,illustration3 ,title page ,,north ,,american ,,wild ,,flowers4 ,painted and ,lithographed ,,by ,,agnes ,,fitz ,,gibbon ,,with ,,botanical ,,descriptions ,,by ,c4 ,p4 ,,traill4 ,,authoress ,,of 8,,the ,,backwoods ,,of ,,canada0 8,,the ,,canadian ,,crusoes0 ,,et4,c4 ,,et4,c4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,,plate ,i4 ,liver-,leaf--,wind-,flower4--7,sharp ,lobed ,hepatica47--,hepatica #i ,acutiloba ,bellwort--7,wood ,daffodil47--,uvularia perfoliata #aa ,wood ,anemone4--,anemone ,nemorosa #ac ,spring ,beauty4--,claytonia ,virginica #af ,,plate ,,ii4 ,adders-,tongue4--,dog-,toothed ,violet4--,erythronium ,americanum #ai ,white ,trillium4--,death-,flower4--,trillium ,grandiflorum #ba ,rock ,columbine4--,aquilegia ,canadensis #bd ,,plate ,,iii4 ,squirrel ,corn4--,dicentra ,canadensis #bg ,purple ,trillium4--,death-,flower4--,birth-,roo t4--,trillium erectum #bi ,wood ,geranium4--,cranes-,bill4--,geranium maculatum #ca ,chickweed ,wintergreen4--,trientalis ,americana #cd ,,plate ,,iv4 ,sweet ,wintergreen4--,pyrola elliptica #ce ,one ,flowered ,pyrola4--,moneses uniflora #ci ,flowering ,raspberry4--,rubus ,odoratus #da ,speedwell4--,american ,brooklime4--,veronica ,americana #dc ,,plate ,v4 ,yellow ,lady's ,slippers4--,cypripedium parviflorum and ,cypripedium #de pubescens ,large ,blue ,flag4--,iris ,versicolor4--,fleur-de-luce #dg ,small ,canberry4--,vaccinium ,oxycoccus #ej ,,plate ,,vi4 ,wild ,orange ,lily4--,lilium ,philadelphicum #ec ,canadian ,harebell4--,campanula ,rotundifolia #ef ,showy ,lady's ,slipper4--,cypripedium ,spectabile4--7,moccasin ,flower7 #ei ,,plate ,,vii4 ,early ,wild ,rose4--,rosa ,blanda #fc ,pentstemon ,beard-,tongue4--,pentstemon pubescens #ff ,,plate ,,viii4 ,sweet ,scented ,water ,lily4--,nympha ,odorata #fg ,yellow ,pond ,lily4--,nuphar ,advena4--7,spatter ,dock7 #ga ,,plate ,,ix4 ,pitcher ,plant4--7,soldier's ,drinking ,cup47--,sarracenia ,purpurea #gc ,,plate ,x4 ,painted ,cup1 ,scarlet ,cup4--,castilleia ,coccinea #gg ,showy ,orchis4--,orchis ,spectabilis #ha ,indian ,turnip4--,arum triphyllum 7,arum family7 #hc ,cone ,flower4--,rudbeckia fulgida #hg ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,wild ,,flowers ,,of ,,north ,,america4 ,the first and second edition of our ,book of ,wild ,flowers was published last year under the title of 8,,canadian ,,wild ,,flowers20 but it has been suggested by some ,american friends that we ought not to have limited the title to the ,wild ,flowers of ,canada1 as nature has given them a much wider geographical range1 and1 in fact1 there are none of those that have been portrayed and described in our volume but may be found diffused over the whole of the ,eastern and ,northern ,states of the ,union1 as well as to the ,north and ,west of the ,great ,lakes4 ,we1 therefore1 have rectified the error in our present issue1 not wishing to put asunder those whom the ,great ,creator has united in one harmonious whole1 each family and tribe finding its fitting place as when it issued freshly forth from the bounteous hand of ,god who formed it for the use of ,his creatures and to ,his own honor and glory4 ,as our present volume embraces but a select few of the ,native ,flowers of this ,northern ,range of the ,continent1 it is our intention to follow it by succeeding series1 which will present to our readers the most attractive of our lovely ,wild ,flowers1 and flowering shrubs4 ,the subject offers a wide field for our future labours4 ,what a garland of loveliness has nature woven for man's admiration1 and yet1 comparatively speaking1 how few appreciate the beauties thus lavishly bestowed upon them8 ,the inhabitants of the crowded cities know little of them even by name1 and those that dwell among them pass them by as though they heeded them not1 or regarded them as worthless weeds1 crying1 8,cut them down1 why cumber they the ground80 ,to such careless ones they do indeed 8waste their sweetness on the desert air40 ,yet the ,wild ,flowers have deeper meanings and graver teachings than the learned books of classical lore so much prized by the scholar1 if he will but receive them4 ,they shew him the parental care of a benificent ,god for the winged creatures of the air1 and for the sustenance of the beasts of the field4 ,they point to the better life1 the resurrection from the darkness of the grave4 ,they are emblems of man's beauty and of his frailty4 ,they lend us by flowery paths from earth to heaven1 