,! ,daily ,telegraph ,,w> ,,books ,,motor ,,transports ,,9 ,,w> ,! ,daily ,telegraph ,,w> ,,books ,clo? #a_/- net ea* ,po/ free #a_/c ea* ,,h[ ,,! ,,w> ,,began ,by ,w4 ,l4 ,,c\rtney1 ,,ll4,d41 & ,j4 ,m4 ,,k5n$y ,,! ,,fleets ,,at ,,w> ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,hurd ,,! ,,campaign ,,( ,,s$an ,by ,,george ,,hoop] ,,! ,,campaign ,,r\nd ,,liege ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,k5n$y ,,9 ,,! ,,fir+ ,,l9e ,battle ,/ories told by ,briti% ,soldi]s at ! ,front4 ,by ,a4 ,,/4 ,,john ,,adcock ,,great ,,battles ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,by ,,/eph5 ,,crane ,au?or ( 8,! ,r$ ,badge ( ,c\rage40 ,,briti% ,,regim5ts ,,at ,,! ,,front ,! glori\s /ory ( _! ,battle ,hon\rs4 ,,! ,,r$ ,,cross ,,9 ,,w> ,by ,m4 ,f4 ,,bill+ton ,,=ty ,,ye>s ,,aft] ,! ,/ory ( ! ,franco-,g]man ,w>4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,bailey4 ,) an ,introduction by ,w4 ,l4 ,,c\rtney1 ,,ll4,d4 ,a ,,scrap ,,( ,,pap] ,! ,inn] ,hi/ory ( ,g]man ,diplomacy4 ,by ,e4 ,j4 ,,dillon ,,h[ ,,! ,,nations ,,wag$ ,,w> ,a companion volume to 8,h[ ! ,w> ,began10 tell+ h[ ! _w fac$ ,armag$don & h[ ! ,briti% ,army answ]$ ! call to arms4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,k5n$y ,,air-,,craft ,,9 ,,w> ,by ,,eric ,,/u>t ,,bruce ,,hack+ ,,?r\gh ,,belgium ,by ,,edmund ,,dane ,,fam\s ,,fights ,,( ,,indian ,,native ,,regim5ts ,by ,,reg9ald ,,hodd] ,,! ,,retreat ,,to ,,p>is ,by ,,rog] ,,+p5 ,,! ,,russian ,,advance ,by ,,m>r ,,murray ,,! ,,subm>9e ,,9 ,,w> ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,domville-,,fife ,,motor ,,transports ,,9 ,,w> ,by ,,horace ,,wyatt ,,! ,,slav ,,nations ,,motor ,,transports ,,9 ,,w> ,,by ,,horace ,,wyatt ,,advisor ,,on ,,heavy ,,motors ,,to 8,,! ,,autoc>02 ,,consult+ ,,editor ,,( 8,,motor ,,traction02 ,,hon4 ,,sec4 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,motor ,,transport ,,c\ncil1 ,,etc4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,hodd] ,,& ,,/\ghton ,,london ,,new ,,york ,,toronto ,,mcmxiv ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction #g ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,scope ,,( ,,! ,,motor ,,vehicle #aa ,,ii4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,milit>y ,,motor #bf ,,iii4 ,,trials ,,& ,,manoeuvres #da ,,iv4 ,,exp]i5ces ,,( ,,motors ,,9 ,,active ,,s]vice #ei ,v4 ,,motor ,,ambulance ,,"w #gg ,,vi4 ,,! ,,transport ,,( ,,ammunition ,,& ,,artill]y #id ,,vii4 ,,arm\r$ ,,c>s ,,& ,,o!r ,,milit>y ,,motors #ajb ,,viii4 ,,! ,,provision ,,( ,,milit>y ,,motor ,,transport #aag ,,ix4 ,a ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,national ,,conditions #acb ,x4 ,,briti% ,,subsidy ,,type ,,motors #adh ,,xi4 ,,transport ,,motors ,,( ,,cont95tal ,,armies #aff ,,xii4 ,,em]g5cy ,,measures ,,on ,,! ,,outbreak ,,( ,,w> #ahb ,,introduction ,,by ,,! ,,editor ,,( 8,,! ,,autoc>0 ,we h be5 told1 & rightly1 _m times )9 ! la/ few weeks t ! pres5t w> is unique1 n m]ely on acc\nt ( ! va/ness ( ! cont5d+ armies1 b also on acc\nt ( ! p[] ( ! weapons employ$4 ,9 fact1 ! w> has v prop]ly be5 describ$ z an eng9e]'s w>1 & su*1 inde$1 x is1 z ! eng9e] is :olly responsible = ! trem5d\s developm5t 9 e w>like in/rum5t :i* has tak5 place s9ce #ahgj4 ,he is responsible1 too1 n m]ely = ! developm5t1 b = ! inv5tion ( :olly new me?ods ( (f5ce & def5ce4 ,b 8 influ5ce does n end "h1 & x is n m]ely 9 ! fir+ l9e t "o sees ! influ5ce ( ! eng9e]3 ev5 z ?is w> is ! fir/ occasion on :i* mod]n weapons1 explosives & projectiles h be5 te/$ on ! gr& scale1 s1 too1 is x ev5 m emphatically ! fir/ occasion on :i* motor transport has be5 ?or\ghly te/$ at all4 ,:ile ! rec5t ,balkan w> provid$ a practical te/ ( _m ( ! weapons us$ 9 ! great w> to-day1 motor transport play$ only a v small "p 9 x2 & x is v extraord9>y t an innovation ( ?is k9d %\ld be truly te/$ = ! fir/ "t ^u su* a /up5d\s scale4 ,x is ! motor c>1 ! motor van & ! motor lorry :i* h r5d]$ ! rapid movem5ts ( ! pres5t w> possible2 x is n yet realis$ to ! full h[ great h be5 ! s]vices ( motor transport 9 ! supply ( ammunition & food to ! troops1 & 9 ! rapid conveyance ( ! w\nd$ to ! hospitals4 ,no "o is bett] qualifi$ ?an ,mr4 ,horace ,wyatt to deal ) ?is new & important bran* ( mod]n w>f>e4 ,9 8 capacity =m]ly z ,editor & n[ z ,consult+ ,editor ( ,motor ,traction he has /udi$ ! "q f its inception3 f its small beg9n+s 9 ,briti% army manoeuvres _m ye>s ago "r up to ! pres5t "t he has foll[$ ! subject ) ! close/ att5tion4 ,n only s3 he has p]sonally inve/igat$ ! "w p]=m$ by motor transport 9 ! gr&es manoeuvres on ! ,cont95t4 ,i h _h ! good =tune to "w closely ) him = _m ye>s1 & x puts me 9 a position to say t 8 k ( ! subject is unique bo? 9 detail & 9 g5]al1 s t read]s ( ! pres5t volume may re/ assur$ t facts & facts alone are dealt ) 9 its pages4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,/an]1 ,editor ( ,! ,autoc>4 ,cov5try1 ,octob]1 #aiad4 ,,motor ,,transports ,,9 ,,w> ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,scope ,,( ,,! ,,motor ,,vehicle ,e>ly ,hi/ory--,! ,indu/rial ,motor--,! ,motor ',bus & ,motor ,cab--,/eam ,lorries & ,tractors--,petrol-,electric ,vehicles--,daily ,mileages & ,fuel ,consumption4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! motor vehicle z we "k x to-day is ! result ( a developm5t n m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury old1 its enorm\s influ5ce ^u ! "* ( mod]n w>f>e mu/ inde$ be reg>d$ z rem>kable4 ,especially is ?is s 9 view ( ! fact t progress has n 9 ! ma9 be5 dictat$ by milit>y consid]ations1 b almo/ entirely by ! requirem5ts ( private individuals & ( peaceful trad+ conc]ns4 ,! case is v diff]5t f t ( ! a]oplane & ! air%ip1 :i* f ! v mom5t t !y began to appe> z practical possibilities1 7 recognis$ z hav+ f> great] pot5tialities 9 connection ) w>f>e ?an 9 any o!r sph]e4 ,! :ole sci5ce ( flight has be5 /udi$ to a great ext5t f ?is po9t ( view1 & ! ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5ts conc]n$1 9 all civilis$ c\ntries1 h recognis$ ! necessity ( keep+ 9 t\* ) & enc\rag+ ! movem5t1 & h realis$ all along ! nature ( ! "w to be done by ! fly+ corps4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! use ( ! motor vehicle 0 ext5d$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ma9ly z a sport1 & z a new occupation = well-to-d individuals ( a me*anical turn ( m9d4 ,!re is an attraction ab\t spe$ 9 all =ms1 & consequ5tly1 x 0 on ?is po9t t att5tion 0 = _m ye>s conc5trat$4 ,fur!rmore1 developm5ts 7 influ5c$ to no slight ext5t by *anges ( fa%ion1 & ! ne$ ( satisfy+ ! requirem5ts ( p :o 7 n necess>ily qualifi$ to direct progress into ! be/ possible *annels4 ,! motor vehicle 0 us$ z a luxury1 & exploit$ z a means ( br++ into be+ new =ms ( sport1 = _m ye>s be=e x acquir$ suffici5t reliability or work$ ) suffici5t economy to ju/ify its employm5t on economic gr\nds4 ,! indu/rial motor indu/ry is1 9 fact1 at ! pres5t day only ab\t t5 ye>s old4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 "o ( ! pr9cipal factors 9 secur+ ! occasional use ( motor vans 0 ! adv]tisem5t value ( a r unusual type ( vehicle1 :i* naturally attract$ consid]able att5tion :]ev] x w5t4 ,a little lat] me*anical transport 0 adopt$ by a limit$ numb] ( firms1 n on acc\nt ( any sup]iority 9 economy or reliability ov] old sy/ems ( deliv]y1 b r ) a view to ext5d+ ! area embrac$1 & s ga9+ an advantage ov] compet+ conc]ns m ?an suffici5t to balance ! increas$ co/ involv$ by ! employm5t ( vehicles by no means *eap ei!r z reg>ds fir/ co/ or op]at+ exp5ses4 ,once ! indu/ry 0 e/abli%$1 h[ev]1 its rapid gr[? 0 inevitable1 s9ce x 0 f\nd possible to con/ruct vehicles ! employm5t ( :i* 0 m ?an ju/ifi$ on purely economic gr\nds4 ,! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance 0 f\nd 9 connection ) public s]vices & hackney c>riages = ! conveyance ( pass5g]s1 :ile 9 ! c>riage ( goods ! new means ( transport _h to compete ) *eap if sl[ sy/ems ( deliv]y by hors$ vehicle1 & ) ! railways :i*1 if n (f]+ a direct me?od1 at lea/ (f]$ a v *eap "o :5 a l>ge volume ( traffic _h to be h&l$4 ,9 ! o!r sph]e1 competition 0 limit$ *iefly to ! hors$ 'bus1 ! hors$ cab & ! tram c>1 & ! la/ nam$ 0 "u a disadvantage 9 "s qu>t]s1 s9ce conditions exi/ 9 p>ts ( ,london & 9 v>i\s o!r cities extremely unfav\rable to ! complete employm5t ( rail$ transport on ! roads4 ,! motor cab 0 assi/$ 9 driv+ ! horse cab (f ! /reets by ! /upid cons]vatism ( ! old-fa%ion$ cab driv]1 :o refus$ po9t-blank to employ ! taximet]1 & s to =ego ! advantage :i* he _h obta9$ by keep+ 8 f>e 9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( ignorance z to ! prop] legal *>ges to :i* he 0 entitl$4 ,! promot]s ( ! e>ly motor-cab companies took advantage ( ?is /ate ( affairs1 & introduc$ ! motor cab & ! taximet] simultane\sly4 ,! vehicle itself _h ! attraction ( novelty & ! advantage ( great] spe$1 :ile its e>ly popul>ity 0 /ill m directly due to ! taximet] giv+ an accurate *eck ( ! am\nt payable on e j\rney4 ,9 ?is sph]e1 consequ5tly1 ! victory ( me*anical ov] horse transport 0 rapid & inevitable4 ,simultane\sly1 ! motor omnibus made /eady1 if n q su* spe$y1 progress4 ,its advantage 9 spe$ ov] ! horse 'bus 0 at fir/ ! det]m9+ factor1 b aft] improvem5ts 9 ! me*anism1 giv+ increas$ com=t & reliability1 x 0 able to get ! bett] also ( ! electric tram 9 spite ( ! advantage possess$ by ! rail$ vehicle ( l>g] c>ry+ capacity1 :i* ( c\rse t5ds t[>ds r$uc$ op]at+ co/s p] pass5g] c>ri$4 ,! inflexible nature ( a tramway sy/em has be5 ! pr9cipal factor 9 secur+ ! popul>ity ( a free road vehicle1 & at ! pres5t mom5t ! motor omnibus is able to compete directly ) great success aga9/ ! electric tram c>4 ,s x came ab\t t pass5g] transport 0 v rapidly conv]t$ to me*anical p[]4 ,if ,london is tak5 z an example1 we f9d t at ! pres5t mom5t ov] #ie p] c5t4 ( pass5g] transport is c>ri$ on by me*anical vehicles1 :ile c]ta9ly n m ?an #ae p] c5t4 ( goods transport has yet be5 simil>ly div]t$4 ,nev]!less1 ! motor vehicle = ! c>riage ( goods has made great progress1 p>ticul>ly 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,motors ,,9 ,,! ,,s]vice ,,( ,,! ,,fly+ ,,corps ,,at ,a ,,rec5t ,,review ,,9 ,,france4 ,?r\gh\t its hi/ory1 x has be5 greatly help$ by ! prior exi/5ce ( ! /eam traction eng9e4 ,f ^! heavy & sl[ ma*9es1 suitable only = limit$ use 9 p>ticul> sph]es1 h be5 develop$ two v useful classes ( light] /eam-propell$ ma*9es com+ "u ! provisions ( ! ,motor ,c> ,acts4 ,! fir/ is ! /eam tractor1 :i* is m]ely a small edition ( ! traction eng9e1 able1 on acc\nt ( its light] weight1 to travel at consid]ably high] spe$s4 ,! o!r is ! /eam lorry1 :i* is an extremely valuable ma*9e = ! c>riage ( any?+ up to ab\t six tons ( goods at spe$s ( ab\t five miles p] h\r4 ,f ! five-ton /eam lorry !re has m rec5tly develop$ a light] type ( /eam vehicle 9 ! %ape ( ! ?ree-ton lorry1 g5]ally runn+ on rubb] tyres1 & s entitl$ legally to travel at mu* high] spe$s4 ,! great economy ( /eam motors made x absolutely necess>y = ! mak]s ( int]nal combu/ion indu/rial vehicles to /udy e possibility ( r$uc+ op]at+ co/s4 ,!y _h on _! side advantages z reg>ds high] spe$ possibilities & m complete indep5d5ce ( fuel supplies4 ,! /eam motor ( ord9>y type _c be conv5i5tly design$ to c>ry ) x fuel & wat] supplies adequate = v long j\rneys4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /eam] has ! great advantage ( be+ able to ex]t trem5d\s p[] at l[ road spe$s4 ,! /eam eng9e is m flexible & m capable ( /&+ a heavy ov]load ?an ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 ,ev5 if x is br\ght almo/ to a /&/ill1 x c g on apply+ ! full /eam pressure beh9d its pi/on dur+ e /roke4 ,giv5 adequate supplies ( fuel & wat]1 x is an admirable & v economical ma*9e = all sorts ( r\gh & heavy "w4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! /eam lorry & ! /eam tractor h be5 ess5tially ,briti% developm5ts1 & z su* !y h done mu* to br+ ! ,briti% indu/rial petrol vehicle up to its pres5t high /&>d ( p]fection4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 a tractor & a lorry %\ld "h be not$4 ,! tractor is design$ m]ely to haul a load1 :ile ! lorry is prim>ily int5d$ to c>ry its load4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! eng9e & ! load-c>ry+ vehicle are two sep>ate units c\pl$ toge!r2 9 ! second1 !y =m "o unit4 ,! latt] is ! m conv5i5t arrangem5t s f> z manoeuvr+ 9 enclos$ spaces is conc]n$1 s9ce a good deal ( skill is ne$$ to back a tractor tra9 ) accuracy4 ,also1 ! /eam lorry uses its load to increase ! adhesive p[] ( its driv+ :eels4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /eam tractor c itself be do+ useful "w1 :ile "s ( its load-c>ry+ vehicles or trail]s are be+ load$ or unload$4 ,by provid+ two sets ( trail]s1 x c be kept usefully employ$ & ne$ n wa/e "t at its t]m9al po9ts4 ,moreov]1 if x is requir$ to "w "u v difficult conditions1 x is a great advantage to be able to unhit* ! eng9e f ! trail]4 ,if1 = example1 ! b$ ( a riv] has to be cross$ & ! :eels s9k into loose s&1 ! tractor is unhit*$ & run ?r\gh )\t its load until x rea*es solid gr\nd4 ,:5 x is br\ght to a /&/ill1 its eng9e is employ$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( wire rope ge> to drag ! load$ trail] sl[ly b v surely out ( its difficulty4 ,?us1 = cross-c\ntry "w1 ! tractor has mu* to recomm5d x1 & x is n surpris+ t ! success ( ! five-ton /eam] has l$ to sy/ematic endeav\rs to p]fect int]nal combu/ion tractors possess+ all ! same advantages1 & also self-conta9$ = long j\rneys z reg>ds fuel & wat] supplies4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! fact t1 :5 a tractor is us$1 ! load does n assi/ ! adhesion ( ! :eels4 ,?is con/itutes1 z x 71 an artificial limit to ! tractive p[]1 & has naturally caus$ "s design]s to consid] me?ods by :i* ! eng9e p[] ( a tractor c\ld be appli$ n only to "o pair ( :eels b to all ! :eels1 s t ! :ole weight ( ! eng9e itself c be us$ to secure adhesion4 ,! f\r-:eel drive is n common 9 comm]cial s]vice1 z x has only be5 f\nd necess>y "u a limit$ numb] ( v sev]e conditions4 ,a good deal has be5 done1 h[ev]1 9 ?is direction1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,france4 ,! result+ vehicle ne$ n be purely a tractor4 ,9 fact1 we (t5 f9d heavy lorries employ$ n only to c>ry a sub/antial load1 b to haul an additional light] load 9 a trail]4 ,z a rule1 ^! trail]s h iron-tyr$ :eels1 b = s]vice 9 :i* economy ( eng9e p[] is m important ?an economy ( money1 rubb] tyres are usually fitt$1 s9ce !y h ! effect ( r$uc+ ! p[] absorb$ 9 haul+ ! trail] by ab\t #be p] c5t4 ,ano!r developm5t :i* is due ma9ly to ! difficulties ( adopt+ ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e = ! haulage ( heavy loads )\t %ock1 is ! petrol-electric sy/em4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! p[] ( ! c> eng9e is us$ to drive an electric dynamo4 ,?is dynamo g5]ates curr5t :i* is ei!r suppli$ direct to electric motors or else /or$ 9 a batt]y ( accumulators1 ! =m] me?od be+ ! bett] & m likely to survive4 ,sometimes "o electric motor is us$1 tak+ ! place ( an ord9>y ge> box1 & driv+ ! back :eels ?r\gh a univ]sally jo9t$ %aft & a diff]5tial ge>4 ,9 o!r cases1 two balanc$ electric motors are employ$ 9 or ne> ! driv+ :eels4 ,9 o!rs aga91 two motors are us$1 ea* driv+ ?r\gh %aft & diff]5tial ge> to "o axle ( ! vehicle1 & s provid+ an electric f\r-:eel drive4 ,ano!r arrangem5t is ! provision ( f\r electric motors1 "o = ea* :eel4 ,! vehicle is controll$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a 8controll]02 t is to say1 an app>atus :i*1 by ! movem5t ( a h&le1 v>ies ! electrical connections & s makes ! in/allation suitable = provid+ ei!r a big torque at l[ spe$s1 or a comp>atively light torque at high spe$s4 ,electrical ma*9]y is also 9 a s5se self-regulat+1 & consequ5tly a well-design$ petrol-electric transmission is tantam\nt to ! provision ( an inf9itely v>iable *ange spe$ ge>4 ,"o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts aga9/ ! petrol-electric me?od is t1 :5 ! ma*9e is runn+ fairly light & fa/1 ! electrical ma*9]y involves c]ta9 unnecess>y p[] losses4 ,consequ5tly1 sy/ems h be5 devis$ 9 :i* me*anical & electrical drive are comb9$1 ! latt] only op]at+ ! vehicle "u conditions equival5t to an increase ( load on ! eng9e4 ,ef=ts h be5 made = _m ye>s pa/ to evolve a satisfactory int]nal combu/ion eng9e us+ p>aff9 or "s o!r heavy & comp>atively *eap oil 9 place ( petrol4 ,:ile ^! attempts h by no means fail$1 ! practical results are up to ! pres5t m or less limit$ to ! use ( p>aff9 fuel 9 tropical or semi-tropical c\ntries1 :]e ! high] temp]ature facilitates its employm5t4 ,among ! disadvantages ( p>aff9 are difficulties 9 />t+ up1 a t5d5cy to soot up ! sp>k+ plugs1 ! ne$ ( m frequ5t clean+ ( cyl9d]s1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( disagreeable smell1 p>tly due to ! creep+ ( ! liquid ?r\gh e available crevice4 ,s f> z ! ord9>y petrol van or lorry is conc]n$1 v>i\s types h be5 develop$ to meet a v>iety ( comm]cial ne$s4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( light vans are run on pneumatic tyres1 b ! solid tyre is pref]r$ :]ev] economy is m important ?an spe$4 ,x ( c\rse goes )\t say+ t1 if a *assis is to run on solid tyres1 x mu/ be ( sub/antial con/ruction1 & s design$ t its me*anism w n be injur$ by ! fact t ! solid tyre is n s capable z ! pneumatic ( absorb+ small vibrations4 ,a v popul> type ( motor van is design$ to c>ry ab\t #be or #cj cwt4 ,^! ma*9es are capable ( spe$s up to ab\t #be or ev5 #cj miles p] h\r 9 em]g5cy1 & c av]age com=tably #ad to #af miles4 ,"u reasonable conditions1 !y c cov] daily j\rneys ( #ajj to #abj miles4 ,among l>g] types ! #c-tonn] pr$om9ates4 ,?is class ( ma*9e c be g5]ally us$ = daily j\rneys ( #gj to #ij miles1 av]ag+ p]haps #aa or #ab miles p] h\r4 ,x usually consumes petrol at ! rate ( ab\t #a gallon to #h miles1 ?\gh bett] results are obta9able "u good conditions4 ,!re are also a l>ge numb] ( #e-ton petrol lorries 9 comm]cial s]vice4 ,^! c be advantage\sly us$ to cov] #fj or #gj miles a day1 consum+ ab\t #a gallon ( petrol to e #f miles run4 ,! motor cab runs ab\t #bj to #be miles on a gallon ( petrol1 & ! motor omnibus ab\t #g to #aj miles4 ,?is "q ( fuel consumption is1 ( c\rse1 di/9ctly important 9 milit>y s]vice1 :5 adequate supplies are only ma9ta9$ at ! "r po9ts ) consid]able difficulty4 ,9 lat] *apt]s "s acc\nt is giv5 ( ! attempts made by v>i\s gov]nm5ts to influ5ce ! developm5t ( motor traction into ! directions dictat$ by _! milit>y ne$s1 b ?is brief sket* ( ! g5]al tr5d ( ev5ts w be suffici5t to indicate ! pres5t position1 & to provide ! necess>y k = ! appreciation ( ! facts & consid]ations to :i* we %all n[ turn4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,milit>y ,,motor ,! ,op9ions ( ,g]man & ,briti% ,milit>y ,exp]ts--,! ,old & ,new ,me?ods ( ,transport & ,supply--,h[ ,troops 9 ! ,field are ,f$4 ,al?\gh we1 9 ,great ,brita91 h develop$ ! indu/rial motor vehicle almo/ entirely ) a view to ! improvem5t ( communications 9 "t ( peace1 v>i\s circum/ances1 :i* w be ref]r$ to 9 m detail 9 a lat] *apt]1 h l$ o!r c\ntries to fa/5 _! att5tion m firmly on to ! application ( me*anical p[] to milit>y ne$s4 ,v consid]able sums ( money h be5 exp5d$ dur+ ! pa/ five or six ye>s ) ?is end 9 view1 & su* exp5diture c\ld only h be5 ju/ifi$ if a full /udy ( ! probable c\rse ( a great w> "u mod]n conditions _h l$ to ! conclusion t ! motor is some?