,,! ,,s\rce ,,& ,,mode ,,( ,,sol> ,,en]gy ,,?r\gh\t ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,,by ,i4 ,w4 ,,heys+]1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d4 ,,illu/rat$4 ,,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,company4 #ahie4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,introduction #g ,,*apt] ,i4 ,/atem5t ( ! ,problem ( ,sol> ,en]gy #ag ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,con/itution & ,ph5om5a ( ! ,sun #ci ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,mode ( ,sol> ,en]gy #gj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,s\rce ( ,sol> ,en]gy #if ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,di/ribution & ,cons]vation ( ,sol> ,en]gy #aci ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,/>s #afb ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,tempor>y ,/>s1 ,meteors1 & ,comets #ahg ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,ph5om5a ( ,comets #baj ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,int]pretation ( ,cometic ,ph5om5a #bbe ,,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,resolvable ,nebul1 ,/>-,clu/]s & ,galaxies #bcg ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,gase\s ,nebul #bec ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis3 its ,basis & its ,difficulties #bfh ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,! ,g5esis ( ,sol> ,sy/ems & ,galaxies #bhb ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,! ,mosaic ,cosmogony #cjh ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,conclusion4 ,! ,h>mony ( ,nature's ,laws & ,op]ations #cda ,ref]5ce ,index ( ,au?orities ,cit$ #cdi ,classifi$ ,index ( ,subject-,matt] #cec ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,figs4 #a to #h4 ,types f nature1 illu/rat+ developm5t ( a sol> sy/em f ! att5uat$ matt] ( space ,frontispiece4 ,fig4 #i4 ,a typical sun-spot #eg ,fig4 #aj4 ,/ructure ( ! sun1 analytical illu/ration ( #fj ,fig4 #aa4 ,electrical pol>ities ( sun & planets #hb ,fig4 #ab4 ,ideal view ( ! g5]ation & transmission ( planet>y electricity #hi ,fig4 #ac4 ,! aurora borealis1 view ( #ia ,fig4 #ad4 ,diffus$ bru% dis*>ge ( an electrical ma*9e #ia ,fig4 #ae4 ,planet>y g5]ation & transmission ( electrical en]gy to ! sun1 analytical illu/ration ( #aja ,fig4 #af4 ,gradual dis*>ge ( electricity f "o conductor to ano!r 9 a p>tial vacuum #ajc ,fig4 #ag4 ,sudd5 electrical dis*>ge ?r\gh ! atmosph]e #ajc ,fig4 #ah4 ,position ( planets ) ref]5ce to ! g5]ation ( sun-spots2 maximum & m9imum ( electrical action #ajh ,fig4 #ai4 ,analysis ( a typical sun-spot #aab ,fig4 #bj4 ,ret>dation ( sun-spots 9 _! travel across ! sol> face2 developm5t to ! re> & recession 9 front #aad ,figs4 #ba & #bb4 ,complex l9es ( planet>y electrical action ^u ! sun produc$ by ! incl9ation ( ! sol> axis to ! plane ( ! ecliptic #abj ,figs4 #bc to #bi4 ,examples ( electrical repulsion3 ,fig4 #a1 simil>ly electrifi$ pi?-balls2 ,fig4 #b1 ! electrical w9dmill2 ,fig4 #c1 repulsion ( a flame2 ,fig4 #d1 self-repulsion ar\nd a conductor2 ,fig4 #e1 attraction betwe5 opposite & repulsion betwe5 simil> electricities2 ,fig4 #f1 mutual repulsion betwe5 simil> electrosph]es ( ! e>? & ! moon2 ,fig4 #g1 mutual repulsion betwe5 ! simil>--electrosph]es ( sun & comet #abd ,figs4 #cj to #cd4 ,spectra ( sol> light1 inc&esc5t sodium & calcium1 & ! absorption & bright-l9e spectra ( hydrog5 gas #aee ,figs4 #ce to #cg4 ,rev]sal & neutralization ( spectroscopic l9es ( hydrog5 9 ! light ( a v>iable /> l ,betelgeuse #afj ,fig4 #ch4 ,a d\ble-sun nebula 9 process ( developm5t into a sol> sy/em #afd ,fig4 #ci4 ,d\ble />s ) complem5t>y colors1 int]pretation ( ! ph5om5a ( #afg ,fig4 #dj4 ,a sol> sy/em :i* w\ld expla9 ! regul> v>iability ( ! /> ,mira #agh ,fig4 #da4 ,l9eal nebula 9 ,sobieski's ,cr[n :i* has be5 affect$ by curr5ts 9 ! ocean ( space #ahi ,figs4 #db to #de4 ,f\r /ages 9 ! ph5om5a ( a new or tempor>y />1 a /> 9 flames2 rev]sal ( ! hydrog5 l9es 9 its spectrum #aif ,figs4 #df & #dg4 ,illu/ration ( repulsion ( ! tail ( a comet by ! simil>ly electrifi$ sol> electrosph]e2 comp>ison ) simil> repulsion 9 a vacuum-*amb] exp]im5t #baa ,figs4 #dh & #di4 ,! electroscope1 & mutual electrical repulsion 9 a bundle ( dry /raws #bbe ,fig4 #ej4 ,exp]im5t ) a c&le & curr5ts ( air f betwe5 two disks1 illu/rat+ ! radial semi-rotation ( a comet's tail dur+ p]ihelion #bcj ,figs4 #ea to #ed4 ,f\r non-sy/emic gase\s nebul3 ,fig4 #a1 crab nebula2 ,fig4 #b1 dumb-bell nebula2 ,fig4 #c1 l9eal nebula 9 ,sobieski's ,cr[n2 ,fig4 #d1 ,ca!r9e-:eel nebula4 ,! latt] illu/rates ! =mation ( a planet>y nebula ) a holl[ c5t]1 or else disp]sion into ! elem5ts ( space aga9 #bfc ,fig4 #ee4 ,great spiral nebula 9 ,canes ,v5atici & a small adjac5t nebula affect$ !reby #bgc ,figs4 #ef to #ei4 ,f\r gase\s nebul 9 process ( developm5t into sol> sy/ems3 ,fig4 #a1 div]g5t spiral2 ,fig4 #b1 lat] /age ( a simil> spiral2 ,fig4 #c1 subsequ5t /age ( rupture ( ! ne>ly circul> convolutions ( a simil> nebula2 ,fig4 #d1 ! same /age 9 ! developm5t ( a sol> sy/em ) a d\ble sun #bgi ,fig4 #fj4 ,nucleat$ planet>y nebula1 %[+ its ext]nal r+ split & held ap>t1 9 "p ( its circumf]5ce1 by electrical repulsion #bhh ,fig4 #fa4 ,div]g5t spiral nebula on cov] ( book4 ,,introduction4 ,?is "w is n pres5t$ to ! read] z a treatise on a/ronomy1 al?\gh ! diff]5t ph5om5a p]ta9+ to t spl5did sci5ce are review$ ) "s detail1 & ! e/abli%$ facts be>+ ^u ! subjects discuss$ are briefly cit$ 9 ! v words ( ! great writ]s ^u ^: au?ority !y re/4 ,a consid]able exp]i5ce 9 *emi/ry1 electricity1 & ! o!r alli$ physical sci5ces long s9ce conv9c$ ! au?or ( ?is "w t "s simple & uni=m pr9ciple mu/ control ! production ( ! physical ph5om5a ( a/ronomy1--"s g5]al law capable ( be+ ext5d$ 9 its application to ! wide/1 z well z appli$ to ! n>r[e/1 limits ( t sci5ce4 ,kn[+ ! absolute c]ta9ty ( a magnetic & electrical connection betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?1 z evid5c$ by ! reflect$ en]gy ( sun-spots1 auroras1 etc41 & t no kn[n cause except electricity c\ld acc\nt = "s1 at lea/1 ( ! cometic ph5om5a1 x seem$ t any compreh5sive law mu/ at all ev5ts include ?is mode ( en]gy z an effective cause1 & t if ! law be uni=m 9 its application1 x mu/ equally exclude all o!rs :i* may be ei!r antagoni/ic or n necess>y4 ,a c>eful inve/igation 0 !re=e made ( ^? less g5]ally kn[n pr9ciples conc]n$ 9 ! g5]ation & trans=mations ( electrical en]gy1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! suffici5cy or insuffici5cy ( ?is ag5cy 9 ! gr&] op]ations ( nature 7=1 ( c\rse1 m]e curr5ts ( electricity c\ld play no "p 9 ^! ph5om5a71 ) ! result t e l9e ( rese>* l$ irresi/ibly to ! conclusions pres5t$ 9 ?is "w4 ,^! inve/igations1 specifically direct$1 at fir/1 to ! s\rce & mode ( ! sol> en]gy ( our own sy/em alone1 7 f\nd to be equally applicable to o!rs1 & 7 successively ext5d$ to ! :ole sid]eal1 nebul>1 & cometic field1 & f9ally to space itself1 = all ! ph5om5a ( :i* x seem$ to furni% an adequate & h>moni\s int]pretation4 ,! fact1 :5 once demon/rat$1 t ! true s\rce ( sol> en]gy is n to be f\nd 9 ! sun itself1 b 9 ! pot5tial en]gy ( space1 s]v$ z a guid+ pr9ciple1 &1 by its cont9u\sly ext5d$ application1 0 f\nd to cov] p]fectly ! s\rce & mode ( all sol> en]gy4 ,e /ep ( ! inve/igation has be5 bas$ on ! e/abli%$ facts ( sci5ce & ! obs]vations ( em95t a/ronom]s z laid d[n by ! be/ au?orities2 & ! quotations h]e9 made f _! works are full & fair1 & are prop]ly cr$it$ 9 e case1 & tak5 f books easily accessible to ! g5]al read]4 ,x is hop$ t fur!r att5tion may be direct$ to ?is field ( rese>* by f> m capable inve/igators ?an ! au?or ( ?is "w1 s t sy/ematic a/ronomy may no long] be> ! reproa* t x is l>gely an empirical sci5ce1 b t x may h5ce=? be bas$ ^u rational & compreh5sive pr9ciples1 capable ( univ]sal ext5sion & ( g5]al sci5tific application4 ,! au?orities cit$ 9 ?is "w include _m illu/ri\s names3 ,proctor1 ,tyndall1 ,helmholtz1 ,langley1 ,hugg9s1 ,newcomb1 ,"y1 ,flamm>ion1 ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 ,r4 ,kalley ,mill]1 ,h]s*el1 ,ni*ol1 ,"l ,rosse1 ,urbanitsky1 ,crookes1 ,fraunh(]1 ,ball1 & _m o!rs1 all ( :om are kn[n ?r\gh\t ! _w z among ! ma/] m9ds ( sci5ce4 ,f !m we h drawn ! ri* /ores ( k ( ! ph5om5a ) :i* ?is "w deals1 & :i* we h s fully & freely cit$1 z ! basis ( ! spl5did sup]/ructure :i* a/ronomy to-day reveals4 ,no "o w v5ture to controv]t ! /atem5ts ( fact made by ^! em95t m51 &1 :]e conflict ( op9ion has aris5 among !m1 we h quot$ all p>ties1 s t ! read] c =m 8 own conclusion1 9 ea* case1 = himself4 ,s div]se1 app>5tly1 are ! ph5om5a review$ t !y pres5t ! aspect ( a great picture-gall]y1 9 :i* ! pa9t+s totally diff] f ea* o!r 9 subject1 9 treatm5t1 & 9 orig91 _! only common qualities be+ ^? ( gr&eur & fidelity to tru? & to ! pr9ciples ( art4 ,b !y are n m]ely pa9t+s1 !y are ! mov+ panorama ( creation1 &1 div]se z !y may appe>1 !y w be f\nd to %[ ! same h&l+1 :i* reveals ! same univ]sal arti/2 !y h1 9 tru?1 a common mode ( developm5t & a common pr9ciple ( con/ruction1 obscure z ^! may seem to be4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s ,natural ,hi/ory1 s call$1 0 /udi$ & taught2 zology 0 a well-kn[n sci5ce f> back 9 old hi/oric times4 ,b x 0 left = mod]n biological rese>* to turn f ^! fix$ & fully-develop$ =ms ( life1 & g back to trace _! primal developm5t ?r\gh :at is n[ ! sci5ce ( embryology1 & ?us we h le>n$ t nature trav]ses ! same pa?s 9 =m+ a man z 9 produc+ a frog or a bird4 ,! process is c>ri$ fur!r along 9 "o case ?an 9 ano!r1 b ! l9es ( developm5t are almo/ id5tical2 & ! trac+ out ( ^! common l9es & _! subsequ5t div]g5cies has %$ a flood ( new light ^u ^! d>k & hi!rto unkn[n places1 s t we are n[ fairly on ! true highway ( physical life at la/4 ,:5 adult =ms 7 alone comp>$1 animal ) animal1 no common gr\nd ( orig9 or developm5t c\ld be disc]n$2 nature 0 believ$ to "w by special creations1 & va/ cataclysms 7 devis$ to utt]ly de/roy ! organic life ( "o t]re/rial epo* aft] ano!r1 leav+ a few h>dy accid5tal survivors1 or types1 p]*ance1 to trace back _! l9es ( desc5t beyond su* p]iods ( cyclical de/ruction4 ,all ?is is n[ *ang$1 & ^! views1 s rec5tly held & taught1 h be5 ab&on$ =ev]1 & cont9u\sly op]ative natural processes ( developm5t1 modifi$ by environm5t & h]$ity1 h tak5 _! place1 & biology n[ has a future z well z a pa/4 ,& s x mu/ be ) ! less complex1 b f> m ext5d$1 creations & trans=mations 9 ! va/ fields ( a/ronomical sci5ce ) :i* ?is book is conc]n$4 ,hi!rto we h "h1 too1 dealt ) special creations & cataclysms2 h5ce=? we mu/ foll[ ! uni=m & et]nal laws ( progressive developm5t4 ,among ! multitude ( hi!rto unsolv$ problems ( a/ronomy we may enum]ate ! foll[+3 ,:y sun-spots travel fa/] ar\nd ! sun :5 ne> 8 equator ?an :5 m di/ant f x4 ,! physical causes ( sun-spots1 facul1 & sol> prom95ces4 ,:y ! numb] & size ( sun-spots seem to affect t]re/rial magnetism4 ,! rational int]pretation ( ! elev5-ye> & ! long sun-spot cycles4 ,! orig9 ( ! aurora borealis4 ,! causes ( ! p]iodicity ( regul>ly v>iable />s4 ,h[ to expla91 9 accordance ) ! nebul> hypo!sis1 :y ,algol & its companion1 :i* are n greatly diff]5t 9 mass & volume1 & bo? obvi\sly gase\s1 %\ld s diff] 9 "*1 "o be+ a bright sun & ! o!r a d>k planet4 ,:e!r !re are great1 compact1 b d>k bodies1 comp>able to suns & planets 9 magnitude1 & unconnect$ ) any sol> sy/em1 float+ ab\t 9 space4 ,:y d\ble & multiple />s are s frequ5tly ( contra/$ or complem5t>y colors4 ,:y regul>ly v>iable />s are long] 9 decl9e ?an 9 gr[? ( brilliancy1 s9ce su* decl9e is no crit]ion ( loss ( heat1 b r ! rev]se4 ,:y ! sun & fix$ />s h atmosph]es l>gely compos$ ( free hydrog51 & ! planets h atmosph]es ( free oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,:y a small & sometimes ev5 sc>cely visible /> occasionally is se5 to sudd5ly blaze up1 9 a few h\rs1 to hundr$s ( times its normal brilliancy1 & !n f> m gradually fade1 ?r\gh mon?s & ye>s1 back to its =m] /ate1 9 :i* !nce=? x cont9ues to ma9ta9 its orig9al lu/re4 ,:y comets1 :5 !y h tails1 always project ^! app5dages radially f ! direction ( ! sun4 ,h[ to acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( cyanog51 & h[ = ! abs5ce ( oxyg5 & ! con/ant pres5ce ( hydroc>bon vapors ar\nd ! nuclei ( comets4 ,:y "s comets split up into sep>ate comets & o!rs sometimes %[ multiple tails4 ,:y comets1 :5 !y pass ar\nd & beh9d ! sun1 9 "s cases reappe> %orn ( _! spl5dor & 9 o!r cases ) _! spl5dor greatly enhanc$4 ,:5ce comets are d]iv$1 :]e is _! p]man5t abid+-place1 & h[ did !y orig9ally rea* ^? di/ant regions :i* !y occupy be=e ent]+ our sy/em1 if m]ely ! dbris left beh9d f contraction ( ! mass ( plasma out ( :i* our sol> sy/em is suppos$ to h be5 =m$4 ,:y s _m ( ! irresolvable nebul pres5t ! appe>ance ( div]g5t spirals ( _m diff]5t =ms4 ,h[ to acc\nt = ! annul> nebul ) holl[ c5t]s & = ^? p>tially-complet$ planet>y nebul1 s call$1 :i* aft]w>ds appe> to retrograde into diffus$ gase\s nebul aga9 or gradually disappe>4 ,:at is ! ultimate con/itution ( int]/ell> space8 ,h ! fix$ />s planet>y sy/ems l our own1 or n8 ,mu/ !y h su*1 or m]ely may !y h8 ,:at pr9ciple ( cons]vation ( en]gy is x possible to apply to ! va/ quantities ( light & heat :i* con/antly disappe> 9 ! int]/ell> realms ( space8 ,h[ to acc\nt = ?is enorm\s emission ( sol> en]gy dur+ ! long p]iod ( "t requisite = ! developm5t ( ! e>? dur+ its pa/ geological ages4 ,h[ to expla9 :y ! moon always pres5ts ! same face to ! e>?4 ,:y1 if ! law ( gravity prevails !re1 !re are no visible traces ( atmosph]e or moi/ure 9 ! moon4 ,:at is ! basic pr9ciple on :i* dep5ds ! ratio ( mean planet>y di/ances1 #j1 #c1 #f1 #ab1 #bd1 etc41 always plus #d8 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ! planet>y satellites & ! cause ( _! irregul> di/ribution1 & :at ! orig9 ( ,saturn's r+s8 ,h[ 0 ! belt ( a/]oids =m$ betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]8 ,:y is ! orbit ( ,neptune relatively compress$ aga9/ t ( ,uranus8 ,:y is ! mass ( ,neptune out ( its prop] proportion comp>$ ) ^? ( ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune 9 a dim9i%+ s]ies8 ,:at is ! rational int]pretation & :at ! orig9 ( ! sun's corona & ! cause ( ! coronal /ream]s8 ,!re are _m o!r problems equally difficult :i* are enc\nt]$ 9 ! /udy ( ?is noble sci5ce1 b ! above are surely suffici5tly /rik+4 ,any complete int]pretation ( ^! v>i\s ph5om5a1 ev5 s+ly1 w\ld seem to be an important /ep 9 advance2 !n h[ mu* m s if ! explanation ( "o & all ( ^! is to be f\nd 9 a s+le1 all-embrac+ cause1 a few simple & uni=mly op]ative pr9ciples1 z unque/ionably op]ative "h z 9 ! o!r fields ( sci5ce to :i* !y p]ta91 & :i*1 once ?or\ghly compreh5d$ & rigidly appli$1 w be f\nd to elucidate all ! multif>i\s ph5om5a ( sid]eal space s cle>ly & precisely t any intellig5t obs]v] & reason] c det]m9e ea* "q f9ally = himself1 & solve n only ^!1 b all ! o!r a/ronomical problems & p>adoxes :i* h f "t to "t aris58 ,x is n to be und]/ood t ?is sublime sci5ce & ^! illimitable realms are to be laid (f ) ! metes & b\nds ( a f>m]'s mead[1 = all ! l9es ( ! diff]5t sci5ces are l9k$ toge!r at a ?\s& po9ts1 b t ! op]ative pr9ciples :i* nature con/antly employs once firmly grasp$1 ! intricacy ( ea* s]ies ( ph5om5a enc\nt]$ w become gradually less5$1 l9k by l9k1 z obs]vations & d$uctions are m closely & rationally made along ^! well-e/abli%$ l9es ( rese>*1 in/ead ( "h & !re1 empirically1 & at hap-haz>d1 z has be5 ! only me?od hi!rto possible to pursue4 ,:5 ! relatively few fix$ pr9ciples :i* control ! op]ations ( nature 9 ! field ( a/ronomy are ?or\ghly compreh5d$1 = on ?is va/ panorama %e lays h] colors ) a heavy bru%1 we c /udy h] ph5om5a & int]pret h] processes ev5 m readily ?an ! k9dr$ sci5ces h enabl$ u to d 9 ! adjac5t fields ( biology1 :]e9 ! spl5did a*ievem5ts ( less ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury pa/ h n only ar\s$ ! int]e/ & en?usiasm ( ! _w1 b already po9t ! way to /ill gr&] triumphs yet to come4 ,,! ,,s\rce ,,& ,,mode ,,( ,,sol> ,,en]gy4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,sol> ,,en]gy4 ,9 endeavor+ to pres5t a new & rational int]pretation ( ! s\rce & mode ( sol> en]gy1 bas$ ^u ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( rec5t sci5ce1 x becomes necess>y to briefly cite ! facts be>+ ^u ! problem to be solv$ & ! au?orities = _! support1 z well z to describe concisely ! diff]5t hypo!ses at pres5t 9 vogue1 & to po9t out ! well-e/abli%$ insuffici5cy ( ^! !ories1 "o & all1 to acc\nt = or expla9 ! difficulties enc\nt]$1 & :i* s f> h rema9$ z an unsolv$ enigma4 ,& ?is problem ( sol> en]gy is ! gr&e/ & mo/ important "q ( all physics1 = ^u ! light & heat ( ! sun dep5d all physical life & its consequ5ces1 animal & vegetable1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future4 ,if )9 f9ite "t1 & relatively1 comp>$ ) ! enorm\s vi/as ( ! pa/1 a v brief "t1 ?is s\rce ( en]gy is to cease1 & our :ole sy/em be involv$ 9 d>kness & dea?1 su* d>kness & dea? mu/ be et]nal2 = ! dead sun 9 8 f9al /age ( cond5sation w be z fix$ & un*angeable z ! op]ation ( et]nal laws c make x1 & h5ce=? !re c be no revival or rev]sals1 no turn+ back ( ! h& ^u ! dial1 :ile ! laws ( nature cont9ue2 & outside ! uni=m op]ation ( ! laws ( nature !re is no s\rce1 or mode1 or cont9uance ( sol> en]gy conceivable4 ,x is true t :5 our sy/em %all h ran d[n to its culm9ation 9 dea?1 o!r pres5t sy/ems may cont9ue = a "t to exi/ & new ones spr+ into be+2 b ^!1 too1 mu/ inevitably foll[ ! same c\rse1 & likewise end 9 et]nal d>kness1 until f9ally ! great exp]im5t ( creation %all h end$ 9 et]nal failure4 ,! *anges we see 9 progress ar\nd u1 h[ev]1 are n ( ?is nature4 ,! individual dies1 b ! =ces :i* gave life & /r5g? to ! race p]si/1 & o!rs w take 8 place1 & ! same =ces w cont9ue to op]ate ) con/ant r5ewals1 s9ce we draw our light & heat & life f )\t2 b 9 ! dea? ( suns & _! att5dant planets !re is no analog\s process1 = su* suns are con/antly exp5d+ _! enorm\s en]gies 9 ! support ( life ext]nal to !mselves1 & only ! smalle/ "p ( ?is en]gy1 ev51 c ev] be utiliz$ by !mselves or by o!r suns or planets "u any mode ( int]pretation n[ 9 vogue1 ! b\ndless realms ( s-call$ in]t & empty space receiv+ ! same proportionate quota ( light & heat z ! almo/ microscopic po9ts 9 ! sky :i* con/itute ! suns & sy/ems we see1 & practically all1 or ne>ly all1 ( ?is enorm\s en]gy is an absolute dead wa/e2 s t :e!r receiv+ new supplies f a con/ant ra9 ( adjac5t meteor /reams1 or f ! gradual contraction ( ! sol> volume1 ! va/ realms ( space are ! useless recipi5ts ( :at c nev] return to ! sun aga91 &1 ( c\rse1 9 su* case ! inevitable end c be pr$ict$2 = contraction ( volume1 ) a giv5 mass1 mu/ h an effective limit1 & meteoric aggregation mu/ also f9d an effective limit1 if ! planets are n to be ?r[n out ( place z !y cont9ue to revolve ar\nd ! sun4 ,all accept$ !ories beg9 ) a primordial impulse1 ! en]gies ( :i* are ( necessity con/antly fritt]$ away & wa/$1 until f9ally all light & heat & life mu/ cease to exi/1 & t at a /age 9 :i* no fur!r impulse c ev] be giv51 s9ce ! :ole univ]se w h pass$ ?r\gh e possible /age ( degradation d[n to ! f9al "o ( univ]sal & et]nal dea?4 ,& yet ?is is ! be/ t sci5ce has to sugge/2 ! only com=t (f]$ u is t x w n happ5 9 our "t1 & s1 aft] u ! deluge4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis1 s call$1 ( ,laplace1 has requir$ mu* modification1 9 ! light ( m rec5t sci5ce1 b ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ?is !ory are /ill g5]ally accept$1 = !y fairly well acc\nt = ! primal connection ( ! sun & planets1 & ! position ( ! c5tral sun )91 ) ! orbital & rotational planet>y movem5ts1 z no o!r !ory has yet done4 ,by ?is !ory ! limits ( our sol> sy/em 7 once occupi$ by an att5uat$ gase\s nebula conta9+ )9 itself all ! matt] :i* n[ =ms our sol> sy/em4 ,?is great nebul> mass1 primordially assum$1 0 giv5 by gravity a sl[ b gradually increas+ rotation ^u its c5t]2 ! =ce ( gravity act$ m /rongly ^u ?is rotat+ body z x contract$1 s t r+s ( nebul\s matt] 7 successively ?r[n (f1 :i* coalesc$ into s+le masses & ^! f9ally into planets4 ,^! planet>y globes !mselves1 z !y coalesc$ & contract$1 left beh9d or ?rew (f r+s ( _! out] matt]1 :i*1 9 turn1 became moons1 & f9ally our sol> sy/em ) its c5tral sun 0 evolv$ z we n[ see x2 developm5t cont9u$1 ! planets cool$ & cond5s$1 life appe>$ :5 ! conditions became suitable1 & ! orig9al progressive cond5sation ( ! c5tral mass--! sun--/ill cont9u+1 ! evolution ( light & heat cont9ues1 & w cont9ue 9 a correlative degree4 ,z our moon has pass$1 app>5tly1 beyond ! /age ( life1 & is cold1 airless1 wat]less1 & dead1 s w ! e>? pass2 & ! l>g] planets1 su* z ,jupit] & ,saturn1 :i* h n yet rea*$ ! life /age ( cond5sation1 are /ill hot1 b !y1 too1 w pass ?r\gh ! pres5t /age ( ! e>?1 !n ?r\gh t 9 :i* ! moon n[ is2 & ! c5tral sun1 /ill gl[+1 b m & m dimly1 w itself pass ?r\gh ! /ages 9 :i* ,jupit] & ,saturn n[ are1 !n ?r\gh t ( our pres5t e>?1 & f9ally into t ( ! moon1 long be=e :i* "t ! emission ( all light & heat w h ceas$ f ! sun to its encircl+ planets1 & f9ally ! sun itself w s9k into et]nal frigidity1 & all its /ore ( light & heat w h be5 dissipat$ into b\ndless space1 & ! possibility ( any?+ resembl+ :at we "k z life w h be5 =ev] ext+ui%$4 ,9 consid]+ ! "q ( ! sun's en]gy1 ! au?or ( ! article ,sun1 9 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia1 says1 ,h[ to acc\nt = ! supply ( ! prodigi\s am\nt ( heat con/antly radiat$ f ! sol> surface has (f]$ a b\ndless field ( hypo!sis4 ,"o conjecture is t ! sun is n[ giv+ (f ! heat imp>t$ to x at its creation1 & t x is gradually cool+ d[n 7#a74 ,ano!r ascrib$ x to combu/ion 7#b71 & a ?ird to curr5ts ( electricity 7#c74 ,newton & ,buffon conjectur$ t comets might be ! alim5t ( ! sun 7#d72 & ( late ye>s a some:at simil> !ory 7fir/ broa*$ by ,mr4 ,wat]/on 9 #ahec7 has be5 9 vogue1--viz41 t a /ream ( meteoric matt] con/antly p\r+ into ! sun f ! regions ( space supplies its heat1 by ! conv]sion into x ( ! arre/$ motion 7#e74 ,z ! sun may1 inde$1 d]ive a small am\nt ( heat f ?is cause1 x des]ves m att5tion ?an previ\s conjectures4 ,b conjecture & hypo!sis may be said to h giv5 place to views :i* claim a high] title1 z x is n[ becom+ g5]ally recogniz$1 9 accordance ) mod]n physical !ories ( heat1 t 9 ! gravitation ( ! sun's mass t[>d its c5t]1 & 9 its consequ5t cond5sation1 suffici5t heat mu/ be evolv$ to supply ! pres5t radiation1 enorm\s z ?is und\bt$ly is4 ,x appe>s to be susceptible ( full demon/ration t a contraction ( ! sun's volume ( a giv5 def9ite am\nt1 :i* is yet s slight z to be invisible to ! mo/ p[]ful telescope1 is compet5t to furni% a heat-supply equal to all t c h be5 emitt$ dur+ hi/orical p]iods4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 !n 7:i* is l>gely due to ! developm5t by ,helmholtz ( ,may]'s great g5]alization71 ! sun's mass rema9s unalt]$1 & its temp]ature ne>ly con/ant1 :ile its size is sl[ly dim9i%+ z x contracts2 s sl[ly1 h[ev]1 t ! supply may be reckon$ on ?r\gh p]iods almo/ inf9ite z measur$ by ! kn[n pa/ ( our race1 & :i* are 9 any case to be c\nt$ by millions ( ye>s 7#f74 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ! hypo!sis ( ,dr4 ,siem5s1 fully describ$ 9 ,pr(essor ,proctor's ,my/]ies ( ,"t & ,space4 ,?is +5i\s !ory1 9 brief1 is t ! rotation ( ! sun on its axis causes a suction 9 ! mann] ( a fan1 at ! poles1 & a tang5tial projection1 at ! equator1 ( a disk-l /ream ( gase\s matt] into space4 ,! light & heat ( ! sun1 disp]s$ ?r\gh space1 sl[ly b cont9u\sly act ^u ! comp\nd gases ) :i* space is univ]sally p]vad$ to disassociate !m into _! elem5ts4 ,! disassociat$ gases ?us suck$ 9 at ! sol> poles at an extremely l[ temp]ature are br\ght into a /ate ( combu/ion by friction & cond5sation1 ?us g5]at+ new supplies ( light & heat1 & ! gases ?us reunit$ by combu/ion are aga9 project$ into space1 to be aga9 sl[ly disassociat$ by ! op]ation ( ! sun's light & heat4 ,! result ( ?is combu/ion is to =m aque\s vapor & c>bonic acid & c>bonic oxide1 & ^! gases1 :5 disassociat$ 9 space1 are resolv$ into c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog51 :i* aga9 & aga9 are ?us recomb9$ & aga9 & aga9 decompos$ z !y pass ov] ! sun's surface 7#g74 ,! sev5 hypo!ses above describ$ are ! only ones n[ 9 vogue1 & a brief analysis w %[ t no s+le "o ( !m1 nor all comb9$1 w give suffici5t results to acc\nt = ! ess5tial difficulties or kn[n conditions ( ! problem4 ,! fir/ & second hypo!ses are answ]$ by ! fact set =? by ,helmholtz 7,popul> ,sci5tific ,lectures1 article ,on ! ,orig9 ( ! ,planet>y ,sy/em71 t1 if ! mass ( ! sun 7 compos$ ( ! two elem5ts capable by comb9ation ( produc+ ! greate/ possible light & heat1--to wit1 hydrog5 & oxyg5 9 ! proportions 9 :i* !y unite to =m wat]1--calculation %[s t "u ! above supposition ! heat result+ f _! combu/ion w\ld be suffici5t to keep up ! radiation ( heat f ! sun ?ree ?\s& & tw5ty-"o ye>s4 ,t1 x is true1 is a long "t1 b ev5 pr(ane hi/ory tea*es t ! sun has light$ & w>m$ u = ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 & geology puts x beyond d\bt t ?is p]iod mu/ be ext5d$ to millions ( ye>s4 ,! ?ird hypo!sis relates to curr5ts ( electricity4 ,we h no k ( curr5ts ( electricity :i* c\ld produce1 h[ev] multipli$ or int5sifi$1 su* light & heat z are con/antly p\r$ =? f ! sun into all space4 ,t electricity is ! int]m$iate cause ( our sun's en]gy1 & ( all sol> en]gy1 x is ! purpose ( ?is "w to demon/rate1 b n electric curr5ts1 :i* f9d _! attractiv5ess to !ori/s 9 ! vague sugge/ion ( :i* ,pr(essor ,proctor speaks1 ref]r+ to comets1 9 8 article on ,cometic ,my/]ies1 t p]haps ?is is an electrical ph5om5on2 p]haps t o!r feature is electrical1 too2 p]haps all or mo/ ( ! ph5om5a ( comets dep5d on electricity4 ,b he adds1 ,x is s easy to make su* sugge/ions1 s difficult to obta9 evid5ce 9 _! favor hav+ ! slighte/ sci5tific value4 ,/ill1 ,i hold ! electrical idea to be well wor? c>eful /udy4 ,:atev] cr$it may h]eaft] be giv5 to any electrical !ory ( comets w be solely & entirely due to ^? :o may help to e/abli% x ^u a basis ( s\nd evid5ce1--none :atev] to ! m]e sugge/ion1 :i* has be5 made "t & aga9 s9ce x 0 fir/ advanc$ by ,fontanelle4 ,x w be se5 t ! pres5t "w1 9 demon/rat+ ! true s\rce & mode ( sol> en]gy1 9 itself pres5ts a full & suffici5t explanation ( all ! cometic my/]ies ref]r$ to1 z well z all ^? p]ta9+ to o!r sol> sy/ems 9 space1 & ! multif>i\s ph5om5a :i* !y pres5t4 ,inde$1 ! philosophic m9d w n be satisfi$ ) ! suffici5cy ( any hypo!sis :i* w n unlock ! my/]ies & cle>ly expla9 ! ph5om5a ( o!r sy/ems1--( comets1 v>iable & tempor>y />s1 d\ble />s1 & all ! complicat$ cele/ial economy :i* to ! eye ( ! m]e obs]v] pres5ts a bewild]+ sc5e ( ! op]ation ( indep5d5t & inscrutable =ces4 ,! fif? hypo!sis cit$1 t ( meteoric impact1 d\btless plays a "p1 z we "k f ! g5]ation ( light & heat by ! con/ant passage ( simil> bodies ?r\gh our own atmosph]e4 ,& we "k1 ( c\rse1 t ! sun1 by its va/ly-increas$ attraction1 mu/ be subject$ to ! con/ant impact ( su* meteoric bodies 9 enorm\s numb]s4 ,b ! fatal defect 9 ! !ory is t su* impacts1 to produce ! radiant en]gy ( ! sun1 mu/ con/antly add to its mass 9 l proportion1 & z ! motions & di/ances ( ! planets 9 _! orbits are regulat$ & pres]v$ by virtue ( ! sub/antially con/ant mass ( ! sun1 any progressive & consid]able increase 9 its mass mu/ con/antly br+ ! planets ne>] & ne>]1 & ?us increase _! orbital velocity4 ,helmholtz quotes f ,sir ,william ,?omson's inve/igation1 t1 assum+ x to hold1 ! mass ( ! sun %\ld increase s rapidly t ! consequ5ces w\ld h %[n !mselves 9 ! accel]at$ motion ( ! planets4 ,! entire loss ( heat f ! sun _c1 at all ev5ts1 be produc$ 9 ?is way2 at ! mo/ a portion1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may n be inconsid]able4 ,r4 ,kalley ,mill]1 9 ,! ,romance ( ,a/ronomy1 says1 ,b m rec5t obs]vations h l$ ,sir ,william ,?omson to a modification ( 8 !ory4 ,he has calculat$ t if ! meteoric %[] 7 suffici5tly heavy to make up = ! sun's :ole exp5diture ( heat1 ! matt] ( ! corona mu/ be s d5se z s]i\sly to p]turb ! orbits ( c]ta9 comets :i* pass v close to 8 surface1--a result :i* is f\nd n to be ! case4 ,b ! meteoric !ory is only ?r[n back a /ep4 ,if ! sun's mass 7 orig9ally =m$1 z is n at all improbable1 by ! agglom]ation ( ^! p>ticles1 ,sir ,william ,?omson has calculat$ t ! heat g5]at$ by _! ?us fall+ toge!r w\ld be suffici5t to acc\nt = a supply ( tw5ty million ye>s ( sol> heat at ! pres5t rate ( emission4 ,& ?us1 ?\gh ! meteors are n suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! en]gy ( our sy/em unimpair$1 !y may yet h be5 ! orig9al /oreh\se f :i* all t en]gy 0 d]iv$4444 ,b if ! economy ( our sy/em be sp>$ long en\gh1 ! day mu/ come :5 ! sun ) age has become wan2 :5 ! matt] ( ! corona has all be5 drawn 9 & us$ up )\t avail2 :5 ! lavi% luxuriance ) :i* he has %[]$ abroad 8 light & heat has f9ally exhau/$ all 8 /ores4 ,he has /ill p[]1 aid$ by ! resi/+ m$ium1 to drag 8 satellites "o by "o d[n ^u 8 surface2 & ! %ock ( ea* successive impact w1 = a brief p]iod1 give him a fre% t5ure ( life4 ,:5 ! e>? cra%es into ! sun x w supply him ) a /ore ( heat = ne>ly a c5tury1 :ile ,jupit]'s l>ge mass w ext5d ! p]iod by ne>ly ?irty ?\s& ye>s4 ,b :5 ! la/ ( ! planets is swall[$ up1 ! sun's en]gies w rapidly die out & a deep & dea?ly gloom ga!r ab\t nature's grave4 ,look+ into ! ages ( a future et]nity1 we c see no?+ b a cold & burnt-out mass rema9+ ( t glori\s orb :i* w5t =? 9 ! morn+ ( "t1 joyful z a bridegroom f 8 *amb]1 & rejoic+ z a /rong man to run a race4 ,! six? hypo!sis is t to :i* mo/ cr$5ce is n[ giv54 ,x is t ( evolution ( en]gy by cond5sation ( volume4 ,pr(essor ,proctor 7,! ,sun z a ,p]petual ,ma*9e7 says1 ,9 company ) ?is great my/]y ( seem+ wa/e comes ! yet m difficult problem1 h[ to expla9 ! app>5t cont9uance ( sol> light & heat dur+ millions ( ye>s4 ,we "k f ! results ( geological rese>* t ! e>? has be5 expos$ to ! action ( ! sol> rays ) _! pres5t activity dur+ at lea/ a hundr$ million ye>s4 ,yet x is difficult to see h[1 on any hypo!sis ( ! g5]ation ( sol> heat1 or by comb9+ toge!r all possible modes ( heat g5]ation1 a supply = m ?an tw5ty millions ( ye>s 9 ! pa/ & a possible supply = z long a p]iod 9 ! future c be acc\nt$ =4 ,( ^! va/ p]iods ( t]re/rial exi/5ce 9 ! pa/ we quote ! foll[+ f a rec5t publication3 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,d4 ,wolcott expresses ! op9ion t geologic "t is n to be measur$ by hundr$s ( ye>s1 b simply by t5s ( millions4 ,?is is widely diff]5t f ! conclusion arriv$ at by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 :o1 bas+ 8 e/imate on modifications ( c]ta9 specim5s ( m>9e life1 assign$ #bdj1jjj1jjj ye>s z ! requir$ geological p]iod2 ,d>w9 claim$ #bjj1jjj1jjj ye>s2 ,cr[ell1 ab\t #gb1jjj1jjj2 ,geike1 f #gc1jjj1jjj upw>d2 ,mc,gee1 ,upham1 & o!r rec5t au?orities claim f #ajj1jjj1jjj up to #fhj1jjj1jjj4 ,helmholtz 7,on ! ,orig9 ( ! ,planet>y ,sy/em7 says1 ,x is probable r t a great "p ( ?is heat1 :i* 0 produc$ by cond5sation1 began to radiate into space be=e ?is cond5sation 0 complete4 ,b ! heat :i* ! sun c\ld h previ\sly develop$ by its cond5sation w\ld h be5 suffici5t to cov] its pres5t exp5diture = n less ?an #bb1jjj1jjj ( ye>s ( ! pa/4444 ,we may !re=e assume ) great probability t ! sun w /ill cont9ue 9 its cond5sation1 ev5 if x only atta9$ ! d5sity ( ! e>?1 ?\gh x w probably become f> d5s] 9 its int]ior1 ow+ to its f> great] pressure2 ?is w\ld develop fre% quantities ( heat1 :i* w\ld be suffici5t to ma9ta9 = an additional #ag1jjj1jjj ( ye>s ! same int5sity ( sun%9e z t :i* is n[ ! s\rce ( all t]re/rial life4 ,( ?is process ( cond5sation ,pr(essor ,ball1 9 8 rec5t "w1 ,9 ! ,high ,heav5s1 says1 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! welf>e ( ! human race is necess>ily connect$ ) ! cont9uance ( ! sun's b5efic5t action4 ,we h inde$ %[n t ! few o!r direct or indirect s\rces ( heat :i* might conceivably be reli$ ^u are 9 ! v nature ( ?+s devoid ( necess>y p]man5ce4 ,x becomes1 !re=e1 ( ! utmo/ int]e/ to inquire :e!r ! sun's heat c be calculat$ on indef9itely4 ,"h is inde$ a subject :i* is lit]ally ( ! mo/ vital importance1 s f> z organic life is conc]n$4 ,if ! sun %all ev] cease to %9e1 !n x mu/ be c]ta9 t !re is a t]m beyond :i* human exi/5ce1 or inde$ organic exi/5ce ( any type :atev]1 _c any long] endure on ! e>?4 ,we may say once = all t ! sun conta9s j a c]ta9 numb] ( units ( heat1 actual or pot5tial1 & t he is at ! pres5t mom5t %$d+ t heat ar\nd ) ! mo/ appall+ extravagance4 ,quot+ f ,pr(essor ,langley1 he says1 ,we feel c]ta9 t ! incessant radiation f ! sun mu/ be produc+ a pr(\nd effect on its /ores ( en]gy4 ,! only way ( reconcil+ ?is ) ! total abs5ce ( evid5ce ( ! expect$ *anges is to be f\nd 9 ! supposition t su* is ! mighty mass ( ! sun1 su* ! prodigi\s supply ( heat or :at is ! equival5t ( heat :i* x conta9s1 t ! gr& trans=mation ?r\gh :i* x is pass+ proce$s at a rate s sl[ t1 dur+ ! ages accessible to our obs]vations1 ! results a*iev$ h be5 imp]ceptible4444 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 attribute to ! sun any miracul\s p[] ( g5]at+ heat4 ,t great body _c disobey ^? laws :i* we h le>n$ f exp]im5ts 9 our laboratories4 ,( c\rse no "o n[ d\bts t ! great law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy holds good4 ,we d n 9 ! lea/ believe t because ! sun's heat is radiat$ away 9 su* pr(usion x is !re=e entirely lo/4 ,x travels (f1 no d\bt1 to ! dep?s ( space1 & z to :at may become ( x !re we h no in=mation4 ,ev]y?+ we "k po9ts to ! law t en]gy is z inde/ructible z matt] itself4 ,! heat scatt]$ f ! sun exi/s at lea/ z e!real vibration1 if 9 no o!r =m4 ,b x is mo/ assur$ly true t ?is en]gy1 s copi\sly disp5s$1 is lo/ to our sol> sy/em4 ,!re is no =m 9 :i* x is return$1 or 9 :i* x c be return$4 ,! en]gy ( ! sy/em is z surely decl9+ z ! /ore ( en]gy ( ! clock decl9es accord+ z ! weight runs d[n4 ,9 ! clock1 h[ev]1 ! en]gy is re/or$ by w9d+ up ! weight1 b !re is no analog\s process kn[n 9 our sy/em4 ,! purpose ( ! pres5t "w1 h[ev]1 is to cle>ly demon/rate t j su* a process is actually be+ c>ri$ on1 & has be5 s c>ri$ on f ! beg9n+1 & w be =ev]4 ,?is writ] cont9ues review+ ! suppositions =m]ly ent]ta9$1 t ! sun 0 a heat$ body gradually cool+ d[n1 or t x 0 und]go+ absolute combu/ion1 & %[s t !y 7 utt]ly insuffici5t4 ,he !n ref]s to ! !ory ( meteoric supply1 ( :i* he says1 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be %[n t !re are n en\gh meteors 9 exi/5ce to supply a suffici5t quantity ( heat to ! sun to comp5sate ! loss by radiation4 ,! indraught ( meteoric matt] may1 inde$1 c]ta9ly t5d 9 "s small degree to ret>d ! ultimate cool+ ( ! great lum9>y1 b its effect is s small t we c q af=d to ov]look x f ! po9t ( view t we are tak+ 9 ^! pages4 ,x is to ,helmholtz we are indebt$ = ! true solution ( ! long-vex$ problem4 ,he has demon/rat$ 9 ! cle>e/ mann] :]e ! s\rce ( ! sun's heat lies4444 ,a gase\s globe l ! sun1 :5 x p>ts ) its heat1 obs]ves laws ( a v diff]5t type f ^? :i* a cool+ solid foll[s4 ,z ! heat disappe>s by radiation ! body contracts2 ! gase\s object1 h[ev]1 decreases 9 g5]al mu* m ?an a solid body w\ld d = ! same loss ( heat4444 ,! globe ( gas unque/ionably radiates heat & loses x1 & ! globe1 9 consequ5ce ( t loss1 %r9ks to a small] size4444 ,9 ! facts j m5tion$ we h an explanation ( ! su/a9$ heat ( ! sun4 ,( c\rse we _c assume t 9 our calculations ! sun is to be treat$ z if x 7 gase\s ?r\gh\t its entire mass1 b x approximates s l>gely to ! gase\s /ate 9 ! great] "p ( its bulk t we c feel no hesitation 9 adopt+ ! belief t ! true cause has be5 f\nd4 ,reg>d+ ! con/itution ( ! sun1 x may be /at$1 h[ev]1 t we only see its photosph]e1 :i* is ! visible sun1 & ! :ole volume has a d5sity ab\t t ( wat]2 b no man has ev] se5 ! body ( ! sun itself4 ,9 ?is respect x is l ! planet ,jupit]3 we only "k t its d5sity _c be less ?an "o-f\r? ! d5sity ( ! e>?'s solid globe4 ,if ! photosph]e ext5d to a dep? ( "o ?\s&1 t5 ?\s&1 or a hundr$ ?\s& miles1 ! d5sity ( ! sun's body or core w be correspond+ly increas$4 ,ev5 comput+ ! :ole visible volume1 ! d5sity is f> great] ?an t ( any gas we "k1 ev5 ) ! sol> pressure ( gravity2 ) ! sun's metallic vapors1 if ! :ole core 7 already vaporiz$1 we w\ld n1 to say ! lea/1 be likely to obs]ve ! sun-spots & o!r sol> ph5om5a z we f9d !m actually to occur2 ?is1 h[ev]1 w be m fully consid]$ lat] on4 ,! au?or cont9ues1 ,b !re is a b\nd>y to ! prospect ( ! cont9uance ( ! sun's radiation4 ,( c\rse1 z ! loss ( heat goes on ! gase\s p>ts w turn into liquids1 & z ! process is /ill fur!r protract$ ! liquids w trans=m into solids4 ,?us1 we look =w>d to a "t :5 ! radiation ( ! sun c be no long] c>ri$ on 9 con=mity ) ! laws :i* dictate ! loss ( heat f a gase\s body4 ,:5 ?is /ate is rea*$ ! sun may1 no d\bt1 be an inc&esc5t solid ) a brilliance z great z is compatible ) t condition1 b ! fur!r loss ( heat w !n involve loss ( temp]ature4444 ,!re seems no escape f ! conclusion t ! cont9u\s loss ( sol> heat mu/ /ill g on1 s t ! sun w pass ?r\gh ! v>i\s /ages ( brilliant inc&esc5ce1 ( gl[+ r$ness1 ( dull r$ness1 until x ultimately becomes a d>k & non-lum9\s />4444 ,!re is ?us a di/9ct limit to man's exi/5ce on ! e>?1 dictat$ by ! ultimate exhau/ion ( ! sun4444 ,! utmo/ am\nt ( heat t x w\ld ev] h be5 possible = ! sun to conta9 w\ld1 accord+ to ?is au?ority 7,pr(essor ,langley71 supply its radiation = eighte5 million ye>s at ! pres5t rate4444 ,x seems t ! sun has already dissipat$ ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ! en]gy ) :i* x may h orig9ally be5 end[$4 ,at all ev5ts1 x seems t1 radiat+ en]gy at its pres5t rate1 ! sun may hold out = f\r million ye>s or = five million ye>s1 b n = t5 million ye>s4444 ,we h se5 t x does n seem possible = any o!r s\rce ( heat to be available = repl5i%+ ! wan+ /ores ( ! lum9>y4 ,he concludes by say+ t ! orig9al heat may h be5 imp>t$ z ! result ( "s great collision1 ! sol> body hav+ itself be5 d>k be=e ! collision occurr$1 & t x may be re9vigorat$ by a repetition ( a simil> />tl+ process1 b indicates 9 g5]al t]ms t su* an op]ation w\ld be bad = ! r\nd _w & all conta9$ !re94 ,x w\ld1 9 fact1 be r\gh treatm5t = ev5 a hopeless case4 ,cond5sation ( ! sol> volume is unque/ionably a s\rce ( heat1 = we "k t ! solid or liquid int]ior ( ! e>? increases 9 temp]ature at a def9ite ratio z we desc5d ?r\gh its cru/2 b long be=e ! sun %all h become contract$ to ! d5sity ( ! e>? all its heat w h become sub/antially int]nal heat1 & x c !n supply no m by radiation to its surr\nd+ planets4 ,x w be se5 t ! radiant en]gy ( ! sun on any ( ! above hypo!ses is n suffici5t to acc\nt ev5 = ! life p]iod ( ! e>? 9 ! pa/1 & t its future p]iod ( en]gy mu/ be /ill m brief4 ,pr(essor ,ball 7,9 ! ,high ,heav5s71 bas+ 8 views on ,laplace's ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 says1 ,look+ back into ! remote ages1 we ?us see t ! sun 0 l>g] & l>g] ! fur!r back we project our view4 ,if we g suffici5tly f> back1 we seem to come to a "t :5 ! sun1 9 a m or less completely gase\s /ate1 fill$ up ! surr\nd+ space out to ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 or1 e>li] /ill1 out to ! orbit ( ! remote/ planet4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 all ^! brilliant suns1 ! au?or says1 w settle d[n into d>k bodies l ! e>?1 & t e analogy w\ld tea* u t ! d>k & non-lum9\s bodies 9 ! univ]se are f> m num]\s ?an ! brilliant suns4 ,we c nev] see ! d>k objects2 we c disc]n _! pres5ce only indirectly4 ,all ! />s t we c see are m]ely ^? bodies :i* at ?is epo* ( _! c>e] happ5 = ! "t to be s highly heat$ z to be lum9\s4444 ,x may happ5 t !re are d>k bodies 9 ! vic9ity ( "s ( ! bright />s to :i* ^! />s act z illum9ants1 j 9 ! same way z ! sun disp]ses light to ! planets4 ,"o w\ld naturally suppose1 h[ev]1 t !re mu/ be "s sort ( laws to gov]n su* /up5d\s op]ations1 & t nature is n m]ely engag$ 9 bl[+ bubbles4 ,to quote ,pr(essor ,newcomb3 ,at ! pres5t "t we c only say t ! nebul> hypo!sis is indicat$ by ! g5]al t5d5cies ( ! laws ( nature2 t x has n be5 prov$ to be inconsi/5t ) any fact2 t x is almo/ a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! only !ory by :i* we c acc\nt = ! orig9 & cons]vation ( ! sun's heat2 b t x re/s on ! assumption t ?is cons]vation is to be expla9$ by ! laws ( nature z we n[ see !m 9 op]ation4 ,%\ld any "o be sceptical z to ! suffici5cy ( ^! laws to acc\nt = ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 sci5ce c furni% no evid5ce /rong en\gh to ov]?r[ 8 d\bts until ! sun %all be f\nd gr[+ small] by actual measurem5t1 or ! nebul be actually se5 to cond5se into />s & sy/ems4 ,:ile ! validity ( ! views set =? 9 ! pres5t volume does n dep5d on ! suffici5cy or insuffici5cy ( ! nebul> hypo!sis1 & 9 fact requires ! cond5sation z well z ! expansion ( ! sol> volume "u ! influ5ce ( heat to be recogniz$ & its extreme importance po9t$ out1 yet x mu/ n be suppos$ t ?is great g5]alization ( ,kant & ,laplace1 bas$ on ! views pres5t$ orig9ally by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 is e/abli%$1 or t ! difficulties 9 its way are n s enorm\s z to be almo/ insup]able4 ,pr(essor ,ball po9ts out t ?\s&s ( bodies occupy our sol> sy/em1 & toge!r compose x z a :ole2 t ^! h orbits ( e sort ( ecc5tricity & direction1 & occupy+ all possible planes :i* c pass ?r\gh ! sun2 t ! bodies circle ar\nd ! sun1 "s backw>d & o!rs =w>d1 & t only ! planets seem to con=m to "s common ord]2 & )\t ?is ord]1 :i* may be accid5tal1 s f> z our k goes1 ! sy/em w\ld h be5 disrupt$ long s9ce1 if x ev] c\ld h begun its op]ations2 & t 9 ?is view ! heav5s may be /rewn ) wrecks ( sy/ems :i* fail$ to survive f inh]5t want ( h>mony1--t is to say1 z bas$ on obs]vation only4 ,:e!r ! nebul> hypo!sis be a univ]sal or a p>tial law ( developm5t1 or :e!r ! real processes be q diff]5t1 _c1 h[ev]1 dep5d on ! cont9u$ ma9t5ance & evolution ( ! sun's en]gy1 z ?is s\rce mu/ 9 tru? be s\ght = 9 q a diff]5t direction4 ,! rema9+ hypo!sis 7! sev5?7 is consid]$ 9 detail 9 ,pr(essor ,proctor's "w1 ,my/]ies ( ,"t & ,space4 ,! fatal defect 9 ,dr4 ,siem5s's !ory is1 t 8 gases w n be project$ f ! sun's equator4 ,pr(essor ,proctor says1 ,?us ! c5tripetal t5d5cy ( matt] at ! sun's equator is v mu* great] 7_m hundr$s ( times great]7 ?an its c5trifugal t5d5cy1 & !re is n ! slighte/ possibility ( matt] be+ project$ into space f ! sun's surface by c5trifugal t5d5cy4 ,nor is !re any "p ( ! sun's mass :]e ! c5trifugal t5d5cy is great] ?an at ! surface ne> ! equator4 ,s t1 :atev] else ! sun may be do+ to utilize 8 mighty en]gies1 he is c]ta9ly n ?r[+ (f matt] con/antly f 8 equatorial regions1 z ,dr4 ,siem5s's !ory requires4 ,!re are o!r difficulties :i* ,pr(essor ,proctor consid]s1 su* z ! d\bt z to ! p[] ( ! sun's rays to disassociate comb9$ gases 9 space1 & also t1 s9ce bo? light & heat mu/ be utiliz$ 9 ?is "w1 if ! sun's en]gies are to be p]petually r5ew$1 ^! =ces w\ld s5sibly disappe> 9 "w1 & ! result w\ld be t ! fix$ />s w\ld be invisible beyond _! doma9s1 & _! light1 :5 n totally cut (f1 w\ld be greatly dim9i%$1 9 any ev5t1 z di/ances increas$1 :i* is n ! case4 ,besides1 ^! gases ?us disassociat$ c\ld nev] be entirely us$ by ! sun1 & ! rema9d] w\ld be wa/$1 & ! "p wa/$ w\ld va/ly exce$ t utiliz$1 probably 9 z great proportion ( wa/e z t ( ! sun's light n utiliz$ by ! planets1 :i* ga!r b "o two-hundr$-&-?irty-two-million?s ( ! :ole4 ,x may be fur!r add$ t ^! gases w\ld be me*anically mix$1 ! comb9$ & ! disassociat$1 & ?is w\ld be mo/ly ! case 9 ^? p>ts ne>e/ ! sun1 s t l>ge volumes ( sp5t & useless gases w\ld h to be c>ri$ 9 to no purpose :atev]4 ,9 fact1 ^! gases w\ld gradually =m a clos$ circuit ( supply & dis*>ge1 & surr\nd+ space w\ld be b slightly affect$4 ,pr(essor ,proctor concludes1 ,we h1 9 fact1 ! fallacy ( p]petual motion 9 a modifi$ =m4 ,x w be app>5t t "u any s+le "o1 or all1 ( ^! hypo!ses1 ! future prospect = creat$ =ms & cont9u$ exi/5ce is hopeless1 & t ! inevitable result mu/ d viol5ce to e conception ( ei!r an intellig5t creative p[] or ! op]ations ( univ]sal law4 ,! m9d revolts f ! cont9u$ degradation & de/ruction ( all organic creation1 :ile ! malevol5t & iconocla/ic =ces ( nature hold high revel ov] f9al ru9 & et]nal de/ruction1 br\ght ab\t by _! own incessant ef=ts1 /rik+ out bl9dly to make or m>1 & !y alone ! dea?less survivors1 ! half-bl9d fates & furies ( ! et]nal future4 ,x betok5s1 n ! processes ( ord]ly gov]nm5t1 b ! reign ( an>*y4 ,note4--,s9ce ?is "w has be5 9 press1 at ! annual meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ,augu/ #h1 #ahid1 ,"l ,salisbury1 ! ,presid5t1 deliv]$ a p[]ful & lucid address on ! pres5t /atus ( sci5tific k & its limitations4 ,) ref]5ce to ! antiquity ( ! e>? we quote ! foll[+3 ,x is evid5t1 f ! increase ( heat z we desc5d into ! e>?1 t ! e>? is cool+1 & we "k1 by exp]im5t )9 c]ta9 wide limits1 ! rate at :i* its sub/ances--! matt]s ( :i* x is con/itut$--are f\nd to cool4 ,x foll[s t we c approximately calculate h[ hot x 0 s _m million ye>s ago2 b if at any "t x 0 hott] at ! surface by fifty degrees ,fahr5heit ?an x is n[1 life w\ld !n h be5 impossible ^u ! planet1 &1 !re=e1 we c )\t mu* difficulty fix a date be=e :i* organic life on e>? _c h exi/$4 ,bas+ himself on ^! consid]ations1 ,"l ,kelv9 limit$ ! p]iod ( organic life ^u ! e>? to a hundr$ million ye>s1 & ,pr(essor ,tait1 9 a /ill m p5uri\s _s1 cut t hundr$ d[n to t54 ,if a p]iod ( any?+ l t5 million ye>s1 ev51 has be5 requisite to cool ! e>?'s surface only fifty degrees 9 temp]ature1 :at "t mu/ h elaps$ s9ce ! t]re/rial globe _h a temp]ature high en\gh to effect ! difficult *emical comb9ations ( _m ( ! elem5ts :i* compose its /ructure8 ,& ev5 ?is mu/ h be5 f> less ?an ! va/ cycles ( "t dur+ :i* orig9al consolidation 0 effect$4 ,?r\gh all ^! ages ! sun mu/ h be5 p\r+ out 8 radiant en]gy at at lea/ 8 pres5t rate4 ,radiation ( heat f ! e>? may h be5 relatively less rapid f a d5s] c>bon-lad5 atmosph]e 9 times pa/ ?an at pres5t1 b x nev] c\ld h be5 m s4 ,! :ole address cit$ is1 inde$1 /rongly corroborative ( ! facts ^u :i* ! pres5t "w is bas$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,con/itution ,,& ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,! v>i\s !ories ?us review$1 :ile n suffici5t 9 !mselves to acc\nt = ! facts ( our own sol> sy/em1 are fatally defective 9 ano!r respect4 ,:ile !y aim to acc\nt = ! sun's light & heat1 !y all fail to consid] ! active m$ium ( ! sol> light & heat 9 ! sun itself4 ,x is n simply a highly-heat$ c5tral mass gl[+ 9 space4 ,x is a va/ orb surr\nd$ by diff]5t envelopes ( inc&esc5t vapors or gases1 & by f> ! mo/ va/ 9 volume1 z well z 9 light & heat-radiat+ p[]1 are ! photosph]e & its sup]9cumb5t *romosph]e1 compos$ almo/ entirely ( free hydrog5 gas 9 a /ate ( int5se inc&esc5ce4 ,:5ce comes ?is enorm\s mass ( hydrog58 ,& h[ expla9 ! entire abs5ce ( free hydrog5 gas f our own atmosph]e & its replacem5t by oxyg58 ,!re is a rec5t !ory prop\nd$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,mott1 :i* is set =? 9 detail 9 ,pr(essor ,ball's ,9 ! ,high ,heav5s1 & :i* endeavors to acc\nt = ! rem>kable abs5ce ( free hydrog5 gas f ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 =1 z ! au?or /ates1 ,x is a s+ul> fact t hydrog5 9 ! free /ate is abs5t f our atmosph]e4 ,! !ory1 9 brief1 is t ! molecules ( hydrog5 gas h an av]age spe$ ( ab\t a mile a second1--:i*1 h[ev]1 is only "o-sev5? t requir$ to %oot !m (f into space1--b t ^! molecules are cont9ually *ang+ _! velocity1 & may sometimes atta9 a spe$ ( sev5 miles a second2 ! result is t e n[ & !n a molecule ( hydrog5 succe$s 9 bolt+ away f ! e>? altoge!r & escap+ into op5 space4 ,dur+ pa/ ages ! molecules ( hydrog5 w\ld ?us h gradually wiggl$ up ?r\gh ! air1 & f9ally disappe>$ into out] d>kness = good & all2 & ?us ! fact t !re is at pres5t no free hydrog5 9 ! air ov] our heads may be acc\nt$ =4 ,s9ce ! molecules ( oxyg5 h only a velocity ( a qu>t] mile a second1 t un=tunate gas rema9s beh9d & is consum$4 ,! fir/ difficulty ) ?is !ory is to expla9 h[1 if ! hydrog5 wiggl$ (f 9 ?is unc]emoni\s mann]1 x ev] wiggl$ on4 ,!re is no objection to a gait ( ?is rapidity1 h[ev]2 x is highly cr$itable1 9 fact2 b we h a "r to expect "s degree ( consi/5cy 9 ev5 s light-head$ a body z hydrog5 gas4 ,! article quot$ ?us cont9ues3 ,if ! mass ( ! e>? 7 v mu* l>g] ?an x is1 !n ! velocities ) :i* ! molecules ( hydrog5 w5d _! way w\ld nev] be suffici5tly high to enable !m to quit ! e>? altoge!r1 & consequ5tly we might 9 su* a case expect to f9d our atmosph]e l>gely *>g$ ) hydrog54 ,x w be se5 t1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 hydrog5 is able to a*ieve a spe$ ( sev5 miles p] second "u exceptional excitem5t1 & t ?is molecul> velocity is j en\gh1 & no m ?an en\gh1 to give x egress4 ,we "k t ,jupit]'s mass is ?ree hundr$ times z great z t ( ! e>?1 & ! attraction ( gravity is s p[]ful on ! surface ( t planet t1 z ! writ] j quot$ says1 ,walk+1 or ev5 /&+1 w\ld involve ! mo/ fe>ful ex]tion1 :ile ris+ f b$ 9 ! morn+ w\ld be a difficult1 inde$1 probably1 an impossible1 process4 ,we also "k t ! atmosph]e ( ?is planet is lad5 ) enorm\s cl\ds float+ at v>i\s altitudes & ) incessant movem5ts4 ,we are told t ! molecul> spe$ ( aque\s vapor av]ages only "o-?ird ( t atta9$ by ! molecules ( hydrog54 ,( c\rse1 on ! planet ,jupit]1 hydrog5 w\ld h no *ance ( escape at all3 x w\ld j h to /ay & take x1 l ! re/ ( u4 ,jupit] mu/ ?us h an atmosph]e l our own1 except t x is l>gely *>g$ ) hydrog54 ,( ! cl\ds ^u ?is planet1 ,pr(essor ,ball says1 ,9 fact1 ! long] we look at ,jupit] ! m we become conv9c$ t ! surface ( ! planet is swa!d ) a mighty volume ( cl\ds s d5se & s imp5etrable t our mo/ p[]ful telescopes h nev] yet be5 able to pi]ce ?r\gh !m d[n to ! solid surface ( ! planet4 ,) ! d5sities1 molecul> velocities1 & specific gravity ( ! oxyg51 nitrog51 & ! hydrog51 ) :i* latt] ! atmosph]e ( ,jupit] mu/ be l>gely *>g$1 z x is said1 x is difficult to und]/& h[ su* enorm\s cl\ds ( aque\s vapors1 !mselves compos$ ( oxyg51 :i* is a v sl[-foot$ gas1 & hydrog51 c\ld travel ab\t ) su* facility2 we ought to f9d !m pack$ d[n l ,london fog1 to say ! lea/1 ^u ! surface ( t planet1 ) ! sup]natant gases all adrift ov]head4 ,jupit] is a hot body2 x has n yet cool$ d[n2 & if x is provid$ ) volcanoes1 su* z its great r$ spot & ! analogies ( ! e>? & moon w\ld sugge/1 we c tell pretty ne>ly :at w\ld h happ5$ long ago ) a ,jovian atmosph]e l ours2 b l>gely *>g$ ) hydrog51 if we comp>e x )1 say1 an equal mass ( dynamite t\*$ (f by a volcanic explosion2 !re w\ld n h be5 en\gh ( old ,jupit] left to swe> by1 & :at 0 left w\ld n h _h any atmosph]e at all4 ,on ,m>s1 ! same writ] ?9ks ! oxyg5 w\ld /ill cl+1 l ! fragrance ( ! rose1 b t all ! molecules ( ! fleet-foot$ & excitable hydrog5 w\ld long s9ce h tak5 ,fr5* leave1 z x did f ! e>?2 b at ! moon1 on acc\nt ( its small size & mass1 bo? gases w\ld h gone (f incont95tly toge!r4 ,x is n[ easy1 ! au?or says1 to acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( atmosph]e f ! moon4444 ,nei!r ( ! gases1 oxyg5 or nitrog51 to say no?+ ( hydrog51 c\ld possibly exi/ 9 ! free /ate on a globe ( ! mass & dim5sions ( our satellite4444 ,inde$1 ! weight ( e object on ! moon w\ld be r$uc$ to ! six? "p ( t :i* ! same object has on e>?4 ,nev]!less1 x may be said t ! moon has consid]able weight1 z weights g1 b ) a comet x is q a diff]5t matt]4 ,^! bodies1 ! au?or says1 demon/rate conclusively t ! quantity ( matt] ev5 9 a comet is extremely small :5 comp>$ ) its bulk4 ,! conclusion ?us arriv$ at is confirm$ by ! fact t our ef=ts to obta9 ! weight ( a comet h hi!rto prov$ unsuccessful4444 ,x has ?us be5 demon/rat$ t1 not)/&+ ! /up5d\s bulk ( a great comet1 its mass mu/ h be5 s inconsid]able z to h be5 insuffici5t to di/urb ev5 su* unimportant memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em z ! satellites ( ,jupit]4 ,n[1 "h is a /ate ( ?