,,bureau ,,( ,,economic ,,geology ,! ,univ]sity ( ,texas at ,au/9 ,au/91 ,texas #ghgab ,john ,t4 ,lonsdale1 ,director ,guidebook #b ,,texas ,,fossils3 ,an ,amateur ,collector's ,h&book ,by ,william ,h4 ,mat!ws ,,iii ,novemb] #aifj ,second ,pr9t+1 ,july #aifc ,?ird ,pr9t+1 ,augu/ #aifg ,f\r? ,pr9t+1 ,june #aiga ,fif? ,pr9t+1 ,novemb] #aigc ,six? ,pr9t+1 ,april #aigf ,sev5? ,pr9t+1 ,novemb] #aigh ,eigh? ,pr9t+1 ,septemb] #aiha ,n9? ,pr9t+1 ,augu/ #aihd ,cont5ts ,page ,introduction #a ,:at are fossils8 #c ,! /udy ( fossils #d ,paleobotany #d ,inv]tebrate paleontology #d ,v]tebrate paleontology #d ,micropaleontology #d ,pres]vation ( fossils #e ,requirem5ts ( fossilization #e ,miss+ pages 9 ! record #e ,diff]5t k9ds ( fossil pres]vation #g ,orig9al s(t p>ts ( organisms #g ,orig9al h>d p>ts ( organisms #g ,calc>e\s rema9s #aj ,phosphatic rema9s #aj ,silice\s rema9s #aj ,*it9\s rema9s #aj ,alt]$ h>d p>ts ( organisms #aj ,c>bonization #aj ,petrifaction or p]m9]alization #aj ,replacem5t or m9]alization #aj ,replacem5t by calc>e\s mat]ial #aa ,replacem5t by silice\s mat]ial #aa ,replacem5t by iron comp\nds #aa ,traces ( organisms #aa ,molds & ca/s #aa ,tracks1 trails1 & burr[s #ad ,coprolites #ad ,ga/roli?s #ad ,pseud(ossils #ad ,d5drites #ad ,slick5sides #af ,concretions #af ,:]e & h[ to collect fossils #ag ,collect+ equipm5t #ag ,:]e to look #ai ,h[ to collect #bj ,clean+ & prep>ation ( fossils #ba ,h[ fossils are nam$ #ba ,! sci5ce ( classification #ba ,! units ( classification #bb ,id5tification ( fossils #bc ,use ( id5tification keys #bc ,id5tification key to ma9 types ( inv]tebrate fossils #bf ,li/ ( ,texas colleges (f]+ geology c\rses #bg ,catalog+ ! collection #ca ,h[ fossils are us$ #ca ,geologic hi/ory #cc ,geologic column & "t scale #cc ,! geology ( ,texas #cd ,physiography #ce ,trans-,pecos region #ce ,texas ,pla9s #ce ,high ,pla9s #ce ,nor?-c5tral ,pla9s #cg ,edw>ds ,plateau #cg ,gr& ,prairie #cg ,llano uplift #cg ,gulf ,coa/al ,pla9 #cg ,geology #cg ,precambrian rocks #dj ,paleozoic rocks #dj ,cambrian #dj ,ordovician #dj ,silurian #dj ,devonian #dj ,mississippian #da ,p5nsylvanian #da ,p]mian #da ,mesozoic rocks #db ,triassic #db ,jurassic #db ,cretace\s #db ,c5ozoic rocks #dc ,t]ti>y #dc ,quat]n>y #dc ,ma9 types ( fossils #dd ,plant fossils #dd ,classification ( ! plant k+dom #dd ,division ,?allophyta #dd ,division ,bryophyta #dd ,division ,tra*eophyta #dd ,animal fossils #dh ,phylum ,protozoa #dh ,class ,s>cod9a #dh ,ord] ,=am9if]a #dh ,ord] ,radiol>ia #dh ,phylum ,porif]a #di ,phylum ,coel5t]ata #di ,class ,an?ozoa #di ,subclass ,zoan?>ia #ej ,ord] ,rugosa #ej ,ord] ,scl]act9ia #ej ,ord] ,tabulata #ej ,phylum ,bryozoa #ej ,phylum ,bra*iopoda #ed ,class ,in>ticulata #ed ,class ,articulata #ef ,phylum ,mollusca #ef ,class ,ga/ropoda #ei ,class ,pelecypoda #ei ,class ,cephalopoda #ff ,subclass ,nautiloidea #ff ,subclass ,ammonoidea #ge ,subclass ,coleoidea #gh ,ord] ,belemnoidea #gh ,phylum ,annelida #gh ,phylum ,ar?ropoda #gh ,subphylum ,trilobitomorpha #gh ,class ,trilobita #gh ,subphylum ,cru/acea #hj ,class ,o/racoda #hj ,phylum ,e*9od]mata #hj ,subphylum ,pelmatozoa #ha ,class ,cy/oidea #ha ,class ,bla/oidea #ha ,class ,cr9oidea #ha ,subphylum ,eleu!rozoa #hb ,class ,a/]ozoa #hb ,subclass ,a/]oidea #hb ,subclass ,ophiuroidea #hb ,class ,e*9ozoa #hb ,subclass ,e*9oidea #hb ,subclass ,holo?uroidea #he ,phylum ,*ordata #he ,subphylum ,hemi*ordata #he ,class ,graptoli?9a #he ,subphylum ,v]tebrata #hf ,sup]class ,pisces #hg ,class ,agna?a #hg ,class ,placod]mi #hg ,class ,*ondri*?yes #hg ,class ,o/ei*?yes #hg ,sup]class ,tetrapoda #hi ,class ,amphibia #hi ,class ,reptilia #hi ,cotylosaurs #hi ,turtles #hi ,pelycosaurs #hi ,!rapsids #hi ,i*?yosaurs #ie ,mosasaurs #ie ,plesiosaurs #ie ,phytosaurs #ie ,crocodiles & alligators #ie ,pt]osaurs #ie ,d9osaurs #ie ,ord] ,sauris*ia #ig ,subord] ,!ropoda #ig ,subord] ,sauropoda #ig ,ord] ,orni?is*ia #ig ,subord] ,orni?opoda #ig ,subord] ,/egosauria #ig ,subord] ,ankylosauria #ig ,subord] ,c]atopsia #ajj ,class ,aves #ajj ,class ,mammalia #ajj ,subclass ,allo!ria #ajj ,subclass ,!ria #ajj ,ord] ,ed5tata #ajj ,ord] ,c>nivora #ajb ,ord] ,pantodonta #ajb ,ord] ,d9oc]ata #ajb ,ord] ,proboscidea #ajb ,ord] ,p]issodactyla #ajd ,horses #ajd ,titano!res #ajd ,*alico!res #ajf ,rh9oc]oses #ajf ,ord] ,artiodactyla #ajf ,entelodonts #ajf ,camels #ajf ,books ab\t fossils #ajh ,g5]al works #ajh ,nonte*nical & juv5ile #ajh ,collect+ helps #ajh ,ref]5ce works #aji ,select$ ref]5ces on ,texas fossils #aji ,gloss>y #aaa ,index #aae ,illu/rations ,figures-- ,page #a4 ,sket* ( a coprolite--fossiliz$ animal excrem5t #ad #b4 ,sket* ( a ga/roli?--! gizz>d /one ( an anci5t reptile #ad #c4 ,d5drites--a typical pseud(ossil #ad #d4 ,types ( symmetry 9 a fossil coral #bd #e4 ,bilat]al symmetry 9 fossil bra*iopod #bd #f4 ,a bra*iopod %[+ specim5 numb] & accompany+ label #ca #g4 ,two types ( micropaleontological slides #cb #h4 ,typical ,p5nsylvanian cr9oidal lime/one #da #i4 ,typical ,texas ,=am9if]a #di #aj4 ,typical radiol>ians #di #aa4 ,morphology & pr9cipal p>ts ( corals #ej #ab4 ,two types ( bryozoans #ej #ac4 ,morphology & pr9cipal p>ts ( articulate bra*iopods #ed #ad4 ,l+ula1 a typical in>ticulate bra*iopod #ef #ae4 ,k+5a waco5sis1 a common ,cretace\s bra*iopod #ef #af4 ,morphology & pr9cipal p>ts ( ga/ropod %ells #fj #ag4 ,morphology & pr9cipal p>ts ( a typical pelecypod %ell #fe #ah4 ,morphology & pr9cipal p>ts ( ! pe>ly nautilus #ge #ai4 ,*>act]i/ic features ( ! v>i\s types ( cephalopod sutures #ge #bj4 ,types ( typical fossil annelid worms #gh #ba4 ,morphology & pr9cipal p>ts ( trilobites #hj #bb4 ,two ext9ct atta*$ e*9od]ms1 ,p5tremites & ,c>yocr9ites #ha #bc4 ,typical mod]n cr9oid1 or 8sea lily10 %[+ pr9cipal p>ts #ha #bd4 ,graptolites #hf #be4 ,sket*es ( ma/odon & mammo? tee? #ajd #bf4 ,two views ( a typical fossil horse too? #ajd ,plates-- ,page #a4 ,geologic "t scale ,frontispiece #b4 ,types ( fossil pres]vation #h #c4 ,silicifi$ bra*iopods dissolv$ f ,p]mian lime/ones ( ! ,glass ,m\nta9s1 ,brew/] ,c\nty1 ,texas #ab #d4 ,d9osaur tracks 9 lime/one 9 b$ ( ,paluxy ,creek ne> ,gl5 ,rose1 ,som]vell ,c\nty1 ,texas #ae #e4 ,fossil collect+ equipm5t #ah #f-h4 ,fossil id5tification *>ts #bh-cj #i4 ,physiographic map ( ,texas #cf #aj4 ,geologic map ( ,texas #ch-ci #aa4 ,geologic range ( ! major gr\ps ( plants & animals #de #ab4 ,fossil plants--?allophytes & tra*eophytes #df #ac4 ,fossil plants--tra*eophytes #dg #ad4 ,paleozoic sponges & sponge spicules #ea #ae4 ,p5nsylvanian corals #eb #af4 ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y corals #ec #ag4 ,p5nsylvanian bryozoans & ,cambrian & ,mississippian bra*iopods #ee #ah1 #ai4 ,p5nsylvanian bra*iopods #eg1 #eh #bj4 ,p5nsylvanian ga/ropods #fa #ba4 ,p5nsylvanian & ,cretace\s ga/ropods #fb #bb1 #bc4 ,t]ti>y ga/ropods #fc1 #fd #bd4 ,p5nsylvanian pelecypods #fg #be-bh4 ,cretace\s pelecypods #fh-ga #bi-ca4 ,t]ti>y pelecypods #gb-gd #cb4 ,p5nsylvanian & ,cretace\s cephalopods #gf #cc4 ,cretace\s cephalopods #gg #cd4 ,fossil ar?ropods #gi #ce4 ,fossil />fi%es1 cr9oids1 & holo?urian scl]ites #hc #cf4 ,cretace\s e*9oids #hd #cg4 ,primitive armor$ fi%1 %>k tee?1 & conodonts #hh #ch4 ,comp>ison ( ! d9osaurs #ij #ci4 ,comp>ison ( ,mesozoic fly+ & swimm+ reptiles #ia #dj4 ,pelycosaur1 cotylosaur1 & a primitive amphibian #ib #da4 ,swimm+ reptiles #ic #db4 ,phytosaur & fly+ d9osaurs #id #dc4 ,skull ( ,phobosu*us1 f ,cretace\s ( ,trans-,pecos ,texas #if #dd4 ,sauris*ian d9osaurs #ih #de4 ,orni?is*ian d9osaurs #ii #df1 #dg4 ,c5ozoic mammals #aja1 #ajc #dh4 ,t]ti>y mammals #aje #di4 ,c5ozoic mammals #ajg ,illu/ration3 ,plate #a ,,geologic ,,"t ,,scale ,,era ,,p]iod ,,epo* ,,*>act]i/ic ,,life ,,c5ozoic 8,rec5t ,life0 ,,quat]n>y #a ,,million ,,ye>s ,rec5t ,plei/oc5e ,,t]ti>y #fd ,,million ,,ye>s ,plioc5e ,mioc5e ,oligoc5e ,eoc5e ,paleoc5e ,,mesozoic 8,middle ,life0 ,,cretace\s #gj ,,million ,,ye>s ,,jurassic #de ,,million ,,ye>s ,,triassic #ej ,,million ,,ye>s ,,paleozoic 8,anci5t ,life0 ,,p]mian #ee ,,million ,,ye>s ,,c>bonif]\s ,,p5nsylvanian #cj ,,million ,,ye>s ,,mississippian #ce ,,million ,,ye>s ,,devonian #ee ,,million ,,ye>s ,,silurian #bj ,,million ,,ye>s ,,ordovician #ge ,,million ,,ye>s ,,cambrian #ajj ,,million ,,ye>s ,,precambrian ,,eras ,,prot]ozoic ,,era ,,ar*eozoic ,,era ,,approximate ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,m ,,?an #c ,,billion #cjj ,,million ,,ye>s ,texas ,fossils ,an ,amateur ,collector's ,h&book ,william ,h4 ,mat!ws ,,iii#a ,,introduction ,almo/ ev]yone has se5 ! fossiliz$ rema9s ( prehi/oric plants or animals4 ,^! might h be5 ! skeleton ( a gigantic d9osaur1 ! petrifi$ trunk ( an anci5t tree1 or ! %ells ( snails or oy/]s t liv$ 9 ! great seas t cov]$ ,texas millions ( ye>s ago4 ,ea* ye> m & m p are le>n+ t ^! fossils are m ?an m]e curiosities4 ,in/ead1 !y are realiz+ t a good collection ( fossils provides mu* in=mation ab\t ! e>ly hi/ory ( our e>?1 & t fossil collect+ c be a mo/ enjoyable1 fasc9at+1 & rew>d+ hobby4 ,x is = ^! p t ,texas ,fossils 0 writt54 ,?is publication is prim>ily an amateur collector's h&book & z su* (f]s _m sugge/ions & aids to ^? :o w\ld pursue ! hobby ( fossil collect+4 ,x tells1 = example1 :at fossils are1 :]e & h[ to collect !m1 & h[ !y are us$4 ,sugge/ions are made z to h[ ! specim5s may be id5tifi$ & catalogu$1 & !re are discussions & illu/rations ( ! ma9 types ( plant & animal fossils4 ,includ$ also is a simplifi$ geologic map ( ,texas & a brief review ( ! geology ( ! ,/ate4 ,texas ,fossils is n a compreh5sive /udy ( ! paleontology ( ,texas4 ,r1 x deals prim>ily ) ! m common species t ! av]age collector is likely to f9d4 ,^! fossils are illu/rat$ 9 ! plates & figures1 & ^! illu/rations %\ld be ( "s help 9 id5tify+ ! specim5s 9 "o's collection4 ,includ$ = complet5ess1 h[ev]1 are sket*es & descriptions ( "s ( ! m r>e & unusual fossils1 &1 = g5]al int]e/1 !re are illu/rations & descriptions ( _m ( ! ext9ct reptiles & mammals t once inhabit$ ?is ,/ate4 ,9 addition1 a gr\p ( select$ ref]5ces has be5 includ$ = ! read] :o wi%es to "k m ab\t e>? hi/ory & paleontology4 ,_m ( ^! publications provide ref]5ces ( a m te*nical nature = ! m advanc$ or s]i\s collector1 & "s ( !m li/ excell5t collect+ localities4 ,a m9imum ( te*nical t]m9ology has be5 us$1 b t]ms n commonly f\nd 9 diction>ies1 or :i* h n be5 expla9$ 9 ! text1 are def9$ 9 ! gloss>y 7pp4 #aaa-aad74 ,_m p h help$ 9 ! plann+1 prep>ation1 & completion ( ,texas ,fossils1 & _! help is gratefully ackn[l$g$3 ,dr4 ,kei? ,"y1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,texas2 ,dr4 ,h>old ,beav]1 ,baylor ,univ]sity2 & ,pr(essor ,jack ,boon1 ,arl+ton ,/ate ,college1 (f]$ helpful sugge/ions & in=mation on ,cretace\s fossils2 ,pr(essors ,ri*mond ,l4 ,bronaugh1 ,baylor ,univ]sity1 & ,jack ,t4 ,hughes1 ,we/ ,texas ,/ate ,college1 provid$ in=mation on v]tebrate collect+ localities2 ,pr(essor ,fr$ ,smi?1 ,texas ,a,m ,college1 suppli$ data on ,t]ti>y collect+ localities & fossils :i* 7 us$ 9 illu/rations2 ,dr4 ,saul ,aron[ & ,pr(essor ,d>rell ,davis1 ,lam> ,/ate ,college ( ,te*nology2 ,dr4 ,jules ,du,bar1 ,univ]sity ( ,h\/on2 & ,dr4 ,samuel ,p4 ,ellison1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,texas1 made valuable sugge/ions :i* h be5 incorporat$ into ! manuscript4 ,special ?anks are due ,drs4 ,john ,t4 ,lonsdale1 ,l4 ,f4 ,br[n1 ,jr41 & ,pet] ,u4 ,rodda1 ,bureau ( ,economic ,geology1 :o critically read ! manuscript & contribut$ greatly to ! pres5tation ( ! mat]ial2 ,dr4 ,john ,a4 ,wilson1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,texas1 :o read ! section on v]tebrate fossils & made invaluable sugge/ions & criticisms2 ,miss ,joseph9e ,casey1 :o edit$ ! manuscript2 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,macon1 :o prep>$ ! maps & *>ts4 ,?anks are due also to ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,coop]1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 :o prep>$ ,plate #c especially = ?is publication1 & to ,r4 ,t4 ,bird & ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory = photographs us$ 9 ,plates #d & #dc4 ,plates #ch & #ci 7 provid$ ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dixon1 ,jr41 & ! ,geology ,dep>tm5t ( ,baylor ,univ]sity4 ,! o!r photographs 7 prep>$ by ! writ]4 ,to ,s>ah ,l\ise ,wilson1 ,lam> ,/ate ,college ( ,te*nology1 ! writ] gratefully ackn[l$ges h] tireless & pa9/ak+ ef=ts 9 prep>+ ! _m f9e draw+s :i* make up ! balance ( ! illu/rations4 ,,:at ,,are ,,fossils8 ,fossils are ! rema9s or evid5ce ( anci5t plants or animals t h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! rocks ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,mo/ fossils repres5t ! pres]vable h>d p>ts ( "s prehi/oric organism t once liv$ 9 ! area 9 :i* ! rema9s 7 collect$4 ,! ^w fossil is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w fossilis1 mean+ 8dug up10 & = _m ye>s any unusual object dug out ( ! gr\nd 0 consid]$ to be a 8fossil40 ,= ?is reason "s ( ! e>li] books deal+ ) fossils include discussions ( rocks1 m9]als1 & o!r inorganic objects4 ,!re is mu* evid5ce to indicate t man has be5 int]e/$ 9 fossils s9ce ! v e>lie/ times1 & fossil %ells1 bones1 & tee? h be5 f\nd associat$ ) ! rema9s ( primitive & prehi/oric m54 ,x is q possible t ! own]s ( ^! objects believ$ t !y possess$ sup]natural p[]s1 su* z heal+ prop]ties or ! ability to remove curses4 ,dur+ ! e>lie/ p]iods ( record$ hi/ory1 c]ta9 ,greek s*ol>s f\nd ! rema9s ( fi% & sea %ells 9 des]t & m\nta9\s regions4 ,^! m5 7 greatly puzzl$ by ! occurr5ce ( ^! objects at su* great di/ances f ! sea1 & "s ( !m devot$ consid]able "t to an explanation ( _! pres5ce4 ,9 #dej ,b4,c41 ,h]odotus notic$ fossils 9 ! ,egyptian des]t & correctly conclud$ t ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea _h once be5 9 t area4 ,ari/otle 9 #djj ,b4,c4 /at$ t fossils 7 organic 9 orig9 b t !y 7 emb$d$ 9 ! rocks z a result ( my/]i\s pla/ic =ces at "w )9 ! e>?4 ,"o ( 8 /ud5ts1 ,!ophra/us 7ab\t #cej ,b4,c471 also believ$ t fossils repres5t$ "s =m ( life b ?\ght t !y _h develop$ f se$s or eggs t _h be5 plant$ 9 ! rocks4 ,/rabo 7ab\t #fc ,b4,c4 to ,a4,d4 #bj7 0 ano!r important ,greek s*ol> :o attempt$ to expla9 ! pres5ce ( fossils4 ,he not$ ! occurr5ce ( m>9e fossils well above sea level & correctly inf]r$ t ! rocks conta9+ !m _h be5 subject$ to consid]able elevation4 ,dur+ ! 8,d>k ,ages0 fossils 7 alt]nately expla9$ z freaks ( nature1 ! rema9s ( attempts at special creation1 & devices ( ! devil :i* _h be5 plac$ 9 ! rocks to lead m5 a/ray4 ,^! sup]/iti\s beliefs & ! opposition f religi\s au?orities h9d]$ ! /udy ( fossils = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,9 approximately ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! true orig9 ( fossils 0 g5]ally accept$1 & !y 7 consid]$ to be ! rema9s ( prehi/oric organisms :i* _h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,) ! def9ite recognition ( fossils z organic rema9s1 _m ( ! m primitive !ories 7 disc>d$ = "o j z impractical--^! rema9s 7 consid]$ remnants ( ! ,great ,flood z record$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,! result+ controv]sy betwe5 sci5ti/s & !ologians la/$ = ab\t #cjj ye>s4 ,dur+ ! ,r5aissance sev]al ( ! e>ly natural sci5ti/s conc]n$ !mselves ) inve/igations ( fossils4 ,notewor?y among ^! 0 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ! fam\s ,italian arti/1 naturali/1 & eng9e]4 ,leon>do insi/$ t ! ,flood c\ld n be responsible = all fossils nor = _! occurr5ce 9 ! highe/ m\nta9s4 ,he reaffirm$ ! belief t fossils 7 indisputable evid5ce ( anci5t life1 & t ! sea _h once cov]$ nor!rn ,italy4 ,leon>do expla9$ t ! rema9s ( ! animals t _h inhabit$ ?is anci5t body ( wat] 7 buri$ 9 ! s$im5ts ( ! sea floor1 & t at "s lat] date 9 e>? hi/ory ?is ocean bottom 0 elevat$ well above sea level to =m ! ,italian p59sula4 ,9 ! late eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies ! /udy ( fossils became firmly e/abli%$ z a sci5ce1 & s9ce t "t fossils h become increas+ly important to ! geologi/4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,fossils ,! /udy ( fossils is call$ paleontology 7,greek palaios1 anci5t2 ontos1 a be+2 logos1 ^w or disc\rse74 ,in=mation ga!r$ ) ! help ( paleontology has greatly increas$ ! k ( anci5t plants & animals & ( ! _w 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,fossils repres5t ! rema9s ( su* great numb]s & v>i\s types ( organisms t paleontologi/s h f\nd x helpful to e/abli% f\r ma9 divisions )9 _! sci5ce4 ,paleobotany ,paleobotany deals ) ! /udy ( fossil plants & ! record ( ! *anges :i* !y h und]gone4 ,inv]tebrate ,paleontology ,?is is ! /udy ( fossil animals )\t a backbone or sp9al column4 ,^! include su* =ms z fossil protozoans 7t9y "o-cell$ animals71 snails1 clams1 />fi%1 & worms1 & usually repres5t ! rema9s ( animals t liv$ 9 prehi/oric seas4 ,because inv]tebrate rema9s are ! mo/ common fossils 9 ,texas1 ?is book is devot$ l>gely to ! discussion ( inv]tebrate fossils & _! me?od ( collection4 ,v]tebrate ,paleontology ,! v]tebrate paleontologi/ /udies ! fossils ( animals :i* possess$ a backbone or sp9al column4 ,! rema9s ( fi%1 amphibians1 reptiles1 birds1 & mammals are typical v]tebrate fossils4 ,micropaleontology ,micropaleontology is ! /udy ( fossils t are s small t !y are be/ /udi$ "u a microscope4 ,^! t9y rema9s are call$ micr(ossils & usually repres5t ! %ells or fragm5ts ( m9ute plants or animals4 ,because ( _! small size1 micr(ossils c be br\ght out ( wells )\t be+ damag$ by ! me*anics ( drill+ or cor+4 ,= ?is reason micr(ossils are p>ticul>ly valuable to ! petroleum geologi/ :o uses !m to id5tify rock =mations ?\s&s ( feet bel[ ! surface4 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,fossils ,! majority ( fossils are f\nd 9 m>9e s$im5t>y rocks4 ,^! are rocks t 7 =m$ :5 salt-wat] s$im5ts1 su* z limy muds1 s&s1 or %ell b$s1 7 compress$ & cem5t$ toge!r to =m rocks4 ,only r>ely d fossils occur 9 igne\s & metamorphic rocks4 ,! igne\s rocks 7 once hot & molt5 & _h no life 9 !m1 & metamorphic rocks h be5 s greatly *ang$ or di/ort$ t any fossils t 7 pres5t 9 ! orig9al rock h usually be5 de/roy$ or s alt]$ z to be ( little use to ! paleontologi/4 ,b ev5 9 ! s$im5t>y rocks only a m9ute fraction ( prehi/oric plants & animals h left any record ( _! exi/5ce4 ,?is is n difficult to und]/& 9 view ( ! r rigor\s requirem5ts ( fossilization4 ,,requirem5ts ,,( ,,fossilization ,al?\gh a l>ge numb] ( factors ultimately det]m9e :e!r an organism w be fossiliz$1 ! ?ree basic requirem5ts are3 #a4 ,! organism %\ld possess h>d p>ts4 ,^! might be %ell1 bone1 tee?1 or ! woody tissue ( plants4 ,h[ev]1 "u v favorable conditions ( pres]vation x is possible = ev5 su* fragile mat]ial z an insect or a jellyfi% to become fossiliz$4 #b4 ,! organic rema9s mu/ escape imm$iate de/ruction aft] dea?4 ,if ! body p>ts ( an organism are cru%$1 decay$1 or badly wea!r$1 ?is may result 9 ! alt]ation or complete de/ruction ( ! fossil record ( t p>ticul> organism4 #c4 ,rapid burial 9 a mat]ial capable ( ret>d+ decomposition4 ,! type ( mat]ial bury+ ! rema9s usually dep5ds ^u :]e ! organism liv$4 ,! rema9s ( m>9e animals are common z fossils because !y fall to ! sea floor aft] dea?1 & "h !y are cov]$ by s(t muds :i* w be ! %ales & lime/ones ( lat] geologic p]iods4 ,! f9] s$im5ts are less likely to damage ! rema9s1 & c]ta9 f9e-gra9$ ,jurassic lime/ones 9 ,g]many h fai?fully pres]v$ su* delicate specim5s z birds1 insects1 & jellyfi%es4 ,a% fall+ f ne>by volcanoes has be5 kn[n to cov] entire =e/s1 & "s ( ^! fossil =e/s h be5 f\nd ) ! trees /ill /&+ & 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation4 ,quicks& & t> are also commonly responsible = ! rapid burial ( animals4 ,! t> acts z a trap to capture ! bea/s & z an antiseptic to ret>d ! decomposition ( _! h>d p>ts4 ,! ,ran*o ,la ,brea t> pit at ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 is fam\s = ! l>ge numb] ( fossil bones t h be5 recov]$ f x4 ,^! include su* =ms z ! sabre-too? cat1 giant gr\nd slo?s1 & o!r creatures t are n[ ext9ct4 ,! rema9s ( c]ta9 animals t liv$ dur+ ! ,ice ,ages h be5 incorporat$ into ! ice or froz5 gr\nd1 & "s ( ^! froz5 rema9s are fam\s = _! rem>kable degree ( pres]vation4 ,,miss+ ,,pages ,,9 ,,! ,,record ,al?\gh untold numb]s ( organisms h liv$ on ! e>? 9 pa/ ages1 only a m9ute fraction ( ^! h left any record ( _! exi/5ce4 ,ev5 if ! basic requirem5ts ( fossilization h be5 fulfill$1 !re are /ill o!r reasons :y "s fossils may nev] be f\nd4 ,= example1 l>ge numb]s ( fossils h be5 de/roy$ by erosion or _! h>d p>ts h be5 dissolv$ by und]gr\nd wat]s4 ,o!rs 7 entomb$ 9 rocks t 7 lat] subject$ to great physical *ange1 & fossils enclos$ 9 ^! rocks are usually s damag$ z to be unrecognizable4 ,!n1 too1 _m fossilif]\s rocks _c be /udi$ because !y are cov]$ by wat] or great ?icknesses ( s$im5ts1 & /ill o!rs are situat$ 9 places t are geographically inaccessible4 ,^! & _m o!r problems confront ! paleontologi/ z he attempts to catalog ! plants & animals ( ! pa/4 ,! miss+ pages 9 ! fossil record become m obvi\s & m num]\s 9 ! old] rocks ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,?is is because ! m anci5t rocks h _h m "t to be subject$ to physical & *emical *ange or to be remov$ by erosion4 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,fossil ,,pres]vation ,!re are _m diff]5t ways 9 :i* plants & animals may become fossiliz$4 ,! me?od ( pres]vation is usually dep5d5t ^u 7#a7 ! orig9al composition ( ! organism1 7#b7 :]e x liv$1 & 7#c7 ! =ces t affect$ x aft] dea?4 ,mo/ paleontologi/s recognize f\r major types ( pres]vation1 ea* be+ bas$ ^u ! composition ( ! rema9s or ! *anges :i* !y h und]gone4 ,,orig9al ,,s(t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,organisms ,?is type ( fossil is =m$ only "u v special conditions ( pres]vation4 ,to be pres]v$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! organism mu/ be buri$ 9 a m$ium capable ( ret>d+ decomposition ( ! s(t p>ts4 ,mat]ials t h be5 kn[n to produce ?is type ( fossilization are froz5 soil or ice1 oil-saturat$ soils1 & amb] 7fossil res974 ,x is also possible = organic rema9s to become s desiccat$ t a natural mummy is =m$4 ,?is usually occurs only 9 arid or des]t regions & :5 ! rema9s h be5 protect$ f pr$ators & scav5g]s4 ,probably ! be/-kn[n examples ( pres]v$ s(t p>ts ( fossil animals h be5 discov]$ 9 ,alaska & ,sib]ia4 ,! froz5 tundra ( ^! areas has yield$ ! rema9s ( l>ge numb]s ( froz5 mammo?s--a type ( ext9ct elephant 7,pl4 #di74 ,_m ( ^! huge bea/s h be5 buri$ = z long z #be1jjj ye>s1 & _! bodies are expos$ z ! froz5 e>? beg9s to ?aw4 ,"s ( ^! giant c>casses h be5 s well pres]v$ t _! fle% has be5 eat5 by dogs & _! tusks sold by ivory trad]s4 ,_m museums display ! orig9al hair & sk9 ( ^! elephants1 & "s h p>ts ( ! fle% & muscle pres]v$ 9 alcohol4 ,orig9al s(t p>ts h also be5 recov]$ f oil-saturat$ soils 9 ea/]n ,pol&4 ,^! deposits yield$ ! well-pres]v$ nose-horn1 a =eleg1 & "p ( ! sk9 ( an ext9ct rh9oc]os4 ,! natural mummies ( gr\nd slo?s h be5 f\nd 9 caves & volcanic crat]s 9 ,new ,mexico & ,arizona4 ,! extremely dry des]t atmosph]e p]mitt$ ?or\gh dehydration ( ! s(t p>ts be=e decay set 91 & specim5s ) portions ( ! orig9al sk91 hair1 t5dons1 & claws h be5 discov]$4 ,"o ( ! m int]e/+ & unusual types ( fossilization is pres]vation 9 amb]4 ,?is type ( pres]vation 0 made possible :5 anci5t insects 7 trapp$ 9 ! /icky gum t exud$ f c]ta9 conif]\s trees4 ,) ! pass+ ( "t ?is res9 h>d5$1 leav+ ! insect encas$ 9 a tomb ( amb]1 & "s insects & spid]s h be5 s well pres]v$ t ev5 f9e hairs & muscle tissues may be /udi$ "u ! microscope4 ,al?\gh ! pres]vation ( orig9al s(t p>ts has produc$ "s int]e/+ & spectacul> fossils1 ?is type ( fossilization is relatively r>e1 & ! paleontologi/ mu/ usually "w ) rema9s t h be5 pres]v$ 9 /one4 ,,orig9al ,,h>d ,,p>ts ,,( ,,organisms ,almo/ all plants & animals possess "s type ( h>d p>ts :i* are capable ( becom+ fossiliz$4 ,su* h>d p>ts may consi/ ( ! %ell mat]ial ( clams1 oy/]s1 or snails1 ! tee? or bones ( v]tebrates1 ! exoskeletons ( crabs1 or ! woody tissue ( plants4 ,^! h>d p>ts are compos$ ( v>i\s m9]als :i* are capable ( resi/+ wea!r+ & *emical action1 & fossils ( ?is sort are relatively common4 ,_m ( ! fossil mollusks f\nd 9 ! ,t]ti>y & ,cretace\s rocks ( ,texas h be5 pres]v$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 "s ( ! specim5s ! orig9al %ell mat]ial is s well pres]v$ t ! iridesc5t "m-(-pe>l lay] ( ! %ell is f\nd virtually intact4 ,?is type ( pres]vation is less common1 h[ev]1 9 ! old] rocks ( ! ,/ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b ,types ( ,fossil ,pres]vation ,figures-- #a4 ,int]nal mold ( a ,texas ,cretace\s ammonite 774 #b4 ,int]nal & ext]nal molds ( ga/ropods & pelecypods 9 ,c$> ,p>k lime/one memb] ( ! ,walnut clay ( ,coman*ean age 774 ,specim5 f qu>ry ne> ,c$> ,p>k1 ,williamson ,c\nty1 ,texas4 #c4 ,int]nal mold ( a ,texas ,cretace\s pelecypod 774 #d4 ,fossil worm tubes on mold ( a ,cretace\s ammonite 774 #e4 ,petrifi$ or p]m9]aliz$ mammal bone ( ,t]ti>y age 774 #f4 ,int]nal mold 7/e9k]n7 ( a typical ,texas ,cretace\s ga/ropod 774 #g4 ,c>bon residue ( a ,t]ti>y fi% 774 ,at c]ta9 localities 9 nor? & c5tral ,texas ! ,woodb9e s&s ( ,upp] ,cretace\s age 7geologic "t scale & geologic map1 ,pls4 #a1 #aj7 conta9 l>ge numb]s ( %>k & fi% tee? 7,pl4 #cg71 fi% scales & v]tebrae4 ,! rema9s ( ^! v]tebrates are unusually well pres]v$ & are priz$ by bo? amateur & pr(essional collectors4 ,calc>e\s ,rema9s ,h>d p>ts compos$ ( calcite 7calcium c>bonate7 are v common among ! inv]tebrates4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! %ells ( clams1 snails1 & corals4 ,_m ( ^! %ells h be5 pres]v$ ) little or no evid5ce ( physical *ange 7,pl4 #b74 ,phosphatic ,rema9s ,! bones & tee? ( v]tebrates & ! exoskeletons ( _m inv]tebrates conta9 l>ge am\nts ( calcium phosphate4 ,because ?is comp\nd is p>ticul>ly wea!r resi/ant1 _m phosphatic rema9s 7su* z ! fi% tee? 9 ! ,woodb9e s&s7 are f\nd 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation4 ,silice\s ,rema9s ,_m organisms hav+ skeletal elem5ts compos$ ( silica 7silicon dioxide7 h be5 pres]v$ ) little obs]vable *ange4 ,! silice\s h>d p>ts ( _m micr(ossils & c]ta9 types ( sponges h become fossiliz$ 9 ?is mann] 7,pl4 #ad74 ,*it9\s ,rema9s ,"s organisms h an exoskeleton 7out] body cov]+7 compos$ ( *it91 a mat]ial t is simil> to f+] nails4 ,! fossiliz$ *it9\s exoskeletons ( ar?ropods & o!r organisms are commonly pres]v$ z ?9 films ( c>bon because ( _! *emical composition & me?od ( burial4 ,,alt]$ ,,h>d ,,p>ts ,,( ,,organisms ,! orig9al h>d p>ts ( an organism normally und]go great *ange aft] burial4 ,^! *anges take place 9 _m ways1 b ! type ( alt]ation is usually det]m9$ by ! composition ( ! h>d p>ts & :]e ! organism liv$4 ,"s ( ! m common processes ( alt]ation are discuss$ bel[4 ,c>bonization ,?is process1 kn[n also z di/illation takes place z organic matt] sl[ly decays aft] burial4 ,dur+ ! process ( decomposition1 ! organic matt] gradually loses its gases & liquids leav+ only a ?9 film ( c>bonace\s mat]ial 7,pl4 #b1 fig4 #g74 ,?is is ! same process by :i* coal is =m$1 & l>ge numb]s ( c>boniz$ plant fossils h be5 f\nd 9 _m coal deposits4 ,9 ,texas ! c>boniz$ rema9s ( plants1 fi%1 & c]ta9 inv]tebrates h be5 pres]v$ 9 ?is mann]1 & "s ( ^! c>bon residues h accurately record$ ev5 ! mo/ m9ute /ructures ( ^! organisms4 ,petrifaction or ,p]m9]alization ,_m fossils h be5 p]m9]aliz$ or petrifi$--lit]ally turn$ to /one4 ,?is type ( pres]vation occurs :5 m9]al-be>+ gr\nd wat]s infiltrate por\s bone1 %ell1 or plant mat]ial4 ,^! und]gr\nd wat]s deposit _! m9]al cont5t 9 ! empty spaces ( ! h>d p>ts mak+ !m heavi] & m resi/ant to wea!r+4 ,"s ( ! m common m9]als deposit$ 9 ?is mann] are calcite1 silica1 & v>i\s comp\nds ( iron4 ,replacem5t or ,m9]alization ,?is type ( pres]vation takes place :5 ! orig9al h>d p>ts ( organisms are remov$ aft] be+ dissolv$ by und]gr\nd wat]4 ,?is is accompani$ by almo/ simultane\s deposition ( o!r sub/ances 9 ! result+ voids4 ,"s replac$ fossils w h ! orig9al /ructure de/roy$ by ! replac+ m9]als4 ,o!rs1 z 9 ! case ( c]ta9 silicifi$ tree trunks1 may be pres]v$ 9 m9ute detail4 ,al?