9 front ( ! o!r pole1 z 9 ,fig4 #bce4 ,! curr5t 9 ! circuit w pass 9 "o direction :5 ! wire is pass+ "o pole1 & 9 ! o!r direction :5 x is pass+ ! o!r pole4 ,! connection betwe5 ?is elem5t>y arrangem5t & ! dynamo is easily recogniz$4 ,9 ! dynamo a magnetic field is produc$ by electric magnets1 call$ 8pole pieces10 & a consid]able numb] ( wires simil> to ! wire ,,cd are plac$ ^u an armature s t !y revolve 9 front ( ^! poles4 ,ea* individual wire produces curr5t fir/ 9 "o direction & !n 9 ano!r direction1 z expla9$ above2 b if !re be _m wires !re w always be ! same numb] 9 front ( ! ,nor?1 or positive pole1 & ! same numb] 9 front ( ! ,s\?1 or negative pole1 s t ! total or resultant action is practically uni=m1 & may be made to produce a cont9u\s curr5t4 ,su* a ma*9e is ! common direct curr5t dynamo1 or motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bce4 ,a dynamo trans=ms me*anical into electrical en]gy1 & a motor trans=ms electrical into me*anical en]gy4 ,! two op]ations are rev]sible1 & may be effect$ 9 ! same ma*9e2 a dynamo may be us$ z a motor1 or a motor may become a dynamo4 ,a dynamo is a motor :5 x is driv5 by a curr5t ( electricity1 & x is a dynamo :5 x is driv5 by me*anical p[] & produces an electric curr5t4 ,if a motor be driv5 by an eng9e1 x c deliv] a curr5t ( electricity :i* is able to op]ate o!r motors or electrical app>atus or lights4 ,a simple =m ( electric ma*9e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcf1 :i* is a g5]al =m ( ! electric motor4 ,9 ?is !re are two projections ( /eel1 ,h & ,g1 :i* are made electro-magnets by ! curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ! wires w\nd ar\nd !m f any s\rce ( electricity1 su* z a batt]y at ,i & ,j4 ,^! magnets h poles fac+ t[>d an armature1 ,k1 on a %aft4 ,! poles ,g & ,h are call$ ! 8sali5t0 poles2 ! poles ,m & ,p are call$ ! 8consequ5t0 poles4 ,! magnetic fl[ or field is %[n by ! dott$ l9es4 ,on ! p]iph]y ( ! armature are wires 9 ! slots %[n4 ,z ?is armature revolves1 !re w be a t5d5cy = electricity to fl[ ?r\gh ! wires4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcf4 ,9 ord] to di/ribute a curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh ^! wires x is necess>y to make a complete circuit4 ,z ea* ( ! wires 9 ! slots passes 9 front ( a pole1 a pressure or electro-motive =ce w be g5]at$1 & its direction w dep5d ^u :e!r ! pole is a ,nor? or a ,s\? pole1 i4 e41 or -4 ,,note4--,9 ! above illu/rations ,i & ,j repres5t ! ord9>y electric batt]y2 9 electrical lit]ature su* m>ks always indicate a batt]y4 ,! pressure or electro-motive =ce g5]at$ 9 ! wires mov+ 9 front ( ! ,nor?1 or positive field poles1 w be 9 "o direction1 :ile t ( ^? 9 front ( ! ,s\?1 or negative field poles1 w be 9 ! opposite direction4 ,!re=e1 if two su* wires be connect$ toge!r at "o end ( ! armature1 ! free t]m9als ( ! wires at ! o!r end ( ! armature w h ! sum ( ! electro-motive =ces g5]at$ 9 ! two wires4 ,! wires s connect$ c be consid]$ z a turn ( a s+le wire in/ead ( two sep>ate wires1 & ?is turn may be connect$ 9 s]ies ) o!r turns1 s t ! result+ electro-motive =ce is ! sum ( t 9 all ! turns & all ! wires s connect$4 ,x is cu/om>y to connect ! coils ( an armature s t ! electro motive =ce giv5 is t obta9$ f half ! coils 9 s]ies4 ,! o!r half ( ! coils is connect$ 9 p>allel ) ! fir/ half1 s t ! curr5ts fl[+ 9 ! two halves w unite to give a curr5t 9 ! ext]nal circuit equal to twice ! curr5t 9 ! two armature circuits or pa?s4 ,x is evid5t t1 z ! armature revolves1 wires :i* 7 9 front ( ! positive pole w pass 9 front ( ! negative1 & t 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! electro-motive =ce x w be necess>y to *ange ! connections f ! armature w9d+ to ! ext]nal circuit 9 su* a way t all ! wires betwe5 ! two po9ts ( connection w h _! electro-motive =ces 9 ! prop] direction4 ,! connection to ! armature mu/ !re=e be made n at a def9ite po9t 9 ! armature itself1 b at a def9ite po9t ) ref]5ce to ! field magnets1 s t all ! wires betwe5 two po9ts or contacts %all always su/a9 ! same relation to ! field magnets4 ,= ?is purpose a device kn[n z a 8commutator0 is provid$4 ,! commutator is made up ( a numb] ( segm5ts1 z %[n at ,a1 9 ,fig4 #bcg1 :i* are connect$ to ! armature w9d+4 ,on ! commutator1 re/ slid+ contacts1 or bru%es1 :i* be> on ! segm5ts & are jo9$ to an ext]nal circuit1 mak+ a cont9u\s pa? ?r\gh :i* curr5t may fl[4 ,z ! commutator revolves1 ! diff]5t segm5ts come "u ! bru%es1 s t ! relative position ( ! armature wires betwe5 ! bru%es is dep5d5t on ! position ( ! bru%es4 ,! armature wires :i* connect ! bru%es are ^? su/a9+ ! desir$ def9ite position to ! field magnets1 s t ! curr5ts f ! armature at all times fl[ prop]ly into ! ext]nal circuit1 al?\gh individual armature wires c>ry curr5ts fir/ 9 "o direction & !n 9 ! o!r direction1 dep5d+ on ! "* ( ! pole 9 front ( :i* !y may be mov+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcg4 ,on two-pole ma*9es !re are two bru%-hold]s1 ea* conta9+ "o or m bru%es4 ,on ! f\r-pole ma*9e !re may be ei!r two or f\r bru%-hold]s1 & on a six-pole ma*9e1 ei!r two1 f\r1 or six bru%-hold]s4 ,a s+le pa? ( ! curr5t ?r\gh ! commutator & armature w9d+ is %[n by ! arr[s on ,fig4 #bcg4 ,! bru%es ,b & ,c are plac$ on ! top side ( ! commutator to make !m m accessible1 & ?is %[s a peculi> b simple armature w9d+4 ,= ! sake ( simplicity1 ! batt]ies ,i & ,j1 ( ,fig4 #bcf1 are n us$ on common =ms ( g5]ators or motors1 b ! curr5t t fl[s f ! armature ?r\gh ! commutator is made to fl[ ?r\gh ! electro-magnets ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,if all ( ! armature curr5t fl[s ar\nd ! electro-magnets or fields ( ! ma*9e1 x is a 8s]ies0 ma*9e2 if only a "p ( ! curr5t is us$ 9 ?is way1 x is a 8%unt0 ma*9e2 t is1 "s ( ! curr5t is 8%unt$0 ?r\gh ! fields4 ,sometimes bo? ! %unt & s]ies w9d+s are us$1 & 9 t case ! ma*9e is call$ a 8comp\nd w\nd0 ma*9e4 ,su* a ma*9e has a l>ge wire ?r\gh :i* ! ma9 curr5t passes1 & a f9e wire ?r\gh :i* ! %unt$ curr5t fl[s4 ,fig4 #bcg %[s h[ ! commutator & ! fields are connect$1 & h[ ! curr5t fl[s f ! wires 9 ! armature ?r\gh ! commutator 9 a s]ies ma*9e4 ,if ! curr5t deliv]$ by a dynamo does n fl[ 9 ! desir$ direction1 x c be rev]s$ by %ift+ ! wires 9 ! b9d+ po/s or by ?r[+ a swit*4 ,if ! motor does n revolve 9 ! desir$ direction1 x c be made to d s by rev]s+ ! connections to ! armature or field-coils2 s t1 )\t kn[+ :i* way a curr5t ( electricity is to be g5]at$1 any practical man c make a motor revolve 9 a prop] direction by simply *ang+ its connections4 ,x is natural t a ma*9e :i* gives out electric en]gy :5 driv5 by an ext]nal p[]1 %\ld1 :5 electric en]gy is deliv]$ to x1 rev]se its action & give out me*anical p[] & d "w4 ,p]haps ! simple/ way to expla9 ! cause ( ! movem5t ( an electric motor1 :5 suppli$ ) a curr5t1 is to comp>e its action to ! well-kn[n attraction ( unlike poles or magnets & ! repulsion ( l poles4 ,unlike poles are ,nor? & ,s\?2 l poles are two ,nor? or two ,s\?4 ,9 all motors a curr5t ?r\gh ! field causes a ,nor? or ,s\? pole to be ma9ta9$1 & a curr5t ?r\gh ! armature & bru%es causes an opposite pol>ity4 ,^! con/antly-ma9ta9$ unlike poles attract ea* o!r & pull ! armature ar\nd on its axis4 ,x has be5 expla9$ t if a motor be driv5 by a belt an electro-motive =ce is produc$ & ! ma*9e acts z a dynamo4 ,x is also a fact t an electro-motive =ce is produc$ :e!r ! p[] = driv+ ! ma*9e is receiv$ f a belt or f ! electric curr5t1--t is1 :e!r ! ma*9e be driv5 z a dynamo or z a motor4 ,9 a dynamo1 h[ev]1 ! curr5t foll[s ! direction 9 :i* ! electro-motive =ce is act+4 ,9 a motor1 ! electro-motive =ce produc$ has a direction oppos$ to t ( ! fl[ ( curr5t4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,two simil> ma*9es are driv5 indep5d5tly at #fjj revolutions & give an electro-motive =ce ( #ajj volts4 ,simil> t]m9als ( ! two ma*9es are connect$ toge!r2 no curr5t fl[s betwe5 ! ma*9es1 because ! two pressures are ! same & are 9 opposite directions4 ,if n[ ! belt be ?r[n (f f "o ma*9e1 its spe$ w beg9 to fall2 ?is w l[] its electro-motive =ce bel[ t ( ! o!r ma*9e or dynamo1 b w n *ange ! direction ( ! =ce4 ,!re w n[ be a diff]5ce ( pressure 9 favor ( ! ma*9e :i* is driv51 & x w deliv] a curr5t ?r\gh ! o!r ma*9e & run x z a motor4 ,! spe$ ( ! motor w cont9ue to fall until ! diff]5ce 9 pressure or electro-motive =ce betwe5 ! two ma*9es is only suffici5t to cause ! fl[ ( en\gh curr5t to keep ! motor runn+ aga9/ :atev] frictional resi/ance1 & o!r resi/ance !re may be4 ,! electro-motive =ce g5]at$ 9 ! motor1 :i* is aga9/1 or c\nt] to t ( ! curr5t 9 ! circuit1 is call$ ! 8c\nt] electro-motive =ce40 ,9 ord] to det]m9e h[ fa/ a motor w run )\t do+ "w "u any giv5 pressure1 x is n necess>y to "k any?+ ab\t ! dynamo t furni%es ! pressure4 ,! pressure alone is suffici5t to det]m9e ! spe$ ( ! motor4 ,= in/ance1 if a motor w give a pressure ( #ejj volts :5 runn+ free at #ajj revolutions1 x w always run at ab\t #ajj revolutions :5 n do+ "w on an electric circuit :]e ! pressure is #ejj volts4 ,,magnetic ,,ne$le4 ,! figure on page #bdb %[s a magnetic compass ne$le4 ,?is is us$ to te/ ! direction ( an electric curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh a wire or cable conductor4 ,! plus sign1 1 is ! positive & ! m9us1 -1 sign is ! negative end or pole4 ,a cont9u\s curr5t always fl[s f ! positive to ! negative end or pole1 h5ce ! nor? end or pole1 ,n1 is ! positive end ( ! ne$le & ! s\? pole1 ,s1 is ! s\? pole ( ! ne$le4 ,:5 "o ( ^! devices is held 9 close proximity to a conductor ( electricity x imm$iately assumes a p>allel position to ! conductor & indicates ! direction 9 :i* ! curr5t is fl[+4 ,! long1 upp] arr[1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 tells ! direction ( ! fl[4 ,a small pocket compass may be us$ 9 place ( ?is device & is (t5 c>ri$ 9 ! pocket ( electricians = ! purpose ( indicat+ ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,,pressure ,,is ,,necess>y ,,to ,,produce ,,an ,,electric ,,curr5t4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t an electric dynamo or batt]y does n g5]ate electricity1 = if x 7 only ! quantity ( electricity t is desir$1 !re w\ld be no use = ma*9es1 z ! e>? may be reg>d$ z a va/ res]voir ( electricity1 ( inf9ite quantity4 ,b electricity 9 quantity )\t pressure is useless1 z 9 ! case ( air or wat]1 we c get no p[] )\t pressure1 a fl[ ( curr5t4 ,z mu* air or wat] mu/ fl[ into ! pump or bl[] at "o end1 z fl[s out at ! o!r4 ,s x is ) ! dynamo2 = pro( t ! curr5t is n g5]at$ 9 ! ma*9e1 we c measure ! curr5t fl[+ out ?r\gh "o wire1 & 9 ?r\gh ! o!r--x w be f\nd to be precisely ! same4 ,z 9 me*anics a pressure is necess>y to produce a curr5t ( air1 s 9 electrical ph5om5a an electro-motive =ce is necess>y to produce a curr5t ( electricity4 ,a curr5t 9 ei!r case c n exi/ )\t a pressure to produce x4 ,,electric ,,pump+ ,,ma*9]y4 ,s9ce ! conditions surr\nd+ pump+ plants are s widely diff]5t1 x is impossible to treat e practical application 9 detail1 h5ce1 ! space allott$ to ?is subject has be5 us$ 9 ! prec$+ succ9ct & pla9 discussion ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* electric p[] is appli$ to ! op]ation ( pumps4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! advantages claim$ = electric pump+ ma*9]y3 8,economy 9 op]ation & ma9t5ance is ! fir/ & mo/ vital consid]ation t dem&s ! att5tion 9 ! in/allation ( pump+ ma*9]y4 ,9 respect to economy1 ! electric sy/em has _m important advantages4 ,x is sav+ 9 ! transmission ( p[]1 & ?us enables a pump+ in/allation to be situat$ at a consid]able di/ance f ! s\rce ( p[] :]e ! fir/ co/ & ma9t5ance exp5se ( o!r sy/ems w\ld be almo/ prohibitive4 8,! economy 9 space requir$ is also wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,! driv+ me*anism ( a mod]n electric pump+ outfit occupies a small am\nt ( room & ! space requir$ = wir+ is negligible4 ,9 case ( accid5t1 any me*anical injury to wires c be quickly & easily repair$--?us ! economy 9 "t & exp5diture = repairs4 ,!re is no l>ge loss by cond5sation4 ,! only loss su/a9$ ) ! electric sy/em 9 ! transmission ( p[] is a small loss due to l9e resi/ance1 increas+ directly ) ! am\nt ( wat] be+ pump$ & ceas+ entirely :5 ! pump is n 9 op]ation40 ,a well design$ electric pump w give an effici5cy ( f #ge to #hj p] c5t42 &1 z ! transmission loss dep5ds ^u ! weight ( copp] 9 ! transmission l9e x c be made z l[ z ! co/ ( p[]1 &1 #b1 ! inve/m5t 9 copp] w w>rant4 ,,directions ,,= ,,in/allation4 #a4 ,x is important to locate ! electric pump :]e x w be dry & clean & :]e x w be ?or\ghly accessible = prop] c>e4 #b4 ,no pipes %\ld be all[$ to pass above ! electric motor :]e liquids are likely to drip ^u x4 #c4 ,! suction or supply pipe mu/ be z %ort & /raight z possible & mu/ be air tight1 z air ent]+ ! pump ?r\gh ! suction r$uces its capacity or prev5ts x f work+ altoge!r4 #d4 ,a tight foot valve & a /ra9] %\ld inv>iably be us$ on ! bottom end ( ! suction pipe :5 ! wat] is to be lift$ f #h ft4 to #aj ft4 bel[ ! pump4 ,:]e ! lift is excessive or = any reason ! supply be limit$1 an air *amb] plac$ on ! suction pipe ne> ! pump w prove b5eficial 9 prev5t+ slamm+ ( ! valves4 #e4 ,provision %\ld be made = dra9+ bo? pumps & pipes 9 cold wea!r by a prop] application ( fro/ cocks4 #f4 ,if ! electric pump is kept dry1 clean & well oil$1 x w prove ! mo/ desirable & lea/ exp5sive app>atus to be _h = ! s]vice4 #g4 ,asc]ta9 ! nature ( electric curr5t to be us$4 ,direct or alt]nat+8 ,voltage8 7,if alt]nat+1 note phase & numb] ( alt]nations47 #h4 ,also record any unusual or peculi> circum/ances connect$ ) ! in/allation or op]ation ( ! app>atus2 & if s1 :at8 ,,dome/ic ,,electric ,,pumps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bch4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bci4 ,9 _m places ! pressure on ! ma9s is insuffici5t to raise ! wat] to ! upp] floors or ?r\gh improp]ly design$ sy/ems ( pip+ ! pressure may be s dim9i%$ z to make ! fl[ extremely weak or ! difficulty 9 secur+ prop] wat] supply may be due to inconv5i5t location ) ref]5ce to wat] ma9s4 ,! automatic electric h\se tank pump+ plant has be5 design$ & p]fect$ to meet ^! conditions2 ! electric plant is connect$ to "s p[] or light+ circuit & provid$ ) an automatic atta*m5t requir+ no m c>e ?an c be giv5 by any casual att5dant4 ,su* an in/allation avoids ! smoke1 a%es1 du/ & objectionable odors t accompany /eam or gas plants4 ,! accompany+ diagram %[s ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! automatic electric h\se sy/em us$ ) a tank 9 ! upp] "p ( ! build+ & ! pump 9 ! basem5t or cell>4 ,! op]ation is z foll[s3 ,:5 wat] is be+ deliv]$ to ! tank1 ! float rises until ! upp] knob makes =cible contact ) ! swit* lev]1 op5+ ! swit* & /opp+ ! pump4 ,:5 wat] is )drawn f ! tank1 ! float falls until ! l[] knob makes contact ) ! swit* lev]1 :i* aga9 closes ! swit* & />ts ! pump4 ,! supply ( wat] is ?us ma9ta9$ )9 ! tank )\t ! aid ( an att5dant4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration1 ,fig4 #bch1 %[s a ,wor?+ton h\se tank pump ( #ejj gallons p] h\r capacity belt$ to a ,g5]al ,electric direct curr5t motor1 ! pump & motor be+ m\nt$ on ! same base4 ,,table ,,( ,,capacity4 ,diamet] ( ,plung]s #b #b-c_/d #c #c-c_/d ---------------------------------------- --------- ,l5g? ( ,/roke #d #d #d #d ---------------------------------------- --------- ,revolutions p] ,m9ute #de #de #de #de ---------------------------------------- --------- ,gallons p] ,m9ute #i4h #ah4e #ba4h #cd4d ---------------------------------------- --------- ,maximum ,wat] ,pressure 9 ,lbs4 #aej #ge #fj #dj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,gallons p] ,h\r #ejj #a1jjj #a1bjj #a1hjj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,feet #a ,h4,p4 ,w ,pump ,aga9/ #age #hj #gj #ej ---------------------------------------- --------- ,feet #b ,h4,p4 ,w ,pump ,aga9/ #cjj #age #adj #ajj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,! above useful table is ins]t$ to %[ ! capacities1 revolutions1 size ( plung]s1 etc41 9 ^! electrically driv5 pumps1 ! automatic feature ( :i* is truly admirable4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! numb] ( comb9ations betwe5 small electric motors & proportionate pumps = wat]1 gas1 air1 etc41 af=d an endless field = ! ex]cise ( eng9e]+ skill4 ,,electric ,,motor ,,& ,,air ,,pump4 ,fig4 #bdj is int5d$ to %[ ! application ( ! electric motor to a triplex pump ( small size1 ! plung]s be+ #c-a_/h in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! ,/roke is #d-g_/h in*es :i* gives a capacity ( #ajh cubic in*es p] revolution1 ) a pressure ( #ej lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,! pumps require ab\t "o-half horse p[] appli$ at ! motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdj4 ,! high spe$ ( ! motor is r$uc$ by two belt pulleys & two *a9 :eels4 ,^! pumps may be work$ indep5d5tly to produce pressure or vacuum z desir$ by a sep>ate pipe = ea* pump4 ,,motor ,,& ,,c5trifugal ,,pump4 ,fig4 #bda is int5d$ to %[ ! application ( ! electric motor to a c5trifugal pump2 ^! two ma*9es are m\nt$ on "o b$ plate1 directly connect$ by a flange c\pl+ betwe5 !m4 ,! motor %[n1 is almo/ id5tical ) ! ma*9e illu/rat$1 ,fig4 #bag1 & describ$ on page #bea4 ,! pump is s arrang$ t ! dis*>ge c be turn$ 9 any direction desir$4 ,:]ev] electric p[] is available & ! c5trifugal pump is ! =m be/ adapt$ to ! "w1 ?is comb9ation pres5ts advantages ov] a /eam eng9e op]at$ by a pla9 slide valve su* z is g5]ally us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bda4 ,,direct ,,driv5 ,,motor ,,pump4 ,fig4 #bdb %[s a d\ble pump driv5 directly1 )\t ge>s or belt1 f ! %aft ( an electric motor4 ,! pump cros%eads are connect$ directly to cranks at ea* end ( ! motor %aft4 ,! cranks are set at "r angles & ea* pump is d\ble act+1 or has two plung]s connect$ by outside rods & ) outside pack$ /uff+-boxes1 s t ?is portion ( ! pump is always accessible4 ,! plung]s are #c-a_/b in*es diamet] & #e-a_/b in*es /roke4 ,! pump & motor are m\nt$ ^u a rigid box gird] frame3 ?is unit is self-conta9$ & occupies a relatively small floor space4 ,electric ,drive = ,fire ,pumps4 ,! importance ( in/antly op]at+ fire ext+ui%+ app>atus c sc>cely be exagg]at$4 ,! l>ge/ conflagrations are b little flames at ! beg9n+1 & if caught at ! critical mom5t !y make no record ( de/ruction2 = su* s]vice ! electric curr5t is ! ideal ag5t4 ,a notable in/allation ( electric-driv5 pumps = fire s]vice is 9 ! ,m>%all ,field /ore1 ,*icago1 a build+ occupy+ an entire city block4 ,! outfit consi/s ( a ,laidlaw-,dunn-,gordon duplex ,und]writ] pump connect$ by s+le r$uction ge>+ to a wat]pro( electric motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdb4 ,! pump cyl9d]s1 #h #ab in*es1 h a comput$ capacity ( #gjj gallons p] m9ute at #adj p\nds wat] pressure4 ,! pump1 besides its o!r special features1 is claim$ to be ru/ pro( ?r\gh\t s t x w n get out ( ready runn+ condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdc4 ,,electric-,,m9+ ,,pumps4 ,! electric sy/em has especial conv5i5ces = m9e pump+ because ( its adaptability to long transmissions ( p[]2 electric p[] c be transmitt$ to almo/ any di/ance1 & ! pumps c be suppli$ ) ei!r direct or alt]nat+ curr5t motors4 ,a m9+ outfit c be easily divid$ into a numb] ( p>ts1 to facilitate l[]+ into a m9e1 aft] :i* ! assembl+ ( ! p>ts is a simple op]ation4 ,/ation>y pumps = m9e use are made 9 two classes3 fir/1 v]tical pumps hav+ cyl9d]s 9 a v]tical position 9 :i* ! ov] all height is comp>atively great & ! horizontal dim5sions z small z possible2 second1 horizontal pumps ) cyl9d]s 9 a horizontal position & hav+ = cross dim5sions ! ov] all l5g?4 ,! class ( pump to be select$1 ( c\rse1 dep5ds ^u ! limitations ( ! location4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! motor us$ = driv+ ! pump is m\nt$ on an ext5sion ( ! pump base1 mak+ a self-conta9$ & compact outfit4 ,engrav+1 ,fig4 #bdc1 repres5ts a ,qu9tuplex pump us$ pr9cipally 9 m9+ op]ations1 or :]ev] l>ge quantities ( wat] are to be deliv]$ "u high pressure 9 ! %orte/ possible space ( "t4 ,! pump "h %[n 0 design$ to deliv] #bbe gallons ( wat] p] m9ute "u a head ( #a1bjj feet4 ,x has five plung]s #d in*es 9 diamet] ea* & hav+ a uni=m /roke ( #ab in*es4 ,^! pumps driv5 by electric motors x is said repres5t ! mo/ economical me?od ( transmitt+ p[]1 z comp>$ ) ! be/ designs ( /eam pumps4 ,an effici5cy ( #hj p] c5t4 is claim$ = ^! pumps4 ,,note4--,x is int]e/+ to "k t 9 "o ( ! l>ge/ electric pump+ in/allations :i* has ev] be5 made = m9+ "w1 ! p[] is c>ri$ #b1ejj feet und]gr\nd at a pot5tial ( #c1ejj volts & !n trans=m$ into #bbj volts at ! motors4 ,no tr\ble has ?us f> result$ f ! high voltage or any o!r cause2 9 reg>d to dang] f und]gr\nd electric pumps1 x c be /at$ t accid5ts due to ! use ( electricity 9 su* in/allations are almo/ unkn[n4 ,induction motors are arrang$ to op]ate )\t mov+ contacts4 ,!y are !re=e free f sp>ks & c be us$ 9 m9es :]e ! pres5ce ( gases compels ! use ( safety lamps4 ,fig4 #bdd exhibits an electric induction motor op]at+ a #e-a_/b #h portable track pump4 ,portability is an important feature 9 all pumps = m9e use2 &1 z track pumps may be put into s]vice imm$iately at any po9t on a sy/em ( tracks1 !y meet ?is requirem5t bett] ?an pumps ( any o!r =m4 ,su* an outfit c be haul$ to any po9t 9 ! m9e & !re op]at$ f "s conv5i5t circuit su*1 = in/ance1 z ! circuit supply+ p[] to m9e locomotives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdd4 ,! pump & motor %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdd are m\nt$ on an iron truck1 no wood :atev] be+ us$ 9 con/ruction1 s t adju/m5t _c be affect$ by moi/ure & an easy runn+ & durable pump is assur$4 ,! pumps are made z compact & /rong z possible = m9e s]vice1 :i* is usually exceptionally r\gh & cont9u\s4 ,!y are ( ! horizontal type :i* is be/ adapt$ = l[ passageways & are design$ s z to af=d easy access to all p>ts4 ,! pumps are s+le act+ & ! plung]s are provid$ ) outside /uff+-boxes1 :i* c be pack$1 & be+ 9 sight1 any leakage c be quickly detect$4 ,access to all valves is made easy by ! removal ( "o l>ge h&-hole cov] on ! valve *e/4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,pump ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bde4 ,g4 ,,kirkham ,,! ,,/eam ,,pump4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #bde1 on ! opposite page repres5ts ! fir/ practical /eam pump ev] made2 on pages #fg-fi w be f\nd an int]e/+ acc\nt ( x4 ,! wat] end is s+le act+2 ! /eam end is1 ( necessity1 d\ble act+ to produce ! reciprocat+ motion4 ,f ?is orig9al design has be5 evolv$ ! pi/on valve z well z _m o!r designs ( valve motion = pumps4 ,hav+ already tak5 up 9 "s detail ! con/ruction ( 8! p>ts ( ! pump0 & ! necess>y appliances connect$ ) its use1 x n[ rema9s to consid] ! means by :i* ! /eam p[] g5]at$ is made available & ! me*anism by :i* ! en]gy is trans=m$ f pressure into pump+ p[]4 ,x may be well to consid] at "s l5g? ! 8,/eam end0 ( ! pump4 ,?is consi/s prim>ily ( cyl9d]s1 toge!r ) _! connections2 ^! con/itute ! muscul> sy/em ( ! pump4 ,! muscul> or op]at+ end is sep>ate & di/9ct f ! wat] end s f> z con/ruction is conc]n$ b 9 op]ation ! two are closely alli$4 ,x is !re=e necess>y z well z conv5i5t to unite !m 9 "o equipm5t & ?us enable ! propell+ me*anism to furni% a con/ant s\rce ( p[]4 ,s f> z ! ela/ic =ce ( /eam itself is conc]n$ its hi/ory dates back to a p]iod two hundr$ ye>s ,b4 ,c41 :51 z describ$ by ,h]o1 ! =ce g5]at$ by /eam 0 utiliz$ = actuat+ c]ta9 devices con/ruct$ r = curiosity ?an = any b5efit :i* might be d]iv$ f _! use4 ,v little advance 0 made 9 ! con/ruction ( practical devices until ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury :5 ,james ,watt by 8 improvem5ts plac$ ! /ation>y eng9e on an op]ative basis & gave to ! _w :at has prov$ to be ! greate/ inv5tion ( all "t4 ,! fir/ /ation>y /eam eng9es 7 us$ = pump+ wat] & 7 ( ! s+le act+ type1 9 :i* ! /eam 0 admitt$ at "o end ( ! cyl9d]1 ! opposite end be+ op5 to ! atmosph]e4 ,! /eam act+ on ! pi/on =c$ x to ! limit ( its /roke :5 ! supply 0 cut (f4 ,! /eam !n cond5s$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 =m+ a p>tial vacuum1 & ! =ce ( ! atmosph]e ^u ! opposite side ( ! pi/on =c$ x back1 caus+ x to complete its /roke be=e ano!r supply ( /eam 0 admitt$4 ,?is 0 a sl[ process1 wa/eful ( /eam & att5d$ ) _m o!r inconv5i5ces4 ,an improvem5t on ?is device 0 made 9 an eng9e built by ,watt 9 #aggd4 ,?is 0 a s+le act+ eng9e b ! cond5s] 0 sep>at$ f ! cyl9d]4 ,! valves 7 s arrang$ z to admit live /eam into ! upp] end ( ! cyl9d] on ! top ( ! pi/on & at ! same "t op5 ! l[] end ( ! cyl9d] to ! cond5s]4 ,! /eam foll[$ ! pi/on 9 its d[nw>d /roke 9 :i* action x 0 aid$ by ! p>tial vacuum =m$ 9 ! cond5s]4 ,at ! completion ( ! d[nw>d /roke ! valves 7 *ang$ s z to close ! ports to ! /eam supply & ! cond5s]1 & at ! same "t op5 a communication betwe5 ! two ends ( ! cyl9d] equaliz+ ! pressure above & bel[ ! pi/on4 ,! weight ( ! pump rod on ! beam or lev] connection ov]balanc$ ! weight ( ! pi/on & caus$ x to complete ! return /roke4 ,9 #aghb ! d\ble act+ /eam eng9e 0 pat5t$ by ,watt4 ,?is 0 a device 9 :i* ! live /eam act$ on ea* side ( ! pi/on alt]nately1 ! opposite side ( ! cyl9d] be+ 9 communication ) ! cond5s]4 ,! same pat5t cov]$ ! me?od ( apply+ ! pr9ciple ( expansion ( /eam 9 ! cyl9d]2 a non-cond5s+ eng9e 0 also describ$4 ,,note4--,?is inv5tion 0 ( great hi/orical importance z x cov]$ all ! ess5tial detail ( mod]n practice 9 /eam eng9e build+ & con/itut$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all /eam eng9es4 ,improvem5ts h be5 made 9 =m & con/ruction1 necessitat$ by new adaptations :i* h be5 con/antly develop$4 ,! requirem5ts = high] spe$1 increas$ pressure :i* implies great] p[]1 & ! con/ant desire = great] economy 9 fuel h produc$ a v>iety ( *anges 9 detail b h n alt]$ ! fundam5tal idea4 ,:5 ! /eam aft] be+ utiliz$ 9 ! cyl9d] makes its exit directly to ! op5 air1 ! eng9e is call$ s+le expansion = ! reason t ! action ( ! /eam takes place 9 "o cyl9d] dur+ a s+le /roke1 & :at expansion takes place mu/ be dur+ "o half ( a revolution4 ,:5 ! /eam f "o cyl9d] in/ead ( exhau/+ into ! op5 air1 is pass$ to a second cyl9d]1 ( l>g] area1 & by exp&+ ex]ts a pressure on a second pi/on to aid 9 ! completion ( ! revolution1 ! eng9e is call$ d\ble expansion or comp\nd1 because ! /eam in/ead ( complet+ its "w 9 a s+le op]ation is af=d$ a d\ble opportunity = expansion & an increas$ range ( action4 ,9 ! s+le cyl9d] ! temp]ature ( ! walls is r$uc$ 9 ea* revolution to correspond ) t ( ! /eam at ! exhau/ pressure4 ,?is temp]ature mu/ be re/or$ by incom+ /eam at ! beg9n+ ( a new /roke :i* means a r$uction ( p[]4 ,) a d\ble cyl9d] ow+ to ! great] range ( expansion1 a high] temp]ature c be ma9ta9$ 9 ! fir/ cyl9d] & a l>ge am\nt ( initial cond5sation is prev5t$4 ,a /ill great] use ( expansion may be obta9$ by ! introduction ( a cond5s] :i* all[s ! f9al exhau/ to be c>ri$ bel[ ! atmosph]ic pressure to ! ext5t ( ! vacuum =m$4 ,9 /ation>y & m>9e practice triple & quadruple expansion eng9es are common4 ,^! are us$ 9 l>ge units to give ! greate/ possible economy 9 fuel4 ,prop]ties ( ,/eam4--,be=e tak+ up 9 detail ! valve & o!r me*anism ( ! /eam pump x may n be out ( place to consid] briefly ! action ( /eam & its expansive prop]ties4 ,heat is id5tical ) me*anical =ce & ! "o c be conv]t$ into ! o!r4 ,aside f ! means us$ 9 conv]t+ or develop+ ! action a c]ta9 quantity ( heat always produces a c]ta9 quantity ( "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdf4 ,relative ,volume ( ,/eam at #bjj p\nds ,pressure f ,"o ,cubic ,in* ( ,wat] ,relative ,volume ( ,/eam at ,atmosph]ic ,pressure f ,"o ,cubic ,in* ( ,wat] ,! temp]ature ( /eam at atmosph]ic pressure 7#ad4g lbs4 absolute7 is #bab ,fahr4 ,z ! pressure increases ! temp]ature rises1 b is always ! same = a giv5 pressure4 ,! s5sible heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( wat] f #cb to #bab is #ahj & ! heat absorb$ by ! wat] or lat5t heat at #bab is #iif mak+ ! total am\nt ( heat exp5d$ #aagf4 ,z ! temp]ature rises ! lat5t heat decreases 9 ne>ly ! same proportion z ! s5sible heat increases4 ,?is numb] may !re=e be tak5 z a con/ant to