+s2 = ! spectroscope %[s t comets are fully provid$ ) a l>ge supply ( hydrog51 en\gh & to sp>e = ornam5t1 ev51 & ( nitrog5 also1 :ile x is ! abnormally fugaci\s oxyg5 :i* has1 app>5tly1 tak5 its dep>ture4 ,( c\rse1 su* facts demon/rate ! unt5ability ( ! !ory1 :i* is1 besides1 9 direct contradiction ) ! laws gov]n+ gase\s diffusion4 ,gases pass into ea* o!r ) ! same velocity z into a vacuum1 & x is n to be imag9$ t ! molecules ( hydrog5 c\ld ?us move individually (f1 unless =c$ upw>d by ! pressure ( "s o!r gas1 :i* ! law ( gase\s diffusion makes impossible4 ,we %\ld z readily expect to see a tumbl] full ( iron balls1 into ! int]/ices ( :i* loose s& has be5 p\r$1 manife/ a simil> ph5om5on by ! wiggl+ out ( ! less d5se s& at ! top ( ! glass4 ,"o might also ask :5ce1 if ?is !ory _h any sub/antial basis1 c\ld come ! enorm\s volumes ( hydrog5 gas 9 ! atmosph]e ( a new or tempor>y />1 9 a few h\rs1 or ! *anges manife/$ 9 ! atmosph]es ( ! v>iable />s4 ,s1 also1 ! nebul> or any o!r hypo!sis ( creation w\ld be impossible "u ?is !ory1 z ! heavi] & less mobile gase\s elem5ts w\ld rema9 beh9d1 or be cond5s$ ne>e/ ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! aggregat+ nebula1 :ile ! m rapid gases w\ld disappe> outw>dly1 & 9 consequ5ce ! sun w\ld be f\nd to be compos$ ( ! heavi] elem5ts exclusively1 & ea* ( ! planets1 9 turn1 w\ld consi/ ( only "o or two elem5ts1 9 accordance ) ! m & m mobile "* ( _! molecul> movem5ts1 & ! uni=mity ( *emical con/itution betwe5 ! sun & planets1 z well z ! fix$ />s1 w\ld n be f\nd to exi/4 ,! !ory1 9 fact1 is an example ( ! endeavor to expla9 an easily und]/ood difficulty by a less easily und]/ood impossibility4 ,none ( ! diff]5t !ories ev5 attempt to acc\nt = ! prodigi\s volumes ( hydrog5 9 ! sol> atmosph]e1 & )\t its pres5ce ! sun1 s f> z we "k1 w\ld be almo/ an in]t mass1 consid]$ z a s\rce ( en]gy = ! supply ( our planet>y sy/em4 ,we "k1 ( c\rse1 t meteors conta9 sometimes z mu* z six volumes ( gases1 l>gely compos$ ( hydrog51 at our own atmosph]ic pressure4 ,b ! pressure at ! sun's surface is m ?an tw5ty-sev5 times t at ! surface ( ! e>?1 & yet ! volume ( hydrog5 !re exi/+ visibly is va/] beyond computation ?an any possible mass ( meteoric mat]ial c\ld supply4 ,s1 also1 :ile x may be grant$ t cond5sation ( volume mu/ va/ly raise ! sol> temp]ature1 h[ c\ld x produce ! enorm\s masses ( hydrog51 ! lighte/ ( all ! elem5ts1 unless !y h be5 tempor>ily occlud$ & f9ally ?r[n out f )91 :i* is impossible8 ,^! va/ volumes ( hydrog5 are to be consid]$ fir/ ( all 9 any attempt :atev] to solve ! problem ( ! s\rce & mode ( sol> en]gy4 ,consid]+ ! ph5om5a pres5t$ )9 ! limits ( our own sol> sy/em alone1 we f9d t ! e>? is "o ( a s+le family ( planets1 ea* ( :i* v closely resembles x1 & all ( :i* circle1 9 slightly elliptical orbits1 at v>i\s di/ances ar\nd ! sun1 _! orbits occupy+ sub/antially ! same plane1 ?us mak+ our sol> sy/em a flat disk ( space occupi$ by ! sun z a c5t]1 ) ! planets & _! satellites mov+ h>moni\sly ar\nd x4 ,! planets diff] f ea* o!r 9 size1 mass1 & temp]ature1 b ea* is surr\nd$ by an envelope ( aque\s vapor1 susp5d$ 9 an atmosph]e sub/antially l our own4 ,pr(essor ,proctor1 9 8 ,light ,sci5ce = ,leisure ,h\rs1 says ( ! planet ,jupit]1 ,8 real surface is always veil$ by 8 d5se & vapor-lad5 atmosph]e4 ,saturn1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury are simil>ly circum/anc$4 ,( ,m>s he says t x is di/9ctly m>k$ 79 telescopes ( suffici5t p[]7 ) cont95ts & oceans :i* are r>ely conceal$ by vapors4 ,n[1 :5ce comes ?is aque\s vapor surr\nd+ all ! planets8 ,:e!r receiv$ orig9ally f ! diffus$ nebul> mass f :i* our sol> sy/em is suppos$ to h be5 cond5s$1 or attract$ by ! =ce ( gravity f int]planet>y space1 l ! meteors :i* fall ^u ! e>?'s surface1 x is evid5t t int]planet>y space mu/ once h be5 p]vad$ ) aque\s vapor1 s9ce ! nebul> mass f :i* our sol> sy/em 0 con/itut$ mu/ h occupi$ at lea/ ! space embrac$ )9 its l>ge/ planet>y orbit1 & d\btless mu* m2 & if s1 su* aque\s vapor1 & o!r vapors also1 mu/ /ill p]si/ 9 space1 j z ! meteoric p>ticles :i* s con/antly manife/ !mselves 9 our atmosph]e4 ,if ! planets _h no common orig91 ! evid5ce is equally conclusive1 s9ce !n ?is id5tical sub/ance c\ld only h be5 d]iv$ f a common s\rce1 :i* c only be int]planet>y space4 ,?is also is 9 accordance ) ! laws ( attraction1 :i* w\ld op]ate to ga!r & cond5se ! r>efi$ aque\s vapor ( space ar\nd ! planet>y masses 9 def9ite proportions4 ,9 8 ,famili> ,essays on ,sci5tific ,subjects1 ,pr(essor ,proctor says1 ,9 fact1 we d ?us recognize 9 ! spectra ( ,m>s1 ,v5us1 & o!r planets ! pres5ce ( aque\s vapor 9 _! atmosph]e2 & 9 8 ,my/]ies ( ,"t & ,space he says1 ,we may admit ! possibility t ! aque\s vapor & c>bon comp\nds are pres5t 9 /ell> or int]planet>y space4 ,b 9 addition to ?is aque\s vapor :i* surr\nds ! planet>y bodies1 we f9d free oxyg5 9 va/ quantities1 &1 ) ?is1 free nitrog5 9 me*anical admixture1 & ^! toge!r con/itute ! atmosph]e we brea!1 & :i* su/a9s organic life by a process ( sl[ combu/ion4 ,b we f9d no free hydrog5 ei!r 9 our own atmosph]e or 9 t ( o!r planets4 ,turn+ n[ to ! sun1 we f9d t x is surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e z well z ! planets1 b t ?is atmosph]e is compos$ n ( free oxyg51 b ( free hydrog54 ,9 8 article1 ,oxyg5 9 ! ,sun1 ,pr(essor ,proctor says1 ,f\rte5 only ( ! elem5ts kn[n to u1 or less ?an a qu>t] ( ! total numb]1 7 ?us f\nd to be pres5t 9 ! sun's con/itution2 & ( ^! all 7 metals1 if we reg>d hydrog5 z metallic4444 ,b mo/ rem>kable ( all1 & mo/ p]plex+1 0 ! abs5ce ( all trace ( oxyg5 & nitrog51 two gases :i* c\ld n be suppos$ want+ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! great rul+ c5t] ( ! planet>y sy/em4 ,! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,drap] indicat$1 h[ev]1 t oxyg5 c\ld be f\nd 9 ! sun2 n 9 8 ext]nal atmosph]e b f> d[n )9 8 surface4 ,pr(essor ,proctor says1 ,dr4 ,drap] m5tions t he has f\nd no traces ( oxyg5 above ! photosph]e4 ,su* free oxyg5 _c be associat$ ) ! hydrog51 h[ev]1 ev5 if its pres5ce be f9ally det]m9$1 b x may be due to ! deoxidation ( solid comp\nds precipitat$ ^u ! sun f space1 & held at a temp]ature above t ( disassociation1 z hydrog5 is sometimes g5]at$ at ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! va/ mass ( ! sol> atmosph]e is compos$ ( hydrog5 gas1 ) :i* are f\nd comm+l$ vapors ( ! v>i\s elem5ts :i* ent] into ! sun's con/itution1 & ?is sol> atmosph]e corresponds 9 proportion1 speak+ g5]ally1 ) our own atmosph]e1 except t ! volume ( sol> hydrog5 is va/ly great] ?an t ( t]re/rial oxyg51 = ! reason1 z w be expla9$1 t wat] conta9s two volumes ( ! =m] to "o ( ! latt]4 ,9 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia ! sun is ?us describ$1 7article by ,pr(essors ,langley & ,proctor73 ,to sum up briefly ! receiv$ hypo!ses ( ! physical con/itution ( ! sun3 ( its int]nal /ructure we "k no?+1 b we c inf]1 f ! l[ d5sity ( ! sol> globe z a :ole1 t no consid]able portion is solid or liquid4 ,! regions we exam9e appe> to consi/ ( cl\d lay]s at sev]al levels float+ 9 a complex atmosph]e1 9 :i* probably mo/ ( ! elem5ts are kn[n to u1 & c]ta9ly _m ( !m exi/ 9 ! =m ( vapor4 ,outside ?is complex atmosph]e ext5d envelopes ( simpl] con/itution1 ?\gh into !m occasionally arise ! vapors :i* ord9>ily lie l[] d[n4 ,! si]ra1 = in/ance1 consi/s 9 ! ma9 ( gl[+ hydrog5 gas & t gas1 :atev] x may be1 :i* produces ! l9e ne> ! orange-yell[ sodium l9es4 ,! prom95ce region may be reg>d$ z simply ! ext5sion ( ! si]ra4 ,( ^! prom95ces1 ,pr(essor ,ball says1 ,! memorable discov]y made by ,janss5 & ,locky]1 indep5d5tly1 9 #ahfh1 %[$ t ! prom95ces c\ld be obs]v$ )\t ! help ( an eclipse1 by ! happy employm5t ( ! peculi> refrangibility ( ! rosy light :i* ^! prom95ces emit4444 ,we c n[ obta91 n1 z h]et(ore1 m]ely isolat$ views ( special prom95ces ?r\gh ! widely op5$ slit ( ! spectroscope1 b we are furni%$1 aft] a c\ple ( m9utes' exposure1 ) a complete photograph ( ! prom95ces surr\nd+ ! sun4444 ,! inc&esc5t region ( ! *romosph]e f :i* ^! prom95ces arise is also record$ ) accuracy4 ,resum+ our quotation f ,appleton's ,cyclopdia3 ,! inn] corona is /ill simpl] ?an ! si]ra1 s f> z its gase\s con/itution is conc]n$2 b "h meteoric & cometic matt] appe>s1 ext5d+ to ! out] corona & to great di/ances beyond ev5 ! visible limits ( ! zodiacal4 ,return+ to ! photosph]e1 we f9d x subject to cont9ual fluctuations1 bo? f local causes ( agitation & f ! subjac5t vapor act+ by its ela/icity to bur/ ?r\gh x2 ! facul1 :i* are f\nd to be above ! g5]al level ( ! photosph]e1 are tak5 to be heap+s up ( ! lum9\s matt] l ! cre/$ surges ( ! sea4 ,all ! /rata are subject to great movem5ts1 :i* sometimes h ! "* ( uni=m progression analog\s to our trade-w9ds1 & sometimes are viol5t1 & resemble 9 _! effects our tornadoes & :irlw9ds4 ,eruptive action appe>s to op]ate f "t to "t ) exce$+ viol5ce1 b :e!r ! enorm\s velocities ( outru% are due to true explosive action 7:i* w\ld compel u to believe t ! sun is enclos$ by a liquid %ell1 s z to resemble a gigantic bubble7 or to ! upris+ ( light] vapors f enorm\s dep?s1 z heat$ curr5ts rise 9 our own atmosph]e1 is n z yet c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,! si]ra1 or *romosph]e1 is ?us describ$ 9 ! same article3 ,! si]ra pres5ts f\r aspects3 #a1 smoo? ) def9$ outl9e2 #b1 smoo? b ) no def9$ outl9e2 #c1 fr+$ ) filam5ts2 &1 #d1 irregul>ly fr+$ ) small flames4 ,! prom95ces may be divid$ into ?ree ord]s1--heaps1 jets1 & plumes4 ,! heap$ prom95ces ne$ no special description4 ,! jets 444 orig9ate g5]ally 9 rectil9e> jets ei!r v]tical or oblique1 v bright & v well def9$4 ,!y rise to a great height1 (t5 to a height ( at lea/ eighty ?\s& miles1 & occasionally to m ?an twice t2 !n b5d+ back1 fall aga9 ^u ! sun l ! jets ( our f\nta9s4 ,!n !y spread into figures resembl+ gigantic trees m or less ri* 9 bran*es4 ,_! lum9osity is int5se1 insomu* t !y c be se5 ?r\gh ! light cl\ds into :i* ! si]ra breaks up4 ,_! spectrum indicates ! pres5ce ( _m elem5ts besides hydrog54 ,:5 !y h rea*$ a c]ta9 height !y cease to gr[1 & become trans=m$ into exce$+ly bright masses1 :i* ev5tually sep>ate into fleecy cl\ds4 ,! jet prom95ces la/ b a %ort "t--r>ely an h\r1 frequ5tly b a few m9utes1--& !y are only to be se5 9 ! neighborhood ( ! spots4 ,:]ev] !re are jet prom95ces !re also are facul4 ,! plume prom95ces are di/+ui%$ f ! jets 9 n be+ *>act]iz$ by any signs ( an eruptive orig94 ,!y (t5 ext5d to an enorm\s height2 !y la/ long] ?an ! jets1 ?\gh subject to rapid *anges ( figure2 &1 la/ly1 !y are di/ribut$ indiff]5tly ov] ! sun's surface4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! jets a "p ( ! photosph]e is lift$ up1 :]eas 9 ! case ( plumes only ! si]ra is di/urb$4 ,( ^! eruptions ,pr(essor ,ball says1 ,va/ masses ( vapors are frequ5tly expell$ f ! int]ior ( ! sun by convulsive ?roes ) a spe$ ( ?ree hundr$1 f\r hundr$1 & sometimes ne>ly a ?\s& miles a second4444 ,! spectroscope enables ! obs]v] actually to witness ! asc5t ( ^! sol> prom95ces4 ,! corona1 :i* ext5ds beyond ! *romosph]e1 has be5 det]m9$ by its cont9u\s spectrum to be a va/ envelope ext5d+ at lea/ a million miles f ! sun's surface4 ,x _c be a sol> atmosph]e1 ,pr(essor ,proctor obs]ves 9 8 article on ?is subject1 9 8 ,my/]ies ( ,"t & ,space4444 ,x w be se51 !n1 h[ inconceivably great ! pressure ex]t$ by a sol> atmosph]e "s eight ?\s& times z deep z ours w\ld necess>ily be1 let ! nature ( ! gases compos+ x be :at x may4444 ,if a man c\ld be plac$ on ! sol> surface1 8 own weight w\ld cru% him z effectually z ?\gh :ile on e>? a weight ( a c\ple ( tons 7 heap$ ^u him4444 ,n[1 x happ5s t we "k q well t ! pressure ex]t$ by ! real sol> atmosph]e1 ev5 close by ! bright surface :i* =ms ! visible globe ( ! sun1 is no?+ l s great z x w\ld be if ! corona =m$ "p ( t atmosph]e4 ,9 ! article ,sun1 9 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia1 x is /at$ t ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,w4 ,wright1 ( ,yale ,college1 has succe$$ 9 %[+ t ?is light 7! zodiacal7 is n emitt$ f inc&esc5t gas1 b reflect$ f p>ticles or small bodies1 & h5ce d]iv$ f ! sun4444 ,!re is reason to believe t ! true sol> corona ext5ds mu* f>!r 7?an a million miles71 & t1 9 reality1 ! zodiacal light =ms ! out] "p ( ! sol> corona4 ,proctor1 aga91 9 8 article on ! corona1 says1 ,x w\ld seem to foll[ t ! corona is due to bodies ( "s sort travell+ ar\nd ! sun1 & by _! motion pres]v$ ei!r f fall+ t[>ds him 79 :i* case ! corona w\ld quickly disappe>7 or f produc+ any pressure ^u 8 surface1 z an atmosph]e w\ld4 ,9 8 article on ,! ,sun z a ,p]petual ,ma*9e1 he says1 ,!re is e reason = reg>d+ ! zodiacal z consi/+ 9 ! ma9 ( meteoroli?ic masses1 a sort ( cosmical du/1 ru%+ ?r\gh int]planet>y space ) planet>y velocities4 ,to su* matt]1 assum+1 z we well may1 t space really is occupi$ by att5uat$ vapors1 444 ! lum9osity ( ! zodiacal w\ld be attributable to p>ticles ( du/ emitt+ light reflect$ by ! sun or by phosphoresc5ce 7?is la/ may be s]i\sly que/ion$74 ,b !re is ano!r cause = lum9osity ( ^! p>ticles :i* may des]ve a pass+ consid]ation4 ,ea* p>ticle w\ld be electrifi$ by gase\s friction 9 its accel]ation1 & its electric t5sion w\ld be va/ly increas$ 9 its =cible removal1 9 ! same way z ! f9e du/ ( ! des]t has be5 obs]v$ by ,w]n] ,siem5s to be 9 a /ate ( high electrification on ! apex ( ! ,*eops ,pyramid4 ,w\ld n ! zodiacal light also f9d explanation by sl[ electric dis*>ges backw>d f ! du/ t[>ds ! sun8 ,x may be obs]v$ 9 pass+ t su* electrical gl[ is mu* m prom95tly1 & m likely to be1 ! result ( induction ?an ( friction4 ,9 ! article ,sun1 previ\sly quot$1 ,pr(essor ,"y says1 ,!re is surr\nd+ ! sun1 beyond any fur!r reasonable d\bt1 a mass ( self-lum9\s gase\s matt]1 ^: spectrum is *>act]iz$ by ! gre5 l9e #adgd ,kir*h(f4 ,! precise ext5t ( ?is x is h>dly possible to consid] z det]m9$1 b x mu/ be _m times ! ?ickness ( ! r$ hydrog5 portion ( ! si]ra1 p]haps1 on an av]age1 #h' or #aj'1 ) occasional horns ( twice t height4 ,x is n at all unlikely t x may ev5 turn out to h no upp] limit1 b to ext5d f ! sun indef9itely into space4 ,9 ! same article ! sun's app>5t diamet] is plac$ at ab\t #cb'1 s t ! ?ickness ( ! above gase\s envelope w\ld be n less ?an "o-f\r? ! sun's diamet]1 or m ?an two hundr$ ?\s& miles4 ,?is coronal envelope1 ext5d+ out f ! sol> body until gradually m]g$ into ! att5uat$ matt] ( space1 has a light s feeble t x c only be cle>ly obs]v$ dur+ total eclipse4 ,pr(essor ,ball 7,9 ! ,high ,heav5s7 says1 ,! sunlight is s int5se t if x be r$uc$ suffici5tly by any artifice1 ! coronal light also suff]s s mu* abatem5t t1 ow+ to its initial feebl5ess1 x ceases altoge!r to be visible4 ,dur+ ! great eclipse ( #ahic x 0 photograph$1 & ( ^! photographs ! same au?or says1 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features 9 ! /ructure ( ! corona is ! pres5ce ( /ream]s or lum9\s rays ext5d+ f ! nor? & s\? poles ( ! sun4 ,^! rays are g5]ally m or less curv$1 & x is d\btful :e!r ! ph5om5a !y exhibit are n 9 "s way a consequ5ce ( ! rotation ( ! sun4 ,?is consid]ation is connect$ ) ! "q z to h[ f> ! corona itself %>es 9 t rotation ( ! sun ) :i* a/ronom]s are famili>4 ,i %\ld p]haps r h said t rotation ( ! sun's photosph]e :i*1 z ! sun-spots prove1 is accompli%$ once e tw5ty-five days4 ,ev5 ?is %ell ( lum9\s matt] does n revolve z a rigid mass w\ld d4 ,by "s my/]i\s law ! equatorial portions accompli% _! revolution 9 a %ort] p]iod ?an is requir$ by ^? zones ( ! photosph]e :i* lie ne>] ! nor? & s\? poles ( ! lum9>y4 ,z to h[ ! p>ts ( ! sun :i* are int]ior to ! photosph]e may revolve1 we are q ignorant4444 ,we h no means ( kn[+ to :at ext5t ! corona %>es 9 ! rotation4 ,x w\ld seem c]ta9 t ! l[] p>ts :i* lie comp>atively ne> ! surface mu/ be affect$ by ! rapid rotation ( ! photosph]e2 b x is v f> f c]ta9 t ?is rotation c be %>$ to any great ext5t by ^? p>ts ( ! corona :i* lie at a di/ance f ! sun's surface z great z ! sol> radius or diamet]4444 ,! corona pres5ts a curi\s gre5 l9e t seems to d5ote "s inv>iable con/itu5t ( ! sun's out] atmosph]e1 b ! elem5t to :i* ?is gre5 l9e owes its orig9 is :olly unkn[n4 ,! same au?or quotes f ,dr4 ,hugg9s z foll[s3 ,x is int]e/+ to read :at ,dr4 ,hugg9s has to tell u ab\t ! sol> corona4 ,! nature ( ?is m>vell\s app5dage to ! sun is /ill a matt] ( unc]ta9ty4 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no d\bt t ! corona consi/s ( highly-att5uat$ matt] driv5 outw>d f ! sun by "s repulsive =ce1 & x is also cle> t if ?is =ce be n electric1 x mu/ at lea/ be some?+ ( a v k9dr$ "*4444 ,s f> z ! spectrum ( ! corona is conc]n$1 we may summ>ize :at is kn[n 9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,hugg9s3 ',! gre5 coronal l9e has no kn[n repres5tative 9 t]re/rial sub/ances1 nor has ,s*u/] be5 able to recognize any ( our elem5ts 9 ! o!r l9es ( ! corona4' ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,g5]al ,my]--quot$ 9 ,pr(essor ,proctor's article1 ,! ,sun's ,corona--( ! great eclipse ( #ahfi1 z view$ f an altitude ( five ?\s& five hundr$ feet above sea-level1 is z foll[s3 ,z a c5tre /ood ! full & int5sely black disk ( ! moon1 surr\nd$ by an aureola ( s(t bright light1 ?r\gh :i* %ot out1 z if f ! circumf]5ce ( ! moon1 /raight1 massive silv]y rays1 seem+ di/9ct & sep>ate f ea* o!r1 to a di/ance ( two or ?ree diamet]s ( ! lun> disk2 ! :ole spectacle %[+ z ^u a backgr\nd ( diffus$ rose-color$ light4 ,! silv]y rays 7 longe/ & mo/ prom95t at f\r po9ts ( ! circumf]5ce1 444 app>5tly equidi/ant f ea* o!r4 ,!re 0 no motion ( ! rays3 !y seem$ conc5tric4 ,?ree diamet]s w\ld make ^! rays ext5d two & a half million miles at lea/ f ! sun's photosph]e1 or ev5 its *romosph]e4 ,! co9cid5ce betwe5 ^! rays & ^? obs]v$ 7see above7 9 ! eclipse ( #ahic mu/ be not$1 s9ce ^! latt] 7 conceiv$ at "o "t to be meteor /reams4 ,z ^? se5 9 #ahic radiat$ f ! poles1 & 7 curv$ 9 =m1 :ile ^? la/ not$ radiat$ at f\r equidi/ant po9ts1 none pol>1 & 7 /raight1 x w be se5 t1 if bo? ph5om5a 7 ( ! same class1 !y c\ld n h be5 due to meteor /reams4 ,! sun's spots1 :i* we w next ref] to1 are deep1 relatively d>k1 b 9 fact extremely bright depressions 9 ! photosph]e4 ,_m spots are ( enorm\s size 7see article1 ,sun72 "o _h a diamet] exce$+ fifty ?\s& miles1 & _m f> l>g] ?an ?is h be5 se54 ,! spots are n scatt]$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! sun1 b are = ! mo/ "p conf9$ to two belts betwe5 latitude five degrees & ?irty degrees1 on ei!r side ( ! sol> equator4 ,an equatorial zone six degrees wide is almo/ entirely free f spots4444 ,! incl9ation ( ! sol> equator is ab\t sev5 degrees4444 ,! spots on ! sun usually h a d>k c5tral region call$ ! umbra1 )9 :i* is a /ill d>k] "p call$ ! nucleus1 :ile ar\nd ?is !re is a fr+e ( fa9t] %ade ?an ! umbra1 call$ ! p5umbra4 ,al?\gh ! umbra & nucleus appe> d>k1 h[ev]1 x is n to be suppos$ t !y are really d>k2 444 ?\gh ! nucleus looks p]fectly black by contra/ ) ! g5]al surface1 x %9es 9 reality ) a light unbe>ably brilliant :5 view$ alone1 :ile 8 !rmal measurem5ts %[ t ! heat f ! nucleus is ev5 great] proportionately ?an ! light1 & n v greatly bel[ ! heat ( ! surr\nd+ surface4444 ,! recognition ( a nucleus )9 ! umbra w\ld seem to indicate t a ?ird cl\d lay] 7besides ! out] or photosph]e & a d>k] cl\d lay] b5ea?7 exi/s )9 ! second or int]nal lay] ( ,h]s*el's !ory4 ,b ! obs]vations ( ,pr(essor ,langley %[ t mo/ probably all ! features ( ! sol> photosph]e yet obs]v$ are ph5om5a ( cl\d envelopes1 s9ce he has be5 able to recognize cl\d =ms at "o level float+ ov] cl\d =ms at a l[] level1 :ile ev5 9 ! 7relatively7 d>ke/ dep?s ( ! nucleus cl\ds are /ill to be p]ceiv$1 ?\gh s deep d[n t _! outl9es c be b>ely disc]n$4 ,pr(essor ,ball says ( ! heat-wave ( #ahib1 ,z to ! activity ( ! sun dur+ ! pa/ summ]1 a v /rik+ communication has rec5tly be5 made by "o ( ! mo/ ris+ ,am]ican a/ronom]s1 ,mr4 ,george ,e4 ,hale1 ( ,*icago4 ,he has inv5t$ an +5i\s app>atus = photograph+ on ! same plate at "o exposure bo? ! bright spots & ! protub]ances ( ! sun4444 ,on ! #ae? ( ,july a photograph ( ! sun %[$ a l>ge spot4 ,ano!r photograph tak5 9 a few m9utes exhibit$ a bright b&2 tw5ty-sev5 m9utes lat] a fur!r exposure display$ an outbur/ ( brilliant facul all ov] ! spot4 ,at ! end ( an h\r ! facul _h all vani%$ & ! spot 0 re/or$ to its orig9al condition4 ,x 0 n a m]e co9cid5ce t our magnetic obs]vatories exhibit$ consid]able di/urbances ! next day1 & t brilliant auroras 7 not$4 ,c>r+ton's obs]vations h %[n t spots 9 diff]5t sol> latitudes travel at diff]5t rates4 ,tak+ two p>ts ( ! visible sol> surface 9 ! same longitude1 b "o 9 latitude =ty-five degrees 7say71 ! o!r on ! equator1 ! latt] w advance f>!r & f>!r 9 longitude f ! =m]1 ga9+ daily ab\t two degrees1 s t 9 ! c\rse ( ab\t "o hundr$ & eighty days x w h ga9$ a complete revolution4 ,t is to say1 ! sun's equator makes ab\t two revolutions m p] annum ?an regions 9 =ty-five degrees nor? & s\? sol> latitude4 ,! sun is ab\t #hej1jjj miles 9 diamet]2 its d5sity is "o-f\r? t ( ! e>?2 its mass is #caf1jjj times great]1 & its volume #a1bec1jjj4 ,gravity at its surface is #bg4a times t ( ! e>?2 its di/ance is approximately #ib1jjj1jjj miles2 x rotates ^u its axis1 :i* is incl9$ to ! planet>y plane at an angle ( sev5 degrees1 once 9 tw5ty-five & "o-?ird days1 app>5tly increas$ to ?irty days by ! e>?'s orbital advance 9 ! same direction ar\nd ! sun2 & x has a motion ar\nd its c5t]1--a true orbital motion1--due to displacem5t by gravity ( ! planet>y masses1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is always )9 its own mass4 ,! above1 9 brief1 is1 s f> z we "k1 ! con/itution ( ! sun & its app5dages4 ,its int]nal globe is surr\nd$ by a gl[+ gase\s envelope1 ! photosph]e1 :i* is ! visible orb1 compos$ ( cl\d masses ( gl[+ hydrog5 gas int]m+l$ ) vapors ( _m ( our t]re/rial elem5ts1 all 9 a /ate ( app>5t disassociation4 ,( ! con/itution ( ! sun's mass1 ,pr(essor ,ball says1 ,pr(essor ,r[l& has %[n t ?irty-six t]re/rial elem5ts are c]ta9ly indicat$ 9 ! sol> spectrum1 :ile eight o!rs are d\btful4 ,fifte5 elem5ts h n be5 f\nd1 ?\gh s\ght =1 & t5 elem5ts h n yet be5 comp>$ ) ! sun's spectrum4 ,reasons are also giv5 = %[+ t1 ?\gh fifte5 elem5ts _h no l9es correspond+ to ^? %[n 9 ! sol> spectrum1 yet !re is b little evid5ce to %[ t !y are really abs5t f ! sun4 ,dr4 ,hugg9s epitomizes ^! v int]e/+ results 9 ! /rik+ rem>k1 ',x foll[s t if ! :ole e>? 7 heat$ to ! temp]ature ( ! sun1 its spectrum w\ld resemble v closely ! sol> spectrum4' ,outside ! photosph]e is ! simpl] *romosph]e1 compos$ l>gely ( hydrog51 & m]g+ into ! corona at a di/ance ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( miles f ! sun's app>5t surface1 & ?is corona ext5ds outw>d to a va/ di/ance1 & is itself l>gely compos$ ( self-lum9\s matt]1 ! action ( gravity be+ c\nt]balanc$ by ! c5trifugal =ce ( orbital rotation1 or m probably by electrical repulsion4 ,! metallic vapors 9 ! sun's photosph]e are susp5d$ 9 gl[+ hydrog51 :i* va/ly prepond]ates ov] all ! o!rs 9 mass & volume1 ! inc&esc5ce ( :i* is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( sol> light & heat4 ,! planets revolve 9 elliptical orbits ar\nd ?is c5tral sun1 & cross+ ^! orbits at v>i\s angles ru% /reams ( cometic matt] & comets & meteoric bodies1 9 /reams & cl\ds1 :i*1 swiftly sweep+ ar\nd at v>i\s di/ances1 are aga9 ?r[n (f into space4 ,meteors con/antly fall into ! sun's mass1 z !y d ^u ! e>?2 b ! gr& key-note ( all 8 life & en]gy1 s f> z we c p]ceive1 is ! va/ envelope ( gl[+ hydrog5 gas4 ,conv]sely1 ! planet>y envelopes are ( relatively cool oxyg5 mix$ ) nitrog5 gas1 :i* hold 9 susp5sion diffus$ aque\s vapors4 ,if our own aque\s vapors are d]iv$ by ! attraction ( gravity f ! int]planet>y space1 z !y mu/ h be51 we c be sure t1 7 ! sun at a suffici5tly l[ temp]ature1 he1 too1 w\ld ga!r to himself a surr\nd+ envelope ( aque\s vapor1 l>g] ?an our own 9 proportion to 8 mass1 & l>g] ?an t ( all ! planets toge!r1 ! comb9$ mass ( :i* he exce$s by sev5 hundr$ & fifty times4 ,we %\ld also expect simil> aggregations ( aque\s vapors to surr\nd all ! fix$ />s 9 proportion to _! v>i\s masses1 yet we d n f9d aque\s vapor !re1 b hydrog5 in/ead4 ,& 9 ! di/ant telescopic nebul we /ill f9d hydrog5 & nitrog52 ev5 9 ! comets we f9d free hydrog5 9 va/ pr$om9ance1 b n free oxyg52 s t we may r\ghly divide ! bodies ( /ell> space into two gr& categories1--^? ) atmosph]es ( hydrog5 & ^? ) atmosph]es ( oxyg54 ,x is true t ! latt] are limit$ to ! planets ( our own sy/em1 s f> z direct obs]vation goes1 = we _c see su* d>k planets z exi/ beyond our own sol> sy/em2 b if su* planets exi/1 z !y mu/1 = reasons /at$ lat] on1 & revolve ar\nd _! own c5tral suns1 we may inf]1 ) ! /r5g? ( demon/ration almo/1 t if _! suns correspond to our sun 9 ?is respect1 _! planets w correspond to our planets 9 a simil> respect4 ,b ! bodies ) atmosph]es ( oxyg5 are ^? :i* rotate ar\nd ! sun sub/antially z a c5t]1 :ile ) ref]5ce to !mselves ! sun is m or less a fix$ body 9 space4 ,x is true t our :ole sy/em is drift+ ?r\gh space1 at pres5t 9 ! direction ( ! con/ellation ,lyra1 & directly away f t portion ( space occupi$ by ,sirius & ,canopus1 ) an annual motion ( probably hundr$s ( millions ( miles4 ,pr(essor ,ball 7,9 ! ,high ,heav5s7 says1 ,9 conclusion1 x w\ld seem t ! sun & ! :ole sol> sy/em are b\nd on a voyage to t "p ( ! sky :i* is m>k$ by ! /> ,delta ,lyr4 ,x also appe>s t ! spe$ ) :i* ?is motion is urg$ is su* z to br+ u e day ab\t #gjj1jjj miles ne>] to ?is "p ( ! sky4 ,9 "o ye> ! sol> sy/em accompli%es a j\rney ( no less ?an #bej1jjj1jjj miles4 ,a spe$ ( eight miles p] second gives an annual rate ( #beb1bhh1jjj miles4 ,?is spe$1 h[ev]1 is greatly exce$$ by _m />s 7z det]m9$ by displacem5t ( ! l9es ( ! spectrum72 ! /> ,no4 #ahcj1 ( ,groombridge's catalogue 7see ,9 ! ,high ,heav5s71 has a rate ( two hundr$ miles p] second4 ,! au?or says1 ,inde$1 9 "s cases /ell> velocities are atta9$ :i* appe> to be ev5 great] ?an t j m5tion$4 ,we d n1 !re=e1 make any extravagant supposition 9 adopt+ a spe$ ( tw5ty miles p] second1 :i* he takes z ! av]age4 ,i h adopt$ ?is p>ticul> velocity z fairly typical ( sid]eal motions g5]ally4 ,x is r l>g] ?an ! spe$ ) :i* ! e>? moves 9 its orbit4 ,! di/ances1 ( c\rse1 are equally enorm\s4 ,?is au?or says1 ,! ne>e/ />1 z f> z we yet "k1 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e is #fa ,cygni4444 ,i ?9k we _c be f> wrong 9 adopt+ a value ( fifty millions ( millions ( miles4444 ,9 ! c\rse ( a million ye>s a /> ) ! av]age spe$ ( tw5ty miles a second w\ld move ov] a di/ance :i* 0 ab\t a doz5 times z great z ! di/ance betwe5 #fa ,cygni & ! sol> sy/em4 ,?is assum+ t ! sol> sy/em is at re/1 :i* is n ! case1 z ! au?or says1 ,unless b9>y1 />s d n rema9 9 proximity1 s f> z we "k2 ! g5]al rule appe>s to be t ( univ]sal movem5t ?r\gh space4 ,?is drift ?r\gh space1 h[ev]1 no m affects ! t]ms ( ! problem ?an ! rotation ( ! e>? ^u its axis or its orbital motion affects ! op]ations ( an electric ma*9e z ! h&le may be rotat$ to or f ! direction ( ^! motions4 ,bo? ma*9e & res]voir ( en]gy occupy+ a fix$ relation ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r1 ! positions ( ea* are ! same z ?\gh absolutely fix$4 ,?is is true ( gravitation1 likewise1 z well z ( all o!r natural & univ]sal =ces4 ,! fact e/abli%$1 !n1 t att5uat$ aque\s vapor is diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! int]planet>y space occupi$ by our own sol> sy/em1 & t x t5ds to surr\nd our sun & planet>y bodies ) aque\s envelopes ( increas$ d5sity1 proportionate to ! action ( gravity1 ! "q arises1 ,is !re any kn[n =ce :i* w act ?r\gh su* int]planet>y space to decompose su* aque\s vapor into its con/itu5t elem5ts & deposit hydrog5 gas ar\nd ! sun & oxyg5 gas ar\nd ! planets1 & :i*1 :ile ma9ta9+ a planet>y temp]ature su* z we f9d on ! planets1 w at ! same "t raise ! hydrog5 envelope ( ! sun to su* a temp]ature ( inc&esc5ce t x w become a gl[+ sph]e ( heat$ hydrog51 9 :i* o!r con/itu5ts ( ! sun's mass w be rais$ to inc&esc5ce & p>tially volatiliz$ 9 ! int5se heat ( t inc&esc5t gas2 9 :i*1 9 fact1 ! ph5om5a ( ! sun w become manife/8 ,if s1 two va/ly important coroll>ies are inevitable3 fir/1 t ! fix$ />s1 :i* also %9e ) ! light ( _! own gl[+ hydrog51 are !mselves surr\nd$ by a simil> aque\s vapor1 diffus$ ?r\gh _! own adjac5t space1 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 n only our own planet>y di/ances1 b all int]/ell> space1 z f> z ! utmo/ di/ance ( ! fa9te/ fix$ />s1 is likewise p]vad$ by ! same att5uat$ aque\s vapor1 & t ?is is ! gr& s\rce f :i* is d]iv$ all sol> en]gy1 n only ( our own sun1 b ( all ! o!r flam+ orbs ( space2 &1 second1 :i* is /ill m important to u z citiz5s ( ! univ]se1 t ea* flam+ hydrog5 sun mu/ h surr\nd+ x a correlative d>k planet>y sy/em ( its own1 & t ! complem5t ( gl[+ hydrog51 z an inc&esc5t envelope ( ! c5tral orb1 necessitates ! correspond+ supplem5t ( cool oxyg5 z an envelope = ea* ( su* planet>y bodies2 9 o!r words1 t )\t su* planets z our sy/em possesses1 !re c be no suns su* z our own & ! o!r suns we see4 ,va/ orbs might be conceiv$ ( z rotat+ 9 et]nal d>kness )\t associat$ satellites1 b ! inc&esc5t atmosph]e ( hydrog5 mu/ h--n may h1 b mu/ h--subord9ate planets sub/antially simil> to ours1 surr\nd$ by atmosph]es sub/antially simil> to our own 7= we f9d free nitrog5 9 comets1 9 meteorites1 & 9 ! fa9te/ nebul71 & ^! planets are ?us fitt$1 s f> z we c "k1 = ! support ( organic life & = ! same ord]ly c\rses ( nature z we see manife/ ar\nd u4 ,!y mu/ be cool1 = at ! planet>y poles !re mu/ be a mod]ate temp]ature 9 contra/ ) ! sol> pole1 :i* becomes1 ( necessity1 highly heat$2 !y mu/ h an atmosph]e ( oxyg5 9 ord] t ! sol> c5t] may h an atmosph]e ( hydrog52 ^! planet>y atmosph]es mu/ be suppli$ ) nitrog51 because nitrog5 is univ]sally available1 & simil> causes op]at+ "u simil> circum/ances w produce l effects2 ^! atmosph]es mu/ be *>g$ ) cond5s$ aque\s vapors1 &1 if cool en\gh1 mu/ h deposit$ wat] 9 liquid =m1 = aque\s vapors :5 cond5s$ by gravity are ! correlat$ s\rces ( supply ( _! respective gase\s compon5ts at bo? sol> & planet>y poles2 & ^! planets mu/ rotate 9 ord]ly p]iods ar\nd _! c5tral suns1 or ! aque\s vapors _c be regul>ly & cont9u\sly disassociat$ into _! elem5tal gases4 ,^! planets may be few or _m--p]haps ev5 a s+le "o sometimes--= ea* sun1 b !y mu/ be l>ge en\gh or num]\s en\gh to op]ate by _! aggregate mass1 s z to disassociate ar\nd ! planets z mu* oxyg5 z _! c5tral sun disassociates ( hydrog5 9 _! comb9+ proportions1--t is1 two volumes ( hydrog5 = ea* "o ( oxyg54 ,we w !re=e f9d 9 su* planets all ! pot5tialities ( life--we c see & /udy ^! planets1 ?\gh physically invisible1 z easily & z ?or\ghly z we d our own1 = hav+ ! relation%ip ( con/itution betwe5 our own planets & our sun1 we may !reby le>n ! ess5tial relation%ip betwe5 any fix$ /> & its planets by directly /udy+ ! con/itution ( su* /> alone4 ,among ! planets ( our own sy/em ,neptune & ,m]cury1 & ^? :i* exi/ adjac5t to _! b\nd>ies1 c be /udi$ ) difficulty & unc]ta9ty2 b :at a/ronom] d\bts t !y are con/itut$ mu* l ! o!r planets1 & h pass$1 or w pass1 ?r\gh su* /ages ( progress z we f9d app>5t among ^? m directly "u our obs]vation8 ,:ile we %all ?us f9d univ]sality & h>mony among all ! />ry sy/ems1 we %all n f9d id5tity2 b ) ! guid+ light ( demon/rat$ sci5tific pr9ciples1 we may apply our k z a key to unlock ! my/]ies ( ! mo/ di/ant />s4 ,! ,milky ,way w gleam ) new mean+1 ,sirius1 ,aldeb>an1 ! ,pleiades1 w s5d u messages ( fell[%ip1 & ! e/abli%$ sph]e ( creative en]gy w h exp&$1 ) all its wondr\s me*anism1 to fill ! univ]se4 ,:5 we see at night a va/ factory build+ ) e w9d[ light$1 "o :o und]/&s ! op]ation & me*anism ess5tial to ! "w ( a mill sees n alone ! illum9at$ w9d[s1 b ! looms 9 motion1 ! fly+ %uttles1 ! sp9dles humm+1 ! :eels turn+1 & all ! complicat$ ma*9]y 9 active op]ation4 ,& he c ev5 picture op]atives at "w 9 _! v>i\s avocations1 & ! fla%+ w9d[s1 ?\gh !mselves sil5t1 are ! visible index ( ! light )9 :i* illum9ates & makes possible ! "w !re p]=m$4 ,& s1 :5 ?us compreh5d$1 ! flam+ />s1 b po9ts ( light 9 ! ar*ways ( ! sky1 !mselves w reveal to u ! wondr\s work+s )9 ! realm :i* !y illum9ate & w>m & vivify4 ,we may also reasonably inf]1 z w be m fully expla9$ fur!r on1 t !re c be no actual basis = ! op9ion sometimes express$1 t great1 d>k1 solid orbs--indep5d5t worlds1 9 fact--are drift+ ab\t ?r\gh space at r&om1 z x 71 l homeless vagabonds4 ,9 ^! sp>sely-occupi$ doma9s ! head ( ea* h\sehold1 z 9 e well-regulat$ family1 has all its diff]5t memb]s ga!r$ ar\nd 9 /rict subord9ation1 to aid 9 ! support ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,no sun no planets2 no planets no sun1 is ! g5]al /atem5t ( ! sid]eal =mula4 ,l a sexual duality1 ! mutually correlat$ p>ts con/itute a s+le1 composite1 & int]dep5d5t :ole3 "o g5]ates1 conc5trates1 & transmits2 ! o!r receives1 trans=ms1 & deliv]s4 ,note4--,reg>d+ ! abs5ce ( oxyg5 f ! sun's atmosph]e we quote ! foll[+ f ,"l ,salisbury's v rec5t address 7see note at end ( ,*apt] ,i473 ,x is a great aggravation ( ! my/]y :i* surr\nds ! "q ( ! elem5ts1 t1 among ! l9es :i* are abs5t f ! spectrum ( ! sun1 ^? ( nitrog5 & oxyg5 /& fir/4 ,oxyg5 con/itutes ! l>ge/ portion ( ! solid & liquid sub/ances ( our planet1 s f> z we "k x2 & nitrog5 is v f> ! pr$om9ant con/itu5t ( our atmosph]e4 ,if ! e>? is a deta*$ bit :irl$ (f ! mass ( ! sun1 z cosmogoni/s love to tell u1 h[ comes x t 9 leav+ ! sun we clean$ him out s completely ( 8 nitrog5 & oxyg5 t n a trace ( ^! gases rema9s beh9d to be discov]$ ev5 by ! s5sitive vision ( ! spectroscope8 ,we %all f9d t ! abs5ce ( oxyg5 9 ! sol> envelope is a necess>y coroll>y ( its pres5ce 9 ^? ( ! planets4 ,! same is true1 possibly1 ( nitrog54 ,ammoniacal vapors are decomposable into hydrog5 & nitrog51 & hydroc>bon gases into hydrog5 & c>bon1 j z aque\s vapors are resolvable into hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! e>?'s developm5t we h abundant evid5ce ( an atmosph]e heavily lad5 ) c>bonic vapors1 :i* h disappe>$1 to rema9 /or$ z fix$ c>bon1 & ! oxyg5 has also l>gely disappe>$1 to con/itute ! enorm\s mass ( oxides 9 ! e>?'s mass1 :ile ! nitrog5 rema9s to dilute ! rema9+ oxyg5 & con/itute ! air we brea!4 ,_! common correlative1 hydrog51 int]m+l$ ) metallic vapors1 composes ! va/ atmosph]e ( ! sun4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,mode ,,( ,,sol> ,,en]gy4 ,b is !re su* an available =ce8 ,!re is "o1 & only "o1--electricity1 :5 prop]ly g5]at$ & suitably appli$4 ,x is an axiom ( electrical sci5ce t any fluid :i* w at all conduct a curr5t ( electricity c be decompos$ by a curr5t ( electricity4 7,see ,urbanitsky's "w1 ,electricity 9 ! ,s]vice ( ,man1 ,cassell's edition1 page #aed47 ,x is !re /at$ 7page #aeb71 ,we h frequ5tly _h occasion to m5tion c]ta9 *emical effects ( electricity1--namely1 ! decomposition ( gase\s comp\nds into simple gases4 ,page #aeg1 ,:atev] ! sub/ances we expose to ! action ( ! galvanic curr5t1 decomposition takes place proportional to ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,page #aeb1 ,hydrog5 is always evolv$ at ! negative pole ( ! batt]y & oxyg5 at ! positive pole4 ,! gases c !n be collect$ 9 diff]5t tubes1 ! hydrog5 tube receiv+ twice z mu* gas z ! oxyg5 tube2 s9ce wat] consi/s ( two volumes ( hydrog5 & "o volume ( oxyg51 x foll[s t ! galvanic curr5t decomposes wat] into its con/itu5ts4 ,z *emically pure wat] has s great a resi/ance z almo/ to =ce u to consid] x a non-conductor1 x is g5]ally acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,! smalle/ am\nt ( acid dim9i%es ! resi/ance consid]ably4 ,! sil5t dis*>ge is f> m effective 9 br++ ab\t ?is trans=mation ?an ! sp>k dis*>ge4 ,page #cg1 ,gases are bad conductors ( electricity2 if x _h be5 o!rwise1 we %\ld nev] h become acqua9t$ ) electricity1 z x w\ld h be5 conduct$ away by ! air z fa/ z x 0 g5]at$4 ,! vacuum also does n conduct electricity1 b moi/ air becomes a p>tial conductor4 ,moi/ air also w spoil ! insulation ( non-conduct+ supports4 ,all bodies are m or less hygroscopic1 & ! moi/ure cond5s$ on _! surfaces ?us turns ! be/ insulators into conductors4 ,*ange ( temp]ature also influ5ces conductivity4 ,page #fc1 ,:5 us+ induction ma*9es1 ! moi/ure ( ! air (t5 causes exp]im5ts to fail1 especially be=e l>ge audi5ces4 ,! atmosph]e becomes saturat$ ) moi/ure1 & x is (t5 impossible to get ! ma*9e 9 work+ ord]4 ,sev]al desiccat+ devices are m5tion$ by ! au?ors ( ?is "w1 z us$ ) su* ma*9es1 to prev5t su* dissipation or conduction ( electricity f ! ma*9e into space by ! aque\s vapor ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 describ+ ! aurora borealis 7page #ic71 ^! au?ors say1 ,! r>efi$ air is ne>] ! e>? at ! poles ?an ! equator1 9 consequ5ce ( ! e>?'s c5trifugal motion1 &1 ! e>? be+ negatively electrifi$1 negative electricity w fl[ f ?is po9t1 direct$ aga9/ ! positively electrifi$ upp] lay]s ( r>efi$ air4 ,same "w1 pages #abg1 #abh1 ,! resi/ance 79 liquids7 dim9i%es z ! temp]ature increases1 a result :i* is exactly opposite to :at occurs ) metals4 ,conductivity = c>bon increases ) ! temp]ature1 ?us agree+ ) ! action ( liquids4 ,page #acc1 ,to det]m9e ! resi/ance 9 liquids1 ! above me?ods _c be employ$1 liquids be+ decompos$ by ! electrical curr5t4 ,ref]r+ to ! voltaic arc & ! sp>k ( ! induction app>atus 7page #bjj71 x is said1 ,dry air "u great pressure (f]s a high resi/ance1 b a p]fect vacuum is a p]fect insulator1 & betwe5 ^! extremes !re are degrees ( r>ification :i* admit ( a fl[ ( electricity4 ,9 g5]al1 x is said t electrical decomposition requires t ! electrolyte be 9 liquid =m1 b ?is is n univ]sally true1 & ?r\gh\t int]planet>y space may n be true at all4 ,9 ,f]guson's "w on ,electricity1 x is /at$ t1 ,! passage ( electricity ?r\gh comp\nd gases 9 a /ate ( great r>ity1 z 9 ! s-call$ vacuum tubes1 frequ5tly sep>ates !m up into _! con/itu5ts4 ,s1 also1 ! op9ion t electricity _c be readily conduct$ ?r\gh dry gases is refut$ by ! play ( ! auroral /ream]s4 ,! di/ance f ! surface ( ! e>? ( ^! electrical waves & ! auroral ar* is v>i\sly e/imat$ at f sev5ty to two hundr$ & sixty-five miles1 & 9 "o in/ance at a height ( f f\r ?\s& to six ?\s& miles2 see article 9 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia4 ,c]ta9ly !re c\ld be no s5sible moi/ure at ! temp]atures !re preval5t1 & especially at night & dur+ ! fall & w9t] mon?s :5 ^! displays are v frequ5t4 ,:e!r ! curr5ts be due to induction1 z betwe5 neighbor+ bodies "o ( :i* is electrifi$1 or f direct emission1 z 9 bru% dis*>ges1 !re mu/ obvi\sly be "s m$ium ( contact & cont9uity = ! free transf]5ce ( electrical en]gy ?r\gh space4 ,reg>d+ ! rationale ( electrolysis 7,electricity 9 ! ,s]vice ( ,man71 aft] discuss+ c]ta9 o!r !ories1 ! au?ors say1 ,clausius1 too1 assumes an electrifi$ condition ( ! molecules ( ea* electrode1 b he nei!r attributes to ! galvanic curr5t ! =ce ( direction nor p[] ( decompos+4 ,he po9ts out t bo? ! molecules ( fluids & also _! atoms are 9 cont9ual motion4 ,! atoms 9 molecules ( fluids are held toge!r b by a mod]ate =ce1 & ! molecules !mselves con/antly und]go *anges bo? ( syn!sis & analysis4 ,! galvanic curr5t m]ely effects a regulat$ motion ( ! atoms2 ! positive ions are attract$ by ! negative electrode1 & ! negative ions by ! positive electrode1 & by ?is means are sep>at$ out f ! liquid4 ,page #ia1 ,! upp] lay]s ( air are m or less electrifi$1 s z to h a pot5tial diff]+ f t ( ! e>?1 b h[ _! electrical condition has be5 produc$ is n at pres5t kn[n4 ,cond5sation ( wat]-vapor is suppos$ to produce electricity4 ,close to ! e>? ! air has little or no electricity2 ! f>!r f ! e>? ! great] ! am\nt ( electricity 9 ! air4 ,ref]r+ to ! sp>k+ dis*>ge1 x is said1 page #ge1 ,! d5sity ( ! air1 h[ev]1 has to be tak5 into acc\nt2 ! sp>k+ di/ance is less5$ 9 d5s] air1 & becomes great] :5 ! atmosph]ic pressure is dim9i%$4 ,n only ! d5sity1 b also ! *emical composition ( ! m$ium influ5ces ! sp>k+ di/ance4 ,f>aday f\nd ! di/ances consid]ably less 9 *lor9e gas1 b twice z long 9 hydrog5 gas z 9 air4 ,page #gd1 ,! sp>k+ di/ance increases at a some:at great] rate ?an ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial ( ! dis*>g+ bodies4444 ,:5 ! sp>k+ di/ance becomes v great 444 x is proportional to ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial4 ,page #ia1 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 ! e>? & po9ts 9 ! air above4 ,9 f9e wea!r ! pot5tial is high] ! high] we g1 increas+ usually at ! rate ( tw5ty to =ty volts = ea* foot4 ,x w be se5 t1 cont9u$ upw>d at ?is rate1 ! increas$ electrical pressure = ea* mile ( elevation w\ld be betwe5 #ajj1jjj & #bjj1jjj volts1 or = ea* "o hundr$ miles m ?an #aj1jjj1jjj volts2 & at an altitude ( "o ?\s& miles1 if c>ri$ s f>1 ! pot5tial w\ld be betwe5 "o & two hundr$ million volts1 an electrical pressure q inconceivable to u4 ,su* a pot5tial 9 curr5ts ( enorm\s quantity cont9ually fl[+ f ! e>? to ! sun w\ld c]ta9ly decompose any aque\s vapors cond5s$ ar\nd ^! bodies4 ,b ! "q at once arises1 ,:at reason is !re to suppose t su* curr5ts c\ld possibly fl[ betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 across t va/ int]v5+ region ( space1 a di/ance ( m ?an #ij1jjj1jjj miles8 ,& w\ld n ! resi/ance to su* curr5ts 9 transit be s enorm\s t ! entire pot5tial1 h[ev] great1 w\ld h be5 practically lo/ long be=e rea*+ ! sun8 ,to ?is !re is a complete & irrefutable answ]1 n bas$ ^u any ab/ract !ory1 b ^u e/abli%$ fact4 ,x is an absolute c]ta9ty t electrical curr5ts ( enorm\s quantity & high pot5tial are con/antly pass+ betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 & t ^! curr5ts h s free a passage--f> m free ?an ?r\gh any metallic circuits t we "k (--t !y pass ov] ?is enorm\s di/ance absolutely )\t appreciable resi/ance4 ,we may note 9 ?is connection ! well-kn[n facts1 n[ be+ l>gely utiliz$1 ?\gh ! art is /ill 9 its infancy1 ( telegraph+ & transmitt+ all sorts ( electrical curr5ts ov] l>ge di/ances )\t wires or any conductors1 except ^? furni%$ by nature4 ,( ! curr5ts betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 ,pr(essor ,proctor1 9 8 ,light ,sci5ce = ,leisure ,h\rs1 says1 ,rememb]+ ! influ5ce :i* ! sun has be5 f\nd to ex]cise ^u ! magnetic ne$le1 ! "q w naturally arise1 ,has ! sun any?+ to d ) magnetic /orms8 ,we h cle> evid5ce t he has4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,septemb]1 #ahei1 ,messrs4 ,c>r+ton & ,hodgson 7 obs]v+ ! sun1 "o at ,ox=d & ! o!r 9 ,london4 ,_! scrut9y 0 direct$ to c]ta9 l>ge spots :i* at t "t m>k$ ! sun's face4 ,sudd5ly a bright light 0 se5 by ea* obs]v] to break out on ! sun's surface & to travel1 sl[ly 9 appe>ance1 b 9 reality at ! rate ( ab\t sev5 ?\s& miles 9 a m9ute1 across a "p ( ! sol> disk4 ,n[1 x 0 f\nd aft]w>ds t ! self-regi/]+ magnetic in/rum5ts at ,kew _h made at t v in/ant a /rongly-m>k$ j]k4 ,x 0 le>n$ t at t mom5t a magnetic /orm prevail$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! signal m5 9 ! telegraph /ations at ,wa%+ton & ,philadelphia receiv$ /rong electric %ocks2 ! p5 ( ,ba9's telegraph 0 foll[$ by a flame ( fire2 & 9 ,norway ! telegraphic ma*9]y 0 set on fire4 ,at night great auroras 7 se5 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,x is impossible n to connect ^! />tl+ magnetic indications ) ! rem>kable appe>ance obs]v$ ^u ! sun's disk4 ,b !re is o!r evid5ce4 ,magnetic /orms prevail m commonly 9 "s ye>s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,9 ^? ye>s 9 :i* !y occur mo/ frequ5tly x is f\nd t ! ord9>y oscillations ( ! magnetic ne$le are m ext5sive ?an usual4 ,n[1 :5 ^! peculi>ities _h be5 notic$ = _m ye>s1 x 0 f\nd t !re 0 an alt]nate & sy/ematic increase & dim9ution 9 int5sity ( magnetic action1 & t ! p]iod ( ! v>iation 0 ab\t elev5 ye>s4 ,b at ! same "t a dilig5t obs]v] _h be5 record+ ! appe>ance ( ! sun's face f day to day & f ye> to ye>4 ,he _h f\nd t ! sol> spots are 9 "s ye>s m freely display$ ?an 9 o!rs1 & he _h det]m9$ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! spots _h successively pres5t$ ) maximum frequ5cy to be ab\t elev5 ye>s4 ,on a comp>ison ( ! two sets ( obs]vations x 0 f\nd 7& has n[ be5 plac$ beyond a d\bt by _m ye>s ( cont9ual obs]vation7 t magnetic p]turbations are mo/ en]getic :5 ! sun is mo/ spott$1 & vice v]sa4 ,= s rem>kable a ph5om5on z ?is none b a cosmical cause c suffice4 ,we c nei!r say t ! spots cause ! magnetic /orms nor t ! magnetic /orms cause ! spots4 ,we mu/ seek = a cause produc+ at once bo? sets ( ph5om5a4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! ph5om5a se5 9 ! sun 7 m>k$ at ! same in/ant by viol5t electric p]turbations on e>?4 ,h5ce some?+ mu/ h pass$ ) ! velocity ( light1 :i* we "k to be at ! rate ( #ahh1jjj miles p] second1 or 9 ab\t eight m9utes f ! sun to ! e>?4 ,b x is /at$ 9 ,electricity 9 ! ,s]vice ( ,man1 page #hb1 t1 ,accord+ to ! !oretical calculations ( ,kir*h(f1 z well z ( ,ayrton & ,p]ry1 ! velocity ( electricity 9 a wire )\t resi/ance w\ld be equal to ! velocity ( light4 ,h5ce we p]ceive t ! app>5t difficulty has vani%$ 9 ! light ( obs]v$ fact1 & t curr5ts ( electricity d pass & are con/antly pass+ betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun )\t ! slighte/ loss ( spe$1--t is to say1 )\t resi/ance4 ,we %all f9d 9 ! sequel t ! above ph5om5a 7 caus$ mo/ probably by a p>tial int]ruption ( a con/ant direct curr5t f ! e>? to ! sun1 in/ead ( by an opposite return curr5t f ! sun to ! e>?4 ,9 fur!r illu/ration ( ! above facts we quote ! foll[+1 page #agb1 ,electricity 9 ! ,s]vice ( ,man3 ,_m attempts h be5 made to f9d a connection betwe5 ! spots & prom95ces 9 ! sun & ! electrical ph5om5a on ! e>?4 ,pr(essor ,=/] says t by num]\s magnetic obs]vations ( ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s x has be5 prov$ t ! =mation ( black spots on ! surface ( ! sun1 & ! g5]ation ( pill>s & cl\ds ( gl[+ gases 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! sun1 /& 9 close connection ) c]ta9 deviations 9 direction & int5sity ( ! e>?'s magnetic =ces4 ,pr(essor ,proctor1 9 8 ,light ,sci5ce = ,leisure ,h\rs1 says1 ,f all ?is x appe>s1 inconte/ably1 t !re is an intimate connection betwe5 ! causes ( auroras & ^? ( t]re/rial magnetism4444 ,! magnetic ne$le n only sway$ responsively to auroras obs]vable 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood1 b to auroras 9 progress hundr$s & ?\s&s ( miles away4 ,nay1 z inquiry progress$1 x 0 discov]$ t ! ne$les 9 our nor!rn obs]vatories are sway$ by influ5ces associat$ ev5 ) ! occurr5ce ( auroras ar\nd ! s\!rn pol> regions4444 ,c\ld we only associate auroras ) t]re/rial magnetism1 we %\ld /ill h done mu* to enhance ! int]e/ :i* ! beautiful ph5om5on is calculat$ to excite4 ,b :5 once ?is association has be5 e/abli%$1 o!rs ( ev5 great] int]e/ are br\ght into recognition2 = t]re/rial magnetism has be5 cle>ly %[n to be influ5c$ directly by ! action ( ! sun4444 ,we already beg9 to see1 !n1 t auroras are associat$ 9 "s my/]i\s way ) ! action ( ! sol> rays4 ,! ph5om5on :i* _h be5 look$ on = s _m ages z a m]e spectacle1 caus$ p]haps by "s process 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air ( a simple local "*1 has be5 br\ght into ! range ( planet>y ph5om5a4 ,z surely z ! brilliant planets :i* deck ! nocturnal skies are illum9at$ by ! same orb :i* gives u our days & seasons1 s are !y subject to ! same my/]i\s influ5ce :i* causes ! nor!rn bann]s to wave respond5tly ov] ! />lit dep?s ( heav54 ,nay1 x is ev5 probable t e flick] & coruscation ( our auroral displays correspond ) simil> manife/ations ^u e planet :i* travels r\nd ! sun4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,ball's late "w1 ,9 ! ,high ,heav5s1 ! au?or says1 ,dr4 ,s*u/] sugge/s t !re may be an electric connection betwe5 ! sun & ! planets4 ,9 fact1 ) "s limitations1 we might ev5 ass]t t !re mu/ be su* a connection4 ,x is well kn[n t great outbreaks on ! sun h be5 imm$iately foll[$1 ,i might almo/ say accompani$1 by rem>kable magnetic di/urbances on ! e>?4 ,! in/ances t are record$ ( ?is connection are altoge!r too rem>kable to be set aside z m]e co9cid5ces4 ,dr4 ,hugg9s has n ref]r$ 9 ?is connection to ,h]tz's a/oni%+ discov]ies2 b x seems q possible t rese>* along ?is l9e may ?r[ light on ! subject1 at pres5t s obscure1 ( ! electric relation betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?4 ,( ?is common electrical relation%ip betwe5 our sun & ! diff]5t planets1 & ( ^! ) ea* o!r1 ,pr(essor ,proctor says1 9 8 article1 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 ,int]e/+ z are ! bonds ( union :i* ,cop]nicus & ,kepl] & ,newton h trac$ 9 ! relations ( our sy/em1 x w\ld seem z ?\gh we 7 approa*+ ! traces ( a yet m wond]ful law ( association4 ,we see ! e>?'s magnetism respond+ to ! sol> influ5ces1 n m]ely 9 ^? rhy?mic motions :i* belong to ! p]iodic v>iations1 b 9 sudd5 ?rills affect+ ! :ole framework ( our globe4 ,! magnetic /orms :i* are call$ into action by su* sol> di/urbances z ! "o ( ,septemb]1 #ahei1 are1 we may feel sure1 n peculi> to our own e>?4 ,! o!r planets feel ! same influ5ce1--n1 p]haps1 9 exactly ! same way1 b accord+ to ! con/itution & physical habitudes :i* respectively belong to !m4 ,s t "o c sc>ce conceive a subject ( /udy at once m promis+ & m int]e/+4 ,( ^! prophetic %ad[s :i* sci5ce (t5 seems to ca/ be=e1 ,pr(essor ,ni*ol1 9 8 ,ar*itecture ( ! ,heav5s 7ref]r+ to ,sir ,william ,h]s*el71 says1 ,)\t difficulty or pret5ce he !re ca/s aside an idea :i* _h n be5 que/ion$ be=e1 unless 9 a few ( ^? obscure1 indef9ite speculations :i*1 /rangely en\gh1 (t5 prelude important discov]ies4 ,^! facts are ?us inconte/ably e/abli%$3 t electric curr5ts ( enorm\s en]gy & va/ quantity are con/antly pass+ )\t appreciable resi/ance & ) ! spe$ ( light betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun2 t su* curr5ts _c be conduct$ ?r\gh vacua1 or ?r\gh dry gases1 or ?r\gh a d5se m$ium2 & t1 :atev] o!r matt] may exi/ 9 ! int]v5+ space1 su* space is p]vad$ ?r\gh\t by an att5uat$ vapor ( su* con/itution & d5sity t x w transmit su* electrical curr5ts ) ! highe/ conceivable effici5cy4 ,we "k t su* passage ( ^! curr5ts _c dep5d ^u ! e!r ( space :i* is act$ ^u by ! sun to produce ! e!real undulatory vibrations ( light & heat1 =1 aft] we h produc$ ! mo/ p]fect vacuum possible1 we f9d t ! rays ( light cont9ue to pass ?r\gh x z freely z !y pass ?r\gh space1 :ile curr5ts ( electricity _c be made to pass at all4 ,h5ce we "k to a c]ta9ty t ! m$ium :i* transmits ^! enorm\s curr5ts ( electricity mu/ be a vapor capable ( conduct+ electricity1 t x mu/ h5ce be decomposable by ! electric curr5t1 & t :5 decompos$ "o ( its elem5ts mu/ consi/ ( hydrog5 gas & ! o!r ( oxyg52 9 o!r words1 t ?is conduct+ m$ium mu/ consi/ ( att5uat$ aque\s vapor1 comm+l$ d\btless ) o!r vapors :i* !mselves1 l ! acid ( ! acidulat$ wat] us$ 9 electrolysis1 aid 9 ! conduction ( ^! enorm\s curr5ts4 ,we also "k t su* vapors 9 space w be necess>ily attract$1 by gravitation1 ar\nd ! sol> & planet>y bodies imm]s$ !re91 & mu/ =m cond5s$ vapor\s atmosph]es or cl\d masses1 & if ^! are decompos$ by ! passage ( su* curr5ts ( electricity1 t hydrog5 gas w be lib]at$ at ! sol> galvanic pole & oxyg5 at ! t]re/rial or o!r planet>y pole1 precisely z we f9d to be ! case 9 nature4 ,w su* gase\s envelopes1 !n1 h ! same temp]ature = ea* gas :5 ?us lib]at$1 or w ! hydrog5 envelope ( ! sun be heat$ to inc&esc5ce1 due to ! passage ( ! electrical curr5t8 ,! temp]ature ( int]planet>y space is probably v l[4 ,( ?is ,pr(essor ,ball says1 ,:at ?is may be is a matt] ( "s unc]ta9ty1 b f all ! evid5ce available x seems pla9 t we may put x at n less ?an ?ree hundr$ degrees bel[ z]o2 & ! same au?or adds1 ,! temp]ature is tak5 to be sixty-f\r degrees bel[ z]o1 be+ presumably t at ! conf9es ( ! atmosph]e4 ,:atev] ! temp]ature ( space1 or its v>iations1 may be1 ! passage ( ! planet>y electricity ?r\gh ! cond5s$ hydrog5 envelope ( ! sun w produce great *anges 9 ! heat ( t body & ( ! sol> core )94 ,:ile ) a small electrolytic app>atus we f9d no special diff]5ces ( temp]ature 9 ! gases1 ) l>ge quantities ( electricity1 driv5 at a high pot5tial1 we f9d t a new & />tl+ result ensues4 ,some?+ ( ?is sort is se5 9 ! op]ation ( electric arc-light lamps1 n[ 9 common use1 9 :i* two slightly sep>at$ c>bon po9ts are trav]s$ by a curr5t ( consid]able pot5tial4 ,! curr5t is driv5 across ! int]v5+ space betwe5 ! po9ts1 c>ry+ ) x an atmosph]e ( dis9tegrat$ c>bon1 ?r\gh :i* ! electricity is c>ri$ at its highe/ spe$1 & a mo/ brilliant light is produc$4 ,9 ,electricity 9 ! ,s]vice ( ,man1 page #aea1 x is said1 ,we may conclude f ?is t ! curr5t does n cease :5 ! arc ( light is =m$4 ,! resi/ance ( ! arc seems to be only v slight2 9 fact1 ! curr5t mu/ be conduct$ by x4 ,( ! /ructure & con/itution ( ! lum9\s electrosph]e1 or arc1 produc$ 9 ^! lamps1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,a4 ,flem+1 says ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 has %[n t ! well-kn[n color ( ! light ( ! electric arc f c>bon po9ts is due to ! inc&esc5ce ( ! c>bon fill+ ! space betwe5 ! positive & ! negative rods4 ,! true arc is "h1 & exi/s 9 a space fill$ ) ! vapor ( c>bon1 :i* has a brilliant violet color4 ,exam9$ by ! spectroscope1 ! c5tral axis ( ! c>bon arc gives a spectrum m>k$ by two bright violet b&s4 ,outside ?is is an aureole ( c>bon vapor ( yell[ or gold5 color4 ,! electrical /ra9 ( ! arc occurs *iefly at ! surface ( ! crat] :i* =ms at ! end ( ! positive rod1 :]e1 9 fact1 ! pr9cipal "w ( g5]at+ light is done2 = eighty p] c5t4 ( ! total light ( ! arc comes f ! inc&esc5t c>bon at ?is place4 ,?us1 9 a s5se1 ! arc light is ma9ly an inc&esc5t light1 ! effect be+ produc$ by ! lay] ( c>bon :i* is be+ con/antly evaporat$ at an extremely elevat$ temp]ature4 ,h5ce ! light ( ! c>bon arc is n1 & c nev] be1 :ite1 z x is sometimes describ$ z be+1 b mu/ always be t9t$ violet by ! c>bon vapor normally pres5t betwe5 ! rods4 ,! significance ( ! above-quot$ extract w be readily p]ceiv$ :5 we come to consid] ! action ( ! direct planet>y electrical curr5ts ^u ! sol> envelope1 ! effects 9 bo? cases be+ sub/antially id5tical4 ,! quantity & int5sity ( ! electric curr5t1 z x passes ?r\gh ! inc&esc5t arc to ! negative pole1 & !nce back to ! dynamo1 are dim9i%$ exactly 9 proportion to ! en]gy exp5d$ 9 ! g5]ation ( ! light & heat ( ! arc4 ,x is precisely ! same z 9 ! op]ation ( a turb9e wat]-:eel2 if work+ at its highe/ effici5cy1 ! dis*>g$ wat] is almo/ depriv$ ( =ce3 its gravity has be5 conv]t$ into "w4 ,9 ! electric light ?is conv]sion is only p>tial1 ow+ to atmosph]ic & o!r conditions2 b 9 ! case ( ! sol> envelope & its core1 x is ne>ly1 if n altoge!r1 p]fect1 s t ! curr5ts ( electricity are almo/ entirely conv]t$ into light & heat1 or exp5d$ 9 ! electrolytic decomposition ( ! surr\nd+ aque\s vapors1 & d n reappe> z electricity1 b z conv]t$ sol> en]gy4 ,brilliant1 h[ev]1 z ! light rays are 9 a p[]ful arc lamp1--p]haps ! ne>e/ to sol> light we c produce1--! obscure heat rays are f> m num]\s & p[]ful4 ,on page #dgf ( ! "w j cit$ a table is giv51 %[+ ! proportion ( visible & invisible rays emitt$ by diff]5t illum9ants1 & ) ! electric lamp1 ev51 n9ety p] c5t4 ( all ! rays emitt$ by ! voltaic arc are heat rays1 :i* are obscure & invisible4 ,b ! />tl+ effects ( electricity ( l>ge quantity & high pot5tial1 9 ! decomposition ( wat]1 are f> m /rik+ly exhibit$ by an app>atus %[n 9 #ahic at ! ,*icago ,exhibition by a firm f ,brussels1 & :i* is describ$ 9 ! ,electrical ,review z foll[s3 ,an ord9>y wood5 pail is ?ree-qu>t]s fill$ ) wat] slightly acidulat$2 a lead plate ab\t n9e in*es broad by sixte5 in*es long dips to ! bottom ( ! pail & is connect$ to an inc&esc5t dynamo ma*9e capable ( giv+ ov] "o hundr$ & fifty ampres4 ,! iron rod1 or article to be heat$1 is connect$ to ! pole ( ! dynamo & simply dipp$ into ! wat]2 x imm$iately becomes heat$ & rapidly rises to a melt+ temp]ature2 only t portion ( ! metal completely imm]s$ becomes heat$1 & ! heat+ is s rapid t nei!r ! wat] nor t portion ( ! metal out ( ! wat] becomes v w>m4 ,wr\ght iron & /eel actually melt if long en\gh held "u wat]4 ,a c>bon rod subject$ to ?is process becomes amorph\s c>bon1 prov+ t a temp]ature ( at lea/ f\r ?\s& degrees ,c5tigrade has be5 rea*$1 & x is /at$ t ) two hundr$ & tw5ty volts' pressure a temp]ature ( eight ?