,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,italic text is d5ot$ ?us4 ,! orig9al spell+1 hyph5ation1 acc5tuation & punctuation has be5 reta9$1 except = app>5t typographical errors4 ,9 ,*apt] #aj1 ! quotation foll[+ ! #aj? p>agaph /at$3 ,on h] port side %e c>ries a r$ light1 & x is s %ut 9 t x _c be se5 f ! port side or f beh9d4 ,?is has be5 correct$ to read3 ,on h] port side %e c>ries a r$ light1 & x is s %ut 9 t x _c be se5 f ! />bo>d side or f beh9d4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,ocean ,o!r books 9 simil> /yle & b9d+4 ,,! ,,c5tury ,,_w',s ,,fair ,,book ,,= ,,boys ,,girls4 ,,by ,,tudor ,,j5ks4 ,! /&>d "y folks' book ( ! ,fair4 ,! /ory ( two boys :o visit$ ! great exhibition ) _! tutor4 #bej pages1 ri*ly illu/rat$1 f photographs1 etc4 #a4ej4 ,,by ,,elbridge ,s4 ,,brooks4 ,issu$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,sons & ,daught]s ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution4 ,ea* ) ab\t #bej pages & z _m illu/rations1 9 h&some b9d+4 #a4ej4 ,,! ,,c5tury ,,book ,,= ,,"y ,,am]icans4 ,tell+ 9 attractive /ory =m :at e boy & girl ought to "k ab\t ! gov]nm5t1--! ,presid5t1 ,s5ate1 etc4 ,introduction by ,g5]al ,horace ,port]4 ,,! ,,c5tury ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,revolution4 ,! /ory ( ! pilgrimage ( a p>ty ( "y folks to ! fam\s ,revolution>y battle-fields f ,lex+ton to ,yorkt[n4 ,introduction by ! ,hon4 ,*auncey ,m4 ,depew4 ,,! ,,c5tury ,,book ,,( ,,fam\s ,,am]icans4 ,describ+ a trip to ! hi/oric homes ( ,am]ica--,wa%+ton's1 ,l9coln's1 ,grant's1 etc4 ,) an introduction by ! ,presid5t-,g5]al ( ! ,daught]s ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution4 ,! ,c5tury ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,orig9al ,image4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drawn ,,by ,,l\is ,,loeb4 ,,engrav$ ,,by ,m4 ,,haid]4 ,,! ,,maje/y ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,ocean ,,by ,,erne/ ,,+]soll ,,au?or ,,( 8,,knock+ ,,r\nd ,,! ,,rockies10 8,,! ,,oy/] ,,indu/ries ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates10 8,,fri5ds ,,wor? ,,kn[+10 8,,wild ,,neighbors10 8,,! ,,cre/ ,,( ,,! ,,cont95t10 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration3 pr9t]s m>k ,illu/rat$ ,illu/ration3 pr9t]s m>k ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,c5tury ,,co4 #ahih ,copyright1 #ahih1 ,by ,,! ,,c5tury ,,co4 ,,! ,,de ,,v9ne ,,press4 ,illu/ration3 decorative page head] ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i ,,! ,,ocean ,,& ,,its ,,orig9 #a ,,ii ,,waves1 ,,tides1 ,,& ,,curr5ts #i ,,iii ,,! ,,build+ ,,& ,,rigg+ ,,( ,,%ips #bg ,,iv ,,e>ly ,,voyages ,,& ,,explorations #ci ,"p ,i--,previ\s to ! ,discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,"p ,,ii--,f ,columbus to ,cook4 ,v ,,secrets ,,won ,,f ,,! ,,froz5 ,,nor? #gg ,,vi ,,w>-,,%ips ,,& ,,naval ,,battles #ajg ,"p ,i--,wood5 ,walls1 f ,salamis to ,trafalg>4 ,"p ,,ii--,! ,pres5t ,era ( ,/eam & ,/eel4 ,,vii ,,! ,,m]*ants ,,( ,,! ,,sea #aee ,,viii ,,robb]s ,,( ,,! ,,seas #aga ,,ix ,,ya*t+ ,,& ,,pleasure-,,boat+ #ahg ,x ,,dang]s ,,( ,,! ,,deep #bja ,,xi ,,fi%+ ,,& ,,o!r ,,m>9e ,,indu/ries #bca ,,xii ,,! ,,plants ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,& ,,_! ,,uses #bdi ,,xiii ,,animal ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,sea #bei ,,index ,,( ,,illu/rations #bge ,,g5]al ,,index #bgg ,illu/ration3 o>sm5 t[+ sail+ %ip ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,ocean ,illu/ration3 rescue ( man f ! sea ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,ocean ,,& ,,its ,,orig9 ,look+ at ! l&1 we divide ! surface ( ! e>? into ea/]n & we/]n hemisph]es2 b look+ at ! wat]1 we make an opposite classification4 ,encircle ! globe 9 y\r libr>y ) a rubb] b&1 s t x cuts across ,s\? ,am]ica f ab\t ,porto ,alegre to ,lima on "o side1 & ?r\gh s\!rn ,siam & ! nor!rnmo/ ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s on ! o!r1 & y make hemisph]es1 ! nor!rn ( :i* 7) ,london at its c5t]7 conta9s almo/ all ! l& ( ! globe1 :ile ! s\!rn 7) ,new ,zeal& z its c5tral po9t7 is almo/ entirely wat]1 ,au/ralia1 & ! n>r[ s\!rn half ( ,s\? ,am]ica be+ ! only l&s ( consequ5ce 9 its :ole area4 ,obs]v+ ! map 9 ?is way1 notic+ t1 besides ne>ly a complete half-_w ( wat] s\? ( y\r rubb] equator1 mu* ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e also is afloat1 y are will+ to believe ! ass]tion t !re is almo/ ?ree times z mu* ( ! outside ( ! e>? hidd5 "u ! waves z appe>s above !m4 ,! e/imate 9 r\nd numb]s is "o hundr$ & fifty million squ>e 7/atute7 miles ( ocean surface1 z comp>$ ) ab\t fifty million squ>e miles ( l& on ! globe4 ,to ! p ^: speculations 9 geography are ! olde/ t h come d[n to u1 ! e>? seem$ to be an isl& ar\nd :i* 0 p]petually fl[+ a riv] ) no fur!r %ore visible4 ,beyond x1 !y ?\ght1 lay ! abodes ( ! dead4 ,?is riv]1 z ! s\rce ( all o!r riv]s & wat]s1 0 deifi$ by ! e>ly ,greeks & plac$ among _! highe/ gods z ,oceanus1 :5ce our ^w 8ocean40 ,accompany+1 or belong+ to him1 !re grew up1 9 ! f]tile imag9ation ( t poetic p1 a l>ge company ( gods & goddesses1 :ile m5 hid _! abs5ce ( real k by peopl+ ! deep ) qua9t mon/]s4 8,! ^w = #8ocean' 7m>e7 9 ! ,lat9 tongue means1 by d]ivation1 a des]t1 & ! ,greeks spoke ( x z #8! b>r5 br9e4'0 ,ov] ^! old fables we ne$ n l+]4 ,all ! my?s & guesswork t w5t be=e hi/ory repres5t$ ! sea z old] ?an ! l&1 & told h[ creation began by lift+ ! e>? above ! univ]sal wa/e ( wat]s4 ,! /ory 9 ,g5esis is only "o ( _m su* /ories4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,quiet ,,sea1 ,,& ,,! ,,sun ,,at ,,midnight4 ,f a photograph4 ,sci5tific m5 believe t :5 our planet fir/ w5t circl+ swiftly 9 its orbit x 0 a gl[+1 globul> mass ( fi]y vapors2 b z "t pass$1 ! icy *ill ( space sl[ly cool$ ^! vapors1 & *emical *anges /eadily modifi$1 sort$1 & solidifi$ ! mat]ials into ! beg9n+s ( ! pres5t =m & "*1 until at la/ wat] came into exi/5ce4 ,?is mu/ h be5 at fir/ 9 ! =m ( a ?ick envelop ( heat$ vapors1 impregnat$ ) gases1 t inwrapp$ ! globe 9 a d>kness lit only by its own fires4 ,aft] t1 :5 fur!r *anges _h come ab\t1--let u picture x1--:at deluges ( ra9 7 p\r$ out ( & d[n ?r\gh ^? murky cl\ds :]e ?und]s bell[$ & lightn+s w>r$6 ,at fir/ all ! ra9s t fell mu/ h be5 turn$ to /eam aga92 b by & by ! /eady d[np\r cool$ ! %ap+ globe s t all ! wat] 0 n vaporiz$1 b "s /ay$ z a liquid :]e x fell1 & ?is increas$ 9 am\nt m & m1 until f9ally1 betwe5 ! hiss+ core ( ! half-h>d5$ planet & ! d5se cl\ds :i* kept out all ! sunlight1 !re roll$ ! heat$ waves ( ! fir/ ocean--an ocean brok5 only by ! e>lie/ ridges1 l *a9s ( isl&s1 m>k+ ! skeletons ( ! cont95ts t 7 to foll[--an ocean s5d+ up ceaseless volumes ( /eam to =m new cl\ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eat+ ,,away ,,! ,,coa/4 ,yet all ! :ile ! cool+ ( ! planet w5t on4 ,n[1 :5 any heat$ sub/ance cools x contracts1 & ! globe z a :ole is no exception to ! rule2 b a sph]e =m$ ( s incompressible a sub/ance z rock c %r9k only by "s sort ( fold+ or displacem5t ( its surface4 ,!re=e1 z ! cool+ ( our globe proce$$1 explosions & swell+s con/antly occurr$ at weak po9ts or l9es on or ne> ! surface1 :]e ! prodigi\s /ra9 =c$ a break4 ,t ^! upheavals 7 mo/ prom95t & ext5d$ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e is %[n by ! fact t ! great masses & heights ( l& are gr\p$ !re2 & ! tr5d ( m\nta9-ranges seems to %[ t ! range ( breakage & upheaval 0 9 g5]al 9 nor?-&-s\? l9es4 ,else:]e1 & ma9ly 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 broad areas ( p]haps /iff] cru/ sank d[nw>d1 mak+ ! va/ depressions into :i* p\r$ ! wat]s ( ! primeval sea1 & :]e our oceans /ill sway & roll4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surf ,,at ,,=t ,,dumpl+1 ,r4 ,i4 ,all ^! *anges1 h[ev]1 h be5 9 ! direction ( insur+ m & m /ability2 & :5 ! ocean wat] _h ?or\ghly cool$1 ! v *ill ( its va/ masses 9 ! dep?s ( ! tr\ghs assi/$ 9 ! "w1 = ! cold wat]1 by m rapidly )draw+ _! heat1 caus$ ! rocks b5ea? _! bas9s to become d5s]1 ?ick]1 /rong]1 & consequ5tly less liable to break or *ange1 ?an 7 ^? rocks =m+ ! f\ndations ( ! cont95ts4 ,! mom5t x _h %ores to beat ^u1 t mom5t ! ocean began to knock !m to pieces "u its p\nd+ surf1 & to gr9d ! fragm5ts s small t !y c\ld be drift$ away1 reassort$1 & deposit$ :]ev] ! wat] 0 suffici5tly quiet to let !m fall4 ,! orig9al rocks--*iefly granite--held ! diff]5t =ms ( lime1 magnesia1 etc41 to make ! lime/ones2 ! silica to make ! gritty s&/ones2 ! alum9a to make ! clays2 & s on4 ,! sea n only 0 ! ag5t to eat ?is old1 ri* cru/ to pieces & respread x into /rata1 b to sort out = u ! mat]ials to a consid]able ext5t1 lay+ d[n b$s ( lime/one by !mselves1 & s&/one1 %ales1 m>l1 etc41 by !mselves4 ,x is probable1 says ,pr(essor ,%al]1 t lay]s ( rock tw5ty miles 9 ?ickness h ?us be5 laid d[n on ! gradually settl+ ocean floor1 mu* ( :i* has be5 rais$ aga9 to =m cont95tal l&s4 ,hi!rto we h spok5 ( ! wat]s t surr\nd ! cont95ts z if !y =m$ "o mass1 z1 practically1 !y d2 b = conv5i5ce sake we may designate c]ta9 areas by sep>ate names1 :i* ought n[ to be def9$4 ,?us ! l>g]1 m op5 spaces are kn[n z oceans1 & ( ^! five are recogniz$1 namely1 ,pacific1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,arctic1 & ,ant>ctic4 ,p>ts or bran*es ( ^!1 m or less inclos$ by l& & usually comp>atively %all[1 are t]m$ seas4 ,! ,pacific ,ocean is ! l>ge/1 x alone cov]+ m space ?an all ! cont95ts comb9$1 hav+ a bread?1 ea/ & we/1 ( t5 ?\s& miles 7ab\t ! l5g? ( ! ,atlantic71 & an area ( sev5ty million squ>e miles4 ,! equator divides x into ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,pacific4 ,! =m] is comp>atively free f isl&s1 & is inclos$ nor?w>d by ! approa*+ extremities ( ,alaska & ,sib]ia2 :ile ! latt] wid5s at ! s\? into ! b\ndless ,ant>ctic ,ocean4 ,its bas9 is a va/ depression ( fairly uni=m dep?1 /udd$ 9 ! we/]n "p by isl& peaks1--! summits ( subm]g$ volcanic m\nta9-ranges4 ,! "n 8,pacific10 or 8,peaceful10 0 giv5 to x by ,magalha5s 7,magellan71 its fir/ navigator1 9 #aedj 7see ,*apt] ,,iv71 9 8 joy at hav+ escap$ f ! tempe/u\s exp]i5ce he _h long endur$ 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic4 ,on ! :ole ! ,pacific des]ves its "n z comp>$ ) ! ,atlantic--a fact *iefly due to its great size4 ,! t]m 8,s\? ,sea0 0 =m]ly mu* us$ = x1 b ,engli%-speak+ p]sons n[ usually mean by t phrase ! isl&-/udd$ di/rict betwe5 ,hawaii & ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]c ,,rock1 ,,9 ,,! ,,gulf ,,( ,,/4 ,,lawr5ce1 ,,%[+ ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,%ore-,,rocks ,,by ,,wat]4 ,! ,atlantic commemorates 9 its "n ! my? ( ,atlas & 8 isl&4 ,atlas seems to h be5 orig9ally1 among ! ,greeks1 ! "n ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]ife1 ( :i* !y _h vague in=mation f ! e>li] ,ph5ician sea-w&]]s4 ,!n ?is 0 =gott51 & 9 place ( ! fact arose a my? ( a ,titan :o /ood ^u a va/ isl& 9 or beyond ! 8,we/]n ,sea10 call$ ,atlantis4 ,leg5ds ( w>s ) its p =m a "p ( ! nebul\s h]o-/ory ( ! beg9n+s ( ,a!ns2 & x is said to h sunk out ( sight long be=e records began4 ,!re h always be5 ^? :o believ$ ?is /ory f\nd$ ^u fact1 & only a few ye>s ago a book 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates argu+ t ! tale 0 ! hi/ory ( a real l&2 b n only is !re no lit]>y or hi/orical evid5ce t ,atlantis _h any firm] f\ndation ?an vague memories ( ! ,cape ,v]d or ,can>y ,isl&s1 b e evid5ce ( ! geological condition & hi/ory ( ! ea/]n %ores & b$ ( ! middle ,atlantic ,ocean %[s t no su* convulsion z ! de/ruction ( ?is isl& calls = ev] took place !re1 or t !re 0 ev] su* a l& to be subm]g$4 ,! ,atlantic occupies a long1 w9d+1 comp>atively n>r[ tr\gh1 t measures ab\t t5 ?\s& miles nor? & s\?1 f ! ice ( ! ,ant>ctic to ! ice ( ! ,arctic ocean1 & has only a few islets s\? ( ,icel&1 ! ,f>oes & ! ,%etl&s1 :i* rise f a plateau /ret*+ f ,labrador to ,great ,brita91 ! high] po9ts ( :i* 7 probably above ! wat] )9 comp>atively rec5t geological times1 possibly s9ce man appe>$ ^u ! globe4 ,! av]age dep? ( ! ,atlantic s\? ( ?is ridge is ab\t ?irte5 ?\s& feet1 b great] dep?s are f\nd along ! ,african & ,am]ican coa/s1 on ea* side ( a long subm]g$ ridge f :i* rise ! isolat$ isl&s ( ,cape ,v]d1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 & ,tri/an da ,cunha4 ,! wid? f ,norway to ,gre5l& is only ab\t eight hundr$ miles1 b betwe5 ,montevideo & ,cape ,t[n x is ?irty-six hundr$ miles1 & ! av]age wid? is ab\t ?ree ?\s& miles4 ,! %ape & situation ( ! ,atlantic make x ! mo/ /ormy ( ! ?ree great oceans1 & x is ! "o :]e ! ph5om5a ( tides1 curr5ts1 etc41 are mo/ prom95tly manife/$1 z we %all see4 ,x is also ! mo/ frequ5t$ & be/ kn[n1 because x has be5 necess>y to /udy x = ! b5efit ( comm]ce4 ,! ,indian ,ocean is simply ! ext5sion ( ! va/ s\!rn wat]-zone nor?w>d ( p>allel #dj1 s\? latitude1 :]e1 f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ,tasmania1 x is six ?\s& miles 9 wid?4 ,at ?is l9e ! dep? sudd5ly decreases1 z ?\gh ! edge ( a subm]g$ ,ant>ctic plateau def9$ ! s\!rly rim ( its bas9 !re4 ,?is ocean conta9s sev]al l>ge & "s gr\ps ( small isl&s1 b ^! are mo/ly ne> ! %ore1 & connect$ ) ! neighbor+ cont95t by %all[ wat]s1 %[+ t !y rise f a subm]g$ plateau4 ,! av]age dep? ( ! ,indian ,ocean is ab\t f\rte5 ?\s& feet2 its surface-wat] is w>m] & salt] ?an t ( any o!r2 & its w9ds & wea!r are m regul> & peaceful ?an 9 ei!r ! ,atlantic or ! ,nor? ,pacific4 ,! ,arctic ,ocean is ! well-def9$ body ( wat] ar\nd & probably ov] ! nor? pole4 ,x is connect$ ) ! ,pacific only by ! n>r[ & v %all[ ,b]+ ,/rait1 & ) ! ,atlantic by comp>atively n>r[ op5+s4 ,x has be5 fairly well explor$ z f> nor? z ! p>allel ( #hj1 & f\nd to conta9 _m isl&s2 b x appe>s t !re is great dep? ( wat] nor? ( ,spitzb]g5 & nor!a/ ( ,gre5l&1 mak+ x probable t ! tr\gh ( ! ,atlantic rea*es to or beyond ! pole itself4 ,mo/ ( its area is cov]$ ) drift+ ice4 ,! ,ant>ctic ,ocean is reg>d$ z ! space ( wat] )9 ! ,ant>ctic circle2 b ?is is surr\nd$ by a zone ( deep ocean1 unbrok5 almo/ half-way to ! equator1 except by ! n>r[ s\!rn "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica & by ,new ,zeal&4 ,x is an area1 app>5tly r %all[1 ( ice1 fogs1 & tempe/u\s gales1 inclos+ l&s ( unkn[n ext5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wave-,,worn ,,cliffs ,,& ,,pebble-,,bea* ,,at ,,etretat1 ,,france4 7,,f ,a ,,pa9t+ ,,by ,,william ,p4 ,w4 ,,dana47 ,b ^! geographical di/9ctions are m]ely conv5i5t me?ods ( spee*4 ,aft] all1 !re is only "o ocean 8p\r$ r\nd all10 & its p>ticles are incessantly *ang$ 9 place & rem+l$ by means ( a _w-wide sy/em ( tides & curr5ts1 ! effect ( :i* is to keep sea-wat] ev]y:]e uni=m 9 "* & p]fectly pure & heal?ful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,mid-,,ocean3 ,a ,,great ,,wave4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,waves1 ,,tides1 ,,& ,,curr5ts ,n[ t we h /udi$ ! anci5t ocean1 x is "t to /udy its pres5t *>act]i/ics & und]/& ! great & important "p x plays 9 ! _w4 ,a v /rik+ ?+ ab\t ! ocean is its flatness4 ,be+ wat]1 x seeks always to f9d its level2 & we commonly assume t x ev]y:]e does s1 & take ! sea-level z ! /&>d f :i* to calculate all heights above or dep?s bel[ its surface2 t is1 we assume t e "p ( ! surface ( ! ocean :5 calm & at mean tide is exactly ! same di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! globe4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n :olly true4 ,c>eful obs]vation has %[n t ! ,pacific is sev]al feet l[] on ! we/]n %ore ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,d>i5 ?an is ! ,atlantic on its ea/]n %ore--a fact due1 no d\bt1 to ! cr[d+ ( wat] by ! ,gulf ,/ream into ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,! ,m$it]ranean is kn[n to be some:at high] ?an ! ,atlantic1 & o!r diff]5ces exi/ 9 simil> places else:]e4 ,?is introduces ! subject ( dep?--a matt] :i* we h le>n$ accurately only )9 a v few ye>s4 ,9 ! e>ly days ropes alone 7 us$ = s\nd+1 & ^! _h to be ( consid]able size to be> ! /ra92 b a mile or s ( rope became too heavy to h&le1 & dep?s bel[ t l5g? rema9$ unmeasur$4 ,!n a little ma*9e 0 tri$ consi/+ ( a heavy weight hav+ atta*$ to x1 by a trigg]1 a wood5 float4 ,?is 0 ?r[n ov]bo>d4 ,x sank1 & :5 x t\*$ bottom ! %ock releas$ ! float4 ,f ! "t t elaps$ be=e ! float reappe>$ ! dep? 0 e/imat$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 little bett] ?an guesswork2 & accurate s\nd+s exce$+ "o ?\s& fa?oms 7 n obta9$ until an ,am]ican naval (fic] began to use wire in/ead ( rope4 ,f ?is h9t 0 develop$ elaborate ma*9]y1 op]at$ by /eam1 us+ /eel piano-wire1 hav+ automatic regi/]s ( ! am\nt reel$ out1 & c>ri$ d[n by weights t 7 releas$ :5 ! bottom 0 /ruck1 mak+ x easi] to recov] ! wire4 ,to ^! weights 7or r to ! wire j above !m7 7 atta*$ devices = clut*+ & br++ to ! surface specim5s ( ! bottom1 self-clos+ j>s to fet* wat] f ! l[e/ lay]1 self-regi/]+ !rmomet]s t record$ ! temp]atures at ! greate/ or at v>i\s int]m$iate dep?s1 & o!r means ( le>n+ ! "* ( ! wat]1 bottom-mat]ial1 & animal life sev]al miles bel[ ! surface1 includ+ me?ods ( photograph+ by aid ( a subm]g$ electric light4 ,su* inve/igations1 c>ri$ on 9 %ips suitably equipp$1 h be5 prosecut$ by sev]al gov]nm5ts1 mo/ notably by ! exp$ition ( ! ,*all5g]1 a ,briti% survey+-%ip :i* circumnavigat$ ! globe dur+ ! ye>s f #ahgb to #ahgf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sea-,,cave ,,ne> ,,giant',s ,,causeway1 ,,nor? ,,( ,,irel&4 ,?is & _m o!r exp$itions h s\nd$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & explor$ l>ge tracts :]e ! wat] uni=mly exce$$ ?ree miles 9 dep?4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %ip ,ent]prise1 aft] pass+ ! ,*a?am ,isl&s 9 h] run f ,new ,zeal& to ! ,/rait ( ,magellan1 f\nd ! wat] ev]y:]e m ?an ?irte5 ?\s& feet deep4 ,?r\gh\t h] run f ,montevideo to ,new ,york ! wat] v>i$ f twelve to eighte5 ?\s& feet deep1 & ,capta9 ,n>es & ,admiral ,belknap f\nd l dep?s ov] equally va/ bread?s else:]e4 ,yet ev5 9 ^! bas9s m pr(\nd pits & valleys exi/4 ,sev]al places are kn[n ne> ,japan & (f ,porto ,rico exce$+ five miles 9 dep?2 & an ,engli% (fic] s\nd$ #bi1djj feet 9 ! s\!rn ,pacific ,ocean1 n9ete5 hundr$ miles ea/ ( ,brisbane1 )\t f9d+ bottom4 ,! av]age dep? ( all ! oceans is e/imat$ at f twelve ?\s& to fifte5 ?\s& feet4 ,z1 accord+ to ,humboldt1 ! av]age height ( ! l&s ( ! globe is only ab\t "o ?\s& feet1 x w be se5 t all ! l& n[ above ! wat]1 & its f\ndations1 c\ld be %ovel$ into ! ocean tr\ghs & /ill leave wat] m ?an two miles 9 dep? cov]+ ! :ole planet4 ,! s\nd+s & dr$g+s ( :i* ,i h spok5 enable u to make a tol]able map ( ! ocean b$s & to describe _! features4 ,all ! cont95ts are bord]$ by a %elf rea*+ out "u ! %all[ %ore-wat] to a great] or less di/ance1 & !n dropp+1 usually ) mu* abruptness1 to ! ocean tr\gh4 ,?is %elf1 p]haps orig9ally a "p ( ! primeval cont95t1 be>s mo/ ( ! great isl&s ne> cont95ts1 su* z ,newf\ndl&1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ,madagasc>1 ! ,aleutian1 ,japanese1 & ,philipp9e gr\ps1 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 & o!rs4 ,if y w look at a map t has m>k$ ^u x ! l9e ( "o ?\s& fa?oms' dep? along ! %ores ( ! v>i\s cont95ts1 y w f9d x rea*+ f> out f ! ea/]n %ores ( bo? ,am]icas1 ! we/]n & nor!rn %ores ( ,europe1 ! ea/]n %ores ( ,s\? ,africa1 prolong+ ,india hundr$s ( miles1 & embrac+ great spaces among ! ,ea/ ,indies1 :ile ev5 ! hundr$-fa?om l9e w\ld connect _m an isl& ) ! ma9l& or ) "s o!r isl&1 z !y actually h be5 connect$ 9 times gone by4 ,! fact is1 !re is n a s+le prop] m\nta9-peak ris+ out ( deep wat] at any great di/ance f ! m>g9s ( ! cont95ts4 ,all ! num]\s isl&s ( ! wide oceans are ei!r coral reefs or ! summits ( volcanic cones4 ,^u ?is %elf1 & = ! mo/ "p )9 two hundr$ miles ( ! coa/1 are deposit$ all ( ! mat]ials torn f ! l& by ! sea or br\ght d[n by riv]s or glaci]s1 except+ ! v f9e/1 :i* curr5ts may float some:at f>!r out1 & also except+ ! rocks t iceb]gs c>ry away & drop 9 mid-ocean2 b ?is is n a great am\nt1 = mo/ iceb]gs /r& on ! %all[s (f ,newf\ndl& or 9 ,b]+ ,sea4 ,almo/ no?+ f ! %ores1 !re=e1 rea*es ! c5tral dep?s ( ! op5 oceans1 ^: b$s are 9 sub/antially ! same condition t !y 7 9 at ! beg9n+1 except = two ?+s--volcanic upheavals 9 "s places1 & ! rema9s ( animal life ev]y:]e4 ,! =m] exception is a v important "o1 s9ce x is n[ kn[n1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,%al]1 t volcanoes1 by _! eruptions1 s5d m du/ & brok5 mat]ials to ! seas ?an ! riv]s & %ores comb9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,volcano ,,krakatoa 7,,sunda ,,/rait7 ,,9 ,,eruption ,,9 #ahhc4 8,al?\gh ! deep] sea-floors probably lack m\nta9s10 says ,pr(essor ,%al]1 8!y are n )\t /rik+ reliefs1 :i*1 if !y c\ld be se51 w\ld pres5t all ! dignity :i* _! size gives to ! ,himalayas or ,&es3 ! diff]5ce is t ^! elevations are n true m\nta9s1 b volcanic peaks1 sometimes isolat$1 aga9 accumulat$ 9 long1 n>r[ ridges1 b all made up ( matt] p\r$ out f ! crat]s or ?r\gh great fissures 9 ! cru/4 ,s num]\s are ^! heap$ masses ( lava & o!r ejections f ^! v5ts t !re is h>dly any consid]able area ( ! oceans :]e !y d n rise above ! surface4 ,!re are inde$ ?\s&s ( ^! volcanic peaks di/ribut$ f pole to pole4444 ,?us on ! floor ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic !re is evid5tly a long1 irregul> *a9 ( ^! elevations ext5d+ f ! ,icel&ic gr\p ( isl&s s\?w>d to ! ,azores4 ,if an explor] c\ld view ?is "p ( ! sea-bottom1 he w\ld probably f9d t ! l9e ( crat]s 0 z cont9u\s z t exhibit$ by ! volcanoes ( ! ,&es4 8,besides ! volcanic peaks10 ,pr(essor ,%al] cont9ues1 8! sea-bottom 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! tropics 444 is beset ) ! s+ul> elevations =m$ by coral reefs40 ,b ( ^! ,i %all h m to say t[>d ! end ( ! book1 & ,i allude to !m "h only z a feature ( ! invisible l&scape b5ea? ! waves4 ,ov] ! va/1 g5tly undulat+ spaces sep>at+ ^! subm]g$ l9es ( volcanoes & ! ridges ( coral1 lies a mat ( mud ( unkn[n ?ickness1 :i* naturali/s t]m 8ooze40 ,x is pr9cipally compos$ ( volcanic du/ & ( ! microscopic 8te/s10 or fl9ty limy skeletons ( m9ute animals1 few ( :i* are l>ge en\gh to be se5 by ! unaid$ eye4 8,dwell+ 9 myriads 9 ! sup]ficial p>ts ( ! sea1 ^! =am9if]a1 z !y are t]m$1 s9k at dea? to ! bottom1 ov] :i* !y accumulate a ?ick coat+ ( m9utely divid$ lime/one p[d]1 =m+ a lay] ( ooze z unsub/antial z ! f9e/ sn[40 ,9 regions l ! ,nor? ,atlantic ?is ooze consi/s almo/ :olly ( su* animal matt]2 b 9 o!r regions1 su* z ! ,s\? ,pacific1 :]e volcanoes prevail1 x is con/antly & l>gely increas$ by an enorm\s quantity ( m9]al matt] hurl$ broadca/ by volcanoes1 all ( :i* are on isl&s or ne> sea-coa/s4 ,a "p ( ?is is ! m]e/ du/1 :i* sl[ly settles f ! air1 p]haps hundr$s ( miles f :]e x 0 eject$4 ,a l>g] "p consi/s ( t spongy lava call$ pumice1 :i* is s full ( holes fill$ ) air & gases t x may float half way ar\nd ! globe be=e x s9ks1 z happ5$ aft] ! explosion ( ,krakatoa4 ,into ! oceanic ooze1 too1 s9ks s mu* ( all dead fi%es & o!r mid-sea animals z is n dissolv$ or dev\r$ be=e rea*+ x2 & x =ms ! grave ( ?\s&s ( m54 ,x is (t5 said t %ips & o!r ?+s w\ld n s9k f>1 b w\ld float1 susp5d$ by d5se wat] or "s miracul\s influ5ce1 only a few hundr$ or a few ?\s& feet bel[ ! surface1 = no "o kn[s h[ long4 ,b ?is e]ie notion has no f\ndation 9 fact4 8,no o!r fate10 we are assur$ by ^? :o "k1 8awaits ! dr[n$ sailor or 8 %ip ?an t :i* comes to ! m>9e creatures :o die on ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,9 "t _! du/ all passes into ! great /oreh\se ( ! e>?1 ev5 z ^? :o receive burial on l&40 ,wood5 wrecks probably la/ mu* long] ?an ^? ( iron4 ,i h m5tion$ t a small "p ( :at ! sea te>s away f ! l&1 or receives f riv]s1 w9ds1 & o!r s\rces1 is dissolv$ 9 its wat]s1 :i* n[ conta91 no d\bt1 samples ( e +r$i5t ( ! rocks & soils ( ! dry l&1 & v likely "s elem5ts n yet detect$4 ,?is solv5t p[] ( ! sea expla9s its saltness1 & x mu/ g on gr[+ m & m bitt] z long z its waves gr9d at ! %ores & ! riv]s run d[n4 ,! sal9ity v>ies 9 degree1 wat] at great dep?s be+ salt] ?an t ne> ! surface1 & excell+ 9 saltness :]e evaporation is rapid1 z "u ! trade-w9ds1 :ile fre%] 9 ! regions ( equatorial calms1 :]e an imm5se am\nt ( ra9 falls2 broadly1 ! lighte/ 7fre%e/7 wat] is f\nd at ! equator1 & ! heavie/ 9 ! temp]ate regions4 ,inclos$1 or ne>ly inclos$1 areas become v salt4 ,?us ! ,dead ,sea is :at *emi/s call a saturat$ solution1 be+ ne>ly "o ?ird 7#bh p] c5t47 salt1 & ,great ,salt ,lake 9 ,utah is n f> beh9d4 ,! ,r$ ,sea conta9s #d p] c5t41 & "s p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean ne>ly z mu*4 ,tak+ all ! op5 oceans toge!r1 ab\t #c 9 e #ajj p>ts 7#c p] c5t47 is compos$ ( v>i\s salts1 m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( :i* is common salt 7*loride ( sodium71 & ! rema9d] ma9ly =ms ( magnesium4 ,"o ( ! ,*all5g] au?ors has e/imat$ t ! oceans conta9 en\gh salt to make a lay] #agj feet ?ick ov] _! :ole area1 & ano!r writ] says t ! am\nt1 if heap$ up1 w\ld be f\r times l>g] ?an ! :ole bulk ( ,europe above ! level ( high-wat] m>k1 m\nta9s & all4 ,9 e>ly times1 inde$1 sea-wat]1 :i* yields ab\t a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( cry/alliz$ salt p] gallon1 0 almo/ ! only s\rce ( salt = food4 ,ev5 yet x is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( supply = ! manufacture ( comm]cial salt 9 ,france1 ,portugal1 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,au/ria1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica2 & x is l>gely us$ 9 ,holl&1 ,belgium1 & ,great ,brita94 ,! e>ly process1 /ill ext5sively practis$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe1 0 to admit ! sea-wat] to l>ge p>tition$ flats floor$ ) clay1 :]e x evaporat$ rapidly4 ,! salt-cry/als rema9+ 7 !n collect$1 purifi$ to a great] or less degree1 & sold (f-h&4 ,x 0 by simil> means t our great-gr&fa!rs 9 ,new ,engl& & along ! ,s\!rn coa/s provid$ !mselves ) salt1 only !y us$ l>ge vats arrang$ ov] fires in/ead ( e>!n bas9s expos$ to ! sun4 ,b analysis ( sea-wat] discloses small quantities ( _m o!r recognizable m9]als4 ,silica mu/ be !re to supply ! ne$s ( _m =am9if]s1 sponges1 & o!r animals2 lime 9 v>i\s =ms exi/s1 or else su* sea animals z mollusks c\ld n compose _! %ells1 nor polyps erect _! enorm\s reefs2 brom9e is pres5t1 & to ! iod9e & o!r m9]al dyes 9 ! wat] we owe ! lovely purples1 crimsons1 & sc>lets pa9t+ corall9es1 seawe$s1 e*9od]ms1 & "s molluscan %ells1 z t ( ! ,s>gasso-snail 7,jan?9a74 ,z = gold & silv]1 bo? are pres5t4 ,i h se5 x /at$ t a voyage ( a ye> or two is suffici5t to p]mit ! =mation ( a film ( silv] all ov] ! copp] %ea?+ ( a %ip's bottom1 s t a frigate return+ f a long cruise is really silv]-plat$2 b ,i fancy ?is is m a matt] ( imag9ation ?an visible reality4 ,gold1 9 c]ta9 *emical comb9ations1 c]ta9ly exi/s 9 sea-wat]1 & may be extract$ !refrom4 ,up to ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! co/ ( ! extraction has be5 m ?an ! preci\s metal obta9$ 0 wor?4 ,gold is (t5 wa%$ f sea-s&4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,fiord1 ,,or ,,deep ,,crevice ,,worn ,,9 ,,sea-,,cliffs4 ,! ceaseless re/lessness ( ! ocean =ms ano!r ( ! greate/ contra/s betwe5 x & ! immovable l&--t]ra firma1 z ^? l to call x :o h be5 toss+ too long on ! 8roll+ deep04 ,?is *>act]i/ic re/lessness involves "s ( ! mo/ important & int]e/+ facts 9 physical geography2 = 7 ! wat]s /ill1--t is1 7 ! oceans simply huge1 quiet ponds1--none ( t action c\ld take place along ! %ores :i* has be5 s important an ag5t 9 %ap+ ! _w & mak+ x a suitable place = human habitation & social developm5t4 ,on a planet ) an atmosph]e & *ang+ seasons l ours1 h[ev]1 a /agnant ocean is z impossible z a motionless air2 inde$1 x is because ! air is always 9 motion t l>ge bodies ( wat] are nev] at re/1 = x is ! *ang+ d5sity & temp]ature & movem5ts 7w9ds7 ( ! air t produce waves & curr5ts4 ,waves are caus$ by ! pressure & friction ( ! w9d ^u ! surface ( ! wat]1 z y may readily see at any pond2 & ! wat] 9 !m simply rises & falls1 driv+ =w>d a little at ! v surface s z to cause a g5tle curr5t call$ w9d-drift4 ,:5 ! waves approa* ! %all[1 slop+ bord] ( ! l& !y are *eck$ at ! bottom by ! slope ( ! bea*1 :ile ! fre] upp] "p goes =w>d1 & ! waves spe$ily lose _! r\nd$ =m & become m & m %>ply ridg$ & /eep on ! front side z !y sweep on until at la/ !y pit* =w>d 9 ! cra% & ?und] ( surf4 ,9 ! op5 ocean ! waves are usually do+ little "w except to cause ! surface to rise & fall4 ,! h>d] ! w9d bl[s1 ! high] ! waves become1 & ! fa/] !y travel4 ,?is spe$ has be5 calculat$1 & has be5 f\nd to be proportionate to size4 8,waves #bjj feet long f holl[ to holl[10 we are told1 8travel ab\t #ai knots p] h\r2 ^? ( #djj feet 9 l5g? make #bg knots2 & ^? ( #fjj feet ru% =w>d irresi/ibly at #cb knots40 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 are "u ! furi\s impulse ( a gale1 & x is m>vel\s t %ips c be made to ride ov] !m2 nor is x any wond] t excit$ m>9]s cl++ to ! bulw>ks ( "s small & heel+ craft1 %\ld call !m 8m\nta9 high10 & decl>e 9 all s]i\sness t !y h se5 _! cre/s ris+ "o hundr$ feet above _! holl[s4 ,no su* altitude1 nor half ( x1 probably1 is ev] rea*$ by a /orm-wave 9 ! heavie/ cyclone4 ,an excell5t au?ority1 ,lieut5ant ,qualtr\gh1 assures u t ! highe/ tru/wor?y measurem5ts are f =ty-f\r to =ty-eight feet4 ,! height ( a wave dep5ds ^u :at m>9]s call its 8fet*0--t is1 its di/ance f ! place :]e ! waves began to =m4 ,?is has be5 work$ out ma!matically by ,?omas ,/ev5son 7fa!r ( ! late ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son1 ! noveli/71 an em95t eng9e] & design] ( ligh?\ses1 :o gives ! foll[+ =mula3 8,! height ( ! wave 9 feet is equal to #a multipli$ by ! squ>e root ( ! fet* 9 nautical miles40 ,if ! waves began #ajj miles away f y\r %ip1 ! waves ab\t y w be #ae feet high1 because ! squ>e root ( #ajj is #aj1 & "o & a half times #aj is #ae 7feet74 ,! highe/ waves are n =m$ 9 ! greate/ tempe/s1 :i* beat d[n _! cre/s1 b :5 ! gale is bo? v /rong & long cont9u$4 ,! wor/ 8seas10 z sailors call big waves1 are ^? met ) (f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & ,cape ,horn4 ,! dep? to :i* wave di/urbance ext5ds dep5ds on ! viol5ce ( ! w9d1 & ne> %ore ^u ! slope ( ! bottom4 ,pre/wi* tells u t pebbles may sometimes be mov$ at ! dep? ( "o hundr$ feet1 & s& mu* deep]1 z is %[n by ! fact t ! bottom is di/urb$ 9 heavy /orms on ! ,banks ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,! weight & p[] ( su* on-ru%+ masses ( wat] are trem5d\s1 z appe>s f ! effect on coa/s :]e !y /rike2 b ?is op5s up a subject :i* is too l>ge = treatm5t "h1 & ,i mu/ ref] read]s to geological treatises1 & to su* special works z ,pr(essor ,n4 ,s4 ,%al]'s excell5t 8,sea & ,l&10 :]e ! "w ( ! ocean 9 te>+ d[n & build+ up its coa/s is fully & ent]ta9+ly expla9$4 ,i %all h some?+ m to say on ?is po9t1 also1 :5 ,i come to ! *apt] 8,dang]s ( ! ,deep10 & speak ( ! t]rible de/ruction caus$ by e>?quakes1 & 9 c]ta9 o!r agitations ( ! sea n due to ! w9d1 & (t5 /yl$ 8tidal waves40 ,!re is only "o k9d ( 8tidal wave10 prop]ly speak+1 h[ev]2 & ?is is a !oretical r ?an an actual "o1 p]ceptible usually only 9 t ris+ & fall+ ( ! wat] along coa/s twice ea* tw5ty-f\r h\rs t we call ! fl[ & ebb ( ! tides2 & "h we see ! effect r ?an ! ?+ itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l[ ,,tide1 ,,/4 ,,john',s ,,h>bor1 ,n4 ,b4 ,! tide has be5 an inevitable circum/ance ( ! exi/5ce on ! e>? ( ! ocean1 or any o!r great body ( wat]1 ev] s9ce its orig91 yet x 0 n until ,sir ,isaac ,newton made u compreh5d ! law ( gravitation t its my/]y 0 expla9$4 ,we n[ "k ) c]ta9ty--if y want ! ma!matical =mul & s =?1 consult "s good mod]n encyclopdia "u ! ^w tide--t ?is p]iodical ris+ & fall+ ( ! sea is due to ! attraction ( ! sun & moon1--to ! la/ ?ree times z mu* z to ! fir/1 because x is s mu* ne>]4 ,?is attraction is ex]t$ t[>d ! globe z a :ole2 & its visible effect ^u ! movable wat] is to lift x bodily on t side ne>e/ ! moon1 & at ! same "t to pull away ! e>? f ! wat] on ! opposite side1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+2 & ?us high tides are simultane\sly produc$ at ^! antipodes1 :i* acc\nts = ! two a day4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 ! int]m$iate spaces h l[ tides caus$ by an attraction !re t[>d ! c5t] ( ! e>?4 8,!re are ?us always simultane\sly & directly "u ! moon two high wat]s opposite ea* o!r1 & two l[ wat]s at equal di/ances betwe5 !m4 ,ow+ to ! rotation ( ! e>?1 ?is p]man5t sy/em ( swells & tr\ghs travels f ea/ to we/ ov] e "p ( ! ocean & ( its coa/1 & expla9s ! regul> succession ( ris+ & fall+ wat]s1 at equal int]vals ( "t1 :i* we call ! tides40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,e>?quake ,,wave ,,pass+ ,,ov] ,,! ,,ligh?\se ,,on ,,po9t ,,anj]4 ,b ! sun also ex]ts a simil> b less] influ5ce1 produc+ f\r daily sol> tides1 :i* mo/ ( ! "t are lo/ to view 9 ! great] lun> tides4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! moon gets into l9e ) ! e>? & ! sun1 s t bo? ! heav5ly bodies pull toge!r l a t&em team1 z happ5s twice a mon?1--at new moon & full moon1--_! comb9$ action causes unusually high wat]1 :i* is ! sum ( ! lun> & sol> tides1 & is call$ ! spr+ tide4 ,high wat] is !n highe/1 & l[ wat] l[e/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! mid/ ( ^! =tnightly int]vals1 :5 ! moon is at its fir/ or ?ird qu>t]1 ! sun is a full qu>t] ( ! heav5s 7#ij7 away f ! moon4 ,its influ5ce1 !re=e1 acts at "r angles to or practically aga9/ t ( ! moon1 & ! sol> tides g to swell ! l[ wat]s & dim9i% ! high wat]s1 =m+ :at sailors call neap tides1--pres]v+ an old ,engli% ^w mean+ l[4 ,n[ rememb] t ! globe is n /&+ /ill1 ev5 :ile we make ^! explanations1 b is revolv+ at a trem5d\s spe$1 s t ! wat] "u ! moon lift$ by lun> attraction is *ang+ place e in/ant at ! rate ( ov] "o ?\s& miles an h\r1 & y h ! conception ( a l[ wave on ea* side ( ! e>?1 rea*+ nor? & s\?1 highe/ & swifte/ on ! equator & dim9i%+ t[>d ! poles4 ,^! are ! true tidal waves4 ,7 ! globe cov]$ ) an unbrok5 mantle ( wat]1 su* waves1 ea* ab\t tw5ty in*es 7or tw5ty-n9e in*es at spr+tide7 high on ! av]age at ! equator1 w\ld foll[ "o ano!r r\nd & r\nd ! e>? at ! rate ( "o complete circuit 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,t mu/ h be5 ! case 9 ! primeval ocean be=e any cont95ts exi/$2 & some?+ ( x /ill exi/s 9 ! belt ( unob/ruct$ wat] surr\nd+ ! ,ant>ctic cont95t ( ice4 ,x w\ld !n be flood tide or ebb tide at ! same h\r along ! :ole l5g? ( any "o m]idian4 ,b 9 ! pres5t condition ( ! globe1 :]e ! oceans are sep>at$ by cont95ts & brok5 by isl&s1 ! progress ( ! tidal waves is ob/ruct$1 deflect$1 & :olly /opp$ 9 a great v>iety ( ways & places1 s t ! h\rs1 am\nt1 & behavior ( ! tides are exce$+ly v>i$ 9 diff]5t regions1 & are (t5 v puzzl+1 =m+ "o ( ! mo/ difficult matt]s ) :i* ! practical navigator has to deal4 ,int]f]5ce ( tidal curr5ts =ms ! ,mael/rom1 (f ! coa/ ( ,norway1 ^: revolution is rev]s$ twice daily1 ! classic ,scylla & ,*>ybdis1 9 ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a1 s mu* dread$ by ! navigators ( old1 & _m o!r :irlpools ( less celebrity4 ,! tidal wave sweep+ nor?w>d across ! ,atlantic has "t to r\nd ! nor!rn end ( ,scotl& & flood ! ,g]man ,ocean ) s\?w>d swell+ curr5ts be=e ! ris+ wat] p\r+ into ! s\!rn end ( ! ,engli% ,*annel has "t to pu% its way ?r\gh t n>r[ & %all[ passage2 h5ce ! two floods meet 9 ! ,/raits ( ,dov]1 :i* acc\nts = ! mis]able *op-sea s sadly preval5t 9 t un=tunate bit ( wat]4 ,! natural height ( ! tide seems to be f two to five feet1 z %[n 9 ! mid/ ( ! broad ,pacific4 8,b :5 da%+ aga9/ ! l&1 & =c$ into deep gulfs & e/u>ies10 to quote ,pr(essor ,simon ,newcomb1 8! accumulat+ tide-wat]s sometimes rea* a v great height4 ,on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* is directly 9 ! pa? ( ! great ,atlantic wave1 ! tide rises on an av]age f #i to #ab feet4 ,9 ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 :i* op5s its bosom to receive ! full wave1 ! tide1 :i* at ! entrance is #ah feet1 ru%es ) great fury into t long & n>r[ *annel1 & swells to ! enorm\s height ( #fj feet1 & ev5 to #gj feet 9 ! highe/ spr+ tides4 ,9 ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 on ! coa/ ( ,engl&1 ! spr+ tides rise to #dj feet1 & swell to #ej 9 ! ,engli% ,*annel at ,/4 ,malo on ! coa/ ( ,france40 ,to ?is cause is also due 9 "s degree ^? great oceanic curr5ts :i* =m ano!r /rik+ fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sea2 b !y are ma9ly due to temp]ature1 w9d1 & ! rotation ( ! e>?4 ,! drops t make up a body ( wat] are ! mo/ re/less ?+s 9 ! _w2 !y are always slid+ d[n ! lea/ slope1 s9k+ out ( ! way ( light] sub/ances1 ris+ to let a heavi] object pass b5ea? !m1 or mov+ hi!r & ?i!r 9 an ev] hopeful se>* ( t levelness & quiet t we call equilibrium4 ,fur!rmore1 :5 wat] is heat$ x becomes light]4 ,%\ld1 !re=e1 a portion ( ! sea gr[ w>m] ?an ! rema9d]1 x mu/ & w rise to ! surface2 & :5ev] a portion becomes cool$1 x mu/ & w s9k4 ,n[1 "u ! cont9u\s blaz+ sun ( ! torrid zone ! sea-wat] ne> ! surface gets fairly w>m1--hav+ an av]age temp]ature ( ab\t #he along ! equator1--:ile 9 ! pol> regions ! ocean is always *ill$ by p]man5t or float+ ice until x is ne>ly cold en\gh to freeze2 b ^! masses ( w>m & cold wat] _c rema9 sep>ate 9 ! univ]sal ocean4 ,! hot tropical flood1 cont9ually ris+1 mu/ fl[ away some:]e to f9d its level2 & x c fl[ n[h]e except t[>d ! poles1 = !re ! ev]-s9k+ volume ( *ill$ & !re=e heavi] wat] sucks x 9 to take its place1 :ile x1 9 turn1 creeps und]nea? t[>d ! equator1 !re to fill ! gap :i* ! escap+ w>m wat] leaves beh9d4 ,s we "k !re is con/antly go+ on an int]*ange ( wat]--a con/ant fl[+ away f ! equator nor?w>d & s\?w>d on ! surface1 & a fl[+ 9 t[>d ! equator along ! bottom2 an endless spr++ up 9 ! torrid zone & a /eady settl+ d[n 9 ! pol> seas4 ,"o out ( _m pro(s ( ?is fact is t ! ?alassal abysses bel[ ! dep? ( a mile or s are kn[n to be ice-cold4 ,?is c\ld n happ5 unless !y 7 con/antly fill$ & refill$ ) new wat] f ! great cool]s at ! poles2 = if ! wat] at ^? dep?s %\ld rema9 un*ang$1 x w\ld soon become v w>m f ! heat ( ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 :5ce x does con/antly extract "s heat4 ,b :ile ?is invisible v]tical circulation is go+ on1 ano!r m visible & int]e/+ set ( movem5ts is 9 progress on ! surface1 =m+ :at are kn[n z ocean curr5ts4 ,^! are va/ riv]s 9 ! ocean fl[+ across its face 9 c]ta9 directions & to a c]ta9 dep?1 z riv]s make _! way along ! l&4 ,!y beg9 & are kept go+ ma9ly by a union ( ! two causes already expla9$--heat & w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/eam] ,,borne ,,a%ore ,,by ,,an ,,e>?quake-,,wave4 ,! heat ( ! sun at ! equator1 w>m+1 light5+1 & evaporat+ ! wat]1 con/antly t5ds to draw ! cold] wat] f ! poles1 mo/ copi\sly f ! ,s\? ,pole2 b ! ,ant>ctic wat]1 ha/5+ to ! equator1 is soon int]rupt$ by ! extremities ( ,au/ralia1 ,africa1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & s split into ?ree great bran*es4 ,t :i* passes into ! ,s\? ,atlantic goes on nor?w>d along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 "p ( x becom+ s w>m "u ! hot sun !re t x w n s9k1 b con/antly comes m & m to ! surface1 until x /rikes aga9/ ! great %\ld] ( ,gu9ea & is turn$ %>ply we/w>d4 ,n[ x is squ>ely "u ! trade-w9d & head$ ! same way2 con/antly urg$ =w>d by ?is mod]ate b endless tugg+ ( ! w9d ^u its waves1 ! curr5t c nev] sw]ve1 b fl[s along ! equator1 & = half a doz5 degrees ea* side ( x1 /raight across ! ,atlantic4 ,s\? ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 /&s 9 its pa?1 & ! w$ge-l coa/ ( ,brazil1 po9t$ ) ,cape ,/4 ,roque1 splits ?is great riv]4 ,"p ( x n[ turns s\?w>d & sw+s back across t[>d ,africa1 mak+ an eddy a c\ple ( ?\s& miles wide 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 :ile ano!r arm runs d[n ! ,patagonian coa/4 ,b by f> ! l>ge/ "p ( ! divid$ curr5t is s5t nor?w>d1 pa/ ! coa/ ( upp] ,brazil into ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ,gulf ( ,mexico1 :]e x is well heat$1 & !nce p\r$ into ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 to become widely celebrat$ z ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,ga!r$ 9 full =ce1 ! ,gulf ,/ream fl[s nor?w>d close along ! coa/ ( our ,s\!rn ,/ates at ! rate ( eighty or n9ety miles a day until ,cape ,hatt]as gives x a sw]ve away1 :5 x /rikes out to sea & pu%es /raight across to ,spa91 :]e a bran* leaves x & runs nor?w>d betwe5 ,icel& & ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 :ile ! ma9 body turns s\?w>d to m+le aga9 ) ! equatorial curr5t f ,africa & repeat its j\rney all ov] aga94 ,x is 9 ! he>t ( ?is great circle ( curr5ts 9 ! middle ( ! ,atlantic t navigators f9d t dread$ region ( heat & calms :i* !y call ! ,doldrums2 & "h1 too1 float r\nd & r\nd ! wide1 buoyant mead[s ( ! ,s>gasso ,sea4 ,mean:ile ano!r mo/ important cold /ream is mak+ its way ?r\gh ! ,atlantic1 kn[n z ! ,arctic curr5t4 ,x comes d[n out ( ,baff9's ,bay1 jo9s a simil> flood f ! out] coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 is ?r[n up to ! surface by ! ,banks ( ,newf\ndl& 7:]e meet+ w>m air1 x produces ^? ?ick & prolong$ fogs s common 9 t region71 fills ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ! bight betwe5 ,nova ,scotia & ,cape ,cod ) *illy wat]1 & f9ally dips "u ! ,gulf ,/ream amid t commotion ( w9ds & wat]s t makes ! track ( ! /eam%ips betwe5 ,new ,york & ,europe ! mo/ tempe/u\s ( ocean highways4 ,x is ! m+l+ ( ^! w>m & cold wat]s !re :i* is *iefly responsible = ! /ormy condition ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,! ,pacific has a simil> arrangem5t ( circulation nor? & s\? ( ! equator4 ,! ,ant>ctic wat]s =m a cold /ream nam$ ! ,humboldt curr5t1 :i* p\rs up ! we/]n side ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 keep+ ! climate d[n to a f> m w9try condition ?an x is entitl$ to by latitude1 until x rea*es ! s\!rn trade-w9ds1 :i* sweep x we/w>d /raight across ! ,pacific1 :]e mu* ( x is lo/ among ! ar*ipelagoes ( ,oceanica1 & ! s\!rn "p fl[s onw>d into ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,nor? ( ! ,pacific equator a simil> we/w>d curr5t moves /eadily ov] ! great wa/e ( wat]s pa/ ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s to ! coa/ ( ,*9a4 ,f ! ,philipp9es & ,japan nor?w>d1 h[ev]1 !re is a f> /rong] fl[1 kn[n to ! ,japanese z ! ,black ,curr5t 7,kuro%iwo71 :i* skirts ! coa/ ( ,japan & ! ,kurile ,isl&s1 makes ^! & ,kam*atka habitable1 !n turns %>ply ea/ along ! front ( ! foggy ,aleutian *a9 ( isl&s1 & broad5+ & cool+ z x turns1 sw+s d[n ! temp]ate coa/ ( ,alaska & gradually disappe>s4 ,^! two great curr5ts & _! inclos$ eddies are f> broad] & less di/9ct ?an ^? ( ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,atlantic1 b !y foll[ ! same laws4 ,9 a simil> b less] way ! ,indian ,ocean has a /rong we/]ly /ream fl[+ /raight across f ,au/ralia to ,s\? ,africa1 :i* is ( imm5se help to %ips return+ f ! ,ea/ ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,f ,mozambique ! wat] turns nor?w>d to make ! return r\nd1 b "h x is complicat$ by ! peculi> conditions made by ! infl[ & outfl[ ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 ,arabian ,gulf1 & s on1 & by ! di/urb+ influ5ces ( ! monsoons1 until x c h>dly be def9$4 ,( all ^! curr5ts none is z well m>k$ z ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,its blue wat] is 9 su* contra/ to ! d>k]1 gre5i% hue ( ! rema9d] ( ! ocean t sailors c (t5 tell :5 !y ent] ! edge ( ! curr5t1 half _! vessel be+ 9 & half out ( ! /ream4 ,if y approa* f ! we/ y f9d t ! wat] at fir/ %[s a w>m? ( only fifty or sixty degrees ne> ! surface2 b z y sail on1 ?is increases until1 opposite ,s&y ,hook1 y may get z high a read+ on ! !rmomet] z eighty degrees1 & opposite ,florida above "o hundr$ degrees4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n m>g9s ( ! ,gulf ,/ream is ow+ to ! pres5ce ( ! great riv] ( ,arctic wat] fl[+ 9 an opposite direction betwe5 ! ,gulf ,/ream & ! %ore4 ,(f ,florida ! ,gulf ,/ream is ab\t sixty miles wide2 (f ,new ,york x is ov] "o hundr$ miles 9 wid?1 b is less %>ply def9$4 ,its dep? is h>d to det]m9e1 b c]ta9ly am\nts to sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,x is wor? rememb]+ t1 al?\gh "s guesses _h be5 made at x be=e1 ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 0 ! fir/ man to /udy ! ,gulf ,/ream & to tell u any?+ ( its orig9 & c\rse4 ,! way 9 :i* "s ( ^! ocean curr5ts affect ! wea!r ( ! l&s ^u :i* !y bord] %[s h[ great is ! influ5ce ( ! sea ^u l&-climates2 inde$1 x may be tru?fully said t only ! cont95ts & su* great isl&s z ,au/ralia or ,madagasc> h any climate ess5tially di/9ct f t ( ! ocean 9 _! qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,b ! equability t w\ld reign ov] an ocean ( quiet wat]1 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( cold & heat by regul> gradation 9 latitude betwe5 ! equator & ! poles1 is completely upset by ! great curr5t-movem5ts ,i h outl9$4 ,scotl&1 = example1 lies z f> nor? z ,labrador1 & ! latitude ( ,london is above t ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 yet nei!r h ^? t]rible fro/s & heavy sn[s :i* prevail 9 ,canada1 & make ,labrador a l& ( ice almo/ un9habitable4 ,?is diff]5ce is due almo/ :olly to ! fact t ! ,gulf ,/ream p\rs its w>m flood aga9/ ! coa/ ( ,great ,brita91 & ev5 temp]s ! ,norwegian coa/1 keeps ,b>5tz's ,sea l>gely free f summ] ice1 & clo!s ,spitzb]g5 ) vegetation1 al?\gh )9 t5 degrees ( ! pole4 ,h5ce 9 ! =e/s ( nor!rn ,sc&9avia ,laps c dwell 9 mu* com=t on a l9e ) ! froz5 b>r5 gr\nds nor? ( ,hudson ,bay4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,r\gh ,,night ,,9 ,,! ,,gulf ,,/ream4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! un=tunate coa/s ( ,gre5l& are ba!d 9 wat] *ill$ by mon?s ( captivity ne> ! pole1 & load$ ) ice t cools d[n all ! w9ds t bl[ a%ore4 ,gre5l& itself is cov]$ ) an unbrok5 %eet ( ice1 hundr$s or ?\s&s ( feet ?ick1 yet mo/ ( x is no f>!r nor? ?an ,sw$54 ,! :ole nor!a/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica1 d[n to ,labrador1 is incru/$ ) ice2 & ! region s\? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce has a simil> climate to ,f9l&2 :ile ev5 f>!r s\?1 ,bo/on1 )9 ! protect+ arm ( ,cape ,cod1 is 9 w9t] a city ( fro/ & sn[ & fog f ,novemb] till ,april1 :5 x really is little f>!r nor? ?an sunny ,naples1 :]e "o laughs at w9t]4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ! nor?w>d movem5t ( ! great ,japanese curr5t makes ! coa/ ( ,*9a habitable & pleasant cle> to ! ,sea ( ,okhotsk1 gives ! ,aleutian ar*ipelago a pretty dec5t climate1 & causes ! isl&s & coa/s ( ,alaska & ,briti% ,columbia to n\ri% ! mo/ magnific5t =e/s 9 ,am]ica1 & to h a climate resembl+ t ( ,great ,brita94 ,glasg[ & ,sitka are1 9 fact1 9 ! same latitude1 & "u v simil> climatic conditions1 except t 9 ,scotl& !re are no su* l(ty & cold m\nta9s to precipitate con/ant ra9s z is ! case along ! nor?we/]n m>g9 ( ,am]ica4 ,simil> examples & contra/s might be drawn 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! wea!r 9 ! int]ior ( cont95ts is pretty mu* alike on simil> latitudes ! _w r\nd1 v>y+ ) height2 b ! climate ( all sea-coa/s is good or bad z a place to live1 9 accordance ) ! temp]ature ( ! wat] :i* ! curr5ts br+ to t "p ( ! ocean4 ,b ! curr5ts ( ! ocean influ5ce some?+ besides ! wea!r4 ,^u !m dep5ds to a consid]able ext5t :e!r a c]ta9 "p ( ! coa/ %all h "o or ano!r k9d ( animals dwell+ 9 ! salt wat]4 ,?is is n s mu* true ( fi%es z x is ( ! mollusks or 8%ell-fi%10 ! worms t live 9 ! mud ( ! tide-flats1 ! anemones1 sea-ur*9s1 />fi% & little cl++ p ( ! wet rocks1 & ( ! jellyfi%es1 great & small1 t swim ab\t 9 ! op5 sea4 ,no?+ w\ld injure mo/ ( ^! 8small fry0 m ?an a *ange 9 ! wat] mak+ x a few degrees cold] or w>m] ?an !y 7 accu/om$ to4 ,s9ce ! con/ant circulation ( ! curr5ts keeps ! ocean wat] 9 all its p>ts almo/ precisely ( ! same d5sity1 & food seems ab\t z likely to ab\nd 9 "o di/rict z ano!r1 naturali/s h conclud$ t x is temp]ature :i* decides ! ext5t ( coa/ or ( sea-area :]e any "o k9d ( inv]tebrate animal w be f\nd4 ,x ?us happ5s t ! life ( ,cuban wat]s is diff]5t f t ( our ,c>ol9a coa/2 & t1 aga91 l>gely sep>ate f :at y w see (f ,new ,york2 :ile ,cape ,cod seems to run out z a p>tition betwe5 ! %ore life s\? ( x & a v diff]5t set ( %ells1 s&-worms1 & s =?1 *>act]i/ic ( ! cold] wat]s to ! nor?w>d4 ,out 9 ! ocean1 h[ev]1 ! w>m curr5t ( ! ,gulf ,/ream =ms a g5ial pa?way along :i* s\!rn swimm+ animals1 l ! wondr\sly beautiful ,portuguese-man-o'-w> 7,physalia71 may w&] nor?w>d = hundr$s ( miles beyond :]e !y are f\nd ne> %ore2 yet if by *ance !y /ray outside ! limits ( ! w>m ,gulf ,/ream1 !y w at once be *ill$ to dea?1 z happ5$ once to millions ( tile-fi%4 ,ocean curr5ts c>ry float+ burd5s long di/ances4 ,!y br+ ! iceb]gs to =m ^? t]rible fogs ( ,alaska & ,newf\ndl&2 & !y (t5 be> f> away ! logs t float out ( tropical riv]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,"y ,,%ip-,,rigg]4 ,^! drift+ logs (t5 h plants gr[+ ^u !m or conta9 quantities ( se$s :i* are n injur$ by _! %ort voyages4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! coral polyps build up "o ( _! reef-isl&s until x appe>s above ! waves1 ?i!r ! curr5ts br+ roots & se$s f neighbor+ isl&s1 & quickly plant !m ^u ! new b>r5 %ores1 s t 9 a few seasons ! little islet becomes gre5 & wood$ & ready to hold its own aga9/ ! w9ds & waves4 ,moreov]1 ! same drift+ /uff w c>ry l& animals z pass5g]s1--insects1 snails ( _m k9ds1 reptiles1 & ev5 f\r-foot$ bea/s1--& s n only give ! isl& a vegetation1 b populate x ) v>i\s ( ! small] animals4 ,?is seems to y1 p]haps1 a v accid5tal & haphaz>d way ( fitt+ out a c\ntry s t pres5tly x may support human be+s1 nor is x ! only means by :i* b>r5 isl&s become productive2 b x is important z f> z x goes1 & :5 we /udy into ! di/ribution ( plants & animals 9 an ar*ipelago1 we are pretty sure to f9d ^? ( ! same sort ^u isl&s t lie 9 ! same curr5t--ev5 to ! human inhabitants4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,build+ ,,& ,,rigg+ ,,( ,,%ips ,z late z #ahfa an explor+ %ip 0 visit$ by natives ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 rid+ simple r\gh logs4 ,to smoo? & %>p5 ! log's end & !n to holl[ x out has be5 ?\ght to be ! fir/ /ep tak5 by primitive man 9 8 progress t[>d a boat2 b ,i ?9k ! dug\t probably came lat]1 or at any rate no e>li]1 ?an ! fold+ ( b>k into a tr\gh & ty+ up ! ends1 z "s savages are /ill cont5t to d4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e mat]ials 7 favorable1 ?is g]m develop$ into ! v highe/ type ( canoe--! ,algonk9 bir*-b>k4 ,x may h be5 an attempt to imitate ! b>k canoe 9 a m durable =m :i* l$ to ! labori\s holl[+ ( dug\ts2 b "h aga91 9 regions :]e suitable trees grew1 ! art develop$ s highly z to produce ! great sea-boats ( ! ,papuans & our ,nor?we/ ,coa/ ,indians1 c>v$ f a s+le log1 yet able to c>ry sixty or m p]sons & _! luggage4 ,su* boats z ^!1 :5 provid$ ) sails1 are practically 8%ips10 & satisfy e ne$ ( _! own]s4 ,ano!r root ( naval ar*itecture lies 9 ! raft1 :i* long ago rea*$ a high degree ( usefulness 9 ! sea-go+ balsa ( we/]n ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is probable t ! ,s\? ,sea catam>an is a clev] outgr[? ( exp]i5ce ) a raft4 ,9 ,polynesia x took ! =m ( two great canoes1 exactly equal1 fa/5$ close toge!r & cov]$ by a s+le c5tral deck2 & su* are ! seawor?9ess & spe$ ( ^! d\ble boats1 t ! ,polynesians voyage hundr$s ( miles 9 !m4 ,simil> 9 purpose--namely1 to insure /ability--are ! v>i\s outrigg]s t at once *>act]ize & di/+ui% among !mselves ! native craft ( ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,?is device consi/s ( a beam ( ! lighte/ obta9able wood1 usually ab\t half z long z ! canoe1 :i* re/s ^u ! wat] p>allel to & a few feet away f ! side ( ! boat1 & is connect$ ) its gunwale by ela/ic rods or planks4 ,sometimes ^! are cov]$1 or p>tly cov]$1 by a light plat=m1 & !re are _m v>iations 9 =m2 b ! idea 9 all cases is to keep ! boat f ov]turn+4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w logs c\ld be obta9$ l>ge en\gh only = a n>r[ bottom or holl[$ keel1 & ! rema9d] ( ! boat 0 built up ( planks & pieces +5i\sly pegg$ & knit toge!r ) tre5ails1 ratan1 & cords made ( vegetable fib]s t tight5$ :5 wet4 ,! ,madras surf-boats are a famili> example 9 civiliz$ wat]s ( boats made 9 ?is way :i* h great ela/icity1 & out ( !m h develop$1 )\t mu* *ange1 ! swift proas ( ! ,malays1 & ! junks ( ,*9a1 ,korea1 & ,japan4 ,"o device = /it*+ ^! boats firmly toge!r 0 ! leav+ ( ridges on ! inn] side ( ! planks or pieces1 ?r\gh holes 9 :i* !y c\ld be ti$ to ea* o!r & to ! inn] framework )\t mak+ a hole rea*+ ! outside4 ,?is sy/em seems to h be5 e>li] ?an ! use ( tre5ails4 ,illu/ration3 ,,proa1 ,,) ,,outrigg]4 ,( simil> con/ruction1 app>5tly1 7 ! boats ( ! ,egyptians & o!r peoples ab\t ! ea/]n end ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,r$ ,sea1 :i*1 z f> back z ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 at lea/1 _h rea*$ ! size & capabilities ( true %ips1 mak+1 z we %all pres5tly see1 ext5sive sea voyages4 ,pictures ( !m rema9 9 ! v anci5t tombs1 & %[ t ! plank+ consi/$ ( pieces ab\t ?ree feet squ>e1 :i* 7 laid on ov]lapp+1 l %+les on a ro(1 & fa/5$ to ! framework by wood5 tre5ails4 ,! ,ph5icians1 & _! pupils ! ,greeks & ,romans1 improv$ on ^! me?ods 9 v>i\s ways1 at la/ sub/itut+ iron1 copp]1 & bronze nails or bolts 7:i* w\ld n ru/7 = ! wood5 pegs ( _! ance/ors4 ,all ( ^! boats & ^? ( all we/]n ,europe 7( :i* ! be/ outside ! ,m$it]ranean 7 ! vik+s' %ips7 diff]$ 9 "o ess5tial po9t ( con/ruction f ,ori5tal %ips3 in/ead ( mak+ ! %ell ( ! vessel1 & fitt+ into x a framework ( connect$ braces1 z ! ,malays & ,polynesians did 7& yet d71 !y laid a keel1 b5d+ x up or sett+ into x /em- & /]n-po/s at ! ends1 & ins]t$ along its sides curv+ upright timb]s1 well /yl$ 8ribs10 :i* swell$ out amid%ips1 & n>r[$ 9 =w>d & aft1 mak+ a skeleton ( ! %ape ! hull 0 int5d$ to be4 ,f9ally1 ov] & ^u ?is well-brac$ framework 7 securely fa/5$ ! planks1 :i* 7 n>r[ & ran l5g?wise 9 e case except t ( ! anci5t ,nile boats4 ,! ,sc&9avian vik+s develop$ a craft ( _! own1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! anci5t %ips2 & to ^! nor!rn craftsm5 is traceable ! pr9cipal influ5ce t has %ap$ ,briti% 7& consequ5tly ,am]ican7 %ip-build+ & seaman%ip4 ,?is e>ly ,sc&9avian boat 0 always made ( oak1 %>p at bo? ends1 & r %all[1 ! g5]al =m be+ mu* l t ( a mod]n :aleboat1 ) a great r\nd+ keel--if1 inde$1 ?is wond]ful sea-craft may n be a l9eal desc5dant ( ! vik+ %ip4 ,! hewn planks 7 atta*$ to ! keel & to ! ribs 7usually s+le1 naturally b5t ,v-%ap$ prongs ( oak7 9 a mo/ +5i\s & s]viceable mann]1 & !y 7 always ov]lapp+ or cl9k] 7i4 e41 cl5*]7 built4 ,sev]al ( ^! & o!r prehi/oric boats h be5 f\nd buri$ 9 peat-moss & 9 m\nds 9 ,g]many1 ,d5m>k1 & ,sc&9avia1 & h be5 describ$ by v>i\s writ]s4 ,! motive p[] ( all ! e>ly boats 0 f\nd 9 human arms1 wield+ paddles or o>s4 ,x is said t ! olde/ =ms ( paddles ( :i* we h any record among ! ,egyptian or ,assyrian hi]oglyphs %[ !m to h be5 %ap$ some:at l ! arm & h&1 & t simil> paddles 7 to be se5 a few decades ago on ! canals 9 ,holl&4 ,?is is natural1 because und\bt$ly ! fir/ paddle ev] us$ 0 ! nak$ h&4 ,%ort paddles 7 soon f\nd less p[]ful ?an long ones2 b 9 ord] to "w ! latt] x 0 necess>y to brace !m aga9/ some?+ 9 ! middle4 ,not*es 7 !re=e cut 9 ! edge ( ! boat1 or ?ole-p9s 7 ins]t$1 ! paddle became an o>1 & by & by boatm5 le>n$ ! art ( fea!r+1 & s =?4 ,/e]+ c\ld be done ( old1 z n[1 ) a turn ( ! re>mo/ paddle 9 a canoe1 & z canoes enl>g$1 ! /e]+-paddle 0 l5g!n$4 ,z ! /]ns ( ! anci5t boats 7 usually ei!r %>p1 l ! pr[s1 or else built up into an ornam5tal height1 ! mo/ conv5i5t place = ! /e]+-o> 0 ov] ! "r side1 :]e x 0 balanc$ 9 a loop ( cable1 or o!rwise1 z close to ! aft] end ( ! boat z practicable1 & !n a cross-piece ext5d$ inbo>d f ! h&le1 enabl+ ! /e]sman to move x m easily by giv+ him ! b5efit ( lev]age4 ,su* 0 ! arrangem5t ( /e]+-ge> 9 all ! anci5t ,m$it]ranean boats1 & x is to a simil> arrangem5t 9 ! sea-go+ craft ( our nor!rn ance/ors t we owe our words /]n & />bo>d1 :i* orig9ally meant 8/e]+-place0 & 8/e]+-side40 ,! mod]n rudd] is sub/antially ! same o>1 set upright1 till] & all1 & h+$ to ! /]n-po/2 9 fact1 ! ^w has desc5d$ f ! old ,teutonic "n = 8o>10 & all gradations betwe5 /e]+-o> & true rudd] may /ill be f\nd4 ,?\gh "s romantic /ories are told by ! old my?ologi/s z to its orig91 ! idea ( rigg+ 0 z natural & practical 9 its developm5t z t ( hull or /e]+-ge>4 ,t a /rong breeze moves a canoe1 & t1 if a man 9 a canoe holds 8 robe out/ret*$ or a ?ick bu% upright1 ! =ce w s5d him along )\t ! labor ( paddl+1 & l5g?wise r ?an sidewise1 because t is ! direction ( lea/ resi/ance1 7 facts quickly & gratefully seiz$ ^u by ! e>lie/ boatm54 ,to h a sk9 ready = ! purpose1 & to set up a pole & ropes to hold x 9 position1 7 easy matt]s2 yet 9 ?is simple arrangem5t y h ! fir/ sail4 ,b sk9s 7 too heavy & valuable = su* a purpose1 except 9 su* limit$ circum/ances z ^? ( ! ,arctic ,eskimos4 ,p]sons :o sp5t mu* "t on ! wat]1 !re=e1 l ! mo/ anci5t ,egyptians & ! isl&]s ( ! ,*9ese & ,s\? seas1 soon devis$ a way ( weav+ ru%es or spl9ts ( bamboo into broad mats1 & ?us 7 able1 on acc\nt ( _! lightness1 to c>ry mu* l>g] & m effective sails1 :i* 7 kept out/ret*$ by "o or m cross-poles or sp>s1 & c\ld be tak5 d[n quickly4 ,_m su* sails are 9 use to ?is day n only among ,asiatic & ,african boatm51 b on ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ,canada4 ,a f9e example hangs above my desk z ,i write4 ,) ! discov]y ( h[ to make clo? & cordage ( wool51 silk51 hemp51 & cotton fib]s 7& 9 ,egypt ( papyrus71 came a /ill bett] mat]ial = ropes & sails1 s9ce clo? 0 s mu* light] t a f> great] ext5t ( x c\ld be spread ?an be=e2 its flexibility enabl$ x to be h&l$1 *ang$1 & roll$ up snugly1 & its *eapness enc\rag$ its use & ! practice ( navigation g5]ally4 ,we read ( silk5 sails on ! royal b>ges ( m$ieval times1 b !y c\ld h>dly h exce$$ 9 /r5g? or elegance ^? ( ! f9e ,ph5ician %ips t c>ri$ ! comm]ce ( ! _w tw5ty-five c5turies ago4 8,f9e l95 ) broid]$ "w f ,egypt 0 t :i* ?\ spreade/ =? to be ?y sail10 exclaims ! sacr$ *ronicl] 7,ezekiel xxvii4 #g74 ,hemp5 clo?1 inde$1 0 pref]r$ = sails until ! pres5t c5tury1 z is express$ 9 our ^w canvas1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 "n ( flax2 b n[ cotton has ma9ly sup]s$$ x4 ,anci5tly ! sails 7 (t5 color$1 purple or v]milion be+ ! badge ( a mon>* or an admiral4 ,black d5ot$ m\rn+4 8,9 "s cases ! topsail seems to h be5 color$1 :ile ! sail bel[ 0 pla92 & frequ5tly a pat*work ( colors 0 produc$ by us+ diff]5t /uffs40 ,v>i\s inscriptions & devices 7 also wov5 or pa9t$ on ! sails1 sometimes 9 gold4 ,! ,v5etians & ,greeks d ! same to ?is day1 add+ a gaudy feature to ! lovely ,levant9e sea-sc5]y2 & ! sails ( ! ,nor? ,sea fi%]m5 are turn$ to a ri* r$ & yell[ by ! tann+ mixture 9 :i* !y soak _! canvas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,reef+ ,a ,,topsail ,,9 ,a ,,/orm4 ,z = ! %ape1 all rigs seem r$ucible to two types--! late5 & ! squ>e4 ,! =m] is *>act]i/ic ( ! ea/]n half ( ! _w1 ! latt] ( ! we/]n half1 includ+ primitive ,am]ica1 :]e1 s f> z ,i "k1 only pla91 rectangul> sails 7 ev] made by ! ,indians4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,hong-,,kong 8,,pull-,,away0 ,,boat4 ,%[+ me?od ( hoi/+ & reef+ matt+ sails4 ,!re mu/ be "s good reason = a broad division l ?is1 & x is f\nd 9 ! diff]5t conditions :i* ea/]n & we/]n seam5 _h to meet4 ,! late5 seems to h orig9at$ 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 is se5 :]ev] ,arabs are1 & has be5 tak5 ea/w>d by ! ,malays z f> into ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s z _! influ5ce ext5d$4 ,x is a huge1 triangul> canvas ext5d$ at a /eep angle by a long1 flexible y>d balanc$ across ! ma/ to :i* x is loosely hung1 & controll$ by a %eet atta*$ to ! free corn]4 ,x is ?us v l(ty1 & !re=e suitable to a region ( /eady & usually light w9ds4 ,?is is ! *>act]i/ic rig ( ! ,arab dh[--a model t has come d[n f remote antiquity & is capable ( excell5t s]vice on ! nor!rn & ea/]n coa/s ( ,africa1 :]e x prevails4 ,x 0 probably 9 a small vessel ( ?is k9d t ! ,apo/le ,paul suff]$ %ipwreck2 & an outgr[? & p]fection ( x is ! dahabiyeh ( ! ,nile1 n[ become fam\s z a t\ri/s' pleasure-boat1 ^: imm5sely l(ty sail is precisely adapt$ to cat* e fa9t brea? t comes across ! riv] f ! des]ts4 ,su* sails are spread l ! great po9t$ w+s ( an albatross ov] ! n>r[ decks ( ! ,malayan 8fly+ proas0 & o!r swift ,s\? ,sea craft1 & urge ^u _! fleet err&s ! xebecs1 saics1 feluccas1 & o!r light craft ( ! ,levant & ,b>b>y coa/s1 id5tifi$ ) =m] piracy & mod]n smuggl+1 z well z ) fi%+ & freight+4 ,"s ( ^! boats h two or ?ree ma/s1 ! xebec & felucca be+ notable because ( ! curi\s =w>d rake ( ! =ema/2 & 9 t extremely picturesque ,portuguese fi%+-boat call$ ! muleta !re are1 9 addition to ! big late51 a huge free second sail balloon+ out to leew>d f ! tip ( ! y>d1 & a ho/ ( little fly+ jibs =w>d1 :i* somebody has well lik5$ to a flock ( birds hov]+ ab\t ! pr[4 ,good examples ( late5-rigg$ boats may be se5 9 ,l\isiana1 built & mann$ by ! ,greek1 ,maltese1 & ,sicilian fi%]m54 ,! difficulty ( h&l+ 9 r\gh or squally wea!r ?is long y>d & expansive canvas makes x unsuitable = su* wea!r z prevails 9 ! we/]n ,m$it]ranean or on ! ,atlantic2 & to meet ^! /ormy & frequ5tly *ang+ conditions1 & obta9 a rig ) :i* !y c\ld beat to w9dw>d1 ! e>lie/ r\gh-wat] seam5 devis$ squ>e sails4 ,:at ! rig ( ! anci5t f>-voyag+ ,ph5ician %ips 0 we h no means ( kn[+1 b ! indications are t !y c>ri$ lug sails1 :i* appe> to be ! simple/ & e>lie/ ( ! 8squ>e0 =ms2 t is1 sails susp5d$ f %ort cross-y>ds1 & controll$ by ropes 7%eets7 atta*$ to _! l[] corn]s4 ,su* at lea/ 7 ! sails ( ! ,roman & ,greek m]*ant & w> vessels ( ! classical era1 & !y p]si/ to-day 9 ! local fi%+-smacks ( ! /ormy ,adriatic4 ,! true home ( ! squ>e-sail$ craft1 h[ev]1 0 nor!rn ,europe1 :]e ! ,norwegian1 ,dut*1 & ,norman coa/]s & fi%]m5 ( to-day probably repres5t fairly well ! rigs ( ! bold vik+ boats ( twelve or fifte5 c5turies ago4 ,( ! sl[ developm5t ( %ip-build+ dur+ ! middle ages we h little in=mation1 b 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury we beg9 to he> ( a revival 9 ! art1 z1 inde$1 0 ne$ful :5 ! long voyages 7 to be und]tak5 :i* ! discov]y ( ! m>9]'s compass _h !n r5d]$ possible4 ,9 ?is revival ! ,v5etians & ,g5oese took ! lead1 b ! ,engli% 7 n f> beh9d4 ,!re 0 a l>ge v>iety ( vessels 9 t day1 rude ?\gh !y 71 & call$ by names we %\ld h>dly recognize4 ,?\gh ! hulls ( ^! vessels 7 l>ge & tight1 _! %ape 0 poorly adapt$ = spe$ or = safety 9 bad wea!r4 ,_! decks 7 built up into imm5sely high /ructures at ! /]n & b[s1 aft] ! old galley model1 & to =m =ts = soldi]s4 ,our ^w 8=eca/le0 rem9ds u ( ?is old usage4 ,_! ma/s 7 s+le /icks1--n divid$ into topma/s1--& h5ce1 necess>ily1 7 ?ick & heavy2 & !y bore ^u _! summits l>ge 8top-ca/les0 :]e m>9es /ood 9 battle to %oot d[n ^u ! enemy's decks4 ,?is weight above1 ) ! height ( surface expos$ to ! w9d & ! clumsy rigg+1 made x impossible = !m to sail safely except ) a fair & g5tle w9d 7!y nev] attempt$ x o!rwise71 & !y 7 requir$ to c>ry an enorm\s quantity ( balla/4 ,!re 0 s little room = any?+ except armam5t1 sleep+-b]?s1 & a cook+-room 9 ! w>-%ips t e w> fleet _h to take ) x small vessels c>ry+ provisions2 & ! case 0 little bett] 9 respect to m]*ant vessels4 ,! %ips 9 :i* ,vasco da ,gama1 ,columbus1 ! ,cabots1 & o!r explor]s did _! m>vel\s "w 7 no bett] ?an ?is4 ,/rangely ineffici5t !y seem to u1 & we wond] t "s ( ! simple/ contrivances 9 rigg+ 7 n adopt$ c5turies be=e !y came into use until we rememb] t x 0 n = long1 spe$y voyages t vessels 7 int5d$ previ\s to ! sixte5? c5tury 7) c]ta9 exceptions 9 nor!rn seas71 b simply z a means ( c>ry+ sl[ly f "o coa/-port to ano!r a great numb] ( m5 or huge c>goes4 ,h[ev]1 z ! kn[n _w wid5$ & trade grew1 inv5tions by private %ip-own]s cont9ually improv$ ! rigg+1 ?