+ m ?an an accessory & conv5i5ce1 b is r "o ( ! prime ess5tials ( success4 ,9 ord] to prove t ?is view is1 9 fact1 held by ^? :o h devot$ _! :ole "t to ! /udy ( mod]n w>f>e1 "o ne$ g no fur!r ?an ! n[ fam\s or notori\s book on ,g]many & ! ,next ,w> by ,g5]al ,f4 von ,b]nh>di3 8,9 a future ,european w> #8masses' w be employ$ to an ext5t unprec$5t$ 9 any previ\s "o4 ,weapons w be us$ ^: deadl9ess w exce$ all previ\s exp]i5ce4 ,m effective & v>i$ means ( communication w be available ?an 7 kn[n 9 e>li] w>s4 ,^! ?ree mom5t\s factors w m>k ! w> ( ! future40 ,f ?is /atem5t x is cle> t1 ev5 if only improvem5t 9 means ( communication is consid]$1 ! motor vehicle =ms "o ( ! ?ree greate/ factors 9 m\ld+ ! c\rse ( mod]n w>f>e4 ,railways h be5 available 9 _m previ\s w>s1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! ref]5ce to m effective & v>i$ means ( communication is occasion$ almo/ entirely by ! developm5t ( motor vehicles suitable = use 9 ! transport & supply columns4 ,simultane\sly1 bo? ( ! o!r prime factors are affect$ by ! introduction ( motor vehicles4 ,road motors c assi/ mat]ially 9 mass+ m5 rapidly at any desir$ po9t1 & me*anical p[] is absolutely ess5tial = ! transport ( guns ( enorm\s calibre1 ! employm5t ( :i* 9 ! field is only 9 ?is way r5d]$ possible4 ,quot+ aga9 f ! same au?ority we get an idea ( ! be>+ ( our subject ^u a milit>y !ory n[ univ]sally accept$ z true4 8,! comm&] :o c c>ry out all op]ations quick] ?an ! enemy1 & c conc5trate & employ great] masses 9 a n>r[ space ?an !y c1 w always be 9 a position to collect a num]ically sup]ior =ce 9 ! decisive direction2 if he controls ! m effective troops he w ga9 decisive successes aga9/ "o "p ( ! ho/ile army1 & w be able to exploit !m aga9/ o!r divisions ( x be=e ! enemy c ga9 equival5t advantages 9 o!r p>ts ( ! field4444 ,if ! assailant c advance 9 ! decisive direction ) sup]ior numb]s1 & c w9 ! day1 because ! enemy _c utilise 8 num]ical sup]iority1 !re is a possibility ( an ultimate victory ov] ! ari?metically /rong] army40 ,tak+ ?is /atem5t 9 conjunction ) ! well-kn[n ,g]man !ory t safety only lies 9 (f5sive w>f>e1 we realise imm$iately ! incalculable importance ( ! introduction ( any new sy/em :i* w give to l>ge bodies ( m5 ! p[]s ( m free & m rapid movem5t4 ,:5 armies are increas$ beyond c]ta9 num]ical limits1 x becomes absolutely necess>y = !m to dep5d ^u supplies br\ght up regul>ly f ! re>1 & n ^u ! unc]ta9ties ( liv+ ^u ! c\ntry4 8,improv$ means ( communication facilitate ! h&l+ & fe$+ ( l>ge masses1 b tie !m d[n to railway sy/ems & ma9 roads1 & mu/1 if !y fail or break d[n 9 ! c\rse ( a campaign1 aggravate ! difficulties1 because ! troops 7 accu/om$ to _! use1 & ! comm&]s c\nt$ ^u !m40 ,we h "h a complete recognition ( two mo/ important po9ts4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! use ( motors 9 ! transport & supply columns1 if successfully c>ri$ on1 repres5ts an enorm\s advantage1 :i* may ev5 all[ ultimate victory to come to a num]ically inf]ior army4 ,9 ! second place1 we h ! ackn[l$gm5t t any breakd[n 9 ! s]vice = :i* ! motor vehicles are responsible1 w be fatal to success4 ,a milit>y correspond5t ( ! ,daily ,telegraph has rec5tly emphasis$ ! same po9t4 ,he has po9t$ out t hi!rto ! mass+ ( an army ( ab\t a qu>t] ( a million m5 has repres5t$ ! probable limit ( possibilities1 & t ev5 !n su* numb]s c\ld only be mass$ = a %ort p]iod4 ,! ,russo-,japanese w>1 9 :i* l>g] numb]s 7 engag$1 has by no means disprov$ ?is !ory1 s9ce x p>took ( ! nature ( a siege r ?an t ( a field campaign4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 ! enorm\s numb]s dealt ) envolve c]ta9 limitations 9 movem5t1 ! scope ( :i* is dictat$ by ! di/ribution ( railways & ( roads4 ,)\t motor transport1 ! rate ( movem5t ( huge armies w\ld be necess>ily v sl[1 ! radius ( action f railhead w\ld be small1 & ! daily movem5t ( ! troops w\ld be /rictly circumscrib$ = m reasons ?an "o4 ,! effect ( ! introduction ( motor transport is some:at simil> to t :i* w\ld be obta9$ if ! railway c\ld1 9 a few h\rs1 be ext5d$ 9 any direction along any made road = a di/ance ( ab\t =ty or fifty miles4 ,! deliv]y ( supplies1 z x 7 9 retail1 to ! troops mu/ /ill be c>ri$ out by horse transport1 s9ce motor lorries are n suitable = cont9u\s use :]e made roads d n exi/4 ,! comp>atively sl[ movem5t ( hors$ vehicles ev5 n[ affects ! rate ( progress ( an army4 ,:5 huge bodies ( m5 are 9 motion1 ! dep? f ! front to ! re> ( ! army is v consid]able1 & at ! end ( ! day ! supplies h to be br\ght up f ! re> to ! front 9 "t to enable ! :ole =ce to be f$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"p ,,( ,,big ,,fleet ,,( 8,,albion0 ,,lorries ,,pur*as$ ,,by ,,! ,,briti% ,,w> ,,(fice4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,briti% 8,,b]na0 ,,lorries ,,tak5 ,,ov] ,,by ,,! ,,w> ,,dep>tm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,fleet ,,( 8,,?ornycr(t0 ,,lorries ,,requisition$ ,,= ,,s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,fleet ,,( 8,,hall=d0 ,,lorries ,,call$ ,,up ,,imm$iately ,,on ,,! ,,outbreak ,,( ,,w>4 ,! use ( transport & supply motors does n am\nt m]ely to ! employm5t ( a l>ge numb] ( ^! ma*9es = miscellane\s duties1 b r corresponds to br++ into exi/5ce a new l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ! ma9 sy/em ( supply4 ,! exi/5ce ( railways beh9d ! army is assum$4 ,at "s safe po9t along ! railway is =m$ ! base1 & f ?is base /ores are br\ght up to a po9t kn[n z 8railhead10 ,?is is ! po9t :]e1 = ! "t be+1 milit>y rail traffic ceases4 ,x is evid5t t railhead is a v>iable quantity1 liable to move =w>d or backw>d f day to day4 ,! ma9 accumulation ( /ores is at ! base1 & ! /ock at railhead at any mom5t consi/s only ( suffici5t to meet "o day's requirem5ts4 ,be=e ! introduction ( motor transport1 ! :ole ( ! supplies f railhead _h to be tak5 by hors$ vehicle1 & subsequ5tly di/ribut$ 9 ! same way among ! troops4 ,"u ! new me?od1 motor lorries c>ry ! supplies up to a place call$ 8re-fill+ po9t10 :i* is a movable po9t situat$ f day to day 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t position possible to arrange1 ) a view to ! di/ribution ( supplies by hors$ vehicle to ! army4 ,9 ! old sy/em1 ! transport vehicles work$ 9 e*elons4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ) ! baggage & supplies = a day1 foll[$ s closely beh9d ! troops z to be able to jo9 !m e night4 ,! next1 half a day's m>* beh9d1 c>ri$ supplies suffici5t to repl5i% ! fir/ column daily4 ,fur!r back aga9 7 o!r e*elons c>ry+ on ! same s*eme4 ,?is meant t ! :ole ( ! roads = enorm\s di/ances beh9d ! =ces 7 encumb]$ by transport4 ,betwe5 railhead & ! army !re 7 _m l9ks involv+ endless possibilities ( confusion1 & consequ5tly %ortage 9 supplies4 ,moreov]1 food came up to ! troops v sl[ly f ! base1 & x 0 impossible to supply a regul> /ock ( fre% meat & bread4 ,! advantage ( ! new sy/em is bas$ on ! spe$ capacity ( ! motor vehicle1 a supplem5t>y po9t be+ an enorm\s r$uction 9 ! l5g? ( a column c>ry+ a giv5 quantity ( supplies4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! high] spe$ ( ! motor :i* has ! greate/ effect1 s9ce x enables _m columns to be replac$ by "o4 ,9 ! words ( ,colonel ,paul3 8,"o e*elon ( me*anical transport c d ! "w ( five e*elons ( horse transport1 & "o column w suffice to connect ! horse transport imm$iately beh9d ! troops ) ! railway40 ,! result is to facilitate op]ations ( troops up to a di/ance f railhead repres5t$ by half ( a full day's "w = ! motors4 ,! simple/ way ( appreciat+ ! result obta9$ is to take an actual example4 ,"u ! new sy/em1 on1 let u say1 ,tuesday ev5+1 ! soldi] at ! front is provid$ ) a hot meal ( fre% meat1 cook$ by ! regim5tal travell+ kit*5s on ! m>*4 ,?is food _h be5 h&$ ov] to ! kit*5s on ,monday ev5+ by ! di/ribut+ hors$ vehicles1 :i* _h receiv$ x sometime dur+ ,monday at ! re-fill+ po9t a few miles back f ! motor supply column1 :i* _h left railhead p]haps #ej miles f ! front 9 ! small h\rs ( ,monday morn+4 ,previ\sly1 ! supplies _h be5 br\ght d[n by rail f ! base1 & 9 ?is way ! food :i* ! soldi]s are eat+ on ,tuesday night1 0 probably to be f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! base on ,sunday aft]noon 9 ! %ape ( live animals4 ,work+ out ! s*eme f a r diff]5t po9t ( view1 ! soldi] on ! ,tuesday night is 9 possession ( ,w$nesday's supply ( bread & *eese1 & an em]g5cy ration ( pres]v$ meat 9 case ( any delays or breakd[n 9 ! transport s]vice4 ,! hors$ vehicles are at ! "t empty1 & are return+ to meet ! motors at re-fill+ po9t4 ,! motors by ?is "t are back at railhead wait+ = ,w$nesday's supplies to be dis*>g$ f ! railway tra9s4 ,at ab\t ?ree o'clock on ,w$nesday morn+ ! motors w be load$ & ready to />t4 ,_! spe$ capacity w enable !m easily to cat* up ) ! di/ribut+ hors$ vehicles be=e ! end ( ,w$nesday's m>*1 & to tran%ip _! supplies at re-fill+ po9t = di/ribution on ,w$nesday ev5+4 ,! :ole sy/em is1 9 reality1 v simple1 & x enables l>ge armies 9 ! field to be suppli$ daily ) fre% meat & bread in/ead ( be+ dep5d5t on food br\ght up sl[ly & 9 _m /ages1 & = t reason necess>ily ( a "* less nutriti\s1 & mu* m liable 9 ! long run to cause illness among ! m54 ,at ! same "t1 ! big c>ry+ capacity ( ! motor has s]v$ to cle> ! roads beh9d ! army ( an enorm\s block ( vehicles ess5tial 9 ! pa/1 b n[ no long] necess>y4 ,9 connection ) ?is po9t1 ,colonel ,r4 ,h4 ,ew>t1 ,d4,s4,o41 repres5t+ ! ,indian ,(fice at ! ,imp]ial ,motor ,transport ,conf]5ce ( #aiac1 gave "s v int]e/+ figures1 :i* may be quot$ z an extreme case3 8,up to #aiaj ! reports %[ t !re 7 ne>ly five-&-a-half million bullock c>ts 9 ,briti% ,india alone1 & 9 all our w>s up to date1 we h _h to mobilise a v l>ge numb] ( ^! c>ts = our l9e ( communication "w4 ,we f9d t :5 mov+ 9 l>ge bodies1 ! utmo/ spe$ we c rely ^u is ab\t "o-&-a-half miles an h\r4 ,we h work$ out t x takes six bullock c>ts to move 9 eighty days :at "o #b-ton lorry c transport 9 t54 ,! bullock c>ts take up twice ! room on ! road = a giv5 load1 & 9 ! matt] ( e/abli%m5t--a "q :i* y w all realise 9 ! "t ( w> is a v s]i\s "o--x takes ?irty-five m51 driv]s1 artific]s & sup]visors to look aft] :at "o man c\ld d ) a lorry40 ,f ^! figures x w be se5 :at an enorm\s sav+ is effect$ by ! use ( motors1 ev5 if we only take ! po9t ( view ( ! fe$+1 ma9t5ance & paym5t ( ! m5 actually employ$ 9 ! transport columns !mselves4 ,! impossibility ( impos+ ^u hors$ vehicles ! necessity = ga9+ fifty or ev5 ?irty miles 9 ! c\rse ( a day1 9 ord] to cat* up by ! ev5+ ) an advanc+ army aft] leav+ railhead 9 ! morn+1 is p]fectly obvi\s4 ,! tru? ( ! /atem5t already made t ! use ( motors = transport & supply "w is a necessity & n m]ely a conv5i5ce 9 mod]n w>f>e1 is ?us made cle>1 & "u ! circum/ances1 read]s :o are p]haps m attract$ by ! m %[y1 b less ess5tial1 uses ( motors 9 w>1 w und]/& t a consid]ation ( ! subject ( ?is book mu/ necess>ily be devot$ v l>gely to ! organisation & matriel ( ! supply columns4 ,! class ( vehicle mo/ commonly fav\r$ = ! "w ( fe$+ troops 9 ! field is ! #c-ton petrol lorry1 capable ( cov]+ eighty or n9ety miles 9 a day1 & if ne$ be ( travell+ "u fairly fav\rable conditions at tw5ty miles an h\r4 ,beh9d v mobile troops1 su* z cavalry1 pref]5ce is sometimes giv5 to light] lorries rat$ to c>ry #cj cwt4 or #b tons1 & capable ( r high] rates ( spe$ & r bigg] daily mileages4 ,"s ,european ,p[]s fav\r = g5]al "w lorries c>ry+ #d or #e tons1 & 9 addition capable ( draw+ an extra #b tons or s ^u a trail]4 ,9 e case1 ! int]nal combu/ion vehicle is pref]r$ on acc\nt ( its indep5d5ce ^u frequ5t r5ewals ( fuel & wat] supplies4 ,h[ev]1 /eam tractors are (t5 us$ = v>i\s classes ( specially heavy "w1 z1 = example1 = draw+ ! travell+ work%ops :i* h to be e/abli%$ at ! movable base ( ! supply columns at railhead4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,trials ,,& ,,manoeuvres ,e>ly ,te/s ( ,/eam ,lorries--,"l ,kit*5]'s ,views on ,motors 9 ! ,s\? ,african ,w>--,briti% ,w4 ,d4 ,tractor ,trials--,! ,c>riage ( ,troops by ,c>--,! ,army ,manoeuvres ( #aiab--,rec5t ,trials 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many4 ,naturally1 ! motor vehicle c\ld n be entru/$ ) "w ( ! fir/ importance 9 "t ( w> )\t previ\sly go+ ?r\gh a p]iod ( enc\ragem5t & probation4 ,"s f\rte5 ye>s ago1 motor c>s & cycles began to be us$ 9 small numb]s dur+ milit>y manoeuvres 9 ,great ,brita9 & else:]e4 ,9 ! ,fr5* manoeuvres ( #aija1 c>s & motor tricycles 7 employ$ = transport+ /aff (fic]s1 & = sc\t+ "w4 ,! motori/s :o l5t ! c>s 7 entru/$ ) ! duty ( driv+ !m1 & 7 grant$ c]ta9 privileges on t acc\nt4 ,results 7 on ! :ole satisfactory4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ! ,briti% ,w> ,(fice1 z a result ( exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ,s\? ,africa1 7 enc\rag$ to conduct trials ( motor lorries4 ,! entrants 7 five 9 numb]4 ,f\r ( ^! 7 /eam lorries1 ! makes repres5t$ be+ ! ,fod51 ,/rak]1 & two types ( ,?ornycr(t4 ,!re 0 only "o entrant ( an int]nal combu/ion eng9$ ma*9e4 ,?is 0 a ,milnes-,daiml] modell$ on ! ,g]man ,daiml] c>s1 & hav+ a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e rat$ at #be h4p41 ) ignition by l[-t5sion magneto4 ,fuel 0 suppli$ by pressure ( ! exhau/1 & ! c> _h a *annel /eel frame & l>ge built-up /eel :eels4 ,ev5 at t comp>atively e>ly date1 ! ,fod5 lorry 01 9 g5]al appe>ance1 v simil> to ! /&>d /eam lorry ( to-day4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 fitt$ ) a locomotive-type boil]1 ?is be+ a practice :i* has s9ce be5 adopt$ by almo/ all manufactur]s ( ?is class ( ma*9e4 ,! ,?ornycr(t lorries _h v]tical boil]s1 & ! "o type 0 repres5tative ( /&>d practice1 ! o!r be+ r a peculi> ma*9e driv5 f ! re>4 ,! ,fod5 & /&>d ,?ornycr(t 7 mo/ successful 9 c>ry+ out ! v ardu\s road te/s impos$1 :i* involv$ a l>ge numb] ( p>ticul>ly /eep hills4 ,! ,fod5 0 by f> ! mo/ economical 9 wat] & fuel4 ,! trials end$ by cross-c\ntry te/s 9 ! ,long ,valley at ,ald]%ot1 & dur+ ^! ! ,fod5 0 un=tunately driv5 by accid5t into a deep dit*1 ) ! result t its front axle 0 brok54 ,consequ5tly1 ! /&>d ,?ornycr(t receiv$ ! fir/ aw>d & ! b5efit ( subsequ5t small ord]s f ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 al?\gh at ! "t !re 0 a r /rong feel+ t ! ,fod5 ought also to h be5 recognis$4 ,x 0 n until ab\t two ye>s lat] t1 9 ! publication ( evid5ce giv5 be=e ! commission appo9t$ to inquire into ! conduct ( ! ,s\? ,african w>1 ! op9ion ( ,"l ,kit*5] on ! utility ( motor transport 9 its !n /ate ( developm5t 0 made public4 ,8 views 7 express$ z foll[s3 8,we _h 79 ,s\? ,africa7 ab\t =ty-five /eam road transport tra9s4 ,z a rule !y did useful "w1 b que/ions ( wea!r1 roads1 wat] & coal di/9ctly limit$ _! employm5t z comp>$ ) animal transport1 to :i* !y c only be reg>d$ z supplem5t>y4 ,! motor lorries s5t to ,s\? ,africa did well4 ,?ornycr(ts are ! be/4 ,!y w 9 ! future be f\nd sup]ior to /eam road tra9s z field transport40 ,f ?is x w be se5 t ! ma9 result ( ,s\? ,african exp]i5ce 0 to indicate ! sup]iority ( ! comp>atively light self-conta9$ motor vehicle ov] ! heavy traction eng9e4 ,9 #aijc1 a consid]able numb] ( c>s & cycles suppli$ by memb]s ( ! ,motor ,volunte] ,corps 7 us$ 9 ! ,briti% manoeuvres4 ,! c>s employ$ numb]$ =ty-?ree1 & av]ag$ ab\t #ab h4p4 ,!y 7 us$ ma9ly = /aff "w1 & 7 v fairly effective4 ,! attempts to use !m = ! c>riage ( se>*lights 7 n v successful4 ,"s ?irty motor cycles 7 employ$ = c>ry+ despat*es1 & behav$ on ! :ole spl5didly4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,o*s1 9 describ+1 dur+ a lecture at ! ,royal ,automobile ,club1 ! results obta9$1 made a some:at prophetic /atem5t 9 8 rem>k t1 8,if ,mr4 ,m>coni c\ld p]fect 8 inv5tion1 h[ useful a c> fitt$ ) x w\ld be40 ,:ile ! und\bt$ utility ( motors = /aff "w & = sc\t+ 0 recognis$ at lea/ z a c]ta9ty ( ! future1 progress 9 comp>atively heavy milit>y transport 0 = "s ye>s aft] ?is limit$4 ,! milit>y au?orities 7 av]se to ! use ( petrol-driv5 c>s1 on acc\nt ( ! suppos$ dang] ( employ+ s inflammable a fuel4 ,ef=ts 7 made to use p>aff91 b results 7 n p>ticul>ly satisfactory4 ,! ,me*anical ,transport ,companies at ,ald]%ot w5t on exp]im5t+ ) & develop+ ! use ( /eam vehicles1 & p>ticul>ly ( /eam tractors1 :i* came to be reg>d$ z1 on ! :ole1 m suitable = r\gh "w ?an self-conta9$ lorries4 ,by #aijf1 ! me*anical transport sections 7 9 possession ( adequate tractor-drawn work%ops1 to support ! v>i$ fleet ( me*anical vehicles available = a v>iety ( purposes1 z well z ! /aff c>s1 a limit$ numb] ( :i* _h be5 pur*as$ by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,arrangem5ts _h also be5 made = giv+ ! driv]s & me*anics "s !oretical z well z practical k1 & ! movem5t _h 9 fact =m$ itself into ! nucleus ( :at x 0 !n suppos$ w\ld be requir$2 namely1 an organisation provid+ = milit>y s]vice a l>ge numb] ( #e-ton /eam tractors1 & a limit$ numb] ( c>s & motor cycles = /aff & sc\t+ duty4 ,= "s "t1 ef=ts to procure = army s]vice "s really reliable int]nal combu/ion tractors runn+ on p>aff9 7 cont9u$4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aiji1 trials 7 held at ,ald]%ot1 9 connection ) :i* a consid]able premium & valuable prospective ord]s 7 (f]$ z an inducem5t to manufactur]s to turn _! att5tion to ?is class ( ma*9e4 ,! entrants1 h[ev]1 only numb]$ ?ree4 ,"o ( ^! 0 a sub/antial f\r-cyl9d] ,?ornycr(t p>aff9 tractor1 :i* p]=m$ well ?r\gh\t & 0 ultimately successful 9 obta9+ an aw>d1 ?\gh x does n appe> t ! type has s9ce be5 adopt$ 9 any quantity4 ,a v s+ul> ma*9e :i* did wond]ful "w = its p[] 0 a ,broom & ,wade s+le-cyl9d] p>aff9 tractor ( ab\t #bj h4p4 ,! "w ( haul+ a heavy milit>y trail] ) a load ( ab\t #f tons 01 on occasions1 too mu* = ?is ma*9e "u ! sometimes v ardu\s conditions "u :i* ! trials 7 c>ri$ out4 ,! ?ird entry h>dly came )9 ! scope ( :at ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t wi%$ to enc\rage4 ,x 0 a ,/ew>t-,crosbie /eam tractor ) a two-cyl9d] comp\nd d\ble-act+ eng9e giv+ #dj b4h4p4 at #fjj r4p4m4 ,x 0 able to meet ! /ipulations z to capacity = c>ry+ fuel & wat] supplies1 s9ce ! boil] 0 ( ! v]tical c5tral-fir$ wat]-tube type work+ at #bjj lbs4 pressure1 & supply+ to ! eng9e sup]heat$ /eam :i* _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh coil$ tubes 9 ! furnace4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! trials ! roads r\nd ,ald]%ot 7 cov]$ ) a ?ick coat+ ( sn[1 :i* con/itut$ a s]i\s difficulty = iron-tyr$ tractors :5 us+ public ?or\ghf>es 9 "t ( peace4 ,9 em]g5cy1 x w\ld ( c\rse h be5 possible to fit spikes1 or grips ( "s k9d1 to ! :eels to prev5t skidd+ & slipp+1 b ?is c\ld only be done at ! risk ( great injury to ! roads :i* did n appe> ju/ifiable "u ! circum/ances4 ,all ?ree tractors 7 provid$ ) means = employ+ _! eng9e p[] ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a wire rope1 & ?is _h to be utilis$ 9 "s cases to get ! loads up "s ( ! v /eep gradi5ts enc\nt]$4 ,! trials t]m9at$ 9 an extraord9>ily difficult te/ across ! ,long ,valley4 ,"h mu* loose s& 0 negotiat$ successfully1 & aft]w>ds ! eng9es 7 requir$ to get _! loads across a deep swamp4 ,! ,?ornycr(t 0 ! mo/ successful1 b ev5 ! little ,broom ,wade ma*9e manag$ to c>ry out ! "w by means ( a sy/em ( pulleys appli$ to its wire rope ge>4 ,x 0 curi\s to wat* ?is little eng9e dragg+ its big load 9 a trail] :i* _h sunk almo/ to ! :eel tops 9 mud & wat]4 ,occasionally1 turf & mud _h to be dug away f ! front ( ! trail]1 & :5 x 0 9 motion ! :eels 7 actually rotat+ sl[ly 9 ! wrong direction "u ! influ5ce ( ! pressure ( a cont9u\s supply ( we$-b\nd mud surg+ ov] _! tops4 ,^! trials1 if n satisfactory 9 atta9+ _! ma9 object1 at lea/ help$ to demon/rate t practically no?+ is impossible to a s\ndly con/ruct$ motor vehicle1 if prop]ly equipp$ = r\gh "w4 ,int]mitt5tly1 exp]im5ts h be5 made at ,ald]%ot ) v>i\s ma*9es ( m or less peculi> con/ruction4 ,among ^! may be rememb]$ ! ,p$rail tractor1 ! :eels ( :i* c>ry a numb] ( articulat$ feet :i*1 z ! ma*9e progresses1 plant !mselves "o aft] ano!r squ>ely ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! necess>y me*anism 01 h[ev]1 too complex to r5d] any?