\s& degrees ,c5tigrade has be5 rea*$4 ,!re are v>i\s !ories to acc\nt = ?is ph5om5on1 b f close obs]vation x appe>s to be a case ( arc heat+4 ,! mom5t ! metal is plung$ into ! wat] x is envelop$ 9 hydrog5 gas decompos$ f ! wat]4 ,?is envelope ( gas p>ts ! wat] & metal1 =m+ an arc1 :i* raises ! surr\nd+ gase\s envelope to an enorm\s temp]ature2 ! metal surr\nd$ by ?is arc is almo/ imm$iately rais$ to ! same temp]ature4 ,a flame ( burn+ hydrog5 appe>s ar\nd ! metal on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od is ! same z t on :i* ! burn+ ( an arc light betwe5 two c>bon po9ts "u wat] dep5ds4 ,an arc lamp w burn q /eadily "u wat] if ! connections are made wat]-pro(2 ! arc itself requires no protection4 ,x w be se5 t ! process above describ$ is precisely analog\s to t involv$ 9 ! problem ( ! sun's en]gy4 ,! planets correspond ) ! lead5 plates1 ^u :i* oxyg5 is dis5gag$ f ! wat]1 :ile at ! same mom5t ! lib]at$ hydrog5 necess>ily appe>s at ! opposite pole4 ,! g5]ation ( hydrog5 gas =ms an envelope or atmosph]e ( hydrog5 ar\nd ! sun :i* =ces back ! aque\s vapor4 ,! curr5t1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ?is gase\s envelope to ! metal core )91 int5sely heats ! hydrog51 :i* rapidly communicates its ris+ heat to ! c5tral core4 ,if ?is core is compos$ ( metals1 & ! temp]ature be rais$ suffici5tly high1 :i* only dep5ds ^u ! quantity & work+ pressure ( ! electricity employ$1 ! metal core w be volatiliz$ 9 :ole or 9 "p1 &1 if ( mix$ metals1 we w f9d ! pres5ce ( ^! elem5ts reveal$ 9 ! spectroscopic l9es correspond+ !reto1 & ! flames & fla%es ( hydrog5 at ! surfaces beyond ! envelope1 at ! surface ( contact ) ! matt] ( space1 w be also se54 ,9 fact1 su* an exp]im5t1 prop]ly prep>$1 c\ld be made to %[ r\ghly mo/ ( ! ph5om5a ( sol> light & heat z !y actually appe>1 su* z sun-spots1 prom95ces1 jets1 plumes1 facul1 ! photosph]e1 *romosph]e1 absorption b&s1 vortical di/urbances1 metallic vapors1 & ! complete sol> spectrum1 ) ! diff]5t ,fraunh(] l9es4 ,9 ! case ( ! sun1 ^! curr5ts mu/ be measur$ by millions ( ampres1 & possibly by hundr$s ( millions ( volts1 in/ead ( by m]e hundr$s1 :ile ! hydrog5 envelope ext5ds outw>d f ! sun's surface hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( miles until1 p]haps1 f9ally m]g$ into ! corona4 ,z ! curr5ts pass f ! planets & planetoids 7= n only ! l>g] planets1 b all ! planet>y bodies ( our sy/em mu/ contribute1 if any ( !m contribute7 to ! sun1 or r to ! sph]e ( its electrical action1 )\t resi/ance1 s long z ^! planets g5]ate con/ant curr5ts ( ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 pot5tial1 s long w ! sun ma9ta9 8 con/ant light & heat2 if ^! are increas$ or dim9i%$1 ! sun's light & heat w be tempor>ily1 b only tempor>ily1 increas$ or dim9i%$2 & ?is process mu/ cont9ue1 )\t fur!r loss or *ange1 indef9itely into ! future4 ,:atev] ! sun may ga9 by increm5t ( meteoric masses may pass = :at x is wor?1 b ! gradual contraction ( 8 volume _c proce$ :ile 8 pres5t temp]ature is ma9ta9$ by ! passage ( su* curr5ts1--t is to say1 8 light & heat w rema9 con/ant1 & also 8 mass & volume1 s long z ! electric curr5ts :i* pass f ! planets to ! sun & ! con/itution ( space :i* surr\nds ! sun & planets !mselves rema9 con/ant4 ,x n[ rema9s to consid] h[ su* enorm\s curr5ts ( electricity c be g5]at$ & ma9ta9$4 ,we "k1 ( c\rse1 t *emical *anges _c op]ate to produce !m4 ,!y mu/ be d]iv$ f some?+ conta9$ 9 or diffus$ ?r\gh int]planet>y space1 & ! planets !mselves mu/ be ! means by :i* su* curr5ts ( electricity are br\ght into effective op]ation4 ,on our own e>? we h _m k9ds ( me*anically-con/ruct$ electrical app>atus :i* g5]ate electricity1 to use a popul> expression1 or :i*1 m prop]ly1 sep>ate ! opposite pot5tials f an un/able electrical t5sion or equilibrium ( ! matt] ( space4 ,^! ma*9es practically take positive electricity f ! mutually-balanc$ electric pot5tials ( :i* ! e>? & its surr\nd+ gase\s envelope are ! va/ common /oreh\se1 9 su* mann] t ! positive electricity ?us drawn out f & aga9 pass+ into ! common /oreh\se %all1 dur+ su* transit1 be compell$ to pass ?r\gh *annels :i* w cause x to d "w1 at ! exp5se ( its pot5tial or pressure1 dur+ its passage1 or 9 :i* electricity is rais$ 9 its electro-motive =ce f a l[] to a high] pot5tial or pressure1 j z ! pressure ( wat] is increas$ :5 deliv]$ f a great] or a /ill great] height1 or /eam1 :5 conf9$ 9 space "u high] & /ill high] temp]atures4 ,b none ( ^! ma*9es actually g5]ate electricity ab initio2 !y m]ely put into effective op]ation ! pre-exi/+ =ce4 ,! mass ( ! e>? is ( irregul>ly negative pol>ity1 ! air above is positive1 & z we asc5d1 ! pot5tial1 or voltage1 or pressure increases at a ne>ly uni=m rate ( f tw5ty to =ty volts = ea* foot4 ,! e>? is ?us surr\nd$ by an electrosph]e z well z an atmosph]e1 & ! two are n co9cid5t1 = :ile ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e dim9i%es z we asc5d1 t ( ! electrosph]e increases4 ,! moon1 too1 & ea* planet mu/ h its electrosph]e1 & ar\nd ! sun's core we c see ! sol> electrosph]e 9 its visible glory4 ,?us1 all our planets rotate ^u _! axes & revolve ar\nd ! sun1 ea* surr\nd$ by an enorm\s electrosph]e1 j z an electrical induction ma*9e is surr\nd$1 :5 9 op]ation1 ) an electrosph]e ( its own1 & :i*1 by break+ connection ) ! conductor :i* c>ries away its curr5t1 becomes1 :5 %[n 9 a d>k5$ room1 cle>ly visible4 ,9 ,electricity 9 ! ,s]vice ( ,man x is said1 page #fc1 ,! inductive action ( ! ma*9e is q z rapid & z p[]ful :5 bo? collectors are remov$ & no?+ is left b ! two rotat+ disks & _! respective contact or neutraliz+ bru%es4 ,! :ole app>atus !n bri/les ) electricity1 & if view$ 9 ! d>k pres5ts a mo/ beautiful appe>ance1 be+ lit]ally ba!d ) lum9\s bru% dis*>ges4 ,?is is a true aurora4 ,let u n[ exam9e "s ( ^! m rec5t electric ma*9es1--! lat] induction1 n ! old] frictional ma*9es1 = x is obvi\s t ! rotation ( ! planets1 if !y op]ate z electric g5]ators1 or sep>ators1 mu/ act by induction & n by friction4 ,! frictional ma*9es are ( ! old type & are well kn[n f ! books2 9 ^! a glass disk or cyl9d] is rubb$ ^u 9 its rotation by an amalgamat$ 7s call$7 friction pad fix$ securely to ! b$ ( ! ma*9e4 ,b m rec5tly ^! h be5 replac$ by f> m p[]ful & simple ma*9es :i* op]ate entirely by induction1 l approa*+ ?und]cl\ds1 = in/ance1 & 9 :i* "o or m glass disks are m]ely rotat$ rapidly & freely 9 ! air1 ^! disks hav+ a numb] ( light metallic sectors1 su* z bits ( t9-foil1 pa/$ on _! out] sides at equal radial int]vals1 & ) metallic collect+ bru%es :i*1 h[ev]1 b>ely graze ! surfaces ( ! rotat+ disk4 ,!re is no pressure & no friction1 except t ( ! disks z !y freely revolve 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ! above-quot$ "w1 page #fa1 is a description ( ,wim%ur/'s influ5ce ma*9e1 "o ( ! mo/ rec5t & mo/ p[]ful1 :i* we cond5se z foll[s3 ,?is ma*9e 0 produc$ ab\t #ahhc4 ,x consi/s ( two circul> disks ( ?9 glass f\rte5 & "o-half in*es 9 diamet] 9 ! sample describ$1 atta*$ at _! c5t]s to loose bosses1 s z to be rotat$ by cords & pulleys op]at$ by a h&le1 9 opposite directions4 ,! disks rotate p>allel ) ea* o!r & are n m ?an "o-eigh? ( an in* ap>t1 & h _! surfaces well v>ni%$2 & atta*$ by cem5t to _! out] surfaces are twelve or m radial1 sector-%ap$ plates ( ?9 brass- or t9-foil1 dispos$ ar\nd ! disks at equal di/ances ap>t4 ,^! sectors take ! place ( ! inductors ( ,holtz's in/rum5t1 & appe> to act also z c>ri]s1 ?\gh ! exact nature ( _! action is some:at my/]i\s4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 probable t ^? act+ = ! "t z c>ri]s on ! "o disk act at ! same "t z inductors on ! o!r4 ,! two sectors on ! same diamet] ( ea* disk1 at opposite sides ( ! c5t]1 are twice 9 ea* revolution mom5t>ily plac$ 9 metallic connection ) "o ano!r by means ( a pair ( f9e wire bru%es atta*$ to ! ends ( a b5t metal rod loosely pivot$ at ! c5t] ( ea* disk1 ! metal sectors j graz+ ! tips ( ! wire bru%es z !y pass4 ,!re is "o ( ^! b5t rods on ! outside ( ea* disk1 & _! position z pivot$ on _! c5t] c be v>i$ at w1 bo? ) ref]5ce to ! "o on ! opposite side & to ! position ( ! fix$ collect+ combs4 ,! effici5cy ( ! ma*9e v>ies ) _! position1 & ! maximum appe>s to be g5]ally :5 ! bru%es t\* ! disks on diamet]s cross+ ! position ( ! collect+ combs at ab\t =ty-five degrees1 & ) ! b5t rods on opposite sides at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,! collect+ combs are simple =ks ) collect+ po9ts turn$ inw>d1 :i* =ks embrace ! opposite sides ( ! disks outside1 :i* freely rotate betwe5 !m1 & !y are support$ on insulat$ po/s4 ,^! supports may be small ,leyd5 j>s or cond5s]s1 ) dis*>g+ knobs1 or may be connect$ ) simil> cond5s]s at a di/ance1 or arrang$ 9 batt]ies or o!rwise4 ,! pres5ce ( ! collect+ combs is n necess>y to ! op]ation ( ! ma*9e1 _! sole function be+ to c>ry away ! positive electricity z g5]at$4 ,! ma*9e is self-excit+1 & x is believ$ t ! initial action mu/ be due to friction 9 ! lay] ( air conta9$ betwe5 ! plates1 :i*1 z above /at$1 are only ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ap>t4 ,x is ne>ly indep5d5t ( atmosph]ic conditions1 & n liable to rev]se its pol>ity1 z are ! ,voss ma*9es4 ,! ,voss ma*9e uses a l>g] glass disk :i* does n rotate1 b is fix$1 & :i* has a c5tral op5+ ?ree in*es wide1 ) a diff]5t arrangem5t ( t9-foil disks or sectors1 & a small] glass disk rotates p>allel ) x4 ,! ,holtz ma*9e is some:at simil>1 us+ a s+le rotat+1 well-v>ni%$ glass disk revolv+ opposite a well-v>ni%$ l>g] disk1 ! latt] provid$ ) ?ree sector-%ap$ op5+s or w9d[s1 ) v>ni%$ pap] inductors or flaps pass+ ?r\gh ^! w9d[s s z to t\* ! revolv+ disk4 ,!re are also two s]ies ( f9e metal po9ts held by brass b>s provid$ ) insulat$ h&les & dis*>g+ knobs4 ,x is only necess>y to give a g5]al idea ( ! con/ruction & op]ation ( su* ma*9es1 z _! specific con/ruction c be readily le>n$ f ! books4 ,( ! mode ( op]ation1 h[ev]1 x is said1 ,:at takes place :5 ! ma*9e is 9 action is ( a v complicat$ nature1 & c h>dly be said to be p]fectly und]/ood4 ,) a ,wim%ur/ ma*9e hav+ disks ( a diamet] ( f\rte5 & "o-half in*es !re is produc$ "u ord9>y atmosph]ic conditions a p[]ful sp>k dis*>ge betwe5 ! knobs :5 !y are sep>at$ by a di/ance ( f\r & "o-half in*es1 a p9t size ,leyd5 j> be+ 9 connection ) ea* knob 7"o on ea* opposite diamet] ( ! two disks71 & ^! f\r-&-"o-half-in* dis*>ges take place 9 regul> succession at e two & a half turns ( ! h&le4 ,x is usual to con/ruct ! ma*9e ) small ,leyd5 j>s or cond5s]s atta*$ to conductors1 by :i* ! sp>k is mat]ially increas$4 ,a ma*9e has be5 con/ruct$ ) plates sev5 feet 9 diamet]1 :i*1 x 0 believ$1 w\ld give sp>ks ?irty in*es long2 b no ,leyd5 j>s h be5 f\nd to )/& its dis*>ge1 all be+ pi]c$ by ! enorm\s t5sion4 ,?ree ( ,toepl]'s induction ma*9es 7see page #ei1 ,electricity 9 ! ,s]vice ( ,man71 connect$ toge!r1 gave a curr5t :i* ma9ta9$ a plat9um wire "o-fif? ( a millimet] ?ick cont9ually at a r$ heat1 & 0 also capable ( decompos+ wat]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,sol> ,,en]gy4 ,! rem>kable resemblance betwe5 ! mode ( op]ation & effects ( ^! electrical induction ma*9es & ! va/ rotat+ electrosph]e ( ! e>? mu/ be at once app>5t4 ,! op]ation is precisely ! same1 & ! results mu/1 p>i passu1 be sub/antially simil>4 ,we ne$ n seek = precise p>allelism ( /ructure1 because ^! ma*9es !mselves1 x has be5 %[n1 widely diff] 9 /ructure among !mselves4 ,b ! almo/ inf9itely m va/ t]re/rial electrosph]e1 :i* _c be less ?an t5 ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 & p]haps mu* m 7if we may =m an op9ion f ! relative magnitude ( ! field ( action ( ! hydrog5 envelope :i* con/itutes ! sol> electrosph]e71 rotat+ 9 ! att5uat$ vapors ( space1 among :i* vapors t ( wat] plays a mo/ important "p1 & :i* vapors con/antly imp+e ) v>i\s di/urbances ( contact aga9/ ! m & m att5uat$ lay]s ( ! t]re/rial atmosph]e1 & :i* gradually1 f )9 outw>d1 less & less p>takes ( ! e>?'s rotation until1 f9ally1 its rotatory movem5t is lo/ 9 ! va/ ocean ( space1 e/abli%es ! c]ta9ty t enorm\s quantities ( electricity mu/ !re be dis5gag$1 precisely z 9 ! ma*9es :i* we h describ$1 & to le>n ! pot5tial or active pressure ( ?is electricity we h only to consid] ! fact t we f9d a rise s rapid1 z we asc5d ?r\gh our atmosph]e1 t ! pot5tial increases by f tw5ty to =ty volts = ea* foot4 ,t ^! curr5ts are transmitt$ to ! sun )\t appreciable resi/ance we already "k1 & t !y are !re trans=m$ into light & heat we c1 f ! previ\sly cit$ exp]im5ts1 see4 ,b x may be urg$ t ! resi/ance ( su* att5uat$ vapors 9 space1 & ! g5]ation ( electricity 9 su* quantities1 w\ld inevitably ret>d & f9ally de/roy planet>y motion4 ,! suffici5t answ] to ?is is f\nd 9 ! consid]ation t ! same facts mu/ exi/ "u any possible mode ( organization ( our sol> sy/em1 & t su* int]f]5ce1 besides1 mu/ h absolutely prev5t$ its =mation at all1 if su* 7 ! case4 ,all ! matt] ( our planet>y sy/em toge!r is only "o sev5-hundr$-&-fiftie? t ( ! sun2 if ?is 7 add$ to ! sun's bulk x w\ld b slightly enl>ge x4 ,b all ?is sol> & planet>y matt] toge!r1 if di/ribut$ ov] ! space occupi$ by our planet>y sy/em1--&1 by ! nebul> hypo!sis ( ! organization ( our sol> sy/em1 ?is is requisite1--& hav+ an axial diamet] "o-half t ( its equatorial 7see ,proctor's ,famili> ,essays on ,sci5tific ,subjects1--,oxyg5 9 ! ,sun71 w\ld h _h a d5sity ( only ab\t "o f\r-hundr$-?\s&? t ( hydrog5 gas at atmosph]ic pressure4 ,?is nebul> mass mu/ h _h a diamet] at lea/ sixty times t ( ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun & a dep? ( ?irty times its di/ance4 ,t ?is enorm\s mass ( att5uat$ matt] %\ld ev] h be5 made to rotate z a :ole by any =ce ( attraction1 repulsion1 or rotation1 ) a t5uity s great t1 if measur$ by an equal volume ( hydrog5 gas1--! lighte/ sub/ance kn[n to u1--x w\ld h furni%$ mat]ial = f\r hundr$ ?\s& su* sy/ems z ours1 presupposes a resi/ance s slight t ! planets !mselves1 :5 coagulat$ out ( su* a mass1 c\ld nev] 9 any conceivable "t exhibit ret>dation f su* a s\rce2 & we "k to a c]ta9ty t su* att5uat$ vapors d exi/ 9 space1 = electricity _c be transmitt$ ?r\gh a vacuum1 & x is transmitt$ ) p]fect fre$om betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun4 ,b x may be said t ! laws 7 !n diff]5t4 ,if !y 7 diff]5t !n1 !y are d\btless diff]5t n[4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we assume t ! bodies ( :i* our sol> sy/em is compos$ 7 simply aggregat$ into concrete masses f meteoric du/1 ! difficulty is n less5$2 = if ! resi/ances to _! op]ation n[ are su* z to p]ceptibly ret>d _! motions1 !y mu/ h op]at$ /ill m p[]fully to orig9ally prev5t !m2 :ile1 if hurl$ =? by an almighty fiat1 complete f ! h& ( creative en]gy1 ! same =ce :i* impell$ !m =w>d mu/ h also e/abli%$ ! laws "u :i* !y n[ move4 ,x is calculat$ t our e>? mu/ be los+ "t1 by tidal ret>dation1 at ! rate ( "o-half ! moon's diamet] 9 ea* twelve hundr$ ye>s 7see ,proctor1 ,light ,sci5ce = ,leisure ,h\rs1--,our ,*ief ,timepiece ,los+ ,"t71 & t ! l5g? ( a day is n[ m by ab\t "o eighty-f\r? "p ( a second ?an x 0 two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 we may discov] t ^! *anges are !mselves p]iodic & increase 9 cycles to a maximum1 & !n dim9i%1 z is ! case ) magnetic1 planet>y1 & /ell> v>iations1 & o!r simil> *anges1 :5 suffici5tly long obs]v$2 = :ile su* *anges may v well accompany a !ory "u :i* our sy/em & all o!r sy/ems are sl[ly runn+ d[n to decay & dea?1 x is entirely incompatible ) ! primal =ces "u :i* !y mu/ h be5 orig9ally =m$4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! tides are dragg+ back our e>? )\t comp5sation1 ?is dragg+ back c only come f ! oceanic deposit ( wat] on ! e>? f ! aque\s vapors ( space :i* d n p>take ( ! planet>y rotation & orbital movem5t ( ! e>?4 ,b if ^! c n[ ret>d ! e>?'s motion1 !y mu/ h orig9ally prev5t$ x 9 ! beg9n+4 ,?is loss ( "t is1 moreov]1 m]ely inf]5tial f ma!matical computations1 & its basis is f\nd 9 ! belief t all ! op]ations ( nature are 9 a sl[ process ( degradation1 & ! calculat$ loss itself may be m]ely !oretical1 & n true 9 fact4 ,pr(essor ,proctor himself conc$es ! unc]ta9ty ( ?is alleg$ ret>dation :5 he says 9 ! same article1 ,at ?is rate ( *ange our day w\ld m]ge into a lun> mon? 9 ! c\rse ( ?irty-six ?\s& millions ( ye>s4 ,b aft] a :ile ! *ange w take place m sl[ly1 & "s trillion or s ( ye>s w elapse be=e ! full *ange is effect$4 ,:ile ! processes ( nature are g5]ally believ$ to be runn+ d[n1 ev]y?+ is b5t to t belief2 b ! =ces ( nature mu/1 nev]!less1 be uni=m & supreme1 = x is by ^! =ces t ! expect$ results are to be a*iev$4 ,t *anges occur con/antly is inevitable1 b ! s\rce ( ^! mu/ be look$ = 9 ! int]action ( orig9al =ces1 & n 9 ! degradation ( sy/ems4 ,!re is reason to believe1 9 fact1 t ! repulsion ( ! t]re/rial electrosph]e by t ( ! moon may itself be suffici5t to c\nt]act su* ret>d+ =ce ( lun> gravity1 = ! tides ^u e>? are n m]ely oceanic1 b atmosph]ic1 & on ! latt] ! electrical repulsion ( ! moon mu/ act v p[]fully & ) directly c\nt]active effect4 ,let u n[ apply ! prec$+ pr9ciples to ! problem "u review4 ,all planet>y space is p]vad$ ) att5uat$ vapors or gases1 among :i* aque\s vapor occupies a lead+ place4 ,! planets & all planet>y bodies1 hav+ opposite electrical pol>ity f ! c5tral & relatively fix$ sun1 by _! orbital motions ar\nd & con/ant subjection !reto act z enorm\s induction ma*9es1 :i* g5]ate electricity f ! ocean ( att5uat$ aque\s vapor1 ea* planet be+ surr\nd$ by an enorm\s electrosph]e1 c>ri$ ) ! planet 9 its axial & orbital movem5ts1 ! successive atmosph]ic envelopes gradually dim9i%+ 9 rotational velocity until m]g$ into ! out] ocean ( space4 ,z ! planets advance 9 _! orbits !y plunge into new & fre% fields1 &1 z ! :ole sol> sy/em gradually moves onw>d ?r\gh space1 ^! fields are nev] re-occupi$4 ,^! electrosph]es1 by _! rotation1 g5]ate enorm\s quantities ( electricity at an extremely high pot5tial1--s high t we c sc>cely ev5 conceive x1--& ?is electricity fl[s 9 a con/ant curr5t to ! sun1 :]e x disappe>s z electricity1 to reappe> 9 ! =m ( sol> light & heat4 ,^! planet>y curr5ts also fl[ t[>ds su* o!r negatively electrifi$ bodies z may exi/ 9 space--! comets & fix$ />s1 = example--9 proportion to _! di/ance2 =1 s9ce resi/ance is n appreciable betwe5 ourselves & ! sun1 z is also ! case ) light1 s1 l light1 our electricity mu/ pass outw>d z well z inw>d to take "p 9 ! h>moni\s op]ations ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,b x %\ld be not$ t ! di/ribution ( electric en]gy 9 ! =m ( curr5ts is q diff]5t f t ( light or o!r radiant en]gy2 = :ile light is diffus$ f a c5t] outw>d ?r\gh space1 electric curr5ts1 on ! contr>y1 are conc5trat$ & direct$ along l9es ( =ce to concrete c5t]s ( opposite pol>ity4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! int5sity ( light decreases accord+ to ! squ>es ( ! di/ances trav]s$ plus ! resi/ance to ! passage ( ! light itself1 :ile ! electric curr5t is only dim9i%$ by ! resi/ance ( ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,z ! light ( ! sun has a velocity ( "o hundr$ & eighty-eight ?\s& miles p] second1 & ! electric curr5t betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun ! same1 x w be se5 t ! resi/ance is practically alike = ^! two =ms ( en]gy4 ,inde$1 ! /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! e!real vibrations :i* con/itute light & heat & exce$+ly rapid alt]nat+ curr5ts ( electricity ?r\gh molecul> m$ia may sugge/ t ! trans=mation ( "o =ce into ! o!r is "s sort ( a /ep-up or /ep-d[n process1 mu* high] 9 degree1 b ( ! same "* z ! well-kn[n analog\s electrical trans=mations us$ 9 ! arts4 ,x %\ld also be borne 9 m9d t1 :ile ! int5sity ( light dim9i%es accord+ to ! above law1 ! quantity rema9s ! same1 less resi/ance1 z ! area cov]$ increases precisely 9 ! same proportion z ! int5sity dim9i%es1--t is1 9 ! ratio ( squ>es4 ,ar\nd ! e>? & o!r planets gravity attracts ! aque\s vapors 9 increas$ d5sity1 ! same z ar\nd ! sun2 b ! electric curr5ts pass+ betwe5 ! planets & ! sun decompose ?is aque\s vapor into its con/itu5t gases1 hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,! oxyg5 is deposit$ )9 ! positive electrosph]es ( ! planet>y bodies1 :]e x m+les ) nitrog5 to =m our atmosph]e & ^? ( ! o!r planets4 ,9 ?is float ! aque\s vapors cond5s$ f space1 :i* are light] ?an air4 7,see ,tyndall1 ,! ,=ms ( ,wat]3 ,x also s5ds up a quantity ( aque\s vapor :i*1 be+ f> light] ?an air1 helps ! latt] to rise47 ,^! aque\s vapors1 cond5s$ into cl\ds & precipitat$ ^u ! e>?1 =m our oceans & _! afflu5ts4 ,! hydrog5 gas dis5gag$ ^u ! sun's surface =ms a simil> envelope1 :i* is p5etrat$ by ! planet>y electric curr5ts1 & is ?us highly heat$ & r5d]$ inc&esc5t2 ! gl[+ hydrog5 transmits its heat to ! sun's mass )91 :i* is ?us rais$ to1 & p]man5tly ma9ta9$ 91 a liquid or d5sely gase\s /ate1 its metallic con/itu5ts be+ volatiliz$ 9 "p1 & ^! metallic vapors m+le ) ! l[] /rata ( hydrog5 to =m ! sun's photosph]e1 :ile1 above1 ! gl[+ hydrog5 gr[s m pure1 & f9ally1 at a di/ance ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( miles1 is m]g$ into ! corona1 :i* is compos$1 9 "p at lea/1 ( cosmical du/ rotat+ ar\nd & repell$ by ! sun1 & :i* %9es p>tly by reflect$ light1 p>tly by t ( ! relatively cool] hydrog51 & p>tly1 p]haps1 by electrification ( its con/itu5ts by ! p[]ful curr5ts pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,ea* ( ! planet>y bodies1 l>ge or small1 takes its proportionate "p 9 ! g5]ation & transmission ( electricity1 accord+ to its volume1 mass1 & motion4 ,z an adjunct to ?is electrical sequ5ce we h le>n$ t any int]ruption ( su* curr5ts betwe5 ! g5]ator & ! receiv] w cause ! g5]at+ app>atus to gl[ ) diffus$ electrical light1 z is ! case ) ! ,wim%ur/ ma*9e already describ$4 ,:5 su* connection is remov$1 x is said1 ! :ole app>atus bri/les ) electricity1 & if view$ 9 ! d>k pres5ts a mo/ beautiful appe>ance1 be+ lit]ally ba!d ) lum9\s bru% dis*>ges4 ,su* a ph5om5on recalls at once ! aurora borealis2 & :5 we f9d ?is z a sequ5ce ( ! electrical /orm ( ! fir/ ( ,septemb]1 #ahei1 be=e describ$ 7at night great auroras 7 se5 9 bo? hemisph]es71 & connect ) ?is ! p]si/5ce ( electricity ^u insulat$ surfaces 7see ,electricity 9 ! ,s]vice ( ,man1 page #ec3 ,glass be+ a bad conductor1 ! electricity does n spread all ov] ! plate1 b rema9s :]e x is produc$71 we %all inevitably conclude t !re 0 "s p>tial int]ruption 9 ! curr5t fl[+ f ! e>? to ! sun at t mom5t2 & if we recall t at t v in/ant sudd5ly a bright light 0 se5 by ea* obs]v] to break out on ! sun's surface & to travel across a "p ( ! sol> disk1 we %all le>n t ! processes connect$ ) ! production ( su* a bright light w int]rupt 9 "p ! t]re/rial curr5t4 ,we c readily und]/& t if ?is bright light exce$$ 9 electrical int5sity t due to ! e>?'s curr5t1 x might tempor>ily rev]se ! pol>ity ( ! aff]5t curr5t or ret>d its fl[1 l ! s-call$ backwat] ( a mill4 ,x w\ld be l attempt+ to dis*>ge /eam at sixty p\nds' pressure into a vessel fill$ ) o!r /eam at sixty-"o p\nds4 ,:5ce1 !n1 came ?is bright light8 ,p]haps f ! conjo9t action ( "s o!r planet1 p]haps f sudd5 *emical disassociation b5ea? ! surface1 p]haps by ! abnormal pil+ up ( dep?s ( transp>5t gl[+ hydrog5 or o!r local di/urbance4 ,& ?is leads to ! consid]ation ( ! uni=mity ( sol> action4 ,! planet>y electrosph]es w be con/ant 9 _! op]ation if ! con/itution ( surr\nd+ space rema9s uni=m2 b we %all f9d reason to believe t !re are curr5ts 9 ! ocean ( space1 z !re are curr5ts 9 our own seas1 & electrical g5]ation w necess>ily v>y :5 su* curr5ts are enc\nt]$4 ,! sun itself 9 su* case1 h[ev]1 w become an automatic regulator1 = 8 d5sity be+ b "o-f\r? t ( ! e>?1 & ! spectroscope hav+ %[n 8 *emical composition to a l>ge ext5t1 we "k t 8 mass mu/ be ei!r liquid or vapor\s1 & p]haps 9 "p bo?4 ,su* masses readily respond to v>iations ( temp]ature1 exp&+ z x rises & contract+ z x falls4 ,h5ce1 if a portion ( space 7 rea*$ :]e ! action ( ! planet>y electrosph]es 0 increas$ by relative increase ( temp]ature 9 "s int]/ell> ,gulf ,/ream1 ! sun's volume w\ld exp& & comp5sation be at once e/abli%$1 :ile1 conv]sely1 ) dim9ution ( su* planet>y action1 ! sol> volume w\ld contract & an increas$ supply f 8 res]ve /ore be giv5 out !reby4 ,9 ?is way ! cond5sation reli$ ^u to give u heat = sev5 or sev5te5 million ye>s becomes a comp5sat+ me*anism1 self-op]ative ?r\gh ! mo/ di/ant cycles ( "t4 ,we %all also f9d 9 su* electric curr5ts an explanation ( sun-spots4 ,x is n meant t a full k c be obta9$ ( _! m9ute con/itution1 nor is x necess>y2 b ! equatorial belt ( six degrees1 ne>ly free f sun-spots1 we c readily und]/& to be caus$--s9ce sun-spots are depressions 9 ! photosph]e d[n to ! deep] & d5s] cl\d /rata b5ea?--by ! equatorial pil+ up ( ! sun's atmosph]e by its rotation4 ,any po9t on ! sun's equator travels at f\r times ! rotational velocity ( "o on ! e>?'s equator1 b ! sun's attraction ( gravity is tw5ty-sev5 & "o-t5? times t ( ! e>?1 s t ! pil+ up ( an atmosph]e ( hydrog5 w\ld be consid]able1 & su* depressions w\ld n ord9>ily exi/ !re4 ,simil>ly1 ne> ! sun's poles we %\ld f9d a gradual d>k5+1 z is ! case2 b f five degrees to ?irty degrees latitude1 ! sun1 9 its rotation1 by reason ( ! incl9ation ( its axis1 passes at e po9t directly b5ea? ! planets1 or )9 _! area ( control1 & "h we f9d ! sol> spots 9 _! greate/ numb]1 size1 & int5sity4 ,^! sun-spots cross ! face ( ! sun 9 ab\t fifte5 days1 & v>y 9 developm5t f ye> to ye>1 hav+ a cycle ( #aa4aa ye>s f maximum to maximum4 ,!y also h a long cycle ( ab\t fifty-six ye>s4 7,see article ,! ,sun1 9 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia47 ,wolf1 9 #ahei1 pres5t$ a =mula by :i* ! frequ5cy ( spots is connect$ ) ! motions ( ! f\r bodies1 ,v5us1 ! e>?1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn4 ,pr(essor ,loomis1 ( ,yale ,college1 has s9ce advocat$ a !ory 7sugge/$ by ! pres5t writ] ,proctor 9 #ahfe1 9 ',saturn & 8 ,sy/em1' page #afh1 note7 t ! long cycle ( fifty-six ye>s is relat$ to ! successive conjunctions ( ,saturn & ,jupit]4 ,b ! association is z yet v f> f be+ demon/rat$1 to say ! lea/4 ,%\ld su* fact be e/abli%$1 an explanation = x w be f\nd 9 ! direct impact ( ! cond5s$ electric curr5ts f sev]al planets approa*+ conjunction1 & rais+ a portion ( ! sun's atmosph]e sudd5ly to a high] temp]ature & volatiliz+ an abnormal proportion ( ! semi-vapor\s metallic core b5ea?4 ,?is w\ld =m an upbur/ pil+ ! int5sely heat$ facul up on ! sides & reveal+ ! relatively d>k] masses ( cl\d b5ea?1 ! cool] sup]natant hydrog5 p\r+ 9 f ! upp] lay]s to fill ! return+ void4 ,?is is precisely :at is se5 9 su* spots & _! surr\nd+ di/urbances4 ,9 ! article ,! ,sun1 above quot$1 we read1 ,mr4 ,hugg9s has f\nd t sev]al ( ! absorption b&s belong+ to ! sol> spectrum are wid] 9 ! spectrum ( a spot1 a circum/ance indicative ( increas$ absorption s f> z ! vapors correspond+ to su* l9es are conc]n$4444 ,ne> ! great spots or gr\ps ( spots !re are (t5 se5 /reaks m lum9\s ?an ! neighbor+ surface1 call$ facul4 ,!y are (t5e/ se5 t[>ds ! bord]s ( ! disk4 ,?is writ] also describes lum9\s bridges across spots :i* s9k into ! vortex & are replac$ by o!rs ( ! numb]less cl\d-l =ms f "o hundr$ to "o ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 ! brilliancy ( :i* s greatly exce$s t ( ! int]v5+ spaces t !y mu/ be recogniz$ z ! pr9cipal radiators ( ! sol> light & heat4 ,! app>5t ret>dation ( ! spots mo/ di/ant f ! sun's equator may also be p>tially1 at lea/1 expla9$ by planet>y curr5ts ( electricity1 z ! equatorial atmosph]e is deep] & m likely to c>ry =w>d su* vortices :5 =m$1 :ile ! planets act m directly on ! sun's mass b5ea? _! direct influ5ce4 ,let u consid] ?is ret>dation ( sun-spots some:at m 9 detail4 ,take1 = example1 ! case ( a l>ge planet at su* orbital position t its direct l9e ( electrical impact w p5etrate ! photosph]e at 7say7 sev5 degrees nor? sol> latitude1 :i* is ab\t fifty-two ?\s& miles f 8 equator4 ,dur+ its annual revolution ?is planet w trav]se1 ) its l9e ( en]gy1 e po9t ( ! sun's surface d[n to sev5 degrees s\? latitude & back aga9 to its initial po9t1 ?us trac+ a close spiral ar\nd ! sun = f\rte5 degrees1 or ab\t "o hundr$ & f\r ?\s& miles 9 wid?4 ,! c5trifugal =ce ( ! sol> rotation piles up ! photosph]e & ! *romosph]e ar\nd ! sun's equator1 precisely z our atmosph]e is pil$ up ar\nd our own equator4 ,if ! planet be a l>ge "o 7= di/ance has b little to d ) ^! electrical curr5ts at planet>y di/ances1 9 :i* !y diff] entirely f light1 heat1 & gravity71 or if !re be two planets ne>ly 9 conjunction1 ! body ( ! *romosph]e & ! surface ( ! photosph]e w gradually become highly heat$1 = curr5ts ( electricity1 ( !mselves1 d n directly heat ! sol> core any m ?an a l curr5t heats ! "u c>bon ( an arc lamp1 ! high temp]ature 9 bo? cases be+ altoge!r due to ! inc&esc5t heat ( ! int]pos$ arc or envelope4 ,facul ( int5se brightness w !n appe> ^u ! photosph]e1 & ^! w be driv5 =w>d & also outw>d 9 ! direction ( ! high] latitudes1 produc+ an oblique =w>d movem5t f diff]5ce ( rotational spe$ at diff]5t portions ( ! sun's surface4 ,simil> ph5om5a are con/antly obs]v$ on ! surface ( ! e>? 9 ! g5]ation & behavior ( cyclones & o!r atmosph]ic di/urbances4 ,!y may be comp>$ to ! wake ( a vessel an*or$ 9 a /rong tide-way4 ,^! facul w sl[ly raise ! temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! sun's core b5ea? to ! po9t ( eruptive volatilization1 & p>ticul>ly s if ! planet is rec$+ f1 in/ead ( advanc+ t[>ds1 ! sol> equator4 ,at "s po9t 9 advance ( ! l9e ( planet>y en]gy an eruption ( volatiliz$ metals w sudd5ly occur1 fir/ ?ru/+ up a va/ area ( ! photosph]e & !n bur/+ x asund]1 :i* w drive ^! ruptur$ masses ) enorm\s spe$ =w>d & obliquely outw>d f ! equator4 ,su* facul 7see ,proctor's ,light ,sci5ce7 sometimes rea* a velocity ( sev5 ?\s& miles p] m9ute1 :ile ! sun's rotational movem5t at ! equator is less ?an sev5ty miles p] m9ute4 ,?is sudd5 eruption w be almo/ imm$iately succe$$ by great expansion & consequ5t fall ( temp]ature1 s t )9 a few h\rs ! heavy volatile metals beg9 to cond5se & rapidly rec$e into _! crat]1 & ! facul 9 front & at ! sides w n[ /ream inw>d to occupy ?is vacuum ) con/antly accel]at$ velocity1 p\r+ ov] ! edges l ! ru% ( wat]s at ! ,falls ( ,niag>a4 ,z !y sweep d[nw>d ov] ! inn] rim ( ! funnel1 ^! /reams ( facul w gl[ ) increas$ :it5ess1 & appe> to be %>ply cut (f at _! inn] ends2 b ?is is only app>5tly s1 & is due to ! position ( ! obs]v]1 :o looks almo/ directly d[nw>d ^u ^! desc5d+ /reams4 ,x is = ! same reason t ! facul appe> m brilliant :5 ne> ! bord]s ( ! sol> disk 7see page #aji74 ,any good view ( a sun-spot :5 analyz$ w %[ ! /reams ( facul ?us p\r+ inw>d1 & !y are among ! mo/ peculi> & conspicu\s ph5om5a to be obs]v$4 ,! draw+s ( ,pr(essor ,langley1 reproduc$ 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,septemb]1 #ahgd1 & ,july1 #ahhe1 are p>ticul>ly /rik+ 9 _! illu/ration ( ^! effects1 ?\gh _! significance & int]pretation 7 n !n at h&4 ,b :ile ^! heavy metallic vapors s rapidly cond5se & subside 9 ! =w>d or initial portion ( ! sun-spot "u obs]vation1 new dep?s ( int5sely-heat$ facul are g5]at$ beh9d1 & ^! op]ate ) r5ew$ en]gy ^u ! fre% surface ( ! sol> core 9 re> ( ! orig9al seat ( eruption2 s t ea* sun-spot1 :ile 9 an active /ate1 w exhibit two entirely di/9ct aspects1 ! =w>d portion ( ! crat] 9 a /ate ( rapid cond5sation & subsid5ce ( ! rec5tly erupt$ metallic vapors1 & ) infl[+ /reams ( inc&esc5t hydrog5 f ! front & sides1 & ! re> portion ( ! crat] up to its re>w>d wall1 & ev5 /ream+ =? f b5ea? x1 9 a /ate ( viol5t eruption4 ,! l>ge volcanic crat]s ( ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s exhibit simil> p>tial eruptions & subsid5ces progress+ simultane\sly 9 ! same dep?s4 ,! sudd5 =mation ( ! great inc&esc5t loops & plumes to :i* ,pr(essor ,langley calls especial att5tion1 & :i* h hi!rto be5 s p]plex+1 c n[ be readily und]/ood & expla9$4 ,if "o ( ^! infl[+ /reams be c>ri$ p>tially d[n into & across ! crat]1 & !n caught1 9 its advance1 by ! upru% 9 ! c5tral or re> portions ( ! cavity1 x w be at once swept upw>d alongside ! asc5d+ eruption1 & ei!r scatt]$ at its =w>d extremity into sprays & plumes1 or else ?r[n =w>d bodily 9 ! =m ( a m or less complete loop4 ,9 a sun-spot fifty ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 su* a loop1 hav+ a long diamet] ( tw5ty ?\s& miles1 if we give a spe$ to ! facul ( sev5 ?\s& miles p] m9ute1 w\ld be =m$ 9 ab\t sev5 m9utes1 dur+ :i* ! sun-spot w\ld itself h advanc$ less ?an five hundr$ miles across ! face ( ! sun4 ,! lum9\s bridges :i* =m s sudd5ly across portions ( ! crat] may be expla9$ 9 a simil> mann]3 !y are /reams ( facul float$ on ! ne>ly balanc$ upru% ( metallic vapors f b5ea?4 ,x w ?us be se5 t a sun-spot is n m]ely a fix$ eruption1 l a volcano1 b r a cont9u\s s]ies ( eruptions1 l a l9e ( activity foll[+1 = example1 ! great t]re/rial volcanic curve :i* ext5ds up ! we/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica1 across ! ,pacific ,ocean & ,asia1 & into ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,europe1 = dur+ its progression its sc5e ( action is con/antly be+ %ift$ to ! re>2 x is l a furr[ cut by a pl\gh1 9 :i* ! upturn$ sod is con/antly fall+ 9 at "o end ( ! furr[ :ile ! pl\gh is cutt+ a new furr[ at ! o!r1 except t 9 ?is case ! pl\gh is relatively fix$ ov]head1 & ! field itself passes along b5ea? x4 ,consequ5tly1 ! c5t] ( activity ( a sun-spot is only 9 its re> portions1 g5]ally consid]$1 & ! :ole sun-spot is gradually retreat+1 by successive fill+ up 9 front & op5+ out beh9d1 f>!r & f>!r to ! re>1--t is to say1 to ! ea/1--s t ret>dation relatively to ! rotational advance ( ! photosph]e necess>ily ensues4 ,b :5 ! sun-spot is develop$ ^u or ne> ! equatorial l9e ?is ret>dation is n s consid]able1 = ! deep] lay]s ( ! photosph]e 9 ^? regions are sl[] to act & require great] en]gy to affect !m1 s t all except deep & viol5t eruptions fail to %[ !mselves at ! surface at all1 & ! heat$ facul are c>ri$ directly =w>d along ! surface ( ! equatorial swell1 s t ! c5t] ( activity is driv5 =w>d m rapidly ?an 9 ! high] latitudes1 & ! rate ( progression is m ne>ly co9cid5t ) t ( ! photosph]e4 ,b if ^! facts are correctly /at$ & expla9$1 we may h to revise our calculations ( ! sun's rotational p]iod1 = ret>dation to "s ext5t mu/ occur 9 all cases1 if 9 any4 ,a sun-spot1 we ?us p]ceive1 is an elongat$ wave or ridge ( eruption along ! rotational direction ( ! sun's body4 ,:y1 !n1 x may be ask$1 is n ?is l9e ( eruption cont9u\s entirely ar\nd ! sun8 ,= ! same reason1 x may be answ]$1 t our own cyclones are n cont9u\s1 ?\gh caus$ sub/antially 9 ! same mann]1 & t volcanic eruptions only occur at long int]vals1 ?\gh ! =ces at "w are cont9u\s4 ,l[]+ ( temp]ature foll[s swiftly aft] eruption1 & z ! deep] /ructures ( ! sol> nucleus become gradually affect$1 in/ead ( volatilization ( ! out] lay]s ( ! surface1 we w h diffus$ gase\s expansion ( l>ge portions1 & f9ally ( ! entire sol> mass1 :i* _c z a :ole be volatiliz$ by any conceivable planet>y en]gy4 ,we see ^! op]ations exemplifi$ 9 heat+ a b> ( copp] 9 a ,buns5 flame2 ! latt] fir/ turns gre5 f surface volatilization ( ! copp]1 b z ! heat is communicat$ to ! deep] /ructures ! gre5 flame disappe>s1 & ! :ole additional heat goes to raise ! temp]ature ( ! mass4 ,^! processes 9 ! sun are ?us se5 to be self-comp5satory 9 _! nature4 ,!y are ! means provid$ to di/ribute ! re/rict$ areas ( abnormally heat$ photosph]e ov] ! sol> surface1 & f9ally to cause ! absorption ( ! :ole excess ( heat 9 ! sun's c5tral mass4 ,! balance is s ev5ly ma9ta9$1 h[ev]1 t1 7 all ! planets equally di/ribut$ ) ref]5ce to ! sun's surface1 su* sun-spots w\ld be ! exception & n ! rule1 & _! di/ribution w\ld be equal & con/ant2 b1 z ! planets cont9ually *ange _! positions ) ref]5ce to ! sun & to ea* o!r1 only by "s su* provision ( nature c\ld ! int]nal /ructure ( ! sun be ma9ta9$ )\t s]i\s d]angem5t1 or1 inde$1 f9al disruption4 ,s nature di/ributes h] /ores ( heat ^u ! e>?4 ,^! beautiful self-comp5sations we %all f9d sudd5ly appe>+1 z we advance1 9 all p>ts ( ! field ( a/ronomical rese>*4 ,x may seem l tem]ity to advance /atem5ts s positive & specific z to ! cause1 con/itution1 & progression ( sun-spots1 9 ! abs5ce ( any consid]able accumulation ( obs]vations to su/a9 !m1 b ! few examples :i* we h not$ are 9 accordance ) ^! views1 & :5 att5tion is once call$ to ! basic pr9ciples on :i* !y dep5d1 obs]vations w d\btless be made 9 abundance to prove or disprove :at has be5 "h /at$4 ,! m]e fact ( a diff]5tial rate ( advance among sun-spots1 z !y pass across ! sol> face1 ( itself demon/rates t ! active causes ( ^! ph5om5a mu/ be extra-sol>1 & if s1 _! only possible dynamic s\rce mu/ be look$ = 9 ! planets1 & ! rema9+ conclusions w ( necessity foll[ z a coroll>y4 ,we may ev51 by m]ely exam9+ an accurate draw+ ( a sun-spot1 det]m9e its position & direction ^u ! sol> sph]e f :i* x 0 del9eat$ by its l9es ( active eruption & influx ( facul1 & also :e!r x be a new spot or "o :i* has pass$ entirely beyond its active /age & is ab\t to f9ally disappe>4 ,z = ! facul :i* /riate ! photosph]e1 ! mottl+s & s-call$ will[-leaves1 any "o :o w quietly gaze d[nw>d ^u ! turbid surface ( ! ,mississippi or o!r simil> riv]1 9 mid-*annel1 w see pl5ty ( su* facul3 ! riv] is full ( !m4 ,! heavi]1 int]m+l$ clay1 sl[ly subsid+1 is caught up 9 ! turmoil b5ea? ! surface & swept upw>d 9 elongat$ ovals & eddies1 ! l>g] swells ne>ly colorless1 & o!rs ( all %ades ( o*re & yell[1 & ! :ole z ri*ly mottl$1 sometimes1 z ! v>iegat$ patt]n ( a ,p]sian c>pet4 ,if we sub/itute = ! subsid+ clay ! rapidly s9k+ heavy metallic vapors1 & enl>ge ! scale f ! dim5sions ( ! riv] to ^? ( ! sun1 we w h ! mottl$ sol> surface ) its kaleidoscopic *anges1 ! s-call$ will[-leaves1 & ! facul 9 all _! glory4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! sun w %[ mo/ cle>ly t only 9 "s su* explanation z ! pres5t view af=ds c a rational basis = its v>i$ ph5om5a be f\nd4 ,if ! sun's equator 7 co9cid5t ) ! plane ( ! planet>y orbits1 x is obvi\s t all ! planet>y en]gies w\ld be direct$1 :atev] ! position ( ! planets ar\nd ! sun1 imm$iately ^u ?is equatorial great circle1 & t1 at ea* revolution ^u 8 axis1 correspond+ ne>ly to our cal5d> mon?1 ! same "p ( 8 sph]e w\ld be expos$ to ^! direct curr5ts1 s t ! int5sity w\ld be1 9 its aggregate1 ne>ly a con/ant quantity4 ,b1 by reason ( ! sun's axial incl9ation ( sev5 degrees to ! plane ( ! planet>y orbits1 a f> m complex & important condition ( affairs ensues4 ,x w be se5 at once t ! plane ( ! planet>y orbits int]sects ! sun's equator at opposite sides1 & t1 f a m9imum ( no?+1 ?is l9e rea*es a maximum1 twice 9 ea* circumf]5ce1 ( sev5 degrees1 "o nor? & ! o!r s\? ( ! equator1 & t ?is arc ( f\rte5 degrees1 ?us trav]s$ by e planet 9 its orbital rotation ar\nd ! sun1 measures m ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& miles f nor? to s\? ^u ! sol> surface1 ne>ly "o-half ! di/ance :i* sep>ates ! e>? f ! moon4 ,if all ! planets 7 9 conjunction or ne>ly s1 on "o side ( ! sun1 = example1 & 9 ! v]tical plane ( ! sun's axis1 !y w\ld cont9ue to deliv] _! electrical curr5ts ) _! greate/ int5sity ^u a s+le po9t ( 8 surface fifty-two ?\s& miles nor? ( 8 equator1 :ile ! opposite po9t1 "o hundr$ & f\r ?\s& miles di/ant1 w\ld be unaffect$ by any direct curr5ts at all4 ,conv]sely1 if 9 conjunction on ! opposite side ( ! sun1 !y w\ld cont9ue to deliv] ^! curr5ts ^u a correspond+ po9t fifty-two ?\s& miles s\? ( ! equator2 b if 9 conjunction 9 ! v]tical plane transv]se to ! sun's axial incl9ation1 ^! curr5ts on ei!r side ( ! sun w\ld be deliv]$ directly ^u ! sol> equator4 ,! importance ( ?is w be und]/ood :5 x is consid]$ t = _m ( our ye>s su* planets z ,jupit] & ,saturn mu/ cont9ue to direct _! curr5ts ^u a v sl[ly *ang+ po9t ( ! sun's surface1 by reason ( _! va/ annual rotational p]iod1 :ile ) ! e>? & ! int]ior planets ^! v>i\s po9ts are /ruck ) ev]-increas+ rapidity z ! ye> decreases 9 l5g? ) ! diff]5t planets1 ! e>?1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury4 ,!re is a sol> equ9octial1 s to speak1 j z !re is a t]re/rial equ9octial 9 :i* ! sun crosses ! l9e twice ea* ye>1 & ! meteorological di/urbances fa9tly %[n on ! e>? at su* times are va/ly increas$ on ! sun1 & r5d]$ f> m complex by ! int]action ( _m planets ^u ! sun1 in/ead ( a s+le sun ^u ea* planet4 ,:ile our equ9octial has to d ) gravity & light & heat1 & probably magnetism1 ! sol> equ9octial deals ) ! va/ electrical /reams :i* fe$ its fires & set x boil+ ) furi\s en]gy1 fir/ at "o po9t1 !n at ano!r1 until ! increm5t has be5 absorb$ & adju/$1 & ?us equaliz$ ?r\gh\t 8 mass4 ,:at a new int]e/ ?is mu/ ar\se 9 our /udy ( sun-spots1 facul1 prom95ces1 sun-/orms1 & ! va/ panorama ( sol> action hung up be=e our a/oni%$ eyes6 ,a new _w "h awaits its ,columbus4 ,b n only ! planets ?us ga!r1 s to speak1 electricity = ! sun's support f space2 ! moon also mu/ d its "p1 z x rotates 9 ! same mann]1 subject to ! sun1 & has its own motion ?r\gh space4 ,b an exam9ation ( ! moon %[s no atmosph]e & no aque\s matt] visible to u1 & also ! s+ul> fact t x con/antly pres5ts "o side only to ! e>?4 ,r4 ,kalley ,mill]1 9 8 ,romance ( ,a/ronomy1 article ,! ,moon1 says1 ,aft] an elaborate analysis1 ,pr(essor ,haus51 ( ,go?a1 f\nd t x c\ld be acc\nt$ = only by suppos+ t ! side ( ! moon ne>e/ u 0 light] ?an ! o!r1 & h5ce t its c5t] ( gravity 0 n at its c5t] ( figure1 b consid]ably ne>] ! side ( x :i* is always turn$ away f u4 ,he calculates ! di/ance betwe5 ^! c5t]s to be ne>ly ?irty-five miles1 evid5tly a mo/ important ecc5tricity1 :5 we rememb] t ! radius ( ! moon is little ov] a ?\s& miles4 ,x mu/ h be5 produc$ by "s great int]nal convulsion aft] ! moon assum$ its solid /ate2 b ! =ces requir$ to produce ?is disruption are less ?an might at fir/ sight appe> necess>y1 ow+ to ! fact t ! =ce ( gravitation & ! weight ( matt] are six times less at ! moon ?an ) u4 ,^? :o are fond ( ! s-call$ ,argum5t ( ,design w be gratifi$ to le>n t1 if ! moon _h a rotation ^u its own axis simil> to t ( ! e>?1 all life--pa/1 pres5t or future--w\ld h be5 impossible on t satellite or planet2 & t1 on ! contr>y1--provid$ %e always turns ! same side ( h] surface to ! e>?1--x is q possible t air1 wat]1 & life may exi/1 or may h exi/$1 on ! opposite side ( ! moon1 b n o!rwise4 ,9 fact1 air & wat] mu/ n[ exi/ on ! opposite side2 &1 s9ce h] :ole supply w ?us be cond5s$ ^u half h] surface or less1 ev5 ) h] small =ce ( gravity1 x may be q suffici5t 9 quantity & d5sity = ! support ( animal1 vegetable1 or ev5 human life4 ,by reason ( ?is diff]5ce 9 ! lun> c5t] ( gravity1 ! side pres5t$ to ! e>? 9 physical position is simil> to ! summit ( a m\nta9 ^u ! e>?'s surface two hundr$ miles high1 & surely we w\ld n expect to f9d mu* air or wat] or life at t altitude4 ,b ! opposite side w\ld resemble a *ampagne c\ntry at ! foot ( ?is enorm\s m\nta91 & might be well fitt$ = human exi/5ce4 ,n[1 we "k t simil> electricities repel ea* o!r1 & air or gases *>g$ ) simil> electricities are equally self-repell5t4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 9 8 ,lessons 9 ,electricity1 says1 ,! electricity escap+ f a po9t or flame into ! air r5d]s ! air self-repulsive4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t :5 ! h& is plac$ ov] a po9t m\nt$ on ! prime conductor ( a good ma*9e1 a cold bla/ is di/9ctly felt4444 ,! bla/ is call$ ! 'electric w9d4' ,wilson mov$ bodies by its action2 ,f>aday caus$ x to depress ! surface ( a liquid2 ,hamilton employ$ ! reaction ( ! electric w9d to make po9t$ wires rotate4 ,! w9d 0 also f\nd to promote evaporation4 ,:ile electrical repulsion is d\btless analog\s to1 & correlative )1 ! attraction ( gravitation1 ?is =ce1 & ev5 gravity itself1 has be5 sometimes int]pret$ z d]iv$ f ! mutually int]act+ molecules ( space itself4 ,we may ev5 le>n some:at ( h[ su* repulsions ( simil> & attractions ( opposite electrosph]es might occur4 ,we con/antly speak ( positive & negative electricity z ?\gh ^! 7 diff]5t fluids1 b su* expressions are employ$ only 9 ! same mann] z ! analog\s t]ms1 heat & cold4 ,we "k1 ( c\rse1 t cold is ! relative abs5ce ( heat1 ! divid+ l9e be+ n a fix$1 b a con/antly *ang+ "o1 s t "o body is cold to ano!r by reason ( relative1 & n absolute1 deprivation ( heat4 ,x is well kn[n1 h[ev]1 t cold1 :i* is purely a negative /ate1 manife/s ! same app>5t radiant en]gy z heat4 ,a vessel ne> an iceb]g is expos$ to a wave ( cold1 precisely z ( heat f a heat$ body at ! same di/ance4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is due to ab/raction & n to increm5t4 ,all space be+ occupi$ by att5uat$ matt] 9 a /ate ( un/able electrical equilibrium1 z we say1 :i* simply means a condition ready to be rais$ or l[]$ 9 t5sion by absorption f or into outside m$ia1 all concrete bodies float+ 9 t space mu/ h an electrical pot5tial ei!r equal to1 or high]1 or else l[] ?an t ( _! surr\nd+ space4 ,a solit>y body 9 space1 if we c conceive ( su*1 9 ei!r a high] or l[] /ate ( electrical t5sion1 w\ld be drawn ^u f all sides to equalize ! di/ribution & re/ore ! g5]al av]age4 ,b if two bodies occupy ! same field1 & are widely diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 electrical pot5tial1 "o high] & ! o!r l[] ?an t ( space1 ?is di/ribution w be t[>ds ea* o!r1 & mu/ be manife/$ by mutual attraction4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 ^! two bodies are bo? equally high] or l[] ?an ! spatial av]age1 !y h no?+ to give to ea* o!r1 b h ?is diff]5ce to give to or receive only f out] space1 & h5ce !y w be drawn ap>t or1 z we say1 mutually repell$4 ,! case is simil> to :at we see 9 ! case ( bodies ( wat] at v>i\s levels4 ,suppose !re be a lake ( a fix$ level1 & communicat+ ) x & ) ea* o!r1 by op5 *annels1 two ponds ( wat] occupy+ an isl& 9 ! middle ( ! lake4 ,if "o ( ^! ponds be high] 9 level & ! o!r l[] ?an ! lake1 _! wat]s w rapidly conv]ge1 ! high] fl[+ into ! l[]2 b if bo? are at ! same level1 & high] ?an ! lake1 !y w fl[ ap>t into ! lake4 ,or1 if bo? are at ! same level1 & l[] ?an ! lake1 ! wat] ( ! latt] w equally fl[ f outside into bo? ponds1 & _! wat]s w /ill be held sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,! analogies ( ^! v>i\s levels may be pursu$ to any desir$ ext5t1 z electrical t5sions f9d _! mo/ exact analogies 9 ! pressures ( bodies ( wat] at diff]5t levels & ( diff]5t quantities1 & ^! analogies are ^? mo/ con/antly us$ 9 ! int]pretation ( su* electrical ph5om5a4 ,! great electrical activity ( ! electrosph]es ( ! e>? & moon1 :ile !y dis*>ge _! trem5d\s curr5ts directly into ! sun1 at ! same "t mu/ cause _! simil>ly electrifi$ atmosph]es to mutually repel ea* o!r1 :ile gravity cont9ues to op]ate to ma9ta9 ! e>? & moon at _! fix$ di/ances f ea* o!r1 & to reta9 _! gase\s envelopes ar\nd _! own bodies4 ,! result mu/ be t ^! simil>ly electrifi$ atmosph]es repel ea* o!r ) a =ce proportion$ to _! masses ( atmosph]e & ! int5sity ( ! electricities ( ea*4 ,! moon's axial rotation be+ complet$ b once 9 tw5ty-eight days1 & t ( ! e>? once 9 ea* day1 & ! moon's mass & volume be+ s mu* less ?an ^? ( ! e>?1 :atev] ( electrifi$ air or moi/ure %e may h 7& %e mu/ h bo?1 proportionate to h] attributes7 w\ld h be5 driv5 z by a cyclone to ! opposite side ( ! moon & !re reta9$4 ,n[1 ) an atmosph]e & wat] only on "o side ( ! moon1 & t ! side opposite ! e>?1 x is obvi\s t a rotation on h] axis at all resembl+ t ( ! e>? w\ld c>ry e "p ( h] surface1 at ea* complete rotation1 f a region ( air & moi/ure into "o depriv$ ( bo?1 & 9 su* a condition %e w\ld ( necessity be depriv$ ( bo? life & its possibility2 h5ce1 z ! laws ( nature compel ! lun> atmosph]e & moi/ure to reside p]man5tly on ! side always opposite ! e>?1 a co-ord9ate arre/ ( ! moon's axial motion ) ref]5ce to ! e>? c\ld alone comp5sate = su* a /ate ( ?+s1 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 we f9d z a solit>y exception1 comp>$ ) ! planets1 t su* is ! case4 ,! moon unque/ionably has bo? atmosph]e & wat] on its opposite side4 ,9 8 rec5t "w1 ,9 ! ,high ,heav5s1 ,pr(essor ,ball reviews ! physical conditions ( ! o!r planets z possible abodes ( life4 ,he pron\nces aga9/ ! moon because night & day w\ld ea* be a =tnight 9 l5g?2 b ?is is surely no objection1 = ev5 9 ,norway & ,gre5l& su* nights & days are n uncommon at diff]5t seasons1 & ?\s&s ( human be+s1 ev5 z at pres5t con/itut$ on e>?1 sp5d _! lives !re 9 cont5t & happ9ess4 ,t ! moon also w\ld be t]ribly scor*$ by ! long day & froz5 by ! long night does n necess>ily foll[1 = ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s1 t au?or says1 to a l>ge ext5t mitigates ! fi]c5ess ) :i* ! sun's rays w\ld beat d[n on ! globe if x 7 devoid ( su* protection4 ,z ! moon's opposite face mu/ h a d\ble quota bo? ( atmosph]e & cl\ds1 ! difficulty w be correspond+ly less ?an on ,m>s2 & z = ! lightness ( bodies on ! moon1 !y w\ld probably get along q z well z mosquitoes & l birds ( prey 9 ! m>%es along our coa/s4 ,! au?or ref]s con/antly to our bodies2 = example1 ,c\ld we live on a planet l ,neptune8 ,no1 we c\ld n2 we w\ld be dead be=e we got !re4 ,nor c\ld we live 9 ! b>k ( a tree1 or at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 or 9 a globule ( s]um2 b liv+ be+s are f\nd !re nev]!less4 ,! pr9ciple is t :]ev] life is possible !re we may expect to f9d life2 & surely life is1 or has be51 or w be possible1 n only on ! moon1 s f> z our k ( physical conditions c g1 b also on "s ( ! o!r planets4 ,( c\rse ea* planet has its life /age1 b ?is applies n only to ! e>?1 b to all ! o!r planets z well1 & n only to ! planets ( our own sy/em1 b to ^? ( all o!r sol> sy/ems4 ,ea* has _h1 or w h1 its /age 9 :i* life is possible1 & ^! planets may be l human habitations1 9 :i* :ole races at times migrate f "o home to ano!r4 ,!re is no conceivable reason :y ?is may n be ! g5]al law ( creation1 & e analogy leads u to believe t x is s4 ,x has be5 rec5tly ann\nc$ t1 f telescopic obs]vations1 ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s mu/ be at lea/ z att5uat$ z t among ! highe/ m\nta9\s regions ( ! e>?1 if ?is planet has any atmosph]e at all4 ,t x mu/ be f> less d5se ?an t ( ! e>? at sea-level is obvi\s1 = ! mass & volume ( ,m>s are v mu* less ?an ^? ( our own planet2 b t ,m>s is devoid ( a gase\s envelope or atmosph]e is contr>y to :at we "k ( all sid]eal physics4 ,! sun1 ! fix$ />s1 ! comets1 ! nebul1 & ev5 ! meteoroli?ic fragm5ts :i* fall ^u ! e>?1 all %[ ! same elem5t>y *emical con/itution z ! e>? itself1 & we _c believe t ,m>s alone is diff]5tly con/itut$ f e o!r body we h be5 able to exam9e4 ,we h direct evid5ce1 on ?is planet1 ( pol> sn[s & _! melt+ away "u ! sun's heat2 we see ! app>5t areas ( sea & l&2 x has its moons z ! e>? has h]s1 & exhibits all ! *>act]i/ic ph5om5a ( ! e>? & o!r planets4 ,all sid]eal bodies t we "k (1 except1 p]haps1 our moon1 :i* exception we h fully acc\nt$ =1 are f\nd to be surr\nd$ by gase\s envelopes or atmosph]es ( "s sort4 ,! sun1 ! fix$ />s1 ! nuclei ( comets1 ! cond5s+ nebul1 ! planets ,jupit] & ! e>?1 :i* are ^? "u our mo/ direct obs]vation1 & ev5 ! meteorites1 :5 exam9$1 reveal ! pres5ce ( _m times _! own volumes ( indep5d5t atmosph]ic gases2 & :atev] may be ! !ory ( ! orig9 or developm5t ( ,m>s1 x mu/ h be5 subject$ to ! same influ5ces1 ! same environm5t1 & ! same processes ( creation z ^? ( our sol> sy/em g5]ally2 & t ?is body alone %\ld possess no gase\s envelope--= ! d5ial ( atmosph]e d5ies1 at ! same "t1 ! pres5ce ( any or all surr\nd+ gases--is q incr$ible4 ,only ! mo/ positive1 direct1 & long-cont9u$ pro(s ( su* fact c\ld be accept$1 & ev5 !n ! hi/ory ( all sci5tific progress %[s t :at are believ$ to be facts !mselves fluctuate l fancies till1 by _! accumulat$ =ce1 !y solidify into univ]sally accept$ demon/ration4 ,! fact1 moreov]1 t ! atmosph]es ( ! small] planets are m att5uat$ ?an our own & ^? ( ! l>g] ones d5s] has no be>+1 9 itself1 on ! probability ( ! exi/5ce ( life on ^! o!r planets1 = 9 our own atmosph]e oxyg51 :i* is ! effici5t elem5t1 is dilut$ ) f\r times its quantity ( in]t nitrog54 ,^! proportions d\btless v>y l>gely 9 o!r atmosph]es1 s t ! oxyg5 may be mu* ri*] 9 "s & f> poor]1 relatively1 9 o!rs4 ,! m]e fact t ! pres5ce ( nitrog51 probably1 & aque\s vapor1 c]ta9ly1 dep5ds on ! gravity ( ! mass ( ea* planet1 :ile ! oxyg5 is due to electrolytic decomposition induc$ by ! comb9$ volume1 mass1 & rotation1 & o!r causes1--su* z ! axial incl9ation ( su* planets1 = example1--r5d]s ^! v>iations 9 ! con/itution ( planet>y atmosph]es a c]ta9ty4 ,z ,m>s has a diamet] mu* m ?an "o-half t ( ! e>?1 & a diurnal rotational p]iod ne>ly ! same1 :ile 8 mass1 :i* controls ! action ( gravity1 is only ab\t "o-n9? t ( ! e>? 7see ,appleton's ,cyclopdia71 x is obvi\s t 8 oxyg5-ga!r+ p[]1 comp>$ ) t = accumulat+ nitrog5 & aque\s vapor1 is mu* high] ?an t ( ! e>?1 & we %\ld expect to f9d !re an att5uat$ atmosph]e v ri* 9 oxyg51 & ) a relatively small] proportion ( aque\s vapor1 or ev5 wat]1 on 8 surface4 ,su* seem to be ! facts z f> z obs]v$4 ,9 op]at+ an electric ma*9e ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t is directly proportionate to ! spe$ ( rotation1--t is to say1 to ! velocity ( ! g5]at+ surface2 = example1 ( ! ,wim%ur/ induction ma*9e x is /at$ 7page #fc1 ,electricity 9 ! ,s]vice ( ,man71 ,^! f\r-&-"o-half in* dis*>ges take place 9 regul> succession at e two & a half turns ( ! h&le4 ,x is also a well-e/abli%$ law ( electrolysis t ,! am\nt ( decomposition effect$ by ! curr5t is 9 proportion to ! curr5t /r5g?4 ,pr(essor ,f]guson 7,electricity1 page #bbe7 says ( ! voltamet]1 an in/rum5t devis$ by ,f>aday1 & us$ = te/+ ! /r5g? ( curr5ts by ! proportionate decomposition ( acidulat$ wat]1 ,mix$ gases rise into ! tube1 & ! quantity ( gas giv5 (f 9 a giv5 "t measures ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,r\ghly e/imat+ ! diamet] ( ,m>s at five-eigh?s1 ! surface velocity at ?ree-fif?s1 & ! mass at "o-n9? ^? ( ! e>?1 ?is planet %\ld h an atmosph]e conta9+ ab\t sixty p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 & =ty ( nitrog51 ) a b>ometric pressure at sea-level ( ab\t six & "o-half in*es ( m]cury4 ,?is w\ld be an excell5t atmosph]e1--ab\t equal 9 its quota ( oxyg5 = ea* respiration to t ( ! high] areas ( ,p]sia1 a great c\ntry = roses4 ,! aque\s vapors ly+ l[ & ne> ! surface w\ld s]ve z a vapor\s scre5 to conc5trate & reta9 ! sun's heat & ret>d radiation f t planet4 ,no?+ 9 p>ticul> seems to be ! matt] ) ,m>s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! mass ( ,jupit] is s great1 & 8 attraction ( gravity s p[]ful1 t x is only by 8 exce$+ly rapid diurnal rotation 7once 9 less ?an t5 h\rs7 t x is possible = him to accumulate any effective p]c5tage ( oxyg5 at all4 ,b !re is c]ta9ly pl5ty ( wat] !re4 ,we may approximately compute1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ! proportion ( oxyg5 9 ! atmosph]es ( ! o!r planets 9 ! same way4 ,neptune1 x is true1 is s f> di/ant f ! sun t ! sol> orb only appe>s ab\t ! same magnitude z ,v5us :5 at its greate/ brilliancy1 z view$ f ! e>?1 b we mu/ n =get t ! int5sity ( ! sun's light w\ld be m ?an t5 ?