express ! unit ( heat 9 "o p\nd ( /eam f #cb up to ! temp]ature at :i* evaporation takes place4 ,!n #aagf #ggb #ijg1hgb p\nds rais$ "o foot :i* repres5ts ! me*anical equival5t or maximum !oretical duty ( ! quantity ( heat conta9$ 9 "o p\nd ( /eam4 ,"o cubic in* ( wat] if conv]t$ into /eam at ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 7#ad4g p\nds7 w occupy ! space ( #afdb cubic in*es or ne>ly "o cubic foot4 ,z ! pressure increases ! volume is relatively dim9i%$ & if ! same quantity ( wat] is conv]t$ into /eam say at #bjj p\nds pressure x w occupy a space ( only #acc cubic in*es4 ,assum+ t no loss occurr$ by cond5sation1 if releas$ at ?is pressure x w\ld exp& & aga9 occupy its relative volume at atmosph]ic pressure4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! accompany+ diagram1 ,fig4 #bdf1 %[+ a cyl9d] ) an int]nal capacity ( #afdb cubic in*es provid$ ) a movable pi/on4 ,a quantity ( /eam repres5t+ t =m$ f "o cubic in* ( wat] is =c$ into x1 suppos+ ! weight on ! pi/on to be #bjj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 ?is weight w be rais$ until ! space "u ! pi/on occupi$ by ! /eam w be #acc cubic in*es4 ,if ! supply is n[ cut (f 7assum+ t no cond5sation takes place7 ! pi/on w rema9 at ?is place support+ its load4 ,if ! load on ! pi/on is dim9i%$ ! volume ( /eam w exp& & ! pi/on w be correspond+ly rais$ 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,?is action w be cont9u$ until all ! load is remov$ & only ! weight ( ! atmosph]e rema9s4 ,! volume ( /eam "u ! pi/on w !n be #afdb cubic in*es4 ,x w !re=e be se5 t ! same quantity ( /eam has ex]t$ a lift+ pressure ^u ! pi/on due to its relative volume comm5c+ at #bjj p\nds p] squ>e in* & gradually decreas+ until ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is rea*$4 ,! ,engli% unit ( heat is t :i* is requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd ( wat] "o degree ,fahr5heit & is kn[n z ! ,briti% ,!rmal ,unit1 or ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 ,dr4 ,j\le demon/rat$ by an +5i\s device1 ,fig4 #bdg1 9 :i* a weight op]at$ a paddle :eel agitat+ wat] 9 a clos$ vessel1 t x requir$ #ggb foot p\nds to raise ! temp]ature ( "o cubic foot ( wat] "o degree1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 d$uc$ t "o unit ( heat 0 capable ( rais+ #ggb p\nds "o foot high4 ,! me*anical equival5t ( heat is !re=e accept$ z #ggb foot p\nds = "o ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 bas$ on ,j\le's exp]im5t4,a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdg4 ,! !oretical effici5cy ( ! use ( /eam by expansion c nev] be realiz$1 ow+ to losses occasion$ by cond5sation1 caus$ by contact ) ! cool] walls ( ! cyl9d]1 ! unavoidable friction ( ! work+ p>ts1 & f ! fact t a c]ta9 portion ( ! pressure mu/ be utiliz$ to create a draft = ! fire4 ,all ^! losses mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation 9 calculat+ ! "w actually done4 ,f ! =ego+ x w be readily und]/ood t if ! /eam is all[$ to exhau/ f ! cyl9d]s at or ne> ! pressure at :i* x is admitt$ ! "w :i* x might h accompli%$ by expansion w be lo/4 ,?is means n only a loss ( ! /eam b ( a "p ( ! fuel us$ to g5]ate x4 ,x is !re=e advisable to get all ! "w out ( ! /eam t is possible & ! ne>] to atmosph]ic pressure ! exhau/ c be br\ght ! great] w be ! economy4 ,footnote ,a3 ,,note4--,?is unit has be5 rec5tly *ang$ to #ggh4 ,,useful ,,def9itions ,,relat+ ,,to ,,/eam4 ,/eam is wat] 9 a gase\s /ate2 ! gas or vapor ( wat]2 x liquifies "u a pressure ( #adg & temp]ature ( #bab ,f4 ,/eam is a jo9t production ( ! int]m+l+ ( wat] & heat4 ,wat] is compos$ ( two gases :i* h nei!r color nor ta/e1 & /eam is made up ( ! same two gases ) ! addition only ( t my/]i\s prop]ty call$ heat by :i* ! wat] becomes greatly exp&$ & is r5d]$ invisible4 ,! ,fr5* h a t]m = /eam :i* seems appropriate :5 !y call x wat]-du/4 ,?is is :at takes place 9 ! =mation ( /eam 9 a vessel conta9+ wat] 9 free communication ) ! atmosph]e4 ,at fir/1 a vapor is se5 to rise t seems to come f ! surface ( ! liquid1 gett+ m & m d5se z ! wat] becomes hott]4 ,!n a tremor ( ! surface is produc$1 accompani$ by a peculi> noise :i* has be5 call$ ! s++ ( ! liquid2 &1 f9ally1 bubbles1 simil> to air bubbles1 =m 9 t "p ( ! vessel :i* is ne>e/ to ! fire1 !n rise to ! surface :]e !y bur/1 giv+ =? fre% vapor4 ,! curi\s fact mu/ be "h not$ t if wat] be introduc$ into a space entirely void ( air1 l a vacuum1 x vaporizes in/antane\sly1 no matt] h[ hot or cold1 s t ( an app>5t & fluid body !re only rema9s an invisible gas l air4 ,t /eam is dry at high pressure is prov$ by an exp]im5t :i* is v int]e/+4 ,if a common mat* head is held 9 ! invisible portion ( ! /eam jet close to ! nozzle1 x at once lights1 & ! fact seems conv9c+ z to complete dryness1 z ! fa9te/ moi/ure w\ld prev5t ignition ev5 at ! highe/ temp]ature4 ,?is exp]im5t proves dryness ( ! /eam at ! po9t ( contact1 b if ?rottl+ exi/s beh9d ! jet1 ! /eam suppli$ by ! boil] may be 9 itself wet & dri$ by wire draw+4 ,dead /eam is ! same z exhau/ /eam4 ,live /eam is /eam :i* has done no "w4 ,dry /eam is saturat$ /eam )\t any admixture ( me*anically susp5d$ wat]4 ,high-pressure /eam is commonly und]/ood to be /eam us$ 9 high pressure eng9es4 ,l[-pressure /eam is t us$ at l[ pressure 9 cond5s+ eng9es1 heat+ app>atus1 etc41 at #ae lbs4 to ! in* or "u4 ,saturat$ /eam is t 9 contact ) wat] at ! same temp]ature2 saturat$ /eam is always at its cond5s+ po9t1 :i* is always ! boil+ po9t ( ! wat]1 ) :i* x is 9 contact2 9 ?is x diff]s f sup]heat$ /eam4 ,sup]heat$ /eam1 also call$ /eam-gas1 is /eam dri$ ) heat appli$ aft] x has left ! boil]4 ,total heat ( /eam is ! same z /eam heat4 ,wet /eam1 /eam hold+ wat] me*anically susp5d$1 ! wat] be+ 9 ! =m ( spray4 ,specific gravity ( /eam is #fbe z comp>$ to air "u ! same pressure4 ,! prop]ties :i* make x s valuable are3 #a4 ,! ease ) :i* we c cond5se x4 #b4 ,its great expansive p[]4 #c4 ,! small space 9 :i* x %r9ks :5 x is cond5s$ ei!r 9 a vacuum *amb] or ! air4 ,a cubic in* ( wat] turn$ into /eam at ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e w exp& into #a1ffi cubic in*es4 ,,! ,,davidson4 ,! ,davidson pump is %[n complete 9 ,fig4 #bdh2 ! valve motion consi/s pr9cipally ( a valve1 valve pi/ons1 valve p9 & cam4 ,! ma9 valve is op]at$ by a positive me*anical connection betwe5 x & ! ma9 pi/on rod1 also by ! action ( /eam on ! valve pi/ons4 ,! engrav+1 ,fig4 #bdi1 %[s ! details ( valve ge> & /eam cyl9d]4 ,! /eam end consi/s ( ! cyl9d]1 ,m1 valve1 ,a1 & valve pi/ons1 ,b & ,b4 ,^! pi/ons are connect$ ) suffici5t space betwe5 !m = ! valve1 ,a1 cov]+ ! /eam ports1 ,f & ,f#a1 ,fig4 #bej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdh4 ,! valve is op]at$ by ! /eel cam1 ,c1 act+ on a /eel p91 ,d1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! valve into ! exhau/ port1 ,n1 9 :i* ! cam is locat$4 ,9 addition to ?is positive motion /eam is alt]nately admitt$ to & exhau/$ f ! ends ( ! valve pi/on ?r\gh ! ports1 ,e & ,e#a1 :i* moves ! pi/ons1 ,b & ,b#a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdi4 ,assum$ t ?is pump is at re/ ) ! valve1 ,a1 cov]+ ! ma9 /eam ports1 ,f & ,f#a1 9 :i* position ! cam ,c1 holds ! ma9 valve by means ( ! valve p91 ,d1 s t ports1 ,e & ,e#a1 admit /eam to "o end ( ! valve pi/on at ! same "t connects ! o!r end ) ! exhau/ port4 ,! /eam1 act+ on ! valve pi/ons1 moves bo?1 op5+ ! ma9 ports1 ,f & ,f#a1 admitt+ /eam to "o end ( ! /eam cyl9d] & op5+ ! o!r end to ! exhau/4 ,if ! valve occupies any o!r position ?an ! "o describ$1 ! ma9 ports1 ,f & ,f#a1 w be op5$ = ! admission & exhau/ ( /eam2 consequ5tly x is evid5t t ?is pump w />t f all po9ts ( ! /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bej4 ,on ! admission ( /eam to ! cyl9d] ! ma9 port1 ,f1 ! ma9 pi/on1 cam & valve w move 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,! fir/ movem5t ( ! cam oscillates ! valve1 prep>atory to br++ x into a prop] position = ! op5+ ( ! auxili>y /eam ports1 ,e1 to live /eam1 & ,e1 to exhau/ also to close ! valve me*anically j be=e ! ma9 pi/on rea*es ! end ( its /roke4 ,?is causes a slight cut-(f & compression1 & fully op5s ! auxili>y ports1 ,e1 to /eam1 & ,e#a1 to exhau/4 ,by ! admission ( /eam to "o end1 ! o!r be+ op5 to ! exhau/1 ! valve pi/ons move ! valve to all[ ! admission & exhau/ ( /eam f ! cyl9d] = ! return /roke4 ,?is ma9 valve is z mu* "u ! control ( ! pi/on rod z is ! valve ( an ord9>y /eam eng9e work$ by an ecc5tric :i* insures a positive action1 ! pump be+ capable ( />t+ f all positions & ma9ta9+ a uni=m & full /roke4 ,to set ! valve pi/on1 pu% ! ma9 pi/ons to ! end ( ! /roke until ! inn] edge ( ! port & ! pi/on co9cide1 !n loos5 ! side lev]1 turn ! cam1 ,c1 until ! valve pi/on uncov]s ! auxili>y /eam port1 ,e1 lead+ to ! same end ( ! /eam *e/ occupi$ by ! ma9 pi/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bea4 ,aft] sett+1 secure ! cam & !n connect ! side lev] to ! connect+ rod4 ,! side lev] & cam occupy correct relative positions1 !re=e1 ! lev] %\ld be secur$ to ! cam %aft :ile 9 ?is position4 ,! /roke may be regulat$ by rais+ or l[]+ ! end ( ! connect+ rod 9 ! slott$ end ( ! slide lev]4 ,rais+ ! connect+ rod %ort5s ! /roke & l[]+ x l5g!ns ! /roke4 ,:5 mak+ ! =ego+ adju/m5ts x is well to h ! connect+ rod at or ne> ! bottom ( ! slot z %[n 9 ! engrav+s4 ,,laidlaw-,,dunn-,,gordon4 ,! s+le cyl9d] pumps ( ?is make are equipp$ ) ! ge> illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #beb1 9 sizes v>y+ f #d in*es 9 diamet] by #e in*es /roke to #bh in*es 9 diamet] by #bd in*es /roke4 ,! arrangem5t ( valves & ports is %[n 9 ! engrav+s1 ,figs4 #bec & #bed4 ,! admission ( live /eam to ! cyl9d] & ( exhau/ /eam to ! atmosph]e is controll$ by a valve pi/on1 ,a1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #beb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beb4 ,assume t ! pi/on is 9 position %[n1 ,fig4 #bec1 & t bo? ! ma9 & auxili>y valves cov] _! respective /eam ports4 ,by means ( a />t+ b>1 op]at+ ?r\gh a /uff+-box 9 ! valve *e/1 ! pi/on valve1 ,a1 is mov$ t[>d ! head ( ! /eam *e/1 ,d1 ?us op5+ ! ports1 ,e & ,l1 & admitt+ live /eam ?r\gh ,l1 f ! cavities1 ,s1 ( ! valve pi/on to ! h\s+ end ( ! ma9 /eam cyl9d]1 ?r\gh ! port1 ,f1 ,fig4 #bee1 =c+ ! ma9 pi/on1 ,p1 t[>d ! opposite end ( ! /roke1 or t[>d ! left 9 ! figure4 ,! port1 ,e1 ,fig4 #bec1 be+ op51 ! exhau/ /eam escapes f front ( ! ma9 pi/on ?r\gh ! port1 ,f1 ,fig4 #bee1 into ! ma9 exhau/ port1 ,g1 ?r\gh ! port1 ,e4 ,! pi/on1 ,p1 travels to its extreme left position & ! auxili>y slide valve has be5 drawn to su* a position 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[ 9 ! small] draw+ 9 ,fig4 #beb1 z to br+ valve pi/on1 ,a1 t[>d ! opposite end2 ! exhau/ /eam f ! /eam *e/ escapes f be=e x1 ?r\gh ! exhau/ port1 ,k1 ! op5+ ( :i* into ! *e/ is at su* a di/ance f ! head z w p]mit suffici5t exhau/ /eam to rema9 to af=d a cu%ion to ! valve pi/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bef4 ,) ! auxili>y slide valve 9 position to br+ ! hole1 ,h1 ov] ! port1 ,j1 ,fig4 #bef1 x is pla9 t ! exhau/ ?r\gh ! port1 ,k1 w pass into ! ma9 exhau/ ?r\gh ! port1 ,l4 ,) ! ma9 pi/on at its extreme travel t[>d ! "r1 ! ports1 ,e & ,l1 :i* correspond to ,f & ,f1 respectively1 9 ,fig4 #bee1 are op5$ 9 su* a mann] z to exhau/ /eam to ! atmosph]e f ! h\s+ end ( ! /eam cyl9d] ?r\gh ! port1 ,f1 & live /eam f ! *e/ to ! head end ( ! ma9 cyl9d]1 ?r\gh ! port1 ,f1 ?us driv+ ! ma9 pi/on1 ,p1 t[>d ! h\s+ end ( ! cyl9d]1 or t[>d ! "r4 ,! pi/on & reciprocat+ p>ts travel+ 9 ?is direction move ! auxili>y slide valve to its maximum po9t ( travel 9 ! opposite direction1 ?us op5+ ! opposite auxili>y /eam & exhau/ ports & aga9 driv+ ! valve pi/on t[>d ! head1 ,d1 ( ! /eam *e/1 :5ce a new /roke beg9s4 ,lo/ motion 9 ! valve ge> is tak5 up by adju/able l9ks1 on all sizes above #g in*es diamet] by #aj in*es /roke & on "s small] sizes4 ,cu%ion+ ( ! /eam pi/ons 9 ! l>g] sizes & upw>ds is accompli%$ by means ( suitable valves call$ cu%ion valves4 ,9 ! small] sizes suffici5t cu%ion+ is done by exhau/ /eam pass+ f ! cle>ance space next ! head ?r\gh a small hole drill$ into ! ma9 /eam port4 ,to set ! valve ( ?is pump x is only necess>y to place ! pi/on 9 its c5tral position & adju/ ! lev] s t ! valve w occupy its c5tral position4 ,by ?is proce$+ ! travel ( ! valve is equaliz$4 ,,! ,,fo/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beg4 ,! ,fo/] s+le cyl9d] pump valve motion is a comp\nd valve pi/on & slide valve 9 "o piece & p]=ms ! (fice ( bo? a ma9 & auxili>y valve4 ,x seats ov] ! ma9 /eam cyl9d] on ! web or ca/+ connect+ toge!r ! valve pi/ons1 & is provid$ at ! bottom ) v5ts or op5+s1 ,a & ,b1 ,fig4 #beg1 = op5+ & clos+ ! ma9 /eam ports to ! ma9 /eam cyl9d]4 ,! sides ( ?is valve are cut to =m ! recesses1 ,c & ,d1 :i* are = ! purpose ( op5+ & clos+ ! small /eam ports1 :i* admit /eam to ! valve pi/ons2 x is also provid$ ) ,l %ape slots = ! purpose ( alt]nately exhau/+ /eam f ! valve pi/ons ?r\gh ! /eam ports4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bei4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfj4 ,9 op]ation ! ma9 pi/on rod comm5ces its =w>d /roke1 motion is communicat$ to ! v]tical arm1 :i* moves =w>d on ! rod until x engages ) "o ( ! cams1 ,e1 ,fig4 #bei1 adju/$ on ! valve /em4 ,! arm com+ 9 contact ) ! incl9$ faces ( ! cam imp>ts a roll+ or oscillat+ movem5t to ! /em & valve1 op5s "o ( ! recesses1 ,c or ,d1 cut 9 ! side ( ! valve & admits /eam ?r\gh a port to "o ( ! valve pi/ons4 ,at ! same "t ?is oscillat+ movem5t ( ! valve op5s ! slot1 ,f1 ,fig4 #bfj1 opposite ! fir/1 & exhau/s /eam ?r\gh ! alt]nate port f ! o!r pi/on4 ,/eam ?us admitt$ to "o ( ! pi/ons 7:ile exhau/s f ! o!r pi/on71 c>ries ! valve ov] its seat1 & by means ( ! v5ts1 ,a & ,b1 /eam is admitt$ ?r\gh "o ( ! ma9 ports & exhau/s ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,:5 ! ma9 pi/on has complet$ "o /roke1 x moves backw>d on its return2 ! arm /rikes aga9/ ! o!r cam on ! valve /em & communicates a rev]se motion to ! valve :i* closes & op5s ! alt]nate ports to admit & exhau/ /eam to & f ! pi/ons4 ,x also cu%ions ! pi/on at ! end ( ea* /roke :i* prev5ts ! pi/on f /rik+ ! heads4 ,to set ! valves4 ,?is c be/ be done by />t+ ! pump sl[ly & adju/+ ! cams1 ,e1 s z to op5 ! valve at ! prop] "t to compel ! pi/on to make a full /roke4 ,a little exp]im5t+ comb9$ ) good judgm5t is all t is necess>y1 unless ! pi/on valve be badly worn1 9 :i* case a new valve mu/ be sub/itut$ & fitt$ to ! valve *e/4 ,,! ,,cam]on4 ,! plung] 9 ! ,cam]on pump is rev]s$ by means ( two pla9 tappet valves1 %[n 9 ! accompany+ engrav+1 ,fig4 #bfa1 & ! entire valve me*anism consi/s ( f\r pieces1 all ( :i* "w 9 a direct l9e ) ! ma9 pi/on4 ,?is pump is simple & has no delicate p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfa4 ,z "h repres5t$--,a is ! /eam cyl9d]2 ,c1 ! ma9 pi/on2 ,l1 ! /eam *e/2 ,f1 ! valve pi/on1 ! "r-h& end ( :i* is %[n 9 section2 ,g1 ! slide valve2 ,h1 a lev]1 by means ( :i* ! valve pi/on1 ,f1 may be mov$ by h& :5 exp$i5t2 ,i1 ,i are rev]s+ valves2 ,k1 ,k are ! rev]s+ valve *amb] bonnets1 & ,e1 ,e are exhau/ ports lead+ f ! ends ( /eam *e/ direct to ! ma9 exhau/4 ,! passages1 ,m1 ,m1 lead directly into ! exhau/ 7al?\gh ! connection is n %[n1 be+ cut away 9 ! sectional view71 & clos$ by ! rev]s+ valves1 ,i1 ,i4 ,! pi/on1 ,c1 is driv5 by /eam admitt$ "u ! ,b slide valve1 ,g1 :i*1 z x travels backw>d & =w>d1 alt]nately supplies /eam to opposite ends ( ! cyl9d]1 ,a4 ,! slide valve1 ,g1 is op]at$ by ! valve pi/on1 ,f2 ,f holl[ at ! ends1 :i* are fill$ ) /eam1 :i*1 issu+ ?r\gh a hole 9 ea* end1 fills ! spaces betwe5 x & ! heads ( ! /eam *e/ 9 :i* x works4 ,! pressure be+ equal at ea* end1 ! valve pi/on1 ,f1 "u ord9>y conditions1 is balanc$ & motionless2 b :5 ! ma9 pi/on1 ,c1 has travel$ f> en\gh to ! left to /rike & op5 ! rev]se valve1 ,i1 ! /eam exhau/s f beh9d ! valve pi/on ?r\gh ! port1 ,e4 ,! pressure be+ n[ unequal beh9d ! two ends1 ! valve pi/on imm$iately %ifts accord+ly & c>ries ) x ! slide valve1 ,g1 rev]s+ ! pi/on4 ,no matt] h[ fa/ ! pi/on may be travel+1 x mu/ in/antly rev]se :5 x t\*es ! valve1 ,i4 ,9 its movem5t ! valve pi/on1 ,f1 acts z a slide valve to close ! port1 ,e1 & is cu%ion$ on ! conf9$ /eam betwe5 ! ports & /eam *e/ cov]4 ,! rev]se valves1 ,i1 ,i1 z soon z ! pi/on1 ,c1 leaves !m1 close by ! con/ant pressure ( /eam beh9d suppli$ direct f ! /eam *e/ ?r\gh ! ports1 ,n1 ,n1 %[n by dott$ l9es4 ,to set ! valve1 x is only necess>y to keep valves tight by occasional gr9d+4 ,! pi/on z x ne>s ! end ( ea* /roke /rikes ! /em & lifts ! valve (f its seat2 ?is all[s ! exhau/ /eam beh9d ! pi/on valve to escape4 ,! live /eam pu%es ! pi/on t[>ds ! exhau/$ end c>ry+ ! ma9 slide valve along ) x4 ,,! ,,mason4 ,! ,mason pump has a valve pi/on1 a ma9 valve1 a prelim9>y valve & a yoke connect$ directly to ! valve /em1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,! valve pi/on is conta9$ 9 a cyl9d] above ! /eam *e/1 & moves ! ma9 valve by means ( a p91 :i* projects into a pocket 9 ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfb4 ,! ma9 valve & prelim9>y valve travel on ! same seat1 & receive _! motion f ! yoke1 ,e1 ,fig4 #bfc1 :i* surr\nds !m4 ,?is yoke fits ! prelim9>y valve neatly1 all[+ an indep5d5t movem5t ( ! ma9 valve & valve pi/on4 ,! prelim9>y valve is ! ord9>y ,d type & controls ?ree ports1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfc1 ! two /eam ports are connect$ ) ei!r end ( ! auxili>y cyl9d] & ! exhau/1 ) ! small port1 ,a1 9 ! ma9 valve seat4 ,! duty ( ! prelim9>y valve is to alt]nately connect ea* end ( ! auxili>y cyl9d] ) ?is port4 ,! ma9 valve controls f\r ports1 & is also ( ! ,d type1 hav+ an ext5d$ cavity connect+ ! exhau/ f ! prelim9>y valve ) ! ma9 exhau/4 ,! ma9 valve also controls ! ma9 /eam & exhau/ ports ( ! pump cyl9d]4 ,/eam ent]s ! *e/ ?r\gh ! /eam pipe1 passes ar\nd ! c5tral portion ( ! valve pi/on & ?r\gh ! passages 9 ! pi/on to bo? ends ( ! valve cyl9d]1 ?us balanc+ ! valve pi/on4 ,suppose t ! yoke & prelim9>y valve h be5 c>ri$ to ! back end ( ! *e/1 & h mov$ ! ma9 valve to br+ its auxili>y cavity ov] ! auxili>y port1 ,a1 ,fig4 #bfc1 9 ! ma9 valve seat1 :i* connects ! back end ( ! auxili>y cyl9d] ) ! ma9 exhau/4 ,! /eam f ! end ( ! *e/ passes up ?r\gh port1 ,b1 d[n ?r\gh port1 ,c1 & up ?r\gh port1 ,a1 into ! exhau/ port1 ,d1 9 ! ma9 valve4 ,?is unbalances ! auxili>y pi/on1 :i* is driv5 back by pressure on ! opposite end1 & c>ries ! ma9 valve indep5d5tly ( ! yoke4 ,! travel ( ! ma9 valve causes x to cut (f ! exhau/ f ! auxili>y cyl9d]1 & ! rema9+ /eam cu%ions ! valve pi/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfc4 ,! travel ( ! ma9 valve also op5s ! ma9 /eam port to ! =w>d end ( ! pump cyl9d]1 & connects ! back end ( ! cyl9d] ) ! ma9 exhau/1 ?us rev]s+ ! motion ( ! pi/on4 ,?is action is repeat$ at ! end ( ea* /roke4 ,:atev] position ( ! pi/on1 ! pump w />t :5 /eam is turn$ on1 z !re is always a connection ei!r directly f ! /eam inlet to "o ( ! /eam ports1 or1 if ! ma9 valve has cov]$ bo? /eam ports1 x is 9 a position to connect ! auxili>y cavity 9 ! ma9 valve seat ) ! ma9 exhau/1 :i* at once releases ! /eam f "o end ( ! valve pi/on1 & ! pressure on ! o!r end drives ! pi/on1 ?us mov+ ! ma9 valve & giv+ direct communication betwe5 ! /eam inlet & "o ( ! ma9 /eam ports4 ,?us x is se5 t ! pi/on _c get into a position :]e x is impossible = x to respond to ! /eam pressure4 ,to set ! valve place ! pi/on 9 ! mid-/roke position & set ! auxili>y valve ) rock] arm plumb1 & ! prelim9>y valve cov]+ all its ports equally4 ,^! positions may be secur$ by adju/+ ! position ( ! clamp on ! valve /em & move ! ma9 pi/on suffici5tly s t ! auxili>y valve w op5 "o ( its ports4 ,,! ,,blakeslee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfd4 ,! accompany+ engrav+1 ,fig4 #bfd1 %[s a section ( ! slide valve *amb]1 :i* is fitt$ to ! top ( cyl9d]4 ,! slide valve1 ,b1 is fitt$ 9 ! valve *amb]1 ,a1 ! cut-(f valve1 ,c1 works on top ( ! slide valve & is op]at$ by ! valve /em1 ,d4 ,! lev]1 ,f1 :i* moves ! valve1 is atta*$ to ! cros%ead on ! pi/on rod4 ,:ile ! cros%ead moves ! l5g? ( ! /roke1 ! cut-(f valve1 ,c1 moves twice ! wid? ( ! /eam ports 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! op5+ 9 ! cut-(f valve1 ,c1 is equal to ! l5g? ( ! dog1 ,e1 plus ! ?r[ ( ! slide valve1 ,b1 plus "o-sixte5? in*4 ,! l5g? ( ! valve *amb] on ! inside is equal to ! l5g? ( ! cut-(f valve m9us ! ?r[ ( ! cut-(f valve4 ,! valve /em1 ,d1 is connect$ to ! cut-(f valve1 ,c1 s t x moves ! latt] valve a di/ance proportional to ! movem5t ( ! /eam pi/on4 ,! op5+ ?r\gh ! cut-(f valve is equal 9 wid? to ! di/ance f inside to inside ( ! ports on top ( ! slide valve4 ,z ! pi/on moves to ! "r1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 ! cut-(f valve moves to ! left1 s z to op5 ! "r-h& end ( ! valve box & admits /eam1 :i* acts ^u ! slide valve & moves x to ! left-h& end ( ! valve box4 ,?is op5s ! port wide 9 ! slide valve1 :i* corresponds ) ! port lead+ to ! cyl9d] :ile 9 ! upp] side ( ! slide valve ! port is ne>ly clos$ by ! cut-(f valve1 s t little /eam is admitt$ to ! cyl9d]2 consequ5tly1 ! pi/on is gradually />t$ on its return /roke4 ,on ! return /roke ! cut-(f valve beg9s to move & op5s "o ( ! ports on top ( slide valve1 :i* /&s /ill until ! pi/on has made a half /roke4 ,by ?is "t ! valve is wide op5 8full port0 to ! cyl9d]4 ,! cut-(f valve1 ,c1 com+ 9 contact ) ! dog1 ,e1 bo? ! slide valve & cut-(f valve move toge!r to ! end ( ! /roke4 ,notice t z soon z ! cut-(f valve1 ,c1 engages ! slide valve & x beg9s to move1 ! port to ! cyl9d] closes s t at ! end ( ! /roke b little /eam c get to ! pi/on4 ,! cut-(f valve op5s ! valve box1 ,a1 to admit /eam to complete ! /roke ( slide valve1 & %\ld ! /eam fail to ?r[ ! slide valve1 ! pi/on1 by means ( ! cut-(f valve1 ,c1 com+ 9 contact ) ! dog1 ,e1 moves ! slide valve1 !reby op5+ ! opposite port & prev5t+ ! pi/on f /rik+ ! cyl9d] head4 ,! l[] corn] ( ! slide valve1 ,b1 is remov$ & a slot cut to ! exhau/ port1 ! slot be+ ( suffici5t size to release ! /eam f ! ends ( ! valve box & exhau/ pressure ( x into ! pocket ( ! slide valve4 ,! movem5t ( ?is valve v mu* resembles t produc$ by means ( an ecc5tric4 ,! movem5ts ( ! valves are s tim$ t z ! ma9 pi/on ne>s ! end ( ! /roke its movem5t is suffici5tly ret>d$ to p]mit ! wat] valves to seat quietly & )\t j>1 also on ! return /roke1 ! /eam is s gradually admitt$ t ! pi/on />ts ) ease & gradually increases its spe$ to ! middle ( ! /roke1 f :i* po9t x gradually decreases t[>d ! opposite end4 ,a prop] adju/m5t ( ! cut-(f valve all[s ! pi/on to /op mom5t>ily at ! ends ( ! /roke )\t any possibility ( /rik+ ! cyl9d] heads4 ,to ,set ! ,valve4 ,adju/ all jo9ts s t !re w be no lo/ motion 9 ! valve ge>4 ,!n move ! cros%ead to ! end ( its /roke1 & see t ! cut-(f valve op5s ! valve *amb] "o-sixte5? ( an in*1 & t ! /eam valve closes ! port lead+ to ! cyl9d] to )9 "o-sixte5? ( an in*4 ,next move ! cros%ead to ! o!r end ( its /roke & note t ! valves are 9 ! same relative position4 ,if1 f any cause ! cut-(f valve does n op5 correctly to admit /eam to ! valve *amb] at ! ends ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 ! valve c be %ort5$ by fil+ (f ! ends4 ,?is %\ld n be done1 h[ev]1 until all lo/ motion has be5 tak5 up 9 ! valve ge>4 ,,! ,,hook]1 ,,) ,,outside ,,valve ,,ge>4 ,9 ?is pump 7see ,figs4 #bff1 #bfg7 ! /eam is admitt$ to ! c5t] ( ! valve *amb] :i* conta9s ! ma9 valve1 ,a1 & ! supplem5tal slide valve1 ,b4 ,! recess 9 ! c5t] ( ! valve pi/on1 ,c1 receives ! ma9 valve & moves x :5 /eam is suppli$ to or exhau/$ f ei!r end ( ! valve pi/on4 ,9 op]ation live /eam passes ?r\gh ! left-h& ports1 ,d & ,e1 drives ! ma9 pi/on to ! "r & ! exhau/ passes out ( ! "r-h& port1 ,f1 into ! cavity 9 ! ma9 valve1 ,a1 !nce ?r\gh ! exhau/ port1 ,g1 into ! atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfe4 ,z ! ma9 pi/on ne>s ! "r-h& port1 ! valve lev] ,h1 atta*$ to & mov+ ) pi/on rod br+s ! dog1 ,i1 on plate1 ,j1 9 contact ) ! valve arm1 ,k4 ,?is moves ! supplem5tal valve1 ,b1 to ! "r & supplies live /eam to ! "r ( ! valve pi/on1 ,c1 & exhau/s ! /eam f ! left-h& end ?r\gh ! ports1 ,l4 ,! ma9 valve1 be+ enclos$ by ! valve pi/on1 moves ) x to ! left4 ,z ! /eam ent]s ! "r h& ma9 port & exhau/s f ! left h& port1 ! ma9 pi/on comm5ces its return /roke & ! op]ation j describ$ becomes practically cont9u\s4 ,z ! ma9 pi/on closes ! ma9 port1 ,f1 to ! "r1 x cu%ions on compress$ exhau/ /eam1 because ! ma9 valve1 ,a1 has !n clos$ ! auxili>y port1 ,m1 lead+ to t end ( ! ma9 cyl9d]4 ,! /eam 9 ?is case is suppli$ ?r\gh ! ma9 & auxili>y ports1 b exhau/s ?r\gh ! ma9 port only4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfg4 ,! sl[ movem5t ( ! ma9 pi/on ne> ! ends ( ! /roke all[s ! pump valves to seat quietly1 & gives ! pump cyl9d] "t to fill ) wat]1 ?us effectually prev5t+ %ock & noise4 ,! valve pi/on1 ,c1 is cu%ion$ by cu%ion valves1 :i* are simply loose valves ins]t$ ne> ! ends 9 ! valve pi/on4 ,by remov+ ! /eam valve *amb]1 ! ma9 & supplem5tal valves may be readily exam9$ or repair$4 ,^! valves are ! ord9>y pla9 flat slide ) :i* all eng9e]s are famili>4 ,to set ! valve ( ?is pump4 ,place ! pi/on 9 ! c5t] ( its travel ) ! valve lev]1 ,h1 plumb & also valve arm1 ,k1 plumb2 adju/ ! supplem5tal valve s z to cov] equally all ! po/s1 :i* is done by l5g!n+ or %ort5+ its valve /em4 ,,! ,,national4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfi4 ,! ma9 valve 9 ?is pump is mov$ by /eam act+ ^u a valve pi/on4 ,! /eam admitt$ to & releas$ f ! auxili>y cyl9d] is controll$ by a small slide valve op]at$ by ! valve ge>4 ,?is small slide valve is 9 e ess5tial feature id5tical ) ! slide valve ( a /eam eng9e1 admitt+ & releas+ ! /eam 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,9 ?is pump ! usual coll>s & tappets on ! valve /em are disp5s$ )1 ! /em receiv+ motion by means ( a roll] c>ri$ by a slide block to :i* ! valve /em is atta*$4 ,! roll] is giv5 a lat]al motion by set screws 9 ! =k$ ends ( ! rock] arm1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ,fig4 #bfi4 ,by adju/+ ^! set screws ! travel ( ! small slide valve is made to suit ! spe$ ( ! pump1 ?us prev5t+ ! ma9 pi/on f /rik+ ! cyl9d] heads4 ,a sectional elevation ( ! cyl9d] & ma9 valve is also %[n2 ! connection ( ! valve pi/on to ! ma9 valve1 also ! con/ruction ( ! small slide valve4 ,! valve ge> is provid$ ) roll] be>+s to r$uce ! friction4 ,to set ! valve4 ,! ma9 pi/on mu/ be mov$ to ! end ( ! /roke1 s t ! face ( ! pi/on & ! edge ( ! /eam port are flu%1 z a prelim9>y /ep to set ! small slide valve1 !n ! set screw 9 ! rock] arm ne>e/ ! roll] on ! valve /em %\ld be adju/$ s t :5 ! roll] is 9 contact ) ! set screw ! small slide valve w h op5$ ! /eam port correspond+ to ! position ( ! ma9 pi/on4 ,n[ pu% ! ma9 pi/on to a correspond+ position at ! opposite end ( ! /roke & adju/ ! o!r set screw ne>e/ ! roll] on ! valve /em 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/ "o4 ,m>k ! /rik+ po9ts ( pi/on on ! pi/on rod close to ! /uff+-boxes4 ,/>t ! pump sl[ly1 & if ! p>ts "w smoo?ly1 gradually increase ! spe$1 keep+ close wat* ( ! /rik+ po9ts to see t ! pi/on has ample cle>ance4 ,if ! /roke is too %ort1 ! set screws %\ld be back$ out until ! /roke is f\nd to be "r4 ,screw+ ! set screws 9 %ort5s ! /roke & increases ! cle>ance at ! ends ( ! /roke4 ,a full /roke %\ld always be requir$ ( e pump4 ,,! ,,hill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgj4 ,?is pump is = deep wells2 x has a valve pi/on & two slide valves op]at$ by valve /em1 also supplem5tal port valves to regulate & control ! up & d[n /rokes ( ! ma9 pi/on4 ,! ma9 & auxili>y valves are bo? flat slides1 ea* cov]+ five ports1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bga4 ,! ma9 valve is actuat$ by means ( a valve pi/on1 ! /eam be+ admitt$ to & exhau/$ f ! ends ( ! valve pi/on 9 precisely ! same mann] t ! ma9 valve controls ! admission & release ( /eam 9 ! ma9 pump cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bga4 ,"o ( ! auxili>y ports ent]s ! end ( ! ma9 /eam *e/1 & ! o!r ent]s at a po9t ne>] ! middle ( ! *e/4 ,! end ports are admission only & ! inn] ones exhau/4 ,:5 ! auxili>y valve rea*es ! upp] end ( its travel1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ! admission port op5s at ! bottom ( ! /eam *e/1 :ile ! "o at ! top closes4 ,at ! same "t1 ! upp] end ( ! ma9 cyl9d] is op5 to ! exhau/4 ,! admission ( /eam drives ! valve pi/on upw>d1 b be=e rea*+ ! end ( its /roke x closes ! exhau/ port1 ?us entrapp+ a portion ( ! exhau/ /eam1 :i* cu%ions ! valve pi/on at ! ends ( ! /roke4 ,! auxili>y slide valve is op]at$ by means ( a d\ble-cone tappet on ! pi/on rod1 :i* /rikes a rock] b> pivot$ to ! frame ( ! pump4 ,! rock] b> c>ries an arm or lev] at "r angles to x & to ?is arm ! valve rod is connect$4 ,a %ort %aft runs across & ?r\gh ! upp] "p ( ! /eam *e/ & is provid$ ) a toe1 z %[n1 by means ( :i* ! valve pi/on may be mov$ by h& :5 necess>y & )\t disconnect+ any "p ( ! pump or valve ge>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgb4 ,! port valves provide a simple means ( contract+ ^! passages & regulat+ ! velocity ( ! up & d[n /rokes to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! wat] ends ( ! pump s t uni=m /rokes are obta9$ reg>dless ( ! resi/ance aga9/ ! ma9 pi/on4 ,:5 adju/+ ! auxili>y valve1 place ! rock] b> p>allel to ! pi/on rod & s t ! arm to :i* ! valve rod is connect$ w /& at "r angles to ! pi/on rod4 ,! auxili>y valve mu/ !n cov] all ! ports equally4 ,! upp] or out] end ( ! arm on ! rock] b> is slott$1 h5ce mov+ ! valve rod p9 t[>d ! end ( ! arm l5g!ns ! /roke & mov+ x t[>d ! pi/on rod %ort5s x4 ,to set ! valve ( ?is pump x is necess>y only to squ>e ! lev]s & equalize ! travel4 ,,! ,,guild ,,& ,,g>rison4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgd4 ,! /eam *e/ ( ?is pump diff]s some:at f o!r pumps 9 :i* valve pi/ons are employ$ to op]ate ! ma9 valve4 ,see accompany+ engrav+1 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,?is pump has a /eam *e/ ) a cov] = inspection & repairs4 ,?is *e/ is bor$ at ea* end to =m suitable cyl9d]s to receive ! valve pi/on1 ,e4 ,by ! side ( ! valve pi/on1 ,e1 9 ! /eam *e/ is an auxili>y slide valve1 ,g1 ,figs4 #bgc & #bgd1 :i* admits & releases ! /eam f ! ends ( ! valve pi/on4 ,! valve pi/on1 ,e1 has two slots at ! c5t]1 ! l[] "o receiv+ ! lug on ! back ( ! ma9 valve & ! upp] "o ! toe on ! rock] %aft1 ,d4 ,! rock] %aft has two toes1 ! l>g] "o1 ,f1 engag+ ) ! valve pi/on1 & ! small] "o ) ! auxili>y slide valve1 ,g1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bgd4 ,! auxili>y1 z well z ! ma91 valves are pla9 slides design$ to take up ! we> automatically4 ,! p5dulum lev]1 ,j1 ,fig4 #bgc1 is connect$ ) ! pi/on rod z %[n & rotates ! %aft1 ,d1 & by means ( ! toes ! valves move toge!r4 ,! auxili>y slide valve1 ,g1 admits & exhau/s ! /eam to & f ! ends ( ! valve pi/on4 ,/eam be+ admitt$1 ! pi/on moves t[>d "o end4 ,! two valves also move 9 ! same direction by means ( ! rock] %aft & ! toes4 ,?is movem5t cont9ues until ! pi/on has ne>ly complet$ its /roke1 :5 ! auxili>y valve op5s "o ( ! small ports lead+ to ! end ( ! valve pi/on1 ?us admitt+ /eam at "o end & exhau/+ x f ! o!r4 ,! valve pi/on mov+ f "o end ( ! /eam *e/ to ! o!r1 %ifts ! position ( ! ma9 valve & rev]ses ! motion ( ! ma9 pi/on4 ,! valve pi/on is mov$ ! great] "p ( its travel by ! toe on ! rock] %aft1 ?us rev]s+ ! /eam di/ribution1 by /eam pressure1 :i* br+s ! opposite end ( ! slot 9 ! driv] to a second engagem5t by ! toe on ! rock] %aft :i* beg9s ! return /roke4 ,! /eam acts to ?r[ ! ma9 valve only ne> ! ends ( ! valve travel1 & be+ already 9 motion ! valve requires b v slight help to complete its /roke quickly )\t %ock4 ,! motion ( ! auxili>y valve is synonym\s ) ! ma9 pi/on s !re c be no practical dead c5t]4 ,! valves are v durable "u su* easy motion4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ( valves no sett+ is necess>y because :5 assembl+ ! p>ts ! c5t]s ( ! p5dulum lev] & ! toes on ! rock] %aft are adju/$ p>allel ) "o ano!r4 ,,! ,mc,g,o,w,a,n4 ,! ,mc,gowan s+le cyl9d] /eam pump & section is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bge4 ,its ma9 valve is ( ! ,b =m & is driv5 by a valve pi/on4 ,/eam ent]s ! c5tral port 9 valve seat & into ! cyl9d] ?r\gh "o ( ! cavities 9 ! valve & exhau/s ?r\gh ! opposite4 ,! two tappet valves cov] ! auxili>y ports1 %[n by dott$ l9es1 lead+ to ! ends ( ! /eam *e/ & connect ) ! ma9 exhau/ ports4 ,^! tappet valves are rais$ by means ( lev]s1 ! ends ( :i* project d[nw>d & into ! cyl9d] s t :5 ! pi/on ne>s ! end ( a /roke x comes 9 contact ) ! lev] & raises x suffici5tly to lift ! tappet valves4 ,ea* tappet valve lev] is pivot$ on a p9 :i* fits into a recess ne> ! ma9 ports1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bge4 ,:5 ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( its /roke x lifts "o ( ! tappet lev]s & ) x ! correspond+ valve is rais$ f its seat1 op5+ ! port lead+ f ! end ( ! /eam *e/ to ! ma9 exhau/ port4 ,! pressure is ?us reliev$ on "o end ( ! valve pi/on & ! /eam press+ on ! opposite end =ces ! valve pi/on to ! opposite end ( its /roke1 ?us rev]s+ ! di/ribution ( /eam to ! cyl9d] & />t+ ! pi/on on its return /roke4 ,! valve pi/on ?us moves back & =?1 ! ends ( ! /eam *e/ be+ fill$ ) /eam at initial pressure4 ,/eam escap+ f "o end ( ! /eam *e/ causes a diff]5ce ( pressure on ! two ends ( ! valve pi/on1 f :i* we realize ! p[] to move ! ma9 valve4 ,! tappet valves1 hav+ a v slight lift1 op]ate )\t %ock or noise4 ,! ma9 valve is connect$ ) ! valve pi/on s t all lo/ motion is tak5 up automatically4 ,a rock] %aft1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! /eam *e/ c>ries a toe mov+ 9 a slot 9 ! top ( ! valve pi/on1 s t ! valve c be mov$ by h&4 ,to set ! valves ( ?is pump4 ,simply keep ! valves 9 ord]4 ,! motion ( ! pi/on z x ne>s ! end ( ! /roke op5s & closes ! valves4 ,,! ,,kn[les4 ,9 ! ,kn[les pump a valve pi/on1 ,g1 ,fig4 #bgg1 9 ! /eam *e/ moves ! ma9 valve4 ,?is valve pi/on is driv5 alt]nately backw>d & =w>d by ! pressure ( /eam1 c>ry+ ) x ! ma9 valve1 :i* admits /eam to ! ma9 /eam pi/on t op]ates ! pump4 ,! ma9 valve is a pla9 slide ^: section is ( ,b =m1 work+ on a flat seat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgg4 ,! valve pi/on is slightly rotat$ back & =? by ! rock] b>1 ,h2 ?is rotative movem5t places ! small /eam ports1 ,d ,e ,f1 ,fig4 #bgf1 :i* are locat$ 9 ! "u side ( ! valve pi/on 9 prop] position ) ref]5ce to ! correspond+ ports1 ,a ,b1 cut 9 ! /eam *e/4 ,/eam ent]s ?r\gh ! port at "o end & fills ! space betwe5 ! valve pi/on & ! head1 drives ! valve pi/on to ! end ( its /roke & c>ries ! ma9 slide valve ) x4 ,:5 ! valve pi/on has travel$ a c]ta9 di/ance1 a correspond+ port 9 ! opposite end is uncov]$ & /eam ent]s1 /opp+ its progress by giv+ x ! necess>y cu%ion4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 ! reciprocat+ rotative motion is giv5 to ! valve pi/on ?r\gh ! outside me*anism1 x op5s ! port to /eam admission on "o end1 & at ! same "t op5s ! port on ! o!r end to ! exhau/4 ,!re is no po9t 9 ! /roke at :i* ei!r ! valve pi/on or ! ma9 pi/on is n op5 to direct /eam pressure1 h5ce ! immunity f any dead position or dead c5t]4 ,! op]ation ( ! pump is z foll[s3 ,! pi/on rod ) its tappet arm1 ,j1 ,fig4 #bgg1 moves backw>d & =w>d ) ! pi/on4 ,at ! l[] "p ( ?is tappet arm is atta*$ a /ud or bolt1 ,k1 on :i* is a friction roll]1 ,i4 ,?is friction roll]1 l[]$ or rais$1 adju/s ! pump = a long] or %ort] /roke4 ,?is roll] com+ 9 contact ) ! rock] b> at ! end ( ea* /roke1 & ?is motion is transmitt$ to ! valve /em1 caus+ ! valve to roll slightly4 ,?is action op5s ! ports1 admits /eam & moves ! valve pi/on1 :i* c>ries ) x ! ma9 slide valve :i* admits /eam to ! ma9 pi/on4 ,! upp] end ( ! tappet arm does n come 9 contact ) ! tappets1 ,l ,m1 on ! valve rod1 unless ! /eam pressure f any cause %\ld fail to move ! valve pi/on1 9 :i* case ! tappet arm moves x me*anically4 ,to set ! valve1 loos5 ! set screws 9 ! tappets on ! valve /em4 ,!n place ! pi/on at mid-/roke1 & h ! rock] b>1 ,h1 9 a horizontal position1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,! valve pi/on %\ld !n occupy ! position %[n at ,c1 ,fig4 #bgf4 ,! valve pi/on may be rotat$ slightly 9 ord] to obta9 ?is position by adju/+ ! l5g? ( connection betwe5 ! rock] b>1 ,h1 & ! valve /em4 ,!n turn ! valve pi/on1 ,g1 "o way or ! o!r to its extreme position1 put on ! *e/ cov]1 & />t ! pump sl[ly4 ,if ! pump %\ld make a long] /roke on "o end ?an on ! o!r1 simply l5g!n or %ort5 ! rock] connection s t ! rock] b>1 ,h1 w t\* ! rock] roll]1 ,i1 equally di/ant f ! c5t] p91 ,j4 ,9 case ! pump hesitates 9 mak+ its return /roke1 x is because ! rock] roll]1 ,i1 is too l[ & does n come 9 contact ) ! rock] b>1 ,h1 soon en\gh4 ,to raise x1 take out ! rock] roll] /ud1 ,k1 give ! set screw 9 ?is /ud a suffici5t d[nw>d turn1 & ! /ud ) its roll] may at once be rais$ to its prop] height4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgh4 ,:5 ! valve rod has a t5d5cy to tremble1 slightly tight5 ! valve rod /uff+-box nut4 ,:5 ! valve motion is prop]ly adju/$1 ! v]tical arm %\ld n q t\* ! coll>1 ,l1 & ! clamp1 ,m4 ,rock] roll]1 ,i1 com+ 9 contact ) ! rock] b>1 ,h1 rev]ses ! /roke4 ,! wat] pi/on is pack$ by means ( segm5ts t w be se5 by tak+ (f ! foll[]4 ,! pack+ may be quickly set out to insure a good vacuum & at ! same "t n to be s tight z to b9d4 ,all we>+ p>ts are made adju/able4 ,,! ,,moore4 ,! valve = admitt+ /eam to & exhau/+ x f ! cyl9d] ( ?is pump is conta9$ )9 ! cyl9d] & moves simultane\sly ) ! /eam pi/on1 hav+ no outside me*anism4 ,see ,fig4 #bgh4 ,! pi/on1 & also ! valve1 are ( ! =m ( spools1 ea* repres5t+ a holl[ sleeve ) a r+ pack$ pi/on head at ei!r end4 ,! pi/on is secur$ to ! pi/on rod & ! sleeve connect+ ! two heads s]ves z ! valve seat = ! cyl9drical valve4 ,! sleeve ( ! pi/on conta9s two longitud9al ports1 "o port communicat+ ) "o end ( ! cyl9d]1 & ! o!r port communicat+ ) ! opposite end4 ,suitable holes drill$ ?r\gh ! walls ( ! sleeve & communicat+ ) ! longitud9al ports1 act z admission & exhau/ ports1 ) :i* ! holes & cavities 9 ! sleeve co9cide at prop] positions 9 ! /roke4 ,ref]r+ to ! accompany+ engrav+1 ,fig4 #bgi1 :i* repres5ts ! valve & pi/on 9 ! position occupi$ :5 ready to comm5ce a /roke f left to "r1 ! read] w easily und]/& ! action ( ^! p>ts4 ,:5 ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( ! /roke /eam ent]s ?r\gh ! /eam pipe at ,a1 betwe5 ! pi/ons1 & =ces ! valve to ! left z %[n4 ,?is movem5t op5s ! port1 ,b1 & also br+s ! cavity1 ,c1 9 communication ) port1 ,d1 /eam be+ admitt$ ?r\gh ports1 ,b & ,d1 into ! longitud9al port1 ,f1 !nce into ! cle>ance1 ,g1 ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is causes ! pi/on to move t[>d ! "r4 ,:5 ! pi/on has mov$ a %ort di/ance to ! "r /eam is admitt$ into ! space1 ,h1 surr\nd+ ! valve1 & pass+ into ! cavity1 ,c1 & ?r\gh ! port1 ,d1 furni%es /eam to complete ! /roke4 ,%\ld ! pi/on /op at mid-/roke x w />t aga9 z soon z /eam is turn$ on1 because ! port1 ,d1 rema9s op5 until ! valve is rev]s$ at ! opposite end ( ! /roke4 ,:5 ! pi/on rea*es ! latt] position1 ,fig4 #bhj1 ! valve is rev]s$1 due to /eam ent]+ at ,a1 & aga9 =c+ ! pi/ons ap>t1 z %[n4 ,! /eam1 :i* drove ! pi/on f left to "r1 n[ escapes ?r\gh ! port1 ,i1 into ! cavity1 ,j1 & ar\nd ! sleeve to ! holes1 ,k1 ,fig4 #bgi1 :]e x ent]s ! holl[ pi/on1 & f9ally escapes ?r\gh ! holl[ rod1 ,l1 & ! port1 ,m4 ,! live /eam = ! next /roke f "r to left1 n[ ent]s ?r\gh ports1 ,n & ,o1 ,fig4 #bhj1 & fl[s ?r\gh ! longitud9al port1 ,p1 into ! end1 ,q1 ( ! cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhj4 ,! exhau/ /eam may be all[$ to fl[ into ! atmosph]e or into ! suction *amb] z desir$4 ,a valve is locat$ 9 ! base ( ! pump1 :i* *anges ! c\rse ( ! /eam f ! atmosph]ic dis*>ge to ! suction *amb]4 ,! valve is op]at$ by a lev] %[n by dott$ l9es4 ,:5 ! lev] is turn$ d[n t[>d ! /eam end1 ! /eam is direct$ into ! atmosph]ic exhau/1 & :5 turn$ 9 ! opposite direction ! /eam w ent] ! pump suction & be cond5s$4 ,!re is no valve sett+ to be done on ?is pump4 ,%\ld ! pump fail to "w prop]ly1 due to ! failure ( ! /eam end1 all t is necess>y is to take out ! valve & pi/on & clean !m ?or\ghly & aft] replac+ !m & />t+ ! pump to see t ^! p>ts are prop]ly lubricat$4 ,! rema9d] ( ! pump requires ! same c>e & att5tion t is1 or %\ld be1 giv5 all pumps4 ,,! ,,sn[4 ,! auxili>y valve ( ?is pump is a pla9 flat slide op]at$ by a valve /em1 ! latt] be+ mov$ back & =? by means ( a rock] %aft1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ! upp] end ( :i* alt]nately comes 9 contact ) ! coll>s on ! /em4 ,! out] end ( ! valve /em passes ?r\gh a sleeve atta*$ to a p9 9 ! upp] end ( ! rock] arm1 z %[n4 ,a knuckle jo9t ne> ! /uff+-box p]mits ! rod to vibrate )\t caus+ any d]angem5t 9 ! alignm5t ( valve /em ?r\gh ! /uff+-boxes4 ,on ! valve /em at ei!r end ( ! auxili>y valve is a spr+1 :i* t5ds to keep ! valve 9 a c5tral position1 s t :5 ! rock] arm engages "o ( ! coll>s1 ! valve is drawn aga9/ ! spr+ t[>d t end ( ! /roke4 ,! result is t ! /em & valve foll[ ! rock] arm on ! return /roke to its mid-position1 & are />t$ on ! latt] half ( ! /roke by ! /em1 b )\t %ock or lo/ motion4 ,?is arrangem5t is p>ticul>ly valuable 9 ! case ( cond5s]s1 & 9 pumps :]e ! fir/ "p ( ! /roke is made quickly1 & ! pi/on is !n sudd5ly /opp$ by com+ 9 contact ) a solid body ( wat]1 ! latt] "p ( ! /roke be+ made mu* m sl[ly4 ,! spr+s on ei!r side ( ! auxili>y valve take up lo/ motion & keep ! p>ts 9 absolute contact1 ?us prev5t+ %ocks & unnecess>y we>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bha4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhb4 ,! auxili>y valve controls ! admission & exhau/ ( /eam = ! /eam *e/ & valve pi/on 9 ! mann] common to all slide valve eng9es4 ,! valve pi/on is connect$ to ! ma9 valve1 :i* all[s ! valve to f9d its own be>+s on ! seat & n only takes up ! we> automatically1 b produces ev5 we>4 ,to set ! auxili>y valve1 see t ! valve is 9 its c5tral position :5 ! rock] arm is plumb1 & t ! coll>s on ! valve /em are locat$ at equal di/ances f ea* end ( ! sleeve4 ,:5 ! pi/on moves to "o end ( ! /roke1 ! auxili>y valve w op5 ! small port at ! opposite end1 provid$ ! coll>s on ! valve /em h be5 prop]ly plac$4 ,sett+ ! coll>s clos] toge!r %ort5s ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 & mov+ !m f>!r ap>t l5g!ns ! /roke4 ,! pi/on %\ld always make a full /roke )\t dang] ( /rik+ ! cyl9d] heads4 ,,! ,,deane4 ,! details ( ! valve ge> us$ on ! ,deane s+le cyl9d] /eam pumps are %[n 9 ! accompany+ engrav+4 ,! ma9 valve is op]at$ by a small pi/on call$ ! valve pi/on1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bhf4 ,! e>s on ! ma9 valve fit freely b )\t lo/ motion into a slot cut 9 ! valve pi/on1 s t :5 ! valve pi/on moves 9 ei!r direction x c>ries ! ma9 valve ) x4 ,! valve pi/on is fitt$ to ! valve *e/ & is op]at$ by /eam admitt$ alt]nately to ! opposite ends ( ! *e/4 ,! movem5ts ( ?is valve pi/on are controll$ by a second>y valve1 :i* admits & exhau/s ! /eam to ! valve pi/on ?r\gh ! small ports at ! sides ( ! /eam *e/4 ,! second>y valve d]ives its motion f ! valve /em1 tappets1 l9ks & ! pi/on rod z %[n4 ,! valve pi/on is /eam jacket$ :i* insures equal expansion ( ! p>ts 9 />t+ ! pump & prev5ts ! seats f p9*+ ! valve pi/on be=e ^! p>ts h acquir$ a uni=m temp]ature4 ,! action ( ?is pump is z foll[s3 ,suppose ! pi/on mov+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ ne>s ! end ( ! /roke2 ! tappet block comes 9 contact ) ! left-h& tappet & ?r[s ! second>y valve to ! left until x's edge1 ,a1 ,fig4 #bhd1 uncov]s ! small port1 ,s1 ,fig4 #bhc1 admitt+ /eam to ! valve pi/on4 ,! port1 ,e1 & *amb]1 ,f1 9 ! second>y valve provide = ! exhau/ ( /eam f ! left-h& end ( valve pi/on 9 ! same mann] & at ! same "t t /eam is admitt$ beh9d ! "r-h& end4 ,! exhau/ ports 9 ! *e/ all[ = prop]ly cu%ion+ ! valve pi/on4 ,! small ports on ! o!r side ( ! /eam cyl9d]1 ,fig4 #bhc1 control ! motion ( ! valve 9 ! o!r direction & act 9 exactly ! same mann] z ^? j describ$4 ,9 case ! /eam pressure %\ld = any reason fail to />t ! valve pi/on 9 "t !re is a lug1 ,b1 ,fig4 #bhf1 :i* =ms a "p ( ! valve /em & comes 9 contact ) ! valve pi/on & ! entire p[] ( ! /eam cyl9d] />ts x4 ,! correct tim+ ( ! valve movem5ts is controll$ by ! position ( ! tappets4 ,if !y are too ne> toge!r1 ! valve w be ?r[n too soon & ?us ! /roke ( ! pump w be %ort5$1 :ile on ! o!r h& if too f> ap>t1 ! pump w complete its /roke )\t mov+ ! valves4 ,! tappets are set & key$ securely be=e leav+ ! factory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #bhc-bhe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhf4 ,! exhau/ f ! cyl9d] is cut (f :5 ! pi/on cov]s ! inn] port1 & =ms a /eam cu%ion = ! pi/on to prev5t x /rik+ ! heads4 ,to set ! valve4 ,place ! /eam pi/on at ! end ( /roke ne>e/ /uff+-box & ! second>y valve s t x w uncov] ! /eam port1 ,s1 ,fig4 #bhc4 ,set ! tappet next to ! /eam cyl9d] on ! valve /em aga9/ ! tappet block & secure x 9 ?is position4 ,slide ! second>y valve =w>d until ! opposite /eam port is uncov]$ & place ! /eam pi/on 9 its extreme outw>d position1 !n set ! o!r tappet aga9/ ! tappet block4 ,n[ set ! valve s t ! inside ma9 /eam port is op5 & ! valve pi/on 9 position to engage ! ma9 /eam valve1 put ! valve *e/ on ! cyl9d] & secure x 9 place4 ,! pump w !n be ready to />t on ! admission ( /eam to ! /eam *e/4 ,if :5 /eam is turn$ on ! pump refuses to />t1 simply move ! valve rod by h& to ! end ( its /roke & ! pump w move )\t tr\ble4 ,9 r5ew+ ! pack+ betwe5 ! /eam *e/ & cyl9d] extreme caution %\ld be obs]v$ to cut out op5+s = ! small ports4 ,,! ,,buffalo ,,s+le ,,cyl9d] ,,pump4 ,! engrav+s1 ,figs4 #bhg1 #bhh1 %[ ! valve ge>1 also section ( /eam cyl9d] & /eam *e/4 ,! pi/on & valves are 9 _! c5tral position1 :i* condition nev] occurs 9 ! op]ation ( ?is pump2 if x did ! pump w\ld /op4 ,! valves & pi/ons be+ at "o end or ! o!r ( ! /roke uncov]s ! ports1 & ! mom5t /eam is admitt$ ! pump w />t4 ,ref]r+ to ! engrav+s1 ,a1 is ! ma9 /eam pipe1 & ,b1 ! auxili>y /eam pipe4 ,^! pipes are "o1 inside ! ca/+1 s t "o pipe supplies bo?4 ,assume ! valve1 ,c1 mov$ to ! left s t ! port1 ,d1 is uncov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhh4 ,live /eam !n fl[s ?r\gh ! port1 ,d1 & pu%es ! balanc$ pi/on valve1 ,e1 to ! left1 c>ry+ ! slide valve1 ,f1 ) x to ! left1 s t ! port1 ,g1 is op5$ to ! /eam cyl9d]4 ,! /eam ent]s ?r\gh ! port1 ,g1 pu%es ! ma9 pi/on1 ,h1 to ! left1 complet+ "o /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,z ! pi/on travels to ! left ! lev]1 ,j1 pu%es ! cros%ead1 ,i1 to ! "r1 :i* op5s correspond+ ports 9 ! left-h& end ( ! cyl9d]1 & ! pi/on valve1 ,e1 is pu%$ to ! "r1 :i* admits /eam on ! left-h& side ( ! ma9 pi/on ?r\gh ! port1 ,k1 pu%+ ! pi/on to ! "r1 complet+ ! second /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,! auxili>y slide valve1 ,c1 is op]at$ by ! cros%ead1 ,i1 com+ 9 contact ) ! tappets1 ,l ,l4 ,! auxili>y tappets & /em1 ,m ,m1 !oretically c\ld be disp5s$ )1 b !y are put 9 place = ! reason t occasionally ! valve1 ,e1 might /ick1 due to ! pump /&+ = "s "t unus$ or f "s o!r cause4 ,9 su* a cont+5cy ! cros%ead1 ,i1 is pu%$ to ! "r by ! action ( ! ma9 pi/on & comes 9 contact ) ! tappets1 ,m ,m1 :i* causes ! pi/on valve to />t1 aft] :i* /eam w complete ! "w4 ,:5 ! pump is runn+1 ! cros%ead1 ,i1 nev] q t\*es ! tappets1 ,m ,m1 because x engages ! tappets1 ,l ,l1 admitt+ /eam to ! pi/on valve & %ifts x be=e ! tappets1 ,m ,m1 are t\*$4 ,! reason ( ! d\ble ports 9 ! auxili>y /eam *e/ is to h "o port1 ,d1 = /eam1 & "o port1 ,n1 = ! exhau/4 ,/eam be+ imprison$ betwe5 ^! two ports =ms a cu%ion1 prev5t+ ! pi/on valve f /rik+ ! heads ( ! *e/4 ,! tappets1 ,l ,l1 set clos] toge!r or f>!r ap>t control ! /roke ( ! ma9 pi/on1 ,h4 ,:5 ! pump is runn+ v fa/ ! mom5tum ( ! mov+ p>ts increases & ! tappets w h to be set clos] toge!r = high spe$ ?an = sl[4 ,! tappets1 ,m ,m1 are adju/able to _! "r relation ) ! tappets1 ,l ,l4 ,! g5]al design & easy means ( adju/m5t make a reliable s+le cyl9d] valve motion4 ,to set ! valves4 ,!re are no complicat$ int]nal p>ts requir+ adju/m5t1 & almo/ all p>ts requir+ manipulation c be h&l$ :ile ! pump is runn+4 ,,! ,,we9man4 ,! accompany+ engrav+1 ,fig4 #bhi1 repres5ts ! ,we9man pump & ! sectional engrav+1 ,fig4 #bia1 ! valve motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhi4 ,! motion ( ! ma9 pi/on is controll$ by /eam valve1 ,a1 :i* is a holl[ cyl9d] comb9+ a valve pi/on & slide valve 9 "o & ! same ca/+ & slid+ horizontally 9 /eam *e/1 ,d4 ,?is valve is prev5t$ f revolv+ by a cap screw1 ,b4 ,small drill$ op5+s1 ,c1 ,c1 p]mit ! /eam to pass f ! /eam valve to ea* end ( ! /eam *e/1 ,d4 ,?is valve1 ,a1 is mov$ horizontally 9 ei!r direction by /eam pressure1 & ! movem5t is controll$ by an auxili>y valve1 ,e4 ,! op5+s1 ,f1 ,f 7,fig4 #bij71 conduct ! /eam f ! ends ( ! /eam *e/ to ! auxili>y valve1 :i* is connect$ to ! pi/on rod by a tappet rod & ! side arm1 ,x4 ,/eam be+ admitt$ to /eam *e/1 x passes ?r\gh /eam valve1 ,a1 to ports1 ,h1 ,h4 ,z ! con/ruction p]mits b "o ( ! ports1 ,h1 ,h1 to be 9 communication at a "t ) "o ( ! passages1 ,i1 ,i1 lead+ to ! opposite ends ( ! /eam cyl9d] a dead c5t] becomes an impossibility4 ,:ile "o ( ! ports1 ,h1 ,h1 is 9 communication ) "o ( ! passages1 ,i1 ,i1 ! opposite passage1 ,i1 is 9 communication ) ! exhau/1 ,j4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bij4 ,suppose t ! /eam pi/on has mov$ to ! end ( its /roke1 ! auxili>y valve1 :i*1 z /at$ above1 is connect$ to ! pi/on rod1 is %ift$4 ,?is releases ! /eam f "o end ( ! /eam *e/1 ,d1 ?r\gh port1 ,k1 to exhau/1 ,l4 ,! /eam pressure at ! opposite end ( ! /eam *e/ causes ! /eam valve to slide to opposite end ( ! /eam *e/1 ?us rev]s+ ! motion ( ! ma9 /eam pi/on4 ,to set ! auxili>y valve1 remove ! p5dulum or tappet lev]1 ,x1 & ! cap or bonnet1 ,o1 & take out ! auxili>y valve1 ,e4 ,) a /raight edge & scrib] indicate ! work+ edges on ! end ( ! valve1 & m>k ! edge ( ! port on ! valve seat s t x c be se5 :5 ! auxili>y valve is 9 its prop] place4 ,replace ! valve1 & ! p5dulum lev]1 omitt+ ! bonnet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bia4 ,pu% ! /eam pi/on to "o end ( ! /roke1 !n sw+ ! p5dulum lev] t[>d ! end ( ! cyl9d] correspond+ to ! pi/on1 & until ! auxili>y valve uncov]s ! port lead+ to ! end ( ! valve *e/ f>!/ f ! pi/on4 ,connect ! horizontal rod to ! bottom ( ! p5dulum lev]4 ,!n remove ! lev] f ! auxili>y valve /em & replace ! bonnet & p5dulum lev]1 %[n by dott$ l9es4 ,! l5g? ( ! /roke may be regulat$ by rais+ or l[]+ ! end ( ! horizontal rod 9 ! slott$ l[] end ( ! p5dulum lev]4 ,l[]+ ! rod produces a long] /roke1 & rais+ x %ort5s ! /roke4 ,,! ,,burnham4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bib4 ,! accompany+ engrav+s illu/rate ! cyl9d] valves & valve motion ( ! ,burnham s+le cyl9d] pump4 ,fig4 #bid is a plan ( ! ma9 cyl9d] valve face1 hav+ ! same arrangem5t ( ports z ! cyl9d] %[n 9 ,fig4 #bic4 ,a longitud9al section ( ! /eam cyl9d] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bib4 ,motion is imp>t$ to ! slott$ arm & cam1 ,a1 by means ( a cros%ead & a roll] on ! pi/on rod4 ,! cam works betwe5 & 9 contact ) two blocks on ! valve /em1 & by adju/+ ^! two blocks ! /roke may be %ort5$ or l5g!n$1 z ! case may require4 ,! valve /em ( ! auxili>y valve1 ,h1 ,fig4 #bic1 always moves 9 a direction opposite to t ( ! pi/on4 ,! action ( ?is valve alt]nately admits /eam ?r\gh ! d\ble ports1 ,j ,j1 & ,k ,k1 to ea* end ( ! valve cyl9d]1 caus+ ! valve pi/on1 ,i1 to move ! ma9 slide valve1 ,d1 :i*1 9 turn1 admits /eam to ! ma9 cyl9d] ?r\gh ! d\ble ports1 ,e ,e1 & ,l ,l4 ,z ! travel ( ! cam is only "o-fif? t ( ! pi/on travel1 ! valve moves sl[ly1 & )\t j> or noise :i* is (t5 caus$ by long travel & rapid motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bid4 ,/eam ent]s ! /eam *e/ at ,b1 & fills ! space1 ,f1 betwe5 ! valve pi/on heads & ! auxili>y valve *e/1 ,g1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bib4 ,) ! auxili>y valve1 ,h1 9 ! position %[n1 ,fig4 #bic1 /eam passes into bo? ports1 ,j & ,k1 b z ! port1 ,j#a1 is clos$ by ! valve pi/on1 ,i1 no /eam c ent] ! valve cyl9d] ?r\gh x1 b ! o!r port1 ,k 7ext5d+ to ! extreme end ( ! valve cyl9d]71 nev] be+ cov]$ by ! pi/on1 is op51 & admits /eam into ! space1 ,m4 ,z ?is port is q small ! space fills sl[ly & ! pi/on moves gradually until x uncov]s ! la/ port1 ,j#a1 :5 ! full volume ( /eam is admitt$1 :i* quickly moves ! pi/on to ! opposite end ( ! valve cyl9d]4 ,dur+ ?is movem5t ( ! valve pi/on1 ! l>ge port1 ,j1 rema9s op5 to ! exhau/ until x is cov]$ by ! valve pi/on4 ,:5 ! port1 ,j1 is cov]$ by ! valve z at ,j#a1 x has no connection ) ! exhau/1 consequ5tly1 !re be+ no outlet = ! exhau/ vapor1 x is compress$ & =ms a cu%ion = ! valve pi/on1 ,i4 ,! valve pi/on c>ries ) x ! ma9 valve1 ,d1 :i* admits /eam to ! ma9 /eam cyl9d] ?r\gh ! d\ble ports1 ,e1 ,e#a1 & ,l1 ,l#a1 ,fig4 #bid4 ,! same cu%ion+ & sl[ />t+ ( ! pi/on occurs 9 ! ma9 z 9 ! valve cyl9d]1 ea* hav+ d\ble ports4 ,?is arrangem5t insures a uni=m travel ( pi/on "u v>y+ degrees ( load4 ,a mom5t>y pause ( ! pi/on at ea* end ( ! /roke p]mits ! wat] valves to seat quietly1 )\t %ock or j>1 & ! sl[ initial movem5t ( ! pi/on 7:]eby ! wat] columns are />t$ gradually7 relieves ! pump & pip+ ( excessive /ra9s4 ,to set ! valve4 ,set ! lev]1 ,a1 plumb & ! valve to cov] all ! ports equally4 ,,! ,,dean ,,bros4 ,,pump4 ,! ,dean ,bros4 pump is %[n 9 ,figs4 #bie1 #bif & #big4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bie4 ,! auxili>y valve1 ,a1 ,fig4 #big1 has 9 its face two diagonal exhau/ cavities1 ,b ,b#a4 ,! ports1 ,c ,c#a1 & ! exhau/ port1 ,d1 are plac$ 9 a triangul> position ) "o ano!r1 ! diagonal cavities div]g+ s t ! cavity ,b1 :5 ! valve is 9 place1 connects ! ports1 ,c#a & ,d4 ,cavity ,b#a connects ! ports ,c & ,d1 :5 ! valve1 ,a1 is at ! end ( ! /roke4 ,! ?ree small cuts %[ relation ( auxili>y valve to ports4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bif4 ,! pi/on />ts f left to "r :5 ! valve1 ,a1 moves 9 an opposite direction1 op5s ! port1 ,c1 admitt+ /eam to ! auxili>y cyl9d] at ! mom5t ! ma9 pi/on has rea*$ ! end ( its /roke4 ,! auxili>y pi/on1 ,e1 is =c$ to ! left1 op5+ ! ma9 port & admitt+ /eam to ! ma9 cyl9d]1 rev]s+ ! movem5t ( ! ma9 pi/on ! return /roke ( ! ma9 pi/on rev]ses ! movem5t ( ! auxili>y valve1 :]eby ! port1 ,c1 is clos$1 at ! mom5t ! ma9 pi/on rea*es ! end ( its out] /roke4 ,! port1 ,c#a1 is op5$ by ! valve1 ,a1 & rev]ses ! valve pi/on1 ,e1 op5s ! ma9 port & rev]ses ! motion ( ! ma9 pi/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #big4 ,?is port arrangem5t admits ( a %ort valve ) a long travel4 ,! /roke ( ! pump c be regulat$ by mov+ ! /ud up or d[n 9 ! segm5tal slot1 ,fig4 #bif1 :i* v>ies ! travel ( ! auxili>y valve & rev]ses ! /roke ( ! ma9 pi/on z desir$4 ,by rais+ ! /ud ! pump w make %ort] /rokes1 & by l[]+ x w make long] /rokes4 ,! motion ( ! auxili>y /eam slide valve is l t d]iv$ f an ecc5tric4 ,! ports lead+ to ! valve pi/on1 ,e1 ,fig4 #big1 rema9 clos$1 except at ! mom5t ! ma9 pi/on is rev]s$2 h5ce1 !re c be no wa/e ( /eam f leaks :5 ! valve pi/on becomes worn4 ,hav+ a long /roke & a rapid motion1 ! auxili>y valve insures a c]ta9 rev]sal ( ! pi/on at ! prop] "t4 ,to set ! valve1 turn ! /eam *e/ upside d[n4 ,put valve /em ?r\gh ! /uff+-box & secure 9 place ! clamp = small slide valve4 ,! diamet] ( valve /em is small] :]e ! clamp is atta*$4 ,n[ screw up ! /uff+-box nut 7hav+ previ\sly remov$ ! pack+71 !n move ! valve & /em s t ! small port at "r ( valve w be op5 #a_/af in* & make a scrat* ^u ! /em close to /uff+-box nut4 ,! valve %\ld !n be mov$ 9 ! opposite direction to op5 ! o!r small port #a_/af in* & make a second scrat* ^u ! valve /em next to /uff+-box nut4 ,prep>e jo9t & replace /eam *e/ on cyl9d]4 ,to squ>e ! valve1 slack5 ! screw 9 cros%ead & move ! latt] to ! end ( /roke ) edge ( cros%ead flu% ) ! end ( guide1 !n set ! valve /em s t ! fir/ scrat* is flu% ) ! face ( nut1 same z :5 ! scrat* 0 made4 ,tight5 screw 9 set screw "u valve rod dog & move ! cros%ead to ! opposite end ( /roke1 & note ! position ( second scrat*4 ,if x does n come to ! position 9 :i* x 0 made1 split ! diff]5ce by slack5+ ! set screw "u valve rod dog & move ! valve rod to equalize ! travel ( valve4 ,9 replac+ /eam *e/ on cyl9d]1 cov] ! op5+ ) a ?9 bo>d1 or piece ( %eet iron1 be=e turn+ x ov] to prev5t ! valve f dropp+ out ( place4 ,?is slide valve has a fix$ travel & ! process ( sett+ is precisely ! same z = t ^u a /eam eng9e ) a pla9 slide valve4 ,,smi?