\gh m ?an #ej m9]als h be5 kn[n to replace orig9al organic /ructures1 ! mo/ frequ5t replac+ sub/ances are calcite1 dolomite 7a calcium magnesium c>bonate71 silica1 & c]ta9 iron comp\nds4 ,replacem5t by calc>e\s mat]ial ,calc>e\s replacem5t occurs :5 ! h>d p>ts ( an organism are replac$ by calcite1 dolomite1 or aragonite 7a m9]al :i* is compos$ ( calcium c>bonate b :i* is less /able ?an calcite74 ,! exoskeletons ( _m corals1 e*9od]ms1 bra*iopods1 & mollusks h be5 replac$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,replacem5t by silice\s mat]ial ,:5 ! orig9al organic h>d p>ts h be5 replac$ by silica ! fossil is said to h und]gone silicification1 & ?is type ( replacem5t (t5 produces a v high degree ( pres]vation4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! silicifi$ ,p]mian 7geologic "t scale1 ,pl4 #a7 fossils f ! ,glass ,m\nta9s 9 ,brew/] ,c\nty4 ,^! fossils are emb$d$ 9 lime/one :i* mu/ be dissolv$ 9 vats ( acid1 & aft] ! enclos+ rock has be5 dissolv$ ! residue yields an amaz+ v>iety ( p]fectly pres]v$ inv]tebrate fossils 7,pl4 #c74 ,silicifi$ ,cretace\s fossils h be5 recov]$ f ! ,edw>ds lime/one ( c5tral ,texas4 ,! silicifi$ fauna is re/rict$ to a few scatt]$ localities1 ea* ( :i* may yield _m unusually well-pres]v$ fossils4 ,replacem5t by iron comp\nds ,sev]al diff]5t iron comp\nds h be5 kn[n to replace organic matt]4 ,_m ,texas lime/ones conta9 fossil snails & clams :i* h _h _! orig9al %ell mat]ial replac$ by iron comp\nds su* z limonite1 hematite1 m>casite1 or pyrite4 ,c]ta9 ( ! fossilif]\s ,t]ti>y s&/ones ( ! ,texas ,gulf ,coa/ area conta9 l>ge am\nts ( glauconite :i* commonly replac$ organic mat]ial4 ,9 "s areas entire faunas h be5 replac$ by iron comp\nds4 ,su* is ! case 9 ! fam\s 8,pyrite ,fossil ,zone0 ( ! ,pawpaw =mation 7,l[] ,cretace\s7 9 ,t>rant ,c\nty4 ,! fossils 9 ?is "p ( ! =mation are v small or 8dw>f$0 & h be5 replac$ by limonite1 hematite1 or pyrite4 ,ammonites1 clams1 snails1 & corals are p>ticul>ly abundant at ?is locality4 ,,traces ,,( ,,organisms ,fossils consi/ n only ( plant & animal rema9s b ( any evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is type ( fossilization !re is no direct evid5ce ( ! orig9al organism1 r !re is "s def9ite indication ( ! =m] pres5ce ( "s anci5t plant or animal4 ,objects ( ?is sort normally furni% consid]able in=mation z to ! id5tity or *>act]i/ics ( ! organism responsible = !m4 ,molds & ,ca/s ,_m %ells1 bones1 leaves1 & o!r =ms ( organic matt] are pres]v$ z molds & ca/s4 ,if a %ell _h be5 press$ d[n into ! ocean bottom be=e ! s$im5t _h h>d5$ into rock1 x may h left ! impression ( ! ext]ior ( ! %ell4 ,?is impression is kn[n z a mold 7,pl4 #b74 ,if at "s lat] "t ?is mold 0 fill$ ) ano!r mat]ial1 ?is produc$ a ca/4 ,?is ca/ w %[ ! orig9al ext]nal *>act]i/ics ( ! %ell4 ,su* objects are call$ ext]nal molds if !y %[ ! ext]nal features ( ! h>d p>ts 7,pl4 #b1 fig4 #b7 & int]nal molds 7,pl4 #b1 fig4 #c7 if ! nature ( ! inn] p>ts is %[n4 ,molds & ca/s are to be f\nd 9 almo/ all ( ! fossil-be>+ rocks ( ,texas1 & !y make up a l>ge "p ( mo/ fossil collections4 ,x is p>ticul>ly common to f9d fossil clams & snails pres]v$ by ?is me?od4 ,?is is prim>ily because _! %ells are compos$ ( m9]als t are relatively easy to dissolve1 & ! orig9al %ell mat]ial is (t5 de/roy$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c ,silicifi$ ,bra*iopods ,all specim5s f ,p]mian lime/ones ( ! ,glass ,m\nta9s1 ,brew/] ,c\nty1 ,texas ,figures-- #a1 #b4 ,avonia sp41 #b4 ,v5tral & side view ( two p$icle valves %[+ long sl5d] sp9es4 #c4 ,avonia sp41 #f4 ,"y specim5 %[+ atta*m5t r+ at apex4 #d-f4 ,muirwoodia multi/riatus ,meek1 #d4 ,respectively1 side & v5tral view ( p$icle valve & dorsal view ( bra*ial valve4 #g-i4 8,m>g9if]a0 opima ,girty4 ,respectively1 v5tral & side view ( p$icle valve %[+ long /\t sp9es 7#d7 & int]ior ( bra*ial valve %[+ muscle sc>s & bra*ial ridges 7#b74 #aj-ac4 ,aulo/eges tub]culatus ,r4 ,e4 ,k+1 #d4 ,respectively1 side & int]ior view ( bra*ial valve %[+ muscle sc>s2 v5tral view ( p$icle valve %[+ bru% ( atta*m5t sp9es on e>s2 & v5tral view ( a "y p$icle valve4 #ad4 ,avonia sp41 #d4 ,v5tral view ( a specim5 ) long sp9es4 #ae1 #af4 ,avonia subhorrida 7,meek71 #b4 ,v5tral view ( a p$icle valve & dorsal view ( a bra*ial valve %[+ sp9es on bo?4 #ag4 ,avonia signata 7,girty71 #b4 ,dorsal view ( a l>ge specim5 %[+ hairlike sp9es on bra*ial valve4 #ah-bj4 ,prori*?(5ia p]miana 7,%um>d74 ,respectively1 side & po/]ior view ( p$icle valve 7#d7 & int]ior ( dorsal valve 7#b7 %[+ an*or sp9es & int]ior sp9es ( ! bra*ial valve4 #ba4 ,het]alosia hy/ricula 7,girty71 #b4 ,clu/] ( individuals atta*$ to a l>ge ,m>g9if]a4 ,photograph c\rtesy ( ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,coop]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,tracks1 ,trails1 & ,burr[s ,_m animals h left records ( _! movem5ts ov] dry l& or ! sea bottom4 ,"s ( ^!1 su* z footpr9ts 7,pl4 #d71 indicate n only ! type ( animal t left !m b (t5 provide valuable in=mation ab\t ! animal's environm5t4 ,?us1 ! /udy ( a s]ies ( d9osaur tracks w\ld n only indicate ! size & %ape ( ! foot b also provide "s in=mation z to ! weight & l5g? ( ! animal4 ,9 addition1 ! type ( rock conta9+ ! track w\ld help det]m9e ! conditions "u :i* ! d9osaur liv$4 ,"s ( ! _w's mo/ fam\s d9osaur tracks are to be f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s lime/ones 9 ,som]vell ,c\nty1 ,texas4 ,^! footpr9ts1 :i* are ab\t #aaj1jjj1jjj ye>s old 7,pl4 #d71 7 discov]$ 9 ! b$ ( ,paluxy ,creek ne> ! t[n ( ,gl5 ,rose4 ,l>ge segm5ts ( ! rock conta9+ ^! tracks 7 collect$ by paleontologi/s ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,new ,york ,city & ! ,texas ,memorial ,museum at ,au/94 ,great slabs ( lime/one 7 transport$ to ! museums1 replac$ 9 _! orig9al position1 & are n[ on display z mute evid5ce ( ! gigantic size ( ^! trem5d\s reptiles4 ,inv]tebrates also leave tracks & trails ( _! activities1 & ^! m>k+s may be se5 on ! surfaces ( _m s&/one & lime/one deposits4 ,^! may be simple tracks1 left z ! animal mov$ ov] ! surface1 or ! burr[s ( crabs or o!r burr[+ animals4 ,m>k+s ( ?is sort provide "s evid5ce ( ! mann] ( locomotion ( ^! organisms & ( ! type ( environm5t t !y inhabit$4 ,coprolites ,coprolites are fossil dung or body wa/e 7fig4 #a74 ,^! objects c provide valuable in=mation z to ! food habits or anatomical /ructure ( ! animal t made !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,sket* ( a coprolite--fossiliz$ animal excrem5t4 ,ga/roli?s ,^! highly poli%$ well-r\nd$ /ones 7fig4 #b7 are believ$ to h be5 us$ 9 ! /oma*s ( reptiles = gr9d+ ! food into small] pieces4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ^! 8/oma* /ones0 h be5 f\nd ) ! rema9s ( c]ta9 types ( d9osaurs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,sket* ( a ga/roli?--! gizz>d /one ( an anci5t reptile4 ,,pseud(ossils ,among ! _m inorganic objects =m$ by nature !re are "s t be> sup]ficial resemblance to plants or animals4 ,because !y are (t5 mi/ak5 = organic rema9s1 ^! objects h be5 call$ pseud(ossils1 or 8false fossils40 ,d5drites ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,d5drites4 ,^! ?9 bran*+ m9]al deposits be> a m>k$ resemblance to plants1 h5ce !y are call$ pseud(ossils4 ,al?\gh ^! closely resemble ! rema9s ( f]ns or o!r plant mat]ial 7fig4 #c71 d5drites are actually ?9 incru/ations ( manganese dioxide4 ,!y are (t5 f\nd along ! b$d+ planes ( ,cretace\s & ,paleozoic 7geologic "t scale1 ,pl4 #a7 lime/ones 9 _m p>ts ( ,texas4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #d ,d9osaur tracks 9 lime/one 9 b$ ( ,paluxy ,creek ne> ,gl5 ,rose1 ,som]vell ,c\nty1 ,texas4 ,photograph c\rtesy ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,p]mission to reproduce by ,r4 ,t4 ,bird4 ,slick5sides ,^! are /riations t are produc$ :5 rock surfaces move pa/ ea* o!r :ile be+ fractur$4 ,slick5sides may sup]ficially resemble c]ta9 ( ! ,p5nsylvanian coal plants ( ,texas4 ,s9ce slick5sides are commonly at an angle to ! b$d+ plane & plant rema9s lie p>allel to ! b$d+ plane1 ! two are usually easily di/+ui%$4 ,concretions ,_m %ales & s&/ones conta9 h>d5$ masses ( m9]als & rock t are (t5 mi/ak5 = fossils4 ,^! masses1 call$ concretions1 are usually f\nd wea!r$ out ( ! surr\nd+ rock & may assume ! %ape ( bones1 fl[]s1 vegetables1 turtles1 etc4 ,al?\gh ^! concretions d n repres5t organic rema9s1 x is sometimes possible to f9d true fossils inside !m4 ,,:]e ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,collect ,,fossils ,9 fossil collect+1 z 9 mo/ 8collect+0 hobbies1 ! key to success lies 9 kn[+ :]e to look1 :at equipm5t to use1 & ! mo/ effective me?ods ( collect+4 ,,collect+ ,,equipm5t ,fossil collect+ is a relatively inexp5sive hobby because x requires a m9imum ( supplies & equipm5t4 ,h[ev]1 z 9 almo/ any hobby1 !re are c]ta9 basic items ( equipm5t t mu/ be acquir$4 ,hamm] ,! hamm] is ! basic tool 9 ! collector's kit4 ,almo/ any type ( hamm] is satisfactory1 b z collect+ exp]i5ce is ga9$ x may be desirable to get a geologi/'s hamm]4 ,^! hamm]s1 also call$ m9]alogi/'s or prospector's picks1 are ( two types4 ,"o type has a squ>e head on "o end & a pick on ! o!r 7,pl4 #e73 ! o!r type is simil> to a /onemason's or bricklay]'s hamm] & has a *isel end in/ead ( ! po9t$ pick end4 ,! squ>e head ( ! hamm] is useful 9 break+ or *ipp+ h>d] rocks1 & ! *isel or pick end is good = digg+1 pry+1 & splitt+ s(t rocks4 ,collect+ ,bag ,x w be necess>y to h "s type ( bag 9 :i* to c>ry equipm5t1 fossils1 & o!r supplies4 ,a ,boy ,sc\t knapsack1 musette bag 7,pl4 #e71 hunt+ bag1 or simil> canvas or lea!r bag is suitable4 ,*isels ,a pair ( *isels is useful :5 fossils mu/ be *ipp$ out ( ! surr\nd+ rock4 ,two sizes1 pref]ably & #a in*1 w usually suffice4 ,a small %>p pun* or awl is effective 9 remov+ small] specim5s f ! s(t] rocks4 ,wrapp+ ,mat]ials ,"s specim5s are m fragile ?an o!rs1 & ^! %\ld be h&l$ ) special c>e4 ,sev]al %eets ( newspap] %\ld always be kept 9 ! collect+ bag1 & ea* specim5 %\ld be wrapp$ individually z x is collect$4 ,su* precautions tak5 9 ! field w usually prev5t priz$ specim5s f be+ brok5 or o!rwise damag$4 ,9 addition to newspap]1 x is wise to c>ry a supply ( tissue pap] 9 :i* to wrap m fragile specim5s4 ,map1 ,notebook1 & ,p5cil ,x is mo/ important to h "s me?od ( record+ :]e ! fossils 7 f\nd4 ,x is v easy to =get :]e ! mat]ial 0 collect$1 & "o %\ld nev] rely on memory4 ,a small pocket-siz$ notebook is inexp5sive & j ! "r size to c>ry 9 ! field4 ,a highway or c\nty map %\ld be us$ to f9d ! geographic location ( ea* collect+ locality4 ,maps ( ,texas c\nties c be obta9$ f ! ,texas ,highway ,dep>tm5t1 ,file ,d-#aj1 ,au/9 #ad1 ,texas4 ,^! maps come 9 ?ree diff]5t sizes1 b = mo/ purposes ! #ahbe-;in* %eets1 ) a scale ( in* #a mile1 w be satisfactory4 ,^! are available = all c\nties & may be pur*as$ at a nom9al price4 ,magnify+ ,glass ,a magnify+ glass or h& l5s 7,pl4 #e7 is useful = look+ at small specim5s & w also prove helpful 9 exam9+ ! f9] details ( l>g] fossils4 ,a #aj-p[] magnification is satisfactory = mo/ purposes1 & sev]al inexp5sive models are available4 ,pap] or ,clo? ,bags ,small bags are useful 9 sep>at+ specim5s f diff]5t localities4 ,heavy-duty h>dw>e bags = l>ge r\gh mat]ial & m$ium-weight groc]y bags = small] specim5s may be us$4 ,locality data may be writt5 directly on ! bag or on a label plac$ inside ) ! fossils4 ,z an add$ precaution "s collectors d bo?4 ,! m s]i\s collector may want to use a clo? geological sample bag 7,pl4 #e74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #e ,,fossil ,,collect+ ,,equipm5t ,,geologic ,,hamm] 7,*isel end7 ,,magnify+ ,,glass ,,geologic ,,hamm] 7,pick end7 ,,collect+ ,,bag ,,sample ,,sack ,o!r ,useful ,items ,! items describ$ above are ^? t are mo/ ne$$ & con/itute ! basic equipm5t ( ! fossil hunt]4 ,! s]i\s amateur may wi% to include c]ta9 additional items :i* w place 8 collect+ on a m pr(essional basis4 ,"s ( ^! accessory items are3 #a4 ,a topographic map ( ! collect+ area4 ,^! are available = _m p>ts ( ! ,/ate & are publi%$ & di/ribut$ at nom9al co/ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 &_/or ,d5v]1 ,colorado4 ,! ,survey c supply an index %eet %[+ all su* maps available = ,texas4 #b4 ,a geologic map ( ! collect+ area if "o is available4 ,! li/ ( publications ( ! ,bureau ( ,economic ,geology %\ld be consult$ to see if a geologic report or map ( ! area has be5 publi%$4 ,?is li/ may be obta9$ )\t *>ge f ! ,bureau ( ,economic ,geology1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,texas1 ,au/9 #ab1 ,texas4 #c4 ,! geologic map ( ,texas4 ,al?\gh a geologic map ( ,texas is includ$ 9 ?is publication 7,pl4 #aj71 ! scale is s small t its use is some:at limit$4 ,= m detail$ "w a l>g] geologic map 9 color 7scale3 #a in* #ca4ef miles7 may be ord]$ f ! ,bureau4 ,! sale price is #be c5ts4 #d4 ,a compass = m accurate location ( collect+ localities4 #e4 ,adhesive or mask+ tape4 ,! locality in=mation c be writt5 on ! tape & appli$ directly to ! specim54 #f4 ,pap] labels 7ab\t #ce in*es74 ,a prop]ly complet$ label %\ld be plac$ inside ea* bag ( mat]ial4 ,,:]e ,,to ,,look ,kn[+ :]e to look = fossils is a v important "p ( fossil collect+4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t igne\s & metamorphic rocks are n likely to be fossilif]\s1 b t mo/ fossils are f\nd 9 m>9e s$im5t>y rocks4 ,^! s$im5ts 7 deposit$ "u conditions t 7 favorable = organisms dur+ life & :i* facilitat$ pres]vation aft] dea?4 ,lime/ones1 limy %ales1 & c]ta9 types ( s&/ones are typically deposit$ "u su* conditions4 ,"o %\ld look p>ticul>ly = areas :]e rocks =m$ f m>9e s$im5ts lie relatively flat & h n be5 greatly di/urb$ by heat1 pressure1 & o!r physical or *emical *anges4 ,if ! rocks appe> to h und]gone consid]able fold+ & fractur+1 !re is great likelihood t any fossils t 7 pres5t h be5 de/roy$ or damag$ by ?is action4 ,qu>ries are good places to look b "o %\ld be sure to obta9 p]mission be=e ent]+4 ,rock exposures 9 qu>ries are r fre% b h und]gone "s wea!r+4 ,qu>ries h be5 op5$ 9 _m ( ! lime/one =mations ( ,texas1 & l>ge numb]s ( f9e specim5s h be5 collect$ 9 "s ( ^! excavations4 ,c]ta9 ,l[] ,cretace\s lime/ones are useful = road metal1 build+ /one1 or 9 ! manufacture ( portl& cem5t1 & ext5sive qu>ry+ has be5 und]tak5 9 ! ,edw>ds ,plateau region ( ,texas 7,pl4 #i74 ,bones & petrifi$ wood are frequ5tly f\nd 9 s& & gravel qu>ries 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be giv5 to all railroad & highway cuts z rocks expos$ 9 ?is way are usually /ill 9 _! orig9al position & are fairly well wea!r$4 ,cuts made by rec5t con/ruction are usually m productive aft] !y h und]gone a p]iod ( wea!r+ z ?is helps to sep>ate ! fossils f _! enclos+ rocks4 ,gullies1 canyons1 & /ream b$s are also good places to exam9e4 ,^! areas are cont9ually subject$ to ! processes ( erosion or /ream action1 & new mat]ial is uncov]$ ye> aft] ye>4 ,if !re are ab&on$ coal m9es ne>by1 ! dumps ( wa/e rock ar\nd ! m9e %afts c\ld be *eck$4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( su* wa/e may reveal f9e specim5s ( well-pres]v$ plant fossils4 ,coal has be5 m9$ 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,texas1 & ab&on$ %afts or dumps are /ill pres5t 9 "s c\nties4 ,! bitum9\s coals ( ,texas are pr$om9antly ,p5nsylvanian 9 age1 & m9+ has be5 c>ri$ on 9 ! foll[+ c\nties3 ,ea/l&1 ,era?1 ,jack1 ,palo ,p9to1 ,p>k]1 ,wise1 ,"y4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,collect ,:5 a likely collect+ spot has be5 locat$1 ! gr\nd %\ld be exam9$ v c>efully to see if !re are any rock fragm5ts :i* conta9 pieces ( %ell or ! impr9ts ( leaves or o!r organisms4 ,if ! fossils h be5 fre$ by wea!r+1 !y c be easily pick$ up & plac$ 9 ! bag4 ,_m times1 h[ev]1 x w be necess>y to take ! hamm] & v c>efully remove ! surr\nd+ rock4 ,small] specim5s may be m safely fre$ ) ! c>eful use ( ! prop] size *isel by g5tly tapp+ ! *isel & gradually *ipp+ away ! matrix--! rock t is hold+ ! specim54 ,aft] mo/ ( ! matrix has be5 remov$1 ! fossil %\ld be c>efully wrapp$ & plac$ 9 ! collect+ bag4 ,be=e leav+ a collect+ locality1 "o %\ld be sure to record its geographic location & ! geologic age ( ! rock 9 :i* ! fossils 7 f\nd4 ,! place %\ld be locat$ on ! map & ! locality ent]$ 9 ! notebook 9 su* a mann] t x c\ld easily be locat$ aga9 = additional collect+4 ,if a c\nty or topographic map is available1 x is wise to m>k ! locality on ! map4 ,! geographic & geologic data %\ld be writt5 on a label plac$ 9 ! bag ( fossils collect$ at t p>ticul> locality4 ,9 addition1 _m collectors f9d x helpful to write ! locality on ! outside ( ea* bag ( fossils4 ,mat]ial f sep>ate localities %\ld be kept 9 individual clo? or pap] bags1 & ! collector %\ld take e precaution to keep ! labels ) _! respective fossils4 ,rememb] t a fossil )\t a locality is h>dly wor? ! pap] x is wrapp$ 94 ,! collector %\ld always ask ! l& own]'s p]mission be=e ent]+ or collect+ on private prop]ty4 ,"o %\ld respect all prop]ty1 especially live/ock & f5ces1 & leave ! area clean] ?an :5 ent]$4 ,if ^! precautions are obs]v$1 future collectors w probably be welcome to return = additional collect+4 ,,clean+ ,,& ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,fossils ,x is usually necess>y to d ! f9al clean+ & prep>ation ( fossils at home or 9 ! laboratory1 = mo/ fossils br\ght 9 f ! field require consid]able prep>ation be=e !y are ready = display4 ,excess matrix %\ld be c>efully remov$ ) hamm] & *isel2 bl[s %\ld always be direct$ away f ! fossil4 ,small] tools 7ne$les1 tweez]s1 & awls7 %\ld be us$ 9 ! f9al prep>ation /age1 & "o %\ld "w c>efully to avoid damag+ ! specim54 ,be=e />t+ ! f9al clean+1 x w be helpful to place ! fossils 9 wat] & let !m soak ov]night4 ,?is w loos5 mu* ( ! excess rock1 & mo/ ( ! s(t] mat]ial c !n be remov$ ) a small scrub bru% or too? bru%4 ,m\nt$ ne$les c be us$ to clean m delicate specim5s or ar\nd ! small] /ructures ( l>g] fossils4 ,x may be advisable to use ! magnify+ glass :5 work+ ) small fossils or ) delicate surface /ructures ( l>g] specim5s4 ,brok5 fossils c be repair$ ) cle> pla/ic h\sehold cem5t1 & specim5s t are crumbl+ may be coat$ ) pure :ite %ellac1 ?9n$ collodion1 or cle> nail poli%4 ,! latt] is pref]r$ z x is n z likely to crack4 ,fragm5ts ( bone are p>ticul>ly apt to crumble ^u exposure to ! air4 ,?is type ( fossil is normally q fragile & %\ld be excavat$ ) great c>e & %ellac$ z soon z dry4 ,dilute hydro*loric acid may be us$ 9 remov+ silicifi$ fossils f a calc>e\s matrix4 ,! mat]ial to be et*$ %\ld be plac$ 9 a pott]y or glass conta9] & cov]$ ) wat]4 ,acid %\ld !n be add$ to ! wat] v sl[ly & until l>ge numb]s ( bubbles are giv5 (f4 ,ea* "t ! bubbl+ ceases1 m acid %\ld be add$ & ?is process %\ld be repeat$ until ! fossil is free ( matrix4 ,?is proc$ure %\ld be c>ri$ on 9 a well-v5tilat$ place1 & ! acid %\ld be h&l$ ) extreme caution4 ,hydro*loric acid c cause damage or s]i\s injury & ! fumes are extremely corrosive4 ,,h[ ,,fossils ,,are ,,nam$ ,9 ord] to get ! maximum pleasure out ( fossil collect+1 mo/ amateur paleontologi/s want to id5tify & classify ! fossils t !y h collect$4 ,?is requires "s k ( h[ fossils are classifi$ & h[ !y receive _! sci5tific names4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,classification ,! numb] ( organisms1 bo? liv+ & ext9ct1 is s great t "s sy/em ( classification is ne$$ to l9k !m all toge!r4 ,_m fossils be> di/9ct simil>ities to plants & animals t are liv+ today1 & = ?is reason paleontological classification is simil> to t us$ to classify mod]n organisms4 ,?is sy/em1 kn[n z ! sy/em ( b9omial nom5clature1 0 fir/ us$ consi/5tly 9 #ageh by ,l9n 7or ,l9naeus71 an e>ly ,sw$i% naturali/4 ,sci5tific names e/abli%$ 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( b9omial nom5clature consi/ ( two p>ts3 ! g5]ic 7or g5us7 "n & ! trivial "n4 ,^! names are commonly d]iv$ f ,greek or ,lat9 words :i* are usually descriptive ( ! organism or fossil be+ nam$4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 be d]iv$ f ! names ( p or places1 & 9 su* in/ances ! names are always ,lat9iz$4 ,greek or ,lat9 is us$ because !y are 8dead0 languages & n subject to *ange4 ,!y are also 8int]national0 languages 9 t sci5ti/s all ov] ! _w c use ! same names reg>dless ( :at language !y write 94 ,! sy/em ( b9omial nom5clature has l$ to ! developm5t ( ! sci5ce ( taxonomy1 ! sy/ematic classification & nam+ ( plants & animals accord+ to _! relation%ips4 ,,! ,,units ,,( ,,classification ,! _w ( organic life has be5 divid$ into ! plant & animal k+doms4 ,^! k+doms h be5 fur!r divid$ into l>g] divisions call$ phyla 7f ! ,greek ^w phylon1 a race74 ,ea* phylum is compos$ ( organisms ) c]ta9 *>act]i/ics 9 common4 ,= example1 all animals ) a sp9al cord 7or noto*ord7 are assign$ to ! phylum ,*ordata4 ,! phylum is r$uc$ to small] divisions call$ classes1 classes are divid$ into ord]s1 ord]s into families1 families into g5]a1 & ea* g5us is divid$ into /ill small] units call$ species4 ,a species may be fur!r r$uc$ to subspecies1 v>ieties1 or o!r subspecific categories1 b ^! ne$ n conc]n u 9 a publication ( ?is nature4 ,! foll[+ table illu/rates ! use ( b9omial nom5clature 9 ! classification ( man1 a clam1 & a dog4 ,unit ,man ,dog ,clam ,k+dom ,animalia ,animalia ,animalia ,phylum ,*ordata ,*ordata ,mollusca ,class ,mammalia ,mammalia ,pelecypoda ,ord] ,primates ,c>nivora ,eulamellibran*ia ,family ,hom9idae ,canidae ,v5]idae ,g5us ,homo ,canis ,v5us ,species sapi5s famili>is m]c5>ia ,! g5]ic "n & ! trivial "n con/itute ! sci5tific "n ( a species & accord+ to ?is sy/em ( classification ! sci5tific "n ( all liv+ m5 is ,homo sapi5s4 ,x is obvi\s t !re are _m v>iations among individual m51 b all m5 h c]ta9 g5]al *>act]i/ics 9 common & are !re=e plac$ 9 ! same species4 ,9 a sci5tific "n1 ! g5]ic "n is always />t$ ) a capital lett] & ! trivial "n ) a small lett]4 ,bo? names mu/ be italiciz$ or und]l9$4 ,! "n ( ! au?or 7! p]son :o fir/ describ$ ! fossil7 usually appe>s foll[+ ! sci5tific "n4 ,! date ( ! sci5tific publication conta9+ ! orig9al description ( ! fossil is (t5 plac$ aft] ! au?or4 ,= example3 ,turrilites wor!nsis ,adk9s & ,w9ton #aibj ,) ! l>ge numb]s ( plants & animals t are liv+ today1 plus ^? ( ! pa/1 r&om nam+ w\ld result 9 mu* confusion4 ,= ?is reason sci5ti/s h e/abli%$ /rict rules t mu/ be foll[$ :5 a specim5 is nam$4 ,! /rict application ( ^! rules enables sci5ti/s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w to assign sci5tific names )\t fe> ( duplication4 ,,id5tification ,,( ,,fossils ,! beg9n+ collector is usually cont5t to "k if 8 specim5 is a clam or a snail or a f]n or a palm leaf4 ,b z ! collection gr[s1 x becomes increas+ly desirable to "k ! sci5tific "n ( ea* fossil4 ,:5 he />ts to id5tify fossils x may be helpful to %[ !m to a geology tea*] if a college or univ]sity is ne>by4 ,mo/ tea*]s are glad to be ( help & w probably h simil> specim5s 9 _! own collections4 ,z all colleges d n h geology dep>tm5ts1 a li/ ( in/itutions ) geologi/s on _! faculties is includ$ at ! end ( ?is section ( ! h&book 7p4 #bg74 ,9 addition1 _m ( ! sci5ce tea*]s 9 ! public s*ools are famili> ) fossils & c give helpful sugge/ions z to h[ to classify mat]ial4 ,museums are also good places f :i* to get help4 ,if ! museum has a geological collection1 x w be mo/ helpful to comp>e specim5s ) ! fossils 9 _! collections & to ask ! museum p]sonnel = advice4 ,9 addition to ! above s\rces ( in=mation1 local pr(essional geologi/s are usually famili> ) ! geology ( ! local area & ! paleontological lit]ature ( ! region4 ,possibly local libr>ians c recomm5d books1 encyclop$ias1 or o!r publications t w be ( help4 ,memb]s ( a local rock & m9]al club1 if "o is available1 are ano!r s\rce ( in=mation4 ,_m times ^! collectors c pass along good ideas & tell exactly :i* books to consult4 ,aft] books or j\rnals describ+ ! fossils ( ! area h be5 locat$1 ! collect$ specim5s %\ld be closely comp>$ ) any illu/rations t are %[n4 ,ea* fossil %\ld be exam9$ c>efully1 its m *>act]i/ic features not$1 & x %\ld aga9 be comp>$ ) ! illu/rations & descriptions 9 ! book4 ,! phylum or class to :i* ! specim5 belongs %\ld be det]m9$ fir/4 ,= example1 ! g5us & species ( a c]ta9 fossil may n be kn[n1 b x looks l a snail & accord+ly x is nam$ a ga/ropod 7= class ,ga/ropoda1 ! snail class71 & ?is is1 at lea/1 a />t 9 det]m9+ ! sci5tific "n ( t p>ticul> fossil4 ,! descriptive mat]ial 9 ! text ( ea* ref]5ce w usually po9t out ! m detail$ features :i* w be diagno/ic ( ! g5us or species4 ,! illu/rations & descriptive mat]ial 9 ?is publication w also be ( consid]able help 9 id5tification4 ,_m illu/rations ( ! m common inv]tebrate fossils h be5 includ$1 b ! publication 0 n design$ prim>ily = use 9 fossil id5tification4 ,r1 x is int5d$ to guide ! amateur or /ud5t :o is int]e/$ 9 fossil collect+1 & to furni% sugge/ions z to h[ collect+ may be m effectively pursu$4 ,,use ,,( ,,id5tification ,,keys ,fossil id5tification keys may be useful 9 help+ ! beg9n+ collector id5tify specim5s4 ,! collector comp>es a fossil ) ! key description & elim9ates ^? *>act]s t d n fit ! specim54 ,! key us$ 9 ?is h&book is bas$ prim>ily on symmetry--! ord]ly arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( an object ) ref]5ce to l9es1 planes1 or po9ts4 ,! %ape ( ! %ell or body1 pres5ce or abs5ce ( coil+1 & pres5ce or abs5ce ( body p>titions are also useful crit]ia 9 id5tify+ fossils4 ,to use ! key ! beg9n] %\ld "k some?+ ab\t symmetry4 ,two major types ( symmetry are us$ 9 ?is key4 #a4 ,radial symmetry--! symmetrical repetition ( p>ts ar\nd an axis4 ,?is is ! symmetry ( a :eel1 & any v]tical section ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! object divides x into symmetrical halves 7fig4 #d;a74 #b4 ,bilat]al symmetry--! symmetrical duplication ( p>ts on ea* side ( a plane 7fig4 #e74 ,! plane divides ! object into two halves t are mirror images ( ea* o!r4 ,?is is ! symmetry ( a plank4 ,x %\ld be not$ t _m objects may h bo? k9ds ( symmetry4 ,= example3 ,a cone :5 view$ f ! top has radial symmetry & :5 view$ f ! side %[s bilat]al symmetry 7fig4 #d;a1 b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,types ( symmetry 9 a fossil coral4 7a7 ,radial symmetry4 7b7 ,bilat]al symmetry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,bilat]al symmetry z display$ by a typical fossil bra*iopod4 ,an illu/ration ( ! use ( ! key on pages #bf-bg foll[s4 ,assum+ t a specim5 displays radial symmetry1 ?is means t x belongs "u ,"p ,i on ! key4 ,if ! fossil has a tap]+1 cyl9drical1 cone-%ap$ %ell 78,a0 on ! key71 ! subhead+s "u ! 8,a0 "p ( ! key are exam9$4 ,%\ld ! specim5 h a %ell :i* is r\nd1 tap]+ at "o end1 ) transv]se septa or sutures 7numb] #b "u 8,a071 x is probably a cephalopod4 ,?is is indicat$ on ! "r h& side ( ! page4 ,numb] #a "u 8,a0 is elim9at$ because ! fossil did n h longitud9al radial p>titions )9 ! %ell4 ,"s fossils display no app>5t symmetry & su* a fossil w\ld be ref]r$ to ,"p ,,iii ( ! key4 ,if ?is fossil _h int]nal transv]se p>titions 8,a0 w\ld be elim9at$4 ,if ! fossil 0 n a coil$ fossil 8,b0 w\ld also be elim9at$ & we w\ld proce$ directly to 8,c0--uncoil$ fossils4 ,if ! specim5 is a bran*+ twig-l fossil1 numb]s #a1 #b1 & #c w\ld be elim9at$ & ! specim5 ref]r$ to numb] #d 7,bran*+ twig-l fossils74 ,%\ld ! specim5 h ev5ly di/ribut$ relatively l>ge op5+s ) radial longitud9al p>titions or septa1 ! specim5 is probably a colonial coral 78b0 "u numb] #d on ! key74 ,! 