+ ( ! sort suitable = ext5sive milit>y use1 & ! same tr\ble probably applies to ! ,cat]pill> type ( tractor1 9 :i* ! :eels are surr\nd$ by a track 9 ! =m ( a sort ( endless *a91 :i* lays itself z ! ma*9e moves ^u ! gr\nd1 & di/ributes ! weight ov] a l>ge area4 ,pass+ ov] r\gh c\ntry1 a tractor ( ?is sort rolls l a %ip at sea1 b is v seldom 9 any real difficulty1 ev5 :5 trav]s+ dit*es or fairly l[ h$ges4 ,/e]+ has to be effect$ by all[+ ! :eels on "o side to ov]-run ^? ^u ! o!r1 ) ! result t ! eng9e turns ) a sort ( skidd+ motion4 ,an int]e/+ te/ ( ! value ( ! motor c> 9 w> 0 c>ri$ out by ! ,automobile ,association on ,m>* #ag?1 #aiji4 ,! ,association made an (f] to ,"l ,haldane1 !n ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,w>1 to transport a battalion by motor vehicles to any coa/ t[n t ! ,w> ,(fice might consid] a possible sc5e ( invasion4 ,! po9t ultimately select$ 0 ,ha/+s4 ,= ! purpose ( ! s*eme x 0 assum$ t a sudd5 conc5tration ( troops at ,ha/+s _h become necess>y1 & t a battalion ( ! ,gu>ds 0 ab\t to entra9 9 ,london1 :5 in=mation 0 receiv$ t a portion ( ! railway l9e _h be5 de/roy$ by spies or ag5ts work+ on behalf ( ! enemy4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ! battalion c\ld only be s5t by road4 ,on ! date nam$1 a battalion ( infantry at full w> /r5g?1 ov] #a1jjj (fic]s & m51 ) ma*9e guns1 ammunition1 m$ical /ores1 tools1 food1 wat]1 baggage1 blankets1 & o!r imp$im5ta am\nt+ to "s #cj tons1 0 di/ribut$ among #bhf t\r+ c>s & ab\t #ej motor lorries4 ,! c>s 7 l5t & driv5 by memb]s ( ! ,automobile ,association1 & sev]al manufactur]s ( heavy motor vehicles provid$ ! necess>y numb] ( lorries = c>ry+ ! guns & /ores4 ,! battalion 0 a composite "o1 consi/+ ( (fic]s & m5 ( ! ,gr5adi] & ,scots ,gu>ds f ,*elsea ,b>racks1 ,well+ton ,b>racks1 & ! ,t[]4 ,! programme1 :i* entail$ pick+ up ! m5 at _! respective b>racks1 jo9+ up ! ?ree columns at ! ,cry/al ,palace at #aj a4m4 & arriv+ at ,ha/+s soon aft] #a p4m4 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh successfully1 & )9 half an h\r ( arrival ! battalion ) its full equipm5t 0 m>*$ along ! sea-front4 ,! exp]im5t ar\s$ consid]able int]e/ 9 milit>y circles 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad1 p>ticul>ly s 9 ,g]many1 :]e a numb] ( newspap]s publi%$ full p>ticul>s & a plan ( ! r\te tak54 ,9 #aijh ! ,g]man ,army ,dep>tm5t adopt$ ! s*eme :i* x has s9ce en=c$ = secur+ milit>y transport1 & f t "t onw>ds annual trials h be5 held1 g5]ally 9 ! late autumn1 & ov] heavy & m\nta9\s roads4 ,9 ?is !y h diff]$ f ! majority ( ! annual trials held 9 ,france1 fir/ ( all "u ! auspices ( ! ,automobile ,club ( ,france1 & lat] directly by ! milit>y au?orities4 ,our neighb\rs h %[n a t5d5cy to make ! r\tes select$ some:at easy1 & n to te/ ! vehicles ov] unduly sev]e gradi5ts4 ,! ,g]man s*eme 0 re-consid]$ at ! end ( #aiab z a result ( ! exp]i5ce obta9$ up to t "t4 ,! trials ( #aiab 7 ov] a di/ance ( ab\t #a1cjj miles1 includ+ roads ?r\gh ! m\nta9s ( c5tral ,g]many4 ,! di/ance cov]$ ea* day by ! #d-ton lorries draw+ additional #b-ton loads on trail]s 0 ab\t #fj miles4 ,subsequ5tly1 ! new] regulations prescrib$ m /rict limits ( axle weight1 9 view ( unc]ta9ty z to ! /r5g? ( ! roads & bridges :i* w\ld h to be negotiat$4 ,a m9imum eng9e p[] ( #ce h4p4 0 prescrib$1 & gradi5ts ( "o 9 sev5 _h to be tak5 ) full load & equipm5t4 ,an int]e/+ po9t ( ! new ,g]man regulations is ! provision ( a belt pulley some:]e on ! driv+ %aft = ! purpose ( op]at+ ma*9e tools4 ,ano!r po9t is ! /ipulation t ! brakes ( ! trail+ vehicle %all be capable ( be+ op]at$ f ! driv+ seat ( ! lorry4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( /&>disation 0 at ! same "t introduc$4 ,9 ! same ye>1 a big /ep t[>ds ! prop] utilisation ( motor transport = milit>y "w 0 tak5 by an ext5sive exp]im5t made 9 ?is direction dur+ ! ,briti% ,army manoeuvres4 ,! use ( me*anical transport 0 subsequ5tly ref]r$ to by ! ,k+ z "o ( ! special features on t occasion1 & ! op9ion 0 v g5]ally express$ t ! r sudd5 & e>ly t]m9ation ( ! manoeuvres 0 due to ! unexpect$ effect ( motor transport 9 increas+ ! mobility ( ! troops1 & br++ ! oppos+ =ces into contact ) "o ano!r ) />tl+ rapidity4 ,ev5 s late z #aiab1 a c]ta9 numb] ( milit>y au?orities 7 /ill v d\btful z to ! advisability ( rely+ on ! motor vehicle 9 active s]vice1 b ! manoeuvres 9 "q und\bt$ly prov$ ! case1 al?\gh ! difficulties ( op]at+ me*anical transport = ! fir/ "t on an ext5sive scale 7 increas$ by ! fact t ! ma*9es available 7 ( all sorts ( makes & types1 no attempts at /&>disation hav+ be5 possible4 ,_m ( ! ma*9es hir$ = ! occasion 7 9 v poor condition1 & did n comp>e fav\rably ) ^? own$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,consequ5tly1 ! difficulties ( work+ 9 convoy at %ort int]vals 7 acc5tuat$4 ,all ! motor transport 0 conc5trat$ on "o side1 & ! armies dep5d5t ^u x 7 kept well suppli$ daily ) fre% meat1 ! oppos+ =ces be+ dep5d5t on hors$ transport & *ill$ meat4 ,motor buses 7 on "o or two occasions dur+ ! manoeuvres utilis$ ) great success = ! rapid movem5t ( fairly l>ge bodies ( m54 ,^! manoeuvres probably repres5t$ ! la/ appe>ance ( traction eng9es = any milit>y use o!r ?an ! haulage ( v heavy guns1 or o!r k9ds ( q abnormal "w1 n =m+ any "p ( ! regul> sy/em ( supply & transport4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s trials h be5 held at irregul> int]vals by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t = ! purpose ( te/+ ! suitability ( v>i\s specially con/ruct$ motor lorries = recognition "u ! subsidy s*eme1 ! nature ( :i* is expla9$ 9 detail 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! la/ trials ( ?is k9d took place e>ly 9 #aiad4 ,an (ficial report publi%$ 9 ,june /at$ t results _h be5 v successful z reg>ds bo? ! numb] ( entrants1 & ! g5]al /&>d ( excell5ce ( ! vehicles submitt$4 ,! av]age spe$s bo? on easy & on hilly r\tes 7 well above ^? specifi$4 ,radiators 7 f\nd to be amply l>ge to be effective ev5 9 ! hotte/ wea!r4 ,! ,me*anical ,transport ,committee reit]at$ _! op9ion t "o ( ! two sy/ems ( brakes %\ld act ^u ! propell] %aft4 ,! av]age fuel consumption ( ! compet+ c>s 0 exce$+ly good1 work+ out at #eb gross ton miles p] gallon4 ,! be/ result 0 ab\t #fc gross ton miles p] gallon ov] a di/ance ( ab\t #bjj miles4 ,on ! :ole1 x is evid5t t ! c>s 7 v satisfactory1 s9ce x 0 /at$ t !re appe>$ to be no necessity to make any s]i\s alt]ations 9 specify+ = future requirem5ts4 ,! mo/ rec5t ,fr5* trials 7 h>dly complet$ :5 w> broke out4 ,!y 7 z usual well patronis$1 b n calculat$ on ! :ole to try ! ma*9es to ! utmo/4 ,x 0 int5d$ 9 subsequ5t ye>s to introduce new & m /r+5t regulations1 b ! op9ion 0 fairly g5]ally express$ among manufactur]s t ! ,gov]nm5t 9 do+ s 7 diff]5tiat+ _! own ne$s too f> f ord9>y bus9ess requirem5ts1 & t x w\ld be impossible to f9d a m>ket = ! types indicat$4 ,e>ly 9 ! ye>1 ano!r s]ies ( trials ( consid]able importance 0 held 9 ,france1 = ! purpose ( te/+ new types ( f\r-:eel driv5 tractors4 ,^! ma*9es are ne$$ p>ticul>ly = ! haulage ( artill]y1 & fur!r ref]5ce to !m w !re=e be def]r$ until t subject comes up = consid]ation4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,exp]i5ces ,,( ,,motors ,,9 ,,active ,,s]vice ,! ,s\? ,african ,w>--,! ,italian ,transport 9 ,tripoli--,! ,balkan ,campaigns4 ,al?\gh me*anical transport 0 employ$ dur+ ! ,s\? ,african w>1 ! exp]i5ces !n ga9$ mu/ n be appli$ ) too mu* rigidity to ! conditions ( ! conflict tak+ place 9 ,europe4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa1 a consid]able numb] ( traction eng9es 7 put into s]vice1 :ile /eam motor lorries 7 also us$4 ,colonel ,r4 ,e4 ,crompton1 ,c4,b41 :o 0 9 *>ge ( ! ,briti% transport columns1 has describ$ h[ 8,de ,wet1 kn[+ ! c\ntry1 de/roy$ bridge aft] bridge until ! roads & ! railways 7 only isl&s1 disconnect$ by ?+s call$ #8deviations'--horrible places1 full ( dead animals1 horse transport1 animal transport ( all k9ds1 :i* _h di$ !re1 simply because !re 0 practically no road4444 ,! fact t we 7 able1 ev5 ?\gh we _h brok5 eng9es1 to repair !m f our sp>es1 s t ! dead eng9es became live eng9es1 s impress$ ,"l ,rob]ts t he felt t we 7 at ! bir? ( real1 practical me*anical milit>y transport ) all ! advantages x gives40 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! exp]i5ce obta9$ dur+ ! ,s\? ,african w> po9t$ directly to ! use 9 ! fir/ case ( /eam tractors1 & lat]--:5 !y c\ld be suffici5tly p]fect$--( int]nal combu/ion tractors ) a bigg] radius ( action4 ,^! conclusions result$ n only f ! inh]5t conditions ( milit>y s]vice1 b also f ! local conditions ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* ?is p>ticul> w> took place4 ,review+ ! possibilities ( ,s\? ,africa 9 times ( peace1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,hoy1 ! ,g5]al ,manag] ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,railways & ,h>b\rs1 :ile approv+ ( ! use ( light pass5g] & goods vehicles up to #b or #c tons capacity1 lays /ress on ! desirability ( ! light p>aff9 tractor = easy s]vices on good roads1 & ! heavy p>aff9 tractor = cross-c\ntry "w ) tra9s ( trail]s ea* c>ry+ f #ab to #be tons ( goods4 ,if we admit t a c\ntry 9 :i* ^! repres5t ! ma9 normal requirem5t _c be safely tak5 z indicat+ accurately ev5 ! w> requirem5ts ( o!r c\ntries1 we are r$uc$ = practical exp]i5ce to ! ,italian campaign 9 ,tripoli & ! rec5t w>s 9 ! ,balkans4 ,italy is "o ( ^? c\ntries 9 :i* comm]cial motor transport has n1 ow+ to unfav\rable local conditions1 made any great progress4 ,z a result ! w> 0 begun )\t any provision hav+ be5 made 9 ?is direction1 & ! au?orities 7 at fir/ v sceptical z reg>ds ! desirability ( employ+ motors at all 9 connection ) ! op]ations ( ! army4 ,aft] mu* discussion1 two light lorries1 fitt$ ) tw9 pneumatic tyres on ! back :eels1 7 s5t out on trial4 ,^! s]v$ v rapidly to conv9ce ! /aff (fic]s ( ! sup]iority ( ! sy/em ov] horse transport4 ,consequ5tly1 ?irty m light ,fiat lorries 7 s5t out z promptly z possible1 & ^! 7 foll[$ by l>g] consignm5ts1 br++ ! :ole fleet 9 use up to ! numb] ( ab\t #bjj4 ,arriv$ at ,tripoli1 ! c>s 7 slung (f ! transport %ips on to big pontoons1 & t[$ to ! quay4 ,f t po9t !y 7 imm$iately employ$ = ! transport ( all k9ds ( w> mat]ial1 z well z provisions & =age4 ,!y 7 fur!r utilis$ = ! conveyance ( l>ge bodies ( troops to ! front1 & = c>ry+ w\nd$ to ! hospitals & dead to ! improvis$ cemet]ies4 ,mo/ ( ! c\ntry ov] :i* !y op]at$ 0 entirely devoid ( roads1 & consi/$ *iefly ( r\gh loose des]t /rewn ) rocks & trea*]\s s&y hills4 ,^! peculi> conditions acc\nt = ! type ( vehicle select$ = employm5t4 ,heavi] lorries on solid tyres w\ld no d\bt h exp]i5c$ ev5 great] difficulties 9 negotiat+ c\ntry ( ?is class4 ,! foll[+ extract1 f a full acc\nt publi%$ by ! manufactur]s ( ! uses to :i* _! vehicles 7 put1 w s]ve to give an idea ( ! v>i$ employm5t ( milit>y motors3 8,at ! battle ( ,zanzur1 on ,june #h?1 #aiab1 fifty-f\r vehicles took "p & 7 divid$ into f\r columns "u ! p]sonal comm& ( ,capt4 ,corazzi4 ,t5 7 "u ! comm& ( an (fic] at ! disposal ( ! ,m$ical ,corps2 a second column1 "u ! comm& ( ,lieut4 ,milani1 c>ri$ a load ( b>b$ wire & nett+1 s& bags & %ovels2 a ?ird column1 9 ,lieut4 ,bosio's *>ge1 c>ri$ also #hjj spades1 #fjj %ovels1 s& bags1 & b>b$ wire2 & a f\r? column ( f\rte5 lorries1 "u ,lieut4 ,m>occo1 took a l>ge quantity ( dynamite & o!r explosives 9 addition to pione]s' tools4 8,! fir/ column to move 7 ! ambulances1 :i* left ,tripoli at two o'clock1 & at #c4cj came out ( ! out] r$\bt at ,g>g>e% to foll[ ! fight+ column & to "w "u ! in/ructions ( a surgeon-capta94 ,! o!r columns left ,tripoli ab\t ?ree o'clock1 & at #d4ae at ,g>g>e%1 ab\t #e-a_/b miles f ,tripoli1 !y =m$ up 9 a squ>e ab\t #cej y>ds 9 front ( ! r$\bt "u cov] ( a hill1 wait+ = ord]s4 ,at #e4cj !y advanc$1 & leav+ cov] ( ! hills1 mov$ =w>d ab\t #b-a_/b miles beyond ! batt]ies4 ,! nature ( ! gr\nd *ang$ z ! columns approa*$ a s&bank1 :i* _h until !n protect$ !m f ! enemy's fire4 ,! passage ov] ?is s& dune 0 extremely difficult1 z ! c>s _h to proce$ 9 s+le file at walk+ pace1 expos$ to a viol5t rifle fire4 ,proce$+ r\nd ! extreme nor? ( ! ,arabo-,turki% tr5*es ! columns rea*$ ! ,m>abotto ( ,abd-el-,gelil %ortly aft] ! arrival ( ! ?ird battalion ( ! ,=tie? ,fusili]s1 m\nta9 artill]y1 & a company ( pione]s1 & proce$$ ) ! "w ( =tification4 ,:5 ! columns return$ to ,g>g>e%1 & :ile ! ,ra9aldi ,brigade 0 engag$ aga9/ ov]:elm+ =ces ( ! enemy1 "o ( ! motor columns1 act+ "u ,lieut4 ,milani1 0 ord]$ to load provisions1 :il/ ! o!r two 7 told (f to jo9 ! ambulance section4 ,9 ! v l9e ( fire ! motors br\ght succ\r to ! w\nd$1 convey$ "s sev5ty disabl$ soldi]s to ! tempor>y hospital at ,g>g>e%1 & c>ri$ =ty dead to ! cemet]y4 ,at ,g>g>e% ! ord] arriv$ to convey to ,m>abut ! provisions & luggage ( ! #f? & #dj? regim5ts ( ! l9e4 ,! ?ree motor columns !re=e re-=m$1 "o go+ to ,tripoli to load provisions & return+ to ,m>abut1 ! o!r two be+ load$ up ) luggage4 ,! ?ree columns !n return$ to ,tripoli40 ,aft] two ye>s ( incessant s]vice1 & not)/&+ ! 8em]y0 effect ( ! f9e s& :i* 0 c>ri$ 9 cl\ds by ! w9d & p5etrat$ ev]y:]e1 x is g5]ally und]/ood t ! ,italian milit>y motor fleet ma9ta9$ reliable s]vices ?r\gh\t ! w>1 & t ! individual ma*9es 7 9 surpris+ly good condition :5 _! s]vice 0 complet$4 ,results 71 at any rate1 suffici5tly satisfactory to ju/ify ! ,italian ,gov]nm5t 9 plac+ consid]able fur!r ord]s1 ) a view to increas+ _! motor columns4 ,?is w> 0 probably ! fir/ ev5t :i* enabl$ ! motor vehicle to prove itself 9 practice absolutely ess5tial z a milit>y implem5t4 ,a ,tripoli newspap] summ$ up ! value ( ! exp]i5ce obta9$3 8,_m p w h ask$ !mselves h[ x 0 possible = ! ,lequio ,division to live1 m>*1 fight1 & w9 ) a base ( op]ations di/ant f #gj to #bjj miles1 ) rapid & long deviations :i* 7 almo/ ( daily occurr5ce1 9 a c\ntry s b>r5 & inhospitable t man & bea/ w\ld p]i% if !y 7 left = only two or ?ree days )\t provisions4444 ,! motor lorry provid$ ! solution ( ! problem2 by its use 9 a few h\rs provisions 7 br\ght f ! /ores & bases to ! fight+ column1 hav+ be5 convey$ possibly hundr$s ( miles1 &1 fur!r1 by its means n "o day pass$ )\t ! troops hav+ bread1 w9e1 & c(fee4 ,! motor lorry 0 ubiquit\s2 x transport$ ammunition or succ\r$ ! w\nd$1 fet*$ fodd] = ! horses & o!r animals1 or money = ! troops & = ! ,arabs2 x br\ght new boots = ! soldi]s or deliv]$ urg5t messages1 z well z be+ us$ = ! transport ( troops f ! v>i\s bases "r up to ! fir/ fight+ l9e 9 battle4 ,only ! adv5t ( ! autoc> r5d]$ possible _m ( ! d>+ moves ( ?is w>1 z x solv$ ! difficulties ( des]t transport40 ,z reg>ds ! uses ( motors dur+ ! v>i\s ,balkan campaigns1 ! only reliable & available in=mation appe>s to be t conta9$ 9 a s]ies ( articles contribut$ by ,capt4 ,a4 ,h4 ,trapmann ( ! ,daily ,telegraph to ! columns ( ,motor ,traction4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! w> 9 #aiab1 !re 7 less ?an #ajj motor vehicles 9 ,greece1 & "s sixty ( ^!--! prop]ty ( ,greek subjects--7 imm$iately comm&e]$4 ,! ma*9es =m$ a fleet v f> f ideal1 repres5t+ c>s ( all makes & sizes1 _m ( !m suff]+ f neglig5t treatm5t or unskilful h&l+1 & "s v ne> ! t]m9ation ( a *equ]$ c>e]4 ,! (fic]s entru/$ ) ! duty ( pur*as+ ! ma*9es 7 completely ignorant ( _! value or qualities1 & ! driv]s into ^: h&s !y 7 subsequ5tly put consi/$ ma9ly ( p :o c\ld1 or said !y c\ld1 drive a motor c>1 ?\gh ! great majority did n pr(ess to possess any k ov] & above t requir$ = travell+ ) reasonable safety & c]ta9ty1 assum+ ! me*anism ( ! c>s to give no tr\ble at all4 ,! bett] ma*9es 7 *iefly allott$ to ! v>i\s g5]als & _! /aff (fic]s1 :ile "s ( ! wor/ 7 fitt$ up ) lorry bodies = ! transport ( goods4 ,aft] ! fall ( ,salonica1 ! ,greek objective 0 ,jan9a1 connect$ ) ! port ( ,preveza by an excell5t road ab\t sixty-?ree miles long4 ,directly ,preveza fell into ,greek h&s1 ! au?orities 7 fac$ ) ! problem ( provision+ an army1 9 ! fir/ in/ance consi/+ ( #ae1jjj m5 & gradually augm5t$ to #fj1jjj1 op]at+ aga9/ a =tifi$ t[n 9 a totally b>r5 c\ntry int]sect$ by huge m\nta9 ranges4 ,! front ( ! army ext5d$ = ab\t a hundr$ miles1 & only "o good road 0 available f ! base to ! c5tre ( ! advanc$ positions4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ! au?orities realis$ ! possibilities ( motor transport1 & ab\t ?irty motor lorries1 ma9ly obta9$ f ,italy1 7 %ipp$ to ,preveza & put into s]vice4 ,x 0 f\nd t ea* lorry c\ld1 9 ?ree h\rs1 c>ry to ! front ab\t en\gh food = #a1jjj m54 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! only problem4 ,! army 0 absorb+ on ! av]age "o ton ( ammunition p] day = e ?\s& m54 ,! lorries 7 only capable at ! be/ ( h&l+ #b-ton loads1 & consequ5tly 7 kept m ?an fully occupi$4 ,moreov]1 ! road1 ?\gh good 9 c]ta9 portions1 0 9 o!rs p>ticul>ly dang]\s1 be+ v w9d+ & hewn = ! mo/ "p out ( ! side ( a precipice4 ,heavy traffic & heavy ra9s contribut$ to make ! conditions yet worse1 & "u ! circum/ances1 x is n surpris+ t v s]i\s accid5ts occurr$1 & t by ! end ( ! fir/ six weeks only n9e out ( ! orig9al ?irty lorries 7 /ill ^u ! road4 ,x !n became necess>y to repl5i% ! supply1 :i* 0 manag$ 9 "o way or ano!r1 & ! s]vice 0 ma9ta9$ ) enorm\s difficulty "u conditions ( false economy1 :i* dictat$ consid]able pur*ases ( unreliable secondh& ma*9es4 ,ev5 s1 ! results s]v$ completely to conv9ce ,capta9 ,trapmann t motor transport 0 ! only solution ( ! supply problem 9 w>f>e4 ,x seems t a simil> op9ion 0 =c$ ^u ! ,greek milit>y au?orities1 s9ce "o ( ! fir/ moves :5 ! second campaign became inevitable 9 #aiac1 0 ! pur*ase ( "o hundr$ motor lorries4 ,?is /ep1 :ile good 9 itself1 0 inadequate1 s9ce no real provision 0 made = ! supply ( compet5t & responsible driv]s1 = adequate sup]vision1 or = completely equipp$ work%ops4 ,_m ( ! driv]s 7 well-to-d en?usia/s :o _h volunte]$ = s]vice1 & :o v soon came to regret t !y _h done s4 ,x is "o ?+ to drive a good t\r+ c> & to fall back ^u pr(essional assi/ance :5ev] tr\ble occurs1 b q ano!r to h&le & ma9ta9 a heavy motor lorry )\t compet5t back+ & "u ?or\ghly bad conditions ( s]vice4 ,"s #ej p] c5t4 ( ! motor fleet 0 usually out ( commission1 & ! /aff ( ! repair %ops 7 s incompet5t t x 0 seldom t a c> once tak5 to pieces 0 ev] fit = ! road aga94 ,! foll[+ extract f ,capt4 ,trapmann's acc\nt gives "s idea ( ! difficulties :i* _h to be ov]come3 8,! /rategy & tactics ( ! campaign aga9/ ,bulg>ia l&$ ! ,greek headqu>t]s at ,doyrani on ,july #h?1 & !re ne>ly two-?irds ( ! ,greek motor s]vice 0 conc5trat$ on ,july #aj?4 ,greek headqu>t]s decid$ to move sixty miles we/ to ,hadji ,beylik along ! railway1 & ! vital "q 0 h[ ! c>s = ! s]vice ( ! /aff1 & ! lorries = ! army s]vice 7 to accompli% ! j\rney4 ,! s+le-l9e railway track 0 impossible on acc\nt ( unbridg$ gaps1 & also because ! railway 0 9 urg5t dem& = transport4 ,! only semblance ( a road 0 a mule track two feet wide1 :i* l$ = ! mo/ "p ?r\gh a tangle ( vegetation1 & occasionally amid/ a wild]ness ( rocks & /ones4 ,ev5tually x 0 decid$ lit]ally to =ce a road by %e] weight4 ,! lorries took turns at lead+1 rac$ full spe$ = tw5ty y>ds1 & !n ba%$ _! way ?r\gh ! jungle4 ,aft] fifty y>ds or less ! lorry w\ld be br\ght to a /&/ill by ! accumulation ( rubbi% pil$ up 9 front4 ,?is w\ld be cle>$ away1 ! c> w\ld back1 !n />t on a fre% *>ge4 ,:5 a lorry got s]i\sly damag$ x w\ld be replac$ by ano!r & tak5 9 t[ by a ?ird4 ,sometimes explosives _h to be us$1 & small riv]s 7 bridg$ by ! simple exp$i5t ( plac+ tree trunks 9 !m until a c> c\ld cross4 ,x 0 bumpy "w4 8,9 ,mac$onia a road ( any sort 0 a luxury1 ! be/ roads c\ld n comp>e z reg>ds surface ) a f\r?-class ,engli% roadway1 :il/ z (t5 z n ! motors _h to make _! own road z !y w5t along4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 also1 t driv+ 9 w> "t is v diff]5t f "u peace conditions4 ,bridges & culv]ts h usually be5 de/roy$1 telegraph l9es sag across ! road1 & at night "t are apt to get entangl$ 9 ! driv]'s neck ) dire results4 ,i1 myself1 h se5 a goodly numb] ( motor sma%es1 "o :5 a tempor>y bridge gave way "u an ov]load$ lorry1 ano!r :5 a contact m9e explod$4 ,! wor/ accid5t ,i rememb]1 h[ev]1 took place soon aft] ! fall ( ,jan9a4 ,a v old & depreciat$ lorry 0 be+ us$ to convey pass5g]s d[n to ,preveza1 a di/ance ( sixty-?ree miles1 by a m\nta9 road :i* = half its l5g? 0 cut on ! edge ( a precipice4 ,at "o ( ! awkw>d places on ! road ! /e]+ ge> broke1 & ! c> ) its human freight da%$ ov] ! cliff & fell into ! riv]40 ,! conclusions rea*$ by ,capta9 ,trapmann z a result ( v exceptional opportunities ( obs]v+ milit>y motor transport "u active s]vice conditions %\ld be ( consid]able value4 ,8 catalogue ( desirable features is z foll[s3 7#a7 ,cle>ance f gr\nd 9 ord] to enable a c> to pass ov] rock-/rewn /ret*es4 7#b7 ,an adju/able c[-cat*] 9 front = use at night on good /ret*es ( road1 on :i*1 h[ev]1 dead or w\nd$ horses or m5 may be ly+4 7#c7 ,an incl9$ bullet %ield ( light /eel to protect ! front ( ! radiator f casual snip+4 7#d7 ,a /\t iron hook or r+ 9 front & beh9d = t[+ purposes1 especially :5 a riv] has to be negotiat$1 ! bridge ov] :i* has be5 de/roy$4 7#e7 ,solid tyres ) a set ( non-skid *a9s :i* c be fitt$ :5 occasion arises4 7#f7 ,a wire grappl] to pres]ve ! driv] f ! dang] ( sagg+ telegraph wires hang+ across ! road4 ,:ile ! exp]i5ces detail$ 9 ?is *apt] are1 comp>atively speak+1 on a v small scale1 & consequ5tly results _c confid5tly be appli$ 9 anticipation to a w> ( imm5sely great] magnitude1 !y h at lea/ s]v$ to %[ t ev5 unavoidable lack ( exp]i5ce1 or avoidable lack ( compet5ce1 _c prev5t ! motor vehicle f be+ a v valuable asset beh9d an army 9 ! field4 ,! ,tripoli & ,balkan campaigns prov$ n only ! necessity ( employ+ motors = ! "w ( ! transport & supply columns1 b also ! possibility 9 s do+ ( sav+ ! lives ( v _m w\nd$ m5 :o1 :5 dep5d5ce 0 plac$ on sl[] me?ods1 frequ5tly di$ f exposure on _! way d[n f ! front to ! base4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,motor ,,ambulance ,,"w ,consid]ations ( ,design ( ,em]g5cy ,ambulances--,po9ts to be borne 9 ,m9d--,"s ,examples ( ,practical ,designs n[ 9 ,s]vice--,! ,"w ( ,motor ,ambulances at ! ,front--,sc\r+ ! ,battlefields--,h[ ! ,briti% ,r$ ,cross ,society gets its ,fleet4 ,among milit>y uses ( motor vehicles1 ! motor ambulance probably comes next 9 ord] ( importance aft] ! transport & supply waggons4 ,evid5tly ) ! motor ambulance mu/ be gr\p$ c>s suitable = use 9 c>ry+ w\nd$ m5 :o are n oblig$ to be transport$ 9 a recumb5t position1 & ev5 ord9>y t\r+ c>s :5 employ$1 z !y are be+ some:at ext5sively at ! pres5t mom5t1 = tak+ convalesc5t m5 on heal?