\gh x w\ld be h>d to f9d a class ( m5 sl[] to *ange old ways = new ?an ! seam54 ,columbus's 8c>avel0 _h f\r %ort ma/s1 ! =w>d "o hav+ a squ>e lug-sail & ! ?ree aft] ma/s late5s4 ,x 0 v gradually1 inde$1 t late5s 7 giv5 up1 & mo/ curi\s comb9ations ( sails 7 to be se5 9 ?is transition p]iod ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,! old-fa%ion$ ,m$it]ranean b>ca1 = example1 _h z =ema/ ! =w>d-rak+ 8tr9*etto0 ( ! felucca1 ) a huge late51 :ile ! ma9ma/ bore ?ree squ>e sails & ! mizz5 two lugs2 & 9 addition to ?is two banks ( o>s 7 provid$6 ,9 fact1 x 0 n until #ahjj t ,engli% frigates sub/itut$ a spank] = ! late5-rigg$ mizz54 ,ano!r curiosity ( rigg+ possess$ by ^! solidly built1 beautifully c>v$ vessels 7no su* ext]ior decoration has be5 se5 s9ce z adorn$ ! %ips ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies7 0 ! qua9t little spritsail-topma/4 ,by ?is "t ! s+le heavy pole-ma/ _h be5 sup]s$$ by ! ?ree built-up ma/s & topma/s1 brac$ by /ays1 made accessible by rope ladd]s 7%r\ds71 & c>ry+ sev]al ti]s ( topsails in/ead ( only "o4 ,a b[sprit _h be5 add$1 also1 & ?is became almo/ a f\r? ma/1 s load$ 7 x & its /ays ) v>i\s small sails4 ,its out] end bore ?is m9iature spritsail-ma/1 ) topma/1 %r\ds1 & t9y sails all complete1 surm\nt$ by a pole-head1 or jack-/aff1 ^u :i* 0 hoi/$ ! flag s9ce kn[n z ! jack1 & always n[ c>ri$ at ! pr[ ( any national boat or %ip1 ev5 su* z ! %apeless monitors4 ,b gradually1 out ( ! exp]i5ce ( long voyages1 ! competition ( m]*ants1 & z an effect ( improv$ gunn]y & consequ5t *anges 9 naval tactics1 ! l(ty deck-/ructures1 great tops1 ne$less outworks1 & odd sails1 l ?is spritsail1 7 got rid (1 & vessels 7 trimm$ d[n & equaliz$ until !y became1 z n[1 8%ip-%ape1 ,bri/ol-fa%ion40 ,! rigg+ ( mod]n sail+-vessels is divid$ into 8/&+0 & 8runn+02 ! =m] includes ! ma/s1 _! /ays1 n[ g5]ally made ( wire1 & su* o!r rope-"w z is n adju/able4 ,! sails1 also1 may be assign$ to two classes3 fir/1 ^? atta*$ to a ma/1 ) or )\t boom & gaff1 or to a /ay1 :i* are call$ =e-&-aft sails because !y may be rang$ l5g?wise ( ! %ip2 &1 second1 ^? susp5d$ by _! upp] & l[] edges to or betwe5 sp>s or 8y>ds0 swung across ! ma/1 & kn[n z 8squ>e0 sails1 ! l[]mo/ ( :i* are really lugs4 ,all ! v>iations ( %ape se5 9 ,am]ica1 except ! r>e & local late5s1 c be c\nt$ 9 "o or ! o!r ( ^! classes4 ,! /yles ( rig visible 9 ,am]ican wat]s are n _m1 & are easily le>n$4 ,let u beg9 ) ! simple/--t hav+ "o ma/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,c>avels4 ,copi$ f old manuscripts & tape/ries4 ,! cat-boat 7i4 e41 cat-rigg$ boat7 is "o hav+ a simple pole-ma/ /epp$ v ne> ! b[1 & a =e-&-aft sail lac$ to a gaff & boom & manag$ by a %eet4 ,?is is ! rig ( ! ord9>y ,am]ican sail-boat1 :i* is not$ = its ability 9 po9t+ up into ! w9d4 ,9 ,engl& x is kn[n z a una-boat4 ,sometimes ! peak ( ! sail is su/a9$ by a little loose sp> call$ a 8sprit10 in/ead ( a gaff4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,ya*t+ w be f\nd fur!r illu/rations ( ^! small rigs4 ,a sloop has "o ma/ 7) topma/7 set well back f ! /em1 & a b[sprit4 ,! sloop-rig consi/s ( a =e-&-aft ma9sail1 spread by means ( a boom & gaff1 a gaff-topsail1 a =e/aysail1 & "o or m jibs4 ,a cutt] is n[ sub/antially ! same ?+1 ?\gh =m]ly some:at di/+ui%$4 ,bo? are d]iv$1 probably1 f ! nor!rn lugg]1 & old-"t pictures %[ que] int]m$iate =ms1 (t5 hav+ a squ>e topsail in/ead ( a gaff4 ,?us ! e>li] ( ! ,hudson ,riv] sloops1 :i* 7 n only ! freight-c>ri]s b ! packet-boats betwe5 ,new ,york & ,albany f ! "t ! ,dut* introduc$ !m until /eamboats took _! place1 _h ! top ( ! ma9sail support$1 lug-fa%ion1 by a %ort y>d1 & c>ri$ above t a squ>e topsail2 b ?is rig 0 /eadily modifi$ t[>d ! mod]n type to make x fa/] & saf] 9 ! sudd5 squalls t beset ?is hill-girt riv]4 ,( two-ma/$ rigs1 ! olde/ is ! brig1 :i* has squ>e sails on bo? ma/s1 j l ! ma9 & mizz5 ma/s ( a full-rigg$ %ip4 ,!n !re is ! brigant9e1 a slight modification ( ! brig1 & ! h]maphrodite brig1 or brig-s*oon]1 ) =e-&-aft sails on ! aft] ma/4 ,?is k9d ( vessel has be5 greatly modifi$ 7"o ( its mo/ extraord9>y =ms 0 ! ket*71 is less common n[ ?an =m]ly1 & took its "n1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! same s\rce z 8brig&10 f ! fact t x 0 ! mo/ common rig ( ! pirates ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,its place 0 l>gely tak5 = small vessels by a purely ,am]ican inv5tion1 & "o ( ! greate/ ( ,yankee notions--! s*oon]4 ,! s*oon] 0 orig9ally small1 & _h two ma/s2 b n[ is (t5 built ( great size1 ) z _m z five or six ma/s1 ea* ( :i* has a =e-&-aft rig--t is1 a sloop's ma9sail & gaff-topsail on e ma/1 ) =e/aysail & sev]al jibs 9 front1 & /aysails betwe54 ,sometimes a squ>e sail is plac$ on ! =etopma/1 :i* makes ! vessel a topsail s*oon]4 ,! fir/ "o 0 built by a ,gl\ce/] sea-capta9 ab\t #ahag1 & prov$ s satisfactory t all ! fi%+-fleet 7 soon rigg$ 9 t way1 :5ce ! idea has spread to all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,until rec5tly1 h[ev]1 vessels l>ge en\gh to h ?ree ma/s 7 always 8squ>e-rigg$10 z b>ks1 b>k5t9es1 or %ips2 =1 al?\gh we h come to speak ( any big vessel z a 8%ip10 yet 9 prop] nautical language a %ip is a vessel rigg$ 9 a p>ticul> way1 & x is no?+ else4 ,9 fact1 9 old5 times !y 7 sometimes v small--too small to be economical1 z we n[ "k4 ,! 8,naval ,*ronicle0 = #ahjg conta9$ an acc\nt ( a full-rigg$ %ip ( only ?irty-six tons' burd51 :i* = "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s previ\s to t date _h be5 cruis+ ab\t ! ,engli% coa/1 & may be do+ s yet1 = aught ,i "k4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,fiji ,,isl& ,,out-,,rigg$ ,,canoe1 ,,approa*+ ,a ,,full-,,rigg$ ,,%ip ,,hove-,,to4 ,ma/s h _! prop] names3 ! talle/ is 9 ! middle ( ! vessel1 & is call$ ! ma9ma/2 ! next talle/ /&s 9 front ( x1 & is ! =ema/2 & ! ?ird is 9 ! /]n1 & is nam$ mizz5ma/1 because x c>ries ! mizz5 7sail74 ,all ! rigg+1 except t belong+ to ! b[sprit1 is repeat$ = ea* ma/1 & ea* piece is nam$ ) ref]5ce to ! ma/ or "p ( ! ma/ or appropriate sail to :i* x belongs3 z1 = example1 ma9 %r\ds1 =e %r\ds1 mizz5 %r\ds1 mizz5-royal1 ma9topsail y>d1 =etopma/ /udd+sail d[nhaul1 & s on4 ,9 a prop] full-rigg$ %ip all ! sails ^u ! ma/s1 except ! spank]1 are squ>e1 & are nam$ f ! sections ( ! ma/ opposite :i* !y hang4 ,c\nt+ f ! deck to ! truck1 or tiptop ( ! ma/1 !y are z foll[s3 on ! ma9ma/1 ma9sail or ma9c\rse1 ma9topsail1 ma9topgallant-sail1 ma9royal1 & skysail2 on ! =ema/1 =esail or =ec\rse1 =etopsail1 =etopgallant1 =]oyal1 & skysail2 on ! mizz5ma/1 cross-jack 7& beh9d x ! spank]1 mizz51 or driv]71 mizz5topsail1 mizz5topgallant1 mizz5-royal1 & skysail4 ,! b[sprit sails are ! =e/aysail1 =etopma/ /aysail1 jib1 fly+ jib1 & out] jib1 or jib/aysail4 ,ea* ( ! /ays runn+ diagonally f ma/ to ma/ be>s a triangul> sail kn[n by ! "n ( ! p>ticul> /ay on :i* x hangs1 z ma9topma/ /aysail1 & s on--n9e 9 all4 ,9 addition to all ?is1 a little sail is sometimes set above ! skysail1 & ano!r "u ! b[sprit1 :ile out beyond ! ends ( ! y>ds are (t5 ext5d$ light additional sp>s c>ry+ /udd+sails4 ,9 favorable wea!r1 :5 ! capta9 wi%es to 8cr[d all on10 z sometimes c be done = days & weeks toge!r be=e ! trades1 almo/ =ty sails may be spread1 & ! %ip moves gr&ly along "u a sway+ cl\d ( canvas t rea*es f> beyond h] rails on ea* side1 & t[]s m ?an "o hundr$ feet into ! /eady air4 ,b ! co/ ( build+1 ma9ta9+1 & h&l+ ^! gr& fabrics is s great t !y are /eadily dim9i%+ 9 numb]s1 & p]haps are de/9$ be=e long to disappe> altoge!r f ! seas to :i* !y h l5t s mu* picturesqu5ess & romance4 ,! supremacy ( ! s*oon] seems likely to prove complete4 ,unwill+ to conc$e ev]y?+ at once1 _m vessels are n[ rigg$ ) squ>e sails on ! =ema/ & ma9ma/ & =e-&-aft sails on ! mizz5 7a b>k71 or squ>e sails on ! =ema/ only1 & ! o!rs s*oon]-rigg$ 7a b>k5t9e72 b ev5 ^! are disappe>+ 9 favor ( ! ?ree-ma/$ or f\r-ma/$ s*oon]4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! s*oon] rig w sail clos] to ! w9d & gives z mu* =ce 9 proportion z ! %ip /yle1 :ile x is f> less exp5sive to build1 & m quickly & easily manag$1 n requir+ ne>ly z _m m51 & !re=e be+ *eap] to run z well z to set up4 ,x is = ^! reasons t ,i h call$ x "o ( ! greate/ ( ,yankee notions4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,muleta1 ,,or ,,portuguese ,,late5-,,rigg$ ,,fi%+-,,boat4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,e>ly ,,voyages ,,& ,,explorations ,,"p ,i--,,previ\s ,,to ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,am]ica ,:]ev] x may h be5 t man fir/ appe>$ ^u ! e>?1 ! p]iod mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 incalculably long ago1 = he _h "t to spread to all p>ts ( ! habitable globe long be=e any sort ( record beg9s4 ,little1 if any1 "p ( ! _w has yet be5 f\nd :]e ! evid5ces ( man's resid5ce 9 ! long-=gott5 pa/ d n exi/4 ,s long ago t all tradition ( x is =gott51 & only ! imp]i%able /one implem5ts !y us$ rema9 z traces ( _! pres5ce1 mank9d _h rea*$ & settl$ ! f>!/ nor!rn & ea/]n coa/s ( ,europe & ,asia1 & ! s\!rn extremities ( ,africa & ,india4 ,^! might h be5 rea*$ by l&2 b simil> traces exi/ 9 _m isl&s :i*1 s f> z we c see1 c\ld nev] h be5 connect$ ) ea* o!r or ) any cont95t by l&s n[ subm]g$ 7z p]haps has be5 ! case 9 "s o!r isl&s7 s9ce man orig9at$4 ,su* places1 !n1 c\ld h be5 rea*$ & coloniz$ only by means ( boats1 & t at an exce$+ly remote "t4 ,"s h9t ( :at ^! prehi/oric navigators might h be5 able to d may be ga!r$ f ! p]=mances t we "k ( 9 ! ,s\? ,sea1 :]e almo/ e isl& & coral atoll t c\ld support a colony has app>5tly be5 inhabit$1 s9ce long be=e ev5 tradition beg9s1 al?\gh "s ( !m1 l ! ,hawaiian gr\p1 are sep>at$ f all o!rs by hundr$s ( miles ( op5 sea4 ,x is exce$+ly int]e/+ & sugge/ive to read 9 a "w l ,pr(essor ,fri$ri* ,ratzel's 8,hi/ory ( ,mank9d10 ( ! disp]sion ( population ov] ! isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean1 :]e a mix$ population ( black & yell[ races possess$ !mselves ( ! :ole ( ,oceanica long be=e :ite m5 _h ev5 he>d ( t "p ( ! _w4 ,?is a/\nd+ fact ga9s 9 significance :5 we rememb] t wide tracts ( v deep ocean divide ^! isl&s1 _m ( :i* are s small t !y 7 f\nd by explor+ navigators only ) difficulty4 ,cook & ,bee*ey & o!r e>ly voyag]s note f9d+ ^u c]ta9 isl&s p :o _h come ?i!r 9 _! own boats ov] di/ances ( six or eight hundr$ miles2 & !re are _m in/ances ( ca/aways surviv+ voyages ( "o ?\s& or fifte5 hundr$ miles1 ev5 aga9/ ! trade-w9ds4 ,b ^! involunt>y voyages 7 no long] ?an _m o!rs und]tak5 = w> or trade1 or because ( fam9e or a m]e love ( w&]+4 ,ov]-population ( ! limit$ spaces ( mo/ isl&s & gr\ps l$ to ! colonization ( o!rs2 & x mu/ (t5 h be5 necess>y to g f> away to seek unoccupi$ or ?9ly peopl$ refuges4 ,?is c\ld n h be5 done _h m5 n be5 good %ipwrights1 n only1 b c>eful /ud5ts ( ! heav5s by ^: sun & moon & />s !y /e]$1 aid+ !mselves ) *>ts made ( /icks4 ,! remote/ gr\ps1 l ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s & ,ea/] ,isl&1 7 f\nd & settl$ too long ago ev5 = tradition to reta9 m ?an a fabul\s /ory ab\t x4 8,^! ,vik+s ( ! ,pacific10 says ,ratzel1 8cont9u$ to discov] ev5 small & remote islets4 ,9 ! :ole ( ! ,pacific !re is n "o isl& ( any size ( :i* x 0 left to ,europeans to demon/rate ! habitability40 ,x has ev5 be5 argu$ t ! cont95t ( ,am]ica 0 peopl$ by ,pacific ,isl&]s1 :o made _! way to x f ,polynesia2 b ( ?is !re is no direct evid5ce1 & x seems unlikely1 because ! prevail+ w9ds & curr5ts fl[ f ,s\? ,am]ica1 r ?an t[>d x1 9 ?is "p ( ! ,pacific4 ,b leav+ ^! dim old times :5 b>b>\s m5 voyag$ f> & wide ov] seas1 & races m+l$ t 7 born on opposite sides ( wide wat]s1 let u note :at travel+ our civiliz$ ance/ors did4 ,! evid5ces ( ru9$ walls1 graves1 c>v+s1 & /one tools %[ t t e>lie/ ( civiliz$ races ( :i* we n[ h any k--! ,hittites--7 acqua9t$ n only ) ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 b _h boldly r\nd$ ! headl&s ( ,spa91 skirt$ ! /ormy ,bay ( ,biscay1 & settl$ colonies 9 ,engl& & ,france4 ,:o 7 ^! ,hittites8 ,!y 7 an ,asiatic p1 dwell+ 9 ! ,taurus ,m\nta9s ( ! ea/]n "p ( ,asia ,m9or1 :o increas$ into ! mo/ p[]ful nation ( t "p ( ! _w ab\t two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & c>ri$ on w>s ) ! ,egyptians1 among o!rs1 until at la/ !y 7 ov]come by ! rise ( ! empire ( ,assyria1 nor? ( !m1 ab\t elev5 hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,d\btless !y explor$ ! ,african coa/ some:at s\? ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 & v likely knew ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ! r\te to ,india4 ,my own op9ion is t we are likely to give ! p ( antiquity too little cr$it r ?an too mu* 9 ! direction ( a k ( geography4 ,mean:ile !re 0 ris+ along ! ,m$it]ranean f ,pale/9e nor?w>d ! mo/ able comm]cial race ( antiquity1 :o /yl$ !mselves ,canaanites1 z 9 ! ,bible1 b :om ! ,greeks call$ ,ph5icians1 ! "n by :i* we "k !m be/4 ,_! capitals 7 ! cities ,tyre & ,sidon1 ! ru9s ( :i* are /ill to be se5 on ! ,syrian coa/ a little way s\? ( ,beirut1 & ! weal? & comm]cial p[] ( :i* w give u "s int]e/+ p>agraphs = a future *apt]4 ,suffice x "h to say t _! rul]s 7 =emo/ among ! loosely organiz$ 8nations0 betwe5 ! ,nile & ! ,euphrates1 & t !y ma9ta9$ _! p[] ?r\gh a long p]iod1 n only by _! weal? & ent]prise z trad]s1 b ma9ly ?r\gh _! skill & en]gy z navigators4 ,z we %all see :5 we come to consid] _! comm]ce 9 ,*apt] ,,vii1 !y excell$ 9 ! build+ ( %ips1 9 an und]/&+ ( h[ to /e] long c\rses by ! heav5ly bodies1 & 9 sea k g5]ally4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,ph5icians trad$ 9 _! %ips d[n ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa to & beyond ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 :i* !y also visit$2 made repeat$ voyages to ! ,fr5* coa/ & ! ,briti% ,isl&s2 & may v likely h gone ar\nd into ! ,baltic1 = !y knew ( its amb]1 ?\gh ?is might h be5 obta9$ by ! ov]l& trade r\tes4 ,x is believ$ t !y asc]ta9$ t ,africa 01 9 fact1 a huge isl&2 = x 0 to prove ?is supposition t ,ph>aoh ,ne*o 7or ,naku or ,neku7 ,,ii1 an enlight5$ ,egyptian mon>* :o reign$ 9 ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 hir$ a crew ( ,ph5ician seam5 to man an exp$ition ^: purpose x 0 to circumnavigate ,africa4 ,^! m5 />t$ d[n ! ,r$ ,sea 9 #faa ,b4 ,c41 & 9 #fje ,b4 ,c4 came sail+ home ?r\gh ! ,/rait ( ,gibralt>1 to ! delight ( _! fri5ds & confusion ( a k+dom full ( ,i-told-y-sos4#a ,j tw5ty c5turies elaps$ be=e any "o else repeat$ t feat1 s f> z ,i "k21 & no wond] x 0 =gott54 ,?is same ,ne*o ,,ii did ev5 m = m>itime comm]ce1 = he attempt$ to complete ! canal1 begun long be=e 8 "t1 connect+ ! ,m$it]ranean ) ! ,r$ ,sea1 & seems to h made a passage along :i* b>ges & small boats might be t[$1 :i* rema9$ op5 = _m c5turies1 & 9 "p foll[$ ! l9e n[ cov]$ by ! ,suez ,canal4 ,e>li] ?an t ,d>ius1 ! ,p]sian conqu]or ( ,egypt1 _h dug a navigable canal f ! ,nile to ! ,r$ ,sea2 & ?is %[s t !re mu/ h be5 l>ge traffic 9 bo? seas at t "t to ju/ify su* tasks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,roman ,,bireme4 ,by ?is "t ! p[] & prosp]ity ( ,tyre & ,sidon _h decl9$1 & ,c>?age1 orig9ally a colonial city1 _h become ! mo/ important c5t] ( ,ph5ician influ5ce2 & f ?is port !re sail$ a c5tury lat] 7p]haps ab\t #ejj ,b4 ,c47 an explor+ exp$ition "u a ,c>?ag9ian k+ nam$ ,hanno1 int5d$ to /udy & e/abli% trade ) ! ,we/ ,african coa/4 ,x 0 a l>ge & p[]ful fleet1 said to numb] sixty galleys2 & t wom5 7 tak5 z well z m5 %[s t x 0 int5d$ to =m settlem5ts at suitable po9ts1 z1 inde$1 0 done4 ,! acc\nt ( x has be5 pres]v$ 9 a %ort writ+ call$ ! 8,p]iplus10 by an anci5t b unkn[n ,greek2 & ?is inscription is reg>d$ by mo/ s*ol>s z entirely au!ntic1 s9ce all its details con=m to mod]n k1 ev5 ?\gh x is impossible to id5tify surely ! v>i\s po9ts m5tion$4 ,x tells u t ! t]m9us ( ,hanno's exploration 0 an isl& beyond a gulf call$ ,noti ,cornu1 9 :i* he f\nd a company ( hairy wom51 :om ! int]pret]s call$ gorillas4 ,x 0 9 memory ( ?is t ! manlike apes :i* a few ye>s ago 7 discov]$ on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa receiv$ ! same "n2 b !y are n kn[n any:]e nor? ( ! ,kam]un ,m\nta9s1 :ile ! f>!/ po9t any critic is will+ to believe rea*$ by ,hanno is ! ,bight ( ,b591 "s di/ance nor? ( ! ,kam]uns4 ,x is easy to believe t ! inquir+ ,c>?ag9ians might h he>d ( ^! apes1--or p]haps ( *impanzees1 n[ f\nd z f> nor? z ! ,gambia ,riv]1--& report$ actually see+ !m1 9 ord] to add glory to _! "n4 ,at any rate1 ?is exp$ition increas$ l>gely ! anci5t k ( ! sea 9 t direction2 & navigators n[ knew ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic f ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea to ! ,nor? ,sea2 b !re ! k ( ! _w seems to h re/$ = m ?an a doz5 c5turies1 pr9cipally1 no d\bt1 because !re seem$ no?+ beyond1 ei!r nor? or s\?1 to invite ! m]*ants :o !n1 z ev] s9ce1 h be5 ! pr9cipal promot]s ( discov]y4 ,x is only )9 ! pa/ c5tury t voyages ( discov]y h be5 und]tak5 purely = ! sake ( ! increase ( k4 ,previ\s to t ! object 0 always ei!r milit>y conque/ or ! ext5sion ( trade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ip ,,( ,,ptolemy ,,philopator4 7,ab\t #bdj ,b4 ,c4 ,banks ( o>s & lug-sails47 ,att5tion 0 n[ turn$ to ! ea/]n seas1 ov]l& r\tes to ,india & ev5 to ,*9a hav+ become well kn[n bo? to conqu]+ armies & to m]cantile c>avans4 ,! coa/s ( ,abyss9ia1 ( ,arabia1 ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & ( we/]n ,india 7 settl$ by a semi-civiliz$ p = a ?\s&1 p]haps two ?\s&1 ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 b !y 7 brok5 into _m indep5d5t tribes2 & _! %ips1 if !y _h any1 only crept f "o h>bor to ano!r ne> by1 & nei!r knew nor c>$ :at lay beyond ! f>!r headl&s4 ,z "t w5t on1 h[ev]1 & /rong k+doms arose 9 ,egypt1 ,arabia1 ,syria1 & ,p]sia1 consolidat+ ^! scatt]$ tribes into nations1 x became necess>y to le>n ! sea-r\tes betwe5 m di/ant ports4 ,?us x came ab\t t :ile ! ,ph>aohs /ill fl\ri%$1 ,arabic comm]ce ext5d$ regul>ly along ! coa/ ( ,abyss9ia1 & d\btless z f> s\?w>d z ,zanzib>1 :ile ! ,malays _h probably already rea*$ & coloniz$ ,madagasc>4 ,!re seems no reason to d\bt t ^? rem>kable ru9s 9 /one :i* ! late ,mr4 ,?omas ,b5t has /udi$ at & ne> ,zimbabwe1 9 ,ma%onal&1 ,ea/ ,africa1 are ! "w ( ,arabian gold-m9]s1 made p]haps a ?\s& or m ye>s ago2 & x is pretty c]ta9 t ,arabic seam5 ev5 at t date regul>ly trad$ z f> z ! isl& ( ,madagasc>4 ,! ,p]sian ,gulf has be5 ano!r nurs]y ( a seaf>+ p s9ce long be=e ! record ( hi/ory beg9s2 yet s sl[ 7 !y to le>n ( any?+ outside _! capes1 t x 0 acc\nt$ a wond]ful ?+ :51 9 ! w9t] ( #cbe-d ,b4 ,c41 ,ne>*us1 ! admiral ( ! fleet ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 voyag$ f ! m\? ( ! ,indus to ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,soon aft]w>d1 h[ev]1 "u ! h\se ( ! ,ptolemies1 rul]s ( ,egypt1 fleets sail$ regul>ly betwe5 ,r$ ,sea ports & ,india & ,ceylon4 ,b n[ = _m long c5turies ! b\nd>ies ( ! kn[n _w 7 n to be mu* enl>g$ 7al?\gh me?ods ( navigation 7 improv$ & comm]ce cont9u$ )9 ! limits ( ,roman & ,arabic dom9ion71 = we "k ( ! discov]y ( no new coa/s until we beg9 to he> ( ! do+s ( an indep5d5t & f> nor!rn p1 sc>cely kn[n to ! civiliz$ _w1 & c]ta9ly n reg>d$ z a "p ( x4 ,on ! bleak %ores ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 :]e ! fiords & creek-m\?s ( ,sc&9avia gave %elt] n only f =eign enemies1 b f ea* o!r1 !re _h gr[n up a seaf>+ race ( m51 ( ,go?ic ance/ry1 :o _h settl$ on ! coa/s ( :at are n[ ,norway1 ,sw$51 & ,d5m>k4 ,!y /yl$ !mselves ,norsem51 or m5 ( ! ,nor?1 & did n object to ! title ,vik+s1 or ,fiord-m52 b _! enemies call$ !m pirates1 & ) mu* reason1 = !y ravag$ & rul$ all ! coa/s bo? nor? & s\? ( ! ,baltic1 voyag+ nor?w>d to ! 8l& ( ! midnight sun10 coloniz+ nor!rn ,france 9 ! t5? c5tury1 & tak+ practical possession ( all !y pleas$ ( ! ,briti% ,isles--,irel& & nor!rn ,scotl& 9 p>ticul>4 ,"h ^! ,norsem5 met equally fi]ce foes1 or f\nd cong5ial p>tn]s1 z ! case might be1 9 ! ,scotti% & ,iri% seam5 ( t day1 :o 7 !mselves bold freeboot]s & wide voyag]s2 & :51 9 ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury1 ! ,nor?m5 _h discov]$1 z !y suppos$1 ! ,f>oe ,isl&s & ,icel&1 a little exploration soon %[$ !m t ! ,iri% culdees1 or prie/s ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* plant$ 9 ,irel& by ,/4 ,patrick1 _h be5 !re be=e !m--fir/ 9 #gbe1 accord+ to ! ,iri% *ronicles ( ,dicuilus1 :o seems wor?y ( cr$5ce4 ,inde$1 x is believ$ by "s antiqu>ians t ^! ,iri% sea-w&]]s _h coloniz$ ,icel& at ! same e>ly age2 _h rea*$ ,newf\ndl&1 & regul>ly resort$ to its banks = fi%+ & :al+ 7five hundr$ ye>s be=e ,cabot72 & 7 ev5 acqua9t$ ) ! coa/ ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 :]e traditions ass]t t _! colonies 7 plant$ on :at are n[ ! %ores ( ,virg9ia & ! ,c>ol9as1 :i* !y call$ ,new ,irel&4 ,^! are ent]ta9+ old /ories1 & may h "s tru? 9 !m1 = x seems c]ta9 t ! ,iri% rea*$ ,icel&1 at lea/1 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,icel&ic hi/ory1 h[ev]1 beg9s ) ! visits ( ,norsem5 9 #hej1 foll[$ by o!rs1 :o1 a few ye>s lat]1 took colonies !re & set up an isl& population :i* be=e a c5tury _h elaps$ numb]$ m ?an fifty ?\s& p4 ,!y _h a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 & 7 q indep5d5t ( ! ,k+ ( ,norway 7,h>old ! ,fair-hair$1 great-great-gr&fa!r ( ,william ! ,conqu]or71 f :om ! e>li] coloni/s _h fl$ because ( 8 oppression2 b !y kept up acqua9tance ) ! "m-c\ntry1 & m]*ants & adv5tur]s 7 cont9ually voyag+ betwe5 ,icel& & all ! isl&s & coa/s ( t region1 us+ /an* vessels sometimes "o hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 & em95tly seawor?y2 yet _! only guides 7 ! />s & su* signs z seaf>+ m5 read 9 ! wat] & wea!r ab\t !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,w> ,,exp$ition ,,( ,,! ,,vik+s4 ,x cont9ually happ5$1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 driv5 f> out ( _! c\rses1 9 su* a region ( gales1 curr5ts1 & fogs z is ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,9 "o su* adv5ture1 9 ! ye> #hgf1 a sea-capta9 nam$ ,gunnbjrn ,ulfkragesson 0 driv5 f> to ! we/ ( ,icel&1 & :5 he got back to port told 8 fri5ds t he _h se5 l&4 ,probably he also told !m ,%[+ build1 /e]+-o>1 & rig 7color$ lug-sail71 ( ,sc&9avian explor+ %ips 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 t s f> z he c\ld see !re 0 no?+ b icy m\nta9s1 ( :i* !y already _h en\gh1 = no "o seems to h inve/igat$ ! matt] fur!r until m ?an a c5tury lat]1 :5 a turbul5t vik+ ( ! rebelli\s h\se ( ,erik1 call$ ,erik ! ,r$1 0 bani%$ f ,norway & fl$ to ,icel& ) 8 foll[]s4 ,he 0 soon convict$ !re also ( manslaught] 9 a neighborhood qu>rel1 & aga9 condemn$ to bani%m5t4 ,icel& want$ to get rid ( him & 8 brawl]s1 & ,europe w\ld n let him return4 ,:i!r %\ld he g8 ,!n 8 ?\ghts turn$ t[>d ! /range l& 9 ! we/ t tradition said ,gunnbjrn _h sight$4 ,x is believ$ by ! mo/ c>eful /ud5ts t ,gunnbjrn's 8rocks0 7 volcanic islets1 :i* h n[ disappe>$1 & are repres5t$ only by c]ta9 %oals2 b x w\ld n be incr$ible t he _h caught a glimpse ( ! ,gre5l& coa/ itself4 ,at any rate1 ,erik _h little hesitation 9 />t+ out to r$iscov] !m4 ,:y %\ld he8 ,^? r\gh-rid]s ( ! sea 7 us$ to voyages ( equal l5g?4 ,x is ab\t #bjj miles f ! ,norwegian coa/ at ,b]g5 to ! ,%etl& ,isl&s2 #bjj miles f ! ,%etl&s1 or #bbe f ! ,hebrides1 to ! ,f>oes2 & #bge miles !nce to ! ne>e/ coa/ ( ,icel&1--reckon+ all 9 /raight l9es1 %ort] ?an any %ip c\ld actually foll[4 ,if 8 vik+ boat & vik+ crew c\ld span ^? /ret*es ( sea unguid$1 :at h9d]$ 8 cross+ ! little fur!r space ^: tempe/s _h no t]rors = ?is wild sea-k+8 ,9 t unpossess$ l&1 c\ld he f9d x1 he might be free to riot at 8 w 7b "o _c help ?9k+ !re 0 m 9 ! man ?an t672 & if he c\ld op5 to 8 p a new c\ntry1 :at weal? & p[] might n come ) x to him1 = ! humbl+ ( 8 rivals at ! c\rt ( ,norway4 ,s ,r$ ,erik sail$ away to ! we/ 9 #ihd1 & two ye>s lat] return$ to ,icel& & report$ t he _h met fir/ a f>-ext5d+ icy coa/1 along ^: front he _h sail$ s\?w>d until he c\ld turn to ! we/ & !n nor?w>d1 ?us r\nd+ its n>r[ s\!rn extremity 7,cape ,f>ewell72 & !re he _h f\nd a habitable region1 :i* he call$ ,gre5l&1 9 ord]1 z he said1 to attract settl]s by a pleasant "n4 ,?us ?is wick$ old ,norseman 0 ! fir/ ( ,am]ican 8real-e/ate boom]s40 ,attract$ by 8 /ory1 a b& ( adv5tur]s w5t back ) him 9 #ihf1 & e/abli%$ a settlem5t ne> ! site ( ! pres5t ,dani% t[n ,julian%aab1 j inside ! cape1 on an inlet t !y nam$ ,eriksfiord4 ,among ^! emigrants 0 "o nam$ ,h]julf1 ^: son ,bj>ne#b 0 a m]*ant capta9 :o own$ 8 own %ip1 & 0 !n abs5t 9 ,norway4 ,return+ to ,icel& %ortly aft] ,erik's dep>ture1 he conclud$ at once to foll[ 8 fa!r1 &1 ) a will+ crew & /ill load$ %ip1 set sail = ! we/4 ,b incessant bad wea!r drove !m !y knew n :i!r dur+ _m days4 ,at la/ ! w9d fell1 ! sun %one out1 & !y saw l&2 b its appe>ance did n agree ) ! description ( ,gre5l&1 & kn[+ !y 7 too f> s\?1 ,bj>ne turn$ nor?1 & kept on1 occasionally sight+ ! coa/1 until f9ally he rea*$ ,eriksfiord 9 safety4 ,no "o kn[s :at headl&s he look$ ^u2 b if ! ,icel&ic v]sifi$ *ronicles call$ sagas may be believ$1--& ! wise/ /ud5ts ( hi/ory put fai? 9 !m1--he 0 ! fir/ ,european to see ,am]ica ( :om we h def9ite k4 ,sev]al ye>s pass$ by1 h[ev]1 be=e any "o tri$ to pr(it by ?is accid5t & seek ! l&s t _h be5 se5 s\?w>d4 ,!n ,leif1 ! elde/ son ( old ,r$ ,erik1 resolv$ to d s4 ,he _h talk$ ) ,bj>ne & 8 m5 until he knew all ! details ( _! /ory1 & !n he b\ght ! same good old %ip1 & enli/$ a crew ( ?irty-five m54 ,?is happ5$ 9 ,norway1 :]e ,leif !n 01 & x is said by "s t ! k+ aid$ & au?oriz$ ! exp$ition4 ,at any rate1 aft] a public f>ewell !y sail$ away1 & seem to h gone /raight across ! ocean2 b :e!r !y did ?is1 or sail$ by way ( ,icel& & ,gre5l&1 !y easily f\nd ! unkn[n coa/s ,bj>ne _h describ$1 & l&$ 9 ,hellul&1 ,m>kl&1 & ,v9l&1 9 ! la/ ( :i* !y built huts & sp5t ! w9t] ( ! ye> #ajjj4 ,! id5tification ( ^! places has caus$ mu* discussion4 ,t 8,hellul&0 0 ,newf\ndl& & 8,m>kl&0 ,nova ,scotia seems tol]ably c]ta92 b hi/orians are n agre$ z to :]e t w9t] 0 sp5t 9 8,v9l&10 s call$ 7mean+ 8,w9el&07 because a ,g]man memb] ( ! crew ga!r$ grapes !re1 f :i* w9e c\ld be made4 ,:51 9 #afjb1 ,gosnold discov]$ a fruitful isl& s\? ( ,cape ,cod1 he nam$ x ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d1 believ+ t he _h f\nd ! place4 ,:5 ,leif rea*$ ,gre5l& aga91 ! next spr+1 e "o 0 va/ly int]e/$ 9 8 discov]ies1 & emigrants f ,gre5l&1 ,icel&1 & ev5 f ,europe w5t out to colonize ! new l&s2 b ! attempts1 ?\gh spasmodically cont9u$ = a long "t1 seem nev] to h be5 really successful1 s t no undisput$ trace ( ! pres5ce ( ^! sea-w&]]s on ! ma9l& ( ,nor? ,am]ica is kn[n to exi/4 ,t !y knew ! coa/ fairly well f ,disco ,isl& 7#gj ,n4 lat47 s\?w>d to ,virg9ia1 is g5]ally believ$2 b :]e ,leif ,erikson sp5t t fir/ w9t]1 or :]e ! ,v9l& settlem5t ( subsequ5t times 01 is ?us f> a matt] ( conjecture4 ,"s /ud5ts ( ! sagas place x 9 ,new ,york h>bor1 o!rs 9 ,n>ragansett or ,buzz>d's bay1 ne> ,bo/on1 or 9 ,nova ,scotia4 ,=m]ly ! g5]al belief 0 t ,newport1 ,r4 ,i41 or ! %ore above !re1 0 surely ! site2 b ?is 0 bas$1 fir/1 on ! suppos$ ,european inscriptions on a rock 9 ! ,som]set ,riv]1 at ,dighton1 j above ,fall ,riv]1 :i* 7 9 reality only ,indian m>k+s2 &1 second1 ^u ! 8old r\nd t[]0 at ,newport1 :i* few p]sons n[ believe 0 built prior to ! com+ ( ! ,engli% coloni/s ) ,rog] ,williams4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,e4 ,h4 ,hors=d believ$ t he _h f\nd ! site ( ! pr9cipal ,norse settlem5t ( ! t5? c5tury1 call$ ,norumbega1 at ,wat]t[n1 on ! ,*>les ,riv]1 a few miles we/ ( ,bo/on2 & he made an argum5t f old maps1 etc41 to support 8 ass]tion t ! anci5t riv]-walls1 etc41 !re 7 really ! rema9s ( a t[n2 b hi/orians g5]ally d n atta* any importance to ,pr(essor ,hors=d's !ory4 ,p]haps we %all nev] "k :]e ?is 8,v9l&0 0 t ,leif discov]$1 & :]e ! que5ly ,gudrid dwelt & h] son ,s*norr--! fir/ :ite *ild 9 ,am]ica--0 born2 nor is x ( mu* consequ5ce t we %\ld1 = ! settlem5ts 7 few & transitory4 ,t !y exi/$1 h[ev]1 & t ! %ores ( ,canada & ,new ,engl& 7 occasionally visit$ f ! t5? to ! f\rte5? c5turies by ,norsem51 _c be ga9said4 ,t ! ,gre5l&]s did n all migrate to ! w>m]1 well-timb]$1 & fruitful region 9 ! s\? 0 probably due to ! fact t x 0 s remote f _! k9dr$1 & s op5 to attack by ! native r$ m51 :om !y call$ skrell+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,vik+ ,,galley4 ,ov] ! long b sl[ hi/ory ( ^! ,am]ican settlem5ts ( ! ,nor?m5 we ne$ n l+]4 ,al?\gh ,v9l& seems to h be5 ab&on$ )9 a few decades1 ! ,gre5l& settlem5ts 7 ma9ta9$4 ,a republican gov]nm5t 0 organiz$2 ,*ri/ianity 0 introduc$1 & rema9s ( _! /one *ur*es & ,augu/9ian mona/]ies h be5 id5tifi$4 ,by ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ^! colonies _h completely disappe>$1 worn out 9 ! hopeless /ruggle aga9/ climate & ! savage ,eskimos1 b ext]m9at$1 at la/1 p]haps1 by ! ,black ,dea?--= ! great plague :i* almo/ depopulat$ ,europe 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury seems to h rea*$ ev5 ! desolate %ores ( ,gre5l&1 & to h consum$ ! la/ ( ^! remote p1 caus+ !m to be utt]ly =gott54 ,a m def9ite acc\nt ( pre-,columbian ,nor? ,am]ica ?an t ( ! sagas & o!r traditions ( ! ,v9l&]s1 & "o accept$ z true by ,mr4 ,major ( ! ,engli% ,hakluyt ,society & o!r compet5t geographical critics1 is t ( ! voyages & reports ( ! bro!rs ,nicol & ,antonio ,z5o4 ,^! m5 belong$ to a family di/+ui%$ 9 ,v5ice2 & t[>d ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury !y sep>ately or toge!r made _m voyages 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 go+ f> beyond any previ\s navigators ( :i* !y knew4 ,!y wrote lett]s home conta9+ an acc\nt ( ^!1 b little publication 0 giv5 to !m1 & !y 7 =gott5 until ! revival ( int]e/ 9 geography foll[+ ! e>ly discov]ies ( ,columbus4 ,! docum5ts possess$ by ! ,z5o family 7 !n made ! basis ( a pamphlet by a gr&-nephew recit+ :at 8 ance/or _h done1 long be=e ! "t ( ,columbus4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ 9 x is an acc\nt ( h[1 ab\t #acij1 ,nicol ,z5o fitt$ out a %ip at ! ,f>oes1 w5t ov] to ,gre5l& & !re le>n$ ( an isl& :i* 0 call$ ,e/otil&1 & :i* we "k z ,newf\ndl&4 ,n v f> away to ! s\?we/ ( x1 he says1 0 ! c\ntry ( ,drogeo1 :i* fi%]m5 :om he saw _h visit$4 ,!y claim$ to h 8discov]$0 none ( ^! places1 b spoke ( !m z =m]ly well kn[n1 al?\gh !n little frequ5t$ by ,europeans4 ,z to ,drogeo1--:i* he speaks ( z if x 7 ! ma9l&1--t 0 /ill occasionally resort$ to = fi%+2 & he relates ! adv5tures ( a :ite man :o _h be5 captur$ by ! ma9l& savages a few ye>s previ\sly1 & adopt$ by !m on acc\nt ( 8 k ( h[ to fi% ) a net1 & to d o!r useful ?+s4 ,su* a c\rse w\ld be v *>act]i/ic ( ! aborig9es ( ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 z we h s9ce le>n$ to "k2 & x is also natural t he %\ld h be5 f\ght = by rival *iefs1 z ,z5o says happ5$ to ?is man1 :o1 by capture & ex*ange1 or ( 8 own motion1 travel$ ab\t & saw mu* ( ! p ( ?is 8c\ntry0 ,drogeo4 ,at any rate1 ! in=mation giv5 by ,z5o tallies rem>kably well ) ! tru? ab\t primitive ,nor? ,am]ica & its inhabitants4 8,!y h no k9d ( metal10 report$ ?is w&]+ refugee1 :o f9ally drift$ back to ! coa/1 & 0 able to make 8 escape to a fi%+-boat4 ,n[ ! "o really rem>kable & di/9ctive fact ab\t ! ,nor? ,am]icans 0 j ?is1--t ) a consid]able advance 9 o!r directions1 !y _h nev] le>n$ to fuse & =ge or o!rwise utilize iron or o!r metals1 save a little metallic copp] & silv] 9 ! ,great ,lakes region4 ,b li/5 to ! re/ ( 8 brief report3 ,!y live by hunt+1 & c>ry lances ( wood %>p5$ at ! po9t4 ,!y h b[s1 ! /r+s ( :i* are made ( bea/s' sk9s4 ,!y are v fi]ce1 & h deadly fights among/ ea* o!r1 & eat "o ano!r's fle% z 0 true1 to a limit$ c]emonial ext5t1 aft] battles4 ,!y h *iefta9s & c]ta9 laws among !mselves1 b diff]+ 9 ! diff]5t tribes4 ,! f>!r y g s\?we/w>d1 h[ev]1 ! m ref9em5t y meet )1 because ! climate is m temp]ate1 &1 accord+ly1 !re i4 e41 9 ,mexico !y h cities & temples d$icat$ to _! idols1 9 :i* !y sacrifice m5 & aft]w>ds eat !m4 ,9 ^? p>ts !y h "s k ( gold & silv]4 ,n[1 :e!r all ?is 0 ! obs]vation ( a s+le rude sailor1 or1 z is m likely1 summ>izes :at ,z5o 0 able to le>n f all s\rces at 8 comm& reg>d+ ! new we/]n ma9l& & its p1 x is correct & =cible4 ,_h "y ,nicol ! editor1 a c5tury aft]w>d1 tri$ to inv5t some?+ ( ! k9d1 he w\ld surely h made 8 inv5tion m>vel\s1 = t 0 an age ( fable & bomba/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is is a simple & accurate /atem5t ( :at we n[ "k 7 ! facts4 ,nor did he h any means ( kn[+ any?+ m ( ! case ?an 8 family ar*ives reveal$1 s9ce he wrote & publi%$ ?is acc\nt ( 8 uncle's voyages only a few ye>s aft] ! fir/ return ( ,columbus1 & be=e any writ] _h visit$ ! nor!rn ,am]ican coa/s1 or _h le>n$ ! habits ( ! natives4 ,i c b believe1 !re=e1 t ! report 0 made 9 good fai?1 & records simply :at ! ,z5i did & saw & he>d2 & t ^! bold ,v5etian navigators knew m ab\t ,nor? ,am]ica1 at lea/1 be=e ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ?an ,columbus _h le>n$ by ! end ( ! fifte5?4 ,i h run ahead ( my /ory1 b ,i want$ to %[ h[ little impression ^! nor!rn inve/igations & occupation ( a new cont95t _h made ^u ! ,m$it]ranean 8_w10 :i* seems r>ely to h he>d ( !m1 mu* less to h pr(it$ by ! in=mation1 = m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s1 9 spite ( ! fact t !re 0 con/ant communication betwe5 ! ,normans & ,briti%1 at lea/1 & ! ,m$it]ranean peoples4 ,let u n[ g back to ^? s\!rn c\ntries & see :at !y _h be5 do+ t[>d m>itime exploration dur+ ^! ?\s& ye>s & m :5 ! ,sc&9avians 7 s busy 9 ! nor?4 ,x 0 pr9cipally p]fect+ ! k ( ! _w _! fa!rs knew4 ,f ! v fir/ m5 _h tri$ to make maps1 & succe$$ fairly well = small spaces2 b to make a map ( ! :ole _w 0 a task t defi$ human k = _m c5turies4 ,aft] ,ari/otle's "t all m5 ( education und]/ood t ! _w 0 a sph]e2 & ab\t #aej ,b4 ,c4 ,hipp>*us1 borr[+ an idea f ! ,babylonians1 taught ! ,greeks t ! way to place _! t[ns & m\nta9s & riv]s & ! outl9es ( ! coa/ correctly ^u a model ( ! _w1 0 to det]m9e _! position by obs]vations ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,?us ! ideas ( latitude & longitude orig9at$4 ,he c\ld n apply 8 me?od practically v f>1 because !re 7 few or no accurate a/ronomical obs]vations away f a few cities 9 ,egypt & ,greece2 b two hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat] ,ptolemy1 a le>n$ ma!matician ( ,alex&ria1 ga!r$ all ! facts obta9able1 & made an attempt :i* bore a rude resemblance to ! tru? & s]v$ z ! be/ & almo/ ! only acc\nt ( ! _w = sev]al hundr$ ye>s4 ,ptolemy fl\ri%$ ab\t #aej ,a4 ,d4 ,8 book describes ,asia z f> ea/ z ! ,malayan p59sula1 ,africa s\? to ,zanzib> & ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea1 & %[s a k ( ,europe z f> nor? z ! ,%etl& ,isl&s 7,ultima ,?ule7 & ,d5m>k2 ! orig9al "w seems to h conta9$ no maps1 b ^! 7 add$ to x ab\t #ejj ,a4 ,d4 by ano!r ma!matician nam$ ,aga?odmon4 ,x is call$ ! ,almage/4 ,no?+ ( value 0 add$ to ?is dur+ ! long /agnant p]iod ( ! _w call$ ! middle ages1 :5 ! love ( le>n+ decl9$ & m5 fell back into ! old traditions1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( be+ taught by _! prie/s t x 0 a s9 to believe t ! _w 0 r\nd4 ,9 ^? times ! ,arabs ( ,bagdad n\ri%$ k m ?an any "o else1 b ev5 !y did little = geography4 ,f9ally ! p ( ,europe began to wake up & look at ?+s = !mselves1 in/ead ( tamely accept+ :atev] ! ,pope ( ,rome or somebody else told !m1 & go+ & com+ z he direct$1 reg>dless ( :e!r x 0 = _! int]e/ to d s or n4 ,"o ( ! fir/ & "o ( ! mo/ important influ5ces ( ?is revival 9 a desire = le>n+ & ! means = l>g] activity among m5 0 ! sudd5 ext5sion ( navigation2 & ?is c\ld n h come ab\t1 nor am\nt$ to mu*1 _h ! m>9]'s compass n be5 inv5t$4 ,illu/ration3 8,(f1 ?\ ,norsel& ,t]ror1 cl\d+ ,hellas ) ! jeal\s wrai? ,:i*1 ! gods ( old en%r\d+1 ,froze _! he>ts1 ! poet sai?60 ,no?+ is m obscure ?an ! hi/ory ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,! ,*9ese h c]ta9ly kn[n1 f a remote antiquity1 t a magnetiz$ ne$le1 p]mitt$ to move freely1 w\ld turn nor? & s\?2 b !y seem to h pr(it$ z little by x z by s _m o!r useful ?+s t1 long aft]w>d1 9 ! h&s ( ! m en]getic m5 ( ! ,we/1 contribut$ s l>gely to ! progress ( civilization4 ,!y 7 accu/om$ to poise a sliv] ( magnetiz$ /eel ^u a bit ( cork & set x afloat 9 a b[l ( wat]4 ,"o end 0 m>k$1 b ?is1 ) *>act]i/ic ,*9ese p]v]sity1 0 ! "o po9t+ t[>d ! s\?1 n t[>d ! nor?1 z ) u4 ,?is rude & simple arrangem5t is /ill 9 use among ! ,koreans--or 0 until rec5tly4 ,) su* a contrivance & little1 x any1 k ( ! v>iation ( ! ne$le1 ! ,*9ese ( a ?\s& ye>s ago made long] voyages ?an !y h done 9 m mod]n times1 trad+ n only ) ,india1 b sail+ regul>ly z e>ly at lea/ z ! n9? c5tury to ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,!re is no direct evid5ce1 b x seems inconte/able1 t x 0 f ^! ea/]n m>9]s t ! ,arabs receiv$ ! compass1 & gradually br\ght x into use 9 _! home wat]s1 :]e x became well kn[n to ! crusad]s & o!r sea-go+ travel]s ( ! middle ages4 ,little reliance c\ld be plac$ ^u x1 h[ev]1 until ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ne$ = some?+ tru/wor?y = long voyages made m5 turn _! att5tion to ! /udy & bett]m5t ( x4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 z ,i h said1 ,europe 0 beg9n+ to recov] f ! t]rible visitations ( ! plague1 & to wake f its le?>gy & to look abroad2 & v>i\s influ5ces 7 at "w to promote exploration by sea & l&--& :at a gr& field = /udy !re 06 ,at ?is "t ne>ly all ! comm]ce ( ,europe1 ma9ly 9 ,italian h&s1 0 ) ,india & ,*9a4 ,! ov]l& r\te 0 long1 p]il\s1 & exp5sive1 & t across ! ,arabian ,gulf h>dly less s4 ,at be/1 su* traffic 0 sl[ & limit$1 & ! fir/ ne$ ( ! reviv+ _w 0 ! discov]y ( "s /raight] & quick] road to ! ,ea/4 ,9 ?is que/ ,portugal came =w>d "u ! brilliant lead]%ip ( ,dom ,h5rique 7,pr9ce ,h5ry71 /yl$ 8! ,navigator10 :o 0 ! y\ng] son ( ,k+ ,joo 7or ,john7 ,i1 & half an ,engli%man1 s9ce 8 "m 0 ,philippa ( ,lanca/]4 ,x 0 ,pr9ce ,h5ry's ambition to ext5d geographical discov]y & improve seaman%ip1 & he enli/$ ! help ( ! be/ navigators obta9able1 reg>dless ( nationality4 ,9 ord] to obs]ve ! heav5s to bett] advantage1 & also to /udy ! tides & o!r nautical ph5om5a1 he e/abli%$ an obs]vatory on ! bleak headl& ( ,cape ,sagres1 :]e he will+ly sp5t a l>ge portion ( 8 "t = ! sake ( sci5ce4 ,navigation 0 sorely 9 ne$ ( su* help4 ,except t !y _h rude compasses1 ( ^: laws ( v>iation1 etc41 !y 7 ignorant1 ! seam5 ( t day 7 little1 if any1 bett] equipp$ ?an 7 ^? :o sail$ ! 8%ips ( ,t>%i%0 a ?\s& ye>s be=e t4 ,a/ronom]s _h suppli$ !m ) r\gh tables ( ! decl9ation ( ! sun1 pole-/>1 etc41 by :i*1 ) ! help ( a cross-/aff1--a simple in/rum5t = asc]ta9+ angles1--!y might make a guess at ! latitude4 ,longitude 0 f\nd only by obs]vations ( eclipses ( ! moon1 & not+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "t :5 x 0 due at home1 accord+ to ! almanac1 & ! local "t ( its actual com+2 b at sea ! 8obs]vations0 7 little bett] ?an guess+4 ,*>t-mak+ 0 an important bran* ( /udy at ,sagres4 ,s few & r>e 7 sea-maps !n t "o 0 nev] se5 9 ,engl& until #adhi4 ,to ! collection ( in=mation 9 ?is direction1 & ! improvem5t ( nautical me?ods1 ,pr9ce ,h5ry & 8 aids appli$ !mselves mo/ dilig5tly2 b he di$ be=e mu* _h be5 accompli%$4 ,nautical /udies w5t on1 h[ev]1 "u ! next k+1 ,john ,,ii1 = :om ,m>t9 ( ,bohemia1 ! =emo/ a/ronom] ( 8 "t1 devis$ a =m ( ! a/rolabe = use on %ipbo>d1 increas+ accuracy 9 f9d+ latitude4 ,x 0 ) no bett] in/rum5ts ?an ^! 7& s&-glasses 9 place ( *ronomet]s7 z guides ov] *>tless & uns\nd$ seas t ! way 0 f\nd to ,india & to ,am]ica1 & ! globe 0 circumnavigat$2 & t ! same ?+ might be done aga9 is %[n by ! fact t only la/ ye> 7#ahig7 a vessel1 :i* _h b>ely escap$ de/ruction 9 a /orm & lo/ all h] in/rum5ts 9 ! mid-,pacific1 0 br\ght safely into ,san ,francisco by obs]vation ( ! />s & 8dead-reckon+0 alone4 ,b ,pr9ce ,h5ry 7= ,i h run ahead ( my /ory aga97 0 n cont5t to /udy & tea* on l& alone4 ,he 0 fir$ ) ! ardor ( discov]y & conque/ likely to augm5t ,portugal's weal? & influ5ce 9 ! ,ea/4 ,exp$ition aft] exp$ition 0 s5t s\?w>d1 & 9 #adce ,h5ry's %ips f9ally pass$ ,cape ,bojador4 ,great 0 ! wond] & rejoic+ !reat1 = x _h always be5 taught by ! monks t ?is cape 0 ! end ( ! e>?2 b x 0 n until #adfb t ! ,cape ,v]d ,isl&s & ,si]ra ,leone 7 rea*$4 ,pr9ce ,h5ry _h be5 dead s9ce #adfj1 b ! influ5ce ( 8 wise & untir+ en?usiasm & "w liv$ on1 & inspir$ ! k+ & p ( ,portugal to r5ew$ ef=ts at solv+ t riddle ( ,africa t p]haps ! ,egyptian sph9x 0 meant to typify4 ,by #adfi trade _h be5 op5$ ) ! ,gold ,coa/1 & a few ye>s lat] ! m\? ( ! ,congo 0 f\nd4 ,^! advances %[$ t !re 0 no?+ unnatural or fe>ful 9 ! s\!rn latitudes1 z sailors _h be5 taught to believe f "t immemorial1--a sup]/iti\s dread :i* ! old *>t-mak]s long su/a9$ by _! habit ( fill+ ! empty sea-spaces on _! maps ) fe>some & wondr\s mon/]s1--& !re=e1 9 #adhf1 ,k+ ,john ,,ii s5t ,b>?olomew ,dias 9 two sail-boats--p9naces ( fifty tons ea*--) ord]s to g z f> z he c\ld2 & ?is bold capta91 pass+ ! la/ kn[n headl& ( ! ,gu9ea coa/1 sail$ on & on1 trac+ ! ,we/ ,african coa/1 & l&+ "h & !re to exam9e ! swampy %ores1 to get fre% wat]1 & to hoi/ ! ca/ellat$ bann] ( ,portugal 9 tok5 ( possession be=e ! wond]+ eyes ( nak$ negroes4 ,at l5g? he 0 bl[n & buffet$ = days & days 9 heavy /orms1 & at _! close f\nd himself f> to ! ea/w>d ( 8 =m] longitude1 :]eupon he f\ght 8 way on & sight$ l& :i* he rightly det]m9$ mu/ be ! s\!rn extremity ( ,africa4 ,?is 0 9 #adhg4 ,return+ to ,lisbon t[>d ,*ri/mas ( t ye>1 he report$ 8 exp]i5ces1 & dwell+ especially ^u ! r\gh "t he _h _h 9 ! s\?1 propos$ to /yle ! po9t ( ! cont95t ,cape ( all ! ,/orms2 b ,k+ ,john1 =esee+ great ?+s to foll[ = 8 c\ntry1 said1 8,no2 we w call x ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope02 & s x rema9s to ?is day--b all ! /orms rema9 ab\t x1 too6 ,illu/ration3 ,,portion ,,( ,a ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,,sea-,,*>t1 ,,by ,,toscanelli4 ,copi$ by p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 f ,ju/9 ,w9sor's 8,n>rative & ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica40 ,n[ = "s ye>s previ\s to ?is "t ! mon>*s ( we/]n ,europe 7 mu* ex]cis$ ov] rumors ( ! exi/5ce some:]e 9 ! ,ori5t ( an all-p[]ful & g5]ally m>vel\s pot5tate /yl$ 7by !m7 ,pre/] ,john1 & reput$ to be a conqu]or ( ,asiatic1 or p]haps ,african1 infidels :o lat] _h become cut (f f ,*ri/5dom4 ,! :ole affair 0 a my?1 probably aris+ f an indi/9ct k ( ,abyss9ia1 ^: negus aft]w>d borr[$ ! title2 b be=e ?is 0 realiz$ popes & v>i\s 8,ca?olic maje/ies0 _h s5t embassies 9 se>* ( ,pre/] ,john's c\rt1 "s ( :i* incid5tally ga9$ valuable in=mation4 ,among ! latt] 0 ,p$ro ,covilho1 an emiss>y ( ,portugal1 :o1 hav+ fail$ to f9d ,pre/] ,john 9 we/]n ,india or ,p]sia1 made 8 way back to ,egypt & ,abyss9ia1 :5ce he s5t home 9 #adhf or #adhg a report ( progress t told ,john ,,ii "s surpris+ news ( ! advancem5t ( ! ,arabs ( t "p ( ! _w 9 ! sci5ces1 & especially 9 ^? belong+ to geography & navigation4 ,covilho's mess5g] 0 a ,portuguese ,jew1 ,rabbi ,joseph ( ,lamego1 :o c>ri$ volum9\s lett]s1 "o ( :i* %[$ t ,arabic m>9]s 7 !n famili> ) ! :ole l5g? ( ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 includ+ ,madagasc>1 & 7 p]fectly well aw>e :]e x t]m9at$ at ! s\?1 & t !re 0 no ob/acle to pass+ ar\nd to ! we/]n side ( ! cont95t2 & j at ?is int]e/+ juncture ,dias came sail+ back 9 8 p9nace to say t x 0 all true1 = he _h se5 x4 ,?us ! sea-road 0 op5 to ,india & ,ca?ay1 & ,portugal 0 eag] to take advantage ( x4 ,%e 0 !n "o ( ! lead+ p[]s ( ,europe1 & ! =emo/ "o 9 colonial & comm]cial ent]prise1 /riv+ to wre/ f ,g5oa & ,v5ice ! supremacy 9 trade t !y _h s long enjoy$4 ,nev]!less almo/ t5 ye>s elaps$ be=e ! next exp$ition 0 s5t s\?w>d to confirm ,portugal's possessions1 & e/abli% comm]ce ) ! ,ori5t4 ,john ,,ii _h di$1 & ,emmanuel ! ,=tunate reign$ 9 8 /ead--a reign t has be5 call$ ! h]oic p]iod ( ! nation's hi/ory2 & x mu/ n be =gott5 t 8,little ,portugal0 0 !n s mighty t a ye> or s previ\sly 7,may #d1 #adic7 ! ,pope 7,alex&] ,,vi7 _h issu$ a bull 9 :i* he _h divid$1 ) int5d$ equality1 all undiscov]$ p>ts ( ! e>? betwe5 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ! =m] be+ giv5 ev]y?+ to ! we/1 :ile to ,portugal 7 res]v$ all future rights ea/ ( a c]ta9 nor?-&-s\? l9e4 ,! l9e ( sep>ation designat$ 0 ! m]idian ( no v>iation ( ! compass-ne$le4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a l9e _h be5 discov]$ by ! same ,*ri/oph] ,columbus :o 0 to ?rill ! _w a few ye>s lat]2 b he did n "k1 :at only exp]i5ce develop$1 t ?is m]idian 0 *angeable1 sw++ _m degrees ea/ & !n return+ we/ 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree c5turies4 ,at t "t ! l9e seem$ fix$ "s ?ree hundr$ miles we/ ( ! ,azores1 & philosoph]s acc\nt$ = x lat] by a !ory t x lay 9 ! middle ( ! ,atlantic because !re x 0 subject to an equality ( attraction t[>d bo? cont95ts :i* held x /eady4 ,?is 0 n true1 b x 0 bett] ?an ! less le>n$ b m popul> explanation ( ! magnetism ( ! compass--namely1 t x 0 8an effluvium f ! root ( ! tail ( ! ,little ,be>40 ,a ye> lat]1 h[ev] 7,june #g1 #adid71 ! treaty ( ,tordesillas1 betwe5 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 decl>$ t ! l9e ( dem>cation %\ld be ! m]idian #cgj leagues we/ ( ! ,cape ,v]d ,isl&s1 or z ne>ly z possible 9 ! c5t] ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! supposition t !re might be valuable l&s )91 t is1 ea/ (1 t limit1 inspir$ sev]al ( ,portugal's subsequ5t se>*]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drawn ,,by ,,h5ry ,b4 ,,snell4 8,,! ,,sea-,,road ,,to ,,india ,,& ,,ca?ay40 ,9 #adig ,k+ ,emmanuel's exp$ition 0 ready to sail--! l>ge/ & be/ equipp$1 probably1 t _h ev] be5 s5t out by any gov]nm5t1 & its comm&] 0 ,vasco da ,gama1 a "y naval (fic] ( r5[n4 ,8 fleet consi/$ ( f\r vessels1--small c>avels1 ( c\rse1 "o ( :i* 0 comm&$ by ,dias1--& left ! ,tagus1 aft] c]emoni\s f>ewells1 9 ,july4 ,da ,gama /opp$ at v>i\s places1 b rea*$ & safely r\nd$ ! /ormy cape 9 ,novemb]4 ,he _h ) him ! in=mation 7& "s say an ,arabic map7 s5t home by ,covilho1 b 8 bus9ess 0 n to v]ify ?is1 b to rea* ,india & e/abli% new ,portuguese possessions4 ,:y1 !n1 did he n /rike /raight across f ,cape ,agulhas1 z ,ea/ ,indiam5 h done ev] s9ce8 ,= ! good reason t he _h no guide1 no means ( f9d+ 8 way across ! s\!rn ocean1 :]e all ! />s 7 /range2 = sun obs]vations = latitude 7 !n unkn[n to ,european navigators1 & r>ely us$ on l&4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 he 0 oblig$ to turn nor?w>d & skirt ! coa/ = a ?\s& miles1 /opp+ "h & !re1 until he _h pass$ f> en\gh nor? ( ! equator to br+ above ! horizon ! famili> home />s1 = :i* he _h 8tables40 ,at la/1 f ! ,arab port ( ,mel9di1 ne> ,mombasa1 he turn$ ea/ & sail$ /raight away to ,india1 :]e he an*or$ be=e ,calicut1 !n ! mo/ important port ( s\!rn ,india1 on ,may #bj4 ,return+ ! next ye> ) %ips ri*ly lad51 he 0 receiv$ ) public rejoic+s & giv5 high honors2 & he greatly a/oni%$ 8 fri5ds ( ! navy by tell+ !m t ! ,arabs us$ ! compass1 sea-*>ts1 quadrants1 & 8_h div]s m>itime my/]ies n %ort ( ! ,portugals40 ,da ,gama liv$ _m ye>s1 & sail$ (t5 to ,india & ,*9a aft] t2 b *iefly on political exp$itions1 9 :i* he disgrac$ 8 o!rwise great "n by inexcusable rap9e & cruelty4 ,mean:ile "s exploration _h be5 done t[>d ! f> nor?1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]2 & s ! fifte5? c5tury end$1 ) ,europe und]/ood z f> z ,nova ,zembla1 ,africa circumnavigat$1 & ! coa/s ( ,india1 ,malaya1 s\!rn ,*9a1 & ! l>g] ,malayan isl&s fairly famili> to geograph]s4 ,?is is mu*1 & yet x leaves unm5tion$ ! greate/ fact ( all--! "w ( t gr&1 sad "*1 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 ^u ^: grave ne> ,seville has be5 writt53 ,,he ,,gave ,a ,,new ,,_w ,,to ,,spa94 ,illu/ration3 ,,engrav$ ,,by ,e4 ,h4 ,,del',,orme4 ,,! ,,fly+ ,,dut*man4 8,!re1 beyond ! ,cape ( ,/orms1 ,:]e ! break]'s voice ( ?und] ,ro>s :5 %ips are r5t asund]1 ,?r\gh a fog ( gho/ly =ms 8,m5 cat* glimpses ( ! sail1 ,ages old1 & r5t & ho>y1 ,( t qua9t old %ip ( /ory1 ,& cry1 #8,v&]deck51 hail6'0 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,rock ,,9 ,,! ,,sea4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,?is is relat$ by ! ,greek hi/orian ,h]odotus1 & has (t5 be5 d5i$1 especially by ! old] writ]s2 b ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica0 gives x cr$5ce1 & tells u t ! late/ & be/ critic ( ! geography ( ,h]odotus1 ,major ,r5nel1 ma9ta9s ! possibility ( su* a voyage1 & believes x 0 made4 ,he argues t ! con/ruction ( _! %ips1 ) flat bottoms & l[ ma/s1 enabl$ ^! h>dy voyag]s to keep close to ! l&1 & to ent] all ! riv]s & h>bors = food & wat]4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t we may believe t ,h]odotus record$ :at really happ5$1 ev5 if we reject "s details4 #b ,?is is n a ,norse1 b an ,iri% "n1 famili> to u z ,b>ney4 ,,*apt] ,,iv 7,cont9u$7 ,,e>ly ,,voyages ,,& ,,explorations ,,"p ,,ii--,,f ,,columbus ,,to ,,cook ,:y to ,spa98 ,x is an 8(t-told tale10 & ! m]e/ rem9d] is all t is ne$$ "h4 ,columbus 0 a "y seaf>+ man1 born at ,g5oa ab\t #adcd1 & ambiti\s to become a ma/] ( 8 pr(ession1 & especially to acquire great weal?4 ,he travel$ to ,v5ice1 ,b>celona1 & o!r cities :]e le>n+ 0 to be ga9$1 & became ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) all ! a/ronomical & geographical sci5ce ( ! "t1 & especially pr(ici5t 9 ! art ( c>tography4 ,attract$ by ! naval activity 9 ,portugal "u t indefatigable ,pr9ce ,h5ry1 ,columbus w5t to ,lisbon ab\t #aded1 & endeavor$ to f9d a lead+ place 9 ! sea-"w t c\ntry 0 do+4 ,b ,portugal's eyes 7 s bl9d$ by ! glam\r ( ,africa & ! ,ea/ ,indies t %e _h no "t to foll[ ! gaze ( ?is "y & ard5t ,g5oese capta9 ^: eyes 7 turn$ /eadily t[>d ! we/1 :]e1 m & m insi/5tly1 he urg$ t a sea-track1 /raight z a l9e ( latitude m>k$ on a globe1 lay op5 to ! ,indies & ! coa/s ( ,ca?ay4 ,to prove ?is true w\ld be n only a glori\s exploit = any man1 b an a*ievem5t ( untold advantage to ! nation "u ^: flag he sail$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portrait-,,/atue ,,( ,,columbus ,,9 ,,madrid4 ,j h[ ?is conviction arose 9 ! m9d ( ,columbus we d n "k4 ,x 0 probably fir/ a purely sci5tific conclusion f ! facts ( a/ronomy & geography t he _h le>n$1 enc\rag$ by romantic traditions ( we/]n 8,isles ( ! ,ble/40 ,a few sci5tific m5 agre$ ) him1 b ! great influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome condemn$ su* notions z oppos$ to ! ,bible & reveal$ religion2 & ! mass ( ! p1 ignorant & sup]/iti\s1 look$ ^u !m z fooli%1 & laugh$ at ,columbus z a dream] or worse4 ,betwe5 8 dang] ( arre/ & dea? z a h]etic on ! "o h&1 & imprisonm5t z a lunatic on ! o!r1 ! man ( sci5ce 9 ^? days _h a h>d "t4 ,columbus !re=e s\ght f> & wide = evid5ce to support 8 !ories & r5d] !m acceptable4 ,h[ mu* he le>n$--:at1 9 ! way ( facts1 he actually knew--x is h>d to say4 ,hav+ fall5 9 love ) a ,portuguese lady ( good family1 he m>ri$ & app>5tly settl$ 9 ,portugal z 8 home1 b cont9u$ 8 voyag+4 ,he knew ! ,m$it]ranean f end to end4 ,he made sev]al voyages to ! ,gu9ea coa/1 & dwelt = a "t at ,el ,m9a1 !n newly f\nd$1 satisfy+ himself ( ! fooli%ness ( ! common ass]tion t m5 c\ld n live 8"u ! equ9octial0--t is1 ne> ! equator4 ,he w5t nor? to & beyond ,icel&1 & acqua9t$ himself ) ^? wat]s1 & ?us conv9c$ himself t ! ocean 0 ev]y:]e navigable1 & subject to uni=m laws ( tides1 wea!r1 etc4 ,8 m9d 0 cle>$ m & m ( ! mi/s ( fable & sup]/ition1 & all he le>n$ br\ght into cle>] view ! tru? ( sci5ce z a guide4 ,he devot$ m & m att5tion to improv+ ! means ( f9d+ ! true position ( a vessel at sea1 & ( keep+ a true c\rse by ! compass1 :i* he cont9ually /udi$2 & x 0 he :o fir/ discov]$ t "s leagues we/ ( ! ,azores lay ! m]idian ( no v>iation--a m]idian t has n[ mov$ ea/w>d until x lies ne> ,london4 ,ev]y:]e he int]rogat$ explor]s1 discuss$ navigation ) exp]i5c$ capta9s1 & s\ght ! aid ( new maps1 improv$ in/rum5ts1 & advanc+ k2 & yet mix$ ) all seem to h be5 a *ildlike vanity1 cr$ulity1 & sup]/ition1 h>d to reconcile ) 8 c\rage & acum54 ,h[ mu* actual evid5ce he _h ( ! exi/5ce ( l&s bel[ ! ,atlantic horizon unkn[n to 8 c\ntrym5 c nev] probably be satisfactorily answ]$4 ,! late/ critical biograph] ( ,columbus1 ! great ,spani% lib]al /atesman ,emilio ,ca/el>1 consid]s t he 0 l$ to 8 discov]ies by little1 if any?+1 outside ( pure reason+ ^u ! rotundity ( ! e>? & o!r sci5tific data1 & dismisses z fables or ?+s unkn[n to ,columbus all ! ,sc&9avian discov]ies ( ,gre5l& & ! re/1 & o!r /ories ( m5 :o1 x is said1 _h already se5 ! transatlantic _w he s\ght4 ,we are told t he le>n$ ( woods & canes l none t grew 9 ,africa1 ( /range c>v+s1 & ev5 ( ! dead bodies ( m51 resembl+ ^? ( ! f> ,ea/1 be+ ca/ ^u ! %ores ( ,africa & ! isl&s ne> x1 especially ! ,azores4 ,x seems impossible t :5 he 0 9 ,icel& & ! o!r nor!rn regions1 a man ( 8 inquir+ m9d %\ld n h le>n$ some?+ ( ,gre5l& & ! cont95tal %ores beyond1 especially :5 "o rememb]s t = c5turies previ\s ,ca?olic mission>ies _h be5 report+ progress to ,rome f t di/ant b real field ( labor4 ,x is q likely t "s k ( ^! facts1 :i* mu/ h be5 kn[n to ! pr(essors ( ! univ]sities ( ,pavia & ,b>celona1 :]e ,columbus /udi$1 & to o!r intellig5t m5 ( ,italy & ,spa9 ) :om he came 9 contact1 _h caus$ ,columbus to g to ! nor?1 = we "k ( no o!r err&4 ,p]haps he _h he>d ( ! ,z5i4 ,illu/ration3 %ips ( columbus ,especially to be not$ is ! allegation t ,columbus possess$ in=mation z to ! exp]i5ce ( a ,fr5*man nam$ ,jean ,c\s91--a ,dieppe sea-capta91 :o1 x is ass]t$1 discov]$ ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,amazon ,riv] 9 #adhh4 ,?is claim has be5 lately review$ 78,=tnightly ,review10 ,janu>y1 #ahid7 by ,capta9 ,gambi] ( ! ,briti% navy1 & he decides t x is good2 & t x 0 because ,c\s9's fir/ mate 0 "o ( ! ,p9ons t t firm 0 will+ to assi/ ,columbus1 z a good inve/m5t4 ,:atev] he knew or did n "k1 & :atev] may h be5 ! difficulties 9 8 way1 ,columbus sp5t _m we>y ye>s 9 fruitless ef=ts to int]e/ "s gov]nm5t 9 8 s*emes4 ,h[ f9ally he won ,spa9 to 8 support1 secur$ ! aid ( ! ,p9ons1 m]*ant pr9ces ( ,palos1 & sail$ f t port on ,augu/ #c1 #adib1--;& x 0 ,friday6--are details t ne$ n be repeat$4 ,equally well rememb]$ are ! /ory ( 8 d>+ onw>d voyage1 & ( ! glori\s outcome :51 on ,octob] #ab1 l& 0 se51--a new _w f\nd4 ,exp$ition aft] exp$ition foll[$ "o ano!r f ,spa9 to ! newly f\nd possessions1 "s conduct$ by ! e>li] companions ( ,columbus1 & all fill$ ) adv5tur]s :o c>$ = no?+ b plund]4 ,"o ( ^!1 l$ by an (fic] nam$ ,oj$a1 rea*$ ! coa/ ( ,guiana 9 #adii1 & coa/$ along ! nor? %ore ( ,s\? ,am]ica z f>1 probably1 z ,m>acaibo4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,spani% exp$itions actually to set foot ^u ! ma9l&2 & x w\ld n h be5 m5tion$ out ( its place 7s9ce ,cabot1 z we %all pres5tly see1 _h l&$ on ! cont95t ne>ly two ye>s be=e7 b = ! fact t "o ( its memb]s 0 t ,am]igo ,vespucci ^: =tune x 0 to h 8 "n atta*$ to ! cont95t4 ,am]igo ,vespucci 7or ,vespusze1 z ,columbus spells x7 0 a ,flor5t9e engag$ 9 ! %ipp+ bus9ess :o 0 attract$ to ,spa9 by ! m>itime activity !re1 & became int]e/$ 9 equipp+ ! second flotilla ( ,columbus & 9 o!r simil> ent]prises = ! gov]nm5t4 ,! weal? & influ5ce ?us ga9$ & 8 g5]al abilities l$ him to jo9 t exp$ition ( ,oj$a 9 #adii1 & dur+ ! next f\r ye>s he made ?ree o!r voyages to ,brazil1 9 :i* ! bay ( ,rio ,janeiro 0 ent]$ 7,new ,ye>'s day1 #aeja71 & an exploration s\?w>d ext5d$ probably z f> z ,s\? ,georgia 7,isl&s74 ,^u 8 return f ?is la/ voyage1 9 #aeje1 he publicly ass]t$ t he _h visit$1 9 #adig1 ! coa/ ( :at is n[ ! s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x has lately be5 %[n by ,spani% records1 h[ev]1 t at t date he 0 busy 9 ! gov]nm5t docky>ds 9 ,spa92 !re=e 8 ass]tion 0 false4 ,x s]v$1 h[ev]1 to deceive a =getful public1 & to procure = its au?or ! covet$ glory ( be+ ! fir/ 8discov]]0 ( ! 8,new ,_w10 z he fir/ call$ x 7?\gh !re is no evid5ce t he und]/ood x to be a cont95t71 & h5ce ! "o entitl$ to give x 8 "n4 ,?is bold claim a*iev$ its purpose4 ,! olde/ kn[n map ( ! :ole _w1 dat$ ,a4 ,d4 #aejj1 said to h be5 drawn by ! great arti/ ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 f data furni%$ by ,juan de la ,cosa1 & h5ce kn[n to hi/orians z ! 8,de la ,cosa ,mappimundi0 7x is pres]v$ 9 ,madrid71 be>s ! "n 8,am]ica0 across ! new c\ntries = ! fir/ kn[n "t2 b ,juan de la ,cosa 0 ) ,oj$a & ,vespucci on ! exp$ition ( #adii1 & d\btless ,vespucci manag$ ! nam+4 ,9 #aejg1 only a ye> aft] ! dea? ( ,columbus1 !re appe>$ 9 ,france ! 8,cosmographie ,introductio0 ( ,waldseemll] 7also call$ ,hylacomylus71 :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! mo/ complete & au!ntic geography ( its "t2 & "h ! "n ( ,am]ica 0 boldly writt5 across 8a f\r? "p ( ! _w1 s9ce ,am]igo f\nd x40 ,! "n 7a ,lat9 d]ivative7 0 novel1 easy to pron\nce1 no "o knew or c>$ z to ! "r ( x1 & s x /ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,santa ,,m>ia0--,,! ,,flag%ip ,,( ,,columbus' ,,fleet4 ,a few l9es m z to ! ,spani% & ,portuguese navigators 9 ^! wat]s1 & !n we %all h done ) !m = ! pres5t4 ,9 #adii "o ( ! ,p9ons sail$ f ,spa9 /raight to ! ,amazon1 z has be5 m5tion$1 avoid+ ! ,we/ ,indies1 z if he knew precisely :i!r he 0 b\nd1 & rea*$ !re 9 ,janu>y ( #aejj4 ,a few mon?s lat] a l>ge ,portuguese exp$ition "u ,p$ro ,cabral1 />t+ = ,india ar\nd ! cape1 0 bl[n s f> to ! we/ t x ran aga9/ ,brazil4 ,ev]ybody 0 hitt+ ^u untrodd5 %ores 9 ^? inspir+ days1 & ,cabral promptly took possession = 8 k+4 ,z ?is %ore 0 outside 7ea/ (7 ! hemisph]e assign$ by ! ,pope to ! ,spani%1 ! ,portuguese kept x = #chi ye>s1 9 spite ( ,p9on's priority4 ,9 #aejh ,oj$a obta9$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,nicuesa ( ! region nor? ( ! ,gulf ( ,d>i52 & ) ! arrival ( ^! adv5tur]s 9 ,new ,spa9 began t era ( rap9e & horror :i* w =ev] disgrace ! ,spani% "n4 ,! rapaci\s gov]nors & _! wild crews qu>rel$ & f\ght ) ea* o!r z well z ) ! d[ntrodd5 natives1 & exploration 0 c>ri$ on by piracy4 ,a le>n$ man1 ,m>t9 ,enciso1 w5t out to take comm& 9 #aeaj1 b he 0 depos$ by 8 soldi]s ! next ye> & s5t back to ,europe1 :]e he made ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,spani% 7#aeai7 describ+ ,am]ica4 ,8 place 0 tak5 by ,vasco ,nuez ,balboa1 :o ent]$ ^u a c>e] ( exploration & peaceful conque/1 g5]ally conciliat+ ! ,indians1 :o told him ( ano!r sea n f> to ! we/1 & on ,septemb] #be1 #aeac1 guid$ him to ! summit ( a hill ne> ,panama1 :5ce he1 fir/ ( ,europeans1 gaz$ ^u ! ,pacific4 ,:o c imag9e ! emotions ( su* a sight6--= x told ! ,spani>ds t ?is l& 0 n ! ea/]n m>g9 ( ,asia1 b a new cont95t4 ,balboa made 8 way ?r\gh ! =e/s z rapidly z he c\ld1 & on ! #bi?1 wad+ into ! surf1 bann] 9 h&1 took possession ( ! wat]s 9 ! "n ( ! ,k+ ( ,ca/ile4 ,balboa at once began prep>ations to utilize 8 discov]y1 = ! ,indians _h also excit$ him & 8 m5 by tales ( a c\ntry to ! s\? ab\nd+ 9 gold4 ,he cut & %ap$ timb]s = small %ips1 & _h ) enorm\s tr\ble & labor transport$ ^! across ! i/hmus1 int5d+ !re to build a fleet & sail s\?w>d1 :5 he 0 sup]s$$ 9 comm& by a new gov]nor1 ,p$r>ias4 ,?is man1 a jeal\s & brutal adv5tur]1 on a false pretext ( disloyalty arre/$ & behead$ ,balboa be=e he c\ld get away--an act t 80 "o ( ! greate/ calamities t c\ld h happ5$ to ,s\? ,am]ica at t "t2 = 444 a humane & judici\s man w\ld h be5 ! conqu]or ( ,p]u1 in/ead ( ! cruel & ignorant ,piz>ro40 ,! frightful de/ruction ( ! c\ntry ( ! ,incas soon foll[$1 :ile ,corts ov]ran ,mexico & ,de ,soto invad$ ,florida4 ,x has d\btless by ?is "t be5 9 ! m9d ( m ?an "o read] to ask :e!r1 :ile ! m5 ( ! ,m$it]ranean region 7 mak+ ^! notable se>*+s = new %ores1 ! m5 ( nor!rn ,europe 7 /&+ idle4 ,:at 7 ! m>9]s ( ,france & ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,sc&9avia & ,great ,brita91 do+8 ,well1 all 7 do+ some?+1 & "s ( !m produc$ results ( novel seaf>+ t 7 well wor? ! gett+1 b ^! 7 pr9cipally 9 f> nor!rn wat]s1 z we %all read 9 ! next *apt]4 ,x 0 n until ! op5+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury t 9 ,engl&1 at lea/1 t era ( f> voyag+ began :i* signaliz$ ! ,elizabe?an age on ! sea z mu* z ! poets & dramati/s & /atesm5-writ]s ( h] c\rt di/+ui%$ x on l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,peaceful ,,day ,,on ,,! ,,spani% ,,ma94 ,x 01 h[ev]1 e>li] ?an t--9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii--t ,engl&'s /ory ( discov]y beg9s1 & ! fir/ names are ^? ( two ,italians kn[n 9 ,engli% z ,john & ,seba/ian ,cabot1 fa!r & son1 :o 7 !n resid5ts ( ,bri/ol4 ,! ,bri/ol folk 7 at t "t ! =emo/ m>9]s ( ,engl&1 :o (t5 w5t to ,icel& & all ! ne>] isles2 & !y firmly believ$ 9 c]ta9 traditional isl&s & coa/s f> away to ! we/1 :i* seem to h be5 compos$ ( no bett] mat]ial ?an ! airy /ructures ( ! sunset cl\ds & ! romantic tales ( ,ph5ician sailors & o!r travel]s 9 ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,z long ago z :5 ,/rabo wrote1 a c5tury be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 ^! ?+s 7 ( old belief1 & he rec\nts ! delights !n told ( ! 8,isles ( ! ,ble/10 we/ ( ! f>!/ v]ge ( ,africa4 ,:5 ! ,can>y ,isl&s became kn[n z facts1 ! my? mov$ f>!r we/2 & :5 acqua9tance ) ! ,azores prov$ !m to be only natural e>? ) a fair %>e ( its ills1 z well z ( its good1 p insi/$ t /ill o!r isl&s mu/ lie f>!r away1 :]e ! ,elysian ,fields bask$ 9 p]petual summ] & m5 7 et]nally happy4 ,! old idea *>ms u ev5 yet :5 we s+ 8,sweet fields beyond ! swell+ flood /& dress$ 9 liv+ gre540 ,illu/ration3 ,,voyag+ ,,to ,,! ,,isles ,,( ,,! ,,ble/4 ,b no su* high] r5d]+ occurr$ to ! m5 ( ! e>li] "t4 ,!y believ$ firmly 9 ! actual exi/5ce ( ^! ev]-=tunate isl&s "u ! sunset horizon ( ! ,atlantic1 & 79 ! nor?7 call$ !m ! ,isles ( ,/4 ,br&on1 ! 8gre5 isle ( ,brazil0 7! root ( :i* ^w seems to express ! idea ( r$ness1 su* z appe>s 9 l[ sunset cl\ds71 ! ,isle ( ! ,sev5 ,cities or ,antillia1 & by o!r names4 ,f]d9& ,columbus1 a son ( ,*ri/oph]1 says 9 8 8,hi/ory0 t 8 fa!r fully expect$ to meet1 8be=e he came to ,india1 a v conv5i5t isl& or cont95t f :i* he might pursue ) m advantage 8 ma9 design40 ,?is does n prove t ,columbus put any fai? 9 ! reality ( ^! old notions1 nor does he seem to be responsible = ! fact t ! "n ,antilles 0 imm$iately atta*$ to ! ar*ipelago he actually did meet )1 & ,! ,brazils to a "p ( ! ma9l& next f\nd4 ,^! names _h be5 appe>+ on conjectural maps ( ! ,atlantic side ( ! e>? = _m ye>s be=e 8 "t2 & t !y repres5t$ realities to _m h>d-head$ m]*ants & sailors ( 8 "t is %[n conclusively by ! fact t betwe5 #adhj & #adhg at lea/ two c>efully plann$ naval exp$itions _h gone f ,bri/ol1 ,engl&1 9 se>* ( !m4 ,h[ mu* vague memories ( e>ly ,norse & ,iri% f9d+s 9 ! we/ may h giv5 weight 9 ,bri/ol to ^! old my?s is h>d to say2 b at any rate x 0 !re ! se>* = ?is pot ( gold at ! end ( ! ra9b[ bore unexpect$ & mom5t\s results1 b all 7 surpris$ at ! di/ance involv$4 ,ab\t #adif ,john ,cabot1 !n a resid5t ( ,bri/ol1 propos$ to ! k+ an exp$ition 9 se>* ( a new r\te to ! ,indies by sail+ due we/ f ,irel&4 ,h5ry ,,vii 0 excit$ by ! news ( ,columbus' s\!rly f9d+s1 & 0 eag] to secure some?+ ( ! k9d = ,engl&4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh ! k+ grant$ privileges t might prove pr(itable 9 case ( success1 he seems to h furni%$ no money4 ,cabot1 !re=e1 sail$ away1 privately equipp$1 9 a small c>avel nam$ ,mat!w1 c>ry+ only eighte5 p]sons4 ,nev] 0 a voyage ( discov]y1 ! consequ5ces ( :i* 7 s f>-rea*+1 ent]$ ^u ) less pomp or fl\ri% ( trumpets4 ,s little note ( x 0 made at ! "t t ! v "n ( ,john ,cabot n>r[ly escap$ be+ lo/ altoge!r1 & ! record ( 8 "w came v ne> be+ replac$ by a confus$ acc\nt ( ! do+s ( 8 son ,seba/ian2 = x 0 n until c]ta9 lett]s _h be5 f\nd--& t )9 a v few ye>s--9 ! contempor>y ar*ives ( ,spa9 & o!r ,european c\ntries1 t we 7 able to give any sure acc\nt ( ! matt]4 ,x is n[ pla9 t ,john ,cabot1 9 ! ,mat!w1 leav+ ,bri/ol e>ly 9 ,may1 #adig1 & hav+ pass$ ,irel&1 %ap$ 8 c\rse t[>d ! nor?1 !n turn$ to ! we/ & proce$$ = _m days until he came to l&1 :]e he disemb>k$ on ,june #bd1 & plant$ an ,engli% flag4 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t ?is 0 ! ma9l& ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! g5]al op9ion has prevail$ t 8 l&fall 0 ! extremity ( ,cape ,breton4 ,cabot /ay$ "s days1 b h[ f> he trac$ ! coa/1 & :e!r he le>n$ ( ,newf\ndl& or ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&1 are matt]s ( conjecture4 ,at any rate1 he soon turn$ homew>d1 & arriv$ 9 ,bri/ol probably on ,augu/ #f4 ,we c imag9e ) :at eag]ness 8 /ory 0 li/5$ to1 z he told ( ! fair1 temp]ate1 well-wood$ l&1 its p & animals & fruitfulness1 t he _h se54 ,b ! ?+ t impress$ ! ,bri/ol m5 mo/ 0 ! report ( ! enorm\s abundance ( codfi% !re4 ,?is 0 some?+ ^! canny m5 c\ld see )\t any illusions1 & possess !mselves ( reg>dless ( papal bulls2 & !y at once ab&on$ _! nor!rn fi%+-gr\nds & began to resort to ! ,banks ( ,newf\ndl&1 :i!r !y 7 quickly foll[$ by l>ge annual fleets ( ,norman1 ,breton1 ,spani%1 & ,portuguese fi%]m54 ,john ,cabot int5d$ to g aga9 ! next ye> & make 8 way onw>d to ,japan1 z he believ$ he c\ld d1 =1 l ! o!rs1 he ?