8a0 "p ( numb] #d w\ld be elim9at$ because ! coral _h l>ge op5+s & radial longitud9al septa4 ,once a t5tative id5tification has be5 made f ! key1 pictures & descriptions ( ?is fossil gr\p are exam9$ to e/abli% a m precise id5tification4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t keys are n p]fect1 & ! collector %\ld n expect to be able to id5tify e specim5 ) ?is key4 ,,id5tification ,,key ,,to ,,ma9 ,,types ,,( ,,inv]tebrate ,,fossils 7,in/ructions on pages #bc-be = use ( key7 ,i4 ,fossils display+ radial symmetry--symmetrical repetition ( p>ts ar\nd a c5tral axis ,a4 ,fossil tap]+1 cyl9drical1 cone-%ap$3 #a4 ,fossil ) longitud9al radial p>titions or septa2 cone-%ap$ ,coral #b4 ,%ell ) transv]se septa or sutures2 tap]+ at "o end ,cephalopod #c4 ,%ell )\t int]nal septa or p>titions3 a4 ,%ell l>ge1 heavy2 usually ) ext]nal longitud9al ribs4 ,occur only 9 ,cretace\s rocks ,rudi/id b4 ,%ell small 7usually less ?an #b in*es long71 tusk-%ap$1 op5 at bo? ends4 ,r>e 9 ,paleozoic & ,mesozoic rocks ,scaphopod ,b4 ,fossil disk-%ap$ or flatt5$ dome-%ap$3 #a4 ,fossil ) radiat+ /> patt]n on top ,e*9oid #b4 ,fossil subconical to hemisph]ical1 dome-%ap$2 base concave or flat2 m9ute pits or pores cov]+ surface2 typically small 7less ?an #c in*es across7 ,bryozoa #c4 ,fossil small 7less ?an in*72 g5]ally disk-%ap$ ,=am9if]a 7orbitoidid7 #d4 ,fossil disk-%ap$ or button-l2 ) longitud9al1 radial p>titions or septa ,coral ,c4 ,fossil compos$ ( segm5ts or plates3 #a4 ,fossil compos$ ( circul> segm5ts1 disks1 or *amb]s2 :5 unit$ =m cyl9d]3 a4 ,tap]$ %ell ,cephalopod b4 ,non-tap]$1 segm5ts small & ( relatively uni=m ?ickness ) hole 9 c5t]2 individual columnals disk-%ap$ ,cr9oid /em #b4 ,fossil compos$ ( _m-sid$ plates3 a4 ,bud-%ap$ fossil ( #ac w$ge-%ap$ plates ,bla/oid b4 ,cup-%ap$ fossil ( _m curv$ plates surr\nd$ by bran*+ arms ,cr9oid ,,ii4 ,fossils display+ bilat]al symmetry--symmetrical duplication ( p>ts on ea* side ( a plane ,a4 ,fossil coil$ 9 a s+le plane3 #a4 ,%ell divid$ by int]nal transv]se p>titions or sutures ,cephalopod #b4 ,%ell )\t int]nal p>titions or sutures ,ga/ropod #c4 ,%ell small2 sp9dle-%ap$2 resembles :eat gra94 ,common 9 ,p5nsylvanian & ,p]mian rocks ,=am9if]a 7fusul9ids7 ,b4 ,fossil n coil$3 #a4 ,%ells or valves simil> to clams3 a4 ,plane ( symmetry p>allel to h+e2 equivalv$ ,pelecypod b4 ,plane ( symmetry 7almo/ bilat]ally symmetrical7 at "r angles to h+e l9e2 mo/ly inequivalv$2 /rongly ribb$4 8,scallop-l0 ) 8e>s40 ,r>e 9 ,paleozoic rocks ,pelecypod c4 ,plane ( symmetry at "r angles to h+e l9e2 inequivalv$2 n 8scallop-l0 & )\t 8e>s40 ,l>g] valve commonly has an op5+ 9 beak4 ,common 9 ,paleozoic rocks ,bra*iopod #b4 ,fossil tap]+1 cyl9drical1 cone-%ap$3 a4 ,fossil ) int]nal longitud9al1 radial septa or p>titions2 cone-%ap$ ,coral b4 ,%ell ) int]nal transv]se p>titions or sutures2 tap]+ at "o end ,cephalopod c4 ,%ell )\t int]nal septa or p>titions4 7#a7 ,%ell l>ge1 heavy2 usually ) ext]nal longitud9al ribs4 ,occur only 9 ,cretace\s rocks ,rudi/id 7#b7 ,%ell small 7usually less ?an #b in*es71 tusk-%ap$1 op5 at bo? ends4 ,r>e 9 ,paleozoic & ,mesozoic rocks ,scaphopod #c4 ,fossil he>t-%ap$1 dom$ or flatt5$2 radial /> patt]n on top ,e*9oid #d4 ,fossil segm5t$3 a4 ,fossil divid$ into #c lobes2 may be curl$ up4 ,n f\nd 9 ,mesozoic or ,c5ozoic rocks ,trilobite b4 ,fossil flatt5$ or elongate2 resembles %rimp1 crab1 or crayfi% ,cru/acean ,,iii4 ,fossils display+ no app>5t symmetry ,a4 ,%ell )\t transv]se int]nal p>titions or sutures3 #a4 ,%ell coil$ l ram's horn1 l[ spir$1 op5+ ( %ell v l>ge2 surface has conc5tric ridges4 ,%ell has two valves2 small]1 flatt5$ valve n (t5 f\nd4 ,9 ,texas f\nd only 9 ,cretace\s rocks ,pelecypod 7,note3 ,"s ,paleozoic ga/ropods1 8#b10 closely resemble l>g] valve ( ^! pelecypods7 #b4 ,%ell tightly coil$2 mo/ h high] spire ?an 8#a40 ,op5+ ( %ell small] ?an 8#a02 %ell n z r\gh z 8#a0 & has only "o valve ,ga/ropod ,b4 ,coil$ fossils2 coil+ n 9 "o plane3 #a4 ,%ell ) transv]se int]nal p>titions or sutures3 a4 ,p>titions always smoo?2 ?ick %ell$2 loosely & irregul>ly coil$1 usually 9 l>ge compact masses ( _m individual %ells4 ,occur only 9 ,cretace\s rocks ,capr9id b4 ,p>titions 7sutures7 usually wr9kl$2 relatively ?9 %ell$2 mo/ly regul>ly & tightly coil$2 occur z sep>ate individual specim5s ,cephalopod #b4 ,%ell )\t transv]se int]nal p>titions or sutures ,ga/ropod #c4 ,solid spiral ridge ar\nd c5tral axis2 resembles a corkscrew ,bryozoa ,c4 ,uncoil$ fossils3 #a4 ,fossil resembles a n>r[ saw blade2 typically f\nd z ?9 film ( c>bon4 ,n f\nd 9 ,mesozoic or ,c5ozoic rocks ,graptolite #b4 ,fossil irregul>ly cone-%ap$2 longitud9al radial p>titions or septa ,coral #c4 ,%ell resembles a clam or oy/] %ell b valve or %ell n symmetrical ,pelecypod 7mo/ly oy/]s7 #d4 ,bran*+ twig-l fossils3 a4 ,fossils cov]$ ) m9ute pores or op5+s ,bryozoa b4 ,fossils ) ev5ly di/ribut$1 relatively l>ge op5+s ) longitud9al radial p>titions or septa ,colonial coral #e4 ,lace-l fossils2 occur z ?9 %eets or films ,bryozoa #f4 ,fossils compos$ ( radiat+ masses ( polygonal or circul> tubes conta9+ radial septa ,colonial coral #g4 ,irregul> fossils2 typically cyl9drical ) r\gh surface3 a4 ,fossil has l>ge axial op5+ & ?ick wall2 usually has ext]nal longitud9al ribs4 ,occurs only 9 ,cretace\s rocks ,rudi/id b4 ,fossil solid ) no l>ge axial op5+2 surface ) small pits or pores 7few] ?an 9 ,bryozoa74 ,9 ,texas1 occurs mo/ commonly 9 ,p5nsylvanian & ,p]mian rocks ,sponge ,,li/ ,,( ,,texas ,,colleges ,,(f]+ ,,geology ,,c\rses ,a4,m4 ,college ( ,texas1 ,college ,/ation ,am>illo ,college1 ,am>illo ,arl+ton ,/ate ,college1 ,arl+ton ,au/9 ,college1 ,%]man ,baylor ,univ]sity1 ,waco ,bl9n ,college1 ,br5ham ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,univ]sity (1 ,corpus ,*ri/i ,del ,m> ,college1 ,corpus ,*ri/i ,ea/ ,texas ,/ate ,college1 ,comm]ce ,h>d9-,simmons ,univ]sity1 ,abil5e ,h5d]son ,c\nty ,junior ,college1 ,a!ns ,h\/on1 ,univ]sity (1 ,h\/on ,h[>d ,c\nty ,junior ,college1 ,big ,spr+ ,kilgore ,college1 ,kilgore ,lam> ,/ate ,college ( ,te*nology1 ,beaumont ,lee ,college1 ,bayt[n ,mc,murry ,college1 ,abil5e ,midwe/]n ,univ]sity1 ,wi*ita ,falls ,nor? ,texas ,/ate ,college1 ,d5ton ,odessa ,college1 ,odessa ,pan ,am]ican ,college1 ,ed9burg ,rice ,univ]sity1 ,h\/on ,/4 ,m>y's ,univ]sity1 ,san ,antonio ,san ,angelo ,college1 ,san ,angelo ,san ,antonio ,college1 ,san ,antonio ,s\!rn ,me?odi/ ,univ]sity1 ,dallas ,s\? ,texas ,college1 ,h\/on ,s\?we/]n ,univ]sity1 ,georget[n ,/eph5 ,f4 ,au/9 ,/ate ,college1 ,nacogdo*es ,sul ,ross ,/ate ,college1 ,alp9e ,t>leton ,/ate ,college1 ,/eph5ville ,tex>kana ,college1 ,tex>kana ,texas ,*ri/ian ,univ]sity1 ,=t ,wor? ,texas ,college1 ,tyl] ,texas ,college ( ,arts & ,indu/ries1 ,k+sville ,texas ,te*nological ,college1 ,lubbock ,texas ,we/]n ,college1 ,el ,paso ,! ,univ]sity ( ,texas1 ,au/9 ,tr9ity ,univ]sity1 ,san ,antonio ,tyl] ,junior ,college1 ,tyl] ,we/ ,texas ,/ate ,college1 ,canyon ,illu/ration3 ,plate #f ,fossil ,id5tification ,*>t ,i ,,radial ,,symmetry ,a4 ,tap]+1 cyl9drical cone-%ap$ fossils #a4 ,cone-%ap$ ) longitud9al p>titions or septa ,coral #b4 ,fossils ) septa or sutures2 tap]+ at "o end ,cephalopod #c4 ,%ell )\t int]nal p>titions or sutures a4 ,%ell l>ge heavy1 ext]nal longitud9al ribs4 ,cretace\s only ,rudi/id b4 ,%ell small1 tusk-%ap$ op5 at bo? ends4 ,r>e 9 ,paleozoic & ,mesozoic ,scaphopod ,b4 ,disc or dome-%ap$ fossils #a4 ,/> patt]n on top ,e*9oid #b4 ,subconical small pits or pores on top ,bryozoan #c4 ,small disc-%ap$ 7less ?an in*7 ,orbitoid ,=am9if]a #d4 ,disc-%ap$ or button-l1 ) longitud9al p>titions or septa ,coral ,c4 ,fossils compos$ ( segm5ts or plates #a4 ,circul> discs or *amb]s2 :5 unit$ =m cyl9d] a4 ,tap]$ %ell ,cephalopod b4 ,n tap]$1 segm5ts small ( uni=m ?ickness1 hole 9 c5t] ,cr9oid ,/em #b4 ,fossil compos$ ( _m-sid$ plates a4 ,bud-%ap$1 #ac w$ge-%ap$ plates ,bla/oid b4 ,cup-%ap$1 _m curv$ plates bran*+ arms ,cr9oid ,illu/ration3 ,plate #g ,fossil ,id5tification ,*>t ,,ii ,,bilat]al ,,symmetry ,a4 ,fossil coil$ 9 a s+le plane #a4 ,%ell divid$ by int]nal transv]se p>titions or sutures ,cephalopod #b4 ,%ell )\t int]nal p>titions or sutures ,ga/ropod #c4 ,%ell small1 sp9dle-%ap$2 resembles :eat gra94 ,p5nsylvanian & ,p]mian ,=am9if]a fusul9id ,b4 ,fossil n coil$ #a4 ,%ells or valves simil> to clams a4 ,plane ( symmetry p>allel to h+e2 equivalv$ ,pelecypod b4 ,plane ( symmetry almo/ at "r angles to h+e2 /rongly ribb$2 8,scallop-l0 ) 8e>s01 inequivalv$ ,pelecypod c4 ,plane ( symmetry at "r angles to h+e-l9e2 )\t 8e>s01 n 8,scallop-l02 commonly ) op5+ 9 beak1 inequivalv$ ,bra*iopod #b4 ,fossil tap]+1 cyl9drical or cone-%ap$ a4 ,cone-%ap$1 int]nal longitud9al p>titions or septa ,coral b4 ,tap]$1 int]nal transv]se p>titions ,cephalopod c4 ,%ell )\t int]nal septa or p>titions 7#a47 ,%ell l>ge heavy1 longitud9al ribs4 ,cretace\s only ,rudi/id 7#b47 ,%ell small1 tusk-%ap$1 op5 at bo? ends1 r>e 9 ,paleozoic & ,mesozoic rocks ,scaphopod #c4 ,fossil he>t-%ap$1 dom$ or flatt5$2 /> patt]n on top ,e*9oid #d4 ,fossil segm5t$ a4 ,divid$ into #c lobes1 may be curl$ up4 ,paleozoic only ,trilobite b4 ,flatt5$ or elongate1 resembles %rimp ,cru/acean ,illu/ration3 ,plate #h ,fossil ,id5tification ,*>t ,,iii ,,no ,,app>5t ,,symmetry ,a4 ,%ell )\t transv]se p>titions or sutures #a4 ,%ell coil$ l ram's horn1 l[ spir$2 %ell has two valves1 small] flatt5$ valve (t5 miss+4 ,9 ,texas exclusively ,cretace\s ,pelecypod #b4 ,%ell tightly coil$1 mo/ h high] spire ?an #a1 %ell small] & n z r\gh z #a1 has only "o valve ,ga/ropod ,b4 ,coil$ fossils1 coil+ n 9 "o plane #a4 ,%ell ) transv]se int]nal p>titions or sutures a4 ,p>titions always smoo?1 ?ick %ell$1 loosely & irregul>ly coil$1 9 ,texas exclusively ,cretace\s ,capr9id b4 ,p>titions 7sutures7 g5]ally wr9kl$1 regul>ly & tightly coil$ ,cephalopod #b4 ,%ell )\t transv]se int]nal p>titions or sutures ,ga/ropod #c4 ,solid spiral ridge ar\nd c5tral axis1 resembles corkscrew ,bryozoan ,c4 ,uncoil$ fossils #a4 ,fossil resembles n>r[ saw blade4 ,paleozoic only ,graptolite #b4 ,fossil irregul>ly cone-%ap$1 longitud9al p>titions or septa ,coral #c4 ,%ell resembles clam or oy/]1 nonsymmetrical ,pelecypod 7mo/ly oy/]s7 #d4 ,bran*+ twig-l fossils a4 ,cov]$ ) m9ute pores or op5+s ,bryozoa b4 ,) ev5ly di/ribut$ l>g] op5+s ) septa ,colonial coral #e4 ,lace-l fossils1 occur z ?9 %eets or films ,bryozoa #f4 ,masses ( circul> or polygonal tubes ) septa ,colonial coral #g4 ,irregul> fossils1 cyl9drical ) r\gh surface a4 ,l>ge axial op5+ ) ?ick wall1 ext]nal longitud9al ribs4 ,cretace\s only ,rudi/id b4 ,solid1 no op5+1 small pits or pores4 ,p5nsylvanian or ,p]mian ,sponge ,,catalog+ ,,! ,,collection ,aft] ! fossils h be5 clean$ & t5tatively id5tifi$1 !y %\ld be catalog$4 ,?is is necess>y to enable ! collector to h a record ( 8 collection & to furni% z mu* in=mation z possible ab\t ea* individual fossil4 ,! collect+ data c be tak5 f ! labels t 7 plac$ 9 ea* bag ( fossils z !y 7 collect$1 or f ! field notebook4 ,actually1 x is wise to *eck "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,?is in=mation %\ld !n be ent]$ 9 "s type ( record book & also plac$ on a m p]man5t label :i* is put 9 ! tray or box ) ! fossil4 ,! catalog & label %\ld conta9 su* p]t95t data z 7#a7 ! sci5tific "n ( ! fossil1 7#b7 ! geologic =mation f :i* ! specim5 0 collect$1 7#c7 ! exact geographic location ( ! collect+ locality1 7#d7 ! "n ( ! collector1 7#e7 ! date ! fossil 0 collect$1 & 7#f7 ! catalog numb] ( ! specim54 ,! latt] is usually plac$ 9 ! upp] "r h& corn] ( ! label 7fig4 #f7 & corresponds ) a l numb] 9 ! record book4 ,specim5 ,no4 ,p-#ahe ,,"n ,spirif] rockymontanus ,,=mation ,big ,sal9e 7,p5n47 ,,locality ,little ,brady ,creek1 ,mc,culloch ,co41 ,tex4 7#ajjj ,,ne ( ,smi? ran* ,h\se7 ,,collector ,f4 ,b4 ,plumm] ,,date ,july #aicg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,a bra*iopod %[+ ! catalog numb] on x1 & ! accompany+ label t p]ta9s to ! specim54 ,! entries 9 ! catalog %\ld be numb]$ consecutively1 & all specim5s f ! same locality %\ld be> ! same numb]4 ,?is numb] %\ld be writt5 on ! fossil ) ,india ink1 pref]ably on any rema9+ matrix or on "s inconspicu\s "p ( ! specim5 7fig4 #f74 ,if ! surface ( ! fossil is too co>se or por\s = ink1 ! catalog numb] c be writt5 on a small pat* ( :ite enamel or cle> nail poli% pa9t$ on ! specim54 ,aft] ! ink has dri$ x %\ld be coat$ ) a dab ( cle> %ellac or cle> nail poli% to help pres]ve ! numb]4 ,if ea* specim5 is numb]$1 x c easily be id5tifi$ ev5 if x %\ld become sep>at$ f its label4 ,,h[ ,,fossils ,,are ,,us$ ,fossils are useful 9 a numb] ( diff]5t ways1 = ea* specim5 provides "s in=mation ab\t :5 x liv$1 :]e x liv$1 & h[ x liv$4 ,fossils are v important1 = example1 9 trac+ ! developm5t ( ! plants & animals ( our e>?4 ,?is is possible because ! fossils 9 ! old] rocks are usually primitive & relatively simple2 b a /udy ( simil> specim5s t liv$ 9 lat] geologic "t %[s t ! fossils become progressively m complex & m advanc$ 9 ! y\ng] rocks4 ,"s fossils1 = example1 ! reef-build+ corals1 appe> to h always liv$ "u mu* ! same conditions z !y live today4 ,h5ce1 x is reasonably c]ta9 t ! rocks conta9+ fossil reef corals f\nd 9 place 7t is1 :]e !y 7 orig9ally buri$71 7 deposit$ 9 w>m1 fairly %all[1 salt wat]4 ,by /udy+ ! occurr5ce & di/ribution ( su* m>9e fossils1 x is possible to outl9e ! location & ext5t ( prehi/oric seas4 ,moreov]1 ! type ( fossils pres5t w frequ5tly give "s indication z to ! bottom conditions1 dep?1 temp]ature1 & sal9ity ( ^! anci5t bodies ( wat]4 ,probably ! mo/ important use ( fossils is = purposes ( correlation--! process ( demon/rat+ t c]ta9 rock lay]s are closely relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,by correlat+ or 8mat*+0 ! b$s conta9+ specific fossils1 x is possible to det]m9e ! di/ribution ( geologic units ( simil> age4 ,"s fossils h a v limit$ v]tical or geologic range & a wide horizontal or geographic range4 ,9 o!r words1 !y liv$ b a relatively %ort p]iod 9 geologic "t b 7 r widely di/ribut$ dur+ _! relatively %ort life4 ,su* fossils are kn[n z index fossils or guide fossils & are especially useful 9 correlation because !y are normally only associat$ ) rocks ( "o c]ta9 age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,sket*es ( two types ( micropaleontological slides4 7a7 ,multiple space faunal slide4 7b7 ,s+le-hole slide4 ,micr(ossils are (t5 v valuable z guide fossils = ! petroleum geologi/4 ,! micropaleontologi/ wa%es ! well cutt+s f ! drill hole & sep>ates ! t9y fossils f ! surr\nd+ rocks4 ,! specim5s are !n m\nt$ on special slides 7fig4 #g7 & /udi$ "u ! microscope4 ,in=mation d]iv$ f ^! fossils (t5 provides valuable data on ! age ( ! subsurface =mation & ! possibilities ( oil production4 ,micr(ossils are p>ticul>ly valuable 9 ! oil fields ( ! ,gulf ,coa/ region ( ,texas4 ,9 fact1 "s ( ! oil-produc+ zones 9 ?is area h ev5 be5 nam$ = c]ta9 key g5]a ( micr(ossils4 ,= example1 ! 8het0 zone ( ,oligoc5e age 7geologic "t scale1 ,pl4 #a7 is nam$ = ! g5us ,het]o/eg9a1 :i* is a t9y "o-cell$ animal4 ,o!r micr(ossils1 su* z fusul9ids1 o/racodes1 spores1 & poll5s1 are also us$ to id5tify subsurface =mations 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,plant fossils are v useful z climatic indicators b are n too reliable = purposes ( age det]m9ation4 ,!y d1 h[ev]1 provide mu* in=mation ab\t ! developm5t ( plants ?r\gh\t geologic "t4 ,,geologic ,,hi/ory ,! geologic hi/ory ( our e>? has be5 record$ prim>ily 9 m>9e s$im5t>y rocks1 & ?is record indicates t our e>? is v old & t life has be5 pres5t = _m millions ( ye>s4 ,! e>? is n only extremely old 7m ?an #c billion ye>s ( age71 b x has also und]gone _m *anges :i* h tak5 place sl[ly b /eadily & h greatly affect$ bo? ! e>? & its inhabitants4 ,! e>?'s physical features h n always be5 z !y are se5 today4 ,geologic rese>* has %[n t m\nta9s n[ occupy ! sites ( anci5t seas1 & t coal is be+ m9$ :]e swamps exi/$ millions ( ye>s ago4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is mu* evid5ce to indicate t plants & animals h also und]gone great *ange4 ,! tr5d ( ?is organic *ange is1 9 g5]al1 t[>d m complex & advanc$ =ms ( life1 b "s =ms h rema9$ virtually un*ang$ & o!rs h become ext9ct4 ,9 ord] to int]pret geologic hi/ory1 ! e>? sci5ti/ mu/ attempt to ga!r evid5ce ( ! great *anges 9 climate1 geography1 & life t took place 9 ! geologic pa/4 ,! record ( ^! *anges c be f\nd 9 ! rocks1 & "h is f\nd ! /ory ( ! v>i\s ev5ts 9 e>? hi/ory4 ,,geologic ,,column ,,& ,,"t ,,scale ,9 ord] to discuss fossils & ! age ( ! rocks conta9+ !m1 x is necess>y to become famili> ) ! geologic column & ! geologic "t scale 7,pl4 #a74 ,! geologic column ref]s to ! total succession ( rocks1 f ! olde/ to mo/ rec5t1 t are f\nd ei!r locally or 9 ! entire e>?4 ,?us1 ! geologic column ( ,texas includes all rock divisions kn[n to be pres5t 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,by ref]r+ to ! geologic column previ\sly work$ out = any giv5 area1 ! geologi/ c det]m9e :at type ( rocks he might expect to f9d 9 t p>ticul> region4 ,! geologic "t scale is compos$ ( units :i* repres5t int]vals ( geologic "t1 dur+ :i* 7 deposit$ ! rocks repres5t$ 9 ! geologic column4 ,^! "t units are us$ by ! geologi/ to date ! ev5ts t h tak5 place 9 ! geologic pa/4 ,! l>ge/ unit ( geologic "t is an era1 & ea* era is divid$ into small] "t units call$ p]iods4 ,a p]iod ( geologic "t is divid$ into epo*s1 :i*1 9 turn1 may be subdivid$ into /ill small] units4 ,! geologic "t scale might be r\ghly comp>$ to ! cal5d> 9 :i* ! ye> is divid$ into mon?s1 mon?s into weeks1 & weeks into days4 ,unlike ye>s1 h[ev]1 geologic "t units are arbitr>y & ( unequal duration1 & ! geologi/ _c be positive ab\t ! exact l5g? ( "t involv$ 9 ea* unit4 ,! "t scale does1 h[ev]1 provide a /&>d by :i* he c discuss ! age ( fossils & _! surr\nd+ rocks4 ,by ref]r+ to ! "t scale x may be possible1 = in/ance1 to /ate t a c]ta9 ev5t occurr$ dur+ ! ,paleozoic era 9 ! same s5se t "o might say t some?+ happ5$ dur+ ! ,am]ican ,revolution4 ,!re are five eras ( geologic "t1 & ea* has be5 giv5 a "n t is descriptive ( ! degree ( life developm5t t *>act]izes t era4 ,h5ce1 ,paleozoic means 8anci5t-life10 & ! era 0 s nam$ because ( ! relatively simple & anci5t /age ( life developm5t4 ,! eras1 a guide to _! pronunciation1 & ! lit]al translation ( ea* "n is %[n bel[4 ,c5ozoic 7,,see-no-zo-ic7--8rec5t-life0 ,mesozoic 7,,mes-o-zo-ic7--8middle-life0 ,paleozoic 7,,pay-lee-o-zo-ic7--8anci5t-life0 ,prot]ozoic 7,,pro-t]-o-zo-ic7--8primitive-life0 ,ar*eozoic 7,,ar-kee-o-zo-ic7--8beg9n+-life0 ,ar*eozoic & ,prot]ozoic rocks are commonly gr\p$ toge!r & ref]r$ to z ,precambrian 9 age4 ,! ,precambrian rocks h be5 greatly contort$ & metamorphos$1 & ! record ( ?is portion ( e>? hi/ory is mo/ difficult to int]pret4 ,precambrian "t repres5ts t portion ( geologic "t f ! beg9n+ ( e>? hi/ory until ! deposition ( ! e>lie/ fossilif]\s ,cambrian /rata4 ,if ! e>? is z old z is believ$1 ,precambrian "t may repres5t z mu* z #he p]c5t ( all geologic "t4 ,! olde/ era is at ! bottom ( ! li/ because ?is "p ( geologic "t transpir$ fir/ & 0 !n foll[$ by ! successively y\ng] eras :i* are plac$ above x4 ,!re=e1 ! geologic "t scale is always read f ! bottom ( ! *>t upw>d4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! ord] 9 :i* ! v>i\s portions ( geologic "t occurr$ & dur+ :i* ! correspond+ rocks 7 =m$4 ,z m5tion$ above1 ea* ( ! eras has be5 divid$ into p]iods1 & mo/ ( ^! p]iods d]ive _! names f ! regions 9 :i* ! rocks ( ea* 7 fir/ /udi$4 ,= example1 ! ,p5nsylvanian rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7 fir/ /udi$ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,! ,paleozoic era has be5 divid$ into sev5 p]iods ( geologic "t4 ,) ! olde/ at ! bottom ( ! li/1 ^! p]iods & ! s\rce ( _! names are3 ,p]mian 7,,pur-me-un7--f ! ,prov9ce ( ,p]m 9 ,russia ,p5nsylvanian 7p5-sil-,,va9-yun7--f ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania ,mississippian 7miss-i-,,sip-i-un7--f ! ,upp] ,mississippi ,valley ,devonian 7de-,,vo-ni-un7--f ,devon%ire1 ,engl& ,silurian 7si-,,loo-ri-un7--= ! ,silures1 an anci5t tribe ( ,brita9 ,ordovician 7or-doe-,,vi%-un7--= ! ,ordovices1 an anci5t tribe ( ,brita9 ,cambrian 7,,kam-bri-un7--f ! ,lat9 ^w ,cambria1 mean+ ,wales ,! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod 9 ,europe includes ! ,mississippian & ,p5nsylvanian p]iods ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,al?\gh ?is classification is no long] us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! t]m ,c>bonif]\s w be f\nd 9 _m ( ! e>li] geological publications & on _m ( ! e>li] geologic maps4 ,! p]iods ( ! ,mesozoic era & ! s\rce ( _! names are3 ,cretace\s 7cre-,,tay-%us7--f ! ,lat9 ^w creta1 mean+ *alky ,jurassic 7joo-,,ras-ik7--f ! ,jura ,m\nta9s ( ,europe ,triassic 7try-,,ass-ik7--f ! ,lat9 ^w triad1 mean+ ?ree ,9 ,texas1 ! ,cretace\s has two divisions1 kn[n z ei!r ,l[] ,cretace\s & ,upp] ,cretace\s or z ,coman*e s]ies & ,gulf s]ies1 respectively4 ,^! designations are = rocks ( ne>ly equival5t age1 & bo? sets ( t]ms h be5 us$ by geologi/s & 9 publications4 ,9 ?is h&book1 bo? sets ( t]ms are us$ int]*angeably1 t is1 ,l[] ,cretace\s &_/or ,coman*e s]ies & ,upp] ,cretace\s &_/or ,gulf s]ies4 ,! ,c5ozoic p]iods d]iv$ _! names f an old outdat$ sy/em ( classification :i* divid$ all ( ! e>?'s rocks into f\r gr\ps4 ,! two divisions li/$ bel[ are ! only names ( ?is sy/em :i* are /ill 9 use3 ,quat]n>y 7kwah-,,tur-nuh-ri7 ,t]ti>y 7,,tur-%i-ri7 ,:ile ! units discuss$ above are ! major divisions ( geologic "t1 ! geologi/ usually works ) small] units ( rocks call$ =mations4 ,a geologic =mation is id5tifi$ & e/abli%$ on ! basis ( def9ite physical & *emical *>act]i/ics ( ! rocks4 ,=mations are usually giv5 geographic names :i* are comb9$ ) ! type ( rock t makes up ! bulk ( ! =mation4 ,= example1 ! ,beaumont clay 0 nam$ f clay deposits t are f\nd 9 & ar\nd ,beaumont1 ,texas4 ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,texas ,! geologic hi/ory ( ,texas1 l ! geologic hi/ory ( ! re/ ( ! e>?1 is record$ prim>ily 9 m>9e s$im5t>y rocks4 ,^! rocks provide "s k ( ! e>ly geography & ! fir/ inhabitants ( :at is n[ ! ,/ate ( ,texas4 ,mo/ ( ^! rocks 7 =m$ f s$im5ts deposit$ 9 %all[ seas :i* cov]$ p>ts ( ! ,/ate at v>i\s times 9 e>? hi/ory4 ,by /udy+ ^! rocks & _! relations to ea* o!r1 geologi/s h e/abli%$ a geologic column = ,texas4 ,physiography ,9 ord] to discuss ! di/ribution & exposures ( ! rocks ( ,texas1 x is helpful to be famili> ) ! physiography ( ! ,/ate4 ,physiography deals ) ! /udy ( ! orig9 & description ( l& =ms1 su* z m\nta9s1 valleys1 & pla9s4 ,plate #i is a map ( ,texas :i* %[s ! major physiographic prov9ces )9 ! ,/ate4 ,! majority ( ! l& =ms 9 ,texas h be5 produc$ by ! processes ( erosion attack+ ! /ructural features ( an area4 ,c]ta9 o!r l& =ms may be relat$ to ! effects ( igne\s activity :i* result$ 9 ! accumulation ( l>ge masses ( igne\s rocks4 ,! ,davis ,m\nta9s are an example ( surface features produc$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 discuss+ ! physiography ( ,texas1 ?ree major physiographic prov9ces w be recogniz$4 ,^! are 7#a7 ! ,trans-,pecos region1 7#b7 ! ,texas ,pla9s1 & 7#c7 ! ,gulf ,coa/al ,pla9 7,pl4 #i74 ,,trans-,,pecos ,,region ,! ,trans-,pecos region1 locat$ 9 ! we/]nmo/ "p ( ! ,/ate1 is an area ( m\nta9s & plateaus ) broad bas9s betwe5 ! major m\nta9 ranges4 ,_m diff]5t types ( rocks are expos$ 9 ,trans-,pecos ,texas & ^! include m>9e1 fre%-wat]1 & t]re/rial deposits4 ,9 _m areas igne\s rocks fl[$ out on ! surface & n[ ov]lie s$im5t>y rocks4 ,!re are also _m places :]e igne\s rocks h be5 inject$ into ! surr\nd+ rocks1 & ^! igne\s rocks h be5 expos$ by lat] erosion4 ,includ$ )9 ?is area is ! ,van ,horn uplift ( s\!rn ,hudspe? & ,culb]son c\nties1 ! ,solit>io uplift ( s\!rn ,presidio & ,brew/] c\nties1 & ! ,m>a?on uplift ( nor!a/ ,brew/] ,c\nty4 ,?is region also includes ! ,big ,b5d area ( ,texas1 a "p ( :i* has be5 set aside z a ,national ,p>k :]e _m int]e/+ & important geological features may be se54 ,! ,trans-,pecos region is "o ( rugg$ topography ) elevations z high z #h1gjj feet1 at ,guadalupe ,peak 9 ! ,guadalupe ,m\nta9s ( nor!rn ,culb]son ,c\nty1 & z l[ z #a1ejj feet1 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e valley4 ,num]\s inv]tebrate fossils occur 9 ! ,cretace\s lime/ones & %ales ( ! ,trans-,pecos region & 9 ! ,paleozoic rocks ( ! ,m>a?on uplift4 ,! ,gaptank =mation ( ,p5nsylvanian age & ! ,p]mian reef lime/ones ( ! ,glass ,m\nta9s are especially fossilif]\s4 ,9 addition1 _m v]tebrate fossils h be5 collect$ 9 ,trans-,pecos ,texas1 p>ticul>ly 9 & ar\nd ,big ,b5d ,national ,p>k4 ,,texas ,,pla9s ,! pla9s ( ,texas are broad expanses ( c\ntry ) v little surface relief4 ,mo/ ( ! pla9s support grasses & "s h wood$ areas1 p>ticul>ly along /ream valleys4 ,! pla9s ( ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! ,/ate h be5 subdivid$ z foll[s4 ,high ,pla9s ,?is area 7,pl4 #i71 (t5 call$ 8! caprock10 is an elevat$ plateau :i* rises above ! roll+ pla9s :i* surr\nd x4 ,! ,high ,pla9s are b\nd$ by ! ,pecos ,riv] valley on ! s\?1 s\!a/1 & we/ & by ! ,nor?-,c5tral ,pla9s on ! ea/4 ,! surface ( ! ,high ,pla9s is v flat & *>act]iz$ by a sp>se cov] ( grasses & few trees4 ,! surface /rata consi/ l>gely ( unconsolidat$ deposits ( s&s & gravels ( ,quat]n>y & ,t]ti>y age1 ) remnants ( ,l[] ,cretace\s lime/ones along ! s\!rn m>g94 ,! rocks ( ! ,high ,pla9s are mo/ly unfossilif]\s1 b mammalian rema9s h be5 f\nd at sev]al localities4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #i ,physiographic map ( ,texas4 ,,high ,,pla9s ,,nor?-,,c5tral ,,pla9s ,,gr& ,,prairie ,,trans-,,pecos ,,texas ,,van ,,horn ,,uplift ,,! ,,big ,,b5d ,,area ,,solit>io ,,uplift ,,m>a?on ,,uplift ,,edw>ds ,,plateau ,,llano ,,uplift ,,balcones ,,fault ,,zone ,,gulf ,,coa/al ,,pla9 ,nor?-,c5tral ,pla9s ,surface /rata ( ! ,nor?-,c5tral ,pla9s 7,pl4 #i7 are we/w>d-dipp+ ,p5nsylvanian1 ,p]mian1 & ,triassic rocks4 ,pres5t also are ext5sive exposures ( ,quat]n>y s&s & gravels :i* tr5d nor?-s\? across ! c5tral portion ( ! region4 ,! area is b\nd$ on ! we/ by ! ,high ,pla9s1 on ! ea/ by ! ,gr& ,prairie1 & on ! s\? by ! ,edw>ds ,plateau & ,llano uplift4 ,_m v]tebrate fossils h be5 collect$ f ! ,p]mian & ,triassic rocks ( ?is area4 ,!re are also _m excell5t outcrops ( fossilif]\s ,p5nsylvanian =mations 9 ! ,nor?-,c5tral ,pla9s region4 ,edw>ds ,plateau ,! ,edw>ds ,plateau 7,pl4 #i7 is locat$ 9 s\?-c5tral ,texas & is b\nd$ on ! s\? by ! ,balcones fault zone & on ! nor? by ! ,nor?-,c5tral ,pla9s4 ,! surface ( ! area is typically flat ) a g5tle slope to ! s\?4 ,! rocks ( ! ,edw>ds ,plateau consi/ prim>ily ( ,l[] ,cretace\s lime/ones & %ales1 _m ( :i* are v fossilif]\s4 ,gr& ,prairie ,?is area 7,pl4 #i7 has a relatively flat surface b !re are areas ( g5tly roll+ hills4 ,! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,gr& ,prairie is m>k$ p>tly by ! ,balcones fault zone4 ,nor? ( ,mc,lennan ,c\nty1 h[ev]1 ! ,balcones fault zone is n express$ at ! surface & 9 ?is area ! ea/]n b\nd>y is def9$ by ! we/]n edge ( ! ,woodb9e exposures4 ,upp] & ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks occur at ! surface & dip to ! s\!a/2 _m ( ^! rocks conta9 a l>ge numb] ( inv]tebrate fossils4 ,llano ,uplift ,! ,llano uplift 7,pl4 #i7 is locat$ 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,/ate :]e ,precambrian igne\s & metamorphic rocks & s$im5t>y rocks ( e>ly ,paleozoic age occur on ! surface4 ,! area1 :i* n[ appe>s z a bas9-%ap$ depression1 0 at "o "t cov]$ by ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks & p]haps also by ,devonian1 ,mississippian1 & ,p5nsylvanian /rata4 ,^! h s9ce be5 remov$ by erosion4 ,! ea/1 s\?1 & we/ sides ( ! uplift are surr\nd$ by ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks1 & ! nor!rn m>g9 is m>k$ by ! ,mississippian & ,p5nsylvanian =mations ( ! ,nor?-,c5tral ,pla9s4 ,! area is1 9 g5]al1 compos$ ( unfossilif]\s rocks1 b "s inv]tebrate fossils 7prim>ily trilobites & bra*iopods7 h be5 collect$4 ,,gulf ,,coa/al ,,pla9 ,! ,gulf ,coa/al ,pla9 7,pl4 #i7 is compos$ ( ,cretace\s1 ,t]ti>y1 & ,quat]n>y rocks & includes ! ea/]n1 s\!a/]n1 & s\!rn portions ( ! ,/ate4 ,! rocks ( ! area consi/ ( s&s1 clays1 %ales1 & lime/ones4 ,! ,texas ,gulf ,coa/al ,pla9 is b\nd$ on ! nor? & we/ by ! ,balcones fault zone1 on ! s\? & s\?we/ by ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & ext5ds ea/w>d into ,arkansas & ,l\isiana4 ,! region has broad riv] valleys & upl&s ( l[ relief1 b !re is an increase 9 relief t[>d ! int]ior ( ! ,/ate4 ,! surface ( ! area slopes gradually t[>d ! ,gulf & successively y\ng] =mations are enc\nt]$ gulfw>d4 ,! rocks ( ! ,texas ,gulf ,coa/al ,pla9 are relatively unfossilif]\s1 b _m ( ! ,upp] ,cretace\s rocks conta9 fossils4 ,9 ! c5tral portion ( ! region "s m>9e =mations ( ,t]ti>y age locally conta9 well-pres]v$ inv]tebrate fossils4 ,geology ,geologic /udies ( ! ,/ate ( ,texas h indicat$ ! pres5ce ( rocks =m$ dur+ e era & p]iod ( geologic "t4 ,^! range f ! ,precambrian granites ( ! ,llano uplift to ! ,quat]n>y gravels ( ! ,high ,pla9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aj ,,g5]aliz$ ,,geologic ,,map ,,( ,,texas ,modifi$ f ,geologic ,map ( ,texas1 #aicc ,"o ( ! be/ ways to become acqua9t$ ) ! geology ( ,texas is to /udy ! geologic map ( ! ,/ate 7,pl4 #aj74 ,a geologic map %[s ! di/ribution & age ( surface rocks & may also indicate :at k9d ( geologic /ructures are pres5t4 ,! types ( rocks t crop out at ! surface may be %[n by means ( symbols1 colors1 or patt]ns1 & ^! are expla9$ by a leg5d :i* accompanies ! map4 ,on ,plate #aj1 colors are us$ to %[ ! di/ribution & geologic age ( ! surface rocks ( ,texas4 ,ref]5ce to ?is map w give ! collector "s idea ( ! age ( ! fossils t might be f\nd 9 a giv5 area4 ,"s special geologic maps may h ! location ( geologic /ructures & =mation contacts indicat$ by means ( symbols1 su* z da%$ l9es1 arr[s1 & simil> special m>k+s4 ,h[ev]1 ! map includ$ 9 ?is publication does n %[ any ( ^! special m>k+s4 ,,precambrian ,,rocks ,! ,precambrian rocks ( ,texas are compos$ ( igne\s & metamorphic rocks & "s s$im5t>y rocks4 ,mo/ ( ! ,precambrian outcrops are 9 ! ,llano uplift & ,el ,paso & ,van ,horn regions4 ,alt]ations produc$ by va/ am\nts ( "t1 heat1 & pressure h oblit]at$ any trace ( fossils t may h be5 pres5t 9 ^! rocks4 ,) ! exception ( "s que/ionable primitive plants collect$ 9 ! ,van ,horn region1 no ,precambrian fossils h be5 report$ f ,texas4 ,,paleozoic ,,rocks ,rocks ( ,paleozoic age are widespread 9 ,texas1 & rocks ( ea* p]iod are well expos$4 ,outcrops are f\nd 9 ! ,llano uplift1 ,nor?-,c5tral ,pla9s1 & ,trans-,pecos region4 ,! mo/ ext5sive exposures are ( ,p5nsylvanian & ,p]mian age1 & ! =m] are highly fossilif]\s 9 p>ts ( ! ,nor?-,c5tral ,pla9s4 ,cambrian ,rocks ( late ,cambrian age are expos$ 9 ! ,llano1 ,m>a?on1 & ,solit>io uplifts1 & ! ,frankl9 ,m\nta9s ne> ,el ,paso4 ,^! are s$im5t>y rocks consi/+ ( conglom]ates1 s&/ones1 %ales1 lime/ones1 & "s dolomites4 ,"s ( ^! =mations are relatively fossilif]\s1 b ! specim5s are commonly fragm5tal & v poorly pres]v$4 ,fossils t are apt to be f\nd 9 ! ,cambrian rocks ( ! ,llano uplift include bra*iopods1 ga/ropods1 trilobites1 & small r\nd$ objects believ$ to h be5 =m$ by algae 7primitive "o-cell$ plants74 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 ,cambrian rocks are sp>sely fossilif]\s & ! fossils consi/ prim>ily ( fragm5tal bra*iopods1 trilobites1 & algae4 ,ordovician ,ordovician outcrops are pres5t 9 ! ,llano uplift ( c5tral ,texas & 9 ! ,m>a?on1 ,solit>io1 ,el ,paso1 & ,van ,horn regions ( ,trans-,pecos ,texas4 ,^! are s$im5t>y rocks & consi/ l>gely ( s&/ones1 *]ts1 lime/ones1 & dolomites4 ,al?\gh "s ( ! ,ordovician =mations are fossilif]\s1 !y are seldom collect$ by amateur paleontologi/s because !y are expos$ 9 relatively inaccessible places & ! fossils are usually poorly pres]v$4 ,ordovician fossils report$ f ,texas include sponges1 corals1 bra*iopods1 ga/ropods1 cephalopods1 & trilobites4 ,9 addition1 ! ,m>a?on =mation ( ! ,m>a?on uplift conta9s l>ge numb]s ( well-pres]v$ graptolites 7fig4 #bd1 p4 #hf74 ,silurian ,! ,silurian ( ,texas is poorly repres5t$ 9 surface exposures1 & only "o =mation1 ! ,fusselman1 has be5 describ$4 ,! ,fusselman crops out 9 ! ,el ,paso & ,van ,horn regions :]e x is a :ite dolomitic lime/one4 ,fossils are n abundant 9 ?is =mation1 b bra*iopods & corals h be5 collect$ at a few localities4 ,devonian ,devonian rocks are be/ develop$ 9 ,trans-,pecos ,texas1 especially 9 ! ,m>a?on1 ,el ,paso1 & ,van ,horn regions4 ,9 addition to ! ,trans-,pecos exposures1 !re are m9or outcrops ( ,devonian rocks 9 ! ,llano uplift ( c5tral ,texas4 ,fossils are r>e & fragm5tal 9 ! ,trans-,pecos exposures & consi/ prim>ily ( radiol>ians & bra*iopods4 ,! ,devonian rocks ( c5tral ,texas are pr$om9antly calc>e\s &1 al?\gh ! mat]ial is usually poorly pres]v$1 _m fossils h be5 collect$ f !m4 ,^! include bryozoans1 corals1 bra*iopods1 ga/ropods1 & trilobites4 ,conodonts & fragm5ts ( primitive armor$ fi%es 7,pl4 #cg7 h also be5 report$4 ,mississippian ,mississippian rocks are expos$ 9 ! ,llano region & 9 ! ,hueco ,m\nta9s ( ! ,trans-,pecos area4 ,! ,trans-,pecos rocks prim>ily conta9 bra*iopods ) "s bryozoans & ga/ropods4 ,! c5tral ,texas ,mississippian rocks are mu* m fossilif]\s & "s ( ! mat]ial is well pres]v$4 ,fossils report$ f ?is area include bra*iopods 7,pl4 #ag71 cr9oids1 ga/ropods1 cephalopods1 trilobites1 & o/racodes4 ,p5nsylvanian ,p5nsylvanian rocks are well repres5t$ 9 ,texas & are expos$ 9 ! ,llano uplift1 nor?