where the flowers fade not away4 ,shall we then coldly disregard the flowers that our ,god has made so wondrously fair1 to beautify the earth we live on8 ,mothers of ,america teach your little ones to love the ,wild ,flowers and they will love the soil on which they grew1 and in all their wanderings through the world their hearts will turn back with loving reverence to the land of their birth1 to that dear home endeared to their hearts by the remembrance of the flowers that they plucked and wove for their brows in their happy hours of gladsome childhood4 ,how many a war-worn soldier would say with the ,german hero of ,schiller's tragedy3 8,oh gladly would ,i give the blood stained victor's wreath ,for the first violet of the early spring1 ,plucked in those quiet fields where ,i have journeyed40 ,,schiller4 ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,title ,,page4 ,our ,artist has tastefully combined in the wreath that adorns her title page several of our native ,spring ,flowers4 ,the simple blossoms of ,claytonia ,virginica1 better known by its familiar name 8,,spring ,,beauty10 may easily be recognized from the right hand figure in the group of the first plate in the book4 ,for a description of it see page #af4 ,the tall slender flower on the left side on the title page is ,potentilla ,canadensis1 7,var simplex74 ,this slender trailing plant may be found in open grassy thickets1 by road side wastes1 at the foot of old stumps1 and similar localities1 with the common ,cinquefoil or ,silver ,leaf4 ,this last species is much the most attractive plant to the lover of wild flowers4 ,it abounds in dry gravelly and sandy soil1 courting the open sunshine1 rooting among stones1 over which it spreads its slender reddish stalk1 enlivening the dry arid wastes with its silvery silken leaves and gay golden rose-shaped blossoms4 ,the ,potentilla family belongs to the same ,natural ,order1 ,,rosace1 as the ,strawberry1 ,raspberry1 ,blackberry and the ,rose--a goodly fellowship of the useful and the beautiful among which our humble ,cinquefoil has been allowed to find a place4 ,the little plant occupying the lower portion of the plate is ,viola sagittata1 8,,arrow ,,leaved ,,violet40 ,the anthers of the stamens are flesh coloured or pale orange2 the slender pointed sepals of the calyx are of a bright light green1 which form a lively contrast to the deep purple closely wrapped pointed buds that they enfold4 ,the leaves are of a dull green1 somewhat hairy1 narrow1 blunt at the apex1 not heart-shaped as in many of the species but closed at the base and bordering the short channelled foot-stalk4 ,among our numerous species few are really more lovely than 8the ,arrow ,leaved ,violet40 ,viola ovata and ,viola villosa closely resemble the above1 and probably are varieties of our pretty flower4 ,the violet1 like the rose and lily1 has ever been the poet's flower4 ,this is not one of our earliest violets2 it blossoms later than the early white violet1 ,v4 rotundifolia or than the early ,blue ,violet1 ,v4 cucullata1 or that delicate species ,v4 striata1 the lilac striped violet1 which adorns the banks and hill sides on some of our plain lands1 early in the month of ,may4 ,later in this month and in the beginning of ,june we find the azure blossoms of ,v4 sagittata in warm sheltered valleys1 often among groups of small pines and among grasses on sandy knolls and open thickets4 ,the plant grows low1 the leaves on very short foot-stalks closely pressed to the ground2 the bright full blue flowers springing from the crown of the plant on long slender stems stand above the leaves4 ,the petals are blunt1 of a full azure blue1 white at the base and bearded4 ,among many allusions to this favourite flower1 here are lines somewhat after the style of the older poets1 addressed to early violets found on a wintry ,march day at ,waltham ,abbey4 ,,to ,,early ,,violets4 ,children of sweetest birth1 ,why do ye bend to earth ,eyes in whose softened blue1 ,lies hid the diamond dew8 ,has not the early ray1 ,yet kissed those tears away ,that fell with closing day8 ,say do ye fear to meet ,the hail and driving sleet1 ,which gloomy winter stern ,flings from his snow-wreathed urn8 ,or do ye fear the breeze ,so sadly sighing thro' the trees1 ,will chill your fragrant flowers1 ,ere ,april's genial showers ,have visited your bowers8 ,why came ye till the cuckoo's voice1 ,bade hill and vale rejoice2 ,till ,philomel with