\ght :at he _h f\nd 0 only a remote ea/]n "p ( ,asia2 & 9 #adih he actually did sail we/w>d f ,bri/ol ) five %ips1 victual$ = a ye>4 ,none ( ^! %ips ev] return$1 & no evid5ce exi/s t !y ev] rea*$ _! goal2 & ) !m ,john ,cabot1 to :om ,engl& ow$ h] e>ly supremacy 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 disappe>s f view4 ,seba/ian ,cabot 0 a son ( ,john ,cabot1 & a skilful map-mak]4 ,:e!r he w5t ) 8 fa!r on ! fir/ voyage is disput$2 !re seems no direct evid5ce t he did s4 ,t he did n g on ! second voyage is pla91 = he _h a long subsequ5t c>e]1 ( :i* accurate k is a late acquisition2 "h x is only necess>y to add t by 8 /atem5ts to ,pet] ,m>tyr & o!rs he all[$ ! errone\s impression to pass into hi/ory1 if he did n directly au?orize ! lie1 t x 0 he1 & n 8 fa!r1 :o discov]$ ,am]ica & ! fi%+-gr\nds4 ,n[ t ! way across ! ,atlantic 0 le>n$1 *ivalr\s sailors hurri$ to add :at !y c\ld to ! map4 ,corte-,real1 a ,portuguese ( rank1 /ruck nor?we/1 & hit ^u & nam$ ,labrador z e>ly z #aejj4 ,! next voyage ( prom95ce introduces ! ,fr5* z competitors1 ,francis ,i s5d+ ! ,flor5t9e ,v]razano1 a typical sea-rov] ( ! p]iod1 :o _h already be5 to ,brazil & ! ,ea/ ,indies & 0 f9ally hang$ z a pirate1 to f9d out :at he c\ld ab\t nor!rn ,am]ica4 ,he /e]$ we/ f ! ,madeira ,isl&s 9 ,janu>y1 #aebd1 f\nd l& ne> ,cape ,fe> 7,nor? ,c>ol9a71 & claim$ to h trac$ ! coa/ z f> nor? z ,nova ,scotia1 besides ent]+ a l>ge bay 7ei!r ,new ,york or ,n>ragansett74 ,8 :ole /ory1 h[ev]1 re/s on c]ta9 lett]s & maps ! au!nticity ( :i* has be5 hotly disput$2 & at any rate little1 if any?+1 came ( ?is voyage4 ,x 0 f> diff]5t ) ! next "o1 h[ev]1--t "o s5t f ,france 9 #aecd1 "u ! comm& ( ,jacques ,c>ti]1 :o sail$ f ,/4 ,malo 9 two t9y vessels to ,newf\ndl&1 & le>n$ ( ! m\? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]4 ,!n1 l all ! o!r capta9s1 none ( :om c\ld /ay ov] w9t] 9 ,am]ica1 because _! vessels 7 too small to /ore provisions1 & because !y 7 beset by fe>s1 n only ( visible savages1 b ( invisible hobgobl9s1 he return$ to ,france4 ,! next ye> f\nd him back aga91 h[ev]1 ?is "t /e]+ 8 vessels up ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce to 8,ho*elaga0 7,montreal71 & lat] c>ry+ home an acc\nt t l$ to s imm$iate a movem5t on ! "p ( ,france t ,canada 0 ! sc5e ( ! e>lie/ colonization ( ! ,new ,_w1 prop]ly speak+1 = ! ,spani% settlem5ts 9 ! s\? 7 ?us f> no?+ b milit>y /ations4 ,france1 inde$1 dream$ ( obta9+ ! :ole ( ,nor? ,am]ica = h]self1 & attempt$ soon aft] to colonize ,florida & ! ,c>ol9as2 b ^! attempts fail$1 & %e 0 able to hold only ! valley ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ! %ore ( its gulf4 ,^! ?+s happ5$ lat]1 h[ev]1 & = _m ye>s ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica 0 left unclaim$ by any "o1 :ile ! ,engli% & ,dut* 7 busy 9 ! f> nor?1 ! ,spani% 7 riot+ 9 ! tropics1 & ! ,portuguese turn$ _! att5tion to ! s\!rn & ea/]n qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ curiosities ( ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( civilization on ! globe1 foll[+ ! /agnation ( ! middle ages & ! desolation ( ! plague-ridd5 ?irte5? c5tury1 t ! mo/ remote1 unpr(itable1 unheal?y regions 7 s fi]cely /ruggl$ =1 :ile ! be/ p>ts ( ! ,new ,_w 7 left until ! la/4 ,hav+ f\nd ,brazil1 bo? ,spani>ds & ,portuguese proce$$ to trace ! cont95t s\?w>d1 hop+ to f9d a practicable way to ,p]u ar\nd x4 ,sev]al exp]i5c$ navigators work$ s\?w>d1 ! be/ kn[n ( :om is ,juan ,diaz de ,solis1 :o ent]$ ! ,la ,plata ,riv] & 0 kill$ !re by ! ,indians 9 #aeaf4 ,columbus _h n be5 a mom5t too soon to be fir/4 ,nev]!less x 0 left to a /rang] 9 ^? wat]s1 ! indomitable ,magellan 7,f]no de ,magalhes71 to reap ! rew>d ( success4 ,! ,pope & all ! bi%ops /ill decl>$ t ! e>? 0 flat2 b s little 0 ?is n[ believ$1 ev5 by !mselves1 t ,magellan1 :o _h j quitt$ ! s]vice ( ,portugal1 d>$ to propose to 88 mo/ ,ca?olic maje/y0 ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 to sail we/ in/ead ( ea/ to ! ,moluccas1 j z ?\gh ! e>? 7 globul> & might be circumnavigat$2 & ! k+ n only d>$ to li/51 b approv$ ( ! proposition1 :i* seem$ entirely practicable if ,s\? ,am]ica c\ld be pass$4 ,t 0 ! problem ,magellan set himself to solve4 ,%\ld he succe$1 c\ld ! ,moluccas be rea*$ by sail+ we/w>d1 !n !y w\ld fall into t half ( ! e>? giv5 by ! ,pope to ,spa91 & ,portugal's pres5t claim to !m w\ld be ov]?r[n4 ,?us ! exp]im5t 0 well wor? mak+ 9 behalf ( politics z well z k1 & ,magellan 0 furni%$ ) five %ips1 c>ry+ two hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 m54 ,! ,tr9idad 0 ! admiral's %ip2 b ! ,san ,vittoria 0 de/9$ = immortality4 ,he /ruck boldly = ! ,s\?we/1 n cross+ ! tr\gh ( ! ,atlantic z ,columbus _h done1 b pass+ d[n ! l5g? ( x1 8 aim be+ to f9d "s cleft or passage 9 ! ,am]ican cont95t ?r\gh :i* he might sail into ! ,great ,s\? ,sea4 ,= sev5ty days he 0 becalm$ "u ! l9e4 ,he !n lo/ sight ( ! ,nor? ,/>1 b c\rage\sly held on t[>d ! 8pole ant>ktike40 ,he ne>ly f\nd]$ 9 a /orm1 8:i* did n abate till ! ?ree fires call$ ,/4 ,hel51 ,/4 ,ni*olas1 & ,/4 ,cl>e appe>$ play+ 9 ! rigg+ ( ! %ips4 ,9 a new l&1 to :i* he gave ! "n ,patagoni1 he f\nd giants ( 8good corporature04444 ,8 p]sev]ance & resolution 7 at la/ rew>d$ by ! discov]y ( ! ,/rait nam$ by him ,san ,vittoria1 9 affectionate honor ( 8 %ip2 b :i*1 ) a wor?y s5tim5t1 o!r sailors soon *ang$ to ! ,/raits ( ,magellan4 ,on ,novemb] #be1 #aebj1 aft] a ye> & a qu>t] ( /ruggl+1 he issu$ =? f its we/]n portals1 & ent]$ ! ,great ,s\? ,sea1 %$d+ te>s ( joy1 z ,pigafetta1 an eye-witness1 relates1 :5 he recogniz$ its inf9ite expanse4444 ,admir+ its illimitable b placid surface1 & exult+ 9 ! m$itation ( its secret p]ils soon to be tri$1 he c\rte\sly impos$ ^u x ! "n x is =ev] to be>--! ,pacific ,ocean4444 ,& n[ ! great sailor1 hav+ bur/ ?r\gh ! b>ri] ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 /e]$ = ! nor?we/1 attempt+ to rega9 ! equator4 ,= ?ree mon?s & tw5ty days he sail$ on ! ,pacific1 & nev] saw inhabit$ l&4 ,he 0 compell$ by fam9e to /rip (f ! pieces ( sk9 & lea!r :]e) 8 rigg+ 0 "h & !re b\nd1 to soak !m 9 ! sea1 & !n s(t5 !m ) w>m wat]1 s z to make a wret*$ food2 to eat ! sweep+s ( ! %ip & o!r loa?some matt]2 to dr9k wat] t _h become putrid by keep+2 & yet he resolutely held on 8 c\rse1 ?\gh 8 m5 7 dy+ daily4 ,z is qua9tly obs]v$1 8_! gums grew ov] _! tee?1 & s !y c\ld n eat40 ,?is 0 scurvy1 ! dread ( all m>9]s 9 ^? times & long aft]w>d4 ,he e/imat$ t he sail$ ov] ?is unfa?omable sea n less ?an #ab1jjj miles4 ,9 ! :ole hi/ory ( human und]tak+s decl>es ,dr4 ,john ,w4 ,drap]1 f ^: /rik+ sket* ( ?is a*ievem5t 9 8 8,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe0 ,i am quot+--9 ! :ole hi/ory ( human und]tak+s !re is no?+ t exce$s1 if1 inde$1 !re is any?+ t equals1 ?is voyage ( ,magellan's4 ,t ( ,columbus dw9dles away 9 comp>ison4 ,x is a display ( sup]human c\rage1 sup]human p]sev]ance--a display ( resolution n to be div]t$ f its purpose by any motive or any suff]+4444 ,?is unp>allel$ resolution met its rew>d at la/4 ,magellan rea*$ a gr\p ( isl&s nor? ( ! equator--! ,ladrones4 ,9 a few days m he became aw>e t 8 labors _h be5 successful4 ,he met ) adv5tur]s f ,sumatra4 ,b1 ?\gh he _h ?us gr&ly accompli%$ 8 object1 x 0 n giv5 to him to complete ! circumnavigation ( ! globe4 ,at an isl& call$ ,zebu1 or ,mutan1 he 0 kill$1 ei!r1 z has be5 v>i\sly relat$1 9 a mut9y ( 8 m51 or1 z !y decl>$1 9 a conflict ) ! savages1 or insidi\sly by poison4444 ,h>dly 0 he gone :5 8 crew le>n$ t !y 7 actually 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,moluccas hav+ previ\sly w&]$ too f> nor?1 & discov]$ ! ,philipp9es1 & t ! object ( _! voyage 0 accompli%$4444 ,& n[ !y prep>$ to br+ ! news ( _! success back to ,spa94 ,magellan's lieut5ant1 ,seba/ian d',elanco1 direct$ 8 c\rse = ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 aga9 enc\nt]+ ! mo/ fe>ful h>d%ips4 ,out ( 8 sl5d] crew he lo/ #ba m54 ,he d\bl$ ! ,cape at la/2 & on ,septemb] #g1 #aebb1 9 ! port ( ,/4 ,luc>1 ne> ,seville1 "u 8 ord]s1 ! good %ip ,vittoria came safely to an an*or4 ,%e _h accompli%$ ! greate/ a*ievem5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,%e _h circumnavigat$ ! e>?4 ,! imm$iate result ( ?is voyage 0 to impress ,spa9's sov]eignty ^u ! ,ea/ ,indies2 b a va/] & m f>-rea*+ consequ5ce 0 ! influ5ce x ex]t$1 by its pro( t ! _w 0 really a globe1 to free m5's m9ds f bl9d belief 9 & guidance by a tradition1 :i* _h taught t ! e>? 0 a flat pla9 surr\nd$ by wat]1--an error sanction$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e & o!r influ5tial tea*]s4 ,magellan impress$ a "n ^u ! greate/ ( ! oceans1 & has 8 own "n glori\sly emblazon$ ^u bo? ! map ( ! e>? & ! map ( ! sky 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 b 8 greate/ title to honor1 aft] all1 is t he /ruck dogma ! h>de/ bl[ x ev] receiv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sea-,,surf ,,at ,,santo ,,dom+o4 ,! sixte5? c5tury seems to h be51 outside ( ! ,arctic regions1 an era ( survey+ r ?an ( exploration by sea1 yet "s notable "w 0 done 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e all nations n[ ent]$ z competitors 9 ! trade1 seiz+ ^u e isl& or ma9l& %ore t !y c\ld1 & hold+ _! possessions z long z possible4 ,ev5 ! ,engli% ent]$ he>tily into ?is rivalry1 ! great ,ea/ ,india ,company hav+ be5 f\nd$ 9 #aeii4 ,) its trad+ we h no?+ to d1 b mu/ note t x ext5d$ k ( ,oceanica consid]ably1 & add$ greatly to ,europe's in=mation z to ,india1 ! ,malayan p59sula & l>g] isl&s1 ,*9a1 & ,japan4 ,! ,spani% & ,portuguese f\nd !mselves s busy 9 def5d+ t to :i* !y already laid claim t !y _h little "t to se>* = new l&s2 & ?is sort ( ent]prise fell ma9ly to ! ,dut*1 :o1 n[ t ! ,ne!rl&s 7 at la/ free f ! long & cruel tyranny ( ,spa91 7 en]getically mak+ up = lo/ "t4 ,_! capta91 ,van ,noort1 w5t out by way ( ! ,/raits ( ,magellan to ! ,philipp9es1 & got back to ,rott]dam betwe5 #aeih & #afja4 ,ano!r fleet made ! same voyage fifte5 ye>s lat]2 & 9 #afaf ,cape ,horn 0 r\nd$ by ,willem ,cornelis ,s*\t51 :o gave ! "n ( 8 home village1 ,hoorn1 to t desolate t]m9us ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,= _m ye>s geograph]s _h held belief 9 a va/ 8s\!rn cont95t10--,t]ra ,au/ralis1--& mo/ ( ! isl&s f\nd 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific 7 accid5tal results ( "s attempt to rea* x4 ,new ,gu9ea _h be5 sight$ a c5tury be=e1 & p]haps ,au/ralia also1 ( :i* sev]al navigators got glimpses "h & !re e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 satisfy+ !m t x also 0 a great isl&4 ,x 0 n until ?is c5tury 0 half gone1 h[ev]1 t ! map ( t qu>t] ( ! 8,s\? ,sea0 0 fill$ out ) any accuracy2 & ?is 0 due to ! skill & labor ( an em95t ,dut* voyag]1 ,abel ,jansz5 ,tasman1 :o 0 despat*$ s\?w>d ) two %ips by ! colonial gov]nm5t at ,batavia1 :]e ! ,dut* _h already ga9$ political asc5dancy4 8,?is voyage10 we are told1 8prov$ to be ! mo/ important to geography t _h be5 und]tak5 s9ce ! fir/ circumnavigation ( ! globe40 ,tasman sail$ f ,batavia 9 ! ya*t ,heemskirk1 on ! #ad? ( ,augu/1 #afdb1 & f ,mauritius on ! #h? ( ,octob]4 ,on ,novemb] #bd high l& 0 sight$ 9 #db #cj ,s41 :i* 0 nam$ ,van ,diem5's ,l& 7n[ ,tasmania71 &1 aft] l&+ !re1 sail 0 aga9 made1 & ,new ,zeal& 7at fir/ call$ ,/aat5l&7 0 discov]$ on ! #ac? ( ,decemb]4 ,tasman communicat$ ) ! natives & an*or$ 9 :at he call$ ,murd]]s' ,bay1 because sev]al m5 7 massacr$ !re by ! natives4 ,!nce he took an irregul> c\rse ea/ & nor?1 until he arriv$ at ! ,fri5dly ,isles ( ,cook4 ,9 ,april1 #afdc1 he 0 (f ! nor? coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 hav+ mean:ile sail$ ar\nd ,new ,brita9 & ,new ,irel& 7n[ ,new ,meckl5burg71 & on ,june #ae he return$ to ,batavia4 ,! contribution to sea-k ( ! rema9+ voyages 9 ?is c5tury 7 ma9ly 9 ! direction ( a bett] und]/&+ ( w9ds1 curr5ts1 ice movem5ts1 tides1 & an improvem5t 9 ! me?ods ( build+1 rigg+1 & navigat+ vessels int5d$ = long voyages4 ,map-mak+ receiv$ a great impetus & 0 especially cultivat$ by ! ,dut*1 among :om ,m]cator became fam\s by inv5t+ ! useful projection t be>s 8 "n & is /ill mo/ commonly us$4 ,nev]!less1 ! improvem5t1 especially 9 in/rum5ts ( navigation1 0 sl[4 ,! a/rolabe g5]ally gave place to ! cross-/aff2 & ?is to a bett] device call$ ! back-/aff1 ( :i* an improv$ =m1 inv5t$ by ,john ,davis1 rema9$ long 9 use4 ,?is 0 call$ ! ,davis quadrant2 & ) x 8! obs]v] /ood ) 8 back to ! sun1 &1 look+ ?r\gh ! sights1 br\ght ! %ad[ ( a p9 into co9cid5ce ) ! horizon40 ,_m v>iations ( ?is in/rum5t 7 made1 until1 9 ! middle ( ! next c5tury1 x 0 sup]s$$ by ! sextant4 ,?us be=e ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a/ronom]s & navigators _h le>n$ h[ to det]m9e latitude fairly accurately1 & ! sailor _h prep>$ = him a v>iety ( tables ( />s1 almanacs1 & o!r ma!matical guides4 ,! det]m9ation ( longitude 0 yet difficult1 h[ev]1 ow+ l>gely to ! imp]fection ( timepieces2 & x 0 n until ! la/ ye> ( ! c5tury1 signaliz$ by ! fir/ record$ sea-voyage made purely = sci5tific purposes1 t mu* advance 0 made4 ,?is voyage1 la/+ two ye>s 7#afii-agjj71 0 und]tak5 by ! em95t ,engli% a/ronom] ,edmund ,halley = ! express purpose ( obta9+ in=mation necess>y to ! improvem5t ( ! compass & me?ods ( asc]ta9+ ! position ( a %ip at sea1 0 productive ( results ( ! greate/ s]vice1 & plac$ ! sci5ce ( navigation ^u a sure foot+4 ,x 0 foll[$ e>ly 9 ! next c5tury by ! e/abli%m5t 9 ,engl& ( ! ,longitude ,bo>d1 a sci5tific commission *>g$ ) ! duty ( det]m9+ longitudes & /udy+ navigation4 ,f ?is bo>d came ! 8,nautical ,almanac10 :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 #agfg1 b simil> almanacs are n[ publi%$ annually by ! gov]nm5ts ( almo/ all m>itime p[]s1 & ! editor%ip is e/eem$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates "o ( ! mo/ honor$ positions 9 ! naval s]vice4 ,^! books conta9 ephem]ides1 or tables ( positions = ea* day ( t ye> ( all ! heav5ly bodies1 8pr$ictions ( a/ronomical ph5om5a1 & ! angul> di/ances ( ! moon f ! sun1 planets1 & fix$ />s10 all ref]r$ to "s /at$ m]idian4 ,) su* an almanac1 an improv$ compass1 & "o ( ,newton's new sextants z a means ( quick & accurate obs]vation ( sun & moon & />s1 ! navigator _h little ne$ to d\bt z to :]e he 02 & maps began to %[ a correspond+ improvem5t 9 accuracy4 ,illu/ration3 8,,buccane]s ,,& ,,_m ,,wild ,,sea-,,rov]s40 ,! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury1 z we %all see lat]1 0 ! era ( ! buccane]s & ( _m wild sea-rov]s ^: f>-w&]+ b>ks1 9 se>* ( adv5ture1 pick$ up mu* in=mation at ! exp5se ( human lives & h>d-e>n$ prop]ty4 ,! =emo/ ( ^! 0 ,dampi]1 :o seems to h gone almo/ ev]y:]e a %ip c\ld g1 & :o f\nd out _m new ?+s1 :i* he _h ! p[] ( tell+ well1 z to ,au/ralasia2 & ! /rait betwe5 ,new ,gu9ea & ,new ,brita91 :i* he discov]$1 is nam$ aft] him4 ,_m a comm&] 0 n[ cruis+ 9 ^? wat]s1 h[ev]1 "u ,engli% & ,dut* flags ma9ly1 f9d+ new l&s & pillag+ old ones--su* z ,roggewe91 ,anson1 ,byron1 ,wallis1 ,c>t]et1 ,b\ga9ville1 & o!rs2 & su* important isl&s z ,ea/]1 ,tahiti1 ,*>lotte1 & ,gl\ce/] gr\ps1 ,pitcairn1 & o!rs1 7 f\nd dur+ ! fir/ half ( ?is c5tury4 ,b n[ ! ,engli% 7 to r$eem _! good "n by s5d+ out a gov]nm5t exp$ition1 or s]ies ( exp$itions1 ^: object 0 sci5tific discov]y & ! humane /udy ( ! m5 & res\rces on ! o!r side ( ! _w1 in/ead ( =c$ trade or bloody rap9e4 ,^! 7 ! ?ree exp$itions comm&$ by ,capta9 ,james ,cook1 "o ( ! mo/ capable (fic]s 9 ! ,briti% navy4 ,! fir/ voyage 0 made 9 #agfg = ! purpose ( c>ry+ a p>ty ( a/ronom]s & naturali/s to ,tahiti to obs]ve !re a transit ( ,v5us1 aft] :i* a survey 0 made ( ! !n almo/ unkn[n coa/s ( ,new ,zeal& & ,ea/]n ,au/ralia4 ,! second voyage 0 to explore ! ,ant>ctic regions1 :i!r ! ,fr5* _h prec$$ him1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]2 & we ne$ only say "h t ,cook f9ally dispos$ ( ! tradition ( a va/ t]ra au/ralis--at any rate a habitable "o4 ,x is to 8 ?ird voyage1 !n1 t he pr9cipally owes 8 fame4 ,?is 0 und]tak5 9 pursuance ( ! rul+ idea ( 8 day1 t a sea-r\te might be discov]$ nor? ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 :i* w\ld va/ly %ort5 ! trip f ,europe to ,*9a & ! ,spice ,isl&s4 ,o!rs 7 seek+ x directly by way ( ,baff9's ,bay1 & ,cook 0 s5t to attack ! problem f ! ,pacific side4 ,he 0 giv5 comm& ( 8 old %ip ,resolution & a new "o1 ,discov]y1 outfitt$ 9 ! be/ possible mann]1 & especially gu>d$1 9 ! matt] ( provisions1 aga9/ scurvy--t dread ( ! old-fa%ion$ seam51 9 respect to :i* ,cook himself _h introduc$ su* new & valuable prev5tives z w\ld alone h entitl$ 8 "n to grateful remembrance4 ,he 0 comm&$ to revisit1 on 8 way out1 ! ,s\? ,pacific ,isl&s2 & dep>t$ f ,engl& 9 ,june1 #aggf1 /e]+ by way ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & rea*+ ! ar*ipelagoes 9 ! spr+ ( #aggg1 :]e he cruis$ = ne>ly a ye>4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aggh1 he sail$ nor? f ! ,fri5dly ,isl&s1 & a few days lat] hit ^u a l>ge1 inhabit$1 unkn[n gr\p ( isl&s1 ^: pr9cipal "o 0 call$ ,hawaii by ! p1 b :i* he nam$ ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 9 honor ( an ,engli% e>l :o _h tak5 great int]e/ 9 8 plans4 ,"h he sp5t "s delightful days1 & !n bore away to ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 :i* ! ,engli% /ill claim$ "u ,drake's "n ( ,new ,albion1 & :i* he /ruck ne> ,puget ,s\nd4 ,!nce he w5t sl[ly along ! coa/ nor?w>d until he f\nd & p5etrat$ ! deep bay s9ce call$ ,cook's ,inlet4 ,8 hope t ?is might prove a sort ( nor!rn ,/raits ( ,magellan 0 quickly disappo9t$1 & he w5t on into & ?r\gh ,b]+ ,sea & ,/rait until he 0 /opp$ by ! ice on ! nor? %ore ( ,alaska1 at a po9t /ill call$ ,icy ,cape4 ,!n he turn$ back1 survey+ bo? %ores ( ! /rait1 & aga9 made 8 way to ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 :]e1 9 an un=tunate qu>rel ) ! natives1 he 0 kill$4 ,! ,hawaiians h always said t ?is 0 ! act ( a ruffian among !m1 & t ! *iefs & ! be/ ( ! p nev] wi%$ nor int5d$ any h>m to _! visitors2 & ?is is probably true4 ,8 executive (fic] took ! %ips back to ,engl& 9 ,octob]1 #aghj4 ,! voyages ( ?is able & intellig5t comm&] bore fruit 9 _m ways4 ,"o 0 ! colonization ( ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 & ,new ,zeal& by ! ,engli%1 :i* began 9 #aghh4 ,ano!r 0 ! voyage ( ,vanc\v] to ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica 9 #agib1 :i* int]cept$ ! surveys ( ! ,spani>ds !re1 "u ,quadra & o!rs1 & en=c$ ,engli% possession ( all ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,cali=nian settlem5ts ( ! ,spani>ds & ! ,russian po/s 9 ,alaska1 ?\gh he curi\sly fail$ to f9d ei!r ,puget ,s\nd or ! ,columbia ,riv]4 ,a ?ird direct result1 & f "s po9ts ( view ! mo/ important "o1 0 ! op5+ ( a great numb] ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s to ,*ri/ian mission>ies4 ,by ?is "t !re _h aris5 9 ! ,new ,_w :i* ^! voyag]s _h fir/ /umbl$ ^u1 & !n se>*$ =1 & aft]w>d scrut9iz$ s c>efully1 a new1 composite nation1 :i* someh[ =got t all _! broad & f]tile l& _h be5 giv5 away c5turies be=e by an old g5tleman 9 ,rome to 8 fri5ds ! ,spani>ds1 & act$ z ?\gh !y ?\ght x belong$ to !mselves2 & by & by ?is ?riv+ nation hoi/$ a />ry flag ( its own1 & proclaim$ itself ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,!n1 n to be beh9d ,european p[]s1 ^: navigators 7 enri*+ libr>ies ) magnific5t *ronicles ( sci5tific /udies 9 sea-sci5ce1 su* z ^? ( ! ,fr5* 8,voyage ( ! ,a/rolabe10 ! ,russian n>ratives ( ,krus5/]n & ,kotzebue1 & ! ,engli% explorations ( ,bee*ey 7:o 0 accompani$ by ,*>les ,d>w971 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s5t to ! ,pacific a well-equipp$ exp$ition "u ,lieut5ant 7aft]w>d ,admiral7 ,*>les ,wilkes4 ,?is 0 gone f #ahch to #ahde1 survey$ ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 w&]$ ab\t ,oceanica1 & did its be/ to p5etrate ! icy limits ( ! ,ant>ctic zone4 ,! results 7 six magnific5t folio volumes1 conta9+ n only ! n>rative ( ! cruise1 b contributions to sci5ce by ,james ,d4 ,dana1 ,horatio ,hale1 ,john ,cass91 & o!r m5 ( ! la/ g5]ation great 9 ,am]ican sci5ce4 ,illu/ration3 end ( *apt] decoration ,,*apt] ,v ,,secrets ,,won ,,f ,,! ,,froz5 ,,nor? ,z soon z ! sea-r\tes betwe5 ,europe & ! f> ,ea/ 7 le>n$1 & ! ,am]ican coa/s _h be5 mapp$1 ! region )9 ! ,arctic circle became ! mo/ attractive field = nautical discov]y4 ,all ?is e>li] ,arctic exploration1 h[ev]1 0 n1 z x has lately become1 a sy/em ( sci5tific rese>*1 b 0 simply a s]ies ( attempts to op5 new roads = comm]ce to foll[4 ,x occurr$ to e navigator t z a sea-way _h be5 ga9$ pa/ ! s\!rn end ( ,am]ica1 s "o ar\nd its nor!rn bord] might be disclos$2 & p]haps1 also1 a %ip-r\te along ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,sib]ia4 ,ei!r ( ^! w\ld be f> %ort] ?an to g to 8,ca?ay0 ar\nd ei!r ,cape ,horn or ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & w\ld enable ! ,engli% & o!r nor!rn]s to avoid _! enemies1 ! ,spani% & ,portuguese1 :o comm&$ ! s\!rn wat]s4 ,! fir/ ,arctic voyage ( exploration1 prop]ly speak+1 0 t ( ,will\ghby & ,*ancellor1 :o 9 #aeec p5etrat$ ! seas nor? ( ,sc&9avia1 :]e !y became sep>at$4 ,will\ghby & 8 m5 tri$ to w9t] on ! coa/ ( ,russian ,lapl&1 b all di$ ( scurvy4 ,*ancellor1 h[ev]1 pu%$ on into ! ,:ite ,sea1 rea*$ a mona/]y on ! coa/1 & !nce made 8 way to ,mosc[1 :]e he 0 well receiv$1 & ?us op5$ a trade r\te ( incalculable advantage to bo? ,engl& & ,russia4 ,x l$ at once to ! organization ( ! ,muscovy ,company1 & began a comm]ce n[ regul>ly c>ri$ on 9 /eam vessels to ,ar*angel1 :i* 9 #ahig 0 connect$ ) ,mosc[ by railroad4 ,by #aehj sev]al o!r comm&]s _h tri$ to improve on ?is p]=mance1 b none got pa/ ! ,k>a ,sea1 & ! next important ef=t 0 head$ t[>d t 8,nor?we/ ,passage10 :i* = m ?an ?ree c5turies 0 ! lode/one ( ,arctic /ud5ts & voyag]s4 ,x 0 9 *>ge ( ,m>t9 ,frobi%]1 lat] "o ( ,engl&'s mo/ conspicu\s admirals1 :o aft]w>d made a l>g] exp$ition 9 :i* he le>n$ _m facts ab\t ! ,labrador coa/ & ,hudson ,/rait4 ,ano!r ,engli% seaman1 & a m sci5tific "o1 ,john ,davis1 made ?ree rem>kable voyages1 betwe5 #aehe & #aehi1 & increas$ ! map by a c>eful del9eation ( bo? coa/s ( ! /rait /ill call$ aft] him4 ,%ortly aft]w>d ,dut* m]*ants _h s5t ?ree exp$itions nor?w>d "u comm& ( ,william ,b>5tz to se>* = a nor!a/ passage1 ! ?ird & mo/ important ( :i* sail$ 9 #aeif & f\nd x impossible to p5etrate ! ice ea/ ( ,nova ,zembla 7:i* _h be5 se5 fir/ by ,burr\gh 9 #aeef1 :o _h be5 %[n ! way by ,russian fi%]m571 b discov]$ ,be> ,isl& & ,spitzb]g54 ,! crew ( ,b>5tz's vessel sp5t ! w9t] ( #aeif-ig at ,ice ,hav51 ,nova ,zembla--! fir/ successfully to face a w9t] 9 ! ,arctic zone4 ,:5 ! next spr+ came !y made _! way to ,lapl& & homew>d 9 boats1 b ,b>5tz di$ on ! road4 ,?is voyage 0 highly important 9 op5+ to ! ,ne!rl&s ! :ale & seal fi%]ies ( t region :i* has ev] s9ce be5 kn[n z ,b>5tz's ,sea1 b x disc\rag$ ! hopes ( a 8nor!a/ passage40 ,9 #ahga ,b>5tz's w9t] qu>t]s at ,ice ,hav5 7 f\nd undi/urb$1 aft] a lapse ( #bgd ye>s1 & 9 #ahge "p ( ! j\rnal kept by ?is brave m>9] 0 recov]$4 ,almo/ e ye> ab\t ?is "t saw ,engli%1 ,dut*1 & ,dani% %ips go+ nor?1 ea* add+ "s new fact to geography & ! k ( pol> wat]s & ice4 ,"o ( !m1 9 #afjg1 0 comm&$ by ,h5ry ,hudson1 :o se>*$ ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 f\nd ,jan ,may51 & po9t$ ! way to ! ,spitzb]g5 :ale fi%]ies2 yet he _h h>dly m ?an a sail-boat1 & a crew ( only elev5 m54 ,! foll[+ ye> ?is intrepid man tri$ to g to ,*9a nor? ( ,asia1 b fail$ z ,b>5tz _h done1 & return$ 8void ( hope ( a nor!a/ passage40 ,nev]!less1 he tri$ x aga9 a ye> lat] 9 ! s]vice ( ,am/]dam m]*ants1 b 8 m5 7 ob/rep]\s1 &1 yield+ to 8 own incl9ation z well z to !irs1 he turn$ we/ to f9d t 8,nor?we/ ,passage0 9 :i* ev]ybody !n believ$ because !y hop$1 & because ( ! difficulty ( gett+ s great a fact z ! real ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t prov$ to be accept$ by ! popul> imag9ation1 :i* 0 us$ to small ?+s 9 geography4 ,v will+ly1 !n1 ,hudson's little %ip1 ! ,half ,moon1 0 turn$ t[>d ! s\?we/2 & x f\nd some?+ bett] ?an x s\ght1 = ! ,hudson ,riv] & ! site ( ! future metropolis ( ! ,new ,_w 7 add$ to ! map4 ,hudson's success 9 ?is voyage l$ to 8 imm$iate engagem5t by a company ( ,engli% m]*ants & speculators1 :o 7 will+ to risk additional money 9 se>*+ = a nor?we/ passage if he w\ld lead4 ,9 #afaj1 !re=e1 ,hudson took comm& ( a new %ip1 ! ,discov]ie1 & sail+ 9 h] to ,baff9's ,bay1 f\nd ! great op5+ ( ,hudson ,/rait1 & ) high hope t 8 goal 0 n[ 9 view foll[$ x we/w>d into ,hudson ,bay4 ,"h he coa/$ s\? to :at we t]m ,james ,bay1 &1 aft] a com=table w9t]1 resum$ 8 exam9ation ( ! we/ coa/1 :]eupon ! majority ( 8 m5 mut9i$1 set ,hudson & sev]al sick m5 adrift 9 a r[boat1 & turn$ back4 ,mo/ ( ! mut9e]s di$1 b ! vessel 0 f9ally tak5 back to ,london1 :]e ! murd]]s 7 promptly que/ion$ & ne>ly z promptly hang$4 ,! /ory ( ano!r rem>kable voyage closes ! /ory ( ?is e>ly attempt at ! problem :i*1 two hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft]w>d1 0 to be solv$ only by pro( ( its uselessness4 ,9 #afaf ano!r ,discov]y--a c>avel ( only fifty-five tons--w5t nor? f ,engl& 9 *>ge ( ,william ,baff94 8,on ! #cj? ( ,may he _h rea*$ ,davis' f>!/ po9t1 ,s&]son's ,hope1 9 #gb #da ,n41 444 & rea*$1 #a/ ,july1 an op5 sea1 ! #8,nor? ,wat]' ( ! :al]s ( to-day4 ,pass+ ,capes ,york1 ,a?oll & ,p>ry1 he yet pu%$ nor?w>d1 & on #e? ,july atta9$ 8 f>!/ po9t )9 sight ( ,cape ,alex&]4 ,8 latitude1 ab\t #gg #de ,n41 rema9$ unequal$ 9 t sea = two hundr$ & ?irty-six ye>s40 ,arctic success dep5ds on good luck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fanta/ic ,,iceb]gs ,,9 ,,hudson ,,/rait4 ,! next c5tury 7#agjj to #ahjj7 0 a p]iod ( active pol> rese>* 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,! ,russians complet$ _! k ( _! ,arctic coa/s1 ,pop(f rea*+ ,ea/ ,cape 9 #agaa1 & br++ back an acc\nt n only ( v>i\s isl&s1 b also ( a cont95tal %ore ea/w>d4 ,x 0 ?is report t caus$ ,pet] ! ,great to set on foot a co/ly s*eme ( rese>* ^u ! nor!a/]n coa/s ( ,sib]ia1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,vitus ,b]+1 a ,dane1 9 8 navy1 b accompli%$ no?+ ( any value2 & x 0 n until #agdj t ,b]+ f9ally cross$ ov] 9 a blund]+ sort ( way & made a brief exam9ation ( ! coa/ ( ,alaska1 :]e 8 %ip 0 f9ally wreck$1 & he di$ ( disc\ragem5t & *agr94 ,he saw nei!r ! sea nor ! /rait t be>s 8 "n1 0 n ! fir/ to rea* ! ,am]ican cont95t1 & nev] le>n$ :e!r or n x 0 connect$ ) ,sib]ia4 ,nev]!less 8 voyage _h fruitful results1 = x l$ to va/ fi%]ies & fur-ga!r+s1 & ! writ+s ( 8 naturali/1 ,/ell]1 _h & /ill h great sci5tific importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,walrus ,,bre$+-,,gr\nd1 ,,b]+ ,,/rait4 ,by ?is "t ! :al+ & alli$ m>9e indu/ries1 & ! "w ( su* excell5t explor]s z ! ,dut*man ,m>t5s1 _h made m>9]s ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! ,nor? ,atlantic f ,nova ,zembla to ,gre5l&1 & a va/ advance _h be5 effect$ 9 ! k ( navigation amid ! ice1 & 9 ! build+ & equipm5t ( %ips & ! prop] me?ods ( provision+ & clo?+ & treat+ crews 9 ord] to ma9ta9 heal? & com=t z well z m]e safety4 ,^! well-fitt$ & d>+ly manag$ :al]s _h at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury begun to p5etrate f> into ! wat]s we/ ( ,gre5l&1 9 spite ( a v curi\s fact1 :i* w\ld make anybody b a ,briti% :aleman pause--namely1 t !re 7 no su* wat]s4 ,s _! be/ maps & treatises said6 ,two hundr$ ye>s _h n[ pass$ s9ce ,baff9's return f 8 wond]ful voyage ( #afaf1 & dur+ all t "t n a :ite man's keel _h pl[$ ! *ill+ solitudes he _h left1 except lately ^! v5turesome :al]s1 :o did n frequ5t libr>ies4 ,consequ5tly ,baff9's "w _h fir/ be5 =gott5 & !n disbeliev$2 s t at la/ fir/-class maps 7 publi%$ :i* omitt$ ,baff9's ,bay altoge!r1 & books 7 writt51 su* z ,b>r[s' 8,arctic ,voyages0 7,london1 #ahah71 t d5i$ ! au!nticity ( 8 n>rative4 ,z ! n9ete5? c5tury op5$1 h[ev]1 ,engl& began to turn h] att5tion to ! r5ewal ( pol> /udies4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's m5 7 rea*+ ! coa/ ( _! ,t]ritories "h & !re2 b o!rwise ! :ole ,arctic ,ocean nor? ( ,briti% ,am]ica 0 unkn[n4 ,to relieve h]self ( ! %ame ( ?is ,great ,brita9 soon s5t into t field a rapid succession ( explor]s1 _m ( :om soon became fam\s4 ,! v fir/ ( ^!1 ,john ,ross1 despat*$ 9 #ahah1 confirm$ fully ! geography laid d[n by ,baff9 z f> z ,cape ,york1 9 spite ( ! le>n$ book-mak]s1 & report$ a great numb] & v>iety ( int]e/+ facts2 :]eupon a mu* l>g] exp$ition 0 at once arrang$ & plac$ 9 comm& ( a naval (fic] nam$ ,william ,edw>d ,p>ry1 :o w5t out 9 #ahai ) ord]s to f9d ! nor?we/ passage1 & :o _h 9 8 /aff su* m5 z ,sab9e1 ,liddon1 ,james ,ross1 ,reid1 ,crozi]1 & simil> mat]ial1 all /imulat$ n only by naval & sci5tific pride1 b by ! (f] by ,p>liam5t ( a rew>d ( #ajj1jjj to him :o %\ld fir/ discov] ! desir$ ?or\ghf>e4 ,?is fir/ voyage 0 a gr& success4 ,=c+ 8 way into ,lanca/] ,s\nd 9 midsumm]1 ,p>ry f\nd t ,ross's report t x 0 a l&lock$ bay 0 errone\s4 ,z ,greely tells x3 ,! mirage-m\nta9s ( ! previ\s ye> _h vani%$1 & z ,p>ry cr[d$ sail we/w>d1 he op5$ a s]ies ( magnific5t wat]ways hi!rto unkn[n4 ,! way lay ?r\gh an ar*ipelago 7,p>ry71 ) ,nor? ,devon1 ,cornwallis1 ,ba?ur/ & ,melville isl&s to ! nor?1 & ,cockburn1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 & ,banks isl&s to ! s\?4 ,lanca/] ,s\nd1 brok5 at its we/]n end by ,pr9ce ,reg5t ,inlet1 gave way to ,b>r[ ,/rait1 :i* broad5$ into ,melville ,s\nd1 :ile yet f>!r to ! we/ ! encroa*+ l& =m$ ,banks ,/rait :]e?r\gh ^! *annels op5 into pol> ocean4 ,if y w look at ! map y w see t ?is li/ compreh5ds pretty ne>ly ev]y?+ s\? ( ,smi? ,s\nd4 ,_m details ( c\rse 7 lack+1 & ^! ,p>ry 0 s5t a second "t to "w out1 b he add$ really little to geography by two seasons ( h>d "w2 & a ?ird voyage1 begun 9 ,may1 #ahbd1 0 /ill m un=tunate4 ,^! voyages1 h[ev]1 enabl$ ,p>ry1 :o 0 "o ( ! greate/ ( all ,arctic /ud5ts & navigators1 to /ate t ! we/]n sides ( all nor!rly & s\!rly bodies ( wat] are always m encumb]$ ) ice ?an ! ea/]n sides2 & to make _m mo/ valuable improvem5ts 9 ice navigation & equipm5t4 ,8 illu/rat$ n>ratives rema9 among ! mo/ readable books ( ,arctic exp]i5ce1 & little has be5 add$ to _! acc\nts ( ea/]n ,eskimo life & cu/oms4 ,mean:ile 7#ahai7 ano!r navy (fic]1 :o 0 ard5t 9 ! sci5tific bran*es ( 8 pr(ession1 z well z di/+ui%$ 9 seaman%ip & naval w>f>e1 & :o _h acquir$ ,arctic exp]i5ce "u ,bu*an 9 ! ill-/>r$ exp$ition ( #ahah1 0 s5t ov]l& to cop]ate ) o!rs 9 def9+ ! ma9l& coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,?is 0 ,lieut5ant ,john ,frankl9--a "n de/9$ to become ! mo/ fam\s ( all among ! explor]s ( ! froz5 ,nor?4 ,= sev]al ye>s he & 8 p>ties liv$ & travel$ among ! ,eskimos1 trac+ ! coa/-l9e f a consid]able di/ance ea/ ( ! m\? ( ! ,copp]m9e ,riv] we/w>d almo/ to ,po9t ,b>r[1 ,alaska1 :]e !y came )9 "o hundr$ & =ty-six miles ( meet+ ,bee*ey's cop]ative exam9ation by sea f ,b]+'s ,/rait2 & x 0 out ( ^! trips t we got ! valuable treatises ^u ! natural hi/ory ( ,briti% ,am]ica1 publi%$ by 8 assi/ants1 ,he>ne & ,ri*>dson4 ,?is end$ 9 #ahbf4 ,! next prom95t exp$ition 0 t ( ,capta9 ,john ,ross & 8 nephew ,james1 aft]w>d celebrat$ 9 ,ant>ctic exploration2 & x turn$ out an exce$+ly productive "o4 ,meet+ =tunate conditions 9 ,lanca/] ,s\nd he easily rea*$ :]e ! ,fury _h gone a%ore1 & refill$ 8 %ip ) a portion ( ! /ores ,p>ry _h ?\ghtfully l&$ & made safe !re--a provision :i* lat] kept ?is exp$ition f de/ruction4 ,!n he press$ on beyond :]e ,p>ry _h gone1 & add$ l>gely to ! details ( 8 map1 b curi\sly fail$ to recognize ,bellot ,/rait z a ?or\ghf>e1 & s unacc\ntably miss$ ! ?+ he 0 9 se>* (4 ,ross discov]$ ,boo?ia ,felix2 & dur+ ! ?ree w9t]s sp5t on its ea/]n %ore1 ! y\ng] ,ross1 by sl$g+1 discov]$ ,frankl9 ,passage1 ,victoria ,/rait1 & ,k+ ,william's ,l&1 & l>gely explor$ _! coa/s2 b 8 mo/ important "w1 8giv+ imp]i%able r5[n to 8 "n10 z ,greely decl>es1 0 ! det]m9ation ( ! position ( ! nor? magnetic pole on ! we/ coa/ ( ,boo?ia ,felix4 8,! exp]i5ces1 duration1 & results ( ?is voyage10 writes ,g5]al ,a4 ,w4 ,greely1 8are among ! mo/ extraord9>y on record4 ,! p>ty pass$ five ye>s 9 ! ,arctic regions )\t fatality1 save ?ree 7two f non-,arctic causes71 discov]$ a new l&1 ! nor!rn extremity ( ! cont95t ( ,am]ica1 & made o!r ext5sive geographical discov]ies4 ,its obs]vations are probably ! mo/ valuable s+le set ev] made )9 ! ,arctic circle40 ,illu/ration3 ,,eskimos ,,9 ,,summ] ,,t5ts4 ,dur+ ! ?ird w9t] 7#ahcc7 a rescu+ p>ty "u ,capta9 ,c4 ,back _h gone f ,engl& ov]l& 9 se>* ( ,ross2 & recruit$ by ,hudson's ,bay ,company m5 ( exp]i5ce _h desc5d$ ,fi% 7or ,back's7 ,riv] to its m\?1 ?us not+ a new po9t on ! map2 b x fail$ to rea* ,ross4 ,by simil> ov]l& j\rneys f _! trad+-po/s on ,great ,slave ,lake & else:]e1 ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company's m51 especially ,simpson1 ,dease1 & ,rae1 connect$ v>i\s po9ts ( ! coa/1 s t be=e #ahej x 0 kn[n ) sub/antial accuracy f ,melville ,p59sula to ,b]+ ,/rait4 ,9 mu* ! same way ,russian sl$ge-travel]s _h trac$ ! nor!rn ,asiatic coa/ by desc5d+ to ! m\?s ( riv]s2 b no %ip _h yet succe$$ 9 pass+ ,gape ,*elyusk91 ! nor!rnmo/ po9t ( ,asia or any cont95tal l&4 ,!n came a p]iod ( ! ke5e/ rivalry & ri*e/ results 9 ! hi/ory ( pol> conque/1 b also "o ( ! greate/ cata/rophes4 ,! exp$itions ( ,lieut5ant ,john ,frankl9 9 #ahah & #ahai 7 spok5 ( a mom5t ago4 ,8 s]vices !n & subsequ5tly _h be5 recogniz$ by ! ,briti% k+1 :o1 among o!r honors1 _h made ,frankl9 a knight1 & s5t him to be gov]nor ( ,van ,diem5's ,l& 7,tasmania71 :]e he rema9$ f #ahcf to #ahdc1 f\nd$ a prosp]\s colony1 & 0 reg>d$ z "o ( ! wise/1 k9de/1 & mo/ upright m5 ( 8 day4 ,^u 8 return to ,engl& ,frankl9 0 made comm&] ( ! mo/ important exp$ition t _h ev] yet be5 fitt$ out to se>* = ! ,nor?we/ ,passage1 & 8 reputation br\ght ! be/ m5 z volunte]s to 8 /&>d4 ,hav+ select$ #acd (fic]s & m51 & made ! be/ equipm5t possible1 ,capta9 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 sail$ on ,may #ai1 #ahde1 9 ! ,erebus & ,t]ror1 ,p>ry's old %ips4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,july !y 7 se5 proce$+ prosp]\sly up ,baff9's ,bay by a :al]1 :o report$ !m 9 due c\rse1 b nei!r %ips or crews 7 he>d ( aga9 = _m ye>s4 ,anxiety ov] ! long sil5ce at l5g? ar\s$ ! p ( ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates to beg9 a se>* = !m :i* la/$ ?r\gh _m ye>s4 ,x 0 fruitless z to its fir/ object1--! rescue ( ,frankl9 or any survivors1--b x gradually cle>$ up ! sad my/]y1 & x 0 ! means ( le>n+ all1 & m ?an all1 t ,frankl9 s\ght to asc]ta94 ,! se>* began by ! despat*1 e>ly 9 #ahdh1 ( ,sir ,james ,ross 9 two %ips1 ,inve/igator & ,ent]prise1 :i* w9t]$ ne> ! nor!a/ po9t ( ,nor? ,devon1 & return$ ! foll[+ ye> ) no tid+s1 al?\gh !y af=d$ ! second (fic]1 ,lieut5ant ,f4 ,r4 ,m',cl9tock1 an opportunity to acquire a k ( sl$g+1 :i* he aft]w>d us$ to advantage4 ,?is failure only ar\s$ ,engl& to r5ew$ ef=ts4 ,_m %ips 7 />t$ out at once1 & also p>ties ov]l&1 ( :i* m5tion w be made lat]4 ,! ,h]ald & ,plov]1 dur+ #ahdh & #ahdi1 scann$ ! :ole coa/ f ,b]+ ,sea to ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie1 & discov]$ ,h]ald ,isl&4 ,foll[+ !m1 9 ,m>*1 #ahej1 w5t ! ,ent]prise1 "u ,coll9son1 & ! ,inve/igator1 "u ,m',clure1 via ,b]+ ,/rait1 :ile ! ,assi/ance & ,resolute1 ) two /eam t5d]s1 "u ,capta9 ,au/91 w5t to r5ew ! se>* by ,b>r[ ,/rait1 & two brigs1 ! ,lady ,frankl9 & ,sophia1 "u a :al+ capta9 nam$ ,p5ny1 foll[$ !m4 ,! ea/]n exp$itions discov]$ ,frankl9's w9t] qu>t]s ( #ahde-df at ,bee*ey ,isl&1 b no record ( any k9d indicat+ ! direction tak5 by 8 %ips4 ,admirable arrangem5ts 7 made = pass+ ! w9t]1 & _! comb9$ sail+ & sl$g+ "w add$ mu* to ! map ( t di/rict1 & to our k ( life 9 pol> latitudes1 b x le>n$ no?+ :atev] ( ,frankl9's fate4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,float+ ,,ice-,,ca/le ,,( ,,! ,,froz5 ,,nor?4 8,out f ! d>k1 my/]i\s ,nor?1 ,) all its glam\r1 e night ,t+l+ ) un=gott5 dreams1 ,& e day flood-full ( light40 ,mean:ile ! exp$ition via ,b]+ ,sea _h become sep>at$ 9 ! ,pacific1 & ,m',clure1 9 ! ,inve/igator1 got s f> ahead t he 0 able to pass ?r\gh ,b]+ ,/rait & "w 8 way ea/w>d nor? ( ,briti% ,am]ica1 & ?r\gh ! n>r[ ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,/rait until he rea*$ ,pr9cess ,royal ,isl&s1 :]e he w9t]$4 ,"h he 0 only ?irty miles f ,b>r[ ,/rait2 & :5 he _h climb$ a high hill & saw its ice gleam+ 9 ! di/ance1 he _h 9 reality discov]$ ! ,nor?we/ ,passage4 ,yet he 0 n ! fir/1 z we n[ "k1 = :5 ! survivors ( ,frankl9's %ips1 9 _! attempt to escape1 _h rea*$ ,cape ,h]s*el1 !y1 too1 saw ?is same passage !y _h be5 s5t to f9d1 b !n1 z n[1 x 0 clos$ by p]petual ice1 s t al?\gh we n[ "k ! way1 we c no m avail ourselves ( x ?an c\ld !y1 except by go+ s\? ( ,k+ ,william's ,l&1 ?r\gh a /rait ( :i* !y _h n yet le>n$4 ,! next summ] 0 sp5t 9 a fruitless /ruggle to get nor? along ! we/]n side ( ,banks 7or ,b>+7 ,l&1 9 :i* he succe$$ only f> en\gh to get froz5 9 s firmly on ! nor? %ore ( t great isl& t ev5 ! summ] w>m? did n release 8 %ip4 ,he w\ld h p]i%$ _h x n be5 t musk-ox5 7 pl5tiful2 & by ! spr+ ( #ahec1 x 0 pla9 t ! ,inve/igator mu/ be ab&on$4 ,! ,ent]prise mean:ile _h foll[$ ,m',clure 9 ! spr+ ( #ahea1 & pass$ two ye>s 9 se>*+ e %ore & passage %e c\ld f9d1 :ile h] m5 made sl$ge-j\rneys f> & ne>1 z ,m',clure's m5 7 do+1 & once came )9 a few miles ( ,po9t ,victory1 :]e ,frankl9's rema9s w\ld h be5 f\nd4 ,at la/1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahed1 %e succe$$ 9 mak+ h] way back along ! ,am]ican coa/1 & return$ to ,engl&1 complet+ "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ,arctic voyages4 ,dur+ _! abs5ce ! fri5ds ( ,frankl9 _h n be5 idle4 ,! app>5t sacrifice ( ?is f9e "* ar\s$ almo/ or q z mu* int]e/ 9 ,am]ica z 9 ,engl&1 & ,yankee %ipma/]s knew ! nor? z well z did ! m5 ( ,engl& & ,sc&9avia4 ,h5ry ,gr9nell1 a prom95t m]*ant 9 ,new ,york1 furni%$ ! money to fit out two %ips1 ! ,advance & ,rescue1 comm&$ by ,lieut5ants ,de ,hav5 & ,griffi?s1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy4 ,!y assi/$ 9 ! se>* ab\t ,bee*ey ,isl&1 !n /ruck nor? & discov]$ ,gr9nell ,l&1 aft] :i* !y return$ be=e ! w9t] _h clos$ 94 ,) !m 0 a "y physician & travel]1 ,dr4 ,eli%a ,k5t ,kane1 :o p]suad$ ,mr4 ,gr9nell to s5d him aga9 to ! nor?1 less to se>* = ,frankl91 :om he _h despair$ (1 ?an to prosecute explorations 9 high] latitudes4 ,9 #ahec1 9 comm& ( ! little brig ,advance1 mann$ pr9cipally by :al+ m51 he left ,new ,london1 ,conn41 & made 8 way /raight up to ! head ( ,baff9's ,bay1 :i* n>r[s nor?w>d into ,smi? ,s\nd1 :]e1 on ! ea/]n1 or ,gre5l&1 %ore ( its expansion1 s9ce call$ ,kane ,bas91 he 0 /opp$ by ice & rema9$ a prison] until rescu$ 9 #ahee4 ,dr4 ,kane wrote ! hi/ories ( ^! exp$itions1 & especially ( ! latt] "o1 9 books s *>m+ly express$1 & ab\nd+ 9 su* novel in=mation1 t !y 7 read l romances 9 e home 9 ! l&1 & did m to fire ! ardor = ,arctic discov]y :i* has ev] s9ce gl[$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?an any?+ else t _h be5 said or done4 ,! mo/ imm$iate result 0 t ,dr4 ,i4 ,i4 ,hayes1 :o _h be5 ) ,kane1 took a %ip to ,smi? ,s\nd & sp5t ! w9t] ( #ahfj-fa !re1 b ) little result4 ,m came f ! exp$itions l$ by an en?usia/ic j\rnali/ ( ,c9c9nati1 ,*>les ,f4 ,hall1 b be=e speak+ ( ^!1 let u return to ! ,engli% se>* = ,frankl94 ,undet]r$ by ! failure ( ,au/9 & ,p5ny1 or ! sil5ce ( ,coll9son & ,m',clure1 ! ,briti% gov]nm5t 9 #aheb despat*$ aga9 ! f\r vessels us$ by ,au/91 & add$ a fif?1 ! ,assi/ance1 & a /ore-%ip1 ! ,nor? ,/>1 to =m a dept ( supplies at ,bee*ey ,isl&4 ,! old haphaz>d ways _h giv5 place to v sy/ematic me?ods ( advance & rescue2 b /eam 0 little employ$ z yet1 because ( ! tr\ble & co/ ( supply+ coal1 al?\gh two small /eam vessels1 z t5d]s1 accompani$ ?is1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ b\ntifully equipp$ exp$ition t _h yet />t$ out4 ,! fleet1 "u comm& ( ,sir ,edw>d ,bel*]1 proce$$ ?r\gh ,lanca/] ,s\nd1 beyond :i* !y scatt]$ some:at1 & sp5t ! fir/ w9t] 9 ext5sive sl$ge-j\rneys1 dur+ :i* !y discov]$ 7by a message t ,m',clure _h left on ,melville ,isl&7 :]e ! ,inve/igator 0 imprison$1 & rescu$ all its p 9 ,june1 #ahec4 ,?is great exp$ition le>n$ no?+ ( ,frankl91 al?\gh x did le>n mu* ( o!r ,arctic matt]s1 & left ! map sub/antially complete s\? & we/ ( ,jones ,s\nd2 b its honors re/$ ^u ,m',clure1 :o1 fir/ ( all record$ m51 _h really made ! ,nor?we/ ,passage by sail+ & sl$g+ ar\nd ! nor!rn end ( ,am]ica4 ,! settlem5t ( ?is long-discuss$ matt] _h prov$ x ( no practical value2 b ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t kept its ^w1 & gave #aj1jjj 7half ( ! promis$ rew>d7 to ! (fic]s & crew ( ! ,inve/igator1 besides rais+ ,m',clure to knigh?ood4 ,an incid5t ( ?is exp$ition is ! fact t ,kellett's ab&on$ %ip ,resolute surviv$ cru%+ long en\gh to drift out ?r\gh ,b>r[ ,/rait & ,lanca/] ,s\nd & d[n into ,davis ,/rait1 :]e 9 ,septemb]1 #ahee1 %e 0 f\nd & t[$ home by an ,am]ican :al]4 ,z %e 0 little injur$1 %e 0 pres5t$ to ! ,briti% gov]nm5t ) ! complim5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & a few ye>s lat]1 :5 %e came to be brok5 up1 a f9e table 0 made f h] oak5 timb]s1 & return$ z a pres5t to ,uncle ,sam2 & x n[ /&s 9 ! private (fice ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,executive ,mansion at ,wa%+ton4 ,two great facts _h n[ be5 asc]ta9$4 ,"o 0 t none ( ,frankl9's m5 or %ips surviv$4 ,! o!r fact 01 t al?\gh !re 0 pl5ty ( wat] nor? ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 x 0 s ob/ruct$ by p]man5t ice t probably no vessel c\ld ev] make its way ?r\gh f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific2 none has done s yet1 despite ! det]m9$ ef=t ( ! /eam ya*t ,p&ora 9 #ahge1 b %ips f ! ea/ h rea*$ po9ts also rea*$ by %ips f ! we/4 ,! ev]la/+ ice %eet ( ! pol> ocean1 ev] cr[d+ d[n ^u ?is nor!rn coa/ & into ! *annels betwe5 ! isl&s nor? ( x1 =ms a b>ri] t w v r>ely1 if ev]1 pause or op5 long en\gh to let a vessel ?r\gh1 ev5 s\? ( ,k+ ,william & ,victoria l&s4 ,! outfl[+ w>m wat]s ( ! riv]s or o!r influ5ces may sometimes produce a n>r[ space comp>atively free f ice 9 summ] along ! %ore ( ! cont95t & great] isl&s2 b ev]y:]e (f %ore1 & nev] at a great di/ance1 beg9s a ?ick mass ( p]petual ice1 :i*1 x is believ$1 ext5ds across ! pole l a cap1 & rea*es on ! o!r side ne>ly to ,pet]mannl&4 ,to ?is has be5 giv5 ! "n ( ! ,paleocry/ic ,sea1 or sea ( anci5t ice1 & no?+ is kn[n ( x beyond ! blue cliffs ( its m>g9 t confronts ! explor] z he gazes abroad f ! hills ( ! ,p>ry ,isl&s or ,banks ,l&1 or va9ly seeks 9 "s lone vessel nor? ( ,alaska or ,sib]ia to p5etrate its glassy front4 ,s ?or\ghly 7 ! isl&s ( ?is ar*ipelago explor$1 & s unpromis+ seems fur!r /udy1 t ,arctic voyag]s h long ceas$ to risk _! %ips !re1 & ! /ory ( ,frankl9's fate 0 f9ally le>n$ by l& travel]s4 ,z e>ly z #ahed ,dr4 ,rae & a p>ty ( ,hudson's ,bay ,company's m5 _h travel$ ov] l& & ice to ,k+ ,william's ,l&1 prov$ x an isl&1 & he>d /ories ( ! dea? by fam9e & cold ( :ite m5 :o c\ld be no o!r ?an ! ,frankl9 crew1 z 0 fur!r %[n by v>i\s relics :i* ,dr4 ,rae obta9$ f ! ,eskimos4 ,dr4 ,rae claim$ & receiv$ #aj1jjj ( ! rew>d (f]$ by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,! next ye> ano!r p>ty1 go+ d[n ! ,great ,fi% ,riv]1 recov]$ _m o!r articles f ,eskimos at ! m\? ( ! riv] & on ,montreal ,isl&4 ,x 0 evid5t ev5 !n t e "o _h p]i%$ 9 an attempt1 ne>ly successful1 to rea* ! ma9l& at ! m\? ( ?is riv]4 ,lady ,frankl91 h[ev]1 despat*$ an exp$ition 9 ! ,fox1 "u ! comm& ( ! exp]i5c$ ,m',cl9tock1 :i* at la/ br\ght back1 n h] husb&1 b ! satisfaction ( kn[+ fully 8 fate4 ,all along ! we/ & s\? coa/ rema9s ( articles belong+ to ! %ips 7 f\nd1 & skeletons--two ( !m 9 a brok5 boat2 & f9ally 9 a /one cairn a writt5 record t briefly told ! tale ( disa/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,work+ ,,?r\gh ,,an ,,ice-,,floe1 ,,9 ,,t[ ,,( ,a ,,b]g4 ,9 #ahde-df ,frankl9 qu>t]$ at ,bee*ey ,isl&1 on ! s\!a/ coa/ ( ,nor? ,devon1 aft] hav+ asc5d$ ,well+ton ,*annel to latitude #gg1 & return$ we/ ( ,cornwallis ,isl&1 :i* 0 an exce$+ly successful season's "w4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahdf he _h turn$ t[>d ! s\?1 b _h be5 /opp$ by & froz5 into ! masses ( ice t come ceaselessly d[n ,m',cl9tock ,*annel & press ^u ,k+ ,william's ,l&4 ,_h he kn[n ,k+ ,william's ,l& to be really an isl& he ne$ n h expos$ himself to ?is4 ,dur+ all ! summ] ( #ahdg ! %ips rema9$ firm 9 _! icy bonds4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 di$1 & ,capta9 ,crozi] took comm&4 ,! spr+ ( #ahdh br\ght no hope1 & 9 ,april ! %ips 7 ab&on$4 ,! crews />t$ s\?w>d along ! %ore1 dragg+ two boats 7"o ( :i* 0 soon ab&on$7 & _m sl$ges4 ,! ,eskimos said ! m5 dropp$ d[n "o at a "t1 f weakness & hung]2 b x is believ$ t _m ( !m 7 kill$ by ! savages = ! sake ( :at few ?+s !y _h ) !m--preci\s articles to ^? natives4 ,x appe>s t "o ( ! vessels mu/ h be5 cru%$ 9 ! ice1 & ! o!r /r&$ on ! %ore ( ,k+ ,william's ,l&1 :]e x lay = ye>s1 =m+ a m9e ( weal? = ! neighbor+ ,eskimos4 ,"s ye>s lat] ,lieut5ant ,s*watka & ,w4 ,h4 ,gild]1 travel+ ) ,eskimo p>ties 9 ! region ne> ! m\? ( ! ,great ,fi% ,riv]1 f\nd ! graves ( ! la/ remnant ( ! p>ty1 & recov]$ /ill o!r relics ( ?is dreadful calamity4 ,let me copy = y "h ! po/script1 writt5 by ,crozi] & ,fitzjames1 to ! %ort record ( _! "w4 ,x is />tl+ly brief & impressive3 ,april #be1 #ahdh4 ,h4 ,m4 %ips ,t]ror & ,erebus 7 des]t$ on #bbnd ,april1 five leagues ,n4 ,n4 ,w4 ( ?is ,po9t ,victory1 hav+ be5 beset s9ce #ab? ,septemb]1 #ahdf4 ,! (fic]s & crews1 consi/+ ( #aje s\ls "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,f4 ,r4 ,m4 ,crozi]1 l&$ "h 9 lat4 #fi #cg #db ,n41 long4 #ih #da ,w4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 di$ on ! #aa? ,june1 #ahdg2 & ! total loss by dea?s 9 ! exp$ition has be5 to ?is date #i (fic]s & #ae m54 ,we />t on to-morr[1 #bf? ,april1 #ahdh1 = ,back's ,fi% ,riv]4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to attempt to *ronicle ! almo/ ye>ly excursions into ! nor?1 b a few ought to be spok5 (4 ,"o su* has be5 allud$ to--t ( ,*>les ,hall1 a ,c9c9nati j\rnali/1--:o enli/$ ! aid ( ! ,am]ican ,geographical ,society1 & !n prep>$ himself by go+ ^u a :al] & sp5d+ ! w9t]s ( #ahfj-fa & #ahfa-ahfb among ! ,eskimos ne> ,cumb]l& ,s\nd1 :]e he f\nd ! rema9s ( a /one h\se built by ,frobi%] 9 #aegh4 ,aga91 f #ahfd to #ahfi he 0 liv+ ) ! w&]+ ,eskimo nor? ( ,hudson's ,bay1 prep>+ himself to und]take an exp$ition :i* may be said to be ! fir/ ^: av[$ object 0 to try to rea* ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t furni%$ him ! /eam] ,pol>is1 & a small b effici5t body ( sci5tific assi/ants1 "o ( :om 0 ,emil ,bessels4 ,! ,pol>is pass$ ?r\gh ,smi? ,s\nd1 & aft] complet+ ! exploration ( ,k5n$y ,*annel1 & discov]+ t beyond its expansion into ,hall ,s\nd x cont9u$ /raight nor!a/w>d1 =m+ ,robeson ,*annel1 ,hall /opp$ 8 %ip & by sl$ge-j\rneys rea*$ ,cape ,brevoort1 above #hb ,n41 :5ce he c\ld see ! op5 pol> sea4 ,?is 0 n only f> beyond any previ\s nor?+1 b 8 "w add$ imm5sely to our k ( bo? ,gr9nell ,l& & nor?we/]n ,gre5l&1 & prep>$ ! way = fur!r successes4 ,?is sl$ge-j\rney 01 h[ev]1 too great a /ra91 = he _h h>dly return$ to 8 %ip :5 he sick5$ & di$4 ,! next season 7#ahgb7 ,dr4 ,bessels & ,s]geant ,may] rea*$ on foot #hb #ji ,n41 a few miles f>!r ?an ,hall4 ,?is accompli%$1 an attempt 0 made to return1 b ! /eam] 0 soon inclos$ 9 ! pack1 & drift$ helplessly s\?w>d = two mon?s1 until (f ,nor?umb]l& ,isl&1 :5 a viol5t gale loos5$ ! pack & ne>ly de/roy$ h]4 ,at l5g? ! dang] became s great t on ,octob] #ae? boats & provisions 7 put on ! ice1 on :i* n9ete5 ( ! crew _h disemb>k$4 ,sudd5ly ! %ip broke away1 & ! p>ty on ! ice drift$ sl[ly #aie days1 & 7 pick$ up (f ! coa/ ( ,labrador1 9 #ec #ce ,n41 by a :al+ /eam] #a1cjj miles f :]e !y _h p>t$ ) ! ,pol>is4 ,! p>ty 9 ! %ip rea*$ ,littleton's ,isl&1 :]e !y pass$ ! w9t]1 build+ two boats f ! bo>ds ( ! vessel1 9 :i* !y set sail s\?w>ds 9 ,june1 #ahgc4 ,on ! #bc;d ( t mon? !y 7 pick$ up by a ,dundee :al]1 & ultimately rea*$ home4 ,only ?ree ye>s be=e t a v simil> exp]i5ce _h happ5$ to ! small] %ip ( a ,g]man exp$ition "u ,capta9 ,koldewey1 ( :i* ! l>g] w5t up ! ea/ coa/ ( ,gre5l& to #ge ,n41 :]e a grim headl& 0 nam$ ,cape ,bism>ck4 ,x is j s\? ( ! l& sight$ by ,lamb]t 9 #afgj4 ,! little ,hansa1 h[ev]1 0 cru%$ 9 ! ice ne> ,scoresby ,s\nd4 ,! crew escap$ to ! floe1 :]e !y built a h\se ( blocks ( pat5t fuel1 fill$ x ) provisions1 & tru/$ !mselves to ! great ,arctic curr5t :i* c>ri$ !m s\?1 at ! rate ( ab\t sixty-five miles a day at fir/1 until f9ally1 9 ,june1 #ahgj1 x took !m to ! ,moravian missions ne> ,cape ,f>ewell1 m ?an twelve hundr$ miles f :]e !y 7 wreck$4 ,! seas & ar*ipelagoes nor? ( ,europe 7 be+ que/ion$1 all ?is "t1 z well z ^? nor? ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,norwegian fi%]m5 _h be5 famili> ) ,spitzb]g5 wat]s f long ago1 b x 0 n until #ahfc t ! gr\p 0 circumnavigat$4 ,! next ye> ,capta9 ,tobieson sail$ ar\nd ,nor!a/ ,l&1 & 9 #ahgj ,nova ,zembla 0 circumnavigat$1 & ! m\? ( ! ,obi rea*$4 ,! m5 :o did ^! feats 7 seal]s or %>k-fi%]s 9 small /an* ,norwegian s*oon]s1 :i* flock$ 9 ,b>5tz ,sea at ?is p]iod1 & !y furni%$ invaluable mat]ial1 z did ! :al]s & seal]s ( ,am]ican & ,scot* ports1 = ! ice-pilots & crews ( ! sci5tific exp$itions :i* n[ began to g to ! nor?3 moreov] _m ( ! comm&]s 7 tra9$ by amateur s]vice 9 su* vessels4 ,x 0 ?us ,nord5skjld began 8 exp]i5ces 9 #ahfd4 ,among ^! e>li] exp$itions 0 an ,au/rian naval lieut5ant1 ,julius von ,pay]1 :o became notable1 n only because he int]e/$ a new nation 9 ,arctic rese>*1 b because ( 8 discov]ies4 ,8 fir/ exp]i5ce 0 ) ! ,g]man exp$ition to ,gre5l& 9 #ahfi1 & 9 #ahga he & ano!r ,au/rian navy (fic] nam$ ,weypre*t sp5t ! summ] 9 exam9+ ! edge ( ! ice betwe5 ,spitzb]g5 & ,nova ,zembla4 ,_! obs]vations l$ !m to project an exp$ition to try aga9 at t place to p5etrate ea/w>d1 & effect ! ,nor!a/ ,passage1 :i* _h be5 reg>d$ z hopeless = ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,! idea ( mak+ an ,au/ro-,hung>ian exp$ition ( x ar\s$ great en?usiasm 9 t empire1 & ,pay] & ,weypre*t 7 furni%$ ) ! l>ge /eam] ,tege?(f1 equipp$ z well z possible1 ) ,weypre*t 9 comm&1 :ile von ,pay] 0 to lead all sl$ge-p>ties4 ,%e rea*$ ! nor!rn end ( ,nova ,zembla 9 "t to get into com=table w9t] qu>t]s1 b in/ead ( escap+ 9 ! spr+ 0 kept imprison$ 9 ! ice1 drift+ /eadily nor?w>d be=e ! prevail+ w9d until1 9 ,octob]1 l& 0 approa*$1 ne> :i* ! %ip aga9 became a fixture = ! w9t] ( #ahgc-gd4 ,9 ,m>* ,pay] began to make exploratory j\rneys1 & f\nd t !y _h discov]$ a gr\p ( m\nta9\s isl&s1 sep>at$ by broad & deep *annels1 :i* he nam$ ,francis ,joseph ,l&1 9 honor ( ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria-,hung>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,summ] ,,sc5e ,,(f ,,nova ,,zembla ,by ?is "t summ] 0 approa*+1 :5 x 0 pla9 t ! ,tege?(f mu/ be ab&on$1 & an attempt made to get home afoot4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,may ?ree boats 7 plac$ on sl$ges1 o!r sl$ges 7 load$ ) provisions1 & ! %ip's company />t$ on ano!r "o ( ^? ,arctic m>*es t (t5 end at s sad a goal4 ,until ! #ad? ( ,augu/ !y 7 plodd+ ov] ! ice be=e !y rea*$ ! edge ( ! pack & laun*$ _! boats1 9 :i* !y sail$ = ?ree weeks be=e be+ pick$ up by a ,russian vessel4 ,?is has always be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ! greate/ a*ievem5ts 9 pol> "w ( ?is c5tury1 n only because ( ! h]oism & skill %[n1 & ! new l&s discov]$1 b because x promis$ s mu* = ! future--a promise t has be5 l>gely fulfill$4 ,! next important exp$ition 0 ano!r attack ^u ! ,nor!a/ ,passage1 ! hope ( :i* w\ld n 8d[n02 & x 0 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,pr(essor ,adolf ,erik ,nord5skjld1 a ,sw$i% geologi/ & naturali/ ( ,/ockholm1 al?\gh born 9 ,f9l&1 :o _h made sev]al previ\s j\rneys to ,gre5l&1 ,spitzb]g51 etc41 :i* 7 fruitful ( sci5tific results4 ,!n he turn$ 8 att5tion to ,sib]ia2 & 9 #ahge & aga9 9 #ahgf he sail$ to ! m\? ( ! ,y5isei1 z also ,capta9 ,wigg9s ( ,sund]l&1 ,engl&1 0 !n do+1 9 a pr(itable trade ) ! ,sib]ians1 :i* has be5 kept up m or less regul>ly ev] s9ce4 ,^! exp]i5ces conv9c$ him t x 0 wor? :ile to try once m to "w "o's way ?r\gh ! ,sib]ian ocean to ,b]+ ,/rait4 ,he obta9$ & outfitt$ ! /eam] ,vega1 & arrang$ t a small] supply-/eam]1 ! ,l5a1 %\ld accompany him z f> z ! m\? ( ! riv] ,l5a--a bold proposition 9 itself1 = t 0 a ?\s& miles beyond ! ,y5isei4 ,nev]!less1 ?is program 0 c>ri$ out2 = leav+ ,go!nb]g on ,july #d1 #ahgh1 a mon? lat] !y 7 trav]s+ ! ,k>a ,sea1 & on ,augu/ #ai pass$ ,cape ,*elyusk91 :i*1 up to t "t1 _h defi$ all attempts & has s9ce clos$ ! gate to all b ! d>+ ,nans54 ,a week lat] ! m\? ( ! ,l5a 0 rea*$1 & ! little t5d]1 unload+ h] coal & o!r /ores into ! deplet$ hold ( ! ,vega1 turn$ we/1 & actually sail$ back to civilization un9jur$4 ,! ,vega !n ha/5$ on ea/w>d1 & came ne> gett+ "r ?r\gh to ,b]+ ,/rait 9 t "o season2 b ?is 0 m ?an ! indulg5t ,arctic gods c\ld grant1 & at ! end ( ,septemb] ! m5 f\nd !mselves froz5 into ! ice (f ,nor? ,cape 7:]e ,cook turn$ back 9 #aggh71 only "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles f ,b]+ ,/rait4 ,"h !y 7 ne> %ore1 ! c\ntry 0 inhabit$ by ,t*ukt*es--a nomadic p1 ) h]ds ( re9de]1 :o take ! place 9 ,sib]ia ( ! ,eskimos ( ,arctic ,am]ica2 & ! "t 0 well sp5t 9 ga!r+ a k ( ^! p & _! c\ntry1 & 9 mak+ v valuable collections 9 zoology & an?ropology4 ,x 0 n until ,july #ah1 #ahgi1 h[ev]1 t _! prison-gates op5$1 & ! ,vega /eam$ on4 ,^! wat]s 7 famili> en\gh to navigators2 & ,nord5skjld proce$$ /raight ea/1 pass$ d[n ?r\gh ,b]+ ,/rait on ! next day b "o 7s ne> 0 he71 & ?us easily accompli%$ t :i* _h baffl$ m5 s9ce fir/ x _h be5 tri$ by ! un=tunate ,will\ghby ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-six ye>s be=e4 ,b ?\gh ! ,nor!a/ ,passage _h ?us be5 f\nd1 x 0 ( no m practical value to comm]ce ?an ! solv+ ( ! ,nor?we/ ,passage _h be51 & ! value receiv$ f ! cruise 0 9 ! sci5tific in=mation ga9$1 ! m accurate del9eation ( ! coa/1 & ! increas$ k ( w9ds1 curr5ts1 magnetic ph5om5a1 & ! behavior ( ! float+ ice-fields on t side ( ! pol> area4 ,:5 at la/1 h[ev]1 ! ,vega _h circumnavigat$ ! globe by ?is extraord9>y c\rse1 return+ home ?r\gh ! ,suez ,canal1 z no ,arctic exp$ition _h ev] be5 expect$ to d1 its comm&] 0 made a b>on1 & all 8 m5 7 load$ ) praises & honors1 :ile 8 book1 8,! ,voyage ( ! ,vega10 pr9t$ 9 f\r or five languages1 spread _! fame ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,n[ :ile ! ,vega 0 drift+ sl[ly ab\t nor!a/ ( ,sib]ia dur+ t e>ly summ] ( #ahgi1 n only 7 ,s*watka hunt+ = ,frankl9 relics ) ! ,eskimos ( ,k+ ,william's ,l&1 ! ,dani% ,capta9 ,jans5 trac+ ! nor!a/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 & ,dut* & ,engli% explor]s inve/igat+ ! neighborhood ( ,francis ,joseph ,l&1 b )9 a few leagues ( ,nord5skjld & 8 m5 !re 0 beg9n+ "o ( ! mo/ dreadful ( ^? trag$ies t h se>$ ) suff]+ ! track ( ,arctic exploration s9ce m5 began to pry into ! secrets ( ! froz5 ,nor?3 ,i mean ! /ory ( ! ,jeannette4 ,_m read]s ( ?is book w easily rememb] ! int5se int]e/ :i* ! />t+ ( ?is exp$ition creat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = x 0 organiz$ at ! sugge/ion & exp5se ( ,james ,gordon ,b5nett1 ! proprietor ( ! ,new ,york ,h]ald4 ,! gov]nm5t cop]at$1 h[ev]1 l5d+ f its navy ! (fic]s & m5 ne$ful1 & o!rwise aid+ ! project4 ,! vessel itself 0 ! /eam ya*t ,p&ora1 :i* _h be5 prov$ a wor?y craft by ,sir ,all5 ,"y 9 8 se>* = ! magnetic pole 9 #ahge1 & :i* ,mr4 ,b5nett _h b\ght & re*ri/5$4 ,suppli$ ) ev]y?+ sci5ce & exp]i5ce c\ld sugge/1 ! ,jeannette sail$ f ,san ,francisco on ,july #h1 #ahgi1 & miss+ ! incom+ ,vega among ! fogs ( ,b]+ ,sea1 pass$ ?r\gh into ! ,sib]ian ocean1 b\nd polew>d4 ,! la/ report ( h] 0 t %e _h be5 se5 ,septemb] #c;d /eam+ t[>d ,wrangell ,l&1 :i* _h be5 sight$ by ,am]ican :al]s 9 #ahfg1 & 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z ( cont95tal ext5t nor?w>d4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ,de ,long int5d$ to rea* x & w9t] !re2 b to 8 dismay he c\ld n escape f ! ice-pack1 & to 8 a/oni%m5t f\nd himself drift+ pa/ ! nor!rn m>g9 ( ,wrangell ,l&1 ?us prov+ x an isl& ab\t sev5ty miles long4 ,:5 two ye>s _h pass$ & no tid+s _h be5 receiv$1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t equipp$ a se>* exp$ition 9 ! /eam] ,rodg]s1 comm&$ by ,lieut5ant ,b]ry1 :i* 9 #ahha rea*$ & exam9$ ,wrangell ,l&1 & !n w5t nor? f>!r ev5 ?an ,coll9son1 rea*+ #gc #dd1 ! highe/ po9t yet atta9$ imm$iately nor? ( ,b]+ ,/rait1 :]e ! paleocry/ic ice spreads mu* f>!r f ! pole ?an on ! ,am]ican side4 ,b he f\nd no trace ( ! ,jeannette1 & himself _h a h>d "t gett+ home1 = ! ,rodg]s 0 burn$ 9 h] w9t] qu>t]s4 ,:at !n _h befall5 ! lo/ vessel8 ,%e _h become beset 9 ! ice & drift$ ) ! pack ar\nd ! nor? end ( ,wrangell ,isl&1 & !n we/1 until at ! end ( tw5ty-two mon?s %e _h be5 cru%$1 & sunk on ,june #ab1 #ahha1 9 latitude #gg #ae ,n41 & longitude #aee ,e4 ,two small isl&s1 nam$ ,jeannette & ,h5rietta1 _h be5 visit$ "s di/ance ea/ ( ! sc5e ( ! cata/rophe2 b :5 ! crews1 sav+ !mselves & :at little !y c\ld on ! ice1 />t$ to drag _! boats & sl$ges homew>d1 !y head$ directly s\?1 & soon f\nd a new isl&1 nam$ ,b5nett1 :i* is ! nor!rnmo/ ( ! ,new ,sib]ia gr\p4 ,x w\ld be a sad task1 7 x possible1 to relate "h ! frightful h>d%ips ( t j\rney ?r\gh ! fa/-ga!r+ ,arctic night t[>d ! bleak coa/ ( ,sib]ia4 ,hav+ pass$ ! isl&s1 op5 wat] 0 f\nd1 & ! />v+ m5 emb>k$ 9 _! ?ree boats = ! m\? ( ! ,l5a2 b soon !y 7 sep>at$ 9 a /orm1 & ea* "o proce$$ z be/ he c\ld4 ,"o boat f\nd]$ 9 ! fir/ gale4 ,ano!r1 9 *>ge ( ,melville 7n[ eng9e]-9-*ief1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n471 rea*$ an ea/]n m\? ( ! riv] & asc5d$ x to a ,russian village4 ,a ?ird boat1 ) ,de ,long & o!rs1 also rea*$ ! ,l5a delta1 b only two seam5 7 able to proce$ afoot to ,bulun1 a f>-away ,russian settlem5t4 ,melville he>d ( ?is1 & made ha/e to />t out se>*+ p>ties1 b !y 7 too late4 ,de ,long & 8 crew _h di$ ( exhau/ion1 & x 0 n until ! next season t _! bodies & records 7 fully recov]$4 ,nev]!less1 z we are assur$ by exp]ts1 ! results ( ?is un=tunate exp$ition 7 important1 physically & geographically4 8,!y cov]$ "s #ej1jjj squ>e miles ( pol> ocean1 & cle>ly indicate ! conditions ( an equal area betwe5 _! l9e ( drift & ! ,asiatic coa/40 ,de ,long believ$ ! ,sib]ian ocean to be a %all[ sea1 dott$ ) isl&s2 & 8 conclusions h be5 confirm$ by ! admirable sci5tific "w s9ce ( ,toll1 ,bunge1 & o!r ,europeans :o h explor$ ! ,lia*(f ,isl&s & o!r places 9 t "p ( ! ,arctic realm4 ,! desire = sci5tific /udy ( ! pol> _w _h n[ become ! motive = nor!rn rese>*1 ?\gh m5 7 /ill ambiti\s to rea* ! pole2 & :5 ,sir ,george ,n>es return$ f ! great ,briti% exp$ition ( #ahge1 to tell h[ ! m5 ( ! ,al]t _h rea*$ a w9t]+-po9t beyond ,robeson ,*annel1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 9 latitude #hb #bg ,n41 & t ,m>kham & a sl$ge-p>ty _h gone ab\t "o degree f>!r 7to #hc #bj #bf ,n471 great] pride 0 felt 9 ?is fact1 p]haps1 ?an 9 ! c>eful obs]vations & collections t ! %ips _h made4 ,?is rema9$ ! advance record until ! memorable feat ( ,lieut5ant ,lockwood ( ! ,am]ican ,greely exp$ition eight ye>s lat]4 ,?is exp$ition 0 "o ( sev]al act+ 9 conc]t1 accord+ to a s*eme sugge/$ by ,weypre*t1 & p]fect$ at int]national congresses ( int]e/$ m5 meet+ at ,hamburg 9 #ahgi & at ,/4 ,pet]sburg 9 #ahhb4 ,?is plan 0 = ! e/abli%m5t by v>i\s gov]nm5ts ( a r+ ( /ations z f> )9 ! ,arctic circle z practicable1 :]e simultane\s daily obs]vations ( ! wea!r1 magnetic conditions1 tides1 curr5ts1 etc41 might be made4 ,! arrangem5t 0 begun 9 ! summ] ( #ahhc1 & obs]v+ /ations 7 e/abli%$ by ,au/ria on ,jan ,may5 ,isl&2 by ,d5m>k at ,god?aab1 ,gre5l&2 by ,g]many on ,cumb]l& ,bay1 we/ ( ,davis ,/raits2 by ,great ,brita9 at ,great ,slave ,lake1 ,canada2 by ,holl& at ! m\? ( ! ,y5isei2 by ,norway at ,alt5 ,fjiord1 ,norway2 by ,russia at ! m\? ( ! ,l5a1 & on ,nova ,zembla2 by ,sw$5 on ,spitzb]g52 & by ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ,po9t ,b>r[1 ,alaska1 &1 f>!/ nor? ( all1 ,lady ,frankl9 ,bay1 ,gre5l&4 ,no?+ ne$ be said ab\t mo/ ( ^! /ations--all 7 successful except ! ,dut*2 b to ! la/-nam$ belongs a /ory t ,am]icans w n =get4 ,! comm& ( ! ,lady ,frankl9 ,bay ,/ation 0 assign$ to ,lieut5ant ,a4 ,w4 ,greely--n a naval lieut5ant1 b1 l ,s*watka1 a cavalry (fic]1 !n assign$ to duty 9 ! ,signal ,s]vice1 to :i* 7because x !n sup]vis$ ! ,wea!r ,bureau7 ! gov]nm5t _h intru/$ ?is matt]4 ,a /eam] easily convey$ ,greely & 8 p>ty to ,lady ,frankl9 ,bay1 & left !m !re ) a good h\se ready to be set up1 & supplies ( all sorts = two ye>s4 ,! prescrib$ s]ies ( obs]vations ) b>omet]s & !rmomet]s1 w9d-gages1 tide-gages1 magnetic in/rum5ts & all ! re/1 7 at once begun1 & two w9t]s pass$ com=tably en\gh4 ,dogs & ,eskimo driv]s _h be5 obta9$1 & sev]al j\rneys 7 made1 ( :i* ! mo/ important 0 ,lockwood's advance t[>d ! pole1 ( :i* an acc\nt has be5 succ9ctly suppli$ by ,g5]al ,greely himself 9 8 admirable 8,h&book ( ,arctic ,discov]ies40 ,illu/ration3 ,,sc5]y ,,( ,,gr9nell ,,l& ,,& ,,! ,,arctic ,,sea4 ,lieut5ant ,j4 ,b4 ,lockwood1 "o ( ! pr9cipal assi/ants1 :o _h already display$ great skill & en]gy 9 sl$g+1 ev5 9 prolong$ temp]ature z l[ z #ha ,f4 bel[ freez+1 und]took a long explor+ trip up ! ,gre5l& coa/1 to or beyond ,cape ,britannia4 ,a l>ge p>ty w5t ) him at fir/1 b gradually m5 7 s5t back1 aft] e/abli%+ supply-depots4 8,! j\rney onw>d 0 m>k$ by sev]e /orms1 r\gh ice1 brok5 sl$ges1 sn[-bl9dness1 m9or injuries1 &--wor/ ( all = load$ sl$ges--s(t1 deep sn[40 ,at la/1 "s di/ance nor? ( ,cape ,bryant1 all turn$ back except ,lockwood1 ,s]geant ,bra9>d1 & an ,eskimo1 ,*ri/ians51 :o1 ) tw5ty-five days' rations1 pu%$ on4 ,9 five & "o half days !y _h rea*$ ,cape ,britannia--! f>!/ nor? ( ! ,n>es exp$ition--#hb #bj ,n4 ,halt+ "h only long en\gh to /udy ! l&scape f its summit1 & make sure ( ! rem>kable fact t ?is nor!rn end ( ,gre5l& is free f ! ice-cap1 ^: nor!rn limit is ab\t lat4 #hb ,n41 !y r\nd$ a cape1 & cross+ *annel aft] *annel fill$ ) ice1 :i* %[$ t all ?is di/rict is an ar*ipelago1 rea*$ on ,may #aj? ,m>y ,murray ,isl&1 #hc #ai ,n4 8,a viol5t gale delay$ !m sixty-?ree h\rs1 ! cold exhau/+ !m physically & ! delay m5tally4 ,if wea!r =bade travel1 life mu/ be su/a9$2 b !y ta/$ insuffici5t food only at int]vals ( fifte51 tw5ty-f\r1 & n9ete5 h\rs--! la/ z cle>+ wea!r made progress possible4 ,floes s high t ! sl$ge 0 l[]$ by dog-traces1 ice s brok5 t ! ax cle>$ ! way1 & wid5+ wat]-cracks 9 increas+ numb]s imp$$ progress4 ,b1 despite all ob/acles1 !y rea*$1 ,may #ac1 #ahhb1 ,lockwood ,isl&1 #hc #bd ,n41 #db1 #de ,w41 ! f>!/ ( _! j\rney1 & ! highe/ nor? by l&1 !n or n[40 ,!y c\ld see l& sev]al miles nor!a/1 :i* !y nam$ ,cape ,wa%+ton1 ! highe/ kn[n l&1 & t[>d ! nor? c\ld ov]look a pol> sea to )9 ?ree hundr$ & fifty miles ( ! pole4 ,ev5 "h plants 7 num]\s1 & foxes1 h>es1 lemm+s1 & pt>migans exi/$4 ,! ?ree h]oic travel]s return$ safely1 rea*+ headqu>t]s on ,june #c;d4 ,ano!r exp$ition by ,lockwood & 8 two companions explor$ & locat$ ! we/ coa/ ( m\nta9\s & glaci]-girt ,gr9nell ,l&1 :]e ! musk-ox & ,eskimo hunt]s range to ! nor!rn bord]4 ,! summ] ( #ahhc br\ght no relief-%ip1 & ! plan ( escape mu/ be put into execution at once4 ,a %ip _h1 9 fact1 tri$ to rea* ,greely 9 #ahhb1 b1 fail+1 _h left supplies ( provisions at ,cape ,sab9e & else:]e4 ,9 #ahhc ano!r relief exp$ition s5t nor? 0 dreadfully mis-manag$1 & f9ally ! %ip itself 0 lo/1 &1 in/ead ( leav+ supplies1 took away all t _h be5 /or$ at ,cape ,sab9e--! precise po9t :]e !y 7 to be ne$$4 ,leav+ ,lady ,frankl9 ,bay 9 ,augu/ 9 op5 boats1 ! p>ty manag$1 aft] desp]ate ex]tions1 to get ne> ,cape ,sab9e1 & safely l&$ on ,b$=d ,pim ,isl&1 on ! nor?we/]n %ore ( ,smi? ,s\nd1 ,octob] #ae1 #ahhc4 ,( ! mis]y t foll[$1 let ,greely himself tell u3 ,w9t] _h begun1 ! pol> night 0 imm95t1 clo?