-giv+ motor trips4 ,?is la/ is a q useful class ( "w 9 :i* ev5 ^? motori/s c p>ticipate :o are only able to (f] _! s]vices & ^? ( _! c>s 9 ! vic9ity ( _! own homes & at specifi$ h\rs4 ,9 times ( peace1 ! motor ambulance prop] is1 s f> z its *assis is conc]n$1 m ak9 to an indu/rial vehicle ?an to a t\r+ c>4 ,! heavi] examples1 9 "s cases1 run on solid rubb] tyres1 & 9 o!rs on tw9 pneumatics1 :ile ! light] types are fitt$ ) s+le pneumatics ( heavy section4 ,9 detail1 ! *assis is simple & /rong1 & well adapt$ to be put "u ! *>ge ( a driv] ( only av]age me*anical ability4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts are t ! vehicles %\ld be sil5t 9 runn+1 n liable to d]angem5t & extremely well sprung4 ,ow+ to ! fir/ consid]ation1 worm-driv5 *assis are p>ticul>ly suitable = ?is class ( "w1 & ow+ to ! second a slightly modifi$ light van *assis is g5]ally to be pref]r$ to ! highly-ref9$ b m complicat$ t\r+ c>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ambulance ,,drill ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,london ,,bran* ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,r$ ,,cross ,,society1 ,,us+ ,,c>s ,,fitt$ ,,) ,,! ,b4,h4,s4 ,,spr+ ,,/ret*]-,,susp5sion4 ,,lift+ ,,! ,,/ret*]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,load+ ,,! ,,/ret*] ,,into ,,! ,,c> ,,body4 ,,x ,,is ,,aft]w>ds ,,rais$ ,,=e ,,& ,,aft ,,& ,,atta*$ ,,by ,,/raps ,,to ,,! ,,spr+ ,,hooks ,,provid$4 ,,note ,,! ,,m5 ,,runn+ ,,to ,,! ,,front ,,to ,,lift ,,! ,,=w>d ,,h&les4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,t\r+ ,,c> ,,equipp$ ,,) ,a ,,f\r-,,/ret*] ,,ambulance ,,body ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,br[n1 ,,hughes ,,& ,,/ra*an1 ,,to ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,du*ess ,,( ,,we/m9/]4 ,9 "t ( w>1 ! ambulance *assis is1 r\ghly speak+1 any?+ big en\gh & suffici5tly reliable t c be made available4 ,= example1 motor omnibuses c be )\t mu* difficulty adapt$ to ?is class ( "w1 :ile t\r+ c>s are (t5 q suitable4 ,! qualifications 9 ! latt] in/ance are fairly ample eng9e p[]1 ?or\gh reliability & /r5g? = work+ ov] r\gh road surfaces1 v /rong spr+s & ample :eelbase1 s t ! ambulance body %all n ov]hang ! re> ( ! *assis to too great an ext5t4 ,to =m ! complete vehicle1 :at is want$ at su* times is n necess>ily a luxuri\sly-equipp$ conveyance1 b is r a q light & simple body s5sibly con/ruct$ to be> its load1 & capable ( /&+ any am\nt ( jolt+ )\t ei!r its compon5t p>ts %ak+ loose among !mselves1 or ! body z a :ole becom+ insecure 9 its connections ) ! *assis4 ,z reg>ds ! int]ior equipm5ts1 9 mo/ in/ances all t is ne$$ is provision = readily fix+ 9 place two or f\r /ret*]s z ! case may be1 & also = load+ ! /ret*]s on to & unload+ !m (f ! body )\t difficulty1 & )\t unnecess>y discom=t to ! pati5t4 ,! /&>d types ( ambulance body approv$ by ! ,briti% ,r$ ,cross ,society consi/ ( simple b /\t wood5 frameworks ) all ! jo9ts re9=c$ by angle irons held by bolts ?r\gh ! wood5 memb]s1 & n m]ely by wood screws1 :i* are liable to "w loose4 ,ov] ?is framework is /ret*$ a cov] ( wat]pro( canvas t has be5 treat$ ) rubb]1 :ile ! front & back ( ! vehicles are cov]$ 9 by wat]pro( curta9s ( simil> mat]ial1 capable ( be+ drawn aside or rais$ q easily s z to enable att5dants1 ) ! m9imum ( difficulty1 to lift ! load$ /ret*]s into ! vehicles4 ,m$ical exp]ts :o h exp]i5ce 9 ! c>riage ( w\nd$ m5 d n appe> to be entirely 9 agreem5t z to :e!r ! /ret*]s 9 a motor ambulance %\ld be rigidly secur$ to ! vehicle body1 or %\ld be c>ri$ by "s =m ( spr++ supplem5t>y to t ( ! c> itself4 ,9 "s examples ( ambulances 9 regul> use 9 ?is c\ntry1 additional spr++ is provid$ by susp5d+ ! body f ! *assis by means ( semi-elliptical or complete elliptical spr+s4 ,9 _m o!rs1 no spr++ o!r ?an t ( ! vehicle itself is int]pos$ betwe5 ! /ret*] & ! gr\nd4 ,"o po9t at lea/ on :i* !re is univ]sal agreem5t is t on no acc\nt mu/ any roll+ motion ( ! /ret*] relative to ! vehicle body be p]mitt$1 z motion ( ?is k9d causes acute discom=t to ! pati5t1 & (t5 leads to physical effects simil> to ^? occasion$ by ! roll+ ( a vessel at sea4 ,probably side load+ is ! ideal me?od ( gett+ /ret*]s on to an ambulance c>1 b x is difficult to realise ! ideal 9 ! case ( a simple & fairly *eaply con/ruct$ body4 ,consequ5tly1 ! sy/em ( end load+ is f> m common4 ,9 ?is case1 ! /ret*] is g5]ally slipp$ 9 along ! floor ( ! vehicle1 & :5 "r inside ! c>1 is rais$ to ! necess>y elevation to all[ x to be secur$ 9 position4 ,! l[] /ret*]s are aft]w>ds slipp$ 9 & simil>ly secur$4 ,a design 9 :i* ?is is possible is m conv5i5t ?an "o 9 :i* ! upp] /ret*]s h to be rais$ to _! full height be=e ! op]ation ( slid+ !m into ! c> c be attempt$4 ,illu/ration3 8,! ,autoc>0 photograph4 ,a ,,fr5* ,,milit>y ,,se>*light ,,motor4 ,,! ,,se>*light ,,is ,,c>ri$ ,,on ,,an ,,und]frame1 ,,:i* ,,c ,,be ,,let ,,d[n ,,9 ,,! ,,mann] ,,%[n4 ,,! ,,electricity ,,is ,,suppli$ ,,f ,,! ,,motive ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,c>4 ,illu/ration3 8,! ,autoc>0 photograph4 ,,an ,,op5 ,,t\r+ ,,c> ,,conv]t$ ,,into ,a ,,motor ,,ambulance4 ,a type ( fitt+ :i* has be5 adopt$ = "s ( ! two-/ret*] ambulances ( ! ,briti% ,r$ ,cross ,society is t kn[n z ! ,l4,x4,r4 ,x consi/s ( a simple /eel-tub$ framework1 ! corn] memb]s ( :i* are slott$ to take ! ball ends ( cross b>s f :i* ! /ret*]s are slung by v %ort ropes & /raps4 ,:5 9 position 9 ! slots1 ! cross b> ends be> on ! tops ( /rong spiral spr+s :i* relieve ! /ret*] ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( vibration b at ! same "t1 n be+ free to move o!r ?an 9 ! v]tical1 d n set up any roll+ motion4 ,:5 ^! fitt+s1 :i* are manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,simonis1 are us$1 no weight is c>ri$ f any portion ( ! ambulance body except ! floor4 ,consequ5tly1 ! rema9d] ( ! con/ruction c be v light & m]ely design$ to support ! wat]pro( cov]+4 ,= f\r-/ret*] bodies ! ,briti% ,r$ ,cross ,society h at ! "t ( writ+ be5 employ+ two ma9 types4 ,9 "o ( ^!1 ! /ret*]s m]ely slide 91 ! upp] ones on to %elves & ! l[] ones along ! floor1 & are secur$ q rigidly 9 position4 ,9 ! o!r type1 a sy/em ( spr+ susp5sion has be5 adopt$4 ,?is latt] sy/em--evolv$ = ! ,society by ,messrs4 ,br[n1 ,hughes & ,/ra*an--adapts itself to ! con/ruction ( a simple1 /rong1 b q inexp5sive body1 to ! ma9 memb]s ( :i* are bolt$ iron arms :i* c be easily arrang$ s t !y c be swung to "o side :ile ! c> is be+ load$1 if x is consid]$ t !re is any risk ( _! int]f]+ ) ! ease ( ! op]ation4 ,ea* ( ^! iron arms has a flatt5$ end1 bor$ to take a v]tical iron rod1 ! l[] portion ( :i* is =m$ into a hook1 :ile ! upp] portion c>ries a heavy spiral spr+ conceal$ 9 a neat cas+4 ,! /ret*]s are c>ri$ f ! hooks by means ( q %ort lea!r /raps1 connect+ ! hooks ) ! /ret*] h&les4 ,x w be not$ t ! spr+s all[ ( no movem5t o!r ?an "o 9 a purely v]tical direction1 & consequ5tly t practically no roll+ %\ld result f ! use ( ?is sy/em1 :i* has ! advantage ( giv+ an additional spr+ susp5sion at a v small increase 9 ! co/ ( ! complete body4 ,a v consid]able numb] ( ambulances built on ^! l9es h be5 suppli$ by ! mak]s to ! ,r$ ,cross ,society4 ,x is impossible to lay too mu* emphasis on ! desirability ( us+ = ambulances1 *assis ) long :eelbase1 9 :i* ! /ret*]s are z f> z possible c>ri$ betwe5 ! :eels1 & ! pati5ts !reby protect$ f direct road %ock4 ,x is n to be expect$ t %ort :eel-bas$ *assis c>ry+ ambulance bodies ) a big ov]hang at ! re>1 w prove durable ov] ! brok5 roads ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* w> is tak+ place4 ,if :eelbase is n suffici5t to all[ ( ! fitt+ ( a f\r-/ret*] body )\t ^! grave disadvantages1 ! only ?+ to d is to put up ) ! small] accommodation ( a two-/ret*] body4 ,! usual arrangem5t 9 ?is case is to ext5d ! body "r =w>d t[>ds ! da% on ! left ( ! driv]1 & s to pu% ! /ret*]s a c\ple ( feet fur!r =w>d1 ! space inside ! body beh9d ! driv] s]v+ = ! c>riage ( luggage1 = an att5dant1 or = "o or two w\nd$ m5 :o are n v s]i\sly injur$4 ,"o ( ! great dang]s 9 ?is arrangem5t is t ( ob/ruct+ ! view ( ! driv] t[>ds 8 left4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly s]i\s :5 ! c> is = use 9 c\ntries :]e ! rule ( ! road is ! rev]se to our own1 & :]e traffic 9 ! opposite direction has to pass on ! side ^u :i* a free view is obscur$4 ,a possibility is to take 9 ! space bel[ ! driv]'s seat & t alongside ( x1 & to run 9 ! pati5ts on _! /ret*]s1 feet fir/1 alongside ( "o ano!r on ! floor ( ! conveyance4 ,9 ?is way1 ab\t a foot ( l5g? c be economis$1 & ) a two-/ret*] body ( ?is type x is ( c\rse n necess>y = ! sup]-/ructure to be ei!r /rong or high4 ,ano!r important po9t1 if ! c>s are to g abroad & to be us$ "u bad conditions ( road surface1 is t any ord9>y simple me?od ( atta*+ ! body to ! *assis mu/ be v c>efully exam9$ be=e x is approv$4 ,some?+ m ?an av]age security is ne$$4 ,a fair numb] ( t\r+ c>s are be+ *ang$ into motor ambulances1 n by replacem5t ( ! body b by its adaptation4 ,?is me?od has ! disadvantage t x r5d]s ! old body subsequ5tly useless = o!r purposes4 ,fur!r1 x is likely to cause delay1 s9ce e case has to be consid]$ on its individual m]its4 ,also1 unless ! *assis is a long "o1 ! adaptation w almo/ c]ta9ly involve a big ov]hang4 ,illu/ration3 8,! ,autoc>0 illu/ration4 ,a ,,type ,,( ,,extemporis$ ,,motor ,,ambulance ,,fav\r$ ,,by ,,! ,,fr5* ,,& ,,belgians4 ,^! notes w s]ve to give ! necess>y in=mation to ^? :o may wi% to equip motor ambulances = any k9d ( use dur+ ! w>1 & !re does n appe> to be any ne$ to g into details ( all ! v>i\s o!r v>ieties ( ambulance body1 _m ( !m v beautifully fitt$ & design$1 b also v exp5sive4 ,"o o!r type may1 h[ev]1 be m5tion$1 s9ce x is be+ employ$ ext5sively by ! ,fr5* & ,belgian ,gov]nm5ts4 ,?is consi/s ess5tially ( a /\t floor c>ry+ two iron frameworks ( inv]t$ ,v %ape4 ,betwe5 ^! two & /ret*+ =e & aft is an arrangem5t simil> 9 pr9ciple to a squirrel cage1 or to a wat]-:eel ) f\r floats4 ,! place ( ea* float is tak5 by ! necess>y app>atus = ! support ( a /ret*]1 provision be+ made t all ! f\r /ret*]s reta9 _! horizontal position :atev] ! position ( ! framework support+ !m4 ,! /ret*]s c be load$ 9 f ! side to ! bottom position1 & ! app>atus swung r\nd s t ?is op]ation is cont9u$1 ! /ret*]s aft] be+ load$ be+ subsequ5tly rais$ by ! rotation ( ! frame4 ,x is /at$ t 9 ,antw]p & else:]e ?is type ( ambulance has be5 us$ ext5sively1 & is f\nd to be v com=table & v easy to con/ruct4 ,turn+ to ! "w = :i* ! ambulances are be+ employ$1 mu* ( ?is is ( an obvi\s "*4 ,ambulance s]vices are evid5tly ne$$ bo? at ! milit>y hospitals1 & also fur!r back at ! big base hospitals ( ! ,r$ ,cross ,society on ! ,cont95t4 ,!y are want$ aga9 at all ! v>i\s hospitals 9 ?is c\ntry to :i* w\nd$ m5 are br\ght4 ,!y are employ$1 = example1 9 ,london1 to meet ! hospital tra9s & c>ry f ! /ations ^? m5 :o are n able to be convey$ 9 ord9>y c>s4 ,! requirem5t ( motor ambulances ne>] ! front is almo/ limitless4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ! ,r4,a4,m4,c4 9 s]vice1 w\nd$ m5 are fir/ remov$ by regim5tal /ret*]-be>]s to ! 8aid po/10 :]e m$ical att5tion is fir/ giv5 to !m4 ,!nce1 !y are c>ri$ by ! be>] sections ( ! field ambulance--& possibly1 if roads p]mit1 by motor ambulances--to ! advance dress+ /ations1 :5ce aft] treatm5t !y are tak5 by ! milit>y ambulance waggons to meet conveyances f ! cle>+ hospital1 :i* is usually situat$ some:]e ne> ! railhead4 ,^u ?is hospital falls ! duty ( avoid+ all ov]cr[d+ ne>] ! front1 & ?is mu/ be done by employ+ all available means ( transport4 ,evid5tly1 motor ambulances are ! mo/ suitable k9d ( conveyance = ?is "w1 s9ce !y af=d a reasonable degree ( com=t to ! pati5t1 & ev5 if _! spe$ capacities _c be utilis$ to any great ext5t :ile !y are c>ry+ w\nd$ m51 advantage c be tak5 ( !m :ile return+ empty t[>ds ! front = fur!r load4 ,once ! pati5ts h be5 tak5 z f> back z ! field hospital at railhead1 _! subsequ5t conveyance to ! ,r$ ,cross hospitals1 or any o!r requir$ po9ts1 c be c>ri$ out by tra9 supplem5t$ by local motor ambulance s]vices f ! t]m9i to ! hospitals4 ,ano!r & less obvi\s type ( s]vice is t :i* involves ?or\gh patroll+ ( all ^? di/ricts 9 :i* battles h tak5 place1 ) a view to asc]ta9+ :e!r any w\nd$ m5 are /ill rema9+ 9 ! villages & along ! c\ntry-side1 :]e !y may be giv5 ?or\ghly k9d1 b possibly some:at unskill$1 att5tion by ! civilian inhabitants4 ,ano!r duty ( ! driv]s ( ! ambulances c>ry+ out ?is "w is t ( sett+ on foot m9ute inquiries ) a view to f9d+ out :e!r any m5 kill$ 9 battle h be5 buri$ by civilians )\t any record hav+ become available :i* w\ld s]ve z a basis = c]ta9 in=mation :i* c nev] be s t]rible z an almo/ hopeless /ate ( susp5se4 ,?is class ( "w1 ( c\rse1 has to be c>ri$ out ov] roads :i* h 9 _m cases be5 badly brok5 up by heavy milit>y traffic1 & possibly ev5 int5tionally de/roy$ by a retreat+ enemy4 ,consequ5tly1 x puts a v sev]e /ra9 on e portion ( ! *assis & body ( ! ambulance1 & makes ! fact t ! :ole ( ! motor vehicles at pres5t employ$ by ! ,society h be5 freely giv5 or l5t by _! own]s )\t res]vation & )\t *>ge all ! m notewor?y4 ,= "s "t pa/1 ! ,society has be5 %ipp+ ambulance c>s1 & also t\r+ c>s1 to ! ,cont95t z rapidly z means ( transit h p]mitt$4 ,! requirem5t seems to be enorm\s1 b ev5 s !re does n appe> to be any likelihood ( ! supply fall+ %ort ( x4 ,_m motori/s h plac$ n only _! c>s1 b _! own s]vices ungrudg+ly at ! disposal ( ! ,society4 ,! usual practice is = ! ,society1 aft] accept+ a c> = s]vice1 to und]take to h a suitable ambulance body put ^u x 9 place ( its own4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 motori/s h ev5 tak5 ?is *>ge ^u !mselves1 & :atev] may be ! disadvantages ( dep5d5ce ^u volunte] s]vice1 x c at lea/ be said t 9 ?is case su* dep5d5ce has s]v$ 9 "s measure to %[ h[ _m m51 unable = "o reason or ano!r to take up milit>y duties1 are only too anxi\s to exp5d _! en]gies & _! money on any object ( national value 9 connection ) :i* !y are able to be ( use4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,transport ,,( ,,ammunition ,,& ,,artill]y ,! ,sy/em ( ,ammunition ,supply--,! ,traction ,eng9e--,fr5* ,f\r-,:eel$ ,tractors = ,haul+ ,guns--,g]man ,gun-,c>ry+ ,motors4 ,! sy/em ( ma9ta9+ ammunition supplies = troops 9 ! field is v simil> to t already describ$ 9 connection ) ! supply ( food4 ,/ocks ( ammunition are kept at depts ( ! ,army ,ordnance ,corps at v>i\s po9ts betwe5 ! base & railhead1 to :i* !y are =w>d$ z requir$4 ,f railhead !y are br\ght =w>d daily by ! motor lorries ( ! divisional ammunition p>ks to a conv5i5t re-fill+ po9t1 :]e !y are tran%ipp$ on to hors$ ammunition c>ts = di/ribution 9 detail4 ,) ! troops entirely dep5d5t on ! motor vehicle = ! ma9t5ance ( _! supplies bo? ( food & ( ammunition1 !re is no ne$ to lab\r ! enorm\s importance ( me*anical transport 9 mod]n w>f>e1 or ! t]rible consequ5ces :i* w\ld foll[ any?+ approa*+ a g5]al failure 9 ! reliability ( ! ma*9es us$4 ,= ! haulage ( v heavy guns "s =m ( eng9e p[] is ( c\rse ess5tial1 & ! ord9>y /eam traction eng9e provides ! mo/ obvi\s solution1 s9ce x is to be assum$ t if ! roads & bridges to be trav]s$ are suffici5tly /rong to be> ! gun itself1 !y w also be> ! eng9es :i* haul x4 ,! big traction eng9e is a v ,briti% product1 & x is int]e/+1 if n q satisfactory1 to note t ! huge siege guns ( ! ,g]man army are /at$ to be haul$ by eng9es ( ,briti% orig94 ,= light] guns1 ! /eam tractor1 or small traction eng9e1 c be employ$1 b v _m ef=ts h be5 made to disp5se ) its s]vice 9 fav\r ( an int]nal combu/ion tractor1 less dep5d5t on con/ant r5ewal ( fuel & wat] supplies4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,briti% 8,,m>%all0 ,,int]nal ,,combu/ion ,,tractor ,,suitable ,,= ,,! ,,haulage ,,( ,,artill]y4 ,illu/ration3 8,! ,autoc>0 photograph4 ,a ,,fr5* ,,petrol-,,electric ,,f\r-,,:eel-,,drive ,,tractor1 ,,! ,,:eels ,,( ,,:i* ,,are ,,specially ,,%od ,,to ,,facilitate ,,travell+ ,,ov] ,,r\gh ,,gr\nd4 ,9 ! brief sket* already giv5 ( ! pr9cipal trials & manoeuvres 9 :i* motor transport has figur$1 "s indication has be5 af=d$ ( ! attempts made by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 9 ?is direction4 ,! mo/ consi/5t1 & probably ! mo/ successful1 ef=ts h h[ev] be5 made by our neighb\rs1 ! ,fr5*1 :o h = ?is special purpose giv5 mu* enc\ragem5t to ! developm5t ( int]nal combu/ion tractors driv+ all f\r :eels4 ,! movem5t dates back ab\t ?ree ye>s1 & owes its orig9 to ! ne$ = haul+ #aee m_/m siege guns along roads & across c\ntry4 ,! fir/ type ( tractor produc$ to meet ! requirem5t 0 ! ,*atillon-,panh>d4 ,! weight ( ! fir/ type ) full load 0 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #bb tons1 & m rec5tly ef=ts h be5 made to evolve light] types weigh+ ab\t #ad tons ) _! load1 ! belief be+ t ^! r small] ma*9es w\ld be ( great g5]al utility4 ,"s v important trials 9 ?is connection took place 9 ,france e>ly 9 #aiad1 f\r types ( tractor p>ticipat+1 namely1 ! ,latil1 ! ,s*neid]1 ! ,*atillon-,panh>d & ! ,r5ault4 ,! fir/-nam$ is a developm5t ( ! ,latil type ( lorry1 9 :i* ! eng9es drive ! front :eels1 & ! :ole p[] plant is conc5trat$ on to ! =e c>riage1 ! back :eels & ! plat=m be+ really no?+ m 9 pr9ciple ?an a two-:eel$ trail+ vehicle4 ,an ext5sion ( ?is sy/em involves ! use ( ?ree diff]5tial ge>s1 "o = ea* pair ( :eels1 & a ?ird z a balance ge> half way along ! vehicle f :i* ! drive is tak5 =e & aft ?r\gh longitud9al %afts & worm ge>+4 ,all f\r :eels are /e]$ z well z driv54 ,9 ! ,s*neid]1 ! drive is tak5 f a ge> box conta9+ two sets ( slid+ ge>s ?r\gh c>dan %afts to ! front & back axles1 & alt]natively1 :5 requir$1 to a cap/an enabl+ ! eng9e to haul ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a wire rope4 ,9 ! ,*atillon-,panh>d1 ! transmission is s arrang$ z to involve no univ]sal jo9ts1 & only "o diff]5tial ge>4 ,?is is m\nt$ on a transv]se c\nt]%aft1 & ! p[] is tak5 to ! :eels ?r\gh bevel ge>s at ! ends ( ! c\nt]%aft1 & f\r diagonal %afts driv+ 9 _! turn auxili>y %afts ^u :i* are bevels engag+ ) simil> bevels on ! :eels4 ,! ,r5ault is a v simple ma*9e ( its type4 ,! drive is tak5 =e & aft f ! ge> box by c>dan %afts lead+ to diff]5tial ge>s on ! front & back axle4 ,ei!r "o ( ! diff]5tials c be lock$ :5 desir$ to help ! ma*9e to f9d its way out ( difficult positions4 ,yet ano!r ma*9e :i* is available to ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 ?\gh x did n take "p 9 ! trials m5tion$1 employs electrical ma*9]y 9 place ( ! usual me*anical transmission ge>4 ,! eng9e drives an electric dynamo1 :i* supplies curr5t to f\r electric motors1 "o = ea* :eel4 ,on ! :ole1 ! ,fr5* f\r-:eel driv5 tractors h p]=m$ v well "u sev]e te/s1 & x is /at$ t approximately #cjj tractors ( "o or o!r ( ! types m5tion$ are available = milit>y s]vice1 ?