tender tone1 ,waking the echoes lone1 ,bids woodland glades prolong ,her sweetly tuneful song2 ,till sky-lark blithe and linnet grey1 ,from fallow brown and meadow gay1 ,pour forth their jocund roundelay2 ,till #8cowslip1 wan' and #8daisies pied' ',broider the hillock's side1 ,and opening hawthorn buds are seen1 ,decking each hedge-row screen8 ,what1 though the primrose drest ,in her pure paly vest ,came rashly forth ,to brave the biting ,north1 ,did ye not see her fall ,straight 'neath his snowy pall2 ,and heard ye not the ,west wind sigh ,her requiem as he hurried by8 ,go hide ye then till groves are green ,and ,april's clouded bow is seen2 ,till suns are warm1 and skies are clear ,and every flower that does appear1 ,proclaims the birthday of the year4 ,though ,canada does not boast among her violets the sweet purple violet 7,viola odorata7 of ,britain she has many elegant species remarkable for beauty of form and colour2 among these 8,the ,yellow ,wool ,violet10 the 8,song ,spurred ,violet0 and the 8,milkwhite ,wool ,violet10 7,v4 ,canadensis7 may be named4 ,these are all branching violets1 some1 as the yellow and the white1 often attain1 in rank shaded soil1 to a foot in height and may be found throwing out a succession of flowers through the later summer months4 ,they will bloom freely if transplanted to a shady spot in the garden4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i4 #c ,,anemone ,,nemorosa 7,wood ,anemone7 #b ,,uvularia ,,perfoliata 7,large flowered ,bellwort7 #a ,,hepatica ,,acutiloba 7,sharp lobed ,hepatica7 #d ,,claytonia ,,virginica 7,spring ,beauty7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,ranunculace4 ,,liver-,,leaf4 7,,sharp ,,lobed ,,hepatica47 ,hepatica acutiloba4 8,lodged in sunny clefts1 ,where the cold breeze comes not1 blooms alone ,the little ,wind-flower1 whose just opened eye ,is blue1 as the spring heaven it gazes at40 ,,bryant4 ,,the ,american poet1 ,bryant1 has many happy allusions to the ,hepatica under the name of 8,,wind-,,flower20 the more common name among our ,canadian settlers is 8,,snow-,,flower10 it being the first blossom that appears directly after the melting off of the winter snows4 ,in the forest--in open grassy old woods1 on banks and upturned roots of trees1 this sweet flower gladdens the eye with its cheerful starry blossoms2 every child knows it and fills its hands and bosom with its flowers1 pink1 blue1 deep azure and pure white4 ,what the daisy is to ,england1 the ,snow-flower or ,liver-leaf is to ,canada4 ,it lingers long within the forest shade1 coyly retreating within its sheltering glades from the open glare of the sun3 though for a time it will not refuse to bloom within the garden borders1 when transplanted early in spring1 and doubtless if properly supplied with black mould from the woods and partially sheltered by shrubs it would continue to grow and flourish with us constantly4 ,we have two sorts1 ,h4 acutiloba1 and ,h4 triloba4 ,a large variety has been found on ,long ,island in ,rice ,lake2 the leaves of which are five lobed2 the lobes much rounded1 the leaf stalks stout1 densely silky1 the flowers large1 of a deep purple blue4 ,this handsome plant throve under careful cultivation and proved highly ornamental4 ,the small round closely folded buds of the ,hepatica appear before the white silky leaves unfold themselves1 though many of the old leaves of the former year remain persistent through the winter4 ,the buds rise from the centre of a silken bed of soft sheaths and young leaves1 as if nature kindly provided for the warmth and protection of these early flowers with parental care4 ,later in the season1 the young leaves expand just before the flowers drop off4 ,the white flowered is the most common among our ,hepaticas1 but varieties may be seen of many hues3 waxen-pink1 pale blue and azure blue with intermediate shades and tints4 ,the ,hepatica belongs to the ,nat4 ,ord4 ,ranunculace1 the crow-foot family1 but possesses none of the acrid and poisonous qualities of the ,ranunculus proper1 being used in medicine1 as a mild tonic1 by the ,american herb doctors in fevers and disorders of the liver4 ,it is very probable that its healing virtues in complaints of the liver gave rise to its common name in old times2 some assign the name to the form of the lobed leaf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bellwort4 7,,wood ,,daffodil47 ,uvularia perfoliata4 8,fair ,daffodils1 we weep