+ 9 rags1 fuel want+1 & =ty days' rations mu/ tide ov] #bej days1 till help c\ld come4 ,! ma9 p>ty put up a hut ( rocks1 canvas1 boat- & sn[-slabs1 :ile select$ m5 sc\r$ ! coa/s = ca*es1 s\ght l&-game1 & wat*$ seal-holes1 until utt] d>kness drove all to ! hut4 ,sci5tific obs]vations 7 unremitt+ly made1 amusem5ts devis$1 a spr+ campaign plann$1 & ! return+ sun f\nd only "o dead4 ,ef=ts to cross ,smi? ,s\nd fail$1 & a hunt+ trip to ! we/ f\nd a new 7,s*ley7 l&1 b no game4 ,f9ally game came s inadequately t food fail$1 & "o by "o m5 di$--,j5s seal-hunt+1 & ,rice /riv+ to br+ 9 a ca*e4 ,c\rage & solid>ity cont9u$2 & if ,greely gave to ! maim$ ,ellison d\ble food :ile x la/$1 he did n hesitate to ord] 9 writ+ ! execution ( a man s]v+ "u an assum$ "n ( ,h5ry1 :o repeat$ly /ole sealsk9 ?ongs1 ! only rema9+ food4 ,fl[]s1 plants1 seawe$1 & li*5s ek$ out life = ! six1 till ,june #bb1 #ahhd1 :5 ! relief-%ips1 ,!tis & ,be>1 "u ,capta9 ,w4 ,s4 ,s*ley & ,comm&] ,w4 ,h4 ,emory1 rescu$ !m4 ,records1 in/rum5ts1 & collections 7 sav$ to tell ! /ory ( an exp$ition t fail$ n 9 aught intru/$ to x1 & ^: memb]s p]i%$ ?r\gh o!rs4 ,to ano!r piece ( brilliant "w1 t ( ,lieut5ant ,r4 ,e4 ,pe>y1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 ,i c give only a few words1 because1 l s mu* else t might be said ( ,arctic rese>*es1 x 0 by l& r ?an by sea4 ,by extraord9>y c\rage1 skill1 & endurance1 he twice cross$ nor!rn ,gre5l&1 %[$ t x is an isl& hav+ a nor!rn %ore free f inl& ice 9 ab\t #hb nor? latitude1 & made /rong] ,greely's conclusion t ! l&s visit$ & se5 by ,lockwood1 nor? ( ,cape ,britannia1 are deta*$ isl&s4 ,pe>y's "w may be said to h complet$ ! map ( ! cont95tal b\nd>y ( ! ,arctic ,ocean1 b he is /ill busy !re4 ,( ,nans51 on ! contr>y1 ,i ought to say z mu* z ,i c1 because 8 extraord9>y voyage 9 ! ,fram 0 p]haps m purely an exam9ation ( ! ,arctic ,sea ?an any o!r ev] made4 ,dr4 ,fridtj(f ,nans5 0 a "y ,norwegian :o _h already made 8 m>k 9 ,gre5l&1 :]e1 soon aft] #ahhj1 articles began to be f\nd t _h belong$ to ! ,jeannette1 & app>5tly mu/ h drift$ !nce f :]e %e 0 lo/ (f ,sib]ia4 ,?is 0 only a "p ( ! indications t conv9c$ ,dr4 ,nans5 t a curr5t fl[$ across ! unkn[n pol> space f ! neighborhood ( ,alaska to ! nor!a/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 & !nce became ! great ,arctic curr5t t we recognize s\? ( ,icel&4 ,he argu$ t if a vessel c\ld f9d ?is curr5t nor? ( ea/]n ,sib]ia1 %e w\ld be mov$ ) x until %e em]g$ into ! ,atlantic4 ,incid5tally %e might drift directly ov] ! pole4 ,) ?is 9 view1 he rais$ funds to build & equip a small wood5 vessel1 furni%$ ) bo? /eam & sails1 :i* 0 s %ap$ by ! r\ndness ( h] bottom1 & s amaz+ly brac$ & /r5g!n$ )91 t be=e any 8nips0 ( ! ice w\ld cru% h]1 ! pressure w\ld lift h] out ( wat]--z1 9 fact1 happ5$ _m times 9 ! c\rse ( h] wond]ful excursion4 ,nans5 *ose twelve companions1#c & ?\gh "s ( !m 7 educat$ m5 ( sci5ce1 o!rs skilful sea-capta9s1 & o!rs common sailors1 all liv$ & work$ toge!r 9 "o cab9 z bro!rs--! happie/ & heal?ie/ lot ( m5 t ev] v5tur$ into ! hyp]borean k+dom ( desolation4 ,leav+ ,norway 9 ,july1 #ahic1 he /ruggl$ ?r\gh ! ,k>a ,sea1 & x 0 n until late 9 ,septemb]1 #ahid1 t he f\nd himself p]man5tly froz5 into ! great pol> pack1 nor? ( ! ,new ,sib]ian ,isl&s2 b ev5 !n he 0 nei!r s f> nor? nor s f> we/ z he hop$ to get1 & fe>$ t he 0 s\? ( 8 suppos$ curr5t4 ,= ! /ory ( ! /range life l$ by ^? ?irte5 m5 on t drift+ %ip1 safe1 abundantly provision$1 dry1 w>m1 light$ by electricity 7p[] = ! dynamos be+ ga9$ by a w9dmill71 ,i c only ref] y to ,dr4 ,nans5's book1 8,f>!/ ,nor?10 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ,arctic volumes ev] p5n$4 ,turn+1 zigzagg+1 n[ advanc+ & aga9 retreat+ z ! con/antly mov+ ice sway$ "h & !re "u ! pressure ( w9d or ! dragg+ ( curr5ts1 !y nev]!less made a gradual progress we/w>d4 ,by ,m>* !y _h rea*$ a po9t ne> ! cross+ ( ! #gj? m]idian & #he? p>allel1 & 7 /ill fix$ 9 ! ice4 ,!n ,nans51 tak+ ) him ,lieut5ant ,johans51 />t$ nor? by dog-sl$ges1 9 an attempt to rea* ! pole4 ,!y c\ld take v few supplies ( any sort1 & h[ f> nor? !y w\ld be able to travel mu/ dep5d ^u _! ability to return1 n to ! ,fram1 :i* w\ld drift on1 b to ! isl&s ( ,francis ,joseph ,l&1 f> away s\?4 ,! ice1 bad at fir/1 grew worse z !y proce$$1 be+ "o long /ret* ( hummocks & jagg$ dit*es1 ) n[ & !n a lane ( op5 wat] ar\nd :i* !y w\ld toil 9 mis]y only to f9d a worse "o ahead4 ,on ,april #g? x became c]ta9 t !y mu/ turn back4 ,?is 0 8f>!/ nor?10 inde$--j above ! #hf? degree1 h>dly #bge miles f ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,!n x 0 a race aga9/ dea? by cold1 or dr[n+1 or />vation4 ,"o by "o ! dogs 7 kill$ to furni% food = ! rema9d]4 ,at la/1 aft] almo/ sup]human labors & ?rill+ escapes f freez+ & dr[n+ & ! attacks ( fami%$ be>s1 !y rea*$ ,francis ,joseph ,l&1 & sp5t a w9t] 9 a hut made out ( /ones1 e>?1 & raw walrus hides4 ,! next spr+ !y plodd$ on1 & by good *ance f\nd ! camp ( ! ,jackson ,h>mswor? survey+ p>ty 7:i* a few days lat] w\ld h gone away 9 its /eam]71 by :om ,nans5 & ,johans5 7 c>ri$ to ,norway 9 ,augu/1 #ahif4 ,a week lat] ! ,fram came 91 ) e "o well & he>ty1 hav+ em]g$ f ! ice j nor?we/ ( ,spitzb]g54 ,s9ce ,nans5's return ano!r ,sc&9avian1 ,s4 ,a4 ,&re1 ) two companions1 has disappe>$ into ?is same des]t ( ice & sil5ce1 9 a balloon c>ry+ a boat1 sl$ge1 t5t1 & v>i\s supplies4 ,x 0 8 int5tion to rea* ! pole if possible1 & to d :atev] else circum/ances p]mitt$4 ,s9ce 8 dep>ture1 on ,july #aj1 #ahig1 f ,spitzb]g51 he has n be5 he>d f1 except by a pigeon-message two days lat]4 ,,! ,,s\? ,,pole ,we h foll[$ up to date ! hi/ory ( adv5tur\s & sci5tific exploration ( ! h>dly yield+1 yet /eadily n>r[$1 circles ( unkn[n coa/s & wat]s ab\t ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,let u n[ see :at1 ?us f>1 has be5 done to wre/ f ! ocean & ice ( its ,ant>ctic antipodes ! secrets ( ! ,s\? ,pole4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,p5gu9-,,roo/ ,,on ,,! ,,bea*es ,,( ,,victoria ,,l&4 ,drawn by ! ,ant>ctic explor] ,bor*grev9k4 ,almo/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago ! exi/5ce ( isl&s f> to ! s\?w>d ( any cont95ts became kn[n to navigators1 :o 7 driv5 ?i!r by bad wea!r1 & little by little 0 add$ to ! map ( ?is desolate region2 b x 0 n until #aggb t any "o w5t into t t]rible ,ant>ctic sea = ! express purpose ( a survey4 ,?is man 0 ! intrepid ,capta9 ,cook1 & ?\gh he sail$ a ?ird ( ! way ar\nd ! globe 9 8 ef=ts to f9d an entrance ?r\gh ! icy b>ri]1 he c\ld nev] p5etrate beyond #ga s\? latitude1 :i* is equal to ,nor? ,cape1 or ! t[n ( ,up]navik1 9 ! ,arctic region4 ,lat] capta9s did little bett]1 until #ahda1 :5 ,sir ,james ,ross1 9 8 %ips ,erebus & ,t]ror1--! same vessels :i* aft]w>d met _! de/ruction ) ! ill-fat$ ,frankl9 exp$ition1--skirt$ ! edge ( ! ?ick ice t ev]y:]e clo!d ! l&1 ?\gh x 0 midsumm]1 & f9ally rea*$ ! base ( ! s\!rnmo/ l& yet kn[n on ! globe--a magnific5t m\nta9-*a9 /ret*+ away to ! s\? f latitude #gh #aj4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s po9t ( all ?is range ( pol> m\nta9s1 :i* rises f an unexplor$ cont95t or great isl& call$ ,victoria ,l&1 is ! volcano ,mt4 ,erebus4 ,x 0 9 eruption at ! "t ( ,ross's visit1 & ! explor] tries to tell u ( ! spl5dor ( its display :5 ! wide gli/5+ wa/e ( sn[ & ! deep blue ( ! ocean & ! />ry sky are lit up by ! column ( fire hurl$ ?\s&s ( feet heav5w>d f its crat]3 b :o c picture ! gr&eur ( su* a sc5e6 ,?is volcano is ab\t #ab1djj feet high1 & an ext9ct neighbor1 ,mt4 ,t]ror1 is /ill high]2 :ile a ?ird peak1 ,mt4 ,melb\rne1 exce$s #ae1jjj feet 9 altitude1 & l all ! re/ is cov]$ ) ev]la/+ sn[ & glaci]s f ! tempe/u\s wat]'s edge to its lonely cre/4 ,meag] z ?is in=mation is1 x is ab\t all we "k ( ! surface ( ! globe )9 ! ,ant>ctic circle2 & x w be extremely difficult to le>n mu* m4 ,9 a latitude mu* f>!r f ! pole ?an t :]e 9 ! nor? vegetation is abundant1 & m5 & animals live all ! ye> r\nd1 ! sev]ity ( ! ,ant>ctic climate cuts (f all life1 & con/antly seals ! wat] "u a cap ( ice4 ,! coa/s & outly+ isl&s ?us f> exam9$ appe> to be :olly volcanic1 (t5 compos$ ( no?+ b alt]nate lay]s ( a%es & ice2 b ! ,*all5g] /aff dr$g$ up f ! edge ( ! ice s\? ( ! middle ( ! ,indian ,ocean pieces ( granite-l & o!r rocks1 su* z belong to l& regul>ly =m$2 s t probably ! :ole uplift does n consi/ ( volcanic mat]ials2 &1 fur!rmore1 rocks conta9+ fossil plants h be5 f\nd on "s ( ! s\!rnmo/ isl&s :i* %[ t 9 pa/ ages--! p]iod ( ! coal deposits--! climate ( t end ( ! _w 0 mild en\gh to support =e/s ( trees &1 d\btless1 a l>ge v>iety ( h]bage & animals4 ,n[ mo/ ( ! coa/ is unapproa*able on acc\nt ( a bord] ( sea-ice1 or else cliffs ( mov+ l&-ice 7glaci]s7 t give (f ! flat1 table-topp$ iceb]gs *>act]i/ic ( ! s\? pol> wat]s4 ,no trace ( any l& animal--except visit+ sea-f[l--has be5 f\nd1 & only a little ( ! simple/ plants 7li*5s72 nor is ?is surpris+ :5 we le>n t ! highe/ noonday heat ( summ] is only a little above ! freez+-po9t4 ,:y ?is int5se cold & dreadful desolation exi/s s mu* f>!r f ! pole 9 ! s\!rn ?an 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ,i ne$ h>dly expla9 to y2 = y w recall t 9 ! nor? ! cont95ts are s broad z to =m almo/ an unbrok5 wall ab\t ! n>r[ pol> sea1 conf9+ its cold wat]s1 w>m+ ! air by wide radiation1 & guid+ ! heat$ flood ( ! ,gulf ,/ream /raight into ! nor!rn sea4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 on ! o!r h&1 an imm5se bread? ( ocean s\? ( latitude #dj is brok5 by no l& ( any acc\nt1 & ! s\?w>d fl[+ w>m wat] f ! equator becomes spread out s ?9 ^u ! va/ surface t x is rapidly *ill$4 ,x is n[ g5]ally believ$1 z has be5 h9t$1 t ! s\? pol> region is a cont95tal mass1 deeply buri$ 9 an ice-%eet t is ev] f$ 9 ! c5t] z fa/ z x wa/es away at ! circumf]5ce2 = ! prevail+ w9ds !re t5d t[>d ! pole f all sides1 & c>ry loads ( moi/ure to be cond5s$ & fall 9 ceaseless sn[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ice-,,cliffs ,,& ,,table-,,topp$ ,,b]gs1 ,,*>act]i/ic ,,( ,,! ,,ant>ctic ,,region4 ,! ,ant>ctic seas1 h[ev]1 are by no means lifeless1 b ab\nd n only 9 fi%es1--cod are said to ?rong 9 ^! wat]s 9 prodigi\s numb]s1--b sev]al v>ieties ( :ales1 dolph9s1 & _! k9 7:i* w be describ$ 9 "o ( ! lat] *apt]s71 & _m k9ds ( seals1 notably ! huge sea-elephant1 n[ becom+ r>e else:]e4 ,!n1 too1 ! ,ant>ctic isl&s & headl&s are ! resort ( enorm\s flocks ( c]ta9 sea-birds1 all diff]5t f ! ,arctic species ( _! families1 :i* subsi/ ^u ! fi%es & less creatures 9 ! wat]1 & g to ! lonely %ores outside ! ice-cap only = re/ & to make _! ne/s4 ,( all ^! ! p5gu9s are mo/ num]\s & mo/ h>dy1 & a :ole *apt] might easily be giv5 to _! qua9t appe>ance & qua9t] ways4 ,x also appe>s probable t c]ta9 migratory birds--especially bea*-fe$+ k9ds--regul>ly visit ! ,ant>ctic cont95t 9 summ] f ,patagonia1 & bre$ !re4 ,n[ :at has be5 ga9$ by all ! exp5se1 ex]tion1 & h>d%ip ( pol> exploration8 ,:at has be5 ! *>m t has l$ wise & brave m5 to ov]come t]rific ob/acles1 & turn aga9 ) deep] & deep] long+s t[>d ! my/ic icy regions8 ,lieut5ant ,maury has giv5 "o answ]3 8,!re iceb]gs are fram$ & glaci]s laun*$4 ,!re ! tides h _! cradle3 ! :ales _! nurs]y4 ,!re ! w9ds complete _! circuits1 & ! curr5ts ( ! sea _! r\nd 9 ! wond]ful sy/em ( int]oceanic circulation4 ,!re ! ,aurora ,borealis is light$ up1 & ! trembl+ ne$le br\ght to re/2 & !re1 too1 9 ! mazes ( t my/ic circle1 t]re/rial =ces ( occult p[] & va/ influ5ce ^u ! well-be+ ( man are cont9ually at play4444 ,noble d>+ has made ,arctic ice & wat]s classic gr\nd4 ,x is no fev]i% excitem5t nor va9 ambition t leads man !re4 ,x is a high] feel+1 a holi] motive1 a desire to look into ! works ( creation1 to compreh5d ! economy ( our planet1 & to gr[ wis] & bett] by ! k40 ,to pol> explor]s we owe n only ! discov]y ( ! wat]s1 coa/s1 & ar*ipelagoes t n[ are accurately outl9$ ^u our maps )9 ! ,arctic & ,ant>ctic circles1 b va/ & valuable products--:ale-fi%]ies1 seal-fi%]ies1 cod-fi%]ies1 & _m o!r additions to ! weal? ( ! _w f ! sea1 :ile ! ,arctic l&s h yield$ furs & o!r valuable ?+s 9 great quantity4 ,! /udy ( ! p liv+ "u ^? adv]se nor!rn conditions has be5 highly in/ructive1 assi/+ u to recon/ruct ! life 9 ! primitive _w2 & :at we h le>n$ f ! records ( ! ,arctic rocks has ?r[n a bright & unexpect$ light ^u ! antiquity ( ! globe4 ,to /udies ( ! ocean & atmosph]e 9 v high latitudes sci5ce is l>gely indebt$ = new facts 9 magnetism1 9 ! movem5ts ( ! air & causes ( climate1 9 ! =mation & behavior ( ice & iceb]gs1 9 ! action ( tides & ocean-curr5ts1 & 9 _m o!r dep>tm5ts ( k1 all ( :i* h be5 made ( use especially to ! navigator4 ,nor has ?is co/ ov] mu*4 ,att5tion has be5 call$ to e casualty1 & ! romantic light ( adv5ture has br\ght into high relief all ! h>d%ips & sometimes horrors ( ,arctic exp]i5ce2 b ! records %[ t ! av]age ( loss & suff]+ 9 ,arctic "w is n great] ?an t ( ord9>y seaf>+ & naval c>e]s4 ,sir ,leopold ,m',cl9tock has /at$ publicly t dur+ ! ?irty-six ye>s :5 ,great ,brita9 0 mo/ active 9 pol> rese>*1 %e lo/ only "o exp$ition & #abh p]sons out ( =ty-two successive exp$itions s5t out1 & nev] lo/ a sl$ge-p>ty out ( a hundr$ t made ov]l& j\rneys4 ,aft] all1 no d\bt1 ! be/ result has be5 ! human h]oism display$1 & ! human sympa?y develop$4 8,!re are10 exclaims ,pr(essor ,n\rse1 8& ev] w be1 fair fruits born out ( su* acts ( high aspiration1 en]gy1 & =titude1 9 ^? :o h gone out1 & 9 _! lib]al support]s2 exempl>s = ! lift+ up ( ! disc\rag$1 ! education ( ! "y4 ,c]ta9ly volunte]s = ! pa?s ( discov]y w (f] !mselves until ! fulle/ additions to ! doma9 ( sci5ce h _h _! +a!r+40 ,illu/ration3 ,,eag] ,,to ,,be ,,fir/ ,,a%ore ,,9 ,a ,,new ,,l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drawn ,,by ,,h[>d ,,pyle4 ,,engrav$ ,,by ,m4 ,,haid]4 ,,! 8,,con/itution',s0 ,,la/ ,,fight4 ,,footnote3 #c ,! success ( ?is mo/ haz>d\s v5ture1 al?\gh its crew numb]$ ?irte51 is equal to ! success ( ,columbus's fir/ voyage1 al?\gh x began on ,friday6 8,luck0 has no %[ :5 x is pitt$ aga9/ pluck4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,w>-,,%ips ,,& ,,naval ,,battles ,,"p ,i--,,wood5 ,,walls1 ,,f ,,salamis ,,to ,,trafalg> ,naval w>f>e1 prop]ly speak+1 beg9s ) ! battle ( ,salamis1 #dhj ,b4 ,c41 :5 ! ,greek fleet1 "u ! guidance ( ,!mi/ocles1 de/roy$ or put to flight a horde ( twelve hundr$ ,p]sian vessels1 & sav$ ,a!ns1 to become ! f\ndation ( a /rong nation4 ,( ^! %ips at ,salamis we "k v little1 except t !y 7 l>ge1 op51 or p>tly op51 r[boats1 hav+ plat=ms at ! /]n & pr[1 & p]haps amid%ips 9 "s cases1 :]e soldi]s might /& & dis*>ge _! arr[s out ( ! way ( ! r[]s b5ea? !m1 or leap abo>d ! enemy's boats :5ev] !y c\ld be rea*$4 ,!y 71 9 %ort1 e>ly types ( ! galleys :i* subsequ5tly became vessels ( w> z p[]ful & s]viceable1 "u ! conditions !y 7 int5d$ to meet1 z are our battle-%ips to-day1 & probably saf] z a fight+-place = _! crews4 ,t f r[boats r ?an f sail-boats %\ld h be5 develop$ ! highe/ type ( ,m$it]ranean w>-vessel ( anci5t times is n surpris+ :5 "o rememb]s ! light & v>iable w9ds ( t region1 ! usually smoo? seas1 ! abundance ( h>bors1 &1 above all1 ! ne$ ( hav+ ! vessels "u complete control :5 all fight+ _h to be done at %ort range--*iefly by ramm+ & bo>d+1 9 fact4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 too1 t labor 0 *eap2 & x 0 consid]$ t ! mo/ prop] & economical--n to say humane--use to :i* prison]s ( w> c\ld be put 0 to make !m r[]s 9 public %ips1 :ile en\gh rema9$ to be sold z slaves to ! own]s ( private ya*ts & private]+ galleys4 ,"o may imag9e a worse fate ?an ?is4 ,! e>lie/ w>-vessels ( ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean--^? ( ,hom]'s "t1 = in/ance--seem to h be5 long & r n>r[ r[boats1 ! be/ ( :i* _h two ti]s ( o>s1 "o above ! o!r1 ! l[]1 %ort] ti] work+ ?r\gh oval holes 9 ! side1 & ! upp] 9 not*es or ?ole-p9s on ! gunwale4 ,?is left ! upp] r[]s expos$1 & h5ce su* vessels 7 call$ aphract1 or 8unf5c$02 & x 0 n until ! ,greeks began to become prom95t t ! bulw>ks 7 rais$ high en\gh to protect all ! r[]s1 & w>-vessels g5]ally became cataphract1 or 8f5c$40 ,x appe>s t 9 v e>ly times w>-%ips 7biremes7 ) n only two ti]s or banks ( o>s1 b ev5 ^? 7triremes7 ) ?ree banks1 7 us$2 & ! trireme became ! type ( ! mo/ num]\s & effective vessels ( ! ,greek & ,roman navies 9 _! prime4 ,& z weight & p[] gradually increas$1 ! cru%+ p[] ( collision began to be utiliz$1 & ramm+ came 9 z a m & m important feature 9 naval tactics4 ,z ! ,greeks seem to h fir/ appli$ ^! new ideas1 x is q likely t _! success at ,salamis 0 due to ^! improvem5ts4 ,! arrangem5t 0 ?is3 ,f ! side ( ! vessel 7inside7 project$ ?ree r[s ( b5*es1 a y>d ap>t1 horizontally support$ at _! inn] ends by timb]s t slant$ t[>d ! /]n at su* an angle t ! top seat ( ea* r[ 0 exactly above ! bottom seat ( ! r[ beh9d x4 ,! o>s ( ! top ti] 7?ranite7 7 ab\t f\rte5 feet long1 ^? ( ! middle ti] 7zygite7 ab\t t5 & "o half feet1 & ! l[]mo/ "o 7?alamite7 sev5 & "o half feet4 ,ea* o> 0 s ne>ly balanc$ 9 its o>-port z to "w 9 ! easie/ mann]1 ti$ !re by a ?ong & surr\nd$ by a loose sleeve ( lea!r :i* kept out ! wat]4 ,ea* "o ( ! l[]mo/ o>s 0 work$ by a s+le man1 ! middle ones by two1 & ^? ( ! ?ird ti] by ?ree or f\r1 z !y 7 ( great l5g?4 ,9 lat] times l>g] vessels 7 inv5t$ = special purposes--f\r-bank$ 7quadriremes71 five-bank$ 7qu9quiremes71 & s on1 ev5 up to "o ( =ty banks2 b z we are unable to und]/& h[ x 0 possible = m ?an five or six ti]s ( o>s to be op]at$1 we may leave ^! extraord9>y galleys to special /ud5ts4#d ,! /ructure ( ^! vessels gave !m ! greate/ /r5g? comb9$ ) lightness4 ,!y _h v /rong keels & /ems1 ! latt] peculi>ly brac$2 & along _! sides ran wal+-pieces1 or =e-&-aft brac+ timb]s1 ! l[]mo/ curv+ inw>d =w>d1 until !y met 9 front ( ! /em at ! wat]-l9e1 :]e !y 7 brac$ by massive timb]s1 & prolong$ into a %>p ?ree-too!d spur1 ( :i* ! middle too? 0 ! longe/1 rea*+ out p]haps t5 feet4 ,?is 0 cov]$ ) metal1 usually bronze1 & =m$ ! beak4 8,above x1 b project+ less beyond ! /em-po/1 0 ! procmbolion1 or second beak1 9 :i* ! prolongation ( ! upp] set ( wal+-pieces met4 ,?is 0 g5]ally fa%ion$ into ! figure ( a ram's head1 also cov]$ ) metal4444 ,^! bosses1 :5 a vessel 0 ramm$1 complet$ ! "w ( de/ruction begun by ! %>p beak at ! wat]-level1 giv+ a rack+ bl[ :i* caus$ x to heel ov] & s eas$ x (f ! beak1 releas+ ! latt] be=e ! weight ( ! s9k+ vessel c\ld come ^u x40 ,illu/ration3 ,,hamilc>',s 8,,/airway ,,( ,,! ,,galleys10 ,,at ,,c>?age4 ,! /em 0 (t5 c>ri$ up into a curv+ ornam5t call$ ! acro/olion1 b5ea? :i* 0 a /\t-wall$ deck-space = sailors or ! fight+-m5 to d _! "w2 & ! /]n-po/ simil>ly support$ a l(ty1 ri*ly ornam5t$ /ructure 7aplu/ron71 ar*+ ov] ! (fic]s' qu>t]s4 ,plat=ms ext5d$ up & d[n ! c5t] ( ! %ip betwe5 ! r[]s2 & ov] _! heads 0 a deck hav+ walls or bulw>ks :]e ! fight+-m5 & _! v>i\s 8eng9es0 /ood4 ,9 addition to ?is an ext]nal def5d$ gall]y = soldi]s & bo>d]s usually ran along ! outside ( ! bulw>ks above ! o>s2 & awn+s ( ra:ide 7 /ret*$ ov] all to w>d (f grappl+-irons4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t ^! galleys also _h ?ree pole-ma/s1 & c]ta9 sails--probably a huge split lug1 ) possibly a squ>e topsail on ! ma9ma/1 :ile ! =e- & mizz5ma/s c>ri$ late5s4 ,at ! top ( ea* /ick 0 a r\nd1 protect$ cage fill$ ) ar*]s & sl+]s--! prototype ( our 8milit>y ma/40 ,nor are ! size & =ce ( ^! ,greek & ,roman m5-(-w> to be despis$4 ,! ord9>y trireme _h a crew ( #bjj to #bbe m5 9 all1 #agd ( :om 7 r[]s4 ,! space = cab9s & /[age mu/ h be5 little1 b ?is 0 ( small acc\nt1 s9ce ! w>-galleys r>ely und]took long cruises1 _! tactics be+ a ru% & a %>p fight1 & !n a quick return to h>bor1 :]e x 0 ! practice to draw ! light] galleys up on %ore ea* night4 ,! transportation ( ! %ips across ! i/hmus ( ,cor9? 0 n1 !n1 s a/oni%+ a feat z x is sometimes call$4 ,rome's exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 ga9$ 9 w> & 9 suppress+ ! ,levant9e pirates1 taught h] to ab&on ! heavy1 _m-bank$1 unwieldy vessels %e _h at fir/ develop$ f ,greek & ,c>?ag9ian models1 & to tru/ to a mu* light]1 swift]1 & m manageable /yle1 ) f> less upp] /ructure & rigg+1 & hav+ only two banks ( o>s4 ,^! 7 call$ ,liburnian galleys4 ,) ?is *ange came naturally "o ( tactics1 capture by *ase & bo>d+ tak+ ! place ( ! e>li] attempt to cru% by ramm+ & ov]rid+ ! antagoni/4 ,! armam5t compris$ n only z _m soldi]s ) b[s & javel9s z c\ld f9d room 9 action1 b v>i\s ma*9es ( (f5se & def5se1 su* z catapults hurl+ huge /ones or m>ble grape-%ot1 spe>head$ rams or huge knives t c\ld be run out aga9/ an enemy's hull or rigg+1 arrangem5ts = sma%+ ! enemy's decks1 caldrons swung at y>d-arms1 hold+ burn+ pit* or oil to be p\r$ ^u ! foe1 & (t5 cranes 7corvi71 provid$ ) grapples t1 if "o c\ld be made fa/1 w\ld lift an adv]s>y out ( wat]1 & turn him upside d[n4 ,no m vivid picture ( ! life 9 cruise & battle ( a ,roman man-(-w>'s man is kn[n to me ?an t p5n$ by ,g5]al ,lew ,wallace 9 8,b5 ,hur10 b ,i _c1 ( c\rse1 transf] all ( x to my pages1 z ,i %\ld l to d1 & an extract "h & !re w\ld only spoil ! pleasure 9 /ore = y 9 re-read+ x all4 ,( m$ieval naval w>f>e 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! /ruggles betwe5 ! weak 8pr9cipalities & p[]s0 t foll[$ ! decay ( ,rome & la/$ = a doz5 c5turies1 we "k v little4 ,!re is m obscurity "h ?an ev5 else:]e 9 ! dim hi/ory ( ! d>k ages4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t n mu* *ange took place 9 naval ar*itecture4 ,! ,byzant9e empire succe$$ to ,rome z mi/ress ( ! seas1 & we "k t 9 ! n9? c5tury ! ,byzant9e emp]ors 7 /ill build+ biremes 7!n call$ dromones7 arm$ ) tubes = sp\t+ ,greek fire4 ,x %\ld be not$ t boats hav+ only a s+le bank ( o>s came n[ to be call$ galleys2 & ?is is ! fir/ & prop] use ( ! ^w1 ?\gh popul>ly x is n[ 7or until rec5tly 07 appli$ to any l>ge _m-o>$ boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,combat ,,( ,,roman ,,galleys 7,,biremes74 ,) ! introduction ( gunp[d] & cannon into naval vessels1 ! ornam5tal top-works--a picturesque relic ( :i* rema9s 9 ! ,v5etian gondola ( to-day--disappe>$1 z we see :5 ! cle> light ( hi/ory beg9s to %9e on ! fleets ( ,v5ice & ,g5oa1 :5 ^! cities 7 lead]s ( ! _w 9 navigation4 ,turkey--! successor ( ! old ,byzant9e empire & ( ! ,greek p[]--0 !n1 z n[1 ! great enemy ( ! we/1 b 9 ^? days x 0 aggressive4 ,its fleets 7 /rong & well mann$1 & !y ?reat5$ to cross ! ,adriatic & fa/5 ! baneful grasp ( ! ,moslem ^u ,italy 9 rev5ge = ! p]secution ( ! ,moors 9 ,spa94 ,p]haps !y w\ld h done s _h n ,john ( ,au/ria1 admiral ( ! alli$ navies ( ,spa91 ,v5ice1 & ,rome1 won t great victory 9 ! h>bor ( ,lepanto1 ne> ! i/hmus ( ,cor9?1 :i* de/roy$ ne>ly ! :ole ,turki% fleet1 & releas$ fifte5 ?\s& ,*ri/ian galley-slaves4 ,?is 0 9 ,octob]1 #aega1 & x sav$ ! ,we/ f be+ ov]run by ! b>b>\s ,ea/1 z exactly fifte5 & a half c5turies be=e x _h be5 sav$ ne> ,actium1 a fam\s promontory on ! nor?we/]n coa/ ( ,greece1 :]e ,octavius defeat$ ! =ces ( ,antony & ,cleopatra4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! %ips t f\ght 9 ! lat] battle 7 mu* diff]5t 9 ei!r build or rig f ^? ( ! e>li] conflict1 b _! decks no m gleam$ ) m5 9 armor1 & 9 place ( catapult1 crane1 & caldron 7 cannonades & falconets1 arquebuses & h&-gr5ades4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 !y _h already tak5 on m ( t long1 l[ %ape *>act]iz+ lat] ! ,fr5* & ,italian galleys1 common en\gh 9 ,m$it]ranean ports up to ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 :i* diff]$ ma9ly f ! anci5t ones 9 _! use ( mu* long] o>s or sweeps1 balanc$ ^u a sort ( ext5d$ outrigg] or %elf project+ f ! vessel's side4 ,! galleass ( :i* we he> 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies 0 a l>ge w>-%ip ( ?is /yle1 :i* =e%ad[$ ! ,atlantic %ips1 to be spok5 ( pres5tly1 9 hav+ ca/ellat$ /ructures =e & aft1 9 :i* 7 m\nt$ sometimes tw5ty guns2 besides its two or ?ree late5-rigg$ ma/s1 x (t5 _h ?irty-two sweeps on ea* side1 ea* ab\t =ty-five feet long1 & h&l$ ) a long1 sl[ /roke by five or six m5--9 ,france ma9ly convicts 8condemn$ to ! galleys40#e ,su* vessels cont9u$ to be us$ by ! ,spani>ds1 ,maltese1 ,italians1 & ,turks long aft] !y _h be5 ab&on$ by ! ,fr5* navy1 b latt]ly1 aft] ! suppression ( piracy1 9 :i* !y 7 ( especial s]vice1 = ! conveyance ( important p]sonages & occasions ( c]emony r ?an = practical s]vice2 & 9 ! /ate b>ge ( ! ,doge ( ,v5ice1 br\ght out annually to ?is day at ! c]emony ( re-w$d+ ,v5ice to ! ,adriatic1 we h a magnific5t relic ( ^! /ately craft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,type ,,( ,,v5etian ,,galley4 ,b su* boats 7 adapt$ only to ! comp>atively calm & simple navigation ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 & al?\gh imitat$ 9 ! simil> wat]s ( ! ea/]n ,baltic1 !y nev] fl\ri%$ nor? ( ,spa94 ,:5 !y gradually disappe>$1 _! successor inside ! gates ( ,gibralt> 0 ! xebec1 :i* began to appe> "u ,arab or ,spani% control 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 ?is 0 suppos$ to be able to )/& any wea!r1 & c>ri$ f f\rte5 to tw5ty-two guns on deck1 ) small ports = o>s betwe5 ! guns4 ,a picturesque relative 0 ! ,portuguese muleta4 ,! ,engli% lik$ ?is k9d ( vessel on acc\nt ( its /rong sail+ qualities1 b :5 !y took x into _! own /ormy wat]s !y f\nd x necess>y to raise its sides to fit !m = brea/+ ! high seas t roll 9 ! op5 ,atlantic or are toss$ by ! cont5d+ tides ( ! ,engli% ,*annel1 & develop$ out ( x a /yle ( swift & h&y vessel call$ a frigate4 ,dur+ all ^! 8middle0 ages ! nor!rn nations _h be5 sail+ & fight+ on ! sea z well z ! s\!rn]s4 ,/ories ( /urdy battles h come d[n 9 tradition & 9 su* *ronicles z ^? ( ,froiss>t2 b ^? old conflicts seem to h produc$ little *ange 9 %ip-build+ or armam5t until ! exp]i5ce & wisdom br\ght back by ! ,crusad]s began to spread abroad ev5 9 ! half-savage ,nor?1 & to produce t revival ( le>n+ :i* by & by 0 to make su* /rik+ *anges 9 we/]n ,europe2 & "h ! lead]s are ,engli%m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,=eca/le ,,( ,,! 8,,great ,,h>ry0 78,,gr,,ce ,,de ,,dieu074 ,9 ^? days no national navies1 prop]ly speak+1 exi/$ 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 or nor?w>d4 ,:5 a mon>* wi%$ to transport troops by wat] to "s o!r l&1 or make a naval exp$ition or campaign1 he fitt$ out ! %ips t belong$ to ! cr[n z ! k+'s p]sonal prop]ty1 & compell$ 8 subjects to furni% ! re/1 j z 8 feudal prov9ces & cities & lords 7 expect$ to equip & br+ to 8 /&>d any l& =ces requir$4 ,x 0 to sy/ematize ?is me?od some:at 9 ,engl& t ,william ! ,conqu]or 8e/abli%$ ! ,c9que ,ports1 & gave !m c]ta9 privileges on condition ( _! furni%+ #eb %ips1 ) #bd m5 9 ea*1 = #ae days1 9 cases ( em]g5cy40 ,n[ & !n1 at fir/1 ,engli%m5 7 dispos$ to resi/ ! 8arre/0 ( %ips1 :i* might easily mean ! ru9 ( _! bus9ess2 & special laws _h to be made to quell ?is reluctance4 ,ano!r qua9t & significant feature ( t practice 0 ?is3 ,9 e fleet "o or m %ips 7 set ap>t z 8royal10 & ei!r ! k+ or 8 repres5tatives occupi$ !m ) c\rt c]emony to c>ry out ! fiction ( royal dom9ion ov] ! sea z well z ^u ! l&4 ,x naturally foll[$ 9 ,engl& t aft] h] navy _h %[n its p[]1 & signaliz$ x especially by a brilliant victory ov] ,spa9 9 #achj1 ,edw>d ,,iii %\ld h assum$ z an additional title 8,k+ ( ! ,seas0--an act :i* _h f>-rea*+ consequ5ces4 ,dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury some?+ l an e/abli%$ navy 0 =e%ad[$2 b x 0 n until ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii1 :51 at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! :ole _w 0 explor+ ! oceans & awak5+ to ! importance ( sea p[]1 t ! fir/ vessel1 prop]ly call$ a national w>-%ip1 0 built1 equipp$1 mann$1 & su/a9$ at gov]nm5t exp5se by ,engl&4 ,?is 0 ! ,great ,h>ry--a float+ =tress r ?an a %ip2 =1 ) h] t[]+1 ov]weight$ 8ca/les0 =e & aft1 %e 0 unseawor?y1 & came ne> be+ sunk by a slight roll+ :i* p\r$ ! wat] into h] l[] ports4 ,b a bett] kn[n 8,great ,h>ry0 0 ! ,h5ri ,grce de ,dieu1 built by ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,?is k+ 0 ! real f\nd] ( ! ,briti% navy1 provid+ = x _m good %ips1 dock-y>ds1 tra9$ (fic]s1 & regul>ly enli/$ crews4 ,! advantage ( ?is organization & ! sup]iority ( ,engli% seaman%ip 7 demon/rat$ 9 ! next reign by ! defeat ( ! ,spani% ,armada4 ,engl& 0 !n at w> ) ,spa91 & ,philip ,,ii ?\ght to end ! matt] by means ( ! greate/ exp$ition ev] he>d (4 ,x began to be prep>$ 9 #aehg "u ! title ( ! ,mo/ ,=tunate ,armada1#f b an ,engli% squadron "u ,drake attack$ ! r5dezv\s at ,cadiz1 de/roy$ ov] "o hundr$ vessels & huge quantities ( /ores1 & !n s ravag$ ! neighbor+ coa/s z to delay ,spa9's project = a :ole season4 ,9 midsumm] ( #aehh1 h[ev]1 aft] an unlucky />t1 9 :i* x 0 driv5 back by /orms1 ! dread$ ,armada appe>$ 9 ! ,engli% ,*annel1 l a close flock ( huge birds drift+ along ! ,briti% coa/4 ,x consi/$ ( ab\t #acj %ips1 sev5 ( :i* exce$$ #ajjj tons burd51 & num]\s small craft1 & 0 arm$ ) ne>ly #cjjj cannon4 ,its comm&] 0 ! ,duke ( ,m$9a ,sidonia1 :o 0 a mo/ incompet5t man = ! po/1 & x bore1 besides ne>ly #aj1jjj sailors & galley-slaves1 ov] #aj1jjj soldi]s2 b ?is naval =ce 0 n int5d$ to attack ,engl& until aft] x _h f]ri$ ov] f ,belgium ! ,spani% army ( ! ,duke ( ,p>ma4 ,to su* a =ce z ?is ,engl& oppos$ a mis]ably small fleet--only #cd vessels t c\ld be call$ %ips2 b %e ha/ily arm$ z _m m small] ones z %e c\ld1 amid great fright & excitem5t1 until f9ally ,admiral ,h[>d comm&$ #hj or #ij %ips & boats4 ,!re 0 no defici5cy 9 8 m51 h[ev]1--! pick ( ,engli% 8sea-dogs0 0 at 8 call2 & among ! lead]s ( ! pack 7 m5 we h already met else:]e--,francis ,drake1 ,john ,hawk9s1 ,m>t9 ,frobi%]1 & o!rs4 ,:at a sight x mu/ h be5 on t ,augu/ day z ^! %ips1 fly+ ! huge bann]s ( ,ca/ile1 /&+ high out ( ! wat]1 ) l(ty 8ca/les0 =w>d & aft1 gaudy ) c>v+ & color1 ! light rippl+ "h f silk5 p5nants & fla%+ !re f %9+ cannon or huge poop-lant]ns1 mov$ pa/ ! s\!rn headl&s ( ,engl&1 wat*$ by half-rag+1 half-fe>ful cr[ds6 ,& h[ my/ifi$ & indignant mu/ ^! wat*+ c\ntry p h be5 :5 ,admiral ,h[>d1 _! only def5d]1 calmly let ! ,armada sail by ,plym\?1 :]e ! ,engli% fleet lay hid 9 ! ,sol5t1 & ,capta9 ,drake coolly insi/$ ^u f9i%+ a game ( b[ls be=e he w\ld g d[n to 8 wait+ frigate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/yle ,,( ,,%ips ,,9 ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,armada4 ,b ^! capta9s knew :at !y 7 ab\t4 ,9 ^? days1 z n[1 9 fight+ ) sail+-vessels ! advantage is usually ) ! "o :o attacks f ! w9dw>d side2 = !n he c manuv] 8 vessel1 :]eas 8 enemy1 head+ t[>d ! w9d1 c d s only ) difficulty if at all1 & h5ce _c easily take a good position or escape f a bad "o4 ,h[>d1 !re=e1 wait$ until ! closely cr[d$ squadrons ( ,spa9 _h pass$ beyond him up ! ,*annel1 :5 he issu$ f ,plym\? h>bor1 bore d[n ^u _! re> f ! w9dw>d1 & proce$$1 z "o ( ! reports express$ x1 to 8pluck _! fea!rs40 ,!n began "s wond]ful days ( sea hi/ory & naval s*ool+4 ,! ,spani% vessels 7 float+ ca/les arm$ ) heavy guns & cr[d$ ) soldi]s arm$ ) muskets & 8h>quebuses ( crock10--t is1 great blund]busses support$ ^u a portable re/4 ,!y kept 9 a close cr[d1 l a phalanx ( old ,swiss infantry1 & suppos$ t ! ,engli% w\ld move aga9/ !m 9 ano!r d5se raft1 & t !y w\ld fight f deck to deck ( grappl$ %ips z if !y 7 on l&4 ,b ! ,engli% knew bett]4 ,!y _h few %ips z l>ge--! ,triumph1 #aajj tons1 0 ! bigge/--or guns z heavy z ! ,spani>ds'4 ,in/ead ( attack+ 9 a solid mass1 !re=e1 !y spread out1 hov]$ on ! flanks1 d>t$ a %ip "h & !re1 fir$ z !y saw opportunity1 & kept _! own vessels out ( dang] z mu* z possible4 ,9 ! light & v>iable w9ds t prevail$1 ! great galleons ( ! ,armada 7 almo/ immovable1 :ile ! ,engli% = ! mo/ "p _h small]1 light] vessels1 ^: nimbl5ess & ready ob$i5ce to ! helm a/oni%$ ! ,spani%4 ,/&+ l[ 9 ! wat]1 ^! w\ld drive _! %ot "r ?r\gh ! enemy's hulls1 & make (f be=e ! ,spani>d c\ld depress 8 guns en\gh to d any damage 9 return2 :ile ! army ( muskete]s ^u :om he _h reli$ s /rongly _h little *ance to d any?+ at all4 ,?us = a week ! ,engli% frigates & arm$ fi%+-boats h>ass$ ! ,armada on its way up ! ,*annel1 captur+ & s9k+ _m ( ! %ips1 :ile los+ "s ( its own1 ( c\rse1 until at la/ ! worri$ & baffl$ squadron manag$ to ga9 ! road/ead ( ,calais1 :]e ! army ( ! ,duke ( ,p>ma lay4 ,to c>ry ?is army across & beg9 a campaign aga9/ ,london seem$ n[ n only out ( ! "q1 b ! safety ( ! fleet itself 0 a "q2 = a few days lat]1 :5 a favorable w9d arose1 sev]al fire-%ips came sail+ d[n ^u !m f ! blockad+ ,engli%m5 outside4 ,^! fire-%ips--an important "p ( e fleet = two or ?ree c5turies--7 old vessels int5d$ to set fire to an enemy's %ips4 ,_! y>d-arms 7 set ) great iron hooks1 _! hulls & rigg+s 7 saturat$ ) oil1 _! decks load$ ) t>-b>rels1 & _! old guns ov]load$1 s z to spread de/ruction 9 e direction by bur/+4 ,!n bold crews sail$ ^! grappl+ mon/]s z ne> ! enemy z !y d>$1--& x mu/ h be5 a s]vice de> to ! he>t ( ! d>+1--set fire to !m1 la%$ _! helms1 & got away 9 _! boats z be/ !y c\ld4 ,to escape ^! dreadful ?+s ! ,spani>ds 7 oblig$ to up-an*or & put to sea1 los+ _m %ips & lives by fire or ! wildly fly+ cannon-balls1 or by go+ a%ore 9 ! ef=t2 & !n ! ,engli%m5 foll[$ !m aga91 l wolves aft] a h]d ( buffalo 9 w9t]4 ,! ,spani>ds d>$ n g back d[n ! ,*annel1 & no?+ rema9$ to !m b ! haz>d\s voyage ar\nd ! nor? ( ,scotl&--a v5ture = :i* ! t[]+1 unwieldy galleons 7 ill-fitt$4 ,/orms ov]took !m 9 ! ,nor? ,sea & on ! ,atlantic1 & s _m 7 ca/ away on ! ,iri% coa/1 :]e ^? :o rea*$ ! %ore 7 sla91 t h>dly half ( ! pr\d ,armada crept back to ,lisbon & ,cadiz4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,sea-,,fight ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4 ,?is incid5t 0 "o ( ! mo/ notable 9 ,european hi/ory = two reasons3 ,fir/1 hi/orically1 x no d\bt sav$ ,engl& & h] colonies f ! ,inquisition1 & all ! o!r depress+ & horrible burd5s t long aft]w>d weight$ ! papal c\ntries ( s\!rn ,europe & _! ,am]ican possessions2 &1 second1 x re=m$ naval w>f>e n only by confirm+ ! value ( a regul>ly organiz$ national navy1 b by %[+ t ! old-fa%ion$1 d5se fleet =mation1 c>ry+ soldi]s to fight z !y w\ld d on l&1 0 wrong & ineffective4 ,b ?\gh ,spa9 _h be5 humbl$ %e 0 by no means cru%$1 & sea-fight+ w5t on a long "t be=e ei!r %e1 ! ,fr5*1 or ! ,dut*--& ! la/ 7 ! h>de/ foes--w\ld fully admit ,engl&'s claim to be sov]eign ( all ! seas ar\nd ,brita91 & /rike _! flags :5ev] !y met "o ( h] 8k+'s %ips0 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( x4 ,engl& ass]t$ t ! doma9 ( h] cr[n cov]$ n only ! l&s ( ,engl& 7& mu* ( ,france71 b also 8! n>r[ seas02 & %e def9$ ?is doma9 to include all ! ,*annel wat]s nor? ( ,cape ,f9i/]re & !nce 9 a squ>e area we/w>d to ! middle ( ! ,atlantic4 ,?is 0 n an ass]tion3 8,i c beat ! _w 9 sea-fight+10 b 0 a legal claim to rule--a decl>ation t h] laws ext5d$ ov] t mu* sea 9 ! same mann] t x is n[ agre$ t ! laws ( all nations ext5d to a di/ance ( ?ree miles f _! coa/s4 ,! :ole idea ( naval w>f>e 9 ^? days 0 def5se ( y\r own comm]ce & attack ^u y\r enemy's2 & at t "t any "o y met "u ano!r flag 0 likely to be y\r 8enemy0 if ei!r p>ty promis$ spoils wor? a fight4 ,h5ce n only did private]+ fl\ri%1--(t5 deg5]at+ into piracy1--n only did all m]*ant vessels g heavily arm$1 b ! royal %ips 7 int5d$ pr9cipally = convoy+ or gu>d+ m]*antm54 ,?is !ory1 :i* 0 only a "p ( ! g5]ally unsettl$ condition ( t =mative p]iod1 kept up a cont9ual /ate ( fight+ on ! sea1 ev5 betwe5 peoples nom9ally at peace1 & ( c\rse l$ aga9 & aga9 to op5 w>s4 ,^! 7 almo/ always popul>1 especially among ! bold sailors b poor trad]s ( ,engl&1 on acc\nt ( ! *ances = prizes & plund] t (t5 m ?an repaid ! exp5ses & losses ( ! conflict2 ?us ! w> ) ! ,dut* 9 #afeb-ed1 9 :i* ,william ,p5n 0 a capta91 br\ght 9 m ?an #f1jjj1jjj wor? ( captures--m ?an ! f9ancial co/ ( ! w>4 ,at ?is "t--! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury--,holl& 0 ! lead+ comm]cial nation ( ! _w4 ,n only _h h] m]*ants l>ge int]e/s ( _! own 9 bo? ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 v ext5sive fi%]ies 9 nor!rn wat]s1 & trad+ /ations 9 ! ,african & ,am]ican coa/s1 b a l>ge "p ( ! comm]ce ( o!r nations 0 conduct$ 9 ,dut* %ips1 includ+ mu* ( ,engl& itself4 ,x 0 ! unrighte\s b det]m9$ ef=t to break ?is up by any & e means t br\ght on ! second w> ) ,holl&1 "o incid5t ( :i* 0 ! capture ( ,new ,am/]dam 7,new ,york72 = fleets no long] /ay$ close at home1 act+ ma9ly z def5d]s ( coa/s1 z 9 ! previ\s c5tury1 b n[ cruis$ & f\ght on ! high seas1 z ! ,spani% _h le>n$ 9 _m a h>d /ruggle to protect _! trad+ & treasure-%ips homew>d b\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,attack+ ,,spani% ,,galleons ,,(f ,,! ,,azores4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drawn ,,by ,,w>r5 ,,%epp>d4 ,,spani% ,,& ,,fr5* ,,%ips ,,( ,,! ,,l9e ,,tak+ ,,position ,,= ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,trafalg>4 ,?is new practice1 h[ev]1 _h requir$ a *ange 9 %ips & _! equipm5t4 ,! ,engli% le>n$ ?is quick] ?an any "o else4 ,!y cut d[n ! l(ty cab9s1 increas$ ! height1 :ile r$uc+ ! weight1 ( ma/s by inv5t+ jo9t$ topma/s1 & replac$ ! unwieldy late5s by an arrangem5t ( l(ty1 quickly h&l$ squ>e sails4 ,by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ocean-go+ %ips _h mu* ! same appe>ance z at pres5t1--al?\gh f> m elaborately ornam5t$ & bulg+ aft ) /]n-gall]ies1--! massive1 high-poop$ ,spani% galleon surviv+ longe/ z a relic ( ! old type4 ,^! *anges all[$ ! armam5t to be tak5 f ! front & re> ( ! %ip1 :]e x _h =m]ly be5 ma9ly plac$1 !re be+ no room 9 ! wai/1 & all[$ x to be di/ribut$ equally up & d[n ! %ip1 :i* n[ began to deliv] ! 8broadsides0 t =m$ su* a feature 9 sea-gunn]y be=e ! days ( turret$ ironclads1 & ?is1 ) ! con/ant improvem5t 9 ! range & p[] ( ! artill]y1 soon br\ght ab\t ideas ( battle =mation4 ,! e>ly plan 0 to provide a l>ge numb] ( %ips1--eighty or "o hundr$ on ea* side 9 a s+le action 7 n uncommon1--because ea* 0 weak1 & also because a great numb] ( fight+-m5 0 ?\ght necess>y1 & !n to advance f ! w9dw>d 9 a compact mass1 & endeavor to close ) ! enemy & capture or de/roy him by h&-to-h& promiscu\s fight+4 ,our ^w squadron means a squ>e1 &1 z appli$ to %ips1 is a survival f ^? antiquat$ me?ods4 ,b :5 ! practice ( us+ fire-%ips became common & effective1 & trimm]1 m active %ips sup]s$$ ! cumbr\s galleasses1 x 0 se5 t ?is close =mation only expos$ a fleet to de/ruction1 & an op5 ord] _h to be adopt$1 ) a consequ5t *ange ( tactics4 ,ano!r lesson 01 t a sea-fight 0 a sailor's battle1 :]e soldi]s 7 out ( place1 & t to take a great numb] ( weak %ips into action1 cr[d$ ) m51 0 only to risk life unnecess>ily4 ,h5ce1 l>g] & m heavily arm$ %ips1 b few] ( !m1 appe> 9 lat] engagem5ts2 & 9 place ( a bun* ( vessels1 8huddl$ toge!r l a flock ( %eep10 at :i* to %oot1 ! op5 ord] gave ! gunn]s small & s+le t>gets4 ,all ^! *anges comb9$ to en=ce ! wisdom ( meet+ an enemy 9 a widely spac$ l9e1 :]e ! /ronge/ fight+-%ips 7 put =w>d1 & small] vessels came up 9 ! re>4 ,^? ahead met ! battle-%ips at ! head ( ! enemy's column1 & ! less] ones1 z !y came up1 7 pair$ (f aga9/ ^? ( _! own size1 s t ! battle became a s]ies ( equaliz$ duels4 ,su* 0 ! !ory ( naval tactics 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies2 & s arose ! t]m l9e-(-battle %ip1 descriptive ( su* national craft z are %[n on ! opposite page4 ,^! f9e old l9e-(-battle %ips 7 l>ge & p[]ful be=e ! sev5te5? c5tury end$4 ,?us 9 ! ,briti% navy :5 #agjj came 9 !re 7 eight :i* _h f n9ety-six to "o hundr$ & t5 guns ea*--fifty-?ree o!rs c>ry+ m ?an sev5ty guns1 & tw5ty-?ree m ) m ?an fifty guns--all at t "t reg>d$ z fit = ! l9e ( battle1 ?\gh a hundr$ ye>s lat] no?+ less ?an a 8sev5ty-f\r0 0 s consid]$4 ,su* 7 ! gr&ly picturesque old vessels t won ! day at ,gibralt>1 ,cop5hag51 & ,trafalg>1 & at _m ano!r spot :]e ! :ole horizon e*o$ to _! ?und]\s broadsides2 b ( !m all !re n[ rema9 only a few honor$ hulks 9 h>bors1 or a few gr& figureheads pres]v$ 9 docks & museums4 ,ea* navy1 h[ev]1 _h a great] numb] ( small]1 m active vessels1 kn[n z frigates1 corvettes1 sloops-(-w>1 gun-brigs1 etc41 :i* c>ri$ f tw5ty to =ty-f\r guns1 & 7 ! 8eyes ( ! fleet10 z "o old /rategi/ /yl$ !m4 ,!y answ]$ to :at we %\ld n[ call cruis]s1 & (t5 w5t on duty 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! _w1 or 9 w> 7 sc\t+ ab\t & support+ ! ma9 fleet4 ,?is class 0 especially cultivat$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z soon z x began to make a regul> navy1 at ! close ( ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 & six frigates 7 built at our six navy-y>ds dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! la/ c5tury1 :i* 7 int5d$ & prov$ to be sep>ately 8sup]ior to any s+le ,european frigate ( ! usual dim5sions0 9 spe$1 manuv]+1 & fight+ p[]1 9 proportion to _! weight ( ordnance4 ,?ree ( !m 7,con/ellation1 ,congress1 & ,*esapeake7 m\nt$ ?irty-six guns1 & ?ree 7,unit$ ,/ates1 ,presid5t1 & ,con/itution7 =ty-f\r guns ea*--ma9ly #bd-p\nd]s2 & all gave s good an acc\nt ( !mselves1 z %ips1 t ! high complim5t 0 paid u ( _! be+ c>efully imitat$ by =eign naval con/ructors4 ,?is is n a naval hi/ory1 s t ,i am n conc]n$ to tell ( all ! glori\s or +lori\s "w ( ! navies ( ,europe 9 obta9+ & hold+1 or fail+ to get & keep1 trade r\tes op5 & t]ritorial possessions intact 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? & f> into ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !re 0 no "t :5 "s nations 7 n fight+ on ! sea if n on l&2 & mu* ( ! "t all ! m>itime nations 7 h>d at x1 turn+ _! guns to-day on ! allies ( ye/]day1 & fight+ %\ld] to %\ld] ) !m ! next season aga9/ "s fri5d ( ! ye> be=e4 ,a few ( ! mo/ fam\s battles ought to be spok5 (1 h[ev]1 z illu/rat+ ! me?ods & developm5t ( naval w>f>e1 & because we n[ recognize t _! consequ5ces 7 f>-rea*+4 ,9 ! w>s :i* broke out t[>d ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury due to ,napoleon's ambition to rule ! _w1 ,great ,brita9 f\nd h]self engag$ 9 a /ruggle n only ) ,france1 b really ) ! :ole _w1 = ! comm& ( ! seas t wa%$ ! we/]n coa/ ( ,europe4 ,! only sign ( fri5d%ip to ,engl& f ! ,baltic to ,gibralt> 0 9 ! d\btful neutrality ( ,portugal4 ,engl& _h to ab&on ! ,m$it]ranean1 & devote h]self to fac+ ! alli$ p[]s aga9/ h] outside ! ,gates ( ,h]cules z be/ %e c\ld4 ,9 #agig %e made a beg9n+ by cru%+ a fleet ( ,dut* %ips (f ,camp]d[n 7,holl&71 & a ,spani% fleet (f ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t2 b1 ?\gh bo? 7 great battles1 nei!r _h any la/+ effect2 & 9 spite ( !m ,napoleon plann$ 8 celebrat$ invasion ( ,engl& = ! foll[+ ye>1 suppos+ t by 8 exp$ition to ,egypt1 ?reat5+ ,engl&'s ,ea/ ,indian possessions1 he w\ld draw away s mu* ( ! ,briti% navy t he & 8 allies c\ld put an army across ! ,engli% ,*annel unh9d]$4 ,i ne$ n say t 8 invasion ( ,engl& nev] 0 ev5 attempt$2 b = a "t 8 fleet did hold comm& ( ! ,m$it]ranean--a /ate ( ?+s to :i* an end 0 put by ,engl&'s mo/ fam\s naval h]o1 ,horatio ,nelson4 ,a long s]ies ( brilliant exploits _h giv5 ,nelson fame1 & ! vigor\s acc\nts ( !m he us$ to s5d home help$ 8 great popul>ity4 ,a l>ge "p ( 8 s]vice _h be5 9 ,am]ican wat]s4 ,9 #agih ,nelson 0 a re>-admiral1 & 0 s5t to ! ,m$it]ranean aft] ! ,fr5* fleet1 :i*1 hav+ convoy$ ,napoleon's army to its l&+ at ,alex&ria1 0 ready = new op]ations4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! sl[ & almo/ useless me?ods ( ga9+ intellig5ce 9 ^? days1 t f e>ly ,june to ! end ( ,july ,nelson se>*$ = ?is flotilla1 & 0 unable to get m news ( x ?an an occasional rumor t x _h be5 at "s place or o!r days or weeks be=e4 ,! ,fr5* knew no m z to ! movem5ts ( _! pursu]s1 yet ! fleets 7 twice )9 a few miles ( ea* o!r4 ,?is 0 ,nelson's fir/ indep5d5t comm&1 & 8 pati5ce & n]ves 7 ne>ly worn out by anxiety4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:5 ,,decatur ,,0 ,a ,,mid%ipman4 ,at la/1 on ! fir/ day ( ,augu/1 ! ,engli% almo/ /umbl$ on ! ,fr5* at an*or 9 ! ,bay ( ,ab\kir1 among ! m\?s ( ! ,nile1 betwe5 ,alex&ria & ,rosetta--a %all[ road/ead full ( %oals & rocks1 = :i* ,nelson _h nei!r *>t nor pilot4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ?is bay lay ! ,napoleonic squadron1 "u ,admiral ,brueys1 9 su* fanci$ security t a l>ge "p ( ! crews 0 a%ore1 & "s ( ! %ips unprep>$ = a battle :5 ! ,briti% appe>$4 ,x 0 an*or$ 9 l9e ( battle1 h[ev]1 & consi/$ ( ?irte5 %ips ( ! l9e1 ! c5tral "o be+ ! flag%ip ,ori5t1 hav+ #abj guns1 & probably ! l>ge/ & mo/ complete w>-%ip !n afloat4 ,on ea* side ( h] 7 ! ,frankl9 & ! ,tonnant1 ( #hj guns ea*1 & none ( ! o!rs 7 greatly inf]ior4 ,! ,briti% _h also ?irte5 %ips1 b none 0 ! equal ( ! be/ ,fr5*1 & "o ( !m did n engage 9 ! attack at all4 ,kn[+ no?+ ( ! h>bor1 & aw>e t all 8 %ips drew mu* wat]1--p]haps ?irty feet1--,nelson _h to make a long & v cauti\s det\r1 ?r[+ ! lead e mom5t & feel+ 8 way 94 ,x 0 !n late 9 ! aft]noon1 & half-pa/ six be=e ! ,golia?1 lead+ ! column1 got ne> en\gh to attract ! ,fr5* fire4 ,reply+1 b n halt+1 ! ,golia?1 foll[$ closely by ! ,zeal\s & ,orion1 made = ! head ( ! l9e1 & !n ) a d>+ unrival$1 = !re 0 b>ely en\gh wat] to float _! keels1 ^! %ips sl[ly turn$ ar\nd ! =emo/ ,fr5* vessel & dropp$ _! an*ors 9 ! re> ( ! enemy's l9e4 ,! o!r %ips1 z !y came up1 rang$ alongside ! front ( ! ,fr5*1 & ! deep5+ twilight res\nd$ ) su* a ro> ( broadsides z nev] w be he>d aga94 ,9 ! d>kness & smoke an ,engli% sev5ty-f\r1 ! ,bell]ophon1 _h engag$ ! mon/r\s ,ori5t1 & 9 a %ort "t _h be5 cru%$2 all h] ma/s 7 swept out ( h]1 two hundr$ ( h] p 7 kill$ & w\nd$1 & %e drift$ out ( action4 ,b ne>ly ! same fate _h by t "t ov]tak5 ! ,fr5* ,gu]rire1 = ! ,!seus _h coolly plac$ h]self :]e %e c\ld rake ! an*or$ %ip & te> h] to pieces4 ,! mom5t ! ,bell]ophon drift$ (f1 h[ev]1 h] place 0 tak5 by two newly arriv$ frigates1 & ! ,ori5t pres5tly f\nd h]self ! t>get ( ?ree %ips :i* sl[ly b surely 7 cutt+ h] to pieces 9 spite ( h] trem5d\s resi/ance4 ,h] admiral _h be5 kill$ on h] deck1 :]e half h] (fic]s & m5 lay dead or w\nd$1 :5 x 0 sudd5ly se5 t %e 0 on fire1 & ! :ole battle 0 in/9ctively susp5d$ to wat* ! magnific5t spectacle1 save :]e "s /ill p\r$ 9 %ot & %ell to prev5t ! ,fr5* crew f ext+ui%+ ! flames4 ,p[]less ei!r to save _! %ip or laun* _! boats1 ! remnant ( ! ,ori5t's crew c\ld only fl+ !mselves into ! wat] & tru/ to ! m+l$ boats ( fri5ds & foes to pick !m up4 ,! %ips ne>e/ slipp$ _! cables1 & tri$ to edge away out ( dang] z ! flames envelop$ ! t[]+ ma/s1 burn+ ) amaz+ fi]c5ess 9 ! t>r$ rigg+ & light+ up ! des]t = miles inl&1 :ile ! hull became a furnace4 ,sudd5ly1 at a qu>t] be=e t51 a volcano-l explosion tore ! gl[+ old battle-%ip asund]1 a torr5t ( burn+ fragm5ts 0 hurl$ al(t1--) h[ _m dead h]oes1 no "o kn[s1--& d\ble d>kness clos$ ov] ! appall+ sc5e4 ,!n ! black waves 7 light$ anew by ! fla% ( cannon & musketry1 & ! battle w5t on until daylight be=e ! la/ ( ! ,fr5* vessels _h be5 conqu]$1 :ile two ( !m _h manag$ to /eal away4 ,( ! o!r elev5 "o _h be5 burn$ & sunk1 ?ree _h gone a%ore1 :]e "o burn$1 & ! rema9d] _h be5 cru%$ into surr5d]+4 ,! ,engli% did n lose a s+le vessel1 = ev5 ! dismantl$ ,bell]ophon c\ld float1 & _! loss 9 m5 0 f> less ?an t ( ! ,fr5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drawn ,,by ,,w>r5 ,,%epp>d4 ,,! 8,,!seus0 ,,attack+ ,,! 8,,gu]ri,,re40 ,hi/orians tell u t ?is victory 0 ! gr&e/ naval success on record4 ,nelson himself said t victory 0 too weak a t]m--x 0 a cata/rophe4 ,x put an end at once to ,napoleon's campaign 9 ,egypt1 & to all 8 designs aga9/ ,india4 ,x gave ! comm& ( ! ,m$it]ranean to ,engl&1 embold5$ ,turkey & ,russia to recov] ! ,ionian ,isl&s1 gave ,naples a *ance to ass]t h]self1 & ar\s$ ,au/ria & ,russia to resi/ by armies ,napoleon's aggressions1 s t f ?is battle dates 8 d[nfall4 ,its influ5ce soon rea*$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & caus$ x to break ?r\gh its neutrality & beg9 ^u ! sea t naval w> ) ,france ( :i* we he> v little n[adays1 b :i* gave to our own naval record su* glori\s incid5ts z ,truxton's battles 9 ! ,con/ellation ) ,l',insurg5te & ,la ,v5geance1 & ,capta9 ,little's capture1 9 ! corvette ,bo/on1 ( ! ,fr5* sloop-(-w> ,le ,b]ceau4 ,nelson rema9$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean = "s ye>s1 by no means idle1 & !n did s]vice ( extraord9>y value else:]e1 z at ! battle ( ,cop5hag51 :i* 9 a s+le rem>kable conflict put an end to a nor!rn conspiracy aga9/ ,engl&1 & sav$ h] a va/ deal ( tr\ble2 b 8 f9al s]vice 0 ! mo/ mom5t\s ( all1 at any rate = ! =tunes ( ,great ,brita9 alone1 & ?is 0 ! w9n+ ( ! battle ( ,trafalg>4 ,9 #ahje ,napoleon _h prep>$ = ano!r gr& invasion ( ,engl&1 & ) great skill _h ga!r$ a fleet ( alli$ ,fr5* & ,spani% vessels1 :i* 0 to protect & cop]ate ) ! /rong army he propos$ to l& along ! ,k5ti% %ores4 ,?is fleet 0 comm&$ by ,admiral ,vill5euve1 & assembl$ at ,cadiz1 :]e1 9 ,octob]1 #ahje1 x 0 be+ wat*$ by an ,engli% fleet1 comm&$ by ,nelson & ,coll+wood1 consi/+ ( ?irty-?ree %ips ( ! l9e2 tw5ty-sev5 ( ^! 7 pres5t :51 on ! morn+ ( ! #ba/1 ! allies1 tw5ty-n9e battle-%ips /rong1 came sail+ out1 hop+ to avoid battle if possible4 ,?is1 ,nelson 0 resolv$1 %\ld n happ52 & divid+ 8 =ces into two columns1 he made at !m 9 su* a way z to /rike _! l9e 7!n (f ,cape ,trafalg>7 9 ! middle ( its cresc5t4 ,! w9d 0 v light1 & an h\r or m elaps$ be=e ev5 ! heads ( ! l9e /ruck ! enemy1 s t !re 0 pl5ty ( "t to make e prep>ation1 & !re 0 con/ant in/ruction by signal+ f ,nelson's flag%ip ,victory4 ,!n at ! la/ mom5t1 :5 ! fir/ gun 0 ready to be fir$1 !re rose ^u ! signal haly>ds ( ! ,victory ! message t1 receiv$ ) r++ *e]s1 has be5 an inspiration to patriots ! _w ar\nd ev] s9ce s9ce-- ,,engl& ,,expects ,,e ,,man ,,w ,,d ,,8 ,,duty4 ,a few mom5ts lat] ,coll+wood 9 ! ,royal ,sov]eign1 & ,nelson 9 ! ,victory1 7 9 ! ?ick ( ! =eign fleet1 :i* await$ !m 9 disord]ly array1 b clos$ ab\t ^! two1 b5t ^u de/roy+ !m if possible be=e any o!rs c\ld come up4 ,! fury ( ! duels t ensu$1 :]e %ips 7 mix$ 9 disord]1 & sometimes ?ree or f\r aga9/ "o1 passes adequate description4 ,none1 p]haps1 f>$ worse ?an ! ,belle ,isle1 a l>ge ,engli% two-deck] t 0 ! fir/ to rea* ! sc5e aft] ! ,royal ,sov]eign1 & to draw (f "s ( ! fire t ?reat5$ to pulv]ize ,coll+wood's %ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,engl& expects e man w d 8 ,d ,u ,t ,y ,,drawn ,,f ,,! ,,model ,,9 ,,! ,,gre5wi* ,,museum4 ,,nelson',s ,,signal4 ,! wreckage & suff]+ on o!r %ips 7 almo/ z great4 ,! v fir/ broadside ( ! ,royal ,sov]eign1 tak+ ! ,santa ,ana1 /ruck d[n #djj out ( ! #ajjj p]sons abo>d2 & ! ,sov]eign h]self soon lo/ e ma/4 ,! ,santissima ,tr9idada1 a ,spani% f\r-deck]1 & ! l>ge/ %ip !n afloat1 0 r$uc$ to a wreck1 & a doz5 o!rs lo/ a "p or all ( _! ma/s4 ,z = ! ,victory1 %e 0 always 9 ! ?ick ( x1 receiv+ at "o "t ! conc5trat$ fire ( sev5 ho/ile battle-%ips1 yet 0 n too mu* disabl$ to be manuv]$4 ,h] capta9's aim 0 to engage directly ) ! ,fr5* flag%ip ,buc5taure1 b %e 0 closely att5d$ by ?ree o!r l>ge %ips1 & difficult to rea*4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,victory f9ally got across h] /]n1 & f a few y>ds di/ance p\r$ 9 a broadside :i*1 sweep+ ! :ole l5g? ( h] int]ior1 dism\nt$ tw5ty guns1 & kill$ & w\nd$ #djj m54 ,z %e pass$ on1 return+ ! fire ( ! o!r vessels ne> by1 %e 0 closely foll[$ by ! ,tem]aire1 ! second ,engli% %ip1 :i* _h already become almo/ unmanageable2 & a lift+ ( ! smoke %[$ h] sma%+ a little ,fr5* frigate1 ! ,r$\btable1 :i*1 by & by1 0 captur$ aft] almo/ e man _h be5 kill$1 & %e 0 9 a s9k+ condition4 ,! a/oni%+ resi/ance ( ?is little vessel1 & ! damage %e did by soldi]s ) muskets cr[d$ 9 h] tops & fir+ d[n ^u ! decks ( ! ,engli% %ips1 =m "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y incid5ts ( naval hi/ory2 & x is n too mu* to say t %e inflict$ ^u ,great ,brita9 z great h>m z all ! re/ ( ! allies put toge!r1 = x 0 a musket-ball f ! mizz5top ( ! ,r$\btable t /ruck d[n1 e>ly 9 ! action1 ! great ,nelson himself4 ,he seem$ to h _h a feel+1 ev5 be=e leav+ ,engl&1 t he w\ld n survive ?is campaign1 & knew 8 w\nd 0 mortal ! in/ant x 0 receiv$4 ,he 0 c>ri$ bel[1 & rema9$ alive & consci\s ab\t ?ree h\rs1 eag]ly li/5+ to reports ( ! progress ( ! fight1 & rejoic+ at la/ 9 a k ( victory4 ,8 la/ words1 murmur$ aga9 & aga91 ) 8 fail+ brea?1 seem$ an answ] to 8 signal$ injunction1 = !y 73 8,?ank ,god ,i h done my duty40 ,o!r m5 writes ,capta9 ,mahan h di$ 9 ! h\r ( victory1 b to no o!r has victory s s+ul> & s signal /amp$ ! fulfilm5t & completion ( a great life's "w4 8,f9is coronat opus0 has ( no man be5 m true ?an ( ,nelson4 ,results mom5t\s & /up5d\s 7 to fl[ f ! annihilation ( all sea p[] except t ( ,great ,brita91 :i* 0 ,nelson's great a*ievem5t2 b 8 "p 0 done :5 ,trafalg> 0 f\ght1 & 8 dea? 9 ! mom5t ( complet$ success has obta9$ = t sup]b victory an immortality ( fame :i* ev5 its own gr&eur c\ld sc>cely h insur$4 ,no su* fleet actions z ?is ev] occurr$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ican wat]s 9 ! "t ( ! 8old navy10 ?\gh !re 0 pl5ty ( cruis+ & fight+ up & d[n ! coa/ & 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates _h made its new flag respect$ be=e ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b x 0 done ma9ly 9 ,european wat]s1 :]e t m>vel\s capta91 ,paul ,jones1 _h be5 defy+ enemies to ! po9t ( ra%ness4 ,paul ,jones 0 ! fir/ man to hoi/ our national ensign 7! rattlesnake flag7 on an ,am]ican %ip1 & aga9 ! fir/ to hoi/ ! />s & /ripes1 & 0 ! rank+ (fic] ( ! cont95tal navy4 ,he records t 89 ! ,revolution he _h tw5ty-?ree battles & solemn r5c\nt]s by sea2 made sev5 desc5ts 9 ,brita9 & h] colonies2 took ( h] navy two %ips ( equal & two ( f> sup]ior =ce10 & s on4 ,x is true t he alone ( 8 day /eadfa/ly refus$ to ackn[l$ge ,engl&'s supremacy ( ! seas2 t ! flag ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone 0 nev] /ruck to ,great ,brita9 except "u =ce ( honorable combat2 & t on ! %ips comm&$ by ,paul ,jones x 0 nev] /ruck at all6 ,e ,yankee s*ool-boy kn[s ( ! t]rible fight ( ! crazy old sloop-(-w> ,bon ,homme ,ri*>d aga9/ ! ,s]apis1 a new ,engli% #ej-;gun frigate 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 9 :i* a s9k+ & burn+ & %ot-riddl$ vessel1 able aft] ! fir/ broadside to br+ only ?ree or f\r small guns into practice1 conqu]$ & captur$ h] twice-great] antagoni/4 ,x is n a /ory "o c tell 9 a few words1 b x 0 a de$ t is reg>d$ 9 naval annals z among ! mo/ extraord9>y 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & x won = ! new republic a cr$it 9 ,europe t 0 ( va/ b5efit to x & all its w&]+ citiz5s4 ,great ,brita91 ?\gh humiliat$1 _h n be5 s]i\sly hurt by ! loss ( two or ?ree %ips out ( h] six hundr$1 & %e /ill tri$ to en=ce aga9/ ! ris+ naval p[] on ! we/ side ( ! ,atlantic ! subs]vi5ce :i* %e receiv$ along its ea/]n %ores4 ,x took ! =m ( ass]t+ h] "r to /op & bo>d any ,am]ican vessel1 gov]nm5tal or private1 & seize & impress into h] own s]vice any ,briti% subject f\nd s]v+ 9 ! crew4 ,?is always met ) prote/ & resi/ance1 & at la/ became s gall+ t 9 #ahab ! ,unit$ ,/ates decl>$ w> aga9/ ,great ,brita9's might r ?an cont9ue to submit to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,drawn f ,life by ,s4 ,de,koster ,dec4#h #ahjj1 ,engrav$ by ,jd4 ,/[4 ,,b>on ,,nelson ,,( ,,! ,,nile4 ,?is might gradually ov]came u1 & ,briti% fleets sail$ up & d[n our coa/s unh9d]$1 b n until ! enemy _h be5 surpris$ by _m h>d] knocks ?an !y anticipat$1 & _h le>n$ "o ?+ = c]ta91--t :ile man = man ! ,yankees 7 equally good seam5 & fight]s1 !y 7 bett] %ip-build]s1 & c\ld tea* lessons 9 t art :i* _! enemies 7 n above le>n+3 & f9ally we won by %e] =ce ( victories at sea4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! six frigates :i* 7 us$ 9 t w>1 z admitt$ly ! be/ ( _! k9d 9 ! _w4 ,except ! unlucky ,*esapeake1 :i* 0 ra%ly c>ri$ unprep>$ into ! fatal action aga9/ ! ,%annon1 :]e ,lawr5ce lo/ 8 life1 b won undy+ fame 9 ! memory ( 8 c\ntrym5 by 8 8,don't give up ! %ip10 all did glori\s "w4 ,?us1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ,decatur r$uc$ to a wreck (f ,madeira1 & br\ght z a prize to ,new ,york1 ! ,briti% #dd-;gun frigate ,mac$onian 9 ,octob]1 #ahab1 itself rema9+ almo/ un9jur$1--a victory due to sup]ior seaman%ip & gunn]y4 ,! same skill1 us+ a %ip ( sup]ior sail+ p[]1 acc\nt$ l>gely = ! spl5did victory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates sloop-(-w> ,wasp 7#ah guns71 a week e>li]1 ne> ,b]muda1 9 an enc\nt] ) ! ,briti% sloop ,frolic 7#ai guns71 :]e 9 ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r ! ,frolic 0 totally disma/$ & r$uc$ to a roll+ wreck1 ) n9ety kill$ or w\nd$ out ( a crew ( "o hundr$ & t51 :ile ! ,wasp's loss 0 only t54 ,a ,briti% sev5ty-f\r !n came up & captur$ bo? ! victor & h] prize2 b eighte5 mon?s lat] a second ,wasp1 by reason ( h] bett] gunn]y1 cut to pieces at diff]5t times two o!r %ips ) comp>atively small injury to h]self4 ,nor c\ld ! ,presid5t h giv5 s good an acc\nt ( h]self 9 h] un=tunate enc\nt] ) ! ,belvid]a1 & aga9 :5 *as$ & f9ally captur$ by ! squadron l$ by ! ,endymion1 _h n h] sail+ qualities & gunn]y be5 ( s high an ord]--qualities :i* also di/+ui%$ ! ,am]ican fleets on ,lake ,erie & ,lake ,*ampla94 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,frolic0 ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,a ,,wreck ,,by ,,! ,,fir/ 8,,wasp0 7#ahab74 ,b ! honors ( t brilliant naval w> belong$ *iefly1 aft] all1 to ! ,con/itution--8,old ,ironsides10 z ! p lov$ to call h]1--:i* is en%r9$ 9 ! hi/ory & he>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z ,nelson's ,victory is 9 ^? ( ,great ,brita94 ,! ,con/itution 0 ! f9e/1 p]haps1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates frigates1 & a favorite %ip ) comm&]s1 yet h] fame began ) h] success 9 runn+ away1 ,broke's ,briti% squadron *as+ h] ?ree nights & two days1 only to lose h] aft] all4 ,! w9ds 7 s light t %e s5t out h] boats to help ! sails urge h] =w>d4 ,x 0 only a few days aft] t 7,augu/ #ai1 #ahab7 t ,commodore ,isaac ,hull1 cruis+ 9 se>* ( ! ,briti% vessel ,gu]rire 7! same t _h be5 captur$ f ! ,fr5* 9 ! battle ( ! ,nile1 & aga9 disma/$ at ,trafalg>71 ov]haul$ h] (f ! coa/ ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,! ,london newspap]s _h n only be5 sne]+ at ! ,con/itution z 8a bundle ( p9e bo>ds sail+ "u a bit ( /rip$ bunt+10 b ,capta9 ,dacres _h s5t a boa/ful *all5ge to ,hull to meet him & see :at w\ld happ54 ,! vessels1 ?\gh nom9ally ( diff]5t rate1 7 actually 9 close equality1 & bo? crews 7 eag] = a fair fight4 ,x 0 already well along 9 ! aft]noon1 & ! sea 0 r\gh1 b ,hull w\ld n reply to ! enemy's fire until he 0 )9 pi/ol-%ot1 !n 8 broadside op5$4 8,fifte5 m9utes aft] ! conte/ began10 to quote ,loss+'s lively acc\nt1 8! mizz5ma/ ( ! ,gu]rire 0 %ot away1 h] ma9y>d 0 9 sl+s1 & h] hull1 sp>s1 sails1 & rigg+ 7 torn to pieces4 ,by a skilful movem5t1 ! ,con/itution n[ fell f\l ( h] foe1 h] b[sprit runn+ into ! l>bo>d qu>t] ( h] antagoni/4 ,! cab9 ( ! ,con/itution 0 set on fire by ! explosion ( ! =w>d guns ( ! ,gu]rire1 b ! flames 7 soon ext+ui%$4 ,bo? p>ties attempt$ to bo>d1 :ile ! ro> ( ! great guns 0 t]rific4 ,! sea 0 roll+ heavily1 & w\ld n p]mit a safe passage f "o vessel to ! o!r4 ,at l5g? ! ,con/itution became dis5tangl$1 & %ot ahead ( ! ,gu]rire1 :5 ! ma9ma/ ( ! latt]1 %att]$ into weakness1 fell into ! sea4 ,! ,gu]rire1 %iv]$ & %orn1 roll$ l a log 9 ! tr\gh ( ! bill[s4 ,hull s5t 8 complim5ts to ,capta9 ,dacres1 & inquir$ :e!r he _h /ruck 8 flag4 ,dacres1 :o 0 a #8jolly t>1' look+ up & d[n at ! /umps ( 8 ma/s1 coolly & dryly repli$3 #8,well1 ,i don't "k4 ,our mizz5ma/ is gone1 our ma9ma/ is gone1--^u ! :ole y may say we h /ruck our flag4'0 ,too completely wreck$ to be ( any fur!r use1 ! hi/oric old %ip 0 set on fire & bl[n up1 & s end$ h] pride & h] /ory4 ,hull lo/ only f\rte5 m5 kill$ & w\nd$1 :ile ! ,briti% lo/ sev5ty1 dead1 & all ! survivors prison]s4 ,?is calamity1 on ! heels ( simil> successes else:]e = ! 8bit ( /rip$ bunt+10 spread con/]nation ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita9 n only1 b 9 ! o!r ,european mon>*ies1 = x presag$ ! rise ( a new p[] to be reckon$ )1 :]e novel & sup]ior in/rum5ts & me?ods ( w>f>e oppos$ uncalculat$ =ces to ! old rgime4 ,?is conviction 0 en=c$ ^u ,europe anew only f\r mon?s lat] by ! ,con/itution ov]tak+ & cru%+ 9 ,we/ ,indian wat]s ! #ch-;gun frigate ,java1 :i* also 0 burn$ to ! wat]'s edge1 because ! wreck 0 n wor? sav+2 & aga9 ! ,briti% loss 0 _m times great] ?an ! ,am]ican4 ,capta9 ,william ,ba9bridge1 :o _h di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 0 h] comm&]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,con/itution0 ,,*as$ ,,by ,,capta9 ,,broke',s ,,squadron ,! ports on ! upp] deck aft 7 r\ghly cut to meet ! em]g5cy4 ,! sailors 9 ! rigg+ ?rew wat] f buckets ^u ! sails to make !m hold bett] ! fa9t breeze1 & bel[ hose pipe 0 us$ to ! same purpose4 ,dur+ ! ?ree days' *ase boats 7 s5t out to t[1 & k$ge-an*ors 7 us$ to w>p ! %ip =w>d4 ,v>i\s successes m>k$ h] c>e] = ! next two ye>s1 until1 "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,*>les ,/ew>t1 %e _h h] memorable adv5ture (f ,madeira1 9 :i* %e engag$ ) ! two ,briti% %ips ,cyane1 ?irty-six guns1 & ,levant1 eighte5 guns1 & captur$ bo?1 ) a loss ( only ?ree m5 kill$ & twelve w\nd$4 ,/ew>t set sail ) 8 prizes & prison]s = ,porto ,praya1 :5ce he purpos$ s5d+ 8 prison]s to ,new ,york 9 a captur$ m]*antman4 ,rea*+ !re on ,m>* #aj?1 he 0 next day busy at ^! arrangem5ts1 :5 ! topsails ( sev]al m5-(-w> 7 se5 ent]+ ! h>bor ?r\gh ! prevail+ fog4 ,hav+ no tru/ t1 if ^! 7 ,briti%1 _! comm&]s w\ld respect ! c\rtesies ( a weak neutral port1 ,/ew>t felt t 8 only *ance 0 to try to run away 9 ! fog1 & made imm$iate prep>ations to d s1 s5d+ ^w to ! ,levant & ,cyane to foll[4 ,be+ discov]$ by ! /rang]s--?ree l>ge ,briti% frigates--at ! outlet ( ! h>bor1 _! escape imm$iately became a "q ( seaman%ip & sail+4 ,"h ! ,am]icans %[$ _! sup]iority1 & effectually dodg+ bo? ! %ips & ! cannon-balls ( ! pursu]s1 ! ,levant got back "u ! protection ( ! guns ( ! =t at ,porto ,praya1 :ile ! ,con/itution & ,levant fairly outsail$ ! frigates & escap$4 ,9 #ahcj brave ,old ,ironsides 0 condemn$ z worn out1 & ord]$ to be sold4 ,b1 z a simil> sad fate ov]tak+ ! 8,fight+ ,tem]aire0 _h be5 made ! occasion ( an immortal pa9t+ by ,turn]1 & s1 p]haps1 _h caus$ ,nelson's /ill m fam\s battle-%ip ,victory to be pres]v$ 9 ! h>bor ( ,portsm\? z a %r9e ( naval inspiration1 s ! obloquy t m5ac$ ! ,con/itution n[ fir$ ! he>t ( a "y poet to write a passionate appeal to patriotism4 ,:o does n "k ,dr4 ,holmes's r++ /anzas8-- ,oh1 bett] t h] %att]$ hulk ,%\ld s9k b5ea? ! wave2 ,h] ?und]s %ook ! mighty deep1 ,& !re %\ld be h] grave4 ,nail to ! ma/ h] holy flag1 ,set e ?readb>e sail1 ,& give h] to ! ,god ( ,/orms1 ,! lightn+ & ! gale6 ,illu/ration3 ,,homew>d ,,b\nd4 ,! c\ntry caught ! _s1 & su* a cry ( prote/ w5t up t ! v&alism 0 /ay$1 & ,old ,ironsides 0 aga9 repair$--h>dly any?+ b h] ornam5ts 0 n[ left ( ! orig9al /ructure--& took sev]al cruises1 "o ( :i* 0 9 c>ry+ :eat to fam9e-/rick5 ,irel&4 ,lat] %e 0 us$ z a s*ool-%ip1 b f9ally became wor?less ev5 = t1 & 9 #ahie ! "q arose :e!r %e %\ld be brok5 up at ! ,brooklyn navy-y>d or t[$ ar\nd to ,portsm\?1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 & !re laid up 9 a l9e ) ! ,mac$onian & a few o!r anci5t hulks t 7 rott+ quietly away 9 honorable age1 & h n[ :olly disappe>$4 ,s5tim5t dictat$ ! latt] c\rse1 &1 ) a crew abo>d1 prep>$ to take to _! boats at a mom5t's notice1 ! leak+ & crazy old w>rior1 /ately ev5 yet1 & sadly salut$ by e =t & vessel %e pass$1 crept ar\nd to h] la/ b]? at ,kitt]y ,po9t4 ,%e is ! la/ & ! mo/ glori\s repres5tative ( ! 8old navy40 ,illu/ration3 ,,types ,,( ,,battle-,,%ips--#ahij ,,& #ahjj4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,an example ( ! s-call$ =ty-bank galley is illu/rat$1 s f> z its =w>d end w %[ x1 9 ! picture ( ! %ip ( ,ptolemy ,philopator1 on page #dc4 ,! =ty 8banks0 appe> to be gr\ps ( o>s 9 a few ti]s4 #e ,?ree o!r t]ms ( simil> s\nd ne$ explanation4 ,! galiot 0 a small1 fa/ galley ( ! ,levant4 ,! gallivat 0 a l>ge1 swift1 two-ma/$1 arm$ sail-boat us$ by ,malay pirates4 ,! galleon 0 any ,spani% %ip sail+ to & f ! ,spani% ma92 h5ce1 especially a treasure-%ip4 #f ,x 0 kn[n lat] z ! ,inv9cible ,armada4 ,,*apt] ,,vi 7,cont9u$7 ,,w>-,,%ips ,,& ,,naval ,,battles ,,"p ,,ii--,,! ,,pres5t ,,era ,,( ,,/eam ,,& ,,/eel ,! introduction ( /eam made little diff]5ce 9 naval affairs at fir/1 s f> z ei!r /rategy or tactics are conc]n$1 al?\gh x *ang$ ! conditions ( naval action 9 two pr9cipal ways & 9 _m m9or ones4 ,%ips c\ld n[1 l ! e>ly galleys1 be plac$ 9 any position ! comm&] pleas$1 &1 unlike galleys1 ?is ef=t c\ld be su/a9$ a long "t1 = eng9es d n tire out l human arms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 %ips propell$ by /eam ne$$ to return to port at frequ5t int]vals to obta9 coal1 & naval p[]s f\nd x necess>y to provide1 ei!r by possession or treaty1 safe coal+-/ations 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w = ! use ( _! cruis+ fleets4 ,! fir/ /eam w>-%ips 7 naturally fitt$ ) side paddle-:eels2 b z soon z ! screw-propell] came into use ! navy 0 quick to adopt x4 8,by its use ! :ole motive p[] c\ld be protect$ by be+ plac$ bel[ ! wat]-l9e4 ,x int]f]$ mu* less ?an ! paddle ) ! effici5cy & h&9ess ( ! vessel "u sail alone1 & x enabl$ %ips to be kept g5]ally "u sail4 ,great importance 0 atta*$ to ?is1 z ! h&l+ ( a %ip "u sail 0 ju/ly ?