-c5tral ,texas1 & ,trans-,pecos ,texas4 ,9 ,trans-,pecos ,texas fossilif]\s rocks crop out 9 ! ,hueco & ,diablo ,m\nta9s4 ,fossils f\nd 9 ?is area are algae1 fusul9ids1 corals1 bra*iopods1 pelecypods1 ga/ropods1 cephalopods1 & cr9oids4 ,!re is also a ?ick section ( ,p5nsylvanian rocks 9 ! ,m>a?on uplift1 b only "o =mation1 ! ,gaptank1 is v fossilif]\s4 ,x conta9s _m fossils includ+ fusul9ids1 sponges1 corals1 bryozoans1 bra*iopods1 ga/ropods1 pelecypods1 cephalopods1 & cr9oids4 ,c]ta9 ,p5nsylvanian /rata 9 ! ,llano region are v fossilif]\s1 & ! mat]ial is well pres]v$4 ,! m abundant =ms are fusul9ids1 corals1 bra*iopods1 ga/ropods1 pelecypods1 cephalopods1 & cr9oids4 ,probably ! be/ ,p5nsylvanian collect+ areas are to be f\nd 9 nor?-c5tral ,texas4 ,"h ! ?ick m>9e lime/ones & %ales conta9 l>ge numb]s ( well-pres]v$ inv]tebrate fossils1 & ! t]re/rial or %all[ m>9e /rata h yield$ an abundance ( plant fossils4 ,inv]tebrate fossils are apt to be f\nd along ! banks ( /reams & gullies & 9 railroad & highway cuts4 ,_m ( ! lime/ones be> l>ge numb]s ( fusul9ids or cr9oid /ems1 & ! %ales may conta9 _m corals1 bra*iopods1 & mollusks4 ,! be/ collect+ w1 ( c\rse1 be f\nd :]e ! rocks h be5 suffici5tly wea!r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,sket* ( typical cr9oidal lime/one f ! ,p5nsylvanian ( nor? ,texas4 ,typical inv]tebrate fossils are =am9if]a 7pr9cipally fusul9ids71 corals 7especially ! solit>y or 8horn0 corals71 bra*iopods1 bryozoans 7! lacy & bran*+ types are mo/ common71 pelecypods1 ga/ropods 7exhibit+ a v>iety ( coil+71 cephalopods 7nautiloids & goniatites pr$om9ate71 & cr9oids1 :i* 9 _m areas are f\nd 9 ?ick cr9oidal lime/ones 7fig4 #h74 ,"s typical ,p5nsylvanian fossils are illu/rat$ 9 ,plates #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bd1 #cb1 & #ce4 ,p]mian ,p]mian rocks are f\nd 9 widely sep>at$ areas 9 ,texas4 ,! be/ expos$ section ( m>9e ,p]mian rocks is f\nd 9 ! ,glass ,m\nta9s ( ,brewe/] ,c\nty1 & _m ( ^! rocks are v fossilif]\s4 ,! orig9al %ell mat]ial ( "s ( ! ,p]mian fossils ( ?is area has be5 replac$ by silice\s mat]ial :i* is v well pres]v$4 ,^! silicifi$ fossils are remov$ f ! lime/one by solution 9 acid1 & "s mo/ rem>kable specim5s h be5 recov]$ 9 ?is mann] 7,pl4 #c74 ,bra*iopods are ! mo/ common fossils1 b corals1 bryozoans1 & mollusks h also be5 recov]$4 ,ext5sive ,p]mian exposures occur also 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,nor?-,c5tral ,pla9s region4 ,^! rocks 7 =m$ f s$im5ts ( bo? m>9e & cont95tal orig9 & "s ( !m are fossilif]\s4 ,! m>9e rocks conta9 a v>iety ( inv]tebrate fossils includ+ bra*iopods1 pelecypods1 ga/ropods1 & ammonoids4 ,^? rocks repres5t+ t]re/rial deposits conta9 v]tebrate rema9s at _m localities1 & num]\s amphibians & primitive reptiles 7,pl4 #dj7 h be5 collect$ f !m4 ,,mesozoic ,,rocks ,mesozoic rocks occur ov] a wide area ( ,texas & include exposures ( ,triassic1 ,jurassic1 & ,cretace\s age4 ,_m ( ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,cretace\s outcrops are q fossilif]\s & easily accessible & ?us ( consid]able int]e/ to _m amateur collectors4 ,triassic ,triassic rocks crop out 9 p>ts ( ! ,high ,pla9s1 ! ,glass ,m\nta9s ( ,trans-,pecos ,texas1 & p>ts ( ,pecos1 ,crockett1 ,upton1 ,reagan1 & ,glasscock & o!r we/ ,texas c\nties4 ,^! are pr$om9antly nonm>9e rocks consi/+ ( conglom]ates1 s&/ones1 %ales1 & "s gypsum b$s4 ,triassic fossils are almo/ exclusively v]tebrates1 al?\gh "s poorly pres]v$ plant & inv]tebrate rema9s h be5 report$4 ,fossil v]tebrates ( ! ,texas ,triassic include phytosaurs 7,pl4 #db71 crocodiles1 amphibians1 & fi%4 ,jurassic ,9 ,texas1 surface exposures ( ,jurassic rocks are kn[n only f ,malone ,m\nta9 9 s\?we/]n ,hudspe? ,c\nty4 ,! rocks !re are lime/ones1 %ales1 s&/ones1 & conglom]ates4 ,fossils report$ f t locality include m>9e & fre%-wat] pelecypods1 fre%-wat] ga/ropods1 & ammonites4 ,cretace\s ,rocks ( ,cretace\s age are widely di/ribut$ 9 ,texas & repres5t "o ( ! m important rock sy/ems ( ! ,/ate4 ,cretace\s outcrops occur 9 c5tral ,texas1 nor? ,texas1 ! ,edw>ds ,plateau1 p>ts ( ! ,high ,pla9s1 ! ,gulf ,coa/al ,pla91 & ,trans-,pecos ,texas4 ,z m5tion$ e>li]1 ! ,texas ,cretace\s has be5 divid$ into ! ,l[] ,cretace\s 7,coman*e s]ies7 & ,upp] ,cretace\s 7,gulf s]ies74 ,^! rocks consi/ prim>ily ( m>ls 7a type ( calc>e\s clay71 %ales1 *alks1 & lime/ones1 b s&s & conglom]ates also occur4 ,cretace\s rocks occur on ! surface ( ab\t #bh p]c5t ( ,texas1 & _m ( ! l>g] cities ( ! ,/ate are situat$ on ,cretace\s /rata4 ,_m ( ! ,gulf & ,coman*e =mations conta9 fossils :i* are ( int]e/ bo? to amateur & pr(essional paleontologi/s4 ,because ( _! wide di/ribution 9 & ne> l>ge population c5t]s1 ,cretace\s outcrops c be conv5i5tly visit$ by _m amateur fossil collectors4 ,! fossils are usually abundant & v>i$1 & "s are well pres]v$4 ,al?\gh num]\s k9ds ( fossils may be collect$1 ! m common =ms are cephalopods1 pelecypods1 ga/ropods1 & e*9oids4 ,"s ( ! m typical ,cretace\s fossils are %[n 9 ,plates #af1 #ba1 #be-bh1 #cb1 #cc1 #ce1 & #cf4 ,cretace\s fossils are m commonly f\nd 9 %ales & *alky lime/ones4 ,fossilif]\s outcrops ( ^! rocks c be f\nd along _m /reams1 roads1 & highways ( c5tral ,texas1 nor? ,texas1 & ! ,edw>ds ,plateau4 ,outcrops :i* h be5 wea!r$ are m likely to provide good collect+4 ,9 g5]al1 collect+ is poor 9 areas cov]$ ) heavy vegetation or rec5t /ream deposits4 ,good collect+ localities are outcrops :i* h a fairly /eep slope ) a cov]+ ( wea!r$ rock mat]ial & a m9imum ( vegetation4 ,"o %\ld move sl[ly f ! base ( ! slope upw>d :ile se>*+ ! gr\nd = any evid5ce ( fossils1 & p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be giv5 to any small gullies s9ce ^! (t5 conta9 fossils t h be5 wa%$ out ( upp] b$s 9 ! exposure4 ,,c5ozoic ,,rocks ,c5ozoic rocks are widespread 9 ,texas b occur prim>ily 9 a broad belt along ! ,gulf ,coa/al ,pla94 ,9 addition1 !re are exposures ( nonm>9e ,c5ozoic /rata 9 ! ,high ,pla9s1 ,nor?-,c5tral ,pla9s1 & ,trans-,pecos region4 ,!re are also _m exposures ( ,c5ozoic igne\s rocks 9 ,trans-,pecos ,texas4 ,rocks ( ,c5ozoic age occur 9 m ?an "o-?ird ( ,texas & consi/ ( conglom]ates1 s&s1 clays1 & "s lime/one & lignite b$s4 ,t]ti>y ,ext5sive exposures ( ,t]ti>y rocks tr5d nor!a/-s\?we/ 9 a broad b& across ! ,gulf ,coa/al ,pla9 area4 ,^! /rata1 consi/+ ( s&s1 clays1 & poorly consolidat$ lime/ones1 are und]la9 by ,cretace\s rocks4 ,inv]tebrate fossils are common 9 c]ta9 ,t]ti>y =mations & pelecypods1 ga/ropods1 & corals are ! pr$om9ant =ms4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 fossilif]\s exposures are ( local occurr5ce & mo/ ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations are unfossilif]\s4 ,^? ,t]ti>y inv]tebrates t are pres5t1 h[ev]1 are (t5 well pres]v$ & repres5t _m int]e/+ types 7,pls4 #af1 #bb1 #bc1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca74 ,t]ti>y inv]tebrate fossils are commonly f\nd 9 s&s1 clays1 & m>ls4 ,_m ( ^! s&s & m>ls h a gre5 color :i* is due to ! pres5ce ( glauconite 7a gre5 m9]al conta9+ iron & closely relat$ to ! micas74 ,at c]ta9 localities on ! ,gulf ,coa/al ,pla9 ! glauconite m>ls & s&s ( ! ,we*es & ,crockett =mations conta9 l>ge numb]s ( well-pres]v$ clams1 snails1 & corals4 ,fossilif]\s exposures ( ,t]ti>y rocks are sometimes f\nd 9 road cuts1 b bett] exposures may be f\nd along ! banks ( riv]s & creeks4 ,c]ta9 bluffs along ! ,brazos1 ,sab9e1 & ,tr9ity riv]s are well-kn[n ,t]ti>y fossil collect+ localities4 ,_m ( ^! bett] localities are li/$ 9 "s ( ! ,bureau ( ,economic ,geology bullet9s includ$ 9 ! bibliography ( ?is publication 7pp4 #aji-aaj74 ,quat]n>y ,quat]n>y deposits ( ,plei/oc5e age 7geologic "t scale1 ,pl4 #a7 are f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ,texas & consi/ ( s&s1 clays1 & gravels4 ,^! rocks are di/ribut$ along ! ,gulf ,coa/ 9 a belt f #ej to #ajj miles wide4 ,!y occur also z /ream t]races 9 ! ,edw>ds ,plateau & ,nor?-,c5tral ,pla9s regions4 ,9 addition1 ,quat]n>y s&s & gravels are widely di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( mu* ( ,trans-,pecos ,texas4 ,!re are also fossilif]\s ,plei/oc5e /rata 9 ! ,high ,pla9s region4 ,inv]tebrate fossils are r>e 9 ,plei/oc5e rocks1 b "s fre%-wat] & t]re/rial mollusks occur4 ,v]tebrate rema9s1 h[ev]1 are abundant 9 _m localities1 & l>ge numb]s ( horses1 camels1 mammo?s1 & o!r mammals 7,pls4 #df-di7 h be5 collect$4 ,fossil bones & tee? 7figs4 #be1 #bf1 p4 #ajd7 are commonly f\nd 9 ! gravels & s&s ( _m ( ! riv] t]races ( ! ,/ate4 ,,ma9 ,,types ,,( ,,fossils ,! beg9n+ fossil collector is usually amaz$ by ! _m diff]5t plants & animals t h left "s trace ( _! exi/5ce4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ^! diff]5t types ( prehi/oric life1 x is necess>y to "k some?+ ab\t ! organisms t are liv+ today4 ,?is h&book discusses ! m important gr\ps ( plants & animals :i* h left "s sort ( paleontological record1 & ea* major gr\p beg9s ) a discussion ( ! m simple organisms & cont9ues ?r\gh ! m advanc$ =ms4 ,because sci5tific work]s d n always agree on exactly ! same classification1 ! sy/em adopt$ 9 ?is h&book conta9s ! late/ ideas ( sev]al work]s4 ,x is simple en\gh to und]/&1 yet complete en\gh to help "o "k & classify 8 fossils4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ?is classification may diff] 9 "s respects f t ( c]ta9 old] paleontological publications4 ,!re=e1 x has seem$ advisable to li/ o!r names = "s ( ! gr\ps t are discuss$4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! brief descriptions & illu/rations ( ea* gr\p w enable ! collector to make a prelim9>y id5tification ( 8 fossils4 ,= m detail$ in=mation ab\t ea* gr\p1 ! read] %\ld ref] to 8,books ,ab\t ,fossils0 7pp4 #ajh-aaj74 ,?is "p ( ! h&book beg9s ) a brief summ>y ( ! major gr\ps ( ! plant k+dom1 foll[$ by a discussion ( ! *>act]i/ics & relative paleontological importance ( ! v>i\s inv]tebrate animals4 ,emphasis is plac$ on ! inv]tebrates because ?is type ( fossil is mo/ commonly collect$ by ! amateur4 ,f9ally1 !re is a g5]al review ( ! v]tebrates4 ,,plant ,,fossils ,plant fossils are usually fragm5tal & poorly pres]v$1 & ?is t5ds to disc\rage mo/ amateurs f an active int]e/ 9 paleobotany4 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( ^! problems1 mu* is kn[n ( ! evolution ( plants1 & plant fossils provide mu* in=mation ab\t life ( ! pa/4 ,9 addition1 c]ta9 plants are ( consid]able value z indicators ( anci5t climatic conditions1 & _! rema9s h play$ a l>ge "p 9 ! =mation ( va/ coal deposits4 ,classification ( ! ,plant ,k+dom ,9 ! foll[+ classification only ! l>g] taxonomic gr\ps are discuss$4 ,notice t ! t]m division has be5 us$ 9 place ( ! t]m phylum z us$ 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,?is usage is n[ pref]r$ by _m botani/s & paleobotani/s4 ,,division ,,?allophyta ,?allophytes are simple plants )\t roots1 /ems1 or leaves4 ,!y include ! fungi1 algae1 & diatoms 7,pl4 #ab74 ,diatoms are microscopic fossils t are f\nd 9 _m ( ! rocks ( ,texas1 & !y are q abundant 9 ,rec5t s$im5ts z well4 ,c]ta9 ( ! ,paleozoic lime/ones ( c5tral ,texas conta9 b&$ sph]ical masses ( algae call$ 8algal biscuits40 ,al?\gh n p>ticul>ly useful fossils1 ?allophytes h a long geologic hi/ory & are kn[n 9 rocks rang+ f ,precambrian to ,rec5t 9 age4 ,,division ,,bryophyta ,! bryophytes are simple rootless plants & include ! mosses & liv]worts4 ,al?\gh m complex1 ! bryophytes resemble ! algae 9 "s respects4 ,!y are uncommon fossils1 b und\bt$ bryophytes 7liv]worts7 h be5 report$ f rocks z old z ,mississippian4 ,,division ,,tra*eophyta ,?is division has be5 divid$ into f\r subdivisions1 among :i* are _m ( ! m common liv+ & fossil plants4 ,su* important plants z ! f]ns1 ev]gre5s1 h>dwood trees1 & ! fl[]+ plants are all tra*eophytes4 ,among ! m common & abundant fossil tra*eophytes are ! f]ns1 cycads1 & ,g+ko1 9 addition to su* important 8coal plants0 z ! scale trees1 club mosses1 & sc\r+ ru%es 7,pls4 #ab1 #ac74 ,! latt] commonly occur 9 _m ( ! _w's great coal deposits1 & _! rema9s make up a l>ge "p ( ! coal4 ,plant fossils ( ?is type may be collect$ 9 ! dumps ar\nd "s ( ! ab&on$ coal m9es 9 nor?-c5tral ,texas & f o!r ,p5nsylvanian rocks 9 nor? & ,trans-,pecos ,texas4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aa ,,geologic ,,range ,,( ,,! ,,major ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,plants ,,& ,,animals ,! b&s give "s indication ( ! geologic range & relative abundance ( ! major gr\ps ( plants & animals4 ,an increase 9 ! wid? ( ! range b& corresponds to a relative increase 9 numb]s dur+ ! correspond+ portion ( geologic "t4 ,,precambrian ,,paleozoic ,,cambrian ,,ordovician ,,silurian ,,devonian ,,mississippian ,,p5nsylvanian ,,p]mian ,,mesozoic ,,jurassic ,,cretace\s ,,c5ozoic ,?allophyta ,bryophyta ,tra*eophyta ,protozoa ,porif]a ,coel5t]ata ,bryozoa ,bra*iopada ,mollusca ,annelida ,ar?ropoda ,e*9od]mata ,*ordata ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ab ,,fossil ,,plants ,illu/ration3 ,,?allophytes ,,diatoms #ijj ,,algae #djj ,illu/ration3 ,,tra*eophytes ,,lepidod5dron ,,sigill>ia ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ac ,,fossil ,,plants ,,tra*eophytes ,,neuropt]is ,,psilophyton ,,calamites ,,amelan*i] ,,cordaites ,,g+ko ,fairly well-pres]v$ plant rema9s may also be collect$ f ! ,woodb9e gr\p ( ! ,upp] ,cretace\s 9 nor? ,texas1 & fossil wood1 mo/ ( x silicifi$1 has be5 report$ f rocks ( almo/ all ages & 9 almo/ e section ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 addition1 "s ( ! c>bonace\s clays & %ales ( ea/ ,texas conta9 l>ge assemblages ( plant leaves1 :i* 9 "s places are well pres]v$4 ,x is also possible to f9d ! fossiliz$ rema9s ( se$s1 spores1 & poll54 ,because ( _! small size1 ^! m9ute rema9s are n de/roy$ by ! drill bit & c be br\ght out ( deep wells )\t be+ damag$1 & = ?is reason !y are a valuable tool = ! micropaleontologi/4 ,,animal ,,fossils ,! fossiliz$ rema9s ( animals are v common 9 _m ( ! s$im5t>y rocks ( ,texas4 ,^! rema9s are ( _m diff]5t k9ds & repres5t ! fossils ( su* div]se organisms z ! %ell ( a t9y "o-cell$ animal or ! bones or tusk ( a huge elephant4 ,! fossils mo/ commonly f\nd1 h[ev]1 are ! rema9s ( inv]tebrate animals su* z clams1 snails1 & corals1 & x is ?is type ( fossil t attracts ! int]e/ ( mo/ amateur collectors4 ,x is n always easy to tell :e!r c]ta9 organisms are plants or animals1 & because ( ?is "s sci5ti/s h sugge/$ t ^! 89-betwe5s0 be plac$ 9 a sep>ate k+dom--! ,proti/a4 ,! proti/ans are prim>ily unicellul> organisms & are repres5t$ by su* =ms z bact]ia1 algae1 diatoms1 & ! protozoans 7see bel[74 ,b 9 ?is publication1 only ! plant & animal k+doms are recogniz$4 ,phylum ,protozoa ,?is phylum is compos$ ( simple "o-cell$ animals _m ( :i* h no %ell or ext]nal body cov]+4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 h ext]nal h>d p>ts t c become fossiliz$1 & ^! =ms are q useful micr(ossils4 ,,class ,,s>cod9a4-- ,?is class conta9s a gr\p ( "o-cell$ animals :i* may secrete an exoskeleton 7ext]nal protective cov]+7 ( *it91 silica1 or calcium c>bonate4 ,includ$ 9 ?is class are =am9if]ans 7commonly call$ =ams7 & radiol>ians4 ,ord] ,=am9if]a4-- ,memb]s ( ?is ord] secrete t9y *amb]$ %ells :i* are v useful micr(ossils4 ,! =ams are pr$om9antly m>9e organisms & h %ells compos$ ( *it91 silica1 or calcium c>bonate4 ,9 addition1 "s =ms con/ruct a %ell ( s& gra9s or "s o!r mat]ial :i* is cem5t$ toge!r by a /icky sub/ance t is secret$ by ! animal4 ,=ams are v abundant 9 ! rocks ( ,texas & p>ticul>ly s 9 rocks ( ,mesozoic & ,c5ozoic age4 ,! mo/ num]\s & easily obs]v$ ,paleozoic =am9if]ans are ! fusul9ids 7fig4 #i;a71 & _! small sp9dle-%ap$ rema9s are v abundant 9 _m ( ! ,p5nsylvanian lime/ones ( nor?-c5tral & ,trans-,pecos ,texas4 ,"s typical ,texas =ams are illu/rat$ 9 figure #i4 ,ord] ,radiol>ia4-- ,! radiol>ians 7fig4 #aj7 h delicate sp9e-cov]$ %ells compos$ ( silica1 & _! rema9s are v abundant 9 c]ta9 rec5t m>9e s$im5ts4 ,!y may also be f\nd z fossils & h be5 report$ f ,devonian & ,p]mian rocks 9 ,trans-,pecos ,texas1 & probable radiol>ians h be5 report$ f /ill y\ng] b$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,typical ,texas ,=am9if]a 7all greatly enl>g$74 7a7 ,fusul9a 7,p5nsylvanian74 7b7 ,robulus4 7c7 ,globig]9a4 7d7 ,frondicul>ia4 7b-d1 ,cretace\s74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,typical radiol>ians 7greatly enl>g$74 7a7 ,act9omma 7,rec5t74 7b7 ,porodiscus 7,eoc5e74 ,phylum ,porif]a ,^! are sponges & are ! simple/ ( ! _m-cell$ animals4 ,liv+ sponges secrete a skeleton :i* may be compos$ ( *it91 silica1 or calcium c>bonate4 ,^! sub/ances are commonly f\nd 9 ! =m ( spicules--t9y h>d p>ts t are us$ to help support ! s(t tissues ( ! animal4 ,^! spicules take on a v>iety ( %apes 7,pl4 #ad7 & are occasionally f\nd z micr(ossils 9 "s m>9e s$im5ts4 ,al?\gh sponges are n p>ticul>ly common fossils1 _! rema9s occur 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,sponges h be5 collect$ f ,paleozoic & ,mesozoic =mations ( nor? & ,trans-,pecos ,texas1 & _! spicules h be5 report$ f well cutt+s4 ,phylum ,coel5t]ata ,! coel5t]ates are multicell$ animals :i*1 ?\gh m complex ?an ! sponges1 are r primitive animals4 ,! liv+ animal is *>act]iz$ by a sac-l body cavity1 a def9ite m\?1 & t5tacles :i* be> /++ cells4 ,"s =ms1 = example1 ! jellyfi%es1 h an umbrella-%ap$ body & are s+le free-mov+ organisms4 ,o!rs1 l ! colonial corals1 are compos$ ( _m individuals liv+ toge!r 9 a colony4 ,mo/ zoologi/s & paleontologi/s recognize ?ree classes ( coel5t]ates3 7#a7 ! ,hydrozoa1 conta9+ ! small animals kn[n z hydroids1 7#b7 ! ,scyphozoa1 :i* includes ! jellyfi%1 & 7#c7 ! ,an?ozoa1 :i* includes ! corals & sea anemones4 ,because ( _! extreme fragility & lack ( h>d p>ts1 hydrozoans & scyphozoans are n commonly f\nd z fossils4 ,!y d1 h[ev]1 h a long geologic hi/ory & may be pres]v$ :5 unusual conditions ( fossilization occur4 ,! an?ozoans1 especially ! corals1 are by f> ! mo/ important class geologically1 & ^! =ms h left a v good paleontological record4 ,,class ,,an?ozoa4-- ,?is class is compos$ ( a gr\p ( exclusively m>9e organisms & includes ! corals & sea anemones4 ,! coral animal1 or polyp1 secretes a cup-%ap$ calc>e\s 7limy7 exoskeleton4 ,?is skeleton1 call$ a corallite1 is usually divid$ by radial p>titions call$ septa4 ,! polyp lives 9 ! calyx1 :i* is ! c5tral b[l-%ap$ depression 9 ! top ( ! corallite 7fig4 #aa;a74 ,solit>y corals =m an individual corallite = ea* polyp1 & because ( _! %ape ^! may be giv5 su* names z 8horn corals0 7,lophophyllidium1 ,pl4 #ae7 or 8button corals0 7,micrabacia1 ,pl4 #af74 ,colonial or comp\nd corals 7,pl4 #ae7 live toge!r 9 colonies1 :i* are =m$ ( _m individual skeletons atta*$ to ea* o!r 7fig4 #aa;b71 & ! comp\nd mass ( coral skeletons =m$ 9 ?is mann] is call$ a corallum4 ,fossil corals commonly occur 9 _m m>9e lime/ones & 9 places con/itute a l>ge portion ( ! rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,morphology & pr9cipal p>ts ( corals4 7a7 ,solit>y or 8horn0 coral4 7b7 ,colonial or comp\nd coral4 a ,columella ,septum ,corallite b ,calyx ,septum ,corallum ,! class ,an?ozoa has be5 divid$ into sev]al subclasses1 b only "o1 ! ,zoan?>ia1 is ( paleontological importance4 ,subclass ,zoan?>ia4-- ,mo/ corals & all sea anemones belong to ?is subclass4 ,zoan?>ians are ei!r colonial or solit>y &1 because mo/ ( !m possess a h>d pres]vable exoskeleton1 !y are ! mo/ important gr\p ( an?ozoans geologically4 ,! v>i\s ord]s ( ! subclass ,zoan?>ia are discuss$ bel[4 ,ord] ,rugosa4-- ,^! are corals 9 :i* ! septa are arrang$ 9 cycles ( f\r4 ,bo? solit>y & colonial =ms occur1 & !y are f\nd only 9 rocks ( ,paleozoic age4 ,rugose corals are abundant 9 _m ( ! ,paleozoic =mations ( ,texas1 & two ( ! m typical =ms 7,lophophyllidium & ,can9ia7 are illu/rat$ 9 ,plate #ae4 ,memb]s ( ?is ord] h be5 plac$ 9 ! subclass ,tetracoralla ( old] classifications4 ,ord] ,scl]act9ia4-- ,! scl]act9ians are solit>y or colonial corals 9 :i* ! septa gr[ 9 multiples ( six1 & !y are ! mo/ important & abundant ( ! mod]n corals4 ,^! corals 7 ! dom9ant reef build]s ( ,mesozoic & ,c5ozoic seas1 & _! rema9s are common 9 _m ( ! m>9e =mations ( ! ,/ate4 ,plate #af illu/rates "s typical scl]act9ian corals f ! rocks ( ,texas4 ,?is ord] has also be5 ref]r$ to z subclass ,hexacoralla1 & its memb]s h be5 call$ hexacorals4 ,ord] ,tabulata4-- ,^! are corals t are n[ ext9ct b are kn[n f fossils 9 bo? ,paleozoic & ,mesozoic rocks4 ,tabulate corals are *>act]iz$ by horizontal p>titions call$ tabulae1 & septa are abs5t or poorly develop$4 ,! tabulates 7 ! mo/ abundant reef-build+ corals dur+ ,paleozoic "t & are well kn[n z fossils4 ,because ( c]ta9 simil>ities ) o!r an?ozoans1 "s paleontologi/s h treat$ ! ,tabulata z a di/9ct subclass r ?an z an ord] ( ! ,zoan?>ia4 ,tabulate corals are n uncommon 9 _m ( ! ,paleozoic rocks ( ,texas1 & two ( ^! 7,clado*onus & ,/riatopora7 are illu/rat$ 9 ,plate #ae4 ,phylum ,bryozoa ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,two types ( bryozoans or 8moss animals40 7a7 ,section ( ! lacy type bryozoan4 7b7 ,! spiral axis ( ,ar*im$es 7,mississippian74 ,bryozoans are colonial animals t are (t5 ref]r$ to z 8sea mats40 ,!y h be5 call$ ?is because !y are commonly f\nd matt$ on %ells1 rocks1 fossils1 & o!r objects4 ,! liv+ animal is q small1 has a t5tacle-be>+ ridge surr\nd+ ! m\?1 & secretes a t9y cup-l exoskeleton compos$ ( calc>e\s or *it9\s mat]ial4 ,^! little *amb]s1 kn[n z zooecia 7or autopores71 are se5 z small pits on ! surface ( ! bryozoan colony 7,rhombopora1 ,pl4 #ag74 ,! zooecia gr[ toge!r to =m ! bryozoan colony1 & "s fossil colonies gr[ to be z mu* z #b feet across4 ,su* colonies may be spiral 7fig4 #ab;b71 bran*+1 or lace-l 7fig4 #ab;a71 & ! latt] two types are v common 9 _m ( ! fossilif]\s /rata ( ,texas4 ,und\bt$ bryozoan fossils h be5 record$ 9 rocks ( ,l[] ,ordovician age1 b que/ionable ,cambrian =ms h also be5 report$4 ,bryozoans are abundant 9 ! seas ( today1 b only a few =ms inhabit fre% wat]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ad ,illu/ration3 ,,sponge ,,spicules 7,,greatly ,,enl>g$7 ,illu/ration3 ,,paleozoic ,,sponges ,,me&ro/ia #a ,,heliospongia #a ,,a/raeospongium ,,a/ylospongia ,,receptaculites ,,girtyocoelia #b ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ae ,,p5nsylvanian ,,corals ,,clado*onus #a ,,/riatopora #a ,,lophophyllidium ,,prolif]um #a ,,mi*el9ia #a ,,can9ia #a ,,lophophyllidium ,,radicosum #a ,illu/ration3 ,plate #af ,illu/ration3 ,,cretace\s ,,corals ,,cladophyllia #a ,,p>asmilia #a ,,pleurocora #a ,illu/ration3 ,,t]ti>y ,,corals ,,endopa*ys #a ,,a/rhelia #a ,,flabellum #a ,,micrabacia #b ,,tro*osmilia #a ,9 ,texas "o may expect to f9d bryozoan rema9s 9 ! ,p5nsylvanian rocks ( nor?-c5tral & ,trans-,pecos ,texas :]e !y are abundant 9 c]ta9 ( ! m>9e %ales & lime/ones4 ,bryozoans may also be collect$ f "s ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y b$s1 b _! rema9s are small & fragm5tal & !y are easily ov]look$4 ,bryozoans h also be5 f\nd matt$ on ! %ells ( fossil mollusks & o!r inv]tebrates4 ,phylum ,bra*iopoda ,! bra*iopods are a l>ge gr\p ( exclusively m>9e organisms ) %ells compos$ ( two pieces call$ valves 7fig4 #ac74 ,^! valves are usually compos$ ( calc>e\s or phosphatic mat]ial & enclose & protect ! s(t p>ts ( ! bra*iopod animal4 ,! s(t p>ts are compos$ ( muscles1 ! mantle 7:i* secretes ! valves71 dige/ive1 respiration1 reproductive1 & excretory organs1 & ! t5tacle-be>+ lophophore4 ,9 adult life ! bra*iopod is atta*$ to ! sea bottom by means ( a fle%y /alk call$ ! p$icle 7fig4 #ad71 & ?is is usually extrud$ ?r\gh a hole 7! p$icle =am57 :i* is locat$ 9 ! v5tral or p$icle valve4 ,! upturn$ area :i* is usually pres5t on ! p$icle valve is call$ ! beak4 ,! o!r valve1 kn[n z ! dorsal or bra*ial valve1 is usually ! small] ( ! two 7fig4 #ac;b74 ,! two valves are op5$ by means ( muscles1 & s9ce dea? results 9 relaxation ( ^! muscles1 fossil bra*iopods are typically f\nd ) valves clos$4 ,bra*iopods v>y greatly 9 size & %ape & exhibit a wide v>iety ( ornam5tation1 su* z sp9es1 ribs1 nodes1 & o!r /ructures4 ,!y are abundant fossils 9 _m ( ! ,paleozoic rocks ( ,texas b are relatively r>e 9 ,mesozoic & ,c5ozoic =mations4 ,! phylum has be5 divid$ into two subclasses1 ! ,in>ticulata & ! ,articulata4 ,?is classification is bas$ ^u ! nature ( ! h+e-l9e--! edge ( ! %ell :]e ! two valves articulate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,morphology & pr9cipal p>ts ( articulate bra*iopods4 a ,p$icle =am5 ,h+e l9e b ,p$icle valve ,beak ,bra*ial valve ,,class ,,in>ticulata4-- ,! memb]s ( ?is class are r primitive & h a long geologic hi/ory4 ,^! bra*iopods h valves :i* are n provid$ ) h+e tee?1 ! valves be+ held toge!r by muscles1 & a h+e-l9e is lack+ 7fig4 #ad74 ,mo/ in>ticulate bra*iopods are circul> or tongue-l 9 %ape & commonly compos$ ( *it9\s & phosphatic mat]ial4 ,in>ticulate bra*iopods range f ,l[] ,cambrian to ,rec5t 9 age b 7 nev] z common z ! articulate bra*iopods1 :i* are describ$ bel[4 ,bra*iopods belong+ to ?is class h be5 record$ f sev]al ,paleozoic =mations 9 ,texas 7,pl4 #ag1 ,l+ula1 ,apsotreta1 ,angulotreta74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ag ,illu/ration3 ,,p5nsylvanian ,,bryozoans ,,fi/ulipora #f ,,polypora #e ,,rhombopora #h ,illu/ration3 ,,cambrian ,,bra*iopods ,,apsotreta #aj ,,l+ula #d ,,angulotreta #aj ,illu/ration3 ,,mississippian ,,bra*iopods ,,rhipodomella #a ,,dictyoclo/us #a ,,cam>otoe*ia #a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,l+ula1 a typical ,rec5t in>ticulate bra*iopod %[+ ext5d$ p$icle4 ,p$icle ,valve ,,class ,,articulata4-- ,articulate bra*iopods h a well-def9$ h+e-l9e 7fig4 #ac;a74 ,"o valve has well-develop$ tee? :i* articulate ) sockets 9 ! oppos+ valve1 & !re is a well-develop$ muscle sy/em :i* aids 9 op5+ & clos+ ! %ell4 ,articulate bra*iopods are *>act]iz$ by calc>e\s %ells :i* are typically ( unequal size & a wide v>iety ( %apes 7,pls4 #ah1 #ai74 ,! class has be5 divid$ into sev]al ord]s :i* h be5 e/abli%$ prim>ily on ! nature ( ! p$icle =am5 & ! nature ( %ell gr[?4 ,articulate bra*iopods range f ,l[] ,cambrian to ,rec5t 9 age & are p>ticul>ly abundant 9 c]ta9 ,p5nsylvanian =mations ( nor?