to see ,thee haste away so soon1 ,as yet the early rising sun ,has not attained his noon4 ,stay1 stay6-- ,until the hasting day ,has run1 ,but to the evening song2 ,when having prayed together we ,will go with you along40 ,,herrick4 ,,this slender drooping flower of early spring is known by the name of ,,bellwort1 from its pendent lily-like bells2 and by some it is better known as the ,wood ,daffodil1 to which its yellow blossoms bear some remote resemblance4 ,the flowers of the ,bellwort are of a pale greenish-yellow2 the divisions of the petal-like sepals are six1 deeply divided1 pointed and slightly twisted or waved1 drooping from slender thready pedicels terminating the branches2 the stem of the plant is divided into two portions1 one of which is barren of flowers4 ,the leaves are of a pale green1 smooth1 and in the largest species perfoliate1 clasping the stem4 ,the root 7or rhizome7 is white1 fleshy and tuberous4 ,the ,bellwort is common in rich shady woods and grassy thickets1 and on moist alluvial soil on the banks of streams1 where it attains to the height of #ah or #bj inches4 ,it is an elegant1 but not very showy flower--remarkable more for its graceful pendent straw-coloured or pale yellow blossoms1 than for its brilliancy4 ,it belongs to a sub-order of the ,lily ,tribe4 ,there are three species in ,canada--the large ,bellwort--,uvularia grandiflora and ,u4 perfoliata--we also possess the third1 enumerated by ,dr4 ,gray1 ,u4 sessilifolia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,ranunculace4 ,,wood ,,anemone4 ,anemone nemorosa4 8,within the wood1 ,whose young and half transparent leaves1 ,scarce cast a shade2 gay circles of anemones1 ,danced on their stalks40 ,,bryant4 ,,the classical name ,,anemone is derived from a ,greek word1 which signifies the wind1 because it was thought that the flower opened out its blossoms only when the wind was blowing4 ,whatever the habits of the ,anemone of the ,grecian ,isles may be1 assuredly in their native haunts in this country1 the blossoms open alike in windy weather or in calm2 in shade or in sunshine4 ,it is more likely that the wind acting upon the downy seeds of some species and dispersing them abroad1 has been the origin of the idea1 and has given birth to the popular name which poets have made familiar to the ear with many sweet lines4 ,bryant1 who is the ,american poet of nature1 for he seems to revel in all that is fair among the flowers and streams and rocks and forest shades1 has also given the name of 8wind flower0 to the blue hepatica4 ,the subject of our plate1 the little white pink-edged flower at the left hand corner of the group1 is ,anemone nemorosa1 the smaller 8,,wood ,,anemone40 ,this pretty delicate species loves the moderate shade of groves and thickets1 it is often found in open pinelands of second growth1 and evidently prefers a light and somewhat sandy soil to any other1 with glimpses of sunshine stealing down upon it4 ,the ,wood ,anemone is from #d to #i inches in height1 but seldom taller1 the five rounded sepals which form the flower are white1 tinged with a purplish-red or dull pink on the outside4 ,the leaves are three parted1 divided again in three1 toothed and sharply cut and somewhat coarse in texture2 the three upper stem leaves form an involucre about midway between the root and the flower-cup4 ,our ,wood ,anemone is a cheerful little flower gladdening us with its blossoms early in the month of ,may4 ,it is very abundant in the neighbourhood of ,toronto1 on the grassy banks and piny-dells at ,dover ,court1 and elsewhere4 8,there thickly strewn in woodland bowers1 ,anemones their stars unfold40 ,a somewhat taller species1 with very white starry flowers1 is found on gravelly banks under the shade of shrubs near the small lakes formed by the ,otonabee river1 ,n4 ,douro1 where also1 we find the downy seeded species known as 8,thimble-weed10 ,anemone cylindrica1 from the cylindrical heads of fruit4 ,the 8,thimble-weed0 is not very attractive for beauty of colour2 the flower is greenish-white1 small1 two of the sepals being shorter and less conspicuous than the others2 the plant is from #a to #b ft4 high2 the leaves of the cut and pointed involucre are coarse1 of a dull green1 surrounding the several long flower-stalks4 ,the soft cottony seeds remain in close heads through the winter1 till the spring breezes disperse them4 ,the largest species of our native ,anemones is ,a4 ,virginiana1 