\s& times great] ?an t ( ,v5us 7,pr(essor ,dunk91 9 ,! ,midnight ,sky74 ,unless ! moon ga!rs a portion ( ! e>?'s oxyg5 7! planet>y satellites1 l ,saturn's r+s1 ?us con/itut+ 9 _! rotations a con/itu5t "p ( ! planets !mselves71 ! p]c5tage ( ?is gas 9 h] atmosph]e mu/ be exce$+ly small1 = h] axial rotation has a p]iod ( a :ole lun> mon?1 be+ ! same z t ( h] revolution ar\nd ! e>? z a c5t]4 ,! abs5ce ( app>5t atmosph]e & moi/ure f ! visible lun> surface has already be5 m5tion$ & expla9$4 ,! means by :i* ?is fact has be5 approximately det]m9$ are describ$ by ,pr(essor ,dunk91 9 ,! ,midnight ,sky1 z foll[s3 ,among ! _m pro(s ( ! non-exi/5ce ( a lun> atmosph]e1 x may be m5tion$ t no wat] c be se52 at lea/ !re is n a suffici5t quantity 9 any "o spot s z to be visible f ! e>?4 ,aga91 !re are no cl\ds2 = if !re 71 we %\ld imm$iately discov] !m by ! v>iable light & %ade :i* !y w\ld produce4 ,b "o great pro( ( ! abs5ce ( any l>ge am\nt ( vapor be+ susp5d$ ov] ! lun> surface is ! sudd5 ext9ction ( a /> :5 occult$ by ! moon4 ,! au?or has be5 a con/ant obs]v] ( ^! ph5om5a1 &1 ?\gh 8 exp]i5ce is ( long /&+1 he has nev] obs]v$ an occultation ( a /> or planet1 especially at ! unillum9at$ edge ( a "y moon1 )\t hav+ 8 conviction confirm$ t !re is no appreciable lun> atmosph]e4444 ,pr(essor ,*allis has subject$ ! results ( a l>ge numb] ( ^! obs]vations to a sev]e ma!matical te/1 b he has n be5 able to discov] ! slighte/ trace ( any effect produc$ by a lun> atmosph]e4 ,9 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia1 article ,! ,moon1 x is /at$ t ,s*rt] 7ab\t #ahjj7 claim$ to h discov]$ indications ( vegetation on ! surface ( ! moon4 ,^! consi/ ( c]ta9 traces ( a gre5i% t9t :i* appe> & reappe> p]iodically2 mu* z ! :ite spots cov]+ ! pol> regions ( ,m>s4444 ,z we are able1 "u ! mo/ favorable conditions1 to use ^u ! moon telescopic p[]s :i* h ! effect ( br++ ! satellite to )9 "o hundr$ & fifty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles ( u1 we %\ld d\btless notice any su* m>k$ *anges on h] surface z ! passage ( ! seasons produces1 = example1 on our own globe4 ,v rec5tly 7,augu/ #ab1 #ahid71 x has be5 /at$1 ,pr(essor ,ga?mann has obs]v$ a peculi> gre5 spot ab\t =ty by sev5ty miles 9 area ne> ! crat] ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 on ! nor?we/]n edge ( ! satellite's upp] limb1 :i* _h disappe>$ tw5ty-two h\rs aft]w>ds4 ,we und]/&1 ( c\rse1 t ! moon's librations1 by ! v>iation ( position ( ! lun> body1 enable u to see1 at times1 ar\nd ! edge ( ?is satellite some:at1 s t1 in/ead ( obs]v+ only "o-half1 we c 9 ?is way see ne>ly six-t5?s ( h] surface1 b n at ! same "t1 ( c\rse4 ,:5 ! moon is d>k x occupies a position betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 & only its opposite face is illum9at$4 ,9 ?is position ! attraction ( sol> gravity & ! attraction ( ! electrically opposite sol> electrosph]e bo? accumulate _! =ces ^u ! moon's atmosph]e 9 ! same l9e z ! repulsion ( ! e>?'s simil> electricity1 s t ! lun> moi/ure & atmosph]e are1 at ?is "p ( h] subord9ate orbit1 mo/ p[]fully =c$ away f ! direction ( ! e>?4 ,z ! moon n[ proce$s t[>ds h] fir/ qu>t]1 ! t]re/rial repulsion drives h] atmosph]e radially outw>d1 :ile sol> gravity & electrical attraction t5d to hold x 9 ! direction ( ! sun4 ,! result w be an electrosph]ic libration1 s to speak1 & ! moon's atmosph]e & moi/ure w be c>ri$ ar\nd t[>ds its illum9at$ face &1 to "s ext5t1 w ov]lap ! area ( t]re/rial repulsion4 ,b z ! moon advances ?is w gradually dim9i%1 soon cease1 & f9ally be rev]s$ z x aga9 approa*es d>kness4 ,we c n[ und]/& :y ! gre5 surface1 if x really 0 due to vegetation1 appe>$ along ! lun> m>g9 at ! "t describ$ above1 & also t ! obs]vation ( planet>y occultations at ! unillum9at$ edge ( ! "y moon 0 ! v wor/ "p ( ! moon & its orbit 9 :i* to look = air or moi/ure2 z ! sun's influ5ce is !n directly away f ! unillum9at$ surface ( ! moon1 & 8 pull w\ld h1 9 fact1 /ill fur!r d5ud$ ! v portion mo/ p]si/5tly exam9$1 & :]e ?is abs5ce ( atmosph]e 0 especially not$4 ,:5 consid]+ ! transf]5ce ( en]gy f ! p]iph]al regions ( ! sol> sy/em to ! c5t]1 its conv]sion !re into a new =m ( molecul> =ce1 & its subsequ5t di/ribution1 we f9d a curi\s & in/ructive p>allel 9 ! action ( ! reflex n]v\s sy/em ( animal life4 ,?is sy/em is "o 9 :i* ! bra9 or o!r consci\s c5t] ( n]ve-en]gy takes no "p4 ,tickle ! foot ( a *ild1 = example1 & its :ole muscul> sy/em is ?r[n into uncontrollable convulsions ( laught]4 ,"h an excit+ contact ) ! t]m9al filam5ts ( ! aff]5t or s5sory n]ves is rapidly c>ri$ into ! local n]ve-c5t] ( ?is "p ( ! sy/em1--t is1 ! s5sory column ( ! sp9al cord4 ,?is c5t] ( ganglionic n]ve-matt] lies directly aga9/ ! correspond+ motor mass1 bo? freely communicat+ ) ea* o!r4 ,! s5sory curr5t pass+ into its c5tral ganglion und]goes "s peculi> *ange ( "*1 probably "o ( int5sification1 su* z is obs]v$ 9 ! action ( ! cond5s] ( an electrical ma*9e1 ?r\gh :i* s5sory ganglion1 ?us rais$ 9 pot5tial1 x passes to ! motor ganglion adjac5t1 :]e x is in/antly trans=m$ into an entirely diff]5t =m ( en]gy4 ,! s5sory "* has n[ entirely disappe>$1 & x has be5 conv]t$ into & is fla%$ =? z motor en]gy to ! diff]5t muscles ( ! body1 :i* are imm$iately contract$1 ! viol5t molecul> motion ( ! fibres be+ at once conv]t$ into muscul> motion 9 mass4 ,! *anges are entirely analog\s to ^? we see 9 ! diff]5t conv]sions ( en]gy 9 our sol> sy/em4 ,consid]+ ! surface ( ! body z a planet>y electrosph]e1 x is act$ ^u by excitation f )\t2 curr5ts ( en]gy are eng5d]$1 :i* are at once transmitt$ to ! s5sory ganglion1 correspond+ to ! hydrog5 atmosph]e or electrosph]e ( ! sun2 int5sification ( action "h ensues1 ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ?is ganglion or atmosph]e into ! sol> body itself1 :i* corresponds to ! motor ganglion2 bo? ganglia are n[ highly excit$2 ! electrical =ce is conv]t$ into ! radiant molecul> motor en]gy ( heat & light 9 ! sun & muscul> excitem5t 9 ! body1 & ^! are fla%$ =? & f9d scope = _! action )9 ! body ( ! subject or ^u ! surface ( ! planets1 :i* lie1 l ! muscul> /ructure ( ! body1 )9 ! g5etic electrosph]e :]e1 act$ ^u f )\t & by ag5cies entirely ext]nal1 mov+ contact has induc$ ! prim>y molecul> action1 :i* 0 !n in/antane\sly transf]r$ to ! c5t]1 !re conv]t$ into ano!r =m1 t ( motor en]gy1 & !nce s5t =? to produce action 9 ! muscles ( ! body 9 ! "o case1 & 9 ! o!r ^u ! planet>y bodies & _! satellites & o!r /ructures :i* occupy surr\nd+ space4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,& ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,sol> ,,en]gy4 ,:at1 !n1 becomes ( ! light & heat fla%$ =? ) et]nal en]gy f ! fi]y waves ( ! sun's inc&esc5t atmosph]e8 ,pr(essor ,ball 7,9 ! ,high ,heav5s7 says1 ,mu* ( :at has be5 said ) reg>d to light may be repeat$ ) reg>d to heat4 ,we "k t radiant heat consi/s ( e!real undulations ( ! same "* z ! waves ( light4 ,h5ce we see t ! heat or ! light radiat$ f a gl[+ gas is ma9ly provid$ at ! exp5se ( ! en]gy possess$ by ! molecules 9 virtue ( _! int]nal oscillations4 ,conv]sely1 ( c\rse1 ! e!real undulations ?us induc$ by high molecul> motion 9 ! heat$ gas or vapor mu/ disappe> 9 s-call$ absorption or transf]5ce by contact ) o!r molecules1 !mselves devoid ( su* specific int]nal oscillations4 ,! heat motion !n disappe>s z heat by its conv]sion into "w1 j z ! motion ( a belt 9 a mill disappe>s 9 ! "w ( ! ma*9e :i* x drives4 ,"o two-hundr$-&-?irty-two-million? "p ( ! radiant sol> en]gy1 we "k1 is caught by ! fly+ planets ( our sy/em 9 ! =ms ( heat & light1 adapt$ to su/a9 life & its cont9u$ pot5tiality1 & we "k t ?is sol> en]gy is ! sole s\rce ( all ! developm5t & ma9t5ance ( ! planets z ! possible abodes ( organic life1 pa/1 pres5t or future4 ,b :at ( ! va/ total1 ( :i* we consume s m9ute a fraction8 ,x is true t1 9 addition to ! planets1 space is occupi$ by _m small meteoric bodies1 :i* manife/ !mselves to u z %oot+ />s & meteorites1 b ! mass ( ^! is too trifl+ to be e/imat$4 ,pr(essor ,helmholtz1 9 8 ,popul> ,sci5tific ,lectures1 says1 ,accord+ to ,alex&] ,h]s*el's e/imates1 ea* /one is1 on an av]age1 at a di/ance ( f\r hundr$ & fifty miles f its neighbors4 ,:5 ^! bodies ent] our atmosph]e by =ce ( ! e>?'s attraction !y are heat$ by its atmosph]ic friction to inc&esc5ce1 & 9 mo/ cases are ev5 volatiliz$ be=e rea*+ ! e>?'s surface4 ,! va/ volumes ( sol> heat & light1 h[ev]1 are p\r$ =? f ! sun indiscrim9ately 9 all directions into illimitable space1 :]e9 all ! masses ( concrete matt]1 includ+ ! />s1 are relatively f> less 9 volume ?an ! fly+ motes ( ! pure/ morn+ air :i* sp>kle 9 ! flood ( light s5t =? by ! ris+ sun4 ,is all ! re/ wa/$8 ,pr(essor ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 9 8 "w ,! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 says1 ,if ?is be ! fate ( ! high-temp]ature en]gy ( ! univ]se1 let u ?9k = a mom5t :at w happ5 to its visible en]gy4 ,we h spok5 already ab\t a m$ium p]vad+ space1 ! (fice ( :i* appe>s to be to degrade & ultimately ext+ui% all diff]5tial motion1 j z x t5ds to r$uce & ultimately equalize all diff]5ce 9 temp]ature4 ,?us1 ! univ]se w\ld ultimately become an equally heat$ mass1 utt]ly wor?less z f> z ! production ( "w is conc]n$1 s9ce su* production dep5ds ^u diff]5ce ( temp]ature4 ,x is obvi\s t ! />t+-po9t tak5 by ! au?or la/ quot$1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 is 9 accordance ) ! views n[ g5]ally preval5t1 is diametrically oppos$ to t s\ght to be e/abli%$ 9 ?is "w4 ,pr(essor ,/ew>t takes ! sun's inh]5t en]gy z ! initial po9t ( dep>ture1 & reasons f t z to ! f9al consequ5ce :5 all its light & heat %all h be5 di/ribut$ or dissipat$ into ! att5uat$ m$ium :i* occupies space1 & :i* w be ?us sl[ly heat$ until all space has be5 rais$ 9 temp]ature to t ( ! la/ dy+ sun1 :5 all w !nce=? rema9 un*ang$ & un*angeable1 sil5t1 d>k1 & dead1 to all et]nity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! purpose ( ! pres5t "w is to e/abli% a directly opposite pr9ciple1 bas$1 h[ev]1 on demon/rat$ sci5tific facts & n on !ory1 t ! m$ium :i* p]vades all space 0 orig9ally 9 ! same equally & univ]sally pot5tial /ate 7) its molecules rais$ to a t5sion con/itut+ an un/able equilibrium7 9 :i*1 practically1 ,pr(essor ,/ew>t's argum5t leaves x f9ally1 & t ?is univ]sal molecul> en]gy ( position 0 p]man5tly ma9ta9$ by ! employm5t ( ! =ces :i* aft]w>ds1 trans=m$ into light & heat1 7 %$ abroad by ! sun 9 ! "w ( aga9 ov]com+ ! int]molecul> t5sion ( cohesion1 & t ! light & heat ( ! sun are m]ely caught up aga9 by ^! same or o!r molecules & successively employ$ 9 ! same mann]1 :ile ! planet>y electrosph]es utilize ^! same =ces ( int]nal t5sion 9 ! g5]ation ( electricity1 :i*1 s5t to ! sun1 is conv]t$ into light & heat1 & ^! are aga9 transf]r$ to _! orig9al s\rce4 ,! rotation ( ! planets is ! gr& excit+ cause1 & ! process1 9 its complete cycle ( developm5t1 has live /ages3 fir/1 planet>y g5]ation2 second1 transf]5ce by curr5ts ( electricity to ! sun2 ?ird1 conv]sion into light & heat2 f\r?1 emission2 &1 fif?1 reabsorption & conv]sion aga9 into molecul> en]gy ( position4 ,all space is ?us f\nd to be p]vad$ by extremely att5uat$ vapors1 :i* conta9 ! elem5tal con/itu5ts out ( :i* suns & planets are evolv$ "u favorable circum/ances ( developm5t1 &1 among o!r vapors1 aque\s vapor1 & t ^! are ! ag5cy ^u :i* ! planet>y electrosph]es op]ate 9 _! g5]ation ( electrical curr5ts1 & :i* vapors1 9 turn1 by absorption ( ! sol> en]gy ( radiation1 aga9 trans=m ?is en]gy into mutually balanc$ electric pot5tial1 until x is once m dis5gag$ z electricity by ! rotat+ planet>y electrosph]es1 & s on 9 a con/ant circuit =ev] repeat$4 ,x diff]s f p]petual motion1 h[ev]1 9 t ! planet>y rotation is ! ext]nal & n ! int]nal g5]ative cause1 s9ce ! electrical =ces nei!r cause nor control ^! motions2 !y belong to ! realm ( gravity4 ,! disassociation1 moreov]1 is electrical & n *emical disassociation4 ,! t5sions are aga9/ cohesion & n aga9/ *emical aff9ity2 are1 9 fact1 simil> to ^? :i* con/itute our atmosph]e a va/ electrical res]voir2 & ! aque\s vapors1 ?r\gh all _! *anges1 p]man5tly rema9 z aque\s vapors1 except ^? cond5s$ portions disassociat$ by electrolytic action at ! electrosph]ic poles1 & :i* h no relation to ! att5uat$ vapors ( space1 except 9 t ! latt] are _! s\rces ( supply4 ,! process is analog\s to :at we see ar\nd u at all times 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,:ile ! process describ$ by ,pr(essor ,/ew>t resembles ! empty+ ( ! inh]5t wat] ( a cl\d1 9 ! =m ( ra91 into an ocean :i* nev] yields up its wat] aga91 s t1 :5 ! cl\d has ra9$ itself out1 x is gone =ev]1 ! processes "h sket*$ are l ! vapors :i* are caught up by ! heat$ air1 c>ri$ ov] ! ?ir/y l&s1 di/ribut$ 9 ra9 to f]tilize & vivify !m1 !n ga!r$ 9 a ?\s& t9y rills f c\ntless f\nta9s1 aga9 desc5d+ to ! sea & aga9 c>ri$ up 9 vapor1 & s on ov] & ov] 9 unceas+ r\nd4 ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 an old-fa%ion$ fl9tlock musket & a mod]n magaz9e rifle1 except t ! magaz9e is always full4 ,?is great ocean ( space 0 primordially *>g$ ) ^! pot5tial vapors2 x is ! con/itution ( space itself4 ,we are s accu/om$ to consid] space z empty1 & t x is no?+ness1 ! anti!sis ( some?+ or any?+1 t x is a negation or a blank1 t x requires an ef=t to ev5 ?9k ( x z a fully /ock$ e/abli%m5t ) all ! goods necess>y = use or ornam5t1 9 ! late/ /yles & ( prime quality1 only n made up1 & t all our suns & worlds are m]ely tailor+ e/abli%m5ts :]e ! op]atives cut & fit & make !m up to ord]4 ,:5 m goods are want$ !y h to g to ! /ore4 ,is space1 !n1 et]nal1 & is ?is con/ant r\nd ( en]gies to be et]nal8 ,if "o is et]nal1 s is ! o!r1 & surely no?+ c be m et]nal ?an space1 & we _c conceive ( any o!r space ?an ?is space4 ,out ( x came all creat$ ?+s1 & s long z ! orbs rotate )\t ret>dation1 s long w ^! int]*anges g on )\t impairm5t1 & t !y d s rotate is ! necess>y coroll>y ( ! fact t !y ev] began to rotate4 ,if rotation1 on ! contr>y1 0 imp>t$ by special creative p[]1 !n ! same p[] e/abli%$ ! laws by :i* !y rotate1 & took cognizance ( resi/ance z well4 ,:atev] ! impulse 01 x /ill rema9s2 :atev] caus$ ! rotation to beg9 ma9ta9s x2 if ! cause is et]nal ! rotation may be et]nal2 &1 9 any case1 its p]iod mu/ be measur$ by cycles ( ons1 to :i* ! allott$ lifetime ( a dy+ sun--a few million ye>s1 p]haps--is b z ! sunbur/ ( a morn+-glory fl[] to ! ho>y age ( a mighty planet4 ,comp>$ ) ! popul> view ( ! sun's life-p]iod1 we may =mulate ! t]ms ( an equation 9 :i* ! sun's mass1 comp>$ ) ! realms ( inf9ite space1 is z ! sun's lifetime--on a basis ( contraction ( 8 volume--to ! lifetime :i* actually is to be4 ,z "o ( ! t]ms is practically inf9ite1 s mu/ be ! answ] to ! problem4 ,pr(essor ,/ew>t says1 ,we _c help believ+ t !re is a mat]ial m$ium ( "s k9d betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?2 inde$1 ! undulatory !ory ( light requires ?is belief4 ,x has already be5 %[n t ! transmission ( electricity also requires x1 b t !re mu/ be a m$ium q diff]5t f ! undulatory e!r4 ,pr(essor ,proctor 7,my/]ies ( ,"t & ,space7 says1 ,we may admit ! possibility t ! aque\s vapor & c>bon comp\nds are pres5t 9 /ell> or int]planet>y space4 ,aga9 he says1 ,assum+1 z we well may1 t space is really occupi$ by att5uat$ vapors4 ,! same writ] says fur!r1 ,to ?is end all ?\ghtful /udy ( ! me*anism seems to t5d 7associat+1 p]haps1 our visible univ]se ) o!rs1 p]meat+ x z ! e!r ( space p]meates ! d5se/ solids1 & 9 turn ) o!rs s p]meat$ by x72 !re may be t con/ant int]*ange1 t p]petual h>mony1 ( :i* ,goe! sung3 ',balanc$ worlds f *ange def5d+1 ,:ile ev]y:]e diffus$ is h>mony un5d+4' ,! light & heat p\r$ =? f ! sun are1 z /at$1 9 ! =m ( radiat$ en]gy4 ,!y p5etrate ! att5uat$ vapors z f> z vision ext5ds1 & d\btless f>!r1 b !y _c rea* ! b\nd>ies ( space1 = ev5 ! m9d ( man _c rea* ^? limits4 ,aque\s vapor absorbs heat2 we "k ?is )\t any demon/ration1 = ! radiat$ heat ( ! e>? is arre/$ by a veil ( cl\ds1 s t on cl\dy nights fro/ w n =m4 ,s also ! sun %9+ into wat] w raise its temp]ature1 z 9 a glass globe1 & su* absorption ( heat by aque\s vapors or wat] w\ld be mu* m manife/ 7 n a l>ge "p employ$ 9 loos5+ ! t5sion ( ! con/itu5t molecules1 s9ce1 :5 ?us employ$1 x is n manife/ z s5sible heat4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 9 ,! ,=ms ( ,wat]1 /ates t ,! quantity ( heat :i* w\ld raise ! temp]ature ( a p\nd ( wat] "o degree w\ld raise ! temp]ature ( a p\nd ( iron t5 degrees4 ,pr(essor ,/ew>t1 9 ,! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 says1 ,t peculi> motion :i* is imp>t$ by heat :5 absorb$ into a body is1 !re=e1 "o v>iety ( molecul> en]gy4444 ,"p ( ! en]gy ( absorb$ heat is sp5t 9 pull+ asund] ! molecules ( ! body "u ! attractive =ce :i* b9ds !m toge!r1 & ?us a /ore ( en]gy ( position is laid up1 :i* disappe>s aga9 aft] ! body is cool$4 ,heat w only be *ang$ into "w :ile x passes f a body ( high temp]ature to "o ( l[4444 ,at v high temp]atures x is possible t mo/ comp\nds are decompos$1 & ! temp]ature at :i* ?is takes place1 = any comp\nd1 has be5 t]m$ its temp]ature ( disassociation4 ,heat en]gy is *ang$ into electrical sep>ation :5 t\rmal9es & c]ta9 o!r cry/als are heat$4 ,x may be add$ t x is also *ang$ into electrical en]gy by ! op]ation ( all electrical ma*9es1 z molecul> motions are all mutually int]conv]tible1 & heat itself is only a mode ( su* motion4 ,( radiant en]gy1 ! same writ] says1 ,?is =m ( en]gy radiant heat is conv]t$ into absorb$ heat :5ev] x falls ^u an opaque sub/ance 444 & heats x4 ,x is a curi\s "q to ask :at becomes ( ! radiant light f ! sun t is n absorb$ ei!r by ! planets ( our sy/em or by any ( ! />s4 ,we c only reply to su* a "q t1 z f> z we c judge f our pres5t k1 ! radiant en]gy t is n absorb$ mu/ be conceiv$ to be trav]s+ space at ! rate ( "o hundr$ & eighty-eight ?\s& miles a second4 ,we "k1 ( c\rse1 t aque\s vapors are p>tially opaque to heat rays1 z ! radiat$ heat ( ! e>? is p>tially arre/$ by su* vapors 9 ! atmosph]e1 b !y are app>5tly transp>5t to ! rays ( light4 ,b we "k t ?is _c be entirely true 9 fact1 = light rays only diff] f heat rays 9 ! comp>ative l5g? ( _! waves or impulses1 :ile rays ( light are always accompani$--:5 emitt$ by a !rmally inc&esc5t body--by a mu* l>g] numb] ( ^? ( heat4 ,z a body is rais$ 9 temp]ature radiant d>k rays fir/ appe>2 ^! be+ rais$ high]1 become visible z light1 & new d>k rays are radiat$ beh9d !m1 & ?is cont9ues till aft] ! /ate ( highe/ inc&esc5ce is rea*$ & ! invisible *emical rays beyond ! spectrum appe>4 ,x is l a cr[d surg+ =? 9 flight f ! doors ( a build+2 z ! spe$ ( ^? 9 front increases to a run1 o!rs foll[ m sl[ly 9 ! mass1 & z ^! ga9 spe$ o!rs cont9ue to foll[1 :ile ! great mass ( lagg>ds /ill trails along 9 a l5g!n+ l9e to ! re>4 ,! p]ception ( light is itself m]ely due to ! con/itution ( ! optic app>atus ( ! obs]v]1 :i* only takes cognizance ( vibrations radiat$ f ! middle portion ( ! scale1 j z ! e> does ) s\nds1 & n to any actual diff]5ce 9 _! mode ( production4 ,t heat rays & light rays are id5tical 9 con/itution c be readily %[n by ! exp]im5t describ$ by ,pr(essor ,tyndall 9 8 ,=ms ( ,wat]1 9 :i* an opaque scre5 ( iod9e solution 9 bisulphide ( c>bon 0 employ$ to arre/1 9 a beam ( light1 all ! light waves 7to :i* x is entirely opaque71 :ile transmitt+ ! d>k rays4 ,^! non-lum9\s rays are !n conv]g$ by a l5s3 ,let u1 !n1 by means ( our opaque solution1 isolate our d>k waves & conv]ge !m on ! cotton4 ,x explodes z be=e4444 ,at ! same d>k focus %eets ( plat9um are rais$ to vivid r$ness2 444 a diamond is caus$ to gl[ l a />1 be+ aft]w>ds gradually dissipat$4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 7see article ,spectrum1 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia7 says1 ,if we call light ^? rays :i* illum9ate objects1 & radiant heat ^? :i* heat bodies1 x may be inquir$ :e!r light be ess5tially diff]5t f radiant heat4 ,9 answ] to :i* ,i w\ld sugge/ t we are n all[$ by ! rules ( philosophiz+ to admit ( two diff]5t causes to expla9 c]ta9 effects1 if !y may be acc\nt$ = by "o4444 ,tyndall1 by simil> exp]im5ts1 f\nd t ! !rmal en]gy ( ! invisible radiation ( a v p[]ful electric light is eight times t ( ! visible4444 ,seebeck %[$ t ! position ( maximum heat 9 ! spectrum *anges ) ! nature ( ! prism & sometimes occurs 9 ! r$4 ,melconi1 ) prisms ( alcohol & wat]1 f\nd x 9 ! yell[4 ,a!rmic b&s are also f\nd 9 ! heat-spectrum1 correspond+ to ! ,fraunh(] l9es se5 9 ! visible spectrum4 ,we may illu/rate ?is successive developm5t ( m & m rapid light-waves by conceiv+ ( a h>p hav+ musical /r+s ( v>i\s l5g? & ?ickness1 b n /rung up1 s t1 :5 swept by ! h&1 ! vibrations are felt1 b no musical tones are produc$4 ,if1 n[1 all ! /r+s are simultane\sly & gradually /ret*$ :ile "u cont9u\s vibration1 we w fir/ he> ! hum ( ! light] /r+s1 b deep d[n 9 ! scale2 & z ! t5sion gradually increases ! pit* ( ^! w rise high] & high] & be succe$$ by o!r new tones bel[1 until ! :ole regi/] is simultane\sly s\nd$4 ,& if ! t5sion be fur!r increas$1 ! vibrations ( ! upp] /r+s w gradually gr[ s rapid t ! e> c take no cognizance ( !m1 correspond+ to ! invisible *emical rays ( ! spectrum1 :ile ! middle /r+s w be s\nd+ l\dly1 & o!rs w be sl[ly vibrat+ bel[ ! musical scale1 b )\t s\nd1 correspond+ to ! invisible heat rays4 ,9 addition to ?is gradual asc5t ( pit* along ! scale1 h[ev]1 !re is reason to believe t sympa!tic vibrations are induc$ 9 ! spectrum ( !rmal & *emical light correspond+ to ! ov]-tones 9 music & to ^? hidd5 rhy?ms :i* diff]5tiate ! timbre ( "o k9d ( musical in/rum5t f t ( ano!r1 s t a def9ite wave-l5g? w n only repeat itself among adjac5t molecules1 b w give rise to h>moni\s vibrations q diff]5t 9 amplitude & velocity4 ,an example ( ?is is f\nd 9 "s ( ! ph5om5a ( phosphoresc5ce & fluoresc5ce1 9 :i* *emical rays totally invisible are able1 "u suitable conditions1 to excite molecul> movem5ts correspond+ to p>ts ( ! visible spectrum1 & q diff]5t 9 wave-l5g?s & 9 rapidity4 ,?is process is precisely ! conv]se ( :at we p]ceive 9 !rmal light2 9 ! latt] case ! colors asc5d1 load$ ) invisible heat rays2 9 ! =m] !y desc5d1 load$ ) invisible *emical rays1 only not$1 p]haps1 by _! act9ic action on ! photographic plate4 ,o!rs1 z ! sulphide ( calcium pa9ts & ! l1 repeat _! own vibrations = _m h\rs1 & we f9d 9 c]ta9 *emical salts ( "s r>e metals1 z lan?anum & c]ium1 ! curi\s prop]ty ( sudd5ly rais+ ! :ole scale1 z 9 a rec5tly introduc$ gas-lamp1 9 :i* a skeleton mantle ( ^! oxides gl[s ) a wondr\sly beautiful :ite light "u ! relatively l[ temp]ature ( a small ,buns5 burn]2 simil> ph5om5a are manife/$ 9 ! behavior ( electric dis*>ges 9 att5uat$ gases1 z well z 9 :at is kn[n to *ildr5 z fox-fire1 wood und]go+ sl[ decomposition 9 damp places1 or 9 ! self-lum9\s secretions 7correspond+1 p]haps1 to ptoma9es or l products7 ( gl[-worms & o!r animals4 ,if we ev]--z we probably soon %all--rea* t po9t :]e we c illum9ate our dwell+s ) cold c&les1 z ! inhabitants ( tropical c\ntries c>ry ab\t a few fire-flies 9 a pap] box = a lant]n on d>k nights1 x mu/ be by ! /udy ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,b meantime ,old ,sol w cont9ue to dis*>ge 8 accumulat+ /ores ( bo? heat & light1 = bo? ^! are ess5tial1 n only = use ^u ! planets1 b ?r\gh\t all ! realms ( space4 ,9 ! trans=mation into & emission ( 8 radiant en]gy ! sun is n a *emical eng9e1 b a mill1--"o ( ^? :i* gr9d sl[ly1 b !y gr9d exce$+ small4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 radiat$ !rmal light & heat is obvi\sly "o ( degree only & n ( k9d4 ,! undulations ( light may be comp>$ to ! ?ru/ ( a rapi]1 & ! m massive waves ( radiant heat to ! bl[ ( a bludgeon1 b ! same resi/ance :i* arre/s ! advance ( ! "o mu/ ret>d & f9ally arre/ t ( ! o!r1 if suffici5tly ext5d$4 ,)9 ! limits ( a space 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,/ew>t conceives t ! fir/ rays ( light :i* ev] fla%$ =? at ! dawn ( creation1 9 ! primal ons ( ! univ]se1 are /ill to ?is day1 along _! orig9al l9es ( radiation1 trav]s+ space at ! rate ( "o hundr$ & eighty-eight ?\s& miles p] second1 !re mu/ c]ta9ly be room en\gh & absorption en\gh 7:i* ev5 a few y>ds ( mi/ w supply7 to curb ^! runaway /e$s some:]e along _! l9es ( flam+ passage4 ,at t v po9t !y are at "w act+ ^u ! molecules ( ! att5uat$ vapors ( space1 & assi/+ to re-e/abli% ! pot5tial en]gy :i* has !re be5 conv]t$1 into ano!r =m ( =ce by ! planet>y rotations ( ! sol> sy/ems ( ^? di/ant regions4 ,by ! law ( ! diffusion ( gases1 & t ( ! diffusion or transf]5ce ( heat-en]gy f molecule to molecule1 ! va/ realms ( int]/ell> space mu/ t5d to be all br\ght into approximate uni=mity ( t5sions1 & ! =ce ab/ract$ at ^? po9ts ( space occupi$ by ! relatively few & insignificant sol> sy/ems w be return$1 n directly at ! id5tical places :]e su* sol> sy/ems may exi/1 b at e "p ( space to :i* _! radiant en]gy ext5ds4 ,z we give f our own supplies to o!r sy/ems = _! support1 s !y1 9 turn1 give back aga9 to u4 ,x is said t 9 ! e>lie/ days ( creation ! />s sang toge!r2 !y /ill s+ toge!r1 planets & suns1 z ,jura answ]s f h] mi/y %r\d ,back to ! joy\s ,alps1 :o call to h] al\d4 ,:5 old ,e>? lifts 8 brimm+ beak] f ! great cry/al sea & dra9s x to ! good heal? ( all ! />s ( heav51 !y ea* respond ) fi]y en]gy1 & by _! m]ry tw9kle we may "k h[ highly !y appreciate ! toa/4 ,we are all "o family1--b :at a family6 ,comets1 planets1 d\ble />s1 v>iable />s1 />s ( complem5t>y colors1 blue1 yell[1 orange1 & r$ />s1 />s :i* blaze up 9 sudd5 conflagration1 app>5tly new />s1 nebul half /> & half vapor1 nebul all vapor & o!rs all />s1 ! va/ milky-way l a wondr\s riv] ( hundr$s ( millions ( sol> sy/ems1 ! insulat$ />s scatt]$ ?r\gh space l wat*m5 on ! di/ant hills beyond ! city walls1 /reams ( />s1 />s :i* are p>t+ f ea* o!r 9 space l scatt]+ families1 & ^? :i* travel toge!r 9 gr\ps l pione]s 9 a /range c\ntry1--all ^! & d\btless o!r unkn[n types & =ms compose ?is sid]eal family4 ,w !y fall into _! categories z lawful subjects1 s z to be prop]ly classifi$ 9 a s+le s*eme ( ! visible ord] ( creation1 or %all we fail to int]pret _! app>5t my/]ies :5 we apply ! same pr9ciples :i* h be5 successfully appli$ to ! ph5om5a ( our own sol> sy/em8 ,let u see4 ,9 exam9+ ! sun1 we f9d t a beam ( its light pass$ ?r\gh a prism is ?r[n ^u ! wall 9 a w$ge-%ap$ /reak ( ra9b[-t9t$ colors4 ,fraunh(]1 _m ye>s ago1 f\nd t ?is spectrum 0 cross$ at irregul> int]vals by a s]ies ( d>k l9es1 ( v>iable wid? & di/ance ap>t1 ( :i* he catalogu$ m ?an five hundr$4 ,^! l9es 7 subsequ5tly f\nd to correspond 9 ! aggregate1 9 _! position 9 ! spectrum1 ) a s]ies ( bright l9es ( diff]5t colors :i* =m$ ! sep>ate spectra ( v>i\s metals :5 burn$1 9 vapor or p[d]1 9 ! flame ( an alcohol lamp4 ,ea* ( ^! transv]se l9es 0 f\nd to h a fix$ & inv>iable position 9 ! ext5d$ scale ( ! spectrum1 & sc>cely any l9es ( ! diff]5t elem5ts are alike2 s t1 :5 ! spectrum is prop]ly magnifi$ "u telescopic obs]vation & ! l9es id5tifi$1 we h ! means ( det]m9+ ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( su* elem5ts 9 ! vapor\s con/itution ( any inc&esc5t body by exam9ation ( its spectrum4 ,9 ?is way _m ( our t]re/rial elem5ts are f\nd to exi/ 9 ! sun1--s _m1 9 fact1 t we "k t ! sun's nucleus1 or core1 mu/ be compos$ sub/antially ( ! same elem5ts1 ! same sort ( matt]1 z exi/s on e>?1--t we are1 9 fact1 a *ip ( ! old block4 ,b x 0 f\nd--& ?is is ! real basis ( spectrum analysis--t if a c]ta9 metal or o!r elem5t be burn$ 9 ! flame ( an alcohol lamp1 & a m brilliant flame ( ! same metal or elem5t burn$ 9 ano!r lamp be obs]v$ ?r\gh ! fir/ flame1 x w be se5 t1 :ile ! g5]al illum9ation ( ! spectrum is increas$1 ! previ\s bright l9es *>act]iz+ ! elem5t are n[ replac$ by d>k l9es or l9es relatively v fa9t2 9 a ^w1 ! spectrum *>act]i/ic ( ! giv5 elem5t is exactly rev]s$ 7,appleton's ,cyclopdia1 article ,spectrum ,analysis74 ,we h ref]r$ to ?is fact above 9 consid]+ ! orig9 ( sun-spots1 %[+ t !y are due to increas$ heat act+ ^u ! core ( ! sun s z to volatilize an abnormally l>ge proportion ( ! elem5ts usually 9 a m cond5s$ /ate ^u ! surface ( ! sol> body b5ea? its hydrog5 envelope4 ,^! vapors1 ?us rais$ 9 temp]ature1 are driv5 upw>d by _! volatilization into ! inc&esc5t atmosph]e ( hydrog51 & ! vapor\s matt]s 9 ! high] /rata ?us produce ! *>act]i/ic absorption b&s ( ^! elem5ts1 :ile ! ov]heat$ vapors1 by a va/ upru% f b5ea?1 hurl aside ! m highly heat$ hydrog5 above to appe> z facul ar\nd ! sun-spot1 ! cool] upp] lay]s ( hydrog5 foll[+ d[nw>d ! subsid+ vapor\s metallic upru% z x s9ks back b5ea? ! photosph]ic level4 ,x is obvi\s t by simil> spectrum analysis we may det]m9e to a l>ge ext5t ! con/itution ( ! fix$ />s & o!r self-lum9\s bodies ( space & int]pret ! ph5om5a :i* !y exhibit4 ,we quote ! foll[+ f ! previ\sly cit$ article 9 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia1 by ,pr(essor ,proctor3 ,spectroscopic analysis appli$ to ! />s has %[n t !y resemble ! sun 9 g5]al con/itution & condition4 ,b *>act]i/ic diff]5ces exi/1 insomu* t ! />s h be5 divid$ into f\r ord]s di/+ui%$ by _! spectra4 ,^! are ?us pres5t$ by ,sec*i1 :o exam9$ m ?an five hundr$ /> spectra3 ,! fir/ type is repres5t$ by ,alpha ,lyr1 ,sirius1 etc41 & includes mo/ ( ! />s %9+ ) a :ite light1 z ,altair1 ,regulus1 ,rigel1 ! />s ,beta1 ,gamma1 ,epsilon1 ,zeta1 & ,eta ( ,ursa ,major1 etc4 ,^! give a spectrum %[+ all ! sev5 colors1 & cross$ usually by _m l9es1 b always by ! f\r l9es ( hydrog51 v d>k & /rong4 ,! bread? ( ^! f\r l9es indicates a v deep1 absorptive /ratum at a high temp]ature & at great pressure4 ,ne>ly half ! />s obs]v$ by ,sec*i m ?an two hundr$ out ( five hundr$ %[$ ?is spectrum4 ,! second type includes mo/ ( ! yell[ />s1 z ,capella1 ,pollux1 ,arcturus1 ,aldeb>an1 ,alpha ( ,ursa ,major1 ,procyon1 etc4 ,! ,fraunh(] l9es are well se5 9 ! r$ & blue1 b n s well 9 ! yell[4 ,! resemblance ( ?is spectrum to ! sun sugge/s t />s ( ?is type resemble ! sun closely 9 physical con/itution & condition4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! />s obs]v$ by ,sec*i m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty out ( five hundr$ %[$ ?is spectrum4 ,! ?ird type includes ,ant>es1 ,alpha ( ,orion1 & ,alpha ( ,h]cules1 ,beta ( ,pegasus1 ,mira1 & mo/ ( ! />s %9+ ) a r$ light4 ,! spectra %[ b&s ( l9es2 accord+ to ,sec*i1 !re are %ad$ b&s1 b a m p[]ful spectroscope %[s multitudes ( f9e l9es4 ,! spectra resemble some:at ! spectrum ( a sun-spot1 & ,sec*i has advanc$ ! !ory t ^! />s are cov]$ 9 great "p by spots l ^? ( ! sun4 ,ab\t "o hundr$ out ( five hundr$ ( ! obs]v$ />s belong to ?is type4 7,x %\ld be not$ t ! pres5ce ( sun-spots is no evid5ce ( dim9i%$ heat 9 a sun2 see ,pr(essor ,proctor 9 8 ,my?s & ,m>vels ( ,a/ronomy1 article ,suns 9 ,flames3 ,x may be notic$1 9 pass+1 t x is by no means c]ta9 t ! "t :5 ! sun is mo/ spott$ is ! "t :5 he gives out lea/ light4444 ,all ! evid5ce we h t5ds to %[ t :5 ! sun is mo/ spott$ 8 en]gies are mo/ active4 ,x is !n t ! color$ flames leap to _! greate/ height & %[ _! greate/ brilliancy1 !n also t !y %[ ! mo/ rapid & rem>kable *anges ( %ape47 444 ,! f\r? type diff]s f ! prec$+ 9 ! arrangem5t & appe>ance ( ! b&s4 ,x includes only fa9t />s4 ,a few />s1 z ,gamma ( ,cassiopeia1 ,eta ( ,argus1 ,beta ( ,lyra1 etc41 %[ ! l9es ( hydrog5 bright in/ead ( d>k1 z ?\gh surr\nd$ by hydrog5 gl[+ ) a heat m int5se ?an t ( ! c5tral orb itself ar\nd :i* ! hydrog5 exi/s4 ,all ! above five hundr$ />s reveal ! pres5ce ( hydrog5 "u precisely su* conditions z con=m to ! g5]al pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! s\rce & mode ( sol> en]gy z h]e9 /at$4 ,b a s+le /> 7,betelgeuse7 0 obs]v$ by ,hugg9s & ,mill] 9 ,engl& :i* %[$ ! l9es ( sodium1 magnesium1 iron1 bismu?1 & calcium1 b f\nd ^? ( hydrog5 want+4 ,( ! spectrum ( ?is gas1 ,pr(essor ,ball says1 ,! hydrog5 spectrum appe>s to pres5t a simplicity n f\nd 9 ! spectrum ( any o!r gas1 & !re=e x is ) great int]e/ t we exam9e ! spectra ( ! :ite />s1 9 :i* ! d>k l9es ( hydrog5 are unusually /rong & broad4 ,ref]r+ to ! new /> 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 :i* bur/ =? 9 #ahff1 ! same writ] says1 ,! feature :i* made ! spectrum ( ! new /> ess5tially di/9ct f t ( any o!r /> t _h be5 previ\sly obs]v$ 0 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 bright l9es sup]pos$ on a spectrum ) d>k l9es ( "o ( ! ord9>y types4 ,! position ( c]ta9 ( ^! l9es %[$ t "o ( ! lum9\s gases mu/ be hydrog54 ,( ?is p>ticul> /> 7,betelgeuse7 x is said 7,proctor's ,famili> ,essays71 ,r$ />s & v>iable />s affect ! neighborhood ( ! ,milky ,way or ( well-m>k$ />-/reams4 ,! con/ellation ,orion is s+ul>ly ri* 9 objects ( ?is class4 ,x is "h t ! /range 'v>iable' ,betelgeuse lies4 ,at pres5t ?is /> %[s no sign ( v>iation1 b a few ye>s ago x exhibit$ rem>kable *anges4 ,we ?us see t ,betelgeuse is a v>iable />1 & x mu/ h pass$ 9 its diff]5t v>iations betwe5 ! limits ( extreme brilliancy1 9 :i* ! l9es ( hydrog5 appe> bright1 & t ( a less brilliant /age1 9 :i* !y appe> d>k1--t is1 z absorption b&s4 ,x has ?us1 9 fact1 run ! gamut1 s to speak1 ( color *anges1 & n[ occupies an int]m$iate position 9 ! scale4 ,9 8 article ,/> unto ,/>1 ! same writ] says1 ,on ?is view we may fairly assume t ! d>kness ( ! hydrog5 l9es is a *>act]i/ic ( />s at a mu* high] temp]ature ?an our sun & suns ( ! same class4 ,we h already se5 t ! spectra ( />s ( ! f\r? type--,appleton's ,cyclopdia1 ,spectrum ,analysis--%[ ! l9es ( hydrog5 bright in/ead ( d>k1 z ?\gh surr\nd$ by hydrog5 gl[+ ) a heat m int5se ?an t ( ! c5tral orb itself4 ,pr(essor ,dunk9 says1 9 8 "w ,! ,midnight ,sky1 ,"o ( ! conclusions drawn by ,kir*h(f f ^! exp]im5ts is t ea* inc&esc5t gas weak5s1 by absorption1 rays ( ! same degree ( refrangibility z ^? x emits2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! spectrum ( ea* inc&esc5t gas is rev]s$ :5 ?is gas is trav]s$ by rays ( ! same refrangibility emanat+ f an int5sely lum9\s s\rce :i* gives ( itself a cont9u\s spectrum l t ( ! sun4 444 ,! ?ird division1 includ+ ,betelgeuse1 ,ant>es1 ,alpha ,h]culis1 & o!rs ( l color1 seems to be affect$ by some?+ peculi> 9 _! physical composition1 z if _! photosph]es conta9$ a quantity ( gas at a l[] temp]ature ?an usual4 ,! />s 9 ?is class h g5]ally a ruddy t9t1 probably ow+ to _! light hav+ und]gone "s modification :ile pass+ ?r\gh an absorb+ atmosph]e4444 ,a great numb] ( ! />s 9 ! ?ird division are v>iable 9 _! lu/re4 ,we may !re=e readily conclude t midway betwe5 ! inv]t$ l9es :i* con/itute ! d>k absorption b&s & ! fa9t spectra :i* %[ ! bright l9es ( hydrog5 direct !re mu/ be an atmosph]e ( gl[+ hydrog5 sup]pos$ ^u a deep] "o 9 su* proportion t x w n reveal its pres5ce 9 ! spectroscope at all2 = :5 ! d>k & light b&s1 :i* occupy precisely ! same position 9 ! spectrum1 are ( approximately equal int5sity ! result w obvi\sly be ! neutralization ( bo?4 ,t among a myriad suns1 "s ) d>k hydrog5 l9es & "s ) bright1 !re %\ld occur occasionally an example correspond+ to ?is po9t ( div]g5ce1 & especially among v>iable />s1 is n only to be expect$1 b is1 9 fact1 confirmatory ( ! g5]al hypo!sis itself4 ,x is an exception :i* emphatically proves ! rule1 :5 we c trace ! op]ative cause :i* has produc$ x4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,! ,,/>s4 ,let u n[ consid] ! ph5om5a ( ! d\ble />s4 ,^! 7 =m]ly believ$ to be s+le orbs1 b ! m p[]ful telescopes ( rec5t ye>s h %[n !m to consi/ ( two suns1 ea* sub/antially simil> to our own sun1 revolv+ ar\nd ea* o!r at a relatively small di/ance ap>t4 ,9 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia1 article ,/>1 we read1 ,x is notewor?y t few simple />s %[ su* colors z blue1 gre51 violet1 or indigo2 b among d\ble & multiple /> sy/ems n only are ^! colors recogniz$1 b su* colors z lilac1 olive1 gray1 russet1 & s on4 ,a beautiful feature 9 _m d\ble />s rema9s to be notic$3 x is (t5 f\nd t ! compon5ts exhibit complem5t>y colors4 ,?is is (t5] se5 among unequal d\bles1 & !n ! l>g] compon5t %[s a color f ! r$ end ( ! spectrum1 z r$1 orange1 or yell[1 :ile ! small] %[s ! correspond+ color f ! blue end1 z gre51 blue1 or purple4 ,! colors are real1 n m]ely ! result ( contra/1 = :5 ! l>g] /> is conceal$ ! color ( ! small] rema9s 79 mo/ cases7 un*ang$4 ,spectrum analysis %[s t ! colors ( _m d\ble />s are due to ! absorptive vapors cutt+ (f c]ta9 portions ( ! light4444 ,! compon5ts are circl+ ar\nd ea* o!r1 or r ar\nd _! common c5t] ( gravity4 ,pr(essor ,ball1 9 8 "w ,9 ! ,high ,heav5s1 says1 ,!re is no m pleas+ ph5om5on 9 sid]eal a/ronomy ?an t pres5t$ by ! contra/$ hues (t5 exhibit$ by d\ble />s4444 ,x seem$ n at all impossible t !re might be "s optical explanation ( colors s vividly contra/$ emanat+ f po9ts s contigu\s4 ,x 0 also rememb]$ t blue />s 7 g5]ally only pres5t z "o memb] ( an associat$ pair4444 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,hugg9s %[$ t ! actual spectrum ( ! object demon/rat$ t ! cause ( ! color 9 ea* /> arose f absorption by its peculi> atmosph]e1 x became impossible to d\bt ! reality ( ! ph5om5a4 ,s9ce !n x has be5 = physici/s to expla9 :y two closely neighbor+ />s %\ld diff] s widely 9 _! atmosph]ic con/itu5ts1 = x c be no long] cont5d$ t _! beautiful hues arise f an optical illusion4 ,( ^! d\ble />s ) complem5t>y colors we quote ! foll[+ f ,pr(essor ,dunk9 7:o1 9 turn1 quotes f ,admiral ,smy?1 ! au?or ( ,sid]eal ,*romatics73 ,9 ,eta ,cassiopei ! l>ge /> is a dull :ite & ! small] "o lilac2 9 ,gamma ,&rom$1 a deep yell[ & sea-gre52 9 ,iota ,cancri1 a dusky orange & a sapphire blue2 9 ,delta ,corvi1 a bright yell[ & purple2 & 9 ,albi]o1 or ,beta ,cygni1 yell[ & blue4 ,9 mo/ ( ! rema9+ />s ( ! li/ ! contra/+ colors are equally m>k$1 & also 9 _m o!rs :i* are n includ$ 9 x4 ,"s ( ^! d\ble />s are v>iable 9 _! colors1 z are ! ord9>y s+le v>iables1 &1 ( c\rse1 = a simil> reason1--to wit1 ! v>y+ int5sity ( m or less cumulative planet>y impacts4 ,! int]pretation1 ( c\rse1 z expla9$ bel[1 is t ^! suns1 ea* "o ( diff]5t mass & consequ5tly ( diff]5t electrical resi/ance1 are arrang$ 9 p>allel circuit along a s+le l9e ( electric curr5t2 a pair ( diff]5t-siz$ arc or inc&esc5t lamps1 simil>ly arrang$1 w\ld exhibit precisely ! same ph5om5a4 ,a comp\nd sol> sy/em ( ?is sort1 app>5tly1 ) d\ble sun & s+le planet>y sy/em 9 process ( =mation1 ne>ly complet$ f a spiral nebula1 is %[n 9 a gase\s nebula )9 ! con/ellation ,ursa ,m9or1 illu/rat$ 9 ,"l ,rosse's draw+ 7see ,ni*ols ,ar*itecture ( ! ,heav5s1 ,plate ,x41 l[] figure74 ,m ?an ?ree ?\s& ( ^! b9>y />s h be5 catalogu$1 & "s ( !m make a complete revolution ab\t _! common c5t]s ( gravity--s di/ant are !y f ea* o!r--9 p]iods ( n less ?an sixty1 or ev5 eighty1 ye>s4 ,( ! d\ble /> ,miz>1--! middle "o ( ! ?ree :i* =m ! tail ( ! ,great ,be>1--,pr(essor ,ball /ates t1 by new me?ods ( spectroscopic analysis1 ! compon5t />s :i* =m ?is d\ble h be5 f\nd to be "o hundr$ & fifty millions ( miles ap>t1 :ile ,alcor1 a small] />1 visible to ! nak$ eye1 & enorm\sly f>!r f ,miz> ?an are ! compon5ts ( ! latt] f ea* o!r1 moves ?r\gh space 9 a p>allel direction & ) ! same velocity z its d\ble companion4 ,:at ! connection may be1 if any1 we d n "k1 b _! id5tical c\rse is obvi\sly relat$ to "s common circum/ance ( orig91 z is ! probable case ) ^? o!r gr\ps ( />s :i* drift ?r\gh space toge!r4 ,!y %[ t sol> sy/ems are n necess>ily individual creations1 b may be =m$ 9 gr\ps at ! same p]iod ( "t1 & by ! op]ation ( natural laws simultane\sly direct$ ^u or into ! creative matt] f :i* sol> sy/ems are built up & s5t along _! way4 ,x has be5 already %[n t our sun has a motion ar\nd ! c5t] ( gravity ( our own sol> sy/em1 z a :ole1 simil> to t ( ! b9>y />s ar\nd ea* o!r1 b t1 by reason ( 8 va/ relative mass 7sev5 hundr$ & fifty to "o = all ! planets71 ?is c5t] is always )9 ! conf9es ( 8 own volume4 ,if1 h[ev]1 our sun 7 divid$ into two suns "o1 two1 or five million miles ap>t1 ea* revolv+ ar\nd a common c5t] ( gravity situat$ betwe5 ! two1 & ! planets revolv+ ar\nd ! same c5t] ( gravity1 b relatively m di/ant1 ! planets w\ld ?us rotate ar\nd bo? suns z a common c5t]1 & ) ! electric pol>ity ( bo? suns ! same1 z mu/ necess>ily be ! case1 !y w\ld pres5t ph5om5a precisely simil> to ^? exhibit$ by ! d\ble />s4 ,& su* might v easily be ! case 9 ev5 a sy/em s small z our own1 = ! planet ,m]cury has s elliptical an orbit t its di/ance f ! sun v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its annual movem5t f tw5ty-eight to =ty-five millions ( miles4 ,!re w\ld !n be mutual electric repulsion ( ! two sol> electrosph]es1 su* z we see 9 ! case ( comets & 9 ! sun's corona & long /ream]s4 ,pr(essor ,proctor1 article ,! ,sun's ,long ,/ream]s1 says1 ,^! s+ul> app5dages1 l ! /ream]s se5 by ,pr(essor ,abbe1 ext5d directly f ! sun1 z if he ex]t$ "s repell5t action4444 ,i _c b ?9k t ! true explanation ( ^! /ream]s1 :atev] x may be 7,i am n 9 ! lea/ prep>$ to say :at x is71 w be f\nd :5soev] a/ronom]s h f\nd an explanation ( comets' tails4444 ,:e!r ! repulsive =ce is electrical1 magnetic1 or o!rwise1 does n at pres5t conc]n u1 or r does conc]n u1 b at pres5t we are q unable to answ] ! "q4 ,a simil> example is to be f\nd 9 ! self-repell5t positive electrosph]es ( ! e>? & moon1 illu/rat$ on a previ\s page1 :i*1 9 fact1 are types among planets ( precisely :at we f9d 9 d\ble />s4 ,n[1 if ^! d\ble c5tral suns1 ) a common sy/em ( planets revolv+ ar\nd !m bo?1 diff] "o f ! o!r 9 size1 !y w diff] also 9 ! dep? & d5sity ( _! hydrog5 atmosph]es1 & ! electric =ces direct$ aga9/ !m w produce diff]5t results 9 ea*4 ,9 "o we w h high temp]ature1 great volatilization1 & wide absorption b&s2 9 ! o!r1 a %all[ atmosph]e1 a temp]ature bel[ t ( an ext5sive volatilization ( its metallic compon5ts1 & a spectrum ri* 9 light at ! blue end1 :ile ! =m] "o w be correspond+ly ri*] 9 ! yell[ & r$ rays at ! opposite & l[] end ( ! spectrum4 ,"o1 9 fact1 w manife/ ! ph5om5a ( blue-:ite />s1 ! o!r1 ^? ( orange-r$1 b v>i\sly modifi$ 9 a *romatic s]ies4 ,! case may be ext5d$ to multiple />s1 & complem5t>y colors1 m or less p]fect1 may be almo/ pr$icat$ z ! law ( comp\nd sol> bodies hav+ cores l t ( our sun1 b ea* ( diff]5t mass1 & surr\nd$ by hydrog5 atmosph]es ( diff]5t dep?s & d5sities1 bo? act$ ^u by ! same ext]ior planet>y electrical curr5ts4 ,x is c]ta9ly true ( d\ble />s1 & probably s ( all ! o!rs4 ,( c\rse su* enorm\sly massive d\ble suns presuppose enorm\s planets1 rotat+ ar\nd !m at enorm\s di/ances2 b :5 we comp>e ! di/ance ( our own satellite1 ! moon1 f ! e>? ) ! di/ance ( ,neptune f ! sun1 & consid] t ! light ( ! sun w rea* ,neptune 9 ab\t f\r h\rs1 & !n comp>e ?is di/ance ) ! inconceivable di/ances ( space requisite to ret>d & m]ge all radiant en]gy into ! diffus$ molecul> en]gy ( position1 our wond] w cease4 ,we h also to consid] ^? s+le />s :i* 7see ,appleton's ,cyclopdia1 article ,/>7 are v>iable 9 _! brilliancy4 ,^! />s may be divid$ into p]iodic v>iables1 irregul> v>iables1 & tempor>y />s4 ,p]iodic v>iable />s are ^? :i* und]go increase & dim9ution ( light at regul> int]vals4 ,?us1 ! /> ,mira1 or ,omicron ( ,cetus1 v>ies 9 lu/re1 9 a p]iod ( ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-"o & "o-?ird days1 f ! second magnitude to a fa9tness su* t ! /> c only be se5 ) a p[]ful telescope1 & !nce to ! second magnitude aga94 ,x %9es = ab\t a =tnight z a /> ( ! second magnitude1 & !n rema9s invisible = five mon?s1 ! decrease ( lu/re occupy+ ab\t ?ree mon?s1 ! increase ab\t sev5 weeks4 ,su* is ! g5]al c\rse ( its phases4 ,x does n always1 h[ev]1 return to ! same degree ( brightness1 nor increase & dim9i% by ! same gradations2 nei!r are ! successive int]vals ( its maxima equal4 ,f rec5t obs]vations & inquiries into its hi/ory1 ! mean p]iod w\ld appe> to be subject to a cyclical fluctuation embrac+ eighty-eight su* p]iods1 & hav+ ! effect ( gradually l5g!n+ & %ort5+ alt]nately ^? int]vals to ! ext5t ( tw5ty-five days "o way & ! o!r4 ,! irregul>ities 9 ! degree ( brightness atta9$ at ! maximum are probably also p]iodical4444 ,x sugge/s a probable explanation ( ^! *anges ( brightness1 t :5 ! /> is ne> its m9imum1 its color *anges f :ite to a full r$1 :i*1 f :at we "k ( ! spectra ( color$ />s1 seems to indicate t ! loss ( brightness is due to ! =mation ( _m spots ov] ! surface ( ?is di/ant sun4 ,algol is ano!r rem>kable v>iable1 pass+1 h[ev]1 mu* m rapidly ?r\gh all its *anges4 ,x is ord9>ily a second-magnitude />1 b dur+ ab\t sev5 h\rs 9 ea* p]iod ( sixty-n9e h\rs its lu/re fir/ dim9i%es until ! /> is r$uc$ to a f\r? magnitude1 & aft] x has rema9$ tw5ty m9utes at its m9imum its lu/re is gradually re/or$4 ,x rema9s a second-magnitude /> = ab\t sixty-two h\rs 9 ea* p]iod ( sixty-n9e h\rs4 ,^! *anges seem to correspond to :at might be expect$ if a l>ge opaque orb is circl+ ar\nd ?is di/ant sun 9 a p]iod ( sixty-n9e h\rs1 transit+ its disk at regul> int]vals4 ,( ?is />1 ,pr(essor ,ball says1 ,apply+ ! improv$ spectroscopic process to ,algol1 he ,vogel det]m9$ on "o night t ,algol 0 retreat+ f ! e>? at a spe$ ( tw5ty-six miles p] second4444 ,:5 ,vogel came to repeat 8 obs]vations1 he f\nd t ,algol 0 aga9 mov+ ) ! same velocity1 b ?is "t t[>ds ! e>? in/ead ( f x4444 ,x appe>$ t ! movem5ts 7 /rictly p]iodic2 t is to say1 = "o day & t5 h\rs ! /> is mov+ t[>ds u1 & !n = a l "t x moves f u1 ! maximum spe$ be+ 444 tw5ty-six miles a second4444 ,x is inv>iably f\nd t e "t ! movem5t ( retreat is conclud$ ! /> loses its brilliance1 & rega9s x aga9 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! return movem5t4444 ,! spectroscopic evid5ce admits ( no o!r int]pretation save t !re mu/ be ano!r mighty body 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,algol4444 ,algol mu/ be att5d$ by a companion /> :i*1 if n absolutely z devoid ( intr9sic light z ! e>? or ! moon1 is nev]!less d>k relatively to ,algol4 ,once 9 ea* p]iod ( revolution ?is obscure body intrudes itself betwe5 ! e>? & ,algol1 cutt+ (f a portion ( ! direct light f ! /> & ?us produc+ ! well-kn[n effect4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 a p]iodic transit or eclipse ( ,algol by a planet1 su* z we see 9 eclipses ( our own sun by ! moon & ! inn] planets1 except t ,algol's planet is app>5tly s+le l our moon ) ref]5ce to ! e>?1 & t x is relatively mu* l>g] ?an any ( our own planets1 z we w\ld necess>ily suppose x to be1 if solit>y4 ,its mass has be5 comput$ by ! effects :i* x produces1 & we le>n t x is n a d>k sun ) a brilliant planet1 b a brilliant sun ) a d>k planet1 j z our sol> sy/em pres5ts4 ,algol1 at ! mom5t ( its greate/ eclipse1 has lo/ ab\t ?ree-fif?s ( its light2 x !re=e foll[s t ! d>k satellite mu/ h cov]$ ?ree-fif?s ( ! bright surface4444 ,! p]iod ( maximum obscuration is ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 & we "k ! velocity ( ! bright />1 :i*1 along ) ! p]iod ( revolution1 gives ! magnitude ( ! orbit4 ,f ^! data x has be5 comput$ t ! globe ( ,algol itself is ab\t "o-f\r? l>g] ?an t ( our visible sun1 b its mass is s mu* less t its weight is only "o-half t ( our sun1 s t its body is probably gase\s4 ,! au?or concludes1 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 w be likely to d\bt t x is ! law ( gravitation1 pure & simple1 :i* prevails 9 ! cele/ial spaces1 & consequ5tly we are able to make use ( x to expla9 ! circum/ances att5d+ ! movem5ts ( ,algol's d>k companion4 ,?is body is ! small] ( ! two1 & ! spe$ ) :i* x moves is d\ble z great z t ( ,algol1 s t x travels ov] z _m miles 9 a second z an express tra9 c get ov] 9 an h\r4 ,! companion ( ,algol is ab\t ! same size z our sun1 b has a mass only "o-f\r? z great4 ,?is indicates a globe ( matt] :i* mu/ be l>gely 9 ! gase\s /ate1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 seems to be devoid ( intr9sic lum9osity4 ,_! di/ance ap>t is always "s ?ree million miles4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 an unusually %ort di/ance :5 comp>$ ) ! dim5sions ( ! two globes !mselves4 ,) ?is exception1 ! au?or says1 ! movem5ts ( ,algol & its companion are n v dissimil> to movem5ts 9 ! sol> sy/em ) :i* we are already famili>4 ,x w be se5 t ! want ( lum9osity 9 ! d>k companion ( ,algol f9ds a ready explanation 9 ! fact t x is a planet1 act+ precisely z our own planets d1 & t ! lum9osity ( ,algol itself is directly attributable to ! electricity develop$ by ! pres5ce ( ?is planet rotat+ axially & orbitally ar\nd x1 & ! d>kness ( ! planet itself is ! necess>y correlative ( ! heat & light ( its sun4 ,! planet has ab\t "o-half ! d5sity ( ,saturn1 :ile ,algol has "o-half ! d5sity ( ! sun1 & h5ce we %\ld expect to f9d on ,algol an atmosph]e l>gely compos$ ( gl[+ hydrog51 & on its planet an atmosph]e l>gely compos$ ( oxyg51 9 :i*1 d\btless1 float enorm\s cl\ds ( aque\s vapor4 ,! int]pretation is direct & conclusive1 & ^u no o!r hypo!sis c ! facts be expla9$1 = _! close connection ) ea* o!r demon/rates _! common orig91 & _! masses are n s diff]5t "o f ! o!r z to p]mit1 on any !ory ( _! coequal orig9 z suns1 "o to gl[ ) ! fires ( y\? & en]gy & ! o!r to h gr[n d>k & dead f old age & exhau/ion1 & especially s if /ill 9 its gase\s /age1 :i* is t :i* mu/ *>act]ize its highe/ /ate ( inc&esc5t en]gy f ! mo/ active cond5sation ( its volume1 if ! nebul> hypo!sis has any validity :atev]4 ,9 fact1 ?is example alone1 if ! con/itution ( ,algol's d>k satellite is really gase\s1 mu/ g v f> to ?r[ ! grave/ d\bt1 9 itself1 on ! validity ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,! /> ,beta1 ( ! con/ellation ,lyra1 has a full p]iod ( twelve days & tw5ty-two h\rs1 divid$ into two p]iods ( six days & elev5 h\rs1 9 ea* ( :i* ! /> has a maximum brightness ( ab\t ! ?ree & "o-half magnitude1 b 9 "o p]iod ! m9imum is ab\t ! f\r & "o-?ird magnitude1 :ile 9 ! o!r x is ab\t ! f\r & "o-half magnitude4 ,?is peculi>ity po9ts1 x is said1 to an opaque orb ) a satellite1 ! satellite be+ occult$ by ! prim>y 9 ! alt]native transits1 & !re=e ! loss ( light is less4 ,! /> ,delta ( ,cepheus is q diff]5t1 h[ev]1 =1 :ile x takes only "o1 day & f\rte5 h\rs 9 pass+ f its m9imum to maximum ( brightness1 x occupies ?ree days & n9ete5 h\rs1 or some:at m ?an d\ble ?is "t1 9 pass+ f maximum to m9imum4 ,two or ?ree hundr$ ( ^! v>iable />s are already kn[n4 ,! above examples are cit$ 9 detail because !y furni% ! /ronge/ possible pro( ( ! tru? ( ! hypo!sis :i* we are endeavor+ to pres5t4 ,:ile ! movem5ts ( ! />s ,algol & ,beta ,lyr may f9d an adequate int]pretation 9 ! "o case 9 a l>ge occult+ planet1 & 9 ! o!r 9 an occult+ planet ) a satellite1 x is obvi\s t ,mira & ,delta ,cephei _c be expla9$ except by ! pres5ce ( planet>y bodies or satellites :i* d n me*anically occult ! light ( _! suns4 ,9 ^! regul>ly v>iable />s x is ! light :i* v>ies1 b ( c\rse ! sol> heat mu/ v>y also1--t is to say1 ! sol> en]gy v>ies regul>ly1 b ) unequal p]iods ( gr[? & decl9e & ) l>g] p]iods ( cyclical v>iation 9 addition4 ,su* v>iations c only be produc$ by ! action ( p]man5tly connect$ & orbitally rotat+ planet>y bodies1 act+ dynamically ?r\gh space1 to regul>ly increase & dim9i% ! sol> en]gy1 & su* bodies c only d ?is by _! orbital positions ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r & to ! c5tral sun itself4 ,9 ?is case1 s9ce ! activity ( sol> en]gy is mo/ unque/ionably v>i$ by ! planet>y en]gies1 by _! position & movem5ts1 at lea/ a portion ( sol> en]gy mu/ be due to planet>y action1 & if ?is be s1 x may be affirm$ ) c]ta9ty t sub/antially all sol> en]gy may be produc$ 9 ! same way2 =1 o!rwise1 we seek = two div]se causes to produce a s+le effect1 :i* may be produc$ by "o4 ,we h no k1 h[ev]1 ( any planet>y en]gy :i* c\ld op]ate to increase or dim9i% ! en]gy ( ! c5tral sun 9 its emission ( light1 except t :i* we h already pres5t$1 & no !ory ( our own sun's en]gy hi!rto advanc$ has ev] tak5 cognizance ( ! planet>y en]gies ( our sy/em z an effective cause = ^? ( ! sun4 ,b :ile ! sun's en]gy is--z x mu/ be 9 ?is case--! outcome ( t ( ! planets1 x is equally obvi\s t ! planets !mselves c h no p]man5t1 inh]5t en]gy ( _! own to g5]ate or modify su* en]gy ( ! sun1 s9ce !y are 9 fact suppli$ by ! sol> en]gy1 & _! motions are controll$ & regulat$ by ! sun itself4 ,h5ce ! inf]5ce is irresi/ible t ! planets mu/ d]ive _! prim>y =ce f an ext]nal s\rce n sol>1 & ?is !y c only d by means ( _! rotation 9 space1 & ! only =ce d]ivable f space ( :i* we h any k is electricity1 s t ! circle ?us becomes complete4 ,h[ n[ %all we expla9 ^! p]iodical ab]rations ( en]gy8 ,! color ( a />1 z we "k1 is no crit]ion ( its age or size4 ,! color is due to atmosph]ic absorption ( ! radiant light4 ,! d\ble />s1 = example1 revolve ar\nd ea* o!r at regul> p]iods1 & !y are necess>ily ( ne>ly ! same age1 z sid]eal ages are comput$1 b !y frequ5tly diff] "o f ! o!r 9 color1 & multiple />s may be all diff]5t ea* f ! o!rs2 & ! color1 z be=e /at$1 is no crit]ion ( size1 = a small sun1 ) its gl[+ hydrog5 9 a /ate ( high inc&esc5ce1 & ) few absorption b&s 9 its spectrum1 w appe> blui%-:ite1 or ( t specific type ( />s1 )\t ref]5ce to size1 :ile a mu* l>g] sun1 ) its light d>k5$ by broad absorption b&s & sun-spots1 w appe> orange or r$2 &1 consequ5tly1 diff]5ce ( color c be no crit]ion ( di/ance1 s9ce a blue-:ite /> ( small size w out%9e a r$ orb ( mu* great] magnitude1 :e!r x be m or less di/ant4 ,! v>iable />s1 = ^! reasons1 belong to ! ord] ( r$ />s mo/ly1 if n altoge!r4 ,we mu/ also be> 9 m9d t sun-spots d n dim9i% ! sol> heat1 z !y are ! result ( increas$ & n ( dim9i%$ en]gy4 ,electric curr5ts ( high pot5tial pass directly1 z we "k1 along ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance to _! opposite c5t] ( pol>ity1 s t two planets ne>ly 9 conjunction ) ea* o!r transmit _! curr5ts almo/ directly t[>ds ! sun's c5t]1 & ^u ! same po9t ( sol> latitude1 :ile1 if at "r angles ) ! sun1 !y mu/ deliv] _! electricity along conv]g+ l9es & ?us /rike ! sol> surface at diff]5t po9ts4 ,curr5ts ( electricity ( high pot5tial also 7see ,electricity 9 ! ,s]vice ( ,man1 page #ge71 by _! own passage1 facilitate ! passage ( succe$+ curr5ts1 s t g5]ators dis*>g+ along ! same l9es f9d less & less resi/ance4 ,x is true t we f9d no appreciable resi/ance 9 ! passage ( ^! curr5ts betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 z _! velocity is t ( light1 b bo? light & electricity may be equally ret>d$ by resi/ance 9 a small degree4 ,we "k also t 9 ! cond5s$ hydrog5 atmosph]e ( ! sun !re mu/ be resi/ance1 & also t ! resi/ance 9 fluids dim9i%es z ! temp]ature rises4 ,consid]+ n[ ! v>iable /> ,mira1 z above describ$1 we obs]ve1 z is ! case ) ,delta ,cephei1 also cit$1 t ! p]iod betwe5 its greate/ light1 9 a desc5d+ scale1 & its lea/ is ab\t twice z long z its rise f m9imum to maximum4 ,dur+ a p]iod ( f\r ye>s 7#afgb to #afgf7 x is said t x 0 n visible at all4 ,if ,mira be consid]$ a relatively small sun1 ) its axis /rongly incl9$ to ! planet>y plane1 & hav+ ?ree planets only1 two ( !m con/itut+ a d\ble planet1 l ! e>? & moon1 b ne>ly equal 9 size1 & hav+ a rotation ab\t ! sun 9 ne>ly elev5 mon?s & a rotation ab\t ea* o!r 9 ! same p]iod1 &1 besides ^!1 a mu* m di/ant l>ge planet1 some?