-c5tral & ,trans-,pecos ,texas4 ,!y are also pres5t 9 c]ta9 o!r fossilif]\s /rata ( ,paleozoic age b are less abundant & n z well pres]v$4 ,! only ,cretace\s bra*iopod t is f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s is ,k+5a waco5sis 7,roem]7 7fig4 #ae71 :i* is p>ticul>ly abundant 9 c]ta9 =mations 9 ! upp] "p ( ! ,coman*e s]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,k+5a waco5sis1 a common ,cretace\s bra*iopod4 7a7 ,dorsal view4 7b7 ,lat]al view4 7c7 ,v5tral view4 ,phylum ,mollusca ,! phylum ,mollusca encompasses a l>ge gr\p ( aquatic 7wat]-dwell+7 & t]re/rial 7l&-dwell+7 inv]tebrates :i* includes su* famili> =ms z ! snails1 clams1 oy/]s1 squids1 & octopuses4 ,mo/ mollusks possess a calc>e\s %ell t s]ves z an exoskeleton1 & ^! h>d p>ts are well adapt$ = pres]vation z fossils4 ,h[ev]1 "s mollusks 7! slugs7 h no %ells1 & o!rs 7! squids7 h an int]nal calc>e\s %ell4 ,because ( _! relative abundance & great v>iety1 mollusks are p>ticul>ly useful fossils4 ,moreov]1 ! rema9s ( c]ta9 mollusks1 su* z ! oy/]s1 are important rock build]s4 ,! phylum ,mollusca has be5 divid$ into five classes3 #a4 ,amph9eura--! *itons or sea-mice2 %ell compos$ ( eight valves or plates2 n a common fossil4 ,ordovician to ,rec5t4 #b4 ,scaphopoda--! tusk-%ells2 %ell compos$ ( a s+le tusk-l valve2 g5]ally n a common fossil b locally abundant 9 c]ta9 ,c5ozoic =mations4 ,devonian to ,rec5t4 #c4 ,ga/ropoda--! snails & slugs2 slugs are )\t %ells1 snails h a s+le-valv$ %ell :i* is typically coil$2 common fossils 9 ,paleozoic1 ,mesozoic1 & ,c5ozoic rocks4 ,cambrian to ,rec5t4 #d4 ,pelecypoda--clams1 mussels1 oy/]s1 scallops2 %ells compos$ ( two valves1 usually1 b n always1 ( equal size2 common fossils1 especially 9 ,mesozoic & ,c5ozoic rocks4 ,cambrian to ,rec5t4 #e4 ,cephalopoda--squids1 octopuses1 ! pe>ly nautilus1 & ! ammonoids 7ext9ct72 %ell ( "o valve1 usually coil$ & p>tition$ by septa2 valuable fossils1 especially 9 ,paleozoic & ,mesozoic rocks4 8,cambrian1 ,ordovician to ,rec5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ah ,,p5nsylvanian ,,bra*iopods ,,m>g9if]a #a ,,ambocoelia #a ,,squamul>ia #a ,,d]bya #a ,,mesolobus #a ,,*onetes #a ,,l9oproductus #a ,,punctospirif] #a ,,composita ,,subtilita #a ,,neospirif] #a ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ai ,,p5nsylvanian ,,bra*iopods ,,juresania #a ,,spirif] ,,rockymontanus #a ,,neospirif] ,,cam]atus #a ,( ^! five classes1 only ! ,ga/ropoda1 ,pelecypoda1 & ,cephalopoda are discuss$ h]e94 ,,class ,,ga/ropoda4-- ,! typical ga/ropod has a spirally coil$1 s+le-valv$1 un*amb]$ %ell4 ,?is %ell encloses a s(t body possess+ a well-def9$ head ) a pair ( eyes & "o or two pairs ( t5tacles4 ,mo/ ga/ropods h gills & live 9 %all[ m>9e wat]s1 b "s inhabit fre% wat]4 ,o!rs are l&-dwell+ =ms & brea! by means ( lungs4 ,ga/ropod %ells1 bo? ,rec5t & fossil1 exhibit a great v>iety ( size1 %ape1 & ornam5tation4 ,su* %ells may be cone-%ap$1 spirally coil$1 flat1 turret$1 or cyl9drical4 ,! %ell is commonly w\nd 9 a spiral ar\nd a c5tral axial pill> 7! columella74 ,! clos$ po9t$ end ( ! %ell is call$ ! apex1 & ea* turn ( ! %ell is call$ a :orl 7fig4 #af74 ,! la/-=m$ & l>ge/ :orl is call$ ! body :orl1 & ?is :orl conta9s ! ap]ture--! op5+ ( ! %ell4 ,! comb9$ :orls exclusive ( ! body :orl are kn[n z ! spire4 ,! inn] & out] m>g9s ( ! ap]ture are designat$ ! inn] lip & ! out] lip1 respectively4 ,9 "s snails ! ap]ture is clos$ by means ( ! op]culum--a calc>e\s or horny plate atta*$ to ! foot ( ! animal4 ,?is plate effectively seals ! ap]ture :5 ! animal is )drawn into its %ell4 ,"s ga/ropods h %ells t are loosely coil$1 & 9 ^! =ms ! columella is abs5t4 ,if ! :orls ( su* %ells are n 9 contact on ! inn] surface1 ?is leaves an op5 space :i* is call$ ! umbilicus 7fig4 #af;a74 ,! umbilicus is commonly se5 z an op5+ 9 ! base ( ! ga/ropod %ell1 b 9 "s =ms ! umbilical op5+ may be p>tially or completely cov]$ by a ?ick gr[? ( %ell call$ ! callus4 ,_m ga/ropods1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,texas ,cretace\s1 are commonly pres]v$ z int]nal or ext]nal molds4 ,?is type ( pres]vation occurs aft] ! dea? ( ! animal1 & ! decomposition ( ! s(t p>ts enables ! %ell to become fill$ ) s$im5t4 ,?is fill+ lat] becomes solidifi$1 & ! out] %ell may ev5tually be remov$ by wea!r+ or solution4 ,?is type ( int]nal mold is call$ a /e9k]n & normally does n reflect any ext]nal %ell *>act]i/ics 7,pl4 #b74 ,9 "s ( ! ,p5nsylvanian & ,t]ti>y =mations1 h[ev]1 ga/ropods may be collect$ ) ! orig9al %ell 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation4 ,plates #bj-bc illu/rate "s typical ,paleozoic1 ,mesozoic1 & ,c5ozoic ga/ropods4 ,,class ,,pelecypoda4-- ,! pelecypods possess a %ell compos$ ( two calc>e\s valves 7fig4 #ag7 :i* enclose ! s(t p>ts ( ! animal4 ,memb]s ( ?is class live exclusively 9 an aquatic habitat & are mo/ abundant 9 m>9e environm5ts4 ,mo/ pelecypods are sl[-mov+ bottom-dwell+ =ms1 b "s1 l ! oy/]s1 are atta*$4 ,/ill o!rs1 = example1 ! scallop or ,pect51 are swimm]s4 ,! ,pelecypoda include su* famili> saltwat] =ms z ! clams & oy/]s1 z well z ! common fre%-wat] mussel4 ,pelecypods range f ,cambrian to ,rec5t 9 age b are m abundant 9 ,mesozoic & ,c5ozoic rocks4 ,! liv+ animal is aquatic1 ) well-develop$ s(t p>ts & a muscul>1 commonly hat*et-%ap$ foot4 ,! s(t mantle encloses ! body & secretes ! %ell1 & 9 "s pelecypods "p ( ! mantle is develop$ into ! incurr5t & excurr5t siphons4 ,! incurr5t siphons br+ fre% wat] & food into ! mantle cavity1 & wa/e products are pass$ out ?r\gh ! excurr5t siphons4 ,respiration is by means ( gills )9 ! mantle cavity4 ,! typical pelecypod valves are ( equal size & =m1 b "s1 su* z ! scallops & oy/]s1 h two valves ( unequal size & %ape4 ,! valves are h+$ & held toge!r by a t\gh ela/ic ligam5t :i* runs along ! dorsal 7top7 side ( ! %ell4 ,9 addition to ! ligam5t1 mo/ =ms h tee? & sockets :i* are locat$ along ! h+e-l9e4 ,! tee? 9 "o valve articulate ) ! sockets 9 ! opposite valve1 & ?is arrangem5t gives /r5g? to ! h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,morphology & pr9cipal p>ts ( ga/ropod %ells4 7a7 ,l[-spir$ =m ) umbilicus4 7b7 ,section ( spirally coil$ %ell %[+ columella4 a ,suture ,:orl ,body :orl ,ap]ture ,umbilicus b ,apex ,spire ,columella ,body :orl ,inn] lip ,out] lip ,mo/ ( ! pelecypod %ell is ( calcium c>bonate1 b ! out] lay]1 or p]io/racum1 ( ea* valve is compos$ ( horny mat]ial4 ,! inn] surface ( ! %ell is l9$ ) a calc>e\s lay] ( pe>ly or porcelane\s mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bj ,,p5nsylvanian ,,ga/ropods ,,/rap>olus #a ,,amphiscapha #a ,,wor!nia #a ,,trepospira #a ,,bell]ophon #a ,,euomphalus #a ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ba ,illu/ration3 ,,p5nsylvanian ,,ga/ropods ,,euphemites #a ,,/robeus #a ,,platyc]as #a ,illu/ration3 ,,cretace\s ,,ga/ropods ,,int]nal ,,molds ,,gyrodes #a ,,lunatia #a ,,turritella #a ,,c]i?ium #a ,,tylo/oma #a ,,n]9ea #a ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bb ,,t]ti>y ,,ga/ropods ,,di/orsio #a ,,mesalia #a ,,fusus #a ,,co*lespiropsis #a ,,turritella #a ,,latirus #a ,,conus #a ,,v]tagus #a ,,pseudoliva #a ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bc ,,t]ti>y ,,ga/ropods ,,ancilla #a ,,ar*etectonica #a ,,tuba #a ,,calyptraphorus #a ,,syco/oma #a ,,surcula #a ,,volutoli!s #a ,,nev]ita #a ,,levifusus #a ,! outl9e ( ! %ell may v>y greatly1 b mo/ pelecypods are typically clam-l4 ,h[ev]1 c]ta9 =ms are r\nd1 o!rs are long & n>r[1 & "s h w+-l /ructures4 ,mo/ pelecypods h a beak :i* repres5ts ! olde/ "p ( ! %ell4 ,! beak is commonly locat$ on ! ant]ior 7front7 end ( ! %ell1 & ! end ( ! %ell opposite ?is is designat$ po/]ior 7! re>74 ,! h+e & ligam5t are locat$ dorsally 7along ! top71 & ! l[] m>g9 ( ! %ell :]e ! valves op5 is call$ v5tral 7fig4 #ag;a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,morphology & pr9cipal p>ts ( a typical pelecypod %ell4 7a7 ,ext]ior view4 7b7 ,int]ior view4 a ,dorsal ,beak ,ant]ior ,po/]ior ,conc5tric gr[? r+s ,v5tral b ,h+e tee? ,c>d9al tee? ,ant]ior muscle sc> ,po/]ior muscle sc> ,mantle l9e ,! inn] surface ( ! %ell has c]ta9 m>k+s :i*1 along ) ! %ell =m & d5tition 7! nature & arrangem5t ( ! tee? & sockets71 are important 9 classification4 ,muscle sc>s are pres5t on ! inside ( mo/ valves2 ! ant]ior muscle sc>s are locat$ ne> ! front ( ! %ell1 & ! po/]ior muscle sc>s are situat$ ne> ! re> ( ! %ell4 ,^! sc>s m>k ! place ( atta*m5t ( muscles :i* 7 us$ to close ! %ell & aid 9 locomotion4 ,along ! v5tral m>g9 ( "s %ells !re is a l9e or sc> :i* ext5ds f ! ant]ior muscle sc> to ! po/]ior muscle sc>4 ,?is is kn[n z ! mantle l9e or pallial l9e & m>ks ! place ( atta*m5t ( ! mantle--a s(t membran\s lay] t enclos$ ! body ( ! animal4 ,9 "s pelecypods ! dorsal m>g9 ( "o valve be>s a s]ies ( h+e tee? :i* articulate ) a simil> set ( sockets on ! o!r valve 7fig4 #ag;b74 ,9 addition to h+e tee?1 c]ta9 species h c>d9al tee? :i* are locat$ bel[ & 9 front ( ! h+e tee?4 ,! ext]ior ( mo/ %ells is m>k$ by a s]ies ( conc5tric gr[? l9es 7fig4 #ag;a7 :i* m>k po9ts ( p]iodic addition ( %ell mat]ial4 ,! ext]nal surface ( _m %ells is also m>k$ by v>i\s types ( ornam5tation1 su* z ribs1 nodes1 sp9es1 & grooves4 ,fossil collectors commonly f9d only "o valve ( ! pelecypod %ell4 ,?is is because ! %ell normally op5s :5 ! animal dies1 & ! valves may easily become sep>at$4 ,fossil pelecypods are also commonly pres]v$ z ext]nal & int]nal molds1 & ^! are f\nd 9 fossilif]\s /rata ( almo/ all ages4 ,"s pelecypods ( ,p5nsylvanian1 ,mesozoic1 & ,c5ozoic age are f\nd ) orig9al %ell mat]ial t appe>s to h und]gone v little *ange4 ,fossil pelecypods are abundant & v>i$ 9 ,texas & are f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! fossilif]\s =mations ( ! ,p5nsylvanian1 ,cretace\s1 & ,t]ti>y sy/ems 7,pls4 #bd-ca74 ,,class ,,cephalopoda4-- ,^! are m>9e mollusks ) or )\t *amb]$ or solid %ells :i* may be int]nal or ext]nal4 ,! liv+ animal possesses a well-develop$ head ) eyes1 horny jaws1 & _m t5tacles fus$ ) ! foot4 ,cephalopods are ! mo/ advanc$ ( all mollusks & include ! squid1 octopus1 pe>ly nautilus1 & ! ext9ct ammonoids4 ,memb]s ( ?is class range f ,cambrian to ,rec5t 9 age b 7 mu* m abundant 9 anci5t seas ?an !y are today4 ,_! rema9s con/itute a v useful gr\p ( fossils1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,paleozoic & ,mesozoic rocks4 ,mo/ paleontologi/s h divid$ ! ,cephalopoda into ?ree subclasses1 ! ,nautiloidea1 ,ammonoidea1 & ! ,coleoidea 7kn[n also z subclass ,dibran*iata & subclass ,decapoda72 ea* ( ^! is discuss$ bel[4 ,subclass ,nautiloidea4-- ,! nautiloids are cephalopods ) ext]nal *amb]$ %ells 9 :i* ! septa 7divid+ p>titions7 are simple & h smoo? edges4 ,?is subclass is repres5t$ by a s+le liv+ g5us1 ,nautilus1 & a l>ge numb] ( fossil =ms4 ,9 ! liv+ ,nautilus ! %ell is compos$ ( calcium c>bonate & is coil$ 9 a flat spiral 7fig4 #ah74 ,! int]ior ( ! %ell is divid$ into a s]ies ( *amb]s by calc>e\s p>titions call$ septa4 ,! po9t :]e ea* septum jo9s ! inn] surface ( ! %ell is kn[n z ! suture4 ,^! suture l9es 7fig4 #ai;a7 are n visible f ! outside unless ! out] %ell has be5 remov$1 b !y are visible on ! int]nal molds ( _m fossil cephalopods & are ( great importance 9 nautiloid & ammonoid classification4 ,nautiloids h v simple smoo?ly curv$ suture patt]ns1 b ammonoids are *>act]iz$ by m complex & wr9kl$ sutures 7fig4 #ai;d74 ,al?\gh ! %ell ( ! only type ( liv+ nautiloid is coil$1 _m ( ! e>ly =ms _h /raight cone-%ap$ %ells 7,or?oc]as1 ,pl4 #cb71 & ^! are common 9 "s ( ! ,p5nsylvanian =mations ( ,texas4 ,fossil coil$ nautiloids may be collect$ 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y /rata ( ! ,/ate1 b _! rema9s are n common4 ,cymatoc]as 7,pl4 #cb7 is a coil$ fossil nautiloid f ! ,cretace\s ( nor? ,texas4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bd ,,p5nsylvanian ,,pelecypods ,,s*izodus #a ,,myal9a ,,a/>tella #a ,,nuculopsis #a ,,allorisma #a ,,nuculana #a ,,yoldia #a ,,p9na ,illu/ration3 ,plate #be ,,cretace\s ,,pelecypods ,,protoc>dia #a ,,alectryonia ,,lugubris #a ,,plicatula #a ,,pect5 #a ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bf ,,cretace\s ,,pelecypods ,,gryphaea ,,wa%ita5sis #a ,,gryphaea ,,graysonana #a ,,inoc]amus #a ,,trigonia #a ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bg ,,cretace\s ,,pelecypods ,,exogyra ,,ariet9a #a ,,exogyra ,,laeviscula #a ,,nei!a #a ,,exogyra ,,pond]osa #a ,,exogyra ,,texana #a ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bh ,,cretace\s ,,pelecypods ,,pa*ymya ,,o/rea ,,c>9ata #a ,,o/rea ,,quadriplicata #a ,,pholadomya #a ,illu/ration3 ,plate #bi ,,t]ti>y ,,pelecypods ,,lima #a ,,o/rea ,,lisbon5sis #a ,,pit> #a ,,v5]ic>dia ,,bulla #a ,,pa*ecoa #b ,,pholadomya #b ,,o/rea ,,sellae=mis #a ,,crassatella #a ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cj ,,t]ti>y ,,pelecypods ,,or?oyoldia #a ,,tell9a #a ,,vokesula #b ,,nucula #b ,,v5]ic>dia ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ca ,,t]ti>y ,,pelecypods ,,plicatula #a ,,pect5 #a ,,anomia #a ,,glycym]is #b ,,c>yocorbula #b ,,b>batia #a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,morphology & pr9cipal p>ts ( ! pe>ly nautilus4 7a7 ,ext]ior view ( a ,rec5t %ell4 7b7 ,section$ view ( ! same %ell to %[ int]nal /ructures4 b ,liv+ *amb] ,ap]ture ,septa ,siphuncle ,protocon* ,*amb] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,*>act]i/ic features ( ! v>i\s types ( cephalopod sutures4 7a7 ,nautiloid type4 7b7 ,goniatite type4 7c7 ,c]atite type4 7d7 ,ammonite type4 ,subclass ,ammonoidea4-- ,! ammonoids are a gr\p ( ext9ct cephalopods :i* are relat$ to ! nautiloids b are *>act]iz$ by m complex suture patt]ns4 ,memb]s ( ?is subclass h an ext]nal p>tition$ %ell :i* is /raight1 curv$1 or spirally coil$ 7,pl4 #cc74 ,?is gr\p ( cephalopods fir/ appe>$ 9 ,devonian "t1 became extremely abundant & v>i$ dur+ ! ,mesozoic1 & 0 ext9ct by ! end ( ! ,cretace\s p]iod4 ,mo/ ,paleozoic ammonoids are *>act]iz$ by a comb9ation curv$ & angul> suture patt]n1 & ?is type ( suture patt]n is ref]r$ to z goniatitic 7fig4 #ai;b74 ,sutures t are curv$ & cr5ulat$ 7m>k$ 9 places by a s]ies ( too?-l ind5tations7 are kn[n z c]atitic 7fig4 #ai;c74 ,c]atitic sutures fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,mississippian1 became increas+ly abundant dur+ ! ,triassic b 7 mu* less abundant dur+ ! ,cretace\s4 ,! ammonitic suture has a v complexly subdivid$ patt]n 7fig4 #ai;d74 ,cephalopods ) ammonitic sutures range f ,p5nsylvanian to ,cretace\s 9 age & 7 ! mo/ abundant cephalopods ( ! ,mesozoic4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cb ,illu/ration3 ,,p5nsylvanian ,,cephalopods ,,phan]oc]as #a ,,or?oc]as #a ,illu/ration3 ,,cretace\s ,,cephalopods ,,metoicoc]as ,,cymatoc]as ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cc ,,cretace\s ,,cephalopods ,,texanites ,,acan?oc]as ,,turrilites ,,dufr5oyia ,,oxytropidoc]as ,,baculites ,,belemnite ,ammonoids are locally abundant 9 _m ( ! fossilif]\s rocks ( ,texas & are among ! m useful ,mesozoic guide fossils4 ,goniatites may be f\nd 9 ! ,p5nsylvanian ( nor?-c5tral & ,trans-,pecos ,texas1 & ammonoids ) ! c]atitic suture patt]n c be collect$ f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( _m p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,cephalopods exhibit+ ! typical ammonitic suture patt]n are abundant 9 _m ( ! ,cretace\s rocks ( ,texas1 & ^! fossils h contribut$ mu* t[>d an und]/&+ ( ! ,cretace\s /rata ( ?is ,/ate4 ,subclass ,coleoidea4-- ,^! are squid-l cephalopods *>act]iz$ by an int]nal %ell or no %ell at all4 ,includ$ 9 ?is gr\p are ! squids1 cuttlefi%1 octopuses1 & ! ext9ct belemnoids1 b ( ^! only ! belemnoids are useful fossils4 ,memb]s ( ?is subclass range f ,mississippian to ,rec5t 9 age4 ,ord] ,belemnoidea4-- ,! belemnoids appe> to be ! olde/ & mo/ primitive ( ! coleoid cephalopods4 ,_! e>lie/ kn[n occurr5ce is 9 rocks ( ,mississippian age1 & !y 7 p>ticul>ly abundant dur+ ! ,mesozoic4 ,!y became ext9ct at ! end ( ,cretace\s "t b h left consid]able evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce 9 ! ,mesozoic /rata ( _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,c]ta9 =ms1 because ( _! abundance & relatively %ort geologic range1 are excell5t guide fossils4 ,belemnoids h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s ( ,texas 7,pl4 #cc7 b 9 g5]al are r>e or unkn[n 9 mo/ ,texas =mations4 ,phylum ,annelida ,memb]s ( ! phylum ,annelida include ! segm5t$ worms su* z ! common e>?worm4 ,annelids are m>9e1 fre% wat]1 or t]re/rial & h app>5tly be5 common ?r\gh mu* ( geologic "t4 ,because ( _! lack ( h>d p>ts1 mo/ ( ^! worms h left little direct fossil evid5ce ( _! activities 9 ! geologic pa/4 ,"s annelids secrete /raight or coil$ calc>e\s tubes1 & fossil worm tubes ( ?is sort 7fig4 #bj7 are commonly f\nd atta*$ to bra*iopods1 mollusks1 & o!r objects4 ,tubes ( ?is nature h be5 report$ f ,paleozoic1 ,mesozoic1 & ,c5ozoic rocks 9 ,texas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,types ( typical annelid worms4 7a7 ,s]pula 7#a7 7b7 ,hamulus 7#b74 7c7 ,spirobis 7#ae74 ,"s annelids h small *it9\s jaws & tee? :i* also may be pres]v$ z fossils4 ,^! d5tal /ructures are call$ scolecodonts & are micr(ossils4 ,phylum ,ar?ropoda ,! ar?ropods are "o ( ! m advanc$ gr\ps ( inv]tebrates1 & !y are kn[n f ! ,cambrian to ! ,rec5t 7,pl4 #cd74 ,mod]n repres5tatives ( ?is gr\p include ! crabs1 %rimp1 crayfi%1 insects1 & spid]s4 ,ar?ropods v>y greatly 9 size & %ape & are among ! mo/ abundant ( all animals4 ,!y h become successfully adapt$ to a wide v>iety ( environm5ts & live on l&1 9 wat]1 & 9 ! air4 ,! typical ar?ropod has a segm5t$ body :i* is usually cov]$ by a *it9\s exoskeleton :i*1 9 "s =ms1 conta9s additions ( calcium c>bonate4 ,!y are highly specializ$ & well-develop$ animals 9 :i* locomotion is by means ( pair$ jo9t$ app5dages4 ,al?\gh ! ar?ropods are ( great importance 9 nature today1 only a few gr\ps are ( importance to ! paleontologi/4 ,only two ( ^!1 ! trilobites & ! o/racodes1 are discuss$ h]e94 ,subphylum ,trilobitomorpha ,! memb]s ( ?is subphylum are ext9ct ar?ropods :i* 7 mo/ abundant dur+ e>ly ,paleozoic "t4 ,,class ,,trilobita4-- ,! trilobites are a gr\p ( exclusively m>9e ar?ropods :i* d]ive _! "n f ! typical ?ree-lob$ appe>ance ( _! bodies 7fig4 #ba;a74 ,! trilobite body is divid$ into a c5tral or axial lobe & two lat]al lobes4 ,! body ( ! animal 0 encas$ 9 a *it9\s exoskeleton4 ,! top "p ( ?is ext]ior cov]+1 ! c>apace1 is v ?ick1 & x is ?is "p ( ! trilobite t is usually pres]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cd ,,fossil ,,ar?ropods ,,fossil ,,insect #a ,,fossil ,,cru/aceans ,,enoploclytia #a ,,a/acodes ,,notopocory/es #b ,,o/racodes #dj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,morphology & pr9cipal p>ts ( trilobites4 ,cephalon ,?orax ,pygidium ,axial lobe ,lat]al lobes ,! body is also divid$ into ?ree p>ts f front to back4 ,beg9n+ at ! front ( ! animal ^! divisions are ! cephalon or head1 ! ?orax or abdom51 & ! pygidium or tail 7fig4 #ba;a74 ,! body segm5ts ( ! ?orax 7 arrang$ 9 su* a mann] z to p]mit ! animal to roll up into a ball1 & _m trilobites are f\nd 9 ?is position 7fig4 #ba;b74 ,trilobites fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,cambrian & 7 ext9ct by ! end ( ! ,p]mian4 ,!y occur sp>+ly 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,paleozoic rocks ( ,texas & :5 f\nd are likely to be fragm5tal & 9 a poor /ate ( pres]vation4 ,subphylum ,cru/acea ,! cru/aceans are ! crabs1 %rimp1 crayfi%1 & o/racodes4 ,al?\gh n abundant1 fossil crabs h be5 describ$ f c]ta9 ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y =mations ( ! ,/ate 7,notopocory/es1 ,pl4 #cd74 ,h[ev]1 ! mo/ useful & abundant cru/acean fossils are ! memb]s ( ! class ,o/racoda4 ,,class ,,o/racoda4-- ,! o/racodes are small1 bivalv$1 aquatic cru/aceans :i* h ! ext]nal appe>ance ( small clams 7,pl4 #cd74 ,! rema9s ( ^! t9y animals are s small t !y are be/ /udi$ "u a l[-p[] microscope1 & because ( _! small size !y are p>ticul>ly useful to ! micropaleontologi/4 ,fossil o/racodes range f ,ordovician to ,rec5t 9 age & h be5 record$ 9 ! ,paleozoic1 ,mesozoic1 & ,c5ozoic rocks ( ,texas4 ,_! rema9s are p>ticul>ly abundant 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y m>9e =mations ( ! ,/ate4 ,phylum ,e*9od]mata ,! e*9od]ms are a l>ge gr\p ( exclusively m>9e animals1 mo/ ( :i* exhibit a m>k$ five-fold radial symmetry 7,pls4 #ce1 #cf74 ,liv+ e*9od]ms h well-develop$ n]v\s & dige/ive sy/ems1 a di/9ct body cavity1 & are a relatively complex gr\p ( organisms4 ,! typical e*9od]m has a skeleton compos$ ( num]\s calc>e\s plates :i* are intricately fitt$ toge!r & cov]$ by a lea!ry out] sk9 7! integum5t74 ,! e*9od]m body (t5 exhibits a typical />-%ap$ =m1 b "s types may be he>t-%ap$1 biscuit-%ap$1 or cucumb]-%ap$4 ,memb]s ( ?is phylum range f ,cambrian to ,rec5t 9 age & are abundant z fossils 9 _m ( ! m>9e =mations ( ,texas4 ,! phylum ,e*9od]mata has be5 divid$ into two subphyla1 ! ,pelmatozoa 7^? =ms t 7 atta*$ to sea floor by a /em or a /alk7 & ! ,eleu!rozoa 7! /emless unatta*$ e*9od]ms74 ,subphylum ,pelmatozoa ,^! are e*9od]ms :i* are m or less p]man5tly atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! sea by means ( a /alk :i* is compos$ ( slightly movable1 calc>e\s1 disk-l segm5ts 7fig4 #bc74 ,pelmatozoans range f ,cambrian to ,rec5t 9 age1 & _! fossiliz$ rema9s are p>ticul>ly abundant 9 ,paleozoic rocks4 ,! subphylum has be5 divid$ into sev]al classes1 b only ?ree ( ^!1 ! ,cy/oidea1 ,bla/oidea1 & ,cr9oidea1 are discuss$ "h4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,cr9oidea1 all ( ! atta*$ e*9od]ms are ext9ct4 ,,class ,,cy/oidea4-- ,^! are primitive atta*$ e*9od]ms :i* 7 relatively common 9 e>ly ,paleozoic "t4 ,! typical cy/oid has a some:at globul> or sac-l calyx 7! ma9 body skeleton7 compos$ ( num]\s1 irregul>ly arrang$1 calc>e\s plates 7fig4 #bb;b74 ,! plates compos+ ! calyx are usually p]=at$ by pores or slits :i* 7 probably us$ 9 excretion or respiration4 ,! calyx 0 atta*$ to ! sea bottom by a %ort /em4 ,cy/oids range f ,cambrian to ,devonian 9 age & 7 especially abundant dur+ ,ordovician & ,silurian "t4 ,_! rema9s are r>e or abs5t 9 ! rocks ( ,texas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,two ext9ct atta*$ e*9od]ms4 7a7 ,p5tremites 7,mississippian74 7b7 ,c>yocr9ites 7,silurian74 ,,class ,,bla/oidea4-- ,! bla/oids are ext9ct %ort-/emm$ e*9od]ms ) a small1 symmetrical1 bud-l calyx4 ,! bla/oid calyx is compos$ ( #ac calc>e\s plates arrang$ 9 a typical five-sid$ patt]n 7fig4 #bb;a74 ,! m\? is locat$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! calyx & is surr\nd$ by five op5+s call$ spiracles4 ,five di/9ct ambulacral or food grooves radiate outw>d f ! m\?4 ,bla/oids range f ,ordovician to ,p]mian 9 age & 7 especially abundant dur+ ! ,mississippian p]iod4 ,no bla/oids h be5 report$ f any ( ! rocks ( ,texas4 ,,class ,,cr9oidea4-- ,! cr9oids are commonly call$ sea-lilies because ( _! fl[]-l appe>ance4 ,! calyx is compos$ ( symmetrically arrang$ calc>e\s plates1 & mo/ cr9oids h a long /em4 ,o!r cr9oids are free-swimm+ 9 ! adult /age & are atta*$ only dur+ ! e>li] phases ( _! developm5t4 ,! cr9oid calyx is typically cup-%ap$ 7fig4 #bc7 & five grooves radiate out f its c5t]4 ,^! grooves cont9ue outw>d along ! complexly segm5t$ arms & are us$ z *annels to convey food to ! m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,typical mod]n cr9oid1 or 8sea lily10 %[+ pr9cipal p>ts4 ,calyx ,arm ,plate ,/em ,columnal ,cirri ,holdfa/ 7root7 ,! cr9oid /em is atta*$ to ! base ( ! calyx & s]ves = purposes ( support & atta*m5t4 ,?is /em consi/s ( a relatively long flexible /alk compos$ ( num]\s calc>e\s disk-%ap$ segm5ts call$ columnals 7fig4 #bc2 ,pl4 #ce71 ea* ( :i* conta9s a r\nd or />-%ap$ op5+ 9 its c5t]4 ,_m cr9oids h v long /alks 7"s are z mu* z #ej feet 9 l5g?71 & :5 ! animal dies ! columnals become sep>at$ & are scatt]$ ab\t on ! ocean floor4 ,_m ,paleozoic lime/ones conta9 su* great numb]s ( cr9oid columnals t !y are ref]r$ to z cr9oidal lime/ones 7fig4 #h74 ,cr9oidal lime/ones occur 9 "s ( ! ,mississippian & ,p5nsylvanian =mations ( c5tral ,texas & 9 ! ,p5nsylvanian ( nor?-c5tral & ,trans-,pecos ,texas4 ,! /alk is atta*$ to ! sea floor or "s o!r object by means ( a root sy/em call$ ! holdfa/ 7fig4 #bc74 ,?is /ructure commonly bran*es out into ! surr\nd+ s$im5ts1 & 9 ?is mann] ! cr9oid animal is firmly an*or$ to ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,cr9oids1 l mo/ e*9od]ms1 are greg>i\s animals--t is1 !y commonly live toge!r 9 l>ge numb]s1 & = ?is reason great numb]s ( cr9oid rema9s are commonly f\nd conc5trat$ 9 relatively small local areas4 ,mo/ fossil cr9oids are f\nd z /em fragm5ts because ! m fragile calyx & root sy/em are less likely to be pres]v$4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n cr9oids h be5 f\nd 9 rocks ( ,ordovician age1 & _! rema9s are p>ticul>ly abundant 9 ,paleozoic rocks4 ,cr9oids are liv+ today b mo/ ( !m are /emless free-swimm+ =ms call$ 8fea!r />s10 mu* less abundant ?an _! ,paleozoic ance/ors4 ,subphylum ,eleu!rozoa ,! eleu!rozoans are free-swimm+1 bottom-dwell+1 e*9od]ms :i* h be5 divid$ into two classes4 ,! class ,a/]ozoa 7/>-%ap$ e*9od]ms7 conta9s ! subclasses ,a/]oidea 7! />fi%es7 & ! ,ophiuroidea 7! brittle />s74 ,al?\gh !y are kn[n z fossils1 nei!r ( ^! gr\ps is ( paleontological importance4 ,! class ,e*9ozoa 7e*9od]ms )\t lat]ally direct$ arm-l ext5sions7 conta9s ! subclasses ,e*9oidea 7! sea ur*9s & s& doll>s7 & ,holo?uroidea 7! sea cucumb]s74 ,( ^! two subclasses1 only ! ,e*9oidea are useful fossils4 ,,class ,,a/]ozoa4-- ,^! are typical />-%ap$ free-mov+ e*9od]ms 9 :i* ! body is divid$ into a c5tral disk & radiat+ arms4 ,subclass ,a/]oidea4-- ,?is class conta9s ! />fi%es :i*1 al?\gh n common fossils1 illu/rate well ! typical e*9od]m *>act]i/ics 7,pl4 #ce74 ,fossil />fi%es h be5 f\nd sp>+ly 9 c]ta9 =mations 9 ,texas1 b well-pres]v$ specim5s are q r>e4 ,h[ev]1 excell5tly pres]v$ />fi%es h be5 f\nd 9 slabs ( ,cretace\s lime/ones f c5tral & nor?-c5tral ,texas4 ,subclass ,ophiuroidea4-- ,! ophiuroids are e*9od]ms ) a well-def9$ c5tral disk & five long1 sl5d]1 :ip-l arms4 ,!y h be5 call$ brittle />s because ( _! ability to %$ _! arms :5 !y are di/urb$4 ,_! long1 sl5d]1 snake-l arms h also result$ 9 _! be+ call$ s]p5t />s4 ,ophiuroids range f ,ordovician to ,rec5t 9 age1 b because ( ! delicate nature ( _! bodies !y are seldom f\nd z fossils4 ,ophiuroid rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 c]ta9 ,mesozoic & ,c5ozoic rocks ( ,texas1 b !y consi/ l>gely ( small segm5ts ( ! arms or body fragm5ts4 ,,class ,,e*9ozoa4-- ,! e*9ozoans are a gr\p ( unatta*$ e*9od]ms ^: bodies consi/ ( num]\s calc>e\s plates & sp9es1 b !y d n possess ! radiat+ arm-l ext5sions :i* *>act]ize ! a/]ozoans4 ,subclass ,e*9oidea4-- ,e*9oids are free-mov+ e*9od]ms ) disk-%ap$1 he>t-%ap$1 biscuit-%ap$1 or globul> exoskeletons 7,pl4 #cf74 ,mod]n repres5tatives ( ?is gr\p include ! famili> sea ur*9s1 he>t ur*9s1 & ! s& doll>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ce ,,cr9oids ,,cr9oid ,,calyx ,,cr9oid ,,columnals #a ,,holo?urian ,,scl]ites 7,,greatly ,,enl>g$7 ,,cretace\s ,,fossil ,,/>fi%es ,,p5tagona/] #a ,,p5tac]os #a ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cf ,,cretace\s ,,e*9oids ,,sal5ia #a ,,e*9oid ,,sp9es #b ,,e*9oid ,,plate #b ,,hemia/] #a ,,hola/] #a ,,holectypus #a ,! e*9oid te/ 7exoskeleton7 is compos$ ( _m intricately fitt+ calc>e\s plates 7,pl4 #cf7 :i* enclose ! animal's s(t p>ts4 ,! ext]ior ( ! te/ is typically cov]$ ) l>ge numb]s ( movable sp9es 7,pl4 #cf7 :i* v>y greatly 9 size4 ,^! sp9es are ( "s aid 9 locomotion1 support ! skeleton ( ! animal1 & provide a measure ( protection f enemies4 ,! olde/ kn[n e*9oids h be5 record$ f rocks ( ,ordovician age1 b x 0 n until ! ,mesozoic t ! gr\p began to fl\ri%4 ,!y 7 especially abundant dur+ ! ,cretace\s & h be5 abundant & v>i$ f t "t until ! pres5t4 ,e*9oids are p>ticul>ly num]\s 9 _m ( ! ,l[] ,cretace\s =mations ( ,texas :]e !y are commonly f\nd 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation4 ,he>t ur*9s & biscuit ur*9s may be f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s 9 _m areas ( ! ,/ate1 & especially 9 areas :]e !re are good exposures ( fossilif]\s ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks4 ,subclass ,holo?uroidea4-- ,memb]s ( ?is class1 commonly call$ sea cucumb]s1 h a r elongate1 sac-l1 cucumb]-%ap$ body & be> little resemblance to o!r memb]s ( ! phylum ,e*9od]mata4 ,! sea cucumb]s d n h a well-def9$ skeleton2 r ! body is support$ by _m small1 disconnect$1 calc>e\s plates or rods call$ ossicles or scl]ites 7,pl4 #ce74 ,^! m9ute /ructures are emb$d$ 9 ! lea!ry sk9 :i* cov]s ! body ( ! sea cucumb] & may be pres]v$ z fossils4 ,su* rema9s are locally abundant 9 c]ta9 =mations 9 ,texas1 b because ( _! small size1 scatt]$ occurr5ce1 & problems 9 classification1 ?is gr\p is ( little use to mo/ paleontologi/s4 ,holo?uroid body impressions h be5 report$ f ! ,middle ,cambrian1 & scl]ites f rocks z old z ,mississippian4 ,phylum ,*ordata ,! *ordates are ! mo/ advanc$ ( all animals & are *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce ( a well-develop$ n]v\s sy/em & a body support$ by a bony or c>tilag9\s noto*ord &_/or sp9al column4 ,9 ! high] *ordates 7! v]tebrates7 ! noto*ord is normally replac$ by bone1 b 9 ! l[] *ordates 7= example1 ! graptolites7 x rema9s 9 a c>tilag9\s condition4 ,! phylum ,*ordata conta9s only two subphyla ( paleontological significance4 ,^! are ! subphylum ,hemi*ordata1 compos$ ( primitive *ordates 7includ+ ! graptolites :i* are important fossils71 & ! ,v]tebrata1 :i* includes all animals ) backbones4 ,subphylum ,hemi*ordata ,! hemi*ordates are *>act]iz$ by a well-def9$ noto*ord :i* runs ! l5g? ( ! body1 b !y d n possess a true backbone4 ,only "o class1 ! ,graptoli?9a1 is ( paleontological importance4 ,,class ,,graptoli?9a4-- ,! graptolites are a gr\p ( ext9ct colonial animals :i* 7 v abundant dur+ e>ly ,paleozoic "t4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ by a *it9\s exoskeleton consi/+ ( r[s ( cups or tubes :i* h\s$ ! liv+ animal4 ,^! cups are atta*$ to s+le or bran*+ /alks 7fig4 #bd7 :i* 9 "s =ms 7 atta*$ to sea we$s1 rocks1 or o!r =eign objects :]e !y l$ a fix$ exi/5ce4 ,! /alks ( ! unatta*$ graptolites grew on floats 7fig4 #bd;a7 & ^! float+ =ms atta9$ wide geographic di/ribution4 ,x is also possible t "s ( ! atta*$ =ms 7 fix$ to float+ objects1 su* z sea we$1 & ?us 7 di/ribut$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,previ\s classifications h recogniz$ ! graptolites z memb]s ( ! phylum ,coel5t]ata4 ,z coel5t]ates !y 7 assign$1 at v>i\s times1 to ! classes ,hydrozoa1 ,scyphozoa1 & ,graptozoa4 ,9 addition1 !y 7 also classifi$ z bryozoans by c]ta9 ( ! e>ly paleontologi/s4 ,?is publication1 9 keep+ ) rec5t *anges 9 taxonomy1 consid]s graptolites to be an ext9ct gr\p ( hemi*ordates4 ,?is classification is bas$ ^u rese>* 9 :i* uncompress$ graptolites 7 et*$ out ( *]t & /udi$ 9 great detail4 ,in=mation d]iv$ f ^! relatively undi/ort$ specim5s indicates a mu* high] degree ( body organization ?an 0 previ\sly suspect$1 & z a result ( ^! /udies mo/ paleontologi/s n[ consid] graptolites to be "s =m ( primitive *ordate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,graptolites4 7a7 ,diplograptus 7#b74 7b7 ,d5drograptus 7#c74 7c7 ,phyllograptus 7#b74 ,! *it9\s graptolite exoskeleton is commonly pres]v$ z a flatt5$ c>bon residue2 _! rema9s may be locally abundant along ! b$d+ planes ( c]ta9 black or d>k gray %ales4 ,graptolites are kn[n f rocks t range f ,cambrian to ,mississippian 9 age1 & !y are among ! mo/ important guide fossils = ,ordovician & ,silurian rocks4 ,graptolites h be5 report$ f ,cambrian rocks 9 c5tral ,texas & f ! ,ordovician ( we/ ,texas 7fig4 #bd74 ,! mo/ abundant ( ^! occur 9 c]ta9 ,ordovician rocks 9 ! ,trans-,pecos area :]e !y are common fossils 9 c]ta9 =mations4 ,subphylum ,v]tebrata ,! v]tebrates are ! mo/ advanc$ ( all *ordates4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ by a skull & a bony or c>tilag9\s int]nal skeleton1 ) a v]tebral column ( bone or c>tilage4 ,?is subphylum is commonly divid$ into two sup]classes1 ! ,pisces 7! fi%es & _! relatives7 & ! ,tetrapoda 7! f\r-foot$ animals74 ,z m5tion$ e>li]1 mo/ amateur collectors collect v few v]tebrate rema9s1 & = ?is reason ?is gr\p is n discuss$ 9 detail4 ,h[ev]1 ! m important v]tebrate classes are briefly review$ to enable ! read] to h "s und]/&+ ( ?is important gr\p ( animals4 ,?is "p ( ! h&book w also s]ve z an introduction to "s ( ! int]e/+ & unusual1 b n[ ext9ct1 animals t h inhabit$ ,texas 9 ! geologic pa/4 ,among ^! animals are giant fi%es1 primitive amphibians1 & _m diff]5t types ( d9osaurs4 ,includ$ also are su* unusual mammals z ! giant gr\nd slo?s1 sab]-too? cats1 mammo?s1 & ma/odons1 all ( :i* are n[ ext9ct4 ,! rema9s ( ^!1 & _m o!r int]e/+ ext9ct v]tebrates1 may be se5 9 ! geological collections ( ! ,texas ,memorial ,museum at ,au/94 ,_m ( ^! displays are accompani$ by draw+s :i* depict ! sci5tific re/oration ( ! animal's s(t p>ts & %[ h[ ! animal may h appe>$ 9 life4 ,sup]class ,pisces ,! memb]s ( ?is sup]class are commonly call$ fi%es & are ! simple/ & mo/ num]\s ( all v]tebrates4 ,!y are aquatic1 free-mov+1 cold-blood$ 7_! blood ma9ta9s ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ wat]71 & brea! prim>ily by means ( gills4 ,h[ev]1 "s =ms 7! lungfi%es7 brea! by means ( a lung develop$ f ! air-bladd]4 ,! mo/ rec5t fi% classification recognizes f\r major classes1 ! ,agna?a 7primitive jawless fi%es71 ! ,placod]mi 7armor$ fi%es ) primitive jaws71 ! ,*ondri*?yes 7%>ks & relat$ =ms ) c>tilag9\s int]nal skeletons71 & ! ,o/ei*?yes 7true bony fi%es74 ,,class ,,agna?a4-- ,fi%es belong+ to ?is class are primitive1 jawless1 & repres5t$ by ! liv+ lampreys & hagfi%es4 ,! fir/ agna?ans appe>$ 9 ! ,ordovician & 7 armor$ by a bony cov]+ on ! front "p ( _! bodies4 ,^! primitive fi%es1 call$ o/racod]ms1 are ! e>lie/ record$ fi%es &1 9 addition1 appe> to be ! fir/ kn[n v]tebrate animals4 ,! o/racod]ms fir/ appe>$ 9 late ,ordovician "t1 increas$ 9 numb]s 9 ! ,silurian1 & 7 ext9ct by ! end ( ! ,devonian4 ,,class ,,placod]mi4-- ,^! are primitive jaw-be>+ fi%es1 ! majority ( :i* 7 heavily armor$ 7,pl4 #cg74 ,! placod]ms 7 %>k-l 9 appe>ance1 & "s ( !m grew to be z mu* z #cj feet 9 l5g?4 ,memb]s ( ?is class appe>$ fir/ 9 ! ,devonian & la/$ into ! ,p]mian1 at :i* "t !y became ext9ct4 ,placod]ms are r>e 9 ,texas1 b ! fragm5t>y rema9s ( ^! primitive fi%es h be5 f\nd 9 ,devonian rocks 9 c5tral ,texas4 ,,class ,,*ondri*?yes4-- ,?is class includes su* mod]n =ms z ! %>ks1 rays1 & skates4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ by skeletons :i* are compos$ ( c>tilage & are v abundant 9 ! m>9e wat]s ( today4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n repres5tatives ( ?is class are report$ f rocks ( ,devonian age1 & !y h be5 relatively common up to ! pres5t "t4 ,%>k tee? 7,pl4 #cg7 c be f\nd 9 ,texas 9 ,p5nsylvanian1 ,p]mian1 ,cretace\s1 ,paleoc5e1 ,eoc5e1 & ,mioc5e rocks4 ,^! are probably ! mo/ common v]tebrate fossils to be f\nd 9 ,texas & are usually f\nd 9 ?9-b$d$ m>9e lime/ones or clays4 ,,class ,,o/ei*?yes4-- ,! ,o/ei*?yes includes ! true bony fi%es1 :i* are ! mo/ highly develop$ & abundant ( all fi%es4 ,!y possess an int]nal bony skeleton1 well-develop$ jaws1 an air-bladd]1 &1 typically1 an ext]nal cov]+ ( ov]lapp+ scales4 ,includ$ 9 ?is class are a primitive gr\p ( fi%es call$ crossopt]ygians4 ,^! 