-,,vaile ,,s+le ,,pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #bih1 #bii4 ,! accompany+ sectional view ( /eam end ( ! 8,smi?-,vaile0 exhibits "s v novel features4 ,s f> z ! pi/on & cyl9d] 9 ?is pump are conc]n$ !y are n unlike ! av]age fir/ class pump1 b ) ?is diff]5ce4 ,x has only "o set ( cor$ ports1 ,b1 ,b4 ,! supplem5tal ports1 ,c1 ,c1 are drill$4 ,! ma9 valve1 ,a1 is a slide & is mov$ by a valve pi/on1 ,d4 ,almo/ all ! valve pi/ons z n[ made are simply plugs turn$ accurately to fit ! holes 9 ! *e/ & )\t any means ( adju/m5t to comp5sate = we>4 ,aft] ^! valve pi/ons become worn !y h to be replac$ ) new ones1 b !re is a p]iod betwe5 ! "t :5 ! valve pi/on becomes s leaky z to r5d] ! action ( ! pump unc]ta9 & ! "t :5 ! worn valve is replac$ by a new "o t ! pump is v wa/eful ( /eam4 ,! valve pi/on 9 ?is pump is provid$ ) pack+ r+s1 ,e1 ,e1 :i* comp5sate = we> ( ^! p>ts s t ?is valve is expect$ to d effici5t s]vice long aft] a sl[ valve4 ,! supplem5tal valve1 ,f1 has a reciprocat+ rot>y motion :i* is communicat$ to x by ! rock arm1 ,g1 & pitman1 ,h1 connect+ ) ! cros%ead1 ,i1 secur$ to ! pi/on rod4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! pi/on rod1 ,j1 & ! rod1 ,k1 ( ! wat] end are sep>at$ s t %\ld ei!r "o give out ?r\gh we> or accid5t x c be replac$ )\t sacrific+ bo?1 z w\ld be ! case if !y 7 solid 9 "o piece4 ,?is supplem5tal valve1 ,f1 9 g5]al appe>ance v closely resembles ! 8,corliss0 valve1 & its action is some:at simil>1 9 controll+ ! action ( ! valve pi/on1 :i* w be und]/ood f ! engrav+ )\t fur!r description4 ,^! pumps all h removable wat] ends & c be rebor$ or o!rwise manipulat$ )\t di/urb+ ! /eam end ( pump4 ,! cyl9d] c be sep>at$ f ! foot by remov+ ! bolt1 ,m4 ,! duplex pump is also %[n 9 ! accompany+ engrav+1 :]e1 ,a1 ,a1 repres5ts ! /eam cyl9d]s1 secur$ to ! foot1 ,b1 by bolts1 z previ\sly describ$4 ,! usual slide valves h be5 replac$ by pi/on valves1 ,c1 9 ?is in/ance & are provid$ ) removable seats1 ,d1 ,d4 ,^! pi/on valves h pack+ r+s1 ,e1 ,e1 also to comp5sate = we> & ! valves are ca/ holl[ to r$uce _! weight z mu* z possible consi/5t ) good workman%ip1 also to s]ve z ports = /eam admission4 ,:5 ^! valve seats become worn !y may be easily remov$ & rebor$ or replac$ by new ones1 z desir$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ^! ports are v %ort to r$uce ! cle>ance z mu* z possible1 & to secure a m satisfactory cu%ion4 ,ea* valve is op]at$ by ! rock arm connect$ ) ! opposite eng9e 9 ! usual way4 ,,! ,,duplex ,,pump ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjj4 ,,! ,,duplex ,,/eam ,,pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cja4 ,! ^w duplex means two fold1 or d\ble1 & has a wide application1 z ! duplex la!1 ! duplex wat*1 etc41 h5ce1 ! well-kn[n duplex-pump is "o 9 :i* two direct act+ pumps are plac$ side by side & s connect$ t ! /eam pi/on ( "o op]ates ! valve ( ! o!r4 ,see ,fig4 #cjj4 ,fig4 #cja %[s "o ( ! smalle/ manufactur$ patt]ns ( ?is type ( pumps4 ,its dim5sions are z foll[s3 #b-;in* diam4 /eam cyl9d]2 #a-a_/h-;in* wat] cyl9d]2 #b-b_/c-;in* /roke4 ,its capacity is 4#jdd gallons p] revolution2 rev4 p] m9ute1 #hj2 gallons p] m9ute1 #c4e4 ,/eam pipe1 #c_/h-;in*2 exhau/ pipe1 #a_/b-;in*2 suction pipe1 #a-;in*2 dis*>ge1 #c_/d-;in*4 ,floor space occupi$1 #a #i #g wide2 requires #a_/b ,h4,p4 ,! valve motion 7see ,figs4 #cjb1 #cjc7 ( "o cyl9d] is communicat$ or produc$ by ! pi/on ( ! o!r ?r\gh ! m$ium ( rock] arms & l9ks4 ,by means ( ! small lo/ motion ( ! lev]s ! pi/ons h a slight pause at ! end ( ea* /roke1 :i* all[s ! wat] valves to seat quietly1 ?us prev5t+ any slam or j>4 ,) ?is arrangem5t1 z "o ( ! /eam valves mu/ always be op51 !re c be no dead po9t1 ?us remov+ ! liability ( ! pump to /ick4 ,! simplicity ( ! duplex movem5t is at once evid5t1 ea* valve is dep5d5t ^u its c\nt] "p1 & bo? directly control ! action ( ! /eam1 :i* is suppli$ ?r\gh "o simple ?rottle valve4 ,,note4--,( ! effect produc$ by ! /eam-mov$ direct-act+ pump ( mu* great] capacity x may be said !re are n[ 9 use pumps ( ?is class1 ex]t+ ov] #bej horse-p[]1 deliv]+ five million gallons ( wat] 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ?r\gh ma9 pipes1 say ?irty in*es diamet] & f\rte5 miles long1 )\t ! use ( an air *amb]1 & :i* d _! "w s quietly1 /eadily1 & g5tly1 t a nickel co9 set on edge on ! extreme end ( ! pump w\ld n be ov]?r[n by any j> or motion ( ! pump :ile x 0 do+ ?is "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjc4 ,! adoption ( ! ,wor?+ton design ( duplex pumps1 has be5 well nigh univ]sal1 especially s s9ce ! expiration ( ! e>li] pat5ts4 ,ne>ly all lead+ manufactur]s n[ make 8duplex pumps40 ,s+le1 comp\nd & triple expansion4 ,comp\nd+ consi/s ( add+ a second /eam cyl9d] on ! end ( ! high pressure 9 use1 bo? us+ ! same pi/on rod1 ! /eam f ! boil] be+ fir/ us$ 9 ! small] cyl9d]1 & at ! end ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on be+ exhau/$ beh9d ! pi/on ( ! l>g] cyl9d] on its return /roke4 ,9 ?is way ! measure ( ! expansion ( ! /eam us$1 0 ! relation ( "o cyl9d] to ! o!r4 ,by ?is arrangem5t a mu* small] /eam cyl9d]1 = us+ ! high pressure /eam1 c\ld be adapt$ to d ! same "w1 = 9 addition to ! pressure ( /eam work+ full /roke 9 ! small cyl9d]1 0 to be add$ ! pressure ( ! /eam be+ exp&$ 9 ! l>ge cyl9d]4 ,9 addition to ?is1 = l>ge comp\nd & triple expansion eng9es 0 add$ ! fur!r economy realiz$ by atta*+ a cond5s] to =m a vacuum 9 ! l>ge /eam cyl9d]s4 ,adapt+ ^! new] improvem5ts 9 ! m>9e eng9e c\pl$ ) :at _h previ\sly be5 accompli%$ 9 ! direct-act+ /eam pump1 !y 7 at once br\ght up 9 size1 capacity1 & economy alongside ! previ\sly con/ruct$ rotative pump+ eng9es4 ,! hi/ory ( ! inv5tion ( ?is pump is giv5 on pages #fi & #gj2 to ^! pages a c>eful att5tion is advis$1 z !y briefly describe also ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( its op]ation4 ,?is =m ( /eam pump has be5 s long & g5]ally 9 use t ! valve me*anism is already famili> to mo/ eng9e]s4 ,! simplicity ( bo? its !ory & its practical application obviates ! necessity ( devot+ v mu* space to its consid]ation4 ,! f9al improvem5t made by ,wor?+ton 9 connection ) ! /eam duplex pump 0 9 ! adaptation ( triple expansion 9 its /eam ends4 ,,! ,,wor?+ton ,,duplex ,,pump4 ,! illu/rations1 ,figs4 #cjb & #cjc1 are sectional views ( "o side1 or half1 ( ! ,wor?+ton /eam pump1 %[+ two diff]5t designs4 ,!y illu/rate ! int]ior arrangem5t ( ! pump4 ,! valve1 z may be se5 at1 ,e1 is an ord9>y slide valve2 ! motion ( ?is valve is controll$ by a vibrat+ arm1 ,f1 :i* sw+s ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! /roke4 ,! mov+ p>ts are always 9 contact1 :i* ensures smoo? & ev5 motion4 ,?is valve motion is ! prom95t & di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,wor?+ton duplex pump4 ,two /eam pumps are plac$ side by side & s comb9$ t "o pi/on acts to give /eam to ! o!r1 aft] :i* x f9i%es its own /roke & waits = its valve to be act$ ^u by ! o!r pump be=e x c r5ew its motion4 ,?is pause all[s ! wat] valves to seat quietly1 & removes any h>%ness ( motion4 ,z "o or ! o!r ( ! /eam valves is always op51 !re is no dead po9t1 & !re=e ! pump is always ready to />t :5 ! /eam is admitt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjd4 ,9 ! plung] & r+ patt]n1 ,fig4 #cjb1 !re is a d\ble-act+ plung]1 ,b1 work+ ?r\gh a deep metallic r+ bor$ to fit ! plung]4 ,! plung] is locat$ "s in*es above ! suction valves1 leav+ a settl+ *amb]1 into :i* any =eign sub/ance may fall out ( ! way ( ! we>+ surfaces4 ,bo? ! plung] & r+ c be tak5 out & ei!r refitt$ or1 :5 necess>y1 r5ew$4 ,! valves consi/ ( small discs ( rubb]1 or o!r suitable mat]ial1 & are easily accessible ?r\gh conv5i5t h&holes4 ,?is patt]n is recomm5d$ :]e ! liquid to be pump$ conta9s small quantities ( grit or =eign mat]ial1 or :]e !re is an unusually long or high suction lift4 ,9 ! pi/on-patt]n pump1 ,fig4 #cjc1 !re is a pack$ wat] pi/on1 ,g1 work+ 9 a brass-l9$ cyl9d]1 ,h4 ,bo? ! suction & ! dis*>ge valves are locat$ above ! wat] pi/ons1 s t ! pi/ons may be at all times subm]g$4 ,?is patt]n is recomm5d$ :]e ! liquid to be pump$ conta9s no grit or =eign mat]ial4 ,fig4 #cjd %[s ! ,wor?+ton ,admiralty patt]n boil] fe$ pump :i* is design$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,/eam ,eng9e]+ = /eam boil] pressure up to #bej lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,! ord9>y slide valves are replac$ by pi/on valves ) outside1 adju/able1 lo/-motion l9ks1 mak+ x possible to readily adju/ ! /roke4 ,! wat] end is made ( composition1 gun metal1 or ca/-iron1 z desir$4 ,:5 made ( ca/ iron ! wat] end is brass-fitt$ ?r\gh\t4 ,,table ,,( ,,sizes1 ,,capacities1 ,,etc4 ,horse-p[] ( ,boil] bas$ on #de p\nds ( wat] p] h\r1 :i* ?is ,diamet] (,diamet] ( ,l5g? pump w ,/eam ,wat] ( supply at ,cyl9d]s ,pi/ons ,/roke sl[ spe$4 ---------------------------------------- ------- #d-a_/b #b-c_/d #d #agj #e-a_/d #c-a_/b #e #bhj #f #d #f #dgj #f #d-a_/b #f #eij #g-a_/b #e #f #fgj #i #f #f #ifj #g-a_/b #d-a_/b #aj #hjj #i #f #aj #adjj #aj #g #aj #bbjj #ab #h-a_/b #aj #cbjj #ab #i-a_/d #aj #chjj #ad #aj #ae #dhjj ---------------------------------------- ------- ,sizes ( ,pipes = ,%ort ,l5g?s ,to be enl>g$ z l5g? increases4 ----------------------------------- ,diamet] (,diamet] ( ,l5g? ,/eam ,wat] ( ,/eam ,exhau/ ,suction ,deliv]y ,cyl9d]s ,pi/ons ,/roke ,pipe ,pipe ,pipe ,pipe ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #d-a_/b #b-c_/d #d #c_/d #a-a_/d #b #b #e-a_/d #c-a_/b #e #a #a-a_/b #b-a_/b #b-a_/b #f #d #f #a-a_/b #b #d #c #f #d-a_/b #f #a-a_/b #b #d #c #g-a_/b #e #f #a-a_/b #b #e #d #i #f #f #b #b-a_/b #e #d #g-a_/b #d-a_/b #aj #a-a_/b #b #d #c #i #f #aj #b #b-a_/b #e #d #aj #g #aj #b #b-a_/b #f #e #ab #h-a_/b #aj #b-a_/b #c #f #e #ab #i-a_/d #aj #b-a_/b #c #f #f #ad #aj #ae #b-a_/b #c #h #f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,approximate ,space ,occupi$ ,in*es ----------------------- ,diamet] (,diamet] ( ,l5g? ,/eam ,wat] ( ,height ,dep? ,wid? ,cyl9d]s ,pi/ons ,/roke ---------------------------------------- ------------- #d-a_/b #b-c_/d #d #ch #ah #bc #e-a_/d #c-a_/b #e #df #bb #bi #f #d #f #ej #bc #cb #f #d-a_/b #f #ej #bc #cb #g-a_/b #e #f #ed #bh #cc #i #f #f #eg #bg #cf #g-a_/b #d-a_/b #aj #ff #bh #cc #i #f #aj #fh #bg #cf #aj #g #aj #gg #cd #dj #ab #h-a_/b #aj #hf #ci #dd #ab #i-a_/d #aj #hf #ci #dd #ad #aj #ae #aaj #cf #ej ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,a notable feature 9 ?is pump is ! location ( ! exhau/ passage2 ?is op5+ is und]nea? ! cradle--or ! "p t ! pump re/s ^u--j =w>d ( ! /eam cyl9d]s4 ,! flanges ( ! /eam end & cyl9d]s & ! /eam *e/ cov] h be5 made heavi] ?an ! regul> & /r5g!n$ to )/& ! high] pressures4 ,fig4 #cje is a sectional view ( a l>g] size duplex pump ?an ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjb4 ,! plung]1 ,b1 pack+ is id5tical1 b ! numb] ( wat] valves is d\ble2 access = clean+ ! suction *amb]1 ,c1 is _h by remov+ ! h& hold plate at ! side & 9 ! c5t]4 ,! dis*>ge valves are rea*$ ?r\gh ! h& hold at ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cje4 ,,sett+ ,,! ,,valves ,,( ,,! ,,duplex ,,pump4 ,! foll[+ rule applies to ne>ly all duplex pumps ( ! ,wor?+ton type4 ,! valves are usually ( ! common 8,d0 valve type1 work+ on ! cyl9d] iron1 or bronze seats1 & suitably 8set40 ,suffici5t cu%ion at ! end ( ea* /roke is provid$ by sep>ate valves 9 ! ports4 ,,rule4--#a1 ,locate ! /eam pi/on 9 ! c5t] ( ! cyl9d]1 ,fig4 #cje4 ,?is is accompli%$ by pu%+ ! pi/on to "o end ( its /roke aga9/ ! cyl9d] head & m>k+ ! rod ) a scrib] at ! face ( ! /uff+-box1 & !n br++ ! pi/on 9 contact ) ! opposite head2 #b1 divide exactly ! l5g? ( ?is contact /roke4 ,%ove ! pi/on back to ?is half m>k1 :i* br+s ! pi/on directly 9 ! c5t] ( ! /eam cyl9d]1 ,f2 #c1 p]=m ! same op]ation ) ! o!r side2 #d1 place ! slide valves1 :i* h no lap1 to cov] all ! ports1 ,e2 #e1 pass ! valve /em ?r\gh ! /uff+-box & gl&4 ,! op]ation ( plac+ ! pi/ons 9 ! c5t] ( _! cyl9d]s w br+ ! lev]s & rock %afts 9 a v]tical position2 #f1 screw ! valve /em ?r\gh ! nuts until ! hole 9 ! eye ( ! valve /em head comes 9 a l9e ) ! hole 9 ! l9ks1 connect+ ! rock] %aft2 !n put ! p9s 9 _! places2 #g1 adju/ ! nuts on bo? sides ( ! lugs ( ! valves to leave ab\t #a_/d or #a_/h loss motion on ea* side4 ,?is process ( adju/m5t be+ p]=m$ ) bo? cyl9d]s1 ! /eam valves are set4 ,9 %ort ! travel ( ! two valves is simply equaliz$4 ,,duplex ,,oil ,,pumps4 ,! patt]n ( pump %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjf1 is especially design$ = use 9 connection ) hydraulic lifts & cranes1 cotton presses1 te/+ ma*9es1 hydraulic rivet+ & pun*+ ma*9es1 & hydraulic presses ( all k9ds4 ,also = oil pipe l9es 7see ,table1 page #cda71 m9+ purposes1 & su* s]vices z require ! deliv]y ( liquids "u heavy pressures4 ,!re are f\r s+le act+ outside pack$ plung]s1 :i* "w into ! ends ( ! wat] cyl9d]s1 ! latt] hav+ c5tral p>titions2 ea* individual valve has its own cov] or bonnet4 ,! arrangem5t ( comp\nd /eam cyl9d]s is %[n4 ,! wat] valves are easily accessible1 & are conta9$ 9 small *amb]s1 capable ( resi/+ v heavy pressures4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t %[n 9 ! engrav+ is subject to num]\s alt]ations1 accord+ to v>i\s requirem5ts1 b ! g5]al *>act]i/ic ( f\r outside pack$ plung]s is 9 all cases pres]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjf4 ,,special ,,duplex ,,pump4 7,outside pack$ ,plung] ,patt]n = ,high ,pressure47 ,,table4 ,/eam ,wat] ,capacity 9 ,gallons1 ,/rokes p] ,cyl9d]s4 ,plung]s4 ,/roke4 p] ,/roke ,m9ute1 ea* ,plung]4 ea* ---------------------------- ,plung]4 ,ins4 ,ins4 ,ins4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #af #e #ab #a4jb #ej to #ajj #af #f #ab #a4dg #ej #ajj #af #g #aj #a4ff #ej #ajj #af #g #ah #c4jj #dj #hj #af #h #ab #b4fa #ej #ajj #af #h #ah #c4ia #dj #hj #af #i #ab #c4cj #ej #ajj #ah-a_/b #g #ab #b4jj #ej #ajj #ah-a_/b #g-a_/b #ab #b4cj #ej #ajj #ah-a_/b #h #ah #c4ia #dj #hj #ah-a_/b #i #ah #d4ie #dj #hj #ah-a_/b #aj #ab #d4jh #ej #ajj #ah-a_/b #aj #ah #f4ab #dj #hj #bj #h #ab #b4fa #ej #ajj #bj #h #ah #c4ia #dj #hj #bj #i #ab #c4cj #ej #ajj #bj #i #ah #d4ie #dj #hj #bj #aj #ab #d4jh #ej #ajj #bj #aj #ah #f4ab #dj #hj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,capacity ( ,/eam ,wat] ,bo? ,cyl9d]s4 ,plung]s4 ,/roke4,cyl9d]s1 9 ,/eam ,pipe4 ,gallons1 ---------------------------- p] ,m9ute4 ------------ ,ins4 ,ins4 ,ins4 ,ins4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #af #e #ab #ajb to #bjd #b-a_/b #af #f #ab #adg #bid #b-a_/b #af #g #aj #aff #ccb #b-a_/b #af #g #ah #bdj #dhj #b-a_/b #af #h #ab #bfa #ebb #b-a_/b #af #h #ah #cab #fbe #b-a_/b #af #i #ab #ccj #ffj #b-a_/b #ah-a_/b #g #ab #bjj #djj #c #ah-a_/b #g-a_/b #ab #bcj #dfj #c #ah-a_/b #h #ah #cab #fbe #c #ah-a_/b #i #ah #cif #gjb #c #ah-a_/b #aj #ab #djh #haf #c #ah-a_/b #aj #ah #dij #ihj #c #bj #h #ab #bfa #ebb #d #bj #h #ah #cab #fbe #d #bj #i #ab #ccj #ffj #d #bj #i #ah #cif #gib #d #bj #aj #ab #djh #haf #d #bj #aj #ah #dij #ihj #d ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,/eam ,wat] ,cyl9d]s4 ,plung]s4 ,/roke4 ,exhau/ ,pipe4 ,suction ,pipe4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,ins4 ,ins4 ,ins4 ,ins4 ,ins4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #af #e #ab #c #d #af #f #ab #c #e #af #g #aj #c #f #af #g #ah #c #g #af #h #ab #c #g #af #h #ah #c #h #af #i #ab #c #h #ah-a_/b #g #ab #c-a_/b #f #ah-a_/b #g-a_/b #ab #c-a_/b #f #ah-a_/b #h #ah #c-a_/b #h #ah-a_/b #i #ah #c-a_/b #h #ah-a_/b #aj #ab #c-a_/b #aj #ah-a_/b #aj #ah #c-a_/b #aj #bj #h #ab #e #g #bj #h #ah #e #h #bj #i #ab #e #h #bj #i #ah #e #h #bj #aj #ab #e #aj #bj #aj #ah #e #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,/eam ,wat] ,dis*>ge ,wat] ,press4 ,cyl9d]s4 ,plung]s4 ,/roke4 ,pipe4 ,pump ,end w /&1 9 lbs41 p] -------------------------------------- squ>e in*4 ,ins4 ,ins4 ,ins4 ,ins4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #af #e #ab #c #dej #af #f #ab #d #dej #af #g #aj #e #cjj #af #g #ah #f #dej #af #h #ab #f #cjj #af #h #ah #g #dej #af #i #ab #g #bej #ah-a_/b #g #ab #e #bej #ah-a_/b #g-a_/b #ab #e #cjj #ah-a_/b #h #ah #g #dej #ah-a_/b #i #ah #g #bej #ah-a_/b #aj #ab #h #bej #ah-a_/b #aj #ah #h #bej #bj #h #ab #f #dej #bj #h #ah #g #dej #bj #i #ab #g #bej #bj #i #ah #g #bej #bj #aj #ab #h #bej #bj #aj #ah #h #bej ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,a te/ ( ! sup]iority ( ?is me?od ( mov+1 & controll+ long columns ( fluids "u extreme heavy pressures 0 made at ! "t ( ! introduction ( long pipe l9es = convey+ oil f ! wells to ! seabo>d4 ,,note4--,aft] try+ v>i\s k9ds ( pumps = =c+ ! oil ?r\gh ^! long pipes1 & aft] hav+ a succession ( disa/]s 9 ! way ( bur/ pipes1 & leak+ jo9ts1 x 0 decid$ to te/ ! effici5cy ( ! direct-act+ duplex /eam pump4 ,^! pumps 7 plac$ 9 ! v>i\s /ations along ! pipe l9es1 & aft] a cont9u$ s]vice ( _m ye>s1 h %[n _! p]fect adaptation to t exceptionally h>d s]vice4 ,^! pumps convey ! oil ov] m\nta9s :]e at times ! c\pl$ l9es h be5 ov] "o hundr$ miles long betwe5 ! pumps1 & :]e ! pressure on ! plung] ( ! pump sometimes rises to #a1ejj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,holl[ay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjg4 ,,comp\nd ,,duplex ,,pumps4 7,) ,! ,deane ,swit* ,valve47 ,! application ( ?is valve is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjg1 on ! opposite page4 ,x c be atta*$ to any regul> ,comp\nd or ,triple ,expansion ,pump1 & if n 9 use does n 9 any way imp$e ! regul> runn+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,! ,deane swit* valve is a device by :i* comp\nd l[ s]vice pumps may be conv]t$ into p[]ful fire pumps4 ,?is appliance consi/s ( a valve ( su* con/ruction t /eam may be all[$ to ent] ! cyl9d]s z usual = comp\nd+1 or may be div]t$ by simply mov+ a lev]1 :5 all f\r cyl9d]s receive /eam at boil] pressure1 ea* exhau/+ indep5d5tly to ! atmosph]e4 ,! *ange makes ea* /eam cyl9d] available = its maximum p[]1 all f\r cyl9d]s develop _! full p[]1 & its effect c be utiliz$ 9 p[]ful fire /reams4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d 9 ju/ice to ! manufactur]s t ! ,deane swit* valve is n to be class$ ) ! ord9>y two or f\r-valve arrangem5t1 :i*1 :ile admitt+ initial /eam to ! second cyl9d]s1 develops no p[] 9 ! fir/1 or1 z x is sometimes arrang$1 uses initial /eam 9 all f\r cyl9d]s & develops less p[] ?an if ! second cyl9d]s 7 us$ indep5d5tly4 ,?is valve is recomm5d$ by ! ,insurance companies1 & comp\nd duplex pumps fitt$ ) ! ,deane swit* valve w be accept$ 9 place ( ! ,und]writ] pump ( simil> capacity4 ,?is valve is also frequ5tly us$ :]e two widely diff]+ wat] pressures are requir$ = o!r purposes ?an = fire protection4 ,e ma*9e is subject to rigor\s te/s be=e leav+ ! factory1 includ+ a #cjj-p\nd te/ ( ! wat] cyl9d]s4 ,e pump is gu>ante$ to be 9 full accordance ) ! specifications4 ,,und]writ] ,,fire ,,pumps4 ,! ,insurance ,companies h issu$ detail$ specifications = ! con/ruction ( fire pumps to be kn[n z ,und]writ] ,fire ,pumps4 ,!y h agre$ t su* pumps ) _! specifi$ atta*m5ts be recogniz$ z ! approv$ type1 & t pumps built & fitt$ up less p]fectly be n approv$ 9 future in/allm5ts4 ,! wide exp]i5ce & sy/ematic me?ods ( ! ,insurance ,companies place !m 9 position to give valuable sugge/ions z a result ( _! obs]vation & exp]im5t1 & ^! are embodi$ 9 c>efully drawn regulations issu$ by _! ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t4 ,! specifications are v exact+ 9 e p>ticul>1 ent]+ into ! design1 mat]ial1 & workman%ip 9 m9ute detail4 ,!y call = a numb] ( fitt+s & atta*m5ts n usually furni%$1 & a mo/ rigid te/ at ! factory be=e %ipp+1 & by ! ,inspect+ ,eng9e]s ( ! ,insurance ,companies aft] ! pump is in/all$1 :i* secures = ! pur*as] ! c]ta9ty ( hav+ a ma*9e :i* beyond any reasonable d\bt c be reli$ ^u to d its full duty :5 em]g5cy arises call+ = its use4 ,!re are a few q important features n f\nd 9 pumps ( usual con/ruction4 ,! pumps are composition fitt$ ?r\gh\t1 ! wat] cyl9d] bu%+s & plung]s & l9+s to /uff+-boxes are ( composition1 ! pi/on & valve rods1 made unusually heavy1 are ( ,tob9 bronze4 ,! mixture ( ! copp] & t9 compos+ ! plung]s & bu%+s v>ies = ! two s z to prev5t _! cutt+4 ,ow+ to ! v high spe$ at :i* ^! pumps are liable to be run dur+ a fire1 all ! work+ p>ts are made excessively /rong1 & ! valve area & wat] passages are l>g] ?an usual4 ,! int]ior ( ea* ,und]writ] pump is treat$ ) a ru/-pro( coat+1 & e precaution tak5 s t ! pump w />t in/antly aft] an indef9ite p]iod ( disuse4 ,figs4 #cjg & #cjh exhibit two some:at v>y+ b acceptable =ms ( ! duplex /eam pump4 ,among ! atta*m5ts includ$ 9 an outfit = ! und]writ] pump may be m5tion$3 an elb[ or tee = ! suction connection ) a l>ge suction air *amb]1 a set ( brass prim+ pipes ) special gate & *eck valves = ! same1 an automatic wat] pressure relief valve fitt$ to a cone & ov]fl[ pipe1 a /eam gauge & a special wat] gauge ) duplex spr+1 ea* ( :i* 9 ! ,und]writ] ,pump is m\nt$ on an ornam5tal plate rigidly atta*$ to ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjh4 ,/raightway hose valves = ! prop] numb] ( /reams are plac$ 9 ! neck to a v l>ge dis*>ge *amb]1 & !re is also a l>ge dis*>ge op5+ = connection to ! sy/em ( hydrants & spr9kl]s4 ,a /roke po9t] is atta*$ :i* travels betwe5 graduations m>k$ on ! yoke1 indicat+ ! l5g? ( /roke :i* pump travels1 a "o-po9t sight fe$ cyl9d] lubricator1 a capacity plate ) enamell$ face giv+ in/ructions = op]at+1 etc41 is atta*$ to ea* ma*9e4 ,,specifications ,,( ,,! ,national ,bo>d ( ,fire ,und]writ]s ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,/eam ,,fire ,,pumps ,,z ,,recomm5d$ ,,by ,,! ,national ,fire ,protection ,association4 ,,edition ,,( #aijd ,,! ,,national ,,/&>d ,,pump4 ,?is pump is m]ely a pump ( ! well-kn[n 8duplex0 type1 built 9 a v sub/antial mann]1 & ) c]ta9 improvem5ts sugge/$ by ! exp]i5ce ( inspectors ) ,fire ,pumps4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,national ,/&>d ,pump & ! ord9>y comm]cial pump are3 #a/4 ,its /eam ports & wat] passages & air *amb] are made mu* l>g] ?an 9 common trade pumps1 s t a l>g] volume ( wat] c be deliv]$ 9 an em]g5cy )\t wat] hamm]4 #bnd4 ,x is 8ru/ pro($0 t x may />t in/antly aft] disuse1 by mak+ its pi/on rods & valve rods ( ,tob9 ,bronze1 in/ead ( /eel2 its wat] pi/ons1 /uff+ boxes & rock-%aft be>+s ( brass1 in/ead ( ca/ iron4 ,its valve lev]s are made ( /eel or wr\ght-iron =g+s1 or ( /eel ca/+s4 #c;d4 ,! foll[+ necess>y atta*m5ts are all includ$ 9 ! price ( ! 8,national ,/&>d ,pump10 viz43--a vacuum *amb]1 two pressure gauges1 a relief valve1 a set ( brass prim+ pipes1 #b to #f hose valves1 a /roke gauge1 a capacity plate1 an oil pump1 a sight fe$ lubricator & a ca/-iron relief-valve dis*>ge-cone4 ,by reason ( ! l>g] ports1 passageways & pipes1 its l>g] numb] ( valves1 & ! add$ atta*m5ts1 & g5]al sup]ior con/ruction a 8,national ,/&>d0 pump co/s m ?an a common trade fire pump1 b ! co/ p] gallon :i* ^! pumps c deliv] 9 an em]g5cy by reason ( _! l>ge passageways1 etc41 is no great] ?an = ! old /yle ( fire pump & is well wor? ?is extra co/4 ,f9ally x %\ld be rememb]$ t ^! specifications cov] only ! outl9es ( ! design1 & t all pumps built "u !m are n ( equal m]it1 = c]ta9 ( ! pump factories possess a broad] exp]i5ce & bett] %op facilities ?an o!rs1 & t ! responsibility = fir/-class workman%ip & /r5g? ( mat]ials re/s on ! pump manufactur]s1 & n on ! insurance companies4 ,we advise t all contracts call = /rict con=mity to ! ,national ,/&>d ,/eam ,fire ,pump specifications ( ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,fire ,und]writ]s4 ,,uni=m ,,requirem5ts4 ,! foll[+ specifications = ! manufacture ( ,/eam ,fire ,pumps1 develop$ f ^? orig9ally drawn by ,mr4 ,john ,r4 ,freeman1 are n[ us$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry1 hav+ be5 agre$ ^u 9 jo9t conf]5ce by repres5tatives ( ! diff]5t organizations int]e/$ 9 ?is class ( "w4 ,!y w be kn[n z 8,! ,national ,/&>d10 & h be5 up to ?is "t adopt$ by ! foll[+ associations3 ,associat$ ,factory ,mutual ,fire ,insurance ,companies1 ,national ,bo>d ( ,fire ,und]writ]s1 ,national ,fire ,protection ,association4 ,,national ,,/&>d ,,specifications ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,/eam ,,fire ,,pumps #a4 ,,workman%ip4 a4 ,! g5]al "* & accuracy ( f\ndry & ma*9e "w mu/ ?r\gh\t equal t ( ! be/ /eam-eng9e practice ( ! times1 z illu/rat$ 9 comm]cial eng9es ( simil> horse-p[]4 ,?is ref]s to /r5g? ( details1 accuracy ( f\ndry "w1 accuracy ( alignm5t1 accuracy ( fits1 quality ( /eam jo9ts & flanges1 con/ruction ( /eam pi/ons & slide-valves1 etc41 & does n apply p>ticul>ly to ext]ior f9i%4 #b4 ,,duplex ,,only4 a4 ,only 8,/&>d ,duplex pumps0 are acceptable4 ,s-call$ 8,duplex0 pumps consi/+ ( a pair ( pumps ) 8/eam-?r[n valves0 actuat$ by supplem5tal pi/ons are n acceptable4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t duplex pumps are m c]ta9 ( />t+ aft] long disuse4 ,! :ole p[] ( ! ma9 cyl9d] is available = mov+ a corrod$ valve or valve rod1 :]eas on a s+le pump ) a 8/eam-?r[n0 valve no su* surplus ( p[] is available4 ,fur!r1 ! direct act+ duplex has ! great advantage ov] a fly-:eel pump ( n suff]+ breakage if wat] gets into /eam cyl9d]4 #c4 ,,sizes ,,( ,,pumps4 a4 ,only ! f\r diff]5t sizes giv5 on ! next page w be recogniz$ = 8,national ,/&>d0 pumps4 ,! multiplicity ( odd sizes ( 8,trade ,pumps0 is confus+1 & diff]5t mak]s h1 9 ! pa/1 e/imat$ ! capacity 9 gallons accord+ to diff]5t arbitr>y /&>ds4 ,,national ,,/&>d ,,pump ,,sizes4 ,ratio ,capacity ,pump ,sizes4 ( ,at #ajj lbs4 ,pi/on at ,pump4 -------------------- ,areas4----------------------------- ,/eam4 ,wat]4,/roke4 ,numb] ( ,nom9al ,actual #a-a_/h 94 ,gals4 ,gals4 ,p] ,/reams4 ,p] ,m94 z p] ,ab\t ,m9ute4 ,art4 #d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ad #g #ab #d to #a ,two #ejj #dhcj #ad #g-a_/d #ab #ebj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #af #i #ab #c to #a ,?ree #gej #hjfj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ah #bj #ab #c to #a ,f\r #ajjj #iiij #ah-a_/b #aj-a_/d #ab #ajej ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #bj #ab #af #b-c_/d ,six #aejj #afee to #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,national ,,/&>d ,,pump ,,sizes47cont9uation7 ,b ,boil] ,pump ,sizes4 ,p[] ,full ,spe$4 ,requir$ ---------------------------------------- --------- ,/eam4 ,wat]4,/roke4,horse ,/eam ,rev4 ,pi/on ,p[]4 ,pres4 ,p] ,travel at ,pump1,m9ute4,feet ,p] lbs4 ,m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #ad #g #ab #ajj #dj #gj #adj #ad #g-a_/d #ab ---------------------------------------- ----------- #af #i #ab #aae #de #gj #adj ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ah #bj #ab #aej #de #gj #adj #ah-a_/b #aj-a_/d #ab ---------------------------------------- ----------- #bj #ab #af #bjj #ej #fj #afj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,footnote ,b3 ,?is boil] p[] is requir$ = cont9u\s runn+ at full spe$ & pressure4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 be/ to put 9 a l>g] pump ?an ! exi/+ boil]s c\ld drive at full capacity1 z a small boil] w drive a #gej-;gallon pump at ! #ejj-;gallon spe$ ) v ne>ly z good economy z x c drive a #ejj-;gallon pump at full spe$4 ,! pump !n does n h to be *ang$ :5 ! plant is enl>g$ & ! boil] p[] increas$4 ,a /eam pi/on relatively l>g] ?an necess>y is a s\rce ( weakness4 ,x takes m volume ( /eam1 & gives m p[] ) :i* to bur/ ! pipes if ! ?rottle is op5$ wide sudd5ly dur+ excitem5t4 ,x has be5 common to make all fire-pumps ) wat] plung] ( only "o-f\r? ! area ( /eam pi/on1 ) ! idea t pump c\ld !reby be m readily run at night1 :5 /eam 0 l[4 ,! capacity 9 gallons is ?us r$uc$ #be p] c5t4 z comp>$ ) a #c to #a plung] on ! same /eam cyl9d]s4 b4 ,! above sizes ( /eam & wat] cyl9d]s & l5g? ( /roke h giv5 g5]al satisfaction & w n[ be consid]$ z /&>d4 ,(t51 especially ) l>ge pumps1 8#d to #a0 con/ruction is a mi/ake1 & gives no additional security1 al?