+ l our ,jupit]1 ) an orbital p]iod ( _m ye>s1 s t ! cycle ( relative positions is complete 9 ab\t eighty-eight ( ! %ort] p]iods ( v>iation1 we w\ld h su* results z we see 9 ,mira4 ,twice 9 ea* revolution ( ! d\ble planet its two memb]s & _! sun w\ld be 9 conjunction1 & we w\ld h great brilliancy & :it5ess until ! metallic elem5ts began to volatilize 9 increas$ proportions2 !n an era ( wide absorption b&s & r$ness1 gradually increas+ to a maximum aft] its p]iods ( greate/ light1 & !n sl[ly dim9i%+ z ! d\ble planet advanc$ 9 its rotation2 &1 f9ally1 z x aga9 approa*$ conjunction1 ! brilliant hydrog5 illum9ation1 subsequ5tly foll[$ by ! gradually d>k5$ spectrum1 & s on1 :ile ! l>ge out] planet by its v>i\s positions w\ld fir/ relatively ret>d & !n accel]ate ! v>iation until its gr& cycle 0 complete4 ,! p]man5t disappe>ance = ye>s1 if true1 may be due to o!r causes1 :i* w be ref]r$ to 9 consid]+ ! ph5om5a ( new & tempor>y />s4 ,_m ( ! irregul> v>iables may d\btless be simil>ly expla9$1--our own sun1 9 fact1 be+ a v>iable ) a p]iod ( ab\t elev5 ye>s1--& d\btless ! app>5t irregul>ity 9 mo/ cases is due to lack ( suffici5t "t = obs]vation4 ,^? />s :i* are 9 fact really irregul> 9 _! v>iation owe _! *anges1 d\btless1 to ! same causes :i* produce new />s1 s call$1 & suns 9 flames1 :i* w be next consid]$4 ,among ! c\ntless />s ( heav5 a great cata/rophe seems occasionally to occur4 ,a /> bur/s out into sudd5 flame1 to all appe>ance1 or a great fix$ /> appe>s :]e no /> _h ev] be5 se5 be=e4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,proctor's article1 ,suns 9 ,flames 7,my?s & ,m>vels ( ,a/ronomy71 we w f9d an ext5d$ discussion ( ^! wond]ful ph5om5a4 ,! a/ronom] ,ty*o ,brahe describ$ ! "o :i* appe>$ 9 #aegb z foll[s3 ,x sudd5ly %one =? 9 ! con/ellation ,cassiopeia ) a spl5dor exce$+ t ( />s ( ! fir/ magnitude1 or ev5 ,jupit] or ,v5us at _! brighte/1 & c\ld be se5 by ! nak$ eye on ! m]idian at full day4 ,its brilliancy gradually dim9i%$ f ! "t ( its fir/ appe>ance1 & at ! end ( sixte5 mon?s x entirely disappe>$1 & has nev] be5 se5 s9ce4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t ( its app>ition its place 9 ! heav5s rema9$ unalt]$1 & x _h no annual p>allax1 s t its di/ance 0 ( ! same ord] z t ( ! fix$ />s4 ,ty*o describ$ its *anges ( color z foll[s3 fir/1 z hav+ be5 ( a bright :ite2 aft]w>ds ( a r$di%-yell[1 l ,m>s or ,aldeb>an2 &1 la/ly1 ( a lead5 :ite1 l ,saturn4 ,9 #afjd a fir/-magnitude /> sudd5ly appe>$ 9 ! "r foot ( ,ophiucus4 ,x pres5t$ appe>ances resembl+ ^? %[n by ! =m]1 & disappe>$ aft] a few mon?s4 ,_m o!r cases are cit$ by a/ronom]s1 & 9 #ahff a /> appe>$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 ! obs]vations ( :i* ?rew great light on ! subject ( s-call$ new />s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 f\nd t :]e ?is new /> appe>$ !re _h be5 a t5?-magnitude />2 ! new />1 !n1 0 9 reality a /> long kn[n1 :i* _h acquir$ new brilliancy4 ,:5 fir/ obs]v$ ) ?is abnormal lu/re1 x 0 %9+ z a /> ( ! second magnitude4 ,exam9$ ) ! spectroscope1 its light reveal$ a />tl+ /ate ( ?+s 9 ^? remote dep?s ( space4 ,! usual /ell> spectrum1 ra9b[-t9t$ & cross$ by d>k l9es1 0 se5 to be cross$ also by f\r exce$+ly bright l9es1 ! spectrum ( gl[+ hydrog54444 ,! great] "p ( ! />'s light manife/ly came f ?is gl[+ hydrog51 ?\gh x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ! re/ ( ! spectrum 0 bright] ?an be=e ! outbur/1 ! mat]ials ( ! /> be+ rais$ to an int5se heat4 ,! maximum brightness exce$$ t ( a t5?-magnitude /> ne>ly eight hundr$ times4 ,aft] %9+ = a %ort "t z a second-magnitude />1 x dim9i%$ rapidly 9 lu/re1 & x is n[ betwe5 ! n9? & t5? magnitudes 7,appleton's ,cyclopdia74 ,( ?is new />1 ,pr(essor ,ball says1 ,ano!r memorable a*ievem5t 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,dr4 ,hugg9s's c>e] is connect$ ) ! celebrat$ new /> t bur/ =? 9 ! ,cr[n 9 #ahff4 ,x seem$ a =tunate co9cid5ce t j at ! mom5t :5 ! spectroscope 0 beg9n+ to be appli$ to ! sid]eal heav5s a /> ( su* m>vell\s "* %\ld h pres5t$ itself4444 ,! feature :i* made ! spectrum ( ! new /> ess5tially di/9ct f t ( any o!r /> t _h be5 previ\sly obs]v$ 0 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 bright l9es sup]pos$ on a spectrum ) d>k l9es ( "o ( ! ord9>y types4 ,! position ( c]ta9 ( ^! l9es %[$ t "o ( ! lum9\s gases mu/ be hydrog54444 ,! spectroscope %[$ t !re mu/ h be5 some?+ :i* we may describe z a conflagration ( hydrog5 on a /up5d\s scale1 & ?is outbur/ w\ld acc\nt = ! sudd5 increase 9 lum9osity ( ! />1 & also to "s ext5t expla9 h[ s /up5d\s an illum9ation1 once k9dl$1 c\ld dw9dle away 9 s %ort a "t z a few days4 ,x w be se5 t ^! new />s leap sudd5ly into great brilliancy3 x is a matt] ( a few h\rs only4 ,aft] rema9+ a v %ort "t 9 ?is /age ( abnormal inc&esc5ce1 !y gradually die out aga9 9 lu/re & rev]t to _! orig9al condition2 !y are n consum$ ei!r 9 body or atmosph]e4 ,sev]al !ories h be5 advanc$ to acc\nt = ^! rem>kable ph5om5a2 see ,suns 9 ,flames1 by ,pr(essor ,proctor4 ,"o is1 9 effect1 t by "s sudd5 int]nal convulsion a l>ge volume ( hydrog5 & o!r gases 0 evolv$ f x1 ! hydrog5 by its comb9ation ) "s o!r elem5t giv+ out ! l9es repres5t$ by ! bright l9es1 & at ! same "t heat+ to a po9t ( vivid inc&esc5ce ! solid matt] ( ! />'s surface4444 ,z ! lib]at$ hydrog5 gas became exhau/$ ! flame gradually abat$1 & ) ! consequ5t cool+ ! />'s surface became less vivid & ! /> return$ to its orig9al condition2 :i*1 by ! way1 x nev] c\ld h done if its atmosph]e _h be5 expos$ to su* a dis9tegration1 )\t ! con/ruction ( an entirely new atmosph]e precisely simil> to ! "o j de/roy$4 ,! process w\ld be "o ( simple combu/ion4 ,x requires ! evolution ( enorm\s volumes ( hydrog5 f )9 ! planet1 & ( o!r enorm\s volumes ( some?+ else1 by :i* to burn x up & yet n burn up ! orig9al hydrog5 envelope4 ,?is o!r elem5t c\ld n h previ\sly exi/$ outside ! sol> body & contigu\s !reto1 or x w\ld h burn$ up ! ord9>y hydrog5 envelope ( ! sun long be=e1 z well z ! metallic vapors float+ !re94 ,bo? ^! mutually ho/ile gases mu/ h come f )91 & ?is is manife/ly impossible1 z we %\ld ?us h explosion & sol> de/ruction1 b n combu/ion4 ,!re is no reason to believe t hydrog51 ! lighte/ ( elem5ts1 c\ld h rema9$ occlud$ )9 ! sol> mass1 to ! exclusion ( ! heavi] metals1 if disassociat$1 & if held comb9$ no su* sudd5 lib]ation c\ld occur4 ,besides1 su* convulsion w\ld be impossible 9 any sun at all resembl+ ours1 z any fur!r lib]ation ( gases f int]nal cond5sation mu/ be due to sol> contraction1 h5ce gradual1 & n sudd54 ,moreov]1 su* lib]ation ( hydrog5 gas f )9 w\ld %[ its spectrum load$1 at its e>lie/ eruption1 ) absorption b&s2 &1 f9ally1 ! convulsion presupposes z great an activity1 & consequ5tly z great a difficulty1 be=e ! ph5om5on z ! ph5om5on itself pres5ts2 = su* va/ di/urbance ( mass w\ld be m difficult to acc\nt =1 & require m en]gy to produce1 ?an ! results !mselves4 ,moreov]1 ! :ole mass ( ! /> appe>$ to increase equally 9 temp]ature1 z %[n by ! spectrum1 &1 if produc$ by an int]nal convulsion1 ?is mu/ h ext5d$ to1 if n proce$$ f1 its core2 s t :ile ! combu/ion ( hydrog5 might h ceas$ 9 a v brief "t1 ! int5se heat ( ! sol> mass c\ld n h be5 dissipat$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,x w\ld1 9 fact1 h disrupt$ ! :ole orb4 ,ano!r !ory is t ?is va/ inc&esc5ce 0 caus$ by ! viol5t precipitation ( "s mighty mass--p]haps a planet--^u ! globe ( t remote sun1 by :i* ! mom5tum ( ! fall+ mass w\ld be *ang$ into molecul> motion2 9 o!r words1 into heat & light4 ,?is !ory is no m plausible ?an ! o!r1 s9ce x fails to acc\nt = ! enorm\s volume ( hydrog51 ) bright l9es1 z a result ( su* contact2 :ile ,pr(essor ,proctor v cle>ly %[s t su* contact w\ld h be5 prec$$1 necess>ily1 by repeat$ p>tial graz+s1 z ! outside body repeat$ly pass$ 9 swift] & clos] passage by ! sun 9 its gradually approa*+ orbital revolutions1 & t ! increase ( light & heat mu/ h be5 measur$ by ye>s in/ead ( by h\rs4 ,! same difficulties exi/ 9 ! suppos$ passage ( ! /> ?r\gh nebul or /> cl\ds1 ( :i* ,pr(essor ,proctor says1 ,z = ! ru% ( a /> ?r\gh a nebul\s mass1 t is a !ory :i* w\ld sc>cely be ent]ta9$ by any "o acqua9t$ ) ! enorm\s di/ances sep>at+ !m4444 ,all we c]ta9ly "k sugge/s t ! di/ances sep>at+ !m f ea* o!r are comp>able ) ^? :i* sep>ate /> f />4 ,9 fact1 no t5able !ory has be5 advanc$ :i* w cov] ! ph5om5a4 ,pr(essor ,proctor describes a /> :i* flam$ out 9 #ahgf4 ,at midnight1 ,novemb] #bd1 a /> ( ! ?ird magnitude 0 notic$ 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,swan2 its light 0 v yell[2 its brilliancy rapidly fad$4 ,on ,decemb] #b x 0 equal to a /> ( ! fif? magnitude only1 & ! color1 :i* _h be5 yell[1 0 n[ gre5i%-blue4 ,! />'s spectrum at ?is "t consi/$ almo/ entirely ( bright l9es4 ,decemb] #e he f\nd ?ree bright l9es ( hydrog51 ! /rong d\ble l9e ( sodium1 ! triple l9e ( magnesium1 & two o!r l9es4 ,"o ( ^! la/ seem$ to agree exactly 9 position ) a bright l9e belong+ to ! corona se5 ar\nd ! sun dur+ total eclipse4 ,! /> aft]w>ds fad$ away gradually until q invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,x w be notic$ t none ( ! above elem5ts--sodium1 potassium1 or magnesium--are su* z w\ld comb9e ) hydrog5 to produce ! ph5om5a 9 "q4 ,pr(essor ,proctor concludes1 ,?is evid5ce seems to me to sugge/ t ! int5se heat :i* sudd5ly affect$ ?is /> _h its orig9 f )\t4 ,he sugge/s possible meteoric flights2 b meteoric /ones !mselves are sep>at$ 9 space by enorm\s di/ances1 & ^!1 if conv]g$ 9 orbital flight1 w\ld pres5t ! same ph5om5a ( successive graz+s z a small planet approa*+ "u l circum/ances1 & by _! gradually increas+ inc&esc5ce we %\ld c]ta9ly h o!r elem5ts visible 9 ! spectroscope besides ^? obs]v$4 ,& ^! meteoric bodies1 if project$ into ! sun1 w\ld pass 9 a v brief "t ?r\gh ! hydrog5 envelope1 produc+ only local ph5om5a1 s t _! fir/ bl[ w\ld be manife/$ 9 volatilization ( ! out] portions ( ! mass & broad absorption b&s1 & consequ5t r$ness ( ! planet1 exhibit+ great heat1 b n great light4 ,9 su* case ! bright l9es ( hydrog51 if !y appe>$ at all1 w\ld only be visible z an aft]-consequ5ce1 & n at ! e>lie/ mom5t ( conflagration1--t is1 ! /> might gr[ f r$ to :ite1 b by no possibility ! rev]se4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 *>act]i/ic ( ^! new />s t _! fir/ fla%1 z x 71 is into ! inc&esc5ce ( directly gl[+ hydrog51 ) its bright l9es1 !n ?r\gh a s]ies ( gradually increas+ sun-spots1 & f9ally a sl[ return to _! orig9al condition & app>5t magnitude4 ,x is obvi\sly a surface ph5om5on ( ! sol> atmosph]e1 prim>ily1 !n foll[$ by consequ5ces involv+ only ! out] surface ( ! sol> core1 b ) no obs]vable p]man5t *ange 9 ! "* or con/itution ( ! mass ( ! sun itself4 ,^! *>act]i/ics are inv>iable1 & ! sequ5ce ( ph5om5a is ! same 9 all ! cases obs]v$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,tempor>y ,,/>s1 ,,meteors1 ,,& ,,comets4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! probable cause ( ^! t]rific conflagrations1 z !y appe> to u8 ,take an ord9>y electric induction ma*9e1--a ,holtz or a ,wim%ur/1--&1 if ! surr\nd+ air is moi/1 z we op]ate x we w f9d t ! results are poor1 ! sp>ks %ort & relatively few2 b let u take ! ma*9e into ano!r room 9 :i* ! atmosph]e is dry & crisp4 ,a wondr\s *ange w occur1 & in/ead ( a curr5t :i* c\ld sc>cely fla% across a few in*es ( space1 we w n[ h s great an increase ( en]gy t its t5sion w ev5 cause ! sp>k to p]=ate & de/roy ! glass walls ( ! heavy ,leyd5 j>s 9 :i* x is cond5s$4 ,! va/ realms ( space1 ) _! att5uat$ vapors1 are ! field 9 :i* ! planet>y electric g5]ators op]ate1 & into :i*1 likewise1 myriads ( suns con/antly p\r _! light & heat4 ,we may consid] ?is space1 accord+ to ! popul> view1 to be uni=m 9 con/itution & d5sity ?r\gh\t all its p>ts1--t x is1 9 fact1 l a va/1 sil5t1 & motionless dead sea4 ,b ?is _c possibly be true1 any m ?an ?r\gh\t ! va/ compass ( our own atmosph]e2 = :ile "s p>ts ( space are peopl$ by millions ( sol> sy/ems1 o!rs1 z we c pla9ly see1 s f> z telescopic vision ext5ds1 are comp>atively vacant4 ,f> m electricity is be+ ab/ract$ 7s to speak7 9 "s p>ts ( space ?an 9 o!rs1 & f> m heat & light are be+ p\r$ back to re/ore ! equilibrium 9 "s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,we h already se5 t ! temp]ature at ! ext]ior surface ( ! t]re/rial atmosph]e is e/imat$ to be m ?an two hundr$ degrees high] ?an 9 ! realms ( op5 int]planet>y space2 h5ce !re mu/ be curr5ts1--curr5ts ( rotation l cyclones1 vortical curr5ts l :irlw9ds1 curr5ts ( transmission l our l&- & sea-breezes & ! trade-w9ds1--&1 9 fact1 all space mu/ be 9 a /ate ( con/ant displacem5t & replacem5t1 &1 if visible1 we %\ld see x l a va/ room fill$ ) smoke1 9 :i* curr5ts ( e %ape & direction & ( all velocities w\ld be manife/4 ,su* curr5ts c\ld ?r[ nebul dur+ _! cond5sation into rotation :i* c\ld nev] rotate ( _! own motion1 or ga!r to c5t]s ( aggregation va/ :irl+ cl\ds ( spatial matt]1 & 9 ! spiral nebul we may see _m su* movem5ts ( rotation 9 app>5t active progress4 ,( ^! we read 9 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia1 ,!y h ! appe>ance ( a mael/rom ( /ell> matt]1 & are among ! mo/ int]e/+ objects 9 ! heav5s4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,ni*ol's spl5did "w 7,! ,ar*itecture ( ! ,heav5s1 #ahej7 we may see magnific5t engrav+s ( ^! wond]ful ph5om5a1 f ! draw+s by ,"l ,rosse1 & no "o c /udy ^! figures )\t realiz+ ! pres5ce ( va/ curr5ts 9 space4 ,9 ! great spiral nebula 9 ! con/ellation ,canes ,v5atici 7see illu/ration 9 ,*apt] ,,xii47 we p]ceive t ! tail ( ! small] nebula has be5 drawn into ! out] convolution ( ! great spiral1 aga9/ ! radial repulsion ( ! latt] nebula1 z we c see by its curvature4 ,?is c only be due to a trem5d\s infl[+ curr5t 9 space4 ,7 ! deflection due to gravity ! tr5d w\ld be to ! c5t] & n to ! out] convolution ( ! l>g] nebula4 ,pr(essor ,ni*ol says1 ,! spiral figure is *>act]i/ic ( an ext5sive class ( galaxies4 ,n only 9 ! spiral1 b 9 o!r =ms ( nebul we may obs]ve ^! curr5ts ( space1 s t we _c fail to p]ceive t !y exi/1 & we %\ld ev5 conclude1 a priori1 t ^! mu/ exi/4 ,9 ! elongat$ l9e> nebula 9 ,sobieski's ,cr[n1 illu/rat$ above1 its l5g? is deflect$ into irregul> curves app>5tly due to c\nt]-curr5ts ( space4 ,^! gase\s nebul1 ,flamm>ion says1 appe> l imm5se vapor\s cl\ds toss$ ab\t by "s r\gh w9ds1 pi]c$ ) deep r5ts1 & brok5 9 jagg$ portions4 ,x may be said g5]ally t e sun1 z x drifts ?r\gh space1 mu/ leave a wake ( increas$ electric pot5tial among ! molecules :i* l9e its pa?way4 ,beyond ! limits ( e vortex ext5d radial or tang5tial1 pol> or equatorial1 /reams ( space1 & ^! mu/ ext5d )\t limit until deflect$ or neutraliz$ by o!r conditions4 ,?r\gh\t all space1 j z 9 our own atmosph]e1 b va/ly m sl[ly1 !re mu/ be an inf9itude ( movem5ts 9 e direction1--movem5ts 9 l9es1 circles1 vortices1 ellipses & irregul> curvatures1 & ( all possible v>ieties ( mass & volume4 ,suppose1 n[1 a sail+ vessel light$ ) inc&esc5t lamps1 ! electrical curr5ts = ! support ( :i* are d]iv$ f ! *emical action ( sea-wat] on multiple pairs ( suitable metallic plates arrang$ to ext5d d[nw>d z a galvanic batt]y into ! ocean z ! %ip sails along1 & t ^! plates1 by ! *emical action ( ! sea-wat] at ord9>y1 temp]atures1 %\ld furni% a suffici5t curr5t to prop]ly light ! vessel4 ,if ! con/ancy ( su* curr5t dep5d$ on ! av]age temp]ature ( ! sea-wat]1 at1 say1 sixty degrees ,fahr5heit1 we %\ld f9d t1 on sudd5ly cross+ into ! ,gulf ,/ream1 ) a temp]ature tw5ty degrees high]1 ! en]gy ( ! batt]y w\ld be rapidly increas$ & ! lights w\ld gl[ ) increas$ brilliancy until1 on em]g+ f ! ,gulf ,/ream at its opposite side1 ! orig9al /atus w\ld be gradually re/or$4 ,if ^! di/ant sol> sy/ems1 9 _! drift ?r\gh space1 %\ld enc\nt] a correspond+ /ream "u an increas$ molecul> t5sion1 m highly heat$1 = example1 or *>g$ ) electrical pot5tial by ! surr\nd+ sol> sy/ems1 or o!rwise1 we %\ld expect a simil> result to ensue1--t ! curr5ts w\ld be increas$ sudd5ly1 bo? 9 quantity & int5sity1 & all ! ph5om5a ( blaz+ />s be reveal$ 9 ! precise ord] 9 :i* we see !m4 ,pr(essor ,proctor seems to h _h "s su* idea ( space vaguely 9 8 m9d :5 he says1 9 8 ,famili> ,essays1 ,"o is invit$ to believe t ! /> may h be5 c>ri$ by its prop] motions into regions :]e !re is a m uni=m di/ribution ( ! mat]ial :5ce ?is orb recruits its fires4 ,x may be t1 9 ! consid]ation ( su* causes ( v>iation affect+ our sun 9 long-pa/ ages1 a m satisfactory explanation ?an any yet obta9$ may be f\nd ( ! problem geologi/s f\nd s p]plex+1--! =m] exi/5ce ( a tropical climate 9 places )9 ! temp]ate zone1 or ev5 ne> ! arctic regions4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el long s9ce po9t$ to ! v>iation ( ! sun z a possible cause ( su* *anges ( climate4 ,9 confirmation ( ! view t su* *anges may be due to ! passage ( a sol> sy/em into or ?r\gh su* a ,gulf ,/ream ( space1 we quote ! foll[+ f ,pr(essor ,proctor's ,suns 9 ,flames3 ,x is notewor?y t all ! />s :i* h blaz$ out sudd5ly1 except "o1 h appe>$ 9 a p>ticul> region ( ! heav5s1--! zone ( ! ,milky ,way 7all1 too1 9 "o-half ( t zone74 ,! s+le exception is ! /> 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 & t /> appe>$ 9 a region :i* ,i h f\nd to be connect$ ) ! ,milky ,way by a well-m>k$ /ream ( />s2 n a /ream ( a few />s scatt]$ "h & !re1 b a /ream :]e ?\s&s ( />s are closely aggregat$ toge!r1 ?\gh n q s closely z to =m a visible ext5sion ( ! ,milky ,way4444 ,n[1 ! ,milky ,way & ! outly+ /reams ( />s connect$ ) x seem to =m a region ( ! /ell> univ]se :]e fa%ion+ processes are /ill at "w4 ,9 j su* regions ( pot5tial en]gy %\ld we look = su* curr5ts 9 space1 z1 on our own e>?1 ! ,gulf ,/ream & ! trade-w9ds1 z well z cyclones & o!r atmosph]ic movem5ts1 f9d _! orig9 "u precisely p>allel circum/ances1--to wit1 ! outp\r ^u & direct precipitation ( increas$ quantities ( heat at ! tropics or o!r local c5t]s ( su* developm5t4 ,! effects ( su* an increase ( quantity & pot5tial 9 an electrical curr5t are cle>ly illu/rat$ 9 ! device previ\sly ref]r$ to1 9 :i* electrolytic decomposition 0 effect$ 9 a pail ( wat]2 we f9d x also 9 ! burn+ out ( ! bru%es & commutators 9 dynamo-electric ma*9es & 9 telegraphic app>atus dur+ ?und]-/orms & ! l4 ,all[+ a sol> sy/em a drift ?r\gh space only equal to t ( our own1 :i* has a relatively sl[ movem5t1 x w\ld trav]se su* a ,gulf ,/ream ( space sev5 hundr$ ?\s& miles wide 9 a s+le day4 ,b x may n ev5 h pass$ ?r\gh2 x may m]ely h graz$ ! m>g9 ( su* a curr5t2 = ! motions ( sol> sy/ems are n controll$ by ! same =ces z ^? ^u :i* _! electrical en]gies dep5d4 ,pr(essor ,ball1 9 8 *apt] on ! great heat-wave ( #ahib1 says1 ,t[>ds ! end ( ,july an extraord9>ily high temp]ature1 ev5 = t p]iod ( ! ye>1 prevail$ ov] a v l>ge "p ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,! s-call$ heat-wave !n seems to h travell$ ea/w>d & cross$ ! ,atlantic ,ocean2 444 a =tnight aft] ! occurr5ce ( unusually great heat 9 ! ,new ,_w !re 0 a simil> exp]i5ce 9 ! ,old ,_w4444 ,?is discussion w at all ev5ts enable u to make "s reply to ! "q :i* has (t5 be5 ask$1 z to :at 0 ! cause ( ! great heat-wave4444 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q possible t c]ta9 *anges 9 progress on ! sun may act 9 a specific mann] on our climate4444 ,x _c be d5i$ t local1 if n g5]al1 *anges 9 ! sun's temp]ature mu/ be ! accompanim5t ( ! viol5t di/urbances by :i* our lum9>y is n[ & !n agitat$4 ,x is1 inde$1 well kn[n t !re are occasional outbreaks ( sol> activity1 & t ^! recur 9 a p]iodic mann]2 x is accord+ly n )\t int]e/ to notice t ! pres5t ye> has be5 "o ( ! p]iods ( ?is activity4 ,we are c]ta9ly n go+ s f> z to say t any connection has be5 def9itely e/abli%$ betwe5 a season ( exub]ant sun-spots & a season rem>kable = excessive w>m?2 b1 z we "k t !re is a connection betwe5 ! magnetic condition ( ! e>? & ! /ate ( sol> activity1 x is by no means impossible t climate & sun-spots may also /& 9 "s relation%ip to ea* o!r4 ,^! local deviations are d\btless due to planet>y positions ) ref]5ce to ! sun1 b m g5]al v>iations mu/ dep5d ^u ! con/itution ( su* p>ts ( space z ! sol> sy/em may occupy2 b ev5 !n !y w be b tempor>y1 s9ce ! sun's volume w rapidly exp& or contract s z f9ally to re/ore ! normal emission ( sol> heat1 z w be fur!r expla9$ lat] on 9 ?is "w4 ,!re are o!r causes also1 readily conceivable1 = su* increas$ electrical action2 = in/ance1 9 t ?ickly-peopl$ region ( space1 two sol> sy/ems adjac5t might easily h _! ext]ior planets s relat$ to ea* o!r z sudd5ly1 at _! po9ts ( ne>e/ approa*1 to cause "o or m to direct an abnormally l>ge electrical curr5t into ! sun ( ! adjac5t sy/em2 ?is w\ld correspond 9 electric en]gy1 9 fact1 to a viol5t p]turbation 9 its orbit by ! action ( gravity produc$ by a neighbor+ planet or sy/em4 ,no rev]sal ( pol>ity c\ld take place betwe5 ^! planets "u ^! circum/ances1 any m ?an betwe5 ! e>? & ! moon4 ,9 "s portions ( ! ,milky ,way1 d\btless1 suns blaze by doz5s across ! sky at night1 & by day z well1 to :i*1 9 our m solit>y skies1 we are /rang]s4 ,revolv+ 9 p]fect h>mony1 p]turbations mu/ nev]!less be frequ5t1 & to :at limits !y may !re be conf9$ we %all nev] "k until we realize ! ext5t ( ^! galaxies & ! relative contiguity ( _! sol> sy/ems to ea* o!r4 ,x is en\gh to %[ h[ su* v>iations may occur2 9 :at p>ticul> way !y d occur does n affect ! "q ( _! orig94 ,ev5 if su* increas$ en]gy 7 to cont9ue by p]man5tly increas$ planet>y action1 x is n necess>y to suppose t a correspond+ p]man5t increase ( light & heat w\ld result on ! "p ( ! sun1 = its d5sity is su* 7only "o-f\r? t ( ! e>?7 t1 "u ! trem5d\s =ce ( its gravity 7tw5ty-sev5 & "o-t5? times t ( ! e>?71 its con/itu5ts _c be ma9ta9$ 9 solid =m1 b mu/ be1 z be=e /at$1 ei!r liquid or gase\s1 & p]haps 9 "p bo?4 ,n[1 z x has be5 comput$ t ! sun1 by contraction to its pres5t d5sity1 w\ld h evolv$ its pres5t light & heat = a p]iod ( millions ( ye>s1 x is obvi\s t any increase 9 its pres5t volume1 )\t increase ( mass1 w\ld produce precisely opposite & comp5sat$ results1 s t ! sun c\ld receive f outside s\rces z mu* heat z w\ld exp& its pres5t volume to t at ! initial po9t ( su* assum$ cond5sation )\t increas$ emission ( light & heat4 ,! sun is ?us1 9 effect1 a self-comp5sat+ ma*9e1 & its passage ?r\gh a region ( increas$ electrical g5]ation w\ld fir/ manife/ itself 9 a va/ increase ( brilliancy1 due to high] inc&esc5ce ( its hydrog5 envelope2 ?is1 9 turn1 w\ld be communicat$ to ! deep] /ructures ( ! sun1 produc+ increas$ volatilization & d>k absorption b&s1 & f9ally to ! :ole sol> mass1 exp&+ its volume 9 proportion to ! heat absorb$4 ,h5ce we %\ld see precisely ! ph5om5a t we d see 9 flam+ />s or s-call$ new />s4 ,we f9d su* comp5sations all ?r\gh nature1 & x is simply 9 accordance ) h] univ]sal laws t !y occur4 ,x is a s+ul> circum/ance t ! cata/rophe :i* is =etold 9 ! biblical record z ! t]m9ation ( all human life on e>?1 = ! pres5t cycle1 at lea/1 %\ld be almo/ lit]ally 9 accordance ) ! ph5om5a *>act]i/ic ( su* an increase ( sol> en]gy1 & "o produc$ 9 "s su* mann]4 ,if ! temp]ature ( ! sol> atmosph]e 7 rapidly rais$ by increas$ planet>y action to a po9t :i* w\ld rev]se ! l9es ( hydrog5 f d>k to bright1 say to a brightness eight hundr$ times t ( ! normal1 z 9 ! case ( ! tempor>y /> cit$1 ?\gh ! heat w\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be increas$ 9 any su* proportion1 yet ! heav5s w\ld be inde$ roll$ up z a scroll1 & all life w\ld be ext+ui%$ 9 a v brief p]iod4 ,b ! planets w\ld cont9ue to roll along _! orbits1 ! integrity ( ! e>?'s mass w\ld /ill be intact1 & aft] a few days or weeks ! sun w\ld beg9 to decl9e 9 brightness1 ! volatiliz$ vapors w\ld sl[ly rec$e )9 ! sol> atmosph]e1 & ! temp]ature w\ld gradually fall aga9 to its normal1 leav+1 h[ev]1 a lifeless _w to roll on its way h5ce=?1 b z bright & *e]ful 9 all its possibilities1 :5 ! =m] conditions _h gradually become re/or$1 z be=e4 ,p]haps "s di/ant a/ronom] 9 ! neighborhood ( ,sirius--if we %all h travell$ s f> away by t "t--might s5d a note to ! morn+ pap]s to ann\nce t ! tempor>y /> ne> ,alpha ,c5tauri _h aga9 rec$$ to ! t5? magnitude4 ,9 due "t--p]haps a ?\s& ye>s--all w\ld be ready = a new developm5t ( life1 & ! cycle w\ld cont9ue z be=e4 ,p]*ance1 too1 9 "s deep abyss1 or buri$ f> b5ea? ! surface1 "s g]ms ( life might /ill cont9ue to exi/2 & f ^!1 l ! se$s resurrect$ f buri$ mummies1 a new life might aga9 beg91 guid$ along once m ?r\gh va/ ages 9 a progressive asc5t f developm5t to developm5t until1 9 "s new & /range =ms1 ! high] types ( life might aga9 appe>4 ,to ^! !re w\ld inde$ be reveal$ a new heav5 & a new e>?4 ,:o kn[s h[ _m su* cycles ( life may h come & gone on e>?1 9 :i*1 l ! dwell]s ( ,j]usalem1 new peoples h built new cities1 "o above ano!r1 ^u ! unkn[n graves ( ! pa/8 ,9 ! words ( ,t5nyson1-- ,a wondr\s eft 0 ( old ! ,"l & ,ma/] ( e>?1 ,= him did 8 high sun flame1 & 8 riv] bill[+ ran1 ,& he felt himself 9 8 =ce to be ,nature's cr[n+ race4 ,z n9e mon?s g to ! %ap+ an infant ripe = 8 bir?1 ,s _m a million ( ages h gone to ! mak+ man3 ,he n[ is fir/1 b is he ! la/8 ,:atev] ! com+1 ! progress1 or ! go+ ( life on e>?1 ! c\rse ( our sol> sy/em w g on ! same1 ! processes ( creation un*ang$ & h] me*anism unimpair$4 ,x is obvi\s t no su* conditions c\ld prevail 9 ! return to unorganizable *aos :i* mu/ be ! consequ5ce ( any possible planet>y collisions 9 space4 ,no conceivable process ( creation c\ld return a sy/em disrupt$ into meteorites to an op]ative sol> sy/em aga94 ,ev5 ! nebul> hypo!sis contemplates no?+ ( t sort z1 by ! wilde/ conjecture1 ev] possible4 ,b ) u ! dang] is f> di/ant4 ,pr(essor ,proctor says1 9 8 article ,suns 9 ,flames1 ,z ,sir ,william ,h]s*el long s9ce po9t$ out1 we c recognize 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! heav5s v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 & *ief among ! regions :]e z yet nature's "w seems incomplete is ! ,galactic zone1--especially t half ( x :]e ! ,milky ,way consi/s ( irregul> /reams & cl\ds ( /ell> light4 ,z !re is no reason = believ+ t our sun belongs to ?is "p ( ! galaxy1 b1 on ! contr>y1 good gr\nd = consid]+ t he belongs to ! class ( insulat$ />s1 few ( :i* h %[n signs ( irregul> v>iation1 :ile none h ev] blaz$ sudd5ly out ) _m hundr$ times _! =m] lu/re1 we may fairly inf] a v high degree ( probability 9 favor ( ! belief t1 = _m ages /ill to come1 ! sun w cont9ue /eadily to dis*>ge 8 duties z fire1 light1 & life ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,! passage ( our sy/em ?r\gh gradually *ang+ regions ( space1 z contra/$ ) /reams or vortices1 c\ld n affect our sun's light ev5 tempor>ily1 z ! contraction & expansion ( its volume w\ld fully comp5sate = any su* gradual or p>tial v>iation1 &1 by position1 he is f> f likely to pass into any ( ^? :irlpools or torr5ts ( space :i* seem to m>k at irregul> int]vals ! region ( ! irregul>ly v>iable />s4 ,alli$ 9 appe>ance to su* />s :i* sudd5ly flame out 9 space1 b totally diff]5t 9 reality1 are comets4 ,^! /rang]s to our own sy/em h excit$ ! wond] & a/oni%m5t ( mank9d f ! e>lie/ ages4 ,!y seem to defy all rules & all explanation2 b1 :5 prop]ly exam9$1 !y w fall inevitably into ! g5]al s*eme ( ! s\rce & mode ( sol> en]gy :i* we h endeavor$ to pres5t4 ,^! bodies ent] our sol> sy/em f )\t4 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia says1 ,s*iap>elli1 to :om ! discov]y is 9 "p due1 consid]s ! meteors to be disp]s$ portions ( ! comet's orig9al sub/ance1--t is1 ( ! sub/ance ) :i* ! comet ent]$ ! sol> doma94 ,pr(essor ,proctor1 ,meteoric ,a/ronomy1 says1 ,a ^w or two may be p]mitt$ on ! "q ( ! condition ( comets fre%ly arriv+ on ! sc5e ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,x is assum$ sometimes t ! tra9 ( meteors already exi/s :5 ! comet fir/ comes )9 ! sol> doma94 ,9 ! ,romance ( ,a/ronomy 7,r4 ,kalley ,mill]1 ,m4,a47 x is said1 ,9 a sort ( debatable t]ritory betwe5 our own sol> sy/em & ! inf9ite /ell> univ]se ar\nd we come ^u ^! erratic & anomal\s bodies--! comets2 "s ( :i* h accid5tally become p]man5t att5dants ^u our sun2 o!rs h only paid x a s+le casual visit 9 ! c\rse ( _! w&]+s ?r\gh space1 & are n likely aga9 to come )9 ! range ( its attract+ influ5ce2 :ile c\ntless millions are d\btless scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! realms ( ! inf9ite1 ^: exi/5ce w nev] be reveal$ to human k5 at all4 ,pr(essor ,helmholtz1 9 fact 7see add5dum to 8 lecture on ! orig9 ( ! planet>y sy/em71 advanc$ ! idea 9 a speculative way1 t our t]re/rial life might h _h its orig9 9 "o ( ^! meteoric bodies by ! transmission ( organisms ?r\gh space4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,proctor's article on comets 7,my/]ies ( ,"t & ,space7 he says1 ,! pa?s foll[$ by comets %[ no resemblance ei!r to ! planet>y orbits or to ea* o!r4 ,"h we see a comet travell+ 9 a pa? ( mod]ate ext5t & n v ecc5tric2 !n ano!r :i* ru%es f a di/ance ( two or ?ree ?\s& millions ( miles1 approa*es ! sun ) ev]-increas+ velocity until ne>] to him ?an p>ts ( 8 own corona 7z se5 9 eclipses71 sweeps ar\nd him ) inconceivable rapidity1 & makes (f aga9 to :]e ! aphelion ( its orbit lies f> out 9 space beyond ! mo/ di/ant kn[n planet1--,neptune4 ,"s comets travel 9 a direct1 "s 9 a retrograde pa?2 a few ne> ! plane ( ! e>?'s orbit1 _m 9 planes %[+ e v>iety ( incl9ation4 ,"s comets regul>ly return aft] int]vals ( a few ye>s2 "s aft] hundr$s ( ye>s2 o!rs are only se5 once or twice1 & !n unacc\ntably vani%2 & n a few %[ by ! pa?s !y foll[ t !y h come f int]/ell> space to pay our sy/em b a s+le visit1 pass+ out aga9 to trav]se we "k n :at o!r sy/ems or regions4444 ,:5 we h said t ^! objects obey ! law ( gravity1 we h m5tion$ ! only circum/ance--z x w\ld appe>--9 :i* !y con=m to ! relations obs]v$ 9 t]re/rial & planet>y arrangem5ts4 ,& ev5 ?is law--! wide/ yet reveal$ to man--!y seem to obey half unwill+ly4 ,we see ! head ( a comet trac+ out sy/ematically en\gh its prop] orbit1 :ile ! comet's tail is all unruly & disob$i5t4444 ,! fact1 !n1 is demon/rat$ t two ( ! meteor /reams enc\nt]$ by ! e>? are s f> associat$ ) two comets z to travel on ! same orbits4 ,we may n unsafely inf] t all ! meteor sy/ems are 9 l mann] associat$ ) o!r comets4 ,nor is x v ra% to assume t all comets are 9 l mann] associat$ ) meteor sy/ems4 ,conc]n+ ! influ5ce ( gravitation ( ! planets1 ! same au?or says 7,meteoric ,a/ronomy71 ,n[1 ! circum/ances "u :i* a comet approa*+ ! sun on a p>abolic or hyp]bolic orbit c be ?us affect$ mu/ be reg>d$ z exceptional4 ,! planet's influ5ce mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 be v en]getically ex]cis$2 9 o!r words1 ! arriv+ comet mu/ pass v close to ! planet1 = "u any o!r circum/ances ! sun's influ5ce s enorm\sly outvies ! planet's t ! figure ( ! cometic orbit w\ld be v little affect$4 ,moreov]1 ! planet's attraction mu/ produce an important balance ( ret>dation4 ,! planet w inevitably accel]ate ! comet up to a c]ta9 po9t1 & aft]w>ds w ret>d x2 ! latt] influ5ce mu/ greatly exce$ ! =m]4 ,to %[ h[ greatly ! comet mu/ be ret>d$1 x is only necess>y to m5tion t ! actual velocity ( ! ,novemb] meteors :5 !y cross ! orbit ( ,uranus is less ?an "o-?ird ( ! velocity ) :i* ,uranus himself travels1 b _! velocity at ! same di/ance f ! sun1 :5 !y 7 approa*+ him f "s di/ant /ell> doma91 exce$$ ! velocity ( ,uranus 9 8 orbit 9 ! proportion ( ab\t sev5 to five4444 ,x foll[s1 n m]ely z a probable inf]5ce1 b1 ,i ?9k1 z a demon/rat$ conclusion1 t if ! ,novemb] meteors came orig9ally into our sy/em z a comet travell+ sunw>d f inf9ity1 !n ei!r t comet 0 v compact or else ,uranus captur$ only a small portion ( ! comet1 ! rema9+ portions mov+ !nce=? on orbits :olly diff]5t f ! pa? ( ! ,novemb] meteors4444 ,no o!r planet ?an ,uranus c h br\ght ab\t ! subjection ( ?is comet to sol> rule4 ,9 8 article on comets he says1 ,x may be well "h to consid] a case 9 :i* "s active =ce 7o!r ?an gravity7 ex]t$ by ! sun seems to h br\ght ! de/ruction ( a comet1 or at lea/ to h brok5 up ! comet into unrecognizable fragm5ts4 ,he ref]s to ,biela's comet1 ) an orbital p]iod ( six & two-?irds ye>s1 & a pa? :i* 0 f\nd to approa* v ne> to ! pa? ( ! e>?4 ,9 #ahcb ! comet cross$ ! e>?'s track sev]al weeks be=e ! arrival ( ! e>? at ! same po9t )\t appreciable int]f]5ce4 ,on its second return1 9 #ahde-df1 x 0 f\nd to be divid$ into two comets travell+ side by side2 9 #aheb !y reappe>$1 /ill divid$1 & gradually div]g+ f ea* o!r4 ,s9ce !n !y h nev] reappe>$1 ?\gh dilig5tly s\ght = at e p]iod4 ,pr(essor ,proctor adds1 ,x has be5 se5 aga91 ?\gh n z a comet2 nay1 ! occasion on :i* x 0 se5 9 ! way ref]r$ to 0 pr$ict$1 & ! pr$iction fulfill$1 ev5 9 details4 ,= a full acc\nt ( its reappe>ance--z a meteor /ream--,i ref] ! read] to my essay on ,biela's comet 9 ',famili> ,sci5ce ,/udies4' ,9 ,mill]'s ,romance ( ,a/ronomy we read1 ,encke's comet1 :i* possesses ! smalle/ orbit ( any connect$ ) our sy/em1 is s5sibly draw+ ne>] & ne>] to ! sun at e revolution4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,proctor's ,cometic ,my/]ies1 ! au?or says1 ,we he> x /at$ t ! nucleus ( a comet is made up ( meteoric /ones 7,pr(essor ,p4 ,g4 ,tait says--= unkn[n reasons--t !y resemble 'pav+ /ones or ev5 bricks'7 z confid5tly z ?\gh ! e>? _h at "s "t pass$ ?r\gh ! nucleus ( a comet1 & "s ( our /reets 7 n[ pav$ ) /ones :i* _h fall5 to ! e>? on su* an occasion4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 all t has yet be5 prov$ is t meteoric bodies foll[ 9 ! track 7:i* is v diff]5t f ! tail7 ( "s kn[n comets1 & t probably all comets are foll[$ by tra9s ( meteors4 ,^! may h come out ( ! head or nucleus 9 "s way z yet unexpla9$2 b x is by no means c]ta9 t !y h done s1 & x is by _m a/ronom]s reg>d$ z m ?an d\btful4 ,! mo/ important po9t to be notic$ 9 ! behavior ( l>ge comets z !y approa* ! sun is1 t usually ! side ( ! coma :i* lies t[>ds ! sun is ! sc5e ( int5se di/urbance4 ,/reams ( lum9\s matt] seem to rise cont9ually t[>ds ! sun1 atta9+ a c]ta9 di/ance f ! head1 :51 assum+ a cl\d-l appe>ance1 !y seem to =m an envelope ar\nd ! nucleus4 ,?is envelope gradually increases its di/ance f ! sun1 gr[+ fa9t] & l>g]1 :ile )9 x ! process is repeat$ & a new envelope is =m$4 ,?is1 9 turn1 asc5ds f ! nucleus1 exp&+ z x does s1 :ile )9 x a new envelope is =m$4 ,mean:ile ! fir/ "o =m$ has gr[n fa9t]1 p]haps has disappe>$4 ,b sometimes ! process goes on s rapidly 7a day or two suffic+ = ! =mation ( a complete new envelope7 t sev]al envelopes w be se5 at ! same "t1--! out]mo/ fa9te/1 ! inn]mo/ mo/ irregul> 9 %ape & mo/ v>i$ 9 brightness1 :ile ! envelope or envelopes betwe5 are ! be/ develop$ & mo/ regul>4 ,! matt] rais$ up 9 ^! envelopes seems to h und]gone a c]ta9 *ange ( "*1 caus+ x no long] to obey ! sun's attractive influ5ce1 b to exp]i5ce a /rong repulsive action f him1 :]eby x is app>5tly swept away ) great rapidity to =m ! tail4 ',x fl[s pa/ ! nucleus1' says ,dr4 ,hugg9s1 'on all sides1 /ill ev] exp&+ & %oot+ backw>d until a tail is =m$ 9 ! direction opposite to ! sun4 ,?is tail is usually curv$1 ?\gh sometimes rays or extra tails s5sibly /raight are also se54' ,9 ,! ,sun z a ,p]petual ,ma*9e1 ,pr(essor ,proctor says1 ,take1 aga91 ! ph5om5a ( comets1 :i* /ill rema9 among ! greate/ ( nature's my/]ies4 ,we h reason to believe 444 t ! nucleus ( a comet consi/s ( an aggregation ( /ones simil> to meteorites4 ,adopt+ ?is view1 & assum+ t ^! /ones h absorb$ some:]e gases to ! am\nt ( six times _! volume 7tak5 at atmosph]ic pressure71 we may ask1 ,:at w be ! effect ( su* a mass ( /ones advanc+ t[>ds ! sun at a velocity rea*+ 9 p]ihelion ! prodigi\s rate ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty-six miles p] second 7z obs]v$ 9 ! comet ( #ahdc71 be+ tw5ty-?ree times our orbital rate ( motion8 ,pr(essor ,ball says1 ,"o ( ! mo/ important results ( ! great %[] ( #ahff 0 ! demon/ration t ! sw>m ( little bodies to :i* t %[] ow$ its orig9 0 connect$ ) a comet4 ,! sw>m 0 f\nd1 9 fact1 to foll[ ! exact track :i* ! comet pursu$ ar\nd ! sun4444 ,( ?is connection betwe5 ! comet>y orbits & revolv+ sw>ms ( meteors _m o!r in/ances c\ld be cit$4 ,i may ref] to ! rem>kable li/s publi%$ by ! ,briti% ,association1 9 :i*1 beside ! "n ( ! comet or ! designation :i* a/ronom]s _h affix$ to x1 ! meteoric sw>m ) :i* ! comet is associat$ is also giv54444 ,on ^! gr\nds x appe>s to be p]fectly c]ta9 t ! orig9 ( ! %oot+ />s :i* appe> 9 sw>ms _c be disassociat$ f ! orig9 ( ! comets by :i* ^? sw>ms are accompani$4 ,! au?or makes a di/9ction betwe5 su* ord9>y %oot+ />s & meteorites1 & attributes ! appe>ance ( ! latt] on e>? to masses ?r[n =? f "s volcano some:]e1 b ?is has no?+ to d ) ! special ph5om5a to be int]pret$4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t ! pres5ce ( olefiant gas z "o ( ! occlud$ gases 9 a meteorite 7f\r & fifty-five-hundr$?s p] c5t41 z /at$ by ,pr(essor ,proctor1 9 8 article ,! ,sun z a ,p]petual ,ma*9e71 & ! rem>kable fact1 /at$ 9 ! article ,spectrum ,analysis 9 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia1 t1 9 ,w9necke's comet ( #ahfh1 ! b&s agree 9 position ) ^? obta9$ z ! spectrum ( c>bon1 by pass+ ! electric sp>k ?r\gh olefiant gas1 w\ld lead "o to consid] a cometic orig91 = ?is p>ticul> meteorite at lea/1 to be highly probable4 ,pr(essor ,ball fur!r says1 ,!re h be5 sev]al in/ances 9 :i* a comet has approa*$ s close to a planet t ! attraction betwe5 ! two bodies mu/ h _h significant influ5ce on ! planet1 if ! comet>y mass _h be5 at all comp>able ) t ( ! m robu/ body4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ in/ance is pres5t$ 9 ! case ( ,lexell's comet1 :i* happ5$ to cross ! track ( ,jupit]4 ,! effect ^u ?is body 0 s ov]:elm+ t x 0 wr5*$ f its orig9al pa? & />t$ afre% along a :olly diff]5t track4 ,! same writ]1 speak+ ( ! tails ( comets1 says1 ,i h no int5tion to discuss "h ! vex$ "q ( ! tails ( comets4 ,i d n n[ inquire :e!r ! repulsion by :i* ! tail is produc$ be due to ! int5se radiation f ! sun1 or to electricity1 or to "s o!r ag5t4 ,x is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose to note t1 ev5 if ! tails ( comets d gravitate t[>ds ! sun1 ! attraction is obscur$ by a m p[]ful repulsive =ce4444 ,nor d ! directions 9 :i* ! comets move exhibit any con=mity2 "s move r\nd ! sun 9 "o direction1 "s move 9 ! opposite direction4 ,ev5 ! planes :i* conta9 ! orbits ( ! comets are totally diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,in/ead ( be+ incl9$ at only a v few degrees to _! mean position1 ! planes ( ! comets h>dly foll[ any common law2 !y are incl9$ at all sorts ( directions4 ,9 no respect d ! comets obey ^? pr9ciples :i* are necess>y to prev5t con/itutional disord] 9 ! planet>y sy/em4444 ,n[1 all we h hi!rto se5 ) reg>d to comets t5ds to %[ t ! masses ( comets are extremely small4 ,attempts h be5 made to measure !m1 b h always fail$1 because ! scales 9 :i* we h attempt$ to weigh !m h be5 too co>se to weigh any?+ ( ! almo/ spiritual texture ( a comet4 ,x is unnecess>y to g z f> z "s h done1 & to say t ! weight ( a l>ge comet may be only a few p\nds or a few ounces4 ,x might be m reasonable to suppose t ! weight ( a l>ge comet 0 ?\s&s ( tons1 ?\gh ev5 ?\s&s ( tons w\ld be f> too small a weight to admit ( be+ measur$ by ! v co>se balance :i* is at our disposal4 ,9 ! *apt] ,visitors f ! ,sky1 ! same au?or says1 ,z su* a comet 9 its progress across ! heav5s passes betwe5 u & ! />s1 ^? />s are (t5 se5 tw9kl+ brilliantly "r ?r\gh ! _m ?\s& miles ( comet>y matt] :i* _! rays h to trav]se4 ,! lighte/ haze 9 our atmosph]e w\ld suffice to ext+ui% ! fa9t gleam ( ^! small />s2 inde$1 a few feet ( mi/ w\ld h m p[] ( ob/ruct+ ! /ell> light ?an comet>y mat]ial scores ( ?\s&s ( miles ?ick4 ,x is true t ! c5tral portions ( _m ( ^! comets (t5 exhibit mu* great] d5sity ?an is f\nd 9 ! ext]ior regions2 /ill1 9 ! great majority ( su* objects !re is no opacity1 ev5 9 ! d5se/ "p1 suffici5t to put out a />4 ,9 ! case ( ! m spl5did bodies ( ?is description1 x may be suppos$ t ! matt] is some:at m d5sely aggregat$ z well z m volum9\s2 /ill1 h[ev]1 x w be rememb]$ t ! great comet ( #aheh pass$ ov] ,arcturus1 & t ! /> 0 se5 %9+ brilliantly1 not)/&+ ! int]position ( a comet>y curta9 millions ( miles 9 ?ickness4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 no case is kn[n 9 :i* ! nucleus ( a really bright & great comet has be5 witness$ 9 ! act ( passage ov] a consid]able />4 ,x w\ld inde$ be extremely int]e/+ to asc]ta9 :e!r 9 su* case ! /> exp]i5c$ any consid]able dim9ution 9 its lu/re4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,comets4 ,f ! extracts ?us cit$ we may =m a fairly cle> idea ( ! ph5om5a :i* comets pres5t1 & ^! facts repres5t ab\t all t we "k ( ^! my/]i\s objects4 ,!y approa* ! sun 9 a ne>ly radial direction1 ?us cutt+ ! planet>y orbits transv]sely4 ,!y approa* ! sun f all directions & at all angles1 )\t ref]5ce to ! common plane 9 :i* all ! planet>y orbits lie4 ,!y h no rotation on _! own axes1 z ! planets h1 b1 l an aggregat$ mass ( meteorites or cosmical du/1 ru% inw>d f ! ext]ior realms ( space1 s t _! c\rse is diametrically opposite t ( ! planets & ! o!r cosmical bodies :i* con/itute our sol> sy/em4 ,su* a body z a comet1 9 fact1 w\ld pres5t 9 its approa* to our sol> sy/em v mu* ! ph5om5a ( an approa*+ ext]ior sun1 correspond+ f> m closely 9 appe>ance & behavior to our own sun ?an to any ( ! planets4 ,su* a body c\ld n g5]ate positive electricity1 z ! planets d1 b1 on ! contr>y1 mu/ h an electrosph]e ( negative1 or at lea/ neutral1 pol>ity4 ,on its approa* to our planet>y sy/em ! batt]ies ( all ! planets w\ld be at once turn$ ^u ! intrud]1 & x w\ld be rapidly ?r[n into ! same /ate ( active electrical pol>ity z ! sun4 ,! aque\s vapor cond5s$ ar\nd its nucleus by gravity 9 its approa* ?r\gh space1 or buri$ among ! meteoric p>ticles con/itut+ ! comet1 w\ld be necess>ily decompos$ into its con/itu5t gases1 j z 9 ! case ( ! sun1 by ! positive electrical curr5ts f ! planet>y electrosph]es1 & ! disassociat$ hydrog5 w\ld =m ! negative electrosph]e ( ! comet1 gl[+ ) its own lum9osity1 by gase\s inc&esc5ce4 ,we %\ld !n obs]ve1 dur+ its cont9u$ approa* to ! sun1 ph5om5a simil> to ^? :i* we might expect to manife/ !mselves dur+ ! approa* ( a m9ute sol> body t[>ds ! sun1 *>act]iz$ by a rapid increase ( velocity1 due to attraction ( gravity1 & trem5d\s mutual repulsion betwe5 ! sol> & cometic electrosph]es4 ,we %\ld see ! lum9\s hydrog5 & associat$ gases boil+ upw>d1 & !nce drawn =w>d f ! nucleus by ! comb9$ gravity ( ! sun's mass1 t ( ! planet>y masses1 & ! opposite pol>ity ( ! planet>y electrosph]es1 :ile !y w\ld be1 at ! same "t1 repell$ backw>d by ! enorm\s repulsive =ce ( ! negative electrosph]e ( ! sun4 ,z a result1 we %\ld f9d ^! gases 9 a /ate ( ebullition1 =c$ =w>d "u great excitem5t & di/urbance1 boil+1 eddy+ ab\t1 driv5 to & fro 9 all directions until ! sun's repulsive =ce _h ov]come ! diff]5t attractions1 :5 ^! lum9\s cl\ds or envelopes w\ld be swept swiftly (f to ! re>1 z by a p[]ful curr5t ( w9d1 ar\nd ! m>g9s ( ! nucleus1 & !y w\ld be se5 to /ream backw>d f ! sun z an elongat$ envelope or tail4 ,new volumes ( gas w\ld p\r to ! front1 attract$ f deep] dep?s1 & ^!1 on rea*+ ! comet>y electrosph]e1 w\ld be aga9 repell$ by ! sol> activity & driv5 to ! re>1 :ile ! gases ?us driv5 backw>d1 !mselves simil>ly electrifi$1 w\ld mutually repel ea* o!r z !y /ream$ backw>d ar\nd ! m>g9s ( ! nucleus4 ,let u n[ see :at ^! gases are3 if !y are su* z appe> 9 ! sun's electrosph]e1 we w "k t su* mu/ be _! action2 if1 on ! contr>y1 !y are su* z appe> 9 planet>y electrosph]es1 we w f9d any su* attempt$ explanation to be a failure4 ,quot+ l>gely f ,dr4 ,hugg9s1 ,pr(essor ,proctor1 9 8 ,cometic ,my/]ies1 says1 ,! spectrum ( ! brighte/ comet ( t ye> 0 p>tly cont9u\s1 & on ?is cont9u\s spectrum _m ( ! well-kn[n ,fraunh(] l9es c\ld be trac$4 ,?is made x c]ta9 t "p ( ! comet's light 0 reflect$ sunlight1 ?\gh ,dr4 ,hugg9s consid]s also t a "p ( ! cont9u\s spectrum ( e comet is due to inh]5t light4 ,on ?is po9t "s d\bt may be p]mitt$4 ,x is "o ?+ = special b&s to %[ !mselves1 = "s sub/ances may become self-lum9\s "u special conditions at v mod]ate temp]atures2 x is q ano!r ?+ t ! solid p>ts ( a comet's sub/ance %\ld become inc&esc5t4 ,i v5ture to express my op9ion t ?is c sc>cely happ51 except 9 ! case ( comets :i* approa* v ne> to ! sun4 ,besides ! cont9u\s spectrum ) d>k l9es1 ! photograph %[$ also a spectrum ( bright l9es4 ',^! l9es1' says ,dr4 ,hugg9s1 'possess$ extreme int]e/1 = !re 0 c]ta9ly conta9$ )9 ?is hi]oglyphic writ+ "s new in=mation4 ,a discussion ( ! position ( ^! new l9es %[$ !m to be und\bt$ly ! same l9es :i* appe> 9 c]ta9 comp\nds ( c>bon4 ,n long be=e ,pr(essors ,live+ & ,dew> _h f\nd f _! laboratory exp]im5ts t ^! l9es are only pres5t :5 nitrog5 is also pres5t1 & t !y indicate a nitrog5 comp\nd ( c>bon1--namely1 cyanog54 ,two o!r bright gr\ps 7 also se5 9 ! photograph1 confirm+ ! pres5ce ( hydrog51--c>bon & nitrog54' ,x is wor?y ( notice t only a few days lat] ,dr4 ,h4 ,drap] succe$$ 9 obta9+ a photograph ( ! same comet's spectrum4 ,x appe>$ to him to confirm ,dr4 ,hugg9s's /atem5ts1 except only t ! d>k ,fraunh(] l9es 7 n visible1 ! photograph hav+ probably be5 tak5 "u less favorable conditions4444 ,b ! late/ comet has br\ght ) x fre% news4 ,its spectrum is n l t giv5 by ! comets we are consid]+4 ,! bright l9es ( sodium are se5 9 x1 & also o!r bright l9es & gr\ps ( l9es :i* h n yet be5 %[n to be id5tical ) any belong+ to ! hydroc>bon gr\ps1 b probably are s4444 ,! cyanog5 gr\ps are n se54444 ,b x is manife/ t ?is comet und]w5t important *anges4444 ,9 ,april 0 f\nd simply a fa9t cont9u\s spectrum2 9 ,may ! ?ree b&s associat$ ) c>bon 7 pres5t1 ?\gh fa9t1 :ile !re 0 no trace :atev] ( ! sodium b&4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ,june ! nucleus ( ! comet gave a v /rong & ext5d$ cont9u\s spectrum ) an excessively /rong bright l9e 9 ! orange-yell[ id5tical ) ! well-kn[n d\ble sodium l9e ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,on ?is 444 x is necess>y to conclude t dur+ ! la/ =tnight ( ,may ! spectrum ( ,wells's comet _h *ang$ 9 a mann] ( :i* ! hi/ory ( sci5ce furni%es no prec$5t4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! elem5ts c>bon & hydrog5 closely resemble ea* o!r1 n only 9 _! multif>i\s *emical aff9ities & reactions1 b 9 _! electric pol>ities1 & ! hydroc>bon comp\nds1 l _! con/itu5ts1 c>bon & hydrog51 are electrically simil> to ea* o!r1 an example ( ?is simil>ity ( ! elem5ts be+ f\nd 9 ! id5tical action ( ! c>bon arc & hydrog5 envelope 9 ! heat+ & light+ exp]im5ts ) electrical curr5ts h]e9be=e describ$4 ,we h already se5 t c>bon foll[s q a diff]5t law f ! o!r concrete elem5ts1 9 ! fact t its electrical resi/ance dim9i%es z ! temp]ature rises2 x also diff]s widely f ! o!r solid elem5ts 9 its atomic heat1 :i* has a value mu* less ?an "o-half ! mean con/ant1 :i* is #f4d4 ,( ?is matt] ( specific heat1 ,pr(essor ,f[nes1 9 8 "w on *emi/ry 7,bridges' edition71 says1 ,dulong & ,petit obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! inve/igation a mo/ rem>kable circum/ance4 ,if ! specific heats ( bodies be comput$ ^u equal weights1 numb]s are obta9$ all diff]5t & exhibit+ no simple relations among !mselves2 b if1 in/ead ( equal weights1 quantities be tak5 9 ! proportion ( ! atomic weights1 an almo/ p]fect co9cid5ce 9 ! numb]s w be obs]v$1 %[+ t "s exce$+ly intimate connection mu/ exi/ betwe5 ! relations ( bodies to heat & _! *emical nature2 & :5 ! circum/ance is tak5 into view t relations ( ev5 a /ill clos] k9d l9k toge!r *emical & electrical ph5om5a1 x is n too mu* to expect t ere long "s law may be discov]$ f> m g5]al ?an any ) :i* we are yet acqua9t$4444 ,nev]!less1 ?is law mu/ n be und]/ood z p]fectly g5]al1 = !re are ?ree elem5ts--namely1 c>bon1 boron1 & silicon ^! =m a s+le gr\p ( elem5ts 9 *emical classification--:i* exhibit decid$ exceptions to x4 ,organic *emi/ry is sub/antially bas$ ^u ! almo/ inf9itely int]*ang+ relations among c>bon-hydrog5 radicals1 supplem5t$ by a few o!r elem5ts4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,f[nes1 ,organic *emi/ry is 9 fact ! *emi/ry ( c>bon comp\nds4 ,! position ( c>bon among ! elem5ts is some?+ l t ( camphor among ! oils1 ! latt] be+ a volatile oil1 b concrete 9 =m4 ,) a concrete elem5t hav+ ! peculi> "* ( c>bon we c well und]/& its univ]sal *emical & electrical relation%ip ) gase\s hydrog5 9 ! gr&e/ op]ations ( nature4 ,cyanog5 is an electrically simil> comp\nd ( c>bon ) ! addition ( nitrog54 ,( ^! elem5ts x w be se5 t nitrog5 & hydrog5 are f\nd to exi/ also 9 ! gase\s nebul1 & ) ! probable addition !re ( oxyg52 b 9 comets ! quota ( active oxyg5 mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! correlat$ planet>y1 & n 9 ! cometic1 atmosph]es1 z is ! case ) ! sun4 ,( ! pres5ce ( ! vapor ( c>bon 9 comets ,pr(essor ,ball says1 ,?is is a v s+ul> fact1 :5 x is rememb]$ t c>bon is "o ( ! sub/ances ess5tially associat$ ) life 9 ! =ms 9 :i* we "k x4 ,pr(essor ,hugg9s says1 ,s9ce t "t ! light f "s tw5ty comets has be5 exam9$ by diff]5t obs]v]s4 ,! g5]al close agreem5t 9 all cases1 not)/&+ "s small div]g5cies1 ( ! bright b&s 9 ! comet>y light ) ^? se5 9 ! spectrum ( hydroc>bons ju/ifies u fully 9 ascrib+ ! orig9al light ( ^! comets to matt] :i* conta9s c>bon 9 comb9ation ) hydrog54 ,we may le>n some?+ fur!r ( ! con/itution ( comets1 p]haps1 by consid]+ ! *emical reactions :i* _! spectra seem to indicate4 ,! foll[+ extract is f a rec5t article on ! manufacture ( illum9at+ gas3 ,ammonia conta9s #hb4ce p>ts ( nitrog5 & #ag4fe ( hydrog54 ,x is n produc$ by a direct comb9ation1 = nitrog5 c be caught & w$d$ only by a hot & skilful woo+4 ,9 ! gas retort1 at a temp]ature ( #bbjj degrees & 9 ! pres5ce ( lime1 soda1 or pota%1 x w comb9e ) c>bon & =m cyanog51 & !n fur!r comb9e ) ! alkali to =m a cyanide4 ,!re is /eam 9 ! retort1 &1 z ne>ly z ! gas *emi/s c make out1 ! nitrog5 promptly divorces itself1 gives up ! c>bon to ! oxyg5 ( ! /eam1 &1 tak+ ! hydrog5 to itself1 becomes1 = ! "t at lea/1 a fix$1 if volatile1 sub/ance1 b ev] ready to ent] into new alliances4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 ! comets exam9$ by ,pr(essors ,hugg9s & ,drap] ! spectroscope reveal$ bo? cyanog5 & ! d\ble l9e ( sodium4 ,! function ( ! sodium is readily und]/ood1 z by its pres5ce x enables ! nitrog5 9 ! cometic atmosph]e to comb9e ) a "p ( ! c>bon ( ! gase\s hydroc>bons :i* con/itute ?is atmosph]e1 & ?us produce ! cyanog54 ,b to effect ?is comb9ation requires 9 ! retort a temp]ature ( #bbjj degrees4 ,if ! comb9+ temp]ature ar\nd ! nucleus ( a comet is ! same1 x w %[ t ! temp]ature ( ?is comet's nucleus mu/ be v high1 &1 :ile _m times less ?an t ( ! sun's photosph]e1 x /ill cle>ly illu/rates ! p[]ful "* ( ! impact ( ! planet>y electrical curr5ts ^u ! comet1 & its trem5d\s repulsion by ! simil>ly electrifi$ sol> electrosph]e4 ,! second "o ( ! above reactions1 t f cyanog5 to ammonia1 is due to ! /eam or aque\s vapor 9 ! retort4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! comet all ! aque\s vapor & its con/itu5t oxyg5 h disappe>$ by electrolytic decomposition long be=e ! comb9+ temp]ature ( cyanog5 has be5 rea*$2 s t ! sodium1 ! hydroc>bons1 & ! cyanog5 alone appe>1 & ! oxyg5 comp\nds are miss+4 ,b on ! rev]sal ( pol>ity ( ?is comet by contact ) a planet>y electrosph]e1 %\ld su* ev] occur1 & its consequ5t assumption ( positive electricity1 ! oxyg5 w\ld aga9 appe>1 &1 if ! temp]ature _h n yet rec$$ bel[ t ( ! reaction :i* produces ammoniacal vapors1 we might expect1 %\ld a fragm5t ( ?is comet ent] our atmosph]e z a meteorite1 to f9d ammonia z well z sodium z a con/itu5t !re(2 o!rwise ! ammonia w\ld be replac$ by c>bonic oxide & c>bonic acid1 by ! action ( oxyg5 ^u ! hydroc>bons1 & wat] by ! action ( oxyg5 ^u ! hydrog5 ( ! same1 at mu* l[] temp]atures ?an w\ld suffice = ! g5]ation ( ammonia4 ,! cyanog5 w\ld !n p]haps rema9 z cyanide ( sodium1 unless decompos$ by contact ) ! meteoric metallic iron at a high temp]ature1 z occurs 9 ! op]ation kn[n 9 ! arts z case-h>d5+4 ,! pres5ce ( microscopic diamonds 9 meteorites may be acc\nt$ = by a some:at simil> r$uc+ reaction "u heat & ! active =ce ( ! planet>y & sol> voltaic arc4 ,9 ! popul> view comets are always associat$ ) tails1 b1 9 fact1 comets )\t tails are f> m num]\s ?an ^? to :i* ^! app5dages p]ta92 ! tails1 :5 su* exi/1 are ! direct result ( ! repulsive en]gy ( ! sol> electrosph]e1 & are only manife/$ :5 _! proximity to ! sun has ar\s$ suffici5t activity to swiftly sweep backw>d f ! sun ) inconceivable velocity ! gase\s matt] conc5trat$ 9 & ar\nd ! nucleus4 ,z ^! tails owe _! =mation to ! sun's repulsive en]gy1 !y mu/ always ext5d radially outw>d f ! sun1 & by ! self-repulsive en]gy ( ! div]se con/itu5ts ( ! tails !mselves ^! w be brok5 occasionally into two1 f\r1 or six lat]al /r&s1 & 7possibly by ! attraction ( ! diff]5t planet>y electrosph]es7 curvatures may be app>5t along ! sweep ( ! comets' tails correspond+1 9 effect1 ) p]turbations produc$ by gravity 9 ! orbit ( ! nucleus4 ,( ^! v>i\s ph5om5a1 ,pr(essor ,proctor1 9 8 article on comets1 says1 ,a v l>ge numb] ( comets h no visible tails4 ,:5 fir/ se5 9 ! telescope a comet usually pres5ts a small1 r\nd disk ( hazy light1 some:at bright] ne> ! c5t]4 ,z ! comet approa*es ! sun ! disk l5g!ns1 &1 if ! comet is to be a tail$ "o1 traces beg9 to be obs]v$ ( a /reak9ess 9 ! comet's light4 ,gradually a tail is =m$1 :i* is turn$ always f ! sun4 ,! tail gr[s bright] & l>g]1 & ! head becomes develop$ into a coma surr\nd+ a di/9ctly m>k$ nucleus4 ,pres5tly ! comet is lo/ to view ?r\gh its ne> approa* to ! sun2 b aft] a :ile x is aga9 se51 sometimes wond]fully *ang$ 9 aspect ?r\gh ! effects ( sol> heat4 ,"s comets are bright] & m /rik+ aft] pass+ _! po9t ( ne>e/ approa* to ! sun ?an be=e2 o!rs are q %orn ( _! spl5dor :5 !y reappe>4 ,?is *ange ( aspect is n due to sol> heat1 b to ! en]getic repulsion ( ! sol> electrosph]e4 ,! =ce ( gravity irresi/ibly impels ! comet =w>d to ! sun's electrical vortex1 & ! *ange ( aspect is due to ! repulsion ( its entire /ock ( free gase\s matt] into space 9 case its supply is small1 or to its increas$ developm5t & p\r+ =? 