8,,tall ,,anemone40 ,this handsome plant loves the shores of lakes and streams2 damp rich ground suits it well1 as it grows freely in such soil1 and under moderate shade when transferred to the garden4 ,the foliage of the tall ,anemone is coarse1 growing in whorls round the stem1 divisions of the leaf three parted1 sharply pointed and toothed4 ,in this1 as in all the species1 the coloured sepals1 7or calyx leaves7 form the flower4 ,the outer surface of the flower is covered with minute silky hairs1 the round flattened silky buds rise singly on tall naked stems1 the upper series are supplied with two small leaflets embracing the stalk4 ,the central and largest flowers open first1 the lateral or outer ones as these fade away2 thus a succession of blossoms is produced1 which continue to bloom for several weeks4 ,the flowers of this sort1 under cultivation1 become larger and handsomer than in their wild state1 ivory white1 tinged with purple4 ,the ,anemone is always a favourite flower wherever it may be seen1 whether in ,british woods1 on ,alpine heights1 or in ,canadian wilds2 on banks of lonely lakes and forest streams2 or in the garden parterre1 where it is rivalled by few other flowers in grace of form or splendour of colour4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,portulacace4 ,,spring ,,beauty4 ,claytonia ,virginica4 ,where the fire had smoked and smouldered ,saw the earliest flower of ,spring time1 ,saw the beauty of the ,spring time1 ,saw the ,miskodeed#a in blossom4 ,,hiawatha4 ,,this simple delicate little plant is one of our earliest ,april flowers4 ,in warm springs it is almost exclusively an ,april flower1 but in cold and backward seasons1 it often delays its blossoming time till ,may4 ,partially hidden beneath the shelter of old decaying timbers and fallen boughs1 its pretty pink buds peep shyly forth4 ,it is often found in partially cleared beech-woods1 and in rich moist meadows4 ,in ,canada1 there are two species2 one with few flowers1 white1 both leaves and flowers larger than the more common form2 the blossoms of the latter are more numerous1 smaller1 and of a pale pink colour1 veined with lines of a deeper rose colour1 forming a slender raceme2 sometimes the little pedicels or flower stalks are bent or twisted to one side1 so as to throw the flowers in one direction4 ,the scape springs from a small deep tuber1 bearing a single pair of soft1 oily1 succulent leaves4 ,in the white flowered species these leaves are placed about midway up the stem1 but in the pink 7,c4 ,virginica7 the leaves lie closer to the ground1 and are smaller and of a dark bluish green hue4 ,our ,,spring ,,beauty well deserves its pretty poetical name4 ,it comes in with the ,robin1 and the song sparrow1 the hepatica1 and the first white violet2 it lingers in shady spots1 as if unwilling to desert us till more sunny days have wakened up a wealth of brighter blossoms to gladden the eye2 yet the first1 and the last1 are apt to be most prized by us1 with flowers1 as well as other treasures4 ,how infinitely wise and merciful are the arrangements of the ,great ,creator4 ,let us instance the connection between ,,bees and ,,flowers4 ,in cold climates the former lie torpid1 or nearly so1 during the long months of ,winter1 until the genial rays of the sun and light have quickened vegetation into activity1 and buds and blossoms open1 containing the nutriment necessary for this busy insect tribe4 ,the ,,bees seem made for the ,blossoms2 the ,,blossoms for the ,,bees4 ,on a bright ,march morning what sound can be more in harmony with the sunshine and blue skies1 than the murmuring of the honeybees1 in a border of cloth of gold crocuses8 what sight more cheerful to the eye8 ,but ,i forget4 ,canada has few of these sunny flowers1 and no ,march days like those that woo the hive bees from their winter dormitories4 ,and ,april is with us only a name4 ,we have no ,april month of rainbow suns and showers4 ,we miss the deep blue skies1 and silver throne-like clouds that cast their fleeting shadows over the tender springing grass and corn2 we have no mossy lanes odorous with blue violets4 ,one of our old poets thus writes3 8,ye violets that first appear1 ,by your pure purple mantles known1 ,like the proud virgins of the year1 ,as if the spring were all your own1 ,what are ye when the rose is blown40#b ,we miss the turfy banks1 studded with starry daisies1 pale primroses and azure blue-bells4 ,our ,may is bright and sunny1 more like to the ,english ,march2 it is indeed a month of promise--a month of many flowers4 ,but too often its fair buds and blossoms are nipped by frost1 8and winter1 lingering1 chills the lap of ,may40 ,in the warmth and shelter of the forest1 vegetation appears4 ,the black leaf mould1 so light and rich1 quickens the seedlings into rapid growth1 and green leaves and opening buds follow soon after the melting of the snows of winter4 ,the starry blossoms of the hepatica1 blood-root1 bellwort1 violets1 white1 yellow and blue1 with the delicate ,coptis 7gold-thread71 come forth and are followed by many a lovely flower1 increasing with the more genial seasons of ,may and ,june4 ,but our ,april flowers are but few1 comparatively speaking1 and so we prize our early ,violets1 ,hepaticas and ,spring ,beauty4 ----- #a ,miskodeed--,indian name for ,spring ,beauty4 #b ,sir ,henry ,wotton--written in #afea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 #c ,,aquilegia ,,canadensis 7,wild ,columbine7 #b ,,trillium ,,grandiflorum 7,large white ,trillium7 #a ,,erythronium ,,americanum 7,yellow adders tongue7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,liliace4 ,,adders-,,tongue4 7,,dog-,,toothed ,,violet47 ,erythronium ,americanum4 8,and spotted ,adders-tongue with drooping bell1 ,greeting the new-born spring40 ,,in rich black mould1 on the low banks of creeks and open woodlands1 large beds of these elegant lilies may be seen piercing the softened ground in the month of ,april2 the broad lanceolate leaves are beautifully clouded with purple or reddish brown1 or sometimes with milky white4 ,each bulb of the second year's growth produces two leaves1 and between these rises a round naked scape1 7or flower stem71 terminated by a drooping yellow bell4 ,the unfolded bud is striped with lines of dark purple4 ,a few hours of sunshine and warm wind soon expands the flower1 which is composed of six coloured sepals1 recurved1 which form a lily-like turbaned flower2 each segment grooved1 and spotted at the base1 with oblong purplish brown dots4 ,the outer surface of the sepals is marked with dark lines4 ,the stamens are six2 anthers1 oblong2 pollen of a brick-red1 or dull orange colour1 varying to yellow4 ,the style is club-shaped2 stigmas three1 united4 ,this elegant yellow lily bends downward when expanded1 as if to hide its glories from the full glare of the sun-light4 ,the clouded leaves are of an oily smoothness1 resisting the moisture of rain and dew4 ,the name ,dogs-tooth ,violet seems very inappropriate4 ,the pointed segments of the bell may have suggested the resemblance to the tooth of a dog1 but it is difficult to trace any analogy between this flower and the violet1 no two plants presenting greater dissimilarity of form or habit than the lily and the violet1 though often blended in the verse of the poet4 ,the ,american name of the ,adders-tongue is more significant4#c ,the ,white ,flowered ,adders-tongue grows1 it has been said1 in the more western portion of ,canada1 on the shores of ,lake ,huron1 probably the ,erythronium albidum of ,gray4 ----- #c ,the name ,dogs-tooth refers to the shape of the small pointed white bulbs of the common ,european species1 so well known in ,english gardens4--,,prof4 ,,lawson4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sub ,,ord4 ,,trilliace4--7,,trillium ,,family47 ,,white ,,trillium4 7,,death ,,flower47 ,trillium ,grandiflorum4 8,and spotless lilies bend the head ,low to the passing gale40 ,,nature has scattered with no niggardly hand these remarkable flowers over hill and dale1 wide shrubby plain and shady forest glen4 ,in deep ravines1 or rocky islets1 the bright snow-white blossoms of the ,trilliums greet the eye and court the hand to pluck them4 ,the old people in this part of the ,province call them by the familiar name of ,lily4 ,thus we have ,asphodel ,lilies1 ,douro ,lilies1 c4 ,in ,nova ,scotia they are called ,moose-flowers1 probably from being abundant in the haunts of ,moose-deer4 ,in some of the ,new ,england ,states the ,trilliums1 white and red1 are known as the ,death-flower1 but of the origin of so ominous a name we have no record4 ,we might imagine it to have originated in the use of the flower to deck the coffin or graves of the dead in the olden times4 ,the pure white blossoms of ,t4 nivale1 ,t4 cernum 7nodding ,trillium7 and ,t4 grandiflorum1 might serve not inappropriately for emblems of