\gh ! pump might />t & give a few puffs ) #cj lbs4 ( /eam on bank$ fires2 because1 if any pump ( :atev] cyl9d] ratio draws #ej or #ajj horse-p[] ( /eam f boil]s ) dead fires1 x c run effectively only a v %ort "t 7ord9>ily1 p]haps1 #c to #e m9utes71 unless fires are fir/ ar\s$ to make fre% /eam to replace t )drawn4 ,/eam pressures /at$ above mu/ be ma9ta9$ at ! pump1 to give full spe$ & #ajj lbs4 wat] pressure4 ,pressure at boil]s mu/ be a little m1 to all[ = loss ( /eam pressure betwe5 boil] & pump4 ,pumps 9 poor ord]1 or too tightly pack$1 w require m /eam4 ,! boil] horse-p[]s above are reckon$ on ! ,a4 ,s4 ,m4 ,e4 basis ( #cd-a_/b lbs4 ( wat] evaporat$ f & at #bab degrees ,fahr5heit z ! unit ( boil] horse-p[]4 ,f #ab to #ae squ>e feet ( wat]-heat+ surface 9 ! boil] is commonly assum$ necess>y = ! g5]ation ( "o horse-p[]4 ,small] boil]s ?an call$ = above1 if favorably set1 & hav+ excell5t *imney draft1 c sometimes be =c$ to ne>ly d\ble _! nom9al capacity = a %ort run1 z = fire s]vice4 c4 #bej gallons p] m9ute is ! /&>d all[ance = a good #a-a_/h-;in* 7smoo? nozzle7 fire /ream4 ,a s-call$ 8,r+ ,nozzle0 dis*>ges only ?ree-f\r?s z mu* wat] z a smoo? nozzle ( ! same bore1 & is n recomm5d$4 ,f fifte5 to tw5ty automatic spr9kl]s may be reckon$ z dis*>g+ ab\t ! same quantity z a #a-a_/h-;in* hose /ream "u ! ord9>y practical conditions z to pipes supply+ spr9kl] & hose sy/ems respectively4 #d4 ,,capacity4 a4 ,plung] diamet] alone w n tell h[ _m gallons p] m9ute a pump c deliv]1 & x is n reasonable to cont9ue ! old "t notion ( e/imat+ capacity on ! basis ( #ajj feet p] m9ute pi/on travel4 b4 ,! capacity ( a pump dep5ds on ! spe$ at :i* x c be run1 & ! spe$ dep5ds l>gely on ! arrangem5t ( valves & passageways = wat] & /eam4 c4 ,x is all "r to run fire-pumps at ! highe/ spe$ t is possible )\t caus+ viol5t j>1 or hamm]+ )9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,consid]ations ( we> d n affect ! brief p]iods ( fire s]vices or te/1 h5ce ^! spe$s are great] ?an ^? all[able = con/ant daily duty4 d4 ,c>eful exp]im5ts on a l>ge numb] ( pumps ( v>i\s makes at full spe$1 %[ t 9 a new pump ) clean valves1 & an air-tight suction pipe1 & less ?an #ae feet lift1 ! actual deliv]y is only f #a-a_/b to #e p] c5t4 less ?an plung] displacem5t4 ,?is slip w increase ) we>1 & = a good av]age pump 9 practical use1 probably #aj p] c5t4 is a fair all[ance to cov] slip1 valve leakage1 slight %ort-/roke1 etc4 e4 ,l>gely f te/s1 b p>tly f 8av]age judgm5t10 & recogniz+ t a long /roke pump c run at a high] rate ( pi/on travel 9 l9eal feet p] m9ute ?an a %ort /roke pump1 & t a small pump c make m /rokes p] m9ute ?an a v l>ge "o1 ! spe$s giv5 9 ! prec$+ table h be5 adopt$ z /&>ds 9 fire s]vice = direct act+ 7non-fly-:eel7 /eam pumps1 :i* h ! l>ge /eam & wat] passages h]e9 specifi$4 f4 ,rat$ capacity is to be bas$ on ! spe$ 9 ! prec$+ table1 correct+ ! plung] displacem5t = "o-half ! rod area & d$uct+ #aj p] c5t4 = slip1 %ort-/roke1 etc4 ,m5 sometimes ask :y1 7if !y c run a pump smoo?ly s z to get a deliv]y ( #a1jjj gals4 p] m9ute17 we %\ld n accept z 8a ?\s& gallon pump10 irrespective ( its suction valve area or its exhau/ port area or ! size ( its cyl9d]s4 ,to ?is we reply t :5 new & favorably set almo/ any pump built accord+ to ^! specifications c run at a mu* great] deliv]y ?an "h rat$1 b :5 lift is unusually high or suction pipe long1 or :5 ! pump takes its suction "u a head1 no pump c be run s fa/ z on1 = in/ance1 a #e-;foot lift4 ,a solid f\ndation is also a great & indisp5sable aid 9 runn+ a pump fa/4 ,/&>d #ejj-;gallon pumps h (t5 deliv]$ #hjj gallons1 & #a1ejj-;gallon pumps h deliv]$ #b1jjj gallons2 b "s m>g9 mu/ be all[$ = unfavorable conditions & = det]ioration z a pump gr[s old1 or = ! abs5ce ( an exp]t to get its utmo/ duty4 #e4 ,,capacity ,,plate4 a4 ,e /eam fire-pump mu/ be> a conspicu\s /atem5t ( its capacity securely atta*$ to ! inbo>d side ( air *amb]1 ?us3-- ,,national ,,/&>d ,,fire ,,pump #af #i #ab ,,capacity #gej ,,gallons ,,p] ,,m9ute1 ,,or #c ,,good #a-a_/h-;,,94 ,,smoo? ,,nozzle ,,fire ,,/reams ,,full ,,spe$ #gj ,,revolutions ,,p] ,,m9ute ,,nev] ,,let ,,/eam ,,get ,,bel[ #ej ,,p\nds1 ,,nights1 ,,sundays ,,or ,,at ,,any ,,o!r ,,"t ,! "n 8,und]writ]0 has be5 l>gely us$ = a consid]able "t to designate ! type ( pump cov]$ by ! pr9cipal features ( ^! specifications4 ,:ile our pref]5ces are aga9/ ! use ( ?is ^w z designat+ any piece ( app>atus objections w n be rais$ at ! pres5t "t to its be+ cont9u$ on "n plates 9 place ( ! words 8,national ,/&>d10 if manufactur]s s desire4 b4 ,?is plate mu/ h an area ( n less ?an "o squ>e foot1 & mu/ be made ( an alloy at lea/ two-?irds alum9um & ! rema9d] z9c4 ,! lett]s mu/ be at lea/ "o-half in* 9 height1 pla9 & di/9ct1 ) _! surfaces rais$ on a black backgr\nd & buff$ (f to a dead smoo? f9i%4 ,! "n ( pump manufactur] may also be plac$ on ?is plate1 if desir$4 c4 ,a small] plate ( composition mu/ be atta*$ to /eam *e/ be>+ ! size ( pump1 ! %op numb]1 & ! "n ( %op 9 :i* ! pump 0 built4 #f4 ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,p>ts4 a4 ,! mak] mu/ w>rant ea* pump built "u ^! specifications to be at "t ( deliv]y1 9 all its p>ts1 /rong en\gh to admit ( clos+ all valves on wat] outlet pipes :ile /eam valve is wide op5 & /eam pressure eighty p\nds1 & agree to s te/ x be=e %ipm5t f 8 works4 b4 ,! pump mu/ be w>rant$ s design$ & ) su* arrangem5t ( ?ickness ( metal t x %all be safe to in/antly turn a full head ( /eam on to a cold pump )\t crack+ or break+ ! same by unequal expansion4 #g4 ,,%op ,,inspection4 ,a sy/ematic %op inspection mu/ be giv5 to ea* pump to ensure complet$ workman%ip1 & to prev5t ! use ( defective p>ts1 improp] mat]ials1 or ! c>eless leav+ ( =eign matt] 9 any "p ( ! cyl9d]s or *e/s4 ,sev]al in/ances h occurr$ 9 :i* *isels1 bolts1 or core irons h be5 f\nd 9 /eam *e/s or /eam cyl9d]s4 ,?is has result$ 9 a s]i\s crippl+ ( ! pump & 9 "s cases requir+ repairs to be made be=e ! pump c\ld be us$ = fire purposes4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,end4 #h4 ,,/eam ,,cyl9d]s4 a4 ,^! mu/ be ( h>d close iron ) metal s di/ribut$ z to ensure s\nd ca/+s & fre$om ( %r9k cracks4 ,! foll[+ are ! m9imum ?icknesses acceptable3 #ad ,diam4 #g_/h ?ick #af #ae_/af #ah #a #bj #a-a_/h b4 ,! inside face ( ! /eam cyl9d] heads & ! two faces ( ! pi/on mu/ be smoo? surfaces1 fair & true s t if ! pi/on %\ld hit ! heads x w /rike uni=mly all ar\nd1 ?us r$uc+ to a m9imum ! *ances ( cramp+ ! pi/on rod or injur+ ! pump4 c4 ,all flang$ jo9ts = /eam mu/ be fair & true & mu/ be /eam tight "u #hj lbs4 pressure if only a pack+ ( oil$ pap] #a_/ajj in* ?ick cov]$ ) graphite 7 us$4 ,j5k9s1 8,ra9b[0 or equival5t pack+ ( n exce$+ #a_/cb in* orig9al ?ickness is acceptable4 ,oil$ pap] is n acceptable z a f9al pack+1 z x burns out4 ,= size ( /eam & exhau/ pipes1 /&>d flanges & bolt+1 see ,art4 #ci4 ,! specifications orig9ally requir$ ma*9e fac+ = all ^! surfaces4 ,! art ( ma*9e mold+ f metal patt]ns ) draw plates1 etc41 has1 h[ev]1 atta9$ su* excell5ce 9 c]ta9 %ops1 t 9 regul> practice 8f\ndry fac$0 cyl9d] heads & pi/on faces c be made true & fair1 & /eam jo9ts c be made1 tight "u #hj lbs4 pressure ) a pack+ ( oil$ pap] only #a_/ajj in* ?ick4 ,"u prop] assurance t ?is precision c be obta9$ 9 regul> practice at ! %op 9 "q1 f\ndry f9i% may be accept$ on cyl9d] heads & pi/on faces1 /eam *e/s & /eam-*e/ cov]s4 ,9 ! case ( built-up pi/ons1 ( sep>able =m1 x mu/ be conclusively %[n t ! bor+ & f9i%+ are c>ri$ on by su* me?ods z w ensure ! faces ( pi/ons be+ exactly squ>e to ! pi/on rod & exactly p>allel to ! cyl9d] head4 ,9 ! case ( solid pi/ons ! two faces mu/ be ma*9e fac$1 z prop] p>allelism _c well be obta9$ by f\ndry me?ods4 ,ord9>y f\ndry f9i% secur$ by ! old me?ods & wood5 patt]ns is n acceptable & acceptance ( any f\ndry-f9i% c only be secur$ aft] a special inve/igation ( %op practices4 d4 ,heads at bo? ends ( cyl9d] mu/ be bevel$ (f v slightly ov] a r+ ab\t "o in* wide1 or equival5t means provid$ to give /eam a quick pu% at pi/on1 %\ld x /& at contact /roke4 #i4 ,,bolts ,,& ,,/uds4 a4 ,! /ress on bolts or /uds 9 connection ) /eam cyl9d]s mu/ n exce$ #g1ejj lbs4 p] squ>e in* "u a te/ pressure ( #hj lbs4 /eam1 disreg>d+ su* initial /ra9 z may be due to sett+ up4 7,compute pressure area out to c5t] l9e ( bolts47 ,no /ud or bolt small] ?an #c_/d in* %\ld be us$ to assemble p>ts subject to ! /ra9 ( /eam pressure z small] bolts are likely to be twi/$ (f4 #aj4 ,,yoke4 a4 ,! /eam cyl9d]s & wat] cyl9d]s mu/ be connect$ by su* a =m ( yoke z requires no pack+1 a metal to metal jo9t at ?is connection be+ consid]$ necess>y4 ,! pi/on-rod /uff+ box heads %\ld conc5trically fit ! c\nt]-bore ( ! yoke4 ,if pack+ is put into ^! jo9ts1 !re is a *ance ( ! /eam & wat] ends gett+ out ( alignm5t & leak+ at ! jo9t betwe5 cyl9d]s & yoke4 #aa4 ,,/eam ,,ports4 a4 ,! area ( ea* exhau/ /eam passage1 at its smalle/ section1 mu/ n be less ?an #d p] c5t4 ( ! area ( ! pi/on f :i* x leads4 ,?is is a l>ge increase ov] ! size h]et(ore common1 b indicator c>ds :i* we h tak5 f pumps ( sev]al diff]5t makes indicate ?is to be "o ( ! po9ts 9 :i* improvem5t is mo/ ne$$ to accommodate ! high spe$s at :i* fire pumps are always suppos$ to run1 & ?is unre/rict$ exhau/ aids v mat]ially 9 giv+ /ead9ess to ! jet ( wat]4 b4 ,ea* admission port mu/ be n less ?an #b-a_/b p] c5t4 ( area ( its pi/on1 & to avoid wa/eful excess ( cle>ance1 ^! passages %\ld n be bor$ out l>g] 9 int]ior ( ca/+ ?an at ends or passage4 c4 ,! edges ( ! /eam-valve ports mu/ be accurately mill$1 or *ipp$ & exactly fil$ to templets1 true to l9e1 & ! valve seat mu/ be accurately fitt$ to a plane surface1 all 9 a mo/ ?or\gh & workmanlike mann] & equal to high-grade /eam-eng9e "w4 d4 ,to gu>d aga9/ a pi/on r+ cat*+ 9 ! l>ge exhau/ ports1 ^! ports mu/ h a c5t] rib ca/ ) cyl9d] at cyl9d] wall4 ,see also ,art4 #ac d4 #ab4 ,,/eam-,,cle>ance ,,space4 a4 ,cle>ance 7includ+ nut-recess1 c\nt]-bore1 & valve passages7 mu/ n exce$ #e p] c5t4 = contact /roke or ab\t #h p] c5t4 = nom9al /roke 7i4 e41 contact /roke %\ld ov]run nom9al /roke n m ?an "o-half in* or n less ?an "o-f\r? in*1 at ea* end74 b4 ,! cle>ance space betwe5 face ( pi/on & cyl9d] head mu/ be r$uc$ to smalle/ possible am\nt1 & ^! contact+ surfaces be flat1 )\t projections or recesses o!r ?an ! pi/on rod nut & its recess4 ,"s mak]s1 ) ! idea t a fire pump ne$ n be economical1 h n tak5 pa9s to keep ^! wa/e spaces small4 ,secur+ small cle>ance co/s almo/ no?+ b c>e 9 design1 & is (t5 ( value1 s9ce at _m factories boil] capacity is scant = ! l>ge quantity ( /eam tak5 by a fire pump ( prop] size4 #ac4 ,,/eam ,,pi/ons4 a4 ,may be ei!r built up or solid1 z mak] ?9ks be/4 ,x is believ$ t 8solid0 7cor$7 pi/ons ) r+s 8sprung 910 are = fire-pumps mu* pref]able to built-up pi/ons1 s9ce foll[] bolts d sometimes get loose4 b4 ,pi/on mu/ n be less ?an f\r in*es ?ick betwe5 faces4 ,if solid1 walls %\ld be n less ?an #a_/b in* ?ick1 & special c>e %\ld be giv5 to %op inspection to det]m9e uni=mity ( ?ickness4 c4 ,if built up pi/ons are us$1 involv+ foll[] bolts1 su* bolts mu/ be ( be/ ma*9]y /eel1 ) screw ?read cut = ab\t twice ! diamet] ( ! bolt & fitt+ tightly its :ole l5g?4 d4 ,! wid? ( ea* pi/on r+ mu/ exce$ ! l5g? ( ! l>ge exhau/ port by at lea/ #a_/d in*4 ,?is is to avoid ! possibility ( pi/on r+ cat*+ 9 ! port4 ,see also ,art4 #aa d4 #ad4 ,,/eam ,,slide ,,valves4 a4 ,slide valves mu/ be ma*9e fitt$ on all f\r ( ! out] edges1 ! exhau/ port edges1 & ! surfaces 9 contact ) rod connections4 b4 ,! slide valve itself mu/ h its /eam & exhau/ edges fitt$ up 8l9e & l9e0 ) _! respective /eam & exhau/ ports4 ,! add+ ( lap to ^! edges 9 lieu ( lo/ motion is n acceptable fur!r ?an a possible #a_/cb ( an in* to cov] inaccuracies ( edges4 c4 ,! valves mu/ be guid$ lat]ally by guide /rips ca/ 9 /eam *e/1 & ^! /rips mu/ be ma*9e fitt$4 ,! lat]al play at ^! surfaces %\ld n exce$ #a_/af in*4 ,! height ( ^! guide /rips %\ld n be less ?an #a_/b in*1 measur+ f valve seat4 ,! con/ruction mu/ be su* z to absolutely preclude ! possibility ( ! valve rid+ up on top ( ?is guide /rip4 d4 ,! valves mu/ be guid$ v]tically by ! valve-rod itself1 ! inside end ( :i* mu/ be kept 9 alignm5t by ! usual =m ( tail-rod guide4 ,! v]tical play at ^! p>ts %\ld n exce$ #a_/h ( an in*4 e4 ,! surface ( valves mu/ be ma*9e fac$ & accurately fitt$ to a plane surface1 & be /eam tight :5 9 contact ) ! seat ( /eam valve4 #ae4 ,,/eam ,,slide ,,valve ,,adju/m5t4 a4 ,! lo/ motion at ! valves & ! sett+ ( !m mu/ be det]m9$ by a solid hub on ! rod1 f9i%$ 9 ! pump %op to /&>d dim5sions1 s t no adju/m5t is possible aft] ! pump is once set up4 ,?is hub may be =g$ on ! rod & !n la!-f9i%$ to /&>d dim5sions1 or x may be made by turn+ d[n a rod ( ! size ( ! hub4 ,x is believ$ t ,tob9 bronze c be safely =g$ aft] a little exp]i5ce1 if c>e is tak5 to ma9ta9 ! prop] heat4 ,x is recogniz$ t ! practice ( mak+ adju/able valve tappets locat$ outside ( ! /eam *e/ is a good ?+ 9 a l>ge pump 9 con/ant s]vice & op]at$ by a skill$ eng9e]1 b = ! infrequ5tly us$ ord9>y fire-pump1 ! utmo/ simplicity is desirable1 & x is be/ n to tempt ! ord9>y man to readju/ ! valve ge>4 ,! common =m ( lo/ motion adju/m5t consi/+ ( nut & *eck nut at ea* end ( ! slide valve is n acceptable1 z ^! nuts are liable to become loose & may be incorrectly reset by incompet5t p]sons4 ,a long rectangul> nut 9 ! c5t] ( ! valve is also n acceptable1 z x c be mov$ out ( adju/m5t4 ,a solid hub made z a "p ( ! rod is requir$1 z x absolutely avoids ! possibility ( ! hub becom+ loose1 an accid5t possible ) a sep>ate hub atta*$ to ! rod4 ,! am\nt ( lo/ motion %\ld g5]ally be su* t admission takes place at ab\t #e_/h ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 i4 e41 = #ab-;in* /roke ,r4 ,h4 valve w be ab\t to op5 :5 ,l4 ,h4 pi/on has mov$ #g-a_/b in*es to #h in*es f ! beg9n+ ( /roke4 ,:5 pi/on is at end ( /roke ! ports %\ld be full op54 #af4 ,,rock ,,%afts1 ,,cranks1 ,,l9ks1 ,,etc4 a4 ,rock %afts mu/ be ei!r =g$ iron1 =g$ /eel1 or cold roll$ /eel4 ,ca/ iron is n acceptable4 ,! foll[+ are ! m9imum diamet]s acceptable3 #ejj gallon pump #a-a_/b 94 #gej gallon pump #a-c_/d 94 #ajjj gallon pump #b 94 #aejj gallon pump #b to #b-a_/d 94 b4 ,! rock %aft be>+s mu/ be bu%$ ) bronze & ! bu%+s p9n$ firmly 9 place4 ,! l5g? ( ea* ( ^! non-corrosive be>+s mu/ be n less ?an #d in*es4 c4 ,rock %aft cranks1 valve rod heads1 valve rod l9ks1 & pi/on rod spools or cros%eads may be wr\ght iron or /eel =g+s1 or /eel ca/+s4 ,if ( a heavy1 /rong patt]n1 ^! p>ts1 ) ! exception ( valve rod l9ks1 may be ( semi-/eel or ca/ iron4 d4 ,! sectional area ( all connections betwe5 rock %aft cranks & valve rod mu/ be su* z to give a t5sile or compressive /r5g? sub/antially equal to t ( ! valve rod4 #ag4 ,,valve ,,motion ,,lev]s4 a4 ,! valve motion lev]s mu/ be /eel1 wr\ght iron1 or /eel ca/+s4 ,ca/ iron is n acceptable4 ,/eel ca/+s1 if us$1 mu/ be deeply /amp$ ) ! "n ( ! mak]s1 ) lett]s "o-eigh? in* high1 ne> ! upp] end ( ea* lev]1 :]e x c easily be se51--?us 844444,/eel ,ca/+s40 ,ca/-iron arms1 if bulky en\gh to be safe aga9/ ext]nal bl[s1 are awkw>d 9 %ape4 ,! sectional area necess>y = any arm dep5ds ^u ! means provid$ = prev5t+ a sidewise /ra9 on ! lev]1 due to rotation ( pi/on or friction ( its connection to pi/on rod4 ,! spool or cros%ead on ! pi/on rod %\ld be s design$ t no sidewise /ra9 c be ?us produc$ on ! lev]4 b4 ,! lev]s mu/ h a d\ble or bifurcat$ end at cros%ead4 ,! d\ble end is less likely ?an a s+le end to put an undue /ra9 on ! lev] z ! rod turns1 & is also likely to give tr\ble f lack ( lubrication or f a loos5+ ( any small p>ts1 & has prov$ to be ! mo/ satisfactory arrangem5t4 #ah4 ,,valve ,,motion ,,/&4 a4 ,! valve motion /& mu/ be securely d[el-p9n$ to ! yoke ca/+s1 to prev5t any movem5t aft] be+ once adju/$4 #ai4 ,,cu%ion ,,valves4 a4 ,cu%ion-release valves regulat+ ! am\nt ( cu%ion /eam reta9$ at ends ( /roke mu/ be provid$4 b4 ,! cu%ion release mu/ be ?r\gh an indep5d5t port z %[n 9 ,figs4 #b & #c1 s locat$ z to positively reta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( cu%ion /eam4 ,! old =m ( cu%ion release ?r\gh bridge betwe5 ports is n acceptable4 ,?is =m :ile lead+ into ! exhau/ passage z =m]ly1 diff]s by />t+ f a small indep5d5t port 7ab\t #a_/b-;in* wide #b-a_/b in*es long7 ?r\gh ! cyl9d] wall1 locat$ ab\t #c_/h or #a_/b in* back f ! cyl9d] head4 7,! exact position = af=d+ ! be/ action has to be det]m9$ by exp]im5t ) ea* diff]5t make ( pump1 z x dep5ds some:at on ! ext5t ( cle>ance space & on ! po9t ( closure ( exhau/ by pi/on & some:at on ! weight ( reciprocat+ p>ts47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,?is /yle ( cu%ion port makes ! pump saf] 9 case cu%ion valves are unskillfully left op5 too wide & t5ds to prev5t a pump f p\nd+ itself to pieces 9 case ( a sudd5 release ( load1 z by a break 9 suction or deliv]y ma9s1 or by a tempor>y admission ( air to suction pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,pumps made ) ?is =m ( cu%ion release1 h giv5 v satisfactory results1 & if ! ports are prop]ly locat$1 !re w be no re-b\nd ( pi/on4 c4 ,cu%ion valves mu/ be always provid$ ) h&-:eels m>k$ z p] sket*1 = ! reason t v few m5 9 *>ge ( fire-pumps are f\nd to cle>ly und]/& or to rememb] _! use4 ,! lett]+ mu/ be v op51 cle> & di/9ct1 n liable to be obscur$ by grease & dirt1 & ( a p]man5t "*4 ,x is desirable t sp9dle or :eel be s =m$ t a monkey wr5* c get a grip to op5 a jamm$ valve4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! /em flatt5$ = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 d4 ,! valve & /em ( cu%ion valve mu/ be 9 "o piece )\t any swivel jo9t4 ,swivel jo9ts are apt to come ap>t & make x impossible to op]ate ! valve4 #bj4 ,,pi/on ,,rods4 a4 ,pi/on rods = _! entire l5g? mu/ be ( solid ,tob9 ,bronze1 & ! di/+ui%+ br& ( ! manufactur]s ( ?is metal mu/ be visible on at lea/ "o end ( ea* rod4 b4 ,! sizes mu/ be n less ?an 9 table bel[4 ,size ( ,pump4 #ejj gal4#gej gal4 #a1jjj gal4#a1ejj gal4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,diamet] ( rod #b in*4 #b-a_/d in*4#b-c_/h in*4 #b-a_/b in*4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- c4 ,! size & =m ( connection ( rod to pi/on plung] & cross-head mu/ be su* t ! /ress 9 p\nds p] squ>e in* at bottom ( screw ?read1 or at su* o!r po9t ( r$uc$ area z receives ! highe/ t5sile /ra91 %all n exce$ #h1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 :5 ! /eam pressure act+ on ! pi/on is #hj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 d4 ,pi/on rod nuts1 9 bo? /eam & wat] ends1 mu/ be tightly fitt$1 & pref]ably ( a f9] ?read ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/&>d4 ,?is is to avoid z mu* z possible ! unnecess>y weak5+ ( ! rod at ! bottom ( ! ?read1 & to r$uce ! t5d5cy ( ! nut to "w loose4 ,9 practice #h ?reads p] in* has be5 f\nd to give good satisfaction4 e4 ,9 addition to a tightly fitt+ nut1 "s reliable device mu/ be provid$1 9 bo? /eam & wat] ends1 = absolutely prev5t+ ^! nuts f work+ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #f %[s "o =m ( su* a lock+ device & illu/rates ! k9d ( security desir$4 ,?is device comb9es ! advantage ( a tap] key & a split p91 & ! elongat$ key-slot gives suffici5t leeway to always insure t ! key c be driv5 up tight aga9/ ! nut & ?us prev5t x f ev5 />t+ to "w (f4 ,o!r me?ods w be approv$ 9 writ+1 if f\nd satisfactory4 #ba4 ,,valve ,,rods4 a4 ,valve ,rods = _! entire l5g? mu/ be ( solid ,tob9 ,bronze1 ) sizes n less ?an 9 table bel[4 ,size ( ,pump4 #ejj gal4#gej gal4 #a1jjj gal4#a1ejj gal4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,diamet] ( rod #a in*4 #a-a_/h in*4 #a-a_/h in*4 #a-a_/d in*4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- b4 ,! net area ( valve-rod at its smalle/ section subject to t5sile /ress1 mu/ n be small] ?an at bottom ( ,u4 ,s4 /&>d screw ?read on rod ( diamet] giv5 above4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is rod z affect+ lo/ motion at slide valve is specifi$ "u ,article #ae4 #bb4 ,,/uff+ ,,boxes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 a4 ,all six /uff+ boxes mu/ be bu%$ at ! bottom ) a brass r+ ) suitable neck & flange1 & ! foll[] or gl& mu/ be ei!r ( solid brass1 or be l9$ ) a brass %ell #c_/af-;in* ?ick1 hav+ a flange next ! pack+1 z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,! bottom ( /uff+ boxes & ! end ( gl&s %\ld tap] slightly t[>ds ! c5t] z p] sket*4 b4 ,^! gl&s %\ld be /rong en\gh to )/& consid]able abuse1 s z n to break f ! unfair treatm5t ( unskill$ m54 #bc4 ,,pressure ,,gauge4 a4 ,a pressure gauge ( ! ,lane d\ble tube spr+ patt]n ) #e in* case mu/ be provid$ & atta*$ to ! /eam *e/ inside ! ?rottle valve4 ,! dial ( gauge %\ld be scal$ to indicate pressures up to #abj lbs4 & be m>k$ 8,,/eam40 ,?is k9d ( gauge is us$ on locomotives & is ! be/ = )/&+ ! vibration :i* causes fire-pump gauges to be (t5 unreliable4 ,moreov]1 ?is d\ble spr+ is saf] aga9/ freez+4 #bd4 ,,dra9 ,,cocks4 a4 ,f\r brass dra9 cocks1 ea* ) lev] h&le & ( "o-half in* bore1 are to be provid$1 & locat$ "o on ea* end ( ea* /eam cyl9d]4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to select a patt]n ( cock ^: passageway is ! full equival5t ( a #a_/b-;in* hole4 ,"s patt]ns ( #a_/b-;in* comm]cial cocks al?\gh ?read$ = #a_/b-;in* pipe ?read h b a #a_/d-;in* hole ?r\gh !m4 ,su* are n acceptable4 #be4 ,,oil+ ,,devices4 a4 ,a "o-p9t h& oil pump1 to be connect$ bel[ ! ?rottle1 & a "o-p9t sight fe$ lubricator1 to be connect$ above ! ?rottle1 mu/ be furni%$ ) ea* pump4 b4 ,oil+ holes mu/ be provid$ = all valve motion p9s1 & = ea* end ( bo? rock %afts4 #bf4 ,,/roke ,,gauge4 a4 ,a l5g?-(-/roke-index mu/ be provid$ = ea* side ( pump4 ,^! mu/ be ( simple =m = at all times r5d]+ obvi\s ! exact l5g? ( /roke :i* ea* pi/on is mak+1 & ?us call+ att5tion to improp] adju/m5ts ( cu%ion valves or /uff+ boxes4 b4 ,! gauge piece ov] :i* ! index slides mu/ h deep1 conspicu\s m>ks at ends ( nom9al /roke1 & also light m>ks at extreme positions2 x ne$ conta9 no o!r graduations4 c4 ,?is /roke index mu/ be rigidly secur$ to cross-head 9 su* a way t x _c get loose or out ( adju/m5t4 ,,! ,,wat] ,,end4 #bg4 ,,wat] ,,cyl9d]s4 a4 ,^! mu/ be ( h>d close iron ) metal s di/ribut$ z to ensure s\nd ca/+s1 & fre$om f %r9k cracks4 b4 ,! design %\ld be along l9es be/ calculat$ to resi/ int]nal pressure s z to avoid z mu* z possible ! ne$ ( ribs = /iff5+4 c4 ,!y mu/ be capable ( )/&+1 )\t %[+ signs ( weakness1 ! pressures & %ocks due to runn+ "u ! conditions m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] 8,te/s = ,acceptance10 ,art4 #dh-ed4 ,! suction *amb] %\ld be able to )/& a wat] pressure ( #ajj lbs4 ,al?\gh suction *amb]s are n regul>ly subject to a pressure1 x is sometimes desir$ to connect !m to public wat] supplies1 & :]e foot valves are us$ !re is a *ance ( gett+ pressure on ! suction1 s t ample /r5g? is necess>y4 ,f\ndry f9i% may be p]mitt$ on ! jo9ts at wat] cyl9d] heads & at h&-hole plates1 provid$ surfaces are s true t a rubb] pack+ n ov] #a_/af ( an in* 9 ?ickness is suffici5t to secure p]fect tightness4 d4 ,conv5i5tly plac$ h&-holes ( lib]al size mu/ be provid$ = ! ready exam9ation & r5ewal ( valve p>ts at ! yoke end ( wat] cyl9d]s & 9 ! deliv]y *amb]4 ,?is w necessitate holes n less ?an #f #h in*es1 or its equival5t1 = ! two l>ge/-size pumps1 & holes proportionately z l>ge = ! #ejj & #gej-;gallon pumps4 ,! easy access to ! valve p>ts is ( vital importance1 & mu/ receive c>eful att5tion4 e4 ,! ?ickness ( metal = cyl9d] %ell1 valve decks1 p>titions1 ribs1 etc41 w dep5d l>gely ^u ! =m ( con/ruction1 b1 9 a g5]al way1 to e/abli% safe m9imums = ! av]age wat] cyl9d]1 ( ne>ly cyl9drical =m1 ^: flat surfaces are /iffly ribb$1 we submit ! table bel[3 ,size ( ,pump4 #ejj gal4#gej gal4#a1jjj gal4#a1ejj gal4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,?ickness ( cyl9d] ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 %ell :5 ( ne>ly cyl9drical =m #g_/h #a #a-a_/h #a-a_/d ,?ickness ( valve decks :5 well ribb$ #a-a_/d #a-a_/d #a-a_/d #a-a_/d ,?ickness ( transv]se #a-a_/d #a-a_/d #a-a_/b #a-a_/b p>tition1 dep5d+ to to to to on ribb+ #a-a_/b #a-a_/b #b #b ,?ickness ( longitud9al #a-a_/d #a-a_/d #a-a_/d #a-a_/b p>tition1 dep5d+ on to to to to ribb+ #a-a_/b #a-a_/b #b #b ,?ickness ( ribs #c_/d #g_/h #a #a ,?ickness ( suction *amb] #e_/h #c_/d #c_/d #g_/h ,?ickness ( deliv]y *amb] #g_/h #a #a-a_/h #a-a_/d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,light] con/ruction ?an h]e9 specifi$ w n be reg>d$ z satisfactory1 & any con/ruction w be f9ally pass$ ^u on exam9ation ( draw+s4 f4 ,! bolt+ ( all p>ts ( ! wat] end is to be ( su* /r5g? t ! maximum /ress at bottom ( screw ?read w n exce$ #aj1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* 7disreg>d+ = ! mom5t ! initial /ress due sett+ up nuts7 = a wat] pressure ( #bjj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 comput$ on an area out to c5tre l9e ( bolts4 ,no /ud or bolt small] ?an #c_/d-;in* %\ld be us$ to assemble p>ts subject to ! /ra9 ( wat] pressure1 z small] bolts are likely to be twi/$ (f4 ,al?\gh ^! pumps are n expect$ to be design$ = a regul> work+ wat]-pressure ( #bdj or #cbj lbs41 x is expect$ t bolts1 %ells1 rods1 etc41 w be figur$ to /& ?is comp>atively quiet1 tempor>y1 high pressure1 exclusive ( fur!r all[ance = initial /ra9 due sett+ up ( bolts1 ) a factor ( safety ( at lea/ f\r4 ,?is high te/ pressure is analog\s to ! cu/om ( prov+ all common ca/-iron wat] pipes to #cjj lbs4 & all common lap-weld$ /eam pipes to #ejj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 & common wat]-works gate valves to #djj lbs41 ev5 ?\gh ^! are to be regul>ly us$ at mu* less pressure4 ,we are assur$ t ca/+s no heavi] ?an at pres5t us$ by ! be/ mak]s w /& ?is te/1 if prop]ly %ap$ & lib]ally bolt$4 g4 ,= requirem5ts = /uff+ boxes1 see ,art4 #bb4 #bh4 ,,wat] ,,plung]s ,,& ,,bu%+s4 a4 ,! 8inside plung] & bu%+0 is pref]r$ = all situations :]e ! wat] is free f grit or mud4 b4 ,wat]-plung]s mu/ be ( solid brass or bronze1 & ! bu%+ 9 :i* !y slide mu/ also be ( brass or bronze4 ,! composition ( ! plung] & its bu%+ %\ld be ( v h>d1 ?\gh dissimil> alloys1 to ensure good we>+ qualities4 ,= mat]ial & size ( pi/on rods & lock = nuts1 see ,art4 #bj4 ,) poor alignm5t or bad workman%ip or lack ( skill 9 mix+ ! alloys1 brass plung]s are liable to score & give tr\ble2 b ) prop] selection ( alloys & true cyl9d]s accurately align$1 !y c be made to run all "r :]ev] iron ones c4 ,x is q a f9e po9t to get ^! we>+ surfaces j "r2 & ?is is :]e9 ! exp]i5ce1 skill & %op practice ( "o mak] is likely to be mu* sup]ior to t ( ano!r work+ "u ! same specification4 c4 ,! l5g? ( ma*9$ cyl9drical be>+ )9 ! p>tition mu/ be n less !n #b in*es4 ,! plung] bu%+ mu/ h a fac$ seat transv]se to its axis aga9/ p>tition1 =m+ a wat]-tight gr\nd jo9t n less ?an "o-half in* wide4 ,any rubb] gasket or o!r compressible pack+ = mak+ ?is jo9t wat]-tight is n acceptable4 d4 ,! con/ruction ( bu%+ & hole 9 p>tition mu/ be su* t a cyl9drical %ell = use ) a pack$ pi/on c be int]*angeably ins]t$ 9 its place & secur$ by ! same bolts4 ,?is c readily be arrang$ & enables a pack$ pi/on to be ins]t$ 9 place ( a plung] subsequ5t to ! in/allation ( ! pump ) a m9imum ( exp5se1 %\ld ?is become desirable f *ange ( conditions at any future "t4 e4 ,small transv]se grooves cut )9 ! slid+ surface ( ! plung] bu%+1 ) a view to less5 ! leakage1 are n acceptable4 ,al?\gh a slight advantage 9 ?is respect = clean wat]1 !y are a disadvantage on ! :ole1 z dirt cat*es 9 !m 9 ! ord9>y situation & cuts ! plung]s4 #bi4 ,,/&>d ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,plung]s ,,& ,,plung] ,,bu%+s4 a4 ,to br+ all ^! exp5sive p>ts to ! same /&>d ( weight & be>+ surface1 ! foll[+ dim5sions are specifi$ z ! lea/ t w be acceptable4 ,^! are bas$ on a l5g? ( plung] :i* uncov]s ! bu%+s "o in* at end ( nom9al /roke4 ,,solid ,,bronze ,,plung]s ,,& ,,bu%+s4 ,size ( ,pump4 #ejj gal4 #gej gal4 #ajjj gal4 #aejj gal4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,plung]4 ,diamet] #g or #g-a_/d-;94 #i-;94 #aj or #aj-a_/d-;94 #ab-;94 ,l5g? #ag-;94 #ag #ah-;94 #bd ,?ickness ( transv]se p>tition #e_/h #e_/h #c_/d #c_/d ,?ickness next to p>tition #a_/b #a_/b #e_/h #c_/d ,?ickness next to end #e_/af #c_/h #c_/h #a_/b ,numb] ( ribs #d #d #f #f ,?ickness ( ribs #e_/af #e_/af #c_/h #c_/h ,bu%+4 ,l5g? #g #g #h #aj ,?ickness at end #e_/af #c_/h #c_/h #a_/b ,!nce tap]$ ev5ly to a ?ickness next to be>+ ( n less ?an #a_/b #e_/h #e_/h #c_/d ,?ickness at ! c5t] be>+ n less ?an #c_/d #c_/d #c_/d #ac_/af ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #cj4 ,,wat] ,,pi/ons ,,& ,,bu%+s4 a4 ,! 