7 v abundant 9 ! ,devonian & are believ$ to be ! ance/ors ( ! amphibians4 ,! mod]n lungfi%es also belong to ! class ,o/ei*?yes1 & ^! primitive fi%es1 :i* are n[ f\nd only 9 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,africa1 brea! by means ( gills & lungs :i* h be5 develop$ f ! air-bladd]4 ,al?\gh n abundant z fossils1 ! rema9s ( ^! specializ$ fi%es h add$ mu* to pres5t k conc]n+ ! developm5t ( c]ta9 ( ! high] v]tebrates4 ,! rema9s ( bony fi%es h be5 collect$ at _m localities 9 ,texas1 & fossils ( ?is type h be5 f\nd prim>ily 9 rocks ( ,cretace\s age b h be5 report$ f o!r rocks z well4 ,fi% fossils are m commonly f\nd 9 ! =m ( tee? 7,pl4 #cg71 v]tebrae1 scales1 & an occasional well-pres]v$ skeleton4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cg ,illu/ration3 ,,%>k ,,tee? #a ,illu/ration3 ,,conodonts 7,,greatly ,,enl>g$7 ,illu/ration3 ,,primitive ,,armor$ ,,fi% ,,placod]m 7,,devonian7 ,conodonts 7,pl4 #cg7 are small1 amb]-color$1 too?-l fossils :i* are believ$ to repres5t ! tee? ( "s type ( ext9ct fi%4 ,al?\gh geologi/s d n "k a great deal ab\t ! orig9 ( ^! /range fossils !y are ( value 9 micropaleontology4 ,conodonts h be5 report$ f sev]al ,paleozoic =mations 9 ,texas & are useful guide fossils 9 "s areas4 ,sup]class ,tetrapoda ,! tetrapods are ! mo/ advanc$ *ordates & are typifi$ by ! pres5ce ( lungs1 a ?ree- or f\r-*amb]$ he>t1 & pair$ app5dages4 ,includ$ "h are ! classes ,amphibia 7frogs1 toads1 & salam&]s71 ,reptilia 7liz>ds1 snakes1 turtles1 & ! ext9ct d9osaurs71 ,aves 7birds71 & ,mammalia 7includ+ ! mammals1 su* z m51 dogs1 :ales1 etc474 ,,class ,,amphibia4-- ,! amphibians 7 ! e>lie/ develop$ f\r-legg$ animals & are repres5t$ by su* liv+ =ms z ! toads1 frogs1 & salam&]s4 ,amphibians are cold-blood$ animals t prim>ily brea! by lungs & sp5d mo/ ( _! life on l&1 b dur+ _! e>ly /ages ( developm5t !y live 9 ! wat] :]e !y brea! by means ( gills4 ,! amphibians app>5tly develop$ f ! crossopt]ygian fi%es dur+ late ,devonian "t & 7 relatively abundant 9 ! ,p5nsylvanian1 ,p]mian1 & ,triassic4 ,amphibian rema9s 9 ,texas are conf9$ l>gely to l[] ,paleozoic & upp] ,mesozoic rocks4 ,num]\s int]e/+ & important discov]ies ( fossil amphibians h be5 made 9 nor? & we/ ,texas :]e _! rema9s 7,pl4 #dj7 h be5 collect$ 9 association ) e>ly types ( reptiles4 ,! areas :]e ,p]mian r$ b$s are expos$ 9 ,ar*] & ,baylor c\nties & :]e ,triassic r$ b$s are expos$ f ,big ,spr+ nor? along ! edge ( ! ,high ,pla9s h furni%$ mo/ ( ^! specim5s4 ,,class ,,reptilia4-- ,! reptiles h become adapt$ to p]man5t life on l& & ne$ n rely on an aquatic environm5t4 ,!y are cold-blood$ & are normally *>act]iz$ by a scaly sk94 ,reptiles h be5 mu* m abundant 9 ! pa/ ?an !y are today1 & !y assum$ _m diff]5t %apes & sizes 9 ! geologic pa/4 ,mod]n classifications recognize a l>ge numb] ( reptilian gr\ps1 b only ! m important ( ^! are briefly review$ "h4 ,cotylosaurs4-- ,^! 7 a gr\p ( primitive reptiles :i*1 al?\gh reta9+ "s amphibian *>act]i/ics1 became adapt$ to an exclusively l&-dwell+ exi/5ce4 ,! cotylosaurs liv$ dur+ ! ,p5nsylvanian & ,p]mian & app>5tly became ext9ct sometime dur+ ! late ,p]mian4 ,cotylosaurs 7,pl4 #dj7 are well kn[n f ! ,p]mian ( nor? ,texas4 ,turtles4-- ,^! are reptiles 9 :i* ! body is m or less completely enclos$ by bony plates4 ,?is gr\p is fir/ kn[n z fossils f late ,triassic rocks ( ,europe1 & mod]n repres5tatives ( ! gr\p include ! turtles & tortoises4 ,fragm5t>y rema9s ( turtle %ells are among ! mo/ common v]tebrate fossils f\nd 9 ! ,t]ti>y4 ,"s ( ! late ,t]ti>y l& tortoises 7 #c to #d feet long4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n turtles 9 ,texas h be5 f\nd 9 ,cretace\s rocks4 ,pelycosaurs4-- ,! pelycosaurs 7 a gr\p ( late ,paleozoic reptiles "s ( :i* 7 *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce ( a tall f9 on _! back 7,pl4 #dj74 ,! fossils ( ^! unusual creatures are well kn[n f ! ,p]mian r$ b$s ( nor?-c5tral ,texas4 ,!rapsids4-- ,! !rapsids 7 a mammal-l gr\p ( reptiles :i* 7 well develop$ = a t]re/rial exi/5ce4 ,al?\gh ! rema9s ( ^! primitive reptiles are n p>ticul>ly important fossils1 /udy ( ! !rapsids has provid$ mu* valuable in=mation ab\t ! orig9 ( ! mammals4 ,memb]s ( ?is gr\p appe>$ fir/ 9 ! middle ,p]mian & p]si/$ until ! middle ,jurassic1 b !rapsid rema9s h n be5 report$ f ,texas4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ch ,comp>ison ( ! d9osaurs4 ,reproduc$ ) p]mission ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dixon1 ,jr41 & ,geology ,dep>tm5t1 ,baylor ,univ]sity1 ,waco1 ,texas4 ,,d9osaur ,,sauris*ians ,,orni?is*ians ,,/ocks ,,d9osaur ,,!ropod ,,sauropod ,,orni?opod ,,/egosaur ,,c]atopsian ,,ankylosaur ,,types ,,po/ure ,,bip$al ,,quadrup$al ,,bip$al ,,& ,,quadrup$al ,,quadrup$al ,,quadrup$al ,,quadrup$al ,,armor ,,un>mor$ ,,except ,,un>mor$ ,,un>mor$ 7,,spe$ ,,bony ,,plates ,,horns1 ,,bony ,,knobs ,,& ,,spikes ,,= ,,huge ,,%>p ,,0 ,,*ief ,,along ,,back1 ,,plate ,,ov] ,,neck ,,ov] ,,dorsal ,,area1 ,,tee? ,,def5se7 ,,spik$-,,tail ,,club-,,l ,,tail ,,diet ,,c>nivor\s ,,h]bivor\s ,,h]bivor\s ,,h]bivor\s ,,h]bivor\s ,,h]bivor\s ,,o!r ,,l>ge ,,head ,,) ,,huge ,,body1 ,,long ,,sl5d]-,,build1 ,,%ort ,,neck1 ,,%ort ,,neck1 8,,armadillo-,,l0 ,,descriptive ,,p[]ful ,,jaw1 ,,neck ,,& ,,tail1 8,,duck-,,bill$0 ,,long ,,tail1 ,,/ocky ,,build ,,appe>ance ,,rem>ks ,,greatly ,,r$uc$ ,,small ,,head ,,small ,,head ,,=e-,,limbs ,,examples ,,c]atosaurus-,j ,,bra*iosaurus-,j ,,p>asaurolophus-,k ,,/egosaurus-,j ,,/yracosaurus-,k ,,paleosc9cus-,k 7,,& ,,age7 ,,allosaurus-,j ,,diplodocus-,j ,,cory?osaurus-,k ,,protoc]atops-,k ,,ankylosaurus-,k ,j-,,jurassic ,,tyrannosaurus-,k ,,brontosaurus-,j ,,tra*odon-,k ,,tric]atops-,k ,k-,,cretace\s ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,scale ,,9 ,,feet #aj #aj #e #e #e #e ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ci ,comp>ison ( ,mesozoic fly+ & swimm+ reptiles4 ,reproduc$ ) p]mission ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dixon1 ,jr41 & ,geology ,dep>tm5t1 ,baylor ,univ]sity1 ,waco1 ,texas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fly+ ,,reptiles--,,pt]osaurs ,,gr\p ,,age ,,tee? ,,tail ,,head ,,size ,,example ,,rhamphorhyn*oids ,,jurassic ,,well ,,long ,,tail ,,)\t ,,small ,illu/ration ,,develop$ ,,) ,,cre/ ,,maximum ,,rhamphorhyn*us ,,flatt5$ ,,w+span ,,rudd] ,,at ,,( #b ,,feet ,,end ,,pt]odactyloids ,,jurassic ,,jaw ,,p>tly ,,%ort ,,or ,,) ,,small ,,f ,,size ,illu/ration ,,& ,,or ,,no ,,tail ,,or ,,l>ge ,,( ,,pt]anodon-,k ,,cretace\s ,,completely ,,cre/ ,,sp>r[ ,,too?less1 ,,to ,,giants ,,horney ,,beak ,,) ,,span ,,( #be ,illu/ration3 ,,mesozoic ,,swimm+ ,,reptiles ,,gr\p ,,age ,,description ,,size ,,habitat ,,example ,,i*?yosaur ,,triassic ,,fi%-,,l ,,body1 ,,av]age ,,m>9e ,illu/ration ,,to ,,head ,,long ,,& ,,l5g? ,,i*?yosaurus-,j ,,cretace\s ,,po9t$1 ,,no #g ,,di/9ct ,,neck ,,maximum ,,l5g? #dc ,,mosasaur ,,cretace\s ,,liz>d-,,l ,,av]age ,,m>9e ,illu/ration ,,body1 ,,flatt5$ ,,l5g? ,,pylosaurus ,,tail1 #ae-bj ,,d\ble-,,jo9t$ ,,maximum ,,jaw1 ,,recurv$ ,,l5g? ,,tee? #ej ,,plesiosaur ,,triassic ,,long ,,neck ,,& ,,maximum ,,m>9e ,illu/ration ,,to ,,small ,,head ,,or ,,l5g? ,,elasmosaurus-,k ,,cretace\s ,,long ,,head ,,& #ej ,,tr9acrom]um-,k ,,%ort ,,neck1 ,,p[]ful ,,flipp]s ,,*elonia ,,triassic ,,%ap$ ,,l ,,maximum ,,m>9e1 ,illu/ration 7,,turtles7 ,,to ,,pres5t ,,mod]n ,,turtles1 ,,size ,,/reams1 ,,ar*elon-,k ,,body ,,cov]$ #aa #ab ,,& ,,) ,,bony ,,plates ,,t]re/rial ,,phytosaur ,,triassic ,,crocodile-,,l ,,maximum ,,/reams ,illu/ration ,,body1 ,,no/rils ,,l5g? ,,& ,,swamps ,,rutiodon ,,on ,a 8,,hump0 #be ,,almo/ ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,eyes ,illu/ration3 ,plate #dj ,,pelycosaur _/ ,,dimetrodon ,,primitive ,,amphibian _/ ,,eryops ,,cotylosaur ,,seym\ria ,illu/ration3 ,plate #da ,,swimm+ ,,reptiles ,,i*?yosaur _/ ,,mosasaur _/ ,,plesiosaur _/ ,illu/ration3 ,plate #db ,illu/ration3 ,,crocodile-,,l ,,reptile _/ ,,phytosaur ,illu/ration3 ,,fly+ ,,d9osaurs ,,rhamphorhyn*us ,,pt]anodon _/ ,i*?yosaurs4-- ,^! 7 ext9ct1 %ort-neck$1 m>9e reptiles t 7 fi%-l 9 appe>ance4 ,i*?yosaurs resemble ! mod]n dolph9s1 & "s ( !m atta9$ l5g?s ( #be to #dj feet 7,pl4 #da71 ?\gh ! av]age 0 mu* less4 ,! gr\p is kn[n f rocks rang+ f middle ,triassic to late ,cretace\s 9 age4 ,mosasaurs4-- ,! mosasaurs are ano!r gr\p ( ext9ct m>9e liz>ds :i* liv$ 9 ,cretace\s seas4 ,"s ( ^! great reptiles grew to be z mu* z #ej feet long1 & _! great gap+ jaws 7 fill$ ) _m %>p recurv$ tee? 7,pl4 #da74 ,mosasaurs 7 pres5t 9 ! great ,cretace\s seas :i* cov]$ _m p>ts ( ,texas1 & _! rema9s h be5 report$ f bo? nor? & c5tral ,texas4 ,"o su* skeleton 0 f\nd ne> ,au/91 & its skull is on display 9 ! ,texas ,memorial ,museum4 ,plesiosaurs4-- ,! plesiosaurs 7 m>9e reptiles :i* 7 *>act]iz$ by a broad turtle-l body1 paddle-l flipp]s1 & a long neck & tail 7,pl4 #da74 ,^! reptiles 7 n z /reaml9$ or well equipp$ = swimm+ z ! i*?yosaurs or mosasaurs1 b ! long s]p5t-l neck 0 probably v useful 9 help+ ! reptile cat* fi% & o!r small animals = food4 ,plesiosaur rema9s range f middle ,triassic to late ,cretace\s 9 age1 & !y h be5 f\nd 9 ,cretace\s rocks 9 ,texas4 ,a %ort-neck$ plesiosaur :i* 0 collect$ f ,upp] ,cretace\s rocks ne> ,waco is on display 9 ! ,/reck] ,museum at ,baylor ,univ]sity 9 ,waco4 ,phytosaurs4-- ,! phytosaurs 7 a gr\p ( crocodile-l reptiles :i* rang$ f #f to #be feet 9 l5g? 7,pl4 #db74 ,!y resembl$ ! crocodiles bo? 9 appe>ance & 9 _! mode ( life1 b ?is simil>ity is only sup]ficial1 & ! phytosaurs & crocodiles are two di/9ct gr\ps ( reptiles4 ,! phytosaurs are exclusively ,triassic 9 age & _! rema9s h be5 collect$ f ,triassic rocks along ! ea/]n m>g9 ( ! ,high ,pla9s ( ,texas4 ,crocodiles & alligators4-- ,^! reptiles adapt$ !mselves to ! same type habitat t 0 occupi$ by ! phytosaurs1 :i* prec$$ !m4 ,crocodiles & alligators 7 mu* l>g] & m abundant dur+ ,cretace\s & ,c5ozoic "t ?an !y are today2 ! crocodiles fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,cretace\s & ! alligators 9 ! ,t]ti>y4 ,! rema9s ( bo? crocodiles & alligators h be5 f\nd 9 ,texas1 & "o su* crocodile 7,phobosu*us7 repres5ts ! rema9s ( ! l>ge/ crocodile yet discov]$ 7,pl4 #dc74 ,?is specim5 probably _h an ov]all l5g? ( #dj to #ej feet1 & its massive skull 0 #f feet long & possess$ exceptionally /rong jaws4 ,! rema9s ( ?is great bea/ 7 collect$ f exposures ( ,upp] ,cretace\s rocks along ! ,rio ,gr&e 9 ,trans-,pecos ,texas4 ,pt]osaurs4-- ,^! 7 ,mesozoic reptiles ) bat-l w+s support$ by arms & long ?9 8f+]s0 7,pl4 #db74 ,! pt]osaurs 7 well adapt$ to life 9 ! air1 & _! light-weight bodies & wide sk9-cov]$ w+s enabl$ !m to so> or glide = great di/ances4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n pt]osaurs 7 f\nd 9 l[] ,triassic rocks1 & ! gr\p became ext9ct by ! end ( ! ,cretace\s4 ,dur+ ?is "t c]ta9 ( ^! creatures atta9$ a w+spread ( z mu* z #bg feet1 b _! bodies 7 small & light4 ,d9osaurs4-- ,! collective t]m 8d9osaurs0 7mean+ t]rible liz>ds7 has be5 giv5 to t di/9ctive gr\p ( reptiles prom95t 9 ,mesozoic life = "s #adj million ye>s4 ,9 size1 ! d9osaurs rang$ f z little z #a foot to z mu* z #he feet 9 l5g? & f a few p\nds to p]haps #de tons 9 weight4 ,"s 7 c>nivor\s 7meat-eat]s7 b ! majority 7 h]bivor\s 7plant-eat]s74 ,"s 7 bip$al 7walk$ on _! h9d-legs7 :ile o!rs 7 quadrup$al 7walk$ on all f\rs71 & al?\gh mo/ ( ! d9osaurs 7 t]re/rial 9 habitat1 aquatic & semi-aquatic =ms 7 also pres5t4 ,accord+ to ! /ructure ( _! hip bones1 ! d9osaurs h be5 divid$ into two great ord]s4 ,^! are ! ,sauris*ia 7=ms ) liz>d-l pelvic girdle7 & ! ,orni?is*ia 7d9osaurs ) a bird-l pelvic girdle74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #dc ,dr4 ,br[n1 ,r4 ,t4 ,bird1 & ,dr4 ,s*aikj] ) ! skull ( ,phobosu*us1 an ext9ct crocodile f ! ,cretace\s ( ,trans-,pecos ,texas4 ,photograph c\rtesy ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,ord] ,sauris*ia4-- ,d9osaurs belong+ to ?is ord] 7 p>ticul>ly abundant dur+ ! ,jurassic & are *>act]iz$ by hip bones t are simil> to ^? ( mod]n liz>ds4 ,^! d9osaurs 7 fir/ discov]$ 9 rocks ( ,triassic age & did n become ext9ct until ! end ( ! ,cretace\s4 ,! liz>d-hipp$ reptiles are divid$ into two r specializ$ gr\ps ( d9osaurs3 ! !ropods 7c>nivor\s bip$al d9osaurs t v>i$ greatly 9 size7 & ! sauropods 7h]bivor\s1 quadrup$al1 semi-aquatic1 usually gigantic d9osaurs74 ,,subord] ,,!ropoda4-- ,?is type ( sauris*ian d9osaur walk$ on bird-l h9d limbs1 & !y 7 exclusively meat-eat+ =ms1 su* z ,allosaurus 7,pl4 #dd7 ( ,jurassic age4 ,"s !ropods 7 exceptionally l>ge & 7 und\bt$ly vici\s bea/s ( prey4 ,?is assumption is borne out by su* anatomical features z ! small front limbs ) long %>p claws = hold+ & te>+ fle%1 & ! l>ge /rong jaws :i* 7 arm$ ) num]\s1 %>p1 dagg]-l tee?4 ,! l>ge/ ( all kn[n !ropods 0 ,tyrannosaurus rex :i*1 :5 /&+ on 8 h9d limbs1 0 almo/ #bj feet tall4 ,"s individuals 7 z mu* z #ej feet long1 & ,tyrannosaurus is believ$ to h be5 among ! mo/ vici\s animals to ev] inhabit our e>?4 ,a ca/ ( ! skull ( "o ( ^! great bea/s is on display 9 ! ,texas ,memorial ,museum at ,au/91 & a ,tyrannosaurus too? has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,big ,b5d ,national ,p>k 9 ,trans-,pecos ,texas4 ,,subord] ,,sauropoda4-- ,! sauropods 7 ! l>ge/ ( all d9osaurs1 & "s atta9$ a l5g? ( #he feet & probably weigh$ #dj to #ej tons 7,brontosaurus1 ,pl4 #dd74 ,!y 7 prim>ily h]bivor\s d9osaurs :i* _h become adapt$ to an aquatic or semi-aquatic type ( exi/5ce & probably inhabit$ lakes1 riv]s1 & swamps4 ,! tracks ( sauropod d9osaurs h be5 collect$ f ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks 9 c5tral ,texas 7,pl4 #d7 & ,upp] ,cretace\s b$s 9 ,big ,b5d ,national ,p>k 9 ,trans-,pecos ,texas4 ,ord] ,orni?is*ia4-- ,! orni?is*ian1 or bird-hipp$ d9osaurs1 7 h]bivor\s reptiles :i* 7 q v>i$ 9 =m & size & appe> to h be5 m highly develop$ ?an ! sauris*ians4 ,?is ord] includes ! duck-bill$ d9osaurs 7orni?opods71 ! plate-be>+ d9osaurs 7/egosaurs71 ! armor$ d9osaurs 7ankylosaurs71 & ! horn$ d9osaurs 7c]atopsians74 ,orni?is*ian tracks are kn[n f ,cretace\s rocks 9 c5tral & ,trans-,pecos ,texas4 ,,subord] ,,orni?opoda4-- ,^! unusual d9osaurs 7 pr$om9antly bip$al1 semi-aquatic1 & "s 7l ! duck-bill$ d9osaurs7 7 highly specializ$ 7,tra*odon1 ,pl4 #de74 ,,subord] ,,/egosauria4-- ,! /egosaurs 7 h]bivor\s1 quadrup$al orni?is*ians ) l>ge project+ plates d[n ! back & heavy spikes on _! tails4 ,! ,jurassic d9osaur ,/egosaurus 7,pl4 #de7 is mo/ typical ( ! plate-be>+ =ms4 ,?is creature weigh$ ab\t #aj tons1 0 "s #cj feet long1 & /ood ab\t #aj feet tall at ! hips4 ,/egosaurus is *>act]iz$ by a d\ble r[ ( l>ge1 heavy1 po9t$ plates :i* run along ! animal's back4 ,^! plates beg9 at ! back ( ! skull & /op ne> ! end ( ! tail4 ,! tail 0 also equipp$ ) f\r or m long curv$ spikes :i* 7 probably us$ z a means ( def5se4 ,! animal _h a v small skull :i* h\s$ a bra9 t 0 ab\t ! size ( a walnut1 & x is assum$ t ^!1 & all o!r d9osaurs1 7 ( v limit$ intellig5ce4 ,/egosaurus rema9s h n be5 discov]$ 9 ,texas1 b ^!1 l c]ta9 o!r ( ! ext9ct v]tebrates1 are m5tion$ because ( _! int]e/+ & unusual =m4 ,,subord] ,,ankylosauria4-- ,! ankylosaurs 7 f\r-foot$1 h]bivor\s1 ,cretace\s d9osaurs :i* _h relatively flat bodies4 ,! skull & back ( ! animal 7 protect$ by bony armor1 & ! club-l tail 0 arm$ ) spikes4 ,paleosc9cus 7,pl4 #de71 a typical ankylosaur1 _h l>ge sp9es project+ f along ! sides ( ! body & tail4 ,! armor$ spik$ back & ! heavy club-l tail probably provid$ ,paleosc9cus ) mu*-ne$$ protection f ! vici\s meat-eat+ d9osaurs ( ,cretace\s "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #dd ,,sauris*ian ,,d9osaurs ,,allosaurus _/ ,,brontosaurus _/ ,illu/ration3 ,plate #de ,,orni?is*ian ,,d9osaurs ,,/egosaurus _/ ,,tra*odon _/ ,,paleosc9cus _/ ,,tric]atops _/ ,,subord] ,,c]atopsia4-- ,! c]atopsians1 or horn$ d9osaurs1 are ano!r gr\p ( d9osaurs t are kn[n only f rocks ( ,cretace\s age4 ,^! plant-eat+ d9osaurs possess$ beak-l jaws1 a bony neck frill :i* ext5d$ back f ! skull1 & "o or m horns4 ,tric]atops 7,pl4 #de7 is ! l>ge/ ( ! horn$ d9osaurs 7"s =ms 7 z mu* z #cj feet long71 & ! skull measur$ #h feet f ! tip ( ! p>rot-l beak to ! back ( ! neck %ield4 ,,class ,,aves4-- ,because ( ! fragile nature ( _! bodies1 birds are seldom f\nd z fossils4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 "s int]e/+ & important fossil bird rema9s h be5 discov]$4 ,! olde/ kn[n bird 0 f\nd 9 ,upp] ,jurassic rocks expos$ 9 ,g]many4 ,?is primitive bird1 nam$ ,ar*aeopt]yx1 is little m ?an a reptile ) fea!rs4 ,ar*aeopt]yx 0 a pigeon-siz$ creature :i* _h scales z well z fea!rs1 a liz>d-l tail1 a too!d beak1 & o!r def9itely reptilian *>act]i/ics4 ,dur+ late ,cretace\s "t ! birds und]w5t *anges t result$ 9 =ms simil> to ^? t are liv+ today1 & mo/ ( ! pres5t-day birds _h develop$ by ! end ( ! ,t]ti>y4 ,al?\gh n commonly f\nd1 fossil birds h be5 record$ f c]ta9 ( ! ,c5ozoic rocks ( ,texas4 ,,class ,,mammalia4-- ,! mammals are animals t are born alive & f$ ) milk f ! "m's brea/4 ,!y are w>m-blood$1 air-brea?+1 h a protective cov]+ ( hair1 & are ! mo/ advanc$ ( all v]tebrates4 ,! =ego+ features are ! m typical mammalian *>act]i/ics1 b exceptions to ^! are f\nd 9 c]ta9 mammals4 ,mammals fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,jurassic & 7 probably d]iv$ f "s =m ( mammal-l reptile4 ,al?\gh r>e dur+ ! ,mesozoic1 mammals und]w5t rapid developm5t & expansion dur+ ! ,c5ozoic1 & dur+ ?is era c]ta9 types ( mammals became extremely l>ge & assum$ _m biz>re %apes4 ,! majority ( ^! unusual =ms liv$ b a %ort "t b are well kn[n f _! fossils1 & ! rema9s ( "s ( ^! animals :i* inhabit$ ,texas dur+ ! ,c5ozoic may be se5 9 ! ,texas ,memorial ,museum at ,au/94 ,rec5t mammalian classification recognizes sev]al subclasses & num]\s ord]s & subord]s1 b ! treatm5t ( ! mammals 9 a publication ( ?is nature mu/ ( necessity be some:at brief & no attempt at detail$ classification is made4 ,subclass ,allo!ria4-- ,! allo!rians fir/ appe>$ dur+ ! ,jurassic & und]w5t consid]able developm5t 9 ! late ,cretace\s & e>ly ,t]ti>y4 ,includ$ 9 ?is subclass are ! multitub]culates :i* are a gr\p ( small rod5t-l animals t 7 probably ! e>lie/ ( ! h]bivor\s mammals4 ,^! animals 7 probably nev] v num]\s1 & !y became ext9ct dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ,eoc5e "t4 ,subclass ,!ria4-- ,memb]s ( ?is subclass are fir/ kn[n f rocks ( ,jurassic age1 & !y con/itute ! l>ge/ gr\p ( mammals t are liv+ today4 ,!rians und]go consid]able developm5t be=e !y are born & at bir? typically resemble ! fully develop$ animal4 ,?is subclass has be5 divid$ into sev]al ord]s b only ! m important ones are discuss$ "h4 ,ord] ,ed5tata4-- ,! ed5tates are a r primitive gr\p ( mammals :i* are repres5t$ by su* liv+ =ms z ! anteat]s1 tree slo?s1 & armadillos4 ,memb]s ( ?is gr\p 7 common 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,plei/oc5e & ,plioc5e "t1 & fossil ed5tates h be5 report$ f rocks ( ?is age 9 ,texas4 ,"o su* =m 0 ,mylodon 7,pl4 #df71 "o ( ! ext9ct giant gr\nd slo?s4 ,^! huge slo?s 7 q heavy & "s ( !m /ood z mu* z #ae feet tall2 ^! great creatures 7 ! =]unn]s ( ! mod]n tree slo?s ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! m\nt$ skeleton ( "o ( ^! giant gr\nd slo?s is display$ 9 ! ,texas ,memorial ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #df ,,c5ozoic ,,mammals ,,entelodont _/ ,,glyptodon _/ ,,mylodon _/ ,ano!r int]e/+ repres5tative ( ?is ord] 0 ! glyptodont4 ,^! peculi> mammals1 :i* 7 ance/ral to ! pres5t-day armadillos1 develop$ at ab\t ! same "t z ! gr\nd slo?s4 ,glyptodon 7,pl4 #df71 a typical glyptodont t has be5 report$ f ! ,plei/oc5e ( ,texas1 is q *>act]i/ic ( ?is gr\p4 ,?is armadillo-l bea/ _h a solid turtle-l %ell t 9 "s =ms 0 z mu* z #d feet high4 ,f ! front ( ! bone capp$ head to ! tip ( its tail1 a l>ge individual might be z mu* z #ae feet long4 ,! ?ick heavy tail 0 protect$ by a s]ies ( bony r+s1 & 9 "s species ! end ( ! tail 0 develop$ into a bony heavily spik$ club4 ,! c>apace 7h>d out] %ell7 ( a l>ge glyptodont is m\nt$ at ! ,texas ,memorial ,museum4 ,ord] ,c>nivora4-- ,animals belong+ to ?is ord] are call$ c>nivores & are *>act]iz$ by claw$ feet & by tee? :i* are adapt$ = te>+ & cutt+ fle%4 ,! c>nivores1 or meat-eat]s1 7 fir/ repres5t$ by an anci5t gr\p ( animals call$ creodonts1 & ?is %ort-liv$ gr\p fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,paleoc5e & 7 ext9ct by ! end ( ! ,eoc5e4 ,!y rang$ f ! size ( a weazel to t ( a l>ge be>1 & _! claws 7 %>p & well develop$4 ,_! tee?1 h[ev]1 7 n z specializ$ z ^? ( mod]n c>nivores1 & ! creodont bra9 0 relatively small4 ,x is assum$ t ^! animals _h a v l[ ord] ( intellig5ce :5 comp>$ to ! m advanc$ c>nivores ( today4 ,^! e>ly meat-eat]s 7 foll[$ by m specializ$ c>nivores :i* develop$ ?r\gh\t ,c5ozoic "t4 ,"s examples ( ^! are ! sab]-too? cat ,d9oba/is 7,pl4 #dg7 & ! dire wolf ,canis diris 7,pl4 #dg71 bo? ( :i* h be5 report$ f ! ,texas ,plei/oc5e4 ,"s rema9s ( ^! unusual =ms1 repres5t+ ! cat & dog families1 are on display at ! ,texas ,memorial ,museum4 ,ord] ,pantodonta4-- ,pantodonts1 kn[n also z amblypods1 7 primitive1 ho($1 h]bivor\s animals4 ,!y 7 di/+ui%$ by a heavy skeleton1 %ort /\t limbs1 & blunt spread+ feet4 ,! pantodonts appe>$ fir/ dur+ ,paleoc5e "t & _h become ext9ct by ! end ( ! ,oligoc5e4 ,ord] ,d9oc]ata4-- ,! memb]s ( ?is ord] are an ext9ct gr\p ( gigantic mammals commonly call$ u9ta!res4 ,u9ta!rium 7,pl4 #dh71 :i* is typical ( ! gr\p1 _h ?ree pairs ( blunt horns1 & ! males _h dagg]-l upp] tusks4 ,"s ( ! u9ta!res 7 z l>ge z a small elephant & /ood z mu* z #g feet tall at ! %\ld]s4 ,! size ( ! bra9 9 relation to ! size ( ! body sugge/s t ^! animals 7 n z intellig5t z mo/ mammals4 ,u9ta!res are kn[n f rocks rang+ f ,paleoc5e to ,eoc5e 9 age4 ,u9ta!re rema9s h be5 report$ f ,big ,b5d ,national ,p>k 9 ,trans-,pecos ,texas4 ,ord] ,proboscidea4-- ,! e>lie/ proboscideans1 ! elephants & _! relatives1 fir/ appe>$ 9 ! late ,eoc5e ( ,africa & 7 ab\t ! size ( a small mod]n elephant b _h l>g] heads & %ort] trunks4 ,proboscidean developm5t is m>k$ by an increase 9 size1 *ange 9 skull & too? /ructure1 & elongation ( ! trunk4 ,two well-kn[n fossil proboscideans are ! mammo? & ! ma/odon1 bo? ( :i* inhabit$ ,texas dur+ ,plei/oc5e "t4 ,! ma/odons resembl$ ! elephants1 b ! /ructure ( _! tee? 0 q diff]5t 7fig4 #be74 ,moreov]1 ! ma/odon skull 0 l[] ?an t ( ! elephant & ! tusks 7 exceptionally l>ge--"s rea*+ a l5g? ( #i feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #dg ,,c5ozoic ,,mammals ,,d9oba/is _/ ,,canis ,,dirus _/ ,,hyraco!rium _/ ,,pliohippus _/ ,!re 7 sev]al types ( mammo?s1 & ! woolly mammo? is probably ! be/ kn[n4 ,?is animal liv$ until ! end ( ! ,plei/oc5e &1 l ! woolly rh9oc]os discuss$ bel[1 is kn[n f anci5t cave pa9t+s & froz5 rema9s4 ,in=mation ga!r$ f ^! s\rces indicates t ?is great bea/ _h a long coat ( black hair ) a woolly und]coat 7,pl4 #di74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,sket*es ( ,plei/oc5e 7a7 ma/odon too? 77 & 7b7 mammo? too? 774 ,dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e1 mammo?s 7 widespread ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & _! rema9s are abundant 9 _m /ream deposits ( ?is age4 ,proboscidean bones h be5 report$ f ,plei/oc5e rocks 9 _m p>ts ( ,texas1 :]e !y are commonly f\nd 9 s& & gravel pits4 ,ord] ,p]issodactyla4-- ,! p]issodactyls1 or odd-to$ animals1 are mammals 9 :i* ! c5tral toe on ea* limb is greatly enl>g$4 ,mod]n repres5tatives include ! horses1 rh9oc]oses1 & tapirs4 ,ext9ct memb]s ( ! ,p]issodactyla include ! titano!res1 *alico!res1 & balu*i!res1 all ( :i* grew to trem5d\s size & took on _m unusual body =ms4 ,,horses4-- ,"o ( ! fir/ p]issodactyls 0 ,hyraco!rium 7also call$ ,eohippus71 :i* is ! e>lie/ kn[n horse 7,pl4 #dg74 ,?is small animal1 ^: rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ,big ,b5d ,national ,p>k1 0 ab\t #a foot high & 8 tee? indicate a diet ( s(t food4 ,foll[+ ! fir/ horse1 !re is a long s]ies ( fossil horses :i* provide mu* valuable in=mation on ! hi/ory ( ?is important gr\p ( animals4 ,! record ( ! developm5t ( ! horse is well repres5t$ 9 ,texas1 & ! bones & tee? ( fossil horses are common 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,fossils ( ?is type h be5 report$ f ! ,t]ti>y ( ! ,trans-,pecos1 ,gulf ,coa/al ,pla91 & ,high ,pla9s regions ( ,texas1 & ! tee? ( ,plei/oc5e horses h be5 f\nd 9 s& & gravel pits 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,horse tee? 7fig4 #bf7 are p>ticul>ly useful fossils z !y may be accurately id5tifi$ & us$ to det]m9e ! age ( ! rocks 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,typical ,plioc5e horse too?4 ,top view 7a7 & lat]al view 7b7 ( mol> too? 774 ,,titano!res4-- ,?is gr\p ( odd-to$ mammals appe>$ fir/ 9 ! ,eoc5e1 at :i* "t !y 7 ab\t ! size ( a %eep4 ,by ,middle ,oligoc5e "t !y _h increas$ to gigantic proportions b /ill _h a small & primitive bra94 ,bronto!rium 7,pl4 #dh7 0 slightly rh9oc]os-l 9 appe>ance & is believ$ to be ! l>ge/ l& animal t ev] inhabit$ ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,?is animal 0 ab\t #h feet tall at ! %\ld]s2 a l>ge bony gr[? protrud$ f ! skull & ?is 0 ext5d$ into a flatt5$ horn1 :i* 0 divid$ at ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #dh ,,t]ti>y ,,mammals ,,u9ta!rium _/ ,,bronto!rium _/ ,al?\gh ! titano!res und]w5t rapid developm5t dur+ ! e>ly ,t]ti>y1 ^! huge bea/s became ext9ct dur+ ! middle ( ! ,oligoc5e epo*4 ,titano!re rema9s h be5 report$ f ! ,trans-,pecos region ( ,texas4 ,,*alico!res4-- ,! *alico!res 7 9 "s ways l ! titano!res1 b !y also exhibit$ _m peculi>ities ( _! own4 ,! head & neck ( ,moropus1 a typical *alico!re1 7 mu* l t ( a horse1 b ! front legs 7 long] ?an ! h9d legs1 & ! feet resembl$ ^? ( a rh9oc]os except t !y bore long claws in/ead ( ho(s4 ,! *alico!res liv$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica f ,mioc5e until ,plei/oc5e "t b 7 probably nev] v num]\s1 & _! rema9s h n yet be5 discov]$ 9 ,texas4 ,,rh9oc]oses4-- ,! rh9oc]oses are also odd-to$ animals1 & !re are _m int]e/+ & well-kn[n fossils 9 ?is gr\p4 ,! woolly rh9oc]os 7,pl4 #di7 0 a ,plei/oc5e two-horn$ =m t rang$ f s\!rn ,france to nor!a/]n ,sib]ia4 ,! woolly rh9oc]os is well kn[n f complete c>casses recov]$ f ! froz5 tundra ( ,sib]ia & f rema9s t 7 f\nd pres]v$ 9 an oil seep 9 ,pol&4 ,^! unusual specim5s plus cave pa9t+s made by e>ly man h giv5 a complete & accurate record ( ?is creature4 ,al?\gh ! woolly rh9oc]os has n be5 report$ f ,texas1 o!r fossil rh9oc]oses h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,high ,pla9s & ,gulf ,coa/al ,pla9 ( ,texas4 ,^! fossils h be5 f\nd 9 rocks rang+ f ,middle ,oligoc5e to late ,plioc5e 9 age4 ,balu*i!rium1 ! l>ge/ l& mammal kn[n to sci5ce1 0 a hornless rh9oc]os t liv$ 9 late ,oligoc5e & e>ly ,mioc5e "t4 ,?is imm5se creature measur$ approximately #be feet f head to tail1 /ood almo/ #ah feet high at ! %\ld]1 & mu/ h weigh$ _m tons4 ,rema9s ( ^! creatures h n be5 discov]$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & !y appe> to h be5 re/rict$ to ,c5tral ,asia4 ,ord] ,artiodactyla4-- ,! artiodactyls are ! ev5-to$ ho($ mammals & include su* famili> =ms z pigs1 camels1 de]1 goats1 %eep1 & hippopotamuses4 ,?is is a l>ge & v>i$ gr\p ( animals1 b ! basic anatomical /ructure ( ! limbs & tee? %[ well ! relation%ip betwe5 ! diff]5t =ms4 ,artiodactyls are abundant fossils 9 rocks rang+ f ,eoc5e to ,plei/oc5e 9 age & are common 9 rocks ( ?is age 9 ,texas4 ,,entelodonts4-- ,^! giant pig-l artiodactyls liv$ dur+ ,oligoc5e & e>ly ,mioc5e "t & 7 di/+ui%$ by a long heavy skull t held a relatively small bra94 ,! face 0 m>k$ by l>ge knobs :i* 7 locat$ b5ea? ! eyes & on ! und]side ( ! l[] jaw1 & al?