\gh x is possible t ?is e/imate is some:at exagg]at$4 ,illu/ration3 8,! ,autoc>0 illu/ration4 ,a ,,krupp ,,motor ,,gun-,,c>ry+ ,,lorry1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,ramps ,,up ,,:i* ,,! ,,gun ,,has ,,be5 ,,haul$ ,,s]v+ ,,also ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,hold+ ,,x ,,securely ,,9 ,,position4 ,= ! rapid transport ( light artill]y v>i\s special ma*9es h be5 devis$1 provid+ ei!r = ! c>riage ( a gun ^u ! plat=m ( a motor lorry1 or = ! con/ruction ( a gun-c>ry+ vehicle =m+ "o complete unit4 ,9 ?is bran* ( developm5t ! ,g]mans h %[n ! mo/ initiative1 & ,krupps h got out sev]al int]e/+ designs4 ,9 all ( ^! /rong motor lorry *assis are us$4 ,a usual sy/em is to fit1 by h++ to ! back ( ! *assis1 /rong ramps up :i* ! gun may be haul$1 ei!r by ! p[] ( ! motor eng9e or by o!r means4 ,:5 on ! plat=m1 ! gun :eels s9k into depressions =m$ to take !m & also be> up aga9/ %ap$ v]tical /ops4 ,:5 ! gun is 9 place ! ramps are swung ov]1 & are s design$ t _! ends c !n be conv5i5tly atta*$ rigidly to ! v]tical /ops1 ! ramps !mselves also be>+ aga9/ ! gun :eels & hold+ !m q secure2 or 9 an alt]native me?od1 ! ramps are arrang$ to grip ! axle ( ! gun c>riage4 ,special designs are = motor vehicles capable ( a good turn ( spe$1 & arrang$ to c>ry guns especially int5d$ = fight+ aga9/ a]oplanes or air%ips1 & consequ5tly s arrang$ z to all[ ( _! muzzles be+ swung up until ! gun assumes a v]tical position4 ,o!r special arrangem5ts ( motor vehicles are ^? provid+ = ! c>riage ( ma*9e guns1 b ?is type p]haps comes m prop]ly "u ! title ( an arm\r$ motor c>4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,arm\r$ ,,c>s ,,& ,,o!r ,,milit>y ,,motors ,! ,utility ( ! ,arm\r$ ,c>--,improvis$ & ,o!r ,types--,! ,uses ( ,t\r+ ,c>s & ,motor ,cycles--,specially ,equipp$ ,milit>y ,motors4 ,:ile ev]yone 0 aw>e t ! heavy motor w\ld play a v important "p 9 ! great w> 9 connection ) ! transport ( supplies & artill]y1 & t t\r+ c>s w\ld be l>gely us$ = /aff purposes1 ! enorm\s ext5t to :i* ! arm\r$ c> has be5 employ$ has probably come z some?+ ( a surprise4 ,we 71 ( c\rse1 aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( su* ma*9es1 b up to ! pres5t !re _h be5 no real pro( ( _! utility4 ,! ,g]man milit>y au?orities _h evid5tly1 prior to ! w>1 come to _! own conclusions on ! matt]1 & ! ,belgians1 :e!r !y 7 prep>$ 9 advance or n1 7 at lea/ v prompt 9 foll[+ suit4 ,x is d\btful :e!r1 :5 ! w> broke out1 our own ,w> ,dep>tm5t 0 9 possession ( a s+le arm\r$ c>1 b =tunately ?is is a type ( ma*9e 9 connection ) :i* defici5cies c be v rapidly made up1 & at ! "t ( writ+1 :ile no c]ta9 quantitative in=mation is available1 we are at lea/ aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( ,briti% arm\r$ c>s on ! ,cont95t1 & we "k t1 = example1 ,london motor omnibuses h be5 equipp$ = ?is class ( duty4 ,9 ?is1 & 9 mo/ cases1 ! improvis$ arm\r$ c> is m]ely an ord9>y vehicle ) "s simple =m ( body cov]$ ov] by arm\r plat+1 & ) ! m vital portions ( its me*anism to "s degree simil>ly protect$4 ,?us1 "s protection is provid$ = ! radiator & /e]+ ge>4 ,! da% is cov]$ by /eel plat+ ext5d+ upw>ds to protect ! driv]1 :ile ! plat=m or body beh9d is protect$ by v]tical or slop+ /eel plates4 ,c]ta9 examples ( ,g]man arm\r$ c>s t h be5 captur$ answ] suffici5tly well to ?is description1 b naturally en\gh 9 a c\ntry :]e ! supply ( indu/rial vehicles is m or less inadequate1 ! t\r+ c> has be5 select$ = adaptation4 ,x has1 ( c\rse1 ! advantage ( extra spe$1 & ! disadvantage ( ! vuln]ability ( pneumatic tyres4 ,"s ( ^! improvis$ arm\r$ c>s m]ely c>ry m5 arm$ ) rifles1 :ile o!rs are equipp$ ) light ma*9e guns4 ,9 _m in/ances1 se>*lights1 or v /rong head lamps1 are fitt$4 ,! latt] c1 ( c\rse1 be op]at$ by ! n[ famili> electric sy/em1 a small dynamo & a batt]y ( cells be+ c>ri$ ^u ! c>4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t arrangem5t = a m p[]ful se>*light is to be f\nd 9 ! use ( a petrol-electric vehicle 9 :i* ! ord9>y *ange-spe$ ge>s are disp5s$ )1 & _! place tak5 by electric ma*9es4 ,! c> eng9e drives a dynamo :i* g5]ates electric curr5t4 ,?is is suppli$ to an electric motor f :i* ! p[] is transmitt$ to ! re> :eels4 ,! arrangem5t is tantam\nt to an inf9itely v>iable *ange spe$ ge>1 & ! important po9t 9 connection ) ! subject "u consid]ation is t ! :ole or "p ( ! eng9e p[] c be us$ = g5]at+ electric curr5t1 :i* c be easily appli$ to a se>*light on ! c>4 ,illu/ration3 8,! ,autoc>0 illu/ration4 ,a 8,,*>ron0 ,,arm\r$ ,,c> ,,) ,,ma*9e ,,gun4 ,illu/ration3 8,! ,autoc>0 illu/ration4 ,a 8,,s*neid]0 ,,arm\r$ ,,c> ,,) ,,quick-,,fir+ ,,gun4 ,arm\r$ c>s c>ry+ p[]ful lights are no d\bt v effective = reconnoitr+ dur+ ! night4 ,! lights c be swit*$ on q sudd5ly & "s damage inflict$ ^u an enemy1 & ! light swit*$ (f aga9 be=e !re is "t = fire to be return$ or ! ma*9e to be locat$ effectively4 ,! c> c !n be mov$ rapidly to "s o!r po9t1 & ! manoeuvre repeat$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! arm\r$ c> has be5 us$ z a k9d ( advance gu>d 9 front ( ! scre5 ( cavalry :i* p]=ms ! d\ble duty ( conceal+ ! movem5t ( its own infantry & locat+ ! =ces ( ! enemy4 ,j z ! ,g]mans employ$ cavalry = ?is purpose to an unprec$5t$ ext5t 9 ! ,franco-,prussian w> ( #ahgj1 & s ga9$ an enorm\s advantage ov] _! oppon5ts1 s ! attempt has be5 made on ?is occasion to utilise a /ill m rapid & effective means t[>ds ! same ends4 ,z already sugge/$1 any advantage t may h accru$ f ! utilisation ( a new me?od ( ?is k9d ne$ only be a purely tempor>y "o1 s9ce any desir$ quantity ( ! enorm\s numb] ( available ma*9es c--if x appe>s desirable--be conv]t$ into arm\r$ c>s = our own use or t ( our allies at v %ort notice4 ,"o w\ld imag9e t ev5ts w prove t ! arm\r$ motor is valuable z an irritant r ?an z a means ( locat+ ho/ile =ces or scre5+ "o's own1 s9ce bo? ^! latt] ends are v mu* affect$ by ! use ( a]oplanes1 :i* make x practically impossible to move l>ge bodies ( m5 secure f obs]vation1 & correspond+ly easy to ga!r fairly accurate in=mation z to ! :]eab\ts & /r5g? ( ! enemy4 ,s f> we h t\*$ only ^u extemporis$ arm\r$ vehicles z di/9ct f ^? actually design$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance = ?is specific duty4 ,! fir/ arm\r$ c> 0 produc$ z long ago z #ahif4 ,! design 0 publi%$ 9 ,! ,autoc> only a week aft] ! ,act :i* p]mitt$ a motor c> to exce$ f\r miles an h\r on ,briti% roads1 & to disp5se ) ! man walk+ 9 front ) a r$ flag1 came into =ce4 ,! sugge/ion emanat$ f ! late ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,p5n+ton1 & ! ma*9e1 ! me*anism ( :i* 0 necess>ily some:at primitive1 0 arrang$ to c>ry two small ma*9e guns ! cranks ( :i* 7 to be driv5 by ! c> eng9e ) a view to increas+ ! rapidity ( fire4 ,9 ^? days1 ! ma*9e gun 0 usually h&-crank$4 ,at int]vals s9ce t "t v>i\s designs _h be5 br\ght out1 ! g5]al pr9ciple be+ to employ a completely arm\r$ c>1 ! driv] ( :i* w\ld 9 mo/ cases be 9 consid]able dang] ( accid5t1 ow+ to ! way 9 :i* ! protection provid$ = him obscur$ ! view ( ! road on ei!r side4 ,9 ! majority ( cases1 ! vehicle 0 design$ to c>ry "o ma*9e gun m\nt$ 9 a turret above ! ro(4 ,?us1 9 a design got out by ! ,*>ron ,company "s "t back1 ! ma*9e gun 0 conta9$ 9 a rotat+ turret a little way =w>d ( ! re> axle4 ,! jo9t betwe5 ?is turret & ! ro( ( ! c> involv$ a flange & a ?ick rubb] r+4 ,! turret rotat$ on a c5tral v]tical %aft1 & on ?is %aft 0 a screw :eel4 ,! effect ( turn+ ?is :eel 0 to raise or l[] ! turret4 ,:5 ! ma*9e gun _h be5 drawn into ! "r position ) ! turret rais$1 ! :eel 0 turn$ br++ ! turret d[n h>d aga9/ ! rubb] r+ :i* held x securely1 & prev5t$ x f %ak+ ab\t :ile ! gun 0 be+ fir$4 ,illu/ration3 8,! ,autoc>0 illu/ration4 ,,an ,,italian ,,design ,,= ,a ,,motor ,,batt]y ,,( ,,quick-,,fir+ ,,guns4 ,,! ,,sides ,,swivel ,,r\nd ,,to ,,face ,,9 ,,any ,,desir$ ,,position4 ,9 ano!r design1 com+ f ! ,creusot ,works ( ,messrs4 ,s*neid]1 provision 0 made = a l>g] ma*9e gun1 c>ri$ 9 a sub/antial turret project+ f ! c> ro(1 & m\nt$ ^u roll]s runn+ on an inw>dly project+ r+ on ! l[] fix$ portion ( ! turret4 ,?is r+ 0 too!d on its inn] side & engag$ ) a ge> :eel enabl+ ! turret1 & ) x ! gun1 to be swung r\nd into ! desir$ position4 ,! gun itself c>ri$ a seat1 & ! ge> = rotat+ ! turret 0 connect$ ) p$als1 s t a man sitt+ on ! gun c\ld rotate x & ! turret by ! action ( 8 feet1 keep+ 8 h&s free = ! ref9em5ts ( aim+ & work+ ! weapon4 ,ref]5ce may be made to "o m design = :i* an ,italian (fic] 0 responsible4 ,9 ?is case1 ! vehicle =m$ a k9d ( mov+ batt]y ( ma*9e guns1 m\nt$ s z normally to po9t out ( ! sides ( ! c>4 ,ea* half ( ! body1 h[ev]1 0 capable ( be+ swung r\nd on h+es ei!r at ! back or at ! front1 & ca/ors 7 provid$ to facilitate its motion4 ,?us1 :5 ! c> 0 /ation>y1 x 0 possible to sw+ r\nd ! :ole ( its armam5t s z to face ! front1 re>1 or ei!r side4 ,illu/ration3 8,! ,autoc>0 photograph4 ,a 8,,m9]va0 ,,arm\r$ ,,c> ,,) ,,ma*9e ,,gun4 ,if ! g5]al conclusion z to ! utility ( arm\r$ motor c>s be>s out ! impressions =m$ 9 ! e>li] portions ( ! w>1 !re c be little d\bt t ^! m compreh5sive designs w receive 9 ! ne> future consid]ation :i* has be5 d5i$ to !m 9 ! pa/1 & t types ( arm\r$ c> w be evolv$ z mu* m effective ?an ! extemporis$ patt]ns z our arm\r$ cruis]s are :5 comp>$ ) conv]t$ m]*ant %ips4 ,)\t devot+ too mu* space to ! consid]ation ( ma*9es :i* are z yet m]ely proposals & n actualities1 brief m5tion may be made ( a design rec5tly got out by a ,briti% eng9e]1 & repres5t+ 9 a s5se ! la/ ^w 9 arm\r$ c>s1 s9ce x is 9 no s5se a make-%ift1 & provides = ! complete protection ( ! driv] & e item ( ! me*anism4 ,! c> is1 ( c\rse1 completely enclos$1 & f its ro( projects an arm\r$ turret conta9+ two ma*9e guns4 ,! driv] gets 8 view ( ! road only ?r\gh l\vres 9 front & 9 ! side doors4 ,! l9es ( ! c> consi/ ( a s]ies ( curves :i* are pref]r$ to flat surfaces1 9 ord] to increase to a maximum ! possibility ( deflect+ any bullets :i* /rike ! vehicle4 ,ev5 ! radiator & ! tyres are arm\r$4 ,! =m] is situat$ aga9/ ! da%bo>d1 & has above x a cov] 9 ! %ape ( a cupola ?r\gh :i* ! air is drawn d[n by a fan r\nd ! v]tical tubes4 ,ea* :eel is built up ( two /eel discs1 "o inside ! o!r1 & an air tube cov]$ by /rong fabric is plac$ betwe5 ! two4 ,! out] disc is all[$ suffici5t fre$om ( movem5t to enable ! arrangem5t to approximate ! pneumatic tyre 9 effect1 :ile be+ completely protect$ f puncture f any cause4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t ! ne> future w see consid]able developm5ts 9 ! arm\r$ motor c> 9 two directions1 namely1 9 ! direction ( ! vehicle design$ & con/ruct$ ?r\gh\t = a specific purpose1 & also 9 ! direction ( ! lightly arm\r$ fa/ t\r+ c> available = /aff & sc\t+ purposes4 ,?is la/ br+s u to ! subject ( a v valuable sph]e ( activity ( motors 9 w>f>e4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 b little to be writt5 on ?is po9t1 s9ce ! g5]al use ( c>s by /aff (fic]s f ! comm&]-9-*ief d[nw>ds may be tak5 = grant$1 & ! employm5t ( fa/ vehicles = sc\t+ purposes & by (fic]s ( ! ,intellig5ce ,dep>tm5t is equally self-evid5t4 ,= ! c>ry+ ( dispat*es & o!r su* "w1 ! motor cycle is be+ f\nd extremely useful4 ,?is1 ! lighte/ class ( motor vehicle1 is also us$ 9 conjunction ) its heavi] relations4 ,motor cycli/s1 :o are usually skill$ me*anics1 are atta*$ to all ! heavy motor transport columns1 _! duties be+ to sc\t ahead1 to keep ! units ( ! column toge!r1 & also to assi/ 9 ! ev5t ( any roadside tr\ble4 ,motors ( all k9ds are ext5sively us$ 9 connection ) ! fly+ corps4 ,to ea* squadron ( a]oplanes a numb] ( motors are atta*$ = v>i\s duties4 ,"s may act z fir/-aid ma*9es1 & = ! c>riage ( sp>e p>ts4 ,o!r l>g] & heavi] motors are employ$ = ! c>riage ( p>tially dismantl$ a]oplanes4 ,o!rs1 aga91 are fitt$ up z work%ops to help 9 ! important "w ( repair+ & keep+ 9 tune ! eng9es & me*anisms ( ! a]oplanes4 ,z reg>ds o!r important uses ( motors 9 w>f>e1 brief m5tion %\ld at lea/ be made ( ! c>s fitt$ ) wireless telegraphy equipm5ts1 & portable se>*lights1 & also ( motor field kit*5s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,provision ,,( ,,milit>y ,,motor ,,transport ,sy/ems ( ,direct ,pur*ase & ,subv5tion ,comp>$--,! ,advantages ( ! ,latt]--,! ,importance ( ,/&>disation & ,work%op ,equipm5t--,! ,limitations ( ! ,subsidy ,s*eme4 ,hav+ decid$ def9itely t a complete sy/em ( motor transport mu/ be employ$ prim>ily 9 ord] to secure great] effici5cy & fre$om ( movem5t ( troops 9 ! field1 ! next /ep is to decide ^u ! be/ means ( secur+ ! availability ( ! necess>y numb] ( suitable vehicles 9 "t ( w>4 ,evid5tly1 ! simple/ proc$ure w\ld be to dep5d solely & entirely ^u ! p[] ( ! ,gov]nm5t to comm&e] or requisition ! requir$ supplies4 ,at fir/ sight x may appe> t no?+ m is ne$$1 b any su* conclusion w\ld be highly errone\s4 ,if we 7 to exam9e ! fleet ( any l>ge motor omnibus1 motor cab1 or motor haulage conc]n1 we %\ld almo/ inevitably f9d t ! vehicles employ$ 7 almo/ all ( "o make & commonly ( "o type4 ,if an op]at+ company has 9 ! fir/ in/ance decid$ to adopt a p>ticul> make ( vehicle1 & if subsequ5t improvem5t 9 design r$uces ! effici5cy ( ! orig9al type z comp>$ ) o!rs ( ! m>ket1 !n ! natural move is n to *ange f "o manufactur] to ano!r1 b to increase or p>tially r5ew ! fleet by ! pur*ase ( new vehicles ( ! same make b ( a m mod]n model4 ,! *ange f ! old to ! new type does n involve alt]ations 9 by any means e "p ( ! me*anism1 b only 9 ^? p>ts :i* h 9 any way %[n !mselves capable ( improvem5t4 ,9 ! ev5t ( r5ewals be+ requir$1 x is n !n necess>y to /ock an entirely new set ( sp>e p>ts = all portions ( ! c>1 b only to get 9 sp>es = ^? p>ts1 ! design ( :i* has be5 *ang$ & improv$4 ,9 ?is way1 ! necess>y /ock ( sp>e p>ts is s f> z possible r$uc$1 & ! "w ( ma9ta9+ ! c>s is 9 a simil> degree simplifi$4 ,almo/ e type ( motor vehicle has its own peculi>ities1 & x is evid5tly easi] = a me*anic to und]take ! ma9t5ance ( a c]ta9 numb] ( ma*9es all ( "o make ?an to keep 9 runn+ ord] a simil> numb] ( miscellane\s vehicles v>y+ ess5tially f "o ano!r4 ,!n aga91 ! /&>disation ( "o make is an advantage1 because = purposes ( ma9t5ance ! numb] ( work%op appliances requir$ is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & x is possible 9 "s cases to obta9 ma*9es specially adapt$ = turn+ out 9 quantity "s p>ticul> "p :i* figures l>gely 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! fleet4 ,yet ano!r advantage is t ! driv] ( any "o c> c1 )\t dang] or loss ( effici5cy1 be put on to any o!r c>1 if 8 own is und]go+ repair or ov]haul1 :ile ! "w ( ^? dep>tm5ts conc]n$ ) ! /or+ & issu+ ( p>ts is greatly simplifi$1 & ! accommodation requir$ = ! effici5t op]ation ( ! :ole conc]n is r$uc$4 ,if ^! argum5ts apply to an indu/rial organisation work+ "u normal conditions1 !y apply /ill m /rongly to a ha/ily enl>g$ tempor>y organisation evolv$ 9 "t ( w>4 ,moreov]1 9 ! latt] case ! unreliable runn+ ( a fleet ( c>s does n repres5t m]ely a tempor>y f9ancial loss or a dim9ution 9 pre/ige4 ,its result mu/ inevitably be to cause1 among ! troops beh9d :i* ! motor column is work+1 a lack ( necessities ei!r 9 respect ( food or ( w>like mat]ials4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! result is immeasureable & ! consequ5ces may well prove fatal4 ,!n aga91 milit>y motor vehicles are requir$ to "w "u peculi>ly ardu\s & try+ conditions4 ,! v nature ( _! s]vice implies frequ5t long runs "u ! wor/ possible conditions ( wea!r & road surface4 ,!y may h to employ lanes or bye-ways or ev5 r\tes :i* c h>dly be describ$ z roads at all1 & add$ to ?is is ! almo/ c]ta9 fact t ! tracks ov] :i* !y "w w h be5 mat]ially injur$ int5tionally or o!rwise4 ,^? :o live 9 ! vic9ity ( any important milit>y c5tre mu/ be well aw>e ( ! damag+ effect t heavy milit>y traffic has ^u ! roads1 ev5 if well-con/ruct$1 9 view ( ! inevitable nature ( ! traffic4 ,:5 ply+ on c\ntry roads nev] int5d$ = su* use1 ! transport motors !mselves w soon break up ! road surface4 ,^! consid]ations s]ve to %[ t ! liability to breakd[n is mu* great] 9 milit>y ?an 9 civilian transport1 & c\pl$ ) ?is is ! c]ta9ty t ! facilities = conv5i5tly c>ry+ out repairs & ov]hauls mu/ necess>ily be extremely limit$4 ,! transport columns are support$ at _! base by travell+ work%ops mann$ by skill$ me*anics & conta9+ small selections ( ^? tools likely to be ( ! mo/ g5]al s]vice4 ,! equipm5t ( ^! work%ops mu/ be r$uc$ to a m9imum 9 ord] to secure _! portability1 & x is highly important1 if possible1 to prev5t jobs com+ 9 :i* _c be satisfactorily tackl$ ) ! ma*9]y at ! disposal ( ! me*anical /aff4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ev]y?+ po9ts to ! extreme inadvisability ( dep5d+ ^u motor transport & supply columns =m$ ( a miscellane\s collection ( vehicles ( all types1 all makes & all ages4 ,look+ at ! o!r side ( ! "q1 ! ideal conditions are rea*$ :5 e vehicle ( ! column is id5tical & repres5ts ! v be/ make & type1 & :5 all ! driv]s are ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! idiosyncrasies ( ?is p>ticul> type ( vehicle1 & ! me*anics responsible = repairs equally exp]i5c$ z reg>ds e feature ( ! me*anism ( ! ma*9es4 ,to secure some?+ approa*+ true /&>disation 9 a fleet ( transport vehicles1 ei!r "o or two alt]native me?ods may be adopt$4 ,! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s is t ( direct pur*ase by ,gov]nm5t4 ,at ! mom5t ( writ+1 ?is sy/em is be+ ext5sively adopt$ 9 ,great ,brita91 & d\btless also 9 all o!r bellig]5t c\ntries 9 :i* x has be5 possible to keep suitable motor manufactur+ works 9 op]ation4 ,su* /eps are1 h[ev]1 be+ tak51 9 ord] to meet a great em]g5cy :i* has aris5 be=e alt]native s*emes h _h "t fully to mature4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( an army 9 "t ( peace is v mu* less ?an x is 9 w> "t1 & 9 "t ( w> an army mu/ be f> m self-support+ ?an x is 9 "t ( peace1 :5 consid]able quantities ( supplies c be br\ght regul>ly by civilian contractors to depts :]e ! troops are /ation$1 & ! milit>y au?orities require only to secure ! di/ribution ( su* supplies 9 detail4 ,9 "t ( w> ! :ole ( ! supplies mu/ be deliv]$ 9 bulk to a v limit$ numb] ( po9ts1 & f t "t onw>ds ! milit>y au?orities mu/ be responsible = :at may be describ$ z _! :olesale z well z _! retail di/ribution4 ,add$ to ?is are a numb] ( o!r consid]ations1 z1 = example1 ! fact t :5 on active s]vice ! scale ( rations ( ! m5 is increas$1 & supplies ( w>like /ores are rapidly exp5d$ & h to be p]petually r5ew$4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t if ! me?od ( direct pur*ase alone is dep5d$ ^u1 ei!r ! supply ( motor vehicles w be imm5sely great] ?an ! useful requirem5t 9 times ( peace1 or else facilities mu/ be creat$ = increas+ _! supply in/antane\sly :5 mobilisation occurs1 or ! organisation ( new armies becomes ess5tial4 ,n[1 z 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 x is possible aft] a w> has begun to provide = a /eady & consid]able supply ( transport motors to be h&$ ov] to ! milit>y au?orities week by week1 provid$ always t ! process ( manufactur+ is n s]i\sly int]f]$ ) ei!r by ! prop9quity ( milit>y op]ations1 or by ! ne$ ( draft+ m5 9 excessive numb]s f ! works to ! active =ces4 ,9 our own case1 x is q )9 ! b\nds ( possibility to produce motors = ! transport columns ( new armies j z rapidly z x is possible to make ! p]sonnel ( ^? new armies effective4 ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 does n cov] ! difficulty occasion$ by ! necess>y increase 9 transport facilities = ! /&+ army directly w> breaks out4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! difficulty might be ov]come if ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t 7 to pur*ase l>ge numb]s ( suitable motor lorries1 & to employ ! great] "p ( !m 9 "t ( peace = ! c>riage ( g5]al goods4 ,?is s*eme has ! advantage t x n only provides ! necess>y fleet1 b simultane\sly tra9s ! necess>y driv]s2 nev]!less1 x has ! grave drawback t pr(itable employm5t ( ! k9d requir$ c\ld n be f\nd unless ! ,gov]nm5t 7 to ent] into s]i\s competition ) haulage & deliv]y companies4 ,x has be5 propos$ also t numb]s ( suitable motors might be us$ normally 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,po/ ,(fice1 & transf]r$ on em]g5cy to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 b ?is aga9 is op5 to objection4 ,! ,po/ ,(fice fleets w\ld h to be r5ew$ hurri$ly & "u difficulties1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( disorganisation w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly result4 ,fur!rmore1 ! numb] ( vehicles :i* c\ld be usefully kept 9 s]vice by ! po/al au?orities is small comp>$ ) ! increas$ milit>y requirem5ts occasion$ by ! outbreak ( w>4 ,we may take x1 !n1 t ! pr9ciple ( ma9ta9+ 9 ! possession ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t 9 "t ( peace suffici5t motor vehicles to fill ! :ole ( ! ne$s 9 "t ( w> is unworkable except at enorm\s co/1 s9ce ! majority ( ! vehicles c\ld be put to no useful "w & w\ld m]ely det]iorate & become obsolete &1 !re=e1 comp>atively speak+1 valueless 7 !y to /& idle4 ,! :ole ( su* a fleet w\ld h to be replac$ e ?ree or f\r ye>s1 & if ?is 7 n done an enemy equipp$ ) m mod]n vehicles w\ld possess a m>k$ advantage1 s9ce--?