8wat] pi/on ) fibr\s pack+0 is pref]r$ = _m situations 9 ! ,we/ or ,s\?1 or = wat] conta9+ grit or mud1 l t ( ! ,ohio ,riv]2 &1 = ! comp>atively few cases :]e pump pressure gov]nors are us$1 ! pack$ pi/on w give bett] s]vice & long] we>4 b4 ,! removable bu%+ or cyl9d] 9 :i* ?is pi/on works mu/ be ( solid bronze4 c4 ,z /at$ 9 ,art4 #bh d1 ?is bu%+ %\ld be s con/ruct$ z to be readily int]*angeable ) ! bu%+ ( ! inside plung] type4 d4 ,! l5g? ( bu%+ mu/ be su* t ! ends ( pi/on w b>ely come %ort ( ! edges ( cyl9d] at contact /roke & n uncov]4 e4 ,! ?ickness ( ! cyl9drical bu%+s mu/ be n less ?an is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,bu%+s ,,= ,,pack$ ,,wat] ,,pi/ons4 ,size ( ,pump4 #ejj #gej #ajjj #aejj gal4 gal4gal4 gal4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,solid ,bronze4 ,?ickness at #g_/af-;94#a_/b-;94#a_/b-;94#i_/af-;94 extreme end ,tap]$ ev5ly f #i_/af #e_/h #aa_/af #c_/d end to a ?ickness next to be>+ ( n less ?an ,?ickness at c5t] #c_/d #c_/d #c_/d #ac_/af be>+ at lea/ ---------------------------------------- ---------- f4 ,9 o!r respects1 ! specifications = plung] bu%+s1 already giv5 9 ,art4 #bh1 w apply to ! above4 g4 ,! wat] pi/on us$ 9 ! %ell describ$ above mu/ expose n less ?an #b in*es 9 wid? ( fibr\s pack+1 & mu/ be ( bronze1 ) disc & foll[] accurately turn$ to a slid+ fit1 s t ! leakage pa/ x w be a m9imum1 ev5 :5 no fibr\s pack+ is 9 place4 ,!re mu/ be at lea/ #b in*es 9 l5g? ( metallic be>+ on bo? disc & foll[]4 ,! foll[] mu/ be accurately c5t]$ & fitt$ to hub ( pi/on1 s t alignm5t w n be di/urb$ if tak5 ap>t4 h4 ,! wat] pi/on mu/ be ( simple & /rong con/ruction1 ) foll[] bolts tightly fitt$1 & ) fibr\s pack+ s cut z to prev5t by-pass+4 i4 ,all mat]ials us$ 9 con/ruction ( pi/on1 except pack+1 mu/ be brass1 bronze1 or o!r non-corrosive metal4 j4 ,bu%+ /uds mu/ be ( ,tob9 ,bronze1 & ( su* size & numb]1 t ! maximum /ress at ! bottom ( ! screw ?read %all n exce$ #aj1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 9 ! ev5t ( plung] becom+ fa/ 9 ! bu%+ ) #hj lbs4 ( /eam 9 ! /eam cyl9d]s4 k4 ,= ea* bu%+ /ud !re mu/ be provid$ a composition nut & *eck nut4 l4 ,all m9or p>ts expos$ to ! action ( wat] 9 wat] cyl9d]1 t are n h]e9 specifi$1 mu/ be ( brass1 bronze1 or o!r non-corrosive mat]ial4 #ca4 ,,pump ,,valves4 a4 ,all ! suction & dis*>ge valves 9 any "o pump mu/ be ( ! same size & int]*angeable4 b4 ,!re mu/ be a cle> space ar\nd ea* rubb] valve1 betwe5 x & ! ne>e/ valve1 equal to at lea/ "o-f\r? ( ! diamet] ( ! valve1 or betwe5 x & ! wall ( ! *amb] ( at lea/ "o-eigh? ( ! diamet] ( ! valve4 c4 ,^! valves mu/ be ( ! v be/ quality ( rubb]1 ( m$ium temp]1 ) a face z s(t z good we>+ quality w p]mit4 ,!y mu/ be d\ble-fac$1 s !y c be rev]s$ :5 "o face is worn4 ,! quality ( rubb] is almo/ impossible ( det]m9ation by brief inspection or by *emical analysis4 ,! relative am\nt ( pure gum & ( *eap] composition may v>y1 or good mat]ial may be injur$ by defective vulcanization4 ,! only safe way to secure excell5ce & uni=mity is = ! pump manufactur] to te/ samples ( ea* new lot "u sev]e duty 7z by a week's run 9 a small special pump1 ) say #aej p\nds pressure & heavy wat] hamm]1 or by "s equival5t means7 & to fur!rmore require ! rubb] manufactur] to m\ld a date m>k z 87,"n ( pump manufactur]1 lot #bja--;,april #c1 #aijd470 on ! edge ( e valve1 by :i* ! pump manufactur] c keep track ( ^? :i* prove defective4 #cb4 ,,size ,,& ,,numb] ,,( ,,pump ,,valves4 a4 ,! diamet] ( ! disc ( rubb] =m+ ! valve mu/ n be great] ?an #d in*es or less ?an #c in*es4 ,?ree & a half in*es diamet] is probably ! mo/ favorable size1 b is n insi/$ ^u4 ,!re is "s confusion betwe5 diff]5t %ops ab\t designat+ size ( valves4 ,! practice is "h adopt$1 :i* is mu* ! mo/ widely us$1 ( nam+ ! diamet] ( ! disc ( rubb] :i* cov]s ! ports1 & x is h]eby specifi$ t ?is %all be ab\t #a_/b-;in* great] ?an ! diamet] ( ! valve-port circle :i* x cov]s1 ?us af=d+ ab\t #a_/d-;in* ov]lap or be>+ = ! rubb] disc all ar\nd its edge4 ,if valves are l>g] ?an #d-;in* !re is an increas$ t5d5cy to valve-slam at ! v high spe$ at :i* ! pump is design$ to run1 & if valves are small] ?an #c in*es diamet] ! great] numb] t5ds to unnecess>y multiplication ( p>ts1 & ! ports be+ s small are a little m liable to become ob/ruct$ by rubbi%4 b4 ,! ?ickness ( ! rubb] valve mu/ 9 no cases be less ?an #e_/h-;in*4 #cc4 ,,suction ,,valve ,,area4 a4 ,! total lift ( suction valves mu/ n exce$ #a_/b-;in*4 b4 ,! net suction valve port area & ! total suction valve outlet area "u valves lift$ #a_/b in* high mu/ n be small] ?an ! figures giv5 9 ! table bel[4 7#a7 ,l5g? ( ,/roke #ab #af 79 in*es7 ---------------------------------------- --------- 7#b7 ,greate/ ,no4 revolutions p] #gj #fj m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- --------- 7#c7 ,correspond+ ,pi/on travel #adj #afj ft4 p] m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,approx4 7#d7 ,feet #cjh #ceb actual max4 ,pi/on p] m9ute4 velocity at full ------------------------------ spe$1 p] r[ 7#e7 ,feet #e4a #e4i 7#c7 #b4b4 p] second4 ---------------------------------------- -------- 7#f7 ,net ,suction ,valve-port area #ef #fd spe$ reg>d$ necess>y = ?is p] c5t4 ( ,plung] area4 ---------------------------------------- --------- 7#g7 ,total ,suction ,valve ,outlet #ef #fd ,area "u ,valves lift$ #a_/b 94 high4 ---------------------------------------- --------- 7#h7 ,dis*>ge ,valve ,area4 #b_/c ( ,suction ,valve ,area4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,by 8valve-outlet area10 we mean ! v]tical cyl9drical surface ov] ! out] edge ( ! valve ports1 i4 e41 ! di/ance ,l multipli$ by ! circumf]5ce at ! out] edge ( ! valve ports ,c1 ,fig4 #h4 ,?us = a #d-;in* valve1 ) ports inscrib$ 9 a #c-a_/b-;in* circle1 ^: circumf]5ce is #ce #cadaf #aa in*es2 ! valve 8outlet area0 = #a_/b-;in* lift w\ld be #e-a_/b in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,! actual velocity ( pi/on dur+ ! middle portion ( /roke is f #b4j to #b4d 7av]age #b4b7 times z great z ! pi/on travel p] m9ute 7z det]m9$ 9 exp]im5ts by ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,freeman on sev]al duplex pumps ( diff]5t manufacture74 ,?is is because ea* pi/on /&s /ill ne>ly half ! "t1 or :ile its mate is work+1 &1 moreov]1 moves m sl[ly ne> />t & f9i% ( /roke4 ,! words 8pi/on spe$0 are commonly incorrectly us$ & ref] to 8pi/on travel40 ,a cle> und]/&+ t ! actual pi/on spe$ is m ?an twice z great leads to m g5]\s valve design4 ,l>ge aggregate valve areas are necess>y = pumps design$ to run z fa/ z ^!1 & exp]i5ce has %[n t to prev5t valve slam at high spe$ & to accommodate high suction lifts1 x is j z important to h a l>ge 8valve outlet area0 z to h a l>ge area ( valve port4 ,x is valve slam or wat] hamm] :i* commonly limits ! highe/ spe$ at :i* a pump c be run4 ,?is wat] hamm] may orig9ate f ! pulsations 9 a long or small suction pipe4 ,! vacuum *amb] less5s x1 b !re is commonly "s po9t ( high wat] 9 ! vacuum *amb] t w give mu* smoo!r action ?an any o!r4 ,valve slam 9 ?is /yle ( pump is caus$ *iefly by ! %ort reb\nd ( ! /eam pi/on aga9/ ! ela/ic /eam cu%ion at ! end ( ! /roke4 ,?is 9 turn snaps ! valves d[n ) a jump :5 ! spe$ is high4 ,divid+ ?is impact or slam on num]\s valves ( l[ lift1 t5ds to break up & less5 ! %ock1 !re=e ) valves ( ! size & /yle us$ 9 fire-pumps1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! less !y h to rise & drop to let ! wat] ?r\gh !m1 ! less w be ! valve slam4 ,?is height ( rise & drop is gov]n$ by ! circumf]5ce r ?an ! port area4 ,exp]i5ce & practice has %[n t a #a_/b-;in* limit ( lift is reasonable & does ensure a smoo? work+ pump "u all ord9>y conditions4 c4 ,! foll[+ table gives m9imums = aggregate valve port area & aggregate valve outlet area1 = ! diff]5t size plung]s1 figur$ on a basis ( #ef ( plung] area = a #ab-;in* /roke1 & #fd = a #af-;in* /roke4 ,size ( ,pump4 #ejj #gej #ajjj #aejj ,gal4 ,gal4 ,gal4 ,gal4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #a ,diamet] ( plung]4 ,in*es #g-a_/d #i #aj #ab ---------------------------------------- --------------- #b ,area ( plung] 9 sq4 in*es #dabh #fcfb #hed #aacaj ---------------------------------------- --------------- #ef ( plung] area1 or ,m9imum aggregate #c valve port area all[$ p] section4 #fd ,squ>e in*es #bcaa #cefc #dcih #gbch ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,m9imum aggregate #d valve port circumf]5ce1 all[$ p] section4 ,in*es #dfbb #gabf #hgif #addgf ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,m9imum aggregate valve outlet area #e all[$ p] section = valves lift$ #a_/b in* high4 ,squ>e in*es #bcaa #cefc #dcih #gbch ---------------------------------------- ------------------ d4 ,if we consid] us+ any "o ( ! ?ree sizes ( valves bel[1 ^: port areas may be assum$ approximately z ,diam4 ,diam4 ( ,valve ,circ4 ( ,valve ,port ,valve4 ,port4 ,circ4 ,v4 ,c4 ,area 7,net74 ,circle4 ,squ>e in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #c #b-a_/b #ghe #ce #c-a_/b #c #idb #dg #d #c-a_/b #ajii #fc ---------------------------------------- ------------ giv51 !n ! necess>y numb] ( valves p] section w be z 9 ! table foll[+3 ,size ( ,pump4 #ejj #gej #ajjj #aejj gal4 gal4 gal4 gal4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,size ( ,valves4#cc-a_/bdcc-a_/bdcc-a_/bdcc-a_/b d ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,necess>y numb] ( valves to satisfy 7#d7 "u c #f #e #e #i #h #gaa #aj #hai #af #ad ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,necess>y numb] ( valves to satisfy 7#c7 "u c #g #e #daj #h #fac #aj #gba #af #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,! exact numb] & size ( valves w1 h[ev]1 n be insi/$ ^u provid$ ! aggregate valve area & ! aggregate valve outlet area = ea* section is n less ?an t giv5 9 ! table "u c = ! limit+ lift ( #a_/b in*4 ,manufactur]s w note t ) ! e/abli%$ lift ( #a_/b in*1 ! #c-a_/b-;in* valve w p]mit a valve outlet area m ne>ly equal to its port area ?an w ei!r ! #c-;in* or #d-;in* valves1 & a relatively less numb] ( valves w satisfy ! specifications4 #cd4 ,,deliv]y ,,valves4 a4 ,! total lift ( deliv]y valves mu/ n exce$ "o-half in*4 ,?is is to avoid valve slam1 z expla9$ 9 ,art4 #cc4 b4 ,! aggregate valve-port area %\ld be re/rict$ to ab\t two-?irds ! suction-valve area4 ,a small re/riction ( wat]-way ?r\gh ! deliv]y valves /eadies ! action ( ! pump & t5ds to prev5t undue pulsations ( pressure 9 ! deliv]y pipe or fire hose4 ,few] deliv]y valves ?an suction valves are1 !re=e1 pref]r$1 & if extra holes 9 ! deliv]y deck are ca/ = %op purposes ^! _h bett] be plugg$ ?an fitt$ ) valves4 ,! suction valves require m g5]\s port-circumf]5ce & port-area ?an deliv]y valves because :5 a pump has to suck its supply ?r\gh a consid]able height or ?r\gh a long pipe !re %\ld be ! lea/ practicable wa/e ( ! atmosph]ic pressure 9 gett+ ! wat] into ! plung] *amb]1 or 9 ret>d+ x f foll[+ ! plung] 9 full contact4 ,) ! wat] once into ! plung] *amb] !re is pl5ty ( /eam pressure available to =ce x out ?r\gh ! deliv]y valves4 #ce4 ,,valve ,,spr+s1 ,,gu>ds ,,& ,,cov]s4 a4 ,all valve spr+s mu/ be ( ! be/ spr+ brass wire1 & mu/ be coil$ on a cyl9drical arbor4 ,conical valve spr+s are n approv$ because ! /ra9 is n uni=m ?r\gh\t spr+1 !reby increas+ ! liability to breakage & ! *ance ( _! gett+ out ( c5t] & becom+ 8hook$ up40 b4 ,! valve spr+ mu/ be held c5trally at its top by re/+ 9 a groove 9 valve gu>d1 sub/antially z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 c4 ,a light1 ru/less metallic plate mu/ be int]pos$ betwe5 ! bottom ( ! spr+ & ! rubb] valve1 & mu/ be ! full area ( ! valve4 ,?is plate mu/ also be =m$ ) a rais$ bead to guide ! spr+ at ! bottom4 ,! weight ( ?is plate %\ld be small1 = ! in]tia ( ! lift+ p>ts ( ! valves %\ld be ! lea/ possible1 to p]mit quick action & to avoid p\nd+4 d4 ,= ! av]age condition ( a #aj or #ae-;foot lift1 ! /iffness ( suction valve spr+s %\ld be su* t a =ce ( ab\t "o p\nd p] squ>e in* ( net port area w lift valve #a_/d in* (f its seat4 ,! spr+s on ! deliv]y valves %\ld ord9>ily be f two to ?ree times z /iff z j specifi$1 b any o!r reasonable degree ( /iffness :i* is prov$ to "w well 9 practice w n be object$ to4 ,= suction "u a head1 ! great] snap ) :i* wat] ent]s ! plung] *amb] :5 ?us pu%$ 9 by say twice ! atmosph]ic pressure r5d]s x difficult to avoid wat] hamm] at high spe$4 ,extra /iff suction valve spr+s w commonly aid 9 controll+ ?is & %\ld be us$ :]ev] pumps are to "w "u a head4 ,an approv$ type ( indicator wat] gate on ! suction pipe ne> ! pump1 :i* c be p>tly clos$1 w enable ! pump to run quietly at high spe$4 ,su* a gate is an extra n includ$ 9 price ( ! pump4 #cf4 ,,/ick+ ,,( ,,valves4 a4 ,/eam fire-pumps %\ld be />t$1 to limb] !m up1 at lea/ once a week4 ,al?\gh vulcaniz$ ,india-rubb] is mu* ! be/ mat]ial yet us$ = fire-pump valves1 un=tunately ! brass is sometimes corrod$ by ! free sulphur conta9$ 9 ! rubb]1 s t if ! pump is left /&+ = sev]al weeks ! rubb] valve discs may become /uck to _! brass seats1 &1 if suction has a high lift1 !re may n be vacuum en\gh to te> all ! suction valves op5 :5 pump is />t$4 #cg4 ,,valve ,,seats4 a4 ,all wat] valve seats mu/ be ( bronze composition4 ,!y may be ei!r screw$ into ! deck on a tap] or =c$ 9 on a smoo? tap] fit4 ,) ei!r arrangem5t1 ! seat mu/ be ei!r flang$ out on ! "u side all ! way r\nd or be provid$ ) a sub/antial lug opposite ea* rib1 ^! lugs be+ exp&$ out aft] ! valve is ins]t$4 ,if ! valve seats are n exp&$ aft] be+ put 9 place1 !re is a possibility t n[ & !n a valve seat w "w loose & come out1 ?us crippl+ ! pump4 b4 ,! "u side ( ! valve deck mu/ be r\nd$ ov] to give good be>+ = ! exp&$ "p ( ! seat4 c4 ,?ree-in* valves mu/ h f\r or five ribs1 ?ree & a half in* valves five or six ribs1 & f\r in*-valves six ribs4 ,en\gh ribs mu/ be provid$ to give prop] support to ! rubb] valve1 b too _m are objectionable1 z small ports w\ld be liable to ob/ruction by refuse4 d4 ,! edges ( ! valve-seat ports mu/ be mod]ately r\nd$ ov]1 to remove su* %>p edges & po9ts1 z w\ld be liable to cut1 or damage ! rubb] valve :5 "u pressure4 #ch4 ,,valve ,,/ems4 a4 ,all valve /ems mu/ be ( #c_/d-;in* ,tob9 bronze & ( ! fix$ type1 & mu/ h ! gu>d fa/5$ on by "o ( ! me?ods %[n 9 ,figs4 #i & #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,o!r me?ods may be approv$1 9 writ+1 if f\nd by te/ & exp]i5ce to h especial m]it4 b4 ,^! /ems mu/ be screw$ into ! seats on a /raight1 tightly fitt+ ?read1 & ! l[] end !n well head$ ov] into a c\nt]s9k4 ,! valve gu>d & nut mu/ be ( composition4 ,9 ,fig4 #i ! upp] "p ( ! /em is slabb$ (f on two opposite sides & fits a correspond+ hole 9 ! gu>d4 ,! gu>d1 !re=e1 _c turn4 ,! outside ( ! special nut is fitt$ on a tap] to ! inside ( ! gu>d1 & ! nut tapp$ out to fit ! #e_/h ,u4 ,s4 ?read on ! /em4 ,! action ( ! valve1 :e!r ) ! spr+ or )\t1 t5ds to drive ^! tap] fits toge!r1 produc+ a frictional lock simil> to t ( a friction clut*2 & al?\gh ! nut may be loose on ! ?read1 x _c possibly "w (f4 ,x w be app>5t t ! tap] fit on ! nut mu/ be s made z to always be> on ! tap] fit 9 ! gu>d1 & n bottom 9 ! gu>d4 ,x is believ$ t ) ! pres5t screw ma*9e practice 9 %ops ( to-day ^! small p>ts c readily be turn$ out accurately & *eaply 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! nuts & gu>ds made 9 any "o %op mu/ be exactly ( /&>d dim5sions1 s t ! product ( diff]5t p]iods w be int]*angeable4 ,! tap] %\ld be ab\t "o in* to "o foot4 ,) ?is tap] ! nut c be readily turn$ 9 or out1 b !re is friction en\gh to hold ! gu>d & nut toge!r ev5 if ! spr+ is (f4 ,9 ,fig4 #aj1 ! top ( ! gu>d is recess$ 9 ! =m ( a holl[ inv]t$ pyramid ( six sides1 to correspond to a hexagonal nut4 ,! angle ( two opposite sides ( ?is recess1 :i* %\ld be ab\t #ge degrees1 w bo? surely lock ! nut & /ill p]mit ( its be+ turn$ ) a wr5*4 ,! gu>d is kept f turn+ by slabb+ (f ! /em1 9 ! same mann] z describ$ & %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,to facilitate ! removal ( ! nut1 ! edges %\ld be slightly *amf]$4 ,an unf9i%$ nut simply drill$ & tapp$ is all t is desir$4 ,any hexagonal or squ>e nut )9 ! size ( ! tap]$ recess w be lock$4 ,) ?is con/ruction1 ! nut _c turn 9 ei!r direction )\t compress+ ! spr+ & is !re=e lock$1 &1 9 ! ev5t ( ! spr+ break+ or be+ left (f1 ! nut is well protect$ 9 its recess f ! possible turn+ effects ( wat] curr5ts1 & exp]im5ts h %[n t x w /ill /ay 9 place4 ,) ma*9e mold+ x w be possible to make ^! gu>ds complete 9 f\ndry1 requir+ no ma*9e "w fur!r ?an a possible broa*+ out ( hole to fit ! /em1 z a fairly good fit is necess>y4 ,:ile bo? ( ^! devices are effective ev5 ?\gh n tight5$ d[n to a %\ld]1 !y %\ld be s tight5$ = great] safety & to fix ! lift at ! half-in* limit4 #ci4 ,,pipe ,,sizes4 a4 ,wat] & /eam pipe connections mu/ h /&>d flanges to connect ) pipes ( ! sizes giv5 bel[4 ,size ( ,pump4 ,diamet] ( ,diamet] ,/eam ,exhau/ ,gal4 ,p] ,m94 ,suction ,pipe4,dis*>ge ,pipe4 ,pipe4 ,pipe4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ejj #h #f #c #d #gej #aj #g or #h;,c #c-a_/b #d #a1jjj #ab #h #d #e #a1ejj #ad #aj #e #f ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,footnote ,c3 ,eight-in* pref]r$1 ?is be+ ! m common size = valves1 fitt+s1 & pipes4 ,^! suction pipe sizes1 al?\gh l>g] ?an common = trade pumps ( ! same size1 are believ$ to be amply ju/ifi$ by exp]i5ce1 & ex]t a p[]ful influ5ce t[>d enabl+ ! pump to run smoo?ly at high spe$ ) wat] cyl9d]s fill+ p]fectly at ea* /roke4 ,no defect is m common ?an re/rict$ suction pipes4 b4 ,a s+le suction entrance at ! end ( ! pump is to be provid$ unless o!rwise specifi$ by ! pur*as]4 ,"s situations r5d] desirable side suction entrances1 = p]mitt+ draft+ wat] f two diff]5t s\rces ( supply4 ,^! additional op5+s are to be consid]$ z extras4 ,ord9>ily1 ! pur*as] c provide = su* situations by prop] pip+ at ! s+le end suction entrance4 ,if !re is to be b "o suction op5+ on ca/+1 ?is _h be/ be at c5t]1 = ! reason t1 if suction pipe ev] gets to leak+ air1 ?is air /&s a bett] *ance ( be+ di/ribut$ equally to ! two plung]s1 & has less t5d5cy to make ! pump run unev5ly4 c4 ,/&>d flanges & /&>d bolt lay\ts z adopt$ by ! ,ma/] ,/eam ,fitt]s1 ,july #ah1 #ahid1 mu/ be us$ on all ! above pipe connections1 z p] table giv5 bel[4 ,,s*$ule ,,( ,,/&>d ,,flanges4 ,size ( ,pipe ,diamet] ,numb] ,size ,flange ,diam4 ( ( ( ,?ickness ( ,flange4 ,bolt ,circle4 ,bolts4 ,bolts4 at ,edge4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #c #g-a_/b #f #d #e_/h #b-a_/b #ac_/af #c-a_/b #h-a_/b #g #d #e_/h #b-a_/b #g_/h #d #i #g-a_/b #d #c_/d #b-c_/d #ae_/af #d-a_/b #i-a_/d #g-c_/d #h #c_/d #c #ae_/af #e #aj #h-a_/b #h #c_/d #c #ae_/af #f #aa #i-a_/b #h #c_/d #c #a #g #ab-a_/b #aj-c_/d #h #c_/d #c-a_/d #a-a_/af #h #ac-a_/b #aa-c_/d #h #c_/d #c-a_/b #a-a_/h #i #ae #ac-a_/d #ab #c_/d #c-a_/b #a-a_/h #aj #af #ad-a_/d #ab #g_/h #c-e_/h #a-c_/af #ab #ai #ag #ab #g_/h #c-c_/d #a-a_/d #ad #ba #ah-c_/d #ab #a #d-a_/d #a-c_/h ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,d n drill bolt holes on c5t] l9e1 b symmetrically ea* side ( x4 ,on /eam & exhau/ op5+s loose flanges ?read$ = wr\ght-iron pipe mu/ be provid$4 ,:]e ! situation w n p]mit ( a /&>d flange on exhau/ op5+ = lack ( room1 a special flange ?read$ to fit ! prop] size wr\ght-iron pipe may be us$4 #dj4 ,,air ,,& ,,vacuum ,,*amb]s4 a4 ,air & vacuum *amb]s 9 accordance ) ! sizes giv5 9 ! foll[+ table mu/ be provid$ ) all pumps4 ,if ! air *amb] is ca/ iron1 ! pump manufactur]s mu/ w>rant t x has be5 subject$ to a hydraulic te/ ( #djj lbs4 p] squ>e in* be=e x is connect$ to pump4 ,x is to be ?or\ghly pa9t$ inside & out to dim9i% its porosity4 ,,size ,,( ,,vacuum ,,& ,,air ,,*amb]s4 ,vacuum ,*amb] is ,air ,*amb] is to conta93-- to conta93-- ---------------------------------------- --------------- #ejj-;gallon pump4 #ac gallons4 #ag gallons4 #gej #ah #be #a1jjj #bd #cj #a1ejj #cj #dj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,! air *amb]1 comb9$ ) connections = dis*>ge pipe1 relief valve1 & hose valves1 %\ld be c>efully design$ to make ! :ole weight z small z possible4 ,keep+ ?is weight d[n makes ! pump run /eadi] & br+s less /ra9 on ! flanges at high spe$s4 ,an air *amb] ( hamm]$ copp] & w>rant$ te/$ "u a hydraulic pressure n less ?an #cjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* is a little bett] ?an ca/ iron z x holds air bett]1 & be+ light] x wr5*es & /ra9s ! pump less :5 runn+ fa/ & %ak+1 b because x co/s f #be to #ej m ?an ca/ iron1 x is n (t5 adopt$4 b4 ,! vacuum *amb] mu/ be atta*$ to ! pump 9 ! mo/ direct way practicable1 b provision mu/ be made = atta*+ x 9 su* mann] z n to prev5t readily tak+ (f ! cyl9d] heads4 c4 ,e vacuum *amb] %\ld be provid$ on "o side ne> ! top ) a #a_/d-;in* pipe hole plugg$4 ,?is to be us$ = atta*+ a vacuum gauge if desir$4 #da4 ,,pressure ,,gauge4 a4 ,a pressure gauge ( ! ,lane d\ble tube spr+ patt]n ) #e-;in* case1 mu/ be provid$ ) ! pump1 & connect$ ne> to inbo>d side ( air *amb]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 by a #a_/d-;in* cock1 ) lev] h&le4 ,! dial ( ?is gauge %\ld be scal$ to indicate pressures up to #bdj lbs4 & be m>k$ 8,,wat]40 ,?is k9d ( gauge is us$ on locomotives & is ! be/ = )/&+ ! vibration :i* causes fire-pump gauges to be (t5 unreliable4 ,moreov]1 ?is d\ble spr+ =m is saf] aga9/ freez+4 #db4 ,,hose ,,valves4 a4 ,hose valves mu/ be atta*$ to ! pump 7& includ$ 9 its price7 z foll[s3-- ,= ! #b /ream or #ejj-;gal4 pump1 #b hose valves4 ,= ! #c /ream or #gej-;gal4 pump1 #c hose valves4 ,= ! #d /ream or #a1jjj-;gal4 pump1 #d hose valves4 ,= ! #f /ream or #a1ejj-;gal4 pump1 #f hose valves4 ,^! are to be #b-a_/b-;in* /raightway brass valves1 )\t cap1 & simil> & equal 9 quality to ^? made by ! ,*apman ,valve ,company1 ! ,ludl[ ,valve ,company1 or ! ,lunk5heim] ,company4 ,! hose-screw at end ( ^! valves is to be fitt$ to a hose c\pl+ furni%$ by ! cu/om]1 or :]e ?is _c be procur$ may be left ) ! ?read uncut4 ,to accommodate locations :]e all ! l9es ( hose mu/ lead (f f "o side ( ! pump--mak]s c furni% a spool piece or special ca/+ to :i* ! hose valves c be atta*$--b ?is is an extra n includ$ 9 ! regul> price4 #dc4 ,,safety ,,valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 a4 ,a safety or relief valve ( ! ,a%ton1 ,crosby1 ,am]ican1 or o!r make agre$ ^u 9 writ+ ) ?is (fice1 is to be regul>ly includ$ 9 ! price1 & is to be atta*$ to ea* pump2 pref]ably ext5d+ horizontally inbo>d f base ( air *amb]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 s t its h&-:eel = regulat+ pressure is )9 easy rea*4 ,?is h&-:eel mu/ be m>k$ v conspicu\sly z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 b4 ,?is valve is to be set ord9>ily at a work+ pressure ( #ajj p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 & is to be ( su* capacity1 t :5 set at #ajj p\nds x c pass all ! wat] dis*>g$ by ! pump at full spe$1 at a pump pressure n exce$+ #abe p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,= #ejj-;gallon pump a #c in* valve4 ,= #gej-;gallon pump #c-a_/b in* valve4 ,= #a1jjj-;gallon pump #d in* valve4 ,= #a1ejj-;gallon pump #e in* valve4 ,! relief valve mu/ dis*>ge 9 a v]tical d[nw>d direction into a cone or funnel secur$ to ! outlet ( ! valve4 7,see ,art4 #dd47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,! valve mu/ be s atta*$ to ! deliv]y elb[ & dis*>ge cone by flange connections z to p]mit ( its ready removal = repairs )\t di/urb+ ! wa/e pip+4 #dd4 ,,dis*>ge ,,cone4 a4 ,?is cone %\ld be s con/ruct$ t ! pump op]ator c easily see any wat] wa/+ ?r\gh ! relief valve1 & its passages %\ld be ( su* design & size z to avoid spla%+ wat] ov] into ! pump room4 b4 ,! cone mu/ also h a "o-in* tapp$ connection = ! air-v5t pipe requir$ by ,art4 #de1 & ! arrangem5t mu/ be su* t ! pump op]ator c easily tell :e!r wat] is com+ f ! air pipe or is wa/+ ?r\gh ! relief valve4 c4 ,! cone %\ld be pip$ to "s po9t outside ( ! pump h\se :]e wat] c be wa/$ freely1 ! wa/e pipes be+ z bel[4 ,,size ,,( ,,diamet] ,,( ,,wa/e ,,pump4 ,,pipe ,,f ,,cone4 ----------------------------------- #ejj-;gallon4 #e in*es4 #gej #f #a1jjj #g #a1ejj #h ----------------------------------- ,! wa/e pipe c pass d[n to floor betwe5 ! yokes at middle ( pump4 ,x %\ld be pip$ 9 su* a way t /eam & gases f o!r dra9s or wa/e pipes w n "w back ?r\gh x1 &1 by be+ tr\blesome 9 ! pump room1 sugge/ ! cov]+ ( ! cone 9 any way1 z x is desirable t ! pump op]ator %\ld always be able to see in/antly any wa/e f ! relief valve or air v5t4 ,?is ca/-iron cone1 connect$ to ! safety valve & air v5t1 is includ$ 9 price ( pump1 b ! wa/e pipe beyond x is n4 #de4 ,,air ,,valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 a4 ,an air v5t ) a brass gate valve & brass pipe = connect+ up1 mu/ be provid$ & connect$ ) deliv]y elb[ & dis*>ge cone4 b4 ,! size ( ?is air v5t %\ld be "o in* = #ejj-;gallon & #gej-;gallon pumps1 & "o & "o-f\r? in*es = ! #ajjj-;gallon & #aejj-;gallon sizes4 c4 ,! h& :eel ( ?is valve mu/ be m>k$ z p] ,fig4 #ac4 ,! lett]+ mu/ be v op51 cle> & di/9ct1 n liable to be ob/ruct$ by grease & dirt1 & ( a p]man5t "*4 ,! object ( ?is valve is to r$uce ! pressure above =ce valves & secure a prompt riddance ( all air t may come ?r\gh ! wat] cyl9d]s :5 fir/ />t+ up4 ,?is valve1 ( c\rse1 %\ld be clos$ :5 once pump is "u way1 to prev5t wa/e ( wat]4 #df4 ,,prim+4 a4 ,ea* pump mu/ be fitt$ ) a set ( brass prim+ pipes & valves1 accord+ to ei!r "o or ! o!r ( ! foll[+ me?ods3 b4 ,= #a1jjj & #a1ejj gallon pumps1 ! prim+ pipes mu/ be #a-a_/d in*es4 ,= ! #ejj & #gej gallon pumps1 ! pipes mu/ be #a in*4 ,pump-mak]s are to furni% ^! pipes & ! fitt+s call$ = bel[1 & are to connect !m up provid+ a #b-;in* outlet1 look+ upw>ds1 ready = ! supply f ! prim+ tank4 ,! pipe f ! prim+ tank to ?is outlet %\ld be at lea/ #b-;in*1 & may be ( iron1 & is to be furni%$ by ! pur*as]4 ,all p>ts furni%$ by ! pump-mak] are to be ( brass1 & are to be includ$ 9 ! price ( ! pump4 ,,controllable ,,valve ,,arrangem5t4 c4 ,f\r #b-seat controllable valves1 "o = ea* pulsation *amb]1 & ( ! g5]al type illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ad1 mu/ be provid$4 ,9 ^! ! inlet ( wat] & outlet ( air are simultane\sly op5$ & clos$ by ! pump op]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,objection has be5 rais$ to ?is d\ble-seat$ valve f ! possible difficulty ( keep+ bo? seats tight4 ,if desir$1 ! valve may be fitt$ ) a flange in/ead ( a screw connection1 & ! /em betwe5 ! two seats some:at enl>g$ & provid$ ) a suitable spr+1 ?us giv+ flexibility betwe5 ! two seats & prev5t+ all tr\ble f unev5 we>4 d4 ,! h&-:eel ( ea* ( ^! valves mu/ be m>k$ z p] ,fig4 #ae1 s t ! pump op]ator ,i may cle>ly und]/& _! use4 ,! lett]+ mu/ be v op51 cle> & di/9ct1 n liable to be obscur$ by grease & dirt1 & ( a p]man5t "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 e4 ,!re mu/ be provid$ & fitt$ to ea* comb9$ valve a *eck & umbrella-top air v5t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,?is fitt+ mu/ h a cle> passageway ?r\gh x1 ! full equival5t ( a #a_/b-;in* bore4 ,! *eck-valve is to p]mit ! outfl[ ( air1 b to prev5t ! influx :5 ! plung] is suck+4 ,?is me?od is pref]r$ to ! "o us+ rubb] prim+ *ecks1 z n[ & !n a rubb] valve w /ick on its seat & ?us prev5t prim+ ( "o ( ! *amb]s4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t ! pump op]ator has absolute control ov] ! prim+ wat] into ea* *amb]4 ,ano!r advantage is t ! connection ( ! air-v5t ) ! prim+ valve ensures t ! air-v5ts w be op5$2 & fur!r1 by ! vigor\s spurt+ out ( wat] z soon z ! pump is prim$1 ! pump op]ator is rem9d$ t ! prim+ valve %\ld be clos$4 ,%\ld ! pump op]ator1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh a mi/ak5 idea ( ! prop] me?od ( op]ation1 ?9k t ! prim+ %\ld be cont9u$ until all air 0 exhau/$ f ! suction pipe & ! pump