9 case ! supply is l>ge4 ,x is l ! volatilization by a heat$ atmosph]e ( ammoniacal gas1 = in/ance1 absorb$ 9 wat]4 ,! ebullition is va/ly increas$ by ! heat1 b if ! entire /ock ( ammonia has be5 driv5 (f 9 its passage ?r\gh ! heat$ m$ium1 x w em]ge ) ! residual wat] quiesc5t2 o!rwise1 9 a /ate ( increas$ agitation4 ,! same au?or1 9 ,cometic ,my/]ies1 says1 ,repulsion ( ! comet>y matt] c\ld only take place if ?is matt]1 aft] x has be5 driv5 (f f ! nucleus1 & ! sun h bo? high electric pot5tials ( ! same k9d4 ,8 fur!r guess1 h[ev]1 t x is analog\s to ! aurora1 is wide ( ! m>k2 x is due1 9 fact1 to ! mutual repulsion ( _! simil> negative electrosph]es1 ! cometic electrosph]e1 h[ev]1 be+ s mu* small] ?an t ( ! sun t ! latt] %[s no appreciable di/urbance1 z is ! case1 "u simil> circum/ances1 ) ! electrosph]es ( ! e>? & moon4 ,9 ! article la/ quot$ x is said1 ,!re is a d>k space imm$iately beh9d ! nucleus1--t is1 :]e ! nucleus1 if solid1 w\ld ?r[ its %ad[ if !re 7 matt] to receive ! light all r\nd s t ! %ad[ c\ld be se54 ,?is pres5ts1 x is /at$1 a great difficulty4 ,! au?or1 by a happy guess1--almo/ an inspiration1 9 fact1 ( :i* ?is spl5did writ] & obs]v] 0 s full1--sugge/s 9 a foot-note a possible explanation1 :i*1 :ile n 9 itself correct1 sugge/s an analog\s process v l :at we actually see4 ,if ! p>ticles =m+ ! envelopes are m9ute flat bodies1 & if any?+ 9 ! circum/ances "u :i* ^! p>ticles are driv5 (f into ! tail causes !m to always s arrange !mselves t ! planes 9 :i* !y sev]ally lie pass ?r\gh ! axis ( ! tail 7:i*1 if ! tail is an electrical ph5om5on1 might v well happ571 !n we %\ld f9d ! region beh9d ! nucleus v d>k or almo/ black1 = ! p>ticles 9 ! direction ( ! l9e ( sight !re w\ld be turn$ edgewise t[>ds u1 :]eas ^? on ei!r side or 9 ! prolongation ( ! envelopes w\ld turn _! faces t[>ds ! obs]v]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! envelope /ream+ backw>d f ! nucleus =ms a holl[ tube1 ! opposite sides ( :i* exhibit ! same mutual repulsion z bo? exhibit t[>ds ! sun2 h5ce ! ph5om5on w\ld be simil> to t exhibit$ by bl[+ into a clos$ bag ( por\s mat]ial cov]$ ) wisps ( cotton1 = example1 & ! gases1 9 addition to _! ru% backw>d f ! sun1 w\ld also exhibit a radial ru% outw>d f ! longitud9al axis ( ! tail4 ,?is is :at we actually obs]ve1 & suffici5tly acc\nts = ! ph5om5on1 be x altoge!r or only p>tially real1 & n m]ely1 z t au?or ?9ks x may be1 app>5t4 ,x is said1 9 ! same article1 t ,br$i*5 has %[n t :]e !re are ?ree tails to a comet _! =ms correspond ) ! !ory t ! envelopes rais$ f ! head are pr9cipally =m$ ( hydrog51 c>bon1 & iron2 b ?is 444 seems op5 at pres5t to consid]able d\bt4 ,at all ev5ts1 ^! sep>ate tails are self-repulsive1 or !y w\ld be m]g$ into ea* o!r by ! sun's repulsive en]gy2 9 fact1 !y occupy ! resultant ( ! direction produc$ by ! l9e ( ! sun's repulsion & ^? ( _! own mutually repell5t =ce1--t is to say1 radial or div]g5t4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ^! tails are ( insignificant proportions4 ,:5 we see ! tail ( a comet occupy+ a volume ?\s&s ( times great] ?an t ( ! sun itself1 ! "q naturally sugge/s itself1 ',h[ does x happ5 t s va/ a body c sweep ?r\gh ! sol> sy/em )\t d]ang+ ! motion ( e planet8' ,conc$+ ev5 an extreme t5uity to ! sub/ance compos+ s va/ a volume1 "o w\ld /ill expect its mass to be trem5d\s4 ,= in/ance1 if we suppos$ ! :ole mass ( ! tail ( ! comet ( #ahdc to consi/ ( hydrog5 gas 7! lighte/ sub/ance kn[n to u71 yet ev5 !n ! mass ( ! tail w\ld h l>gely exce$$ t ( ! sun4 ,e planet w\ld h be5 dragg$ f its orbit by s va/ a mass pass+ s ne>4 ,we "k1 on ! contr>y1 t no su* effects 7 produc$4 ,! l5g? ( our ye> did n *ange by a s+le second4444 ,?us we are =c$ to admit t ! actual sub/ance ( ! comet 0 inconceivably r>e4444 ,f :at we h already se51 x w be manife/ t ! =mation ( comets' tails is a process ( a v m>vell\s nature1 app>5tly involv+ =ces o!r ?an ^? ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,! tail1 n9ety million miles 9 l5g?1 :i* 0 se5 /ret*+ f ! head ( ,newton's comet ne>ly along ! pa? :i* ! retreat+ comet _h to trav]se1 mu/1 x w\ld seem1 h be5 =m$ by "s =ce f> m active ?an ! =ce ( gravity4 ,! di/ance trav]s$ by ! comet 9 ! la/ f\r weeks ( its approa* to ! sun "u gravity 0 no great] ?an t ov] :i* ! matt] ( ! tail1 se5 aft] ! comet _h circl$ ar\nd ! sun1 _h be5 c>ri$ 9 a few h\rs4 ,yet we h no o!r evid5ce ( any repulsive =ce at all be+ ex]t$ by ! sun1--at lea/ no evid5ce :i* c be reg>d$ z demon/rative1--& /ill less h we any evid5ce ( a repulsive =ce exce$+ 9 en]gy ! sun's attract+ p[]4 7,proctor47 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,cometic ,,ph5om5a4 ,n[1 curi\sly en\gh1 we h 9 con/ant use 9 our laboratories a little in/rum5t call$ ! electroscope1 9 :i* we h manife/$ v cle>ly a repulsive =ce exce$+ 9 en]gy ! e>?'s attract+ p[]1 & v greatly exce$+ x4 ,x is describ$ 9 ,electricity 9 ! ,s]vice ( ,man z foll[s3 ,if we rub a l>ge glass rod ) a silk pad1 we obs]ve t x w attract light bodies1 !n1 aft] contact1 repel !m4 ,dur+ ! process we may notice a peculi> noise1 & if ! exp]im5t be c>ri$ out 9 ! d>k we may fur!r notice sp>ks pass+ betwe5 ! rod & ! rubb]1 & also t ! rod becomes lum9\s4 ,if we susp5d a pi?-ball by means ( a silk ?read1 on br++ ! rubb$ rod ne> ! pi?-ball x w move t[>ds ! rod1 t\* x1 & !n be repell$4 ,if ! glass rod be aga9 br\ght ne> ! pi?-ball1 x w move away f ! glass rod1 & cont9ue to be repell$ until x has be5 t\*$ by "s o!r body4444 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r electricity is communicat$ by electrifi$ bodies to non-electrifi$ bodies :5 br\ght into contact1 let u susp5d two pi?-balls f ! same po9t ( support by ?reads ( uni=m silk1 & t\* ! pi?-balls ) ! rubb$ glass rod4 ,! balls fly f ! rod & also f "o ano!r4 ,on br++ ne> !m a ?ird pi?-ball or any o!r light body1 we f9d t1 ?\gh !y repel "o ano!r1 !y are attract$ by ! light body1 %[+ t !y h become electrifi$ by contact ) ! rubb$ glass rod4 ,f ?is we conclude t an unelectrifi$ body may be electrifi$ by contact ) an electrifi$ body1 & also t !re is repulsion aft] contact4 ,!re is mutual repulsion betwe5 two electrifi$ bodies1 b !re is attraction betwe5 a s+le electrifi$ body & "o t is unelectrifi$4 ,! mutual repulsion ( ^! pi?-balls is ! exact measure ( ! /r5g? ( electrification4 ,hung side by side to ! knob ( a prime conductor ( an electrical ma*9e1 ! mutual repulsion ( ! simil> electrosph]es ( ^! pi?-balls drives !m ap>t aga9/ ! e>?'s gravity & holds !m ext5d$1 if ! electrical t5sion be suffici5t1 to _! wide/ limit ( div]g5ce4 ,x is1 9 effect1 precisely simil> to ! action ( ! sol> & cometic electrosph]es 7see illu/ration 9 a previ\s *apt]1 page #abd71 ea* be+ simil>ly electrifi$ & communicat+ ) ! o!r across a space :i*1 z be=e /at$1 is freely trav]sable by electric curr5ts )\t appreciable resi/ance4 ,t su* electrosph]es are flam+ ) heat does n int]f]e ) su* self-repell5t action2 9 fact1 x int5sifies x4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,tyndall's ,lessons 9 ,electricity we read1 ,flames & gl[+ emb]s act l po9ts2 !y also rapidly dis*>ge electricity4 ,! electricity escap+ f a po9t or flame r5d]s ! air self-repulsive4 ,! consequ5ce is t :5 ! h& is plac$ ov] a po9t m\nt$ on ! prime conductor ( a ma*9e 9 good action a cold bla/ is di/9ctly felt4444 ,wilson mov$ bodies by its action1 ,f>aday caus$ x to depress ! surface ( a liquid1 ,hamilton employ$ ! reaction ( ! electric w9d to make po9t$ wires rotate4 ,! 'w9d' 0 also f\nd to promote evaporation4 ,let u n[ apply ^! pr9ciples to ! tails ( comets4 ,if we conceive ! sun & comet to be analog\s to our pi?-balls1 "o enorm\sly l>g] ?an ! o!r1 h[ev]1 & hung by vapor\s conduct+ cords f ! comb9$ g5]at+ planet>y electrosph]es1 bo? sun & cometic nucleus surr\nd$ ea* by a vapor\s envelope1 & susp5d$ s t !y w hang f p>allel cords1 say a doz5 million miles ap>t1 & ) no curr5ts ( electricity z yet 9 op]ation1 we w f9d t ! sun & comet w be simply attract$ t[>ds ea* o!r by ! =ce ( gravity1 s t _! susp5d+ cords w conv]ge4 ,if ! planet>y electrical ma*9es n[ comm5ce _! rotations1 & curr5ts ( electricity beg9 to pass 9 quantity & int5sity l ^? :i* pass betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 bo? ! sol> & cometic pi?-balls w become simil>ly electrifi$1 & _! gase\s atmosph]es1 in/ead ( draw+ t[>ds ea* o!r1 w become lum9\s & self-repulsive4 ,! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds ! cometic pi?-ball1 by reason ( its great t5uity1 w be driv5 backw>d ) extreme velocity1 :ile ! sol> pi?-ball electrosph]e w be s little affect$ t its repulsion w be imp]ceptible4 ,all ! gase\s matt]1 h[ev]1 ( ! small] pi?-ball w be =c$ (f 9 a direction opposite t ( ! l>g] "o1 & ?is repulsive en]gy w ev5 c>ry ! pi?-balls ap>t1 caus+ ! susp5d+ cords to widely div]ge f ea* o!r1 :ile ! =ce ( gravity ( ! e>? t5ds to br+ !m ne>] toge!r4 ,if ! gravity ( ! l>g] pi?-ball1 h[ev]1 0 equal1 relatively1 to t ( ! sun1 ! result w\ld be t ! solid pi?-balls w\ld be mutually attract$ by gravitation & only ! electrifi$ atmosph]es1 w\ld be mutually repell$4 ,?is exp]im5t w\ld pres5t ph5om5a simil> to ^? we are n[ consid]+4 7,see illu/ration1 page #baa47 ,9 describ+ ,newton's comet1 ) a tail n9ety million miles long project$ backw>d bo? f ! sun & ! comet1 :5 x disappe>$ 9 ! light ( ! sun1 & exhibit+ a simil> tail1 also n9ety million miles long1 :51 less ?an f\r days aft]w>ds1 x reappe>$ f beh9d ! sun1 b ) ! tail n[ direct$ =w>d f ! comet1 b 9 bo? cases ext5d$ radially outw>d f ! sun1 x is obvi\s t ?is :ole tail mu/ h made a sweep+ *ange ( direction ( ne>ly "o hundr$ & eighty degrees ^u ! nucleus z its c5t]4 ,pr(essor ,proctor says1 ,z ,sir ,john ,h]s*el rem>ks1 we _c look on ! tail ( a comet z some?+ :irl$ r\nd l a /ick z ! comet circles ar\nd its p]ihelion sweep4 ,! tail ) :i* ! comet reappe>$ mu/ h be5 an entirely new =mation4 ,x is true t a comet's tail _c be conceiv$ ( z be+ :irl$ r\nd l a /ick1 b we c v readily conceive ( x z some?+ l a flame compos$ ( inc&esc5t gases1 & x may v easily be bl[n r\nd a /ick2 & ?is is precisely :at mu/ happ5 9 ! case ( a comet4 ,con/ruct1 = exp]im5t1 a little app>atus consi/+ ( a bl[-pipe adapt$ to deliv] a curr5t ( air betwe5 two horizontal metal disks1 say an eigh? ( an in* ap>t1 "o p]=at$ at ! c5t] to admit ! nozzle ( ! bl[-pipe4 ,by direct+ a con/ant curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! latt]1 x w be deflect$ s z to bl[ radially outw>d 9 all directions & 9 ! same plane4 ,n[ take a /ick ) a flame on ! end ( x1 or a light$ c&le1 & ) x approa* ?is c5t] ( repell5t en]gy 9 ! plane ( ! space betwe5 ! disks & along an ellipse repres5t+ ! orbit ( a comet4 ,z ! flame approa*es ! improvis$ sol> c5t] x w be driv5 backw>d f ! wick ( ! c&le almo/ along ! l9e ( its approa*1 & z x passes ar\nd ! c5t] x w be con/antly bl[n outw>d 9 a radial direction until1 :5 x rec$es aft] p]ihelion1 ! flame w be se5 po9t$ almo/ directly ahead4 ,at all times ! direction ( ! flame w lie along ! radial l9es prolong$ outw>d f ! c5t] ?r\gh ! wick ( ! c&le1 & x w n be a new flame g5]at$ at e *ange ( its direction1 b ! same flame con/antly =c$ outw>d by ! repulsive =ce ( ! c5tral atmosph]e 9 ?is case or ! sol> electrosph]e 9 ! case ( ! sun4 ,?is exp]im5t is an accurate & conclusive exhibit ( ! ph5om5a ( sol> repulsion 9 its action ^u ! tail ( a comet4 ,x is analog\s 9 pr9ciple to ! repulsion ( ! pi?-balls & ! electric w9d & 79 application7 to ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by comets 9 _! movem5ts to1 ar\nd1 & f ! sun4 ,?is repulsion is n op]ative 9 effect aga9/ ! wick ( ! c&le1--t is to say1 x is n ! repulsion ( ! nucleus :i* det]m9es ! direction ( ! tail1 b ! repulsion by direct outbl[ ( ! sun1 s to speak1 ^u ! inc&esc5t gases ( ! tail itself4 ,?is fact cle>ly demon/rates t ! repulsion ( l electrosph]es is ! cause ( ! ph5om5on1 &1 :5 once und]/ood1 ! process is q z simple z t ( ! orig9al =mation ( ! tail itself1 :i* no "o disputes4 ,!re is to be fur!r consid]$ ! !oretical resi/ance ( space to ! projection & deflection ( su* enorm\s volumes ( att5uat$ matt] z appe> 9 comets' tails4 ,:ile x may n be absolutely necess>y to (f] an explanation ( ?is app>5t difficulty1 9 view ( ! fact t su* projection & deflection d actually occur1 /ill1 ! well-kn[n laws ( ! diffusion ( gases1 9 accordance ) :i* any gase\s matt] w trav]se any o!r gase\s matt] ) ! same velocity z1 & ) no m resi/ance ?an1 9 a vacuum1 w %[ t ?is difficulty has be5 mu* ov]rat$1 :ile = ! tw9 difficulty1 h[ to acc\nt = ! p]si/5ce ( lum9osity at su* va/ di/ances f its s\rce1 we may quote f ,pr(essor ,proctor1 ,cometic ,my/]ies1 :o1 9 turn1 quotes z foll[s3 ,comets travel 9 :at mu/ be reg>d$ z to all int5ts & purposes a vacuum4 ,f ,dr4 ,crookes' exp]im5ts on v high vacua we may inf] t !re is v little loss ( heat1 except by radiation4 ,by int5ts & purposes we und]/&1 ( c\rse1 z a cause ( resi/ance1 & c]ta9ly !re is no reason to believe t ! att5uat$ vapors ( space are suffici5t 9 d5sity to cause any rapid diffusion ( heat by convection1 z contra/$ ) t ( radiation4 ,we h se5 t comets ( %ort p]iod sometimes disappe>1 & t _! disappe>ance is frequ5tly foll[$ by ! appe>ance ( tra9s ( meteors4 ,9 o!r words1 !y h app>5tly lo/ _! cometic prop]ties & become p]man5t adjuncts to our sol> sy/em4 ,a curi\s confirmation ( ?is fact is to be f\nd 9 ! "* ( ! occlud$ gases :i* are conta9$ 9 su* meteorites z sometimes fall ^u ! e>?'s surface4 ,( ?is ,pr(essor ,proctor says1 ,we h reason to believe t ! nucleus ( a comet consi/s ( an aggregation ( /ones simil> to meteorites4 ,speak+ ( ! condition 9 :i* meteorites rea* ! e>?1 he says1 ,!y are kn[n to conta9 z mu* z six times _! own volume ( gases 7tak5 at atmosph]ic pressure74 ,9 "o ( ^! meteorites rec5tly exam9$ by ,dr4 ,flight1 ! foll[+ p]c5tages ( v>i\s gases 7 not$3 ,( c>bonic oxide1 #ca4hh2 ( c>bonic acid gas1 #j4ab2 ( hydrog51 #de4gi2 ( olefiant gas1 #d4ee2 & ( nitrog51 #ag4ff4 ,! pres5ce ( olefiant gas at once sugge/s ! hydroc>bons ( ! cometic nucleus4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is gas _c be acc\nt$ = by ! passage ( ! meteorite ?r\gh our atmosph]e1 nor c t ( hydrog51 & ^! are two *>act]i/ic gases1 toge!r ) ! vapor ( c>bon1 con/antly f\nd to exi/ 9 comets4 ,z be=e expla9$1 ! adv5t ( a comet into our sol> sy/em is t ( a /rang]1 ) electric pol>ity ! opposite ( t ( ! planet>y electrosph]es & id5tical ) t ( ! sun4 ,"u ! comb9$ influ5ce ( ! sol> gravity & p]turbation by ! gravity ( ! planets ^! =eign bodies t5d to %ort5 _! p]iods1 & f9ally fall into ! ord9>y array ( ! bodies :i* compose our own sol> sy/em4 ,b :5 ?is occurs !y w1 9 turn1 become contributors to1 in/ead ( antagoni/s (1 ! en]gy ( ! sun2 9 o!r words1 !y mu/ !n con=m electrically to ! condition ( ! family into :i* !y h m>ri$1--t is to say1 ! planets1--& a rev]sal ( _! electrical pol>ity w take place4 ,?is rev]sal ( pol>ity is no novelty 9 ! op]ation ( electrical app>atus4 ,9 ,electricity 9 ! ,s]vice ( ,man we read z foll[s ( ! ,voss induction ma*9e3 ,?is ma*9e is exce$+ly p[]ful 9 favorable wea!r1 b has an important defect 9 a t5d5cy to self-rev]sal1 :i* is apt to occur at a /oppage4 ,?is defect c be produc$ 9 a ,voss ma*9e1 :5 desir$1 by hold+ a metal po9t to ! positive bru% ,k4 ,! two d]iv$ inductive circuits are beautifully manife/$ :5 ?is ma*9e is work$ 9 ! d>k4 ,a lum9\s /ream is se5 p\r+ t[>ds ! collect+ comb ,l on :i*ev] side ( ! ma*9e ! comb is positive4 ,x w ?us be se5 t simple contact ( a neutral 7or negatively opposite7 body w rev]se ! electrical pol>ity ( ?is ma*9e1 or ev5 ! int]ruption ( its motion w d s at times4 ,possibly a simil> rev]sal may be produc$ 9 a comet by ! contact 9 :ole or 9 "p ( its nucleus ) a planet>y electrosph]e1 s9ce ! action ( gravity is entirely indep5d5t ( t ( ! attraction or repulsion ( ! electrosph]es ( bo? planet>y & cometic bodies4 ,su* rev]sal ( pol>ity 9 a comet w\ld at once ext+ui% its lum9osity1 & ! g5]ation ( oxyg5 w\ld at once replace ! prior g5]ation ( hydrog51 & h]e9 we may f9d expla9$ ! pres5ce ( c>bonic oxide 9 l>ge volume & c>bonic acid 9 small volume 9 ! meteorite above ref]r$ to1 & ( :i* gases ,pr(essor ,proctor says1 ,x is q c]ta9 ^! gases 7 n tak5 up by ! meteorolite dur+ its flight ?r\gh ! air4 ,^! aggregations ( discrete meteoric bodies1 loosely adh]5t by mutual gravity alone1 w\ld be gradually torn ap>t by planet>y int]f]5ce & dragg$ into /reams ( small bodies1 !nce=? trav]s+ space 9 elliptical orbits ar\nd ! sun1 j z d ! planets & planetoids4 ,cyanog51 also1 ! deadly gas s frequ5tly f\nd to exi/ 9 enorm\s quantities 9 ! nuclei ( comets1 w\ld at once disappe>1 by d\ble conv]sion into c>bonic acid1 or oxide1 & ammonia1 or nitrog51 s t ?is dang]1 z ! result ( a comet's possible approa* to ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 may be dismiss$ f appreh5sion4 ,x w be se5 t all ! enorm\s difficulties 9 ! ph5om5a ( comets f9d an explanation 9 ! op]ation ( ! same univ]sal laws :i* we h endeavor$ to apply to ! o!r sid]eal bodies4 ,9 conclusion1 we may cite ! foll[+ f ,dr4 ,hugg9s3 ,broadly1 ! diff]5t applications ( pr9ciples ( electricity :i* h be5 sugge/$ gr\p !mselves ab\t ! common idea t great electrical di/urbances are set up by ! sun's action 9 connection ) ! vaporization ( "s ( ! matt] ( ! nucleus1 & t ! tail is probably matt] c>ri$ away1 possibly 9 connection ) electric dis*>ges1 "u an electrical influ5ce ( repulsion ex]t$ by ! sun4 ,?is view necessitates ! supposition t ! sun is /rongly electrifi$1 ei!r negatively or positively1 &1 fur!r1 t 9 ! processes tak+ place 9 ! comet1 ei!r ( vaporization or ( "s o!r k9d1 ! matt] ?r[n out by ! nucleus has become /rongly electrifi$ 9 ! same way z ! sun1--t is1 negatively if ! sun's electricity is negative1 or positively if ! sun's is positive4 ,! enorm\s di/urbances :i* ! spectroscope %[s to be always at "w 9 ! sun mu/ be accompani$ by electrical *anges ( equal magnitude1 b we "k no?+ z to h[ f> ^! are all1 or ! great majority ( !m1 9 "o direction1 s z to cause ! sun to ma9ta9 p]man5tly a high electrical /ate1 :e!r positive or negative4 ,! above speculations w h ?us become demon/rat$ facts 7?\gh n 9 ! mode sugge/$ by ! above writ]7 z soon z we cle>ly und]/& t1 in/ead ( ! sun's enorm\s di/urbances produc+ electrical *anges ( equal magnitude1 x is ! electrical *anges ( equal magnitude :i* !mselves cause ! sun's di/urbances1 & t ! sun's negative electrical pol>ity is p]man5tly fix$ by ! opposite & positive pol>ity ( ! planet>y electrosph]es1 & t all ^! v>i\s ph5om5a are b ! normal expression ( a s+le univ]sal law1 & are all due to ! con/ant int]action ( planet>y1 sol>1 & cometic electrosph]es1 9 accordance ) ! well-e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( electrical sci5ce4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we consid]1 z is g5]ally believ$ to be ! case1 ! sun itself to be ! sole prime s\rce ( its visible en]gy1 no?+ b difficulty & vague speculation c be look$ = on e h&2 b by relegat+ ! sol> orb to its prop] place1 & tak+ z ! />t+-po9t ! true s\rce ( all en]gy1--to wit1 ! hidd5 =ces embodi$ 9 ! vapors or gases ( int]/ell> space1--! :ole process & mode ( action w logically foll[1 & obscurity & difficulty toge!r disappe>4 ,?is pr9ciple1 prop]ly und]/ood1 is a ma/]-key :i* w unlock e problem & int]pret e enigma :i* ! realms ( int]/ell> space c pres5t4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,resolvable ,,nebul1 ,,/>-,,clu/]s ,,& ,,galaxies4 ,:5 we come to consid] ! nebul1 & endeavor to le>n :at "p electricity has to play 9 ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ^! s+ul> objects1 we mu/ recollect1 9 ord] to give !m _! due importance1 t !y are nei!r few 9 numb] nor uni=m 9 con/itution4 ,( ! nebul1 ,pr(essor ,proctor 7,/>-,cl\ds & ,/>-,mi/7 says1 ,:5 ! dep?s ( ! heav5s are explor$ ) a p[]ful telescope a numb] ( /range cl\d-l objects are br\ght into view4 ,x is />tl+ to consid] t if ! eye ( man sudd5ly acquir$ ! light-ga!r+ p[] ( a l>ge telescope1 & if at ! same "t all ! s+le />s disappe>$1 we %\ld see on ! cele/ial vault a display ( ! my/]i\s objects call$ nebul or />-cl\ds exce$+ 9 numb] all ! />s :i* c n[ be se5 on ! d>ke/ night 9 w9t]4 ,! :ole sky w\ld seem mottl$ ) ^! s+ul> objects4 ,z telescopes1 ) ! advances ( con/ructive art1 increas$ 9 p[]1 ^! lum9\s cl\ds became m & m cle>ly def9$1 & _m ( !m became resolv$ into clu/]s ( />s1 galaxies ( suns l ! ,milky ,way1 ( :i* latt] our sol> sy/em is a con/itu5t "p1 b m di/ant f u ?an ! sep>ately visible />s ( t galaxy1 & ea* sep>at$ f ! relatively adjac5t clu/]s by int]vals ( space comp>able only ) ^? :i* sep>ate !m f our own sy/em4 ,( ^! glori\s />-clu/]s1 says ,flamm>ion1 9 ,! ,wond]s ( ! ,heav5s1 ,9 ! bosom ( inf9ite space1 ! unfa?omable dep? ( :i* we h tri$ to compreh5d1 float ri* clu/]s ( />s1 ea* sep>at$ by imm5se int]vals4 ,we %all soon %[ t all ! />s are suns l ours1 %9+ ) _! own light1 & foci ( z _m sy/ems ( worlds4 ,n[1 ! />s are n scatt]$ 9 all p>ts ( space at haz>d2 !y are gr\p$ z ! memb]s ( _m families4 ,if we comp>$ ! ocean ( ! heav5s ) ! ocean ( ! e>?1 we %\ld say t ! isles :i* spr9kle ?is ocean d n rise sep>ately 9 all p>ts ( ! sea1 b t !y are unit$ "h & !re 9 ar*ipelagoes m or less ri*4444 ,!y are all collect$ 9 tribes1 mo/ ( :i* c\nt _! memb]s by millions4 ,says ,pr(essor ,ni*ol1 ,sy/em on sy/em ( maje/y unspeakable float ?r\gh ! fa?omless ocean ( space4 ,our galaxy1 ) spl5dors t seem illimitable1 is only a unit among unnumb]$ ?rongs2 we c ?9k ( x1 9 comp>ison ) creation1 b z we 7 wont to ?9k ( "o ( its own />s4 ,( ^! glori\s />-clu/]s ! same writ] says1 ,t no "o has ev] se5 !m 9 a telescope ( adequate p[] )\t utt]+ a %\t ( wond]4 ,^! mi/-l />-cl\ds 7 successively resolv$1 nebula by nebula1 until sci5ce settl$ into ! belief t ) telescopes ( adequate p[] all nebul might be s resolv$1 & ! capacity ( telescopes to ?us resolve nebul became a te/ ( _! p[]4 ,b spectrum analysis f9ally ent]$ ! li/s ) new me?ods ( inve/igation1 & ! comp>atively t9y spectroscope at a s+le leap pass$ f> beyond ! utmo/ limits ( ! highe/ telescopic vision1 & at "o bl[ /ruck ! :ole category ( nebul into two widely diff]5t classes1--^? compos$ ( discrete />s gr\p$ l ! suns ( our own ,milky ,way1 & exhibit+ ! *>act]i/ic spectra ( su* bodies1 & ^? compos$ ( diffus$ gase\s matt] n yet cond5s$ into suns1 & %[+ ! disconnect$ spectral l9es ( simple elem5tal gases4 ,! l9e ( division 0 cle>1 direct1 positive1 & beyond all dispute4 ,yet beyond ^! two classes fur!r rese>* has disclos$ c]ta9 va/ nebul 9 :i* "s portions exhibit true sol> spectra m or less modifi$ & o!rs true gase\s spectra1 ea* app>5tly m]g+ into ! o!r by gradations s fa9t & delicate t ! inf]5ce is irresi/ible t 9 ^! nebul we see ! processes ( galactic & sol> creation at v>i\s /ages ( _! developm5t4 ,( ^! nebul1 ,pr(essor ,ball says1 ,9 "o ( 8 mo/ rem>kable pap]s1 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el pres5ts u ) a summ>y ( 8 obs]vations on ! nebul1 arrang$ 9 su* a mann] z to sugge/ 8 !ory ( ! gradual transmutation ( nebul into />s4 ,he fir/ %[s u t !re are regions 9 ! heav5s :]e a fa9t diffus$ nebulosity is all t c be detect$ by ! telescope4 ,!re are o!r nebul 9 :i* a nucleus c be j disc]n$1 o!rs aga9 9 :i* ! nucleus is easily se51 & /ill o!rs :]e ! nucleus is a bright />-l po9t4 ,! transition f an object ( ?is k9d to a nebul\s /> is v natural1 :ile ! nebul\s />s pass into ! ord9>y />s by a few graduat$ /ages4 ,x is ?us possible to enum]ate a s]ies ( objects1 beg9n+ at "o end ) ! mo/ diffus$ nebulosity & end+ at ! o!r ) an ord9>y fix$ /> or gr\p ( />s4 ,ea* object 9 ! s]ies diff]s b slightly f ! object j be=e x & j aft] x4 ,& ( ^! composite nebul1 he adds1 ,! great nebula 9 ,orion is kn[n to be ! mo/ glori\s body ( its class t ! heav5s display4 ,se5 ?r\gh a p[]ful telescope1 444 ! appe>ance ( ?is gr& 'light /a9' is ( indescribable glory4 ,x is a va/ volume ( blui% gase\s mat]ial ) hues ( inf9ite s(tness & delicacy4 ,"h x pres5ts lum9\s tracts :i* gl[ ) an exquisite blue light2 !re x graduates (f until x is impossible to say :]e ! nebula ceases & ! black sky beg9s4 ,) ref]5ce to ^! di/ant galaxies ( app>5tly complete sol> sy/ems l our own1 ! same pr9ciples mu/ regulate ! conv]sion ( ?is en]gy ( planet>y electricity into ! en]gy ( sol> light & heat z we see manife/$ 9 our own sun4 ,! light ( ! individual />s is suffici5t evid5ce ( ?is2 b ! "q may be ask$1 ,is ! electrical int]action betwe5 sep>ate galaxies & betwe5 diff]5t sol> sy/ems 9 ! same galaxy univ]sal1 or are ^! op]ations m]ely local8 ,9 o!r words1 ,is ! s\rce & ! mode ( sol> en]gy 9 accordance ) a s+le univ]sal law ( & betwe5 all creat$ univ]ses1 or is x limit$ 9 effective en]gy to ! memb]s ( ea* individual sol> sy/em alone8 ,! answ] is1 t x is n less univ]sal ?an ! law ( gravitation & no m s4 ,!re is a preval5t popul> fallacy t ! =ce ( gravity is su* t ! movem5ts1 n only ( sol> sy/ems1 b ( :ole galaxies1 & ( all ! illimitable sy/ems ( galaxies1 are "u its effective control1 & t ! :ole univ]se ( b\ndless space ackn[l$ges its ov]:elm+ sway4 ,b no?+ c be fur!r f ! tru?4 ,we "k1 ( c\rse1 t ! law is univ]sal1 z express$ 9 ! /atem5t ( its t]ms by ,newton1 b ! m]e /atem5t ( ! law itself1 z appli$ to int]/ell> di/ances1 refutes ! idea t sol> sy/ems & galaxies c rotate ar\nd any common c5t] by virtue ( ! attraction ( gravitation z a controll+ =ce4 ,! univ]sality ( ! law itself has ev5 be5 d\bt$4 ,pr(essor ,ball says1 ,9 ! fir/ book ab\t a/ronomy :i* ,i read 9 my boyhood !re 0 a gl[+ description4444 ,i allude to ! discov]y1 or ! alleg$ discov]y1 ( a c]ta9 'c5tral sun' ab\t :i* x 0 believ$ or /at$ t all ! bodies 9 ! univ]se revolv$4444 ,x 0 too good to be true4 ,no "o ev] he>s any?+ ab\t ! c5tral sun hypo!sis n[adays4444 ,x mu/ be1 !n1 admitt$ t :5 ! law ( gravitation is spok5 ( z be+ univ]sal1 we are us+ language inf9itely m g5]al ?an ! facts absolutely w>rant4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t we only "k t gravitation exi/s to a v small ext5t 9 a c]ta9 indef9ite small portion ( space4 ,our k w\ld h to be enorm\sly increas$ be=e we c\ld ass]t t gravitation 0 9 op]ation ?r\gh\t ?is v limit$ region2 & ev5 :5 we h prov$ ?is1 we %\ld only h made an inf9itesimal advance to a pro( t gravitation is absolutely univ]sal4 ,anyone :o *ooses may prove = himself t ! =ce ex]cis$ by gravitation betwe5 ! multitud9\s suns ( our own galaxy1 ! ,milky ,way1 & our e>? mu/ be q inf9itesimal1 & totally unable to control ! motions ( our own sol> sy/em 9 a def9ite orbit ?r\gh univ]sal space4 ,we "k t ! law :i* regulates ! int5sity ( light at v>i\s di/ances is ! same z ! law ( gravity1--t is to say1 ! proportion is directly z ! mass & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,we "k also t ! />s :i* compose ! ,milky ,way are simil>ly con/itut$1 g5]ally consid]$1 to our own sun1 & t "u simil> circum/ances ! emission ( light1 r\ghly speak+1 w v>y accord+ to ! magnitude ( ^! di/ant suns4 ,n[1 if any "o w /&1 at ! d>ke/ h\r ( ! night1 :5 ! moon is abs5t & ! sky p]fectly cl\dless1 :5 ! ,/>s t ov]spr9kle all ! heav5s seem to tw9kle ,) a cry/all9e delight1 & sweep ) 8 gaze all ! concave hemisph]e ( ! sky1 & !n comp>e ! light :i* is radiat$ ar\nd him ) ! gorge\s effulg5ce ( ! noonday summ] sun1 he c pretty closely comp>e ! relative attraction ( gravity :i* all ^? di/ant suns toge!r c ex]cise ^u our e>? ) t ( our own sun4 ,"u control ( ! latt]1 ! e>? sweeps ar\nd 9 h] orbit at ! rate ( ab\t tw5ty miles p] second2 all ^! suns c\ld n give our sol> sy/em ev5 a m9ute fraction ( t4 ,( ?is />light ,pr(essor ,ball says1 ,! sun c]ta9ly mu/ receive "s heat by ! radiation f ! />s2 b ?is is q inf9itesimal 9 comp>ison ) 8 own /up5d\s radiation4 ,any su* attraction1 ( c\rse1 c\ld n control ! motions ( our sol> sy/em1 & mu* less t ( _m ( ! o!rs4 ,! night has a ?\s& eyes1 & ! day b "o1 ,b ! light ( ! :ole _w dies :5 ! day is done4 ,we c also demon/rate ! fact ma!matically by an exce$+ly r\gh calculation1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w be suffici5t = our purpose4 ,( ! ,milky ,way1 :i* comprises only ! />s ( our own sid]eal sy/em1 ,pr(essor ,ball says1 ,"o hundr$ million />s are presum$ to be dispos$ 9 a flat circul> lay] ( su* dim5sions t a ray ( light w\ld require ?irty ?\s& ye>s to trav]se "o diamet]4 7,! mo/ rec5t e/imates make ! numb] ( ! />s :i* compose ! ,milky ,way sev]al times "o hundr$ million1 occupy+ a correspond+ly great] amplitude ( space4 ,! numb] 9 any case is suffici5tly /up5d\s47 ,our sol> sy/em is locat$ 9 space at ! apex ( a va/ transv]se cleft1 & ne>ly at ! c5t] ( ?is disk4 ,let u leave out ( consid]ation ! l[] half ( ! ,milky ,way1 z we look upw>d on a />lit night1 & conceive ?is galaxy to ext5d only across ! midnight sky above u l an ar*way1 ) fifty million suns1 visible & invisible1 expos$ 9 ! field ( our vision4 ,! ne>e/ ( all ! fix$ />s to u is t kn[n z ,alpha ,c5tauri1--n visible1 h[ev]1 9 our nor!rn skies4 ,?is /> is ab\t two hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& times z f> f our sun z is ! e>?4 ,if ( ! same mass z our sun1 x mu/ ex]t ^u u an attractive =ce ( gravity "o fifty-?ree-billion? t ( our own sun4 ,next 9 di/ance is ! /> ,no4 #fa ( ! con/ellation ,cygnus4 ,?is may be ?ree times z di/ant1 & is c]ta9ly n less ?an twice4 ,! light ( ! =m] w rea* ! e>? 9 ?ree & "o-qu>t] ye>s2 t ( ! latt] 9 n less ?an six & "o-half ye>s1 p]haps mu* m4 ,^! are our ne>e/ /ell> neighbors4 ,:ile ! =m] w attract u ) only "o fifty-?ree-?\s&-million? t ( ! sun1 ! latt] w attract u ) less ?an "o two-hundr$-?\s&-million? t ( our sun4 ,conceive1 !n1 a squ>e pyramid ext5d+ radially upw>d = ?ree ?\s& times ! mean ( ^! di/ances to ! upp] probable limits ( ! ,milky ,way1 a light-di/ance ( fifte5 ?\s& ye>s1 & t ?is pyramid exp&s accord+ to ! squ>es ( its di/ances1 s t x w conta9 )9 x1 equally di/ribut$1 all ! />s 7fifty million7 ( ! upp] half ( ! disk ( ! ,milky ,way2 ! sum total ( all ^! attractions c\ld n rea* "o tw5ty-million? "p ( t ( our sun ^u ! e>?4 ,if we cont9ue to pile galaxies1 9 ! same p]petual recession1 beh9d ea* o!r to all inf9ity1 we /ill c\ld n eng5d] suffici5t attractive =ce to control ! obs]v$ movem5ts ( ! multitud9\s />s ( space4 ,! v /atem5t ( ! law ( gravitation itself disproves x2 = if we multiply orbs & sy/ems accord+ to any pr9ciple ( aggregation t we "k ( 9 ! way ( di/ribution ( su* sy/ems1 or any?+ possible1 ) due reg>d to _! own mutually int]act+ movem5ts 9 space1 we c\ld nev] rea* ! inside limits ( su* a sph]e ( control1 because ! pil+ up ( orb beh9d orb adds b an inf9itesimal fraction to ! =ce ( gravity1 = z ! orbs !mselves multiply 9 di/ance progressively by hundr$s1 _! relative attractions inv]sely dim9i% by t5 ?\s&s4 ,no possible increase ( suns directly 9 mass c\ld comp5sate = su* an inv]se ratio ( squ>es1 ev5 if all int]galactic space 7 peopl$ ) suns1 in/ead ( be+1 9 fact1 l a va/ ocean1 ) a few small clu/]s ( isl&s scatt]$ "h & !re ?r\gh\t its illimitable ext5t4 ,( ^! va/ realms ( space1 ,pr(essor ,ball asks1 ,is our sid]eal sy/em to be reg>d$ z an oceanic isl& 9 space1 or is x 9 su* connection ) ! sy/ems 9 o!r p>ts ( space z might lead u to inf] t ! v>i\s sy/ems _h a common "*8 ,! evid5ce seems to %[ t ! />s 9 our sy/em are probably n p]man5tly associat$ toge!r1 b t 9 ! c\rse ( "t "s />s ent] our sy/em & o!r />s leave x1 9 su* mann] z to sugge/ t ! bodies visible to u are fairly typical ( ! g5]al cont5ts ( ! univ]se4 ,! /ronge/ evid5ce t c be pres5t$ on ?is subject is met ) 9 ! peculi> circum/ances ( "o p>ticul> />4 ,! /> 9 "q is kn[n z ,no4 #ahcj ( ,groombridge's catalogue4 ,x is a small />1 n to be se5 )\t ! aid ( a telescope4444 ,we %all probably be q correct 9 assum+ t ! di/ance is n less ?an two hundr$ billions ( miles4444 ,! velocity is no less ?an two hundr$ miles p] second4444 ,! /> sweeps along ?r\gh our sy/em ) ?is /up5d\s velocity4444 ,! velocity be+ ov] tw5ty-five miles a second1 ! attraction c nev] ov]come ! velocity1 s t ! /> seems de/9$ to escape4 ,( ! /> ,alcyone he says1 ,d\btless t /> is ?\s&s ( billions ( miles f ! e>?2 d\btless ! light f x requires ?\s&s ( ye>s--& "s a/ronom]s h said millions ( ye>s--to span ! abyss :i* int]v5es betwe5 our globe & ^? di/ant regions4 ,& yet ^! />s1 ^! galaxies1 & ev5 all ! nebul we see or ev] %all see1 are m]ely 9 ! ve/ibule ( space2 we h sc>cely ev5 yet lift$ ! out] curta9 at ! entrance ( ^? va/ realms4 ,t ! popul>1 b pseudo-sci5tific1 idea ( a s]ies ( ev]-wid5+ conc5tric orbits1 increas+ at e new expansion by an inconceivable ratio1 is incr$ible we c well und]/&1 & x is a satisfaction to "k t su* a wild hypo!sis f9ds no w>rant 9 ! dicta or ! demon/rations ( sci5ce4 ,& x is 9 ! failure ( gravity to control ov] ! int]v5+ space :i* lies betwe5 ^? va/ly di/ant c5t]s t we may hope to f9d ! inkl+s ( a m f>-rea*+ law1 by :i* nebul l t ( ,orion cry/allize out into sep>ate /> sy/ems1 j z 9 ! rocks1 :e!r igne\s1 metamorphic1 or s$im5t>y1 we f9d ! attraction ( cohesion yield to t ( cry/allization1 until ! :ole cleft rock blazes ) c\ntless g>nets 9 ! s*i/ & qu>tz cry/als 9 ! gneiss1 or reveals ! yell[ specks ( oliv9e 9 volcanic ejections4 ,we %all f9d 9 ! processes conc]n$ ) ! developm5t ( liv+ ?+s ! work+s ( a simil> great law1 p]haps ! same4 ,:]ev] !re is ! possibility ( life1 !re we f9d life4 ,!re seems to be an all-p]vad+ vital t5sion1 s to speak1 an en]giz+ =ce1 :i* drives ! evolution & asc5t ( life =w>d & upw>d by successive leaps1 z x 71 f type to type1 f race to race1 & ev5 f nation to nation4 ,9 ?is univ]sal =w>d movem5t we may dimly disc]n ! primordial creative & develop+ impulse1 con/antly act+1 b manife/+ visible *ange only at int]vals z ga!r+ =ces accumulate & equilibrium is di/urb$4 ,x manife/s itself 9 all ! fields ( nature1--vital1 *emical1 molecul>1 mol>1 sy/emic4 ,x is ! ev]-act+1 et]nal pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 ! macrocosm & ! microcosm1 ! panurgus1 ! ,brahma1 ! ,anci5t ( ,days1 & _c be sil5c$ or evad$3 ,!y reckon ill :o leave me out1 ,:5 me !y fly ,i am ! w+s4 ,r4 ,kalley ,mill]1 9 8 ,romance ( ,a/ronomy1 says1 ,x w\ld be hopeless to attempt express+ 9 ord9>y language ! va/ di/ance at :i* ^! clu/]s ( />s are situat$ f u4 ,if we 7 to reckon x 9 miles1 or ev5 9 millions ( miles1 figures w\ld pile ^u figures till 9 _! numb] all def9ite idea ( _! value 0 lo/4 ,we mu/ *oose ano!r unit to measure ^! inf9itudes ( space1--a unit comp>$ ) :i* ! dim5sions ( our own sol> sy/em %r9k into absolute no?+ness4 ,! velocity ( light is su* t x w\ld fla% fifte5 times f pole to pole ( our e>? betwe5 two beats ( ! p5dulum4 ,x bridges ! huge *asm t sep>ates u f ! sun 9 little m ?an eight m9utes4 ,b ! light t %[s u ^! fa9t />-clu/]s has be5 travell+ ) ?is frightful velocity = m ?an two million ye>s s9ce x left its di/ant s\rce4 ,we see !m to-day 9 ! fields ( our telescopes1 n z !y are n[1 b z !y 7 c\ntless ages be=e ! creation ( man ^u ! e>?4 ,:at !y are n[ :o c tell8 ,! movem5ts ( sol> sy/ems ?r\gh space are unque/ionably controll$ by "s wid] law ?an t ( gravitation1 & x /ill rema9s = sci5ce to seek its hidd5 pr9ciples & discov] its mode ( op]ation4 ,we "k t "s />s travel alone1 l ! /> already not$1 ,no4 #ahcj ( ,groombridge's catalogue2 t o!rs travel 9 pairs1 l ! d\ble /> ,miz> & its companion ,alcor2 & o!rs 9 gr\ps1 l ! />s ,beta1 ,gamma1 ,delta1 ,epsilon & ,zeta1 ( ! con/ellation ,ursa ,major2 t we are driv+ t[>ds ! con/ellation ,lyra & leav+ beh9d u ,sirius & its fell[s1 & t _m1 if n all1 ( ! />s ^: motions we c measure h a rapid movem5t ?r\gh space1 b "u :at control1 9 accord ) :at hidd5 h>mony1 & "u :at g5]al plan !y move1 we d n "k2 b ! laws ( electrical action ( ! circl+ planets ^u _! c5tral suns1 & ( ^! ^u space1 we c readily acc\nt = by ! simil> op]ation ( ! same laws )9 our own sol> doma92 & we "k by ! simil> t]ms ( ! ratio ( di/ribution ( light t ?is is comm5surate 9 ext5t ) ! law ( gravity1 & op]ates 9 a l proportion ( en]gy ov] all int]v5+ di/ances2 s t :]ev] our sun pres5ts a visible po9t ( light1 !re x is p\r+ its en]gy into space1 & e sun we c see1 e galaxy1 e />-clu/]1 nay1 e nebula1 is likewise p\r+ into ! int]planet>y space ( our own sol> sy/em its proportionate quota ( en]gy4 ,! v fact t we c see ! /> %9e is itself ! fulle/ evid5ce t ?is is s1 & evid5ce also t ! law ( gravitation !re1 too1 is /ill 9 =ce1 op]at+ ov] ^! same di/ances1 & ) ! same proportionate en]gy4 ,kn[+ all ?is1 we c read ) a new light ! gr& vi/as ( ! skies1 ) _! />ry d5iz5s1 & claim !m all z p>ts ( our own family2 & ! mutual int]*ange ( attractive en]gy & ( light & heat w n fail betwe5 u until ^? inconceivable di/ances %all h be5 rea*$ :i* human k c nev] span & :]e speculation fails2 & ev5 !re1 f out ^? d>k abysses1--d>k to our human eyes1--! call w /ill fa9tly rea* u1 & our response w rea* !m also1 ?\gh we %all nev] h tangible evid5ce t su* mutual ties cont9ue to exi/4 ,indu/ri\sly our planets ga!r _! mighty en]gies f ! surr\nd+ spr+s ( space1 z "o dips wat] f a cry/al /ream2 we h& x ov] to our sun1 & he1 ! royal high-prie/1 spr9kles x 9 glitt]+ diamond-sprays ov] all ^? c\ntless suns & _! subject worlds1 & !y are baptiz$ ) an et]nal baptism into our common bro!rhood & we into !irs4 ,our famili> planets1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,neptune1 ! e>?1 & ev5 our little moon1 seem to raise _! voices & take actual "p 9 ! c\ncils ( almighty p[]1 to move ab\t z p]petual b5efactors1 ga!r+ & spread+ b5efic5ce abroad1 in/ead ( c[]+1 a hapless few1 l /orm-/ay$ travell]s1 ar\nd ! dy+ emb]s ( our poor old sun1 passive recipi5ts ( ! light & heat & life :i* we h be5 taught to believe are sl[ly s9k+ into a%es & fad+ away 9 et]nal d>kness & dea?4 ,"o swift glance into ^! b\ndless tru?s is bett] = ! human s\l ?an ! sl[ passage ( :ole hopeless c5turies1 :i* leave z _! inevitable legacy on e>? a va/ & f9al cata/rophe1 9 :i* ev]y?+ t gave u light & heat & be+ mu/ p]i% =ev]4 ,has x1 inde$1 come to ?is1 t ! la/ ^w :i* sci5ce has to (f] is1 ,aft] u ! deluge8 ,by no means4 ,we h m]ely be5 endeavor+ to measure ! "r h& ( ,god by weigh+ & measur+ a s+le isolat$ "o ( 8 c\ntless multitude ( suns4 ,x is z ?\gh "o /&+ beside a great wat]-:eel %\ld e/imate its p[] & rotation by measur+ ! wid? & dep? ( ! buckets & calculat+ ! weight ( wat] :i* its ?irty-two receptacles conta91 say+1 at its pres5t rate 9 s _m seconds x w cease to move4 ,b we take him to ! wat]-gate1 & %[ x wide op52 to ! great dam above x :i* conta9s cubic miles ( wat]2 & /ill beyond t to ! mighty f\nta9s bur/+ =? ) _! ru% & ro> f ! rock-ribb$ fa/nesses ( ! et]nal hills1 & p\r+ _! unfail+ flood-tide d[n =ev] & ev]4 ,& we d n pause ev5 "h3 we %[ him ! vapors ris+ f ! sp5t wat] aga91 cond5s+ into cl\ds1 p\r+ d[n 9 torr5ts ( ra9 among ! hills1 & t ^! cont9u\sly fe$ ! s\rces ( ! f\nta9s1 :i* 9 turn supply ! :eel almo/ to bur/+4 ,& s x is ) ! glori\s me*anism ( ! heav5s4 ,! s\rce ( sol> en]gy is n to be f\nd 9 ! sun itself1 b 9 8 environm5t2 & he himself1 9 all 8 glory1 is b ! k+1 cr[n$ ) gold1 blaz+ ) ri* app>el1 & scatt]+ b5efits among 8 satellites1 n f 8 own private treasury1 b :o himself is enri*$ by ! mighty tribute ) :i* 8 will+ subjects cont9ually end[ him1 & to :om alone he owes all 8 pride & p[] & weal? & magnific5ce1 & :i* he1 9 turn1 s freely exp5ds1 transmut$ 9 =m alone1 9 ! p]petual improvem5t & welf>e ( 8 doma94 ,he is ! fai?ful rul]1 b n ! creator2 ! b5efic5t mon>*1 b n ! god4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,gase\s ,,nebul4 ,:5 we rea* ! irresolvable nebul1 we unque/ionably h approa*$ ! creative p]iod ( sol> sy/ems & 9 _m cases ( :ole galaxies4 ,^! are multif>i\s 9 =m1 b all c be r$uc$ to a few compreh5sive types4 ,9 det]m9+ ! "q z to :e!r ^! irresolvable nebul 7 compos$ ( di/9ct />s l ! ,milky ,way1 b too di/ant to be resolv$ f _! mi/-l light into discrete />s by ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes1 or :e!r !y 7 gase\s 9 con/itution1--t is1 compos$ ( diffus$ gase\s elem5ts n cond5s$ into sol> bodies1--! spectroscope became ! f9al & infallible te/4 ,( ?is in/rum5t1 ?us us$1 ,pr(essor ,proctor1 9 8 ,/>-,cl\ds & ,/>-,mi/1 says1 ,a v few words w expla9 ! :ole matt] to read]s :o rememb] ! ?ree fundam5tal laws ( ?is new mode ( inve/igation1--viz41 t1 fir/1 light f a burn+ solid or liquid s\rce gives ! ra9b[-color$ /reak ( light commonly kn[n z ! prismatic spectrum2 secondly1 :5 vapors surr\nd su* a s\rce ( light1 ! ra9b[-color$ /reak is cross$ by d>k l9es2 &1 ?irdly1 :5 ! s\rce ( light is gas1 !re is no long] a ra9b[-color$ /reak1 b m]ely a f9ite numb] ( bright l9es4 ,dr4 ,hugg9s select$ = inve/igation ! small planet>y nebula 9 ! ,dragon4 ,he says1 ,:5 ,i _h direct$ ! telescope arm$ ) ! spectrum app>atus to ?is nebula1 ,i at fir/ suspect$ t "s d]angem5t ( ! in/rum5t _h tak5 place1 = no spectrum 0 se51 b only a %ort l9e ( light4 ,i !n f\nd t ! light ( ?is nebula1 unlike any o!r extra-t]re/rial light :i* _h yet be5 subject$ by me to prismatic analysis1 0 ( def9ite colors1 & !re=e c\ld n =m a spectrum4 ,a great "p ( ! light is mono*romatic1 & s rema9s conc5trat$ 9 a bright l9e occupy+ a position 9 ! spectrum correspond+ to its color4 ,c>eful exam9ation %[$ a n>r[] & mu* fa9t] l9e ne> ! "o fir/ discov]$4 ,beyond ?is po9t1 ab\t ?ree times z f> f ! fir/ l9e1 0 a ?ird exce$+ly fa9t l9e4 ,f ! position ( "o ( ! bright l9es x is inf]r$ ! gas nitrog5 is "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! nebula2 ano!r l9e indicates ! exi/5ce ( ! gas hydrog5 9 t f>-(f sy/em2 ! ?ird l9e has n yet be5 associat$ ) any kn[n t]re/rial elem5t1 ?\gh x is ne> "o belong+ to ! metal b>ium1 & /ill ne>] "o belong+ to oxyg52 a f\r? l9e occasionally se5 belongs to hydrog54 ,pr(essor ,proctor says1 ,dr4 ,hugg9s exam9$ a l>ge numb] ( ! planet>y nebul 7s call$71 obta9+ 9 ea* case a spectrum :i* indicates gaseity4 ,9 "s cases only "o l9e c\ld be se51 9 o!rs two1 m commonly ?ree1 & 9 a few in/ances f\r4 ,:5 ^! l9es 7 se5 !y inv>iably correspond$ 9 position ) ^? already describ$4 ,! s+le l9e sometimes se5 correspond$ ) ! brighte/ l9e ( ! ?ree2 & :5 a second l9e 0 visible1 ?is also 0 no new l9e1 b agre$ ) ! second brighte/ l9e 9 ! ?ree-l9e spectrum4 ,! f\r? l9e 0 se5 only 9 ! spectrum ( a v bright1 small1 blue planet>y nebula1 b 0 lat] obs]v$ 9 o!r cases1 & especially 9 ! great ,orion nebula4 ,at ?is "t ! latt] 0 n visible1 b :5 ,dr4 ,hugg9s _h opportunity to exam9e x1 he says1 ,! telescopic obs]vations ( ?is nebula seem to %[ t x is suitable to a crucial te/ ( ! usually receiv$ op9ion t ! resolution ( a nebula into bright /ell> po9ts is a c]ta9 indication t ! nebula consi/s ( discrete />s4 ,pr(essor ,proctor says1 ,a simple glance resolv$ ! difficulty4 ,! light f ! brighte/ "p ( ! nebula--! v "p :i* "u ,"l ,rosse's great reflector blaz$ ) innum]able po9ts ( light--gave a spectrum id5tical 9 all respects ) t :i* ,hugg9s _h obta9$ f ! planet>y nebul4 ,?us1 :at _h be5 deem$ boldness 9 ,h]s*el--namely1 t he %\ld h associat$ ! wilde/ & mo/ fanta/ic nebula 9 ! heav5s ) ! circul> & 79 ord9>y telescopes7 almo/ uni=mly lum9\s planet>y nebul--0 unexpect$ly confirm$4 ,! spectrum ( ?is nebula has m rec5tly be5 photograph$ by a long exposure 9 ! cam]a ( ! prep>$ plate4 ,( ! result1 ,pr(essor ,proctor ?us speaks1 ,! nebula is se5 to be 9 great "p gase\s1 &1 :]e gase\s1 to %9e 9 ! ma9 ) ! t9ts describ$ above2 b p>ts ( ! nebula are n gase\s1 & ^? portions :i* are s are n all con/itut$ 9 ! same mann]4444 ,t portion :i* is call$ ! fi%'s m\? gives a cont9u\s spectrum2 9 o!r words1 ! same spectrum :i* we obta9 f a /> or a />-clu/]4 ,?is is ! spectrum aris+ f a gl[+ solid or liquid mass1 or if f a gase\s body1 !n ! gase\s body mu/ be 9 a /ate ( great compression4444 ,b ! />s ?us =m+ mu/ be imm]s$ 9 ! gl[+ gas =m+ ! g5]al sub/ance ( ! nebula4444 ,x w\ld be absurd to suppose t ! nebula is a flat surface2 444 nebul\s matt] lies also1 9 all probability 7c]ta9ly "o might fairly say71 betwe5 u & ! /ell> aggregration z well z on ! f>!r side4 ,fur!r1 ! same au?or says1 ,if1 z is probable1 ! lum9osity ( ! gase\s portion ( ! ,orion nebula is accompani$ by b a relatively small proportion ( heat1 !n ! rays f ! violet & ultra-violet "p ( ! spectrum are likely to give u mu* m complete in=mation respect+ ! con/itution ( ^! nebul\s masses ?an c be d]iv$ f ! visible "p ( ! spectrum4 ,9 ! rec5t "w ( ,pr(essor ,ball1 ,9 ! ,high ,heav5s1 t au?or says1 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 good gr\nds = believ+ t nebul really d und]go "s *anges1 at lea/ z reg>ds brightness2 b :e!r ^! *anges are su* z ,h]s*el's !ory w\ld seem to require is q ano!r "q4 ,p]haps ! be/-au!nticat$ in/ance is t ( ! v>iable nebula 9 ! con/ellation ( ,taurus1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,h9d 9 #aheb4 ,at ! "t ( its discov]y ?is object 0 a small nebula ab\t "o m9ute 9 diamet]1 ) a c5tral cond5sation ( light4 ,d',arre/1 ! di/+ui%$ a/ronom] ( ,cop5hag51 f\nd 9 #ahfa t ?is nebula _h vani%$4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,decemb]1 #ahfa1 ! nebula 0 aga9 se5 9 ! p[]ful refractor at ,pulkova1 b on ,decemb] #ab1 #ahfc1 ,mr4 ,h9d fail$ to detect x ) ! telescope by :i* x _h be5 orig9ally discov]$4444 ,9 #ahfh1 ,o4 ,/ruve1 obs]v+ at ,pulkova1 detect$ ano!r nebul\s spot 9 ! vic9ity ( ! place ( ! miss+ object1 b ?is also has n[ vani%$4 ,/ruve1 h[ev]1 does n consid] t ! nebula ( #ahfh is di/9ct f ,h9d's nebula1 b he says1 ',:at ,i see is c]ta9ly ! v>iable nebula itself1 only 9 alt]$ brightness & spread ov] a l>g] space4 ,"s traces ( nebulosity are /ill to be se5 exactly on ! spot :]e ,h9d & ,d',arre/ plac$ ! v>iable nebula4 ,x is a rem>kable circum/ance t ?is nebula is 9 ! vic9ity ( a v>iable /> :i* *anges some:at irregul>ly f ! n9? to ! twelf? magnitude4 ,at ! "t ( ! discov]y 9 #ahfa bo? ! /> & ! nebula 7 bright] ?an !y h s9ce become4'444 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! *anges are su* z w\ld n be expect$ if ,h]s*el's !ory 7 univ]sally true4 ,ano!r rem>kable occurr5ce 9 mod]n a/ronomy may be cit$ z hav+ "s be>+ on ! "q z to ! actual evid5ce = or aga9/ ,h]s*el's !ory4 ,on ,novemb] #bd1 #ahgf1 ,dr4 ,s*midt notic$ a new /> ( ! ?ird magnitude 9 ! con/ellation ,cygnus4444 ,! brilliancy gradually decl9$ until1 on ! #ac? ( ,decemb]1 ,mr4 ,h9d f\nd x to be ( ! six? magnitude4 ,! spectrum 444 exhibit$ sev]al bright l9es :i* indicat$ t ! /> diff]$ f o!r />s by ! possession ( va/ masses ( gl[+ gase\s mat]ial4444 ,septemb] #b1 #ahgg1 x 0 !n bel[ ! t5? magnitude & ( a decid$ly blui% t9t4 ,view$ ?r\gh ! spectroscope1 its light 0 almo/ completely mono*romatic1 & appe>$ to be indi/+ui%able f t :i* is (t5 f\nd to come f nebul4444 ,x w\ld seem c]ta9 t we h an in/ance be=e u 9 :i* a /> has *ang$ into a planet>y nebula ( small angul> diamet]4444 ,pr(essor ,pick]+1 h[ev]1 has s9ce f\nd slight traces ( a cont9u\s spectrum1 b ! object has n[ become s extremely fa9t t su* obs]vations are v difficult4444 ,= ! nebul> !ory we require evid5ce ( ! conv]sion ( nebul into />s4 ,& n1 x may be add$1 ( />s into nebul4 ,( ! irregul> nebul1 ,pr(essor ,proctor says1 ,x may well *ance1 z long s9ce sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,cl>k1 ( ,c9c9nati1 & z m cauti\sly h9t$ by ,dr4 ,hugg9s1 t 9 ! v>ieties ( con/itution obs]v$ 9 ! irregul> nebul1 & ! evid5ce su* v>ieties af=d ( progressive *anges1 we may f9d n m]ely direct evid5ce ( ! developm5t ( suns & sun-sy/ems f ! great masses ( nebul\s matt]1 b ev5 :at w\ld be a f> m important & impressive result1--actual evid5ce ( ! developm5t ( s-call$ elem5ts f sub/ances really elem5t>y1 or1 at any rate1 "o /age ne>] ! elem5t>y condition ?an are our hydrog51 nitrog51 oxyg51 c>bon1 & s =?4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! spectral indications ( ! pres5ce ( nitrog5 & hydrog5 9 ! nebula1 t only "o l9e ( nitrog5 & two or ?ree l9es ( hydrog5 are disc]nible1 in/ead ( a complete spectrum ( ei!r elem5t z se5 "u any kn[n conditions1 seems sugge/ive ( :at may be call$ a m elem5tal condition ( hydrog5 & nitrog54 ,:e!r ?is be s1 or :e!r ^! peculi>ities are due to self-obscuration1 or mutual rev]sal ( ! famili> l9es due to ! enorm\s di/urbances ( ! nebul> mass :i* mu/ exi/1 x is c]ta9 t !re is "o t]re/rial sub/ance1 at lea/1 :i* acts inv>iably1 9 comb9ation & *emical aff9ity1 z a simple elem5t 9 inorganic *emi/ry1 b :i* is1 9 fact1 comp\nd1--to wit1 ! hypo!tical radical ammonium1 :i* is closely alli$ ) ! simple alkal9e metals potassium & sodium1 =m+ ) !m a s+le gr\p2 & yet1 :ile ! o!rs h always rema9$ z fix$1 primitive elem5ts1 ! hypo!tical elem5t ammonium alone is a composite sub/ance consi/+ ( hydrog5 & nitrog51 two ( ! inv>iable gase\s con/itu5ts ( all ^! nebul4 ,9 comets we f9d1 vaguely express$1 an occasional /rongly m>k$ sodium l9e1 & also ! spectrum ( c>bon2 9 ^! gase\s nebul we f9d1 z yet1 no trace ( c>bon1 & ?is elem5t is s closely alli$ to hydrog5 9 its *emical aff9ities & reactions z to sugge/ t x may be ! same elem5t or "s alloy ( x1 or 9 "s allotropic =m1 z we f9d to be ! case ) o!r simple elem5ts "u special conditions4 ,9 organic *emi/ry--! *emi/ry ( organic life--we f9d almo/ innum]able comp\nd radicals :i* act z simple elem5ts 9 comb9ation1 b :i* we c comb9e & sep>ate into _! con/itu5ts at w2 to all int5ts & purposes1 9 _! v>i\s reactions1 !y behave z elem5tal sub/ances1 & 7 x n t our analyses are able to resolve !m1 z ! spectroscope resolves ! nebul1 we might well believe t "h also we 7 deal+ ) simple prim>y elem5ts4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t great discov]ies 9 ?is field ( *emi/ry are n f> di/ant1 :i* w recall ) wond]+ surprise ! n[ univ]sally explod$ fallacies ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one & ! ,univ]sal ,solv5t4 ,inde$1 we may f9d 9 ! electrical en]gies ( ! planets & ! self-repulsive =ce ( ! electrosph]es ( ! e>? & moon possible gr\nds = inve/igat+ anew "s ( ! ab&on$ t5ets ( a/rology1 9 ! hope t ! light ( sci5ce may disclose "s basis1 at lea/1 = :at1 at "o "t1--& = ne>ly all "t1 9 fact1--0 ! univ]sally accept$ belief1 n only ( ! ignorant1 b ( ^? ! wise/ & mo/ le>n$ ( _! day & g5]ation4 ,if ! planets by _! position c cl\d ! sun1 ne>ly a million miles 9 diamet]1 ) spots1 or %$ ! brilliance ( ! aurora borealis ov] all our skies1 may !y n also cl\d ! embryonic intellect1 or *>ge x ) en]gies = a c>e] ( prosp]ity or ( disa/]8 ,may n ! unse5 curr5ts1 or ! electric /orms ar\nd u1 or ! va/ electrical ph5om5a ( ! sun z well affect ! spr\t+ g]ms ( ! husb&man or "s abnormally rapid developm5t ( an insect pe/ z ! light1 ! w>m?1 ! moi/ure1 or ! cold1 :i*1 to our co>s] vision1 are alone app>5t8 ,fancy & fallacy revel luxuriantly :]e sci5ce fails1 b tru? exi/$ long be=e sci5ce 0 sy/ematiz$1 & ! sup]cili\s condemnation ( once g5]ally accept$ views )\t exam9ation is m]ely pseudo-sci5ce1 & sc>cely a s+le grade high] 9 ! scale ?an ignorant sup]/ition itself4 ,& e new advance 9 k requires a new ov]haul+ ( ab&on$ mat]ial1 j z a new advance 9 metallurgical k enables u sometimes to "w ov] aga9 our once-reject$ m9+ dumps ) decid$ pr(it4 ,inde$1 sci5ce itself is b a collection ( obs]v$ facts r$uc$ to sy/em1 & among ! %rewd & practical m9]s !re is a well-kn[n say+1 ,! ore is :]e y f9d x1 :i* has frequ5tly put sci5tific ass]tion to ! blu%4 ,a /udy ( ! beautiful mezzot9t plates1 f ! draw+s ( ! ,e>l ( ,rosse1 conta9$ 9 ,pr(essor ,ni*ol's spl5did "w1 ,! ,ar*itecture ( ! ,heav5s1 w cle>ly disclose ! =ms1 z reveal$ by a p[]ful telescope1 ( _m ( ^! gase\s nebul4 ,( su* nebul1 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia says1 nebul prop]1 or ^? :i* h n be5 def9itely resolv$1 are f\nd 9 ne>ly e qu>t] ( ! firmam5t1 ?\gh ab\nd+ especially ne> ^? regions :i* h fewe/ />s4 ,sc>cely any are f\nd ne> ! ,milky ,way1 & ! great mass ( !m lie 9 ! two opposite spaces f>!/ remov$ f ?is circle4 ,_! =ms are v v>i\s1 & (t5 und]go /range & unexpect$ *anges z ! p[] ( ! telescope ) :i* !y are view$ is increas$1 s z n to be recognizable 9 "s cases z ! same objects4 ,an example ( ?is is %[n 9 ,plate ,x4 7,figs4 #a & #b7 ( ,pr(essor ,ni*ol's "w1 :i* gives a greatly enl>g$ view ( ^? %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b ( ,plate ,,ix4 7,= ,fig4 #b ( ,ni*ol's ,plate ,x41 see illu/ration ( nebula ) d\ble sun1 9 previ\s *apt]47 ,pr(essor ,ni*ol says1 ,9 e in/ance exam9$1 save "o1 ! planet>y nebul are nebul ) holl[ c5t]s4 ,! inf]5ce :i* ?is writ] makes1 t su* a planet>y nebula consi/s ( a gr& annul> clu/] ( />s1 has be5 s9ce disprov$ by ! discov]ies ( ! spectroscope1 b ! telescopic =m rema9s true1 & /ill awaits fur!r int]pretation4 ,:ile ! irresolvable nebul seem to seek "s retir$ spot 9 space = _! processes1 l c]ta9 animals :5 incubat+1 ?is rule is n univ]sal4 ,( ?is1 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia says1 ,! d5sity ( nebul> di/ribution increas$ ) ! di/ance f ! galactic zone = ! irresolvable nebul1 b dim9i%$ ) t di/ance = ! clu/]s4444 ,!re is n a gradual cond5sation ( nebul t[>ds two opposite regions1 ne> ! poles ( ! galactic zone1 b ! nebul are ga!r$ into /reams1 nodules1 & irregul> aggregations su* z we f9d 9 ! gr\p+ ( />s4444 ,betwe5 />s & nebul _! arrangem5t foll[s ! law ( contra/4 ,!re are two rem>kable exceptions to ?is law1--! ,magellanic ,cl\ds4 ,9 ^!1 :]e />s ( all ord]s1 f ! n9? magnitude to irresolvable /ell> aggregations1 are z ri*ly ga!r$ z 9 ! galactic zone1 nebul ( all ord]s are also ga!r$ ri*ly1 ev5 m s ?an any:]e else ov] ! :ole heav5s4 ,9 ! same "w1 article ,nebula1 x is /at$ ( ! planet>y nebul1 ,!re are sev]al :i* h p]fectly ! appe>ance ( a r+1 & are call$ annul> nebul4444 ,"s appe> to be physically connect$ 9 pairs l d\ble />s4 ,mo/ ( ! small nebul h ! g5]al appe>ance ( a bright c5tral nucleus envelop$ 9 a nebul\s veil4 ,?is nucleus is sometimes conc5trat$ z a /> & sometimes diffus$4 ,! envelop+ veil is sometimes circul> & sometimes elliptical1 ) e degree ( ecc5tricity betwe5 a circle & a /raight l9e4 ,!re are "s :i*1 ) a g5]al disposition to symmetry ( =m1 h great bran*+ arms or filam5ts ) m or less precision ( outl9e4 ,an example ( ?is is ,"l ,rosse's ,crab nebula4 ,ano!r rem>kable object is ! nebula 9 ,&rom$a1 :i* is visible ) ! nak$ eye1 & is ! only "o :i* 0 discov]$ be=e ! inv5tion ( ! telescope4 ,simon ,m>ius 7#afab7 describes its appe>ance z t ( a c&le %9+ ?r\gh horn4 ,besides ! above1 :i* h comp>atively regul> =ms1 !re are o!rs m diffus$ & devoid ( symmetry ( %ape4 ,a rem>kable example is ! great nebula 9 ,orion1 discov]$ by ,huyg5s 9 #afef4444 ,! great nebula 9 ,argo is ano!r example ( ?is class4 ,! numb] ( nebul recogniz$ 9 all ! heav5s is upw>d ( five ?