\gh ! motor indu/ry has n[ assum$ enorm\s proportions--x is /ill s "y t progress 9 design is by no means /ation>y4 ,we n[ come to ! "q ( :e!r x is possible to ma9ta9 9 "t ( peace only ! numb] ( vehicles actually requir$1 & to fill up ! requirem5t 9 excess ( ?is numb] z promptly z possible1 b nev]!less ) "s delay1 :5 w> breaks out4 ,on ?is po9t1 ,capta9 ,a4 ,e4 ,davidson1 ,r4,e41 a =m] ,secret>y ( ! ,me*anical ,transport ,committee ( ! ,w> ,(fice1 has giv5 ! foll[+ v def9ite op9ion 9 a pap] read by him at ! ,imp]ial ,motor ,transport ,conf]5ce1 9 8 (ficial capacity z repres5tative ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t3 8,emphasis mu/ be laid on ! necessity = obta9+ ! transport imm$iately4 ,! army :i* c mobilise 9 ! %orte/ space ( "t ga9s an imm5se advantage by be+ able to take ! initiative be=e ! oppos+ armies are prep>$1 & ! army :i* mobilises mo/ rapidly w be able to ga9 a decisive advantage4 ,?is "q has n[ be5 s c>efully work$ out 9 detail t ! complete mobilisation ( an army c be arrang$ = )9 a p]iod t is reckon$ 9 h\rs40 ,illu/ration3 8,! ,autoc>0 photograph4 ,a ,,fr5* ,,motor ,,work%op1 ,,especially ,,equipp$ ,,= ,,! ,,s]vice ,,( ,,! ,,fly+ ,,corps4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,g]man ,,work%op ,,c>1 ,,clos$ ,,to ,,take ,,! ,,road4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,views ,,( ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,briti% 8,,k>ri]0 ,,subv5tion ,,type ,,lorry1 ,,indicat+ ,,! ,,ef=ts ,,made ,,to ,,facilitate ,,inspection ,,& ,,replacem5ts4 ,,! ,,eng9e ,,valves ,,) ,,inspection ,,cov] ,,remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,axle ,,%afts ,,c ,,be ,,)drawn4 ,,by ,,remov+ ,,! ,,top ,,& ,,bottom ,,cas+1 ,,! ,,:ole ,,( ,,! ,,f9al ,,ge>+1 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,diff]5tial1 ,,c ,,be ,,remov$ ,,)\t ,,jack+ ,,up ,,! ,,vehicle ,,or ,,tak+ ,,(f ,,! ,,load4 ,to meet ?is requirem5t1 ! additional motor transport columns mu/ also be capable ( be+ mobilis$ ) simil> rapidity1 & we are =c$ back ei!r on to ! la/ resort ( comm&e]+ any vehicle t comes h&y1 or else on to ! prep>ation ( a s*eme :i* w provide a sub/antial res]ve ( vehicles ( approv$ make & type1 able to be made available at any in/ant at a few h\rs' notice4 ,su* a s*eme evid5tly involves ! paym5t to ! own]s ( ^! vehicles ( "s sum int5d$ to make up to !m su* loss z may result f _! liability to h _! vehicles imm$iately comm&e]$4 ,^! paym5ts1 moreov]1 mu/ provide t ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t %all h ! "r ( p]iodical inspection ( ! c>s1 s t !y may be well in=m$ z to _! condition1 & may h c]ta9 k z to :e!r !y are be+ prop]ly driv5 & ma9ta9$ 9 su* a way z to make !m useful units ( a fleet on active s]vice4 ,a s*eme ( ?is sort is call$ a 8subv5tion0 or 8subsidy0 s*eme1 & x is v g5]ally admitt$ t su* a s*eme =ms an ess5tial "p ( ! organisation ( transport & supply 9 e c\ntry 9 :i* ! civilian use ( heavy motor vehicles is suffici5tly ext5sive to make ! pr9ciple ( subsidy applicable on a work+ scale4 ,cle>ly1 ! am\nt ( ! subsidy :i* is (f]$ to own]s ( motor vehicles ( a suitable type mu/ dep5d1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 on ! conditions accompany+ ! paym5ts4 ,if--z to "s ext5t 9 ! case ( ,great ,brita9--! subsidy s*eme applies only to vehicles ( types :i* w\ld n be employ$ = trade purposes 7 def9ite enc\ragem5t n (f]$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! paym5ts mu/ be m ?an suffici5t to balance any disadvantages result+ f ! use ( ! subsidy type vehicle1 z well z ! inconv5i5ce ( und]go+ inspections4 ,aga91 if ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t makes v>i\s /ipulations z to features to be embodi$ 9 ! design ( subsidy vehicles1 x is m or less c]ta9 t ^! /ipulations w entail manufactur+ exp5diture result+ 9 an increase 9 ! sale price ( ! ma*9es z comp>$ ) ! price ( ord9>y models ( simil> c>ry+ capacity4 ,?us1 ! subsidy mu/ also be suffici5t to cov] any increase 9 fir/ co/ to ! us]4 ,if ?is increase is1 let u say1 #ej1 & ! inconv5i5ces entail$ by adopt+ ! type result 9 a loss ( effici5cy e/imat$1 let u say1 at #cj a ye>1 ! subsidy1 if x is to =m any real inducem5t1 mu/ evid5tly am\nt to a paym5t on pur*ase ( ab\t #fj at ! lea/1 foll[$ by a paym5t (1 let u say1 #dj a ye> = ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,9 c\ntries :]e heavy motor vehicles are n--unless "s abnormal enc\ragem5t is giv5--suffici5tly ext5sively us$ = trade purposes1 ! subsidy mu/ ( c\rse be consid]ably high]4 ,if ! conditions ( s]vice are s unfav\rable to ! use ( me*anical transport z to conv9ce ! trad] t 9 *ang+1 let u say1 f tw5ty horses & five waggons to a c\ple ( #c-ton motor lorries1 8 exp5ses w be increas$ by #ajj or #bjj a ye>1 ! s*eme mu/ take ?is prospective loss into acc\nt4 ,9 t case1 ! s*eme becomes some?+ m ?an m]e subsidy1 & p>takes m ( ! nature ( a s*eme design$ artificially to enc\rage ! use ( a p>ticul> =m ( transport solely on acc\nt ( its utility to ! ,gov]nm5t 9 case ( w>4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,a ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,national ,,conditions ,! ,=tunate ,position ( ,great ,brita9--,causes ( ,rapid ,developm5t ( ,motor ,transport--,! ,big ,influ5ce ( ,london--,position ( ! ,movem5t 9 ,european ,c\ntries4 ,9 consid]+ h[ f> any =m ( subsidy s*eme has be51 or c\ld be1 truly successful1 we h to take into acc\nt fir/ ( all ! national & local conditions gov]n+ ! use ( motor vehicles 9 ord9>y comm]cial s]vice1 & x is satisfactory to be able to record t a consid]ation ( ?is subject leads to ! conclusion t ! position ( ,great ,brita9 is peculi>ly advantage\s1 inasmu* z ! numb] ( indu/rial motor vehicles 9 s]vice is va/ly 9 excess ( ! total requirem5t ( ! ,briti% ,army1 a /ate ( affairs a p>allel to :i* does n exi/ 9 any o!r ,european c\ntry4 ,! economical use ( motors 9 trade & indu/ry dep5ds 9 ! fir/ case v l>gely ^u ! quality & quantity ( ! national roads4 ,great ,brita9 is =tunate 9 ! possession ( ! f9e/ road sy/em 9 ! _w4 ,we are n limit$ z reg>ds motor haulage by ! abs5ce ( ?or\ghf>es betwe5 our indu/rial or resid5tial di/ricts1 & x is possible to deliv] goods to practically e h\se or ev5 cottage 9 ! k+dom1 )\t hav+ to trav]se any?+ worse ?an a %ort di/ance ( r r\gh c\ntry lane or private track4 ,!re is no d\bt t ,london has be5 v l>gely responsible = ! enorm\s developm5t ( motor transport )9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,x is g5]ally consid]$ t ,p>is repres5ts ! ne>e/ approa* to ,london = purposes ( comp>ison4 ,nev]!less1 ! population ( ,p>is is only ab\t half t ( ,london1 & ! area )9 :i* t population is includ$ is only ab\t "o qu>t]4 ,9 o!r words1 ! d5sity ( population ( ,p>is is d\ble t ( ,london1 :i* means t ! av]age di/ance to be trav]s$ 9 deliv]+ goods to a giv5 numb] ( p is mu* small] 9 ,p>is ?an x is "h4 ,n[ ! motor vehicle is able to %[ sup]ior economy ov] horse-drawn traffic ma9ly :]e x is able to make use ( its capacity = spe$ & its ability to cov]1 )\t tir+1 long di/ances 9 ! c\rse ( a day4 ,= h\se-to-h\se deliv]ies ! motor is at a disadvantage1 s9ce :ile x is /&+ wait+ be=e a door x repres5ts a l>g] idle capital ?an ! hors$ c>t1 & ! inve/m5t ( ?is l>g] capital c only be ju/ifi$ if x results 9 ! vehicle p]=m+ 9 a giv5 "t a f> l>g] am\nt ( "w ?an w\ld be possible if horses 7 us$4 ,tak+1 = example1 ! case ( a #b-ton motor van capable ( runn+ ab\t #ajj miles 9 ! c\rse ( a work+ day1 ! ideal condition is repres5t$ by a run "u full load f ! w>eh\se or /ore to "s po9t ab\t #ej miles di/ant4 ,"h ! :ole load is deliv]$1 & a complete return load is f\nd4 ,su* conditions are seldom available 9 practice1 b ! ne>] x is possible to approa* to !m1 ! m likely is ! motor to prove a pr(itable inve/m5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 suppos+ ! c> to be us$ = h\se-to-h\se "w involv+1 let u say1 #ajj deliv]ies 9 ! c\rse ( a day ) a total di/ance cov]$ ( only ab\t #aj miles1 ! motor may cov] ?is di/ance 9 traffic 9 some?+ l an h\r1 :]eas a hors$ vehicle might take two h\rs4 ,! sav+ 9 t case is comp>atively small1 & repres5ts1 let u say1 only an additional #aj deliv]ies or an advantage ( #aj p] c5t4 extra 9 ! "w done 9 ! day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! co/ ( ! motor is v mu* high]1 & x is m ?an likely t on economical gr\nds ! op]at+ conc]n w\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 adopt+ me*anical transport4 ,apply+ ^! examples ( extreme cases to ! g5]al proposition1 x is q evid5t t bo? ! l>g] population & ! m scatt]$ di/ribution ( population ( ,london make ! metropolis a f> m fav\rable nurs]y = ! indu/rial motor ?an1 let u say1 ,p>is1 or1 = t matt]1 ,b]l9 or ,vi5na4 ,! great ,london h\ses h f\nd t _! conditions ( deliv]y into outly+ resid5tial di/ricts h be5 on ! :ole v fav\rable to motor transport1 :i* !y h consequ5tly adopt$ ext5sively1 fav\r+ z a rule vans c>ry+ loads v>y+ betwe5 #be cwt4 & #c or #d tons1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! goods to be h&l$4 ,by e/abli%+ motor s]vices !y h be5 able 9 _m in/ances to disp5se ) local di/ribut+ depts 9 ! environs ( ,london1 & !y h f\nd x possible greatly to ext5d _! areas ( direct deliv]y4 ,"o ( ! consequ5ces has be5 t p resid5t #bj1 #cj or ev5 #dj miles out ( t[n are n[ able to place ord]s at big ,london h\ses1 & to h ! goods deliv]$ direct to _! own doors ! same day1 or at ! late/ on ! foll[+ day4 ,?is deliv]y is effect$ )\t any unnecess>y h&l+1 & )\t any ( t delay :i* mu/ result if ! railway is us$ z an int]m$i>y4 ,by ?us ext5d+ _! field ( op]ations1 ! big ,london h\ses h come directly into competition ) ! l>g] trad+ conc]ns c5tr$ 9 t[ns "s di/ance f ,london4 ,^! local conc]ns h f\nd t !y 7 los+ bus9ess to ! ,london h\ses1 & h be5 compell$ 9 ! int]e/s ( self-pres]vation to endeav\r to reta9 t bus9ess by (f]+ equally good & prompt facilities = deliv]y4 ,ev5 s1 "s portion ( _! trade is necess>ily lo/ to !m1 & !y are compell$ to seek new fields4 ,9 ord] to d ?is & to resi/ competition s f> z may be1 !y are practically =c$ to adopt motor transport1 & 9 _! turn to ext5d _! area until x embraces o!r t[ns & villages at a great] di/ance f ! metropolis4 ,?us1 ! influ5ce ( ,london /eadily spreads outw>ds enc\rag+ ! adoption ( motor transport 9 o!r t[ns4 ,a simil> ph5om5on takes place 9 a small] degree r\nd all ( our v num]\s big indu/rial cities1 ) ! result t ! motor van & ! motor lorry h become famili> objects 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry1 & h1 s to speak1 act$ z a mov+ adv]tisem5t ( _! own utility4 ,?is process1 c\pl$ ) ! comp>ative excell5ce ( our roads1 has fav\r$ ! g5]al adoption ( motor haulage by trad]s ( all classes ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! railways h 9 consequ5ce felt ! effects ( ! competition ( ! motor vehicle1 & h retaliat$ by putt+ !mselves into possession ( consid]able fleets1 9 ord] to secure ! rapid di/ribution ( ! goods entru/$ to !m = deliv]y4 ,9 "s in/ances1 railway companies h e/abli%$ s]vices 9 c\ntry di/ricts to act z fe$]s to _! bran* or ma9 l9es4 ,simultane\sly1 ! g5]al developm5t1 initiat$ 9 ! fir/ case by private ent]prise1 has become s m>k$ & has prov$ s conclusively ! reliability ( ! heavy motor1 t ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5ts--notably ! ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice--h be5 impress$ ) ! great possibilities ( ! new transport1 & h adopt$ motor vans = long di/ance s]vices z well z = local di/ribution ( mails 9 great cities1 z be+ m direct z well z m economical ?an ! old arrangem5ts ) ! railways4 ,?is applies p>ticul>ly to ! c>riage ( p>cels4 ,side by side ) ?is developm5t has come ! a/oni%+ progress ( ! pass5g] motor vehicle4 ,"h aga91 ,london has be5 ! big mov+ influ5ce4 ,! greate/ city 9 ! _w has gr[n f small beg9n+s accord+ to its own sweet w4 ,x has n be5 laid out1 z h y\ng] t[ns1 ) any cle> s*eme 9 view = meet+ ! gr[? ( traffic requirem5ts4 ,"h aga91 ! ne>e/ p>allel is to be f\nd 9 ,p>is4 ,portions ( t city are /ill simil> to1 or ev5 worse ?an1 ,london 9 ?is respect1 & are trav]s$ only by n>r[ & w9d+ roads laid out on no intelligible s*eme4 ,p>is1 h[ev]1 has ! advantage t = ! pa/ "o hundr$ ye>s def9ite me?ods ( improvem5t h be5 pu%$4 ,control has rema9$ ve/$ 9 ! same dep>tm5ts1 & ! policy has be5 cont9u\s4 ,consequ5tly1 ! network ( small /reets has gradually become subord9ate to an admirable sy/em ( ma9 ?or\ghf>es ( great wid? & beauty1 at ! int]sections ( :i* are wide op5 places g5]ally utilis$ = ! erection ( "s ( ^? f9e monum5ts s de> to ! ,fr5* nation4 ,o!r & new] t[ns1 ( :i* ,b]l9 may be tak5 z a f9e typical example1 h be5 f ! fir/ almo/ :olly con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) a def9ite t[n plann+ s*eme1 & 9 all _! lat] developm5ts ! tramc> has be5 reg>d$ z a necessity ( pass5g] transport1 & e provision has be5 made to ensure t a complete sy/em ( rail$ traffic %\ld be 9 e way facilitat$1 & s f> z possible prev5t$ f injur+ ! natural & ar*itectural beauties1 :i* mu/ at all co/ be ma9ta9$ 9 ! int]e/s ( trade prosp]ity z well z f /hetic reasons4 ,9 su* cases1 ! motor omnibus has f ! />t come into direct competition ) ! electric tramc>1 ! latt] be+ g5]ally support$ by enorm\sly influ5tial ve/$ int]e/s1 ! /r5g? ( :i* has be5 su* z to cripple1 or almo/ entirely prev5t1 ! introduction ( public s]vice motors4 ,bo? 9 ,p>is & 9 ,london1 conditions = "o reason or ano!r h oppos$ ! univ]sal adoption ( rail$ transport 9 ! /reets4 ,s f> z ,london is conc]n$1 ! tramc> is useful & possible 9 suburban di/ricts1 & z a means ( br++ p to )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! c5tral areas4 ,beyond t po9t1 its ext5sion is probably impracticable1 & is c]ta9ly op5 to v grave opposition1 :i* has up to ! pres5t prev5t$ ! completion ( any?+ approa*+ a compreh5sive tramway sy/em f nor? to s\? or f ea/ to we/4 ,! c5tral area a few ye>s ago 0 s]v$ by ! hors$ omnibus1 & x 0 ) ?is vehicle & n ) ! tramc> t ! motor omnibus 9 its e>ly /ages _h to compete4 ,consequ5tly1 x 0 giv5 a good opportunity ( prov+ its desirable qualities & 0 n hopelessly h&icapp$ by be+ set1 :5 9 v e>ly & imp]fect /ages ( developm5t1 directly aga9/ a m or less p]fect$ sy/em ( pass5g] transport on rails4 ,london has ?us prov$ to be ! _w's bigge/ nurs]y ( ! motor omnibus4 ,its e>ly imp]fections caus$ pl5ty ( grumbl+ & a c]ta9 am\nt ( inconv5i5ce1 b x 0 realis$ all along t x 0 only a matt] ( "t be=e x w\ld ou/ ! horse omnibus f ! /reets4 ,9 ,p>is also1 ! motor omnibus has be5 giv5 fair *ances1 & has prov$ its wor?4 ,x has be5 employ$ p>tly on r\tes involv+ n>r[ roads & /iff gradi5ts :]e trams w\ld be dang]\s1 & p>tly on o!r r\tes ! natural beauties ( :i* are s pron\nc$ t x 0 g5]ally felt t ! lay+ ( tramway l9es1 or ! creation ( any p]man5t blots su* z are occasion$ by ! erection ( /&>ds & wires1 w\ld be altoge!r a desecration4 ,! motor omnibus1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh its novitiate1 has prov$ 9 ! mo/ practicable possible way ! advantages ( road motor transport to ! g5]al public4 ,x has hit ! %ort di/ance traffic ( railways v h>d1 & has compell$ ^! latt] 9 self-def5ce to inaugurate motor s]vices ( _! own1 especially 9 c\ntry di/ricts n well f$ by ! railways !mselves4 ,x is impossible to say to :at a great ext5t ! developm5t ( motor transport is ! result ( ! anomaly "u :i* ! road pass5g] traffic ( ,london is n controll$ by ! local gov]n+ au?orities1 :o possess 9 o!r cities lic5s+ p[]s res]v$ 9 ,london to ! ,*ief ,commission] ( ,police4 ,o!r great ,briti% cities1 z1 = example1 ,man*e/] & ,birm+ham1 = _m ye>s refus$ to all[ ! motor omnibus to prove its wor? = fe> ( competition ) tramways own$ by ! municipality1 :i*1 be+ itself ! lic5s+ au?ority1 c\ld refuse to give facilities "u :i* any competition ) its own conc]n c\ld come into exi/5ce4 ,x is only lately t ! prolong$ exp]i5ce ( ,london has prov$ to all ^! au?orities ! enorm\s utility ( ! motor omnibus1 & its spread to e great city has ei!r become an accompli%$ fact1 or an inevitable developm5t ( ! ne> future4 ,p>is1 ) its small] fleet ( motor omnibuses1 has n ex]t$ a simil> influ5ce 9 any?+ approa*+ a simil> degree ?r\gh\t ! prov9cial t[ns 9 ,france2 & ,b]l91 :i* has v ne>ly taboo$ ! motor omnibus altoge!r1 has done practically no?+ t[>ds ! enc\ragem5t ( motor transport 9 ,g]many4 ,x is r a curi\s fact t ?is policy %\ld h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ,b]l9 = s long1 see+ t = _m ye>s pa/ ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t h be5 pay+ huge sums 9 ! %ape ( subv5tion1 ) ! sole object ( enc\rag+ ! national use ( trade motors4 ,9 all probabilities1 ! process ( ocul> demon/ration on ! /reets ( ! capital w\ld h be5 m effective ?an ! :ole ( ! exp5diture t has be5 incurr$4 ,f :at has gone be=e1 x w be se5 t circum/ances h all work$ toge!r to cause ! developm5t ( motor transport ( ,great ,brita9 to be f> m rapid ?an 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,add$ to ?is is ! und\bt$ fact t ! g5ius ( ! ,briti% eng9e] is be/ express$ 9 some?+ sub/antial & durable4 ,! heavy indu/rial motor is m typical ( ,briti% t5d5cies ?an is ! light fa/ c>4 ,z reg>ds ! latt] we may be good imitators1 & may be well able to keep on equality ) competition4 ,z reg>ds ! =m] we c d m1 & we h %[n ourselves able to lead ! _w & to produce f9] indu/rial motors ?an c be obta9$ 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,ev5 ! progressive eng9e]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ackn[l$ge t !y mu/ draw _! inspirations 9 ?is movem5t f ,great ,brita91 & are n infrequ5tly to be f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry /udy+ :at has be5 done1 & le>n+ lessons :i* !y w apply at home & :i* may s]ve to br+ !m into /rong competition ) u1 b are v unlikely to make !m our sup]iors4 ,! g5]al result ( all ^! influ5ces has be51 z already /at$1 t ,great ,brita9 is ! only ,european c\ntry 9 :i* ! indu/rial motor is1 9 times ( peace1 us$ 9 numb]s greatly 9 excess ( ! possible milit>y requirem5ts ( our own =ces4 ,consequ5tly1 ! problem be=e our ,w> ,(fice has n be5 to enc\rage ! use ( heavy transport1 b to direct ! t5d5cies ( design & popul> ta/e into ! *annels 9 :i* !y c\ld be made to fall into l9e mo/ completely ) milit>y requirem5ts4 ,next aft] ourselves1 ,france is =tunate 9 ! possession ( ! be/ road sy/em ( any ,european c\ntry1 & ?is has help$ indu/rial motor developm5t to progress ) fair rapidity1 ?\gh n at su* a spe$ z to enable ! c\ntry to be self-support$ z reg>ds its ne$s 9 milit>y motor transport4 ,g]many1 ) a less complete road sy/em1 involv+ 9 _m p>ts v sev]e gradi5ts1 has _h m difficulty /ill 9 fill+ its milit>y requirem5ts1 :ile ,au/ria is 9 a position some:at ak9 to t ( ,g]many f ?is po9t ( view4 ,consequ5tly1 9 all ^! ?ree great c\ntries1 ! subv5tion s*eme has _h to be r a s*eme = enc\rag+ ! use ( motor transport ( any k9d ?an an attempt to direct design]s into any p>ticul> *annels4 ,conditions 9 ,belgium are some:at ak9 to ^? obta9+ 9 ,france2 &1 g5]ally speak+1 o!r ,european c\ntries are s badly s]v$ by roads & s unfav\rably situat$ z reg>ds _! requirem5ts = ! haulage & deliv]y ( goods1 t ! developm5t ( indu/rial motor transport on a l>ge scale has be5 out ( ! "q1 & consequ5tly1 ! e/abli%m5t ( any subv5tion s*eme w\ld h prov$ futile4 ,we are n[ 9 a position1 ) a fairly cle> conception ( ! conditions obta9+ 9 ea* ( ! c\ntries conc]n$1 to consid] 9 m detail ! nature ( ! s*emes evolv$ 9 ! int]e/s ( milit>y transport1 & to asc]ta9 h[ f> ^? s*emes h be5 br\ght to successful issues4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,briti% ,,subsidy ,,type ,,motors ,e>ly ,subsidy ,s*emes--,am\nt ( ,subsidy--,/&>disation ( ,driv+ ,control--,important ,me*anical ,features--,provision = ,work+ 9 ,convoy--,! 