\ght an invaluable means ( tra9+ bo? (fic]s & m5 9 ready res\rce1 prompt action1 & self-reliance40 ,= ?is reason ma/s & sails 7 reta9$ long aft] !y 7 admitt$ to be detrim5tal to ! fight+ qualities ( battle-%ips4 ,naval re=m]s _h to wait until ! la/ g5]ation ( 8old salts10 tra9$ on 8blue wat]10 _h di$ (f1 & _! scornful sne]s at 8tea-kettle0 seaman%ip _h be5 sil5c$ 9 ! only way possible1 be=e !y c\ld p]suade gov]nm5ts to build or m5 to s]ve 9 ! new /yle ( vessels4 ,9 tru?1 ! transition f ! fight+ ma*9]y & me?ods t prevail$ until1 say1 ! bomb>dm5t ( ,acre1 9 #ahdj1 to ^? t decid$ ! inf]iority ( ,*9a 9 h] /ruggles ) ,japan at ! ,yalu & else:]e1 0 rapid en\gh to make ev5 a sea-dog dizzy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,ke>s>ge0 ,,gett+ ,,into ,,position ,,to ,,rake ,,! 8,,alabama0 ,,at ,,! ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,combat4 ,excell5t types ( ! w>-/eam]s1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! old two- & ?ree-deck]s & ! sailless 8ironclads0 t foll[$1 7 ^? two actors 9 t mo/ glori\s sea-fight ( ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>--! ,ke>s>ge & ,alabama4 ,9 ?is great fight1 :i* took place a few miles (f ! h>bor ( ,*]b\rg1 ,france1 "o beautiful summ] ,sunday 7,june #ai?7 9 #ahfd1 mu* ! same tactics prevail$ z 9 any "o ( ! e>li] ocean duels4 ,z ! ,alabama came on %e began fir+ ! two-hundr$-p\nd pivot-rifle =w>d1 :i* 0 h] ma9 gun1 :ile ! ,ke>s>ge 0 yet a mile away4 ,! latt] wait$ a little be=e reply+1 b only a few mom5ts elaps$ be=e bo? 7 ne> en\gh & h>d at x1 ea* do+ its be/ to get a position ahead ( its antagoni/ = rak+1--a disadvantage :i* ! o!r /eadily avoid$2 & ?is caus$ !m to foll[ "o ano!r ab\t 9 advanc+ circles1 ( :i* sev5 7 describ$ be=e ! end came4 ,we h a /ory ( ! battle z se5 f ! deck ( ! ,ke>s>ge1 writt5 by h] surgeon1 :o _h little to d except obs]ve ! conflict4 ,! ,ke>s>ge gunn]s he tells u _h be5 caution$ aga9/ fir+ )\t direct aim1 & _h be5 advis$ to po9t ! heavy guns bel[ r ?an above ! wat]-l9e1 & to cle> ! deck ( ! enemy ) ! light] ones4 ,?\gh subject$ to an incessant /orm ( %ot & %ell1 !y kept _! /ations & obey$ in/ructions4 ,! effect ^u ! enemy 0 readily p]ceiv$1 & no?+ c\ld re/ra9 ! en?usiasm ( our m54 ,*e] succe$$ *e]2 caps 7 ?r[n 9 ! air or ov]bo>d2 jackets 7 disc>d$2 sangu9e ( victory1 ! m5 7 %\t+ z ea* projectile took effect3 8,t is a good "o60 8,d[n1 boys60 8,give h] ano!r l ! la/60 8,n[ we h h]60 & s on1 *e]+ & %\t+ to ! end4 ,aft] exposure to an un9t]rupt$ cannonade = eighte5 m9utes )\t casualties1 a sixty-eight-p\nd] ,blakely %ell pass$ ?r\gh ! />bo>d bulw>ks bel[ ! ma9 rigg+1 explod$ ^u ! qu>t]deck1 & w\nd$ ?ree ( ! crew ( ! aft] pivot-gun4 ,) ^! exceptions1 n an (fic] or man receiv$ s]i\s injury4 ,! ?ree un=tunates 7 spe$ily tak5 bel[1 & s quietly 0 ! act done1 t at ! t]m9ation ( ! fight a l>ge numb] ( ! m5 7 unaw>e t any ( _! comrades 7 w\nd$4 ,two %ots ent]$ ! ports occupi$ by ! ?irty-twos1 :]e sev]al m5 7 /ation$1 "o tak+ effect 9 ! hammock-nett+1 ! o!r go+ ?r\gh ! opposite port1 yet none 7 hit4 ,a %ell explod$ 9 ! hammock-nett+ & set ! %ip on fire2 ! al>m call+ = fire-qu>t]s 0 s\nd$1 & m5 detail$ = su* an em]g5cy put out ! fire1 :ile ! re/ /ay$ at ! guns4 ,! ,ke>s>ge conc5trat$ h] fire & p\r$ 9 ! elev5-in* %ells ) deadly effect4 ,"o p5etrat$ ! coal-bunk] ( ! ,alabama1 & a d5se cl\d ( coal-du/ arose4 ,o!rs /ruck ne> ! wat]-l9e betwe5 ! ma9 & mizz5 ma/s1 explod$ )9 bo>d1 or pass+ ?r\gh bur/ beyond4 ,crippl$ & torn1 ! ,alabama mov$ less quickly & began to settle by ! /]n1 yet did n slack5 h] fire1 b return$ successive broadsides )\t disa/r\s result to u4 ,capta9 ,semmes witness$ ! havoc made by ! %ells1 especially by ^? ( our aft] pivot-gun1 & (f]$ a rew>d = its sil5ce4 ,soon 8 batt]y 0 turn$ ^u ?is p>ticul> (f5d+ gun = ! purpose ( sil5c+ x4 ,x 0 9 va91 = ! "w ( de/ruction w5t on4 ,we _h complet$ ! sev5? rotation on ! circul> track & begun ! eigh?2 ! ,alabama1 n[ settl+1 s\ght to escape by sett+ all available sail 7=e-trysail & two jibs71 left ! circle1 amid a %[] ( %ot & %ell1 & head$ = ! ,fr5* wat]s2 b to no purpose4 ,9 w9d+ ! ,alabama pres5t$ ! port batt]y ) only two guns be>+1 & %[$ gap+ sides ?r\gh :i* ! wat] wa%$4 ,! ,ke>s>ge pursu$1 keep+ on a l9e ne>] ! %ore1 & ) a few well-direct$ %ots ha/5$ ! s9k+ condition4 ,!n ! ,alabama 0 at our m]cy4 ,?us end$ ! fight aft] "o h\r & two m9utes4 ,"o incid5t ( ?is battle mu* talk$ ( at ! "t1 & giv5 z an excuse = _! defeat by ! ,conf$]ates 7?\gh )\t good reason71 0 ! fact t ! wai/ ( ! ,ke>s>ge1 opposite ! eng9es1 0 protect$ by an*or-*a9s1 hung 9 close fe/oons on ! outside ( ! %ip1 & kept 9 place & conceal$ by a box+ ( ?9 bo>ds4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! fir/ attempt at protect+ %ips by armor1 :i* _h n[ become necess>y to meet successfully ! bett] guns & projectiles t ye> by ye> 7 increas$ 9 p5etrative p[]4 ,new p[d]s & explosives 7 con/antly be+ inv5t$ also1 ea* m effective ?an ! prec$+2 & z ^! 7 n only us$ 9 guns b appli$ to ! fill+ ( %ells1 ^! bur/+ missiles = a "t almo/ displac$ solid %ot4 ,along ) ?is ! discov]y & p]fection ( ! ,bessem] & o!r processes ( mak+ /eel1 & me?ods ( adapt+ rifl+ to great cannon1 produc$ a rapid & v>i$ increase 9 size & an improvem5t 9 quality 9 ! guns suppli$ to %ips z well z 9 ^? us$ ^u %ore4 ,aga9/ ^! new weapons ! old 8wood5 walls0 7 ( no avail4 ,oak & teak1 h[ev] s\nd & ?ick1 fail$ to turn aside ! conical projectiles z !y _h ! old r\nd %ot & %ell4 ,! pond]\s missiles w\ld cra% cle> ?r\gh1 sma%+ ev]y?+ 9 _! pa?1 & s5d+ %[]s ( dea?-deal+ spl9t]s "r & left4 ,! navy _h to protect itself by a revival ( ! armor ) :i* knights ( ! middle ages gu>d$ aga9/ arr[s & javel9s & sword-po9ts4 ,by & by1 :5 guns & bullets came1 ! knights ?ick5$ _! armor 9 an attempt to resi/ ^! new missiles1 until at la/ x rea*$ a weight too great to be c>ri$1 & ! :ole cumbr\s panoply _h to be laid aside1 & knightly tactics altoge!r *ang$4 ,_m p]sons believe t ?is hi/ory w be repeat$ 9 ! case ( ! sea-w>riors ( ! _w1 :i*1 )9 ! memory ( _m a grizzl$ admiral1 h *ang$ f buoyant & beautiful %ips to grim & %apeless =tresses afloat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,frigate 8,,m]rimac0 ,,be=e ,,& ,,aft] ,,conv]sion ,,into ,,an ,,ironclad4 ,comp>e ) illu/ration on page #aci4 ,! ,am]icans1 fe>less ( sea-traditions1 7 ! fir/ to propose armor = %ips1 b ! ,fr5* fir/ practically appli$ x1 build+ sev]al 8float+ batt]ies10 cov]$ ) iron #d in*es ?ick1 9 #ahee4 ,! ,engli% copi$ !m1 9 some:at m %ip-%ape =m2 & !n ! ,fr5* began boldly to %ea! "s ( _! frigates ) iron plates & call !m 8ironclads40 ,by ?is "t iron hulls _h begun to be us$ commonly 9 ! ,briti% m]*ant s]vice1 b ( c\rse ! m5-(-w>'s m51 ! sl[e/ class ( p]sons on e>? to accept any *ange1 insi/$ t iron w\ld by no means d = w>-%ips4 ,nev]!less a few progressive spirits p]suad$ _! high-might9esses1 ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty1 to try an exp]im5t 9 build+ "o1 &1 9 #ahfj1 ! fir/ iron w>-%ip 0 laun*$ & nam$ ,w>rior1 :ile all ! old salts wagg$ _! heads & pr$ict$ ! end ( 8,britannia rules ! waves10 until !re wasn't a really jolly t> to be f\nd f ,p5ol> ,po9t to ,p5tl& ,fir?4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ^! h>dy old gr[l]s 7 "r1 ?\gh _! idea ( a rem$y 0 wrong4 ,x prov$ a failure to build old-/yle battle-%ips ( iron or ev5 ( /eel1 or to coat !m all ov] ) armor1 ev5 :5 greatly ?ick5$4 ,n only 7 !y sl[ & some:at unmanageable1 b by ! "t "o ( !m _h be5 built ) ?ick] walls ?an its late/ rival1 somebody _h inv5t$ artill]y ^: projectiles w\ld p5etrate x4 ,%ips t are 8%ip-%ape10 t is1 possess ma/s & sails1 b are con/ruct$ :olly ( iron or /eel1 & m or less heavily armor$1 h surviv$1 & w always be a "p ( ! _w's navies1 no d\bt1 b _! uses w be subsidi>y to heavy fight+2 & ) ! disappe>ance ( ! wood5 sail+ l9e-(-battle %ip 9 ! ,crimean w> & ( ! iron w>-/eam] a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]1 all traditions ( ! 8old navy0 7 end$--traditions t w5t back to ! days ( ,drake4 ,b :o c\ld h =ese5 t ?is swift & mom5t\s upsett+ %\ld come ab\t1 n ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! great sea p[]s ( ,europe1--! giants :o _h be5 /ruggl+ = ! control ( ! ocean = ?ree hundr$ ye>s1--b f ! bra9 & purse ( l&sm5 9 a c\ntry ( ! ,new ,_w n tak5 into acc\nt z a naval p[] at all4 ,y ne$ n be told t x 0 ,ericsson's inv5tion & ,h5ry ,gr9nell's build+ & ,lieut5ant ,word5's c\rage\s fight+ ( ! little ,monitor 9 ,hampton ,roads1 on t fair ,m>* ,sunday 9 #ahfb1 t br\ght ab\t ?is *ange4 ,:5 h] turret--! 8*eese-box on a raft0--successfully )/ood ! assault ( t heavily arm$ float+ batt]y1 ! ,m]rimac 7or ,virg9ia71 all ! w>-%ips ( ! _w felt !mselves beat51 too1 & wise seam5 saw t !y mu/ prep>e to face a new foe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,side ,,elevation ,,& ,,deck-,,plan ,,( ,,! 8,,monitor40 ,at once all m>itime gov]nm5ts began to build fight+-vessels :i* 7 ca/les ( /eel afloat1 & small] %ips = v>i\s s]vices t m resembl$ a ,nootka w>-canoe 9 outl9e ?an "o ( ! frigates t us$ to d _! "w4 ,s %apeless 7 !y t a new t]m _h to be us$1 & we began to call !m cruis]s4 ,all w>-%ips1 9 fact1 are n[ classifi$ by _! "w1 n by _! %ape or size or rig4 ,fir/1 fewe/1 & heavie/ are ! h>bor-def5se vessels--monitors & massively wall$ float+ batt]ies1 int5d$ to rema9 9 h>bors1 or close to ! coa/1 z movable =ts4 ,second1 battle-%ips--! /ronge/1 mo/ ?ickly armor$1 heavily arm$ /yle ( %ips t c be made1 & /ill be able to g to sea2 b ^! are n expect$ to leave _! home ports = a long "t1 nor to g to any great di/ance unless compell$ to d s 9 actual w>4 ,?ird1 cruis]s4 ,^! take ! place ( ! old-fa%ion$ less] fight+-%ips1 ! sev5ty-f\rs1 frigates1 corvettes1 & sloops1 & v>y greatly 9 size1 model1 spe$1 & p[] ( armam5t4 ,f\r?1 small1 swift1 /rongly arm$ b lightly armor$1 torp$o-boat *as]s1 small gunboats = use 9 riv]s & %all[ coa/al wat]s1 despat*-boats1 dynamite-cruis]s1 su* z our ,am]ican ,vesuvius1 t[-boats1 & simil> m9or craft--! run-ab\ts ( ! naval s]vice4 ,fif?1 torp$o-boats4 ,! mat]ial ( all ^! is /eel4 ,wood is no long] p]mitt$ ev5 9 ! fitt+s ( _! cab9s1 because wood w spl9t] & burn4 ,! great hull ( a mod]n battle-%ip1 z describ$ by ,lieut5ant ,s4 ,a4 ,/aunton1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 :i* supports & c>ries ! va/ weights ( ma*9]y1 guns1 & armor1 aggregat+ p]haps m ?an t5 ?\s& tons1 is built ( plates ( roll$ /eel1 v>y+ f #a in*es ?ick at ! keel to in* at ! wat]-l9e4 ,^! are closely jo9t$ & fitt$1 & b\nd toge!r ) /raps1 angle-irons1 & brackets1 s z to make a /rong unyield+ /ructure brac$ 9 all directions4 ,!n1 ?r\gh ! c5tral "p ( ! %ip1 at lea/1 v]tical plates are erect$ ^u ! frame & outside plat+1 :i* be> a second or inn] bottom1 ?us =m+ ! 8d\ble bottom0 z high z ! wat]-l9e1 hav+ ! space betwe5 ! inn] & out] %ea?+ sep>at$ into a multitude ( small wat]-tight cells1 s t an injury to ! outside hull w\ld n cause ! vessel to leak unless ! inn] bottom 7 also punctur$4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? ( ! vessel1 rea*+ f side to side & f ! keel to ! ma9 deck1 are _m /eel bulkheads1 suffici5tly /rong to resi/ ! pressure ( ! wat]1 & communicat+ only by wat]-tight doors1 s t ev5 7 an accid5t1 su* z a collision or runn+ ^u a rock1 or an enemy's %ell1 to op5 a hole ?r\gh bo? bottoms1 ! %ip w\ld /ill float1 because ! infl[+ wat] w\ld be conf9$ to a s+le comp>tm5t1 leav+ ! re/ ( ! %ip dry & buoyant4 ,no?+ less ?an ! bl[ ( a ram1 sma%+ ?r\gh ev]y?+ & ?r[+ sev]al comp>tm5ts into "o1 w\ld be likely to s9k su* a %ip1 & ?is is "o reason :y ramm+ has aga9 become prom95t 9 naval tactics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,sea-,,fight ,,( ,,mod]n ,,w>-,,%ips4 ,! ,p]uvian turret-%ip 8,huasc>0 betwe5 ! fire ( ! ,*ilean ironclads 8,almirante ,co*rane0 & 8,blanco ,encalada10 ,octob] #h1 #ahgi4 ,b :ile safety f s9k+ is ?us reasonably assur$1 ?is is m a precaution ( seawor?9ess aga9/ ! accid5ts ( /orms ?an t[>d injuries receivable 9 battle4 ,pass5g] & freight /eam]s n[ h ! d\ble bottoms & wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 & ! be/ ( ^! h arrangem5ts = m\nt+ light b p[]ful guns ^u _! decks1 s t !y may be utiliz$ by ! gov]nm5t 9 a w> em]g5cy z light cruis]s1 z arm$ transports1 z swift sc\ts1 or 9 o!r highly important ways2 !y w !n be coat$ ) a light protective armor1 b w n be expect$ to engage 9 a conte/ ) a real fight+-vessel4 ,! idea ( armor-plate is1 z has be5 said1 sc>cely half a c5tury old1 & ! mom5t x 0 put on 7amid ! je]s ( ! old l9e-(-battle t>s1 :o ?\ght !y _h done all t ! dignity ( ! pr(ession p]mitt$ :5 !y arrang$ _! roll$-up hammocks along ! bulw>ks to cat* musket-balls1 & spread nett+s to prev5t some:at ! flight ( spl9t]s7 +5i\s m5 began to improve _! p[d] & /r5g!n _! guns to ov]come ! new def5ses4 ,to meet ^! improvem5ts armor has be5 increas$ & p]fect$1 until n[ w>-vessels are no long] 8%ips0 9 any prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 b float+ =tresses ( /eel1 ! names ( ^: def5sive p>ts1 ev51 h be5 borr[$ f l& =tifications1 su* z turret & b>bette4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,battle-,,%ip 8,,massa*usetts40 ,a limit to ?is def5sive /r5g? is m>k$ 9 two directions4 ,fir/1 by ! size x is possible to make a vessel1 & /ill keep h] seawor?y & manageable2 &1 second1 by ! weight ( armor su* a vessel c c>ry1 9 addition to ! weight ( ! framework1 ma*9]y1 guns1 & o!r ?+s necess>y4 ,^! limits seem$ to be rea*$ "s "t ago 9 "s ( ! mon/r\s battle-%ips built 9 ,europe1 & :5 x 0 f\nd t ev5 :ile !y 7 9 con/ruction rifl$ guns _h be5 inv5t$ t w\ld drive _! projectiles ?r\gh ! ?icke/ wall ( wr\ght-iron or /eel t ^! or any o!r vessels c\ld c>ry1 naval con/ructors began to despair ( keep+ ahead ( ! gun-mak]s1 & !re 0 ev5 talk ( ab&on+ armor altoge!r1 & fight+ battles out ) b>$ brea/s z we us$ to d4 ,! p]c5tage ( weight :i* may be allott$ to armor 9 ! design ( a %ip limits ! area :i* c be :olly protect$1 b (t5 p]mits ! p>tial protection ( o!r areas ( less importance to h] vitality & de/ructive =ce4 ,motive p[]1 /e]+-ge>1 & magaz9es /& fir/ ^u ! li/ ( ^? features dem&+ complete protection4444 ,! heavy %ells f an enemy's guns may d _m o!r =ms ( injury besides s9k+ a vessel & disabl+ h] crew4 ,!y may /rike & disable h] eng9es1 or pi]ce h] boil]s1 caus+ disa/r\s explosions4 ,!y may injure h] /e]+-ge>1 de/roy ! me*anism :i* controls h] turrets & guns1 or injure ! guns !mselves & _! c>riages4 ,9 e feature ( (f5se :i* r5d]s h] a =midable & dang]\s foe--h] spe$1 h] mobility1 ! fire ( h] guns--a man-(-w> is dang]\sly vuln]able unless %e be protect$ by armor1 unless ! enemy's %ot be reject$ by plates :i* x _c p5etrate4 ,!n came an inv5tion t put a new face ^u ! matt]1--! surface-h>d5+ ( plates1 compos$ ( a mixture ( nickel ) /eel1--:i*1 f "o ( its p]fectors1 is kn[n z 8,h>veyiz+0 x4 ,o!r processes also are kn[n4 ,?is gave to ! surface ( ! metal su* a fl9ty h>dness t ! heavie/ & mo/ highly temp]$ /eel projectiles w\ld almo/ inv>iably break to pieces :5 !y /ruck x--! same projectiles t 7 able to pun* a hole cle> ?r\gh a t>get-plate ( ord9>y wr\ght-/eel tw5ty-two in*es ?ick6 ,plates ?us surface-h>d5$ are n[ made 9 ,europe1 & z well1 if n bett]1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e we h le>n$ & taught ! re/ ( ! _w h[ to make !m by roll+--a mu* bett]1 z well z *eap]1 process ?an ! =m] me?od ( hamm]+ !m into %ape4 ,x 0 f\nd t ) ^! h>d-surfac$ plates mu* less ?ickness 0 requir$ to cont5d successfully ) ! great guns oppos$ to !m ?an _h be5 ! case be=e2 & ! great sav+ ( weight enabl$ a mu* l>g] ext5t ( armor to be borne ^u a %ip ?an 0 =m]ly possible1 s arrang$ z to protect all h] hull & vital p>ts4 ,?us1 9 a typical mod]n battle-%ip1 say #cfj feet long1 #gb feet broad1 & draw+ #bd feet ( wat]1 hav+ an armor ( surface-h>d5$ nickel-/eel1 ?is armor is ?us dispos$3 amid%ips1 & a qu>t] ( h] l5g? beh9d ! po9t ( ! pr[1 is built up a semicircul> 8b>bette10 or wall1 ( ! ?icke/ armor1 beh9d :i* is a 8turret10 mov+ to ! "r or left ?r\gh an arc equal to half ! horizon1 no high] ?an necess>y to cov] & "w ! guns1 & hav+ its motor me*anism fully protect$ by ! b>bette4 ,?is is ! =w>d turret--a sw++ =t1 c>ry+ ) x1 z x turns1 two ( ! heavie/ guns 9 ! %ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,battle-,,%ip 8,,indiana40 ,half-way f ! c5t] to ! /]n /&s ! aft] turret & its b>bette1 simil>ly built ( ! /ronge/ armor1--t5 to twelve in*es ?ick1--& sweep+ ) its guns half ! horizon4 ,f a po9t j 9 front ( ! =w>d b>bette two walls ( ! heavie/ possible armor1 rea*+ v]tically f f\r & a half feet bel[ ! wat]-l9e 7load$7 to ?ree feet above x1 ext5d diagonally backw>d to ! sides ( ! %ip1 !n cont9ue along its side 9 a 8belt0 to po9ts opposite ! aft] b>bette1 :]e !y b5d inw>d z be=e & meet j aft ( ! aft] b>bette2 b h]eaft] ! increas$ effici5cy ( armor1 by fur!r r$uc+ its weight1 w probably enable ! armor-belts to be c>ri$ to ! extreme ends ( ! %ip1 :i* o!rwise c be s s]i\sly damag$ by an enemy z to int]f]e ) ! spe$ & control ( a %ip 9 action1 ev5 if x does n disable h]4 ,b :ile ^! upright walls w resi/ a direct %ot1 x is equally necess>y to gu>d aga9/ a plung+ fire1 & !re=e ! space betwe5 ! turrets1 at lea/1 mu/ be ro($ ov] ) a /eel deck1 two or ?ree in*es ?ick1 to deflect %ot t come j ov] ! top ( ! armor-belt4 ,9 addition to ?is1 on ea* side ( ! vessel are erect$ "o or two small] turrets1 c>ry+ some:at small] guns ?an ^? ( ! =w>d & aft] turrets1 & also protect$ by heavy b>bettes :i* rea* d[n to ! armor-belt & ?or\ghly protect ! turn+ me*anism1 passage ( ammunition1 etc4 ,^! v>i\s upp] p>ts are connect$ by def5ses :i* may n resi/ ! l>ge/ %ells1 b are safe aga9/ small] %ot4 ,n[1 :at is ! armam5t ( ?is =tress :i* ?us protects all ! motive p[] & int]ior ma*9]y ( ! %ip1 by :i* %e c be made s t]rible an eng9e ( combative =ce8 ,well1 x is z diff]5t f ! bronze 8long-toms0 & c>ronades ( ! old ?ree-deck]s1 or ev5 f t5-in* smoo?-bore 8,dahlgr5s0 ( ! days ( our ,civil ,w>1 z is ! %ip itself f old-"t models4 ,9 place ( broadside batt]ies ( =ty or fifty cannon hidd5 9 cl\ds ( smoke1 !re are n[ six or eight big rifles1 f ^: muzzles wrea?s ( ?9 gas only drift to leew>d2 &1 m /rik+ /ill1 9 contra/1 a %ip is no long] comp>atively helpless :5 head$ or turn$ /]nw>d to an enemy1--:5 ! 8rak+10 =m]ly s ju/ly dread$1 w\ld be receiv$1--b is r m able to d damage 9 t position ?an by a 8broadside40 ,! guns !mselves are m>vels ( /ructure & p[]4 ,all ( ^? us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy are made by ! gov]nm5t 9 ! gun-%ops at ! ,wa%+ton navy-y>d1 & are 8built up40 ,! me?ods & tools requir$ = ?is are ! inv5tion ( ,am]icans1 z well z ! complicat$ arrangem5ts = clos+ ! bree*1 & ! c>riages & me*anism = ov]com+ ! trem5d\s recoil & h&l+ ! pond]\s ammunition2 ! latt]1 (t5 weigh+ hundr$s ( p\nds1 is h&$ up to ! gunn]s f ! magaz9es bel[ by hoi/s work$ by electricity4 ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( heavy ordnance1 especially t appli$ to naval uses1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *apt]s 9 me*anics2 & a surpris+ numb] ( ways ( mak+ a %ip's cannon h be5 tri$ & reject$4 ,out ( ?is two ?+s seem n[ to be settl$3 namely1 t a gun compos$ ( /eel 9 sep>ate p>ts weld$ toge!r is be/1 & t ! be/ missile to %oot f x is a conical %ell1 v h>d & heavy1 yet conta9+ an explosive small 9 quantity b exce$+ly p[]ful4 ,su* guns are built up ( a tube or 8core0 ( /eel ( ! requir$ size1 ^u :i* is %runk a jacket1 cov]+ ! re>1 or bree* half ( ! core1 outside ( :i* are %runk on sev]al broad hoops4 ,! cutt+ out ( ! bore to exactly ! prop] calib] & ! pl[+ ( ! spiral rifl+s put ! gun 9 read9ess = its bree*-clos+ & o!r atta*m5ts4 ,?is process requires sev]al mon?s1 involves l>ge capital & p[]ful ma*9]y1 & good results imply ! v highe/ workman%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,cruis] 8,,brooklyn0 7,,/]n ,,view74 ,su* are ! guns ( mod]n m5-(-w>2 & a fir/-class battle-%ip c>ries f\r twelve- or ?irte5-in* rifles 7t is1 hav+ a bore twelve or ?irte5 in*es 9 diamet]71 sev]al eight- or t5-in* rifles1 & _m small] guns arrang$ to be fir$ ) extraord9>y spe$1 & h5ce call$ 8rapid-fire0 guns2 :ile h] upp] works & 8milit>y tops0 fairly bri/le ) fi]ce little six-1 f\r-1 & "o-p\nd]s1--revolv+ magaz9e rifles1 capable ( dis*>g+ rifle-balls z fa/ z a man c turn ! crank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,on ,,bo>d ,a ,,battle-,,%ip ,,go+ ,,into ,,action4 ,,work+ ,,! ,,rapid-,,fire ,,guns4 ,to give "s idea ( ! size & p[] ( "o ( ! #ac-;in* guns1 ^: long muzzles1 9 pairs1 project s f> out ( ! turrets t hide _! m\nt+s & fir+-crew1 let me tell y t x is #dj feet long1 m ?an #d feet 9 diamet]1 & weighs #fj tons4 8,x requires #eej p\nds ( p[d] to load x1 & ! projectile weighs half a ton4 ,! muzzle-velocity ( ! projectile is #bajj feet p] second1 ) ! /at$ *>ge1 & its en]gy is suffici5t to s5d x ?r\gh #bf in*es ( /eel at a di/ance ( #fjj y>ds4 ,at an elevation ( #dj degrees ! range ( ! gun w be n f> f #ae miles40 ,9 su* a %ip1 deep d[n )9 ! =tress is ! massive & complicat$ ma*9]y1 /eam & electric1 ^u :i* ! life & activity ( ! :ole /ructure dep5d4 ,! p[] is g5]at$ 9 f\r enorm\s boil]s1 sev5te5 feet 9 diamet] & tw5ty 9 l5g?1 _! /eel %ells "o & a half in*es ?ick1 built to c>ry a work+-pressure ( #afj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,ea* pair ( ^! boil]s1 plac$ =e & aft & side by side1 is in/all$ 9 a sep>ate comp>tm5t1 ) fire-rooms at ! ends4 ,e boil] has f\r furnaces 9 ea* end1 :i* give eight to ea* fire-room1 or a total ( ?irty-two4 ,! two boil] comp>tm5ts are sep>at$ by a wat]-tight bulkhead1 & by a deep1 broad coal-bunk]4 ,at ! sides ( ! %ip are also coal-bunk]s1 :i* supplem5t ! heavy armor-belt by ! protection ( a mass ( coal twelve feet 9 ?ickness--9 itself a n inconsid]able e>?work1 :i* might arre/ ! fragm5ts ( a bur/+ %ell t _h succe$$ 9 pi]c+ ! armor4 ,no casualty ( naval combat c be worse ?an ! p5etration ( high-pressure boil]s by heavy %ells4 ,_! complete protection is an imp]ative condition1 q z important z ! protection ( ! magaz9es4 ,su* is a mod]n battle-%ip--a 8wond]ful & complex in/rum5t ( w>f>e10 z ,lieut5ant ,/aunton has express$ x4 ,%e is fill$ he tells u ) p[]ful ag5cies1 all ob$i5t to ! control ( man--! creatures ( 8 bra9 & ! s]vants ( 8 w4 ,/eam 9 its simple application drives h] ma9 eng9es & _m auxili>ies4 ,/eam trans=m$ into hydraulic p[] moves h] /e]+-ge> & turns h] turrets4 ,/eam conv]t$ into electrical en]gy produces h] inc&esc5t & se>*-lights1 works small motors 9 remote places1 & fires h] guns :5 desir$4 ,e application ( en]gy1 e device ( me*anism1 f9ds its (fice some:]e 9 t va/ hull1 & ! s\rce ( all ! v>i$ =ms ( p[] lies 9 ! great boil]s1 f> d[n bel[ dang] ( %ot & %ell1 "u :i* grimy /ok]s are always %ovel+ coal4 ,decades ( ?\ght & /udy1 exp]im5t & failure1 trial aga9 ) p>tial success1 & repeat$ trials ) complete success1 h assign$ to ea* ag5cy its appropriate function1 & p]fect$ ! me*anism ?r\gh :i* its "w is p]=m$4 ,^! mod]n developm5ts h add$ "o entirely novel & trem5d\s adjunct to ! fleet1 9 ! torp$o-boat & its t]rible weapon4 ,^! take ! place to "s ext5t ( ! fire-%ip ( a c5tury ago1 :i* 0 design$ to injure ! enemy n by sil5c+ 8 guns or ov]com+ 8 gunn]s1 b by insidi\sly de/roy+ 8 %ip itself4 ,! torp$o is1 9 its simple/ =m1 simply "s arrangem5t ( a p[]ful explosive to be set (f b5ea? or aga9/ ! bottom ( a %ip1 & %att] or s9k x4 ,! idea is z old z gunp[d]1 b x is only 9 rec5t times t x has be5 made effective1--h[ effective we d n yet "k4 ,torp$oes are us$ 9 two ways3 "o is by fix+ ! torp$o b5ea? ! wat]1 ei!r to be explod$ by means ( a p]cussion-cap :5 ! %ip runs aga9/ x1 or f ! %ore by means ( electricity4 ,su* arrangem5ts z ?is1 call$ subm>9e m9es1 are reg>d$ z a mo/ important means ( def5d+ h>bors aga9/ ho/ile attack4 ,dur+ our ,civil ,w> !y 7 ext5sively us$ by ! ,conf$]ates1 & 7 sometimes successful1 z :5 "o de/roy$ ! monitor ,tecumseh 9 ,mobile h>bor1 dur+ ,f>ragut's fam\s attack !re 9 #ahfd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,monitor 8,,tecumseh0 ,,sunk ,,by ,a ,,torp$o ,,at ,,mobile1 #ahfd4 ,! =m] class1 = :i* ! ^w torp$oes is n[ res]v$1 includes explosive ag5ts :i* are to be plac$ or s5t aga9/ a %ip's bottom at sea & explod$ !re4 ,v>i\s devices ( t k9d1 also1 h be5 us$ = a long "t 9 naval w>f>e4 ,! ,conf$]ates tri$ h>d to de/roy sev]al ,nor!rn vessels 9 ! blockad+ squadron by devis+ v small1 half-subm]g$ boats1 t[+ torp$oes a/]n1 or else project+ on a long sp> f _! b[s2 & n[ & !n !y succe$$1 z :5 "o ( ! latt] k9d 0 made to s9k ! ,h\satonic (f ,*>le/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,se>*-,,light ,,reveal+ ,,! ,,torp$o-,,boat4 ,!n !re h be5 inv5t$1 dur+ ! pa/ fifty ye>s1 sev]al cig>-%ap$ ma*9es1 :i*1 by means ( a *emical or compress$-air eng9e or clockwork1 or "s o!r application ( p[] t might keep motive ma*9]y )9 !m go+ long en\gh1 c\ld be laun*$ f %ore or f ano!r vessel & s5t "u wat] aga9/ a ho/ile %ip4 ,at fir/ ^! 7 made to glide along j b5ea? ! surface1 c>ry+ little flags t c\ld be se51 & trail+ two electric wires1 enabl+ a p]son1 by means ( electric curr5ts1 to direct _! flight2 b latt]ly +5uity has devis$ su* an arrangem5t ( rudd]s & self-act+ balances )9 ! torp$o's me*anism t x w cont9ue p]fectly /raight ^u ! c\rse x is aim$ =1 sw]v+ nei!r "r nor left1 up nor d[n1 & w explode ! in/ant x t\*es an object h>d en\gh to j> ! delicate cap ( fulm9ate 9 its sn\t4 ,?is latt] k9d1 call$ ! automobile 7self-mov+7 torp$o1 is n[ almo/ exclusively us$1 & "s modification ( ! ,:itehead is mo/ popul>4 ,x is cig>-%ap$1 & ab\t twelve feet 9 l5g?2 ! =w>d ?ird is fill$ ) gun-cotton--9 quantity suffici5tly p[]ful1 if accurately appli$1 to ru9 almo/ in/antly ! greate/ battle-%ip afloat4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,self-,,mov+ ,,torp$o ,,on ,,its ,,way ,,to ,,attack ,a ,,man-,,(-,,w>4 ,all l>ge w>-%ips are n[ fitt$ ) tubes1 op5+ ne> ! wat]-l9e 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! hull1 :i* =m gun-l exits = ^! t]rible weapons1 :i* are set 9 motion by a puff ( gunp[d]2 b 9 addition to ?is e m>itime gov]nm5t n[ has a numb] 7,great ,brita9 has m ?an #bej7 ( small1 swift /eam]s design$ :olly = ?is purpose & call$ torp$o-boats4 ,mo/ ( !m are a hundr$ feet or s 9 l5g?1 & int5d$ to accompany ! fleet :]ev] x goes & 9 all wea!rs2 b "s are s small t !y may be c>ri$ on ! deck ( a big cruis]4 ,all are made long1 l[1 & n>r[1 & ! spe$ ( _m ( !m exce$s ?irty miles an h\r4 ,!re is almo/ no?+ to cat* ! w9d or %[ above deck except a pair ( %ort1 flatt5$ smoke-/acks1 "o beh9d ! o!r2 & ! /e]sman /&s1 ) only 8 head & %\ld]s visible1 9 a little box ) w9d[s t s]ves ! purpose ( a :eel-h\se4 ,a m]e wire rail+ saves ! crew f slid+ (f ! deck1 & 9 action ev]ybody /ays bel[4 ,no weight is c>ri$ t c be avoid$1 & ! eng9es1 tak+ /eam f two boil]s1 are z p[]ful z c be pack$ into ! space at comm&4 ,usually only coal en\gh = a few h\rs' /eam+ is c>ri$1 & e bu%el ( x is c>efully select$ z to quality1 & is s treat$ & intellig5tly f$ to ! furnaces z to make ! hotte/ possible fire1 al?\gh nev] a sp>k mu/ escape f ! smoke-/ack to betray ! vessel 9 ! d>kness4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,torp$o-,,boat ,,at ,,full ,,spe$4 ,next to spe$ ! mo/ important quality is ability to turn quickly1 ^u :i* might (t5 dep5d ! safety ( ! audaci\s little craft4 ,torp$o-boats1 h[ev]1 are design$ = a wid] s]vice ?an simply to c>ry & dis*>ge ! frightful weapon f :i* !y take _! "n4 ,!y are to ! navy :at sc\ts & skirmi%]s are to a l& army4 ,!y =m ! cavalry ( ! sea1 ( :i* ! cruis]s are ! infantry1 & ! battle-%ips & monitors ! artill]y arm4 ,!y mu/ spy out ! position ( ! enemy's fleet1 hov] ab\t 8 flanks or haunt 8 an*orage to asc]ta9 :at he is ab\t & :at he means to d next4 ,!y mu/ act z ! pickets ( _! own fleet1 patroll+ ! neighborhood1 or wait+ & wat*+1 conceal$ among isl&s or 9 inlets & riv]-m\?s1 ready to ha/5 away to ! admiral ) w>n+ ( any movem5t ( ! adv]s>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,=m ,,( ,,subm>9e ,,torp$o-,,boat4 ,x is n _! bus9ess to fight 7except r>ely1 9 ! "o p>ticul> way71 b r to pry & sneak & run1 = ! b5efit ( ! fleet !y s]ve4 ,b to insure all ^! f9e results1 bo? (fic]s & m5 mu/ be taught ! art4 ,con/ant in/ruction & drill+ are necess>y1 & 9 ea* navy a regul> s*ool ( torp$o-practice is ma9ta9$1 :]e ! subject is /udi$ 9 e way4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates su* a s*ool is kept at ! ,newport 7,r4 ,i47 ,torp$o ,/ation1 :]e ! torp$oes !mselves are fitt$ = use & suppli$ to ! %ips 7! load$ w>-heads are kept sep>ately 9 ! %ip's magaz9e71 & :]e "o or m torp$o-boats are res]v$ = drill+ purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,copyright1 #ahig1 ,,by ,c4 ,e4 ,,bolles1 ,,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,battle-,,%ip 8,,ma9e40 ,bl[n up 9 ! h>bor ( ,havana1 ,febru>y #ae1 #ahih4 ,b a worse & m insidi\s foe ?an ev5 ^! sneak+1 hid+1 surface torp$o-boats ?reat5s u 9 ! subm>9e torp$o-boat1 :i* inv5tors h be5 exp]im5t+ ) s9ce naval w>f>e fir/ began4 ,x is said t tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s ago div]s 7 l[]$ into ! wat] 9 a simply con/ruct$ air-box1 to p]=ate ! wood5 bottom ( an adv]s>y's w>-galley & s9k x4 ,aga91 9 our ,revolution>y ,w>1 a t9y walnut-%ap$ boat 0 made by an ,am]ican1 :i* 0 actually tri$4 ,x w\ld hold "o man1 & air en\gh = him to brea! = half an h\r4 ,he w\ld close ! hat*1 let 9 en\gh wat] to s9k him a little way1 & !n scull himself along by means ( a screw-blad$ /]n-o> until he got und]nea? ! keel ( an an*or$ vessel1 to :i*1 by +5i\s means1 he w\ld atta* a c ( gunp[d] to be fir$ by clockwork1 giv+ him "t to get away4 ,x 0 actually tri$ & ne>ly succe$$4 ,rob]t ,fulton1 :o made ! fir/ success ( ! /eamboat1 tri$ = ye>s to contrive a subm>9e boat t w\ld "w1 & succe$$ s f> z to sc>e ,briti% blockad]s 9 #ahab v badly inde$2 & ! ,conf$]ates repeat$ ! sc>e :5 ! ,nor? 0 blockad+ _! ports 9 ! ,civil ,w>4 ,! great advantage ( a subm>9e boat is1 ( c\rse1 its invisibility1 & its safety f %ot ev5 if discov]$2 b ! difficulties ( progress & control z to dep? & direction "u wat]1 & at ! same "t effective appliance ( ! explosive & safe retreat1 are s _m t !y h z yet be5 only p>tly ov]come4 ,if ! ?+ is ev] accompli%$1 naval w>f>e w be demoraliz$ until "s adequate means be f\nd to combat ?is unse51 de/roy+ ag5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,vesuvius 9 action4 ,! pr9cipal ag5t 9 subm>9e attacks w\ld probably be "s =m ( dynamite1 :i*1 inhuman z its use seems1 is sl[ly b surely tak+ its place among ! weapons ( w>4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has "o vessel prim>ily design$ to employ dynamite by hurl+ x 9 ! =m ( %ells4 ,?is volcanic craft is suitably nam$ ,vesuvius1 & is a small1 swift vessel hav+ long tubes slant+ upw>d ?r\gh h] =w>d deck1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,^! tubes are ! muzzles ( great air-guns1 ?r\gh :i* %e s5ds d>ts load$ ) dynamite to fall ^u a ho/ile %ip or =t4 ,x w\ld n be safe1 to say ! lea/1 to fire su* bombs ) gunp[d]2 & !re=e pumps & eng9es 9 h] int]ior compress air until x has acquir$ an expansive =ce suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,:5 "o ( ! d>ts has be5 laid 9 ! bree* ( ! tube1 d[n b5ea? ! deck1 & suitably clos$ 91 a valve is op5$1 ! compress$ air acts l burn+ p[d]1 & away goes ! d>t1 9 a graceful curve to its t>get4 ,9 ?is case1 ( c\rse1 x is ! vessel r ?an ! immovable gun t is aim$1 & good m>ksman%ip dep5ds ^u accurate calculation ( di/ance2 b rem>kable %oot+ has be5 done4 ,?is sy/em has nev] yet be5 tri$ 9 actual w>f>e1 & may prove valuable *iefly 9 cle>+ h>bors ( m9es4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,m]*ants ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,! hi/ory ( %ipp+ 9 an e>li] *apt] w also answ] z a hi/ory ( e>ly int]national comm]ce4 ,x began ) ! ,egyptians & ,ph5icians1 & 0 conf9$ to _! p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean until aft] ! middle ages1 :5 x mov$ /eadily to ! we/]n bord]s ( ,europe4 ,h[ great1 ri*1 & influ5tial 7 ,tyre & its p we h already se54 ,a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era !y controll$ ! comm]ce ( ! anci5t _w by reason ( _! wisdom z trad]s & _! skill & en]gy z navigators & seam54 ,turn to ! tw5ty-sev5? *apt] ( ,ezekiel1 & see h[ ! ,ph5ician metropolis 0 reg>d$1 ev5 9 ! "t ( t prophet1 six hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,^! ,syrians _h gradually ext5d$ _! comm]ce until x took 9 ! :ole kn[n _w2 & by _! c>avans to & f ! int]ior ( ,arabia1 ,p]sia1 ,india1 & ! ,s\dan1 by _! tra9s 7p]haps ( pack-horses7 across ,europe1 by _! m>9e exp$itions to ! ,nile1--:i* !y =c$ op5 to trade1 = anci5t ,egypt 0 mu* l ,*9a 9 its exclusiv5ess1--& by _! %ips to all ! ,m$it]ranean ports1 & up & d[n ! ,atlantic coa/1 !y ga!r$ & ex*ang$ 9 ! baza>s ( ,tyre & ,sidon ! products1 manufactures1 & luxuries ( e c\ntry t _h any?+ to sell4 ,to ! ,ph5icians1 inde$1 0 ascrib$1 by ! ,lat9 & ,greek writ]s ( a few c5turies lat]1 ! inv5tion ( navigation2 & ev5 :5 ,ph5icia _h become ( little acc\nt z a nation1 its conqu]ors not$ ) admiration ! skill ( ! m5 ( t coa/ 9 seaman%ip4 8,!y /e]$ by ! pole-/>1 :i* ! ,greeks !re=e call$ ! ,ph5ician />2 & all _! vessels1 f ! common r\nd gaulos to ! great ,t>%i% %ips1--! ,ea/-,indiam51 s to speak1 ( ! anci5t _w1--_h a spe$ :i* ! ,greeks nev] rival$40 ,lat]1 9 ! days ( ! ,roman supremacy1 ! trad+-%ips 7 z important to ! c\ntry z its soldi]s1 = ne>ly e free man 0 9 ! army1 & ! slaves made poor f>m]s4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! gra91 z well z cattle1 to supply ! wants ( ! p1 _h to be br\ght f ,egypt1 :i* 0 pretty sure to h 8corn10 z ! ,bible calls x1 :5 ! re/ ( ! _w 0 suff]+ f %ort crops4 ,egypt suppli$ gra9 to ,rome dur+ ! second ,punic w>1 ?us enabl+ h] to resi/ ! invasion ( ,c>?age1 & x is possible t ,rome's lat] political alliance ) ,egypt 0 l>gely due to h] int]e/ 9 ,egyptian crops4 ,l>ge fleets ( gra9-%ips1 convoy$ by arm$ vessels1 7 cont9ually pass+ betwe5 ! ,african coa/ & ! ,tib]1 & s _m 7 ! risks !y ran ( wreck or capture1 t ! arrival ( a flotilla ) its preci\s freight ( food 0 always a cause ( rejoic+1 at any rate1 among ! poor4 ,^! m]*ant %ips ( classical times 7 broad] & heavi] ?an ! w>-galleys1 & al?\gh !y c>ri$ a few o>s to help !mselves 9 a difficulty1 !y ord9>ily mov$ by means ( sails1 probably lugs4 ,"o ( ! gra9-%ips ply+ betwe5 ,egypt & ,italy ab\t #aej ,a4 ,d41 accord+ to ,lucian1 0 "o hundr$ & eighty feet long1 slightly m ?an "o f\r? z broad1 & =ty-?ree & a half feet deep inside1-- m l a b>ge ?an a 8%ip40 ,! l>ge/ us$ 9 ?is trade w\ld c>ry ab\t two hundr$ & fifty tons4 ,! transports t accompani$ "o ( ,ju/9ian's fleets1 ,a4 ,d4 #ecc1 are /at$ to h c>ri$ "o hundr$ & sixty to two hundr$ tons ( supplies ea*4 ,^! ,roman vessels 7 made ( p9e1 & 7 coat$ ) a composition ( t> & wax1 !n pa9t$1 (t5 ) elaborate decorations 9 bright colors1 ) pigm5ts mix$ ) melt$ wax4 ,n[ & !n "o 0 built ( truly va/ proportions1 z t "o :i* br\ght f ,egypt to ,rome ! fir/ ( ! /ol5 obelisks4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,capta9 ,,9 ,,! ,,m]*ant ,,m>9e4 ,) t gr& awak5+ ( int]e/ 9 education1 indu/ry1 & discov]y :i* took place 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! city ( ,v5ice ga9$ ! lead 9 p[]1 & h] m]*ants became ! mo/ ent]pris+ & weal?y4 ,x 0 ! expansion ( comm]ce t urg$ ! explorations t m>k$ ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 = by ?is "t ,v5ice _h h] banks--! fir/ 9 ! _w to approa* ! "* ( mod]n banks--& h] ex*ange on ! fam\s ,rialto bridge2 ,g5oa 0 9 close rivalry2 ,spa9 0 ga!r+ imm5se quantities ( gold 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 & ,engl& 0 com+ to ! front z a m>itime p[]4 ,! trade ) ,ca?ay--z ,india1 ,*9a1 & ! ,ori5tal isl&s 7 call$ collectively--0 *iefly by c>avans across ! ,p]sian des]ts1 & ,spa91 ,engl&1 & ,holl& _h small %>es 9 x1 s9ce ! only wat]-r\te kn[n 0 ?r\gh ! ,m$it]ranean & ,r$ seas1 :]e1 betwe5 ! p]ils ( ! ocean1 ! extortionate *>ges & /eal+s ( ! ,arabs 7:o c>ri$ ! c>goes f vessel to vessel across ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez71 & ! risk ( capture by ,alg]ian pirates1 !re 0 little *ance left = pr(it to ei!r m]*ants or %ip-own]s4 ,to we/]n ,europe1 !n1 ,vasco de ,gama's discov]y ( ! r\te ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 0 a long advantage1 & ,engl& & ,holl& at lea/ 7 quick to seize x4 ,! great 8,ea/ ,india ,companies0 ( ! ,dut* & ,engli% 7 =m$ by a gr\p ( p[]ful m]*ants 9 ,london & 9 ,am/]dam1 :o 7 giv5 va/ privileges by _! gov]nm5ts 9 respect to trad+ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! ,dut* company 0 n f\nd$ until #afjb1 two ye>s aft] ! ,engli% company1 b x soon became ! m prom95t ( ! two1 & 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal means by :i* ! ,ne!rl&s secur$ ! prepond]ance ( ! c>ry+ trade ( ! _w1 br++ to h] ports1 by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 almo/ all ! comm]ce previ\sly enjoy$ by ,cadiz1 ,lisbon1 & ,antw]p1 & mak+ v s]i\s inroads ^u t ( ,london & ,bri/ol4 ,! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india %ips1 copi$ f ! ,g5oese c>racks1 7 ! bigge/ m]*ant vessels !n afloat1 well able to cope ) _m ( ! w>-%ips2 & two hundr$ ( !m 7 at ?is "t engag$ 9 ! ,asiatic trade alone4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,clipp] ,,escap+ ,,f ,,! 8,,alabama40 ,x 0 9 aid ( ! ,engli% rival company n only1 b z an attempt to save & revive ! comm]cial position ( ,engl& g5]ally1 t ,cromwell's 8navigation laws0 7 enact$1 prohibit+ ! c>riage ( goods to or f ,briti% %ores except 9 %ips own$ & mann$ by ,engli%m51-- laws t 7 aim$ directly at ! ,dut*1 & l$ to ! long w>s ( ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,^! 7 call$ w>s = ! supremacy ( ! sea1 b actually !y 7 a prolong$ /ruggle = ! bigge/ %>e ( ! _w's trade1 :i* is ! only real value ( ! 8supremacy ( ! sea40 ,x is a say+ t 8trade foll[s ! flag10 & s x does2 b at ! beg9n+ ! flag goes 7 ! trade is to be _h4 ,^! companies 7 s mix$ up 9 ! politics ( _! respective gov]nm5ts t x w\ld be a long task1 al?\gh ent]ta9+1 to trace _! gr[?1 :i* is really t ( we/]n civilization 9 ! ,ea/4 ,!y equipp$ fleets ( m]*ant & w> vessels1 e/abli%$ =ts1 c>ri$ on small w>s along ! ,ori5tal coa/s1 & 7 really little k+doms )9 k+doms1 because ( _! wide monopoly1 enorm\s weal?1 & ! national importance ( all _! ent]prises4 ,! f9al result 0 t1 z ,great ,brita9 f9ally ov]came ! ,dut* & ,fr5* at home1 s h] ,ea/ ,india ,company ou/$ !m f ,india2 b x 0 n until #aheh t old 8,john ,company10 :i* _h come to be reg>d$ by ! natives ( ,india z ! gov]nm5t itself1 0 dissolv$1 & resign$ its t]ritories to ! cr[n & a sy/em ( trade op5 to all ! _w4 ,^? 7 sl[ & co/ly times comp>$ ) ! pres5t1 ?\gh seem+ to u full ( a romance impossible n[4 ,a voyage ar\nd ! _w occupi$ ?ree ye>s1 & to g f ,london to ,calcutta & back took f ,new ,ye>'s to ,*ri/mas "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances4 ,ano!r important *ange1 too1 has gradually come ab\t4 ,=m]ly1 ! vessels 7 own$ almo/ entirely by ! m]*ants !mselves1 or by a company ( !m2 !y paid all a %ip's exp5ses1 & put into h] a c>go ( _! own w>es4 ,!y w\ld s5d to ,*9a1 = in/ance1 cotton goods1 h\sehold furniture1 hat*ets1 tools1 cutl]y & o!r h>dw>e1 f>m+ implem5ts1 & fancy goods ( all sorts4 ,9 return ! vessels w\ld br+ silks1 tea1 & porcela91 :i* w\ld g into ! own]s' w>eh\ses & be sold 9 _! own %ops4 ,%ipp]1 import]1 & m]*ant 7 all "o4 ,n[ ?is is *ang$4 ,! import]s & m]*ants ( ,london1 ,hamburg1 & ,new ,york are n (t5 ^? :o own vessels & br+ _! own goods4 ,in/ead ( ?is !y h ag5ts1 :o live p]man5tly 9 ea* ( ! =eign ports1 :]e !y buy ! m]*&ise !y want & hire a vessel1 or ! ne$$ space 9 a vessel1 belong+ to somebody else to br+ !m home4 ,by ! old way1 ! nation :i* _h any?+ to sell c>ri$ x to ! nation t w\ld buy x1 & br\ght back ! be/ ?+ x c\ld get 9 ex*ange2 n[ ! m]*ants g to v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 buy _! c>goes1 & ord] !m s5t home1 9 sub/antially ! same way z y g a-%opp+ 9 t[n4 ,?is has br\ght out a new dep>tm5t ( sea-labor1 unkn[n1 z a class1 a c5tury ago--! bus9ess ( c>ry+ goods :i* ! own]s ( ! vessels h no prop]ty 94 ,9 ,london1 ,new ,york1 ,hamburg1 & all o!r seabo>d cities ( ?is & o!r c\ntries1 ! great majority ( ! %ipp+ is own$1 n by ! m]*ants ( ! city1 b by 8transportation companies10 :o agree to c>ry c>goes at a c]ta9 rate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,saloon ,,( ,a ,,sail+ ,,packet-,,%ip1 ,,ab\t #ahdj4 ,m]*ant vessels may be divid$ into ?ree classes1 ( :i* ! fir/ includes /eam%ips & sail+-vessels plann$ prim>ily = freight transportation1 :i* run back & =? betwe5 c]ta9 ports1 & s con/itute 8l9es0 = freight4 ,su* l9es exi/ along ev5 ! remote/ coa/s1 s t goods may be %ipp$ directly1 or by a s+le transf]1 f any giv5 seaport to almo/ any o!r 9 ! _w4 ,"s ( ^! l9es1 sail+ betwe5 c]ta9 ports1 are devot$ to p>ticul> uses1 su* z ^? ( oil-/eam]s & cattle-/eam]s4 ,! oil-/eam]s run betwe5 ,am]ica & ,europe ) ,am]ican petroleum1 & 9 ! ,black ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean ) oil f ,russia2 ! entire holds are divid$ into va/ iron tanks = ?is liquid1 :i* is p\r$ into & pump$ out ( !m z into & out ( a great b>rel4 ,! cattle-/eam]s are specially arrang$ = ! transportation ( live /ock1 b "o l9e1 runn+ betwe5 ,am]ica & ,engl&1 also c>ries pass5g]s at a *eap rate4 ,! second class ( vessels consi/s ( ^? :i* make ! transportation ( pass5g]s _! fir/ object1 load+ _! holds ) fir/-class freight1 = :i* high rates are paid 9 consid]ation ( its swift deliv]y4 ,! ?ird class includes :at are kn[n z 8tramp0 /eam]s1 :i* run irregul>ly1 z ! old sail+-vessels us$ to d1 pick+ up c>goes :]ev] !y f9d !m & c>ry+ !m to any port4 ,!y are (t5 ( great size & p[]1 b be+ "u less close sup]vision are (t5 less c>eful z to ! safety ( crews & c>goes1 & are sometimes unseawor?y4 ,!y are always ready to answ] any sudd5 dem& = %ips1 _! own]s keep+ wat* ( ! *ances & telegraph+ to _! capta9s :]e to g = _! next c>goes4 ,)\t ! subm>9e telegraph ^! tramp /eam]s c\ld sc>cely compete ) ! regul> l9es2 b1 besides ! great transoceanic cables1 all ! sea-coa/s are n[ fe/oon$ ) electric cables1 :i* h frequ5t /ations & connect ! important ports ( ,am]ica & ,europe ) ^? ( ,africa1 ,p]sia1 ,india1 ! ,spice ,isl&s1 ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,zeal&1 & !re is n[ a plan to run a cable across ! ,pacific betwe5 ,am]ica & ,new ,zeal&1 by way ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 ,samoa1 & ,fiji4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,corn] ,,9 ,,! ,,saloon ,,( ,a ,,mod]n ,,/eam%ip4 ,! pass5g]-%ip is a di/9ctly mod]n feature ( m>9e c>riage4 ,9 =m] days ! few p]sons :o 7 oblig$ to cross ! seas on bus9ess err&s1 & ! few] :o w5t abroad = heal? or pleasure or ! love ( travel1 _h to accept su* r\gh accommodations z ! ord9>y m]*ant %ips af=d$4 ,b z soon z ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies 7 add$ to ! map ( ! _w1 & colonies ( ,europeans began to settle on di/ant coa/s & isl&s1 ! am\nt ( travel ju/ifi$ own]s ( vessels 9 enl>g+ cab9s & provid+ com=ts likely to induce patronage ( _! l9es4 ,ev5 two hundr$ & tw5ty-five ye>s ago ! voyage betwe5 ,india & ,engl& ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ?\gh x became some:at t$i\s1 because x la/$ six or sev5 mon?s1 0 by no means a mis]able exp]i5ce 9 a well-f\nd %ip4 ,?us ,dr4 ,john ,fry] has record$ ( su* a sea-j\rney 9 #afhb t 8x pass$ away m]rily ) good w9e & no bad musick2 b ! life ( all good company1 & an hone/ comm&]1 :o f$ u ) fre% provisions ( turkies1 geese1 ducks1 h5s1 suck+-pigs1 %eep1 goats1 etc40 ,a c5tury lat]1 :5 ,engl& _h come firmly into possession ( ,india1 & ?\s&s ( h] (fic]s1 troops1 & trad]s1 ) _! families1 7 coloniz+ h] ports1 !re 7 dem&$ ! l>ge/ & f9e/ %ips t c\ld be built1 comb9+ accommodations = _m pass5g]s ) great c>go capacity4 ,su* 7 ! great ,ea/ ,indiam52 & 9 ^? leisurely days a trip half-way r\nd ! _w on "o ( ^! roomy old vessels 0 a cont9u\s pleasure to almo/ e "o t und]took x4 ,! %ip 0 a bit ( ,old ,engl& afloat1 :]e ! pass5g] r5t$ = s _m mon?s a well-light$1 roomy1 unfurni%$ ap>tm5t1 :i*1 accord+ to 8 ta/e & means1 he fitt$ up = ! voyage ) numb]less com=ts & sea /ores t none b a ya*tsman w\ld ?9k ( cumb]+ himself ) at sea to-day2 &1 read+ n>ratives ( ! old long sea-voyages1 "o is con/antly com+ across expressions ( regret by pass5g]s :5 !y 8took leave ( ! good %ip t = s _m mon?s _h be5 _! float+ home40 ,^! f9e old pass5g] sail+-%ips 71 l a man-(-w>1 entirely dismantl$ at ! end ( ea* homew>d voyage1 & und]w5t a complete ov]haul & refit be=e />t+ out aga9 on an outw>d "o4 ,pass5g]s usually sold _! /ate-room furniture by auction on bo>d ! %ip on h] arrival 9 port4 ,su* a %ip1 ! ,atlantic packets1 & ev5 m5-(-w> b\nd on a long blockad+ cruise1 did n hesitate to /[ abo>d all ! live /ock t room c\ld be f\nd =1 sometimes by comical devices4 ,9 t book ( *>m+ rem9isc5ces ( ways & means afloat be=e ! days ( quick /eam transit1 8,old ,sea ,w+s10 ,mr4 ,leslie has a *apt] :i* he calls 8,! ,old ,%ip-,f>m10 :]e "o may le>n curi\s p>ticul>s ( ?is matt]4 ,! man 9 *>ge ( ?is "p ( ! /ores 0 ! %ip's but*]1 & he _h z 8mate10 or assi/ant1 a y\? ( all "w kn[n to all sailors z 8,jemmy ,ducks40 ,_! b>n1 or /oreh\se1 0 especially ! great long-boat1 :i* (t5 look$ m l a model ( ,noah's ark ?an a craft s]viceable 9 case ( %ipwreck4 ,always securely /[$ amid%ips1 well la%$ d[n & h\s$ ov]1 ! boat1 z %e lay ^u ! %ip's deck1 0 full ( live prov5d]1 be+ divid$1 z to h] l[] hold1 into p5s = %eep & pigs1 :ile ^u ! fir/ floor1 or ma9 deck1 quack$ ducks & geese1 & above !m 7lit]ally 9 ! cock-l(t7 7 coops = ano!r k9d ( p\ltry4 ,?is great c5tral dept 0 closely surr\nd$ by o!r small f>m-build+s1 ! mo/ important be+ ! c[-h\se1 :]e1 aft] a %ort run a%ore on ! m>%es at ! end ( ea* voyage1 a well-season$ animal ( ! snug ,ald]ney bre$ *ew$ ! cud 9 sweet cont5t4 ,9 fact1 :51 9 ! old days1 a pass5g]-%ip began h] voyage1 ! hull ( h] clumsy long-boat 0 ne>ly hidd5 by ! numb] ( tempor>y p5s & %$s requir$ to h\se ! live /ock = ! supply ( h] cab9 table2 & ) its _m f>m-y>d & homelike s\nds a %ip 01 ev5 !n1 m l a small bit ( ! _w afloat ?an x is n[4 ,!re 0 always regul> traffic betwe5 ,am]ica & ,europe1 especially ) ,great ,brita91 & ! rapid gr[? ( emigration to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada made x pr(itable1 e>ly 9 ?is c5tury1 to put on fa/-sail+ packet-%ips1 mak+ voyages1 at int]vals ( a mon?1 betwe5 ,london & ,new ,york4 ,by #ahdj a man might f9d a l>ge1 well-ord]$ %ip dep>t+ e week or s = ! transatlantic passage1 :i* usually requir$ less ?an a mon? go+ ea/1 b might be two weeks long] com+ we/4 ,_! cab9s 7 z com=table & p]haps m homelike ?an any se5 n[1 & q z pretty1 ) _! :ite & gold pa9t1 cut-glass door & lock] knobs1 damask hang+s1 dimity b$-curta9s1 & o!r old-fa%ion$ niceties2 & ! f>e 0 abundant & v>i$1 z x ought to be 9 a neat %ip ) a small dairy abo>d1 & p]haps a gre5-salad g>d5 plant$ 9 ! jolly-boat4 ,none ( ^! packets 7 m popul> ?an ^? ( ! well-rememb]$ ,black ,ball ,l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fair ,,wea!r ,,on ,,! ,,deck ,,( ,a ,,clipp]-,,%ip ,,c>ry+ ,,gold-,,seek]s ,,to ,,cali=nia ,,9 #ahdi4 ,! /e]age pass5g]s 7 n s well (f !n1 ?\gh !y seem$ to /& ! voyage q z well z n[adays4 ,! f>e 0 tw5ty-five doll>s1 & ! pass5g] f\nd himself 89 ev]y?+ b fire & wat]40 8,/e]age pass5g]s !n _h to cook _! own victuals1 wea!r p]mitt+1 at an op5 galley-fire on ! wai/-deck2 444 b 9 any?+ l r\gh wea!r1 all /e]age pass5g]s _h ei!r to run ! *ance ( gett+ con/antly wet ) salt wat] or keep bel[40 ,! 'twe5-decks space allott$ to !m 0 almo/ completely fill$ by r[s ( bunks1 built 9 ea* port by ! %ip's c>p5t]1 9 ?ree ti]s1 "o above ! o!r1 ?\gh ! ceil+ 0 sc>cely sev5 feet f ! floor2 & :5 9 a /ormy "t ! hat*es 7 clos$ ! only way ! cr[d c\ld f9d room 0 by mo/ ( x /[+ itself away 9 ! bunks1 :ile a few tri$ to sit or lie on ! luggage pil$ 9 ! n>r[ aisles4 ,! only light 0 t ( a few c&le or :ale-oil lant]ns1 & 9 a v bad /orm ev]ybody came ne> smo!r+1 = !n x 0 impossible to v5tilate ! /e]age prop]ly )\t flood+ x4 ,consid]+ t all ! provisions = ! /e]age p 7 kept 9 ?is cr[d$1 damp1 & fe>fully close room1 x is m>vel\s t a pe/il5ce did n break out dur+ e voyage1 b1 9 fact1 sickness 0 r>e4 ,! introduction ( /eam into oceanic navigation 0 exp]im5t$ ) z soon z riv] /eamboats 7 successfully built4 ,! fir/ vessel to g across ! ocean by ! aid ( a /eam-eng9e is said to h be5 ! ,savannah4 ,?is vessel1 built 9 ,savannah1 ,ga41 & hav+ a /eam-eng9e & paddle-:eels1 c]ta9ly cross$ to ,liv]pool 9 #ahai2 b x is ass]t$ t %e sail$ all ! way1 us+ h] /eam v little1 if at all1 al?\gh mak+ ! trip 9 tw5ty-two days4 ,9 #ahbe ! ,engli% /eam] ,ent]prise w5t f ,london to ,calcutta2 b x 0 n until "s ye>s lat] t ocean navigation by /eam became successful 9 ! beg9n+ ( op]ations by ! ,cun>d ,company 9 #ahcc4 ,^! fir/ /eam]s 7 side-:eel]s1 & _! huge boil]s & simple eng9es consum$ s mu* fuel t ! space tak5 up by ! coal1 add$ to t devot$ to pass5g]s1 left little room = c>go4 ,moreov]1 _! spe$ 0 less1 (t51 ?an t ( ! 8clipp]s10 s t = "s "t ! sail+-packets ma9ta9$ _! competition4 ,! adoption ( ! screw propell]1 9 place ( ! co/ly & cumb]some side-paddles1 & ! p]fection ( ! comp\nd m>9e eng9e1 :i* effect$ a great sav+ 9 fuel1 soon e/abli%$ ! sup]iority ( /eam navigation = pass5g] s]vice1 fa/ freights1 & s]vice 9 w>1 yet ev5 ^! improvem5ts 7 n fairly br\ght ab\t until ! fir/ half ( ! pres5t c5tury _h gone2 & sails are n yet ab&on$1 n only because !y /eady a vessel 9 a gale1 & may help h] decid$ly :5 ! w9d is fair1 b may save h] altoge!r 9 case ( ! disabl+ ( h] ma*9]y4 ,great modifications & improvem5ts on old models h gr[n out ( ! employm5t ( /eam & ! screw1 & human inv5tion has be5 tax$ to ! utt]mo/ to comb9e economy ( space & exp5se ) ! v>i\s ne$s ( diff]5t climes1 or special c>goes1 or ! dem&s ( a travel+ public t is gr[+ m fa/idi\s e day4 ,! mo/ obvi\s *anges 9 naval con/ruction h be5 9 ! greatly elongat$ hull1 ! enorm\s dim5sions aim$ at1 & ! all b univ]sal employm5t ( iron4 ,:5 ! fir/ /eam%ip cross$ ! ocean ! proportions ( %ips av]ag$ ?ree to five beams 9 l5g?4444 ,b x 0 discov]$ t ) a giv5 p[] & dep? & beam ! l5g? c\ld be increas$ )\t mat]ially affect+ ! spe$1 ?us add+ to ! c>ry+ capacity ( /eam4 ,great l5g? to beam1 h[ev]1 does n necess>ily imply great spe$2 ! spe$ ( beamy vessels has too (t5 be5 demon/rat$4 ,f95ess ( l9es is equally ess5tial1 toge!r ) ! prop] di/ribution ( weights1 & ! l4 ,! great av]age spe$ exhibit$ by ! mod]n /eam%ip is due 9 l>ge "p to ! mom5tum ( su* a va/ weight1 :i*1 once />t$1 has a trem5d\s =ce4 ,long aft] ! transatlantic /eam%ips 7 regul>ly runn+1 sixte5 or sev5te5 days 0 consid]$ a good passage betwe5 ,new ,york & ,liv]pool4 ,!n ! ,inman & ,:ite ,/> l9es began to see ! importance ( fa/] spe$1 & _! rivalry _h cut ?is e/imate 9 two by #ahgj1 & t5 ye>s lat] ! ,guion ,l9e's ,arizona & o!r crack boats took a full day (f t4 ,s9ce !n !re has be5 a /eady improvem5t 9 spe$1 z is %[n by ! table bel[2 & ?is seems to h foll[$ proportionately ! /eady increase 9 l5g?4 ,! %ips ( #ahej nev] rea*$ #cjj feet 9 l5g?1 & few 7 ov] #bcjj tons 9 burd5 measurem5t4 ,by #ahhj almo/ all ! fir/-class 8l9]s0 ( ! _w exce$$ #dej feet1 & "s soon approa*$ #fjj1 z ! ,city ( ,rome 7#ehf feet1 #hhbf tons71 & sev]al ( ! fam\s ,hamburg l9]s1 ,:ite ,/>s1 & ,cun>d]s ne>ly equal$ h] 9 dim5sions 7,p>is & ,new ,york1 #ehj feet ea*2 ,teutonic & ,maje/ic1 #ehb feet72 :ile "s ( ! m rec5t boats are ev5 long]1 z ,campania & ,lucania1 #fbj feet1 & ! gigantic ,kais] ,wilhelm d] ,grosse1 #fdh feet4 ,two o!r %ips1 n[ plann$1 w consid]ably exce$ ?is l5g?4 ,! total numb] ( transatlantic pass5g]-/eam%ips regul>ly sail+ f ,new ,york alone is n[ betwe5 #ij & #ajj1 belong+ to #ad diff]5t l9es4 ,! table ( spe$-records betwe5 ,new ,york & ,que5/[n1 s9ce ! "t 0 r$uc$ to less ?an six days1 is z foll[s3 ,"t4 ,ye>4 ,/eam]4 ,l9e4 ,direction4 ,date4 ,days4 ,h\rs4 ,m94 #ahhb ,alaska ,guion ,ea/w>d ,may #cj #f #b #j to ,june #f #ahia ,maje/ic ,:ite ,/> #e #ah #h #ahia ,teutonic ,:ite ,/> ,we/w>d ,aug4 #ac-ai #e #af #ca #ahib ,p>is ,am]ican ,we/w>d ,aug4 #ad-ai #e #ad #bd #ahic ,campania ,cun>d #e #ab #g #ahid ,lucania ,cun>d ,we/w>d ,sept4 #h-ad #e #h #ch #ahid ,lucania ,cun>d ,ea/w>d ,oct4 #ba-bf #e #g #bc ,! approximate di/ance betwe5 ,s&y ,hook 7light-%ip71 ,new ,york1 & ,que5/[n 7,ro*e's ,po9t7 is #bhjj miles4 ,! fa/e/ day's run on record1 h[ev]1 0 made by ! ,kais] ,wilhelm d] ,grosse1 ( ! ,nord ,deuts*] ,lloyds ,l9e1 av]ag+ #bb4ce knots 7or nautical miles1 ( #fjhj feet ea*7 p] h\r1 equal to ab\t #be l& miles4 ,f ,s&y ,hook to ,que5/[n d$uct #d h\rs #bb m9utes = diff]5ce 9 "t4 ,que5/[n to ,s&y ,hook add #d h\rs #bb m9utes = diff]5ce 9 "t4 ,?is eag] rivalry 9 respect to spe$1 :i* insures n only a l>g] & m influ5tial pass5g] s]vice1 b increas$ bus9ess 9 fa/ freight & 9 ! c>riage ( mail--bo? highly remun]ative--is only "o feature ( ! %>p competition betwe5 ^! ocean c>ri]s z to :i* %all (f] ! greate/ advantages1 & ?is is ( b5efit to ! public1 ?\gh x has n greatly *eap5$ f>es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,emigrant ,,pass5g]s ,,emb>k+ ,,^u ,a ,,transatlantic 8,,l9]40 ,m5 travel f> m n[ ?an !y 7 wont 9 ! "t ( 8good ,que5 ,bess10 or ev5 ( our own gr&fa!rs1 & ! few travel]s = pleasure ( ^? days w\ld sc>cely believe _! eyes if !y c\ld look into ! float+ palaces--almo/ cities--9 :i* we brave old ocean n[4 ,a %ip ( "o ( ! bett] pass5g] l9es is a little _w 9 itself1 conta9+ almo/ all ! appliances ( ! be/ mod]n hotels on %ore1 & r$uc+ ! inevitable inconv5i5ces ( life on %ipbo>d by clev] devices ( e sort4 ,9 ! "o matt] ( v5tilation ! +5uity ( ! build]s is p>ticul>ly tax$4 ,money is sp5t lavi%ly 9 ! f9i%+ & furni%+ ( ^! great %ips1 n to m5tion ! exp5se ( runn+ !m1 :i* sometimes am\nts 9 co/ ( fuel1 food1 & wages to #ejjj a day4 ,! /eam%ip l9es betwe5 ,new ,york & ,great ,brita9 d n /e] /raight across ! ,atlantic1 b on _! way to ?is c\ntry keep well to ! nor?w>d1 s z to get to ! we/ ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 & into ! favorable curr5t fl[+ s\? f ,baff9's ,bay2 !n !y skirt ,newf\ndl&1 ,nova ,scotia1 & ,cape ,cod4 ,go+ ea/1 h[ev]1 ! /eam]s--& sail+-vessels too--keep f>!r s\?1 & "w along ) ! ,gulf ,/ream z f> z !y c4 ,f ,europe to ,s\? ,am]ica1 or ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,magellan on _! way to ! ,s\? ,sea isl&s or ,au/ralia 7?\gh ?is r\te is n (t5 tak571 or to ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! ,am]icas1 vessels keep close d[n ! ,african coa/1 & !n /e] /raight ahead f ,gu9ea to ,brazil1 & on d[n ! ,am]ican coa/4 7,put a map be=e y & y w und]/& ^! c\rses bett]47 ,sail+-vessels to ,europe or ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,cape ,horn1 h[ev]1 w\ld sw+ f> out into ! ,s\? ,atlantic to avoid head+ aga9/ ! s\?w>d coa/-curr5t & to get ! b5efit ( ! s\?we/ trade-w9d & ! equatorial curr5ts4 ,betwe5 ,new ,york & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope ! track is ne>ly /raight4 ,9 ! ,pacific1 ! /eam]-r\te betwe5 ,san ,francisco or ,vanc\v] & ,*9a & ,japan1 in/ead ( be+ z direct z a p>allel ( latitude1 takes a s\!rly c\rse :5 b\nd we/1 & a nor!rly c\rse :5 b\nd ea/1 ! exact l9es v>y+ ) ! seasons z ! prevail+ w9ds & curr5ts *ange4 ,:at ^! w9ds & curr5ts are is expla9$ 9 ano!r *apt]2 b x is int]e/+ to note t !re is a diff]5ce ( _m miles 9 ! ord9>y we/]ly & ea/]ly c\rses1 ! latt] be+ mu* ! %ort]1 al?\gh ! vessels ( ! ,canadian ,pacific ,l9e (t5 sail s f> nor? ) ! ,japan w>m curr5t z to sight ! ,aleutian ,isl&s4 ,sail+-vessels1 moreov]1 curve s mu* f>!r s\? ?an /eam]s 9 go+ we/ f ,san ,francisco1 9 ord] to take advantage ( ! equatorial curr5t & ! trade-w9ds1 t ! space is a ?\s& miles nor? & s\? betwe5 %ips outw>d b\nd & ^? com+ home4 ,betwe5 ,cali=nia & ,honolulu a /eam] takes a bee-l9e1 b sail+-vessels f9d x be/ to make det\rs4 ,9 summ]1 :5 outw>d b\nd1 ?is am\nts to /e]+ /raight nor?w>d until "u latitude =ty degrees1 be=e turn+ we/w>d1 mak+ an angul> c\rse t looks v unnecess>y to a l&sman4 ,illu/ration3 ,a 8,,:aleback0 ,,freight ,,/eam]1 ,,also ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,pass5g] ,,s]vice4 ,i h said t ! f9d+ ( a sea-r\te to ! ,ea/ ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 0 a great boon to we/]n ,europe1 & advanc$ comm]ce4 ,x rema9$ s until )9 ! la/ sev5ty-five ye>s4 ,lately1 ! corsairs be+ out ( ! way1 & safety gu>ante$ 9 ,egypt1 m]*ants & sailors bo? began to wi% !y _h a %ort] r\te betwe5 ,engl& & ,india4 ,!n1 ) imm5se labor & sacrifice1 ! canal 0 cut across ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 & comm]ce return$ to its anci5t *annel ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea1 sav+ ?\s&s ( miles ( we>y di/ance4 ,f ! end ( ! ,r$ ,sea at ,ad51 ! tracks ( /eam]s bo? ways are /raight c\rses to ,bombay or ,ceylon1 & !nce "r up to ,calcutta1 across to ,s+apore1 or d[n to ,au/ralia4 ,except ,ea/ ,african coa/ l9es1 few /eam]s g ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope f ,engl&1 except+ "o l9e to ,s\? ,au/ralia1 :i* /e]s /raight ea/w>d all ! way f ,cape ,t[n to ,adelaide1 #fabe miles4 ,b ! ,indian ,ocean is s situat$ "u ! equator1 is s fill$ ) prevail+ w9ds & curr5ts & c\nt] curr5ts1 t sail+-vessels mu/ take v r\ndab\t c\rses !re1 & c by no means /e] ! same track at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,^! voyages f ,new ,york & ,london to ! ,ea/ are ! longe/ regul> sea-roads4 ,a %ort table ( di/ances betwe5 well-kn[n ports along regul> /eam]-r\tes w be ( int]e/2 & by rev]s+ !m1 or add+ !m toge!r1 ! sail+ di/ance betwe5 almo/ any two ports on ! globe may be calculat$4 ,,miles4 ,acapulco to ,san ,francisco #a1hej ,ad5 to ,bombay #a1fce ,ad5 to ,colombo 7,ceylon7 #b1ajj ,ad5 to ,zanzib> #a1ggj ,auckl& to ,honolulu #c1iae ,auckl& to ,suva 7,fiji7 #a1adj ,cadiz to ,t5]iffe 7,can>ies7 #fih ,cape ,horn to ,rio de ,janeiro #b1cej ,cape ,t[n to ,plym\? 7,eng47 #f1jaf ,cork to ,/4 ,john's 7,n4 ,f47 #a1gcj ,ceylon to ,we/ ,au/ralia #c1cje ,glasg[ to ,new ,york #b1gij ,havre to ,m>t9ique #c1efj ,havre to ,new ,york #c1afj ,hob>t 7,tas47 to ,inv]c>gill 7,n4 ,z47 #icj ,hong ,kong to ,manila #fej ,hong ,kong to ,%anghai #hjj ,hong ,kong to ,yokohama #a1fbj ,lei? 7,scot47 to ,icel& #a1jej ,lisbon via ,dak> 7,w4 ,af47 to ,p]nambuco #c1big ,lisbon to ,cape ,v]d ,isl&s #a1ecg ,liv]pool to ,b>badoes #c1fdf ,lisbon to ,p>a #d1jjj ,liv]pool to ,lisbon #ihc ,liv]pool to ,madeira #a1dcj ,liv]pool to ,new ,orleans #d1gfg ,liv]pool to ,new ,york #c1jeg ,liv]pool to ,p>a #d1jaj ,liv]pool to ,quebec #b1fcd ,m>seilles to ,algi]s #daj ,montevideo to ,magellan ,/rait #a1jgj ,new ,orleans to ,havana #egj ,new ,york to ,colon #a1ihj ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco1 ab\t #ag1jjj ,new ,york1 via ,/4 ,?omas1 to ,p>a #c1acj ,panama to ,san ,francisco #c1bfj ,porto ,rico 7,san ,juan7 to ,havana #a1jcj ,rio de ,janeiro to ,plym\? #d1ida ,san ,francisco to ,honolulu #b1jhj ,san ,francisco to ,yokohama #e1bhj ,%anghai to ,yokohama #a1jcc ,s+apore to ,hong ,kong #a1dcj ,suez to ,ad5 7l5g? ( ,r$ ,sea7 #a1cjh ,suva to ,honolulu #b1ghc ,sydney to ,auckl& #a1bha ,sydney to ,vanc\v] 7,b4 ,c47 #f1ghj ,t5]iffe to ,porto ,rico #b1gij ,trie/e to ,bombay #d1cag ,yokohama to ,honolulu #c1dde ,yokohama to ,san ,francisco #d1gej ,yokohama to ,victoria #d1cbj ,zanzib> to ,bombay #b1djj ,illu/ration3 ,*apt] end decoration %[+ %ips ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,robb]s ,,( ,,! ,,seas ,z ! sea has furni%$ opportunities = s mu* good1--= manly ex]tion1 k ( ! _w1 & acqua9tance ) p outside ( "o's own c\ntry1 & = ga9+ weal?1--s x has giv5 a *ance = unscrupul\s m5 to %[ ! wor/ t is 9 !m2 & ! gu>d+ ( %ore t[ns & m]*ant vessels f piratical attacks has always be5 a "p ( ! usefulness & duty ( a nation's naval =ce4 ,z on l& !re are robb]s & highwaym51 s on ! ocean robb] %ips h (t5 be5 ly+ 9 wait = vessels load$ ) treasure1 & h l&$ crews ( m>aud]s to make havoc ) ri* seabo>d prov9ces4 ,su* robb]s on ! high seas are t]m$ pirates1 & _! crime 0 visit$ by ! old laws ) tortur+ puni%m5ts2 yet !y 7 nev] m d>+ ?an :5 ! laws aga9/ !m 7 sev]e/4 ,! ^w is ,greek1 & ! fir/ pirates :o figure 9 hi/ory are ^? ( ! ,greek & ,byzant9e isl&s & coa/s--bloody ruffians :o orig9at$ ! amus+ me?od ( dispos+ ( unransom$ prison]s by mak+ !m 8walk ! plank10 z has be5 done )9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! intricate *annels & hidd5 h>bors ( ! gean ,sea long rema9$ a hid+-place ( sea-robb]s1 & are /ill haunt$ by !m1 ?\gh e few ye>s1 f ,cs>'s "t till n[1 ! k+s ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntries h s5t exp$itions to break !m up4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury piracy 9 t region 0 especially preval5t4 ,! crews !n 7 *iefly ,turki%1 b ! great lead]s 7 two r5egade ,greeks1 ! bro!rs ,aruck & ,hayrad9 ,b>b>ossa 78,r$be>d074 ,illu/ration3 ,,walk+ ,,! ,,plank4 ,x happ5$ t ,spa91 hav+ conqu]$ ! ,moors ( ,granada 9 #adib & pursu$ h] victories across ! /raits1 _h ga9$ control ( ,alg]ia 7at t "t a collection ( small ,mohamm$an /ates71 & held x until ! dea? ( ,k+ ,f]d9& 9 #aeaf4 ,!n ! ,alg]ians s5t an embassy to ,aruck 7sometimes spell$ ,horuk1 or ,ouradjh7 ,b>b>ossa1 reque/+ him to aid !m 9 driv+ out ! ,spani>ds1 & promis+ him a %>e 9 ! spoils4 ,he eag]ly accept$ ?is proposition1 see+ a great deal m 9 x ?an ! ,alg]ians saw2 & ! mom5t ! ,spani>ds _h be5 beat5 & expell$ he murd]$ ! pr9ce he _h come !re to help1 seiz$ ^u ! city & port = himself1 & made x ! headqu>t]s ( t sy/em ( desp]ate piracy :i* became ! dread ( all ,europe4 ,^! robb]s ( ! sea call$ !mselves corsairs1 f an ,italian ^w signify+ 8a race02 & !y g5]ally won1 because !y _h ! be/ & swifte/ vessels ( t "t1 su* z feluccas1 xebecs1 & ! l4 ,! black flag :i* !y flew 0 n black] ?an _! reputations1 s t ev5 yet to call a man z bad z a ,b>b>y pirate is to mean t he c\ld n be mu* worse if he tri$4 ,! ,spani% colonies 9 ,am]ica1 a few ye>s lat]1 began s5d+ home imm5se treasures dug 9 ! silv]-& gold-m9es ( ,p]u & ,mexico1 & extort$ f ! natives or /ol5 f ! temples ( ^? unhappy c\ntries4 ,a quantity ( +ots & gold & silv] ornam5ts equal 9 value to fifte5 million doll>s ( our mod]n money 0 tak5 at "o "t by ,piz>ro1 9 ,p]u1 z ! ransom ( ! ,inca ,atahualpa1 & booty am\nt+ to a simil> sum 0 ga9$ 9 ! sack+ ( v>i\s cities4 ,?is great inp\r+ ( weal? caus$ a g5]al giv+ up ( manufactures & trade 9 ,spa91 & 0 "o ( ! reasons ( h] f9al decl9e 9 p[]1 & x _h ! imm$iate bad effect ( mak+ piracy m attractive ?an ev]4 ,! treasure-%ips1 ?\gh convoy$ by w>-%ips1 7 (t5 attack$ & captur$ by ! corsairs4 ,b>b>ossa's fleets 7 m l armadas ( a p[]ful nation ?an m]e pirate craft2 & :5ev] x happ5$ t 8 comm&]s 7 defeat$1 !y w\ld l& ^u ! ne>e/ unprotect$ coa/ ( ,spa91 ,france1 or ,italy1 & pillage & burn "s t[n 9 rev5ge4 ,h[ gall+ ?is 0 to all m]*ants & travel]s we c h>dly und]/& 9 ^! days2 b s /rong 7 ! corsairs t ! fleets & armies ( v>i\s gov]nm5ts1 & ev5 ( ! ,pope1 :i* 7 s5t aga9/ !m1 c\ld n ga9 _! /ronghold nor suppress _! cruis]s1 at lea/ = m ?an a %ort "t4 ,*>les ,v ( ,spa9 tri$ greatly to conqu] !m2 b al?\gh 8 =ces1 attack+ ,aruck ,b>b>ossa f ! prov9ce ( ,oran1 ne> ,algi]s1 defeat$ & kill$ him1 ,hayrad9 7m prop]ly spell$ ,khair-ed-d97 ,b>b>ossa succe$$ 8 bro!r1 &1 plac+ himself "u ! protection ( ,turkey1 cont9u$ to build up ! p[] ( ! pirates4 ,8 fir/ c>e 0 to =tify ! city ( ,algi]s1 & he exp5d$ a great deal ( money & labor on ! p]fection ( ! h>bor1 compell+ all 8 prison]s & ?