\s&1 & new ones are be+ con/antly discov]$4 ,( ^! objects1 ,pr(essor ,ni*ol says1 ,! spiral figure is *>act]i/ic ( an ext5sive class ( galaxies4 ,maje/ic associations ( orbs1 arrang$ 9 ?is w9d+ =m1 ) bran*es issu+ l a div]g5t geometric curve f a globul> clu/]4 ,^! nebul1 h[ev]1 are n associations ( orbs2 !y are gase\s nebul app>5tly 9 process ( evolution4 ,?is au?or 7,pr(essor ,ni*ol7 pres5ts views ( su* spiral nebul ei!r =e%ort5$ to ! view1 s z to =m a long ellipse1 or ) ! convolutions ( ! spiral app>5tly rais$ f ! horizontal plane into a conical =m1 & %[+ ! black /reaks ( space :i* lie betwe5 ! convolutions1 o!rs se5 9 side view1 o!rs 9 front1 &1 9 fact1 pres5t$ to ! eye 9 e position = obs]vation4 ,! au?or wrote be=e ! days ( ! spectroscope1 & t he %\ld conceive ^! va/ objects to be spirals made up ( blaz+ suns l our ,milky ,way--va/ galaxies1 9 fact--0 an inevitable conclusion at t "t2 b we n[ "k t ^! spiral nebul are gase\s1 are app>5tly 9 process ( manufacture1 & we c see !m 9 _! diff]5t /ages ( evolution1 & may p]haps le>n some?+ ab\t ! processes by :i* sol> sy/ems & galaxies ( suns are =m$4 ,( "o ( ^! /range b exce$+ly in/ructive objects1 ,pr(essor ,ball1 9 8 "w ,9 ! ,high ,heav5s1 says1 ,fig4 #c repres5ts "o ( ! fam\s spiral nebul 7t ( ,canes ,v5atici7 discov]$ _m ye>s ago by ! late ,e>l ( ,rosse4 ,! object is invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,x seems l a haze surr\nd+ ! />s1 :i* ! telescope discloses 9 consid]able numb]s1 z %[n 9 ! picture4 ,:5 view$ ?r\gh an in/rum5t ( suffici5t p[]1 a m>vell\s spectacle is reveal$4 ,!re are wisps & pat*es ( gl[+ cl\d-l mat]ial :i* %9e n z our cl\ds d1 by reflect+ to u ! sunlight4 ,?is cele/ial cl\d is no d\bt self-lum9\s2 x is1 9 fact1 compos$ ( vapors s int5sely heat$ t !y gl[ ) f]vor4 ,z ,i write1 ,i h ,"l ,rosse's elaborate draw+ ( ?is nebula be=e me1 & on ! m>g9 ( ?is /up5d\s object ! nebula fades away s t5d]ly t x is almo/ impossible to say :]e ! lum9osity t]m9ates4 ,probably ?is nebula w 9 "s remote age cond5se d[n into m solid sub/ances4 ,x conta9s1 no d\bt1 en\gh mat]ial to make _m globes z big z our e>?4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 x settles d[n into d>k bodies l ! e>?1 x w h to pass ?r\gh /ages 9 :i* its cond5s+ mat]ials w =m bright sun-l bodies4 ,x seems z if ?is process ( cond5sation might almo/ be witness$ at ! pres5t "t 9 "s p>ts ( ! great object4 ,!re are also "s v /rik+ nebul :i* are (t5 spok5 ( z planet>y4 ,!y are lit]ally balls ( blui%-color$ gas or vapor1 app>5tly m d5se ?an t :i* =ms ! nebula n[ "u consid]ation4 ,su* globes are d\btless und]go+ cond5sation1 & may be reg>d$ z incipi5t worlds4 ,( ^! spiral nebul x is said1 9 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia1 ,_m ( !m _h be5 long kn[n z nebul1 b _! *>act]i/ic spiral =m _h nev] be5 suspect$4 ,!y h ! appe>ance ( a mael/rom ( /ell> matt]1 & are among ! mo/ int]e/+ objects 9 ! heav5s4 ,( _! spectra x is said1 ,! bright-l9e spectrum is giv5 by all ! irregul> nebul hi!rto exam9$ & by ! planet>y nebul4 ,t is to say1 ^! nebul are gase\s 9 con/itution1 & h n yet rea*$ ! /age ( sol> cond5sation :i* m>ks ! exi/5ce ( individual suns4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis3 ,,its ,,basis ,,& ,,its ,,difficulties4 ,!re s9ks ! nebul\s /> we call ! ,sun1 ,if t hypo!sis ( !irs be s\nd4--,t5nyson4 ,:ile ! nebul> !ory ( ,laplace is n[ ! g5]ally accept$ sci5tific hypo!sis ( ! =mation ( our sol> sy/em & ( all sol> sy/ems1 x f9ds its /ronge/ support 9 ! mode 9 :i* x seeks to acc\nt = ! heat & light ( ! sun1--t is1 t ! c5tral orb1 gradually cond5s+ d[n f an orig9al volume z l>ge z ! orbit ( ,neptune1 at lea/1 aft] dis5gag+ ! planet>y r+s1 cont9u$ to cond5se to its pres5t volume1 & /ill s cont9ues1 ! molecul> motions arre/$ by cond5sation "u gravity reappe>+ 9 ! =m ( ! en]gy ( light & heat1 & t ?is process ( degradation w cont9ue until1 f9ally1 ! sun becomes a solid in]t mass1 incapable by fur!r cond5sation ( excit+ ! e!real undulations 9 space :i* con/itute heat & light1 :5 ! :ole process w f9ally cease1 ! sun w die out1 ! planets cont9ue to rotate 9 d>kness1 & ! :ole ma*9]y be left runn+ ?r\gh an et]nal night1 l a va/ mill 9 ! h&s ( a neglig5t wat*man 7or r no wat*man at all71 left to run itself alone1 d>k1 empty1 lifeless1 & des]t$1 ?r\gh ! long & sil5t wat*es ( ! night4 ,:ile ! s\rce & mode ( sol> en]gy set =? 9 ?is "w are to be z readily acc\nt$ = if we accept z valid ,laplace's nebul> hypo!sis z by any o!r !ory1 yet su* basis is n ess5tial = its support2 = :ile ! planet>y rotations & ! c5tral sun are ! necess>y consequ5ce1 accord+ to ,laplace's hypo!sis1 ( _! mode ( =mation1--are1 9 fact1 j :at we actually f9d !m to be "u any hypo!sis1--electrical g5]ation & trans=mation w proce$ j ! same :e!r ! planets & sun 7 =m$ orig9ally 9 "o mode or 9 ano!r4 ,b1 s9ce ?is g5]ally accept$ hypo!sis acc\nts = ! light & heat ( ! sun1 to a c]ta9 ext5t at lea/1 & = a c]ta9 relatively brief p]iod1 :ile no o!r hypo!sis has be5 able to suffici5tly acc\nt = x at all1 & :ile ?is hypo!sis also f9ds bo? support & contradiction 9 _m obs]v$ ph5om5a ( our sol> sy/em1 x may well occur t ?is hypo!sis itself1 bas$ ^u ! necessity ( acc\nt+ = ! sun's light & heat1 & :i* latt] af=d x its /ronge/ basis ( support1 may1 if ! basis ^u :i* ! !ory re/s be f\nd to be o!rwise explicable1 /ill rema9 z an end1 :ile orig9ally pres5t$ only z a means1 & ?us be held z an ob/acle to ! acceptance ( ! widely diff]5t int]pretation ( kn[n facts h]e9 pres5t$1 9 ! abs5ce ( any o!r hypo!sis capable ( expla9+ ! same facts 9 accordance ) ?is pres5tation ( planet>y electrical g5]ation & ! sol> trans=mation ( ?is en]gy into light & heat4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] m5tions an in/ance ( su* p]v]sion ( means into an end z occurr+ dur+ ! agitation = ! repeal ( ! corn laws 9 ,engl&1 :i* ext5d$ ov] _m ye>s1 dur+ :i* organiz$ ef=ts 7 made to influ5ce ,p>liam5t4 ,a p]man5t commission 0 e/abli%$1 ) (ficial head-qu>t]s p]man5tly locat$ 9 ,london1 ) cl]ks1 secret>ies1 high] (fic]s1 & all ! p>aph]nalia ( a fir/-class e/abli%m5t4 ,! purpose ( ?is in/itution 0 to act 9 behalf ( ! popul> int]e/s ^u ,p>liam5t by e available means to secure ?is great re=m4 ,aft] ye>s ( ef=t1 he says1 a cl]k "o day ru%$1 brea?less1 into ! (fice f ! ,h\se ( ,commons & %\t$1 9 acc5ts ( despair1 ,we are ru9$2 ! bill has pass$6 ,! nebul> hypo!sis1 :ile g5]ally accept$ 9 lieu ( a bett] "o1 has no actual prim>y basis beyond t ( m]e assumption4 ,( x ,pr(essor ,ball says1 ,! nebul> !ory 444 seems1 f ! nature ( ! case1 to be almo/ incapable ( receiv+ any direct te/imony4 ,we h already quot$ f ,pr(essor ,newcomb t x mu/ be accept$1 ) all its difficulties1 until a diff]5t & suffici5t explanation ( sol> en]gy %all be pres5t$4 ,z set =? 9 ,appleton's ,cyclopdia1 ! !ory is z foll[s3 ,assum+1 = ! sake ( ! argum5t1 a r>e1 homog5e\s1 nebul\s matt]1 widely diffus$ ?r\gh space1 ! foll[+ successive *anges w1 on physical pr9ciples1 take place 9 x3 #a1 mutual gravitation ( its atoms2 #b1 atomic repulsion2 #c1 evolution ( heat by ov]com+ ?is repulsion2 #d1 molecul> comb9ation at a c]ta9 /age ( cond5sation2 foll[$ by1 #e1 sudd5 & great dis5gagem5t ( heat2 #f1 l[]+ ( temp]ature by radiation & consequ5t precipitation ( b9>y atoms1 aggregat+ into irregul> flocculi & float+ 9 ! r>] m$ium1 j z wat] :5 precipitat$ f air collects into cl\ds2 #g1 ea* flocculus w move t[>ds ! common c5t] ( gravity ( all2 b1 be+ an irregul> mass 9 a resi/+ m$ium1 ?is motion w be out ( ! rectil9e>1--t is to say1 n directly t[>ds ! common c5t] ( gravity1 b t[>ds "o or ! o!r side ( x1--& ?us1 #h1 a spiral movem5t w ensue1 :i* w be communicat$ to ! r>] m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! flocculus is mov+2 &1 #i1 a prepond]at+ mom5tum & rotation ( ! :ole mass 9 "s "o direction1 conv]g+ 9 spirals t[>ds ! common c5t] ( gravity4 ,c]ta9 subord9ate actions are to be notic$ also4 ,mutual attraction w t5d to produce gr\ps ( flocculi conc5trat+ ar\nd local c5t]s ( gravity & acquir+ a subord9ate vortical movem5t4 ,^! conclusions are %[n to be 9 entire h>mony ) ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,9 ?is g5etic process1 :5 ! precipitat$ matt] is aggregat+ into flocculi1 !re w be f\nd "h & !re deta*$ portions1 l %r$s ( cl\d 9 a summ] sky1 :i* w n coalesce ) ! l>g] int]nal masses1 b w sl[ly foll[ )\t ov]tak+ !m4 ,^! fragm5ts w assume *>act]i/ics ( motion /rik+ly correspond5t to ^? ( ! comets1 ^: physical con/itution & di/ribution are se5 to be completely accordant ) ! hypo!sis4 ,dur+ ?is process1 x is fur!r /at$1 successive r+s ( nebul\s matt] w be ?r[n (f & left beh9d1 :i* are suppos$ to h coalesc$ into planets & _! satellites1 & ! motion ( rotation w become m & m rapid z cond5sation proce$s1 until1 f9ally1 ! la/ planet1 ,m]cury1 w be left beh9d 9 annul> =m1 & ! sun w !n become ! c5tral orb ( all ! planets1 & cond5sation aft]w>ds w proce$ )\t fur!r deliv]y ( planet>y r+s4 ,pr(essor ,ball says1 ,if we g suffici5tly f> back1 we seem to come to a "t :5 ! sun1 9 a m or less completely gase\s /ate1 fill$ up ! surr\nd+ space out to ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 or1 e>li] /ill1 out to ! orbit ( ! remote/ planet4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! actively develop+ nebula illu/rat$ on ! foll[+ page :i* %[s ! slighte/ analogy1 ei!r 9 /ructure or ! =ces at "w1 to :at is dem&$ by ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^! radiat+1 spiral convolutions1 spr++ f a c5t] & ext5d$1 ) int]/ratifi$ d>k spaces1 out to ! p]iph]y1 are entirely incompatible ) t !ory4 ,!re h n1 s f>1 be5 obs]v$ 9 all ! heav5s any gase\s nebul :i* l5d ! slighte/ support to ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,we %\ld expect to f9d1 if x 7 true1 t _m ( ! nucleat$ planet>y nebul %[ ext]ior conc5tric r+s ( lum9\s matt]1 cle>ly def9$1 two1 ?ree1 or a doz5 9 numb]1 left beh9d by ! contract+ volume ( ! nebula1 & coalesc+ into planets1 &1 )91 ! gl[+ disk f :i* new ext]nal r+s are ab\t to be left z a residuum4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^! nebul gradually fade away t[>ds _! m>g9s1 & imp]ceptibly disappe> 9 ! blackness ( space4 ,if !y t]m9at$ abruptly1 we might suppose t "h1 at lea/1 0 ! orbit ( a newly =m+ planet1 b ! regul> & delicate gradation ( lum9osity f maximum to z]o %[s t no su* sudd5 break+ (f has occurr$4 ,9 all ^! nebul we f9d e def9itely m>k$ /ructure to exhibit ! op]ation ( comb9$ =ces ( gravity & int]nal repulsion ne>ly equally balanc$1 b ea* act+ indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 ,^! ph5om5a are z univ]sal z ! =ces ( cohesion & repell5t pol>ity 9 ! attraction p>ticles ( cell-life :i* det]m9e ! segm5tation1 gr[?1 & developm5t ( ! liv+ organism4 ,we f9d "h ! primal modification & diff]5tiation ( mat]ial /ructure "u ! /ress ( directly opposite & int]act+ primitive =ces1 & x is d\btless ! same :e!r 9 a cell or a sy/em4 ,x is n a residuum1 b ! vis a t]go4 ,x is well kn[n t !re are _m & great difficulties involv$ 9 ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,z = ! g5esis ( comets1 x w be at once se5 t ! !ory w only acc\nt = su* comets z nev] v5ture mu* beyond ! orbit ( ,neptune1 z well z ^? :i* h an orbital plane ne>ly co9cid5t ) t ( ! planets4 ,b mo/ comets come f illimitable space1 f>1 f> beyond ,neptune's circle & at all angles to ! plane ( ! planet>y orbits2 & we h already se5 t a disk ( space ( ! diamet] ( ,neptune's orbit & half z ?ick 7see ,proctor's ,famili> ,essays7 w\ld1 to conta9 all ! matt] ( our sol> sy/em equally di/ribut$1 h a d5sity ( only "o f\r-hundr$-?\s&? t ( hydrog5 gas at atmosph]ic pressure1--t is to say1 su* a volume ( ! lighte/ sub/ance we "k ( w\ld make f\r hundr$ ?\s& sol> sy/ems l our own4 ,?is au?or inquires if su* a mass c\ld1 "u any circum/ances1 rotate z a :ole1 & adds1 ,has x ev] occurr$1 ,i (t5 wond]1 to ^? :o glibly quote ! nebul> !ory z orig9ally prop\nd$1 to inquire h[ f> "s ( ! processes sugge/$ by ,laplace are 9 accordance ) ! n[ well-kn[n laws ( physics8 ,b ! great primal difficulty is 9 ! fir/ assumption ( ! !ory1 :i* is n only entirely gratuit\s1 b physically impossible4 ,x is t ?is great plasma ( nebul\s mat]ial--9 ! case ( our own sol> sy/em n less ?an six ?\s& million miles 9 diamet]--%\ld h 9 someway become aggregat$ into a homog5e\s mass ( ! requisite t5uity1 complete & p]fect1 & ready = ! succe$+ /ages ( ! process1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! law ( gravity has hi!rto _h no active op]ation :atev]2 =1 if gravitation exi/$ & op]at$ !re91 su* homog5e\s mass c\ld nev] h be5 =m$1 nor ev] exi/$ ev5 if =m$4 ,! v =ces :i* alone c\ld h br\ght ?is va/ mass toge!r mu/ h be5 ! id5tical =ces :i* aft]w>ds broke x up into ! sun & planets1 & ! op]ation ( ! same =ce mu/ h prev5t$ its orig9al =mation at all4 ,accord+ to ! !ory1 x 0 l a horse-race1 9 :i* all ! p>ticipants /ood sil5t & motionless until ! judge cri$1 ,g6 ,b ! judge 0 ! great creative =ce itself1 & if ! fiat rea*$ to ?is ext5t1 ! same p[] c\ld j z readily--nay1 f> m readily--h %ot ! sun & planets =? into rotation1 z *ildr5 scatt] d\gh-balls1 in/ead ( hold+ 9 abeyance ! control ( univ]sal law s z to 7z a humor\s writ] speaks ( ! op]ations ( a *ild 9 8 inve/igation ( a wat*7 see ! :eels g r\nd4 ,?is is n nature's plan1 s f> z human k goes4 ,( c\rse ^! masses ga!r+ to ?is great nebul\s c5t]1 if act$ ^u by gravitation1 w\ld h at once cond5s$ ar\nd ! c5t] z a nucleus1 & if rotation ev] comm5c$1 x mu/ h comm5c$ !n1 millions ( ye>s1 d\btless1 be=e ! outly+ masses _h ev5 got )9 hail+ di/ance4 ,:5 masses ( p assemble at a camp-meet+1 ! fir/ com]s take ! be/ places1 & ! late arrivals h to circulate ar\nd 9 ! woods2 !y d n all ga!r 9 a circle & !n make a gr& ru%4 ,t w\ld be fair1 p]haps1 b x is n nature4 ,& ?is1 unque/ionably1 is h[1 if ev] =m$ at all1 ^! nebul mu/ h =m$ into sy/ems4 ,! fact t ! orbital planes ( v _m ( ^! a/]oids are greatly incl9$ to ! common planet>y plane1 & /ill m greatly incl9$ to "o ano!r1 po9ts almo/ un]r+ly to ! exi/5ce dur+ _! /age ( =mation ( "s p[]ful =ce ei!r ( int]nal repulsion or ext]nal attraction4 ,t no suffici5tly l>ge body c\ld h be5 pres5t to ex]cise su* attraction s f> outside ! g5]al planet>y plane is self-evid5t1 & if !re _h be5 su* s\rce ( attraction1 :ile ! orbital planes ( ! a/]oids might h be5 deflect$ f ! common plane1 !y c\ld n h be5 =c$ ap>t s z to diff] l>gely among !mselves4 ,c]ta9ly no?+ p]ta9+ to ! nebul> hypo!sis c\ld h produc$ any su* effects "u any conceivable circum/ances1 & especially at s late a p]iod ( its progress1 aft] all ! pr9cipal planets _h be5 complet$4 ,! only alt]native is self-repulsion1 & ?is c\ld only h be5 due to ! causes & _! mode ( op]ation already describ$ 9 ?is "w4 ,9 a modifi$ degree ^! planes exhibit ! same irregul> orbital deflections z are s conspicu\sly visible 9 ! orbits ( comets1 & !y mu/ h be5 unque/ionably produc$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! b>r5 b&s or /ripes 9 ! area occupi$ by ^! a/]oids1 l ! d>k or vacant r+s ( ! planet ,saturn1 may h be5 l>gely affect$ by ! p]turb+ attraction ( ! neighbor+ planet ,jupit]2 b c]ta9ly no influ5ce ( t great planet 7himself 9 ! common planet>y plane7 c\ld h op]at$ to ca/ ^! =m+ planetoids into planes ( div]se incl9ations among !mselves or to t ( 8 own4 ,on ! contr>y1 8 :ole =ce mu/ h be5 ex]t$ to br+ !m into ! close/ h>mony ) 8 own orbital movem5ts4 ,omitt+ discussion ( ! te*nical difficulties 9 ! application ( ! nebul> !ory to demon/rat$ facts1 :i* may be f\nd 9 ! books1 we may aga9 repeat t ?is !ory is n ess5tial to acc\nt = ! heat ( ! sun1 :i* f9ds its real s\rce else:]e1 :ile1 nev]!less1 ! !ory 9 itself is n incompatible ) ! views :i* we h endeavor$ to pres5t & demon/rate4 ,c]ta9 ph5om5a1 h[ev]1 h be5 consid]$ 9 prior quotations 9 ?is "w :i* may aid u to r\ghly indicate ! successive processes by :i* ! evolution ( sol> sy/ems & galaxies may be expla9$ on ano!r basis :i* requires no viol5t assumptions to be made & no susp5sion ( any ( nature's univ]sal laws4 ,! same op]ations :i* we see ar\nd u at ! pres5t "t 9 our own sy/em1 if ext5d$ to ! dim5sions ( a nebul> aggregation1 w\ld probably pres5t ! same ph5om5a z ^? we f9d p>tially disclos$ 9 ! gase\s nebul1 p>ticul>ly ! spiral1 & ^! w\ld naturally det]m9e ! f9al production ( sol> sy/ems su* z our own4 ,! gase\s nebul1 n spiral1 & ! mix$ nebul also1 w\ld fall into _! appropriate categories 9 ! same g5]al plan1 & a consi/5t mode ( =mation w\ld be pres5t$ f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! diff]5t processes4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! spiral requir$ by ,laplace's nebul> !ory is ess5tially a c5tripetal spiral4 ,! spiral nebul we see 9 ! heav5s1 h[ev]1 are c5trifugal spirals4 ,?is is cle>ly %[n 9 ,plates ,,xv41 ,,xii41 & ! frontispiece ( ,ni*ol's ,ar*itecture ( ! ,heav5s1 z well z 9 ,plates ,,xiii4 & ,,xiv4 ,plate ,,xv4--! op5 spiral--is directly contradictory ( any ph5om5a :i* c\ld occur 9 accordance ) ! nebul> !ory ( ,laplace4 ,! frontispiece %[s ! only =m :i* su* a nebula c\ld assume at any /age ( its c>e]1--t is1 a close spiral ) ne>ly circul> convolutions4 ,b :ile ?is p>ticul> =m is n only 9 entire accordance ) ! hypo!sis :i* we are ab\t to sugge/1 be+ 9 fact "o ( ! lat] & necess>y /ages 9 its progress1 any su* spiral z t %[n 9 ,plate ,,xv4 is utt]ly out ( ! "q 9 ! application ( ! nebul> !ory ( ,laplace or 9 any ( ! m rec5t modifications !re(4 ,! only hypo!sis by :i* ! v>i\s ph5om5a c be adequately expla9$ mu/ almo/ c]ta9ly be bas$ ^u ! comb9$ action ( gravitation & electrosph]ic repulsion4 ,we f9d 9 ! corona ( our own sun su* ph5om5a manife/$ 9 ! mo/ /rik+ degree1 ev5 9 a complet$ sy/em1 & we c well und]/& t dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( sy/emic developm5t su* ph5om5a w\ld va/ly transc5d any?+ :i* we c\ld n[ hope to obs]ve ar\nd our own sun4 ,we see ?is repulsion /ill m highly develop$ 9 ! =mation ( ! tails ( comets4 ,:ile ^! coronal rays are n visible to a di/ance ( m1 p]haps1 ?an five million miles f ! sun's disk1 we h se5 t ! tail ( ,newton's comet 0 %ot =? to a di/ance ( n9ety million miles 9 a few days1 z x 7 9 a mom5t1 by ! trem5d\s electrical repulsion ( ! sol> electrosph]e1 & t ?is enorm\s tail1 :i*1 if compos$ ( hydrog5 gas alone 7x 01 ( c\rse1 enorm\sly m att5uat$71 w\ld h conta9$ a mass mu* m ?an equal to ! weight ( ! sun1 0 swung ar\nd ov] an arc ( "o hundr$ & eighty degrees1 giv+ a radial sweep ( ! tail ov] a di/ance ( two hundr$ & eighty millions ( miles 9 less ?an f\r days4 ,& ! tails ( _m o!r comets h l>gely transc5d$ 9 dim5sions t ( ,newton1 above cit$4 ,we h le>n$ mu* ( ! laws :i* regulate ! developm5t ( /orms1 cyclones1 :irlw9ds1 wat]-sp\ts1 & o!r vortical ph5om5a 9 ! atmosph]e ( our own e>?1 & c readily apply ^! pr9ciples to ph5om5a ( va/ly great] magnitude4 ,we "k t ! matt] ( comets' tails is self-repulsive1 z %[n 9 multiple tails1 z well z t x is repell$ by an adjac5t simil>ly electrifi$ electrosph]e1--t ( ! sun1 = example1--z ) pi?-balls 9 ! famili> class-room exp]im5ts2 s t we c ga!r a v fair & complete idea ( ! processes ( nature :5 deal+ ) su* ph5om5a on a va/ly m ext5d$ scale1 9 :i* our mom5ts are measur$ by millions ( ye>s & our miles by ! almo/ inf9ite di/ances ( sid]eal & nebul> space4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,sol> ,,sy/ems ,,& ,,galaxies4 ,! processes ( developm5t ( a sol> sy/em f ! diffus$ elem5tal matt] ( space may !n be r\ghly sket*$ z foll[s1 premis+ t ea* /age may h possibly ext5d$ ov] va/ p]iods ( "t1 & ! :ole1 p]haps1 n be5 complet$ = millions ( ye>s4 ,) ! processes ( creation "t is z no?+4 ,! area ( space 9 :i* a sol> sy/em is ab\t to be develop$ has hi!rto ma9ta9$ its molecul> con/itu5ts 9 a /ate ( gradually increas$ un/able equilibrium1 :e!r su* augm5t$ in/ability may h be5 induc$ by a gradual rise ( temp]ature f emission ( ! sol> en]gy ( o!r galaxies1 by gradual diffusion f con/antly op]ative c5t]s1 f curr5ts or vortices ( space1 or by "s primal inh]5t con/itution ( space itself1 ) con/antly increas+ t5sions reliev$ by successive dis*>ges1 ( :i* analog\s in/ances are f\nd 9 v>i\s o!r processes ( nature1 z1 = example1 ovulation1 fission1 & gemmation 9 ! reproduction ( life1 regul>ly recurr+ epilepti=m convulsions1 regul>ly repeat$ sp>k dis*>ges f electrical ma*9es1 or ! ebullition ( visc\s fluids ) _! sl[ly recurr+ bur/+ bubbles4 ,at "s focal po9t ( ?is area a rupture ( t5sion w f9ally occur1 induc$ by "s sudd5 curr5t or vortical movem5t1 z we see sometimes 9 a pool ( wat] gradually r$uc$ 9 temp]ature bel[ ! freez+-po9t1 :5 its :ole surface1 by ! passage ( a brea? ( w9d ev51 w be sudd5ly fla%$ into cry/als ( ice4 ,at ?is po9t ( space !re w be in/itut$ a rapid expansion among ! molecules & a consequ5t fall ( temp]ature1 foll[$ by an inru% ( ! vapor\s mat]ial surr\nd+ ?is c5t] ( agitation1 & a vortical movem5t w be e/abli%$1 ) curr5ts ( spatial matt] attract$ to ?is vortex 9 con/antly increas+ /reams4 ,! molecul> t5sions w be successively unlock$ z ! circles ( agitation cont9ue to wid51 & a cond5s$ nucleus w =m1 rotat+ ^u its axis & exhibit+ ! comb9$ ph5om5a ( gravity & c5trifugal =ce4 ,z ! nucleus cont9ues to increase 9 mass & d5sity its temp]ature w con/antly rise1 :ile its spe$ ( rotation w gradually dim9i% z its volume increases1 & ! aque\s vapors ( space1 z !y ga!r ar\nd ?is rotat+ c5t] ( attraction1 w be =c$ outw>d by c5trifugal action & ! heat ( ! nucleus1 & =m va/ att5uat$ cl\ds1--n necess>ily visible1 h[ev]1 to human sight1--& ^! cl\ds1 9 _! v>i\s /ratifications & di/urbances1 w gradually come to p>take ( ! rotatory movem5t ( ! c5t]1 su* movem5ts1 h[ev]1 gradually fad+ away z !y rec$e 9 space & 9 d5sity4 ,! cyclonic movem5ts ( ^! cl\ds ( aque\s vapor ^u !mselves1 b pr9cipally aga9/ ! surr\nd+ gases ( space /ill "u t5sion1 w g5]ate enorm\s quantities ( electricity1 :i* fla% l ?und]-cl\ds z !y approa* ea* o!r1 ) incessant /reams ( lightn+ & rolls ( ?und]4 ,! gr[+ & heat+ c5tral nucleus is ?us ?r[n into a /ate ( high electrical opposite pol>ity1 & its own con/itu5t elem5ts become self-repell5t1 j z we see 9 ! sun's corona & 9 ! ph5om5a ( comets4 ,! electrical t5sion ( ! c5tral mass w gradually gr[ high] & high]1 until a va/ /ream or /reams ( inc&esc5t nebul\s matt] 7= ) d\ble suns !y may be multiple1 or ! int]nal repulsion may ev5 cause division ( ! nucleus itself7 w be sudd5ly driv5 outw>d 9 a radial direction along ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance1--t is to say1 9 ! plane ( equatorial rotation1 :]e c5trifugal =ce is mo/ effective4 ,we c readily und]/& ! self-repell5t =ce ( su* an enorm\s mass ( cosmical matt] by consid]+ t1 9 our own complet$ sy/em1 ! repulsion ( ! sol> electrosph]e drove =? ! tail ( ,newton's comet1 z be=e /at$1 to a di/ance ( n9ety million miles1 & :irl$ x ar\nd a semicircle ( ?is radius 9 less ?an f\r days4 ,our mo/ di/ant planet1 ,neptune1 is only ?irty times ?is di/ance f ! sun1 & we see dur+ e sol> eclipse ! coronal /ructure gl[+ to a di/ance ( m ?an a million miles f ! sun's disk1 & ! radial /ream]s driv5 =? five million miles1 & ev5 f>!r4 7,see illu/rations ( sol> corona 9 ,guillem9's ,! ,heav5s47 ,! va/ /ream ( radiat+ nebul\s matt] ?us =c$ out by sol> repulsion w likewise be act$ ^u ) equal en]gy by its own int]nal self-repell5t =ce4 ,if we conceive a /ream ( wat] ?r[n v]tically upw>d by a p[]ful =ce-pump1 9 :i* e drop ( ! fluid is end[$ ) trem5d\s self-repulsive en]gy1 we %\ld f9d an analogy to ! ph5om5on 9 "q4 ,we c see an example ( ?is 9 ! ,crab ,nebula1 illu/rat$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,! /ream1 act$ ^u by gravity d[nw>d1 by ! =ce ( ejection upw>d1 & by ! int]nal =ce ( repulsion bo? transv]sely & upw>d1 w\ld assume a pyri=m %ape1 n>r[] b5ea?1 l>gely swoll5 ab\t its middle1 & !nce gradually decreas+ 9 diamet] to its t]m9ation 9 a r\nd$ tuft1 9 advance ( :i* w\ld be driv5 =? deta*$ sprays & wisps1 :ile filam5ts & outly+ p>allel /r&s w\ld m>k its entire asc5t1 except t[>ds its po9t ( ejection1 :]e ! primal =ce :i* drove x out is greatly 9 excess ( ^? ( gravity & self-repulsion4 ,x w be se5 at a glance t ^! ph5om5a are precisely ^? :i* we obs]ve 9 a comet's tail4 7,see illu/rations ( _m comets hav+ ^! *>act]i/ics 9 ,guillem9's ,! ,heav5s1 ,locky]'s edition47 ,suppose1 n[1 t ?is /ream ( wat] or ! tail ( a l>ge comet 7 gradually wrapp$ ar\nd its po9t ( emission by ! rotation ( ?is nucleus ^u its axis4 ,a spiral w\ld =m1 v op5 or fl>+ at fir/1 b gradually gr[+ clos] & m circul> z ! =ce ( gravity drew its convolutions d[nw>d ^u ! int]/ratifi$ cl\ds ( aque\s vapor occupy+1 9 compress$ lay]s1 ! spaces betwe5 ! adjac5t coils ( ! spiral4 ,!re w\ld be a composite action ( =ces obs]v$3 gravity w\ld attract ! convolutions & _! int]/ratifi$ lay]s ( cl\d equally1 accord+ to _! d5sities1 :ile ! c5tral repulsive =ce w\ld repel ! convolutions ( ! spiral along ! same l9es ( =ce1 b w\ld n act at all ^u ! /rata ( cl\ds1 & ! =ce ( int]nal self-repulsion w\ld also t5d to disrupt ! convolutions ( ! spiral by exp&+ !m outw>dly4 ,! out] convolution1 h[ev]1 w\ld h no backw>d ?ru/ f any int]nal repulsion beyond1 :ile1 )91 gravity & sol> repulsion w\ld be m equally balanc$1 s t ! out] coil w\ld be relatively compress$ 9 its rotation aga9/ ! next inn] convolution1 & its ratio ( di/ance w\ld n be ma9ta9$4 ,we f9d ?is exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( ,neptune's1 orbit 9 our own sy/em4 ,! inn] convolution w\ld also be abnormal1 s9ce ! primal =ce ( ejection mu/ h be5 suffici5t to c>ry ! outw>d ?ru/ ( ! :ole spiral1 & 9 consequ5ce its fl>e w\ld (f] mu* great] resi/ance to ! deflection ( rotation1 & x w\ld h a m radial direction ?an ^? beyond4 ,we %all f9d t ! planet ,m]cury1 & ! inn] convolution :i* 0 ev5tually reabsorb$ into ! sol> mass1 exhibit ^! ph5om5a4 ,betwe5 ! out] & ^! inn] convolutions ! curve ( ! spiral w\ld be approximately regul>1 ) a fix$ ratio ( increase4 ,9 ! planets ( our sol> sy/em ?is ratio is t produc$ by con/antly d\bl+ ! prec$+ numb]1 ! s]ies be+ #j1 #c1 #f1 #ab1 #bd1 etc4 ,9 o!r sol> sy/ems1 h[ev]1 ! ratio may be q diff]5t4 ,9 ?is abnormal fl>e ( ! inn] convolution is d\btless to be f\nd ! rational basis ( ,bode's empirical law ( planet>y di/ances1 9 :i* ! arbitr>y numb] #d mu/ be add$ to ea* t]m ( ! above progression1 mak+ ! s]ies #d1 #g1 #aj1 #af1 #bh1 etc4 ,! inn] coil betwe5 ,m]cury & ! sun 0 drawn into ! sol> mass on ! disruption ( ! spiral1 leav+1 f ! abnormally radial curvature ( ! inn] portions ( ! spiral & its abs5ce f ! s]ies1 a vacant place :i* mu/ be repres5t$ by ! relatively fix$ increm5t to be add$ to ea* t]m ( ! s]ies4 ,z ! convolutions ( ! spiral become m & m compress$ t[>ds ea* o!r & m & m flatt5$ aga9/ ! int]/ratifi$ cl\d-lay]s1 ! =ce ( int]nal repulsion becomes m & m active 9 its t5d5cy to disrupt ! spiral1 s9ce its =ces are m direct & conc5trat$ along l9es ne>ly at "r angles to ! =ce ( gravity4 ,dur+ ! =mation ( ! spiral we c easily conceive t--l a /ream ( wat] %oot+ ov] a cascade1 or ! multiple tails ( "s comets1 or ev5 a :ole comet1 z1 = example1 ,biela's1 :i* 0 split up into two sep>ate bodies by ?is =ce--"s convolution1 p]haps a s+le "o ( ! s]ies1 w be lat]ally divid$ into a l>ge numb] ( ne>ly p>allel /r&s1 mutually held ap>t by _! int]nal self-repulsion1 & ) cl\d-lay]s int]pos$ betwe5 ^! lat]al /r&s4 ,su* a s]ies ( small planets z ^! w\ld f9ally produce we f9d 9 ! belt ( our a/]oids1 ! bulk ( ! convolution1 probably1 = ! mo/ "p1 h[ev]1 scatt]$ 9 space1 s9ce _! aggregate mass is s small1 & possibly1 9 "p1 coalesc$ into ! mass ( ,jupit]1 to :i* ,m>s1 by 8 position1 may also h contribut$4 ,n only may a :ole convolution be ?us split up1 b along ! spiral at _m po9ts ! out] m>g9s may be ?ru/ outw>d1 =m+ p>tially deta*$ p>allel /r&s1 :i* may ?us coalesce to =m ! satellites ( ! complet$ planets2 :ile at ! out] extremity ( all1 :]e ! backw>d ?ru/ ( self-repulsion is want+1 enorm\s wisps1 sprays1 & tufts ( nebul\s matt] w\ld be driv5 entirely =? into ! illimitable realms ( out] space1 b n necess>ily1 or ev5 probably1 into ! space ( o!r sy/ems1 :i* are s enorm\sly di/ant2 & !re1 9 ^? unoccupi$ realms1 !y w rema9 to gyrate 9 ! solitude ( _! own orig9ality1 9 ! =m ( comets1 until1 at long int]vals1 !y may *ance to revisit ! sc5es ( _! e>lie/ y\?1 to w>m _! froz5 limbs = a brief p]iod at ! old & well-rememb]$ p>5tal fire1 or f9ally1 worn out ) toil & travel1 come home at la/ to die4 ,driv5 =? f ! society ( _! fell[s by _! own unbalanc$ en]gies1 ^! an>*i/s ( ! sky may =m loose aggregations1 granulat$ ab\t multitudes ( self-con/itut$ m9or c5t]s2 b1 cut loose f all effective sol> control dur+ _! p]iod ( coalesc5ce1 !y mu/ =ev] lack ! consolidat$ =m & complex organization ( _! prosp]\s & rotund bre?r51 ! planets & _! satellites1 or ev5 ! t9y a/]oids1 :o /ay$ home &1 l ! little pig1 _h bread & butt] = breakfa/4 ,! disruptive en]gy ( int]nal repulsion1 z above /at$1 increases 9 =ce z ! convolutions ( ! spiral become m & m compress$ & ! spiral becomes m & m circul> 9 =m4 ,sudd5ly ! coils ( ! spiral w be bur/ asund]1 & ?is w occur along t p>ticul> radial l9e ( gravitation :]e ! c5tral nucleus acts ) its mo/ effective =ce4 ,! disruption w be simultane\s1 z a g5]al rule1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples :i* control ruptures ( t5sion ( bodies 9 a /ate ( un/able equilibrium1 & :i* we see exemplifi$ 9 multipli$ c5t]s ( cry/allization1 ! simultane\s =mation ( mud-cracks1 ! ,giant's ,causeway1 & o!r l ph5om5a4 ,ea* convolution w n[ become a deta*$ op5 r+1 "o ( its brok5 extremities1 h[ev]1 be+ millions ( miles f>!r f ! c5tral nucleus ?an ! o!r4 ,:at occurs :5 a cometic body1 negatively electrifi$1 imp+es ^u ! positive electrosph]e ( a planet1 or :5 an electrical induction ma*9e l ,voss's is t\*$ by an oppositely electrifi$ body1 w n[ necess>ily occur ) ^! disrupt$ convolutions4 ,_! connection ) ! negatively electrifi$ nucleus be+ brok51 a rev]sal ( electrical pol>ity w ensue f contact ) ! adjac5t positively electrifi$ cl\ds ( aque\s vapor1 &1 in/ead ( self-repulsion1 mutual attraction w n[ prevail along ! l5g? ( ea* ( ! op5 r+s4 ,held ap>t f ! c5tral nucleus by ! int]/ratifi$ cl\d-lay]s1 & act$ ^u by ! d\ble =ce ( gravity & int]nal attraction1 ! compon5t elem5ts ( ^! op5 r+s w rapidly lose _! lum9osity & heat1 & coalesce by a retrograde movem5t d[n ! l9es ( _! direction1 ?us approa*+ ! sun along ! segm5t ( an ellipse1 ! nucleus1 or sun1 occupy+ "o ( ! foci1 ! ecc5tricity ( ! ellipse be+ measur$ by ! diff]5tial betwe5 ! ne>e/ po9t ( ! op5 r+ & ! "p ( ! convolution :i* lies directly opposite & beyond ! sun4 ,9 o!r words1 ! =m ( ! spiral w det]m9e ! ecc5tricity ( ! ellipse1 subject to p]turbations1 h[ev]1 ( v>i\s sorts4 ,dur+ ?is /age ( coalesc5ce f an op5 r+ into a sph]e1 ^! bodies w take on1 by cool+ & cond5sation1 _! planet>y =ms2 & z ! =m+ sph]es1 by ! retreat ( _! masses d[n ! l9es ( approa* to ! sun1 advance1 _! =w>d & ne>] extremities w be m p[]fully act$ ^u by gravity ?an ^? p>ts 9 ! re>1 & a =w>d plunge or axial movem5t ( rotation w be set up4 ,visc\s matt]1--pit*1 = example1--molt5 by ! sun's heat & fl[+ d[n a /eep ro(1 exhibits a simil> =w>d movem5t1 ! out] lay]s t5d+ to roll ov] ! inn] ones 9 convolut$ folds1 ! adhesion to ! ro( ( ! "u surface correspond+ to ! ret>d+ pull ( ! sun's attraction4 ,9 l mann] are produc$ rotat+ eddies 9 /reams ( wat] hav+ crook$ *annels1 eddies ( air "u wat]-falls1 & o!r analog\s atmosph]ic di/urbances4 ,dur+ ! /age ( coalesc5ce ( ! planet>y sph]es ! adjac5t cl\ds ( aque\s vapor w cond5se ar\nd !m1 & _! hi!rto diffus$ electrical en]gies w be conc5trat$ by rotation 9 curr5ts ( enorm\s quantity & pot5tial directly ^u ! sun1 & a disassociation ( ! elem5ts :i* compose ^! wat]y vapors w ensue1 ! result ( :i* w be ! deposit ( hydrog5 gas z an atmosph]ic envelope ar\nd ! sun's body1 & ( oxyg5 ar\nd & ?r\gh ! bodies :i* con/itute ! planets4 ,^! gases w be disassociat$ 9 _! comb9+ proportions1 two volumes ( hydrog5 at ! sun = "o volume ( oxyg51 di/ribut$ accord+ to _! relative electrical en]gies among ! planets4 ,?is nasc5t oxyg5 w rapidly comb9e ) ! consolidat+ elem5ts ( ! planets &1 int]p5etrat+ _! solidify+ bodies1 =m ! va/ mass ( oxides :i* we f9d to con/itute ! bulk ( our t]re/rial mass1 ! residue1 me*anically comm+l$ ) ! cond5s$ ev]-pres5t nitrog51 =m+ ! planet>y atmosph]es4 ,! cond5sation ( volume ( ! planets w give rise to great elevation ( temp]ature1 :ile _! curr5ts ( electricity1 p\r$ into ! sun1 w1 by _! passage ?r\gh its enorm\sly compress$ hydrog5 atmosph]e1 produce int5se heat1 & ?is1 rapidly communicat$ to ! sol> core )91 w raise its temp]ature to t ( ! sun z we n[ see x1 & p]man5tly ma9ta9 x 9 t /ate ( inc&esc5ce4 ,dur+ ! /age ( coalesc5ce ( ! planet>y bodies1 outly+ /r&s ( ! spiral w foll[ ! c\rse ( _! adjac5t masses 9 a ne>ly p>allel movem5t1 & w gradually coalesce into small] bodies m directly "u ! influ5ce ( ! gravity ( _! own adjac5t planets1 by _! proximity1 ?an ( t ( ! sun4 ,^! bodies w ?us rotate z satellites ar\nd _! planets1 & ! =w>d %ift ( _! c5t]s ( gravity1 by _! advance along _! l9es ( coalesc5ce1 may result 9 a p]man5t displacem5t1 ( :i* we see an example 9 ! moon1 :i* con/antly pres5ts ! same face to ! e>?1 :ile hav+ an axial rotation ( its own ) ref]5ce to ! sun4 7,9 ?is case ! action ( gravity may h be5 assi/$1 h[ev]1 by ! mutual repulsion ( ! lun> & t]re/rial electrosph]es =c+ ! atmosph]e & moi/ure ( ! lun> mass to its opposite side & ma9ta9+ x !re1 :]e x w\ld rema9 z a buff] aga9/ rotation47 ,9 "s cases we might f9d c]ta9 outly+ /r&s ( a convolution :i*1 p]turb$ by ext]nal influ5ces1 may h be5 delay$ 9 its conv]sion into sph]ical =m1 & ?is subord9ate /r&1 pyri=m itself1 z x mu/ h be51 9 %ape1 w\ld ?us =m a spiral ( m9ute discrete bodies1 probably l ! nucleus ( a comet1 f9ally assum+ ! %ape ( a s]ies ( r+s1 & rotat+ l a satellite ar\nd ! neighbor+ planet1 ! inn] & out] /r&s m att5uat$ & ! middle ones m cond5s$1 z we f9d to be ! case ) ! r+s ( ,saturn4 ,9 ! orig9al spiral we h se5 t1 z a :ole1 x 0 ( necessity pyri=m 9 %ape4 ,! planets =m$ !refrom w\ld ?us be f\nd to increase 9 size f )9 outw>d to a maximum1 aft] :i* !y w\ld aga9 decrease1 b n to ! orig9al m9imum1 :ile ! extreme out] planet w\ld also be unduly enl>g$ by increm5t f p>tially dissipat$ t]m9al filam5ts1 gradually attract$ !reto f surr\nd+ space4 ,!re is su* an undue enl>gem5t ( ! planet ,neptune1 & ?is1 ) its relatively compress$ orbit1 be=e allud$ to1 r5d]s x almo/ c]ta9 t ,neptune is 9 reality ! out]mo/ memb] ( our planet>y sy/em4 ,we f9d ?is gradation ( size to be ! case 9 our sol> sy/em1 except :]e ! s]ies has be5 brok5 by ! multitud9\s sep>ation1 f viol5t int]nal repulsion1 ( "o ( ! convolutions into p>allel /r&s %[+ all sorts ( p]turbations1 ?is be+ ! convolution :i* occupi$ ! region betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,jupit]1 & :i*1 by ! coalesc5ce ( ^! num]\s p>allel /r&s into small planet>y bodies1 has fill$ ! space ) a belt ( a/]oids hundr$s & p]haps ?\s&s or ev5 t5s ( ?\s&s 9 numb]4 ,x is probable t a law regulat+ ! ellipticity ( planet>y orbits c be d$uc$ f a consid]ation ( ! pr9ciples :i* h gov]n$ _! inception1 & ) ^! are d\btless closely relat$ ^? laws ( ,laplace :i* h demon/rat$ t 9 any sy/em ( bodies travell+ 9 "o direction ar\nd a c5tral attract+ orb1 ! ecc5tricities & incl9ations1 if small at any "o "t1 w\ld always cont9ue inconsid]able4 7,appleton's ,cyclopdia1 article ,planet47 ,we h ?us trac$ ! g5esis ( a sol> sy/em f its e>lie/ /ages =w>d ?r\gh its v>i\s *anges until1 complete & 9 work+ ord]1 x is ready to be s5t on its et]nal c\rse1 ei!r alone or z "o ( a va/ cong]ies ( simil> sy/ems1 l ! ,milky ,way4 7,see frontispiece = illu/ration ( a s]ies ( types ( developm5t f a /raight-tail$ comet1 ?r\gh diff]5t curvatures1 & spiral nebul ( less & less div]g5ce1 until ne>ly circul>1 & f9ally t]m9at+ 9 a complete sol> sy/em47 ,^! processes ( creation may be isolat$1 or !y may fla% a hundr$ million sol> sy/ems into be+ toge!r1 z cry/als fla% =? 9 ! rock2 b1 :5 once =m$1 !y g =? ea* z et]nal z space itself4 ,b c we n g back "o /ep f>!r /ill 9 ! progressive /ages ( creative en]gy8 ,:5ce came ^! p[]ful ag5cies by means ( :i* all ^? di/ant regions became peopl$ ) suns & worlds8 ,! great s\rce ( all is to be f\nd alone 9 space1--! s-call$ empty space4 ,b x is f> f empty2 all ?r\gh x are diffus$ ! att5uat$ vapors :i*1 cond5s$1 con/itute our suns & planets1 & all t is1 or ev] %all be1 gase\s vapors1 :i* are held pois$1 ) _! opposite t5sions ( cohesion & expansion1 l ! ,pr9ce ,rup]t drops :i* glass-bl[]s make = toys1--a little bulb ( glass1 *ill$ z x falls1 molt51 9 a vessel ( wat]4 ,f "o extremity projects a long1 crook$ /em1 sc>cely ?ick] at ! end ?an a horse-hair1 spun out f ! molt5 glass z x hung f ! glass-bl[]'s rod4 ,! bulb\s body is z l>ge1 p]haps1 z a nut2 y c beat x ) a hamm] & x w n break2 x is ! h>de/ 9 /ructure ( all glass4 ,n[1 wrap ?is bulb up 9 a ?ick h&k]*ief1 or y may be injur$2 hold x firmly1 & break (f ! v t9ie/ tip ( ! long /em ?ree1 f\r1 or ev5 six in*es f ! bulb4 ,!re is a sudd5 %ock2 op5 y\r h&k]*ief1 & lo6 in/ead ( ! solid bulb1 !re is only a loose mass ( :ite p[d]4 ,if y put ! bulb 9 a heavy glass vessel full ( wat] & break (f ! tip ( ! tail1 x w %att] ! vessel into fragm5ts4 ,:at is ! explanation8--x is1 ( c\rse1 well kn[n--simply t ! molecules ( glass 7 in/antly arre/$ 9 _! motion ( adju/m5t z ! glass 0 sudd5ly *ill$ by ! wat]1 & ! molecul> motion ( %r9kage 0 arre/$1 leav+ ! individual molecules "u a trem5d\s /ra9 ( position 9 _! endeavor to rea* _! true places4 ,!y are rigidly fix$ 9 ?is position ( un/able equilibrium1 "o balanc+ ! o!r2 b let a s+le molecule be displac$1--a fragm5t s t9y t ! eye c sc>cely see x1--& ! molecules1 ?us ?r[n out ( mutual support aga9/ ea* o!r1 mu/ n[ re>range !mselves f ! ruptur$ rigid mass1 &1 l a r[ ( /ood-up bricks1 ea* ( :i* ?ru/s ! o!r =w>d1 ) a sudd5 explosive =ce ! molecules assume _! true position ( /able equilibrium1 b x is at ! co/ ( ! :ole /ructure4 ,to ?is same cause we owe ! explosive =ce ( our gunp[d]1 nitroglyc]91 & all explosives2 ! molecules are held 9 un/able equilibrium1 & ! t5sion once reliev$ at a s+le po9t1 be x ev] s inf9itesimal1 ! molecules ( ! :ole mass re>range !mselves ) explosive en]gy4 ,/range t s h>mless a sub/ance z glyc]91 by ! m]e replacem5t ( an atom ( nitrog5 gas1 %\ld develop ! en]gy ( dynamite "u a trifl+ molecul> %ock4 ,s1 also1 ! aque\s & p]haps o!r vapors ( all space1 att5uat$ ?\gh !y be1 & p]haps by reason ( ?is v t5uity itself1 z %[n by ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,crookes ) att5uat$ gases :5 act$ ^u by electricity1 are held 9 ! same /ate ( un/able equilibrium4 ,we "k ! pot5cy ( ?is in/ability f ! t]rific explosive comb9ation ( ! gases :i* comb9e to =m aque\s vapor4 ,we may aga9 ref] to "o ( ! well-kn[n exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,crookes ) simple atmosph]ic air4 ,enclos$ 9 a cyl9drical glass vessel1 ! electric sp>k pass$ freely2 z x became m r>efi$ "u an air-pump1 new ph5om5a appe>$1 until1 at a /age ( high r>efaction1 ! molecules ( ^! gases 7 driv5 =w>d by ! electric curr5t ) su* en]gy z fir/ to raise ! temp]ature ( ! opposite side ( ! cyl9d] to a r$ heat1 !n to melt1 & f9ally to p]=ate ! glass4 ,! explanation is t ! movem5ts ( closely aggregat$ molecules mutually int]f]e ) ea* o!r2 z !y ga9 elb[-room by be+ r$uc$ 9 numb]1 !y act ) m directness1 & consequ5tly ) m =ce3 x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 m5 fight+ 9 a cr[d$ room & out 9 an op5 field4 ,x is possible t ^! molecul> t5sions ( space1 by ! ready unlock+ ( ! =ces ) :i* !y are *>g$1 may ev5 aid 9 ! rotation ( ! planets by act+ ^u _! electrosph]es 9 _! drift ?r\gh space1 z *>g$ ?und]-cl\ds react ^u ea* o!r1 or ! molecules ( atmosph]ic air1 9 mod]ately high vacua1 "u electrical excitem5t1 act ^u ! walls ( ! conta9+ vessel1 z 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,crookes & o!rs4 ,! riddles ( nature are l ^? ( ! sph9x1--!y h m ?an "o mean+4 ,! t5sions ( ! aggregat$ molecules ( space are ?us c\nt]balanc$ only s long z all space is equally occupi$ & a /ate ( p]fect quiesc5ce exi/s 9 its e "p4 ,a molecul> di/urbance 9 "o "p is imm$iately communicat$ to adjac5t p>ts1 & f9ally to all4 ,) ! fir/ movem5t1 gravity ass]ts itself1 = gravity exi/s & mu/ exi/ 9 all p>ts1 & mu/ actively manife/ itself :5ev] ! p]fect mutual balance ( space is di/urb$ & a c5t] ( en]gy develop$1 & co-ord9ately ) ! action ( gravity beg9s t ( electricity4 ,movem5ts among ! molecules are conv]t$ into movem5t ( mass2 c5tripetal motion begets cond5sation1 ?is begets s5sible heat & vortical movem5t2 !n come ! ph5om5a ( electrical g5]ation by mov+ contact ) ! gases ( space1 !n repulsion & disassociation ( ! elem5ts ( ! aque\s vapors1 comb9ation ( simple into comp\nd elem5ts2 &1 ! balance once di/urb$1 ! /ate ( un/able equilibrium is =ev] de/roy$1 & all space h5ce=? mu/ exhibit con/ant *ange4 ,!re are :ole segm5ts ( space absolutely blank1 s f> z visible sy/ems are conc]n$1 :i* seem to h be5 exhau/$1 = ! pres5t ons at lea/1 to supply mat]ial = ! va/ adjac5t galaxies :i* ext5d along _! bord]s2 see illu/rations 9 ,proctor's ,essays on ,a/ronomy1 article ,di/ribution ( ! ,nebul4 ,x ne$ n be suppos$ t su* /age ( p]fect & univ]sal quiesc5ce ev] exi/$ 9 fact2 x is l ! ,nirvana ( ! ,buddhi/ philosoph]s1--a subjective & n an objective condition4 ,we c h no k ( ! exi/5ce1 ev51 ( mat]ial ?+s1 save f _! ph5om5a1 ! manife/ation ( int]*ang+ =ces1 ^u :i* re/s our ?reefold basis ( k1 p]ception1 cognition1 & comp>ison4 ,we "k no?+ ( matt]1 except z affect$ by int]nal or ext]nal =ce1 nor ( =ce itself1 except z x acts 9 "o mode or ano!r ^u matt]4 ,all beyond ?is is1 = u1 )\t =m & void4 ,progressive *ange has always1 d\btless1 be5 ! univ]sal law ( creation1 & ! great ocean ( space is1 & ev] has be51 & ev] w be ! highway ?r\gh :i* p]petually pl\gh ! great c>avels :i* be> ! =tunes ( creative en]gy1 lad5 ) life & light & heat1 9 _! et]nal progression4 ,! creative impulse once giv51 if x1 too1 0 n primeval 9 ! et]nal pa/1 mu/ h gone on f developm5t to developm5t1 l ! transmission ( life1 f age to age & f realm to realm4 ,! mills ( ! gods gr9d sl[ly2 9 ^! va/ areas "t is absolutely no?+2 ! processes we see are b z ! dip ( a swall['s w+ comp>$ ) an inconceivable futurity2 b all our en]gies1 & all ! en]gies ( planets & suns & sy/ems & galaxies1 & ( :atev] o!r & wid] creat$ =ms may /ret* onw>d to inf9ity1 came =? f ! ocean ( space1 & to ?is ocean all ^! en]gies cont9ue to return aga9 9 ceaseless circuit4 ,c we indicate any relation%ip ( p]iodicity = ! g5esis ( sol> sy/ems f space8 ,!re is a rem>kable example ( a some:at simil> p]iodicity 9 organic life = ! rupture ( t5sions1 s common t its analog\s "* & p]fect regul>ity are sc>cely ev5 ?\ght (4 ,among ! highe/ species ( mammalia we f9d t1 9 a /ate ( heal?1 :e!r resid5t ( ! heights ( ! ,&es1 ! des]ts ( ,africa1 ! jungles ( ,india1 or ! mo/ d5sely populat$ c5t]s ( ,london2 among ri* or poor1 high or l[1 idle or indu/ri\s1 virtu\s or vici\s1 anci5t or mod]n1 civiliz$ or b>b>\s1 black1 :ite1 r$1 or yell[1 ! ovum ( ! mature female rises to ! surface ( ! ov>y1 & at int]vals1 almo/ uni=m1 ( tw5ty-eight days1 organic excitem5t ensues1 ! enclos+ vesicle is ruptur$1 & ! ovum escapes4 ,! rem>kable feature is n t ^! processes cont9u\sly succe$ ea* o!r2 b t "u su* div]se conditions & opposite circum/ances1 & ) two sep>ate ov>ies op]at+ at ! same "t1 simultane\sly or successively1 ?is almo/ miracul\s int]val ( no m & no less ?an tw5ty-eight days betwe5 ! successive ruptures ( t5sion & _! att5dant ph5om5a1 %\ld con/antly p]si/4 ,= its ultimate cause we mu/ look back to ! vis a t]go to :i* we h already allud$2 & !re may be1 & d\btless is1 a simil>ly act+ remote cause :i* regulates ! p]iodical developm5t ( sol> sy/ems or ( galaxies1 p]iods ( int5se activity1 foll[$ by int]vals ( exhau/ion & recup]ation1 & aga9 succe$$ by ano!r p]iod ( activity1 & s on p]petually1 = space is p]petual1 inf9ite1 & inexhau/ible4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! processes above r\ghly sket*$ are some:at simil> to ^? obs]v$ 9 ! =mation ( s-call$ wat]-sp\ts1 :i* usually t]m9ate 9 dissipation 9 ! atmosph]e1 or else 9 t]rific ?und]-/orms1 b :i* occasionally rea* a suffici5t en]gy ( rotation to sp9 _! c5tral nuclei d[n t[>ds1 or ev5 to1 ! surface ( ! sea1 or1 9 des]t regions1 to t ( ! gr\nd4 ,!re is no analogy ) ! !oretical & assum$ primal mass ( att5uat$ plasma ( ! nebul> !ory1 or ) its sl[ initial rotation1 ) ! successive ca/+ (f ( r+s ( nebul\s matt]4 ,x may sometimes happ51 h[ev]1 t ! repulsive electrical en]gy ( ! c5tral nucleus may ?r[ (f its ext]nal envelopes ) suffici5t =ce to drive !m entirely beyond ! effective limit ( its attractive =ces1 z occurs 9 ! =mation ( embryonic comets z above describ$2 9 su* case ! nebula w be a v>iable "o1 ) successively repeat$ aggregations & successive outbur/s1 p]iodical l ! active /ages ( volcanoes2 &1 ev5 :5 ! nucleus has already pres5t$ a cont9u\s sol> spectrum1 its en]gies may be ?us exp5d$1 or m gradually1 & f9ally dissipat$ l ! electricity ( a highly *>g$ ,leyd5 j> expos$ to a moi/ atmosph]e4 ,z a bottle ( /rongly eff]vesc+ liquid may bl[ itself empty1 :5 sudd5ly op5$1 by ! mutually repell5t en]gy ( its conta9$ molecules1 s if su* a ph5om5on 7 manife/$ 9 a radial direction f a c5tral po9t1 ! repell$ spray w\ld %[ itself z a nebul\s r+ ) a holl[ c5t]4 ,an example ( ?is sort is %[n 9 ! multiple-tail$ ,ca!r9e-:eel nebula 7,fig4 #d ( a previ\s illu/ration74 ,if su* an annul> nebula %\ld become ruptur$ into two portions by int]nal repulsion1 ! electrical pol>ity ( ! small] fragm5t w\ld be rev]s$1 & ! two arcs w\ld sep>ately coalesce & consolidate into a sun & a s+le planet1 =m+ a sol> sy/em l t ( ,algol1 :i* has be5 already describ$4 ,o!rwise1 ! nebula w\ld probably retrograde & disappe>1 by diffusion1 into space aga94 ,we may expect to f9d abortive ef=ts ( nature "h1 z we s con/antly f9d !m else:]e1 n m]ely 9 inorganic matt]1 b ev5 among ! processes ( life4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,proctor's article 7,essays on ,a/ronomy7 on ! squ>e-%\ld]$ aspect ( ,saturn1 he m5tions a hi!rto unexpla9$ circum/ance ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e--! curi\s fact t ! b>ometrical pressure ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e is some:at high] betwe5 ! poles & ! equator ?an imm$iately ov] ! latt]1 z might be suppos$ to be ! case4 ,?is is a ph5om5on ( mutual repulsion simil> to ^? manife/$ 9 ! op]ations above describ$4 ,! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis =ces ! t]re/rial atmosph]e1 by its c5trifugal motion1 9 undue proportion1 ar\nd ! equatorial belt1 caus+ ! same sort ( atmosph]ic ?9n+ at ! poles :i* we see 9 ! sol> photosph]e at its correspond+ p>ts4 ,at ! same "t ! highly electrifi$ atmosph]e1 by its mutually repell5t action1 t5ds to =ce ?is swoll5 equatorial r+ backw>d t[>d ! poles4 ,! resultant ( ^! two repulsions is an area ( maximum d5sity "p way betwe5 ! poles & ! equator4 ,x is probable t ?is self-repell5t equatorial swell may play "s "p 9 ! sun's atmosph]e1 9 ext5d+1 & also 9 limit+1 ! areas ( eruptive sun-spots outw>d f 8 equator4 ,:ile ! nebul are m di/ant ?an _m ( ! discrete />s reveal$ to u by ! telescope1 !re is no reason to suppose t !y are m di/ant ?an ! />-cl\ds into :i* are m]g$ ! sep>ate />s ( ! ,milky ,way1 or ! />-clu/]s se5 9 o!r portions ( ! sky4 ,we "k1 9 fact1 t ?is is n s1 = our telescopes %[ brilliant />s 9 v _m cases :i* are compon5ts ( ! nebul !mselves2 & ! fact t ! nebul c be se5 z hav+ visible =m1 & n z m]e po9ts ( light1 is itself conclusive z to _! relative di/ances4 ,h5ce we ne$ n be surpris$ to le>n t ^! =m+ spirals w result ea* 9 ! production ( a s+le sol> sy/em1 & n a galaxy ( suns1 z 0 once suppos$4 ,7 su* ! case x w\ld be impossible = u to obs]ve ! /ructure ( ! nebul at all1 z _! di/ances w\ld be f> too va/4 ,( ! =ms ( ! gase\s nebul ,guillem9 asks1 ,is ! spiral ! orig9al =m ( ^? gase\s matt]s1 ! cond5sation ( :i* may give1 or has giv51 bir? to ea* individual ( ?is gigantic association8 ,! same au?or says ( ^! app>5tly regul>ly =m$ nebul1 ,x is impossible n to recognize 9 !m s _m sy/ems4 ,_m ( ! spiral nebul 7 =m]ly suppos$ to be globul> aggregations ( nebul\s matt] only1 & _! spiral "* came z a great surprise ) ! use ( m p[]ful telescopes2 & _m--nay1 mo/--( ^! app>5tly globul> nebul h totally *ang$ _! appe>ance :5 view$ ) in/rum5ts ( high] p[]1 :ile ! spirals h become m & m pron\nc$ 9 "* ) e increase ( telescopic vision4 ,( "o ( su* app>5tly globul> nebul ,guillem9 says1 ,! c5t] is l a l>ge globul> nebula ) a v m>k$ cond5sation1 :5ce radiate bran*es arrang$ 9 ! =m ( spirals4 ,9 sev]al po9ts ( ^! bran*es o!r c5t]s ( cond5sation are notic$4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el _h class$ ?is among ! nebul ( r\nd$1 globul> =m1 d\btless because ! c5tral nebulosity 0 ! only "o reveal$ by 8 telescope4 ,! =mation ( ! sub-c5t]s 9 ?is nebula 7:i* is betwe5 ! ,great ,be> & ,botes7 %\ld be p>ticul>ly not$ 9 connection ) ! coalesc5ce ( planets z above describ$4 ,9 a note to ,guillem9's "w1 ,pr(essor ,locky] says1 ,! prop] motion ( nebul has n yet be5 inquir$ into1 because ev]ybody1 look+ ^u !m z irresolvable />-clu/]s1 ?\ght !m inf9itely remote4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 t we "k !y are n clu/]s ( />s1 prop]ly s call$1 x is possible t !y may be mu* ne>] to u ?an we imag9e4 ,9 connection ) ! d\ble-sun spiral nebula %[n 9 ! prec$+ illu/ration1 ,guillem9 says1 ,we h notic$ nebul accompani$ by sy/ems ( d\ble or multiple />s1 plac$ 9 a mann] s symmetrical 9 ! mid/ ( ! nebulosity t x is impossible to d\bt ! exi/5ce ( a real connection betwe5 ! />s & ! nebul4 ,& ,flamm>ion says ( ^! app>5tly globul> nebul1 :5 "u ! obs]vation ( m p[]ful telescopes1 ,9 ! place :]e pale & :iti% cl\ds gave out a calm & uni=m light1 ! giant eye ( ! telescope has disc]n$ alt]nately d>k & lum9\s regions1--t is to say1 !y reveal ! op]ation ( ! opposite =ces ( attraction & repulsion1 & are spiral4 ,:ile gase\s nebul may be ( any conceivable =m1 ! direction & op]ation ( ! =ces :i* w det]m9e _! "* z sol> sy/ems mu/ be simil>1 j z ) ! =ms ( organic life1 & ! only nebul :i* reveal a di/9ct sy/ematic developm5t 9 h>mony ) a work+ sol> sy/em are ! spiral4 ,!re is no difficulty :atev] 9 trac+ su* a nebula ?r\gh all its =mative /ages1 z we h done1 & we c1 9 fact1 see pa9t$ on ! backgr\nd ( ! sky e /ep ( ! %ift+ tableau ?r\gh :i* su* =ms mu/ pass4 ,by ! nebul> hypo!sis ! :ole c\rse ( developm5t1 ( necessity1 is rigidly =w>d to its culm9ation2 b by employ+ ! analogies pres5t$ to u 9 o!r op]ations ( nature1 we c readily acc\nt = v>iations1 halt+s1 ineffectual ef=ts1 uncomplet$ processes1 & ev5 rev]sals & r$i/ributions into o!r second>y s\rces ( en]gy4 ,!y equally comprise ! ag5cies = ! production ( a s+le sol> sy/em or ( a myriad1 j z we see ! vortical wat]-sp\ts or s&-/orms ei!r s+le1 d\ble1 or multiple2 !y are flexible1 z are all ! processes ( nature1 & require no viol5t assumption ( a prior physical basis kn[n to u ne'er be=e on sea or %ore4 ,!y also acc\nt = ! deviation f ! normal ( ! orbits ( ,neptune & ,m]cury1 = ! =mation ( ! a/]oids & ,saturn's r+s1 = ! diff]5t ecc5tricities & incl9ations ( ! orbits1 = ! =w>d axial rotation ( ! planets & _! satellites1 & ev5 = _! p]turbations & abnormalities2 !y furni% a basis = ,bode's empirical law1 = ! di/ribution ( ! planets 9 size1 = ! orig9 ( comets & meteor /reams1 = ,kepl]'s laws1 = ! equal & p]man5t relation ( ecc5tricities & incl9ations1 & = ! fix$ axial position ( ! moon ) ref]5ce to ! e>?2 !y acc\nt = ! free oxyg5 9 ! planet>y & free hydrog5 9 ! sol> atmosph]e1 !y employ ! v>iation ( volume ( ! sun z a regulator in/ead ( an indep5d5t g5]ator ( light & heat1 & !y are 9 entire con=mity ) ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! electrical g5]ation ( active =ces1 _! transmission to ! sun1 _! trans=mation into light & heat1 & _! return to ! regions ( space1 :]e !y cont9ue to act ) pot5tial en]gy to all et]nity1 z !y mu/ d if space itself is et]nal2 & we surely "k t1 if any?+ :atev] is et]nal1 space mu/ be s4 ,?is great ocean--! home1 ! doma91 ! work%op ( creative en]gy--is ! la/ retreat ( ! human intellect2 "h x may f9d re/1 & "h alone4 ,:ile sol> sy/ems may af=d 9 _! circl+ planets a possible dom9ion = f9ite life1 & 9 _! suns _! daily bread2 9 ! inf9ite & all-embrac+ realms ( space1 fill$ ) ! pot5tialities ( all creat$ =ms1 ?rill$ ) ! impulses ( all creative =ce1 is to be f\nd ! unfail+ s\rce ( all1 ! dom9ion ( ! et]nal ar*itect1 be=e :om nature b5ds ! ob$i5t knee1 waits to he> 8 mighty voice1 or swiftly runs to d 8 royal bidd+4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,mosaic ,,cosmogony4 ,"o g5]ation passe? away1 & ano!r g5]ation come?3 b ! e>? abide? = ev]4--,bible4 ,?us1 z we h se51 ?r\gh c\ntless future ages w ! sun1 ) 8 inc&esc5t envelope ( hydrog51 & ! planets1 ) _! life-su/a9+ atmosph]es ( oxyg51 fulfil _! appo9t$ times & c\rses4 ,b if we c\ld conceive t all atmosph]es1 sol> & planet>y1 7 sudd5ly blott$ out & =ev] annihilat$1 s t ^! great orbs !nce=? roll$ along z !y d n[1 b only z black globes 9 an ocean ( space ( ,/ygian d>kness1 new atmosph]es w\ld at once beg9 to be =m$1 & ^! w\ld soon aga9 surr\nd ! sun & planets1 precisely l ^? :i* n[ exi/4 ,sweep+ along 9 d>kness1 ! =ce ( gravity w\ld ga!r ar\nd ea* ( ^! bodies va/ accumulations ( aque\s vapor & o!r gases cond5s$ f ! att5uat$ matt] ( surr\nd+ space4 ,! planets1 by _! axial rotations1 w\ld aga9 g5]ate f ^! regions1 newly occupi$ z ! sy/em drift$ along ?r\gh space1 electrical en]gy ( enorm\s quantity & pot5tial4 ,e>? w\ld aga9 he> ! mighty m&ate1 ,let !re be light1 & f h] poles to h] equator ! skies w\ld blaze ) bru%-light auroras4 ,sudd5ly1 ) a mighty leap1 ! p5t-up curr5ts w\ld fla% across to _! opposite electric pole1 ! auroras w\ld gradually die away1 & in/antly ! molecules ( hydrog5 w\ld beg9 to sift out at ! sol> & ^? ( oxyg5 at ! planet>y t]m9als4 ,! electrical curr5ts driv+ _! furi\s pa?way ?r\gh ! rapidly ga!r+ hydrog5 envelope1 ! sun w\ld fir/ beg9 to fa9tly flick] ) hazy1 nebul\s light2 ! light w\ld ga!r int5sity1 & soon fla% & gl[ ) en]gy2 ! sol> nucleus )9 w\ld become int5sely heat$ & liquefi$ or p>tially volatiliz$1 & aga9 ! sol> /reams ( inc&esc5t heat & light w\ld radiate =? on e side2 ! comm+l$ gases1 oxyg5 & nitrog51 w\ld once m surr\nd ea* planet>y globe1 & we %\ld h a new sol> envelope j z we n[ see x1 & new planet>y atmosph]es l our own2 & !n1 & n till !n1 w\ld ! oppos+ g5]ative =ces p]man5tly c\nt]balance ea* o!r & electrolytic decomposition become practically /ation>y1 except to comp5sate = ! slight v>iations con/antly liable to occur 9 ! complicat$ runn+ ( ! me*anism4 ,s ! mutilat$ cru/acean re-gr[s 8 lo/ claws1 & s our own gap+ w\nds are heal$ by ! great vis m$icatrix natur4 ,! mo/ /able ( all ?