runn+ 9 normal condition1 !re w\ld be "s by-pass+ betwe5 *amb]s1 b z !re is a free v5t = ! air1 ! ma9 result w\ld be simply to limit ! am\nt ( air exhau/$ p] /roke1 f ! ma9 suction1 by ! am\nt ( wat] :i* ent]$ a *amb] 9 ?is way4 ,! am\nt ( wat] ?us ent]+1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be appreciably great] ?an t :i* w\ld ent] f ! prim+-tank ) ! *eck-valve arrangem5t4 ,if1 ev5 9 spite ( ! w>n+ giv5 by ! spurt+ air-v5ts1 ! pump op]ator %\ld neglect to close ! prim+-valves :5 ! pump 0 runn+ normally1 ! prim+-tank w\ld ev5tually be ov]fl[$2 b ?is w\ld n be z s]i\s z ! draw+ 9 ( air f an exhau/$ prim+-tank1 :i* w\ld result ) ! *eck-valve me?od1 7 ! ma9 #b-;in* valve simil>ly neglect$4 ,,rubb] ,,*eck ,,valves4 f4 ,f\r rubb] *eck valves1 "o = ea* pulsation *amb]1 & simil> to ord9>y pump valves1 mu/ be provid$4 ,! *amb]s = ^! %\ld pref]ably be made z a "p ( ! pump cyl9d]1 ?us secur+ a compact arrangem5t4 ,figure #ab %[s ?is arrangem5t 9 outl9e4 g4 ,! valve seat %\ld h ?ree ribs to ! c5tral hub1 support+ ! rubb] valve4 ,! net port area ?r\gh ! valve %\ld be n less ?an #a-a_/b squ>e in*es4 ,?is valve seat %\ld re/ 9 an inv]t$ position1 & c be s fitt$ up z to be readily remov$4 ,! valve /ems c be ( ! removable type screw+ into ! seat1 b mu/ be made long en\gh to receive a *eck nut on ! opposite side ( seat4 ,?is w effectually lock ! /em 9 place4 h4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to arrange ! wat] passages ?r\gh & ab\t ^! prim+ *ecks1 s z to avoid all air pockets & s z to r$uce to a m9imum ! possibility ( ! valves becom+ *ok$ up by refuse4 i4 ,! valve seats1 /ems & all p>ts mu/ be ( composition & ( /rong rugg$ design1 s fitt$ up t !re is ! lea/ *ance = ! rubb] valves to /ick1 & ) all p>ts securely put toge!r ! valves mu/ be readily accessible4 j4 ,! valve spr+s mu/ h only suffici5t /r5g? to keep ! valves on _! seats1 s t !y w freely op5 ev5 ) ! l[ head ( prim+ wat] (t5 exi/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 k4 ,!re mu/ be provid$1 & atta*$ to ! top ( ea* plung] *amb]1 a brass *eck valve & air cock ) umbrella top1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,?is cock & valve mu/ h a cle> passageway ?r\gh !m--! full equival5t ( a #a_/b-;in* bore4 ,! *eck valve is to p]mit ! outfl[ ( air1 b to prev5t ! influx :5 ! plung] is suck+4 ,cocks ) lev] h&les are us$1 z ^! %[ cle>ly :e!r !y are op5 or %ut4 l4 ,!re mu/ also be provid$ a #b-;in* brass gate valve = ! g5]al control ( ! wat] to ! f\r-*eck valves4 ,! h& :eel ( ?is valve mu/ be m>k$ z p] ,fig4 #ae4 ,! lett]+ mu/ be v cle>1 op51 & di/9ct1 n liable to be obscur$ by grease1 & ( a p]man5t "*4 ,x is ess5tial = a prop]ly work+ pump t ! ma9 #b-;in* prim+-valve %\ld be clos$ z soon z ! pump is prim$4 ,o!rwise1 wat] w be drawn f ! prim+ tank1 less5+ ! lift+ p[] ( ! pump ?r\gh ! ma9 suction1 & if ?is is cont9u$ ! prim+ tank w (t5 be exhau/$ & air drawn into ! pump1 int]f]+ ) its prop] action4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! m>k+ on ! prim+ valve is requir$4 ,= all av]age situations1 ei!r me?od ( prim+ p]mits ( gett+ ! pump "u way 9 a v few m9utes1 b1 = cases :]e ! suction pipe is ov] #cjj or #djj feet 9 l5g?1 or sometimes :]e ! lift is ov] #ah feet1 or :]e !re is a comb9ation ( long l5g? & lift )9 ^! limits1 s mu* "t is consum$ 9 exhau/+ ! air f ! suction pipe t x becomes desirable to supplem5t ?is me?od4 ,= su* situations1 a /eam ejector connect$ to ! suction pipe ne> ! pump is advis$1 & may be requir$ 9 addition to ! regul> prim+ pipes & tank4 ,! size ( ! ejector %\ld be suffici5t to exhau/ ! suction pipe )9 ab\t ?ree m9utes4 ,su* ejectors w be consid]$ z extras n includ$ 9 ! ord9>y pump fitt+s4 ,= cases :]e pump c only take its suction "u a head1 if absolutely c]ta9 t ! level ( ! suction wat] w nev] fall bel[ level ( c5t] ( pump1 ^! prim+ pipes may be omitt$1 b op5+s = !m into ! pump %ell mu/ be provid$ & capp$ or plugg$4 ,a foot valve on a fire-pump suction is n advis$ except 9 v r>e cases1 z ) a lift ( #ah feet or a suction pipe #ejj feet or m long4 ,a foot valve is n ne$$ :5 !re is a good effici5t set ( prim+ arrangem5ts z describ$ above & x is commonly f\nd ?is gives a false s5se ( security1 & t ) a fire-pump left /&+ sev]al days ! wat] w (t5 be f\nd to h leak$ back1 s t x is no bett] ?an if no foot valve _h be5 us$4 ,a foot valve mu/ ( necessity g5]ally be locat$ :]e x is inaccessible = quick repairs1 & z !y gr[ old1 foot valves are (t5 a s\rce ( tr\ble4 ,:]e a suction pipe is expos$ ev5 slightly to fro/1 a foot valve is specially objectionable4 ,a prim+ tank is provid$ = ! pur*as] 9 all cases :]e !re is ev] to be any lift on ! suction4 ,x is g5]ally advis$ t ?is tank h a capacity ( "o-half ( :at ! pump c ?r[ at full spe$ 9 a m9ute4 ,?is means #bej gallons = a #ejj-;gallon pump & #ejj gallons = a #a1jjj-;gallon pump1 etc4 ,x is ! int5tion to make ! pump a truly 8indep5d5t s\rce0 ( supply1 !re=e ! ne$ ( a special prim+ tank4 ,,old] ,,prim+ ,,arrangem5ts4 ,! =m ( prim+ arrangem5t h]et(ore us$1 ) metal *eck valves1 "o ma9 #b-;in* prim+ valve1 & #a-;in* prim+ pipes1 sep>ate controllable air cocks1 may be reta9$ on all pumps at pres5t 9 s]vice1 & w be consid]$ satisfactory1 if kept 9 good ord]4 ,if 9 any case su* *ecks give tr\ble ! prim+ arrangem5t may be *ang$ & valves l ,fig4 #ad or rubb] *ecks z describ$ 9 sections f-j1 made up 9 deta*able =m1,d may be put on if desir$1 :]e ! connections on ! pump p]mit !m4 ,:]e nei!r me?od is desir$ or :]e nei!r is feasible ! faulty *ecks may be replac$ by a special type su* z are n[ made = ?is use1 by ! ,locke ,regulator ,company1 ( ,salem1 ,mass4 ,^! are #a-;in* *eck valves1 adapt$ to use a small disc ( m$ium h>d rubb]1 simil> to a pump valve4 ,^! fitt+s are v ne> ! dim5sions ( ! comm]cial *eck valve1 s t ) slight %ort5+ ( pip+ connections !y w fit into ! pres5t arrangem5ts1 & give satisfaction4 #dg4 ,,dra9 ,,cocks4 a4 ,five brass dra9 cocks1 ea* ) a lev] h&le & ( #a_/b-;in* bore1 are to be provid$1 & locat$ "o on ea* end ( ea* wat] cyl9d]1 & "o above ! upp] valve deck4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to select a patt]n ( cock ^: passageway is ! practical equival5t ( a #a_/b-;in* hole4 ,"s patt]ns ( #a_/b-;in* comm]cial cocks al?\gh ?read$ = #a_/b-;in* pipe ?read h b a #a_/d-;in* hole ?r\gh !m4 ,su* are n acceptable4 ,footnote ,d3 ,su* deta*able rubb] *eck valves are n[ made up 9 regul> =m by ! ,george ,f4 ,blake ,mfg4 ,co41 ,ea/ ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,te/s ,,= ,,acceptance4 #dh4 ,,te/ ,,= ,,smoo?ness ,,( ,,action4 a4 ,provide outlets = ! wat]2 />t ! pump sl[ly1 gradually op5 /eam-?rottle to br+ ! pump to full spe$4 ,! pump %\ld run smoo?ly at ! rat$ full spe$ ( #gj revolutions p] m9ute 7or #fj revolutions if a #a1ejj-;gallon pump7 ) full l5g? ( /roke1 & mean:ile ma9ta9 a wat] pressure ( #ajj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,if ! hose l9es are %ort1 or dis*>ge is too free1 p>tly close ! wat] outlet valves1 ?us ?r[+ an extra back pressure on ! pump equival5t to t :i* w\ld be produc$ ?r\gh a great] l5g? ( hose4 ,dur+ ?is trial x is pref]able to dis*>ge ! wat] ?r\gh l9es ( #b-a_/b-;in* cotton rubb]-l9$ hose1 pref]ably ea* #aej feet long1 ea* connect$ directly to ! hose outlets on ! pump1 & ea* l9e hav+ a #a-a_/h-;in* smoo? nozzle at its out] end4 ,two l9es %\ld be connect$ = a #ejj-;gallon pump1 ?ree = a #gej1 & s on1 hav+ z _m l9es z rat+ ( pump requires4 ,a hose l9e #aej feet long1 ) an inside surface ( av]age smoo?ness1 & ) a #a-a_/h-;in* nozzle atta*$1 w require ab\t #hj p\nds pressure at ! pump to dis*>ge #bej gallons p] m9ute1 & ! nozzle pressure w be ab\t #de p\nds4 ,!re=e1 ) l9es atta*$ z above1 a pressure at ! pump ( ab\t #hj p\nds %\ld repres5t a dis*>ge ab\t equal to ! rat$ capacity ( ! pump1 & w\ld ord9>ily correspond ) ! rat$ full spe$ revolutions4 ,if ! pump runs smoo?ly "u ^! conditions1 x is well to op5 ! ?rottle some:at fur!r1 & br+ ! pressure at ! pump up to #ajj p\nds4 ,?is w give a dis*>ge ( ab\t #bhj gallons p] /ream1 or ab\t #ab p] c5t4 9 excess ( ! rat$ capacity4 ,! revolutions w1 ( c\rse1 correspond+ly increase1 & "u all ord9>y conditions a pump %\ld run smoo?ly at ?is high] capacity ?\gh a little m vibration & p\nd+ w\ld be expect$ ?an :5 runn+ simply at its rat$ spe$4 ,aft] cu%ion valves are adju/$ !re %\ld be no notewor?y wat] hamm] or valve-slam4 ,sometimes valve-slam is n ! fault ( ! pump1 b arises f an ob/ruct$ suction pipe4 ,x is objectionable to doctor wat] hamm] 9 a pump by 8snift+0 air into ! suction1 z ?is cuts d[n ! effici5cy & is a poor exp$i5t4 ,! quietness ( t "p ( ! hose ne> ! pump1 or its fre$om f rubb+ back & =? crosswise an in* or m ) ea* pulsation ( ! pump1 is a good index ( ! pump mak]'s skill 9 secur+ uni=m deliv]y4 ,bad pulsation quickly we>s holes 9 ! hose1 & to reveal ?is is ! object ( te/+ ) hose connect$ directly to ! pump4 #di4 ,,te/ ,,( ,,! ,,int]nal ,,friction4 a4 ,?is is %[n by ! read+ ( /eam gauge comp>$ ) wat] pressure gauge at air *amb]4 ,te/s h g5]ally run ab\t z foll[s1 = pumps runn+ at full rat$ spe$3 ,size ,gallons #ejj #gej #a1jjj #a1ejj ,p] ,m9ute ,capacity4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,ratio ( ,/eam #d ,times#c ,times#c ,times#b-c_/d ,times ,pi/on ,area to ,wat] ,pi/on ,area4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,wat] #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ,pressure lbs4 ,p] ,sq4 94 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,/eam ,pressure #be #cc #cc #cfe ,!oretically ,necess>y1 ,disreg>d+ ,friction4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,excess ( ,/eam #ae #ab #ab #ace ,pressure ,ne$$ to ,ov]come ,friction1 ,back ,pressure1 ,etc4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,actual ,/eam #dj #de #de #ej ,pressure ,f\nd ,necess>y at ! ,pump4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- b4 ,! /eam pressure ne$$ w v>y slightly ) ! fre$om ( ! exhau/ pipe & ) ! tightness ( ! pack+s1 etc41 b a /eam pressure ( #de p\nds at ! /eam *e/ %\ld suffice = #ajj p\nds wat] pressure on pump 9 prop] adju/m5t4 #ej4 ,,te/ ,,( ,,/r5g? ,,& ,,tightness4 a4 ,fir/1 %ut ! ma9 valve betwe5 ! pump & ! fire sy/em le/ a spr9kl] head be bur/1 !n %ut all wat] outlets ne>ly1 b n q tight1 s pump w move v sl[ly4 ,screw safety valve d[n h>d4 ,sl[ly & c>efully admit /eam pressure suffici5t to give #bdj p\nds p] squ>e in* wat] pressure4 b4 ,) ?is extreme pressure all jo9ts %\ld rema9 sub/antially tight1 & ! sl[ motion ( ! pump %\ld be tol]ably smoo? & uni=m4 7,! leakage ( a few drops "h & !re & a little un/ead9ess ( motion are to be expect$47 c4 ,if boil] pressure is above #he p\nds1 ! safety valve on pump %\ld be atta*$ & screw$ d[n only en\gh to hold ! requir$ pressure4 ,= ) #ajj p\nds or m ( /eam ! wat] pressure might be c>ri$ too high4 ,aft] complet+ ! above te/ slack (f on safety valve1 sett+ x s t x w beg9 to op5 at ab\t #ajj p\nds pressure4 #ea4 ,,te/ ,,( ,,capacity ,,( ,,safety ,,valve4 a4 ,! relief valve may next be te/$ by fir/ adju/+ x to 8pop0 at #ajj p\nds1 !n %ut ! ma9 outlet to pump1 & !n %ut ! hose gates "o by "o1 & ?us =ce all ! dis*>ge ?r\gh ! relief valve1 mean:ile op5+ /eam ?rottle1 s z to run pump fir/ at two-?irds spe$ or ab\t #ej revolutions p] m9ute1 & f9ally at full spe$ 7#gj revolutions74 ,! safety valve 7relief valve7 %\ld c>ry all ?is & n let ! pressure rise above #abe p\nds4 ,! pressure 9 a quick-mov+ fire-pump necess>ily fluctuates #e to #ae p\nds at diff]5t po9ts 9 /roke1 & an air *amb] ( reasonable size _c :olly remove ?is4 ,!re=e ! safety valve mu/ be set at ab\t #ae p\nds high] ?an ! int5d$ av]age work+ pressure2 o!rwise x w get to jump+ ) almo/ e /roke4 #eb4 ,,te/ ,,( ,,int]nal ,,leakage ,,or ,,slip4 a4 ,set safety-valves at #aae lbs41 %ut all wat] outlets1 admit /eam en\gh to give #ajj p\nds wat] pressure1 !n pump w move v sl[ly "u ! influ5ce ( ! leakage pa/ plung]s4 ,ab\t "o revolution ( pump p] m9ute %[s a prop] accuracy ( fit4 ,any:]e f #a_/c to #b revolutions p] m9ute is satisfactory4 ,too tight a fit is bad1 z if n exce$+ly uni=m x induces scor+ or cutt+ ( ! metals4 ,moreov]1 %\ld ! pump happ5 to be run dry = a few m9utes be=e cat*+ its suction a slight w>m+ & expansion ( ! plung] may cause x to /ick & cut4 #ec4 ,,te/ ,,) ,,maximum ,,work+ ,,pressure4 a4 ,= ?is1 alt]nately %ut d[n ! ma9 outlet gate & adju/ ! h&-:eel ( ! safety valve1 & op5 up on ! ?rottle z may be requir$1 runn+ pump at say "o-half spe$ 7or1 9 exp]i5c$ h&s1 at full rat$ spe$71 & note ! greate/ wat] pressure :i* ! full boil] pressure 7unless boil] pressure is above #he lbs47 w yield ) pump at full spe$4 ,sometimes x may be necess>y to =ce wat] ?r\gh v long l9es ( hose1 or to an unusual height4 ,/eam fire eng9es are n infrequ5tly call$ on to give #bjj p\nds p] squ>e in* wat] pressure4 ,to te/ %ort hose l9es ) any:]e ne> s high a pump-pressure is dang]\s1 le/ nozzle kick & pull itself away f ! man hold+ x & ?ra% ar\nd2 b ! ability ( ! pump may be te/$ by putt+ ?is high pressure-deliv]y ma9ly ?r\gh ! safety valve1 or 9 "p ?r\gh ! p>tially clos$ ma9 outlet gate4 ,x is n advisable to c>ry ?is wat] pressure above #bjj p\nds 9 ?is te/ at ! factory1 7al?\gh 9 ! %op te/ ! wat] pressure is c>ri$ to #bdj p\nds7 & eng9e driv] %\ld /& ) 8 h& on ! ?rottle4 #ed4 ,,te/ ,,= ,,maximum ,,deliv]y4 a4 ,?is c be/ be tri$ by add+ "o or1 9 "s cases1 two m /reams ?an ! pump is rat$ to deliv] by atta*+ ! extra l9es ( hose to "s hydrant ne>1 & !n spe$ up ! pump gradually1 to see h[ fa/ x may be run be=e viol5t p\nd+ or slamm+ ( valves beg9s4 ,sometimes ! increas$ deliv]y c be drawn (f ?r\gh an op5 hydrant-butt mean:ile hold+ suffici5t back pressure to %[ #ajj p\nds on ! wat] gauge by p>tly clos+ ! dis*>ge valve4 ,! eng9e driv] %\ld /& ) 8 h& on or ne> ! ?rottle :5 ?us spe$+ ! pump4 ,x is all "r to run a fire-pump up to ! utmo/ spe$ possible be=e wat] hamm] beg9s1 & v (t5 a pump1 :ile new & if favorably set up1 c deliv] #be to #ej p] c5t4 m ?an rat$ capacity2 nev]!less1 al?\gh exp]t treatm5t c =ce #a1jjj gallons f a #af #i #ab pump we c rate x z only a #gej-;gallon pump4 ,!re mu/ be "s m>g9 to all[ = we> & = ! possible abs5ce ( ! exp]t at "t ( fire4 ,,! ,,ma9 ,,po9ts ,,( ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! 8,,national ,,/&>d0 ,,& ,,! 8,,trade ,,pump0 ,,are3 ,brass ,plung]s in/ead ( ca/-iron plung]s4 ,wr\ght iron side lev]s in/ead ( ca/ iron4 ,bronze pi/on rods & valve rods in/ead ( iron or /eel4 ,pump has brass-l9$ /uff+ boxes in/ead ( ca/ iron4 ,rock %afts are brass bu%$4 ,area ( wat] valves is #be to #ej p] c5t4 great]4 ,/eam & exhau/ passages #bj to #ej p] c5t4 great]4 ,suction pipe connections two to f\r in*es great] diamet]4 ,cu%ion valves bett] arrang$4 ,air *amb] is made mu* l>g]4 ,%ells & bolt+ are w>rant$ especially /rong4 ,! foll[+ necess>y fitt+s are includ$ 9 ! price1 & regul>ly furni%$ z a "p ( ?is pump1 viz43 ,a capacity plate4 ,a /roke gauge4 ,a vacuum *amb]4 ,two be/ quality pressure gauges4 ,a wat] relief valve ( l>ge capacity4 ,a ca/ iron relief valve dis*>ge cone4 ,a set ( brass prim+ pipes & special prim+ valves4 ,f two to six hose valves4 ,a sight fe$ cyl9d] lubricator connect$ above ?rottle4 ,a "o-p9t h& oil pump connect$ bel[ ?rottle4 ,in=mation reg>d+ te/s made "u ^! specifications c be obta9$ by address+ ,und]writ]s' ,laboratories1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,index ,,to ,,pump ,,specifications4 ,article ,no4 & section4 ,acceptance1 te/s =1 #dh to #ed ,air *amb]1 #dj ,air valve1 #de ,automatic spr9kl]s1 dis*>ge (1 #c c ,boil] p[] requir$ = driv+ pumps1 #c a ,bolts1 all[able /ress & size1 #i1 #bg f ,bolt+ /&>ds requir$1 #ci c ,bu%+s = pack$ wat] pi/ons1 #cj ,bu%+s = plung]s1 #bh1 #bi ,capacity ( pumps1 me?od ( comput+1 #d ,capacity plate1 #e ,*amb]s1 air & vacuum1 #dj ,cle>ance 9 /eam cyl9d]s1 #ab ,cone1 dis*>ge1 #dd ,cov] plates = wat] valves1 #ce ,cranks1 #af ,cros%eads1 #af c ,cu%ion valves1 #ai ,cyl9d]s1 /eam1 #h ,cyl9d]s1 wat]1 #bg ,deliv]y1 te/ ( maximum1 #ed ,dis*>ge cone1 #dd ,dra9 cocks1 #bd1 #dg ,duplex pumps requir$1 #b ,fire /ream1 /&>d1 #c c ,flanges1 /&>ds requir$1 #ci c ,friction1 int]nal1 te/s =1 #di ,gu>ds = valves1 #ce ,gauges1 pressure1 #bc1 #da ,gauges1 /roke1 #bf ,hose valves1 #db ,inspection at %op1 #g ,leakage1 te/ ( int]nal1 #eb ,lev]s1 valve motion1 #ag ,l9ks1 #af ,"n plates1 #e ,oil+ devices1 #be ,pipe1 sizes1 /eam & wat]1 #ci ,pi/on areas1 ratio1 #c a ,pi/ons1 pack$ wat]1 #cj ,pi/on rods & nuts1 #bj ,pi/ons1 /eam1 #ac ,plung] bu%+s1 #bh1 #bi ,plung]1 wat]1 #bh1 #bi ,pressure1 maximum1 work+ te/s =1 #ec ,prim+1 me?ods requir$1 #df ,rock %afts1 #af ,rods1 pi/on1 #bj ,rods1 valve1 #ba ,safety valves1 #dc ,safety valve1 te/ ( capacity1 #ea ,%op inspection1 #g ,s+le pumps n acceptable1 #b ,sizes ( pumps1 /&>ds1 #c a ,slip1 #d f ,slip1 te/ ( int]nal1 #eb ,smoo?ness ( action1 te/ =1 #dh ,spe$ ( pumps1 #c a1 #cc b ,spe$ ( pumps1 revolutions p] m9ute1 #c & #d ,spr+s1 valve1 #ce ,/eam cyl9d]s1 #h ,/eam1 cle>ance space1 #ab ,/eam jo9ts1 #h c ,/eam pi/ons1 #ac ,/eam ports1 #aa ,/eam slide valves1 #ad1 #ae ,/r5g? ( p>ts1 #f ,/r5g?1 te/s =1 #ej ,/uff+ box1 #bb ,te/s = acceptance1 #dh to #ed ,tightness1 te/s =1 #ej ,vacuum *amb]1 #dj ,valves1 wat] valve areas1 #cc-cd ,valve1 air1 #de ,valve1 cov] plates1 #ce ,valves1 deliv]y1 #cd ,valve gu>ds1 #ce ,valves1 hose1 #db ,valve motion /&1 #ah ,valves1 pump1 g5]al requirem5ts1 #ca ,valves1 pump1 size & numb]1 #cb ,valve rods1 #ba ,valve rod heads1 #af c ,valves1 safety1 #dc ,valve seats1 wat]1 con/ruction (1 #cg ,valve spr+s1 #ce ,valve1 /eam slide1 #ad ,valves1 /eam slide adju/m5t1 #ae ,valve /ems1 types requir$1 #ch ,valves1 /ick+ ( wat] valves1 #cf ,valve1 suction valve area1 #cc ,wat] cyl9d]s1 #bg ,workman%ip1 "* (1 #a ,yoke1 #aj ,,index ,,to ,,"p ,,"o ,any "o1 & m especially ! att5tive /ud5t1 c ) ! lea/ tr\ble avail himself ( ! subject matt] conta9$ 9 ?is "w by do+ z indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ old ,engli% c\plet quot$ by ,*as4 ,reade4 8,= index-read+ turns no /ud5t pale1 ,yet takes ! eel ( sci5ce by ! tail40 ,,! ,,index ,,to ,,"p ,,"o ,,( ,,rog]s ,,pumps ,,& ,,hydraulics4 ,,page ,accumulator1 an1 des41 #aea hydraulic1 ills4 & des41 #aga-agc rule = calculat+ capacity (1 #agb ,acid1 muriatic1 specific gravity (1 #if sulphuric1 specific gravity (1 #if ,adju/m5t ( ! slide valves ( ! und]writ] /eam fire pumps1 #cfj ,advantages ( a duplex pump z a fire pump1 #cea ,ari=m fluids1 des41 #ae ,air1 des41 composition (1 #ae1 #af & vacuum *amb]s = ! und]writ] pump1 #cha ,practically ! rev]se ( ea* o!r1 #bba ,air-b\nd1 def41 #ag ,air *amb] ( pump1 ills41 #bbc *amb]s1 ills4 & des41 #bbj ,air-cock1 def41 #ag ,air1 gravity & ela/icity (1 #af ,air pump1 #ac & electric motor1 ills4 & des41 #bga valve1 m>k+ (1 = ! und]writ] pump1 #che ,alcohol1 specific gravity (1 #if ,alcomet]1 def41 #id ,all51 ,frank1 annotations1 ,,iv1 ,,viii ,alt]nat+ motor1 des4 & ills41 #beb ,ammet]s1 des4 & ills41 #bef ,amp]e1 def41 #bef ,angle = crank positions ( duplex1 triplex & quadruplex pumps1 #bcj ( *eck valve1 ills4 & des41 #bbg ,animal p[]1 #ahg ,animals1 :5 dr9k+ are natural bell[s pumps1 ,note1 #aii ,annul> valve1 def41 #ag ,antimony1 specific gravity (1 #if ,app>atus1 hydraulic1 def41 #aeg ,ar*im$es & ! hydro/atic balance1 #ic ,area1 def41 #ag ,armature1 des4 & ills41 #bdg1 #bea ,armor$ pump valves1 ills4 & des41 #bag ,arm/rong1 ,sir ,william1 design] ( ! hydraulic accumulator1 #aga ,ars5ic1 specific gravity (1 #if ,asphalt1 melt$1 rais$ by pumps1 #ahh ,assembl+1 def41 #ag ,atmosph]ic electricity1 #bde pressure1 def41 #ag ,attraction1 capill>y1 def41 #ajc ( gravitation1 #he ,auxili>y1 def41 #ag ,bag pump1 ills4 & des41 #aih ,balanc$ valve1 def41 #ah ,ball *eck-valve1 def41 #ah ,b>rel or cyl9d] ( a pump1 des41 #ahi ills41 #aie ,base ( h& pump1 ills41 #aie ,basket1 def41 #ah ,batt]y1 h[ indicat$ by ! signs & -1 #bfa ,bell[s-pump1 illu/rat$ & des41 #ahf1 #aih1 #aii ,belt$ pumps1 des4 & ills41 #bbe ,belt-pumps1 hydraulic1 #bjj pumps1 :y s call$1 #ahg ,b5ds1 def41 #ah ,be!sda1 pool (1 hi/orical def41 #di ,bibb-cock1 def41 #ah ,blakeslee /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #bii-cja ,bodies soluble 9 wat]1 h[ weigh$1 #id ,boil] fe$ pump duplex p[]1 ills4 & des41 #bcj-bca pumps1 ills4 & des41 #bbe-bcd table ( capacity (1 #bbf ,boil+ po9t ( wat]1 #gf ,bolt-extractor1 des4 & ills41 #afd ,bolts & /ubs to be us$ 9 ! und]writ] /eam fire pump1 #cef ,bonnets1 def41 #ah ills41 #bbc ,boss1 def41 #ai ,b\lton1 ,mat!w1 inv5tor ( hydraulic ram note1 #age ,b\rdon spr+1 ( metallic b>omet] des41 #aae-aaf ,b\n>ba%i f\nta9s (1 hi/orical def41 #ej ,brad5 pump valve1 ills4 & des41 #bae-baf ,bramah1 "t ( 8 inv5tion ( ! hydraulic press1 #afi ,brass1 specific gravity (1 #if ,brea/1 wat] :eel des4 & ills41 #abb ,brick1 specific gravity (1 #if ,bronze1 specific gravity (1 #if ,bro!rhood ?ree cyl9d] hydraulic eng9e1 #aej-aeb ,bru%es1 dynamo1 des4 & ills41 #bea1 #bfb ,buckets1 ga9+ & los+1 hi/orical1 des4 & ills41 #ei1 #fj "p ( wat] :eel1 #acj ,buffalo s+le cyl9d] pump1 ills4 & des41 #cai-cba ,burnham /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #cbd-cbf ,bu%+1 def41 #ai ,caffee1 ,alb]to ,h41 d$ication ( "w to1 ,v ,calaba%1 des41 #ch ,cam]on /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #bie1 #bif ,capacity ( a pump1 dep5ds ^u spe$1 etc41 #cec-ced ,capacity plate ( ! und]writ] /eam fire pump1 #cee ,capill>y attraction1 def41 #ajc facts & ills41 #ajc1 #ajd note1 conta9+ examples (1 #ajd ,c>e & managem5t ( electric pumps1 #bfh ,c>lyle1 quotation1 ,,iv ,cases = turb9es1 des4 & ills41 #acf ,ca/or oil1 specific gravity (1 #if ,cauldron1 ills41 #ce ,c5trifugal pump & electric motor1 ills4 & des41 #bgb pumps1 :y s call$1 #ahh ,*a9 ( pots1 des4 & ills41 #fc pumps1 :y s call$1 #ahg ,*amb]s1 air & vacuum = ! und]writ] pump1 #cha ,*>coal1 specific gravity (1 #if ,*eck-nut1 def41 #ai valve1 def41 #ai (fice (1 #chh ( ! und]writ] pump1 me?od ( use1 #chg1 #chh w+ patt]n1 ills4 & des41 #bbg ,*emicals1 pump = h&l+1 ills4 & des41 #bcc ,*9ese w9dlass1 des4 & ills41 #dg1 #fb 8,*utes0 ( wat] :eel1 ills41 #aci ,circuit break]s1 #bee ,circulat+ pump1 def41 #ai ,clack valve1 def41 #ai ,classification ( pumps1 #ahe ,clay1 specific gravity (1 #if ,cle>ance1 def41 #ai space ( ! und]writ] /eam fire pump1 #cef ,clepsydra1 des4 & ills41 #ci ,coal1 specific gravity (1 #if ,cock1 def41 #ai ,cocks1 dra91 = ! und]writ] pump1 #cij ,coeffici5t ( friction1 def41 #ii ,collect+-bru%es1 "p ( dynamo1 #bdh ,column pipe1 def41 #ai ,commutator1 ills4 & des41 #bdg1 #bfb b>s1 des4 & ills41 #bea ,comp5sator1 #bef ,comp\nd duplex pumps1 ) ! ,deane swit* valves1 #cdc /eam pumps1 #fe ,comp\nd+1 :at x consi/s (1 #cce ,compression gauge cock1 def41 #bj ,compton hydraulic motor1 des4 & ills41 #aec ,computation ( capacity ( ! und]writ] fire pump1 me?od (1 #cec-ced ,computation relat+ to specific gravity ( v>i\s bodies1 #ie-ih relat+ to ! velocity ( fall+ bodies1 #hi1 #ij ,conditions ( s]vice requir$ ( a pump1 #bbd ,cone1 dis*>ge1 ( ! und]writ] pump1 ,i1 #chd ,con/ruction ( ! wat] ends ( s+le cyl9d] & duplex pumps1 #bji ,cont5ts1 ,table (1 "p "o1 #ae ,controllable valve arrangem5t1 des4 & ills41 = und]writ] pump1 #chf ,copp]1 specific gravity (1 #if ,copyright1 page1 ,,viii ,cork1 specific gravity (1 #if ,corliss valves appli$ to ! ,ri$l] belt driv5 pumps1 #bdj ,corni% 7eng9e7 pump1 des41 #fe pump+ eng9es1 hi/ory (1 #fe ,corrosion1 def41 #bj ,cov]s1 valve spr+s & gu>ds = ! und]writ] pump1 #cgf ,crane1 ,anglo-,saxon1 hi/orical ref4 & ills41 #dh ,cranes1 lifts & hydraulic1 #ahj ,cr[1 def41 #bj ,cup lea!r pack+1 #bj1 #aed1 #aij ,curr5t deliv]$ f a dynamo1 h[ rev]s$1 #bfd ,curr5t electricity1 #bdd ,curr5t wat] :eel1 des4 & ills41 #abc ,cu%ion+1 def41 #bj ,cu%ion valves ( ! und]writ] fire pump1 #cfb ,cyl9d] head or cyl9d] cov]1 def41 #bj ( hydraulic jack1 des4 & ills41 #aeh1 #aei or b>rel ( a pump1 des41 #ahi pumps1 :y s call$1 #ahh ,cyl9d]s = ! wat] end ( ! und]writ] /eam fire pump1 #cfg ( ! und]writ] fire pump1 ?icknesses (1 #cef ,davidson /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #bhg-bhi ,dead end ( a pipe1 def41 #bj ,dean ,bros4 pump1 ills4 & des41 #cbf-cbh ,deane s+le act+ triplex p[] pump1 #bcd swit* valve1 special features (1 #cd /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #cag-cai ,d$ication ( "w1 ,v ,deliv]y valves ( ! und]writ] pump1 #cgf ,dial ( pressure gauge ( ! und]writ] pump1 h[ m>k$1 #chb ,diaphragm pumps1 :y s call$1 #ahg ,direct act+ duplex /eam pump1 des41 #fi pumps1 des41 #ff-fh ,direct curr5t motor1 des41 #bdi ,dis*>ge cone ( ! und]writ] pump1 #chd pipe connection1 ills41 #bbc h[ made1 #bjd ,disk or disc1 def41 #bj ,dome/ic electric pumps1 ills4 & des41 #bfi ,d\ble act+ p[] pump1 ) #d *eck valves1 ills4 & des41 #bbg pumps1 h[ !y d _! "w1 #ahg1 #ahh pump1 :5 inv5t$1 #ec ,d\ble-eye or knuckle jo9t1 def41 #bj seat$ poppet valve1 def41 #ba ,draft+ wat]1 des41 #ba ,draft tube ( a wat] :eel1 des41 #ace ,dra9 cocks = ! und]writ] pump1 #cij ,drip-pipe1 des41 #ba ,driv5 or tube wells1 #bjb ,dry /eam1 def41 #bhf ,duct1 def41 #ba ,duplex fire pump1 %op "n & %op numb] requir$ on plate atta*$ to und]writ]s1 #cee und]writ]s /eam end1 #cef-cff oil pumps1 ills4 & des41 #cci p[] pump n to be conf\nd$ ) 8,duplex pumps01 #bcj pump1 ills4 & des41 #cca-cih outside pack$ plung] patt]n = high pressure1 #cda sett+ valves (1 #cch pumps1 hi/ory (1 #fe1 #fi only acceptable = fire pumps1 #cea ) ,deane swit* valve1 #cdc ,wor?