\s&s ( citiz5s to "w z slaves on ! def5ses4 ,next he conqu]$ ,tunis1 & 0 select$ by ! sultan z ! only fit man to sail aga9/ ,&rea ,doria1 ! great ,g5oese naval comm&] ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 _! w>s aga9/ ! ,turks e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,m$it]ranean comm]ce became s unsafe t wat*-t[]s 7 built all along ! coa/s1 & gu>ds 7 kept afoot to give al>m at ! approa* ( ! corsairs4 ,*>les ,v ga!r$ toge!r a p[]ful armam5t1 & sail$ to ! rescue ( ,tunis1 recaptur+ x = its rightful sov]eign 9 #aece2 b he 0 nev] able to capture ,hayrad9 ,b>b>ossa1 :o liv$ out 8 life 9 ,algi]s z 8a fri5d to ! sea & an enemy to all :o sail$ ^u x40 ,aft] 8 "t ! p[] ( ! pirates cont9u$ "u o!r lead]s2 & n ,alg]ia alone1 b ,tripoli1 ,morocco1 & ev5 ,tunis1 h>bor$ piratical vessels 9 e port1 & ! rul]s %>$ _! spoils2 piracy1 inde$1 0 ! s\rce ( _! national rev5ues1 & 0 enc\rag$ by ! ,sultan ( ,turkey inasmu* z all ^! /ates 7 8 vassals4 ,e few ye>s "s ,european p[]--,spa91 ,france1 ,v5ice1 or ,engl&--w\ld lose pati5ce1 s5d a fleet1 & op5 a campaign t w\ld be successful 9 de/roy+ c]ta9 /rongholds1 releas+ a cr[d ( prison]s1 & burn+ or s9k+ _m %ips4 ,! city ( ,algi]s 0 bomb>d$ almo/ into ru9s 9 #afhb1 & ! job complet$ a ye> lat]1 aft] ! ,alg]ians _h toss$ ! ,fr5* consul out to ! fleet1 ) _! complim5ts1 f ! m\? ( a mort>4 ,!y 7 fond ( su* jokes4 ,nev]!less1 ! city spe$ily recov]$1 & piracy1 complicat$ by ,moslem fanaticism & ,turki% politics1 h>ass$ comm]ce dur+ all ! next c5tury1 p>tly because ,europe 0 s busy 9 its own w>s t x _h no "t = outside matt]s1 & p>tly because x 0 = ! advantage ( c]ta9 nations 7p>ticul>ly ( ,great ,brita91 :i*1 9 possession ( ,gibralt> & ,port ,mahon1 might h suppress$ ?is villa9y7 to let ! corsairs prey ^u its foes--especially ,france4 ,! actual result 0 t mo/ or all ( ! ,european p[]s fell into ! cu/om ( pay+ to ,algi]s1 ,tunis1 ,tripoli1 & o!r rul]s ( ! ,b>b>y 7or ,b]b]7 ,/ates l>ge sums ( money z annual tribute to re/ra9 !m f (ficial depr$ations ^u _! coa/s & comm]ce1 besides o!r l>ge paym5ts = ! ransom ( su* ,*ri/ian prison]s z ea* sultan's lively subjects cont9u$ to take 9 spite ( treaties4 ,9 ?is %ameful condition ( affairs ! newly indep5d5t ,unit$ ,/ates 0 oblig$ to jo9 dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( its exi/5ce1 to secure immunity = our comm]ce 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 because we _h n yet _h "t to create a navy4 ,by ! end ( ! c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 able to def5d itself at sea1 & 9 #ahja answ]$ ! insults ( ,tripoli by bomb>d+ its capital seaport until ! dey su$ = m]cy & promis$ to behave himself4 ,nev]!less1 he ne$$ ano!r lesson1 & 9 #ahjc a second ,am]ican fleet 0 s5t to ! ,m$it]ranean1 comm&$ by ,preble1 9 ! ,con/itution1 ) su* subord9ate (fic]s z ,ba9bridge1 ,decatur1 ,som]s1 ,hull1 ,/ew>t1 ,lawr5ce1 & o!rs t lat] became fam\s4 ,"o incid5t ( ?is campaign1 :i* began by fright5+ ! ,sultan ( ,morocco at ,tangi] into abject submission1 b 0 especially direct$ aga9/ ,tripoli1 is well wor? rememb]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,argus0 ,,captur+ ,a ,,tripolitan ,,pirate ,,felucca4 ,capta9 ,ba9bridge1 go+ alone 9 ! f9e frigate ,philadelphia into ! h>bor ( ! city ( ,tripoli1 _h un=tunately run agr\nd1 & !re1 ov]p[]$ by ! numb] ( 8 enemies afloat & a%ore1 _h be5 compell$ to give up 8 %ip1 & f9d himself & all 8 crew tak5 prison]s4 ,he manag$ to get ^w ( 8 mis=tune to ,commodore ,preble at ,malta1 & t (fic] at once took 8 fleet to ,tripoli--,decatur1 9 ! ,argus1 gallantly captur+ on ! way "o ( ! great late5-sail$ piratical crafts ( ! enemy1 :i* lat] prov$ a useful in/rum5t 9 ! conte/4 ,! fleet blockad$ ,tripoli = a :ile1 & %ell$ ! =tifications some:at1 j to give ! ba%aw a h9t1 & to enc\rage ! poor prison]s2 b none ( ! big vessels 0 able to ent] ! n>r[1 tortu\s1 & ill-*>t$ h>bor 9 ! face ( ! _m batt]ies1 "u ^: guns ! ,philadelphia c\ld be se5 at an*or ) ! ,tripolitan flag at h] ma91 s !y sail$ away to ,syracuse to make prep>ations = r$uc+ ?is ne/ ( b>b>ians4 ,gunboats ( light draft & mort>-vessels _h to be fitt$ out2 b ! fir/ ?+ 0 to try to c>ry out a plan t ,decatur & all 8 fri5ds _h be5 matur+ ev] s9ce !y _h arriv$--! de/ruction ( ! ,philadelphia1 n only because %e _h be5 refitt$ into a p[]ful weapon 9 ! h&s ( ! enemy1 b because x 0 gall+ to national z well z naval pride to see h] fly+ a =eign flag4 ,! plan 0 ?is3 ,decatur 0 to take a pick$ crew ( sev5ty (fic]s & m5 on ! captur$ felucca 7r5am$ ,intrepid71 & attempt at night to p5etrate to ! inn] h>bor ( ,tripoli 9 ! disguise ( a trad]1 support$ z well z possible by ! gun-brig ,sir51 also disguis$ z a m]*antman4 ,z 8 pilot 0 an ,italian & a compet5t l+ui/1 x 0 hop$ ! ket* c\ld get ne> en\gh to set fire to ! %ip1 :irl a %ott$ deck-gun into position to s5d a %ell d[n ! ma9 hat* & ?r\gh h] bottom1 fire x1 & escape be=e ! surprise 0 ov]4 ,! *ances ( failure 7 en\gh to daunt ! brave/1 yet e man 9 ! fleet want$ to g4 ,on ,febru>y #ae1 #ahjd1 ,decatur 9 8 felucca1 & ,som]s comm&+ ! brig1 f\nd !mselves1 t[>d ev5+1 aga9 9 sight ( ! t[n1 ) its circle ( =ts cr[n$ by ! fr[n+ ca/le4 ,! great ,philadelphia /ood out 9 bold relief1 closely surr\nd$ by two frigates & m ?an tw5ty gunboats & galleys4 ,f ! ca/le & batt]ies #aae guns c\ld be tra9$ ^u an attack+ =ce1 besides ! fire ( ! vessels1 yet ! bold t>s on ! ,intrepid did n quail4 ,! crew hav+ be5 s5t bel[1 ! pilot ,catalona took ! :eel1 :ile ,decatur /ood beside him1 disguis$ z a common sailor4 ,x 0 n[ n9e o'clock1 & bright moonlight4 ,/&+ /eadily 91 !y r\nd$ to close by ! ,philadelphia1 &1 boldly hail+ h] deck-wat*1 ask$ ! privilege ( moor+ to h] *a9s = ! night1 expla9+ t !y _h lo/ _! an*ors 9 ! late /orm1 & s =?1 until at la/ cons5t 0 giv54 ,hav+ dragg$ !mselves close to ! frigate1 x 0 ! "w ( only a mom5t to bo>d h] ) a ru%1 ov]p[] h] surpris$ crew1 & make sure ( h] de/ruction by means ( ! combu/ibles & p[d] !y _h br\ght ) !m4 ,be=e _! task 0 done1 h[ev]1 !y _h be5 discov]$1 & x is almo/ a miracle t !y 7 able to return to _! felucca1 & make _! way out ( ! h>bor1 ?r\gh a ra9 ( h>mless cannon-balls2 yet !y did s1 & ,decatur 0 ju/ly honor$ = "o ( ! mo/ gallant exploits 9 naval annals4 ,a few weeks lat] ,preble's squadron %ell$ ! pirate city & =tresses into ru91 =c$ ,tripoli z well z ,algi]s & ,tunis to respect !m & !nce=? ! ,am]ican flag1 & gave ^! arrogant rul]s ! new s5sation ( pay+ in/ead ( receiv+ money = bad de$s4 ,x put an end to ! corsairs4 ,turki% & ,b>b>y pirates 7 n ! only ones 9 ! _w1 h[ev]4 ,al?\gh ! old ,norwegian vik+s & r\gh ,norman b>ons did n g "u t "n1 !y 7 sc>cely any?+ else1 9 fact1 z ! neighbor+ peoples c\ld te/ify1 ?\gh ?is 0 f> back be=e mod]n hi/ory began4 ,b :5 ! ,spani>ds & ! ,fr5* began to colonize ! ,we/ ,indies1 & to dig m9es 9 ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 n only 7 ! ,b>b>y corsairs giv5 a fre% inc5tive1 b a new set ( pirates sprang up1 ! mo/ d>+ t ! _w has ev] se54 ,z ! ar*ipelago ea/ ( ,greece _h %elt]$ ! hordes ( ! ,turki% sea-robb]s1 s ! _m isl&s1 crook$ *annels1 reefs unkn[n to all b ! local pilots1 small h>bors1 & abundant food ( ! ,antilles1 made ! ,we/ ,indies ! safe/ place 9 ! _w = pirates to pursue _! "w4 ,to ^! new & wild regions1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 _h flock$ desp]ados & adv5tur]s f all ov] ! _w4 ,:5 ! w>s ) _! *ances ( plund] di$ out aft] ! campaigns l$ by ,corts1 ,piz>ro1 ,balboa1 & ! re/ ( ! ,spani% conqui/adores1 _m ruffians seiz$ ^u vessels by =ce1 or /ole !m1 & turn$ into robb]s ( ! sea4 ,at fir/1 z a rule1 !y _h f>ms & families on "s isl&1 & w5t freeboot+ only a portion ( ! ye>4 ,! isl& ( ,hayti1 or ,santo ,dom+o1 0 !n settl$ by f>m]s1 hunt]s1 & cattlem51 ! la/-nam$ ( :om1 ma9ly ,fr5*1 pass$ mo/ ( _! "t 9 ! int]ior ( ! isl&1 captur+1 h]d+1 or kill+ half-wild cattle & hogs4 ,b ! monopolies :i* ,spa9 impos$ ^u ! coloni/s int]f]$ ) ! m>ket = _! produce & induc$ an illicit trade1 :i* l$ to frequ5t enc\nt]s ) ! ,spani% navy4 ,z ! con/ant w>s betwe5 ,spa9 & ,france & ,engl& increas$ ! difficulties ( trade1 l>ge numb]s ( ! coloni/s jo9$ ! freeboot]s1 :o !n became extremely num]\s & =midable1 los+ _! old "n & becom+ kn[n by t ( ! cattlem5--buccane]s1 f ! ,fr5* ^w b\cani]4 ,fir/ ,santo ,dom+o1 !n ,tortugas1 & f9ally ,jamaica 7 headqu>t]s ( ! buccane]s1 :o 7 made up ( m5 ( all nations1 unit$ by a desire to prey ^u ,spa9 z a common enemy4 ,!y 7 ?\s&s 9 numb]1 possess$ l>ge fleets ( %ips & boats1 7 well arm$1 & f9ally =m$ a regul> organization ) a *ief & "u-(fic]s4 ,! mo/ not$ ( ^! *iefs1 p]haps1 0 ,h5ry ,morgan1 a ,wel%man1 :o 0 at "o "t captur$ & tak5 home to ,engl& = trial4 ,to 8 own surprise1 in/ead ( be+ execut$1 he 0 knight$ by ,*>les ,,ii1 :o _h n be5 at all griev$ at see+ ,spani% comm]ce h>ass$2 & ,morgan 0 return$ to ,jamaica z commission] ( admiralty1 :]e at "o "t he act$ z deputy gov]nor1 us+ 8 opportunity to make x unpleasant = ^? ( ! buccane]s ) :om he _h =m]ly _h disagreem5ts z to ! di/ribution ( prizes4 ,! e>li] buccane]s f\nd ample plund] 9 ! ,spani% fleets4 ,!y patroll$ ! sea 9 ! track ( vessels b\nd to & f ,europe1 & seiz$ !m1 all[+ or compell+ ! crews to become pirates1 or else to be kill$ or c>ri$ into slav]y4 ,?is "w1 h[ev]1 employ$ only a portion ( ! buccane]s2 & e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z ! comm]ce ( ,spa9 decl9$1 x became too unc]ta9 a means ( weal? to suit !m4 ,b ! ri* ,spani% settlem5ts /ill rema9$2 & (t51 !re=e1 !y equipp$ a great fleet1 enli/$ m5 "u c]ta9 /rict rules z to %>+ ! spoils1 & sail$ away to pillage "s coa/4 ,!re 0 h>dly an isl& 9 ! ,we/ ,indies f :i*1 9 ?is way1 !y did n extort imm5se sums ( money "u ?reat ( de/ruction ( ! p4 ,! ma9l& also suff]$ f ! m>aud]s4 ,great cities1 l ,c>tag5a 9 ,v5ezuela1 ,panama on ! ,i/hmus1 ,mrida 9 ,yucatan1 & ,havana 9 ,cuba1 7 attack$ by armies ( buccane]s numb]+ ?\s&s ( m54 ,sometimes _! =tifications held good1 & ! enemy 0 beat5 back2 b soon] or lat] all ^! cities1 & o!rs1 small]1 7 captur$1 robb$ ( ev]y?+ valuable t !y conta9$1 & burn$ or p>tly burn$4 ,= ye>s ! buccane]s 7 ! t]ror ( ! ,c>ibbean region1 & aft] ! fam\s sack+ ( ,panama1 "u ,morgan1 9 #afga1 _! p[] spread across ! ,i/hmus & sc\rg$ ! s\!rn seas4 ,we h no way ( kn[+ ! am\nt ( ! treasure :i* !y captur$ f ! m]*ant vessels & f ! coa/ ( ,p]u2 = ! mom5t !y got home f an exp$ition !y wa/$ all _! booty 9 wild c>\s+1 s t ! spoils e>n$ by mon?s ( exposure1 & w\nds1 & dang] ( dea?1 w\ld be sp5t 9 a s+le week4 ,at la/ ev5 ,engl& & ,france1 aft] secretly favor+ ! buccane]s1 became r\s$ to ! necessity ( controll+ !m1 & x 0 ) ?is object 9 view t a c]ta9 ,capta9 ,william ,kidd 0 fitt$ out at private exp5se t[>d ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & arm$ ) ,k+ ,william's commission = seiz+ pirates & mak+ reprisals1 ,engl& be+ at w> ) ,france4 ,j :y x 01 nobody has expla9$1 b ,capta9 ,kidd sp5t 8 "t 9 loit]+ ar\nd ! coa/ ( ,africa1 :]e no pirates 7 to be f\nd1 until he grew q di%e>t5$1 &1 fe>+ to be dismiss$ by 8 employ]s & to be 8m>k'd out = an unlucky man10 he />t$ a little pirate bus9ess = himself1 9 :i* he ga9$ m ( a c]ta9 k9d ( fame ?an any ( ! re/2 = popul> tradition supposes him to h ho>d$ 8 booty & buri$ x4 8,capta9 ,kidd's treasure0 has be5 s\ght = until ! :ole ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is honeycomb$ ) digg+s = x2 b probably he _h eat5 & drunk x up be=e #agja1 :5 he 0 captur$ & execut$ 9 ,engl&4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 h[ev]1 & )\t 8 valuable aid1 ! comb9$ naval =ces ( all ! nations int]e/$ 9 ! comm]ce ( ! ,new ,_w broke ! p[] ( ! buccane]s1 & _! depr$ations ceas$4 ,_! /ory is "o ( ! wilde/1 mo/ romantic1 & mo/ t]rible 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 8,9 revel & c>\s+ ,we gave ! ,new ,ye> h\s+1 ,) wreckage = our fir+1 ,& rum to he>t's desir+40 ,! trade ( piracy 0 c>ri$ on dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ! region ( ! ,we/ ,indies by unorganiz$ b&s ( desp]ados :o _h all ! faults & none ( ! greatness ( ! m5 !y succe$$1 & :o receiv$ little att5tion f ! _w at l>ge4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,b>at>ia pirates came into notice on ! coa/ ( ,l\isiana1 tak+ ! place ( ! buccane]s1 b 9 a mu* small] way4 ,_! lead]s1 ,pi]re & ,john ,lafitte1 c>ri$ on bus9ess q op5ly 9 ,new ,orleans2 & _! settlem5ts on ! m>%y isl&s along ! coa/1 & _! 8temple10 to :i* p]sons came out f ! city to buy goods1 7 op5 secrets4 ,b 9 ! ,w> ( #ahab1 al?\gh ! ,briti% tri$ to buy _! s]vices1 !y r$eem$ !mselves by /&+ true to ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t1 :i* _h j be5 try+ to ext]m9ate !m1 & s !y won public p>don & an add$ glam\r ( romance4 ,= ! same reasons z ^? 9 ! case ( o!r isl& sy/ems1 ! ,ea/ ,indies h always be5 infe/$ ) pirates1 ^: light1 swift vessels run 9 & out ( ! intricate *annels among ! dang]\s coral reefs1 :]e gov]nm5t cruis]s d>e n foll[1 :ile ! p on %ore sympa?ize m ) ! pirates ?an ) ! police4 ,! ,ea/ ,indian sea-robb]s are1 z a rule1 natives ( t region--,malays1 ,borneans1 ,dyaks1 & ,*9ese1 ) _m half-savages ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s4 ,?is is m l a cont9uance ( savage resi/ance to civilization ?an real piracy1 s9ce ! pirates ( ! ,atlantic are civiliz$ sailors 9 mut9y aga9/ _! own p & national comm]ce4 ,! result is j z bad1 h[ev]2 = ^! ,ea/ ,indians are z blood?ir/y & cruel z ! o!rs1 & if !y d n kill _! victims1 or save !m = "s cannibal fea/ 7z w\ld probably happ5 9 ! ,new ,hebrides & "s o!r isl&s71 !y condemn !m to a life ( mis]y4 ,b 9 ^! days ( improv$ sea-craft1 piracy1 ev5 9 ,malayan wat]s1 is weak4 ,our consuls & gov]nm5t ag5ts wat* suspici\s vessels2 our telegraph w>ns ! naval au?orities 9 a mom5t2 our /eam-cruis]s outspe$ ! swifte/ craft ( ! black flag2 our rifl$ guns sil5ce _! *eap artill]y2 & our coa/ surveys furni% maps s accurate t ! pirate no long] holds ! secret ( *annels & h>bors :]e he c safely retreat4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! old 8,r$be>ds0 %\ld come back to life & try to be k+s ( ! sea1 z !y rejoic$ to be a c\ple ( c5turies ago1 _! pride w\ld soon be humbl$1 & !y w\ld gladly return to _! graves & _! anci5t glory4 ,!re is a =m ( sea-rov+ :i* has be5 at times n v diff]5t f piracy2 x is call$ private]+1 & hi/ory %[s a good _m cases :]e x has deg5]at$ into sea-robb]y pure & simple4 ,a private] is a %ip1 own$ by a private citiz5 or citiz5s1 to :i* au?ority is giv5 by a gov]nm5t to act z an indep5d5t w>-vessel4 ,its commission is call$ a 8lett] ( m>que0 7lettre de m>que 9 ,fr5*71 entitl+ x to 8take1 burn1 & de/roy0 a c]ta9 enemy's prop]ty on ! sea or 9 its ports4 ,x has no "r1 ( c\rse1 to attack any "o else4 ,! object & plea ( ! gov]nm5t issu+ commissions to private]s is t ?us a great _m m arm$ vessels c be s5t afloat ?an ! gov]nm5t has money to equip1 & t consequ5tly f> m damage w be done to ! enemy1 by crippl+ 8 trade & res\rces1 ?an regul> m5-(-w> alone c accompli%4 ,private capital has be5 will+ to take ! risk because rew>d$ by a l>ge %>e ( ! prizes2 & f ! end ( ! fifte5? to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ?is 0 "o ( ! mo/ pr(itable ( m>9e indu/ries1 = !n ne>ly univ]sal w>s made almo/ any capture legitimate4 ,9 ! e>li] times ev5 ! limit$ regulation t came lat] 0 abs5t1 & !re 0 small *oice betwe5 a private] & a pirate4 ,que5 ,elizabe? f\nd ! hundr$s ( private]s :i* %e _h commission$ aga9/ ! ,spani% & ,dut* prey+ ^u h] own p1 & robb+ fi%]m51 coa/]s1 & small %ore t[ns1 to su* an ext5t t %e _h to suppress !m z b&its4 ,^? 7 ! times :5 ,hawk9s c\ld use a royal fleet to wage w> ^u ! ,spani% colonies = private reasons2 & :5 8 able/ lieut5ant1 ,drake1 c\ld make 8 notable j\rney ar\nd ! _w a hi/ory ( robb]y & slaught]4 ,on ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica he sp5t mon?s 9 de/roy+ ,spani% vessels & ravag+ & burn+ settlem5ts2 yet x 0 ?\ght rem>kable1 :5 he return$ f 8 circumnavigation ( ! globe1 t ! ,que5 hesitat$ some:at be=e recogniz+ 8 great a*ievem5ts z a seaman1 = fe> ( complications ) ,spa96 ,illu/ration3 ,,malay ,,pirates ,,attack+ ,a ,,/eam]4 ,spa91 9 ^? days ( fir/ h>ve/ f h] ,am]ican possessions & ! ,ea/ ,indies1 0 ! prey ( ev]ybody on ! high seas able to rob h]1 & =malities 7 joy\sly disreg>d$ by bo? sides4 ,h] galleons c>ri$ preci\s c>goes ( spices1 silks1 & ,ea/ ,india goods ar\nd ! ,cape1 & br\ght silv] +ots & gold b>s f ! ,spani% ,ma94 ,!y 7 usually convoy$ by regul> w>-%ips1 & _h to run ! gantlet ( ! enemy's fleets :5ev] ,spa9 happ5$ to be op5ly at w> ) somebody1 z 0 usually ! case2 & o!rwise mu/ escape buccane]s 9 ,we/ ,indian wat]s1 ,malayan & ,*9ese pirates 9 ! f> ,ea/1 & irregul> sea-rov]s along ! ,we/ ,african coa/1 :ile ! corsairs made ! ,m$it]ranean r\te d\bly dang]\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,paul ,,jones' ,,fight ,,9 ,,! 8,,bon ,,homme ,,ri*>d0 ,,) ,,! 8,,s]apis40 ,! gradual gr[? ( organiz$ navies1 ! developm5t ( int]national law1 & ! increas+ organization ( ! civiliz$ _w g5]ally1 sl[ly tam$ ^! wild practices & r$uc$ private]+ to "s sort ( control4 ,?us ,jean ,b>t1 ! popul> h]o ( ,fr5* naval hi/ory1 :o fl\ri%$ t[>d ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 recogniz$ & support$ by ! ,fr5* mon>* z a free-lance 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 because 8 humble bir? prohibit$ him f tak+ a commission 9 ! regul> navy1 :i* am\nt$ to a sort ( apology = 8 de$s4 ,dur+ ! w>s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ,engl& private]+ 0 ext5sively practis$ on bo? sides1 & 0 ( especial value to ! ,am]icans4 ,congress issu$ private commissions z e>ly z ,m>*1 #aggf1 & ! able/ /atesm5 upheld x z a means ( employ+ ! %ips1 capital1 & ?\s&s ( seam5 t mu/ lie idle :5 ! enemy's cruis]s 7 rang+ ! ocean highways unless p]mitt$ to arm !mselves & assi/ ! gov]nm5t 9 an irregul> w>f>e1 tru/+ to ! value ( _! captures = remun]ation4 ,t ! *ance ( su* rew>d 0 en\gh inducem5t is %[n by ! fact t dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,revolution ne>ly ?ree hundr$ & fifty ,briti% vessels 7 captur$1 *iefly ,we/ ,indiam51 wor?1 ) _! c>goes1 five million doll>s4 ,z ,great ,brita9 did n recognize ! flag ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 n only ^!1 b ev5 our regul> naval (fic]s1 7 reg>d$ by !m z pirates1 r ?an true private]s--,paul ,jones fir/ ( all2 b %e nev] act$ on ?is !ory ) ! sev]ity t w\ld h be5 visit$ ^u true pirates4 ,9 ! naval w>f>e t came lat] betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,france1 private]+ aga9 fl\ri%$1 & 0 a s\rce ( imm5se pr(it to ! pr9cipal seaports :5ce ^! swift1 effective ,yankee vessels 7 despat*$4 ,no less ?an ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five ,am]ican private]s 7 s5t out betwe5 #aghi & #agii1 & swept ! seas almo/ clean ( ! ,fr5* m]*ant flag4 ,!n came ! second w> ) ,great ,brita91 :i* 0 f\ght ov] a "q ( ! sea r ?an ( ! l&1--! "r ( se>* claim$ by ! ,briti%1--& once m ,am]ican & ,briti% private]s sw>m$ ^u ! highways ( comm]ce4 ,( our m]*ant %ips 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 ab\t five hundr$ 7 lo/2 b ?is 0 m ?an paid =1 s9ce our two hundr$ & fifty private]s captur$ or de/roy$1 dur+ ! ?ree ye>s & n9e mon?s ( ! conflict1 no less ?an sixte5 hundr$ ,briti% m]*ant vessels ( all classes4 ,?is disp>ity ( results 0 l>gely due to ! great] numb] ( ,engli% m]*ant vessels1 b is also to be cr$it$ to ! sup]ior spe$ & h&9ess ( ! ,yankee vessels1 mo/ ( :i* 7 8,baltimore clipp]s10 topsail-rigg$ s*oon]s ) rak+ ma/s1 t c\ld outsail & out-manuv] any?+ afloat4 8,!y usually c>ri$ f six to t5 guns1 ) a s+le long "o1 :i* 0 call$ #8,long ,tom1' m\nt$ on a swivel 9 ! c5t]4 ,!y 7 usually mann$ ) fifty p]sons besides (fic]s1 all arm$ ) muskets1 cutlasses1 & bo>d+-pikes40 ,an ,engli% writ]1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,leslie1 is ( ! op9ion t ?is type ( vessel grew out ( models 9 vogue 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 long be=e1 = ! small piratical craft t made ^? wat]s ! t]ror ( travel]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drawn ,,by ,w4 ,,tab]4 ,,engrav$ ,,by ,,h5ry ,,wolf4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,frigate 8,,con/ellation0 ,,ov]haul+ ,,! ,,slav] 8,,cora40 ,^! ,baltimore clipp]s1 too1 enl>g$ & squ>e-rigg$1 b /ill ! fa/e/ ?+s on ! we/]n ocean1 =m$ ! craft ) :i* ! slave-trade 0 cont9u$ betwe5 ,africa & ,am]ica long aft] x _h be5 condemn$ by ! civiliz$ _w4 ,= _m ye>s previ\s to ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 :i* put an end to ! l>g] "p ( ! traffic by de/roy+ its m>ket1 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates kept squadrons patroll+ ! ,african coa/ to arre/ ! slav]s & free _! 8c>goes40 ,:at wild1 wild tales ( ! sea d ^! rem9isc5ces ( piracy1 private]+1 & ! slave-*ase br+ to m9d--tales ( horror1 & yet full ( su* de$s ( d>+ & romance & fi]ce delight z mu/ /ir ! he>t 9 spite ( bra9 & consci5ce6 ,pirates are ?+s ( ! pa/--no m to be fe>$ except 9 a small way 9 ! ,malayan & ,*9ese ar*ipelagoes4 ,! ,african slave-trade is ext9ct1 s f> z %ipm5t across ! ocean is conc]n$1 save :]e1 n[ & !n1 an ,arab dh[ /eals ) its black c>go along ! ,ea/ ,african =el&1 or flits across ! ,gulf ( ,ad5 or ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,private]+ has be5 =bidd5 by int]national treaty among ! l>g] ,european p[]s1 :i* n[ recognize t trade goods1 ev5 ( bellig]5ts1 mu/ be held safe 9 ! %ips ( neutrals 7except articles decl>$ contrab& ( w>71 because ! bus9ess ( ! _w _c /op1 or ev5 be put 9 jeop>dy1 by a qu>rel betwe5 two nations4 ,private]+1 !re=e1 has be5 ab&on$ 9 ,europe z a me?od ( w> s9ce ! treaty ( ,p>is 9 #ahef1 ?\gh ,prussia came pretty ne> x 9 #ahgj1 by organiz+ :at %e call$ a volunte] fleet1 & ,spa9 res]ves ! privilege ( commission+ private]s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h[ev]1 & "s o!r c\ntries ^: policy or ability =bid !m to h a l>ge navy1 w\ld n ent] into ! ,european agreem5t above m5tion$1 mutually to ab/a9 f private]+1 on ! plea t to d s w\ld be to yield ! mo/ p[]ful weapon ( a nation weak 9 naval armam5t & sea comm]ce1 aga9/ any ( _m possible enemies ^: l>ge sea-borne comm]ce w\ld expose x to ! mo/ s]i\s w\nds4 ,9 our ,civil ,w> ! ,presid5t issu$ no lett]s ( m>que1 al?\gh au?oriz$ to d s4 ,x 0 cu/om>y to speak ( ! ,conf$]ate cruis]s ,alabama1 ,%5&oah1 ,florida1 etc41 z private]s1 or ev5 pirates1 & !y actually play$ ! "p ) a success woeful to u ( ! ,nor?1 & to ,great ,brita91 :i* _h to pay = ! damages caus$ by ! ,alabama2 b1 /rictly speak+1 !y 7 nei!r1 because commission$ by a tempor>y b regul> gov]nm5t1 ^: flag might h be5 recogniz$ if its arms _h succe$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,cannon4 ,m lately 7#ahih7 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has ann\nc$ x z its policy to refra9 f private]+1 ?\gh no =mal signature has be5 giv5 to any int]national agreem5t to t effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam ,,ya*t4 8,,halcyon40 ,,s&y ,,hook ,,light-,,%ip4 8,,volunte]40 8,,mayfl[]40 ,a ,,sp9 ,,out ,,to ,,sea4--,,well-,,kn[n ,,ya*ts ,,r\nd+ ,,! ,,s&y ,,hook ,,light-,,%ip4 7,f ! pa9t+ by ,j4 ,o4 ,davidson1 own$ by ,f4 ,a4 ,hammond1 ,esq47 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,ya*t+ ,,& ,,pleasure-,,boat+ ,ya*t is a ^w d]iv$ f ! ,dut* language1 :i* has giv5 to ! ,engli% s _m ( its sea-t]ms1 mean+1 orig9ally1 a fa/ boat1 su* z 0 built = *as+ pirates & smuggl]s1 &1 lat]1 a pleasure-boat4 ,! latt] mean+ alone is n[ kept 9 view by ! ^w1 :i* is prop]ly appli$ to any?+ design$ & us$ = pleasure-sail+1 :e!r mov$ by sails1 /eam1 or electricity4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 :]e ya*t+1 z we n[ und]/& x1 arose1 x 0 n until ab\t #afej t races betwe5 pleasure craft began to be sail$ on ! ,?ames & 9 ! quiet wat]s ab\t ! ,isle ( ,wight1 :ile ! fir/ ya*t-club 0 n =m$ until #agbj 7at ,cork1 9 ,irel&74 ,ev5 !n1 a c5tury elaps$ be=e ya*t+ z a sport attract$ mu* att5tion ev5 among ! ,briti%1 fam\s = _! love ( ! sea4 ,9 #ahab a 8ya*t-club0 0 f\nd$ at ,c[es1 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,x receiv$ a new impetus & became ! 8,royal ,ya*t-,club0 9 #ahag1 ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t hav+ jo9$ x1 & 9 #ahcc 0 aga9 reorganiz$ by ,k+ ,william ,,iii z ! 8,royal ,ya*t ,squadron10 ! designation x be>s to-day4 ,x c>ri$ on races1 or regattas1 z !y soon came to be call$ 7borr[+ f ! ,italians a t]m descriptive ( ! old ,v5etian gondola races71 b all sorts ( cruis+-boats 7 mat*$ aga9/ "o ano!r1 classifi$ by a tonnage rule ) no all[ances = size or any ( ! sy/ems by :i* conte/ants are n[ classifi$ & equaliz$4 ,by ?is "t1 h[ev]1 !re 0 peace on ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 & _m a good seaman 0 free to turn 8 att5tion to enjoy+ & improv+ ! tools ( 8 pr(ession4 ,by ?is "t1 also1 ! ,am]icans _h made great headway z %ip-build]s & seam51 & by rivalry ) ! ,old ,_w = trade1 & by exp]i5ce 9 ! ,newf\ndl& fi%]ies & ! ,we/ ,indies fruit-trade1 _h acquir$ a skill 9 build+ & rigg+ %ips t a/oni%$ ! _w by _! spe$ & wea!rly qualities4 ,x 0 natural t ^! ideas %\ld influ5ce pleasure craft on ?is side ( ! wat]1 z ,great ,brita9's long sea-/ruggles _h influ5c$ its sailors2 & :51 9 #ahdd1 ! ,new ,york ,ya*t-,club 0 f\nd$1 ! conditions 7 favorable = beg9n+ t home developm5t ( ya*t+ z a sport :i* 0 soon to place ! ,am]icans & ,canadians among ! lead+ ya*t+ peoples ( ! _w1 & to lead to ^? int]national te/s ( spe$ t n[adays excite s wide-spread & int5se an int]e/4 ,illu/ration3 8,,am]ica0 7,,z ,,orig9ally ,,rigg$7 ,,& 8,,m>ia40 ,! great prepond]ance 9 numb]s & value ( pleasure-vessels 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 ! numb] ( clubs & club-memb]s1 is due n only to our l>ge population & long coa/-l9e1 b to ! great ext5t ( inl& wat]s furni%$ by our riv]s & int]ior lakes1 & to ! preval5ce ( bays or protect$ lagoons1 su* z ,n>ragansett ,bay1 ! ,great ,s\? ,bay ( ,long ,isl&1 ,new ,york h>bor1 ,delaw>e & ,*esapeake bays1 & ! long s]ies ( 8s\nds0 t bord] ! s\!rn ,atlantic coa/ f ,b>negat to ,biscayne4 ,! ,great ,lakes are bord]$ by ya*t-clubs on bo? sides1 & furni% space & wea!r = q z s]i\s "w z tries ! skill ( ocean navigators1 :ile a hundr$ small] lakes make f9e pleasure-wat]s & excell5t tra9+-gr\nds = fre%-wat] sailors4 ,?\gh ! fir/ regatta 9 ,am]ica 0 sail$ 9 #ahde1 little ov] half a c5tury ago1 ! evolution ( ,am]ican ya*ts began ) ! build+ ( ! sloop ,m>ia by ,rob]t ,l4 ,/ev5s1 "o ( t family ( rem>kable inv5tors1 :o _h already devis$ ! fir/ practical screw-/eam]1 & aft]w>d creat$ ! ,monitor4 ,h] model1 z we le>n f an excell5t article 9 8,! ,c5tury0 = ,july1 #ahhb1 by ,s4 ,g4 ,w4 ,b5jam91 0 sugge/$ by ! l[1 broad1 almo/ flat-bottom$ sloops employ$ to /eal ov] ! %all[s ( ! ,hudson & ! ,s\nd--vessels dep5d+ ^u beam r ?an on balla/ = /ability1 & imitat$ by _m ( our coa/]s1 :i* are s /iff t !y sometimes make outside voyages )\t ei!r c>go or balla/2 b ! ,m>ia _h a long1 %>p1 holl[$ b[1 :5ce %e exp&$ aft1 ) little tap] at ! /]n1 s t h] deck-plan 0 t ( an elongat$ flat-iron4 ,! pr9cipal novelty ab\t h]1 h[ev]1 0 ! use ( two 8c5t]-bo>ds40 ,a c5t]-bo>d is a plate ( wood or metal1 susp5d$1 usually by a corn] pivot1 )9 a %ea? or box 9 ! wai/1 :i* c be let d[n ?r\gh ! keel into ! wat]1 s z to =m an adju/able keel4 ,x is ! mo/ conv5i5t =m ( a v old device = prev5t+ a boat's drift to leew>d1 or t5d5cy to capsize "u ! pressure ( ! w9d4 ,9 e>lie/ times1 a mat 0 hung ov] ! side4 ,lat] ?is 0 replac$ by ! leebo>d1 app>5tly a ,dut* inv5tion1 :i* may /ill be se5 on ! canal b>ges 9 ,holl&1 & :i* 0 a feature ( ! pirogues or p]iaug]s 7%all[ d\ble-end$ sail+-canoes7 t 9 e>ly times =m$ almo/ ! only type ( small sail-boat 9 ,new ,york wat]s4 ,two o!r novel1 =e%ad[+ features possess$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5s' boat1 7 ! use ( rubb] compressors on ! travel] ( ! ma9 boom to ease ! /ra9 ( ! %eet 7rubb] is appli$ 9 _m places ab\t mod]n rigg+71 & ! bolt+ ( lead to ! keel z outside balla/4 ,! ,m>ia ju/ifi$ ! expectations ar\s$ by ^! & o!r novelties 9 hull & rig by beat+ ev]y?+ 9 exi/5ce1 until a ,sw$i% g5tleman 9 ,new ,york con/ruct$ a mu* small] boat1 ! ,coquette1 on v diff]5t l9es1 = al?\gh only sixty-six feet long %e drew t5 feet ( wat]2 & 9 a mat* on ! op5 sea %e beat ! ,m>ia easily1 %[+ ! sup]iority ( ! deep-keel$ model = w9dy wea!r4 ,pr(it+ by ^! exp]i5ces & widely ga!r$ in=mation1 a new design] essay$ ! task ( mak+ a /ill bett] ya*t4 ,?is 0 ,george ,/e]s1 ! son ( a ,briti% naval capta9 & %ip-model]1 :o _h become an ,am]ican naval (fic] & 0 ! fir/ man to take *>ge ( ! ,wa%+ton navy y>d4 ,he built sev]al graceful & fleet-w+$ sloops1 fam\s 9 _! day1 su* z ! ,julia1 ,david ,c>l's ,gracie1 & _m pilot-boats & %ips4 ,8 mo/ celebrat$ production1 h[ev]1 & ! "o :i* gave our ya*tsm5 an int]national reputation & e/abli%$ _! me?od ( pursu+ recreation z ! =emo/ ,am]ican sport1 0 ! ,am]ica1 f :i* ! 8,am]ica ,cup0 races take orig9 & "n4 ,! orig9 0 really accid5tal4 ,:5 ! fir/ ,_w's ,fair 0 to be held at ! ,cry/al ,palace 9 ,london1 "o ( ! att5dant fe/ivities 0 a great national ga!r+ ( ,briti% ya*ts 9 _! favorite h>bor1 ,c[es1 at :i*1 x 0 ann\nc$1 =eign ya*tsm5 7 to be welcome1 especially ,am]icans4 ,9 prep>ation = x1 ,john ,c4 ,/ev5s1 ( ,hobok51 !n ,commodore ( ! ,new ,york ,ya*t-,club1 & "s ( 8 fri5ds1 ord]$ a new ya*t f ,george ,/e]s ) :i* to cross ! ,atlantic & meet ! ,engli% rac]s4 ,?is new boat1 complet$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahea1 & nam$ ,am]ica1 0 s*oon]-rigg$1 b _h rak+ ma/s1 no topsails except a small ma9 gaff1 & only "o jib1 ^: foot 0 lac$ to a boom4 ,su* 0 ! /yle ( ! day2 b lat] %e 0 *ang$ 9 rig s z to c>ry f> m & bigg] sails1 m l ^? ( a mod]n s*oon]-ya*t4 ,! mom5t %e arriv$ 9 ,c[es1 9 ! e>ly summ] ( #ahea1 h] sup]iority 9 spe$ 0 conc$$1 & no ,briti% capta9 w\ld cons5t to meet h]2 b f9ally a mat* 0 extemporiz$1 op5 to all nations1 = :i* a prize 0 (f]$ 9 ! =m ( a cup pres5t$ by ! ,royal ,ya*t ,squadron--n by ! ,que51 z usually said4 ,fifte5 ya*ts respond$1 b none %[$ :at x c\ld d1 = !re 0 little w9d1 & ! cup 0 aw>d$ to ! ,am]ica m 9 g5]al ackn[l$gm5t ( its excell5ce ?an because ( any great p]=mance !re4 ,n mu* importance 0 atta*$ to ! incid5t1 b ! silv] tank>d 0 br\ght home & left to ornam5t ,commodore ,/ev5s' draw+-room until #aheg1 :5 its own]s d$icat$ x to ! purpose ( a p]petual *all5ge cup1 9 *>ge ( ! ,new ,york ,ya*t-,club1 = int]national races "u specifi$ conditions4 ,fifte5 ye>s elaps$1 h[ev]1 be=e ! fir/ conte/ant appe>$4 ,! ,am]ica _h diff]$ prom95tly 9 %ape f all h] oppon5ts at ,c[es1 by hav+ f9e holl[$ b[s & a wide /]n1 in/ead ( ! bluff b[s & n>r[+ aft] "p--! 8cod's head & mack]el's tail0 patt]n--( ,engli% craft2 %e also _h sails t hung v flat in/ead ( belly+ out "u ! w9d z 0 ! =eign /yle4 ,9 ^! directions ,briti% ya*tsm5 saw good1 & tri$ to improve2 b !y w\ld h no?+ to d ) c5t]-bo>ds1 & clung to _! cutt]-rig4 ,we1 on ! o!r h&1 _h ga9$ ideas z to improv+ rig1 especially 9 ! s*oon]s1 & 9 ! be/[al ( balla/1 outside & 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,g4 ,,we/ ,,son1 ,,s\?sea1 ,,engl&4 8,,g5e/a10 8,,t>a10 ,,& 8,,irex0--,,! ,,briti% ,,type ,,( ,,cutt] ,,( #ahhd-he4 8,galatea10 #ahhe1 belong$ to ! same type4 ,at l5g?1 9 #ahgj1 an ,engli% s*oon]1 ! ,cambria1 came ov] to compete = ! cup1 & 0 pitt$ aga9/ a fleet ( crack ya*ts (f ,s&y ,hook2 b aga9 ! w9d 0 s light t ! boats did little m ?an drift4 ,! ,engli%man1 nev]!less1 0 outdrift$ by n9e o!rs1 & ! lead] 0 ! little sloop ,magic1 :i* became ! cu/odian ( ! cup4 ,! next ye>1 h[ev]1 ano!r *all5ge 0 receiv$1 & ! ,briti% keel-ya*t ,livonia appe>$ & 0 defeat$ by ! ,am]ican keel-s*oon] ,sappho1 :i*1 "u a new rule1 _h won h] "r to def5d ! cup by fir/ beat+ 9 prep>atory ocean races all o!r rivals = ! honor4 ,z ?is conte/ 0 betwe5 s+le repres5tative ya*ts1 tri$ 9 five races1 & 9 all sorts ( wea!r1 x 0 a fair & conclusive measure ( comp>ative qualities4 ,! next ya*t to come aft] ! int]national cup 0 ! ,canadian ,c\ntess ( ,duff]91 :i* 0 promptly defeat$ by ! ,magic 9 #ahgf4 ,five ye>s lat] ano!r ,canadian appe>$1 ! ,atalanta1 diff]+ f previ\s conte/ants 9 be+ a s+le-ma/$ c5t]-bo>d ya*t2 b h] rigg+ & f9i% 7 s bad t h] excell5t model c\ld n save h] f defeat 7#ahha7 at ! h&s ( ! elegant iron sloop ,mis*ief :i* _h be5 built especially = ! race1 & _h won h] =emo/ place ?r\gh sev]e trial races1 z be=e4 ,up to ?is "t1 z ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,/eph5s tells u 9 8,! ,c5tury0 = ,augu/1 #ahic1 :5ce _m ( ! portraits ( ^! rac]s h be5 tak51 no pleasure-boats _h be5 built except aft] ! rule ( ?umb--"s practical sailor :ittl$ out a model accord+ to 8 ideas1 & ! build] foll[$ x4 ,sy/ematic design+ 0 unkn[n1 & 444 "o type ( ya*t 0 9 g5]al use1 ! wide1 %oal c5t]-bo>d craft1 ) high trunk cab91 l>ge op5 cockpit1 balla/ all inside 7& ( iron1 or ev5 slag & /one71 & a heavy & clumsy wood5 con/ruction4 ,faulty 9 e way z ?is type has s9ce be5 prov$1 9 ! abs5ce ( any diff]5t /&>d x 0 consid]$ p]fect1 & op5 d\bts 7 express$ ( ! patriotism if n ! sanity ( ! few ,am]ican ya*tsm5 :o1 ab\t #ahgg1 call$ into "q ! m]its ( ! ,am]ican c5t]-bo>d sloop1 & po9t$ out ! oppos+ qualities ( ! ,briti% cutt]--h] non-capsizability1 due to ! use ( lead balla/ outside ( ! hull2 h] spe$ 9 r\gh wat]2 & ! sup]iority ( h] rig bo? 9 proportions & 9 me*anical details4 ,a wordy w>f>e ov] ^! types rag$ = sev]al ye>s1 ga9+ /r5g? ) ! build+ ( ! fir/ true ,engli% cutt]1 ! ,muriel1 9 ,new ,york 9 #ahgh1 & be>+ good fruit a ye> lat] 9 ! laun*+ ( ! ,mis*ief1 an ,am]ican c5t]-bo>d sloop1 b modifi$ 9 accordance ) ! new !ories4 ,! plumb /em1 ! /raight %e]1 & high] free-bo>d1 ) q a %apely ?\gh %ort ov]hang1 sugge/$ ! hull ( ! cutt]1 & ?\gh q wide--ne>ly tw5ty feet on sixty-"o feet wat]-l9e--%e drew ne>ly six feet4 ,ev5 ) h] sloop rig %e 0 a m>k$ dep>ture f ! old] boats ( h] class1 especially z %e 0 built ( iron 9 place ( wood1 & consequ5tly c>ri$ h] balla/1 all lead1 at a v l[ po9t4 ,"o ( ! results ( ?is controv]sy 0 ! s5d+ to ?is c\ntry1 f ,scotl&1 ( a little t5-ton rac+ cutt]1 ! ,madge1 purely to %[ :at capabilities lay 9 8a deep1 n>r[1 lead-keel$ craft ) ! typical cutt] rig40 ,! only ,am]ican able to beat h] 0 ! ,%ad[1 a fam\s ,h]re%(f sloop ( unusual dep?1 & %e did x b once4 ,nev]!less1 ! controv]sy 0 n decid$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! ,briti%]s ?\ght x wor? :ile to try to give u ano!r lesson4 ,9 #ahhd !y laun*$ two big cutt]s1 ,irex & ,g5e/a1 & 9 #ahhe a ?ird1 ,galatea2 & ,sir ,ri*>d ,sutton1 own] ( ,g5e/a1 & ,lieut5ant ,william ,h5n1 ,r4 ,n41 own] ( ,galatea1 *all5g$ = ! ,am]ica ,cup4 ,!n ! "q arose3 ,:at %\ld be done to meet !m8 ,! ,briti% cutt]s diff]$ f ^? previ\sly met1 9 t !y 7 built = rac+1 n = g5]al use--7 8rac+ ma*9es0 in/ead ( cruis+-ya*ts4 ,to meet ?is1 a sci5tific design] ( m>9e vessels1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,c>y ,smi? ( ,new ,york1 0 call$ ^u to produce a mod]ately deep1 c5t]-bo>d1 iron sloop-ya*t on ! l9es ( ! ,mis*ief1 b mu* l>g]1 & he produc$ ! ,priscilla4 ,b :ile %e 0 build+ !re 0 quietly begun ano!r ya*t1 ! ,puritan1 own$ & built 9 ,bo/on f designs by an almo/ unhe>d-( ar*itect1 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,burgess1 :o previ\sly to ?is p]=mance _h be5 r5[n$ only z a /ud5t ( insects6 8,! /\t oak keel ( ! new ,puritan 0 laid ^u a lead keel ( tw5ty-sev5 tons1 c>ri$ d[n into a deep project+ keel2 ! plumb /em1 ! %e]1 & ! long c\nt] sugge/$ ! ,briti% cutt] r ?an ! ,am]ican sloop2 ! draft ( eight feet six in*es 0 greatly 9 excess ( all ( ! old c5t]-bo>d boats1 & ! rig 0 ess5tially t ( ! cutt] r ?an ( ! sloop40 ,a /ruggle decid$ t %e 0 bett] ?an ! ,priscilla1 & 9 ! cup races 9 ,septemb] %e prov$ h]self bett] ?an ! fam\s ,engli% cutt] ,g5e/a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cutt] 8,,muriel10 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,engli% ,,deep-,,draft ,,type ,,( ,,build ,,& ,,rig4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ! ,galatea1 ^: *all5ge _h be5 po/pon$ until #ahhf1 came out1 ! ,puritan _h already be5 di/anc$ by an ,am]ican rival1 ! ,mayfl[]1 practically a l>g] copy ( h]self1 z ,galatea 0 ( ,g5e/a1 &1 !re=e1 a lead-keel$ c5t]-bo>d boat1 hav+ a cutt]-l rig4 ,trial races %[$ t ! ,mayfl[] 0 able to beat all h] beautiful pr$ecessors1 & aga9 ! ,briti% conte/ant 0 oblig$ to take a defeat & leave ! prize 9 ,new ,york4 ,! result ( ?is la/ conte/ 7#ahhf7 0 to cause ,briti% ya*tsm5 to ab&on _! old tonnage rule ( measurem5t & adopt ! f> bett] mod]n "o ( load-l9e & sail-area measurem5t4 ,ano!r *all5ge imm$iately came f ,glasg[1 support$ by a boat nam$ ,?i/le1 built "u ! new rule2 & to oppose x ,mr4 ,burgess built ! ,volunte]1 :i* diff]$ f its pr$ecessors ma9ly 9 increas$ draft & t5d5cy t[>d ! cutt] model4 ,%e easily beat ! ,?i/le1 & ! disc\rag$ =eign]s re/$ = "s ye>s be=e try+ aga9 to wre/ f u ! covet$ trophy4 ,illu/ration3 8,,puritan40 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,photographs ,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,john/on ,,& ,,purviance4 8,,mayfl[]40 ,9 #ahia1 h[ev]1 !re came to ,new ,york1 f ! y>ds ( ! ,h]re%(f ,bro!rs1 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 a new =ty-six-foot ya*t1 :i* soon put ! fame ( ! ,volunte] & all h] glori\s rivals into ! backgr\nd4 ,?is 0 ! ,gloriana1 8rem>kable z a d>+ & orig9al dep>ture f ! accept$ !ories40 ,! radical novelty 9 h] =m consi/$ 9 ! great cutt+ away ( h] bulk "u wat] :ile pres]v+ ! full ext5t ( ! wat]-l9e1 & ! mak+ ( a v deep1 heavily load$ keel1 tru/$ = /ability4 ,h] hull 0 also novel1 consi/+ ( a d\ble sk9 ( ?9 wood on /eel frames1 :ile ! upp] "p ( ! hull project$ excessively at bo? ends4 ,%e 0 ev]y:]e a w9n]1 & 0 imm$iately foll[$ by a small] boat1 ! ,dilemma1 ^: keel 0 an almo/ rectangul> plate ( /eel1 ! balla/1 :i* alone 0 tru/$ = /ability1 be+ 9 ! =m ( a cig>-%ap$ cyl9d] ( lead bolt$ to ! l[] edge ( ! 8f910 z ?is k9d ( keel 0 appropriately /yl$4 ,_m boats ( ?is patt]n 7 soon afloat1 mo/ ( !m highly successful at home & abroad1 & c>ry+ a surpris+ spread ( canvas4 ,! ye> #ahic br\ght ano!r *all5ge = ! cup 9 ! p]son ( ,"l ,dunrav51 sail+ ! ya*t ,valkyrie1 b he 0 met by a new1 well-prov$ ,h]re%(f f9-keel1 ! ,vigilant 7built ( a new alloy--,tob9 bronze71 & h&somely defeat$4 ,! foll[+ season ! ,vigilant w5t to ,engl&1 & f\nd h]self equally ov]mat*$ by ! ,britannia1 own$ by ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 :ile ,valkyrie ,,ii 0 wreck$4 ,9 #ahie ,"l ,dunrav5 s5t a second *all5ge1 back$ by a new ,valkyrie 7,,iii72 & ?is produc$ a fre% ,am]ican conte/ant1 aga9 design$ & built by ! ,h]re%(fs1 nam$ ,def5d]4 ,! races came (f amid int5se public excitem5t1 outside ( ,s&y ,hook1 b 7 mo/ unsatisfactory2 89 ! fir/1 ,def5d] won2 9 ! second1 ,valkyrie 0 disqualifi$ z ! result ( a f\l1 & ,"l ,dunrav5 decl9$ to sail a ?ird40 ,illu/ration3 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,old ,,& ,,new ,,types4 #a4 8,am]ica10 #ahea1 wat]-l9e #ij feet4--#b4 8,cambria10 #ahfh1 wat]-l9e #ajj feet4--#c4 8,magic10 #aheg-fi1 wat]-l9e #gi feet4--#d4 8,sappho10 #ahfg1 wat]-l9e #abj feet4--#e4 8,mis*ief10 #ahgi1 wat]-l9e #fa feet4--#f4 8,puritan10 #ahhe1 wat]-l9e #ha feet4--#g4 8,g5e/a10 #ahhd1 wat]-l9e #ha feet4--#h4 8,?i/le10 #ahhg1 wat]-l9e #hf feet4--#i4 8,volunte]10 #ahhg1 wat]-l9e #he feet4--#aj4 8,gloriana10 #ahia1 wat]-l9e #de feet4--#aa4 8,wasp10 #ahib1 wat]-l9e #df feet4--#ab4 8,el ,*ico10 #ahib1 wat]-l9e #be feet4 ,su* has be5 ! hi/ory ( ?is long s]ies ( races = ! ,am]ica ,cup1 & su* ! developm5t ( its def5d]s2 b :ile !y & _! "w h /imulat$ int]e/ 9 ya*t+ all ov] ! _w1 !y h really n influ5c$ x greatly1 because all ( ! lat] boats compet+ 7 n practical ya*ts1 9 :i* "o might cruise & live afloat1 & enjoy life ) 8 fri5ds1 b 8ma*9es0 9 :i* e quality t5d+ to com=t & safety 0 sacrific$ to ! requirem5ts ( spe$4 ,9 fact1 ! own]s ( ^! 8big boats0 kept small1 h&y1 com=table ya*ts = _! own enjoym5t1 & ! rac]s 7 z a rule sail$ by a skipp] & crew ( pr(essional rac+ sailors4 ,!re are said to be ov] two hundr$ ya*t-clubs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 enroll+ ab\t f\r ?\s& ya*ts1 an eigh? ( :i* are /eam or electric boats1 scatt]$ :]ev] any wat] suitable = ! sport exi/s4 ,) ! lakes & riv]s we h no?+ to d1 except to say t ! ya*tsm5 ( ,montreal & ,quebec are really salt-wat] sailors1 = !y cruise 9 ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce & else:]e at sea z well z _! fell[-sportsm5 ( ,new ,brunswick & ,nova ,scotia4 ,at ! o!r extreme ! ,havana ,ya*t-,club has ,am]ican memb]s :o take _! boats to ! ,we/ ,indies e w9t]4 ,b]muda is ano!r favorite resort1 & ! sc5e ( lively races ) a local1 n>r[ sort ( craft1 call$ a 8fly]10 :i* w beat almo/ any?+ if only x c be kept "r side up4 ,on ! ,pacific coa/1 444 :]ev] !re is a bay t w af=d a h>bor1 & a t[n t w support p1 ! ya*t is us$ z a vehicle ( pleasure4444 ,_m ( ! ,san ,francisco boats are l>ge s*oon]s1 a numb] are p[]ful sea-go+ sloops1 :ile ( small] craft !re is an abundance ( almo/ e type1 al?\gh ! ,new ,york catboat & ! flat-bottom$ %>pie ( ,long ,isl& ,s\nd are seldom met )1 & seem n to be 9 favor4444 ,pacific ya*t]s appreciate ! good po9ts ( ! yawl1 = ! squalls :i* bl[ ov] ! wat]s ( ! we/ coa/ are sudd5 & sev]e1 & no rig meets ^! conditions ( wea!r s well z does ! yawl4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drawn ,,by ,w4 ,,tab] ,,f ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,walt] ,,blackburn4 ,,! ,,newport ,,catboat4 ,! mo/ important & num]\s ya*t+ int]e/ ( ! c\ntry1 h[ev]1 z w\ld be expect$1 is along ! nor!a/]n seabo>d1 :]e1 measur$ by numb]s & ! inve/m5t 9 boats1 :>ves1 club-h\ses1 & equipm5ts g5]ally1 x surpasses any o!r di/rict 9 ! _w4 ,m ?an "o hundr$ clubs exi/ betwe5 ,ma9e & ,philadelphia4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( ya*t z ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,pangborn rem9ds u 9 8,! ,c5tury0 = ,may1 #ahib 01 ( c\rse1 a r[boat ) a sail4444 ,f ! primitive sprit-sail pleasure-boat comes ! ev]-pres5t & univ]sally favor$ c5t]-bo>d catboat1 a type ( ya*t :i*1 = spe$1 h&9ess1 & unsaf5ess1 has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,keel catboats are also built1 b ! typical ,am]ican 8cat0 is ! c5t]-bo>d boat ( light draft1 big beam1 & huge sail4 ,! two objectionable po9ts ab\t boats ( ?is class are _! capsizability1 & _! bad habit ( yaw+ :5 sail+ be=e ! w9d4 ,yet ! cat is ! h&ie/ light-wea!r boat made4 ,x is v fa/1 quick 9 /ays1 & simple 9 rig2 b x c nev] become a fir/-class seawor?y type ( ya*t4 ,x belongs among ! fair-wea!r pleasure-boats4444 ,illu/ration3 ,,rig ,,( ,,! ,,yawl4 ,f ! c5t]-bo>d catboat grew ! jib-&-ma9sail sloop1 a type ( ya*t :i* has always be5 not$ = its great spe$ & g5]al unh&9ess4 ,small ya*ts ( ?is k9d are always rac]s1 & ! int]e/ 9 rac+ is suffici5t to keep !m 9 ! li/s ( popul> boats4 ,9 design !y are l ! catboats1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 _! rig4 ,^! two boats1 ! c5t]-bo>d cat & ! jib-&-ma9sail sloop1 are :at ya*t]s call 8s&bagg]s02 t is to say1 _! balla/ consi/s ( bags ( s& :i* are %ift$ to w9dw>d ) e tack & ?us s]ve to keep ! ya*ts "r side up4 ,a boat balla/$ 9 ?is mann] c c>ry m sail ?an rightly belongs on h] /icks1 b %e _c be v safe or com=table4 ,h] place is 9 ! regatta4 ,x is n beyond ! tru? to ass]t t ! s&bagg]s con/itute probably two fif?s ( ! total ( small ya*ts4 ,!y w nev] cease to be popul>1 = ! reason t spe$ & sport are synonym\s t]ms ) a great _m ya*t]s1 & no "o c d5y t ^! boats1 l ,bro!r ,jasp]'s sun1 8d move40 ,illu/ration3 ,,drawn ,,by ,w4 ,,tab]1 ,,f ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,walt] ,,blackburn4 ,,engrav$ ,,by ,a4 ,,negri4 ,a ,,s&bagg] ,,sloop4 ,pass+ ! s&bagg]s1 ! next popul> & mo/ univ]sally us$ ya*t is ! balla/$ sloop4 ,a sloop may be a c5t]-bo>d boat1 or a keel boat1 or a comb9ation ( bo?4 ,%e has only "o ma/ & c>ries a topma/4 ,h] sails are _m1 &1 l ! cutt]1 %e is p]mitt$ to c>ry cl\ds ( canvas 9 a race4 ,te*nically speak+1 a cutt] diff]s f a sloop only 9 "o po9t1 z ! t]ms 8sloop0 & 8cutt]0 really apply to ! rig ( ! ya*t4 ,! cutt] has a sail set f h] /em to h] ma/head2 ! sloop has n4 ,?is sail is call$ a =e/ay-sail1 & its pres5ce m>ks ! cutt]-rig4 ,! t]m 8cutt]10 h[ev]1 is usually appli$ to ! long1 n>r[1 deep-keel$ vessel1 & has 9 common p>lance gr[n to mean a boat ( t type4 ,x is 9 t s5se t x is g5]ally und]/ood4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ne>ly all ya*t]s :o cruise ab\t 9 summ]1 & especially ^? :o are fond ( spe$y boats1 use ei!r sloops or cutt]s2 & x is rem>kable to see h[ mu* com=t c be f\nd 9 boats ( ^! types1 ev5 :5 q small4444 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,%>pie4 ,! av]age ya*t+ man1 if he be ( t /uff ( :i* good seam5 are made1 soon f9ds 8 *ief delight 9 be+ ma/] ( 8 own vessel4 ,he likes to feel t x is 8 skill1 8 pr[ess1 8 intellect1 t rule ! %ip 9 :i* he sails2 & f9d+ ?is complete ma/]y ( ! vessel to be impossible abo>d a big boat1 he longs = "o :i* he c h&le alone4 ,?is indep5d5t & sportsmanlike in/9ct ( ! ,am]ican ya*t] has culm9at$ 9 a lik+ = c]ta9 classes ( v small boats1--8s+le-h&]s0 !y are call$1--& ?is lik+ has giv5 impetus to ! build+ ( "s little vessels :i* are really m>vels 9 _! way4 ,simplicity & h&9ess ( rig h be5 consid]$ 9 _! con/ruction1 & ?is has l$ 9 _m cases to ! adoption ( :at is kn[n z ! yawl /yle1 a rig :i* = safety & conv5i5ce has nev] be5 surpass$ by any o!r4 ,! yawl is really a s*oon] ) v small ma9sail4 ,= small cruis+-ya*ts x is an excell5t rig1 & pref]able to ! cat rig4 ,cat-yawls are also 9 use2 !y are m]ely yawls )\t jibs4 ,) su* rigs z ^! a ya*t] c g alone ^u ! wat] )\t fe> ( tr\ble & ) no ne$ ( assi/ance4 ,naturally1 ) m5 ( mod]ate means :o love ! wat]1 ^! small s+le-h&]s h become v popul>4 ,"s ( !m are n ov] sixte5 feet long1 yet ! solit>y skipp]-crew-&-cook1 all 9 "o1 ( su* a boat f9ds 9 8 ya*t com=table sleep+-qu>t]s1 cook-/ove1 d9n]-table1 & all necess>y 8fix+s40 ,! +5uity display$ 9 fitt+ out ! cab9s ( ^! little boats is q rem>kable4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,buckeye4 ,( ! _m nondescript rigs :i* are appli$ to small ya*ts1 two are 9 common use4 ,"o ( ^! is ! %>pie1 a simple leg-o'-mutton rig us$ ) flat-bottom$ boats4 ,l>ge %>pies h be5 built ) f9e cab9 accommodations1 & su* boats are p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! %oal wat]s ( ! ,s\?4 ,!y are fa/ sail]s1 b ow+ to _! long1 n>r[ bodies & light draft1 are n always tru/wor?y4 ,!y are *eap] to build ?an boats ( o!r designs4444 ,buckeyes are favor$ only 9 ! ,s\?4 ,orig9ally ! buckeye 0 a log holl[$ out & %ap$ into a boat1 & 0 us$ by ! negroes4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 buckeyes are built ^u c>efully drawn plans1 & _m ( !m are excell5t vessels4 ,!y are common on ! coa/ wat]s s\? ( ! ,delaw>e ,bay1 & are us$ *iefly = hunt+-boats1 _! *eapness1 h&9ess1 & room9ess r5d]+ !m useful to ! sportsman4 ,a true buckeye is a d\ble-end]1 b "s l>ge ones h be5 built ) an ov]hang /]n1 :i* de/roys ! ideal & creates a new k9d ( craft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old-,,/yle ,,pirogue ,,) ,,leebo>d4 ,a few ye>s ago ! sail+ public 0 surpris$ by ! appe>ance ^u ! wat]s ( a spid]-l contrivance :i* its fri5ds said 0 a 8catam>an40 ,?is new claimant = ya*t+ favor 0 l ! raft ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s only 9 "n2 9 fact1 x 0 n a catam>an at all1 b a new device = rac+ ov] ! wat] by means ( sails4 ,wond]ful feats 7 pr$ict$ = ! future ( ! catam>an1 & x c]ta9ly did accompli% some?+2 b aft] a long & fair trial 7= ! ya*t]1 no matt] h[ bigot$ he may be1 w always try a new boat7 x 0 disc>d$ z a useless1 dang]\s1 & decid$ly unsatisfactory k9d ( craft4444 ,leav+ ! discussion ( ! odds & ends ( ya*t /yles1 we come1 by natural progress1 to a type :i* is de/9$ to great] popul>ity z "t goes on1 & ya*t]s le>n ! ways ( ! sea & ! be/ me?ods ( deal+ ) !m4 ,al?\gh ! s*oon] is g5]ally deem$ a big ya*t1 x is nev]!less a fact t small s*oon]s are desirable boats to h1 & t ! numb] ( s*oon]s ( small tonnage is increas+4 ,!re is no d5y+ ! advantage ( ! s*oon]'s rig ov] t ( ! sloop4 ,a s*oon] ( =ty feet is h&i]1 saf]1 & less exp5sive to run ?an a =ty-foot sloop4 ,! rig ( ! s*oon] is peculi>ly adapt$ to all wea!rs1 & a small crew c h&le su* a vessel ) ease1 :5 to manage a sloop ( equal size w\ld require ! be/ ef=ts ( 8all h&s & ! cook40 ,! reason = ?is is t ! s*oon]'s sails c be att5d$ to "o at a "t1 :i* is n ! case ) ! big-ma9sail sloop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,a ,,photograph ,,by ,,walt] ,,blackburn4 ,,ya*ts ,,wait+ ,,= ,a ,,breeze4 ,x is ! small ya*t] ,mr4 ,pangborn decl>es 9 conclusion :o gives to ! sport its wide popul>ity1 & makes ya*t+ s univ]sally lov$ by m5 :o are fond ( aquatic pleasur+4 ,! small ya*t] is ev]y:]e ^u ! wat]s4 ,f ! coa/ ( ,ma9e1 f ! %ores ( ! h>bor ( ! ,gold5 ,gate1 f ! bea*es ( ! ,atlantic seabo>d1 & f ! bord]s ( ! inl& lakes1 he c be se51 all summ] long1 sail+ ab\t 9 8 little vessel1 & enjoy+ 9 all its fullness ! excitem5t & delight ( ?is mo/ noble & heal?-giv+ sport4 ,) a pluck & en]gy t m>k ! true lov] ( ! sea1 & a tact & skill t bespeak ! real sailor1 he h&les 8 little craft1 9 fair wea!r & 9 f\l1 9 a mann] t leaves no room = d\bt z to its fitness = ! "w :i* he is do+2 =1 :e!r he sail alone1 or ) ! help ( 8 fri5ds1 or t ( a hir$ man to run 8 boat1 he is always ! ma/] ( 8 vessel1--:i* is seldom ! case ) ! proprietor ( ! big boat1--& is 9 reality a 8ya*tsman0 "u all circum/ances1 at all times1 & 9 all wea!rs4 ,he mu/ be cool-head$ & calm 9 times ( p]il1 affable & c\rte\s on all social occasions1 & g5]\s & prompt to respond to all calls ^u 8 c\rage--9 brief1 a g5tleman4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,adl]0 ,,plung+ ,,t[>d ,,! ,,reef ,,at ,,samoa4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,dang]s ,,( ,,! ,,deep ,nei!r %ips ( ! /an*e/ /eel1 nor seam5 h[ev] skilful1 nor pilots nev] s kn[+1 c :olly avoid ! dang]s ( a seaf>+ life4 ,exp]i5ce 9 read+ ! signs ( ! ocean & ( ! skies1 surveyors' *>ts ( coa/s & h>bors1 add$ to ! appliances ( p[]ful mod]n ma*9]y1 h less5$ ! p]ils1 x is true1 s9ce ! old times2 yet ev5 n[ %ips sail pr\dly out ( sunny hav5s1 _! topsails wat*$ by lov+ eyes till !y disappe> at sunset1 & are nev] se5 aga94 ,on a calm day 9 #aghb ! great hundr$-gun l9e-(-battle-%ip ,royal ,george sank at h] an*ors 9 ! h>bor ( ,spi!ad1 c>ry+ d[n almo/ a ?\s& s\ls2 ?irty ye>s ago ! ,capta91 !n "o ( ! f9e/ ( ,engl&'s /eam turret-%ips1 capsiz$ at sea1 & n a man surviv$4 ,ea* ( ^! vessels 0 p]haps ! be/ ( its k9d 9 ! _w4 ,no bett] navigators exi/ ?an naval (fic]s1 yet !y ran ! hi/oric old /eam-frigate ,ke>s>ge on ,roncador ,reef1 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 9 broad daylight1 & left h] !re a total wreck4 ,n a ye> passes t does n record "s dire calamity on ! ocean1 & _m less] accid5ts4 ,! wild oceanic /orms are responsible = few] ( ^! ?an any?+ else--,i mean ! m]e p[] ( w9d & waves 9 ! op5 sea4 ,:5 a capta9 has sea-room1 & kn[s 9 advance1 z he almo/ always may1 ( ! com+ ( a /orm1 s t he c make ev]y?+ snug1 ! loss ( 8 vessel1 or ev5 s]i\s damage to h]1 is n common4 ,yet ! m]e viol5ce ( ! gale has ov]turn$1 beat5 d[n1 & ext+ui%$ ! great] "p ( ! ,newf\ndl& fi%+-fleet aga9 & aga91 & d\btless _m ( ! %ips t are record$ z 8miss+0 h be5 sunk simply by ov]:elm+ waves4 ,c]ta9 r>e & extraord9>y mi%aps nev]!less may meet a vessel 9 ! op5 ocean4 ,"o ( ^! is a /roke ( lightn+1 p[]ful en\gh to set a %ip on fire 9 spite ( h] lightn+-rods1 & su* a fire is likely nev] to be qu5*$4 ,ano!r extraord9>y occurr5ce w\ld be an ov]:elm+ wat]sp\t1 su* z n infrequ5tly is se5 9 ! tropics1 especially along ! ,*9ese coa/1 :]e x (t5 plays havoc ) fi%+ junks4 ,a ?ird unusual1 yet possible1 p]il is ! meet+ ) ^? waves ( sudd5 & extraord9>y size & volume :i* sometimes engulf vessels 9 /orms t o!rwise might be safely wea!r$1 or are surm\nt$ only by a miracle1 z x 74 ,^! are said to be produc$ 9 "s cyclones1 z "o ( ! effects ( t :irl+ =m ( /orm1 & are (t5 call$ tidal waves1 b ! tide has no?+ to d ) _! =mation or progress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 8,,oneida0 ,,aft] ,,collision ,,) ,a ,,/eam%ip4 ,to say t a %ip 9 mid-ocean might be de/roy$ by an e>?quake seems p>adoxical & absurd1 yet x is true4 ,:5ev] a subt]ranean convulsion occurs b5ea? or at ! edge ( ! sea1 ! wat] w be agitat$ 9 proportion to its =ce4 ,/rike a tub ( wat] a g5tle tap & see h[ its liquid cont5ts %iv] & ripple4 ,wat* a railway tra9 runn+ at ! edge ( a body ( wat]1 & obs]ve h[ ! wat] trembles "u ! p]cussion ( ! :eels ^u ! gr\nd4 ,e>?quake %ocks give rise sometimes to great di/urbances1 ei!r by a direct j> to ! wat]1 or by sett+ 9 motion waves ^: roll+ does damage1 especially 9 conf9$ h>bors4 ,sometimes a port w be sudd5ly invad$ by a wave1 ! cause ( :i* 0 an e>?quake1 :i* rolls 9 upre>$ l a wall1 & c>ries dea? & de/ruction 9 its c\rse4 ,! pr9cipal port ( ! isl& ( ,/4 ,?omas1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 0 once deva/at$ by ?is means4 ,! incom+ wave is said to h be5 ov] =ty feet high1 & broke inl&1 de/roy+ mu* prop]ty & caus+ _m dea?s4 8,s trem5d\s 0 ?is break] t x l&$ a l>ge vessel on a hillside half a mile f ! h>bor40 ,su* cata/rophes are n uncommon 9 volcanic di/ricts1 :]e ! ocean retorts ) t]rible v5geance :5 x is /ruck by ! l&4 ,t appall+ explosion 9 #ahhc ( ,krakatoa1 9 ! ,/rait ( ,sunda1 0 foll[$ on neighbor+ coa/s by a s]ies ( va/ bill[s t roll$ inl&1 delug+ a wide ext5t ( %ore1 sweep+ away ov] #aej villages1 & cru%+ or dr[n+ m ?an #cj1jjj p]sons4 ,)9 a few ye>s ! coa/s ( nor!rn ,japan h be5 inundat$ repeat$ly by e>?quake waves ) simil> dire calamities1 & !y are likely to occur aga94 ,n[ & !n e>?quakes are felt ev5 9 ! op5 sea1 f> f l&4 ,?us1 ,capta9 ,lecky1 a sci5tific writ] ^u ! sea1 tells u t 9 "o in/ance :]e he 0 pres5t1 ! ink/& ^u ! capta9's table 0 j]k$ upw>d aga9/ ! ceil+1 :]e x left an unmi/akable record ( ! occurr5ce2 & yet ?is vessel 0 /eam+ along 9 smoo? wat]1 _m hundr$s ( fa?oms deep4 8,! concussions10 he says1 87 s sm>t t pass5g]s 7 %ak5 (f _! seats1 &1 ( c\rse1 ?\ght t ! vessel _h run a%ore40 ,all ?is di/urbance 01 nev]!less1 only ! result ( a %ock at ! bottom2 & :5 ! non-ela/ic nature ( wat] is consid]$1 ! sev]ity ( ! j> is n surpris+4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh 9 ! va/ bread? ( ! 8_w ( wat]s10 & ) no?+ to ob/ruct ! view1 two %ips might easily give "o ano!r a wide b]?2 yet a collision is "o ( ! ev]-pres5t dang]s ( voyag+1 ev5 f> f l&4 ,x is to avoid ?is p]il t all ! m>itime nations h agre$ ^u c]ta9 signals1 & 8rules ( ! road0 :i* are ! same 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & )\t :i* x w\ld n[ be almo/ impossible to c>ry on comm]ce or travel on ! wat]4 ,! rules ( ! road say t :5 two vessels are approa*+ "o ano!r1 head on1 ea* %all turn (f to ! "r f> en\gh to avoid ! o!r2 t :5 two vessels are cross+ "o ano!r's c\rses1 ! "o :i* has ! o!r on h] />bo>d 7"r h&7 mu/ turn to />bo>d 7! "r71 & g beh9d ! o!r vessel1 :ile ! latt] cont9ues along h] c\rse2 & t a /eam vessel mu/ always get out ( ! way ( a sail+ vessel1 "o at an*or or disabl$1 or a vessel ) ano!r 9 t[4 ,x is presum$ t e %ip w keep a %>p look\t1 & t 9 ! daytime two approa*+ %ips w see ea* o!r 9 "t to keep safely ap>t2 b 9 ! d>kness ( night none c\ld be safe unless all c>ri$ lights by :i* ! position & "* ( ea* c\ld be det]m9$4 ,9 anci5t times ?is matt] ( lights at sea 0 a mu* m tr\blesome "o ?an n[4 ,we "k t ! ,roman navy manag$ x someh[1 & _h me?ods ( signal+ by lant]ns & tor*es4 ,9 m$ieval & e>ly times1 say up to a c\ple ( c5turies ago1 a %ip's lights 7 a mu* m conspicu\s & bo!rsome "p ( h] ?an n[1 :51 inde$1 electricity has simplifi$ z well z p]fect$ signal+ z mu* z x has b5efit$ g5]al illum9ation on %ip's bo>d4 ,9 su* %ips z ^? ( ! ,armada1 & long aft]w>d1 ?ree huge lant]ns made ( ornam5tal iron-"w1 sometimes l>ge en\gh to enable a man to move ab\t inside !m1 surm\nt$ ! elevat$ aft]-qu>t]2 & ^! 7 fill$ ) doz5s ( great c&les4 ,h[ important c&les 7 9 ! /ores ( "o ( ^! old %ips is %[n by ! fact t we /ill call a m]*ant :o outfits vessels a %ip-*&l]4 ,regul> rules 7 =mulat$ = judg+ ( a %ip's position & movem5ts1 & h[ y ought to /e] by ! way ^! beacons gr\p$ !mselves4 ,! introduction ( :ale oil gradually sup]s$$ c&les & z ! sp]m-lamp did n require a glass h\se1 small] lant]ns took ! place ( ! big ones1 until f9ally1 by aid ( l5ses1 reflectors1 & k]os5e1 & /ill m lately by ! use ( electricity1 %ip's lights h become ! small1 h&y1 & p[]ful ones !y are to-day4 ,! pres5t rules z to lights are ^!--us+ ! language ( a ,unit$ ,/ates navy (fic]1 ,lieut4 ,john ,m4 ,ellicott1 :o has writt5 _m in/ructive & ent]ta9+ essays on sea-affairs3 ,:5 y face t[>d a %ip's b[ ! side at y\r "r h& is call$ ! />bo>d side1 & ! side at y\r left h& is call$ ! port side4 ,on h] />bo>d side a %ip c>ries at night a gre5 light1 & x is s %ut 9 by ! two sides ( a box t x _c be se5 f ! port side or f beh9d4 ,on h] port side %e c>ries a r$ light1 & x is s %ut 9 t x _c be se5 f ! />bo>d side or f beh9d4 ,if ! %ip is a /eam%ip %e c>ries a big :ite light at h] =ema/-head1 b if %e is a sail+ vessel %e does n4 ,?is :ite ma/head light c be se5 f all ar\nd except f beh9d4444 ,x is = ! r$ & gre5 lights1 commonly kn[n z ! side lights1 t ! (fic] ( ! deck mo/ int5tly wat*es 7:5 ! look\t w>ns him t lights are 9 sight71 = by !m he c tell :i* way ! vessel is go+4 ,if h] r$ light %[s1 he kn[s t h] port side is t[>d him & %e is cross+ to 8 left2 if x is h] gre5 light1 h] />bo>d side is t[>d him & %e is cross+ to 8 "r2 b if bo? ! r$ & gre5 are %[+1 %e is head+ /raight 9 8 direction4444 ,if a vessel has ano!r vessel 9 t[1 %e c>ries two ma/head lights in/ead ( "o2 & :5 a vessel is at an*or %e has no side lights or ma/head light1 b a s+le :ite light made fa/ to a /ay :]e x c be se5 f all ar\nd h]4 ,9 riv]s & cr[d$ h>bors x is (t5 impossible to foll[ ! rules ( ! road2 & sometimes ev5 at sea ! (fic] ( ! deck ( "o vessel discov]s t ! o!r is n he$+ ! rules4 ,!n ! /eam-:i/le is us$ to tell ! o!r vessel :at ! fir/ is do+4 ,?us1 "o :i/le means 8,i am go+ to ! "r02 two :i/les mean 8,i am go+ to ! left02 & ?ree :i/les mean 8,i am back+02 :ile a s]ies ( %ort toots means 8,look out = y\rself2 get out ( ! way60 ,!re is "o class ( vessels :i* is mo/ annoy+ to ^? :o direct ! c\rse ( l>ge /eam]s4 ,^! are small fi%+-vessels4 ,on ! ,gr& ,banks ( ,newf\ndl&1 on ! coa/ ( ,spa91 & on ! coa/s ( ,*9a & ,japan big fleets ( ^! little vessels are f\nd at all times4 ,!y %[ no lights at night1 pref]r+ to save ! exp5se ( oil1 & take _! *ances ( be+ s5t to ! bottom2 b :5 !y see a big %ip ru%+ d[n ^u !m1 !y light a tor* & fl>e x ab\t4 ,(t5 !y pay = _! folly ) _! lives4 ,! tor* is se5 too late1 or n se5 at all1 & ! great iron b[ ( ! /eam%ip cru%es into ! frail little craft1 p]haps cutt+ h] clean 9 two2 & ! unhappy fi%]m5 s9k into ! foam+ wake ( ! *urn+ propell]s1 leav+ n a s\l to tell _! wives :at became ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,electric-,,light ,,signals ,,at ,,sea3 ,,ardois ,,sy/em4 ,signal+ ) lights is pr9cipally ( use to m5-(-w>1 :]e1 also1 lant]ns hung 9 ! rigg+ 9 a p>ticul> ord] h a def9ite significance4 ,= long-di/ance signal+ ! be/ sy/em is t inv5t$ by ,lieut5ant ,v1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,^! night-signals 8consi/ ( a :ite1 a r$1 & a gre5 />1 ea* fir$ into ! air f a pi/ol1 s t by fir+ "o1 two1 or ?ree ( !m 9 quick succession & 9 diff]5t ord]s1 ) a pause betwe5 ! gr\ps1 diff]5t lett]s or signal numb]s c be made until a s5t5ce is complete40 ,!y c be easily read f vessels twelve miles away4 ,= ne>] "w ! sy/em ( ! ,spani% navy (fic]1 ,ardois1 :i* consi/s 9 fla%+ & ext+ui%+1 by means ( a swit*bo>d on deck1 a s]ies ( r$ & :ite electric lamps 9 ! rigg+1 s]ves v well2 & close at h& a signal-man waves an inc&esc5t electric bulb by night z he w\ld a flag by day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,v0 ,,rocket-,,signal ,,at ,,sea4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 :5 ! l& is approa*$ t ! sailor's p]ils become m5ac+4 ,"h ,old ,neptune is /ill a mat* = u :5 he ass]ts himself4 ,nev]!less1 we mu/ g ^u ! re/less wat]s1 & mu/ risk a conte/ ) _! p[] along ! coa/s1 :]e ! ocean's l9e ( battle may be said to be4 ,!re=e1 e ef=t has always be5 made by m5 on l& to be ( aid to _! bre?r5 at sea by erect+ beacons to guide !m by night z well z by day1 by m>k+ ! *annels1 s t hidd5 %oals1 rocks1 & ob/ructions may be avoid$1 & by contrivances to save life & prop]ty :5 ! fury ( ! gale r5d]s seaman%ip futile1 & ! noble %ip is ca/ away 9 ! surf ?und]+ on "s wild %ore1 to break up 9 a few h\rs4 ,:at c\ld be m humiliat+ to our pride1 z well z t]rify+ to our he>ts1 ?an su* a sc5e z t at ,samoa1 9 #ahhi1 :5 a :ole fleet ( %ips1 includ+ p[]ful m5-(-w>1 0 wreck$ :ile at an*or 9 ! beautiful h>bor ( ,apia4 ,( small use1 !n1 7 all _! *>ts & ligh?\ses1 buoys & breakwat]s6 ,! di/urb$ /ate ( affairs 9 ,samoa caus$ ! assemblage !re1 dur+ ,m>*1 #ahhi1 ( ?ree small ,g]man m5-(-w>1 ,adl]1 ,olga1 & ,eb]1 ! ,briti% corvette ,calliope1 & ! ,am]ican /eam%ips ,tr5ton1 ,v&alia & ,nipsic4 ,! ,tr5ton1 ,capta9 ,f>quh>1 0 "o ( our l>ge/ w>-%ips at t "t1 & ! flag%ip ( ,re>-,admiral ,kimb]ley2 ! ,v&alia1 ,capta9 ,s*oonmak]1 0 some:at small]1 & ! ,nipsic1 ,comm&] ,mullan1 0 /ill less 9 size4 ,on ,m>* #ae a hurricane demoli%$ ! :ole ( ?is fleet1 except "o1 & t5 m]*ant vessels besides1 & caus$ ! loss ( ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty lives4 ,x is an extraord9>y /ory1 :i* has be5 fully relat$ by ,mr4 ,john ,p4 ,dunn+1 f ^: article 9 8,/4 ,ni*olas0 = ,febru>y1 #ahij1 ! accompany+ facts & illu/rations are drawn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,calliope0 ,,escap+ ,,f ,,apia ,,h>bor4 ,! h>bor 9 :i* ! disa/] occurr$ is a small semicircul> bay1 ar\nd ! inn] side ( :i* lies ! t[n ( ,apia4 ,a coral reef1 visible at l[ wat]1 ext5ds 9 front ( ! h>bor f ! ea/]n to ! we/]n extremity1 a di/ance ( ne>ly two miles4 ,a break 9 ?is reef1 probably a qu>t] ( a mile wide1 =ms a gateway to ! h>bor4 ,! space )9 ! bay :]e %ips c lie at an*or is v small1 z a %oal ext5ds "s di/ance out f ! ea/]n %ore1 & on ! o!r side ano!r coral reef runs well out into ! bay4 ,! w>-vessels 7 an*or$ 9 ! deep wat] 9 front ( ! ,am]ican consulate4 ,! ,eb] & ,nipsic 7 ne>e/ ! %ore4 ,!re 7 t5 or twelve sail+-vessels1 pr9cipally small s*oon]s ly+ 9 ! %all[ wat] we/ ( ! m5-(-w>4 ,! /orm 0 prec$$ by sev]al weeks ( bad wea!r1 & on ,friday1 ,m>* #ae1 ! w9d increas$ & !re 0 e indication ( a h>d bl[4 ,! w>-%ips made prep>ation = x by l[]+ topma/s & mak+ all ! sp>s secure1 & /eam 0 also rais$ to gu>d aga9/ ! possibility ( ! an*ors n hold+4 ,! w9d rose to a hurricane & 0 accompani$ by heavy1 w9d-driv5 ra91 & :5 t[>d morn+ x became evid5t t "s small] %ips 7 already a%ore1 & t ! w>-%ips 7 dragg+ _! an*ors 9 spite ( e ef=t1 ! :ole t[n 0 awake1 & mu* ( x d[n by ! bea* seek+ :at %elt] x c\ld f ! sleet-l bla/4 ,?is night ( horror gradually light5$ into dawn1 :5 x 0 se5 t all ! w>-%ips _h be5 swept f _! =m] moor+s & 7 be>+ d[n t[>d ! inn] reef4 ,! decks sw>m$ ) m5 cl++ to any?