\gh ^! knob-l /ructures 7 blunt !y _h ! appe>ance ( %ort horns4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! giant sw9e atta9$ a height ( #f feet at ! %\ld]s & _h skulls t measur$ #c feet 9 l5g? 7,pl4 #df74 ,entelodont rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,mioc5e ( ! ,texas ,coa/al ,pla94 ,,camels4-- ,! fir/ kn[n camels h be5 report$ f rocks ( upp] ,eoc5e age1 & ^! small =ms und]w5t consid]able specialization ( tee? & limbs z !y develop$ 9 size4 ,_m ( ! camels t liv$ dur+ ! middle ,c5ozoic _h long legs :i* 7 well adapt$ to runn+ & long necks :i* w\ld h all[$ ! animals to br[se on ! leaves ( tall trees4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n ,texas camels 7 f\nd 9 rocks ( ,oligoc5e age1 & camels1 l horses1 mu/ h be5 abundant 9 ,texas dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e = _! fossiliz$ rema9s are common 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #di ,,c5ozoic ,,mammals ,,woolly ,,rh9oc]os _/ ,,woolly ,,mammo? _/ ,,books ,,ab\t ,,fossils ,! foll[+ books are recomm5d$ = ! read] :o wants to "k m ab\t fossils & fossil collect+4 ,! publications li/$ bel[ cov] v>i\s phases ( hi/orical geology & paleontology & range f *ildr5's books to ! m te*nical publications ( ! pr(essional paleontologi/4 ,?is li/1 h[ev]1 is by no means all-inclusive & _m o!r int]e/+ & useful publications are available4 ,,g5]al ,,works ,dunb>1 ,c4 ,o4 7#aiei7 ,hi/orical geology1 ,john ,wiley & ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,college-level text1 well writt5 & well illu/rat$4 ,moore1 ,r4 ,c4 7#aieh7 ,introduction to hi/orical geology1 ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,college-level pres5tation ( e>? hi/ory4 ,_m illu/rations ( fossils4 ,moore1 ,ru? 7#aiec7 ,man1 "t1 & fossils1 ,alfr$ ,knopf1 ,new ,york4 ,a readable acc\nt ( fossils & _! developm5t ?r\gh\t geologic "t4 ,panghorn1 ,m4 ,w41 ,jr4 7#aieg7 ,e>? = ! layman1 ,am]ican ,geological ,in/itute1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,conta9s _m valuable ref]5ces4 ,raymond1 ,p4 ,e4 7#aiej7 ,prehi/oric life1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,college-level text4 ,ri*>ds1 ,h4 ,g4 7#aiec7 ,record ( ! rocks1 ,ronald ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,college-level e>? hi/ory text4 ,simpson1 ,g4 ,g4 7#aiec7 ,life ( ! pa/1 ,yale ,univ]sity ,press1 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,?or\gh1 yet readable1 introduction to paleontology4 ,/irton1 ,r4 ,a4 7#aiei7 ,"t1 life1 & man3 ! fossil record1 ,john ,wiley & ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,an introductory college text1 mo/ ( :i* is ( int]e/ to adult level g5]al read]s4 ,note3 ,see also sections on ,paleontology & ,fossils 9 ,encyclop$ia ,am]icana1 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 & o!rs4 ,,nonte*nical ,,& ,,juv5ile ,&rews1 ,r4 ,c4 7#aiec7 ,all ab\t d9osaurs1 ,r&om ,h\se1 ,new ,york4 ,int]e/+ & readable d9osaur book = junior high & high-s*ool age4 ,&rews1 ,r4 ,c4 7#aief7 ,all ab\t /range bea/s ( ! pa/1 ,r&om ,h\se1 ,new ,york4 ,int]e/+ & easy to read1 ?is book deals l>gely ) ext9ct & unusual mammals 7junior high & high s*ool74 ,colb]t1 ,e4 ,h4 7#aide7 ,! d9osaur book1 ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york4 ,a classic among 8popul>0 d9osaur books4 ,= all age levels4 ,colb]t1 ,e4 ,h4 7#aieg7 ,d9osaurs1 ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york4 ,?is little booklet provides a well-illu/rat$ introduction to ! d9osaurs4 ,= high s*ool & adult-level read]s4 ,dick9son1 ,alice 7#aied7 ,fir/ book ( prehi/oric animals1 ,frankl9 ,watts1 ,inc41 ,new ,york4 ,easy to read1 well-illu/rat$ book = grade-s*ool age4 ,dunkle1 ,d4 ,h4 7#aieg7 ,! _w ( ! d9osaurs1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,an easy to und]/&1 amply illu/rat$ introduction to ! d9osaurs 7high s*ool-adult level74 ,f5ton1 ,c4 ,l4 7#aicg7 ,life long ago1 ,! ,john ,day ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,v good = advanc$ grade & high-s*ool age4 ,heal1 ,edi? 7#aicj7 ,h[ ! _w began1 ,?omas ,s4 ,rockwell ,co41 ,*icago4 ,an acc\nt ( ! beg9n+s ( life4 ,= upp] grade ?r\gh high-s*ool age4 ,m>kman1 ,h4 ,c4 7#aied7 ,fossils1 ,d5v] ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,d5v]1 ,colo4 ,a well-illu/rat$ g5]al survey ( fossils4 ,= adult-level read]s4 ,mat!ws ,,iii1 ,w4 ,h4 7#aifb7 ,fossils3 ,an introduction to prehi/oric life1 ,b>nes & ,noble1 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 8,9 prep>ation0 at "t ( fir/ pr9t+ ( ,guidebook ,no4 #b4 ,?is publication conta9s _m collect+ aids & mu* backgr\nd mat]ial = amateur collectors4 ,conta9s also a brief review ( e>? hi/ory4 ,mat!ws ,,iii1 ,w4 ,h4 7#aifc7 ,wond]s ( ! d9osaur _w1 ,dodd1 ,mead ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,well illu/rat$1 non-te*nical pres5tation ( d9osaurs4 ,= junior-high & high-s*ool tea*]s4 ,p>k]1 ,b4 ,m4 7#aidb7 ,/ories read f ! rocks1 ,basic ,sci5ce ,education ,s]ies1 ,r[1 ,pet]son & ,co41 ,evan/on1 ,ill4 ,well writt5 & colorfully illu/rat$4 ,= advanc$ grades & junior high4 ,p>k]1 ,b4 ,m4 7#aidh7 ,animals ( ye/]day1 ,basic ,sci5ce ,education ,s]ies1 ,r[1 ,pet]son1 & ,co41 ,evan/on1 ,ill4 ,well writt5 & colorfully illu/rat$4 ,= advanc$ grades & junior high4 ,%av]1 ,r4 ,h4 7#aiei7 ,adv5tures ) fossils1 ,geological ,survey1 ,indiana ,dep>tm5t ( ,cons]vation1 ,bloom+ton1 ,ind4 ,collection h9ts & g5]al in=mation on fossils4 ,p>ticul>ly = ! l[] grades4 ,%uttleswor?1 ,d4 ,e4 7#aieg7 ,real book ( prehi/oric life1 ,g>d5 ,city ,books1 ,g>d5 ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,survey ( prehi/oric life4 ,= grade & junior-high levels4 ,,collect+ ,,helps ,br[n1 ,v9son 7#aied7 ,h[ to make a home nature museum1 ,little1 ,br[n & ,co41 ,bo/on4 ,conta9s sugge/ions = collect+1 m\nt+1 & display+ fossils & o!r objects ( nature4 ,camp1 ,c4 ,l41 & ,hanna1 ,g4 ,d4 7#aicg7 ,me?ods 9 paleontology1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 ,b]keley4 ,excell5t discussion ( collect+ & prep>ation te*niques4 ,casanova1 ,ri*>d 7#aieg7 ,an illu/rat$ guide to fossil collect+1 ,natureograph ,co41 ,san ,m>t91 ,calif4 ,has collect+ h9ts & fossil localities = mo/ ( ! ,/ates4 ,coll9son1 ,c4 ,c4 7#aiei7 ,guide = beg9n+ fossil hunt]s1 ,educational ,s]ies #d1 ,ill9ois ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 ,urbana4 ,cle>ly writt51 well illu/rat$1 p>ticul>ly = ! l[] grades4 ,goldr+1 ,w9ifr$ 7#aiej7 ,h&book ( paleontology = beg9n]s & amateurs1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,museum1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a complete summ>y ( paleontology4 ,= ! advanc$ collector4 ,la ,rocque1 ,a41 & ,m>ple1 ,m4 ,f4 7#aiee7 ,ohio fossils1 ,ohio ,division ( ,geological ,survey1 ,bullet9 #ed1 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,r compreh5sive treatm5t ( ! inv]tebrates ) sev]al useful keys = fossil id5tification4 ,liv+/on1 ,v4 ,e41 ,jr4 7#aiei7 ,fossils 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,division ( ,m9es & ,geology1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,cons]vation1 ,olympia1 ,wa%4 ,an introduction to ! geology & fossils ( ,wa%+ton4 ,conta9s guide to collect+ localities4 ,simpson1 ,b4 ,w4 7#aieh7 ,gem trails ( ,texas1 ,bessie ,w4 ,simpson1 ,granbury1 ,texas4 ,field guide to ,texas m9]al1 rock1 & fossil locations4 ,conta9s num]\s maps & well-describ$ collect+ localities4 ,unklesbay1 ,a4 ,g4 7#aiee7 ,common fossils ( ,miss\ri1 ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri ,bullet91 ,h&book #d1 ,columbia1 ,mo4 ,writt5 = ! amateur2 conta9s mu* g5]al in=mation ( int]e/ to ! beg9n+ collector4 ,,ref]5ce ,,works ,arnold1 ,c4 ,a4 7#aidg7 ,an introduction to paleobotany1 ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,college-level textbook4 ,be]b[]1 ,j4 ,r4 7#aifj7 ,se>* = ! pa/1 ,pr5tice-,hall1 ,inc41 ,englewood ,cliffs1 ,n4 ,j4 ,good backgr\nd text4 ,well illu/rat$4 ,has section on v]tebrates4 ,colb]t1 ,e4 ,h4 7#aiee7 ,evolution ( ! v]tebrates1 ,john ,wiley & ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,compreh5sive & te*nical treatm5t ( v]tebrate fossils4 ,cu%man1 ,j4 ,a4 7#aidh7 ,=am9if]a1 _! classification & economic use1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,college-level text conta9+ l>ge numb]s ( descriptions & illu/rations ( =am9if]a4 ,ea/on1 ,w4 ,h4 7#aifj7 ,inv]tebrate paleontology1 ,h>p] ,bros41 ,inc41 ,new ,york4 ,college-level text4 ,good illu/rations1 useful = id5tification4 ,f5ton1 ,c4 ,l41 & ,f5ton1 ,m4 ,a4 7#aieh7 ,! fossil book1 ,d\bl$ay & ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,compreh5sive1 easy-to-read1 beautifully illu/rat$ treatm5t ( all types ( fossils4 ,jones1 ,d4 ,j4 7#aief7 ,introduction to micr(ossils1 ,h>p] & ,bro!rs1 ,new ,york4 ,college-level textbook ) consid]able in=mation on collection1 prep>ation1 & ! types ( micr(ossils4 ,moore1 ,r4 ,c41 et al4 7#aiec-aiei7 ,treatise on inv]tebrate paleontology1 ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica & ,univ]sity ( ,kansas1 ,lawr5ce1 ,kansas4 ,a te*nical ref]5ce = ! m advanc$ collector4 ,x is issu$ 9 sev]al p>ts & conta9s late/ classification4 ,moore1 ,r4 ,c41 ,lalick]1 ,c4 ,g41 & ,fi%]1 ,a4 ,g4 7#aiec7 ,inv]tebrate fossils1 ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,college-level ref]5ce ) f9e illu/rations4 ,( value = purposes ( id5tification4 ,rom]1 ,a4 ,s4 7#aide7 ,v]tebrate paleontology1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press1 ,*icago4 ,a college-level textbook ) num]\s illu/rations4 ,%im]1 ,h4 ,w4 7#aicc7 ,introduction to ! /udy ( fossils1 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,a relatively simple college-level pres5tation ( plant & animal fossils4 ,%im]1 ,h4 ,w41 & ,%rock1 ,r4 ,r4 7#aidd7 ,index fossils ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,john ,wiley & ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,compreh5sive survey ( ! m common fossils ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,useful to ! advanc$ collector & a mo/ useful aid = fossil id5tification4 ,%rock1 ,r4 ,r41 & ,tw5h(el1 ,w4 ,h4 7#aiec7 ,pr9ciples ( inv]tebrate paleontology1 ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,useful college-level ref]5ce = advanc$ collectors4 ,,select$ ,,ref]5ces ,,on ,,texas ,,fossils#b 99,adk9s1 ,w4 ,s4 7#aibj7 ,! ,w5o & ,pawpaw =mations ( ! ,texas ,coman*ean3 ,univ4 ,texas ,bull4 #ahef4 ,descriptions & illu/rations ( _m common ,cretace\s fossils4 99,adk9s1 ,w4 ,s4 7#aibh7 ,h&book ( ,texas ,cretace\s fossils3 ,univ4 ,texas ,bull4 #bhch4 ,li/s all fossils describ$ f ! ,texas ,cretace\s prior to #aibh1 ) _m useful illu/rations4 99,adk9s1 ,w4 ,s41 & ,w9ton1 ,w4 ,m4 7#aiai7 ,paleontological correlation ( ! ,fr$]icksburg & ,wa%ita =mations ( nor?-c5tral ,texas3 ,univ4 ,texas ,bull4 #aide4 ,conta9s descriptions & illu/rations ( _m common ,l[] ,cretace\s fossils ( nor?-c5tral ,texas4 ,cl>ke1 ,w4 ,b41 & ,twit*ell1 ,m4 ,w4 7#aiae7 ,! ,mesozoic & ,c5ozoic ,e*9od]mata ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey ,monograph #ed1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,a valuable guide to ! ,mesozoic & ,c5ozoic e*9od]ms ( ,texas4 99,frizzell1 ,d4 ,l4 7#aied7 ,h&book ( ,cretace\s ,=am9if]a ( ,texas3 ,univ4 ,texas1 ,bureau ,econ4 ,geol4 ,rept4 ,inves4 ,no4 #bb4 ,a te*nical1 b invaluable aid 9 ! /udy ( ,texas ,cretace\s micr(ossils4 99,gir>d1 ,r4 ,m4 7#aiei7 ,bibliography & index ( ,texas geology1 #aicc-aiej3 ,univ4 ,texas ,pub4 #eiaj4 ,?is valuable ref]5ce guide conta9s _m ref]5ces to ,texas fossils4 ,note especially entries "u ,paleontology 9 ! index4 ,heu]1 ,edw>d 7#aieh7 ,comm5ts on ! nom5clature revision ( ! ,/rawn & ,canyon megafossil plates1 9 ,a guide to ! ,/rawn & ,canyon ,s]ies ( ! ,p5nsylvanian ,sy/em 9 ,palo ,p9to ,c\nty1 ,texas1 ,an ,occasional ,publication ( ! ,nor? ,texas ,geological ,society1 ,wi*ita ,falls1 ,texas4 ,conta9s illu/rations & late/ "n *anges ( _m ( ! m common ,p5nsylvanian fossils ( nor? ,texas4 99,k+1 ,r4 ,e4 7#aicj7 ,geology ( ! ,glass ,m\nta9s1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,faunal summ>y & correlation ( ! ,p]mian =mations ) description ( ,bra*iopoda3 ,univ4 ,texas ,bull4 #cjdb4 ,conta9s descriptions & illu/rations ( num]\s bra*iopods f ! ,glass ,m\nta9s ( ,trans-,pecos ,texas4 99,lee1 ,wallace1 et al4 7#aici7 ,/ratigraphic & paleontologic /udies ( ! ,p5nsylvanian & ,p]mian rocks ( nor?-c5tral ,texas3 ,univ4 ,texas ,pub4 #chja4 ,conta9s an ext5sive faunal li/ & important collect+ localities = ,p5nsylvanian inv]tebrates4 99,moore1 ,r4 ,c41 & ,jef=ds1 ,r4 ,m4 7#aidd7 ,description ( l[] ,p5nsylvanian corals f ,texas & adjac5t /ates3 ,univ4 ,texas ,pub4 #ddja1 pp4 #gg-bjh4 ,describes & illu/rates _m ( ! m common ,p5nsylvanian corals4 99,plumm]1 ,f4 ,b4 7#aidc7 ,! ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ! ,llano region ( c5tral ,texas3 ,univ4 ,texas ,pub4 #dcbi4 ,conta9s geologic map1 locality data1 & illu/rations ( _m ,c>bonif]\s fossils4 99,plumm]1 ,f4 ,b41 & ,moore1 ,r4 ,c4 7#aiba7 ,/ratigraphy ( ! ,p5nsylvanian =mations ( nor?-c5tral ,texas3 ,univ4 ,texas ,bull4 #bacb4 ,describes & illu/rates _m ( ! m common ,p5nsylvanian fossils ( nor?-c5tral ,texas4 99,plumm]1 ,f4 ,b41 & ,scott1 ,gayle 7#aicg7 ,upp] ,paleozoic ammonites 9 ,texas3 ,univ4 ,texas ,bull4 #cgja1 pt4 #a4 99,r5ick1 ,b4 ,c41 & ,/5zel1 ,h4 ,b4 7#aica7 ,! l[] ,claiborne ( ! ,brazos ,riv]1 ,texas3 ,univ4 ,texas ,bull4 #caja1 pp4 #gc-ajh4 ,conta9s discussion & illu/rations ( _m common ,t]ti>y fossils4 ,sell>ds1 ,e4 ,h4 7#aiee7 ,texas ?r\gh #bej million ye>s3 ,museum ,notes ,no4 #d1 ,texas ,memorial ,museum1 ,au/94 ,?is little booklet provides a %ort geologic hi/ory ( ,texas along ) a review ( oil 9 ,texas4 99,sell>ds1 ,e4 ,h41 ,adk9s1 ,w4 ,s41 & ,plumm]1 ,f4 ,b4 7#aicc7 ,! geology ( ,texas1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,/ratigraphy3 ,univ4 ,texas ,bull4 #cbcb 7,augu/ #bb1 #aicb74 ,?is important publication w give ! advanc$ collector mu* valuable in=mation on ! di/ribution ( ! rocks ( ,texas4 ,complete ) geologic map4 ,/anton1 ,t4 ,w4 7#aidg7 ,/udies ( "s ,coman*e pelecypods & ga/ropods3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #baa1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,describes & illu/rates mo/ ( ! m common ,l[] ,cretace\s pelecypods & ga/ropods ( ! ,/ate4 99,/5zel1 ,h4 ,b41 ,krause1 ,e4 ,k41 & ,tw9+1 ,j4 ,t4 7#aieg7 ,pelecypoda f ! type locality ( ! ,/one ,city b$s 7,eoc5e7 ( ,texas3 ,univ4 ,texas ,pub4 #egjd4 ,descriptions & illu/rations ( _m ( ! m common ,t]ti>y clams & oy/]s4 99,/eph5son1 ,l4 ,w4 7#aida7 ,! l>g] inv]tebrate fossils ( ! ,nav>ro gr\p ( ,texas3 ,univ4 ,texas ,pub4 #daja4 ,conta9s descriptions ( _m common ,upp] ,cretace\s inv]tebrates 7exclusive ( corals & cru/aceans74 ,/eph5son1 ,l4 ,w4 7#aieb7 ,l>g] inv]tebrate fossils ( ! ,woodb9e =mation 7,c5omanian7 ( ,texas3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey ,pr(4 ,pap] #bdb1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 99,w9ton1 ,w4 ,m4 7#aibe7 ,! geology ( ,d5ton ,c\nty3 ,univ4 ,texas ,bull4 #bedd4 ,illu/rates & discusses ! occurr5ce ( _m ,cretace\s fossils4 99,w9ton1 ,w4 ,m41 & ,adk9s1 ,w4 ,s4 7#aibj7 ,! geology ( ,t>rant ,c\nty3 ,univ4 ,texas ,bull4 #aica4 ,conta9s _m illu/rations ( common nor? ,texas ,cretace\s fossils4 ,,gloss>y ,amb]--a h>d1 yell[i%1 transluc5t1 fossiliz$ plant res94 ,ammonite--ammonoid cephalopod ) complexly wr9kl$ suture patt]n2 memb] ( subclass ,ammonoidea4 ,ant]ior--front or =e4 ,anus--! t]m9al op5+ ( ! alim5t>y canal1 ?r\gh :i* wa/e matt] is disc>d$ f ! body4 ,ap]ture--! op5+ ( %ells1 cells1 etc4 ,aragonite--calcium c>bonate 7,ca,c,o7 cry/alliz+ 9 a diff]5t =m ?an calcite4 ,9 %ells x is *alky & opaque2 is less /able ?an calcite4 ,ar*eozoic--! olde/ kn[n geological era2 e>ly ,precambrian "t4 ,articulat$--jo9$ by int]lock+ processes or by tee? & sockets4 ,asymmetrical--)\t or lack+ symmetry4 ,bilat]al--p]ta9+ to ! two halves ( a body z symmetrical & mirror images ( ea* o!r4 ,b9omial nom5clature--sy/em ( sci5tific nom5clature requir+ two names3 g5]ic & trivial4 ,bla/oid--/alk$ e*9od]m ) bud-l calyx usually consi/+ ( #ac plates2 memb] ( class ,bla/oidea4 ,bra*iopod--bivalv$ m>9e inv]tebrate2 memb] ( phylum ,bra*iopoda4 ,bracki%--a mixture ( salt & fre% wat]s4 ,burr[--a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 rock1 wood1 etc41 made by c]ta9 animals = %elt] or :ile ga!r+ food4 ,calc>e\s--compos$ (1 or conta9+1 calcium c>bonate2 limy4 ,calcite--calcium c>bonate 7,ca,c,o7 cry/alliz+ 9 a diff]5t =m ?an aragonite4 ,9 %ells x is transluc5t & m /able ?an aragonite4 ,cambrian--! fir/ 7olde/7 p]iod ( ! ,paleozoic era4 ,calyx--9 corals ! b[l-%ap$ depression 9 ! upp] "p ( ! skeleton2 9 /alk$ e*9od]ms t "p ( ! body :i* conta9s mo/ ( ! s(t p>ts4 ,capr9id--a ,cretace\s pelecypod t is typically coil$ 9 ! =m ( a ram's horn4 ,c>apace--! h>d protective cov]+ t =ms ! exoskeleton ( _m inv]tebrates2 9 ar?ropods x is usually *it9\s or calc>o-*it9\s4 ,c>bonization--! process ( fossilization :]eby organic rema9s are r$uc$ to c>bon or coal4 ,ca/--! impression tak5 f a mold4 ,c5ozoic--! late/ era ( geologic "t1 foll[+ ! ,mesozoic era & ext5d+ to ! pres5t4 ,cephalon--! head2 9 trilobites ! ant]ior body segm5t =m+ ! head4 ,cephalopod--m>9e inv]tebrate ) well-def9$ head & eyes & ) t5tacles ar\nd ! m\?2 memb] ( class ,cephalopoda1 phylum ,mollusca2 includes squids1 octopuses1 pe>ly nautilus4 ,c]atite--an ammonoid cephalopod ) suture compos$ ( r\nd$ saddles & jagg$ lobes2 memb] ( subclass ,ammonoidea4 ,*]t--a cryptocry/all9e v>iety ( silica2 fl9t is a v>iety ( *]t4 ,*it9--a horn-l sub/ance1 f\nd 9 ! h>d p>ts ( _m animals1 su* z beetles1 crabs1 etc4 ,*it9\s--compos$ ( *it94 ,cirri--9 cr9oids1 ! jo9t$ app5dages :i* bran* (f ! side ( ! /em or f ! base ( "s cr9oid /ems4 ,coel5t]ate--inv]tebrates *>act]iz$ by a holl[ body cavity1 radial symmetry1 & /++ cells2 a memb] ( phylum ,coel5t]ata2 includes jellyfi%es1 corals1 sea anemones4 ,colonial--9 biology ref]s to ! way 9 :i* "s inv]tebrates live 9 close association )1 & are m or less int]dep5d5t ^u1 ea* o!r2 colonial corals1 hydroids1 etc4 ,columella--a small column or c5tral axis2 9 corals ! small rod or axial pill> 9 ! c5t] ( ! corallite2 9 ga/ropods ! solid or p]=ate pill> =m$ by ! union ( ! successive coils ( a conispiral %ell4 ,columnal--"o ( ! disk-%ap$ segm5ts ( a cr9oid /alk4 ,conc5tric--hav+ a common c5t]1 z circles2 ref]s to %ell m>k+s t are p>allel to %ell m>g94 ,concretion--nodul> or irregul> masses 9 s$im5t>y rocks & usually =m$ ar\nd a c5tral core1 :i* is (t5 a fossil4 ,conical--cone-%ap$4 ,conodont--m9ute too?-l fossils f\nd 9 c]ta9 ,paleozoic rocks2 _! orig9 is n def9itely kn[n1 b !y may h be5 "p ( "s type ( ext9ct fi%4 ,coral--bottom-dwell+ m>9e inv]tebrate t secretes calc>e\s h>d p>ts2 memb] ( class ,an?ozoa1 phylum ,coel5t]ata4 ,corallite--! skeleton =m$ by an individual coral animal2 may be solit>y or =m "p ( a colony4 ,corallum--! skeleton ( a coral colony4 ,corona--cr[n2 9 e*9oids ! ma9 "p ( ! skeleton consi/+ ( symmetrically arrang$ calc>e\s plates4 ,coprolite--! fossil excrem5t ( animals4 ,correlation--! process ( demon/rat+ t c]ta9 /rata are closely relat$ to ea* o!r or t !y are /ratigraphic equival5ts4 ,cretace\s--! ?ird & la/ p]iod ( ! ,mesozoic era4 ,cy/oid--an ext9ct /emm$ e*9od]m ) calyx compos$ ( num]\s irregul>ly arrang$ plates2 memb] ( class ,cy/oidea4 ,d5dritic--resembl+ a tree1 bran*+4 ,d5tition--! sy/em or arrangem5t ( tee? peculi> to any giv5 animal4 ,devonian--! f\r? olde/ p]iod ( ! ,paleozoic era1 foll[s ! ,silurian1 prec$es ! ,mississippian4 ,dip--! angle ( incl9ation :i* ! b$d+ plane ( rocks makes ) a real or imag9>y horizontal l9e4 ,di/illation--9 fossils t process by :i* volatile organic matt] is remov$1 leav+ a c>bon residue4 ,dolomite--a m9]al compos$ ( calcium magnesium c>bonate 7,ca,mg7,,co774 ,dorsal--p]ta9+ to ! back4 ,e*9od]m--a m>9e inv]tebrate ) calc>e\s exoskeleton & usually exhibit+ a five-fold radial symmetry2 memb] ( phylum ,e*9od]mata2 includes cy/oids1 bla/oids1 cr9oids1 />fi%es1 & sea ur*9s4 ,e*9oid--bottom-dwell+1 unatta*$ m>9e inv]tebrate ) exoskeleton ( calc>e\s plates cov]$ by movable sp9es2 memb] ( class ,e*9oidea2 sea ur*9s1 he>t ur*9s1 biscuit ur*9s4 ,endoskeleton--! int]nal support+ /ructure ( an animal4 ,eoc5e--! next to e>lie/ ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*s1 foll[s ! ,paleoc5e & prec$es ! ,oligoc5e4 ,equivalv$--"r & left valves subequal & 7except = h+e /ructures7 compris+ mirror images ( ea* o!r4 ,evolution--a t]m appli$ to ^? me?ods or processes & to ! sum ( ^? processes :]eby organisms *ange ?r\gh successive g5]ations4 ,exoskeleton--an ext]nal skeleton1 or h>d cov]+ = ! protection ( s(t p>ts1 p>ticul>ly among inv]tebrates4 ,fault--! displacem5t ( rocks along a zone ( fracture4 ,fauna--an assemblage ( animals 7liv+ or fossil7 liv+ 9 a giv5 place at a giv5 "t4 ,flank--! side or lat]al portion ( any?+4 ,flora--an assemblage ( plants 7liv+ or fossil7 liv+ 9 a giv5 place at a giv5 "t4 ,fold--9 bra*iopods1 a major r\nd$ elevation ( %ell :i* affects bo? inn] & out] %ell surfaces4 ,=am5--9 bra*iopods1 ! op5+ 9 ! p$icle valve ne> ! beak :]e ! p$icle ext5ds ?r\gh ! %ell4 ,=am9if]--a protozoan usually possess+ a calc>e\s1 p]=at$1 *amb]$ %ell1 b %ell may be *it9\s or agglut9at$2 a memb] ( ! ord] ,=am9if]a1 phylum ,protozoa4 ,=mation--a rock unit useful = mapp+ & di/+ui%$ prim>ily on ! basis ( li?ologic *>act]s4 ,fossil--! rema9s or traces ( organisms buri$ by natural causes & pres]v$ 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,guide fossil--a fossil :i*1 because ( its limit$ v]tical b wide horizontal di/ribution1 is ( value z a guide or index to ! age ( ! rocks 9 :i* x is f\nd4 ,fossilif]\s--conta9+ fossiliz$ organic rema9s4 ,fusul9id--a sp9dle-%ap$ =am9if]3 te/ %ap$ l a gra9 ( :eat4 ,ga/roli?--highly poli%$ well-r\nd$ pebbles f\nd associat$ ) c]ta9 reptilian fossils2 8/oma* /ones40 ,ga/ropod--a t]re/rial or aquatic inv]tebrate1 typically possess+ a s+le-valv$1 calc>e\s1 coil$ %ell2 memb] ( class ,ga/ropoda1 phylum ,mollusca3 snails & slugs4 ,geologic age--! age ( an object z /at$ 9 t]ms ( geologic "t 7e4g41 a ,p5nsylvanian f]n1 ,cretace\s d9osaur74 ,geologic map--map %[+ di/ribution ( rock outcrops1 /ructural features1 m9]al deposits1 etc4 ,geologic range--! kn[n duration ( an organism's exi/5ce ?r\gh\t geologic "t 7e4g41 ,cambrian to ,rec5t = bra*iopods74 ,glauconite--a gre5i% m9]al commonly =m$ 9 m>9e environm5ts & ess5tially a hydr\s silicate ( iron & potassium4 ,goniatite--an ammonoid cephalopod ) suture compos$ ( smoo? saddles & simple angul> lobes2 memb] ( subclass ,ammonoidea4 ,graptolite--an ext9ct1 m>9e1 colonial organism ) *it9\s h>d p>ts2 believ$ to belong to subphylum ,hemi*ordata ( phylum ,*ordata4 ,guide fossil--see ,fossil4 ,habitat--! physical environm5t 9 :i* an organism lives4 ,h+e-l9e--9 bra*iopods1 ! edge ( ! %ell :]e ! two valves articulate2 9 pelecypods1 ! dorsal m>g9 ( ! valve :i* is 9 cont9ual contact ) ! opposite valve4 ,igne\s rock--rocks :i* h solidifi$ f lava or molt5 rock call$ magma4 ,index fossil--see ,fossil4 ,inequivalv$--opposite valves unlike 9 %ape or size1 or bo?4 ,jurassic--second olde/ p]iod ( ! ,mesozoic2 foll[s ! ,triassic1 prec$es ! ,cretace\s4 ,keel--a /rong cont9u\s ridge along ! v5tral side ( ammonites4 ,l>va--! "y =m ( "s animals be=e !y assume ! mature %ape4 ,lat]al--side or to ! side4 ,li?ology--! /udy & description ( rocks bas$ on ! megascopic 7) ! nak$ eye7 exam9ation ( samples4 ,us$ also to ref] to ! texture & composition ( any giv5 rock sample4 ,liv+ *amb]--9 mollusks1 t "p ( ! %ell :i* is occupi$ by ! liv+ animal4 ,lobe--9 cephalopods1 ! backw>d flexure ( ! suture or septum4 ,longitud9al--9 a direction p>allel ) ! l5g?4 ,lophophore--9 bra*iopods1 a t5tacle-be>+ app5dage atta*$ to ! ant]ior surface ( ! mantle cavity4 ,mantle--9 mollusks & bra*iopods1 a lay] ( tissue conta9+ cells t secrete ! %ell4 ,meso---a prefix signify+ middle4 ,mesozoic--t era ( geologic "t t prec$es ! ,c5ozoic & foll[s ! ,paleozoic4 ,mioc5e--f\r? olde/ epo* ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod2 foll[s ! ,oligoc5e1 prec$es ! ,plioc5e4 ,mississippian--fif? olde/ p]iod ( ! ,paleozoic3 foll[s ! ,devonian1 prec$es ! ,p5nsylvanian4 ,multicellul>--compos$ ( m ?an "o cell4 ,nacre\s--pe>ly4 ,node--a knob4 -oid--a suffix mean+ 89 ! =m (40 ,oligoc5e--! ?ird olde/ epo* ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod3 prec$es ! ,mioc5e1 foll[s ! ,eoc5e4 ,op]culum--! lid or cov]+ ( ! ap]ture ( c]ta9 %ells4 ,oral--ref]r+ to ! m\? or ap]ture4 ,orbitoidids--=am9if]s ) l>ge typically disk-%ap$ te/s4 ,ordovician--second olde/ p]iod ( ! ,paleozoic era2 foll[s ! ,cambrian1 prec$es ! ,silurian4 ,ossicle--loosely us$ z a small plate4 ,paleoc5e--olde/ epo* ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod2 prec$es ! ,eoc5e4 ,paleozoic--t era ( geologic "t t foll[s ,precambrian "t & prec$es ! ,mesozoic era4 ,p$icle op5+ 7p$icle =am57--see ,=am54 ,pelecypod--a bivalv$ aquatic inv]tebrate2 memb] ( class ,pelecypoda1 phylum ,mollusca4 ,p5nsylvanian--! six? olde/ p]iod ( ! ,paleozoic era2 foll[s ! ,mississippian1 prec$es ! ,p]mian4 ,p]iod--a division ( geologic "t 7,pl4 #a74 ,p]io/racum--! horny out] cov]+ or epid]mis on %ells4 ,p]mian--sev5? & la/ p]iod ( ! ,paleozoic4 ,p]m9]alization--t process by :i* m9]al matt] has be5 add$ to ! orig9al %ell mat]ial by precipitation 9 ! int]/ices r ?an replac+ ! orig9al %ell mat]ial4 ,phosphatic--conta9+ or p]ta9+ to phosphate m9]als4 ,phylum--"o ( ! prim>y divisions ( ! animal or vegetable k+doms4 ,planispiral--%ell coil$ 9 "o plane4 ,plei/oc5e--e>lie/ epo* ( ,quat]n>y p]iod1 ,c5ozoic era2 foll[s ,plioc5e epo* ( ,t]ti>y p]iod1 prec$es ,rec5t epo* ( ,quat]n>y4 ,pleural--ref]r+ to ! side or ribs2 9 trilobites1 ref]s to lat]al portions ( ?orax & pygidium4 ,plioc5e--late/ epo* ( ,t]ti>y p]iod ( ,c5ozoic era2 foll[s ,mioc5e epo* & prec$es ,plei/oc5e epo* ( ,quat]n>y p]iod4 ,polygonal--_m sid$ or hav+ _m-sid$ plates4 ,polyp--a _m-t5tacl$ aquatic coel5t]ate animal1 typically cyl9drical or cup-%ap$1 z 9 corals4 ,porcelane\s--l porcela94 ,pore--a v small op5+4 ,po/]ior--situat$ beh9d2 to ! re>4 ,precambrian--t portion ( geologic "t be=e ! ,cambrian2 divid$ into ,ar*eozoic era 7,e>ly ,precambrian7 & ,prot]ozoic era 7,late ,precambrian74 ,prot]o--comb9+ =m mean+ =e1 =m]1 or ant]ior 9 "t 7,greek prot]os1 =e74 ,prot]ozoic--y\nge/ era ( ! ,precambrian2 foll[s ! ,ar*eozoic era & prec$es ! ,cambrian p]iod ( ! ,paleozoic era4 ,proti/a--! organic k+dom includ+ ! simple/ ( all "o-cell$ organisms :i* possess v>i\s *>act]s ( bo? plants & animals2 bact]ia1 algae1 =am9if]s1 radiol>ians4 ,protocon*--9 mollusks1 ! initial *amb] ( %ell4 ,pyrite--a h>d1 brass-yell[ m9]al compos$ ( iron sulfide2 8fool's gold40 ,quat]n>y--! y\nge/ p]iod ( ! ,c5ozoic era1 foll[s ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,radial symmetry--see ,symmetry4 ,reef--a m\nd-l or ridge-l elevation ( ! sea bottom :i* almo/ rea*es ! surface ( ! wat]1 compos$ prim>ily ( organic mat]ial & commonly =m$ by reef-build+ animals1 su* z corals & oy/]s4 ,replacem5t--type ( fossilization :]eby h>d p>ts ( organisms are remov$ by solution accompani$ by almo/ simultane\s deposition ( o!r sub/ances 9 ! result+ voids2 m9]alization4 ,respiration--! process ( oxyg5ation4 ,rock--an aggregation ( "o or m m9]als4 ,rock-unit--divisions ( rocks bas$ on def9ite physical & li?ologic *>act]i/ics & n def9$ on ! basis ( geologic "t alone2 gr\ps1 =mations1 memb]s4 ,rudi/id--a ,cretace\s pelecypod t does n exhibit ! typical clam or oy/] %ape2 _m are cone-%ap$1 resembl+ corals4 ,saddle--9 cephalopods1 ! =w>d flexure 7curv$ t[>d ! ap]ture7 ( ! suture or septum4 ,scaphopod--an exclusively m>9e mollusk ) a s+le-valv$ tusk-%ap$ %ell2 memb] ( class ,scaphopoda1 phylum ,mollusca4 ,scav5g]--an animal t fe$s on organic refuse4 ,s$5t>y--/ation>y 9 life1 n mov+ f place to place4 ,s$im5t--mat]ial t has be5 deposit$ by settl+ f a transportation ag5t su* z wat] or air2 typically compos$ ( wea!r$ rock fragm5ts4 ,s$im5t>y rock--rocks =m$ f ! accumulation & li?ification ( s$im5ts4 ,segm5t--"o ( ! p>ts into :i* a body naturally sep>ates or is divid$2 = example1 segm5ts ( ar?ropods or annelid worms4 ,septal--p]ta9+ to ! septum4 ,septum 7plural1 septa7--a divid+ wall or p>tition2 9 fusul9ids1 a p>tition betwe5 *amb]s 9 ! fusul9id %ell2 9 corals1 "o ( ! radiat+1 longitud9al1 calc>e\s plates locat$ )9 ! corallite2 9 cephalopods1 ! transv]se p>titions betwe5 ! *amb]s4 ,s]ies--! rocks =m$ dur+ an epo*2 ! "t-/ratigraphic t]m next 9 rank bel[ a sy/em4 ,s]rate--not*$ l a saw4 ,sessile--animal atta*$ to ! sea floor m or less p]man5tly4 ,silica--an oxide ( silicon 7,si,o74 ,silice\s--conta9+ or p]ta9+ to silica4 ,silicification--! process ( comb9+ or impregnat+ ) silica4 ,silurian--! ?ird olde/ p]iod ( ! ,paleozoic era2 foll[s ! ,ordovician1 prec$es ! ,devonian4 ,s9us--an elongate depression on bra*iopod %ells4 ,siphuncle--9 cephalopods1 ! segm5t$ horny or calc>e\s tube :i* ext5ds f ! protocon* to ! liv+ *amb]4 ,slick5sides--poli%$ & groov$ surfaces t are ! result ( two rock masses slid+ pa/ ea* o!r z 9 fault+4 ,solit>y--liv+ alone2 n "p ( a colony4 ,species--"o ( ! small] natural divisions 9 classification4 ,specific "n--see ,trivial "n4 ,spicule--a m9ute spike or d>t1 skeletal elem5t 9 sponges & holo?urians4 ,/ratum 7plural1 /rata7--a s+le b$ or lay] ( rock4 ,/rike--! direction ( a real or imag9>y l9e t is =m$ by ! int]section ( a b$ or /ratum ) a horizontal plane2 /rike is p]p5dicul> to ! dip4 ,subconical--less ?an conical 9 %ape2 almo/ a cone4 ,suture--! l9e ( junction betwe5 two p>ts2 9 cr9oids1 ! l9e ( junction betwe5 two plates2 9 ga/ropods1 ! l9e ( junction ( ! :orls z se5 on ! ext]ior ( ! %ell2 9 cephalopods1 ! l9e ( junction betwe5 a septum & ! %ell wall4 ,symmetry--ord]ly arrangem5t ( p>ts ( an object ) ref]5ce to l9es1 planes1 or