8,*a9-,drive0 ,controv]sy--,! ,pres5t ,position4 ,9 view ( ! peculi>ly advantage\s circum/ances detail$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 ! ,briti% subsidy s*eme is f ! pecuni>y po9t ( view less impos+1 & f ! practical po9t ( view f> m compreh5sive ?an any o!r s*eme yet attempt$ else:]e4 ,! ,briti% ,w> ,dep>tm5t fav\rs 9 g5]al ! use ( vehicles int5d$ to c>ry 9 active s]vice useful loads ( ab\t ?ree tons1 b z ! ma*9es also h to take f\r m5 & a consid]able quantity ( kit & /ores1 !y correspond to ord9>y indu/rial vehicles ( f\r tons capacity4 ,!re is a p>allel1 b mu* small]1 requirem5t1 = #cj-;cwt4 vehicles correspond+ to ! ord9>y comm]cial two tonn] & capable ( high] spe$s ?an are desirable ) heavi] ma*9es4 ,^! light] c>s are int5d$ = use beh9d mobile & fa/-mov+ troops1 :ile ! heavi] type are = ! s]vice ( ! infantry1 & = ! c>riage ( ammunition supplies4 ,9 ea* case1 ! total am\nt ( subsidy paid is f #aaj to #abj4 ,a portion ( ?is takes ! =m ( a ca% paym5t :5 ! vehicle is accept$1 :ile ! rema9d] is an annual paym5t spread ov] a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s1 & is conditional on p]iodical inspection reveal+ ! satisfactory condition ( ! ma*9e subsidis$4 ,! agreem5t also provides t 9 ! ev5t ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t desir+ to comm&e] ! vehicle 9 "t ( w>1 a v lib]al price %all be paid to ! own]1 ?is price be+ ( c\rse dep5d5t to "s ext5t on ! age ( ! ma*9e4 ,! correct am\nt is arriv$ at by d$uct+ f ! fir/ co/ ( ! c> a c]ta9 regul> p]c5tage int5d$ to repres5t ! depreciation 9 value dur+ e half ye> ( normal s]vice4 ,aft] ?is d$uction has be5 made1 ! result+ figure is increas$ by an agre$ p]c5tage ( itself1 ! f9al result be+ t ! price paid = any c> "u ab\t two ye>s old is v ne>1 if n q equal1 to ! orig9al fir/ co/4 ,! fir/ move made 9 ! direction ( a subsidy s*eme 9 ,great ,brita9 dates back to #aijh4 ,at t "t x 0 believ$ t light /eam tractors be/ fill$ milit>y requirem5ts1 & a numb] ( ^! 7 regi/]$1 ! nom9al paym5t ( #b p] annum be+ made to _! own]s4 ,! indu/rial petrol vehicle 0 at ?is "t pass+ out ( its p]iod ( probation1 & x 0 n long be=e ! milit>y au?orities came to ! conclusion t x repres5t$ a m useful type1 9 view ( ! nature ( ! p>ticul> em]g5cies aga9/ :i* !y 7 *iefly call$ ^u to gu>d4 ,! ord9>y /eam-propell$ vehicle 0 op5 to c]ta9 objections1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is ! fact t its c>ry+ capacity ( fuel & wat] is limit$1 & ! latt] mu/ necess>ily be repl5i%$ at fairly frequ5t int]vals4 ,?is is no great drawback 9 comm]cial "w1 b might be a v s]i\s matt] inde$ 9 times ( w>1 :5 m5 & horses h a prior claim on a possibly limit$ wat] supply4 ,9 #aiaa a s*eme ( subsidy = transport & supply motors 0 au?oris$1 & 9 view ( ! fact t no su* s*eme c\ld be matur$ until x _h be5 9 =ce = sev]al ye>s1 a provisional s*eme 0 tempor>ily adopt$1 "u :i* total sums rang+ f #ch to #eb 7 paid to own]s ( vehicles g5]ally ( ab\t ?ree tons capacity4 ,! pres5t subsidy s*eme 0 f9ally put into =ce 9 #aiab aft] ! ,w> ,(fice exp]ts _h conf]r$ on _m occasions ) repres5tatives ( ! lead+ manufactur+ int]e/s4 ,! ma9 objects ( ! s*eme are pla9ly /at$ 9 ! ,w> ,(fice specification z foll[s3 7#a7 ,to make ! manipulation & control ( all vehicles ! same3 & 7#b7 ,to m9imise ! numb] ( sp>e p>ts :i* mu/ be c>ri$ 9 ! field1 hav+ reg>d to ! numb] ( diff]5t makes ( vehicles ( :i* ! transport columns ( ! army w\ld be compos$4 ,z to ! fir/ ( ^! two /ipulations1 "o w\ld ?9k t !re c\ld h>dly be two op9ions1 ?\gh 9 po9t ( fact x has be5 argu$ 9 "s qu>t]s t no /&>disation ( driv+ control is 9 any way ess5tial4 ,su* a view "o imag9es c only be held by ^? :o are p]sonally s =tunate z to h t me*anical knack :i* all[s a man to take *>ge ( any c>1 h[ev] diff]5t x may be f ^? to :i* he has be5 previ\sly accu/om$1 & to drive x ) p]fect safety & effici5cy ev5 at night-"t & ov] unkn[n & bad roads4 ,we _c assume t e transport driv] possesses ?is in/9ct1 & we mu/ !re=e agree t ! object aim$ at by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t is "o :i* des]ves e support4 ,x is1 9 fact1 wor? :ile to g into a little detail on ?is po9t1 9 ord] to %[ :at c>e has be5 tak5 to make ev]y?+ z easy z possible = ! driv]4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! h& control4 ,! /e]+ :eel mu/ provide = #gf ( movem5t ( ! front :eels ( ! c>2 t is to say1 #ch ( lock f ! normal position on ei!r side4 ,9 rea*+ ! maximum lock1 two complete turns ( ! /e]+ :eel mu/ be made4 ,?us1 a driv] :o is us$ to gett+ a c]ta9 effect by turn+ 8 :eel ?r\gh a c]ta9 di/ance1 w f9d if he is put on to a subsidy c> ( ano!r make t ! same effect is /ill produc$ by ! same am\nt ( movem5t4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 helps to make him imm$iately a safe driv] 9 traffic or at %>p corn]s4 ,! f\r-spe$ *ange-spe$ ge> is op]at$ by means ( a lev] 9 a gate4 ,?is gate mu/ be =m$ ( two slots & two selectors1 ! rev]se be+ a cont9uation ( ! fir/ spe$ slot4 ,! h&-brake lev] mu/ be arrang$ to pu% on1 & mu/ be well away f ! *ange-spe$ lev] & to ! "r ( x4 ,fur!rmore1 ! brake lev] mu/ be #f in*es long]1 & mu/ h a pla9 cyl9drical h&le1 :]eas ! *ange-spe$ lev] is f9i%$ (f ) a circul> knob4 ,?us1 any confusion betwe5 ^! two lev]s 9 sudd5 em]g5cy1 or 9 ! d>k1 is completely prev5t$4 ,! ?rottle & ignition lev]s mu/ be plac$ und]nea? & to ! "r ( ! /e]+ :eel1 _! movem5t be+ indep5d5t ( any movem5t ( ! /e]+ column4 ,increas$ eng9e spe$ mu/ 9 ea* case be produc$ by mov+ ! lev]s =w>d4 ,! total movem5t mu/ be #ij1 & ! h&les mu/ be at "r angles to ! ma9 axis ( ! vehicle :5 9 ! c5tre ( _! travel4 ,?is1 aga91 means t a driv] :o is accu/om$ to produc+ a giv5 effect ^u 8 eng9e by a giv5 movem5t ( ! ignition or ?rottle is 9 no way confus$ by be+ put on to a diff]5t c>4 ,! only po9t 9 :i* any v>iation 9 driv+ control is p]mitt$ is 9 reg>d to ! accel]ator p$al1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is optional4 ,h[ev]1 if a foot accel]ator is provid$1 x mu/ be s comb9$ ) ! h& ?rottle t on releas+ ! accel]ator1 ! ?rottle valve returns to ! position set by ! h& lev]4 ,! clut*- & foot-brake p$als are m>k$ ,c4 & ,b4 respectively1 & ! clut* p$al mu/ be on ! left1 ! brake p$al on ! "r1 ! travel 9 ea* case be+ ab\t #c-a_/b in*es4 ,f ^! details x w be se5 h[ c>efully e item 9 ! driv+ control has be5 consid]$1 ) a view to facilitat+ ! "w ( driv]s :o may h to be mov$ frequ5tly f "o ma*9e to ano!r4 ,z to :e!r ! arrangem5t adopt$ is a good "o1 we h /rong evid5ce ( a fav\rable "* 9 ! /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,?ornycr(t1 to ! effect t 8 firm has adopt$ ! ,w> ,(fice sy/em ( control z a /&>d = all _! vehicles :e!r ( subsidy model or n4 ,at a r lat] date x may be well wor? :ile to consid] :e!r exp]i5ce has n demon/rat$ ! possibility ( comb9+ ) a full subsidy s*eme a modifi$ s*eme insi/+ only on vehicles ( ! "r load capacity1 & ! adoption ( all details ( ! /&>d control4 ,9 ?is way1 if ! true subsidy model cont9ues to be some:at unpopul> among/ comm]cial us]s1 a v fairly adequate res]ve w be br\ght into be+ )\t any consid]able tr\ble4 ,turn+ n[ to ! second ( ! two ma9 po9ts :i* ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t h attempt$ to cov]1 we f9d ! fulfilm5t ( ! s*eme beset ) mu* great] difficulties4 ,e attempt to secure /&>disation 9 ! p>ts ( vehicles ( diff]5t makes mu/ necess>ily entail exp5diture by ! manufactur]s1 bo? 9 gett+ out new designs & also 9 arrang+ = economical work%op processes4 ,su* exp5diture is only ju/ifi$ comm]cially if ! sale ( ! result+ products is suffici5t to secure pr(itable trad+4 ,"s all[ance1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be made = ! add$ pre/ige accru+ to a firm lic5s$ to build = ! ,w> ,(fice1 b ?is is 9 itself insuffici5t enc\ragem5t4 ,consequ5tly1 e /ipulation made ) a view to /&>disation mu/ be cov]$ by subsidy grants1 suffici5t to cov] bo? manufactur] & us] 9 respect ( any additional co/ or disadvantages 9 op]ation4 ,! ,w> ,dep>tm5t has recognis$ ! impossibility ( ask+ = complete /&>disation1 & s kill+ ! individuality ( diff]5t types ( vehicle4 ,! t5d5cy ( any su* process w\ld be to ?rottle normal competition1 & to prev5t progress4 ,consequ5tly1 /&>disation c only be attempt$ 9 c]ta9 respects :]e x appe>s = "o reason or ano!r to be highly desirable4 ,= example1 radiators are notably liable to damage1 & consequ5tly ! connections ( ! radiator to ! ma*9e are /&>dis$ to all[ ( ready replacem5t ( ?is ess5tial z a :ole4 ,! radiators are m\nt$ on trunnions1 ! be>+s ( :i* are 9 halves1 & ! positions & dim5sions ( inlet & outlet connections are def9itely fix$4 ,z an additional safegu>d1 a /\t cord 9 ! =m ( a b> or tube has to be plac$ across ! front ( ! radiator4 ,! eng9es are n /&>dis$ except 9 c]ta9 details1 z1 = example1 ! me?od ( fa/5+ on & driv+ ! magnetos1 :i* are arrang$ ) a view to rapid removal & replacem5t :ole4 ,no high degree ( /&>disation is possible )\t incurr+ great exp5se & o!r disadvantages s f> z conc]ns ! design ( ! clut* & ! *ange-spe$ ge>1 ?\gh ! ratios ( ! latt] are det]m9$ = reasons :i* w be expla9$ lat]4 ,z reg>ds f9al drive1 "s degree ( /&>disation is possible s f> z ! axle arms & bu%es are conc]n$4 ,! be>+s ( ! front :eels are /&>dis$ s z to make ! :eels int]*angeable1 & ! diamet]s ( bo? ! front & re> :eels are fix$4 ,mak]s & us]s are left ) a fairly free h& z reg>ds ! type ( body to be fitt$ to a subsidy ma*9e1 b 9 g5]al ?is mu/ be a lorry body ) deta*able sides & ends at lea/ two feet high1 & c>ry+ a frame to take a complete ov]head cov]4 ,use is also f\nd = a c]ta9 numb] ( box vans4 ,_m provisions are made 9 ! subsidy s*eme ) a special view to mak+ ! vehicles suitable = work+ 9 convoy4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is /ipulat$ t all eng9es %all be fitt$ ) gov]nors :i* %all automatically control _! spe$ to #a1jjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,?is prev5ts driv]s f rac+ _! eng9es & ov]-spe$+ _! c>s :5 runn+ light1 & also det]m9es a def9ite top spe$1 :i* %\ld be almo/ exactly equal = all subsidy ma*9es1 z x 74 ,c\pl$ ) ?is1 are ! provisions z reg>ds *ange-spe$ ge>4 ,! eng9e gov]nor hav+ limit$ ! spe$ ( ! #c-ton type to #af miles p] h\r1 & ! spe$ ( ! #cj-;cwt4 type to #bj miles p] h\r1 ! next /ep is to secure t1 :5 road conditions require ! use ( l[] ge>s1 ! :ole ( ! vehicles 9 ! convoy w ne$ to *ange ge> practically at ! same po9t1 & :5 on l[] ge>s w run practically at ! same spe$s4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 x is /ipulat$ t ! ratio betwe5 top & bottom ge> %all be ab\t five to "o1 giv+ bottom spe$s ( ab\t ?ree & f\r miles p] h\r respectively = ! two classes4 ,?is provision1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! /ipulat$ eng9e dim5sions1 %\ld secure t e vehicle is capable ( tackl+ a gradi5t ( "o 9 six on normal road surface :e!r fully load$ or empty4 ,x w be se5 t ! po9t kept 9 view has be5 ! desirability ( arrang+ ev]y?+ s t driv]s ( a l>ge numb] ( ma*9es work+ 9 convoy--t is to say1 runn+ along ! same road at %ort int]vals beh9d "o ano!r--%all n h any difficulty 9 keep+ _! prop] di/ance1 & s 9 prev5t+ any risk ( collisions4 ,= simil> reasons ! fitt+ ( a gr\nd sprag is made compulsory4 ,! object ( ! sprag is to prev5t a vehicle f runn+ backw>d if1 = example1 ! driv] misses 8 ge> on a /eep gradi5t4 ,! fitt+ is n necess>y on ord9>y comm]cial ma*9es1 s9ce ! brakes w almo/ c]ta9ly hold ! c> be=e x has run m ?an a few y>ds1 b 9 ! case ( "o vehicle 9 a long convoy1 ^? few y>ds may mean a collision ) ! foll[+ c>1 & a hopeless muddle caus+ s]i\s delay4 ,9 view ( ! possibility ( "s "o c> fail+1 e *assis has to be fitt$ ) t[+ hooks at ! ends ( ! side memb]s ( ! frame =e & aft1 s t ea* ma*9e c1 if requir$1 ei!r be t[$ or t[ ano!r1 & any 8lame duck0 w n ob/ruct ! :ole convoy1 b c be dragg$ along to "s po9t :]e x c be t[$ out ( ! way1 & ! re/ c be all[$ to proce$4 ,o!r po9ts 9 ! s*eme h 9 view p>ticul>ly ! fact t ! ma*9es mu/ be requir$ to op]ate on v bad & possibly on v hilly roads1 & may ev5 be ne$$ to make det\rs across c\ntry :5 roads are de/roy$ or entirely block$4 ,! *ief po9ts 9 ?is connection are ! provision ( high gr\nd cle>ance1 :i* mu/ 9 no case be less ?an #ab in*es1 ! /ipulation z to size ( :eels1 :i* are r l>g] ?an usually f\nd on comm]cial vehicles1 & v>i\s /ipulations ensur+ adequate protection ( ! me*anism f mud & du/4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ^! provisions con/itute "o ( ! pr9cipal difficulties 9 mak+ ! s*eme successful1 pr9cipally = ! reason t l>ge :eels imply a r high load+ plat=m1 & ?is is object$ to by _m comm]cial conc]ns on ! gr\nd t x makes load+ & unload+ m difficult4 ,on ! o!r h&1 l>g] :eels are bett] = ! roads1 & consequ5tly x is )9 ! b\nds ( possibility t trad+ conc]ns w pres5tly be compell$ by law to put up ) _! disadvantages4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( motor us]s 9 ! ,colonies1 high gr\nd cle>ance & l>ge :eels are v valuable & ev5 ess5tial features4 ,consequ5tly1 ! subsidy s*eme works 9 well ) _m ,colonial requirem5ts1 & manufactur]s ^: ma*9es are accept$ by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t probably dep5d = success ( ! type to no little ext5t ^u ! likelihood ( ord]s f abroad4 ,illu/ration3 8,! ,autoc>0 photograph4 ,,saur] ,,motor ,,field ,,kit*54 ,9 ! int]e/s ( ! prop] gu>d+ ( ! me*anism f mud & du/1 ! exp]ts ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t h consid]$ x necess>y to /ipulate t all c>s mu/ be driv5 on ! live-axle sy/em ei!r ?r\gh bevel or worm ge>4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 only ! =m] 0 accept$1 b m rec5tly ! worm drive1 z exemplifi$ by ! products ( its pione]s1 ,messrs4 ,d5nis ,bros41 has met ) approval4 ,! po9t to be not$ is t ! *a9 drive--:i*1 9 ! op9ion ( _m manufactur]s & also ( _m us]s bo? at home & abroad is unequall$ = heavy "w--is def9itely deb>r$4 ,consid]able antagonism to ! s*eme z a :ole 0 ?us creat$1 & "o is =c$ to ! conclusion t ! reasons = refus+ ! *a9 drive 7 n solely connect$ ) ! "q ( protect+ f mud1 b 7 possibly m conc]n$ ) ! fact t1 :ile a *a9 drive is probably q z economical 9 ma9t5ance z any live-axle drive1 x requires r m frequ5t adju/m5ts & att5tion1 & possibly small r5ewals4 ,9 comm]cial practice1 ?is consid]ation c>ries little or no weight1 b on active s]vice a breakd[n is none ! less s]i\s because x is caus$ m]ely by a breakage to "o l9k 9 a *a9 & n by ! entire dislocation ( ! :ole transmission ge>4 ,"o ga!rs t1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 *a9-driv5 ma*9es are 9 fact be+ us$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,briti% ,army1 & 9 ! int]e/s ( ! success ( ! s*eme 9 ! future1 ! hope may be express$ t practical exp]i5ce w %[ t any fe>s z to unreliability ( ?is type ( transmission f ! milit>y /&po9t w prove entirely gr\ndless4 ,:5 ! great w> broke out1 ! position 0 briefly z foll[s4 ,! subsidy s*eme _h n be5 9 =ce = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to secure ?r\gh its means ! complete fleet requir$4 ,! ,w> ,dep>tm5t itself own$ upw>ds ( "o hundr$ lorries ( subsidy type1 & a limit$ numb] 7 to be f\nd 9 civilian s]vice4 ,among ^!1 ! ,leyl&1 :i* 0 ! fir/ type accept$ = subsidy1 0 probably ! mo/ prom95t4 ,x has be5 necess>y1 !re=e1 to dep5d n only on a supply ( ma*9es ( subsidy type1 b 9 ! fir/ in/ance on ! requisition+ ( o!r c>s ( suitable load capacity1 & m lately on ! /eady pur*ase ( new vehicles ( types :i*1 if n accord+ exactly to ! subsidy requirem5t1 approximate to x suffici5tly to secure reasonable facilities = ! easy repair & ma9t5ance ( ! ma*9es ( ! transport & supply columns1 bo? ( our exi/+ ,exp$ition>y ,=ce1 & also ( ! new armies n[ 9 c\rse ( =mation4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,transport ,,motors ,,( ,,cont95tal ,,armies4 ,! ,fr5* ,s*eme--,notes on ,fr5* ,vehicles--,b5zol & ,alcohol ,fuels--,! ,g]man ,s*eme1 ,difficulties & ,results--,au/ria1 ,italy1 & ,russia4 ,! ,fr5* subv5tion s*eme1 = reasons already expla9$1 has to be m compreh5sive 9 its f9ancial clauses ?an t 9 =ce 9 ,great ,brita94 ,)\t go+ into details1 x may be summ$ up 9 ! g5]al /atem5t t ! subsidy paid 9 respect ( a lorry ( ab\t #c tons capacity aggregates ab\t #cjj1 spread ov] a p]iod ( f\r ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 8,! ,autoc>0 photograph4 ,a ,,g]man ,,lorry ,,fitt$ ,,= ,,repl5i%+ ,,! ,,supply ,,( ,,gas ,,9 ,,! ,,envelopes ,,( ,,zeppel9 ,,air%ips4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t h specialis$ = _m ye>s pa/ 9 ma*9es ( ?is & some:at light] load-c>ry+ capacity1 & m rec5tly !y h made s]i\s & fairly successful ef=ts to enc\rage ! employm5t ( p[]ful vehicles 9 :i* ! eng9e p[] is arrang$ to drive all f\r :eels1 & :i* c be us$ ei!r z lorries or z tractors1 or z a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,! g5ius ( ! ,fr5* motor eng9e]1 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 expresses itself bett] 9 ! high-spe$ t\r+ c> ?an 9 ! indu/rial vehicle4 ,!re are excell5t examples ( ! latt] to be f\nd1 b ! av]age quality ( ! products ( well-kn[n manufactur]s is almo/ c]ta9ly n equal to t ( correspond+ ,briti% firms4 ,a comp>ison ( ! relative importance ( ! two national indu/ries 0 possible to ^? :o _h opportunities ( visit+ ! ,indu/rial ,vehicle ,%[ 9 ,london 9 #aiac1 & subsequ5tly ( inspect+ ! exhibits 9 ! annexe ( ! ,p>is ,motor ,salon lat] 9 ! same ye>4 ,on ^! occasions1 z well z dur+ previ\s opportunities ( wat*+ ,fr5* subv5tion vehicles und]go+ trial1 ! writ] =m$ ! op9ion t 9 _m cases ! v>i\s features ( design 9 any p>ticul> vehicle ( ,fr5* orig9 are peculi>ly unequal4 ,9 "s portions ( ! *assis we f9d adequate or ev5 unnecess>ily great /r5g?2 9 o!rs1 unduly light con/ruction & a c]ta9 disreg>d ( details mak+ = safety 9 op]ation4 ,9 _m in/ances ! /e]+ me*anism is unnecess>ily expos$1 & plac$ v f> =w>d s z to be liable to injury 9 ! case ( slight collision or passage ov] any consid]able ob/ruction4 ,! *a9 drive is v popul> among ,fr5* manufactur]s4 ,! *a9s are usually n protect$ by cases1 & 9 v _m in/ances an attempt is made to obta9 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! *a9 a v l>ge ge> r$uction1 result+ 9 ! use ( absurdly small *a9 p9ions1 :i* w c]ta9ly ne$ frequ5t r5ewal "u ! conditions ( r\gh s]vice4 ,9 "s in/ances aga91 ! *a9s !mselves are too light = durability4 ,!re is also a c]ta9 disreg>d = accessibility ( ! eng9e & clut*1 & a t5d5cy to employ pneumatic tyres on vehicles design$ = heavy loads :i* w\ld be c>ri$ ) f> less risk ( roadside tr\ble on a r m sub/antially con/ruct$ solid-tyr$ vehicle ) a good spr++ sy/em4 ,admitt+ t ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t c\ld n /ipulate any degree ( /&>disation until !y _h fir/ obta9$ a num]ically adequate supply ( vehicles1 "o w\ld h ?\ght x possible at lea/ to d some?+ t[>ds /&>dis+ ! driv+ control4 ,9 "s ,fr5* subv5tion models1 ! h&-brake lev] is ne>] to ! driv] ?an ! *ange-spe$ lev]2 9 o!rs1 ! opposite arrangem5t is adopt$4 ,frequ5tly1 bo? lev]s are ( equal l5g? & almo/ indi/+ui%able to ! t\*1 :i* mu/ make x f> m dang]\s to put a new driv] on to a subsidy c> :5 requir$ urg5tly = night "w4 ,! ,fr5* subv5tion trials h be5 held annually1 usually 9 ! mon?s ( ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 & h n be5 z a rule ( a v ardu\s "*4 ,:ile accompany+ ! compet+ vehicles1 ! writ] has be5 =c$ to ! conclusion t ! object ( ! au?orities 0 r to pass = subv5tion any reasonably effici5t ma*9e1 ?an to we$ out a consid]able numb] & dep5d only on ! mo/ durable4 ,z a rule1 dur+ ^! trials1 ! compet+ lorries are p>k$ at ,v]sailles1 f :i* c5tre !y run out daily ov] a limit$ numb] ( r\tes1 g5]ally ( a v easy "* s f> z gradi5ts are conc]n$4 ,an int]e/+ & pot5tially valuable feature ( ! annual ,fr5* trials has be5 ! compulsory use on all ! c>s ( a v>iety ( fuels4 ,on "s days petrol has be5 us$1 on o!rs b5zol1 & on o!rs aga9 a half-&-half mixture ( b5zol ) d5atur$ alcohol1 :i* latt] = practical purposes may be reg>d$ z ! same ?