+ af=d+ a hold4 ,! hulls ( ! %ips 7 toss+ ab\t l corks1 & ! decks 7 be+ delug$ ) wat] z e wave swept 9 f ! op5 ocean4 ,sev]al sail+-vessels _h gone a%ore 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! bay4 ,^? mo/ pla9ly visible n[ 7 ! ,eb]1 ,adl]1 & ,nipsic1 v close toge!r & only a few y>ds f ! reef4 ,! little gunboat ,eb] 0 mak+ a desp]ate /ruggle1 b h] doom 0 c]ta94 ,sudd5ly %e %ot =w>d1 ! curr5t bore h] (f to ! "r1 & h] b[ /ruck ! port qu>t] ( ! ,nipsic1 c>ry+ away sev]al feet ( ! ,nipsic's rail & "o boat4 ,! ,eb] !n fell back & f\l$ ) ! ,olga1 & aft] t %e swung ar\nd broadside to ! w9d1 0 lift$ high on ! cre/ ( a great wave & hurl$ ) awful =ce ^u ! reef4 ,9 an in/ant !re 0 n a ve/ige ( h] to be se54 ,e timb] mu/ h be5 %att]$1 & half ! poor creatures abo>d ( h] cru%$ to dea? be=e !y felt ! wat]s clos+ above _! heads4 ,hundr$s ( p 7 on ! bea* by ?is "t1 & ! "w ( de/ruction _h occurr$ )9 full view ( !m all4 ,!y /ood = a mom5t appall$ by ! awful sc5e1 & a cry ( horror arose f ! lips ( e man :o _h se5 ne>ly a hundr$ ( 8 fell[-creatures p]i% 9 an in/ant4 ,!n ) "o accord !y all ru%$ to ! wat]'s edge ne>e/ ! po9t :]e ! ,eb] _h f\nd]$4 ,! natives ran into ! surf f> beyond ! po9t :]e a :ite man c\ld h liv$1 & /ood wait+ to save any :o might rise f ! wat]4 ,!re 7 six (fic]s & sev5ty m5 on ! ,eb] :5 %e /ruck ! reef1 & ( ^! five (fic]s & sixty-six m5 7 lo/4 ,?is 0 ab\t six o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,illu/ration3 8,,! ,,samoans ,,/ood ,,battl+ ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,surf1 ,,risk+ ,,_! ,,lives ,,to ,,save ,,! ,,am]ican ,,sailors40 ,dur+ ! excitem5t att5d+ t calamity ! o!r vessels _h be5 = ! "t =gott51 b x 0 soon notic$ t ! positions ( sev]al ( !m _h become m al>m+4 ,! ,adl] _h be5 swept across ! bay1 close to ! reef1 & 9 half an h\r %e 0 lift$ on top ( ! reef & turn$ completely ov] on h] side4 ,ne>ly e man 0 ?r[n into ! wat]1 b z almo/ ! entire hull 0 expos$1 all b tw5ty succe$$ 9 rega9+ h] deck1 & ! rema9d] 7 rescu$ t[>d ! close ( ! day :5 almo/ exhau/$4 ,j aft] ! ,adl] /ruck1 ! att5tion ( e "o 0 direct$ t[>d ! ,nipsic4 ,%e 0 /&+ (f ! reef ) h] head to ! w9d1 b ! ?ree an*ors :i* %e _h out at ! "t 7 n hold+2 & ord]s 7 giv5 to atta* a haws] to a heavy eight-in* rifle on ! =eca/le & ?r[ ! gun ov]bo>d4 ,z ! m5 7 9 ! act ( do+ ?is1 ! ,olga bore d[n on ! ,nipsic & /ruck h] amid%ips ) awful =ce4 ,h] b[sprit pass$ ov] ! side ( ! ,nipsic1 &1 aft] c>ry+ away "o boat & spl9t]+ ! rail1 came 9 contact ) ! smoke/ack1 :i* 0 /ruck fairly 9 ! c5t] & fell to ! deck ) a cra% l ?und]4 ,= a mom5t x 0 difficult to realize :at _h happ5$1 & great confusion foll[$4 ,! iron smoke/ack roll$ f side to side ) e movem5t ( ! vessel1 until f9ally heavy blocks 7 plac$ "u x4 ,by t "t ! ,nipsic _h swung ar\nd & 0 approa*+ ! reef1 & x seem$ c]ta9 t %e w\ld g d[n 9 ! same way z _h ! ,eb]4 ,capta9 ,mullan saw t any fur!r attempt to save ! vessel w\ld be useless1 s he gave ! ord]s to bea* h]4 ,%e _h a /raight c\rse ( ab\t two hundr$ y>ds to ! s&y bea* 9 front ( ! ,am]ican consulate1 :]e %e /uck & /ood firm4 ,two attempts to l[] boats 7 failures & e man cr[d$ to ! =eca/le4 ,a l9e 0 ?r[n1 d\ble haws]s 7 soon made fa/ f ! vessel to ! %ore1 & ! natives & o!rs ga!r$ ar\nd ! l9es1 :]e ! voices ( (fic]s %\t+ to ! m5 on deck 7 m+l$ ) ! l\d cries & s++ ( ! ,samoans4 ,"o by "o1 & 9 a v ord]ly mann]1 ! m5 ( ! ,nipsic came d[n ! haws]s t[>d ! %ore1 b _m w\ld nev] h rea*$ x1 _h x n be5 = ! assi/ance ( ! ,samoans1 :o1 at ! p]il ( _! lives1 /ood 9 ! boil+ torr5t1 grasp+ ^? ^: hold 0 brok5 f ! rope4 ,mean:ile1 ! f\r l>ge m5-(-w>1 ,tr5ton1 ,calliope1 ,v&alia1 & ,olga1 7 /ill afloat & 9 a comp>atively safe position2 b ab\t t5 o'clock ! ,tr5ton 0 se5 to be 9 a helpless condition2 h] rudd] & propell] 7 bo? gone1 & !re 0 no?+ b h] an*ors to hold h] up aga9/ ! unabat$ =ce ( ! /orm4 ,! ,v&alia & ,calliope 7 also 9 dang]1 drift+ back t[>d ! reef ne> ! po9t :]e lay ! wreck ( ! ,adl]2 & !y came clos] toge!r e m9ute1 until f9ally ! ,engli% %ip /ruck ! ,v&alia & tore a great hole 9 h] b[4 ,!n ,capta9 ,kane ( ! ,calliope det]m9$ to try to /eam out ( ! h>bor z 8 only hope1 & he at once cut loose f all 8 an*ors4 ,! ,calliope's head swung ar\nd to ! w9d & h] eng9es 7 work$ to _! utmo/ p[]4 ,great waves broke ov] h] b[ & %e ga9$ headway at fir/ only in* by in*1 b h] spe$ gradually increas$ until x became evid5t t %e c\ld leave ! h>bor4 ,?is manuv] ( ! ,briti% %ip is reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ d>+ 9 naval annals--! "o desp]ate *ance (f]$ h] comm&] to save 8 vessel & ! ?ree hundr$ lives abo>d4 ,! ,tr5ton's fires _h gone out by t "t1 & %e lay helpless almo/ 9 ! pa? ( ! ,calliope4 ,! decks 7 sw>m+ ) m51 b1 fac+ dea? z !y 71 !y recogniz$ ! h]oic /ruggle ( ! ,briti% %ip1 & a great %\t w5t up f abo>d ! ,tr5ton4 8,?ree *e]s = ! ,calliope60 0 ! s\nd t rea*$ ! e>s ( ! ,briti% t>s z !y pass$ out ( ! h>bor 9 ! tee? ( ! /orm2 & ! he>t ( e ,engli%man w5t out to ! brave ,am]ican sailors :o gave t p>t+ tribute to ! ,que5's %ip4 ,:5 ! excitem5t on ! ,v&alia :i* foll[$ ! collision ) ! ,calliope _h subsid$1 x 0 det]m9$ to bea* ! vessel1 & /ra9+ e means at h& to avoid ! dread$ reef1 %e mov$ sl[ly across ! h>bor until h] b[ /uck 9 ! s&1 ab\t two hundr$ y>ds (f %ore & probably eighty y>ds f ! /em ( ! ,nipsic4 ,h] eng9es 7 /opp$ & ! m5 9 ! eng9e-room & fire-room bel[ 7 ord]$ on deck4 ,! %ip swung ar\nd broadside to ! %ore1 & x 0 ?\ght at fir/ t h] position 0 comp>atively safe1 z x 0 believ$ t ! /orm w\ld abate 9 a few h\rs1 & ! two hundr$ & =ty m5 on bo>d c\ld be rescu$ !n2 b ! w9d seem$ to increase 9 fury1 & z ! hull ( ! /eam] sank l[] ! =ce ( ! waves grew m viol5t1 yet no "o on %ore 0 able to r5d] ! lea/ aid4 ,^! t]rible sc5es _h detract$ att5tion f ! o!r two m5-(-w> /ill afloat2 b ab\t f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon ! positions ( ! ,tr5ton & ,olga became mo/ al>m+4 ,! flag%ip _h be5 9 a helpless condition = h\rs1 be+ )\t rudd] or propell]1 :ile volumes ( wat] p\r$ 9 ?r\gh h] haws]-pipes4 ,m5 nev] f\ght aga9/ adv]se circum/ances ) m desp]ation ?an ! (fic]s & m5 ( ! ,tr5ton display$ dur+ ^? h\rs1 yet ! vessel 0 sl[ly =c$ ov] t[>d ! ea/]n reef4 ,de/ruction seem$ imm95t1 z ! great vessel 0 pit*+ heavily1 & h] /]n 0 b a few feet f ! reef4 ,?is po9t 0 a qu>t] ( a mile f %ore1 & if ! ,tr5ton _h /ruck ! reef !re1 x is probable t n a life w\ld h be5 sav$4 ,a skilful manuv]1 sugge/$ by ,lieut5ant ,br[n1 sav$ ! %ip f de/ruction4 ,e man 0 ord]$ into ! port rigg+1 & ! compact mass ( bodies 0 us$ z a sail4 ,! w9d /ruck aga9/ ! m5 9 ! rigg+ & =c$ ! vessel out into ! bay aga94 ,%e soon comm5c$ to drift back aga9/ ! ,olga1 :i* 0 /ill /&+ (f ! reef & hold+ up aga9/ ! /orm m successfully ?an any o!r vessel 9 ! h>bor _h done1 & 9 spite ( e ef=t on ! "p ( bo? %ips a collision took place :i* sev]ely damag$ bo?4 ,=tunately1 ! vessels drift$ ap>t1 :]eupon ! ,olga /eam$ ahead t[>d ! mud-flats 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! bay1 & 0 soon h>d & fa/ on ! bottom4 ,n a life 0 lo/1 & sev]al weeks lat] ! %ip 0 haul$ (f & sav$4 ,! ,tr5ton 0 n[ ab\t two hundr$ feet f ! sunk5 ,v&alia1 & seem$ sure to /rike h] & ?r[ into ! wat] ! m5 /ill cl++ to ! rigg+4 ,x 0 n[ aft] five o'clock1 & ! daylight 0 beg9n+ to fade away4 ,9 a half h\r m1 ! ,tr5ton _h drift$ to )9 a few y>ds ( ! ,v&alia's b[1 & feel+s h>d to describe came to ! hundr$s :o wat*$ ! vessels f ! %ore4 ,pres5tly ! la/ fa9t rays ( daylight fad$ away1 & night came d[n ^u ! awful sc5e4 ,! /orm 0 /ill rag+ ) z mu* fury z at any "t dur+ ! day4 ,! poor creatures :o _h be5 cl++ = h\rs to ! rigg+ ( ! ,v&alia 7 bruis$ & ble$+2 b !y held on ) ! desp]ation ( m5 :o 7 hang+ betwe5 life & dea?4 ,! ropes _h cut ! fle% on _! arms & legs1 & _! eyes 7 bl9d$ by ! salt spray :i* swept ov] !m4 ,weak & exhau/$ z !y 71 !y w\ld be unable to /& ! t]rible /ra9 mu* long]4 ,! f9al h\r seem$ to be ^u !m4 ,! great1 black hull ( ! ,tr5ton 0 almo/ ready to cra% into ! /r&$ ,v&alia & gr9d h] to atoms4 ,sudd5ly a %\t 0 borne across ! wat]s4 ,! s\nd ( f\r hundr$ & fifty voices 0 he>d above ! ro> ( ! tempe/4 8,?ree *e]s = ! ,v&alia60 0 ! cry t w>m$ ! he>ts ( ! dy+ m5 9 ! rigg+4 ,! %\t di$ away ^u ! /orm1 & !re arose f ! quiv]+ ma/s ( ! sunk5 %ip a response s feeble x 0 sc>cely he>d ^u ! %ore4 ,e he>t 0 melt$ to pity4 8,god help !m60 0 pass$ f "o man to ano!r4 ,! *e] _h h>dly ceas$ :5 ! s\nd ( music came across ! wat]4 ,! ,tr5ton's b& 0 play+ 8,! ,/>-,spangl$ ,bann]40 ,! ?\s& m5 on sea & %ore _h nev] be=e he>d /ra9s ( music at su* a "t z t4 ,an indescribable feel+ came ov] ! ,am]icans on ! bea* :o li/5$ to ! notes ( ! national song m+l$ ) ! h[l+ ( ! /orm4 ,b ! collision ( ! ,tr5ton & ,v&alia1 in/ead ( cru%+ ! latt] vessel to pieces1 prov$ to be ! salvation ( ! m5 9 ! rigg+4 ,:5 ! ,tr5ton's /]n f9ally /ruck ! side ( ! ,v&alia1 !re 0 no %ock1 & %e swung ar\nd broadside to ! sunk5 %ip4 ,?is enabl$ ! m5 on ! ,v&alia to escape to ! deck ( ! ,tr5ton1 & 9 a %ort "t !y 7 all tak5 (f4 ,! /orm _h abat$ at midnight1 & :5 day dawn$ !re 0 no fur!r cause = al>m4 ,! m5 7 remov$ f ! ,tr5ton & provid$ ) qu>t]s on %ore4 ,dur+ ! next few days ! evid5ces ( ! great disa/] c\ld be se5 on e side4 ,9 ! h>bor 7 ! wrecks ( f\r m5-(-w>3 ! ,tr5ton1 ,v&alia1 ,adl]1 & ,eb]2 & two o!rs1 ! ,nipsic & ,olga1 7 h>d & fa/ on ! bea* & 7 haul$ (f ) great difficulty4 ,! wrecks ( t5 sail+-vessels also lay ^u ! reefs4 ,on %ore1 h\ses & trees 7 bl[n d[n1 & ! bea* 0 /rewn ) wreckage f "o end ( ! t[n to ! o!r4 ,ev] s9ce m5 began to g to sea lights h be5 plac$ on %ore to guide !m to a l&+-place2 b 9 e>ly times ^! 7 no?+ m ?an fires on headl&s1 k9dl$1 p]haps1 by ! wives & *ildr5 ( ! capta9 & 8 crew ( neighbors1 :5 ^! m>9]s 7 expect$ home4 ,^! fri5dly s]vices became a little m sy/ematic :5 m]*ants began to risk _! prop]ty on ! wat]2 & on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* we h f\nd to be ! cradle ( civiliz$ navigation & trade1 h>bor-beacons 7 erect$ 9 v e>ly times z guides to a safe an*orage4 ,! giant /atue kn[n z ! ,colossus1 at ,rhodes1 is suppos$ to h be5 us$ z a beacon & ligh?\se1 a fire burn+ 9 ! palm ( its uplift$ colossal h& at night4 ,al?\gh ! acc\nt ( ! ,colossus is only a matt] ( guesswork1 x is hi/orically true t 9 ^? ages ( ignorant he$lessness ( ! ne$ ( beacons1 a ligh?\se 0 built s gr& 9 proportions1 s endur+ 9 "*1 t x became kn[n z "o ( ! ,sev5 ,wond]s ( ! ,_w1 & outliv$ all ! o!rs1 save ! ,pyramids1 by c5turies1 & 9 "s ways has nev] be5 excell$ by any simil> /ructure 9 mod]n times1 unless x be by our mammo? m>ble monum5t to ,wa%+ton4 ,?is 0 ! ligh?\se built on ! little isl& ( ,ph>os by ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 k+ ( ,egypt1 two hundr$ & eighty ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 to guide vessels into ! h>bor ( ,alex&ria4 ,f all descriptions1 x mu/ h closely resembl$ our ,wa%+ton monum5t2 = x 0 built ( :ite /one1 0 squ>e at ! base1 & tap]$ t[>d ! apex4 ,op5 w9d[s 7 ne> its top1 ?r\gh :i* ! fire )9 c\ld be se5 = ?irty miles by vessels at sea4 ,! de/ruction ( ^! beacons 9 ! g5]al sma% & ru9 t seem to h ov]tak5 ! _w :5 ! ,roman empire w5t to pieces is only indicative ( ! way ! d>kness ( b>b>ism return$ & envelop$ ! m9ds z well z ! works ( m51 until light broke ?r\gh ! cl\ds aga9 ) ! rise ( organiz$ sea-p[]s 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,!n beacons 7 gradually rebuilt1 b 9 almo/ all cases by private h&s--! feudal lords ( coa/ e/ates1 ! ma/] or au?orities ( sea-ports1 ! monks 9 mona/]ies ne> dang]\s l&+s1 & n[ & !n ! k+ at 8 pr9cipal port1 sett+ up m>ks = /e]+ by day & light+ fires on d>k nights4 ,mo/ ( ! latt] 7 h>dly m ?an t>-b>rels1 :i* w\ld burn brightly 9 a gale1 & ! bett] class 7 t[]s ( /onework1 on top ( :i* a mass ( coal 0 ignit$ 9 an iron cage1 & kept /irr$ into brightness by a wat*]4 ,x 0 an easy matt] to imitate su* beacons1 & wreck]s w\ld (t5 set up false lights4 ,_m a fe>ful tradition has come d[n ( ! do+s ( wreck]s1 n only 9 ,engl& & ,spa91 b 9 ,am]ica & 9 ! ,ea/4 ,"o ( _! tricks1 :5 !y saw a %ip approa*+ 9 ! ev5+1 0 to hang a lant]n ^u a horse's neck1 & let him graze1 well-hobbl$1 along ! bea*4 ,?is w\ld appe> l ! rock+ ( a lant]n on a vessel at re/--:at is call$ a rid+ or an*or light2 &1 deceiv$ by ?is promise ( a safe an*orage1 ! /rang] w\ld n discov] t he _h be5 *eat$ until 8 keel /ruck a reef or s&b>1 & ! pirates _h begun _! villa9\s attack4 ,x is said to h be5 a device ( ?is k9d :i* caus$ ! wreck 9 #ahab1 on ! ,c>ol9a coa/1--^: isl&s & lagoons are reput$ to h be5 infe/$ by su* ruffians1 !re kn[n z 8bank]s10--( a vessel c>ry+ ! beautiful ,!odosia ,burr1 daught] ( ,a>on ,burr1 & wife ( ,gov]nor ,al/on ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,h] dea? at ! h&s ( ^! m5 is illu/rat$ on page #agb4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii ( ,engl&1 an association ( m>9]s call$1 9 %ort1 ! ,guild ( ! ,tr9ity 0 *>t]$ & giv5 v>i\s p[]s & privileges 9 connection ) ! newly in/itut$ royal navy & docky>ds4 ,x enc\rag$ coa/-lights1 & 9 #aegc ,que5 ,elizabe? =mally plac$ au?ority to erect & gov]n ligh?\ses & coa/ beacons 9 ! h&s ( ?is corporation1 & !re x rema9s to ?is day2 = its headqu>t]s1 ,tr9ity ,h\se1 on ,t[] ,hill1 9 ,london1 are a recogniz$ (fice ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 answ]+ to our ,ligh?\se ,bo>d4 ,x 0 n long be=e x enc\rag$ ! f\nd+ ( a p]man5t light on ,eddy/one ,%oals1 a gr\p ( reefs ne> ,plym\?1 exce$+ly dang]\s because !y lie precisely 9 ! track ( %ips b\nd up or d[n ! ,engli% ,*annel1 yet almo/ invisible4 ,^u ! m]e /&+-room af=d$ by ! cre/ ( ?is rock1 ,sir ,william ,w9/anley manag$ to erect1 two hundr$ ye>s ago1 a t[] ( wood & iron tre/le-"w1 bolt$ to its f\ndation & c>ry+ a glass room or lant]n conta9+ a coal-grate1 eighty feet above l[-wat] m>k4 ,?is 0 complet$ 9 #afih4 ,"o w9t]'s exp]i5ce conv9c$ him t x ne$$ /r5g!n+1 & 9 #afii a case ( masonry 0 built ab\t ! t[]1 & made solid to ! height ( tw5ty feet1 :ile ! :ole /ructure 0 increas$ to ! height ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet4 ,!n1 x is relat$1 ,w9/anley boa/$ t ! sea _h n /r5g? en\gh to te> x d[n1 & all ,engl& rejoic$ 9 s noble a beacon2 b we n[ "k t ! con/ruction 0 faulty1 9 its l>ge diamet]1 polygonal outl9e1 excess ( ornam5t1 & lack ( weight4 ,:ile ,sir ,william 0 )9 x mak+ repairs1 f\r ye>s lat]1 ! memorable hurricane ( ,novemb] #bj1 #agjc1 swept ! coa/1 & left sc>cely a trace ( ! t[]4 ,its value _h be5 prov$1 h[ev]1 & x 0 replac$1 9 #agjf1 by a /raight-sid$ t[] ( oak5 timb]s1 weight$ 9 _! l[] c\rses by /one4 ,?is 0 design$ by an eng9e] nam$ ,rudy]d1 & la/$ until burn$ d[n 9 #agee2 & eng9e]s say x 0 bett] = its place ?an 0 ! r\nd1 solid-bas$ /one t[] ( ,smeaton t foll[$ x1 & became s celebrat$4 ,?is 0 f9i%$ 9 ?ree ye>s1 & 9 #agfj 0 light$1 n by a fire1 z ( old1 b by c&les--! fir/ use ( su* an illum9ant4 ,?is truly illu/ri\s ligh?\se rema9$ until a few ye>s ago1 :5 x became s rack$ by ! assaults ( ! sea z to be unsafe4 ,x 0 !n replac$ by ! "o t /&s !re to-day1 rival+ its magnific5t neighbor on ! ,biscay %ore opposite1 ! ligh?\se ( ,c>duan1 :i* 0 built to support a bonfire ( oak1 b has rema9$ to be light$ successively by oil-lamps1 by gas-burn]s1 & f9ally by electricity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,engrav$ ,,by ,r4 ,c4 ,,coll9s4 ,,! ,,wreck ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,m9ot',s ,,l$ge ,,ligh?\se4 ,a some:at simil> hi/ory belongs to "s ( ! ligh?\ses on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! fir/ "o regul>ly set up 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 t on ! nor? side ( ! entrance to ,bo/on h>bor1 erect$ 9 #agaf2 b _m o!rs g back to ,colonial days--t on ,s&y ,hook1 = in/ance4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ hi/ory is atta*$ to ! light on ,m9ot's ,l$ge1 9 ,bo/on h>bor4 ,?is is a dang]\s reef1 conceal$ at high wat] & s expos$ t ! problem ( light+ x 0 mu* ! same z t pres5t$ at ,eddy/one1 ,bell ,rock1 ,dhu ,he>ta*1 & o!r well kn[n islets on ! ,briti% coa/4 ,! fir/ ligh?\se on ,m9ot's ,l$ge 0 built 9 #ahdh1 & 0 an octagonal t[] re/+ on ! tops ( eight wr\ght-iron piles sixty feet high1 eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & sunk five feet into ! rock4 ,^! piles 7 brac$ toge!r 9 _m ways1 &1 z !y (f]$ less surface to ! waves ?an a solid /ructure1 ! ligh?\se 0 consid]$ by all au?orities ^u ! subject to be exceptionally /rong4 ,its great te/ came 9 ,april1 #ahea4 ,on ! f\rte5? ( t mon?1 two keep]s be+ 9 ! ligh?\se1 an ea/]ly gale set 91 /eadily increas+ 9 =ce4444 ,on ,w$nesday1 ! sixte5?1 ! gale _h become a hurricane2 & :5 at times ! t[] c\ld be se5 ?r\gh ! mi/s & sea-drift1 x seem$ to b5d to ! %ock ( ! waves4 ,at f\r o'clock t aft]noon an om9\s pro( ( ! fury ( ! waves on ,m9ot's ,l$ge rea*$ ! %ore--a plat=m :i* _h be5 built betwe5 ! piles only sev5 feet bel[ ! floor ( ! keep]'s room4 ,! rag+ seas1 !n1 7 leap+ fifty feet 9 ! air4 ,w\ld !y rea* t5 feet high]8--= if s1 ! h\se & ! keep]s 7 doom$4 ,nev]!less1 :5 d>kness set 9 ! light %one out z brilliantly z ev]1 b ! gale seem$1 if possible1 !n to increase4 ,:at agony ^? two m5 mu/ h suff]$6 ,h[ t dreadful abode mu/ h sway$ 9 ! irresi/ible hurricane1 & trembl$ at ea* cra%+ sea6 ,! poor un=tunates mu/ h kn[n t if ^? seas1 leap+ always high] & high]1 ev] rea*$ _! h\se1 x w\ld be flung d[n into ! ocean1 & !y w\ld be buri$ ) x b5ea? ! waves4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,screw-,,pile ,,ocean ,,ligh?\se4 ,to ^? hopeless1 t]rifi$ wat*]s ! entomb+ sea came at la/4 ,at "o o'clock 9 ! morn+ ! ligh?\se bell 0 he>d by ^? on %ore to give a m\rnful clang1 & ! light 0 ext+ui%$4 ,x 0 ! fun]al knell ( two pati5t h]oes4 ,next day !re rema9$ on ! rock only eight jagg$ iron /umps4 ,?us1 ev]y:]e1 & 9 all latitudes1 ! beacons & wood5 t[]s & huge pyramids ( long ago h giv5 place to sl5d] spires ( solid masonry1 hold+ p[]ful signals p]haps hundr$s ( feet above ! waves1 & visible z f> z ! curve ( ! e>?'s surface w p]mit4 ,yet 9 place ( ! /urdy bonfire ( oak1 or ! huge iron cage full ( coals1 !re is only a s+le lamp1 ^: rays are ga!r$ by deep reflectors into a compact bundle ( unwa/$ rays1 & d\bl$ & r$\bl$ by r[s ( magnify+ l5ses until !y c d>t to ! fur!/ horizon 9 a /rong beam ( /eady light4 ,no long] does ! m>9] tru/ to 8 wife to k9dle ! t>-b>rel to guide him home4 ,he kn[s t n[h]e is 8 gov]nm5t m wat*ful ( its subjects ?an 9 its ligh?\se s]vice1 & t he may tru/ to hav+ t bright signal to welcome him 9 ! d>kness1 z well z he c tru/ 8 own eyes to see x4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates alone exp5ds ov] #b1ejj1jjj annually 9 look+ aft] h] ligh?\ses1 light%ips1 & buoys4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ligh?\se ,,at ,,/4 ,,augu/9e1 ,,florida4 ,inde$1 ^! beacons h become s ?ickly plant$ t x has be5 f\nd necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 !m 9 ord] to avoid mi/ak+ "o = ano!r4 ,at fir/ ?is 0 done by d\bl+1 z 9 ! case ( ,new ,york's 8,highl& ,lights10 or ! tw9 lights ( ,?at*]'s ,isl& (f ,cape ,ann1 or ev5 trebl+ !m z at ,nauset1 on ,cape ,cod1 b n[ ! display is made to v>y4 ,?us "s ( !m are simply fix$ :ite lights2 "s are :ite & revolve--! :ole lant]n on ! summit ( ! t[] be+ turn$ on :eels by ma*9]y1 & ! flame disappe>s = a long] or %ort] "t2 :ile o!rs are :ite 8fla%0 lights1 glanc+ only = an in/ant1 & !n lo/ = a few seconds1 or giv+ a long w9k & !n a %ort "o ) a space ( d>kness betwe54 ,"s ligh?\ses %[ a /eady r$ light2 o!rs1 alt]nate r$ & :ite4 ,by ^! colors & v>y+ p]iods ( appe>ance & disappe>ance 7not$ on *>ts1 & publi%$ by ! gov]nm5t 9 a g5]al seaman's guide call$ ! 8,coa/ ,pilot071 navigators "k :i* light !y are look+ at :5 sev]al are 9 sight4 ,= daylight recognition ! t[]s may be pa9t$ half black & half :ite1 or 9 /ripes or b&s or spirals1 l ! big b>b]'s pole 9 front ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,florida4 ,x is impossible "h to describe 9 detail ! beautiful ma*9]y by :i* ! rays f ! l>ge b simple arg& k]os5e lamp are cond5s$ into a s+le beam & project$ ?r\gh ! ,fresnel sy/em ( cond5s]s & l5ses1 & by :i* ! revolution & 8fla%+0 are effect$4 ,petroleum has sup]s$$ all o!r oils = g5]al use1 b electricity is n[ be+ ext5sively employ$ 9 ! illum9ation ( coa/ lights1 especially 9 ,france1 :]e !y are introduc+ new pr9ciples1 su* z produc+ lightn+-l fla%es ) a c]ta9 recogniz$ regul>ity1 & wav+ /up5d\s se>*-light beams 9 ! sky1 s t ! approa* to ! coa/ may be se5 :5 ! l& & ligh?\se !mselves are /ill bel[ ! horizon4 ,if y h an opportunity to g into ! lant]n ( a ligh?\se1 by all means take advantage ( x2 & if y c be !re :5 a /orm is rag+1 or :51 on "s mi/y night1 ! lant]n is besieg$ by migrat+ birds1 y w nev] =get ! sc5e4 ,on "s especially dang]\s--because hidd5--%oals1 reefs1 or b>s1 l ^? (f ,nantucket or ! extreme po9t ( ,s&y ,hook1 x may be out ( ! "q or bad policy to erect a ligh?\se4 ,"h its place is tak5 by an*or+ a /\t vessel1 built to )/& ! sev]e/ wea!r1 & arrang$ to c>ry lant]ns at its ma/heads4 ,^! are call$ 8light%ips10 & !y are mann$ by a crew ( keep]s :o h a v monoton\s & uncom=table "t ( x2 yet 9 "s cases m5 h sp5t tw5ty ye>s or m 9 ! s]vice4 ,! mo/ desolate & dang]\s light%ip /ation is t ( ,no4 #a1 ,nantucket4 8,^u ?is toss+ isl&1 out ( sight ( l&1 expos$ to ! fury ( e tempe/1 & )\t a message f home dur+ all ! /ormy mon?s ( w9t]1 & sometimes ev5 long]1 t5 m51 brav+ ! p]ils ( w9d & wave1 & ! worse t]rors ( isolation1 trim ! lamps ^: light w>ns ?\s&s ( vessels f c]ta9 de/ruction1 & hold !mselves ready to save life :5 ! w>n+ is va940 ,sev5 ye>s ago ,mr4 ,gu/av ,kobb1 & ! arti/1 ,william ,tab]1 sp5t sev]al days on ! light%ip & gave a graphic acc\nt ( ! life !re1 :i* ,i wi% ,i 7 able to quote 9 full4 ,! an*orage is tw5ty-f\r miles out at sea beyond ,sankaty head1 at ! extremity ( ! %oals & rips :i* make all t space ( wat] beyond ! visible coa/ ( ,nantucket fatal to %ips1 hundr$s ( :i* are kn[n to h be5 beat5 to pieces on its trea*]\s b>s4 ,%e is moor$ to a #fejj-p\nd mu%room an*or by a *a9 two in*es 9 ?ickness1 yet %e has be5 torn adrift tw5ty-?ree times1 & has w&]$ widely be=e return+ or be+ ov]tak54 8,no4 #a1 ,nantucket ,new ,s\? ,%oals10 to quote ,mr4 ,kobb1 is a s*oon] ( two hundr$ & sev5ty-five tons1 "o hundr$ & ?ree feet long1 ) tw5ty-f\r feet bread? ( beam1 & /an*ly built ( :ite & live oak4 ,%e has two hulls1 ! space betwe5 !m be+ fill$ ?r\gh holes at %ort int]vals 9 ! inn] side ( ! bulw>ks ) salt4444 ,%e has =e-&-aft lant]n-ma/s sev5ty-"o feet high1 includ+ topma/s1 & directly beh9d ea* ( ! lant]n ma/s a ma/ = sails =ty-two feet high4 ,=ty-f\r feet up ! lant]n-ma/s are day-m>ks1 r$di% br[n hoop-iron grat+s1 :i* enable o!r vessels to sight ! light%ip m readily4 ,! lant]ns are octagons ( glass 9 copp] frames five feet 9 diamet]1 f\r feet n9e in*es high1 ) ! ma/s z c5t]s4 ,ea* pane ( glass is two feet long & two feet ?ree in*es high4 ,!re are eight lamps1 burn+ a fix$ :ite light1 ) p>abolic reflectors 9 ea* lant]n1 :i* weighs1 all told1 ab\t a ton4 ,"s n9e hundr$ gallons ( oil are tak5 abo>d = s]vice dur+ ! ye>4 ,! lant]ns are l[]$ into h\ses built ar\nd ! ma/s4 ,! h\se ar\nd ! ma9 lant]n-ma/ /&s directly on ! deck1 :ile ! =ema/ lant]n-h\se is a heavily-timb]$ frame ?ree feet high4 ,?is is to prev5t its be+ wa%$ away by ! waves ! vessel %ips :5 %e plunges into ! w9try seas4 ,:5 ! lamps h be5 light$ & ! ro(s ( ! lant]n-h\ses op5$1--!y "w on h+es1 & are rais$ by tackle1--! lant]ns are hoi/$ by means ( w9*es to a po9t ab\t tw5ty-five feet f ! deck4 ,7 !y to be hoi/$ high] !y w\ld make ! %ip top-heavy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,light%ip ,,no4 #a1 ,,nantucket ,,new ,,s\? ,,%oals4 ,a conspicu\s object =w>d is ! l>ge fog-bell swung t5 feet above ! deck4 ,! preval5ce ( fog makes life on ! ,s\? ,%oal ,light%ip especially dre>y4 ,dur+ "o season fifty-five days out ( sev5ty 7 ?ick1 & = twelve consecutive days & nights ! bell 0 kept toll+ at two-m9ute int]vals4 ,! actual "w to be done is small1 ! daily clean+ ( ! lamps requir+ only two or ?ree h\rs1 & o!r *ores be+ v light1 & ! m5 ne>ly die ( lonel9ess & 8no?+ to d40 ,x is pa!tic to read h[ int5se & fri5dly an int]e/ !y take 9 a s+le r$ buoy an*or$ ne> !m2 & !y admit t fog is dread$ m because x hides ?is neighbor ?an = any o!r reason4 ,mr4 ,kobb tells u t ! emotional /ress "u :i* ?is crew labors c h>dly be realiz$ by any "o :o has n be5 ?r\gh a simil> exp]i5ce4 ,! sailor on an ord9>y %ip has at lea/ ! inspiration ( kn[+ t he is b\nd = some:]e2 t 9 due "t 8 vessel w be laid on h] homew>d c\rse2 t /orm & fog are b incid5ts ( ! voyage3 he is on a %ip t leaps =w>d full ( life & en]gy ) e la% ( ! tempe/4 ,b no matt] h[ ! light%ip may plunge & roll1 no matt] h[ /rong ! favor+ gales may be1 %e is /ill an*or$ two miles s\!a/ ( ! ,new ,s\? ,%oal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clean+ ,,! ,,lamps ,,on ,a ,,light%ip4 ,besides endur+ ! h>d%ips incid5tal to _! duties abo>d ! light%ip1 ! ,s\? ,%oal crew h done noble "w 9 sav+ life4 ,:ile ! c>e ( ! light%ip is consid]$ ( su* importance to %ipp+ t ! crew are in/ruct$ n to expose !mselves to dang]s outside _! special l9e ( duty1 & !y w\ld !re=e h ! fulle/ excuse = n risk+ _! lives 9 rescu+ o!rs1 !y h nev] hesitat$ to d s4 ,:51 a few w9t]s ago1 ! ,city ( ,newca/le w5t a%ore on "o ( ! %oals ne> ! light%ip1 & /ra9$ h]self s badly t al?\gh %e float$ (f1 %e soon fill$ & w5t d[n /]n =emo/1 all h&s1 tw5ty-sev5 9 numb]1 7 sav$ by ! ,s\? ,%oal crew & kept abo>d ( h] ov] two weeks1 until ! /ory ( ! wreck 0 signal$ to "s pass+ vessel & ! ligh?\se t5d] took !m (f4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ numb] sav$ at "o "t by ! ,s\? ,%oal1 b ! light%ip crew h fac$ great dang] on sev]al o!r occasions4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! extreme picture ( light%ip life1 b ap>t f ! prolong$ isolation & cont9u\s r\ghness ( ! wat]1 ! exp]i5ces ( ! m5 (f ,s&y ,hook & else:]e are n greatly remov$ f x1 & no philan?ropy is m wor?y ( support ?an t :i* seeks to mitigate ! lonel9ess ( ^! exiles by provid+ !m ) read+ matt]4 ,! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d provides a small circulat+ libr>y = ^! %ips1 & contributions ( books & files ( illu/rat$ p]iodicals w be gratefully receiv$ & put to good use by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,ligh?\se ,s]vice 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fog-,,bell4 ,b !re are times--& !y occur v frequ5tly 9 nor!rn wat]s--:5 fogs :i* no light c p5etrate envelop sea & coa/1 & t is ! mo/ dang]\s ( all times to an approa*+ %ip4 ,! only means by :i* a w>n+ c be giv51 9 su* an em]g5cy1 is by s\nd4 ,9 _m places bells are rung1 b (t5 ! place to be avoid$ is s situat$ t ! ro> ( ! surf w\ld dr[n a bell's note1 & !n fog-horns are bl[n4 ,^! fog-horns are ( a size s imm5se1 & voices s /5torian1 t x requires a /eam eng9e to bl[ !m1 & !y utt] a boom+1 holl[ bla/1 a dismal note z we he> x :5 we are safe on ! l&1 b sweet to ! anxi\s capta9 ^: vessel is labor+ ?r\gh ! gloom "u close-reef$ topsails1 & unc]ta9 ( h] exact position4 ,"o k9d ( ^! horns is v complicat$ 9 its /ructure1 & scree*es 9 a r\gh1 brok5 bl>e1 a note f>-rea*+ beyond any smoo?1 :i/l+ s\nd t c\ld be made4 ,?is %riek is s hide\s1 s e>-splitt+1 :5 he>d ne> at h&1 t no "n bad en\gh to express x c\ld be f\nd2 s its inv5tors w5t to ! o!r extreme1 & call$ x a sir51 aft] ^? mo/ en*ant+ ( sweet s+]s :o tri$ to entice ,ulysses out ( 8 c\rse4 ,?is "n is opposite 9 a d\ble s5se1 inde$1 = ! sir5s ( old lur$ sailors to wreck1 :ile our sir5 ho>sely bids !m keep (f4 ,f9ally1 buoys1 :i* at fir/ 7 simply tight casks1 b n[ are usually made ( boil]-iron1 are an*or$ on small reefs1 to :i* are hung bells1 rung con/antly by ! toss+ ( _! support2 & on o!r reefs buoys are fix$ hav+ a holl[ cap s arrang$ t :5 a big wave ru%es ov]1 x %uts 9 a body ( air1 "u great & sudd5 pressure1 :i* c only escape ?r\gh a :i/le 9 ! top ( ! cap1 utt]+ a long w>n+ wail to tell its position4 ,x is 9 su* times z ?is t ! pilot comes out /rong4 ,a pilot is a man :o has made himself ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) c]ta9 wat]s :]e navigation is dang]\s1 & :o is lic5s$ by "s prop] au?ority1 aft] tra9+ & exam9ation1 to direct vessels 9 safety 9 ent]+ h>bors or pass+ ?r\gh o!r intricate places4 ,a %ip-capta9 may be an excell5t navigator1 b he is n expect$ to "k e rock & s&b> cr\*+ "u ! waves1 & all ! twi/+s & turn+s ( ! entrance & *annel ( a =eign h>bor1 especially z ^! *annels are subject to con/ant *ange4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 inde$1 al?\gh coa/+-vessels may refuse a pilot1 ! law w n p]mit capta9s com+ f or b\nd to a =eign port to d s2 & if any accid5t happ5s :5 no pilot is abo>d ! insurance money w n be paid1 & ! %ip's (fic]s may be puni%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,sir5 ,,rigg$ ,,^u ,a ,,m]*ant ,,/eam%ip4 ,pilots1 !n1 are important m5 & are able to *>ge v high prices = _! s]vices 7g5]ally rat$ accord+ to ! draft ( ! vessel71 & _! pr(ession is s organiz$ & gu>d$ t n only mu/ a man be ?or\ghly compet5t1 b he mu/ wait = a vacancy 9 ! regul> numb] be=e he w be admitt$ to _! ranks4 ,_! me?od ( "w is v excit+4 ,a doz5 or s toge!r w =m ! crew ( a trim1 /an* s*oon]1 provision$ = a =tnight or m1 :i* c outsail any?+ b a rac+ ya*t1 & is built to ride safely ?r\gh ! highe/ seas4 ,a few /eam]s are com+ into use1 b ! proc$ure is mu* ! same4 ,y w n[ & !n see "o ( ^! beautiful little vessels sail+ up ! quiet h>bor1 ?read+ its way ?r\gh ! black /eam]s & sputt]+ tug-boats & great %ips1 z a %y & graceful girl walks among ! gue/s at a lawn p>ty1 & y "k f its air z well z ! big numb] on its :ite ma9sail t x is a pilot boat1 ev5 if x does n c>ry ! regul> pilot-flag1 :i* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is simply ! 8union0 or />ry canton ( ! ensign4 ,illu/ration3 ,,burn+ ,a 8,,fl>e0 ,,on ,a ,,pilot-,,boat4 ,b ^! f9e s*oon]s & ! brave m5 !y c>ry are r>ely 9 port4 ,_! "t is sp5t f> 9 ! (f+ ( ! h>bor1 cruis+ back & =? 9 wait = incom+ %ips1 & ! ,new ,york pilots (t5 g two & ?ree hundr$ miles out to sea1 & 9 /orms may be bl[n mu* f>!r away4 ,o!r pilot-boats are wait+ also1 & ! look\t at ! reel+ ma/-head mu/ keep ! v ke5e/ wat* ^u ! horizon4 ,sudd5ly he cat*es sight ( a :ite speck :i* 8 practis$ eye tells him is a %ip's top-sails1 or ( a blur ^u ! sky t adv]tises a /eam]'s approa*4 ,! s*oon]'s head is in/antly turn$ t[>d x1 & all ! canvas is cr[d$ on t %e w be>1 = away (f at ! "r a second pilot-boat1 well d[n1 is also se5 to be aim+ at ! same po9t & try+ h>d to w94 ,! fir/ pilots ( ,new ,york h>bor 7 /ation$ at ,s&y ,hook1 & visit$ incom+ vessels 9 :ale-boats2 & _m a /ately ,briti% frigate or colonial trad] 0 =c$ to wait anxi\sly outside ! b>1 roll+ & toss+ 9 ! sea-way1 or tack+ hi!r & yon1 hop+ = a glimpse ( t t9y speck :]e fla%+ o>s told ( ! com+ pilot4 ,x is 9 ?is way1 z ! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,o4 ,davidson1 ! arti/1 :o knew all ab\t su* ?+s1 told u 9 8,/4 ,ni*olas0 7,janu>y1 #ahij71 t _m vessels are /ill met1 (f "s ( our small] h>bors1 & at ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,!re ! wat]s ( ! great riv] p\r+ into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico ?r\gh ! ,port ,eads ,jetties make a turbul5t swell ) foam-cre/$ bill[s t roll ! /\te/ %ip's gunwale "u1 ev5 9 calm wea!r2 yet ! little :ale-boats1 swift & buoyant1 da% out bravely 9 a race = ! sail on ! di/ant horizon1 = !re are two pilot-/ations at ! ,jetties1 & x is 8fir/ come fir/ engag$40 ,sometimes1 on ! o!r h&1 x is ! %ip t looks = ! pilot1 cruis+ ab\t ) ! code-lett]s ,p ,t fly+ f h] signal-haly>ds 9 tok5 ( h] ne$4 ,%e may ev5 run pa/ a pilot-boat 9 ! night & get into dang] )\t be+ aw>e ( x4 ,to prev5t ?is1 says ,mr4 ,davidson1 ! pilots burn :at is kn[n z a 8fl>e0 or tor*1 consi/+ ( a bun* ( cotton or lamp-wick dipp$ 9 turp5t9e1 on ! end ( a %ort h&le4 ,x burns ) a brilliant flame1 light+ up ! sea = a great di/ance & ?r[+ ! sails & numb] ( ! pilot-boat into /rong relief aga9/ ! d>kness4 ,on a d>k cle> night1 ! r$di% gl>e :i* ! signal projects on ! cl\ds looks l di/ant heat lightn+4 ,hav+ sight$ 8 vessel1 ! pilot ^: turn x is to g on duty hurries bel[ & packs ! valise :i* conta9s su* ?+s z he wi%es to take home1 = ?is is 8 me?od ( go+ a%ore2 & :5 he has dep>t$1 if he is ! la/ "o ( ! pilot-crew1 ! little vessel returns h]self to port 9 *>ge ( ! sail+-ma/]1 cook1 & 8boy10 to refit & take on a new set ( m54 ,! /orm may be h[l+ 9 ! full =ce ( ! w9t]'s fury1 & ! waves runn+ 8m\nta9-high10 b ! pilot mu/ get abo>d by "s means4 ,x is r\gh wea!r inde$ :5 8 mates _c laun* _! yawl & r[ him to :]e he c climb up ! /rang]'s side ) ! aid ( a fri5dly rope's end4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,pilot ,,bo>d+ ,a ,,/eam]4 ,yet frequ5tly ?is is out ( ! "q4 ,!n a 8:ip0 is rigg$ beyond ! end ( a lee y>d-arm1 c>ry+ a rope rove ?r\gh a snat*-block1 & hav+ a noose at its end4 ,! /eam] sl[s h] eng9es1 or ! %ip heaves to1 & ! pilot-s*oon]1 "u p]fect control1 runs up "u ! lee ( ! big %ip1 z ne> z %e d>es 9 ! gale4 ,!n1 j at ! "r in/ant1 a man on ! %ip's y>d hurls ! rope1 x is caught by ! s*oon]1 ! pilot slips "o leg ?r\gh ! b[l9e-noose1 & a second aft]w>d ! s*oon] has swept on & he is be+ hoi/$ up to ! y>d-arm1 b g5]ally n 9 "t to save himself a good duck+ 9 ! coam+ ( "s big roll]4 ,go+ on %ipbo>d 9 ?is fa%ion is n favorable to an impos+ effect2 nev]!less1 ! pilot is welcom$ by bo? crew & pass5g]s1 :o admire 8 c\rage & tru/ 8 skill1 b smile at ! high hat belov$ ( all pilots4 ,n[ ! pilot is ma/]--/&s ahead ( ! capta9 ev5--& 8 ord]s are absolute law4 ,he inspects ! vessel to =m 8 op9ion ( h[ %e w behave1 & !n goes to ! :eel or /&s :]e be/ he c give 8 ord]s to ! /e]sman & to ! m5 9 ! =e-*a9s heav+ ! s\nd+ lead4 ,he mu/ nev] ab&on 8 po/1 he mu/ nev] lose 8 control ( ! %ip1 or make a mi/ake z to its position 9 respect to ! lee-%ore1 or fail to be equal to e em]g5cy4 ,if x is too d>k & foggy & /ormy to see1 he mu/ feel2 & if he _c d ?is he mu/ h ! faculty ( go+ "r by intuition4 ,to fail is to lose 8 reputation if n 8 life4 ,?is is :at is expect$ ( pilots1 & ?is is :at !y actually d 9 a hundr$ cases1 ! full details ( any "o ( :i* w\ld make a long & ?rill+ tale ( adv5tur\s fight+ = life4 ,x is to help pilots & navigators ( all sorts to avoid ! p]ils t beset !m t gov]nm5ts n only sp5d l>ge sums 9 survey+ coa/s & h>bors1 publi%+ *>ts & descriptions1 & ma9ta9+ ligh?\ses & light%ips1 b m>k out b>s & *annels ) float+ guides1 & _! bord]s ) %ore-beacons & 8ranges10 to =m s _m f+]-po/s = ! "r road4 ,7 x n = ^! sign-po/s no %ip c\ld safely ent] any comm]cial h>bor 9 ! _w2 & x w be valuable to quote some:at f an article1 ) capital illu/rations1 writt5 = 8,/4 ,ni*olas0 7,m>*1 #ahif7 by an (fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 ,lieut4 ,john ,m4 ,ellicott1 s9ce x describes h[ ! long1 w9d+ approa*es to "o ( ! greate/ ports ( ! _w are m>k$ out by day & by night--,i mean ! h>bor ( ,new ,york4 ,suppose1 !n1 t we are on a big transatlantic /eam] approa*+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,europe4444 ,hav+ secur$ 8 pilot1 x is ! capta9's next aim to make a 8l&-fall0--t is to say1 he wi%es to come 9 sight ( "s well-kn[n object on %ore1 :i*1 be+ m>k$ d[n on 8 *>t1 w %[ him j :]e he is & h[ he mu/ /e] to f9d ! entrance to ! h>bor4 ,a special ligh?\se is usually ! object s\ght1 & 9 approa*+ ,new ,york h>bor x is cu/om>y = /eam]s f ,europe to fir/ f9d1 or sight1 ,fire ,isl& ,ligh?\se4 ,?is is on a s&y isl& ne> ! coa/ ( ,long ,isl&4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! l9] /eams 9 sight ( ,fire ,isl& ,light %e hoi/s two signals1 "o ( :i* tells h] "n & ! o!r ! welf>e ( ^? on bo>d4 ,! op]ator !n telegraphs to ! %ip's ag5ts 9 ,new ,york t %e has be5 sight$1 & t all on bo>d are well or o!rwise4 ,o!r despat*es g to ! newspap]s1 :o h obs]v+ /ations & telegraph arrangem5ts "h & at ,s&y ,hook4 ,illu/ration3 ,,day-,,m>ks ,,9 ,,new ,,york ,,h>bor4 ,! %ip's c\rse is !n laid to rea* ! mo/ prom95t object at ! h>bor entrance1 9 ?is case ,s&y ,hook ,light%ip4 ,%e is easily recogniz$4 ,! c\rse f ?is light%ip to ! h>bor entrance is laid d[n on ! *>t 8we/-nor?we/1 "o qu>t] we/10 &1 /e]+ ?is c\rse1 a gr\p ( ?ree buoys is rea*$4 ,"o is a l>ge 8nun10 or cone-%ap$1 buoy1 pa9t$ black & :ite 9 v]tical /ripes2 ano!r has a triangul> framework built on x1 & 9 ! top ( ?is framework is a bell :i* tolls m\rnfully z ! buoy is rock$2 :ile ! ?ird is surm\nt$ by a big :i/le4444 ,^! m>k ! po9t :]e ocean ends & h>bor beg9s1 & c be f\nd 9 fair wea!r or 9 fog by _! color & %ape1 or noise4 ,!y are ! mid-*annel buoys at ! entrance to ,g$ney ,*annel1 ! deep-wat] entrance to ,new ,york h>bor4 ,"h x may be not$ t mid-*annel buoys 9 all h>bors 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are pa9t$ black & :ite 9 v]tical /ripes1 &1 be+ 9 mid-*annel1 %\ld be pass$ close to by all deep-draft vessels4 ,at ?is po9t ! pilot takes *>ge4 ,ahead ! wat] seems n[ to be dott$ 9 ! mo/ indiscrim9ate mann] ) buoys & beacons1 & on ! %ores ar\nd ! h>bor1 f> & ne>1 !re seem to be almo/ a doz5 ligh?\ses4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y wat* ! buoys z ! pilot /e]s ! %ip betwe5 !m1 y w soon see t all ^? pass$ on ! "r-h& side are r$1 & all on ! left are black4 ,:]e m ?an "o *annel runs ?r\gh ! same h>bor1 ! diff]5t *annels are m>k$ by buoys ( diff]5t %apes4 ,pr9cipal *annels are m>k$ by 8nun0 buoys1 second>y *annels by 8c0 buoys1 & m9or *annels by 8sp>0 buoys4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nun ,,buoys4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c ,,buoys4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sp> ,,buoys4 ,g$ney ,*annel is a %ort1 dr$g$ lane lead+ ov] ! out] b>1 or b>ri] ( s&1 :i* lies betwe5 h>bor & ocean4 ,its buoys are light$ at night by electricity1 ?r\gh subm>9e cables1 ! r$ ones ) r$ lights1 ! black ones ) :ite lights4 ,moreov]1 a little ligh?\se (f to ! left1 kn[n z ,s&y ,hook ,beacon1 has 9 its lamp a r$ sector :i* ?r[s a r$ beam j cov]+ ,g$ney ,*annel4 ,?us ?is *annel c be pass$ ?r\gh 9 safety by night z well z by day4 ,if x is night ! pilot kn[s :5 he is ?r\gh x by ! *ange ( color 9 ,s&y ,hook ,beacon light f r$ to :ite4 ,!n he looks away pa/ t light to 8 left = two fix$ :ite lights on ! ,new ,j]sey %ore & hillside1 kn[n z ,po9t ,com=t ,beacon & ,waackaack ,beacon1 = he kn[s t by keep+ !m 9 range1 t is to say1 9 l9e ) "o ano!r & himself1 & by /e]+ t[>d !m he is 9 ! ma9 %ip *annel4 ,by day ! ma9 %ip *annel buoys w\ld guide him1 z 9 ,g$ney ,*annel1 b at night ^! buoys are n light$4 ,only a %ort di/ance is n[ trav]s$ :5 ! %ip comes to a po9t :]e two unse5 *annels meet4 ,?is is indicat$ by a buoy hav+ a tall sp9dle1 or 8p]*10 surm\nt$ by a lattic$ squ>e4 ,f "h1 if %e cont9ues on h] c\rse1 %e w rema9 9 ! ma9 %ip-*annel1 :i*1 al?\gh deep]1 is a m circuit\s r\te into port2 s1 if %e does n draw too mu* wat]1 %e is turn$ some:at to ! "r1 &1 leav+ ! buoy ) ! p]* & squ>e on h] "r1 because x is r$1 %e is /e]$ betwe5 ! buoys :i* m>k ,swa% ,*annel4 ,if x 7 night ?is *annel w\ld be reveal$ by two range-lights on ! ,/at5 ,isl& %ore & hillside1 kn[n z ,elm ,tree ,beacon & ,new ,dorp ,beacon1 bo? be+ /eady-burn+1 :ite lights2 b we are ent]+ by daylight1 & :5 half-way ?r\gh ,swa% ,*annel we notice a buoy pa9t$ r$ & black 9 horizontal /ripes4 ,to ?is is giv5 a wide b]? by ! pilot4 ,x is an 8ob/ruction0 buoy m>k+ a %oal spot or a wreck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ob/ruction ,,buoy4 ,*annel buoys are all numb]$ 9 sequ5ce f ! sea inw>d1 ! r$ ones ) ev51 & ! black ones ) odd numb]s1 & ! l>g] ones are an*or$ ) 8mu%rooms0 :ile ! small] h 8s9k]s0 ( iron or /one4 ,!y are made ( iron plates 9 wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 s t if punctur$ by an ov]-runn+ %ip or "s o!r accid5t1 !y w n be likely to s9k4 ,9 h>bors :]e ice =ms 9 w9t]1 l>ge summ] buoys are replac$ 9 w9t] by a small] sort less liable to be torn adrift4 ,buoys d g adrift1 h[ev]1 n[ & !n1 & sometimes take a voyage across ! ocean or f> d[n ! coa/ be=e !y c be f\nd by ! t5d]s ( ! ,ligh?\se ,s]vice1 :i* is con/antly look+ aft] ^! & o!r m>ks4 ,lieut5ant ,ellicott tells u t all *anges 9 ! position ( buoys or light%ips1 or ! plac+ ( new buoys to m>k a *ange ( *annel1 or an ob/ruction1 are publi%$ promptly 9 pamphlets call$ 8,notices to ,m>9]s10 :i* are di/ribut$ z quickly z possible ?r\gh well organiz$ means ( communication4 ,a few ye>s ago "o ( ! l>ge/ ( our h&some new cruis]s 0 approa*+ ,new ,york h>bor f ! ,we/ ,indies 9 a light fog4 ,s&y ,hook ,light%ip _h be5 f\nd1 ! usual c\rse laid = ,g$ney ,*annel1 & ! %ip 0 /eam+ onw>d at full spe$1 h] capta91 hav+ be5 inspector ( t v ligh?\se di/rict b a %ort "t be=e1 feel+ t he knew 8 way into t port bett] ?an ! mo/ exp]i5c$ pilot4 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 he 0 />tl$ by ! al>m+ cry ( break]s ahead6 ,a l>ge hotel also loom$ up1 &1 z ! %ip 0 back$ full spe$ a/]n1 all h&s realiz$ t !y _h b>ely escap$ runn+ high & dry on ,rockaway ,bea*4 ,:5 ! vessel got into port x 0 le>n$ t ,s&y ,hook ,light%ip _h be5 mov$ consid]ably f its old position1 & t ! notice ( ?is *ange _h fail$ to rea* ! capta9 ( ! cruis] be=e he sail$ f ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,:i/l+ ,,buoy1 ,,out ,,( ,,commission4 ,%ipwrecks /ill occur1 h[ev]1 9 spite ( ligh?\ses & sir5s & buoys & coa/-surveys2 !re=e we add to our precautions arrangem5ts to help ^? ca/ away4 ,societies to save wreck$ p]sons h exi/$1 x is said1 = _m c5turies 9 ,*9a1 b 9 ,europe !y are h>dly a hundr$ ye>s old4 ,! e>ly humane societies1 l t ( ,great ,brita91 plac$ life-boats & rescu+ ge> 9 c]ta9 %ore t[ns1 & organiz$ crews1 :o promis$ to g out to ! aid ( any lo/ %ip1 & to take good c>e ( ! p]sons rescu$4 ,9 ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 our coa/s are s ext5sive1 & s mu* ( ! dang]\s "p ( !m is f> away f villages1 or ev5 a f>mh\se1 t ! gov]nm5t has be5 oblig$ to d :atev] 0 necess>y4 ,?us came ab\t ! ,life ,sav+ ,s]vice1 :i* n[ has its /ations close toge!r along our :ole sea-coa/1 & ^u ! great lakes1 cov]+ m ?an t5 ?\s& miles 9 all4 ,ea* ( ^! /ations is a snug h\se on ! bea*1 t5ant$ by a keep] & six m51 all ( :om are *os5 = _! skill 9 swimm+1 & 9 h&l+ a boat 9 ! surf--some?+ e man :o 8foll[s ! sea0 _c d successfully4 ,bea*+ a boat ?r\gh surf is an art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,patrolm5 ,,ex*ang+ ,,_! ,,*ecks4 ,dur+ all ! season1 f ,octob] till ,may1 two m5 f ea* /ation are incessantly patroll+ ! bea* at night1 ea* walk+ until he meets ! patrolman f ! next /ation4 ,no matt] h[ f\l ! wea!r1 ^! wat*m5 are out until daylight look+ = disa/]s4 ,! mom5t !y discov] a vessel a%ore1 or likely to become disabl$1 !y summon _! companions & ha/5 to laun* _! boat4 ,^! boats are ( two k9ds4 ,on ! lakes & on ! /eep ,pacific coa/ is us$ ! v heavy ,engli% life-boat1 fitt$ ) ma/s & sails if necess>y1 :i* a /eam tug is requir$ to t[ to ! sc5e ( ! wreck1 unless x is close 9 %ore4 ,b ^u our flat1 s&y ,atlantic bea*es only a light] k9d ( surf-boat1 made ( c$>1 c be h&l$4 ,?is is built ) air-cases at ea* end & "u ! ?w>ts1 s t x _c s9k4 ,! /ation m5 drag x on its l[ wagon to ! sc5e ( its use1 unless horses are to be _h1 & :5 x is laun*$ !y sit at ! six o>s1 ea* ) 8 cork belt buckl$ ar\nd him1 & 8 eye fix$ on ! /e]sman1 :o /&s 9 ! /]n1 ready to obey 8 slighte/ motion ( comm&1 = r[+ ?r\gh ! angry waves t da% !mselves on a /orm-beat5 bea* is a matt] requir+ extraord9>y skill & /r5g?4 ,!n1 :5 ! vessel is rea*$1 comes ano!r /ruggle to avoid be+ /ruck & cru%$ by ! plung+ %ip1 or ! brok5 sp>s & rigg+ p\nd+ ab\t ! hull4 ,b skill & caution g5]ally enable ! crew to rescue ! un=tunate ca/aways "o by "o1 ?\gh frequ5tly sev]al trips mu/ be made1 9 ea* "o ( :i* e surfman risks 8 life1 & 9 _m a sad case loses x2 yet !re is no lack ( m5 = ! s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sav+ ,a ,,sailor ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,! ,,bree*es-,,buoy4 ,x is a common occurr5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! sea w run s high t no boat c\ld possibly be laun*$4 ,!n ! only possibility ( rescue = ! crew is by means ( a l9e :i* %all bridge ! space betwe5 ! %ip & ! l& be=e ! hull falls to pieces4 ,we read 9 old tales ( wrecks ( h[ "s brave seaman w\ld tie a light l9e ar\nd 8 wai/1 & d>e ! dreadful waves1 & ! m dreadful und]t[1 to save 8 comrades4 ,if he got safely ^u ! bea*1 he drew a haws] on %ore & made x fa/4 ,n[ we d n ask ?is2 b ) a small cannon made = ! purpose1 a /rong cord atta*$ to a cannon-ball is fir$ ov] ! %ip1 ev5 ?\gh x be sev]al hundr$ y>ds di/ant4 ,seiz+ ?is l9e z x falls across _! vessel1 ! imp]il$ sailors haul to !mselves a l>g] l9e1 call$ a 8:ip10 :i* !y fa/5 9 a tackle-block 9 su* a way t a /ill heavi] cable c be /ret*$ betwe5 ! wreck & ! l& & made fa/4 ,!n by means ( a small side-l9e & pulleys a d\ble canvas bag1 %ap$ l a pair ( knee-bree*es1 is s5t back & =? betwe5 ! %ip & ! %ore1 br++ a man ea* "t1 until all are sav$4 ,%\ld !re be _m p]sons on bo>d1 ?\gh1 & great ha/e necess>y1 in/ead ( ! bree*es-buoy a small cov]$ metallic boat1 call$ ! life-c>1 is s5t out1 into :i* sev]al p]sons may get at once4 ,^! v>i$ means are s skilfully employ$1 t n[ h>dly "o 9 two hundr$ is lo/ ( ^? ^: lives are endang]$ on ! ,am]ican coa/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,self-,,right+ ,,life-,,boat4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,fi%+ ,,& ,,o!r ,,m>9e ,,indu/ries ,! gr&e/ sea-*ase is t aft] ! :ale--! mo/ gigantic ( mammals1 ! mo/ extraord9>y 9 appe>ance & habits1 & ! mo/ valuable to man1 = ! capture ( "o may mean t5 times z mu* rew>d z ! ivory ( an elephant or ! r>e/ ott]-sk9 w\ld af=d1 & p]haps a hundr$ times z mu*1 if amb]gris be f\nd )9 its body4 ,m5 h _h ! h>dihood to *ase ^! huge & (t5 savage creatures 9 _! own turbul5t elem5t1 & ) ! mo/ primitive weapons1 ev] s9ce ! art ( navigation 0 acquir$4 ,! ,japanese & o!r ,asiatics ( ! we/]n %ore ( ! ,nor? ,pacific h d>$ to g out 9 r[boats & attack ! l>ge/ :ales s9ce ! orig9 ( _! traditions1 & !y _h a me?od ( entangl+ ^! levia?ans 9 nets1 :i* mu/ h produc$ excit+ sc5es1 z ! mon/] /ruggl$ amid ! bloody turmoil ( wat]s to free himself f ! innum]able connect$ cords t emb>rass$ 8 movem5ts1 r ?an subdu$ 8 /r5g?1 until 8 life ebb$ away ?r\gh a hundr$ w\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old ,,:al]4 ,on ! ,alaskan coa/1 & s\?w>d z f> z ,oregon1 ! ,indians1 & especially ^? ( ! ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s & ! coa/s ( ! ,/rait ( ,juan de ,fuca1 7 accu/om$1 hundr$s1 p]haps ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 to g f> away into ! ocean 9 _! dug-out canoes1 se>*+ = & spe>+ ! :ales ) lances made ( fl9t or bone1 hav+ deta*able b>b$ heads4 ,^! 7 atta*$ to %afts by ra:ide l9es1 & to ! %afts 7 atta*$ buoys ( l>ge inflat$ bladd]s4 ,:5 ! animal 0 /ruck1 ! heavy pole w\ld drive ! lancehead ?r\gh ! sk9 & !n fall (f4 ,! b>bs w\ld n only hold ! in/rum5t !re1 b cause x to "w deep] & deep]1 & ! :ale1 d>t+ away or div+1 w\ld be s imp$$ by dragg+ ! poles & buoys aft] him1 t he w\ld soon return to receive o!r d>ts1 & s1 betwe5 loss ( blood & exhau/ion1 w\ld ultimately be kill$4 ,x is extremely int]e/+ to read ! /ories1 ga!r$ by e>ly travel]s f ! lips ( ! ,indians1--old ,haidas or ,makahs are liv+ yet :o h tak5 "p 9 su* n]ve-te/+ canoe-*ases1--( _! fights ) ?is gigantic foe f> f l&1 & _! hair's-bread? escapes2 & x is n /range t _m qua9t c]emonies 7 devis$ to placate ! wat]s & ! p[] ( ! :ale-god 9 advance1 & to honor ! sea-hunt]s :5 !y return$4 ,! ,gre5l&]s & ,ea/]n ,eskimos d n seem to h be5 able 9 _! small sk9 boats to conqu] ! l>ge/ sort ( :ales1 b ! small] ones1 su* z ! :ite :ale1 fell to _! spe>s 9 a simil> way2 & !y took great pa9s to secure any dead or /r&$ cetacean t came )9 _! rea*1 ! bones ( :i* 7 z valuable to !m1 9 ! abs5ce ( wood1 z 7 ! fle%1 oil1 & s9ews4 ,! hi/ory ( ,european :al+ beg9s ) ! excursions ( ! ,basques1 :o1 z long ago at lea/ z ! t5? c5tury1 7 accu/om$ to g out f _! %ore-t[ns 9 se>* ( ! s\!rn "r :ale :i* frequ5ts ! ,bay ( ,biscay & its (f+4 ,d\btless _! boats 7 small1 half-deck$1 lugg]-rigg$ 8%yppes10 c>ry+ t5 to fifte5 m51 & look+ mu* l _m ( ! ,*annel fi%]m5 ( to-day4 ,?is 8fi%]y0 suppli$ all ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ) ! :alebone & oil :i* 7 among ! luxuries ( ! ri* at t "t2 b by ! "t ! sixte5? c5tury _h arriv$1 :ales _h become s sc>ce 9 ! ,ea/]n ,atlantic--:]e n[ !y are almo/ ext9ct--t ?is indu/ry mu/ h ceas$ _h n ! ,cabots %[n ! way to ,newf\ndl&1 to ^: %ores ! ,basques at once ext5d$ _! voyages ) excell5t results1 = 9 ^? days :ales 7 commonly se5 all along ! ,am]ican %ore ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,b ?is remote fi%]y w\ld h be5 too prec>i\s & co/ly to be ( great consequ5ce _h x n be5 = ! e>ly ef=ts1 relat$ 9 ,*apt] ,v1 to f9d a passage to ! ,ea/ nor? ( ! cont95ts4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! fail$1 b !y br\ght back reports t ! edge ( ! froz5 sea ab\nd$ 9 :ales1 & m5 ru%$ into ?is newly discov]$ field ( weal?1 z1 c5turies lat]1 !y ab&on$ ev]y?+ 9 headlong ha/e to g to ! gold-fields ( ,cali=nia1 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa or ! ,yukon ,valley4 ,! ,engli% did _! be/ to monopolize ! :ale fi%]y at once1 b ! ,dut* s5t w>-vessels1 & 9 a fleet action almo/ at ! edge ( ! ice 9 #afah ! ,dut* conqu]$ & op5$ ! seas to all com]s1 :ile sep>ate di/ricts on ! coa/ ( ,spitzb]g5 7 assign$ to ea* nationality4 ,! ,engli% int]e/ 9 ! fi%]y decl9$1 b ! ,dut* increas$ _! att5tion to x1 tak+ ov] "o ?\s& :ales ea* ye>4 8,ab\t #afhj10 we read1 8!y _h two hundr$ & sixty vessels & f\rte5 ?\s& seam5 employ$4 ,_! fi%]y cont9u$ to fl\ri% on almo/ z ext5sive a scale until #aggj1 :5 x began to decl9e1 & f9ally1 ow+ to ! w>1 came to an end be=e ! end ( ! c5tury40 ,! ,g]mans 7 always associat$ ) !m1 & cont9u$ to s5d a :al+ fleet to ,b>5tz ,sea & ! ,jan ,may5 wat]s until #ahgc4 ,mean:ile ! ,gre5l& :al+-gr\nds _h begun to attract ,briti% :alem51 foll[$ by ! ,danes 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury2 !n ?is local indu/ry fell (f1 b 0 reviv$ ab\t #ahjj1 rema9$ prosp]\s = _m ye>s1 & is /ill ! support ( ,pet]head & a few o!r ,scot* ports4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:al]s ,,try+ ,,oil ,,out ,,( ,,blubb]4 ,! abundance ( :ales ne> ! coa/ 0 "o ( ! prime inducem5ts held out to coloni/s by ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e :ales (t5 appe>$ close to ! %ore1 or 9 h>bors1 z occasionally !y d yet4 ,"h1 at fir/1 :ale-fi%+ 0 pursu$ :olly 9 r[boats laun*$ f ! bea*4 ,_m %ore t[ns own$ :aleboats & ge>1 ea* ) its tra9$ crew1 & "s kept a regul> look\t1 day by day1 ^: duty x 0 promptly to ann\nce ! appe>ance ( any :ale 9 ! (f+4 ,su* 0 ! case at ,s\?ampton1 ,long ,isl&1 = _m ye>s1 & ev5 n[1 occasionally1 ! t[n-crew !re ru%es away ?r\gh ! break]s aft] "s /ray visitor amid ! excitem5t ( ! :ole neighborhood1 b ?is happ5s only at int]vals ( sev]al ye>s4 ,be=e ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! p ( ,nantucket ,isl& 7 wont to cruise ab\t ! neighbor+ ocean = "r :ales1 _! voyage la/+ six weeks or s z a rule1 & n[ & !n !y w\ld pick up a sp]m :ale4 ,by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 sp]m :al+ 0 no long] pr(itable 9 ! ,nor!rn ,atlantic1 :ile ! ,gre5l& gr\nds 7 ov]run by ,european %ips4 ,am]ican fi%]m5 !re=e turn$ _! att5tion to ! ,we/1 & = _m ye>s conf9$ !mselves ma9ly to cat*+ ! sp]m :ale1 f9d+ at fir/ _! be/ 8gr\nds0 9 ! s\?-middle ,pacific4 ,:5 ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce came on1 ,nantucket 0 ! lead+ :al+-port ( ! c\ntry1 b all ! ,new ,engl& t[ns 7 m or less engag$1 & no less ?an ?ree hundr$ & sixty vessels1 l>ge & small1 7 out4 ,! ,revolution>y ,w> ne>ly de/roy$ ! indu/ry1 & be=e x c\ld well revive1 ! ,w> ( #ahab aga9 subject$ ! :al+-%ips to capture by ,engli% private]s & m5-(-w> all ov] ! _w4 ,aft] t1 h[ev]1 !y spread all ov] ! ,s\!rn seas1 & betwe5 #ahdj & #ahej m ?an sev5 hundr$ 7 fly+ ! flag ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! :al+ vessels 7 l>ge1 /an* craft1 usually b>k-rigg$1 di/+ui%$ by _! old-fa%ion$ %ape1 wea!r-/a9$1 smoky appe>ance1 enorm\s boats sw++ f end to end ( ! %ip f l(ty davits1 & try-works =w>d4 ,!y kept long] ?an any "o else _m relics ( rigg+1 cu/om1 & language1 belong+ to ! seaman%ip ( e>li] g5]ations2 & no sea-p]il c\ld daunt ei!r ! vessel or its crew4 ,!y w\ld sail on voyages la/+ two or ?ree ye>s1 & sometimes w\ld circumnavigate ! globe & return )\t hav+ t\*$ at a port4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 !y w\ld ga9 "p ( a c>go1 & !n g to "s port1 %ip x to ,london or ,new ,york1 & refit = a new voyage4 ,! pr(its ( a trip 7 ?us v great sometimes1 b o!r trips 7 att5d$ only by exp5se & mis=tune4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drawn ,,by ,w4 ,,tab]4 ,a ,,race ,,= ,a ,,:ale4 ,! capture ( :ales 9 ^? days _h m dang] if n m excitem5t ?an n[1 = ! only me?od 0 by r[+ aft] !m1 help$ by ! sails1 9 ! #bh-;foot1 d\ble-end$ r[boats made = ! purpose 7( :i* e vessel c>ri$ six or eight71 & s9k+ into _! vitals d>ts & lances until !y di$4 ,!y 7 !n t[$ to ! vessel's side1 held by tackle f ! y>d-arms 9 a suitable position1 & cut up4 ,! oil 9 e>ly days 0 pack$ 9 casks1 b lat] has be5 run into iron tanks built into ! hold1 aft] hav+ be5 tri$ out ( ! blubb] 9 ! great caldrons set 9 brick on ! =w>d deck1 :i* gave a :al] s peculi> an appe>ance1 at all times1 & w\ld lead any "o to suppose h] on fire :ile ! process ( try+-out 0 go+ on1 & ! great volumes ( black smoke caus$ by ! use ( :ale-fat & wa/e z fuel 7 drift+ to leew>d4 ,"o ( ! be/ acc\nts ( a *ase publi%$ is t by ! late ,temple ,br[n1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission1 9 an article 9 8,! ,c5tury0 = ,febru>y1 #ahic1 f :i* ,i am p]mitt$ to make an extract3 ,:ile cruis+ on ! coa/ ( ,new ,zeal&1 "o day ab\t #aa4cj ,a4 ,m41 ! look\t at ! ma9 hail$ ! deck )3 8,?> %' b-l-o-w-s6 ,?> %' b-l-o-w-s6 ,bl[s6 ,b-l-o-w-s60 8,:]e away80 promptly respond$ ! (fic] ( ! deck4 8,f\r po9ts (f ! lee b[6 ,bl[s sp]m-:ales6 ,bl[s6 ,bl[s60 came f al(t4 8,h[ f> (f80 %\t$ ! capta91 r\s$ out ( 8 cab9 by ! al>m1 z 8 head & %\ld]s appe>$ above deck4 8,:]e are !y head+80 he cont9u$1 z he w5t up ! rigg+ on all-f\rs4 8,bl[s ab\t two miles & a half (f1 sir10 repli$ ,mr4 ,braxton1 ! mate1 look+ (f ! lee-b[ ) 8 glasses1 8& com+ to w9dw>d1 ,i believe40 8,call all h&s60 said ! capta94 8,haul up ! ma9sail1 & back y\r ma9-y>ds4 ,hurry up !re6 ,get y\r boats ready1 ,mr4 ,braxton60 ,at ! fir/ al>m ! m5 came sw>m+ up ! companionway ( ! =eca/le1 dive/+ !mselves ( sup]flu\s articles ( clo?+1 & scatt]+ !m indiscrim9ately ab\t ! deck4 ,roll+ up _! tr\s]s1 & gird+ _! lo9s ) _! lea!r belts1 tak+ a d\ble reef until supp]-"t1 !y flitt$ n]v\sly "h & !re 9 _! b>e legs & feet1 obs]v+ e ord] ) ! greate/ alacrity1 & hold+ !mselves 9 read9ess to g ov] ! side ( ! vessel at ! ^w ( comm&4 ,!re is a c]ta9 ord]1 sy/ematic action1 or r$ tape1 obs]v$ on all fir/-class :al+-vessels1 h[ev] imp]fectly discipl9$ "s ( ! boat-crews may be4 ,! capta9 indicates ! boats he wi%es to attack ! :ales2 ! boat-head] 7an (fic]7 & ! boat-/e]] 7! h>poon]7 take _! prop] positions 9 ! boat1 ! =m] at ! /]n & ! latt] at ! b[1 :ile susp5d$ 9 ! davits4 ,at ! prop] mom5t ! davit-tackles are run out by m5 on deck1 & ! boats drop ) a lively spla%2 ! sprightly o>sm5 meantime leap ! %ip's rail1 &1 sw++ !mselves d[n ! side ( ! vessel1 tumble promiscu\sly into ! boats j ab\t ! "t ! latt] /rike ! wat]4 ,al?\gh x may be said t !re is a g5]al scramble1 !re is n ! lea/ confusion4 ,e p]son & ?+ has ! prop] place assign$ to x 9 a :aleboat2 ! (fic] has full comm&1 b he is subject to ! ord]s ( ! capta91 :o signals 8 in/ructions f ! %ip1 usually by means ( ! light sails4 ,! mann] ( go+ on to a :ale1 ! numb] ( m5 & _! positions 9 ! boat1 & ! k9d ( in/rum5ts & ! mann] ( us+ !m1 h be5 p]petuat$ 9 ?is fi%]y = m ?an two c5turies4 8,cle> away ! l>bo>d & b[ boats60 %\t$ ! capta94 8,get 9 ahead ( ! :ales1 ,mr4 ,braxton1 if y c4 ,"h1 cook1 y & coop] l5d a h& !re ) !m davy-taycles4 ,are y ready8 ,hoi/ & sw+ y\r boats40 ,d[n w5t ! l>bo>d boat & ! b[ boat almo/ simultane\sly4 8,%ove (f6 ,up sail6 ,out o>s6 ,pull ahead60 7 ! ord]s f ,mr4 ,braxton1 ! (fic] ( ! l>bo>d boat1 9 rapid succession4 8,let's get cle> ( ! %ip4 ,come1 be> a h& ) t sail1 d10 he add$1 coax+ly1 ) 8 eye on ! ?ird mate's boat4 8,don't let 'em get 9 ahead ( u40 8,all "r1 sir2 "h y g1 %eet10 repli$ ,v]a1 ! h>poon]1 a well-develop$ & intellig5t ,am]ican-,portuguese1 ) 8 accu/om$ good spirits4 ,ha/ily lay+ aside 8 paddle1 l a tig] c\*ant1 ) eag] eyes ^u 8 prey1 he pick$ up 8 h>poon1 & /ood erect1 8 tall1 muscul> frame sway+ above ! head ( ! boat4 ,he plac$ 8 ?igh 9 ! clumsy-cleat1--a contrivance to /eady ! h>poon] aga9/ ! motions ( ! waves1-- & ) 8 long1 spr+y arms turn$ & balanc$ ! h>poon-pole previ\s to pois+ ! in/rum5t 9 ! air4444 ,"u ! motive p[] ( sail & paddle ! space betwe5 ! boat & :ale 0 rapidly dim9i%+1 & app>5tly !y w\ld soon come into collision4 ,! enorm\s head ( ! cetacean1 z x pl[$ a wide furr[ 9 ! ocean1 & ! tall column ( vapor ris+ f ! bl[-holes1 z x sp\t$ t5 or twelve feet 9 ! air1 7 to be se5 "r ahead2 ! expir$ air1 z x ru%$ l /eam f a valve1 c\ld be he>d ne> by2 ! bun* ( ! neck & ! hump 7 pla9ly visible z !y rose & fell ) ! swell ( ! waves2 & ! t]rible commotion ( ! tr\bl$ wat]s1 fann$ by ! gigantic flukes1 left a swa? ( foam+ & danc+ waves cle>ly outl9$ ^u ! surface ( ! sea4444 ,mr4 ,braxton laid ! boat (f gracefully to />bo>d1 & ! ma/odonic head ( a g5u9e sp]maceti :ale loom$ up on our port b[4 ,! junk 0 seam$ & sc>r$ ) _m a w\nd receiv$ 9 fi]ce & angry /ruggles = supremacy ) individuals ( its own species1 or p]haps ) ! krak52 ! foam+ wat]s ran up & d[n ! great %9+ black head1 expos+ f "t to "t ! long1 raki% "u-jaw2 b :at small eyes6 8,n[60 %\t$ ! (fic]1 z if ,v]a 0 a half-mile (f1 in/ead ( ab\t tw5ty-five feet4 8,give him "s1 boy6 ,give him--60 ,b 8 well-tra9$ & fai?ful h>poon] _h already d>t$ ! h>poon into ! gli/5+ black sk9 j abaft ! f92 ! boat 0 envelop$ 9 a foam-cl\d--! 8:ite wat]0 ( ! :alem51 /irr$ up by ! trem5d\s flukes ( ! :ale4 8,/]n all60 %\t$ ! (fic]2 & ! boat 0 quickly propell$ backw>d by ! o>sm51 to cle> x f ! :ale4 8,are y fa/1 boy80 8,fu/ iron 91 sir2 c't tell second10 repli$ ,v]a2 b ! zip-zip-zip ( ! l9e z x fairly leap$ f ! tub & w5t sp9n+ r\nd ! logg]head & ?r\gh ! *ocks1 s5d+ up a cl\d ( smoke produc$ by friction1 indicat$ ! pres5ce ( heal?y game4 8,wet l9e6 wet l9e60 %\t$ ,mr4 ,braxton1 z he w5t =w>d to kill ! :ale1 & ,v]a came aft to /e] ! boat1 un/epp+ ! ma/ on 8 way2 = all :ales are n[ /ruck "u sail4 ,! :ale1 h[ev]1 soon turn$ flukes1 & w5t head fir/ to ! dep?s bel[4 ,meantime1 ! o!r :ales _h tak5 ! al>m1 & ) _! noses 9 ! air1 7 %[+ a 8clean pair ( heels0 to w9dw>d4 ,! boat lay by await+ ! 8ris+0 ( ! cetacean4 ,tw5ty m9utes pass$1 tw5ty-five1 /roke-o>sman began to feel hungry2 ?irty1 ?irty-five1 & /ill ! l9e 0 ei!r sl[ly runn+ out or taut2 b soon x began to slack54 8,haul l9e6 haul l9e60 said ! (fic]1 pe]+ into ! wat]4 8,he's /opp$40 ,! l9e 0 retriev$ z fa/ z possible & c>efully laid 9 loose coils on ! aft] plat=m4 8,haul l9e1 he's com+6 ,coil l9e cle>1 ,v]a60 said ,mr4 ,braxton1 %ad+ 8 eyes ) 8 h& & look+ ov] ! gunwale at an imm5se opaque spot beg9n+ to outl9e itself 9 ! dep?s bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drawn ,,by ,w4 ,,tab]4 ,,engrav$ ,,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,evans4 ,,fa/ ,,to ,a ,,:ale4 8,look out6 ,"h he comes6 ,/]n all6 ,look out = :ale60 ,b ! mate's injunctions 7 receiv$ too late4 ,! :ale1 fairly out ( brea?1 came up ) a b\nd & a puff1 scatt]+ ! wat] 9 all directions1 & cat*+ ! keel ( ! boat on ! bun* ( its neck4 ,! boat b\nd$ f ?is "p ( ! :ale's anatomy to ! hump1 &1 c>e5+ to />bo>d1 %ot ! crew fir/ on ! :ale's side & !n into ! wat]4 ,! /roke-o>sman n[ began to feel wet4 ,! :ale1 t]rifi$ beyond measure by ! tickl+ s5sation ( ! little ?irty-foot boat creep+ d[n its back1 caught ! frail c$> craft on "o corn] ( its flukes1 & toss$ x gracefully1 b p]haps n int5tionally1 into ! air1 z "o w\ld play ) a light rubb] ball4 ,z ! boat desc5d$1 ) "o trem5d\s 8side wipe0 ( ! mighty caudal f91 & ) a t]rible cra% t 0 he>d on ! %ip ne>ly two miles away1 ! :ale sma%$ x into k9dl+-wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,:ale-,,boat ,,cut ,,9 ,,two4 ,?is is only "o ( ! excit+ tales ,mr4 ,br[n has to tell1 & ! hi/ory ( :al+ 9 e c\ntry c\ld add _m m4 ,he tells u t approa*+ a :ale at all times is l go+ into battle1 & says t _m ( ! de$s rememb]$ by old h&s 7 purely h]oic1 s9ce ! dang] might h be5 avoid$ by decl9+ to attack ! animal "u ! especially haz>d\s conditions t (t5 pres5t !mselves4 ,! p]secution suff]$ by :ales ( all k9ds 9 all p>ts ( ! _w made ! m valuable k9ds s sc>ce by ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury t _m voyages 7 almo/ fruitless1 n only by reason ( small cat*es1 b because ! sub/itutes inv5t$ = :alebone1 & ! con/antly increas+ use ( m9]al oils _h l[]$ prices to an almo/ ru9\s level4 ,! ,am]ican fleets suff]$ ) ! re/1 until dur+ ! ,civil ,w> !y 7 ne>ly swept f ! seas by ! ravages ( ! ,%5&oah & o!r ,conf$]ate private]s4 ,s9ce !n !re has be5 only a p>tial revival1 accompani$ by a good _m *anges4 ,a few ,scot* & ,g]man :al]s /ill g to ! nor!rn seas1 work+ 9 ! ice1 & "s ,am]ican vessels f ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 & a great] numb] f ,cali=nia se>* ! ,pacific & ! wat]s (f ,alaska4 ,all or ne>ly all ( ^! :al]s are provid$ ) /eam-propell]s1 hav+ an arrangem5t by :i* !y c lift ! screw out ( wat] & use _! sails = ord9>y purposes4 ,_m ( !m *ase ) a /eam-laun* in/ead ( ! old-fa%ion$ :aleboats1 & save _! m5 ! back-/ra9+ labor ( t[+ a prize p]haps two or ?ree miles to ! %ip4 ,9 place ( ! h& h>poon !y h sev]al =ms ( swivel-guns & %\ld]-guns dis*>g+ h>poons & explosive d>ts by gunp[d]1 s t a l>ge %>e ( ! dang] z well z ! labor is sav$ to mod]n :alem51 :o are also mu* bett] h\s$ & f$ 9 _! l>ge iron /eam%ips ?an ^? us$ to be :o wre/l$ ) scurvy 9 ! grim old hulks ( half a c5tury ago4 ,! %ips t g up ?r\gh ,davis ,/raits n[ frequ5tly w9t] !re1 9 ord] to be on h& 9 ,may to meet ! :ales t appe> 9 ! fir/ op5 wat]1 to :i* ! m5 drag _! boats ov] ! ice betwe5 _! %ips & ! fir/ op5 *annels4 ,= ! same purpose _m vessels ( ! ,am]ican fleet are accu/om$ to pass ! w9t] 9 company "u ! %elt] ( isl&s ne> ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie ,riv]4 ,"h !y h a r5dezv\s :]e build+s h be5 erect$ & means = social com=t h be5 e/abli%$1 su* z billi>d tables1 books1 etc4 ,^! we/]n vessels d n =ce _! way into & ?r\gh ! ice1 z d ^? among ! ea/]n ar*ipelagoes1 b op]ate 9 comp>atively op5 wat]1 z long z x la/s1 along ! edge ( ! paleocry/ic ice4 ,delay+ ! dep>ture ( ^? :o mean to return to ! ,pacific & home until ! la/ mom5t1 x occasionally happ5s t "s are caught & froz5 94 ,^! are usually de/roy$1 b ?us f> _! crews h manag$ to escape ei!r to m =tunate vessels or to ! %ore1 :]e1 at ,po9t ,b>r[1 ! gov]nm5t has built & keeps furni%$ a /rong h\se1 ) /ores1 fuel1 & provisions1 z a refuge = %ipwreck$ m>9]s4 ,walrus-hunt+ is n mu* foll[$ n[adays by civiliz$ seam51 ?\gh ! animal is /ill ( great value to ! ,eskimo & ,sib]ians4 ,x has become v sc>ce 9 easily accessible wat]s1 b is occasionally tak5 by :al]s1 :o f9d a m>ket = ! ivory ( its tusks4 ,seal+ is an indu/ry :i* /ill claims consid]able att5tion f ! ,sc&9avians & ,scot*m5 :o g to ! coa/s & wat]s ab\t ,spitzb]g51 ,jan ,may51 & ,gre5l&1 z well z to ne>] resorts1 9 pursuit ( sev]al species yield+ oil & valuable hides2 & 9 ! ,nor? ,pacific ! pursuit ( ! fur seal /ill occupies _m small vessels1 b seems likely to come soon to an end4 ,ant>ctic seals are practically ext9ct4 ,! indu/ry ( fi%+ is probably "o ( ! olde/ 9 ! _w1 & x rema9s among ! mo/ important1 = ! fi%]ies n only furni% a va/ am\nt ( nutriti\s & pleasant1 yet rem>kably *eap1 food1 b _m o!r ?+s useful to mank9d4 ,h5ce x is n /range to f9d t 9 all ! e>ly reports ( ! discov]y ( new l&s & wat]s t foll[$ "o ano!r s rapidly f ! f\rte5? to ! eighte5? c5turies1 ! fi% & o!r sea-animals to be f\nd 7 always giv5 a prom95t place 9 ! li/ ( valuable assets p]ta9+ to ea* locality4 ,ev5 ! ,spani>ds & ,portuguese1 9 _! insane ru% = gold & silv]1 to ! neglect & ru9 ( ev]y?+ else1 _h to pay "s little att5tion to fi%+ & alli$ indu/ries 9 bo? ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies2 :ile 9 ! case ( ! exploitations ( new regions by ! calm]1 m prud5t p ( we/]n ,europe--! ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 ,dut* & ,sc&9avians1--! value ( ! h>ve/ ( ! sea 0 really m 9 view1 at fir/1 ?an t ( ! l&1 at lea/ :5 !y began to visit & colonize ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,take1 z an example1 ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,pi]re1 ,miquelon1 & ! o!rs t =m a gr\p ( islets 9 ! ,gulf ( ,newf\ndl&1 half way betwe5 ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl& & ,newf\ndl&4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,g4 ,w4 ,b5jam91 9 ^: 8,cruise ( ! ,alice ,may0 y may f9d _m int]e/+ & picturesque mat]ials = an acc\nt ( !m1 tells u a ,fr5* settlem5t 0 begun on ,/4 ,pi]re z e>ly z #afjd1 & t tradition says ! isl&s 7 resort$ to by ! ,basques two c5turies be=e t1 z is v likely true4 ,9 #agac ! colony numb]$ ?ree ?\s& s\ls1 & _h become a v important fi%+ port4 ,9 t v ye> ,/4 ,pi]re 0 c$$ to ,great ,brita91 toge!r ) ,newf\ndl&1 ! ,fr5* be+ m]ely all[$ p]mission to dry _! fi% on ! adjac5t %ores4 ,b :5 ! victory ( ,wolfe result$ 9 ! loss ( ,canada to ,france1 %e 0 once m aw>d$ ?is little gr\p ( isles ly+ (f ,=tune ,bay1 to s]ve z a depot = h] fi%]m54 ,! ,fr5* n[ gave !mselves 9 e>ne/ to develop+ ! cod-fi%]ies1 det]m9$1 app>5tly1 t :at !y _h lo/ on l& %\ld be made up by ! sea4 ,9 twelve ye>s ! av]age exportation ( fi% am\nt$ to six ?