po9ts4 ,bilat]al symmetry--! symmetrical duplication ( p>ts on ea* side ( a v]tical ant]ior-po/]ior plane4 ,radial symmetry--! symmetrical repetition ( p>ts ar\nd a common v]tical dorso-v5trally dispos$ axis4 ,p5tam]\s symmetry--symmetry arrang$ 9 a patt]n ( fives4 ,sy/em--! rocks =m$ dur+ a p]iod2 ! "t-/ratigraphic t]m next 9 rank above a s]ies4 ,taxonomy--t bran* ( sci5ce t deals ) classification1 especially 9 relation to plants1 animals1 or fossils4 ,t]ti>y--! olde/ p]iod ( ! ,c5ozoic era2 foll[s ! ,cretace\s p]iod ( ! ,mesozoic & prec$es ! ,quat]n>y p]iod ( ! ,c5ozoic4 ,te/--! protective cov]+ ( "s inv]tebrate animals4 ,!ca--a %ea? or case2 9 coel5t]ates1 ! b\nd+ wall at or ne> ! m>g9 ( ! exoskeleton2 9 e*9od]ms1 ! ma9 body skeleton 7or calyx7 :i* h\ses ! animal's s(t p>ts2 9 graptolites1 any cup or tube ( ! colony4 ,?orax--9 trilobites1 t "p ( ! body betwe5 ! cephalon & pygidium4 ,"t-unit--a portion ( cont9u\s geologic "t 7e4g41 eras1 p]iods1 epo*s1 & ages74 ,"t-rock unit--same z "t-/ratigraphic unit4 ,"t-/ratigraphic unit--t]m giv5 to rock units ) b\nd>ies e/abli%$ by geologic "t2 /rata deposit$ dur+ def9ite portions ( geologic "t 7e4g41 sy/ems1 s]ies1 /ages1 etc474 ,topography--! physical features or configuration ( a l& surface4 ,topographic map--a map %[+ ! physical features ( an area1 especially ! relief & cont\r ( ! l&4 ,transv]se--at "r angles to l5g?4 ,triassic--! y\nge/ p]iod ( ! ,mesozoic era2 foll[s ! ,p]mian p]iod ( ! ,paleozoic & prec$es ! ,jurassic p]iod ( ! ,mesozoic4 ,trilobite--an ext9ct m>9e ar?ropod hav+ a flatt5$ segm5t$ body cov]$ by a h>d5$ dorsal exoskeleton divid$ into ?ree lobes4 ,trivial "n--! ,lat9iz$ "n add$ to a g5]ic "n to di/+ui% ! species2 same z specific "n4 ,type locality--! geographic location at :i* a =mation 0 fir/ describ$ & f :i* x 0 nam$2 or f :i* ! type specim5 ( a fossil species comes4 ,type specim5--! individual or specim5 on :i* ! orig9al designation ( a species 0 e/abli%$4 ,umbilicus--an ext]nal depression or op5+ at ! c5t] ( _m loosely coil$ %ells2 9 ga/ropods x is usually locat$ at ! base ( ! %ell2 9 cephalopods x is usually locat$ lat]ally4 ,umbo--! ar*$ "p ( ! valve ne> ! beak 9 bivalve %ells4 ,unicellul>--compos$ ( "o cell4 ,valve--! "o or m pieces compris+ ! %ell ( animals4 ,v>iety--a subdivision ( a species1 designat$ by a ?ird "n :5 a v>iety is designat$4 ,v5tral--p]ta9+ to ! abdom52 z oppos$ to dorsal1 p]ta9+ to ! back4 ,v]tebrate--an animal hav+ a backbone or sp9al column4 ,:orl--a s+le turn or volution ( a coil$ %ell4 -zoic--comb9+ =m mean+ 8life0 7,greek zoikos1 life74 ,zooecium 7plural1 zooecia7--tube or *amb] occupi$ by an individual ( ! bryozoan colony2 also call$ an autopore4 ,footnotes #a;,associate ,pr(essor ( ,geology1 ,lam> ,/ate ,college ( ,te*nology1 ,beaumont1 ,texas4 #b;,entries m>k$ ) a/]isk are publi%$ by ! ,bureau ( ,economic ,geology1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,texas1 ,au/94 ,^? n out ( pr9t are di/ribut$ at nom9al sale price2 li/ s5t on reque/4 ,^! publications may be consult$ at _m public libr>ies &_/or ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce (fices4 ,index ,page numb]s 9 italics indicate illu/rations4 ,a ,acan?oc]as3 #gg ,act9omma3 #di ,africa3 #hg ,agna?a3 #hg ,alaska3 #g ,alectryonia lugubris3 #fh algae3 #dd1 #df1 #dg 8algal biscuits03 #dd alligators3 #ie ,allorisma3 #fg ,allosaurus3 #ij1 #ig1 #ih ,allo!ria3 #ajj allo!rians3 #ajj ,am>illo ,college3 #bg amb]3 #g amblypods3 #ajb ,ambocoelia3 #eg ,amelan*i]3 #dh ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory3 #b1 #ae1 #if ammonites3 #aa1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh ,ammonoidea3 #ff ammonoids3 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh ,amphibia3 #hi amphibians3 #hg1 #ib ,amph9eura3 #ef ,amphiscapha3 #fa ,ancilla3 #fd ,angulotreta3 #ee1 #ef ankylosaurs3 #ij1 #ig1 #ii ,annelida3 #gh annelids3 #gh ,anomia3 #gd anteat]s3 #ajj ,an?ozoa3 #di1 #ea ,apsotreta3 #ee1 #ef aragonite3 #aa ,ar*elon3 #ia ,ar*etectonica3 #fd ,ar*aeopt]yx3 #ajj ,ar*eozoic1 d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cc ,ar*] ,c\nty3 #hi ,ar*im$es3 #ed ariet9a1 ,exogyra3 #gj ,ari/otle3 #c ,arizona3 #g ,arkansas3 #cg ,arl+ton ,/ate ,college3 #a1 #bg armadillos3 #ajj1 #ajb ,aron[1 ,saul3 #a ,ar?ropoda3 #gh1 #gi1 #hj ar?ropods3 #aj1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj cru/aceans3 #gi1 #hj insects3 #g1 #gi o/racodes3 #gi1 #hj trilobites3 #gh1 #hj ,articulata3 #ef ,artiodactyla3 #ajf artiodactyls3 #ajf camels3 #ajf entelodonts3 #aja1 #ajf a%1 volcanic3 #e ,a/acodes3 #gi ,a/>tella3 #fg ,a/]oidea3 #hb a/]oids3 #hb1 #hc ,a/]ozoa3 #hb ,a/raeospongium3 #ej ,a/rhelia3 #ec ,a/ylospongia3 #ej ,aulo/eges tub]culatus3 #ab1 #ac ,au/93 #ad1 #ag1 #ai1 #hg ,au/9 ,college3 #bg ,au/ralia3 #hg au?or1 ( a fossil3 #bb autopores3 #ea ,aves3 #hi1 #ajj ,avonia3 #ab1 #ac signata3 #ab1 #ac subhorrida3 #ab1 #ac ,b bact]ia3 #dg ,baculites3 #gg bags1 collect+3 #ag1 #ah ,balcones fault zone3 #cf1 #cg balu*i!res3 #ajd1 #ajf ,balu*i!rium3 #ajf ,b>batia3 #gd ,baylor ,c\nty3 #hi ,baylor ,univ]sity3 #a1 #b1 #bg1 #ij1 #ia1 #ie ,beaumont3 #a1 #cd clay3 #cd ,beav]1 ,h>old3 #a ,belemnites3 #gg1 #gh ,belemnoidea3 #gh belemnoids3 #gg1 #gh ,bell]ophon3 #fa ,big ,b5d area3 #ce1 #cf ,national ,p>k3 #ce1 #ig1 #ajb ,big ,spr+3 #hi b9omial nom5clature3 #ba-bb ,bird1 ,r4 ,t43 #b1 #ae1 #if birds1 fossil3 #e1 #ajj ,bla/oidea3 #ha bla/oids3 #bf1 #bh1 #ha ,bl9n ,college3 #bg bone1 p]m9]aliz$3 #i ,books ,ab\t ,fossils3 #ajh-aaj ,boon1 ,jack3 #a ,bra*iopoda3 #ed1 #ee1 #ef bra*iopods3 #bf1 #bi1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef articulate3 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg1 #eh ,cambrian3 #ee ,cretace\s3 #ef in>ticulate3 #ee1 #ef ,mississippian3 #ee ,p5nsylvanian3 #eg1 #eh ,p]mian3 #ab1 #ac ,rec5t3 #ef silicifi$3 #ab1 #ac symmetry3 #bd1 #bf1 #bi ,bra*iosaurus3 #ij ,brew/] ,c\nty3 #aa1 #ab1 #ce1 #da brittle />s3 #hb ,bronaugh1 ,ri*mond ,l43 #a ,brontosaurus3 #ij1 #ig1 #ih ,bronto!rium3 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf ,br[n1 ,l4 ,f41 ,jr43 #a ,bryophyta3 #dd ,bryozoa3 #ea1 #ed1 #ee bryozoans3 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #cj1 #ea1 #ed1 #ee1 #hd ,mississippian3 #ed ,p5nsylvanian3 #ee bulla1 ,v5]ic>dia3 #gb ,bureau ( ,economic ,geology3 #b1 #ai burr[s3 #ad 8button corals03 #di1 #ec ,c ,calamites3 #dh calcite3 #aj1 #aa callus3 #ei ,calyptraphorus3 #fd ,cam>otoe*ia3 #ee ,cambrian-- d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cd fossils3 #dj bra*iopods3 #ee graptolites3 #hf ( ,frankl9 ,m\nta9s1 ,llano1 ,m>a?on1 & ,solit>io uplifts3 #dj camels3 #ajf cam]atus1 ,neospirif]3 #eh ,can9ia3 #ea1 #eb ,canis diris3 #ajb1 #ajc dome/ica3 #bb capr9id3 #bg1 #cj caprock1 ( ,high ,pla9s3 #ce c>bon residues3 #aj1 #hf ,c>bonif]\s3 #cd c>9ata1 ,o/rea3 #ga ,c>nivora3 #ajb c>nivores3 #ajb1 #ajc ,c>yocorbula3 #gd ,c>yocr9ites3 #ha ,casey1 ,joseph9e3 #b ca/s3 #aa catalog1 fossil2 numb]3 #ca cem5t1 portl&3 #ai ,c5ozoic-- d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cc p]iods (3 #cd rocks 9 ,texas3 #dc c5tral ,asia3 #ajf c5tral ,texas3 #aa1 #db ,cephalopoda3 #ef1 #ff1 #ge1 #gh cephalopods3 #bd1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ff1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh ammonites3 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh ammonoids3 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh belemnoids3 #gg1 #gh c]atites3 #ge1 #gh coleoids3 #gg1 #gh cuttlefi%3 #gh goniatites3 #ge1 #gf nautiloids3 #ff1 #ge1 #gf octopus3 #ff1 #gh squid3 #ff1 #gh sutures3 #ff1 #ge1 #gh c]atites3 #ge1 #gh c]atopsians3 #ij1 #ii1 #ajj ,c]atosaurus3 #ij ,c]i?ium3 #fb *alico!res3 #ajd1 #ajf ,*elonia4 ,see turtles4 *isels3 #ag *it93 #aj *itons3 #ef ,*ondri*?yes3 #hg ,*onetes3 #eg ,*ordata3 #hd-ajb *ordates3 #hd amphibians3 #hi1 #ib birds3 #ajj fi%es3 #hg1 #hh1 #hi graptolites3 #dj1 #hd1 #hf mammals3 #ajj-ajg reptiles3 #hi-ajj ,clado*onus3 #ea1 #eb ,cladophyllia3 #ec clams3 #aa1 #ef1 #ei4 ,see also pelecypods4 class1 taxonomic3 #bb classification1 b9omial nom5clature3 #ba-bb units (3 #bb club mosses3 #dg coal3 #bj1 #dg m9es3 #bj1 #dg plants3 #af1 #df1 #dg1 #dh ,co*lespiropsis3 #fc ,coel5t]ata3 #di1 #ea1 #hd coel5t]ates3 #di1 #ea-ec ,coleoidea3 #ff coleoids3 #gg1 #gh collect+ bags3 #ag1 #ah columella1 corals3 #ea ga/ropods3 #ei1 #fj columnal1 cr9oid3 #ha1 #hb1 #hc ,coman*ean s]ies ( ,cretace\s3 #cd4 ,see also ,l[] ,cretace\s4 compass3 #ai ,composita subtilita3 #eg comp\nd corals4 ,see corals1 colonial4 concretions3 #af conif]\s trees3 #g conodonts3 #da1 #hh1 #hi ,conus3 #fc ,coop]1 ,g4 ,a43 #b1 #ab coprolites3 #ad corallite3 #di1 #ea corallum3 #ea corals3 #aa1 #bd1 #bf1 #bg1 #di1 #ea1 #eb1 #ec 8button03 #di1 #ec colonial3 #bd1 #bg1 #cj1 #ea1 #eb1 #ec ,cretace\s3 #ec 8horn03 #di1 #ea1 #eb morphology3 #ea ,p5nsylvanian3 #eb polyp3 #di solit>y3 #bd1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #di1 #ea1 #eb1 #ec symmetry3 #bd1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj ,t]ti>y3 #ec ,cordaites3 #dh correlation3 #cb ,cory?osaurus3 #ij cotylosaurs3 #hi1 #ib crabs3 #gh1 #gi ,crassatella3 #gb crayfi%3 #gh creodonts3 #ajb ,cretace\s-- ,see also ,coman*ean & ,gulf s]ies4 d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cd fossils3 #db-dc ar?ropods3 #gi bra*iopods3 #ef cephalopods3 #ff1 #fg1 #gf1 #gg corals3 #ec crocodiles3 #ie1 #if d9osaurs3 #ij1 #ia1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #ig1 #ii e*9od]ms3 #hc1 #hd1 #he =am9if]s3 #di ga/ropods3 #ei1 #fb nautiloids3 #gf pelecypods3 #ei1 #ff1 #fh-ga %>k tee?3 #hh worms3 #gh tubes3 #i ( c5tral ,texas1 ,edw>ds ,plateau1 ,gulf ,coa/al ,pla91 ,high ,pla9s1 nor? ,texas1 & ,trans-,pecos ,texas3 #db 8,pyrite ,fossil ,zone0 (3 #aa cr9oidal lime/one3 #da1 #hb1 #hc ,cr9oidea3 #ha cr9oids3 #bf1 #bh1 #da1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc calyx3 #ha1 #hb1 #hc morphology3 #ha /ems3 #bf1 #bh1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc ,crockett ,c\nty3 #db ,crockett =mation3 #dc crocodiles3 #ie1 #if crossopt]ygians3 #hg cru/aceans3 #gi1 #hj ,culb]son ,c\nty3 #ce cuttlefi%3 #gh cycads3 #dg1 #dh ,cymatoc]as3 #ge1 #gf ,cy/oidea3 #ha cy/oids3 #ha1 #hb1 #hc ,d 8,d>k ,ages03 #c da ,v9ci1 ,leon>do3 #c ,davis1 ,d>rell3 #a ,decapoda4 ,see ,coleoidea4 de]3 #ajf ,del ,m> ,college3 #bg d5drites3 #ad ,d5drograptus3 #hf ,d5v]1 ,colorado3 #ai ,d]bya3 #eg ,devonian-- d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cd fossils3 #da placod]ms3 #hg1 #hh ,psilophyton3 #dh ( ,el ,paso & ,van ,horn regions1 ,llano & ,m>a?on uplifts3 #da ,diablo ,m\nta9s3 #da diatoms3 #dd1 #df1 #dg ,dibran*iata4 ,see ,coleoidea4 ,dictyoclo/us3 #ee ,dimetrodon3 #ib ,d9oba/is3 #ajb1 #ajc ,d9oc]ata3 #ajb d9oc]ates3 #ajb1 #aje d9osaurs3 #hi1 #ij-id1 #ie1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj armor$3 #ij1 #ig1 #ii1 #ajj duck-bill$3 #ij1 #ig1 #ii fly+3 #ia1 #id1 #ie horn$3 #ij1 #ii1 #ajj plate-be>+3 #ij1 #ig1 #ii swimm+3 #ia1 #ic1 #ie ,diplodocus3 #ij ,diplograptus3 #hf dire wolf3 #ajb1 #ajc diris1 ,canis3 #ajb1 #ajc di/illation3 #aj ,di/orsio3 #fc division1 plant3 #dd ,dixon1 ,j4 ,w41 ,jr43 #b1 #ij1 #ia dolomite3 #aa dolph9s3 #ie dome/ica1 ,canis3 #bb ,du,bar1 ,jules3 #a ,dufr5oyia3 #gg ,e ,ea/l& ,c\nty3 #bj ,ea/ ,texas ,/ate ,college3 #bg ,e*9od]mata3 #hj-hd e*9od]ms3 #hj-hd a/]oids3 #hb1 #hc bla/oids3 #ha cr9oids3 #ha1 #hb1 #hc cy/oids3 #ha1 #hb1 #hc e*9oids3 #hb1 #hd1 #he holo?uroids3 #hd scl]ites3 #hc ,e*9oidea3 #hb e*9oids3 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #hb1 #hd1 #he ,cretace\s3 #hd1 #he plates3 #hd1 #he sp9es3 #hd1 #he ,e*9ozoa3 #hb ,ed5tata3 #ajj ed5tates3 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb ,edw>ds ,plateau3 #ai1 #cf1 #cg1 #db1 #dc ,egyptian des]t3 #c ,elasmosaurus3 #ia elephants3 #ajb ,eleu!rozoa3 #hb ,ellison1 ,samuel ,p43 #a ,el ,paso region-- ,devonian (3 #da ,ordovician (3 #dj ,precambrian (3 #dj ,silurian (3 #dj ,endopa*ys3 #ec ,enoploclytia3 #gi entelodont3 #aja1 #ajf ,eohippus4 ,see ,hyraco!rium4 epo*1 geologic3 #cc era1 geologic3 #cc-cd ,era? ,c\nty3 #bj ,eryops3 #ib ,euomphalus3 #fa ,euphemites3 #fb ,europe3 #hi ,exogyra ariet9a3 #gj laeviscula3 #gj pond]osa3 #gj texana3 #gj ,f 8false fossils03 #ad family1 taxonomic3 #bb 8fea!r />s03 #hb f]ns3 #dg1 #dh fi%3 #hg1 #hh1 #hi armor$3 #da1 #hh c>bon residue3 #i scales3 #aj tee?3 #aj v]tebrae3 #aj ,fi/ulipora3 #ee ,flabellum3 #ec =am51 p$icle3 #ed1 #ef ,=am9if]a3 #dg1 #di ,cretace\s3 #di fusul9ids3 #bf1 #bi1 #di orbitoid3 #bf1 #bh ,p5nsylvanian3 #di =ams3 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #dg1 #di =mation1 geologic3 #cd fossil-- birds3 #e1 #ajj burr[s3 #ad catalog+3 #ca collect+3 #ag equipm5t3 #ag e?ics3 #bj h[ to collect3 #bj :]e to look3 #ai def9ition3 #c dung3 #ad footpr9ts3 #ad gizz>d /one3 #ad id5tification3 #ba1 #bc-cj keys3 #bf-cj pres]vation-- alt]$ h>d p>ts3 #aj-aa c>bonization3 #i1 #aj m9]alization3 #aj p]m9]alization3 #aj petrifaction3 #aj replacem5t1 calc>e\s1 iron1 silice\s3 #aj1 #aa1 #ac k9ds (3 #g orig9al h>d & s(t p>ts3 #g record1 miss+ pages 93 #e wood3 #dg fossilization1 requirem5ts (3 #e fossils-- animal3 #dg-ajg ,cambrian3 #dj c>boniz$3 #aj classification (3 #ba-bb clean+3 #ba et*+ 9 acid3 #ba froz53 #e1 #g1 #ajd guide &_/or index3 #cb 9 amb]3 #g 9 oil saturat$ soil3 #g 9 quicks&3 #e 9 t>3 #e 9 volcanic a%3 #e ma9 types (3 #dd natural mummies3 #g p]m9]aliz$ or petrifi$3 #aj plant3 #d1 #aj1 #bj1 #cb1 #dd-dh ,plei/oc5e3 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd ,precambrian3 #dj prep>ation (3 #ba ,quat]n>y3 #dc1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd replac$ or m9]aliz$3 #aj silicifi$3 #ba ,cretace\s3 #aa ,p]mian3 #aa et*+3 #ba ,silurian3 #dj1 #ha ,t]ti>y3 #dc ,triassic3 #db uses (3 #ca-cb ,france3 #ajf ,frankl9 ,m\nta9s1 ,cambrian (3 #dj frogs3 #hi ,frondicul>ia3 #di fungi3 #dd ,fusselman lime/one3 #dj ,fusul9a3 #di fusul9ids3 #bf1 #bi1 #dg1 #di ,fusus3 #fc ,g ,gaptank =mation3 #ce1 #da ga/roli?s3 #ad ,ga/ropoda3 #ef1 #ei ga/ropods3 #bf1 #bg1 #bi1 #cj1 #ef1 #ei1 #fj ,cretace\s3 #ei1 #fb morphology3 #fj ornam5tation3 #ei ,p5nsylvanian3 #fa1 #fb ,t]ti>y3 #ei1 #fc1 #fd g5]ic "n3 #ba-bb g5us3 #ba-bb geologic-- column3 #cc hi/ory3 #cc map1 def9ition3 #dj map ( ,texas3 #ch-ci "t3 #cd "t scale3 frontispiece1 #cc geology ( ,texas3 #cg-dc ,g]many3 #e1 #ajj ,g+ko3 #dg1 #dh ,girtyocoelia3 #ej ,glasscock ,c\nty3 #db ,glass ,m\nta9s3 #aa1 #ab1 #ce1 #da1 #db glauconite3 #aa ,globig]9a3 #di ,gloss>y3 #aaa-aad ,glycym]is3 #gd ,glyptodon3 #aja1 #ajb glyptodont3 #aja1 #ajb goats3 #ajf goniatites3 #ge1 #gf ,gr& ,prairie3 #cf1 #cg ,graptoli?9a3 #hd1 #hf graptolites3 #bg1 #cj1 #dj1 #hd1 #hf ( ,m>a?on uplift3 #dj1 #hf ,graptozoa4 ,see graptolites4 graysonana1 ,gryphaea3 #fi ,great ,flood3 #c gr\nd slo?s3 #g1 #aja1 #ajb ,gryphaea graysonana3 #fi wa%ita5sis3 #fi ,guadalupe ,m\nta9s1 ,peak3 #ce ,gulf ,coa/3 #cb ,gulf ,coa/al ,pla9 ( ,texas3 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #db1 #dc1 #ajf ,gulf ( ,mexico3 #cg ,gulf s]ies ( ,cretace\s3 #cd4 ,see also ,upp] ,cretace\s4 ,gyrodes3 #fb ,h hagfi%3 #hg hamm]1 geologi/'s3 #ag1 #ah ,hamulus3 #gh h& l5s3 #ag1 #ah h>d p>ts1 animal--calc>e\s1 *it9\s1 phosphatic1 silice\s rema9s3 #aj ,h>d9-,simmons ,univ]sity3 #bg he>t ur*9s3 #hb1 #hc ,heliospongia3 #ej hematite3 #aa ,hemia/]3 #he ,hemi*ordata3 #hd ,h5d]son ,c\nty ,junior ,college3 #bg ,h]odotus3 #c ,het]o/eg9a3 #cb ,het]alosia hy/ricula3 #ab1 #ac 8het0 zone3 #cb ,hexacoralla3 #ea ,high ,pla9s3 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #db1 #dc1 #hi1 #ie1 #ajf hippopotamuses3 #ajf ,hola/]3 #he ,holectypus3 #he ,holo?uroidea3 #hb holo?uroids3 #hd scl]ites3 #hc ,homo sapi5s3 #bb 8horn corals03 #di1 #ea1 #eb horses3 #ajc1 #ajd tee?3 #ajd ,h[>d ,c\nty ,junior ,college3 #bg ,hudspe? ,c\nty3 #ce1 #da1 #db ,hueco ,m\nta9s3 #da ,hughes1 ,jack ,t43 #a hydroids3 #di ,hydrozoa3 #di1 #hd ,hyraco!rium3 #ajc1 #ajd hy/ricula1 ,het]alosia3 #ab1 #ac ,i i*?yosaurs3 #ia1 #ic1 #ie ,i*?yosaurus3 #ia1 #ic id5tification keys1 fossil3 #bf-cj use (3 #bc-bg igne\s rocks3 #e1 #ai ,in>ticulata3 #ed1 #ef ,inoc]amus3 #fi insects3 #g1 #gh1 #gi 9 amb]3 #g iron1 replacem5t by3 #aa ,italy3 #c ,j ,jack ,c\nty3 #bj jellyfi%3 #e1 #di ,jurassic-- d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cd fossils3 #db birds3 #ajj d9osaurs3 #ij1 #ia1 #ie1 #ig1 #ih1 #ii ,g+ko3 #dh ( ,hudspe? ,c\nty &_/or ,malone ,m\nta93 #da ,juresania3 #eh ,k keys4 ,see id5tification keys4 ,kilgore ,college3 #bg ,k+5a waco5sis3 #ef ,l labels1 pap]3 #ai laeviscula1 ,exogyra3 #gj ,lam> ,/ate ,college ( ,te*nology3 #a1 #b1 #bg lampreys3 #hg ,latirus3 #fc ,lee ,college3 #bg ,lepidod5dron3 #df ,levifusus3 #fd ,lima3 #gb limonite3 #aa ,l+ula3 #ee1 #ef ,l9naeus3 #ba ,l9n3 #ba ,l9oproductus3 #eg lisbon5sis1 ,o/rea3 #gb liv]worts3 #dd liz>ds3 #hi ,llano uplift3 #cf1 #cg1 #dj1 #da ,lonsdale1 ,john ,t43 #a lophophore1 bra*iopod3 #ed ,lophophyllidium3 #di1 #ea1 #eb prolif]um3 #eb radicosum3 #eb ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia3 #e ,l\isiana3 #cg ,l[] ,cretace\s3 #cd1 #db1 #ef1 #ig4 ,see also ,coman*ean4 lugubris1 ,alectryonia3 #fh ,lunatia3 #fb lungfi%es3 #hg ,m ,macon1 ,j4 ,w43 #b magnify+ glass3 #ag1 #ah ,malone ,m\nta93 #db ,mammalia3 #hi1 #ajj-ajg mammo?s3 #ajb1 #ajd1 #ajg froz53 #g1 #ajb too?3 #ajd woolly3 #ajb1 #ajd1 #ajg mantle1 bra*iopod3 #ed pelecypod3 #ei maps-- c\nty3 #ag geologic3 #ai ( ,texas3 #ch-ci physiographic ( ,texas3 #cf topographic3 #ai1 #bj ,m>a?on uplift3 #ce1 #cf1 #dj1 #da m>casite3 #aa ,m>g9if]a3 #eg opima3 #ab1 #ac ma/odon1 too?3 #ajd ,me&ro/ia3 #ej ,m$it]ranean ,sea3 #c m]c5>ia1 ,v5us3 #bb ,mesalia3 #fc ,mesolobus3 #eg ,mesozoic-- d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cc p]iods (3 #cd rocks 9 ,texas3 #db-dc metamorphic rocks3 #e1 #ai ,metoicoc]as3 #gf ,mi*el9ia3 #eb ,micrabacia3 #di1 #eb micr(ossils3 #d1 #aj1 #cb1 #dg1 #di1 #ej1 #gh micropaleontological slides3 #cb micropaleontologi/3 #cb1 #dg1 #hj micropaleontology3 #d1 #hi ,midwe/]n ,univ]sity3 #bg m9e dumps3 #bj1 #dg ,mississippian-- d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cd fossils3 #da bla/oid3 #ha bra*iopods3 #ee bryozoan3 #ed ( ,hueco ,m\nta9s3 #da ( ,llano region3 #da mold1 ext]nal3 #i1 #aa1 #ei1 #ff int]nal3 #i1 #aa1 #ei1 #fb1 #ff ,mollusca3 #ef-gh mollusks3 #g1 #ef1 #ei-gh4 ,see also ,mollusca4 ,moropus3 #ajf mosasaur3 #ia1 #ic1 #ie 8moss animals03 #ed mosses3 #dd ,muirwoodia multi/riatus3 #ab1 #ac multitub]culates3 #ajj multi/riatus1 ,muirwoodia3 #ab1 #ac mussels3 #ef1 #ei museums1 z aid 9 id5tification3 #bc ,am]ican1 ,natural ,hi/ory3 #b1 #ae1 #if ,/reck]3 #ie ,texas ,memorial3 #ad1 #hg1 #ie1 #ig1 #ajj1 #ajb ,myal9a3 #fg ,mylodon3 #ajj1 #aja ,n ,nautiloidea3 #ff nautiloids3 #ff ,cretace\s3 #gf morphology3 #ge ,p5nsylvanian3 #gf sutures3 #ge ,nautilus3 #ff morphology3 #ge ,nei!a3 #gj ,neospirif]3 #eg cam]atus3 #eh ,n]9ea3 #fb ,neuropt]is3 #dh ,nev]ita3 #fd ,new ,mexico3 #g ,new ,york ,city3 #ad ,nor?-,c5tral ,pla9s3 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #dc nor? ,texas3 #db ,nor? ,texas ,/ate ,college3 #bg notebook1 field3 #ag ,notopocory/es3 #gi1 #hj ,nucula3 #gc ,nuculana3 #fg ,nuculopsis3 #fg ,o octopus3 #ff1 #gh ,odessa ,college3 #bg op]culum3 #ei ,ophiuroidea3 #hb ophiuroids3 #hb opima1 8,m>g9if]a03 #ab1 #ac ord]1 taxonomic3 #bb ,ordovician-- d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cd fossils3 #dj graptolites3 #hf ( ,el ,paso region1 ,llano1 ,m>a?on1 ,solit>io1 & ,van ,horn uplifts3 #dj ornam5tation1 bra*iopod3 #ed ga/ropod3 #ei pelecypod3 #ff ,orni?is*ia3 #ig orni?is*ians3 #ij1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajj ,orni?opoda3 #ig orni?opods3 #ij1 #ig1 #ii ,or?oc]as3 #ff1 #gf ,or?oyoldia3 #gc ossicles4 ,see scl]ites4 ,o/ei*?yes3 #hg ,o/racoda3 #hj o/racod]ms3 #hg o/racodes3 #gh1 #gi1 #hj ,o/rea c>9ata3 #ga lisbon5sis3 #gb quadriplicata3 #ga sellae=mis3 #gb ,oxytropidoc]as3 #gg oy/]s3 #ef1 #ei ,p ,pa*ecoa3 #gb ,pa*ymya3 #ga paleobotany3 #d paleobotani/s3 #dd paleontology-- def9ition3 #d divisions (3 #d hi/ory (3 #c inv]tebrate3 #d v]tebrate3 #d ,paleosc9cus3 #ij1 #ig1 #ii1 #ajj ,paleozoic-- d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cc p]iods (3 #cd rocks ( ,texas3 #dj-db ,palo ,p9to ,c\nty3 #bj ,paluxy ,creek3 #ad1 #ae ,pan ,am]ican ,college3 #bg ,pantodonta3 #ajb pantodonts3 #ajb ,p>asaurolophus3 #ij ,p>asmilia3 #ec ,p>k] ,c\nty3 #bj ,pawpaw =mation3 #aa pe>ly nautilus3 #ff morphology3 #ge ,pecos ,c\nty3 #db ,pecos ,riv] valley3 #ce ,pect53 #ei1 #fh1 #gd p$icle3 #ed1 #ef =am53 #ed1 #ef valve1 bra*iopod3 #ed ,pelycosaurs3 #hi1 #ib ,pelecypoda3 #ef1 #ei1 #fe-ff pelecypods3 #bf1 #bi1 #cj1 #ef1 #ei1 #fj1 #ff ,cretace\s3 #ei1 #ff1 #fh-ga d5tition3 #ff morphology3 #ei1 #fj1 #fe1 #ff ornam5tation3 #ff ,p5nsylvanian3 #ff1 #fg tee?3 #fj1 #fe1 #ff ,t]ti>y3 #gb1 #gc1 #gd ,pelmatozoa3 #hj1 #ha ,p5nsylvanian-- d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cd fossils3 #da bra*iopods3 #eg1 #eh bryozoans3 #ee cephalopods3 #ff1 #gf corals3 #eb cr9oids3 #da1 #hb1 #hc fusul9ids3 #dg1 #di ga/ropods3 #fa1 #fb nautiloids3 #gf pelecypods3 #ff1 #fg plants3 #df1 #dg1 #dh %>k tee?3 #hg sponges3 #ej ( ,diablo & ,hueco ,m\nta9s1 ,llano & ,m>a?on uplifts1 & nor?-c5tral ,texas3 #da ,p5tac]os3 #hc ,p5tagona/]3 #hc ,p5tremites3 #ha p]iod1 geologic3 #cc p]io/racum3 #fj ,p]issodactyla3 #ajd p]issodactyls3 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje ,p]mian-- d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cd fossils3 #da amphibian3 #hi1 #ib bra*iopods3 #ab1 #ac cotylosaurs3 #hi1 #ib pelycosaurs3 #hi1 #ib ( ,glass ,m\nta9s3 #aa1 #ab1 #ce p]miana1 ,prori*?(5ia3 #ab1 #ac p]m9]aliz$ bone3 #i petroleum geologi/3 #d ,phan]oc]as3 #gf ,phobosu*us3 #ie1 #if ,pholadomya3 #ga1 #gb phyla3 #bb ,phyllograptus3 #hf phylum3 #bb physiographic prov9ces1 ( ,texas3 #ce-cg physiography1 def9ition3 #ce ( ,texas3 #ce-cg phytosaurs3 #db1 #ia1 #id1 #ie pick1 m9]alogi/'s or prospector's3 #ag1 #ah pigs3 #ajf ,p9na3 #fg ,pisces3 #hf-hi ,pit>3 #gb ,placod]mi3 #hg placod]ms3 #hg1 #hh plant k+dom3 #dd plants1 classification3 #dd ,p5nsylvanian3 #df1 #dg1 #dh ,platyc]as3 #fb ,plei/oc5e3 #dc4 ,see also ,quat]n>y4 fossils3 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd plesiosaurs3 #ia1 #ic1 #ie ,pleurocora3 #ec ,plicatula3 #fh1 #gd ,pliohippus3 #ajc ,pol&3 #g1 #ajf poll53 #dg polyp1 coral3 #di ,polypora3 #ee pond]osa1 ,exogyra3 #gj ,porif]a3 #di ,porodiscus3 #di portl& cem5t3 #ai ,precambrian-- def9ition3 #cd fossils3 #dj ( ,el ,paso region3 #dj ( ,llano uplift3 #cg1 #dj ( ,van ,horn uplift3 #dj rocks ( ,texas3 #dj ,presidio ,c\nty3 #ce ,proboscidea3 #ajb proboscideans3 #ajb1 #ajd1 #ajg tee?3 #ajd prolif]um1 ,lophophyllidium3 #eb ,prori*?(5ia p]miana3 #ab1 #ac ,prot]ozoic1 d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cc ,proti/a3 #dg ,protoc>dia3 #fh ,protoc]atops3 #ij ,protozoa3 #dg1 #di protozoans3 #dg pseud(ossils3 #ad ,pseudoliva3 #fc ,psilophyton3 #dh ,pt]anodon3 #ia1 #id ,pt]odactyloids3 #ia pt]osaurs3 #ia1 #id1 #ie ,punctospirif]3 #eg pyrite3 #aa 8,pyrite ,fossil ,zone0 ( ,cretace\s3 #aa ,q quadriplicata1 ,o/rea3 #ga qu>ries3 #ai ,quat]n>y-- d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cd fossils3 #dc1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd ( ,edw>ds ,plateau1 ,gulf ,coa/1 ,high ,pla9s1 ,nor?-,c5tral ,pla9s1 & ,trans-,pecos ,texas3 #dc quicks&3 #e ,r radicosum1 ,lophophyllidium3 #ec ,radiol>ia3 #dg radiol>ians3 #dg1 #di ,ran*o ,la ,brea t> pit3 #e rays3 #hg ,reagan ,c\nty3 #db ,receptaculites3 #ej ,r5aissance3 #c ,reptilia3 #hi-ajj reptiles3 #hi-ajj rhamphorhyn*oids3 #ia ,rhamphorhyn*us3 #ia1 #id rh9oc]oses3 #g1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ajg woolly3 #ajf1 #ajg ,rhipodomella3 #ee ,rhombopora3 #ea1 #ee ,rice ,univ]sity3 #bg ,rio ,gr&e valley1 ( ,trans-,pecos3 #ce1 #ie road metal3 #ai ,robulus3 #di ,rock & ,m9]al ,clubs3 #bc rock units3 #cd rockymontanus1 ,spirif]3 #eh ,rodda1 ,pet] ,u43 #a rudi/ids3 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj ,rugosa3 #ea ,s sab]-too? cat3 #ajb1 #ajc ,/4 ,m>y's ,univ]sity3 #bg salam&]s3 #hi ,sal5ia3 #he ,san ,angelo ,college3 #bg ,san ,antonio ,college3 #bg s& doll>s3 #hb sapi5s1 ,homo3 #bb ,s>cod9a3 #dg ,sauris*ia3 #ig sauris*ians3 #ij1 #ig1 #ii ,sauropoda3 #ig sauropods3 #ij1 #ig1 #ih scale trees3 #df1 #dg scallops3 #ef1 #ei ,scaphopoda3 #ef scaphopods3 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #ef ,s*izodus3 #fg sci5tific names3 #ba-bc ,scl]act9ia3 #ea scl]ites1 holo?urian3 #hc1 #hd scolecodont3 #gh sc\r+ ru%es3 #dg1 #dh ,scyphozoa3 #di1 #hd sea anemones3 #di sea cucumb]s3 #hb 8sea lily03 #ha1 #hb 8sea mats03 #ea1 #ed 8sea-mice03 #ef sea ur*9s3 #hb s$im5t>y rocks3 #e1 #ai sellae=mis1 ,o/rea3 #gb septa1 cephalopods3 #ff1 #ge corals3 #di1 #ea s]p5t />s3 #hb ,s]pula3 #gh ,seym\ria3 #ib %>ks3 #hg tee?3 #aj1 #hg1 #hh %eep3 #ajf %rimp3 #gh ,sib]ia3 #g1 #ajf ,sigill>ia3 #df signata1 ,avonia3 #ab1 #ac silica3 #aj1 #aa silicification3 #aa ,silurian-- d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cd fossils3 #dj cy/oid3 #ha ( ,el ,paso & ,van ,horn regions3 #dj skates3 #hg slick5sides3 #af slugs3 #ef ,smi?1 ,fr$3 #a snails3 #aa1 #ef1 #ei4 ,see also ga/ropods4 snakes3 #hi ,solit>io uplift3 #dj ,som]vell ,c\nty3 #ad1 #ae ,s\? ,am]ica3 #hg1 #ajb ,s\!rn ,me?odi/ ,univ]sity3 #bg ,s\? ,texas ,college3 #bg ,s\?we/]n ,univ]sity3 #bg species3 #bb spicules1 sponge3 #di1 #ej spid]s3 #gh sp9es1 e*9oid3 #hd1 #he ,spirif] rockymontanus3 #eh ,spirorbis3 #gh sponges3 #aj1 #bg1 #cj1 #di1 #ej spores3 #dg ,squamul>ia3 #eg squid3 #ff1 #gh />fi%3 #hb1 #hc ,/egosaurus3 #ij1 #ig1 #ii /egosaurs3 #ij1 #ig1 #ii /e9k]n3 #ei1 #fb /ems1 cr9oid3 #bf1 #bh1 #da1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc ,/eph5 ,f4 ,au/9 ,/ate ,college3 #bg 8/oma* /ones03 #ad /one1 build+3 #ai ,/rabo3 #c ,/rap>olus3 #fa ,/reck] ,museum3 #ie ,/riatopora3 #ea1 #eb ,/robeus3 #fb ,/yracosaurus3 #ij subhorrida1 ,avonia3 #ab1 #ac subtilita1 ,composita3 #eg ,sul ,ross ,/ate ,college3 #bg ,surcula3 #fd sutures1 cephalopod3 #ff1 #ge1 #gh nautiloid3 #ge sw9e1 giant3 #ajf ,syco/oma3 #fd symmetry3 #bc bilat]al3 #bd1 #bf1 #bi radial3 #bd1 #bf1 #bh1 #hj ,t tabulae3 #ea ,tabulata3 #ea tape1 mask+3 #ai tapirs3 #ajd t>3 #e ,t>leton ,/ate ,college3 #bg ,t>rant ,c\nty3 #aa taxonomy3 #ba-bb tee?1 horse3 #ajd mammo?3 #ajd %>k3 #aj1 #hg1 #hh ,tell9a3 #gc ,t]ti>y-- d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cd fossils3 #dc corals3 #ec ga/ropods3 #ei1 #fc1 #fd mammals3 #ajj-ajg1 #ajc1 #aje micr(ossils3 #cb pelecypods3 #gb1 #gc1 #gd radiol>ians3 #di rocks ( ,gulf ,coa/al ,pla91 ,high ,pla9s1 ,nor?-,c5tral ,pla9s1 & ,trans-,pecos region3 #db ,tetracoralla3 #ea ,tetrapoda3 #hf1 #hi-ajg texana1 ,exogyra3 #gj ,texanites3 #gg ,texas ,a4 ,m4 ,college3 #a1 #bg ,texas ,*ri/ian ,univ]sity3 #bg ,texas ,college3 #bg ,texas ,college ( ,arts & ,indu/ries3 #bg ,texas ,highway ,dep>tm5t3 #ag ,texas ,memorial ,museum3 #ad1 #hg1 #ie1 #ig1 #ajj1 #ajb ,texas ,te*nological ,college3 #bg ,texas1 ! geology (3 #cd1 #cg-dc ,texas ,we/]n ,college3 #bg ,?allophyta3 #dc1 #df ,!ophra/us3 #c ,!rapsids3 #hi ,!ria3 #ajj !rians3 #ajj-ajg artiodactyls3 #aja1 #ajf c>nivores3 #ajb1 #ajc d9oc]ates3 #ajb1 #aje ed5tates3 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb pantodonts3 #ajb p]issodactyls3 #ajd proboscideans3 #ajb1 #ajd1 #ajg ,!ropoda3 #ig !ropods3 #ij1 #ig1 #ih ,! ,univ]sity ( ,texas3 #a1 #b1 #bg "t1 geologic3 #cd titano!res3 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf toads3 #hi tortoises3 #hi traces ( organisms3 #ad burr[s3 #ad coprolites3 #ad ga/roli?s3 #ad tracks3 #ad1 #ae trails3 #ad ,tra*eophyta3 #dd1 #df1 #dh ,tra*odon3 #ij1 #ig1 #ii tracks1 d9osaur3 #ad1 #ae1 #ig ,trans-,pecos region3 #ce1 #cf1 #dj1 #db1 #dc1 #hf1 #ie1 #ajb1 #ajf tree slo?s3 #ajj1 #ajb trees1 conif]\s3 #g ,trepospira3 #fa ,triassic-- d]ivation & pronunciation3 #cd fossils3 #db d9osaurs3 #ie phytosaurs3 #ia1 #id1 #ie ( ,crockett1 ,glasscock1 ,pecos1 ,reagan1 & ,upton c\nties2 ,glass ,m\nta9s & ,high ,pla9s3 #db ,tric]atops3 #ij1 #ii1 #ajj ,trigonia3 #fi ,trilobita3 #gh trilobites3 #gh1 #hj morphology3 #hj ,trilobitomorpha3 #gh ,tr9acrom]um3 #ia ,tr9ity ,univ]sity3 #bg trivial "n3 #ba-bb ,tro*osmilia3 #ec ,tuba3 #fd tub]culatus1 ,aulo/eges3 #ab1 #ac ,turrilites3 #gg wor!nsis3 #bb ,turritella3 #fb1 #fc turtles3 #hi1 #ia tusk-%ells3 #ef ,tyl] ,junior ,college3 #bg ,tylosaurus3 #ia1 #ic ,tylo/oma3 #fb ,tyrannosaurus3 #ij1 #ig ,u u9ta!res3 #ajb1 #aje ,u9ta!rium3 #ajb1 #aje umbilicus3 #ei1 #fj ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey3 #ai ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum3 #b1 #ab ,univ]sity ( ,corpus ,*ri/i3 #bg ,univ]sity ( ,h\/on3 #a1 #bg ,univ]sity ( ,texas1 ,!3 #a1 #b1 #bg ,upp] ,cretace\s3 #cd1 #db1 #gh4 ,see also ,gulf4 ,upton ,c\nty3 #db ,v valves1 bra*iopod3 #ed1 #ef pelecypod3 #ei1 #fe1 #ff ,van ,horn uplift3 #ce1 #cf1 #dj1 #da ,v5]ic>dia3 #gc bulla3 #gb v5tral valve1 bra*iopod3 #ed ,v5us m]c5>ia3 #bb ,v]tagus3 #fc ,v]tebrata3 #hd1 #hf-ajg v]tebrates3 #hf-ajg amphibians3 #hi1 #ib birds3 #ajj fi%3 #hg1 #hh1 #hi mammals3 #ajj-ajg reptiles3 #hi-ajj ,vokesula3 #gc volcanic a%3 #e ,volutoli!s3 #fd ,w ,waco3 #ia1 #ib1 #ie waco5sis1 ,k+5a3 #ef ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c43 #ai wa%ita5sis1 ,gryphaea3 #fi ,we*es =mation3 #dc ,we/ ,texas ,/ate ,college3 #a1 #bg ,wilson1 ,john ,a43 #b ,wilson1 ,s>ah ,l\ise3 #b ,wise ,c\nty3 #bj wood1 petrifi$3 #ai ,woodb9e3 #aj1 #cg1 #dg worms1 annelid1 fossil1 segm5t$3 #gh worm tubes1 ,cretace\s3 #i ,wor!nia3 #fa wor!nsis1 ,turrilites3 #bb ,y ,yoldia3 #fg ,"y ,c\nty3 #bj ,"y1 ,kei?3 #a ,z ,zoan?>ia3 #ea zooecia3 #ea ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,includ$ a transcription ( ! text )9 "s images4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4