+ z me?ylat$ spirits4 ,9 ?is way1 ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t h endeav\r$ to make !mselves at lea/ p>tially indep5d5t ( any tempor>y /oppage 9 ! imports ( petrol1 ?\gh s f> z we c see at pres5t no su* /oppage is 9 ! lea/ degree likely dur+ ! pres5t w>4 ,b5zol c ( c\rse be produc$ 9 limit$ quantities 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,france1 & if ! em]g5cy arose1 ! supplies ( b5zol c\ld be greatly increas$ at ! exp5se ( simultane\sly lay+ up /ocks ( o!r products n at ! mom5t m>ketable4 ,z reg>ds alcohol1 a consid]able quantity ( beet is gr[n 9 ,france1 f :i* ei!r sug> or alcohol c be produc$4 ,z a rule1 ?is beet is us$ ma9ly = sug> manufacture1 s9ce ?is is ! m pr(itable me?od ( employ+ x1 b 9 em]g5cy x c\ld be utilis$ = ! production ( a v fair quantity ( comm]cial alcohol1 ?us1 r\ghly speak+1 d\bl+ ! available /ock ( home-produc$ fuel4 ,! results ( ^! te/s h be51 on ! :ole1 v int]e/+4 ,9 almo/ e case1 b5zol has giv5 bett] results ?an petrol1 :ile ! b5zol-alcohol mixture has giv5 results 9 "s cases r bett] ?an petrol1 & 9 o!r cases n q s good4 ,on ! av]age1 ! mixture has %[n itself approximately equal to petrol1 s f> z consumption is conc]n$4 ,by visit+ ,v]sailles 9 ! e>ly h\rs ( ,septemb] morn+s :5 ! temp]ature 0 fairly l[1 ! writ] satisfi$ himself t ! use ei!r ( b5zol or ( ! mixture did n con/itute any s]i\s difficulty 9 ! way ( />t+ up ! eng9es4 ,moreov]1 ! g5]al abs5ce ( (f5sive smell or smoke seem$ to indicate satisfactory combu/ion ( ! fuels4 ,z to ! results ( ! ,fr5* subv5tion s*eme1 ! fact t ! regulations h rec5tly be5 made m sev]e1 & c]ta9 re/rictions z to horse-p[]1 weight1 etc41 introduc$1 seems to indicate t ! numb] ( vehicles available at ! "t ( ! outbreak ( w> mu/ h be5 at lea/ approa*+ ! numb] e/imat$ z requir$4 ,! la/ s]ies ( trials 7 only j ov] :5 w> broke out4 ,9 ^! trials "s sixty vehicles compet$1 repres5tative ( a consid]able v>iety ( makes & types1 includ+ a small numb] ( ,colonial lorries ( special design1 & "o or two tractors4 ,on ! :ole1 ! vehicles w5t ?r\gh ! trials well1 & ! op9ions ( exp]ts :o 7 pres5t 7 all to ! effect t great improvem5t 0 noticeable 9 me*anical details z comp>$ ) previ\s ye>s4 ,incid5tally1 x may be m5tion$ t ! big fleet ( ! ,p>is ,g5]al ,omnibus ,co4 =ms a v useful & conv5i5tly conc5trat$ supply ( sub/antial c>s available ei!r = ! rapid c>riage ( troops1 or--by ! sub/itution or conv]sion ( bodies--= ! transport columns4 ,num]ically1 h[ev]1 ! ,p>is omnibus fleet falls v f> %ort ( t ( ,london1 :ile f ! me*anical po9t ( view ! vehicles are ( heavi] con/ruction1 & "o w\ld imag9e less easily h&l$ on n>r[ & w9d+ c\ntry roads4 ,9 ,g]many1 a motor transport subv5tion s*eme 0 inaugurat$ 9 #aijh4 ,at t "t a limit$ numb] ( ,g]man manufactur]s 7 produc+ consid]able quantities ( heavy motor vehicles1 m especially = export1 b x 0 becom+ evid5t t "s v sub/antial enc\ragem5t w\ld be ne$$ to make ! home m>ket suffici5tly active to be ( any real utility to ! ,w> ,(fice4 ,consequ5tly1 a s*eme 0 got out :i* 0 op5ly /at$ to be 8a s*eme = popul>is+ ! use ( me*anical transport10 or1 9 o!r words1 a s*eme = p]suad+ bus9ess h\ses to adopt a species ( transport :i*1 )\t ,gov]nm5t aid1 w\ld repres5t an uneconomical & consequ5tly undesirable feature ( an indu/rial conc]n4 ,! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t decid$ 9 fav\r ( heavy motor lorries1 capable ( c>ry+ #d tons & haul+ an additional #b tons on a trail]4 ,^! trail]s1 contr>y to usual comm]cial practice1 are fitt$ ) rubb] tyres1 s9ce ?is addition is f\nd to ease ! "w ( haul+ by "s #be to #cj p] c5t4 ,! total subsidy = a subv5tion tra9 consi/+ ( a p[] lorry & rubb]-tyr$ trail] am\nts to some?+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #dej spread ov] a p]iod ( five ye>s4 ,! *oice ( a heavy type ( vehicle 0 probably ju/ifi$ by ! ne$ = limit+ ! l5g? ( ! transport columns de/9$ to accompany enorm\s armies4 ,at ! same "t consid]ation has evid5tly %[n t !re are grave disadvantages to ! use ( su* heavy c>s1 & rec5t regulations h provid$ m /r+5t /ipulations z to maximum weight4 ,:5 ! subv5tion s*eme _h be5 9 op]ation = five ye>s1 figures 7 got out indicative ( its results up to ! end ( ,m>*1 #aiac4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod #hbe army tra9s 7 subsidis$1 namely1 #gdc 9 ,prussia & ! o!r /ates ^: armies are "u ,prussian control1 & #hb 9 ,bav>ia4 ,9 addition1 "s #djj lorries ( v simil> types 7 sold 9 ,g]many outside ! s*eme1 mak+ ab\t #a1bjj tra9s available = use at t "t4 ,all[+ = increase 9 ! int]val :i* has s9ce elaps$1 we may p]haps put ! total available at ! outbreak ( w> at ab\t #a1fjj4 ,capta9 ,davidson e/imates t ! ,g]man ,army requires = transport purposes ab\t #b1jjj ( its tra9s1 b ?is figure presumably does n take into acc\nt ! ne$s ( ! :ole ( ! ,l&wehr & ,l&/urm4 ,x is admitt$ t ! normal ,briti% ,exp$ition>y ,=ce requires ab\t #a1jjj #c-ton vehicles1 :i* w\ld correspond 9 capacity to ab\t #ejj ( ! ,g]man tra9s4 ,consequ5tly1 #b1jjj ( ! ,g]man tra9s w\ld app>5tly only be ab\t suffici5t = an army f\r times ! size ( our ,exp$ition>y ,=ce4 ,simil>ly1 ! e/imate t ,france ne$s ab\t #e1jjj vehicles ( ! #c-ton type app>5tly does n take into acc\nt ! complete mobilisation ( res]ves4 ,! manufactur+ conc]ns :i* h figur$ mo/ l>gely 9 ! ,g]man s*eme are ! ,g]man ,daiml]1 ! ,bss+1 ! ,n4,a4,g41 & ! ,gagg5au4 ,^! f\r h all be5 p>ticipat+ 9 ! s*eme f ! />t1 & ab\t t5 o!r manufactur]s h m rec5tly fall5 into l9e1 :ile 9 ,bav>ia only ?ree manufactur]s h be5 build+ to (ficial requirem5ts4 ,! /ates ! indu/ries ( :i* h enabl$ ! /ronge/ support to be giv5 to ! s*eme are ,br&5burg1 ,saxony1 ! ,rh9e ,prov9ce1 ,wrtemb]g1 ,we/phalia1 ,bad51 & ,alsace-,lorra9e4 ,no less ?an #da p] c5t4 ( ! total ma*9es enroll$ are normally us$ 9 ! brew+ trade4 ,9 ?is connection1 an (ficial report f ,bav>ia is r in/ructive & amus+3 8,!re are s _m brew]ies 9 ,bav>ia1 & ^! are s d5sely di/ribut$1 t !re is no ne$ any:]e to convey be] = long di/ances4 ,h5ce !re are practically no vehicles employ$40 ,?is s]i\sly express$ implication t be] is ! only really ess5tial commodity seems to %[ t lack ( hum\r :i* appe>s to be a national *>act]i/ic ( ! ,g]man race4 ,next aft] ! brew+ int]e/s1 b f> beh9d 9 _! practical support ( ! ,gov]nm5t s*eme1 come conc]ns engag$ 9 ! transport ( goods = export1 foll[$ by ^? conc]n$ 9 brick transport1 fl\r manufacture1 c>riage ( build+ mat]ials1 agricultural "w1 & haulage ( iron & /eel goods4 ,9 endeav\r+ to e/imate h[ f> ! exi/+ fleet meets ! requirem5ts ( ! ,g]many ,army1 we h to rememb] t x consi/s1 at lea/ p>tially1 ( ma*9es t h be5 9 s]vice = sev]al ye>s1 & t consequ5tly may n be equal to any long /ra9 "u peculi>ly difficult conditions4 ,x mu/ be presum$ t ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t has made provision = ! cont9u$ manufacture ( consid]able numb]s ( heavy motor lorries ?r\gh\t ! w>1 & has n p]mitt$ ! lead+ motor works engag$ 9 ?is class ( production to be too f> d5ud$ by ! mobilisation ( _! m54 ,! ,au/rian subsidy s*eme is along ! same l9es z t 9 =ce 9 ,g]many1 b fav\rs a lorry ( slightly l[] c>ry+ capacity1 probably 9 view ( ! m\nta9\s nature ( _m ( ! fronti] roads4 ,! total am\nt ( subsidy payable is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #cfj spread ov] a p]iod ( five ye>s4 ,! s*eme 0 inaugurat$ "s "t aft] ^? ( ,france & ,g]many1 ! fir/ trials be+ held t[>ds ! end ( #aiaa4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ,au/ria are well provid$ ) roads1 s t !re is a fair field = ! comm]cial use ( motor transport4 ,a l>ge numb] ( vehicles1 n ( subsidy type1 b no d\bt capable ( be+ made useful = light "w 9 "t ( w>1 are us$ = ! c>riage ( mails 9 ,hung>y4 ,9 ! ,au/rian ,tyrol1 !re are numb]s ( motor s]vices = ! c>riage ( mails & pass5g]s1 b on ! :ole ,au/ria is probably n v well provid$ ) me*anical transport4 ,h] manufactur+ indu/ry is limit$1 & %e imports 9 fair numb]s f h] neighb\r1 ,g]many4 ,italy c only f9d v small use = heavy motor vehicles 9 comm]cial s]vice1 & consequ5tly x w\ld be futile z yet = ! ,gov]nm5t to dep5d ^u any?+ 9 ! nature ( a subsidy s*eme4 ,dur+ ! ,tripoli campaign1 a consid]able numb] ( r lightly built lorries 7 obta9$ by direct pur*ase & prov$ v s]viceable4 ,probably !y are n ( a type :i* w\ld be by any means ideal 9 a ,european w>1 ?\gh !y 7 d\btless ! "r ?+ = "w ov] loose s&y tracks :]e heavi] ma*9es might well h become inop]ative4 ,russia also has no subsidy s*eme on acc\nt ( its comp>atively poor indu/rial developm5t1 & also ! v inadequate quantity & quality ( its roads4 ,= su* vehicles z are us$1 ! c\ntry is dep5d5t ^u import1 :ile ! army mu/ dep5d solely on direct pur*ase f =eign manufactur]s4 ,x is r int]e/+ to note t out ( ab\t #b1jjj indu/rial motor vehicles export$ by ,g]many dur+ ! ye> #aiac1 no less ?an #be p] c5t4 w5t to ,russia1 practically ! :ole ( ^! be+ kn[n to repres5t ,gov]nm5t ord]s4 ,russia has be5 buy+ motor lorries = milit>y use f ,briti% firms = _m ye>s pa/4 ,an eng9e] :o accompani$ "o ( ! fir/ vehicles suppli$ f ?is c\ntry1 describes ! roads ov] :i* ! c> _h to "w dur+ its (ficial trials z foll[s3 8,! road 0 cov]$ ) f9e s&1 bank$ up a few feet above ! level ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 9 :i* ! :eels ( peasants' c>ts _h cut ruts ab\t #ab ins4 to #ad ins4 9 dep?4 ,! gauge ( ^! ruts be+ n>r[1 x 0 necess>y to drive ) "o pair ( :eels 9 ! ruts1 ! o!r pair mean:ile cutt+ ruts ( _! own4 ,at int]vals plank$ bridges _h to be cross$4 ,^! 7 old & unsafe2 !re=e1 x became necess>y to lay d[n a tempor>y track ( bo>ds to di/ribute ! weight ov] z _m planks z possible40 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld appe> t "u su* conditions ! pur*ase ( motor lorries by ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t repres5ts a wa/e ( money1 b ! facts are expla9$ by a cr$ible /ory circulat$ )9 a few days ( ! outbreak ( w> to ! effect t ! ,au/rian milit>y atta* a day or s be=e leav+ ,petrograd express$ surprise t s _m motors 7 be+ mobilis$4 8,y\r roads are s bad10 he said4 8,yes10 0 ! reply1 8b y\rs are good40 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,em]g5cy ,,measures ,,on ,,! ,,outbreak ,,( ,,w> ,! ,"w ( ! ,*ief ,motor+ ,organisations--,! ,requisition+ ( ,vehicles by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t--,arrangem5ts = subsequ5t ,supplies4 ,a notewor?y feature 9 connection ) ! mobilisation ( ! ,briti% ,army on ! outbreak ( w> 0 ! en]gy ) :i* ! great motor+ organisations took up ! duties ( r5d]+ ! private motori/1 s f> z might be possible1 available = ! s]vice ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,royal ,automobile ,club s5t out a circul> lett] to "s sixty prov9cial ,automobile ,clubs affiliat$ to ! p>5t body1 ask+ t _! memb]s own+ motor c>s %\ld be reque/$ imm$iately to regi/] !m ) ! ,r4,a4,c4 = ! use ( ! ,w> ,(fice & ,admiralty1 9 case !y %\ld be want$4 ,?is s*eme 0 simultane\sly fur!r$ by means ( adv]tisem5ts 9 ! pr9cipal organs ( ! ,london & prov9cial press1 & po/]s 7 plac$ 9 all ! ,club's (ficially appo9t$ hotels & g>ages ?r\gh\t ! ,k+dom4 ,regi/ration =ms ask+ = p>ticul>s ( c>s1 & an indication ( ! nature ( ! s]vice = :i* !y w\ld be made available1 7 rapidly prep>$ & widely di/ribut$ ) admirable results4 ,^! ma*9es 7 plac$ at ! disposal ( ! ,w> ,(fice & ,admiralty bo? = home & = =eign s]vice1 & 9 _m cases _! own]s made _! own s]vices available = facilitat+ or accel]at+ ! urg5t bus9ess ( ! c\ntry by provid+ (ficials ) a ready means ( rapid transit4 ,9 addition1 ! ,club kept 9 con/ant communication ) ! ,briti% ,r$ ,cross ,society1 & has put at ! disposal ( ?is ,society ! use ( ! ,r4,a4,c4 annexe at #hc1 ,pall ,mall1 = (fice1 /ore & organisation purposes4 ,z ! ne$ = ! provision ( motor ambulances = =eign s]vice became urg5t1 ! ,club gave invaluable assi/ance to ! ,society by keep+ up a con/ant fl[ ( c>s unres]v$ly giv5 or l5t by _! own]s4 ,c>s h be5 suppli$ = ?is & o!r purposes ?r\gh ! ,r4,a4,c4 organisation f practically e c\nty 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,irel& & ,wales4 ,all memb]s & associates ( ! ,club h be5 ask$ to assi/ ! "w ( recruit+ by c>ry+ on _! c>s c>ds urg+ prompt enli/m5t4 ,! ,automobile ,association & ,motor ,union 0 equally en]getic & prompt4 ,! ,association imm$iately convey$ to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t an (f] to help ! ,gov]nm5t to ! fulle/ ext5t ( its res\rces1 & ^u ! acceptance ( ?is proposal communicat$ at once ) its #ib1jjj memb]s--own]s ( c>s1 light c>s1 cycle-c>s & motor cycles--invit+ !m to volunte] _! s]vices1 & to t end to =w>d ! fulle/ possible p>ticul>s4 ,! response to ?is appeal result$ 9 ! enrolm5t ( ! names ( ab\t #bj1jjj motor own]s1 & )9 a few days l>ge numb]s ( ^! 7 be+ utilis$ n only by ! ,w> ,(fice1 b by municipal & o!r bodies all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! e>lie/ mobilisation took place on ! ,donca/] race-c\rse1 :]e ab\t #aej c>s assembl$ 9 a few h\rs 9 response to telegrams4 ,?is fleet rema9$ conc5trat$ = "s days1 b ! ev5tuality aga9/ :i* x 0 int5d$ to provide did n mat]ialise4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ! ,a4,a4 memb]s 7 employ$ dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree weeks ( ! w> to gu>d telephone & telegraph l9es & cables1 until p]man5t arrangem5ts c\ld be made = ?is s]vice4 ,hundr$s ( motor cycle & c> memb]s und]took long spells ( duty by day or night "u ! sup]vision ( ! po/ (fice (ficials4 ,9 connection ) ! conveyance ( w\nd$1 ! ,association plac$ fleets ( c>s at ! disposal ( ! *ief milit>y c5tres ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 its memb]s hold+ !mselves 9 read9ess to g out at any h\r dur+ ! day or night1 to c>ry w\nd$ f ! railway /ations to ! hospitals4 ,9 a consid]able numb] ( cases1 ! motori/s s employ$ und]took1 at _! own exp5se1 to conv]t _! c>s into ambulances1 & a l>ge numb] ( ma*9es s trans=m$ 7 s5t across ! *annel to "w beh9d ! fir+ l9e4 ,vehicles 7 also =?com+ 9 pl5tiful numb]s to meet refugees1 & take !m to _! tempor>y homes4 ,hundr$s ( motor cycle memb]s volunte]$ = dispat*-c>ry+ "w1 & ! committees ( ! ,national ,s]vice ,league & o!r recruit+ bodies 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry 7 support$ by c>s1 light c>s1 & motor cycles ) side c>s1 ready to pick up recruits & convey !m to ! enli/+ depts4 ,at normal times1 ! ,association employs on ! ma9 roads ( ! c\ntry ov] #ejj road patrols1 ^: duties involve cont9ual cycl+ ov] _! appo9t$ beats f daybreak until d>k4 ,^! m5 7 evid5tly ideal recruits = ! cycli/s' battalions requir$ = sc\t+ "w4 ,ov] #bej ( !m enli/$ 9 v>i\s regim5ts1 or rejo9$ _! old regim5ts1 :ile a pick$ body1 ov] #ajj /rong1 0 =m$ into ! fir/ two companies ( ! #h? ,essex 7,cycli/7 ,battalion1 "u ! comm& ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,association1 ,capta9 ,/5son ,cooke1 :o 0 =m]ly a memb] ( ! ,london ,rifle ,brigade4 ,illu/ration3 8,! ,autoc>0 photograph4 ,,"o ,,( ,a ,,fleet ,,( 8,,maudslay0 ,,motor ,,buses ,,comm&e]$ ,,by ,,! ,,w> ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,& ,,fitt$ ,,) ,,lorry ,,bodies4 ,! ,comm]cial ,motor ,us]s' ,association und]took ! enrolm5t ( m5 compet5t to s]ve z motor transport driv]s1 & also =m$ on behalf ( its own memb]s a k9d ( transport ex*ange4 ,a simil> s*eme on r broad] l9es 0 h&l$ by ! ,imp]ial ,motor ,transport ,c\ncil1 ! idea be+ t :ile "s bus9ess conc]ns w\ld exp]i5ce difficulties 9 effect+ deliv]ies ow+ to _! horses be+ requisition$1 o!rs--ow+ to ! disorganisation ( trade--w\ld h suitable facilities /&+ idle4 ,9 t ev5t consid]able tr\ble might be sav$ by br++ into exi/5ce "s ma*9]y capable ( e/abli%+ contact betwe5 ! two gr\ps4 ,! ,c\ncil also und]took "w 9 assi/ance ( ! ,motor ,ambulance ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,r$ ,cross ,society1 & circul>is$ its ov]sea memb]s ) a view to assi/+ ! ma9t5ance ( ,briti% export trade 9 motor vehicles4 ,at ! outbreak ( w>1 /eps 7 imm$iately tak5 by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t to secure = s]vice all ! motor lorries ( subv5tion type work+ = comm]cial h\ses4 ,^! n be+ num]ically suffici5t = ! :ole ne$s ( ! army1 sev]al ?\s& o!r motor lorries ( approximately ! same c>ry+ capacity1 b ( v>y+ types1 7 requisition$ some:at ha/ily4 ,! quality ( ! fleets ?us =m$ 0 v>iable1 ev5 ?\gh a process ( we$+ out at ! ports ( emb>kation did some?+ t[>ds secur+ uni=mity4 ,9 ! same way ! urg5t ne$ ( employ+ _m ?\s&s ( transport driv]s naturally l$ to ! enli/m5t ( m5 ( v>y+ capabilities4 ,driv]s h&l+ lorries or 'buses are 9 "s in/ances requir$ to be fairly capable me*anics4 ,9 o!rs1 any int]f]5ce ) ! me*anism ( _! ma*9es is disc\rag$1 & !y are taught to be entirely dep5d5t on ! me*anical /aff at _! headqu>t]s4 ,su* m51 :ile ?or\ghly skill$ 9 h&l+ a vehicle1 are n really fully qualifi$ = ! bus9ess ( a motor transport driv] 9 active s]vice4 ,v consid]able numb]s ( ,london motor omnibuses 7 tak5 (f ! /reets & conv]t$ into ambulances or lorries1 & simil> vehicles h also be5 us$ = ! transport ( troops & o!r purposes4 ,z soon z matt]s _h _h a little "t 9 :i* to settle d[n1 x became app>5t t ! ,gov]nm5t did n int5d to rely on ! sy/em ( requisition+ to make up ! wa/age ( _! fleet 9 s]vice1 or to provide transport = ,indian & ,colonial troops1 or = ! new armies 9 c\rse ( =mation4 ,= ?is purpose l>ge regul> ord]s 7 plac$ ) _m ( ! lead+ manufactur]s1 & 9 "s in/ances ^! ord]s am\nt$ to tak+ ov] practically ! entire output4 ,no exact figures are available z to ! rate at :i*1 dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! w>1 ! ,gov]nm5t took deliv]y ( new motor lorries1 b !re is little d\bt t ! weekly supply ran into ?ree figures1 & t a cont9uance ( v sub/antial ord]s w be necess>y "r up to ! conclusion ( ho/ilities4 ,9 ,european c\ntries1 ! comp>ative %ortage ( indu/rial motor vehicles r5d]$ necess>y a m :olesale programme ( requisition+4 ,?us1 = example1 ,p>is 0 promptly d5ud$ ( ! :ole ( its fleet ( motor omnibuses1 ab\t #a1ajj 9 numb]4 ,a few ye>s ago1 ! old d\ble-deck type ( motor omnibus1 at "o "t us$ 9 ,p>is1 0 disc>d$ 9 fav\r ( a long-bodi$ s+le-deck]1 capable ( c>ry+ up to ab\t =ty pass5g]s4 ,^! ma*9es are s design$ to ! requirem5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t z to be capable ( be+ trans=m$ rapidly into waggons = ! c>riage ( meat4 ,! w9d[s are replac$ by wire-gauze scre5s1 ! seats remov$ & ! h&rails fitt$ ) hooks4 ,alt]natively1 ! 'buses c be equally easily adapt$ = ! c>riage ( w\nd$1 by simple fitt+s f :i* /ret*]s or hammocks c be slung4 ,illu/ration3 8,! ,autoc>0 photograph4 ,a ,,l>ge ,,numb] ,,( ,,daiml] ,,lorries ,,h ,,be5 ,,tak5 ,,ov] ,,by ,,! ,,milit>y ,,au?orities4 ,,! ,,example ,,%[n ,,is ,,fitt$ ,,) ,a ,,%ield ,,conta9+ ,a ,,%eet ,,( ,,triplex ,,glass ,,:i* ,,w ,,/op ,a ,,rifle ,,bull$ ,,at #ajj ,,y>ds4 ,dur+ mobilisation1 numb]s ( motor vehicles 7 employ$ 9 ,france to transport troops1 &1 moreov]1 ^? ( ! ,p>is 'bus type are ( und\bt$ utility = ?is purpose :5ev] x may become necess>y to transf] mod]ately l>ge bodies ( m5 rapidly f "o po9t to ano!r1 :]e conv5i5t railway communication does n exi/4 ,all ! ,cont95tal c\ntries involv$ 9 ! w> made /rict provision aga9/ ! export ( motor vehicles ( any k9d1 :ile ev5 9 ,great ,brita9 an ord] 01 = a p]iod1 9 =ce1 prohibit+ ! export ( heavy indu/rial vehicles4 ,x 01 9 fact1 realis$ 9 advance 9 all qu>t]s t a w> ( su* magnitude & involv+ ! employm5t ( su* huge numb]s ( m51 c\ld n conceivably be f\ght along ! l9es anticipat$ & subsequ5tly realis$1 unless full dep5d5ce 7 plac$ ^u motor transport 9 ! fir/ case = ! provision ( food supplies1 & z a coroll>y = a simil> s]vice ( w>like /ores1 = ! c>riage ( w\nd$1 = sc\t+1 & = enabl+ comm&]s & /aff (fic]s to travel ) suffici5t rapidity & fre$om to make x possible = !m to realise ) suffici5t accuracy ! ess5tial facts ) :i* !y 7 call$ ^u to deal4 ,wyman ,sons ,ltd41 ,pr9t]s1 ,london & ,read+4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,text 9 italics is surr\nd$ by und]scores3 italics4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation h be5 /&>diz$4 ,ar*aic spell+ t may h be5 9 use at ! "t ( publication has be5 reta9$4