\s& qu9tals1 giv+ employm5t to ov] two hundr$ smacks1 sail$ by eight ?\s& seam54 ,! ,engli% recaptur$ ! isles 9 #aggh1 de/roy$ all ! /ages & /ore-h\ses1 & =c$ ! inhabitants to g into exile4 ,! peace ( ,v]sailles re/or$ ,/4 ,pi]re to ,france 9 #aghc1 & ! fugitives return$ to ! isl& at ! royal exp5se4 ,! fi%]ies n[ became m prosp]\s ?an ev]1 :5 ! w> ( '#ic once m br\ght ! ,engli% fleets to ,/4 ,pi]re4 ,aga9 ! inhabitants 7 =c$ to fly4 ,by ! peace ( ,ami5s1 9 #ahjb1 ,france rega9$ possession ( ?is s+ul>ly evanesc5t possession1 & lo/ x ! foll[+ ye>1 :5 ! t[n 0 de/roy$4 ,9 #ahaf ,/4 ,pi]re & ,miquelon 7 f9ally re-c$$ to ,france1 9 ^: p[] !y h ev] s9ce rema9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cur+ ,,fi% ,,at ,,/4 ,,pi]re4 ,z ^! isl&s 7 ( no use to any "o = any o!r purpose1 all ?is /ruggle = _! possession 0 9 ord] to reta9 ! privilege & naval control ( fi%+ 9 ^? wat]s4 ,! ,fr5* gov]nm5t has c>efully fo/]$ ?is int]e/ ev] s9ce1 & n[ ! isl&s n only h a settl$ population ( sev]al ?\s&1 b at ! height ( ! season sometimes z _m z t5 ?\s& /rang]s 7sailors & fi%]m57 congregate at ! pr9cipal port1 ,/4 ,pi]re1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ important c5t]s 9 ! _w = ! m>ket+1 cur+1 & export ( sea-caught fi%4 ,( all wat]s ^? ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic seem to excel 9 useful fi%es2 f ! oil-%>k h&-l9+ (f ! coa/ ( ,lapl&1 or ! s>d9e-cat*+ ( ,spa91 to ,yankee sword-fi%+1 ?is ocean is alive ) fi% & fi%]m51 on bo? sides & at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,! :ole coa/ ( ,norway supports ?is indu/ry1 especially ar\nd ! f> nor!rn ,lafod5 ,isl&s4 ,! ,nor? ,sea1 %all[ & cold1 is ! home ( _m valuable species t are s\ght by ext5sive fleets f ,d5m>k1 ,holl&1 & ! nor? ( ,france1 :ile ?\s&s ( ,briti% sailors make a liv+ along _! own ea/]n coa/s & among ! isl&s nor? ( ,scotl&2 b ! wat]s on all sides ( ! ,briti% ,isles are fi%+ wat]s1 especially ! ,engli% & ,iri% *annels & ! we/]n lo*s ( ,scotl&2 ! h]r+-cat* alone is wor? eight & a half millions ( doll>s a ye>1 :ile ,great ,brita9's mack]el-cat* am\nts to two millions1 & h] %>e ( ! codfi%]y to ano!r two millions4 ,ne>ly half ( all ! products ( ,briti% fi%]ies are obta9$ by ! use ( ! beam-trawl--a huge dr$ge-l bag-net1 h&l$ & t[$ by /eam]s 9 pretty deep wat]1 :i* scoops 9 ev]y?+ ne> ! bottom1 :]e ! mo/ desirable sea-fi%es /ay4 ,among ! prizes are ! turbot & sole--too?some & valuable species n kn[n along ,am]ican %ores4 ,m s\!rly are ! pr(itable fi%]ies = pil*>ds1 sprats1 & especially s>d9es--little fi%es tak5 9 va/ numb]s & cann$ or pres]v$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! abundance ( s>d9es1 a rec5t writ] tells u1 may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! ,spani% fi%]m5 take annually ab\t "o hundr$ ?\s& tons ( ^! little fi%es1 hav+ a value ( f #djj1jjj to #fjj1jjj4 ,a peculi> me?od ( captur+ ! s>d9es at night prevails 9 ! ,adriatic4 ,! location ( ! %oals ( fi% is lit]ally felt out by a light s\nd+-l9e1 & by means ( ! attraction ( a fire ( res9\s p9e ! fi% are sl[ly coax$ into "s creek or e/u>y & surr\nd$ ) a se9e4 ,! dem& = wood = use 9 ?is & o!r night fi%]ies causes a s]i\s dra9 on ! neighbor+ p9e-=e/s4 ,! great fi%]y ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 h[ev]1 is t = tunnies--huge fi%es alli$ to mack]el1 sometimes weigh+ sev]al hundr$weight1 & reg>d$ 9 ,am]ica z poor food4 ,!y h be5 tak5 by means ( p\nds & /rong enclos+ nets ev] s9ce classical antiquity1 & pres]v$ tunny fle% is /ill popul> 9 ,spa91 ,italy1 & ,nor? ,africa1 :ile ! same fi% is ! object ( "o ( ! pr9cipal sea-indu/ries ( ,japan4 ,b important z are ! cat*+1 pres]v+1 & utilization ( ^! & _m o!r ,european fi%es1 !y are f> outrank$ by ! m>9e fi%]ies = ! cod & its relatives1 ! halibut1 haddock1 hake1 etc41 9 wat]s ab\t ,newf\ndl&1 ,labrador1 & ,icel&1 :]e also great quantities ( mack]el1 h]r+1 & o!r food fi%es are regul>ly obta9$4 ,! pr9cipal gr\nds are on ! ,banks ( ,newf\ndl&1 :i* h be5 resort$ to = m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s by m5 f bo? cont95ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h&-,,l9e ,,fi%+ ,,on ,,! ,,gr& ,,banks4 ,! ,banks ( ,newf\ndl& are a s]ies ( %oals--subm]g$ isl&s1 9 fact--:i* lie (f ! nor!a/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica f ,cape ,cod to ! f>!r end ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,! %all[ness ( ! wat] ov] !m makes !m advantage\s places = fi%+1 because _m ( ! species caught rema9 ne> ! bottom1 & 9 deep wat] are !re=e beyond conv5i5t rea*4 ,x is possible1 also1 to an*or !re--(t5 a necessity4 ,b j "h are pres5t$ "s ( ! wor/ p]ils to :i* fi%]m5 are expos$4 ,n[h]e are old ocean's /orms worse ?an on ^! ,banks1 :]e ! s& is sometimes /irr$ five hundr$ feet bel[ ! surface4 ,! be/ fi%+ comes 9 w9t]--! season ( ! heavie/ gales4 ,! vessels mu/ an*or close toge!r1 too1 = ! areas ( good fi%+ are small1 & if "o breaks its haws]1 or ! an*or drags1 !re is great dang] ( drift+ af\l ( "s neighbor1 :i* is likely to end 9 ! de/ruction ( bo?4 ,!n !re is ev] pres5t ! dang]1 9 ^! latitudes ( almo/ ceaseless fog1 ( be+ run d[n by ! transatlantic /eam]s1 9 ^: track ! fi%+ fleets mu/ an*or4 ,! skipp] keeps 8 bell toll+1 or a great horn bl[+1 b if a /eam] comes d[n ! w9d h] look\t w h>dly be able to he> x be=e x is too late to /op or *ange ! c\rse ( ! mon/] ru%+ at full spe$ ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( mi/ & fly+ spray4 8,be=e any?+ c be done ! rel5tless iron pr[ cuts into ! s*oon]1 :i* = a mom5t quiv]s & !n disappe>s into ! dep?s4444 ,"o ( ^! great iron %ips might cut ! b[s (f a fi%+ s*oon] ( sixty or eighty tons & n1 p]haps1 exp]i5ce a suffici5t %ock to al>m ! pass5g]s sleep+ calmly 9 _! /at]ooms40 ,! vessels :i* g ^u ?is p]il\s que/ are ! /an*e/1 swifte/1 & )al h&some/ little vessels t sail our seas4 ,_! rig is adapt$ to ?is purpose1 & spreads almo/ z mu* canvas z a rac+-ya*t1 :i*1 9 fact1 on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic has be5 model$ f ,banks fi%]m54 ,! be/ ( !m probably are ^? hail+ f ,gl\ce/]1 ,mass41 & ^! are nev] us$ = any o!r purpose4 ,! old-fa%ion$ h&-l9e fi%+1 su* z /ill holds a place 9 ! mack]el fi%]ies--al?\gh ev5 !re x has giv5 way 9 mo/ vessels to purse-nett+1--is no long] practis$ 9 ! ,am]ican codfi%]y1 :i* n[ uses ! trawl-l9e altoge!r1 by :i* ! m5 h add$ to ! h>d%ip & dang] ( _! adv5tur\s life z well z to its pr(its4 ,?is trawl is n a huge dr$ge z is ! beam-trawl ( ! ,nor? ,sea fi%]m51 f :i* x has un=tunately copi$ its "n1 b is a /rong rope betwe5 ?ree & f\r hundr$ feet long1 hav+ at ea* end an an*or & a flag-buoy4 ,x is s arrang$ t :5 x is /ret*$ out & an*or$ ! l9e w be sev]al fa?oms b5ea? ! surface4 ,to ?is l9e1 at int]vals ( six feet or s1 are hung %ort l9es1 ea* c>ry+ a /\t hook4 ,:5 ! fi%+-gr\nd has be5 rea*$1 ! capta9 an*ors 8 vessel1 or1 if ! wea!r p]mits1 he sails g5tly to & fro4 ,previ\sly1 six trawls h be5 bait$ ) clams br\ght f home1 & "o put 9 ea* ( ! six small boats :i* ! vessel c>ries4 ,two m5 n[ put (f 9 ea* ( ^! boats & an*or ! trawls at conv5i5t di/ances f ea* o!r1 9 su* a way t ! trawl-l9e1 ) its fr+e ( hooks1 %all be /ret*$ taut & at ! prop] dep?4 ,h[ long !y /ay d[n dep5ds on ! wea!r--five or six h\rs1 or f ev5+ until morn+1 is ! usual p]iod4 ,!n ! m5 g out1 & tak+ up ! an*ors at "o end1 haul ea* trawl into ! boat1 coil+ x 9 ! bottom & tak+ (f ! hooks ea* captive fi% z fa/ z !y come to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,fi%+ ,,s*oon] 8,,hove ,,to0 ,,9 ,a ,,gale ,,on ,,! ,,banks4 ,simple z ?is s\nds1 x is t]ribly h>d "w4 ,! trawls are heavy & /iff1 & arm$ ) dang]\sly %>p hooks4 ,! busie/ season is midw9t]1 & no dread ( cold or dang] mu/ /op ! fi%]man1 :o boldly v5tures 9 8 little dory into ! tee? ( a h[l+ sn[-/orm & fa/ increas+ gale1 pil+ ! wat] 8m\nta9-high0 ab\t him & encas+ 8 body 9 a %eet ( icy spray2 ?is mu/ he d1 9 spite ( discom=t & ! imm95t risk ( dea?1 if he w\ld save f de/ruction 8 valuable trawls & ! booty !y may h hook$ = him4 ,a f9e day on ! ,banks ( ,newf\ndl& is a r>e ?+2 fog & sn[ & icy gales are ! rule1 & only ! bolde/ c\rage1 endurance1 & skill w enable a man to resi/ t ocean & wre/ f x 8 self-support4 ,a vivid picture ( ! h>d%ips & dang]s ( fi%+ on ! ,banks is to be f\nd 9 ,rudy>d ,kipl+'s /ory1 8,capta9s ,c\rage\s40 ,! intrepid & skilful voyages ( our :al]s & fi%]m51 d>+ e fatigue & dang] 9 ! op5 sea1 h be5 s*ools = ! be/ seam5 ( ! _w4 ,e nation is glad to draw ^! sailors into _! navies1 & x is !y :o make ! brave/ yet mo/ cauti\s capta9s ( our m]*ant m>9e1 %[+ to _! comrades & to l&sm5 spl5did examples ( h]oism & =titude4 ,?is is ! s*ool+ ,i meant :5 ,i said t 9 its indu/ries we get n only food1 b =mation ( "*1 f old ,ocean1--& ?is is ! highe/ result atta9able f ei!r l& or sea4 ,illu/ration3 %ipwreck ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,plants ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,& ,,_! ,,uses ,! ocean 0 ! home ( ! fir/ liv+ ?+1 ei!r plant or animal1 t appe>$ on our planet2 seawe$s & salt-wat] animals are f\nd 9 mu* old] rocks ?an any t conta9 ! fossils ( l& life4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh call$ a 8wide wa/e ( wat]s10 & seem+ a complete des]t z we gaze ^u its re/less surface on a dull morn+1 !re is a great] numb] ( animals & plants by c\nt1 & q z l>ge a v>iety1 "u ! waves z above !m1 & ! bottom ( ! sea--at all ev5ts ne> its m>g9--is m popul\s ?an any bit ( woods y ev] saw4 ,!re exi/s 9 our ponds & dit*es a race ( plants s m9ute t x requires a p[]ful microscope to exam9e !m4 ,"u ?is in/rum5t x is se5 t !y h delicate1 fl9ty %ells or armor1 :i* is ( a great v>iety ( =ms1--coil$1 globul>1 boat-%ap$1 sp9dle-l1 & s on1--& always beautifully sculptur$4 ,^! m9ute & beautiful diatoms1 z !y are call$1 move ab\t freely1 & 7 long suppos$ to be animals2 n[ !y are kn[n to be ! simple/ ( seawe$s1 consi/+ ( only "o cell4 ,s9ce life fir/ began1 ^! diatoms1 & o!r microscopic plants mu* l !m1 h sw>m$ n only 9 ! fre% wat]s1 b 9 all ! oceans ( ! globe1 furni%+ food = mollusks & all ! l[ly animals ^: food is br\ght into _! m\?s by ! curr5ts4 ,innum]able1 & z wide-spread z ! salt wat] itself1 e "o ( ^! myriads ( m9ute plants has left a record2 = its delicate1 glass-l %ell 0 inde/ructible1 & :5 ! bit ( life 0 lo/1 x sank sl[ly d[n to ! bottom4 ,:at effect t[>d p]ceptible s$im5t c\ld come f a ?+ s small t x w\ld sc>cely be felt 9 y\r eye8 ,"o or two1 or ev5 a million1 w\ld g = little2 b c5tury aft] c5tury1 ?r\gh ages too long = u to compreh5d1 a /eady ra9 ( ^! exquisitely engrav$ p>ticles ( fl9t %[]$ d[n ^u ! /ill sea-floor1 almo/ z ?ickly z y h se5 motes 9 a sunbeam1 until !re 0 deposit$ a lay]1 _m feet 9 ?ickness1 ( no?+ b diatom-skeletons4 ,?\gh ?is w5t on to a great] or less ext5t ev]y:]e 9 ! sea1 su* deposits are n n[ to be discov]$ ev]y:]e1 because di/urb+ causes swept ! %ells away1 or broke up ! floor aft] x _h be5 laid d[n2 b 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w to-day1 y may f9d wide b$s ( rock made up :olly ( su* skeletons1 sold]$ toge!r into h>d /one2 :ile 9 "s regions ! mud ( our sea-bottom appe>s to consi/ ( almo/ no?+ else4 ,! mighty *alk cliffs ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,fr5* coa/ 7 built up 9 precisely ?is way at ! bottom ( an anci5t sea1 :5ce !y h be5 lift$1 b !y are compos$ ( mu* besides diatoms4 ,f ! simplicity ( diatoms ! vegetation ( ! sea c be trac$ upw>d ?r\gh l>g] & m complicat$ k9ds ( plants until we rea* ! enorm\s alg t break ! gloom ( black headl&s by _! brilliant t9ts1 & furni% a lurk+-place "u _! wide-spread+ & d5se foliage = ho/s ( m>9e animals--"s hid+ = safety1 o!rs to wat* = prey4 ,seawe$s gr[ 9 all latitudes1 ev5 close to ! pole1 b ma9ly along ! %ore1 = bel[ ! dep? ( ab\t "o hundr$ fa?oms none b microscopic =ms are kn[n4 ,^! latt] float ab\t1 ( c\rse1 & _m ( !m h be5 ?\ght to be animals because !y seem able to move at _! own w4 ,!y come to ! surface z well z haunt ! dep?s2 & ! ,r$ ,sea takes its "n f ! fact t a m9ute c>m9e-t9t$ alga occasionally rises to ! surface 9 ?rongs s d5se & wide z to t+e ! wat] = miles at a /ret*4 ,! same ?+ occurs 9 ! ,pacific1 :]e ! sailors call x 8sea-sawdu/40 ,! prop] home ( ! seawe$1 h[ev]1 is a rocky %ore betwe5 tide-m>ks or j bel[ !m1 & x is because ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is defici5t 9 rocks--at lea/ s\? ( ,cape ,cod--t ?is is poor 9 alg1 comp>$ ) o!r regions4 ,! seawe$ has no roots1 & only cl+s to ! rock = support2 %ift+ s& !re=e w\ld n hold x1 & !re are great s&y des]ts "u ! ocean1 b>e ( alg1 z "s l& regions are s&y des]ts nak$ ( t]re/rial plants4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 h[ev]1 t masses ( we$ w be torn away f _! moor+s & set adrift4 ,?is does n necess>ily kill !m1 = !y g on fl\ri%+ :ile afloat1 & su* is suppos$ to be ! orig9 ( ^? great areas ( 8gulfwe$0 vegetation 9 mid-ocean call$ 8s>gasso seas40 ,y w rememb] t a bran* ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 /rik+ ov] t[>d ! ,moori% coa/ ( ,africa1 is turn$ s\?w>d !re1 & sweeps d[n to ! equator1 !n we/w>d aga91 circumscrib+ a broad region 9 ! middle ,atlantic ^: only curr5ts g r\nd & r\nd 9 a sl[ :irlpool2 & "h x is t ! gulfwe$ conc5trates 9 masses sometimes d5se en\gh to imp$e ! progress ( a %ip--,columbus report$ among ! wond]s ( 8 fir/ voyage ! tr\ble he _h 9 sail+ ?r\gh x--& cov]+ an area betwe5 ! ,azores & ! ,bahamas z l>ge z ! ,mississippi valley4 ,?is is ! ,s>gasso ,sea ord9>ily ref]r$ to 9 books1 b x is n ! only "o4 ,a ?\s& miles we/ ( ,san ,francisco !re is a simil> collection ( float+ plants1 & o!rs exi/ "u l conditions 9 ! s\!rn oceans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,m>bl$ ,,angl] ,,on ,,its ,,gulfwe$ ,,raft4 ,^! float+ mead[s1 z x 71 are *os5 z ! abode ( a long li/ ( animals t r>ely quit ! safety & pl5ty ( _! prec9cts4 ,among ^! are innum]able pretty jelly-fi%es1 sea-worms1 & mollusks )\t %ells1 :i* cl+ to ! buoyant plants1 & p]haps fe$ solely ^u !m4 ,"h are to be _h 9 abundance ! fairy-l1 r>e pt]opods1 ! ri*ly purple jan?9as t[+ _! curi\s rafts ( eggs1 & no end ( small crabs4 ,"h a small fi%1 some?+ l a p]*1 sp5ds 8 :ole "t build+ a ne/ l a bird's 9 ! tangl$ we$-masses1 & c>efully gu>d+ 8 treasures aga9/ ! l>ge m>aud+ fi%es t haunt ! place to ! dread ( its peaceful inhabitants2 & "h ^? f>-fly+ birds1 ! w&]+ albatross & ! petrels1 hov] ab\t 9 se>* ( some?+ to capture & eat4 ,! ,s>gasso ,sea is an extremely int]e/+ "p ( ! ocean1 except to ! luckless sailor becalm$ & balk$ 9 its mid/1 z 0 ,sir ,john ,hawk9s :5 he p5n$ ! foll[+ qua9t obs]vations1 "s ?ree c5turies ago3 ,7 x n = ! ,mov+ ( ! ,sea1 by ! ,=ce ( ,w9ds1 ,tides & ,curr5ts1 x w\ld corrupt all ! ,_w4 ,! ,exp]i5ce ( :i* ,i ,saw ,anno #aeij1 ly+ ) a ,fleet ab\t ! ,isl&s ( ,azores1 almo/ ,six ,mon?s1 ! greate/ ,"p ( ! "t we 7 becalm$1 ) :i* all ! ,sea became s repl5i%$ ) sev]al sorts ( ,gellies & ,=ms ( ,s]p5ts1 ,add]s & ,snakes1 z seem'd ,wond]ful2 "s gre51 "s black1 "s yell[1 "s :ite1 "s ( div]s ,col\rs1 _m ( !m _h ,life1 & "s !re 7 a ,y>d a half1 "s two ,y>ds long2 :i* _h ,i n se51 ,i c\ld h>dly h believ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,gulfwe$4 ,x is inhabit$ by two sea-slugs1 protect$ by _! resemblance to its leaflets1 & by small cru/aceans1 hydroids1 etc4 ,9 favorable places a surpris+ v>iety ( seawe$s c be pick$ out1 & books exi/ by :i* y may le>n ! me?od ( classification & names ( ! diff]5t species1 ! *ief ( :i*1 = ,am]ica1 is ,h>vey's spl5did "w1 publi%$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,n only 9 ! %ape & colors ( ! fronds 7z ! leaf-l expansions or bran*+ tufts ( ! /em are call$7 d seawe$s diff] greatly among !mselves1 b 9 size1 v>y+ f _m dim9utive or ev5 microscopic sorts to ! cable-l gr[?s ( ,cali=nia1 :i* w\ld measure a qu>t] ( a mile 9 l5g? if /ret*$ out4 ,alg1 z ,i h said1 con/itute1 ) v few exceptions1 ! :ole vegetation ( ! salt wat]1 toge!r ) a l>ge "p ( ! vegetation 9 fre% wat]2 & !y s]ve ! same useful purpose !re t l&-plants d = ! dry p>ts ( ! globe1 cont9ually mak+ & ?r[+ (f ! oxyg5 :i* is necess>y to keep ! wat] z well z ! air pure4 ,to ?is end !y d a v important "w4 ,?is is n ! :ole ( _! s]vice 9 ocean matt]s1 h[ev]4 ,i ?9k x may be said t if x 7 n = seawe$s animals c\ld n live 9 ! ocean1 z tru?fully z t if x 7 n = h]bage no animals w\ld be able to exi/ on l&4 ,seawe$s are f$ ^u directly by all sorts ( salt-wat] life1 f mollusks z big z y\r ?umb to turtles ! size ( a d9+-table1 & !y make a %elt] = ?\s&s ( little fell[s :o nev] leave _! %ad[4 ,b ?is is a small "p ( ! /ory4 ,! diatoms1 & o!r m9ute plants l !m1 =m ! ma9 portion1 if n all1 ( ! food ( a l>ge numb] ( sponges1 polyps1 mollusks1 & o!r /ation>y1 sluggi% creatures1 t o!rwise1 s f> z ,i see1 w\ld n be able to live at all4 ,^!1 9 turn1 are f$ ^u by l>g] pr$ace\s animals4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! fi%es & cetaceans may nev] bite a seawe$ !mselves 7^? l>ge m>9e h]bivores1 ! manatee & dugongs1 subsi/ almo/ :olly ^u x1 h[ev]71 !y dep5d = food ^u creatures t d4 ,we may say1 !re=e1 t ! alg =m ! basis ( all ocean life4 ,m5 h be5 able to make m>9e plants ( s]vice to !m also--a res\rce m important =m]ly ?an n[4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury1 = example1 ! kelp trade 0 ! "o great indu/ry ( ! isl&s at ! we/ ( ,irel& & ,scotl&1 employ+ ?\s&s ( p]sons1 & pay+ va/ rev5ues to ! lordly own]s ( ! %ores4 ,kelp is ! "n ( any l>ge1 lea!ry sort ( seawe$1 ^: leaves float at or ne> ! surface1 support$ by bladd]-l expansions2 b 9 ?is case ! ^w meant ! a%es ( any seawe$ dri$ 9 ! sun & !n sl[ly burn$ 9 kilns1 cl\d+ ! air ) huge volumes ( /rongly odor\s smoke4 ,! sl[ burn+ ( ! seawe$ left ! a%es fus$ into a solid mass1 :i* 0 brok5 up l /one be=e be+ sold4 ,9 ,france ?is sub/ance 0 call$ v>ec2 & 9 ,spa91 :]e ! alg 7 mix$ ) bea*-plants1 cultivat$ = ! purpose1 & burn$ 9 %all[ pits 9 ! gr\nd1 x w5t to m>ket z b>illa4 ,9 ^? days1 kelp a% 0 ! only s\rce ( ! valuable alkali soda ne$$ 9 manufactur+ glass & soap4 ,!n a ,fr5* *emi/ discov]$ h[ to make su* soda out ( common salt1 & ! kelp ov5s 7 ab&on$1 except a few 9 ,scotl&1 supply+ ! dem& = iod9e & sev]al o!r *emicals conta9$ 9 ?is residuum :i* is s ri* 9 iod9e1 us$ 9 photography & 9 m$ic9e1 t a ton ( kelp a% w sometimes yield tw5ty p\nds2 yet only ab\t #ajj1jjj p\nds are n[ produc$ 9 ?is way1 :ile five times z mu* is obta9$ by *emical treatm5t ( ,*ile saltpet]4 ,x is a curi\s fact t b>b>\s p h long *ew$ seawe$s z a rem$y 9 diseases = :i* physicians n[ prescribe iod9e4 ,iod9e is a violet dye1 & ! blui% & purple t9ts ( _m alg1 %ells1 & sea-animals appe> to be due to ! l>ge am\nt ( ?is elem5t 9 sea-wat]4 ,seawe$s & o!r m>9e plants1 l eel-grass1 are collect$ 9 great quantities by f>m]s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w to be us$ z a f]tiliz]4 ,%ell-mud1 dead fi%1 & o!r m>9e products are also ( high value z manure1 on acc\nt ( ! l>ge proportion ( lime1 c>bon1 & soda :i* !y conta94 ,inde$1 !re is a k9d ( seawe$ gr[+ at great dep?s call$ ! nullipore1 :i* takes up s mu* lime f ! wat] t its sub/ance becomes almo/ l /one1 s t ! plant reta9s its %ape & full size :5 dri$4 ,"s ( ^! nullipores are beautifully fan-%ap$1 sc>let or p9k1 & are (t5 se5 9 museums1 m>k$ corall9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,seawe$s4 #a4 ,lam9>ia digitata4 #b4 ,l4 longicruris4 ,to return to ! ga!r+ ( seawe$s by f>m]s1 n[h]e is x m cu/om>y ?an 9 "s p>ts ( ,new ,engl&4 ,?us ! well-kn[n ,second ,bea*1 j ea/ ( ,newport1 is 9 ! fall ( ! ye> ! sc5e ( a va/ activity 9 ?is direction4 8,x may easily happ510 we are told1 8t ! pilgrim to ,:itehall1 topp+ ! hill on a brilliant autumn morn+1 %all come ^u a sc5e 9 :i* quiet plays no "p4 ,! seawe$1 t h>ve/ :i*1 rip5+ )\t labor1 is nei!r b\ght nor sold1 is sett+ in%ore "u ! urg+s ( w9d & tide1 & scores ( f>m]s h cr[d$ to ! spot to ga!r x4 ,an arti/ c\ld h>dly wi% a bett] subject = 8 p5cil ?an "o ( ^! wild h>ve/+s--! plung+ horses1 =c$ f> out into ! surf1 _! sl[ return1 half swimm+1 half wad+1 dragg+ ! heavily load$ rakes :i* leave beh9d !m a long furr[ ( foam1 ! heap$-up kelp gli/5+ 9 ! sun%9e1 ! ox51 yok$ by f\rs1 wait+ = _! load1 ! %\ts ( ! m51 ! da%1 ! excitem5t1 & beyond & above all1 ! wond]ful blues & iridesc5t gre5s :i* are ! peculi> prop]ty ( ,newport wat]s & ! ,newport sky40 ,cattle & horses t are accu/om$ to r\gh pa/ures1 l ! ,scot* & ,iri% moors1 eat seawe$ & ?rive on x1 especially z w9t] fodd]1 & f sev]al species are d]iv$ di%es = our own tables4 ,! ,iri% moss1 or c>rage51--:i* is n a moss at all1 b a seawe$1--is ! mo/ important ( ^!1 & gr[s on bo? sides ( ! nor!rn ,atlantic4 ,9 ,engl& ! m>ket supply comes *iefly f ! we/]n coa/ ( ,irel&1 :ile ,massa*usetts ,bay gives ,am]ica all t is want$1 pr9cipally ! r$1 coral-l ,*ondrus crispus4 ,! little port ( ,scituate1 ,massa*usetts1 is ! *ief po9t ( supply1 :]e _m ?\s&s ( p\nds are ga!r$4 ,9 e>ly ,june1 two or ?ree hundr$ m5 & wom5 g to ! rocks at l[ tide & pick (f ! small br[n plants1 ea* man gett+ ab\t a b>rel 9 "o day's "w4 ,:5 ! tide rises1 ! p get into small boats & pull up ! moss ) rakes4 ,! moss ga!r$ ea* day is tak5 to ! bea*1 :]e a gravelly space has be5 prep>$1 & is spread out to lie blea*+ dur+ all ( ! next day1 :5 x is tak5 up1 wa%$ 9 tubs1 & aga9 spread out4 ,! wa%+ & dry+ 9 ! sun cont9ue = sev5 days1 by :i* "t x has blea*$ to a yell[i% :ite4 ,9 cook]y1 jellies1 blanc mange1 & v>i\s me?ods ( boil+ 9 milk & mix+ 9 s\ps are us$ to make x palatable4 ,besides be+ ( value = food1 c>rage5 s]ves to make siz+ us$ by pap]-mak]s1 clo?-pr9t]s1 hatt]s1 & s on1 to cl>ify be] 9 ! brew]y vats1 z a m$ic9e1 & to make b&ol9e = /iff5+ ! hair4 ,o!r species beside ! ,iri% moss s]ve z food 9 ,europe1 g5]ally 9 a raw /ate1 (t5 prov+ ! only salty reli% :i* ! ,iri% peasant has to eat ) 8 potatoes4 ,"o ( ^! is ! dulse ( ! ,scot* 7! dillisk ( ,irel&71 :i* also ab\nds 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & is !re made into a s\p4 ,! natives ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s eat alg1 :i* are extraord9>ily abundant & v>i$ 9 ,ori5tal latitudes2 & ! poor among ! ,japanese & 9 ! int]ior ( ,*9a1 :]e ! we$ is s5t dri$1 prize x especially1 because x has a sea flavor & saves salt1 :i* ) !m is a co/ly luxury4 ,^! p mix x ) vegetables & o!r mat]ials1 to =m ?ick1 delici\s s\ps & dress+s4 ,a peculi>ly bad-smell+ sauce1 prep>$ f seawe$1 is among ! exports ,*9a s5ds to ,europe z a condim5t4 ,along ! %ores f ,japan to ,sumatra gr[s an alga :i* ! natives ( ^? coa/s dry & keep z long z !y please4 ,:5 ! sub/ance is want$ !y /eep "s ( ! dri$ pieces 9 hot wat]1 :]e ! we$ dissolves1 & !n1 hav+ be5 tak5 (f ! fire1 /iff5s into a glue :i* is said to be ! /ronge/ cem5t 9 ! _w4 ,a k9d ( false is+lass1 also1 is a product ( ! ,ea/]n seawe$s1 & x n only ent]s into ! pa/ry & confection]y ( ,*9ese bak]s1 b s]ves to v>ni% & glue ?9 pap] & to /iff5 ! light transp>5t gauzes ( f9e silk us$ 9 mak+ ,ori5tal scre5s1 fans1 hang+s1 etc41 s t pa9t]s c decorate !m4 ,) a poor] quality ! bamboo /ret*]s ( pap] umbrellas1 lant]ns1 & v>i\s toys are sme>$ to give !m h>d & poli%$ surfaces4 ,seawe$ has also be5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pap]1 & its complete success 9 ?is bran* ( indu/ry is z yet h9d]$ only by ! difficulty ( p]fect blea*+4 ,c]ta9 species ( x are utiliz$ 9 enorm\s quantities by uphol/]]s z /uff+ = s(as1 *airs1 & mattresses2 9 ,japan x is =m$ into a sub/itute = w9d[-glass2 ornam5ts & small articles ( use1 l knife-h&les1 are made by sev]al nations out ( l>ge dri$ seawe$s2 &1 f9ally1 albums ( pres]v$ fronds are "o ( ! prettie/ ?+s to be f\nd 9 a naturali/'s cab9et4 ,! great majority ( seawe$s gr[ betwe5 tide-m>ks1 & !y und\bt$ly p]=m an important s]vice 9 prev5t+ ! we> & te> ( ! coa/ 9 _m situations4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 gr[ 9 mu* deep] wat]s1 & ^!1 also1 may s]ve z breakwat]s ( no mean /r5g?4 ,su* is ! case1 = in/ance1 at ,san ,p$ro1 ne> ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 :]e ! abundant gr[? (f%ore =ms su* a b>ri] to ! ocean roll]s z to turn ! op5 road/ead into a calm h>bor )9 x4 ,?is belongs to ! gr\p ( gigantic kelps ( :i* ^? at ! ,falkl& ,isl&s & ab\t ,ti]ra del ,fuego are o!r & not$ species4 ,7 x n = ! gr[? ( ?is /rong1 cable-l1 buoyant plant1 l>ge numb]s ( o!r plants & sea-animals w\ld f9d x impossible to exi/ expos$ to ! viol5ce ( ! ,s\? ,pacific waves4 ,sometimes ! /ems rea* twelve hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 & ! bladd]s by :i* ! imm5se fronds are buoy$ up are z big z kegs4 ,?is gigantic seawe$ is pl5tiful all along ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,am]ica to ,alaska1 & ! natives ( our nor?we/ coa/ us$ to make ext5sive use ( x 9 ! way ( ropes1 etc4 ,x 0 f ?is we$ t1 by a c>eful prep>ation1 !y made ! l9es = _! h>poons & deep-sea fi%+2 & ! bladd]s furni%$ !m ready-made receptacles = eula*on oil1 = wat] = _! seatrips1 & = o!r liquids4 ,a ,cali=nia correspond5t ( ! ,new ,york 8,ev5+ ,po/0 gave a pretty picture1 n long ago1 ( "o ( ! kelp pat*es at ,/4 ,ni*olas ,isl&1 :]e ! b$s ( ?is wond]ful plant rea* out = a mile or m1 gr[+ up f ! rocks bel[ & =m+ an effectual break2 ! seas los+ _! =ce 9 _! ef=t to pass ?r\gh ! subm>9e me%work4 ,! v9es con/itute a v]itable =e/1 &1 drift+ ov] x 9 fifty or sixty feet ( wat]1 y may see a p]fect maze ( /ems ) broad leaves wav+ gracefully 9 ! curr5t1 =m+ arbors1 ar*es1 & colonnades4 ,"h1 pois$ idly1 9 ri* contra/ to ! olive-hu$ mass1 may be se5 fi% ( a bright gold5 color1 o!rs 9 t9ts ( blue & gre54 ,! sea swell com+ 9 causes an undulatory movem5t1 & ! long colonnades seem to melt "o into ano!r1 reappe>+ 9 diff]5t %apes4 ,:5 ! leaves rea* ! surface1 ! %ore w9d1 sweep+ d[n f ! hills1 lifts !m f ! wat]1 & !y flutt] 9 ! air l mimic sails4 ,ea* leaf is a /udy4 ,_m are encru/$ ) a delicate bryozon1 :i* pres5ts ! effect ( :ite lace ^u ! surface1 :ile a close inspection w reveal m9ute anemones1 coil$ tubul> worms1 :i* ?r[ out fl[]-l organs ( exquisite beauty2 :ile flat %ells lie among !m1 & crawl+ "h & !re are m>vels ( animal life1 %ell-less mollusks1 :i* s mimic ! we$ t x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diatoms1 ,,magnifi$1 ,,9 ,a ,,drop ,,( ,,wat]4 ,?is protective feature is a *>act]i/ic ( life among ! kelp =e/s t l9e ! entire ,pacific %ores ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 _m animals simulat+ x s p]fectly 9 color t ! be/-tra9$ eyes (t5 fail to obs]ve !m4 ,?is is especially true ( ! crabs & %ell-less mollusks4 ,! latt] h n only assum$ ! exact t9t ( ! we$1 b are (t5 cov]$ ) b>bels ( fle% t simulate ! tangles ( ! sub/ance4 ,^u ! backs ( ! crabs are s+ul> m>k+s 9 gre5 & :ite1 :i* s resemble ! m9ute incru/ations ( ! kelp t ! resultant protection is complete4 ,comp>e illu/ration on page #beb4 ,ea* v9e is fa/5$ to a /one1 & ! cl++ roots %elt] hordes ( creatures ( v>i\s k9ds--deep-wat] crabs1 octopods1 />fi%es1 & a ho/ ( o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,m>9e ,,naturali/4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,animal ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,sea ,! primitive idea ( ! ocean 0 t x 0 a va/ des]t1 & a /range disbelief 9 its be+ inhabit$ by m ?an ! v few =ms t ev]ybody 0 compell$ to recognize p]si/$ up to q mod]n times among ^? :o %\ld h kn[n bett]4 ,pl9y boldly ass]t$1 = example1 t no?+ rema9$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea unkn[n to him aft] he _h made a li/ ( #agf m>9e animals6 ,b n[ we "k t ! sea teems ) liv+ be+s z d5sely z d ! fre% wat]s or ! air4 ,9 x began ! life ( ! globe1 = ! fossil records ( ! rocks %[ t ! fir/ animals liv$ 9 ! ocean1 & t ages pass$ be=e any ( !m began to p ! newly =m$ l&s & brea! ! atmosph]e in/ead ( ! air 9 ! wat]2 &1 abundant z oceanic life n[ is1 ! paleozoic seas held imm5sely great] hordes1 ( :i* _m =ms 7 giants z comp>$ ) ^? ( our day4 ,"s ( ! old /raight *amb]$ %ells 7 twelve feet long2 & ,i h se5 fossil ammonites1 ext9ct relatives ( our coil$ pe>ly nautilus1 :i* :5 alive mu/ h be5 too heavy = a man to lift4 ,! fi%es1 too1 c\ld tell great /ories ( ! glory ( _! ance/ors 9 size & /r5g? & numb]s4 ,"s ( !m wore solid coats ( mail ^u _! heads1 & c\ld d battle ev5 ) ! huge swimm+ reptiles t 7 ! dread$ tyrants ( ! ,mesozoic deep4 ,life 9 ! ocean 9 ^? old geologic days 0 a long gu]rilla w>f>e--e animal gu>d+ aga9/ attack1 & at ! same "t wat*+ %>ply = an opportunity to seize & prey ^u "s weak] companion4 ,z = ! =am9if]s & o!r microscopic creatures1 !y 7 c\ntless1 & _! skeletons1 s+ly invisible1 h by accumulation built up great masses ( rock1 l ! *alk-b$s ( ,engl& & ,france4 ,?\gh less5$ 9 numb]s & r$uc$ 9 size1 because ! l& has gradually won ov] to its side _m sorts ( animals :i* 9 =m] ages 7 exclusively conf9$ to ! wat]1 & = o!r reasons1 ! sea /ill holds its %>e ( e 8bran*0 & 8class0 7except birds1 & x may almo/ claim "s ( !m1 su* z ! albatross1 p5gu9s1 & petrels71 & a majority ( ! 8ord]s0 ( animal life4 ,glance at ! catalogue3 ,=am9if]s1 sponges1 & polyps are *iefly conf9$ to salt wat]2 />fi%es1 ur*9s 7or sea-eggs71 & ! l1 :olly s3 mollusks 7next high]7 are pr9cipally oceanic1 & ! majority ( ! crabs inhabit salt wat]4 ,among ! la/-nam$ "o species1 ! common horse-foot 7,limulus7 ( our %ores1 rema9s z ! solit>y repres5tative ( t imm5se & v>i$ gr\p1 ! trilobites1 :i* s cr[d$ ! ,paleozoic sea-bottom t "s rocks--= in/ance1 ! lime/ones ( ,i[a--are pack$ almo/ z full ( _! fossils z is a rais9-box ( rais9s4 ,none ( ! insects is truly m>9e1 yet "s ( !m are seaf>+1 truly1 = !y sp5d _! lives on drift+ sea-wrack1 or on bea*es j out ( rea* ( ! tides2 b mo/ ( ! true worms are dwell]s 9 ! mud ( sea-%ores & sea-bottoms4 ,no "o kn[s ( any l& fi%es2 b ,i ne$ n tell y t fi%es ?rong 9 ! fre% wat]s z well z 9 ! salt1 & t _m species inhabit bo? at diff]5t seasons4 ,9 respect to ! reptiles1 ( :i* ! anci5t oceans conta9$ gigantic & horrid types1 ,i d n "k any n[ t are truly oceanic except ! turtles1 if y leave out ! 8sea-s]p5t10 ( :i* we he> s _m wond]ful & n q satisfactory tales4 ,y w he> ( 8sea-snakes0 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 b !y are only c]ta9 k9ds ( s]p5ts :i* swim well1 & pass ! mo/ ( _! "t 9 ! salt wat]1 z sev]al species ( our own c\ntry d 9 ! riv]s & ponds2 all ! ori5tal sea-snakes are v5om\s4 ,x is 9 ?is mann]1 too1 t we may c\nt c]ta9 birds1 su* z ! petrels1 auks1 p5gu9s1 albatrosses1 frigate-birds1 & _! k91 z belong+ to ! ocean4 ,!y sp5d all _! life fly+ ov] ! waves1 seek+ _! food !re1 & "s ( !m r>ely g a%ore1 except to lay _! eggs & hat* _! "y on remote rocks1 re/+ & sleep+ on ! bill[s1 :5 n busy at _! hunt+4 ,9 ! highe/ rank ( all1 h[ev]1 ! mammals1 sev]al families are natives ( ! 8great deep0--! :ales1 dolph9s1 & porpoises1 ! seals & walruses1 & ! manatees & dugongs4 ,b all ^! mu/ come to ! surface to brea!1 n hav+ gills l fi%es1 b true lungs4 ,z x is only )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s t ma*9]y suitable = deep-sea dr$g+ has be5 inv5t$1 s x is only lately t we h be5 able to le>n mu* z to ! population ( ! ocean b5ea? ! surface lay] & m>g9al %all[s4 ,n[ by means ( beam-trawls1 dr$ges1 tangle-b>s1 etc41 work$ by /eam-ma*9]y on %ipbo>d1 naturali/s may scrape up ! bottom-ooze & obta9 liv+ objects or _! bony relics at ! dep? ( ev5 #cjjj to #djjj fa?oms or m ?an f\r miles1 = liv+ be+s are f\nd 9 ^! pr(\nd abysses4 ,_m sci5tific exp$itions1 su* z ^? ( ! ,engli% explor+ /eam] ,*all5g]1 ab\t #ahgd1 h c>ri$ out ^! dr$g+ inve/igations1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission possesses ! l>ge1 specially built1 sea-go+ ,albatross1 provid$ ) all ! necess>y app>atus = deep-sea exploration4 ,by means ( ^! & o!r vessels an enorm\s am\nt ( /udy--all useful 9 asc]ta9+ ! habits & me?ods ( reproduction ( food-fi%es--has be5 c>ri$ on by ,am]ican m>9e naturali/s4 ,x appe>s t z y g fur!r & fur!r f %ore1 & into deep] & deep] wat]1 ! few] animals & plants are obta9$1 & t v few species inde$ :i* live along %ore are to be f\nd also at a dep? great] ?an ab\t #ajj fa?oms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l&+ ,,! ,,beam-,,trawl ,,on ,,deck4 ,almo/ all animals1 moreov]1 h a limit$ di/ribution 9 ! sea1 z is ! case among ^? on l&1 ?\gh we _c always1 or p]haps (t51 say :y ! limits we f9d %\ld exi/2 "o sort ( crab1 or mollusk1 or polyp1 appe>+ "h & ano!r diff]5t "o exclusively !re1 :5 ! conditions seem to u v simil>1 & no b>ri] is p]ceptible4 ,x is n easy to expla9 :y a c]ta9 sort ( c[ry1 = example1 %\ld be f\nd only along a p>ticul> /rip ( coa/1 :5 no?+ t we c see prev5ts its ext5d+ its range mu* fur!r4 ,x is believ$ t ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is ! *ief fact :i* sets ^! invisible b\nd>ies to ! w&]+s ( animals liv+ ne> ! surface1 only a few ( :i* are v wide-spread 9 _! di/ribution4 ,! direction & "* ( ! ocean curr5ts h mu* to d ) ! geographic di/ribution ( oceanic life1 z has be5 m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii 7page #be74 ,n[ 9 deep-sea life ! case is diff]5t4 ,"h temp]ature _c be ( s mu* acc\nt1 s9ce only a %ort di/ance d[n1 ! wat] becomes almo/ z cold z ice1 & pres]ves ?is uni=m *ill all ar\nd ! globe4 ,! life f\nd at a great dep?1 too1 is v wide-spread1 in/ead ( re/rict$ 9 its range1 (t5 occurr+ 9 two or m ocean bas9s2 b "h ! re/riction is an up-&-d[n "o1 r ?an horizontal1 & ! secret is f\nd 9 ! ^w pressure4 ,few animals are able to live bo? 9 ! %all[s & "u ! enorm\s weight ( sea wat] ?ree or f\r miles deep4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,typical ,,jellyfi%4 ,?is species 7,pelagia cyanella7 is a *>act]i/ic oceanic discophor\s m$usa1 common along ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 x is semi-transp>5t & lu/r\s p9k4 ,?is has rec5tly 7#ahig7 be5 summ$ up v cle>ly by ,pr(4 ,ar?ur ,p4 ,cr\*1 9 an article 9 8,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury10 f :i* x w be wor? :ile to quote a p>agraph or two3 ,! conditions "u :i* !y t is1 deep-sea animals h to live 9 ! abysmal areas seem v unfavorable to animal exi/5ce4 ,! temp]ature at ! bottom ( ! ocean is ne>ly d[n to freez+-po9t1 & sometimes actually bel[ x4 ,!re is a total abs5ce ( light1 z f> z sunlight is conc]n$1 & !re is an enorm\s pressure1 reckon$ at ab\t "o ton to ! squ>e in* 9 e #ajjj fa?oms1 :i* is #afj times great] ?an t ( ! atmosph]e we live 94 ,at #bejj fa?oms ! pressure is ?irty times m p[]ful ?an ! /eam pressure ( a locomotive :5 draw+ a tra94#g ,z late z #ahhj a lead+ zologi/ expla9$ ! exi/5ce ( deep-sea animals at su* dep?s by assum+ t _! bodies 7 compos$ ( solids & liquids ( great d5sity1 & conta9$ no air4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case ) deep-sea fi%1 :i* are provid$ ) air-inflat$ swimm+-bladd]s4 ,if "o ( ^! fi%1 9 full *ase aft] its prey1 happ5s to asc5d beyond a c]ta9 level1 its bladd] becomes di/5d$ ) ! decreas$ pressure1 & c>ries x1 9 spite ( all its ef=ts1 /ill high] 9 its c\rse4 ,9 fact1 memb]s ( ?is un=tunate class are liable to become victims to ! unusual accid5t ( fall+ upw>ds1 & no d\bt meet ) a viol5t dea? soon aft] leav+ _! accu/om$ level1 & long be=e _! bodies rea* ! surface4444 ,! fauna ( ! deep sea--) a few exceptions hi!rto only kn[n z fossils--are new & specially modifi$ =ms ( families & g5]a inhabit+ %all[ wat]s 9 mod]n times1 & h be5 driv5 d[n to ! dep?s ( ! ocean by _! m p[]ful rivals 9 ! battle ( life1 mu* z ! anci5t ,britons 7 compell$ to )draw to ! b>r5 & inaccessible fa/nesses ( ,wales4 ,"s ( _! organs h und]gone consid]able modification 9 correspond5ce to ! *ang$ conditions ( _! new habitats4 ,?us d[n to #ijj fa?oms _! eyes h g5]ally become enl>g$1 to make ! be/ ( ! fa9t light :i* may possibly p5etrate !re4 ,aft] #ajjj fa?oms ^! organs are ei!r /ill fur!r enl>g$ or s greatly r$uc$ t 9 "s species !y disappe> altoge!r & are replac$ by enorm\sly long feel]s4 ,! only light at great dep?s :i* w\ld enable l>ge eyes to be ( any s]vice is ! phosphoresc5ce giv5 out by deep-sea animals4 ,we "k t at ! surface ?is light is (t5 v p[]ful1 & ,sir ,wyville ,?omson has record$ "o occasion on :i* ! sea at night 0 8a p]fect blaze ( phosphoresc5ce1 s /rong t lights & %ad[s 7 ?r[n on ! sails & x 0 easy to read ! smalle/ pr9t40 ,x is ?\ght possible by sev]al naturali/s t c]ta9 portions ( ! sea bottom may be z brilliantly illum9$ by ?is sort ( light z ! /reets ( a ,european city aft] sunset4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bottle-,,fi% ,,& ,,! ,,pelican-,,fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,at ,,! ,,bottom ,,( ,,! ,,tropical ,,sea4 ,! l>ge float+ object is ! phosphoresc5t1 comp\nd1 oceanic hydrozoan ,agalma elegans1 a physophore relat$ to ! jellyfi%es4 ,its t5tacles trail ov] dead corals1--madrepore1 bra9-corals1 etc42 :ile ! liv+ reef beyond is cr[n$ by bran*+ corals1 corall9es & seawe$s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( ?is v]tical di/ribution1 :i* =ms lay]s ( animal life1 z x 71 9 ! ocean f ! abysses to ! %all[s1 is %[n by ! coral-reefs4 ,! f\ndations ( ^! polyp-built b>ri]s or isl&s are laid by ! millions ( m9ute individuals ( "o solid1 heavy k9d ( coral :i* c fl\ri% only 9 pretty deep wat]4 ,:5 ^! h rea*$ _! highe/ gr[? !y cease to propagate !re1 & a second k9d comes & colonizes ^u ! summit ( ?is massive f\ndation & c>ries ! "w a little f>!r up4 ,!n ^! die (f1 & a ?ird k9d plants itself ^u _! rema9s & c>ries ! /ructure to ! top1 ne> ! surface ( ! sea1 :]e _m surface-corals1 corall9es1 & v>i\s o!r limy & fl9ty plants & animals help to erect a dry reef1 ^u :i* l& vegetation c f9d a root-hold1 & :]e1 aft] a :ile1 m5 may dwell4 ,:5 ^! coral-built isl&s are r+-%ap$ !y are call$ atolls1 & are believ$ to be liv+ cr[ns ab\t ! summits ( subm]g$ m\nta9s4 ,m5 make use ( some?+ 9 ne>ly e bran* ( ocean life1 f humble/ to highe/4 ,! l[e/ ( all1 z ,i h already said1 are ! =am9if]s2 x is _! skeletons :i* make up our common *alk4 ,a close ally ( !irs is ! sponge1 ( :i* a doz5 or s v>ieties are sold 9 ! %ops4 ,sponges come *iefly f ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,p]sian & ,ceylonese wat]s ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 & f ! ,gulf coa/ ( ,florida4 ,9 ! ,old ,_w !y are obta9$ *iefly by div+4 ,m5 :o are tra9$ f boyhood to ?is "w g out to ! sponge-gr\nd 9 boats on f9e days4 ,fa/5+ a nett+-bag ab\t _! wai/s1 & tak+ a heavy /one 9 _! h&s1 !y dive head-=emo/ to ! bottom1--(t5 twelve or fifte5 fa?oms bel[1--te> ! sponges f ! rocks1 & rise ) a bagful1 to be dragg$ almo/ utt]ly exhau/$ into _! boat1 (t5 fa9t+ imm$iately aft]4 ,?is requires !m to hold _! brea? "u ! wat] = two m9utes or m2 b none b ! mo/ exp]t c d t1 & a div] does n live long4 ,9 ,florida1 h[ev]1 ! sponge-ga!r]s d n dive1 b g 9 %ips to :]e ! sponges gr[1 & !n cruise ab\t 9 small boats1 ea* ( :i* conta9s two m53 "o /e]s1 :ile ! o!r leans ov] ! side se>*+ ! bottom4 ,9 ord] to see x pla9ly1 he has :at he calls a 8wat]-glass0--a common wood5 pail ! bottom ( :i* is glass4 ,press+ ?is d[n into ! wat] a few in*es1 he ?ru/s 9 8 face1 & c !n p]ceive ev]y?+ on ! bottom ) great di/9ctness4 ,:5 he sees a sponge he ?ru/s d[n a long1 /\t pole1 on ! end ( :i* is a d\ble hook1 l a small pit*=k1 set at "r angles to ! h&le1 & drags up ! captive4 ,! sponges1 hav+ be5 obta9$1 mu/ be put ?r\gh long op]ations ( rott+1 beat+1 r9s+1 dry+1 & blea*+ be=e _! skeletons--! s]viceable "p--are fit = use4 ,only a few1 h[ev]1 out ( ! l>ge numb] ( species ( sponges h any comm]cial value4 ,! limy skeletons ( ! coral polyps =m :at we t]m 8corals40 ,! r\nd :ite ones & ! v>i\sly bran*+ ones may come f any "o ( sev]al p>ts ( ! equatorial half ( ! globe1 & are ( value *iefly z mantel ornam5ts4 ,! r$ coral ( :i* necklaces & o!r bits ( jewelry are made1 especially at ,naples1 is procur$ by div]s ab\t ! %ores ( ,sicily & ,s>d9ia1 & its ga!r+1 cutt+ & m\nt+ into ornam5ts1 =m a fl\ri%+ indu/ry 9 s\!rn ,italy4 ,ris+ 9 ! zological scale to />fi%es & sea-ur*9s1 ,i c only say t ! />fi%es int]e/ oy/]m5 because !y prey ^u _! oy/]s1 & ! =m] (t5 d enorm\s damage to plant$ b$s1 especially 9 ,long ,isl& ,s\nd4 ,9 ! old days x 0 ?\ght t m$ic9es made out ( ! 8/>s0 & ! 8sea-eggs0 7 v pot5t 9 c]ta9 diseases4 ,! trepang--"s "o ( sev]al sorts ( holo?urian1 an elongat$ creature relat$ to ! />fi%1 & cov]$ ) a prickly1 lea!ry hide1 s t x looks l a sort ( sea-cucumb]--:i* is dri$ & eat5 by ! ,*9ese & ,malayans1 belongs "h too2 consid]able quantities ( ^! que] food-creatures are ga!r$ by ! ,*9ese along ! coa/s ( ,mexico1 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia & ! outly+ isl&s1 & are sold 9 ,san ,francisco ma9ly = export to ,asia4 ,! sea-ur*9 itself is eag]ly s\ght z food by ! ,indians ( ! ,am]ican nor?we/ coa/4 ,com+ to cru/aceans--d we n eat crabs gladly1 f ! 8%$d]0 to ! huge lob/]8 ,on ! coa/ ( ,ma9e :ole villages ( sea-side p get _! support almo/ :olly by cat*+ lob/]s & cann+ !m to s5d abroad4 ,9 ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 at c]ta9 seasons1 hundr$s ( m5 are engag$ 9 cat*+ & %ipp+ crabs = m>ket1 & 9 ,l\isiana l>ge factories are devot$ to cann+ %rimps1 :i* are also ext5sively us$ z food 9 ! ,old ,_w1 :]e !y are cook$ by p>*+ or boil+1 & sold by p$dl]s 9 ! /reets4 ,?is br+s u to ! mollusks1 9 our glance at ! useful animals ( ! ocean2 & to prove _! importance1 x is en\gh to rem9d ! read] t ^! include ! 8%ell-fi%0 ( our coa/s--! oy/]1 clam1 mussel1 scallop1 cockle1 & all ! re/--n a few6 ,i f\nd by my long /udy ( ! subject1 :51 9 #ahgi & #ahhj1 ,i 0 ga!r+ /ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %ell-fi%]ies = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission & ! ,t5? ,c5sus1 t at t "t !re 7 tak5 f our wat]s1 ( oy/]s alone1 almo/ #bc1jjj1jjj bu%els ea* ye>1 wor? to ! oy/]m5 ab\t #ac1ejj1jjj4 ,dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce t inve/igation--! figures ( :i* y may obta9 9 full 9 my ,report to ! ,t5? ,c5sus ^u ! ,oy/] ,indu/ries--^! am\nts h l>gely increas$4 ,?is bus9ess employs ov] #ajj1jjj p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry alone2 & oy/]s1 clams1 & o!r %ell-fi% are ga!r$ all r\nd ! globe1 =m+ "o ( ! mo/ important ( all natural supplies ( food4 ,9 ! mo/ ?ickly populat$ p>ts ( ! _w ! natural supply ( oy/]s long ago ceas$ to suffice = ! dem&1 & artificial propagation & cultivation 7 resort$ to & n[ prevail on bo? sides ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 & to a less degree else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/>fi%es ,,at ,,home4 ,?is is ! common ea/]n ,am]ican =m 7,a/]ias vulg>is7 upp] & "u views4 ,! ,romans1 away back 9 ! days ( ,horace1 rais$ oy/]s 9 ponds along ! ,italian coa/1 & ,ea/]n nations pres]v$ ! cu/om dur+ ! middle ages1 :5 ,europe 0 do+ little except qu>rel+ & mak+ pretty pictures on p>*m5t4 ,m rec5tly ! ,fr5* ( ! ,*annel coa/ took x up1 & ! ,engli% foll[$1 f9d+ t _! natural oy/] & mussel b$s 7 becom+ exhau/$4 ,! same fate has ov]tak5 our oy/]-b$s ev]y:]e nor? ( ! ,*esapeake1 & l>gely !re2 s t n[ ne>ly all ! oy/]s br\ght to m>ket are ^? :i* h be5 rais$ ^u private plant$ b$s1 :i* m5 own or lease & att5d to z !y d to e/ates on %ore2 inde$1 x is common to speak ( su* "u-wat] e/ates z 8f>ms40 ,illu/ration3 ,,sea-,,%ells ,,9 ,,! ,,surf4 ,an oy/]-f>m may be conduct$ 9 two ways4 ,"o is to place ^u a c]ta9 space ( bottom1 9 "s %all[ bay1 z _m "y oy/]s z x w conv5i5tly hold4 ,^! "y oy/]s1 g5]ally h>dly bigg] ?an y\r ?umb-nail1 are dr$g$ 9 summ] f c]ta9 reefs 9 deep wat]1 :]e ! oy/]s are nev] all[$ to gr[ to full size2 & to a l>ge ext5t !y are br\ght nor?w>d by ! %ip-load f ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia1 :i* h m 8se$10 z x is call$1 ?an !y ne$ = _! own plant+4 ,^! "y oy/]s1 protect$ f h>m1 & hav+ pl5ty ( space to gr[1 come to a prop] size = m>ket 9 ab\t ?ree ye>s1 & are !n ga!r$ by _! own]s & sold4 ,ano!r me?od is to spread old %ells1 pebbles1 etc41 on ! bottom1 to :i* ! float+ eggs emitt$ by adult oy/]s 9 ! neighborhood adh]e4 ,! ?ick 8cat*0 ( infant mollusks hat*$ f ^! captive eggs is !n tak5 up & respread 9 a m scatt]$ way ^u new gr\nd1 & is all[$ to gr[ to maturity4 ,! oy/]s rais$ by ei!r ( ^! me?ods are ( bett] appe>ance & ta/e1 z a rule1 ?an ^? t gr[ naturally1 because ea* has room en\gh to p]fect its proportions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,meleagr9a4 ,meleagr9a 7,avicula7 m>g>itif]a4 b4 byssal =am5 or not*2 g4 susp5sors ( ! gills4 ,mussels1 clams ( _m v>ieties1 & ev5 sponges & peak-%ells1 are also cultivat$ to "s ext5t1 ea* accord+ to ! plan its natural habits make advisable4 ,9 ?is way c]ta9 great areas ( favorable ocean-bottom h become z valuable z ! neighbor+ %ore-l&1 or ev5 f> m s1 if y comp>e1 acre = acre1 ! yield ( ! crops bel[ ) ^? above ! wat]-l9e4 ,b mollusks are useful 9 _m o!r ways ?an z human food4 ,z !y are kn[n to be ! pr9cipal food ( sev]al valuable fi%es1 enorm\s quantities are devot$ to bait+ hooks 9 bo? h&-l9+ & trawl+ = cod & simil> comm]cial species4 ,! qua9t squids are mollusks1 & ^! are especially useful = bait 9 c]ta9 places & seasons1 & are tak5 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic 9 va/ numb]s = t purpose4 ,! %ells ( mollusks are appli$ to a surpris+ v>iety ( purposes1 f pav+ roads to mak+ %irt-/uds1 :ile _! natural beauty has sugge/$ _! utilization z ornam5ts 9 a hundr$ ways4 ,we cut !m up by ! million into buttons & v>i\s small objects1 su* z p>asol h&les1 & poli% & fa%ion !m into all sorts ( knickknacks1 ?us giv+ employm5t to ?\s&s ( p]sons4 ,_m %ip-loads ( %ells are br\ght to ,new ,york f ! ,we/ ,indies e ye> = su* purposes4 ,i ne$ n dwell ^u ?is1 b turn to ! int]e/+ subject ( pe>ls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cassidid4 ,helmet-%ell 7,cassis flammea74 ,"m-(-pe>l is ! bright inside surface1 or nacre1 ( ! l>ge oy/] t gives u pe>ls1 :i* are !mselves compos$ ( ! same sub/ance =m$ 9 a nodule ar\nd "s intrud+ sub/ance1 l a gra9 ( s&1 :i* irritates ! mollusk's sk9 until x is made smoo? & com=table by ?is iridesc5t coat+4 ,bivalves yield+ ?is beautiful sub/ance exi/ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w2 b 9 ,am]ica ! only fi%]y = ! pe>l-oy/] is 9 ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 & t is by no means z productive z x us$ to be4 ,! season = pe>l-fi%+ on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,mexico is f ,june to ,decemb]1 b ! div+ c be done only 9 good wea!r1 & = ab\t ?ree h\rs at ! "t ( l[ wat]1 s9ce ! tide !re rises tw5ty feet1 :i* w\ld make a l>ge dive ( itself2 &1 besides1 ! curr5ts are tr\blesome dur+ high wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,scorpion-,,%ell4 7,pt]oc]as lambis47 ,at ! "r h\r ! ,mexicans g out 9 _! canoes1 "o man ( ! f\r or five 9 ea* canoe paddl+1 :ile ! re/ scrut9ize ! bottom4 ,x may be rocky & we$-gr[n1 b ! wat] is cle>1 & _! practis$ eyes detect a s+le r\nd oy/] :]e y or ,i c]ta9ly w\ld ov]look a doz5 ( !m4 ,!n d[n a man goes & br+s up 8 prize1 ) p]haps "s additional ones4 ,sixty or eighty feet is n too deep = ^! adv5tur\s div]s1 :o w /ay a :ole m9ute ^u ! bottom4 ,no food is eat5 by ^! m5 on ! day !y dive until _! labor has be5 done4 ,we/]n ,au/ralia is ano!r fruitful field = pe>l-oy/]s1 & until a few ye>s ago !y 7 tak5 !re by native blackfell[s1 div+ )\t weights or any o!r assi/ance 9 any wat] n m ?an t5 fa?oms deep4 ,! in%ore %all[s h n[ be5 s cle>$ ( %ells t ! only pr(itable indu/ry is to g d[n 9 deep wat] 9 div+-dress & make a ?or\gh clean-up ( ea* 8pat*0 :]e ! %ells seem num]\s4 ,! div]s f9d x an int]e/+ & curi\s _w :]e !y "w1 b "o full ( fright & p]il4 ,"s m5 :o attempt x are s unn]v$ t !y w nev] make a second desc5t4 ,none c endure ! practice long )\t ill heal? result+2 & ! native ,au/ralians w nev] ent] a div]'s dress1 decl9+ to g d[n :]e x is too deep to dive nak$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mit]-,,%ells4 a4 ,mitra vulpecula4 b4 ,mitra episcopalis4 ,z = ! dang]s1 dr[n+ by "s accid5t to ! app>atus1 or ?r\gh ! /upidity ( ! boatm5 above1 is only "o ( !m4 ,! w>m wat]s 9 :i* ^! m5 "w are ! home ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ deadly %>ks1 & ( v>i\s o!r subm>9e creatures "o w\ld r n meet 9 _! own elem5t4 ,( !m all ! %>ks are mo/ to be dread$1 especially by ! nak$ m54 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 !y are easily fright5$ away1 or c be avoid$ by ! clev] swimm]1 :o quickly /irs up ! mud ( ! bottom1 & rises 9 ! fog be=e ! dull %>k discov]s t he has gone4 ,ea/ ,indians are said to fight %>ks q fe>lessly1 /abb+ !m ) a knife z !y roll ov] prep>atory to a close attack4 ,i h read a /ory to ! effect t =m]ly ! ,mexican ,indian div]s on our we/]n coa/ us$ to take d[n ) !m a /ick ( h>d wood ab\t two feet long & %>p5$ at bo? ends4 ,:5 a %>k 0 enc\nt]$ f :i* !y c\ld n readily escape1 !y w\ld snat* ?is weapon f _! belts1 grasp x 9 ! middle1 & ?ru/ x dext]\sly crosswise into ! widely di/5d$ m\? ( ! mon/]1 op5$ to seize !m4 ,to %ut d[n 8 jaws ^u su* a skew] w\ld und\bt$ly discomfit a %>k or any?+ else2 b :5 "o ?9ks ( ! "t1 n]ve1 & sure aim x w\ld require to accompli% ?is feat1 he beg9s to d\bt :e!r x really ev] 0 tri$4 ,i advise y1 !re=e1 to prove ! /ory bett] ?an ,i h be5 able to d1 be=e y p9 all y\r fai? to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v5us' ,,comb1 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,murices ,,( ,,*9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,murex 78,,murex ,,palma-,,ros07 ,,( ,,ceylon4 ,an ,au/ralian pe>l-div]1 writ+ ab\t ?is matt] 9 8,! ,c5tury0 magaz9e a few ye>s ago1 assures u t a fifte5-foot %>k1 magnifi$ by ! wat]1 & mak+ a bee-l9e = "o1 is suffici5t to make ! /\te/ he>t quake1 9 spite ( ! ass]tion t %>ks h nev] be5 kn[n to attack a man 9 a rubb] div+-dress4 ,he adds3 ,nei!r is ! sight ( a l>ge turtle com=t+ :5 "o does n "k exactly :at x is1 & ! coil+ ( a sea-snake ar\nd "o's legs1 al?\gh x has only "o's h&s to bite at1 is1 to say ! lea/1 unpleasant4 ,a little fi% call$ ! /one-fi% is "o ( ! enemies ( ! div]4 ,x seems to make its habitation "u ! pe>l-%ell1 z x is only :5 pick+ up a %ell t any "o has be5 kn[n to be bitt54 ,i rememb] well ! fir/ "t ,i 0 bitt5 by ?is spiteful memb] ( ! f9ny tribe4 ,i dropp$ my bag ( %ells1 & ha/5$ to ! surface2 b 9 ?is %ort space ( "t my h& & arm _h s swoll5 t x 0 ) difficulty ,i c\ld get ! dress (f1 & !n 0 unable to "w = ?ree days1 suff]+ int5se pa9 ! :ile4 ,aft]w>d ,i le>n$ t /ay+ d[n a c\ple ( h\rs aft] a bite w /op any fur!r discom=t1 ! pressure ( wat] caus+ mu* ble$+ at ! bitt5 "p1 & ?us expell+ ! poison4 ,all ! oy/]s :5 br\ght a%ore are op5$ 9 vats ( wat]1 & c>efully exam9$ = ! pe>ls !y may conta9 half emb$d$ 9 _! mantles2 b v few rew>d ! div] ) gems wor? sell+ sep>ately or o!rwise ?an by weight z 8se$0 pe>ls4 ,_m div]s1 !re=e1 d n !mselves take ! tr\ble ( op5+ :at !y cat*1 b sell !m unop5$ at a few c5ts a doz51 pref]r+ ! small & /eady assur$ income to ! *ances ( failure or a =tune4 ,! r\nd1 flat1 beautiful %ells are sav$1 & _! sale 7= "m-(-pe>l "w7 br+s ne>ly z mu* money into ! pe>l-fi%+ communities 9 ! c\rse ( a season z is d]iv$ f ! pe>ls !mselves4 ,:at beauty1 z well z usefulness1 h %ells6 ,& h[ wide is ! sci5ce 7con*ology7 t deals ) !m1 & tells u n only _! /ructure & mann] ( life1 b int]prets ! "p :i* _! extraord9>y =ms1 ornam5ts1 colors1 & app5dages play 9 _! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 d[n 9 t popul\s gre5 "u-_w ( ! wat]s6 ,illu/ration3 ,,on ,,! ,,gulf ,,/ream ,,slope1 ,,f ,,"o ,,to ,,two ,,miles ,,bel[ ,,! ,,surface4 ,i "k a picturesque old h\se writes a *>m+ p5 9 "o ( ! e>ly volumes ( 8,scribn]'s ,mon?ly0 t has a _m-%elv$ pantry devot$ to ! exhibition & sale ( %ells1 collect$ 9 _m a long voyage to ! remote/ p>ts ( ! five oceans4 ,ap>t f _! sci5tific int]e/1 _! associations ) ali5 races & f>-(f c\ntries1 h[ beautiful ^! %ells are 9 !mselves6 & h[ readily might ! prevail+ vulg>ities & absurdities 9 ! decoration ( glass & porcela9 be correct$ by /udy+ ! c]amics ( nature6 ,h[1 = in/ance1 is our s5se ( cleanl9ess s]v$ & our appetite woo$ by ! extreme smoo?ness1 h>dness ( surface1 & pe>ly :ite ( ! oy/]-%ell6 ,:at decoration 9 ! "p t receives ! vi&1 :at metalliz+ ! surface or *ang+ x into artificial m>ble1 or cov]+ x up ) pictures1 w\ld take ! place ( ! pure1 colorless %ell8 ,e species ( ^! %ells has a pr9ciple ( gr[?1 or law ( =m1 peculi> to itself & yet bas$ ^u "s m g5]al law ( =m common to o!r species4444 ,9 ! comb ( ,v5us1 = in/ance1 ! initial impulse ( /ructure t5ds to produce a s]ies ( sp9es ( a peculi> curvature1 & arrang$ aft] a c]ta9 ord] t involves ! use ( simil> curves4 ,x is int]e/+ to /udy ! developm5t ( ?is simple pr9ciple into ! complex & s+ul> =m ( beauty compris$ 9 ! %ell itself1 ! idea be+ c>ri$ into ! mo/ m9ute p>ticul>s--ev5 ! d>k m>k+s at ! m\? be+ %ap$ l sp9es1 & e small projection on ! surface evid5tly be+ an arre/$ developm5t ( sp9es4 ,9 ! ,murex hau/ellum1 on ! contr>y1 nodules take ! place ( sp9es4 ,9 ! ,m4 endivia an entirely diff]5t idea is develop$4 ,notice ! cross-/riations4 ,in/ead ( prolong+ !mselves into cyl9drically po9t$ sp9es1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,v5us' comb1 or bun*+ !mselves into knobs1 z 9 ! ,m4 hau/ellum1 !y exp& into wond]ful foliat$ projections1 ! edges ( :i* are beautifully flut$1 l ! leaves ( ! lettuce4 ,ano!r f9e effect is af=d$ by ! diff]5t texture ( ! inside & outside surfaces1 d[n to ! smalle/ foliation1 ! inn] p>ts exhibit+ a poli%$ pe>ly :ite1 & ! outside a gray & wr9kl$ sk94 ,obs]ve t1 h[ev] r\gh or dull ( hue ! outside ( a %ell1 its lips are always pure & (t5 flu%$ ) lovely color2 =1 z a rule 7& "h is ano!r h9t to decorators71 ,nature di/+ui%es by "s adornm5t ! mo/ significant p>ts ( h] creatures1 :]e life & use are c5t]$4444 ,! ocean1 inde$1 beautifies all x t\*es4 ,give x any r\gh %>d1 & x w s roll x ab\t1 & lick x ) its waves1 & smoo? x ) _! s(t attrition1 t x w return y a poli%$ & %apely nodule1 exhibit+ all ! beauty ( color & surface ( :i* ! mat]ial is capable4 ,illu/ration3 molluscs & plants ,,footnote3 #g ,x does n foll[ t ^! creatures are consci\s ( ?is pressure1 any m ?an we are ( ! pressure ^u u ( ! f\rte5 p\nds to ! squ>e in* ( our atmosph]e4 ,! po9t is t !y d feel x :5 !y rise upw>d to a po9t :]e ! pressure is di/9ctly less1 j z we are consci\s ( a diff]5ce :5 we asc5d 9 a balloon or climb a v high m\nta91 & aft] a "t we f9d t we _c g any f>!r4 ,l& animals !re=e h a v]tical limit to _! di/ribution z well z sea animals1 & = analog\s reasons4--,e4 ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,page head+ decoration ,,index ,,( ,,illu/rations ,adl] at ,samoa1 #bjj4 ,agalma elegans1 #bfd4 ,alabama1 !1 9 action1 #acf1 #aeh4 ,alg1 typical1 #beb1 #bed4 ,almirante ,co*rane1 9 action ) ,huasc>1 #ada4 ,am]ica1 ! ya*t1 #aeh1 #aie4 ,ant>ctic sc5]y1 #aja4 ,ardois night-signals at sea1 #bje4 ,argonaut %ell1 #bgd4 ,armada1 /yle ( %ips ( !1 #aae4 ,balloon-sail1 #aeh1 #ahf4 ,battle-%ips1 mod]n /eel1 #acd1 #adb1 #add1 #adg1 #aej1 #aec4 ,see also ,,l9e-,,(-,,battle ,,%ips4 ,beam-trawl = deep-sea dr$g+1 #bfa4 ,biremes1 ,roman1 #db4 ,see ,,galleys4 ,boat-davits1 #bbc1 #bcb4 ,bon ,homme ,ri*>d1 !1 #ahb4 ,bottle-fi%1 !1 #bfc4 ,b[sprit1 !1 & its rigs1 #ch1 #fc1 #aac1 #abj1 #aeh1 #age4 ,see ,,cutt]s & ,,sloops4 ,bree*es-buoy1 me?od ( us+1 #bbi4 ,buckeye1 or 8bugeye10 a1 #aih4 ,buoys1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbg4 ,cambria1 model (1 #aie4 ,cameos1 %ell us$ =1 #bgj4 ,c-buoys1 #bbe4 ,canoes1 #bh1 #cg1 #de1 #aih4 ,c>avels1 #ce1 #fa1 #fc1 #fe1 #gf4 ,c>ronade1 an old1 #ahe4 ,cassis1 a typical1 #bgj4 8,ca/les10 =e & aft1 on anci5t %ips1 #ce1 #eg1 #fc1 #fe1 #aab1 #aac1 #aae1 #aai4 ,catboat1 a ,newport1 #aie4 ,c5t]-bo>d boats1 models (1 #aie4 ,*a9-plates1 #agb4 ,*annels1 #agb4 ,*>t1 an e>ly1 #ed4 ,*9ese boats1 #cb4 ,comp>e ,,malay ,,boats4 ,clew$-up1 ma9sails1 #abj1 #ahd4 ,clipp]-%ip1 a1 #aeh1 #afd4 ,coa/1 de/ruction (1 by ! sea1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #aj1 #ae1 #eh4 ,collision1 sc5e 9 a1 #bjb4 ,columbia1 !1 #adf4 ,columbus1 ,*ri/oph]1 flag-%ip (1 #fc4 ,columbus1 ,*ri/oph]1 /atue (1 #fj4 ,con/ellation1 #ahd4 ,con/itution frigate1 #ajf1 #acb4 ,co/umes ( m>9]s1 #aag1 #abc1 #adb1 #adg1 #aeg1 #agb1 #agi4 ,cruis]s1 mod]n /eel1 #adf1 #aej1 #aed1 #bje4 ,cru/aceans ( ! deep sea1 #bgc4 ,cutt]s1 #ahh1 #aia1 #aic4 ,day-m>ks 7= pilots71 #bbe4 ,deck sc5es1 mod]n1 #adb1 #adg1 #aed1 #afd1 #bfa4 ,deck sc5es on old-"t vessels1 #aag1 #acj4 ,deep-sea dr$g+ app>atus1 #bfa4 ,diatoms1 #beg4 ,div+-dress1 #beh4 ,driv] 7sail74 ,see ,,spank]4 ,dynamite-cruis]1 9 action1 #aed4 ,e>?quake waves1 #ah1 #ba4 ,el ,*ico1 model (1 #aie4 ,eskimos 9 summ]1 #hc4 ,felucca1 a1 #age4 ,f9-keel ya*ts1 models (1 #aie4 ,fiord1 a1 9 ,new ,zeal&1 #ae4 ,fi%-cur+ at ,/4 ,pi]re1 #bdc4 ,fi%es1 deep-sea1 #bfc4 ,fi%+-boats1 ,am]ican1 #bde1 #bdg4 ,fi%+-boats1 ,canadian1 #e1 #ag1 #bdc4 ,fi%+-boats1 ,fr5*1 #g4 ,fi%+-boats ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 #ch4 ,fi%+-p\nd1 at l[ tide1 #ag4 ,fl>e1 burn+ a1 at sea1 #bba4 ,fly+ ,dut*man1 !1 #eg4 ,fog-bell1 a1 #bai4 ,=e-&-aft rig1 #bba4 ,frigates1 #abe1 #acb1 #acf1 #ahb1 #ahd4 ,full-rigg$ %ip4 ,see ,,%ip4 ,gaff-topsail1 #ahf1 #aic1 #bba4 ,see ,,cutt]s & ,,sloops4 ,galleons1 ,spani%1 #aai4 ,galleys1 anci5t1 #db1 #dc1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aab4 ,g5e/a1 ! ya*t1 #aia1 #aie4 ,gloriana1 model (1 #aie4 ,great ,h>ry1 b[ (1 #aac4 ,gu]rire1 frigate1 9 action1 #abe4 ,gulfwe$ & its inhabitants1 #beb4 ,halcyon1 !1 ya*t1 #ahf4 ,hamilc>'s /airway ( ! galleys1 #aji4 ,h&-l9e fi%+1 #bde4 ,helmet-%ell1 a1 #bgj4 ,homew>d-b\nd p5nant1 #acc4 8,hove to10 attitude ( sails1 #cg1 #bdg4 ,huasc>1 9 action1 #ada4 ,hydroid1 a comp\nd1 #bfd4 ,iceb]gs & ice-floes1 #gi1 #hj1 #he1 #hi1 #ib1 #ig1 #ajc1 #aje4 ,indiana1 !1 #add4 ,irex1 ! ya*t1 #aia4 ,ironclads1 e>ly1 #acd1 #ach1 #aci1 #ada4 ,jellyfi%1 a typical1 #bfb4 ,jib-sails1 #abj1 #aeh1 #age1 #ahf4 ,jib-/aysails1 #hi1 #aeh1 #age1 #bba4 ,ke>s>ge1 !1 9 action ) ! ,alabama1 #acf4 ,krakatoa1 9 eruption1 #ab4 ,lant]ns1 /]n1 ( old %ips1 #eg1 #aae4 ,late5 rigs1 #bh1 #ce1 #cg1 #ch1 #fa1 #aha4 ,laun*1 a /eam1 #aec4 ,leebo>d1 a1 #aih4 ,leg-(-mutton sails1 #aih4 ,life-boat1 a self-right+1 #bcj4 ,life-sav+ s]vice1 !1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,light-h\ses1 #ah1 #bac1 #bad1 #bae4 ,light-%ip1 ,nantucket1 #bag1 #bah4 ,light-%ip1 ,s&y ,hook1 #ahf4 ,l9e-(-battle %ips1 wood51 #abj1 #acd4 ,lugsail rigs1 #db1 #dc1 #de1 #dh4 ,magic1 model (1 #aie4 ,ma9 *a9s1 #agb4 ,ma9e1 !1 #aec4 ,ma9sail or ma9 c\rse1 #abj1 #aeh1 #afd1 #age1 #ahd1 #bba4 ,malay boats1 #bh1 #aha4 ,m>ia1 ! ya*t1 #ahh4 ,massa*usetts1 !1 #adb4 ,matt+ sails1 #cb1 #aha4 ,mayfl[]1 ! ya*t1 #ahf1 #aid4 ,m$ieval vessels1 v>i\s =ms (1 #ce1 #fc1 #fe1 #aab1 #aae1 #aai4 ,meleagr9a1 #bgj4 ,m]rimac1 !1 #ach4 ,midnight sun at sea1 #b4 ,mid%ipm5 ( #ahab1 #abc4 ,milit>y ma/s1 anci5t1 #aaa4 ,milit>y ma/s1 mod]n1 #acd1 #ada1 #add1 #adf1 #aej1 #aec1 #bje4 ,m9ot's ,l$ge ligh?\se1 #bac4 ,mis*ief model (1 #aie4 ,mit]-%ells 7,mitra71 #bgj4 ,mizz51 ! anci5t 7comp>e ,,spank]71 #fc4 ,models ( hulls ( ya*ts1 #aie4 ,mollusks1 %ells (4 ,see ,,sea-,,%ells4 ,monitor1 !1 #aci4 ,monitors1 #aci1 #adi1 #aej4 ,muleta1 a1 #ch4 ,comp>e ,,felucca4 ,murex-%ells1 #bfc1 #bgb4 ,muriel1 ! ya*t1 #aic4 ,nelson1 portrait (1 #abi4 ,nelson1 signal (1 at ,trafalg>1 #abg4 ,nun buoys1 #bbe4 ,ob/ruction buoy1 #bbf4 ,olive-%ell 7,oliva71 #bfh4 ,outrigg]s1 =ms (1 #bh1 #cg4 ,packet1 a ,liv]pool1 #afj4 ,pap]-nautilus1 !1 #bgd4 ,pe>l-oy/]1 !1 #bgj4 ,pelagia cyanella1 #bfb4 ,pelican-fi%1 !1 #bfc4 ,p5gu9s1 ,ant>ctic1 #aja1 #ajc4 ,physophore1 a1 #bfd4 ,pilot-boat1 #bba1 #bbc4 ,pirates1 at home1 #agi4 ,pirates1 ,malay1 #aha4 ,proas1 ,malay1 #bh1 #cg4 ,pt]oc]as lambis1 #bgj4 ,puritan1 ! ya*t1 #aid1 #aie4 ,rak+ ma/s1 #ahh1 #aih4 ,rapid-fire guns1 #adg4 ,reef+ a topsail1 #ca4 ,reef-po9ts1 #dc1 #abj1 #acb1 #aeh1 #ahh4 ,r[boats1 #de1 #bcf1 #bci1 #bdh4 ,see also ,,galleys & ,,yawl4 ,royal sails1 #acb1 #aeh1 #ahd4 ,sails1 decorat$1 #de1 #dh1 #fc4 ,sails1 v>i\s =ms (1 #ca1 #cb1 #aac1 #aae1 #aai1 #aha4 ,see also names ( sails & rigs4 ,saloon ( a mod]n /eam%ip1 #afa4 ,saloon ( a packet-%ip1 #afj4 ,samoans battl+ ) surf1 #bjh4 ,s&bagg]-sloop1 a1 #aig4 ,sappho1 model (1 #aie4 ,s>gassum1 a piece (1 #beb4 ,s*oon]s1 #bf1ahf1 #ahh1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bdg4 ,scorpion-%ell1 !1 #bgj4 ,sea-anemones1 #bgc4 ,sea-caves1 #aj4 ,sea-fights1 #gd1 #ajf1 #aaa1 #aae1 #aag1 #aai1 #abe1 #acj1 #acf1 #ada1 #adg1 #age1 #ahb4 ,se>*-lights1 #aej1 #aec4 ,sea-%ells1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgd4 ,sea-slugs 7,doris71 #beb4 ,seawe$s1 #beb1 #bed4 ,s]apis1 !1 #ahb4 ,%ip1 a full-rigg$1 #cg1 #hi1 #ib1 #abj1 #acb1 #acc1 #aeh1 #ahd1 #bcb1 #bcd4 ,%ip ( ! l9e4 ,see ,,l9e-,,(-,,battle ,,%ips4 ,%ip wea!r+ a gale ) sails furl$1 #h1 #ef1 #hi1 #bjg4 ,%ips' boats1 #bcb1 #bcf1 #bci4 ,%>pie1 a1 #aih4 ,%r\ds1 #afd1 #agb4 ,side:eel /eam]1 a1 #ba4 ,signal flags1 #abg4 ,signal+ at sea1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bba4 ,signal-ma/1 a1 #adb4 ,sir51 on a /eam%ip1 #bbj4 ,sky-scrap] sails1 #acb1 #ahd4 ,sloops1 #bd1 #ahf1 #aid1 #aig1 #aii4 ,sloops-(-w>1 #acj1 #bjg4 ,spank]-1 driv]-1 or mizz5-sail1 #hi1 #aif4 ,sp> buoys1 #bbe4 ,sponsons1 #add1 #aec4 ,/>fi%1 ! common1 #bfg4 ,/aysails1 #bba4 ,/eam frigates1 #acf1 #ach4 ,/eam%ips1 mod]n m]cantile1 #afa1 #afg1 #aha1 #bbc4 ,/eam-ya*t1 a1 #ahf4 ,/e]+ o>1 a mod]n1 #bci4 ,/orm sc5es1 #ah1 #ba1 #bd1 #ca1 #ef1 #bjj1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bac1 #bag1 #bdg4 ,/udd+-sails1 #acb1 #acc1 #aeh1 #ahd4 ,surf1 & its effect1 #c1 #ba1 #ga1 #bjh4 ,t>a1 ! ya*t1 #aia4 ,tecumseh1 ! monitor1 #adi4 ,!seus & ,gu]rire1 #abe4 ,?i/le1 model (1 #aie4 ,tides--sc5e at l[ tide1 #ag4 ,topca/les1 #fc1 #aaa4 ,topgallantsails1 #abj1 #acb1 #aeh1 #ahd4 ,topsails1 #abj1 #abe1 #aeh1 #age4 ,topsails1 squ>e1 #abj1acb1 #ahd4 7,see also ,,%ips1 ,,full-,,rigg$47 ,torp$o-boats1 #aej1 #aea4 ,torp$o-boats1 subm>9e1 #aeb4 ,torp$oes & _! effect1 #adi1 #aej4 ,t[+ a b>ge1 #agj4 ,try+ out :ale-blubb]1 #bcd4 ,turrets1 #adb1 #add1 #aej1 #aec4 ,v5us' ,comb1 #bga4 ,v night-signals1 #bjf4 ,vesuvius1 !1 #aed4 ,vik+ %ips1 #de1 #dh1 #ea4 ,volcanoes on ! sea-%ore1 #ab4 ,volunte]1 model (1 #ahf1 #aie4 ,walk+ ! plank1 #agb4 ,walruses on ! ice1 #hj4 ,w>d-room ( a w>-%ip1 #abc4 ,wasp1 9 action ) ,frolic1 #acj4 ,wasp1 model ( ! ya*t1 #aie4 ,waves1 oceanic1 #h1 #ae1 #bd1 #ef1 #eg4 ,:ale1 sp]m1 head (1 #bdj4 ,:aleback1 a1 #afi4 ,:aleboats1 #bcb1 #bcf1 #bci1 #bdj4 ,:al]s1 #bcb-bdj4 ,:i/l+ buoy1 #bbg4 ,wreck1 #acj1 #adi1 #bjb1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,ya*ts1 models (1 #aie4 ,ya*ts1 rac+1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #aia1 #aic1 #aie4 ,yawl1 a %ip's1 #aje1 #bbc4 ,yawl-rig1 !1 #aig4 ,illu/ration3 ,ligh?\se ,illu/ration3 ,page head+ decoration ,,g5]al ,,index ,africa1 fir/ circumnavigat$1 #da4 8,am]ica10 orig9 ( ! 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"n1 #ff4 ,brigs describ$1 #cf4 ,buccane]s1 c>e] ( !1 #agg4 ,buckeye1 or 8bugeye10 #aih4 ,buoys & *annel m>ks1 #bbe4 ,cabot's voyage to ,am]ica1 #fe1 #fg4 ,canada discov]$1 #fh4 ,cape ,horn1 fir/ r\nd$1 #gb4 ,cape ( ,good ,hope discov]$1 #ed4 ,capta9 capsiz$1 #bja4 ,c>avels ( ,columbus1 #cd1 #ce1 #fa1 #fc4 ,c>rage5 or ,iri% moss1 #bee4 ,c>?ag9ians z navigators1 #db4 ,c>ti] discov]s ,canada1 #fh4 ,catboat describ$1 #ce4 ,c5t]-bo>d1 expla9$1 #ahi4 ,*all5g] exp$ition1 #aj1 #bgb4 ,*ancellor1 voyage (1 to ! ,:ite ,sea1 #gg4 ,*>ybdis1 :irlpool (1 #ai4 ,*esapeake & ,%annon1 #abi4 ,*9ese z navigators1 #eb4 ,clipp]s1 ,baltimore1 #ahc4 ,colossus ( ,rhodes1 #baa4 ,columbus1 ,*ri/oph]1 #ei4 ,comm]ce at sea1 hi/ory (1 #aee-agj4 ,comm]ce1 e>ly ,european1 #eb1 #aee4 ,comm]ce1 m$ieval1 #aef4 ,comm]ce1 mod]n1 #aei4 ,compass1 ! m>9]'s1 #ea4 ,con/itution1 ,u4 ,s4 frigate1 #acj-acc4 ,con/itution1 9 ! w> ) ,tripoli1#agd4 ,cook1 ,capta9 ,james1 voyage (1 #ge4 ,cop5hag51 battle (1 #abf4 ,corals & coral polyps1 #bfe4 ,corsairs1 !1 #agb4 ,corte-,real1 voyage (1 #fh4 ,crabs1 caught = m>ket1 #bff4 ,cruis]s1 s]vice (1 #aba1 #adj4 ,curr5ts 9 ! ocean4 ,,see ,,ocean ,,curr5ts4 ,cutt]1 rig ( a1 #ce4 ,dampi]1 voyages (1 #gc4 ,,dang]s ,,( ,,! ,,deep1 #bjj-bcj4 ,davis1 exploration ( ,davis's ,/rait1 #gh4 ,decatur's exploit at ,tripoli1 #age4 ,deep-sea conditions ( life1 #bfc4 ,de ,long1 dea? 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