+ton admiralty patt]n (1 ills4 & des41 #ccg /eam fire pump1 und]writ]s1 wat] end (1 #cfg-chj /eam pump1 important note1 #ccc valve motion1 #ccc-ccd und]writ]s /eam1 fire pump1 #cdc-cih 8,dut*man10 def41 #ba 8,duty0 ( pumps1 def41 #bj ,dynamics1 def41 #bde ,dynamo1 def41 #bdg e>ly ,edison type1 #bdh electric curr5t f a1 h[ rev]s$1 #bfd five pr9cipal p>ts1 #bdg :5 x becomes a motor1 #bfj ,dynamomet]1 turb9e1 des41 #abh ,ecc5trics ( ! triplex p[] pump1 h[ set1 #bcb ,edison dynamo1 e>ly type1 #bdh ,effici5cy ( an electric pump1 #bfh ,efflux ( wat] "u pressure1 #aje-aac ,elb[1 def41 #ba %[n 9 pip+1 ills4 & des41 #bbc ,electric circuit break]s1 #bee ,electric curr5t1 action (1 #beg f a dynamo1 h[ rev]s$1 #bfd ,electric drive = fire pumps1 ills4 & des41 #bgc h\se tank pump+ plant1 ills4 & des41 #bfi ,electricity & electrical ma*9]y1 #bdc h[ classifi$ & def9$1 #bdd h[ measur$1 #bdf important note1 #bdc 9 vibration1 #bdd vitre\s1 negative1 positive1 etc41 #bde :5ce d]iv$1 #bdc ,electric m9+ pumps1 ills4 & des41 #bgd-bgf ,electric motor & air pump1 ills4 & des41 #bga motor1 des41 #bdi op]at+ a portable track pump1 ills4 & des41 #bgf pump1 ills4 & des41 #bgb-bgc pump1 #bda-bgf pump+ in/allation1 notable example1 #bge pump+ ma*9]y1 #bfg-bgf pumps1 c>e & managem5t1 #bfh prop]ly p[] pumps1 #bjh :y s call$1 #ahg ,electric-rheo/at1 trans=m]1 comp5sator1 #bef ,electric-swit*es & swit*bo>ds1 #bed-bee ,electro-magnets1 ills4 & des41 #bei ,electro-motive =ce1 def41 #bdf ,elem5t>y hydraulics1 #ga-gc ,elem5ts1 phial ( f\r1 7m]cury1 wat]1 alcohol & petroleum7 des41 #ha ,elevator pumps1 :y s call$1 #ahg ,em]y1 specific gravity (1 #if ,e4 ,m4 ,f41 def41 #bdf ,en]gy1 me*anical & electrical1 h[ trans=m$1 #bfj ,eng9e]+1 z a bran* ( hydraulics1 #gd ,eng9e1 ,rife hydraulic1 #agg-agi ,engli% unit ( heat1 ills4 & des41 #bhd ,equilibrium ( sup]pos$ liquids1 data1 #ha ,equilibrium-valve1 def41 #ba ,ewbank1 ,?omas1 au?or1 ref4 to1 #df 8,ewbank's hydraulics10 cr$it giv5 = use (1 #eb ,ew]s1 gold51 us$ by ri* ,egyptians1 #ch ,expansion jo9t1 des41 #ba ,face1 def41 #ba ,factor ( safety1 def41 #bb ,fea!r1 or sunk key1 def41 #bb ,field magnets1 #bdg ,field1 ,m>%all1 ref]5ce to1 #bgc ,field spid]1 electrical1 def41 #bec ,fire-eng9e1 hi/orical ref]5ce1 #ce ,fire-pumps1 electric drive =1 ills4 & des41 #bgc national /&>d specification = ! manufacture (1 #cea /eam to be />t$ once a week1 #cgg und]writ]1 #cdd uni=m requirem5ts = ! und]writ]'s /eam1 #cej ,flange pack+1 hydraulic1 ills4 & des41 #aed ,flanges1 table ( /&>d sizes = und]writ] pump1 #cha ,flax1 plait$1 recomm5d$ = pack+ p[] pumps1 #bcj ,fl[1 def41 #bb ( wat] result ( gravity1 #hi "u pressure1 #c cases (1 #aje ,fluid condition ( matt]1 #gc ,fluids1 a]i=m1 des41 #ae data relat+ to1 #gg-hd division into liquids & vapors or gases1 #gc ela/ic1 two classes (1 #gc friction (1 des41 #ii ,flume1 def41 #bb = wat] :eel1 size (1 #ach wat]1 h[ to con/ruct1 #ach ,flutt]-:eels1 des41 #aba ,foot valve & /ra9]1 ills4 & des41 #bbc ,=ce pumps1 classification (1 #ahg two-cyl9d]1 #aib :5 inv5t$1 #ec ,=mula = obta9+ ! effici5cy ( hydraulic rams1 #agg ,fo/] /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #bib-bid ,f\ndations = h& pumps1 des41 #bjd ,f\rneyron's turb9e1 hi/orical note1 #abh ,francis ,weir table =mula1 #abb ,frictional ,electricity1 #bdd resi/ance ( wat]1 ?ree laws (1 #ajj ,friction & viscosity ( fluids1 def41 #ii slid+1 def41 #ajj two k9ds (1 #ii ,fulcrum ( ! lev] ( a h& pump1 #aie ,fusee w9dlass1 hi/orical note1 #fb ,ga9+ & los+ buckets1 hi/orical1 des4 & ills41 #ei-fj ,gang pumps1 triplex p[]1 ills4 & des41 #bca ,g>n]1 ,maj4 ,abram ,b41 d$ication ( "w to1 ,v ,gas a condition or /ate ( matt] def41 #gc ,gase\s condition ( matt]1 #gc ,gases1 p]man5t1 des41 #gc ,gas pumps1 :y s call$1 #ahg ,gate valve1 des41 #bb ( ! und]writ] pump1 h[ m>k$1 #chi ,gate-:eel ( turb9e wat] :eel1 ills41 #aci ,gauge1 pressure1 = ! und]writ] pump1 #chb ,gauges1 hydraulic1 des4 & ills41 #aae ,g5]ator1 electric1 def41 #bdg f\r-pole1 des4 & ills41 #bea ,gl&1 def41 #bb & /uff+-box1 ills4 & des41 #baa ,glass1 specific gravity (1 #if ,globe valve1 def41 #bb ,gloss>y ( pump & hydraulic t]ms1 #ag-cd ,gold1 specific gravity (1 #if ,goose neck1 def41 #bb ,g\ld triplex s+le act+ p[] pump1 ills4 & des41 #bcf1 #bcg ,g\rd1 ills41 #ce1 #ch ,granite1 specific gravity (1 #if ,gravitation1 important note1 #hh univ]sal1 #he ,gravity1 law (1 #he influ5ce 9 weight ( wat]1 note1 #hj specific1 #ia ,gridiron valve1 def41 #bc 8,guides0 ( wat] :eels1 des41 #aca ,guild & ,g>rison /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #cjg-cjh ,gutt]1 d\ble1 des4 & ills41 #ed ,gyle & gyle-tun1 def41 also note1 #aeg ,gypsum1 specific gravity (1 #if ,h&-nut1 def41 #bc ,h& pumps1 classification (1 #ahg po9ts = erect+ & op]at+1 #bjd ,h& rot>y =ce pump1 ills4 & des41 #aig ,h& :eel = safety valve ( ! und]writ] pump1 ills41 #chc 8,hat0 or flange hydraulic pack+1 ills4 & des41 #aed 8,head ( wat]10 def41 #bc ,heat units1 def41 #bc ,h]cules 7turb9e7 :eel1 des4 & ills41 #acb1 #acc ,h]o1 8 fir/ m5tion ( /eam1 #bjj ye>s ,b4 ,c41 #bgi ,h]o's wat] clock1 des4 & ills41 #ci 8,hesitates10 def41 #bc ,high pressure /eam1 def41 #bhf ,high spe$ 9 pumps1 disadvantages (1 #bae ,hill /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #cje-cjf ,hi/ory ( hydraulic eng9es1 #adi inv5tion ( ! duplex /eam pump1 #cce ,holl[ay1 ,j4 ,f41 hi/orical quotation1 #cg note relat+ to pump+ oil1 #cda ,hook] /eam pump1 ) outside valve ge>1 #cja-cjc ,horizontal jack1 ills4 & des41 #afc1 #afd pumps1 :y s call$1 #ahg turb9e :eel1 des41 #acc ,horse p[] app>atus1 comb9$ pump1 #bja !oretic1 ( ,niag>a ,falls wat] :eels1 #adc ( a pump1 def41 #bc ,hose valves1 sizes = ! und]writ] pump1 #chc 8,hump10 def41 #bc ,hydrant1 def41 #bc ,hydraulic accumulator1 ills4 & des41 #aga-agc ,hydraulic app>atus1 #aed-ahd pumps z1 #aha ,hydraulic belt1 def41 #bc pump1 #bjj ,hydraulic bolt extractor1 ills4 & des41 #afd data1 #gg-hd eng9e ( ,huelgoat1 int]e/+ note1 #adi ,ramsbottom's1 des4 & ills41 #adh1 #aej-aeb ,bro!rhood ?ree-cyl9d]1 #aej-aeb gauges1 des4 & ills41 #aae ,hydraulic int5sifi]1 des41 #agc ,hydraulic jack1 des4 & ills41 #aeh-afb ,hydraulic jacks1 pull+1 horizontal1 etc41 #afc1 #afd relat+ to repairs & use1 #afa1 #afb lifts & cranes1 #ahj ma*9]y1 broadly divid$1 #aai ma*9e tools1 #ahc1 #ahd motors1 #adg-aec motors1 resemblance to high pressure /eam eng9es1 #adi ,hydraulic motor1 ! ,compton1 #aec pack+s1 #aec1 #aed pivot1 def41 #bd press1 des4 & ills41 #afi1 #agj :5 inv5t$1 #ec pun*1 des4 & ills41 #afe-afg ,hydraulic ram1 d\ble1 #agg table ( capacity1 #agd des4 & ills41 #ahj ,hydraulics1 z a bran* ( eng9e]+1 #gc1 #gd z a t]m1 h[ =m$1 #gd def41 #gc ,hydraulics1 elem5t>y1 #ga1 #gc-aaf ,hydraulic %e>s1 def41 #bd %ock1 def41 #ade t\rniquet1 des4 & ills41 #abf valve1 def41 #bd :eel1 def41 #bd ,hydro-dynamics1 def41 #gc1 #gd ,hydro-me*anics1 def41 #gd z a bran* ( natural philosophy1 #gd /ress consid]$ 9 a pressure1 is always1 #adg ,hydro-met]s1 see note1 #ib ,hydro-pneumatics1 #ae1 #ge ,hydro/atics1 def41 #gd ,hydro/atic balance1 des4 & ills41 #ic p>adox1 data1 ills41 #gh ,impact1 def41 #bd wat] :eels1 #aba ,india rubb] be/ = fire pump valves1 #cgg ,induction motors1 z us$ 9 m9es1 #bge special electrical quality (1 #beb ,inspection %op1 requir$ ( ! und]writ]s /eam fire pump mak]s1 #cef ,in/allation ( electric pumps1 #bfh ,int5sifi]1 hydraulic1 des41 #agc ,introduction1 hi/orical1 #ce-gj ,introductory ,consid]ations1 #gj ,inv5tion ( pressure eng9es1 a new mode ( employ+ wat] z a motive ag5t1 #adg ,inv5tions1 successive1 #fe wat] lift+1 #ec ,iron cases = turb9e wat] :eels1 des4 & ills41 #acf ,iron draft tube1 des41 #acg ,iron1 specific gravity (1 #if ,italian mode ( rais+ wat]1 des4 & ills41 #ea ,jantu1 ! hi/orical1 des4 & ills41 #ed ,jet pumps1 :y s call$1 #ahh ,jets1 direction (1 f orifices1 #aac ,joseph's well1 ,cairo1 ills41 #de use ( *a9 ( pots 91 #fc1 #fd ,j\le's exp]im5t1 #bhd ,kn[les /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #caj-cab ,knuckle-jo9t1 def41 #bj ,laidlaw-,dunn-,gordon duplex und]writ] pump1 ills4 & des41 #bgc /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #bij-bib ,lam9at$ pole piece1 def4 & ills41 #bed ,law ( gravity1 #he ,laws ( fall+ bodies1 #hf ,table1 #hg ,lead1 specific gravity (1 #if 8,leakage10 def41 #bd ,lea!r coll> hydraulics1 ! inv5tion ( ,bramah1 #aec1 #aed !1 ( a h& pump1 h[ held 9 place1 #aia valve ( h& pump1 ills41 #aie ,leffel-,samson turb9e wat] :eel1 des4 & ills41 #acj ,leffel wat] :eel1 ills41 #abh1 #acj1 #acb1 #acd1 #acf1 #add ,levator1 quotation f1 ,x 8,lift & drop ( a valve10 def41 #bd ,lift+-jack1 def41 #bi ,lifts & cranes1 hydraulic1 #ahj ,l9e ( direction1 or l9e ( a fall+ body1 #hh 8,l9]10 def41 #bd ,liquid1 def41 #gc ,liquids1 z a condition or /ate ( matt]1 #gc equilibrium ( sup]pos$1 data1 #ha ?ree cases ( fl[ "u pressure1 #aje ve9s1 =m & con/itution (1 #ajf1 #ajg ,live /eam1 def41 #bhf 8,los+ wat]10 def41 #be 8,lo/ motion10 def41 #be ,l[ pressure /eam1 def41 #bhf1 #be 8,lug10 def41 #be ,magnetic curr5t1 pressure necess>y to produce a1 #bdb field ( h[ produc$1 #bfj ne$le1 des41 #bff ills41 #bdb ,magnetism1 #bdd ,magneto-electricity1 #bde ,magnets1 electro1 ills4 & des41 #bei ,magnitudes1 ?ree-"t1 l5g? & quality1 #hg1 #hh 8,ma910 def41 #be ,manual p[]1 #ahg ,m>ble1 specific gravity (1 #if ,mason1 ,*as4 ,j41 quotation f1 ,,vii ,mason /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #big-bii ,matt]1 def41 #hh solid1 liquid & gase\s1 /ates (1 #gc ?ree physical conditions1 des41 #gc ,mc,gowan /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #cjh-caj ,mean gradi5t1 def41 #be ,measurem5t ( wat] pressure1 #aac ,m]cury1 specific gravity (1 #if ,mica1 specific gravity (1 #if ,mica1 :]e us$1 #bea ,mill/one1 specific gravity (1 #if ,m9]'s in*1 def41 #be ,m9+ outfit1 h[ divid$1 #bge ,mississippi ,riv] gauge cock1 def41 #be ,model ( suctions & =ce pumps1 glass1 #aha 8,modulus0 ( a /eam pump1 def41 #be ,mom5ta1 equal1 pr9ciple ( appli$ to fluids1 #hc ,montgolfi]'s hydraulic ram1 note1 #age ,moore /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #cac-cae ,motor1 alt]nat+ induction1 des4 & ills41 #beb & c5trifugal pump1 ills4 & des41 #bgb direct curr5t1 des41 #bdi electric1 & air pump1 ills4 & des41 #bga electric1 des41 #bdi electric1 :y revolves1 explanation1 #beh ,motors1 division ( wat]1 des41 #aai giv+ names to pumps1 #ahg hydraulic1 #adg1 #aec induction1 z us$ 9 m9es1 #bge ,motor1 wat]1 simplicity (1 #abj note1 #abj :5 x becomes a dynamo1 #bfj ,mud1 pump = h&l+1 ills4 & des41 #bcc ,national /&>d duplex fire pump1 ills4 & des41 #cdc-cih po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! trade pump1 #cie pump1 #cdi specifications = ! manufacture ( /eam fire pumps1 #cdi1 #cea ,national /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #cjc1 #cjd ,natural philosophy1 hydro-me*anics z a bran* (1 #gd ,ne$le1 magnetic1 des41 #bff ills41 #bdb ,negative electricity1 #bde ,newcom5 pump+ eng9es1 hi/ory (1 #fe ,?omas1 hi/orical ref41 #cf ,niag>a ,falls turb9e :eels1 notes1 #adb1 #adc des4 & ills41 #adj1 #add ,nipple1 def41 #bf ,nitrog51 :at "p ( air1 #ae ,noria1 !1 or ,egyptian :eel1 des4 & ills41 #eg ,nozzles1 k9d (1 to be us$ 9 connections ) ! national /eam fire pump1 #cec ,oak1 specific gravity (1 #if ,oil pump1 ills4 & des41 #bcc duplex1 ills4 & des41 #cci ,olive oil1 specific gravity (1 #if ,oscillat+ pumps1 :y s call$1 #ahh ,outbo>d deliv]y pipe1 def41 #bf 8,outfit0 ( und]writ] pump1 #bgc 8,out-put0 ( electric motor1 #bdi ,ov]-%ot wat] :eel1 des4 & ills41 #abc1 #abe ,oxyg51 :at "p ( air1 #ae ,pack+s1 hydraulic1 #aec1 #aed mo/ suitable = p[] pumps1 #bcj ,pack+ ( h& pumps1 #bjd loss ( p[] 9 use ( hydraulic1 #aed ,p>ts ( a pump1 #bji ,p>ts ( pit*] pump1 ills4 & des41 #aie ,p5/ock1 ills41 #acd1 #ace def41 #bf ,p]sian :eel1 des4 & ills41 #eh ,pet-cock1 def41 #bf ,pewt]1 specific gravity (1 #if ,picotah ( ,h9do/an1 des4 & ills41 #di ,p9e1 specific gravity (1 #if ,pi/on1 actual velocity (1 #cgd ,pi/on & valve rods ( ! und]writ] fire pump1 ills4 & des41 #cfd ,pi/ons1 /eam1 ( ! und]writ] /eam fire pumps1 #cei ,pi/on1 !1 is nucleus ( p[] ( pumps & eng9es1 #adi ,pit*] pump1 def41 #bf sp\t pump1 des4 & ills41 #aie 8,pitman0 ( a pump1 des41 #aij ,pipe-clamp1 def41 #bf ,pipe sizes1 table (1 = und]writ] pump1 #chj 8,pipette10 def41 #bf ,pip+ a pump1 ills4 & des41 #bbb1 #bbc ,pipk91 ills41 #ce ,phial ( f\r elem5ts 7m]cury1 wat]1 alcohol & petroleum71 des41 #ha ,phosphorus1 specific gravity (1 #if ,plate1 capacity1 ( und]writ] /eam fire pump1 #cee ,plat9um1 specific gravity (1 #if ,plug-valve1 def41 #bf ,plumb-bob1 def41 #bf ,plung] ( a pump1 h[ indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #aha & succe$+ ills41 #bji ( h& pump1 ills41 #aie pumps1 s+le act+1 ills4 ( two1 #bbh1 #bbi ,plung]s1 proportion ( wat] & /eam1 advis$ by ! ,und]writ]s ,associat'n1 #ceb1 #cec wat]1 ( ! und]writ] /eam fire pump1 #cfh ,pneumatics1 #ae def41 #gd hydro1 #ae 8,po9ts0 = erect+ & op]at+ h& pumps1 #bjd ,pole-piece1 lam9at$1 def4 & ills41 #bed ,pole-pieces1 "p ( dynamo1 #bdg ,popl>1 specific gravity (1 #if ,porcela91 specific gravity (1 #if ,positive electricity1 #bde ,pots1 *a9 (1 des4 & ills41 #fc ,p[] or /eam ends ( pumps1 #baa ,p[] pump1 d\ble act+ 7#d *eck valves71 #bbg duplex1 ills4 & des41 #bcj1 #bca classification (1 #ahg1 #bjg ,p[] transmission by wat] pressure eng9es1 #ade ,preface1 ,,ii ,press1 hydraulic1 des4 & ills41 #afi1 #agj ,pressure gauge = ! und]writ] pump1 #chb necess>y to produce a magnetic curr5t1 #bdb ( electric curr5ts1 h[ measur$1 #bef ( wat]1 table (1 #aad r$uc+ valve1 def41 #bg ,prim+1 def41 #bg arrangem5t1 des41 #cij pipe ( pump connections1 #bbc place = ! und]writ] pump1 ills4 & des41 #chg ,prizomet] or pressure guage1 def41 #aae ,prop]ties ( /eam1 explanation1 #bha-bhe ,pulley & bucket1 hi/orical des4 & ills41 #df1 #dh & w9dlass1 hi/orical1 des41 #fj1 #fa ,pull+-jack1 hydraulic1 des4 & ills41 #afa1 #afc ,pump & comb9$ horse p[] app>atus1 #bja bag1 ills4 & des41 #aih bell[s1 ills4 & des41 #ahf1 #aih1 #aii ,pump-box1 def41 #bg ,pump-brake1 def41 #bg ,pump1 ,buffalo s+le cyl9d]1 ills4 & des41 #cai-cba ,pump1 ,burnham /eam1 ills4 & des41 #cbd-cbf ,pump-*a91 def41 #bg ,pump-*eeks1 def41 #bg ,pump1 conditions ( s]vice requir$ ( a1 #bbd ,pump1 ,dean ,bros41 ills4 & des41 #cbf-cbh ,deane s+le act+ triplex p[] pump1 ills4 & des41 #bcd1 #bce ,deane /eam1 ills4 & des41 #cag-cai d\ble act+ l[ s]vice1 belt driv51 #bbg duplex1 ills4 & des41 #cca-cih duplex1 outside pack$ plung] patt]n = high pressure1 #cda duplex p[]1 ills4 & des41 #bcj duplex /eam1 explanation1 #ccc electric1 direct driv5 motor1 ills4 & des41 #bgb-bgc electric induction motor1 ills4 & des41 #bgf electric m9+1 ills4 & des41 #bgd-bgf ,g\ld s+le act+ triplex p[] pump1 ills4 & des41 #bcf1 #bcg ,pump1 ,guild & ,g>rison /eam1 ills4 & des41 #cjg-cjh h& rot>y =ce1 ills4 & des41 #aig hydraulic belt1 #bjj ,pump+ eng9e1 hi/orical ref]5ce1 #cf ,pump+ ma*9]y1 electric1 #bfg-bgf ,pump1 ,kn[les /eam1 ills4 & des41 #caj-cab ,laidlaw-,dunn-,gordon1 ills4 & des41 #bij-bib ,laidlaw-,dunn-,gordon duplex und]writ]1 ills4 & des41 #bge ,mc,gowan /eam1 ills4 & des41 #cjh-caj ,moore /eam1 ills4 & des41 #cac-cae ,pump p>ts1 ills4 & des41 #bji ,pump1 p>ts ( a1 #ahi pit*] sp\t1 des4 & ills41 #aie qu9tuplex1 us$ = m9+ op]ations1 #bge rope1 ills4 & des41 #bjj ,pumps & ,hydraulics1 9 two p>ts1 ,"p ,"o1 ,i-,,iii ,pumps z hydraulic app>atus1 #aha ,pumps1 belt$1 des4 & ills41 #bbe boil] fe$1 ills4 & des41 #bbe-bcd duplex oil1 ills4 & des41 #cci = ?ick /uff1 #bcc high spe$ 91 a disadvantage1 #bae s+le act+ triplex plung]1 ills4 & des41 #bcc ,pump sizes & capacities1 /&>d (1 giv5 9 und]writ] table1 #ceb ,pump slip or slippage1 #bad ,pump1 ,smi?-,vaile s+le1 ills4 & des41 #cbi-ccj ,sn[ /eam1 ills1 & des41 #cae-cag ,pumps1 p[] driv51 h[ classifi$1 #bjg ,pump1 spray h&1 ills4 & des41 #bja ,pumps1 s+le act+1 ills4 ( two1 #bbh1 #bbi /ation>y1 = m9e use1 h[ classifi$1 #bge /eam end (1 explanation1 #bgi-bhe /eam1 ills4 & des41 #bgg-ccj suction & =ce1 models (1 glass1 #aha suction1 = vessels & irrigation1 #aic /eam1 ! ,mason1 ills4 & des41 #big-bii _! op]ation & managem5t1 #bjh triplex p[]1 gang1 ills4 & des41 #bca two-cyl9d] =ce1 #aic und]writ] fire1 #cdd wat] ends (1 des4 & ills41 #bji ,pump1 ! air1 #ac ! ,blakeslee /eam1 ills4 & des41 #bii-cja ! ,cam]on /eam1 ills4 & des41 #bie1 #bif ! ,davidson /eam1 ills4 & des41 #bhg-bhi ! ,fo/] /eam1 ills4 & des41 #bib-bid ! ,hill /eam1 ills4 & des41 #cje-cjf ! ,hook] /eam1 ) outside ge>1 ills4 & des41 #cja-cjc ! ,national /eam1 ills4 & des41 #cjc1 #cjd ! practical op]ation ( a1 note1 #ahi ! ,ri$l] belt driv51 ills4 & des41 #bch-bdj ! ,ri$l] express1 #bdj ! !oretical action ( a1 #ahi ,pump valves1 des4 & ills41 #bji ( ! und]writ] /eam fire pump1 #cgb re9=c$1 des4 & ills41 #bae size & numb] (1 = ! und]writ] pump1 #cgc ,pump1 ,we9man /eam1 ills4 & des41 #cbb-cbd ,pump-well1 def41 #bg ,pump1 ,wor?+ton duplex1 #ccf ,wor?+ton h\se tank1 ills4 & des41 #bfi-bgj ,pun*1 hydraulic1 des4 & ills41 #afe-aff ,qu9tuplex pump1 us$ 9 m9+ op]ations1 #bge ,quotations1 ,i1 ,,ii ,radiat$ electricity1 #bde ,ra9-gauge1 def41 #bh ,ram1 d\ble hydraulic1 #agg hydraulic1 table ( capacity1 #agd des4 & ills41 #ahj ( hydraulic jack1 des4 & ills41 #aeh1 #aei ,rife hydraulic1 #agg ,ramsbottom hydraulic eng9e1 des4 & ills41 #adh1 #aej-aeb ,reaction turb9e wat] :eel1 #abg wat] :eel1 des4 & ills41 #abf ,r$uc+-c\pl+1 def41 #bh ,ri$l] express pump1 #bdj ! belt driv5 pump1 ills4 & des41 #bch-bdj ,re9=c$ pump valves1 des4 & ills41 #bae ,relief valve ( ! und]writ] pump1 #chd ,res9\s electricity1 #bde ,resi/ance1 def41 #bh ?ree laws (1 9 fl[ ( wat]1 #ajj ,rheo/at1 des41 #bef ,rife hydraulic ram1 or eng9e1 #agg-agi ,"r-h& ?read1 def41 #bh ,rock %afts1 cranks1 l9ks1 etc41 ( ! und]writ] fire pump1 #cfa ,racks1 wat]1 = wat] :eels1 h[ be/ made1 #aca ,rob]ts torp$o = cle>+ wells1 note1 #bjb ,roman screw = rais+ wat]1 des4 & ills41 #eb wells1 hi/orical ref41 #dh ,rope pump1 ills4 & des41 #bjj pumps1 :y s call$1 #ahg socket1 def41 #bh ,rot>y1 h&1 =ce pump1 ills4 & des41 #aig pumps1 :y s call$1 #ahh ,rotative eng9e pumps1 des41 #fe ,rubb]1 h[ to det]m9e quality (1 #cgb ,rule = calculat+ capacity ( accumulator1 #agb = f9d+ ! specific gravity ( a solid body1 #ie = velocity ( wat] 9 flume1 pipes & tail race1 #ach relat+ to ! velocities ( fluids fl[+ f orifices1 #aje1 #ajf relat+ to velocity ( fall+ bodies1 #hi to f9d weight ( a cubic foot ( any?+ 9 ! table ( specific gravities1 #ig 8,runn]0 ( turb9e :eels1 des41 #aca ,ru/-jo9t1 def41 #bh ,safety valve = ! und]writ] pump1 des41 #chc ,salt1 specific gravity (1 #if ,s&1 specific gravity (1 #if ,saturat$ /eam1 def41 #bhf ,sav]y1 ,capt4 ,?omas1 hi/orical ref41 #cf ,scoop :eel1 des4 & ills41 #ef ,screw jack or lift+ jack1 def41 #bi ,roman1 = rais+ wat]1 des4 & ills41 #eb ,sea injection1 def41 #bi ,seats1 valve1 ( ! und]writ] pump1 #cgg ,sea wat]1 h[ _m cubic feet to ton1 #ig specific gravity (1 #if ,seld5's pack+1 recomm5d$ = pack+ p[] pumps1 #bcj ,semi-liquids1 def41 #ge pump = h&l+1 ills4 & des41 #bcc ,sett+ ( a turb9e :eel 9 p5/ock1 des4 & ills41 #acd ,sett+ *amb] ( duplex pump1 des41 #ccf ,sewage1 pump = h&l+1 ills4 & des41 #bcb ,%aw9igan turb9e :eel1 des41 #acc ills41 ,,ii1 ,,iv ,%ield = prev5tion ( accid5t 9 ge> pumps1 #bcc ,%ip pumps1 work+1 by ropes1 ills41 #ad 8,%ocks10 def41 #bi ,%op "n1 & %op numb] requir$ on plate atta*$ to ! und]writ] /eam fire pump1 #cee ,siloah's f\nta91 hi/orical ref41 #di ,silv]1 specific gravity (1 #if ,s+le act+ pumps1 h[ !y d _! "w1 #ahh :y s call$1 #ahg 8,slams10 def41 #bi ,slate1 specific gravity (1 #if ,sleeve-c\pl+1 def41 #bi ,slid+ friction1 def41 #ajj 8,slippage10 def41 #bi ( wat] 9 pumps1 #bad ,sluice1 def41 #bi ,slurry pump1 def41 #bi ,smi?-,vaile s+le pump1 ills4 & des41 #cbi-ccj ,sn[ /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #cae-cag ,soap1 pump = h&l+1 ills4 & des41 #bcc ,solid1 def41 #gc ,solids1 a condition or /ate ( matt]1 #gc ,socket-wr5*1 def41 #bi ,spann]1 def41 #bi ,specific gravity ( liquids1 #if ( /eam1 #bhf rule = f9d+ !1 ( a solid body1 #ie /&>d =1 #ia tables1 rule to f9d weight ( any?+ 91 #ig ,spl9e or fea!r1 def41 #bi ,split-p9 or cutt]1 def41 #bi ,spray pump1 ills4 & des41 #bja 8,spread10 def41 #bi ,spr+1 a conical1 employ$ to hold ! valve to its seat1 #bji ,spr+-seat1 def41 #bi ,spr+s1 valve1 gu>ds & cov]s = ! und]writ] pump1 #cgf ,/&>d1 ,national1 specification = ! manufacture ( /eam fire pumps1 #cea ,/atics1 def41 #bdd :at x treats (1 #gd electricity1 #bdd ,/eam end ( a pump1 def41 #cj1 #bgi-bhe ( ! und]writ] /eam fire pump1 details (1 #cef-cff ,/eam eng9es1 comp\nd1 adapt$ to pump1 #gj ,/eam fire pumps1 to be />t$ once a week1 #cgg ,/eam gas1 def41 #bhf hi/ory ( /eam & ! /eam eng9e1 #bhj h[ produc$1 #bhe or p[] ends ( pumps1 #bji p>ts ( ! und]writ] /eam fire pump1 #cef prop]ties (1 explanation1 #bha-bhe prop]ties :i* make x valuable1 #bhf ,/eam pump1 ills4 & e>ly pat5t ( ,h4 ,r4 ,wor?+ton1 #bgh-ccj h[ classifi$1 #ahh :y s call$1 #ahg ,/eam1 relative volume (1 diagram1 #bhb specific gravity (1 #bhf ?r[n valves1 def41 #cj total heat (1 #bhf useful def9itions relat+ to1 #bhe-bhf ,/eel1 specific gravity (1 #if ,/ems1 valve1 ( ! und]writ] pump1 #cgi ,/ep = wat] :eel1 dang] ( heat+1 #acg 8,/ick+ ( valves10 def41 #cj des41 #cgg ,/ra9]1 def41 #cj foot valve1 ills4 & des41 #bbc = suction pipe1 ills41 #bjd = tube wells1 ills4 & des41 #bjc ,/reams1 velocities (1 ills41 #aaj 8,/roke0 ( pump1 def41 #cj ,/ub-end1 def41 #cj ,/ud-bolt1 def41 #cj ,/uff+-box1 def41 #cj & gl&1 ills4 & des41 #baa ( ! und]writ] /eam fire pump1 #cfe ,subm]g$ pump1 def41 #cj ,suck]-rod1 c\pl+s1 des4 & ills41 #bjc1 #bjd 8,suck+ w9d10 def41 #ca ,suction & =ce pumps1 classification (1 #ahg glass models (1 #aha two-cyl9d]1 arrang$ ) ext5sion lev]s1 ills41 #aif ,suction-=ce pump ) air *amb]1 ills4 & des41 #bbf ,suction or lift pumps1 classification (1 #ahg pump1 = vessels1 ills41 #aic pipe1 h[ made & plac$1 #bjd pipe1 prop]1 ills4 & des41 #bbc valve area ( ! und]writ] pump1 #cgc ( ! ,ri$l] express pump1 peculi>ities (1 #bdj ,sulphur1 specific gravity (1 #if ,sup]heat$ /eam1 def41 #bhf ,supplem5tal pi/on1 def41 #ca ,supply *annel1 lead+ wat] f falls1 #aai ,swape or sweep1 hi/orical ref4 & ills41 #dh ,sw+ *eck valve1 def41 #ca ,swit*1 automatic1 #bfi ,swit*-cock or valve1 def41 #ca ,swit*es & swit* bo>ds1 des4 & ills41 #bed-bee ,swit* valve1 ,deane1 ) duplex pump1 #cic ,syphon1 des41 #dj ills41 #da-dd cock1 def41 #ca ,syr+e1 des41 #dd ,table = und]writ] pump1 pipe sizes1 #chj ( capacity1 etc41 ( boil] fe$ pumps1 #bbf etc41 ( triplex p[] pumps1 #bca = s+le act+ triplex plung] pump1 #bcc ( hydraulic ram1 #agd ( ,wor?+ton h\se tank pump1 #bgj sizes1 etc41 ( two-cyl9d] =ce & suction pump1 #aif ,table ( ,cont5ts ( ,"p ,"o1 #ae diamet]s ( wa/e pipe ( ! und]writ] pump1 #chd temp]atures ( wat]1 #ge ,national /&>d ( sizes = duplex /eam fire pumps1 #ceb pressure ( wat]1 #aad pressure ( wat] at diff]5t dep?s1 #gg size1 capacities1 etc41 ,wor?+ton admiralty patt]n boil] fe$ pump1 #ccg sizes1 etc41 ( belt$ pumps1 #bbe sizes ( vacuum & air *amb]s = ! und]writ] pump1 #chb ,table ( specific gravities1 #if /&>d flanges = ! und]writ] pump1 #cha suction valve area ( ! und]writ] pump1 #cgc te/ ( ! int]nal friction ( ! und]writ] pump1 #cib valve port area & valve outlet area = und]writ] pumps1 #cge volume ( "o p\nd ( wat]1 #gf weight ( "o cubic foot ( wat]1 #gf in* ( wat]1 #gf weight1 volume & pressure ( wat]1 #ge-gg ,table1 %[+ relation ( "t1 space & velocity1 #hg ,tail race lead+ f wat] falls1 #aai wat]1 des41 #aca level (1 ills41 #acd1 #acf ( turb9e1 des41 #ace ,tank1 electric h\se pump+ plant1 ills4 & des41 #bfi ,tan-liquor1 pump = h&l+1 ills4 & des41 #bcc ,t>1 pump = h&l+1 ills4 & des41 #bcc ,te/ = acceptance ( ! und]writ] pump1 #cia-cic maximum deliv]y1 #cid ,te/ ( ! quality ( rubb]1 #cgb ,?umb-nut1 def41 #cb ,tide wat] :eel1 des4 & ills41 #abc ,t91 specific gravity (1 #if ,tob9-bronze1 def41 #cb 8,toe0 ^u a disc ( pump1 des41 #aij ,tools1 hydraulic ma*9e1 #ahc ,torp$o1 ,rob]t's1 = cle>+ wells1 note1 #bjb ,torricelli's !orem1 relat+ to fl[ ( fluids fl[+ f an orifice1 & note1 #aje ,t\rniquet1 hydraulic1 des4 & ills41 #abf ,trade pumps1 und]writ]s criticism (1 #cea 8,trail+ wat]10 def41 #cb ,trans=m]1 des41 #bef ,transmission ( p[] by wat] pressure eng9es1 #ade ,triplex p[] gang pump1 table ( capacity1 etc41 #bca pump1 h[ to set ! #f ecc5tric1 #bcb 8,trompe10 def41 #cb ,tube1 or driv5 wells1 #bjb ,tube-plug1 def41 #cb wells1 h[ driv51 ills4 & des41 #bjc ,turb9e1 def41 #cb ,turb9e-dynamomet]1 des4 (1 #abh ,f\rneyron's1 des4 & ills41 #abh pump1 def41 #cb wat]-tight1 des4 & ills41 #aci wat]-:eels1 des4 & ills41 #abf-add outw>d1 v]tical & c5tral dis*>ge (1 #abg des4 ( p>allel fl[1 #abh ! ,h]cules1 des4 & ills41 #acb1 #acc horizontal1 des41 #acc ,turb9e :eels1 ,niag>a ,falls1 des4 & ills41 #adj-add ,turb9e :eel1 sett+ (1 9 p5/ock1 des4 & ills41 #acd ,turp5t9e oil1 specific gravity (1 #if ,tw$del1 design ( ! hydraulic accumulator1 #agb ,two cyl9d] =ce pump1 #aib arrang$ ) ext5sion lev]s1 #aif ,tympanum1 ,!1 des4 & ills41 #ee ,und]%ot wat] :eel1 des4 & ills41 #abb ,und]writ] fire pumps1 #cdd li/ ( atta*m5ts =1 #cde area = suction valve = !1 #cgc te/ = acceptance (1 #cia ,und]writ] /eam fire pump1 des4 & ills41 #cdc-cih ,union1 def41 #cc ,unit ( heat1 ,engli%1 ills4 & des41 #chd ,v pack+1 hydraulic1 ills4 & des41 #aed ,vacuum1 def41 #cc & air *amb]s practically ! rev]se ( ea* o!r1 #bba = ! und]writ] pump1 #cha ills4 & des41 #bbj ,vacuum pumps1 h[ classifi$1 #ahh ,valve1 def41 #cc air1 def41 & m>k+ (1 = ! und]writ] pump1 #che areas1 size necess>y =1 #cgd gate ( ! und]writ] pump1 h[ m>k$1 #chi motion ( duplex pump1 #ccc1 #ccd ( ! ,wor?+ton duplex pump1 #ccf ( h& pump1 l[] or suction1 ills41 #aie ,valve ( ,ri$l] belt-driv5 pump1 ills4 & des41 #bch-bdj ,valve port area & valve outlet area1 table (1 = und]writ] pump1 #cgd1 #cge relief ( ! und]writ] pump1 #chd seats1 bolts & spr+s %\ld be ( ! be/ composition1 metal1 etc41 #bah ,valve sett+ ( ! ,blakeslee /eam pump1 #cja ,buffalo s+le cyl9d] pump1 #cba ,burnham /eam pump1 #cbf ,cam]on /eam pump1 #bif ,davidson /eam pump1 #bhg-bhi ,dean ,bros' /eam pump1 #cbh ,deane /eam pump1 #cai ,duplex /eam pump1 #cch ,fo/] /eam pump1 #bib-bid ,guild & ,g>rison /eam pump1 #cjh ,hill /eam pump1 #cjf ,hook] /eam pump ) outside valve ge>1 #cjc ,kn[les /eam pump1 #caa ,dunn-,gordon /eam pump1 #bij ,laidlaw1 #bib ,mason /eam pump1 #bii ,mc,gowan /eam pump1 #caj ,moore /eam pump1 #cae ,national /eam pump1 #cjd ,smi?-,vaile s+le /eam pump1 #ccj ,sn[ /eam pump1 #caf ,we9man /eam pump1 #cbc ,valve slam1 def41 #cgd ,valve spr+s1 gu>ds & cov]s = ! und]writ] pump1 #cgf ,valve /ems ( ! und]writ] pump1 #cgi ,valves1 deliv]y1 ( ! und]writ] pump1 #cgf hose1 size = ! und]writ] pump1 #chc pump1 des4 & ills41 #cji ,valves1 pump1 size & numb] (1 = ! und]writ] pump1 #cgc re9=c$ pump1 des4 & ills41 #bae-baf small ones pref]able1 #bac /eam slide ( ! und]writ] fire pump1 #cfj ,valves1 /ick+ (1 def41 #cgg ! lift ( valves1 #bad ,vapors1 des41 #gc ,vapor1 :5 x becomes a gas1 #gc ,velocity ( fall+ bodies1 valves to f9d1 #hi fluids fl[+ f an orifice1 #aje1 #ajf /reams1 ills41 #aaj wat] 9 flumes & pipes1 #ach 9 tail-race1 ,rule1 #ach 9 wat] pressure eng9es1 #ade ,v5tres1 def41 #ajf ,v]tical pumps1 :y s call$1 #ahg ,v9eg>1 specific gravity (1 #if ,viscosity1 def41 #cc1 #ge ( fluids1 des41 #ii1 #ajb ,vis viva1 def41 #ajb ,vitre\s electricity1 #bde ,vitruvius1 quotation f1 #eg ,volt1 def41 #bef ,voltaic electricity1 #bdf ,voltmet]s1 def41 #bef ,v ?read1 def41 #cc ,wa%]1 def41 #cc ,wa/e *annel ( wat]-falls1 #aai ,wa/e pipe1 sizes = ! und]writ] pump1 #chd ,wat] & /eam1 "o an ela/ic & ! o!r a non-ela/ic liquid1 #adi ,wat] ar*1 def41 #cc ,wat] z an example ( a fluid1 #gc ,wat]-bell[s1 def41 #cc ,wat]1 boil+ po9t (1 #gf cap1 def41 #cc *emical composition (1 #ge clocks1 des4 & ills41 #ci conditions (1 #ge-gg consid]$ f a *emical /&po9t1 #ge data relat+ to1 #ge ,wat] du/1 ,fr5* t]m = /eam1 #bhe end1 def41 #cc ( ! und]writ] /eam fire pump1 ills4 & des41 #cfg-chj pumps1 des4 & ills41 #bji ,wat]falls1 des4 ( supply & wa/e *annels1 #aai division ( p>ts d]iv+ en]gy1 #aai ,wat]1 fl[ (1 result ( gravity1 #hi f\r notable temp]atures (1 #ge ,wat]-hamm]1 def41 #cd or valve slam1 def41 #cgd influ5ce ( gravity on weight (1 note1 #hj ,wat]-lift+ inv5tions1 #ec-gj ( :at compos$1 #bhe practically non-ela/ic1 data1 #ge-gg pressure eng9es1 c>e (1 to prev5t freez+1 etc41 #ade1 #adf ,wat] pressure ma*9es1 #aag-aed measurem5t (1 #aac due to its weight1 data1 #hc pressure (1 table1 #aad pressure on column (1 data1 #gg h[ transmitt$1 data & ills41 #gi proportion$ to its dep?1 data1 #hc table1 #gg ,wat] pressure or hydraulic motors1 des41 #adg ,wat] pumps1 :y s call$1 #ahg racks = turb9e :eels1 h[ be/ made1 #aca ,wat] ram1 def41 #cd rises to same level 9 opposite arms ( tube1 data1 #hc salt1 boil+ po9t (1 #gf sea1 h[ _m cubic feet to ton1 #ig tables ( weight & volume1 etc41 #gf temp]ature (1 = calculations1 #ge ,wat]1 !oretical & actual fl[1 note1 #ajf ?ree laws ( frictional resi/ance (1 #ajj ,wat]-tight turb9e1 ills4 & des41 #aci "u pressure1 efflux (1 #aje-aac velocity (1 9 flumes & pipes1 rule1 #ach tail race1 rule1 #ach weight & volume (1 tables1 #gf1 #gg 9 r\nd numb]s1 #gf "o cubic foot (1 #gf ,wat] :eel1 #acb1 #acc ,wat] :eels1 #aai-add des4 & ills4 ( 8*utes10 gate-seats1 8gates0 & 8buckets0 ( turb9e1 des4 & ills41 #aci des4 & ills4 ( flutt] :eels1 etc41 #aba-abe des4 ( 8runn]s10 8guides0 & wat] racks1 #acj des4 ( ! 8/ep0 buckets1 etc41 #acj des4 8tail wat]0 & 8draft tube01 #ace sett+ (1 9 p5/ock1 #acd ,leffel1 #acj :5 ! wat] is measur$1 #acj ,wat] w rise z high z its s\rce1 data1 #hc ,watt1 ,jas41 acc\nt ( 8 discov]y ( ! prop]ties ( /eam1 #bhj1 #bha ,watt1 ,jas41 hi/orical1 ref41 #ce ,we9man /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #cbb-cbd ,weirs1 def41 #abb ,weir tables1 allusion to 9 note1 #abb ,wells1 des4 & ills41 #de-eb driv5 or tube1 #bjb hi/orical note1 #ej ,roman1 hi/orical ref41 #dh tube1 h[ driv51 ills4 & des41 #bjc ) /airs1 hi/orical des41 #ea ,wet /eam1 def41 #bhf ,:eel & axle1 use (1 9 wells1 #fd ,:eel1 scoop1 des4 & ills41 #ef ,:eel1 ! ,egyptian1 des4 & ills41 #eg ,:eel1 ! ,noria1 des4 & ills41 #eg ! ,p]sian1 des4 & ills41 #eh ,:irlpool-*amb]1 def41 #ce ,:y an electric motor revolves1 #beh ,will[1 specific gravity (1 #if ,w9dlass1 ,*9ese1 hi/orical ref4 & ills41 #dg1 #fb ,w9d pumps1 :y s call$1 #ahg ,w+-nut1 def41 #ce patt]n *eck valve1 ills4 & des41 #bbg ,work+ b>rel1 def41 #cd ,"w1 useful1 done 9 wat] pressure eng9es1 #ade ,wor?+ton1 ,h5ry ,rossit]1 hi/orical notes1 #fh-gj engrav$ portrait (1 vi dea? (1 #gj ills4 ( fir/ pat5t$ /eam pump1 #bgh ,wor?+ton duplex pump1 #ccf ,y1 def41 #ce ,yoke1 def41 #ce ( ! und]writ] /eam fire pump1 #cef ,z9c1 specific gravity (1 #if