+s is mutually balanc$ in/ability2 p]haps !re is no o!r =m ( /ability4 ,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis ( ,laplace conc]ns itself only ) ! aggregate matt] ( :i* our sol> sy/em is compos$1 & ! =ce ( gravity1 includ+ cohesion1 ignor+ ! action ( ! equally p[]ful =ce ( repulsion4 ,b !re is ano!r nebul> hypo!sis mu* old] ?an t ( ,laplace & f> m sci5tific1 = x utilizes bo? ! =ce ( gravity & cohesion & ! radiant =ce ( repulsion 9 ! g5]ation ( our sol> sy/em4 ,we ref] to :at is kn[n z ! ,mosaic cosmogony4 ,:atev] ! orig9 ( ?is magnific5t n>rative may h be51 :e!r writt5 d[n by ,moses orig9ally1 or by him d]iv$ f ! sacr$ le>n+ ( ,egypt1 ) :i* he 0 fully acqua9t$1 or by ! ,egyptian scribes drawn f ,e?iopia1 & /ill fur!r back f ! sacr$ traditions ( ,india1 x be>s int]nal evid5ce1 :5 prop]ly r5d]$ f ! ,hebrew record1 ( a k ( ^! /up5d\s ph5om5a 7:i* no human eye c\ld ev] h beheld7 :i* is mo/ rem>kable4 ,! commonly accept$ v]sions d n cle>ly br+ out ! full mean+ ( ! orig9al1--inde$1 x w\ld h be5 impossible = ! e>li] translators to h done s1--b :5 critically & etymologically r5d]$1 v surpris+ co9cid5ces ) ! succession ( ev5ts z !y mu/ actually h occurr$1 & ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! successive /ages ( creation1 w be f\nd 9 ne>ly e "p ( ! record4 ,?is record is embodi$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] & fir/ ?ree v]ses ( ! second *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,! ,hebrew 0 long believ$ to be an orig9al1 if n an inspir$1 language1 b x is n[ well kn[n to h be5 a d]ivative or root language1 made up mu* l ! ,engli%1 &1 l x1 hav+ ! mean+s ( its words prim>ily det]m9$ by ^? ( ! root-/ems f :i* !y h be5 =m$4 ,! roots ( ^! ,hebrew words are to be f\nd among ! languages ( _m old] peoples1 & ne>ly all ( !m h n[ be5 trac$ to _! imm$iate orig94 ,ano!r s\rce ( error is 9 ! s-call$ ,masoretic po9t+1 :i* 0 n introduc$ = a ?\s& ye>s aft] ! "t ( ,moses1 & :i* has (t5 *ang$ ! signification ( ! old] words1 & ev5 ! =m ( ! words !mselves2 b by critical rese>*es ! roots & _! comb9ations h be5 isolat$1 s t we are n[ able to possess a mu* m]e accurate k ( ! ,mosaic record ?an 0 possible 9 =m] times1 =1 ( c\rse1 no orig9al copies h come d[n to u4 ,x is n a recon/ruction ( ! record :i* has be5 made1 b a c>eful edit+ by means ( ! d]ivation & true signification ( ! words us$1 & by c>eful comp>ison among ! mo/ anci5t v]sions accessible to mod]n rese>*4 ,! ,engli% v]sion1 :ile imp]fect 9 its r5d]+ ( ?is anci5t n>rative1 is n to be consid]$ by any means a false translation1 b x l>gely errs 9 fail+ to give ! full radical mean+ ( ! words employ$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is indef9it5ess ( r5d]+ 9 ! ord9>y ,engli% v]sion let u consid] ! op5+ s5t5ces ( ! n>rative3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?4 ,& ! e>? 0 )\t =m1 & void2 & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( :at8 ,does x mean ! beg9n+ ( our own sol> sy/em8 or ( all sy/ems8 or ( all space8 or ( ,jehovah 7= ,he has n yet be5 m5tion$ or describ$78 or ( ! ,aleim !mselves1--t is1 did ! "w beg9 z soon z ! =ces began8 & did ! latt] orig9ate spontane\sly1 or o!rwise8 ,:at ,god is meant8 ,is x ,jehovah1 or ,aleim1 or "s o!r ,god n yet m5tion$ or describ$8 ,if we w take e "n 9 ! ,bible :i* is translat$ ,god 7& x may be any ( ^! accord+ to ! ,engli% r5d]+71 we w h legion4 ,we %all ev5 f9d t ! same ^w :i* is translat$ ,god 0 appli$ by ,jehovah on "o occasion to ,moses4 ,creat$8 ,:at is meant by ?is ^w8 ,0 ! creat+ a creation out ( no?+8 out ( some?+ pre-exi/+8 or some?+ coexi/+ else:]e8 ,0 ! creation a direct or an indirect "o8 by ! use ( ! =ces ( nature1 or by ov]rid+ ! =ces ( nature8 ,0 x a physical creation by an inconceivable action ( m]e ?\ght1 or w8 & if s1 0 ?is ?\ght1 or w1 ,god himself1 or "o ( 8 attributes or p[]s only8 ,! heav58 ,:at heav58 ,0 x t to :i* ! virtu\s are suppos$ to g aft] dea?8 or 0 x "s m physical heav58 ,0 ! heav5 ! atmosph]ic heav51 ! int]planet>y heav51 ! heav5 ( int]/ell> space1 or t m ext5d$ heav5 :i* lies beyond our k8 ,0 ! heav5 "o ( ^! :i* ,he creat$1 or did ,he create all ! diff]5t heav5s ( all ! sol> sy/ems & nebul at ! same "t8 ,)\t =m8 ,0 ! e>? )\t any =m at all8 or m]ely )\t its pres5t =m8 or )\t "s p>ticul> =m n m5tion$8 ,if ! e>? 0 a physical /ructure x mu/ h _h "s =m2 :at 0 x8 ,& void8 ,0 ! e>? void l a soap-bubble8 or void l a ray ( light8 or a vacuum8 ,if x 0 empty1 :at 0 x t 0 empty8 ,h[ c\ld ! heav5 & e>? be void aft] !y _h be5 br\ght into exi/5ce8 ,d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep8 ,:at deep8 ,0 x ! sea n yet creat$8 or ! e>?1 :i* is any?+ b a deep8 0 x ! atmosph]e8 or all space8 ,if ! latt]1 did all o!r sy/ems ( space wait = _! light on ours8 or did we wait on !irs8 are !re no new sy/ems n[ =m+1 & none to be =m$ h]eaft]8 ,if all space is meant1 :]e 0 its outside1 or its face8 & :at occupi$ ! int]v5+ regions8 0 x a physical face or ! face ( a vacuum8 ,7 ^! /atem5ts to be accept$ by fai? or reason8 ,if ! =m]1 0 x a fai? :i* c\ld only h come f ! exp]i5ce ( aft]-ages8 or 0 x bas$ on ! ipse dixit ( ,moses8 ,:at 0 ! basis ( fai? :5 ! record 0 fir/ writt58 0 x f g5]ally accept$ tradition or by revelation8 ,is ! record anonym\s or does x reveal ! "n ( its au?or8 ,if to be endors$ by k & reason1 :y %\ld n ! n>rative be /rictly & accurately translat$1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( concis5ess & elegance ( diction1 9 ord] t ! exact =ce ( e ^w %all be fully felt & recogniz$8 ,if ! record is f div9e revelation1 x is /ill m ess5tial to "k precisely :at 0 reveal$2 o!rwise we are no bett] ?an idolat]s2 we are worse1 9 fact1 = we h *ang$ & falsifi$ ! l&m>ks ( religion1 & be> false witness aga9/ ,god ,himself4 ,we mu/ n int]pret ,g5esis by records made long subsequ5tly2 x mu/ speak = itself or n at all4 ,:5 con/ru$ 9 accordance ) ! exact def9ition ( ! words !mselves q a new & /range light is ?r[n ^u ! hi/ory ( ! ev5ts ?us record$4 ,! great importance ( a /rict con/ruction ( ! translation & fidelity to ! orig9al is emphasiz$ by ! fact t ! same ^w 0 nev] us$ 9 ?is record to express a diff]5t s5se 9 diff]5t p>ts1 nor 7 two diff]5t words ev] us$ 9 diff]5t places to express ! same mean+4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to give e ^w ( ! orig9al its exact fulness & =ce4 ,! basis ( ! foll[+ critical translation is to be f\nd 9 ,mank9d3 _! ,orig9 & ,de/9y 7,longmans ,co41 ,london1 #ahgb71 b a c>eful comp>ison has be5 made ) o!r accept$ au?orities1 & ! root-mean+s ( ! sep>ate words h be5 c>efully trac$ out1 s t _m necess>y *anges w be f\nd to h be5 made 9 ord] to br+ out ! precise s5se ( ! orig9al4 ,!re is no actual lit]al1 critical1 etymological1 & sci5tific r5d]+ embrac$ 9 a s+le translation kn[n to u1 & :i* is complete 9 itself2 b t :i* foll[s w be f\nd1 x is believ$1 to give e ^w its p>ticul> etymological %ade ( mean+1 & to employ ! same ^w 9 ! same place1 = ! same purpose1 & ) ! same signification z x 0 und]/ood to h1 9 its orig9al =m1 :5 fir/ record$4 ,! specific root-mean+s ( ! mo/ important words us$ are fur!r expla9$ 9 detail 9 a sep>ate section bel[4 ,! use ( ,aleim1 ! p[]ful ,=ces1 9 ! plural1 foll[$ by ! v]b 9 ! s+ul>1 is a ,hebraism1 & indicates ! collective "* ( ! =ces z specially en]giz$1 s5t =?1 & direct$ by ,jeove 7,jeova or ,jehovah is ! ,*aldaic =m ( ! ^w1 ! orig9al ,hebrew be+ ,jeove71 :o does n appe> by "n 9 ?is n>rative1 ?\gh1 z we %all see1 specially delegat$ p[] f "s high] s\rce is t *>act]i/ic :i* is mo/ emphasiz$ ?r\gh\t ! record4 ,^! =ces are p]sonifi$1 z is usual 9 anci5t records 7&1 inde$1 9 mod]n ?\ght71 b !y are 9 reality ! p[]s ( ,god4 ,! au?or ( ! "w above ref]r$ to says1 ,! idea ( ,moses 0 t !re 0 a ,supreme ,god 444 & t ,he only acts by means ( 8 ag5ts call$ ,aleim1 ! ,gods1 9 ! plural & indef9ite numb]1 or embassadors1 or voices4 ,! anci5t belief 9 ! unity ( all =ces 9 "o creative individuality is also mo/ cle>ly %[n 9 "s ( ! olde/ ,v$aic hymns ( ,india 7see ,max ,mll]1 ,! ,v$a74 ,self 7,atman7 is ! ,"l ( all ?+s1 ,self is ! ,k+ ( all ?+s4 ,z all ! spokes ( a :eel are conta9$ 9 ! nave & ! circumf]5ce1 all ?+s are conta9$ 9 ?is ,self2 all selves are conta9$ 9 ?is ,self4 ,brahman 7,=ce7 itself is b ,self4 ,( ! religion ( ! anci5t ,egyptians 7see ,evolution & ,*ri/ianity1 by ,j4 ,f4 ,york7 x is said1 ,! *ief !ological *>act]i/ic ( ?is fir/ ( all kn[n civiliz$ religions is ! doctr9e ( ! ,div9e ,unity4 ,z ,m4 de ,r\g says1 ',"o idea pr$om9ates1 t ( a s+le & primeval ,god2 ev]y:]e & always x is "o sub/ance1 self-exi/5t1 & an unapproa*able ,god4' ,! ,egyptian cosmogony1 z ! fragm5ts h come d[n to u 7see ,pr(essor ,arnold ,guyot1 ,creation71 is z foll[s3 #a4 ,! orig9al gase\s =m1 & ! d>kness ( matt]4 #b4 ,! successive trans=mations4 #c4 ,light1 z ! fir/ /ep 9 ?is developm5t4 #d4 ,! sep>ation ( ! wat]s bel[ f ! wat]s above ! expanse4 #e4 ,p]iods ( developm5t ( indef9ite l5g?4 #f4 ,! sun1 moon1 & e>? organiz$ la/4 ,! ^w ,mlact\1 :i* occurs sev]al times repeat$ 9 ! summ+ up ( ?is n>rative1 expla9s ! "* ( ,aleim mo/ fully1 z specially en]giz$ & direct$ ag5cies or =ces4 ,?is ^w nev] has any o!r mean+4 ,ev5 :5 appli$ to a k+ x 0 n a k+ z a mon>*1 b z ! specially direct$ ag5t ( ,god4 ,i4 ,samuel xxviii4 #ag1 ,! ,"l ha? s5t ! k+dom out ( ?9e h&2 444 because ?\ obeyd/ n ! voice ( ! ,"l4 ,:51 9 ,exodus xiii4 #ba x is said t ,jeove w5t be=e !m by day 9 a pill> ( a cl\d1 ?is is expla9$1 9 *apt] xiv4 v]se #ai1 to mean t ?is pill> ( cl\d by day & ( fire by night 0 ,mlac1 a mess5g]1 or ag5t4 ,x is translat$ angel 9 ! ,engli% v]sion1 b x 0 n a p]sonal angel2 x 0 a specially en]giz$ & direct$ =ce4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times x 0 n ! ,god ( fire1 or ( =ce1 or ( ju/ice :i* m5 fe>$1 b fire1 or =ce1 or ju/ice2 ! an?ropomorphic conception came lat] ) ! g5]alization ( all fire1 all =ce1 or all ju/ice4 ,we say n[ t a malefactor fe>s ! law2 :at he really fe>s1 h[ev]1 is puni%m5t4 ,9 ?is record we are deal+ ) ! primordial =ces ( ,god1--gravity1 electricity1 attraction1 repulsion1 cohesion1 vital =ce1 etc41 etc41 b act+ ) special en]gy = a pr$et]m9$ result4 ,( ^! =ces ,dr4 ,mc,cosh says1 9 8 "w on ,*ri/ianity & ,positivism1 ,"o ,god1 ) 8 inf9itely v>i$ p]fections1--8 p[]1 8 k1 8 wisdom1 8 love1 8 m]cy2 we %\ld see t "o ,p[] bl[+ 9 ! breeze1 smil+ 9 ! sun%9e1 sp>kl+ 9 ! />s1 quick5+ u z we b\nd along 9 ! felt enjoym5t ( heal?1 effloresc+ 9 e =m & hue ( beauty1 & %[]+ d[n daily gifts ^u u4 ,! pr(\nde/ m9ds 9 our day1 & 9 e day1 h be5 fond ( reg>d+ ?is =ce1 n z some?+ indep5d5t ( ,god1 b z ! v p[] ( ,god act+ 9 all action2 s t 9 him we live1 & move1 & h our be+4 ,9 m rugg$ & virile =m ?is 0 precisely ! old ,mosaic philosophy1 ! philosophy ( ! arcana ( ! ,egyptian temples1 & ( ! ,v$aic age ( ! ,aryans ( ,india4 ,:]e 0 ! radiant c5t] ( ?is unfail+ se>*-light :i* has p\r$ its broad belt ( dazzl+ brightness d[n to our day f ^? old1 prehi/oric ages8 ,s ,de ,j\v5cel1 9 8 ,g5esis accord+ to ,sci5ce1 says1 ,we %\ld n place ! works ( nature on "o side & nature on ! o!r4 ,nature is a "w & n a p]son4 ,! ^w :i* 9 ! ,engli% v]sion is translat$ re/$1 9 ! conclud+ v]ses ( ! n>rative1 does n mean re/$ f fatigue1 b re/$ z a p5dulum re/s :5 x ceases to vibrate4 ,_h ! ^w be5 r5d]$ came to a /ate ( re/1 x w\ld h be5 f> m accurate & true to ! s5se ( ! orig9al4 ,:at is meant is t ^! p5t-up =ces _h op]at$1 "u ! guidance ( ,jeove1 to rupture a /ate ( un/able equilibrium 9 ! att5uat$ matt] ( space1 j z simil> =ces are n[ said to ga!r en]gy to produce a volcanic eruption ( ! e>?'s cru/1 prec$$ by e>?quakes & o!r va/ di/urbances radiat+ f ! c5t] ( rupture ( ^! t5sions betwe5 ! molecules ( matt]1 accompani$ by explosive expansion & all ! ph5om5a ( disorganization & repulsion1 & succe$$ by cond5sation1 developm5t1 h>mony1 & f9al quiesc5ce ( ^! specially en]giz$ & self-oppos+ =ces 9 a newly =m$ /ate ( molecul> equilibrium4 ,to quote f ,pr(essor ,guyot1 ,god re/s z ! creator ( ! visible univ]se4 ,! =ces ( nature are n[ 9 t admirable equilibrium :i* we n[ behold1 & :i* is necess>y to our exi/5ce4 ,9 ,! ,unity ( ,nature ! ,duke ( ,argyle says1 ,we /ra9 our imag9ations to conceive ! processes ( ,creation1 :il/ 9 reality !y are ar\nd u daily4 ,! words :i* conclude ! ?ird v]se ( *apt] ii4 are also imp]fectly r5d]$ 9 our ,engli% v]sion1 & ?is defect has l$ to a popul> misconception almo/ univ]sal4 ,!y are con/ru$ to mean creat$--& made1 z ?\gh m>k+ a broad class di/9ction betwe5 ! diff]5t processes be=e describ$4 ,f ?is ! inf]5ce has be5 drawn t :ile1 = ! m subord9ate features1 ! ^w r5d]$ made indicat$ t ^! 7 /ages 9 ! process ( creation m]ely involv+ ! use ( coexi/+ mat]ials1 9 ! gr&] features ( ! "w x 0 suppos$ t !re _h be5 a creation ab initio1--t is1 out ( no?+4 ,:ole libr>ies h be5 writt5 on ?is !me2 b ! words us$ be> no su* mean+2 on ! contr>y1 !y signify ! exact opposite4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a broad di/9ction betwe5 ! int]pretation ( ! two words2 b x is t ! ^w :i* is to be r5d]$ fa%ion$ l ! "w ( a sculptor is n>r[] & n broad] 9 significance ?an ! simple ^w made2 s t ! =m] is includ$ 91 b is n g5]ically di/9ct f1 ! latt]4 ,! ^w ,bra means t ^! portions ( creation 7 fa%ion$ ) ! c>e & arti/ic skill ( a sculptor1 z contradi/+ui%$ f turn+ out ! productions 9 mass2 ?is di/9ction does n relate to ! orig91 b to ! workman%ip4 ,h[ev] int]/ell> or primordial space 0 =m$1 or :51 if x ev] 0 =m$1 !re is no?+ 9 ?is record :i* excludes a pre-exi/5t space sub/antially l t :i* n[ is4 ,:at we see 9 ! sky1 among ! nebul1 are lat] developm5ts ( l sol> sy/ems1 9 l mann]1 f ! mid/ ( ! sub/ance ( ! same illimitable & et]nal space4 ,b biology has an int]e/ 9 ?is acc\nt ( creation equally z great z has cosmology4 ,! ^w ,bra is fir/ appli$ to ! =mation ( ! individualiz$ sub/ance ( ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,!y 7 fa%ion$ or c>v$ out l a sculpture f some?+ on :i* ! =ces c\ld op]ate4 ,!re 01 ( c\rse1 creation involv$1 b x 0 a m5tal1 n a physical process4 ,:5 a sculptor has complet$ 8 clay figure he has br\ght =? a great creation1 p]haps1 & ! creation is /ill 8 own1 ?\gh ! figure be ca/ 9 bronze by hir$ workm5 9 ! f\ndry1 :o execute ! sculptor's w at two doll>s a day1 x may be1 ea*4 ,beyond ?is m5tal elem5t !re is no m creation1 9 its wide/ s5se1 ?an :5 a boy creates a new po9t on 8 p5cil by guid+ 8 h& & knife to %>p5 x4 ,:5 ! diffus$ light came1 x is n said t x 0 fa%ion$ l ! "w ( a sculptor1 or t x 0 ev5 made2 b t x came into exi/5ce4 ,let !re be light1 & !re 0 light1 z ! ,engli% v]sion has x4 ,b :5 ! radiant en]gy ( ! sun came to be =m$1 on ! f\r? day1 x did n come into exi/5ce1 nor 0 x fa%ion$ l ! "w ( a sculptor2 x 0 made4 ,! reason is t x 0 n a developm5t f ! prec$+ diffus$ light1 b a new k9d ( light1 made me*anically by ! electrolysis ( aque\s vapor ar\nd ! sun's body1 =m+ a hydrog5 envelope1 & by driv+ ! furi\s torr5ts ( electricity f ! planets ?r\gh ?is atmosph]e1 :ile ! auroral1 diffus$ light ( ! e>? 0 gradually dy+ away dur+ ! process4 ,h5ce !re 0 no room = ! ^w ,bra1 or = ! ^w ,iei 7came into exi/5ce7 "h2 ! ^w to be us$ 0 ,o%4 ,& :5 life 0 fir/ introduc$1--vegetable life1 ! primal life1--! ^w us$ is n ,bra2 ?is life 0 n fa%ion$ or develop$ f o!r life4 ,b :5 animal life 0 aft]w>ds introduc$1 ! ^w us$ is ,bra2 x 0 a refa%ion+4 ,:at 0 ?is life fa%ion$ out (8 ,x 0 n made2 x did n beg9 to exi/2 x 0 develop$4 ,9 ?is mann] ! e>? 0 f9ally fill$ ) animal life4 ,!n came ! introduction ( ! human race4 ,"h we aga9 h ! ^w ,bra1 ?rice repeat$2 b :5 ?is introduction ( mank9d 0 fir/ project$1 & be=e x 0 execut$1 x 0 9 ^! words1 ,we w make ! root ,o% mank9d2 or1 9 ! ,engli% v]sion1 ,let u make man4 ,!re seems "h to h be5 a gradual asc5t ( liv+ organisms by developm5t1 almo/ precisely 9 accordance ) ! mo/ rec5t tea*+s ( sci5ce4 ,two ess5tially diff]5t k9ds ( light 7 successively produc$1 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r2 ! e>li] k9d came into be+1 & ! lat] 0 made4 ,! sub/ance or entity ( ! heav5s & ( ! e>?1 g5]ically1 0 fa%ion$4 ,?ree successive introductions ( organic life n ess5tially diff]5t f ea* o!r occurr$2 ! fir/ is describ$ ?us3 ,let ! e>? br+ =?2 444 & ! e>? br\ght =?1 9 ! ,engli% v]sion2 or ,!re %all be made to gr[2 444 & !re 0 caus$ to arise sudd5ly out ( ! gr\nd 444 vegetation1 z m accurately r5d]$4 ,! second =m ( organic life1 9 ord] ( "t1 ! animal1 0 fa%ion$4 ,! ?ird =m1 mank9d1 0 also fa%ion$1 & ?is 0 done long subsequ5tly to ! introduction ( ! second4 ,if ! ^w ,bra _h any signification ( orig9al creation x w\ld h be5 appli$ to ! fir/ creation ( life1 = x 0 f> m wond]ful & orig9al t !re %\ld be vegetable life :i* grew & develop$1 :i* br\ght =? fl[]s & !n fruit1 :i* =m$ g]m9ative se$s1 & f ^! successively & cont9u\sly reproduc$ its multif>i\s species1 ?an t animal life %\ld h be5 introduc$ long aft]w>ds to repeat ^! same ?+s :i* vegetation _h be51 9 all its =ms1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 already do+ = untold ages1--f ! ?ird p]iod ( ! e>?'s long hi/ory to ! fif?2 & m especially /ill :5 we consid] t vegetable life & animal life1 9 _! l[e/ =ms1 h no positive l9e ( division betwe5 !m4 ,& if ,o%1 :i* is appli$ to ! g5esis ( sol> light1 be capable ( ! signification ( orig9al creation1 !n ?is ^w %\ld h be5 appli$ to ! g5]ation ( ! diffus$ light ( ! second day1 = ! g5esis ( light is f> m wond]ful & orig9al ?an ! subsequ5t production ( sunlight1 aft] ! =m+ e>? _h exi/$ = two :ole =mative p]iods1 f ! second to ! f\r?1 "u ! con/ant illum9ation ( ?is univ]sally diffus$ auroral light4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! words appli$ to ! fir/ g5]ation ( light & ! fir/ g5]ation ( life be held to m>k an orig9al creation1 !n ^! words are nev] appli$ 9 ?is :ole n>rative to ! g5esis ( ! entity ( ! heav5s1 or ! e>?1 or ! sun & moon1 or to animal life1 or ! life ( man4 ,! radiant light & heat ( ! sun 7 n made until ! f\r? day1 :ile ! introduction ( vegetable life dates f ! long antec$5t ?ird day ( creation4 ,prior to ! developm5t ( ! sun's !rmal light !re c\ld h be51 z we h already %[n1 no free oxyg5 9 ! t]re/rial atmosph]e2 & x is a rem>kable circum/ance t vegetation1 :i* is ! only =m ( organic life :i* c\ld h exi/$ & propagat$ its species 9 an atmosph]e compos$ ( c>bonic1 nitrog5\s1 & aque\s vapors1 devoid ( oxyg51 is t p>ticul> =m ( life :i* has be5 select$ = ?is purpose1 & its adv5t plac$ prior to ! mak+ ( ! sun4 ,x w\ld h be5 f> m reasonable 7previ\s to our pres5t k ( ^! ?+s7 to h plac$ ! =mation ( ! sun 9 advance ( ! introduction ( life2 x is surpris+ t ?is 0 n done1 unless we give to ^! anci5ts a k ( ! pr9ciples ( natural sci5ce f> beyond any?+ hi!rto attribut$ to !m4 ,9 ! same connection !re is describ$ a /age prep>atory to & lead+ up to ! simultane\s developm5t ( ! sun's light & heat1 & ! sift+ out ( hydrog5 ar\nd ! sol> core1 & ( oxyg5 9 ! t]re/rial atmosph]e1 :i* is equally rem>kable4 ,! sep>ation ( ! wat]s describ$ 9 v]ses #f & #g has nev] be5 fully r5d]$ into ,engli%1 or ev5 und]/ood 9 ! orig9al1 z ! words seem$ mean+less 9 _! lit]al s5se until correctly int]pret$ by ! facts set =? 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,we mu/ fir/ note t ! sep>ation ( ! wat]s ( space to two opposite foci1 ) an int]v5+ space ( att5uat$ matt]1 & _! cond5sation !re into two entirely diff]5t bodies1 0 ! "w ( ! second day1 :ile ! =mation ( ! t]re/rial ra9-cl\ds & seas1 z connect$ toge!r1 0 a "w ( ! ?ird day1 & 0 n accompli%$ until !n1 :i* 0 long aft]w>ds4 ,^! entirely diff]5t op]ations--diff]5t 9 "t1 place1 "*1 & circum/ance--h always be5 conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r2 b "o is 9 reality sy/emic & ! o!r m]ely local4 ,9 v]se #f !re 0 decre$ an expanse or ?9n+ 7an att5uat$ region7 9 ! c5t] ( ! wat]s1 & a sep>ation 0 made by ! =mation ( two spots 7v]se #g71 "o "u ! expanse & ! o!r above ! expanse2 ! expanse 0 space1 int]planet>y space4 ,pr(essor ,arnold ,guyot1 9 8 book on ,creation1 says1 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! ,engli% v]sion has translat$ ! ,hebrew ^w expanse by ! ^w firmam5t4444 ,! difficulties !y ! comm5tators h creat$ = !mselves arose 444 f depriv+ x ( its cosmogonic "* & belittl+ x by r$uc+ ! great ph5om5a !re describ$ to a simple modification ( ! t]re/rial atmosph]e4444 ,!y =get t ?is ?9 cov]+ ( cl\ds is b a tempor>y & ev]-*ang+ "o1 & t ! cl\ds are 9 t heav5 r ?an above x4444 ,!y =get t ?is is n ! true heav5s 9 :i* are spread ! sun & moon & />s4444 ,?is gr& day1 s dw>f$ & misund]/ood1 is ! "o 9 :i* are describ$ ! g5]ations ( ! heav5s1 ann\nc$ by ,moses1 :i* o!rwise f9d no place 9 ! n>rative ( ! creative week4 ,! two foci ( wat]s 7 ! sol> & t]re/rial2 ar\nd ^! bodies 7 ga!r$ by ! attraction ( gravity1 & !re cond5s$1 ! aque\s vapors f ! att5uat$ int]v5+ matt] ( space2 ! e>? by its rotation g5]at$ ! enorm\s electrical curr5ts :i* /ill cont9ue2 :5 ^! made _! mighty leap across to ! sun1 ! diffus$ auroral light ar\nd ! e>? gradually disappe>$1 hydrog5 & oxyg5 began to be evolv$ at ! opposite poles--! sun & ! e>?--f ! cond5s$ envelopes ( aque\s vapor :i* surr\nd$ !m1 ! sun's hydrog5 atmosph]e 0 pi]c$1 z 9 ! pail-(-wat] exp]im5t describ$ 9 an e>li] *apt] ( ! pres5t "w1 by ! planet>y electric curr5ts1 ! sun became inc&esc5t1 & p>i passu ! e>? became fitt$1 by ! developm5t ( oxyg51 = ! abode ( animal life4 ,z tak+ "p 9 ?is great me*anical trans=mation1 ! sun 0 said to h be5 made2 x did n come into be+4 ,j prior to ! introduction ( vegetable life--dur+ ! same creative epo*1 9 fact1 & = ! support ( :i* life x 0 necess>y--! wat]s "u ! expanse 7 cond5s$ into ra9-cl\ds & seas1 & !re is a curi\s ref]5ce 7v]se #i7 to ! appe>ance ( ! e>?'s dryness z produc$ by ! action ( an int]nal fire2 ! gradual cool+ ( ! e>? by ! radiation ( its int]nal heat ( cond5sation into space w\ld acc\nt = ?is appe>ance1 &1 9 connection ) ! diffus$ auroral light ?r\gh\t ! :ole sky1 w\ld d\btless h suffic$ = ! support ( vegetable life4 ,9 v]se #af ! fix$ />s 7! suns ( o!r sy/ems7 are ref]r$ to1 b 9 a p>5!tical /atem5t--almo/ deprecatory1 9 fact--t ! dim & almo/ ext9ct lights ! same =ces creat$ also1 b :5 !y 7 creat$ is n /at$ 9 ! record4 ,! occasion = ?is incid5tal rem>k is to be f\nd 9 ! prec$+ /atem5t t ! two new lum9>ies1 ! sun & moon1 7 ! two sup]ior bodies 9 size ( ! />ry lights4 ,hav+ m5tion$ ! />s 9 ?is comp>ison1 ! au?or feels call$ ^u to add t ! latt] also _h be5 simil>ly creat$1--t is1 t !y 7 n orig9al exi/5ces1 & ( c\rse !y are n1 b !y 7 n creat$ at t epo*1 & are n said to h be54 ,9 *apt] ii4 v]se #d1 :i* op5s ! second n>rative 7q a diff]5t hi/ory1 by ! way71 ,jeove appe>s ,himself1 jo9$ ) ! ,aleim1 & h5ce=? ?is p]sonal connection is ma9ta9$2 ! ,engli% v]sion translates ?is composite ^w ,! ,"l ,god1 :i* means ! ,ma/] ,god2 ! correct read+ is1 h[ev]1 ! ,god ( gods1 or :at we call ! ,god ( ! =ces ( nature1 or ! ,god omnipot5t4 ,9 ! :ole ,mosaic cosmogony !re is no?+ :i* c ev5 sugge/ a gradually clos+ nebul\s mass2 ! elem5t ( rotation is abs5t 7& x w\ld n h be5 und]/ood by ! p ev5 if pres5t$72 b1 ) ?is exception1 ! processes ( developm5t are sub/antially 9 accord ) :at mu/ really h tak5 place1 & 9 ! ord] describ$4 ,b x is1 z be=e /at$1 absolutely ess5tial to und]/& ! root-mean+s ( all ! m important words us$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,a sup]ficial translation is n only mean+less1 b mislead+2 :]eas1 :5 accurately und]/ood1 ! record is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ev] pres5t$ to human intellig5ce4 ,! words us$ 7 select$ delib]ately = _! specific %ades ( mean+1 &1 unless ^! are prop]ly r5d]$1 to ! un9=m$ ! n>rative w pres5t a simple succession ( />tl+ ph5om5a1 :ile to ! educat$ /ud5t ea* ( ^! *anges c>ries )9 its v]bal index its orig91 its mode1 & ! k ( ! =ces at "w4 ,to ! "o x is a dramatic spectacle p]=m$ on ! /age 9 front2 to ! o!r x is ! same "w z se5 beh9d ! curta91 ) all ! int]mov+ me*anism 7! au?or's manuscript ! sole guide71 ! int]play ( complicat$ =ces1 ! triumphant successes1 ! rapt att5tion1 & ev5 ! sudd5 applause extort$ at ea* wondr\s climax f ! skill$ actors !mselves1 :o are at ! same "t unceas+ly engag$ 9 work+ out ! mighty drama ( creation4 ,"o might readily believe t ! orig9al au?or ( ?is record 0 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! processes involv$ 9 ! developm5t ( a sol> sy/em l our own f ! diffus$ primordial matt] ( space1 sub/antially z we h endeavor$1 9 ! pres5t "w1 to d$uce !m f ! mo/ rec5t inve/igations & discov]ies ( sci5ce4 ,( ! wat]y vapors cond5s$ above ! expanse ( space _m ( ! anci5t writ]s _h a f> m correct k ?an _h ^? :o translat$ ^! *apt]s f ! orig9al into ! v>i\s mod]n languages4 ,9 ! ,psalms we read1 ,praise him1 444 ye wat]s t be above ! heav5s2 9 ! ,song ( ! ,?ree ,holy ,*ildr51 ,o all ye wat]s t be above ! heav5s4 ,!ophilus speaks ( ! visible sky z hav+ drawn to itself a portion ( ! wat]s ( *aos at ! "t ( ! creation4 ,sa9t ,augu/9e says t ! firmam5t has be5 =m$ betwe5 ! upp] & ! l[] wat]s1 & quotes ,g5esis i4 #f & #g1 z 8 au?ority4 ,?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 z f> back z ! days ( ! ,py?agoreans1 & ev5 long be=e1 mank9d 0 acqua9t$ ) ! m>9]'s compass1 telescopic tubes1 & glass l5ses2 !y knew t ! moon receives h] light by reflection f ! sun1 ( ! pres5ce ( m\nta9s & valleys on ! lun> surface1 t h] day & night are ea* a =tnight 9 l5g?1 t !re 7 o!r planets kn[n to ! ,egyptians besides ! sev5 kn[n to ! ,greeks 7! ,brahmans reckon$ fifte5 ( !m71 t ! sun is ! c5t] ( our planet>y sy/em1 t ! e>? & ! o!r planets revolve ar\nd x1 t ! e>? is r\nd & rotates on its own axis daily1 t weight is a pr9cipal elem5t 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ^! rotations1 t ! fix$ />s are suns1 & t ! ,milky ,way appe>s :ite f ! numb] ( />s :i* x conta9s4 ,kir*] quotes f an anci5t ,syrian au?or ! philosophy ( ! sid]eal sy/em1 divid+ x into _m lay]s or sph]es atta*$ to orbits1 ea* presid$ ov] by a _s4 ,9 ! eigh? sph]e are plac$ ! fix$ />s1 /ill high] two o!r lay]s ( />s n less lum9\s1 & ( diff]5t sizes1 ! nebul & ! small />s ( ! ,milky ,way1 & ! :ole is surr\nd$ by ! cele/ial wat]s1 :i* spread ov] ! :ole firmam5t1 & :i* compose ! great sea ( light & ! b\ndless ocean4 ,! s\rces ( all ?is wondr\s k c be trac$ back ?r\gh ,*aldea1 ,arabia1 ,egypt1 ,e?iopia1 &1 ?r\gh ! colony ( ,m]o1 to ,india4 ,,root-,,mean+s ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,words ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,mosaic ,,n>rative ,,( ,,creation4 ,aleim 7corruptly call$ ,elohim by ! mod]n ,jews1 b always ,aleim 9 ! synagogue copies7 means ! ,/rong ,=ces 7or1 by subsequ5t imp]sonation1 subalt]n gods71 op]at+ to c>ry out ! purposes & execute ! plans ( ,jeove4 ,al1 ! root1 signifies ,/rong1 /r5g?1 a ram2 ,al-e means ,/rong 9 a p]sonal s5se2 ,aleim 7plural7 means ! ,=ces1 ! ,/rong-ones1 ! ,p[]s1 & 9 ,egyptian my?ology1 ! subord9ate1 or executive1 gods1 ! demi-urgi4 ,exodus vii4 #a1 ,& ! ,"l ,jeove said unto ,moses1 ,see ,i h made !e a god ,aleim to ,ph>aoh2 ?\ %alt speak all t ,i comm& !e4 ,bra1 c>v$1 cut1 fa%ion$ l ! "w ( a sculptor1 gave a new %ape to1 =m$ f un=m$ mat]ial4 ,f ,br1 a knife2 br-i1 to c>ve1 to cut4 ,bra%it1 9 ! comm5cem5t or beg9n+ ( individualiz$ exi/5ce 7) ! initial preposition b-74 ,b signifies 92 x 7:i* is relat$ to at7 signifies individualiz$ exi/5ce2 ra%1 a pr9ciple or beg9n+1 or a comm5cem5t4 ,at1 connect$ ) ! ,*aldaic1 signifies sub/ance1 ess5ce1 or individuality1 ! ?+ itself 7,lat91 ens72 x is correctly translat$ individualiz$ sub/ance4 ,e%mim1 ! comb9ation ( ! preposition e ) ! sub/antive %mim1 ! ^w signify+ ( ! visible heav5s1 or ! planisph]e4 ,artz1 ! e>? 9 a /ate ( aridity1 or z a g5]aliz$ expression = ! e>?2 ar signifies ! e>?1 & ! t]m9ation tz int5sifies ! signification ( dr\ght1 :it5ess1 aridity2 9 contra/ ) ?is is adme1 r$ e>?1 or productive e>? or soil4 ,u- is a conjunction1 signify+ & or !n1 9 ! s5se ( succession ( "t1 some?+ l our phrase & !n4 ,te\ does n mean )\t =m1 nor does ube\ mean & void1 z r5d]$ 9 our ,engli% v]sion1 at lea/ n 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ^! words4 ,te\ ref]s to ext9ct life1 or to exi/5ce %ut up z 9 a tomb & 9 d>kness1 :ile u-be\ ref]s to life :i* is ab\t reappe>+1 b /ill hidd5 9 ! egg or ! ov>y1 & wait+ = ! ^w :i* %all cause ! dawn ( creation to %9e ^u x4 ,^! words are m prop]ly r5d]$ tomb-l d>kness & undevelop$4 ,e%c means d>kness2 n m]ely an int5se d>kness1 b :at may be d5om9at$ a ?ick d>kness2 x is an en%r\d+ d>kness :i* compresses & h9d]s4 ,x is precisely su* a d>kness z w\ld be produc$ by ! int]/ratifi$ cl\d-lay]s betwe5 ! convolutions ( a =m+ spiral nebula1 or ! cl\d-/rata surr\nd+ ! e>? be=e electrolytic decomposition ( ! aque\s vapors _h ensu$4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! sun1 9 ! n>rative1 ?is d>kness & ! t]m :i* expresses x disappe>4 ,te\-m is ! ^w above expla9$1 ) ! t]m9ation -m1 express+ ! idea ( arre/$1 d\btful1 indef9ite1 z appli$ to all exi/5ce2 ! ^w undiff]5tiat$ nature prop]ly int]prets its vagu5ess & g5]al "* ( an abyss ( be+1 9 ! etymological s5se ( nature z ! totality ( ?+s at t "t born or produc$4 ,rove means brea?1 9 ! s5se ( an exp&+1 lib]at+1 or develop+ _s2 its lit]al mean+ is ! brea?1 ! _s :i* dilates & frees4 ,mrepht1 brood$ ) incubat+ love2 reph is compos$ ( re1 to be full ( good-w1 to be agreeable1 & eph1 to cov]1 to protect1 to incubate1 to brood4 ,mim1 ! se$s ( all be+s1 ! wat]s4 ,x is said1 ! *oice ( ?is lett] m1 to signify wat] ! alphabetical ,egyptian lett] m is repres5t$ by ! two undulatory l9es :i* 9 ! hi]oglyphics repres5t wat]1 is connect$ ) ! ,egyptian ideas ( ! cause ( ! g5]ation ( liv+ be+s4 ,numb]s xxiv4 #g1 ,he %all p\r ! wat]s out ( 8 buckets1 & ! se$ zro 9 ! wat]s b-mim4 ,! latt] ^w is plural 9 =m1 b bo? s+ul> & plural 9 s5se4 ,a\r1 diffus$ light2 a light resembl+ ! dawn1 b q di/9ct f ! light ( ! sun4 ,! latt] 0 n e/abli%$ until ! f\r? day1 & its adv5t is *>act]iz$ by a new ^w1 leair1 to cause light to move above ! e>?4 ,j\m is day1 g5]ically1 & lile night4 ,rqi1 ! expanse2 atrqi1 ! individualiz$ sub/ance ( ! expanse4 ,space1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,egyptians1 n be+ a vacuum1 b a mat]ial sub/ance1 ,moses c\ld say1 & 0 ev5 compell$ to say1 '! sub/ance ( space1 t :i* con/itutes x4' ,o%1 made4 ,?is ^w fir/ occurs 9 v]se #g1 & is !re appli$ to ! mak+ a sep>ation betwe5 ! wat]s or aque\s vapors cond5s$ ar\nd ! e>? & ^? cond5s$ ar\nd "s simil> spot above1 z reg>ds ! individuality ( ! expanse1--to wit1 ! sol> core or nucleus1--to :i*1 attract$ by gravity f ! att5uat$ vapors ( ! space betwe51 is due ! subsequ5t e/abli%m5t ( ! sol> light & heat1 z 9 an electrical arc light1 & ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 9 ! t]re/rial atmosph]e4 ,^! processes1 involv+ ! con/itution ( our atmosph]e & ( ! sun's photosph]e & *romosph]e1 7 n complet$ until two subsequ5t cosmical p]iods _h elaps$1 f ! ?ird to ! fif?4 ,! ^w o%1 9 its diff]5t comb9ations & inflections1 is also us$ 9 v]se #aa1 :]e x signifies mak+1 z appli$ to fruit2 yield+ fruit1 9 v]se #ab2 !y made1 z appli$ to ! sun & moon1 9 v]se #af2 made1 z appli$ to ! entity ( quadrup$s & high] animals g5]ally1 9 v]se #be2 we w make1 z appli$ to man1 v]se #bf2 _h made1 z appli$ to e entity ( creation1 v]se #ca2 _h made1 z appli$ to ! specially direct$ "w z mlact\1 *apt] ii4 v]se #b2 & f9ally1 9 ! g5]al summ+ up 9 v]se #c ( ! second *apt]1 z an elem5t 9 a comp\nd sub/antive phrase accord+ to ! mak+-act1 or 9 accordance ) ! mak+ ( creation4 ,o%\t1 x is said1 signifies a manual op]ation1 c>ri$ on accord+ to a previ\sly conceiv$ idea1 or model4 ,we f9d a simil> use ( ! sub/antive inf9itive ) a prec$+ preposition 9 v]se #ba1 *apt] iii4 ,ctn\t is d]iv$ f tne1 a consol+ ^w4 ,tn\t1 ! inf9itive ( ! conjugation ,piel1 adds to ! ^w ! act ( caus+ to be done1 & ( do+ ) c>e4 ,a simil> con/ruction1 lra\t1 is employ$ 9 *apt] ii4 v]se #ai1 translat$ 9 ! ,engli% v]sion1 & br\ght !m unto ,adam to see :at 4442 m lit]ally1 z reg>ds ! act ( see+1 or accord+ to a vision1 or %[4 ,t is1 !y 7 br\ght & pres5t$ to 8 sight4 ,! object 9 writ+ ^! two words1 bra & l-o%-out1 toge!r at ! v end ( ! n>rative 0 to conclusively e/abli% ! fact1 beyond all possible d\bt1 t ! :ole "w ( creation 0 an ord]ly & h>moni\s progression4 ,mlact\1 :i* ^w is us$ twice 9 v]se #b & once 9 v]se #c ( ! second *apt]1 & n previ\sly1 is also introduc$ = specific emphasis4 ,x means t ! :ole prec$+ "w ( creation 01 9 its nature1 ! "w ( ,mlac1 a mess5g]1 or a specially en]giz$ & direct$ ag5cy1 s5t to fulfil ! appo9t$ "w ( ,jeove4 ,its purpose 0 to =ev] prev5t ! belief t ! "w ( creation 0 due to m]e natural =ces1 on ! "o h&1 op]at+ by *ance2 &1 on ! o!r1 t ^! =ces 7 indep5d5t gods c>ry+ out _! own purposes1 & ( _! own w4 ,x 0 set up z a d\ble b>ri] aga9/ rationalism on ! "o side & poly!ism on ! o!r4 ,x may be incid5tally add$ t ! popul> belief t ,adam 0 creat$ out ( ! du/ ( ! e>? is n 9 accordance ) ! orig9al record4 ,9 ! second n>rative1 *apt] ii4 v]se #g1 ! ^w ophr is r5d]$ du/ 9 our ,engli% v]sion1 b x does n signify ord9>y t]re/rial du/ at all2 its radical mean+ is to volatilize a sub/ance1 to sublimate x4 ,! true signification ( ! ^w us$ is analog\s to a mat]ial ess5ce4 ,! same ^w is us$ 9 ,numb]s xxiii4 #aj z a synonym = se$2 x is said t ! ,septuag9t v]sion translates ophr by sp]ma4 ,! =mation1 describ$ 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 ( ! female human be+ out ( "o ( ! ribs ( ,adam1 excis$ = t purpose 7:i* is a matt] ( almo/ univ]sal popul> belief71 is n1 9 reality1 :at is /at$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,9 v]se #ba ( *apt] ii4 ! words are r5d]$ 9 our v]sion1 ,& he took "o ( 8 ribs4 ,:at is really said1 h[ev]1 is ,& he br\ght out ano!r "o f 8 sides4 ,s ! simil> expression 9 v]se #bb 9 reality signifies1 caus$ to be made accord+ to womank9d ! individualiz$ sub/ance ( 8 side4 ,! ^w translat$ ( 8 ribs is precisely ! same z is subsequ5tly us$ by ! same writ] 7,exodus xxxvii4 #bg7 to designate ! location ( ! support+ r+s ^u an alt> ( inc5se1 & is !re r5d]$1 by ! two corn]s ( x1 ^u ! two sides4 ,! defective translation is due to imp]fect k1 at t "t1 ( ! processes ( organic developm5t4 ,! true signification is t giv5 9 ! ,in/itutes ( ,manu3 ,hav+ divid$ 8 own sub-si/5ce1 ! ,mighty ,p[] became half male & half female4 ,! words r5d]$ help meet 9 v]ses #ah & #bj h a f> high] mean+2 ,i w make him a help meet %\ld be translat$1 ,i w cause to be made = him an ov]see+ help z a guide1 an in/ructor1 a reveal]4 ,& 9 v]se #bj ( *apt] iii41 ,& ,adam call$ 8 wife's "n ,eve1 ! latt] ^w is n translat$2 ! correct r5d]+ is1 ,& ,adam call$ ! symbolic "n ( 8 wife ! female s]p5t-wise reveal]1 %e :o expla9s1 po9ts out ?+s1 :o in/ructs1 = t is :at ! true root-mean+ ( ,eve signifies4 ,! conclud+ words ( ?is v]se1 because %e 0 ! "m ( all liv+1 are obvi\sly mi/ranslat$1 = n only 0 %e n a "m at all1 b %e did n ev5 conceive1 z /at$ 9 ! next *apt]1 until %e _h left ! g>d5 f9ally4 ,! true signification is1 because %e 0 ! "m ( all spiritual1 see v]se #bb1 z contradi/+ui%$ f animal & vegetable life4 ,! female human be+1 ! ^w translat$ woman1 has ! g5]ic root-signification ( flame1 :ile1 prior to ,eve1 t ( ! ,adamic man is ! r$ e>?4 ,z ! male 0 =m$ f a mat]ial e>?ly ess5ce1 ! female 0 creat$ "o remove fur!r f ! gross & mat]ial 9 ! direction ( ! spiritual2 & h] p[]s 7 di/9ctively subjective1 ^? ( intuition1 :ile ^? ( ! male 7 objective1 ^? d]iv$ f in/ruction4 ,ev5 9 ! f9al curse 7s call$7 ! man turns back to ! e>? to e>n 8 subsi/5ce1 :ile ! woman turns =w>d to ! in/ruction ( ! future m5 & wom51 ! *ildr52 = ! words1 ,9 sorr[ %alt ?\ br+ =? *ildr51 h left "o ^w ( ! orig9al untranslat$1 & by supply+ ?is ! s5se is entirely *ang$1 & conceiv+1 & br++ =?1 9 sorr[ %alt ?\ br+ up1 c>e =1 & tra9 *ildr54 ,9 ^? c\ntries *ildbir? 0 nev] att5d$ ) mu* pa9 or sorr[4 ,! obvi\s effect ( ! :ole inspir$ or tradition>y second n>rative is to cle>ly diff]5tiate ! contra/$ faculties ( ! two sexes1 & ! root-mean+s ( ! words employ$1 :e!r ,moses himself p]ceiv$ x or n1 are a te/imonial ( ! highe/ possible "* = woman1 in/ead ( be+1 z r5d]$ 9 ! ord9>y v]sions1 a m>k ( inf]iority1 or ev5 ( degradation4 ,9 ! g>d5 sc5e1 :5 %e p>took ( ! fruit ( ! tree ( k1 %e did n d x ha/ily or f m]e temptation2 x is said t %e consid]$ x att5tively2 ! same ^w be+ us$ z 0 employ$ 9 ! fir/ n>rative to m>k ! int5se int]e/ & almo/ sup]human "* ( ! consid]ation by ! ,aleim ( ! "w1 z its successive /ages appe>$1 :i* !y 7 delegat$ to p]=m1 & :i* ,jeove himself direct$4 ,! prize1 to h]1 f> outweigh$ ! p5alty1 & ! aspir+ sibyl d>$ to lift ! inn]mo/ veil 9 ! adytum ( ! temple1 & grasp ! l(ty tru?s :i* made h] z "o ( ! ,aleim4 ,s fell ,prome!us4 ,& !n1 no soon] _h ! flame-cr[n$ se] won h] preci\s prize1 ?an1 woman-l1 %e turn$ & laid x be=e h] husb&1 & he1 ! innoc5t "o1 did eat4 ,! s]p5t 0 n a m]e snake1 be x und]/ood2 x 0 ! ,egyptian ,typhon1 ! d>k ,_s ( d\bt1 ! que/ion]1 ! tempt]1 ! et]nal if1 ! :y1 :5ce1 :at1 & :i!r8 ,x 0 h] insatiable aspiration to rea* ! highe/ possible limits ( human k :i* gave /r5g? to h] d>+1 & n a *ildi% fancy = an apple4 ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 is lo/ 9 ! translation4 ,x is z ?\gh ! national /&>d ( a mighty p _h be5 dis9t]r$ f ! rema9s ( pa/ ages1 :i* _h be5 borne al(t at ! head ( mighty armies = c5turies1 & = :i* ?\s&s _h glori\sly di$ 9 battle 9 def5ce ( a sacr$ cause1 & :i* n[1 its pa/ hi/ory untrac$1 has be5 catalogu$ z a brass bird ( "s sort m\nt$ on a /ick4 ,x is to be regrett$ t !re is no pla91 popul> "w by a ?or\ghly capable s*ol>1 )\t !ological or anti-!ological bias1 :i* treats ( ! orig91 =m1 root-d]ivation1 usage1 accurate signification1 & con/ruction ( ! comp>atively few words employ$ 9 ! anci5t n>ratives :i* compose ! fir/ half-doz5 *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 &1 we may add1 ! book ( ,job2 some?+ l ^? ine/imable works :i* deal ) ! anci5t cosmogonic lit]ature ( ,egypt1 ,babylonia1 ,p]sia1 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,pho5icia1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,no?+ ( ?is sort is to be f\nd1 at all ev5ts 9 a =m accessible to ! g5]al read]1 & su* a "w1 9 small compass1 w\ld be ( ! highe/ importance to popul> in/ructors1 to /ud5ts1 & to ! public z well1 = x w\ld ?r[ a flood ( light on ^! extremely valuable b1 hi!rto1 s illy-compreh5d$ records4 ,,! ,,mosaic ,,n>rative ,,( ,,creation4 #a4 ,aleim1 ! ,=ces1 fa%ion$ l ! "w ( a sculptor1 9 ! comm5cem5t ( individualiz$ exi/5ce1 ! individualiz$ sub/ance ( ! heav5s & ! individualiz$ sub/ance ( ! e>?4 #b4 ,& ! e>? 0 9 tomb-l d>kness & undevelop$1 & !re 0 compressive h9d]+ d>kness on ! surface ( undiff]5tiat$ nature4 ,& ! dilat+ & lib]at+ ,_s ( ! ,=ces hov]$ ) incubat+ love on ! surface ( ! se$s ( all be+s1 ! wat]s4 #c4 ,!n ,aleim said1 ,!re %all be a diffus$ light2 & a diffus$ light 04 #d4 ,& ,aleim reg>d$ ) att5tion ! individualiz$ sub/ance ( ! diffus$ light1 because good4 ,& ,aleim caus$ a sep>ation to be made betwe5 ! diffus$ light & betwe5 ! compressive h9d]+ d>kness4 #e4 ,!n ,aleim exclaim$ = ! diffus$ light1 ,day6 & = ! compressive h9d]+ d>kness exclaim$1 ,night6 ,& !re 0 a transition f light to d>kness1 & !n !re 0 a r5ewal ( light2 ,fir/ ,day4 #f4 ,!n ,aleim said1 ,!re %all be an expansion obta9$ by a ?9n+ 9 ! c5t] ( ! wat]s1 & !re 0 t :i* caus$ a sep>ation to be made by occupy+ a spot1 ! wat]s accord+ to ! wat]s4 #g4 ,& ,aleim made ! individualiz$ sub/ance ( ! expanse1 & caus$ a sep>ation to exi/ by ! occupation ( ! spot1 ( ! wat]s :i* are "u z reg>ds ! expanse ( space1 & by ! occupation ( ! spot1 ( ! wat]s :i* are above z reg>ds ! expanse ( space2 & x 0 s4 #h4 ,!n ,aleim exclaim$ = ! expanse ( space1 ,! ,heav5s6 & !re 0 a transition f light to d>kness1 & !n !re 0 a r5ewal ( light2 ,second ,day4 #i4 ,& ,aleim said1 ,! wat]s :i* are und]nea? ! heav5s w t5d directly1 9 ord] to meet 9 x1 t[>ds a s+le spot fix$ ^u = _! meet+2 & ( dryness produc$ by ! action ( an int]nal fire ! appe>ance %all be made2 & x 0 s4 #aj4 ,!n ,aleim exclaim$ = ! dryness1 ,e>?6 & = ! spot fix$ ^u = ! meet+ ( ! wat]s exclaim$1 ,seas6 ,!n ,aleim look$ att5tively at x1 because good4 #aa4 ,& ,aleim said1 ,!re %all be made to gr[ f ! e>? a dw>f vegetation :i* c be trodd5 "u foot1 a matur+ plant caus+ to be s[$ ar\nd x a se$1 ! /rong & woody sub/ance ( fruit mak+ fruit aft] 8 k9d ^: se$ is 9 itself above ! e>?2 & x 0 s4 #ab4 ,& !re 0 caus$ to arise sudd5ly & full ( /r5g? a dw>f vegetation1 a matur+ plant s[+ ar\nd x se$ aft] 8 k9d2 & ! woody sub/ance yield+ fruit ^: se$ is 9 itself aft] 8 k9d4 ,!n ,aleim consid]$ x1 because good4 #ac4 ,& !re 0 a transition f light to d>kness1 & !n !re 0 a r5ewal ( light2 ,?ird ,day4 #ad4 ,!n ,aleim said1 ,!re %all be />ry-lights 9 ! expanse ( space ( ! heav5s to sep>ate betwe5 ! duration ( ! day & betwe5 ! duration ( ! night2 & !y %all be = signs1 & = seasons1 & = ! days :i* make ! ye>1 & = ! repetitions ( ye>s4 #ae4 ,& !y %all be = lum9\s bodies 9 ! expanse ( space ( ! heav5s to cause light to move above ! e>?2 & x 0 s4 #af4 ,& ,aleim made a d\ble individualiz$ sub/ance1 ! sup]ior 9 size & excell5ce ( ! />ry-lights1 ! individualiz$ sub/ance :i* 0 ! great] ( ! lum9\s bodies to repres5t ! rule ( ! day1 & ! less] lum9\s body to repres5t ! rule ( ! night4 ,( ! dim & almo/ ext9ct lights ! />s !y made ! individualiz$ sub/ance also4 #ag4 ,& ,aleim e/abli%$ ^! individualiz$ sub/ances 9 ! expanse ( space ( ! heav5s to make light move above ! e>?4 #ah4 ,& to be repres5tatives ( dom9ion dur+ ! day & dur+ ! night1 & to sep>ate betwe5 ! cont9uance ( diffus$ light & betwe5 ! cont9uance ( compressive h9d]+ d>kness2 !n ,aleim look$ att5tively at x1 because good4 #ai4 ,& !re 0 a transition f light to d>kness1 & !n !re 0 a r5ewal ( light2 ,f\r? ,day4 #bj4 ,!n ,aleim said1 ,! wat]s %all br+ =? a sw>m ( sw>m+ creatures hav+ liv+ brea?2 & t :i* flies1 ! birds1 %all be made to fly ) /r5g? & fleetness above ! e>? 9 ! space ext5d$ ( ! heav5s4 #ba4 ,& ,aleim fa%ion$ l ! "w ( a sculptor ! individualiz$ sub/ance ( ^? :i* are sup]ior 9 size ( ! gigantic reptiles & e individualiz$ sub/ance hav+ liv+ brea?1 t move?1 :i* !y _h produc$1 sw>m+ f ! wat]s1 accord+ to _! k9d2 & e individualiz$ sub/ance ( fly+ ?+ ) w+s1 aft] 8 k9d4 ,!n ,aleim look$ att5tively at x1 because good4 #bb4 ,& ,aleim bless$ ^! individualities by say+1 propagate y\r species & multiply y\rselves1 & fill ! individualiz$ sub/ance ( ! wat]s 9 ! seas2 & z = ! fly+ ?+1 x %all multiply itself on ! e>?4 #bc4 ,& !re 0 a transition f light to d>kness1 & !n !re 0 a r5ewal ( light2 ,fif? ,day4 #bd4 ,!n ,aleim said1 ,f ! e>? %all be br\ght =? ! liv+ brea? accord+ to its k9d1 ! quadrup$1 & ! be+ :i* move? ab\t1 & ! t]re/rial animal accord+ to its k9d2 & x 0 s4 #be4 ,& ,aleim made ! individualiz$ sub/ance ( ! animal ( ! e>? accord+ to 8 k9d1 & ! individualiz$ sub/ance ( ! quadrup$ accord+ to 8 k9d1 & e individualiz$ sub/ance t move? ab\t ( r$ e>? accord+ to 8 k9d4 ,!n ,aleim reg>d$ x1 because good4 #bf4 ,!n ,aleim said1 ,we w make mank9d ( a l ord] ( intellect ) ourselves1 & !y %all ext5d _! dom9ion ov] ! fi% ( ! sea1 & ov] ! bird ( ! heav5s1 & ov] ! quadrup$1 & ov] all ( ! e>?1 & ov] all ! mov+ be+s t move ab\t ov] ! e>?4 #bg4 ,& ,aleim fa%ion$ l ! "w ( a sculptor ! individualiz$ sub/ance ( mank9d 9 ! exactness ( a %ad[ ca/ ^u a wall2 on ?is %ad[ ,aleim c>v$ ! individuality2 male & female !y fa%ion$ ! individualiz$ sub/ance4 #bh4 ,!n ,aleim bless$ ! individualiz$ sub/ance4 ,& ,aleim said unto !m1 ,be fruitful & multiply & repl5i% ! individualiz$ sub/ance ( ! e>?1 & subdue x1 & ext5d y\r dom9ion ov] ! fi% ( ! sea1 & ov] ! birds ( ! heav5s1 & ov] all life ( ! be+ :i* move? ab\t ov] ! e>?4 #bi4 ,& ,aleim said1 ,behold ,i h giv5 = y e useful plant-sub/ance yield+ se$1 yield+ se$ :i* !re is ov] ! surface ( all ! e>?1 & e individualiz$ sub/ance ( tree :i* has 9 x fruit p]ta9+ to a tree yield+ se$1 yield+ se$ = y1 x %all be = food4 #cj4 ,& = all animal life ( ! e>?1 & = ev]y?+ t flies 9 ! heav5s1 & = e be+ t move? ov] ! surface ( ! e>? :i* has 9 x liv+ brea?1 e individualiz$ sub/ance :i* is a gre5 matur+ plant %all be = food4 ,& x 0 s4 #ca4 ,!n ,aleim look$ at e individualiz$ sub/ance :i* !y _h made1 & behold x 0 z good z possible4 ,& !re 0 a transition f light to d>kness1 & !n !re 0 a r5ewal ( light2 ,six? ,day4 7,*apt] ii47 #a4 ,!n ! f9i%+ 0 made ( ! heav5s1 & ( ! e>?1 & ( all ! ord]ly arrangem5t4 #b4 ,& ,aleim ! ,=ces f9i%$ on ! sev5? day ! div9ely appo9t$ & direct$ "w :i* !y _h p]=m$2 & !y came aga9 to a /ate ( re/ on ! sev5? day f all ! appo9t$ "w :i* !y _h done4 #c4 ,!n ,aleim bless$ ! individualiz$ sub/ance ( ! sev5? day & sanctifi$ x1 because 9 x !y return$ to _! primitive condition f all ! div9ely appo9t$ & direct$ "w :i* ! ,=ces _h fa%ion$ l ! "w ( a sculptor1 9 accordance ) ! mak+ ( creation4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,conclusion4 ,,! ,,h>mony ,,( ,,nature',s ,,laws ,,& ,,op]ations4 ,we h pass$ be=e u ! diff]5t ord]s ( cele/ial ph5om5a2 we h call$ d[n ! d5iz5s ( ! />ry skies & plac$ !m on ! witness /&1 & we h int]rogat$ !m 9 ! light ( ! evid5ce :i* !y h giv5 be=e2 we h comp>$ _! diff]5t /atem5ts1 & h f\nd t 9 _! te/imony !y all f9ally agree4 ,in/ead ( confusion1 we f9d ord]2 in/ead ( complexity1 simplicity2 in/ead ( discord1 h>mony2 & ?r\gh all we see ! ord]ly progress ( nature ) uni=m /ep1 f /age to /age1 high] & high]1 until at la/ %e /&s triumphant1 ! h&maid ( creative p[]1 9 ! v c5t] ( ! ar* ( ! univ]se4 ,we h tak5 ! simple/ op]ations :i* we f9d 9 progress ar\nd u1 & h ext5d$ !m to l>g] op]ations1 con/antly keep+ 9 view _! relevancy & ! facts :i* =m _! sole support4 ,m]e speculation has be5 exclud$1 & !ory has f\nd its e /ep bas$ on an e/abli%$ fact4 ,9 ?is way we may hope to make place = fur!r inve/igation 9 ?is field by abl] m9ds1 & t ! conclusions ( sci5ce may !n become s well und]/ood & s firmly e/abli%$ t to g back to ! dead-&-dy+ !ories ( sol> en]gies w be l go+ back to ,ptolemy & ,ty*o = our a/ronomy4 ,we h consid]$ ! hypo!sis :i* bases ! en]gy ( our sun ^u 8 inh]5t heat1 ^u combu/ion1 ^u ! accretion ( meteoric /reams1 & ^u 8 sl[ & gradual cond5sation ( volume2 & h f\nd t all ^! hypo!ses1 s+ly or comb9$1 fail to acc\nt = 8 en]gy ?r\gh ! vi/as ( ! pa/1 dur+ :i* we "k he mu/ h %one z he n[ %9es1 & fail to acc\nt = m ?an a sl[ b inevitable decl9e1 9 ! relatively ne> future1 into et]nal d>kness & dea?4 ,we h f\nd t all ^! !ories are alike1 9 t !y recognize ! sun itself z ! only s\rce ( 8 en]gy1 t 8 enorm\s emission ( light & heat is almo/ entirely wa/$ 9 empty space1 & t ?is w g on ) ! same frightful wa/e until he has squ&]$ 8 :ole patrimony & ends 8 melan*oly c>e] 9 ! poor-h\se or ! dungeon4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 se5 t ev5 ?is w n save ! wret*$ cli5t1 = he has already sp5t f> m ?an he ev] c\ld h receiv$ orig9ally by inh]itance1 & f> m ?an he c\ld h ga9$ by gifts pit*$ 9 9 bulk--l ! poor color$ bro!r's potatoes--?r\gh ! w9d[4 ,we h !re=e gone ov] ! case anew1 & h le>n$ t enorm\s electrical curr5ts are con/antly pass+ betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 ) practically no resi/ance1 & ?is irrespective ( any hypo!sis1 actual or possible2 & ^! facts h solv$ at ! outset "o ( ! greate/ conceivable difficulties1--to wit1 t ( ! transmission ?r\gh space ( su* ess5tial curr5ts4 ,turn+ our att5tion to ! m rec5t advances 9 electricity & ! arts ( electrical con/ruction1 we h f\nd t induction ma*9es1 z contradi/+ui%$ f ! old] friction ma*9es1 op]ate 9 a mann] /rongly sugge/ive ( ! rotation ( a planet ?r\gh space1 & we le>n t ! electrical pot5tial ( ! air ov]head increases con/antly by an enorm\s multiply+ numb] z we asc5d1 prov+ great electrical action 9 ! regions imm$iately surr\nd+ ! e>?1 & :i* we h call$ ! t]re/rial electrosph]e4 ,we h also f\nd t sun-spots & sol> /orms & o!r di/urbances are at once reflect$ 9 our e>?-curr5ts1 & are foll[$ imm$iately by great electrical di/urbances "h & by ext5sive auroral displays at night4 ,exp]im5t %[s t simil> auroral displays may be produc$ ) an electrical ma*9e by int]ruption ( ! curr5t lead+ to its pr9cipal cond5s]1 ?us demon/rat+ t ! curr5ts are f ! e>? to ! sun1 & n ! conv]se4 ,we h also f\nd t :ile ! sol> atmosph]e is l>gely compos$ ( hydrog5 gas1 t ( ! e>? & o!r planets is l>gely compos$ ( oxyg51 & t ^! gases1 ! con/itu5ts ( wat]1 are sep>ately dis5gag$ at ! opposite electrical poles by ! electrolytic action ( a p[]ful curr5t ( electricity appli$ to ! decomposition ( aque\s vapors1 9 accordance ) ! e/abli%$ electrical law t any fluid :i* w transmit a curr5t may be decompos$ by x2 h5ce we le>n t our int]planet>y space conta9s att5uat$ aque\s vapors1 :i* we h also le>n$ to be true f o!r s\rces4 ,z our o!r planets1 z well z ! e>?1 are f\nd to be surr\nd$ ) an atmosph]e ( dilute oxyg51 & ) aque\s vapors susp5d$ 9 x1 we "k t _! action ^u ! sun mu/ be simil> to t ( ! e>?1 & t ! cong]ies ( planets ?us unite 9 _! supply ( electricity to ! sun 9 con/ant & enorm\s curr5ts4 ,exam9+ n[ ! effects ( pass+ p[]ful electrical curr5ts ?r\gh a compress$ envelope ( hydrog5 gas surr\nd+ a conductor1 we f9d t great heat ensues1 t ! hydrog5 becomes highly inc&esc5t1 & t ! metallic nucleus )9 is rais$ to an extremely high temp]ature1 & we also obs]ve ! same effects :5 ! curr5t is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! sep>at$ c>bons ( an electrical arc light4 ,we h ?us acc\nt$ = ! con/ant supply ( ! en]gy :i*1 trans=m$ into light & heat1 z 9 ! la/-m5tion$ exp]im5ts1 ! sun p\rs =? p]petually into space4 ,we h also le>n$ t electrical induction ma*9es d]ive _! electrical curr5ts f ! surr\nd+ air1 & also t no electricity c be g5]at$ 91 or transmitt$ ?r\gh1 a vacuum1 & h5ce we le>n t ! planets1 by ! rotation ( _! electrosph]es 9 contact ) ! att5uat$ vapors ( space1 g5]ate ^! p[]ful electrical curr5ts ) :i* ! sun is suppli$1 & t ! sun m]ely re/ores to ! ocean f :i*1 9 ano!r =m1 x 0 ab/ract$ ! light & heat :i* he emits1 & t1 in/ead ( all be+ wa/$ except t :i* falls ^u ! planets1 9 fact t is ! only "p :i* actually1 9 "o s5se at lea/1 is wa/$3 all ! re/ is deposit$ 9 bank1 b t is sp5t4 ,! important g5]alization is ?us arriv$ at1 t ! true s\rce ( sol> en]gy is to be f\nd 9 ! att5uat$ vapors ( space1 & t ! mode is t ( ! g5]ation ( electricity by ! rotat+ planet>y electrosph]es1 its transf]5ce ?r\gh ! aque\s vapors ( int]planet>y space to ! sun1 its passage "u resi/ance ?r\gh ! compress$ hydrog5 envelope1 its trans=mation !re into light & heat1 & its f9al emission or backp\r+ into space aga94 ,! molecul> motions :i* give rise to light & heat 9 _! passage ?r\gh ! va/ di/ances ( space are f9ally ret>d$ by & disappe> z radiat$ en]gy 9 ! re/oration or increase ( ! int]molecul> t5sion ( ! vapors ( space1 & ^! processes cont9ue1 & mu/ cont9ue1 to all et]nity1 if ! sun exi/s & 8 planets cont9ue to revolve 9 ord]ly circuit ar\nd him4 ,if !re be any p]man5t degradation ( en]gy1 x mu/ be ) ref]5ce to ! total volume ( inf9ite1 or at lea/ indef9ite1 space1 & n ) ref]5ce to ! relatively m9ute sp>k ( fire :i* we call ! sun4 ,we h also le>n$ t ! moon's electrosph]e is repell$ by t ( its neighbor1 ! e>?1 & t :atev] vapor & atmosph]e x may h c exi/ only on its opposite side2 & we h also le>n$ t1 by reason ( ! moon's peculi> axial rotation ) ref]5ce to ! e>?1 any o!r arrangem5t ( ! lun> moi/ure & air1 ev5 if su* 7 possible1 w\ld h absolutely prohibit$ all life on t subord9ate planet at any /age ( its exi/5ce :atev]4 ,we h appli$ ! above pr9ciples to ! fix$ />s1 & h le>n$ t1 by ! same law1 ! respl5d5t /> itself is pro( conclusive t x1 too1 mu/ h planets rotat+ ar\nd x1 & t ^! planets mu/ h an oxyg5 atmosph]e & cl\ds ( aque\s vapor l our own4 ,we h int]pret$ ! d\ble & multiple />s1 &1 by an ext5sion ( ! same law1 expla9$ _! frequ5tly contra/$ or complem5t>y colors4 ,! new />s :i* blaze up 9 sudd5 conflagration & !n die out h no secrets :5 ?is new light is turn$ ^u !m2 !y1 too1 are b ! fai?ful foll[]s ( ! law2 & ! tempor>y & v>iable />s likewise fall into _! appropriate categories & ob$i5tly move on ) ! procession4 ,! comets1--! bann]-be>]s ( ! sid]eal ho/s1--:i* f ! e>lie/ ages h defi$ sci5ce to read _! cabali/ic leg5d1 f9d x n[ writ l>ge & 9 pla9 ,engli%4 ,ev5 ! meteorites1 ! cosmical du/1 ! unorganiz$ dbris ( space1 are f\nd to be am5able to ! same law4 ,:5 we turn 9 wid] gaze to spy out ! fanta/ic nebul on ! v out] fr+e ( visible ?+s1 aft] we h sep>at$ out ! />-clu/]s & organiz$ galaxies ( suns1 we apply our t\*/one to ! irresolvable gase\s nebul1 & lo6 _! my/]y dissolves at a t\*4 ,we h ev5 be5 able to picture ! processes ( ! creation ( sol> sy/ems & :ole galaxies ( suns 9 :i* ! same law f9ds scope1 & by its inf9ite & h>moni\s ext5sion we le>n t nature moves ) a compreh5sive plan1 & is uni=m 9 h] inf9ite v>iety & et]nal 9 h] ceaseless activity4 ,we h be5 told t-- ,! poem ( ! univ]se ,no rhy?m has nor rhyme2 ,"s god recites ! wondr\s song1 ,a /anza at a "t4 ,b x is all a mi/ake2 ! l(tie/ /ra9s :i* ev] inspir$ ! s\l ( ,moz>t or ( ,bee?ov5 _h n ! ineffable h>mony1 nor ! sweete/ songs ( ! greate/ poets ! p]fect rhyme1 ev] repeat$ & ev] v>i$1 ( ! univ]se4 ,its ord]ly progress is l ! onw>d movem5t ( a mighty army1 & !re is b "o gr& comm&]1 b "o ,god1 & ,nature1 t %[e? =? 8 h&iwork1 is 8 prophet4 ,we h f\nd t ! c\rse ( nature1 ! et]nally y\?ful "m1 is ! same1 :e!r 9 sp9n+ a t5dril 9 ! g>d51 9 weav+ a :irlw9d 9 ! atmosph]e1 or 9 elaborat+ f ! univ]sal vapors ( primordial space a sol> sy/em or a galaxy4 ,& x is n a convulsive1 spasmodic nature t we f9d2 we d n love to associate great explosions1 cataclysms1 ! de/ruction ( worlds1 or ! ext9ction ( suns ) our ideas ( nature4 ,^! seem n to be ( nature4 ,! nature we love is ! g5tle "m1 uni=m 9 h] op]ations1 k9dly 9 h] ways1 b5efic5t 9 h] results2 ! nature ( ! ra91 ! sun%9e1 se$-"t & h>ve/ & ! spr\t+ se$ aga92 ev] pati5t1 ev] responsive1 b 9 all z firm & /eadfa/ z ! f\ndations ( et]nity itself4 ,s we h f\nd h]4 ,we h assum$ no?+2 we h obs]v$ & endeavor$ to d$uce f obs]vation h] sy/ematic plan1 = ?is is ! voice ( h] law1 ! same ye/]day1 to-day1 & =ev]4 ,to quote ! words ( ,mat!w ,arnold1 f out ! d>kness ( ! pa/ we seem to he> h] say1-- ,w ye claim = y\r great ones ! gift ,to h r5d]$ ! gleam ( my skies8 ,race aft] race1 man aft] man1 ,h ?\ght t my secret 0 !irs1 --,!y are du/1 !y are *ang$1 !y are gone6 ,i rema94