innocence and purity1 when laid upon the breast of the early dead4 ,the darker and more sanguine hue of the red species1 ,t4 sessile1 and ,t4 recurvatum1 might have been selected for such as fell by violence1 but these are but conjecture4 ,a prettier name has been given to the ,nodding ,trillium3 that of 8,smiling ,wake-robin10 which seems to be associated with the coming of the cheerful chorister of early spring1 8,the household bird with the red stomacher10 as ,bishop ,carey calls the robin red-breast4 ,the botanical name of the ,trillium is derived from trilex1 triple1 all the parts of the plant being in threes4 ,thus we see the round fleshy scape furnished with three large sad green leaves1 closely set round the stem1 two or three inches below the flower2 which is composed of a calyx of three sepals1 a corolla of three large snow-white1 or1 else1 chocolate red petals3 the styles or stigmas three2 ovary three celled2 stamens six1 which is a duplicate of three4 ,the white fleshy tuberous root is much used by the ,american ,school of ,medicine in various diseases1 also by the ,indian herb doctors4 ,trillium grandiflorum is the largest and most showy of the white species4 ,trillium nivale or 8lesser snowy ,trillium10 is the smallest2 the last blooms early in ,may4 ,may and ,june are the months in which these flowers appear4 ,the white flowered ,trilliums are subject to many varieties and accidental alterations4 ,the green of the sepals is often transferred to the white petals in ,t4 nivale2 some are found handsomely striped with red and green1 and in others the very short foot-stalk of the almost sessile leaves are lengthened into long petioles4 ,the large ,white ,trillium is changed previous to its fading to a dull reddish lilac4 ,the ,red ,trilliums are rich but sombre in colour1 the petals are longish-ovate1 regular1 not waved1 and the pollen is of a greyish dusty hue while that of the ,white species is bright orange-yellow4 ,the leaves are of a dark lurid green1 the colouring matter of the petals seems to pervade the leaves2 and here1 let me observe1 that the same remark may be made of many other plants4 ,in purple flowers we often perceive the violet hue to be perceptible in the stalk and under part of the leaves1 and sometimes in the veins and roots4 ,red flowers again show the same tendency in stalk and veins4 ,the ,blood-root in its early stage of growth shews the ,orange juice in the stem and leaves1 so does the ,canadian ,balsam and many others2 that1 a little observation will point out4 ,the colouring matter of flowers has always been1 more or less1 a mystery to us3 that light is one of the great agents can hardly for a moment be doubted1 but something also may depend upon the peculiar quality of the juices that fill the tissues of the flower1 and on the cellular tissue itself4 ,flowers deprived of light1 we know1 are pallid and often colourless1 but how do we account for the deep crimson of the beet-root1 the rose-red of the radish1 the orange of the rhubarb1 carrot1 and turnip1 which roots1 being buried in the earth1 are not subject to the solar rays8 ,the natural supposition would be that all roots hidden from the light would be white1 but this is by no means the case4 ,the question is one of much interest1 and deserves the attention of all naturalists1 and especially of the botanical student4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,ranuncule4 ,,rock ,,columbine4 ,aquilegia ,canadensis4 8,the graceful ,columbine all blushing red1 ,bends to the earth her crown ,of honey-laden bells40 ,,this graceful flower enlivens us all through the months of ,may and ,june by its brilliant blossoms of deep red and golden yellow4 ,in general outline the ,wild ,columbine resembles its cultivated sisters of the garden1 but is more light and airy from its nodding habit4 ,the plant throws up many tall slender stalks from its centre1 furnished with leafy bracts1 from which spring other light stems terminated by little pedicels1 each bearing a large drooping flower and bud which open in succession4 ,the flower consists of five red sepals and five red petals2 the latter are hollowed trumpet-like at the mouth1 ascending2 they form narrow tubes1 which are terminated by little round knobs filled with honey4 ,the delicate thready pedicels on which the blossom hangs cause it to droop down and thus throw up the honey bearing tubes of the petals2 the little balls forming a pretty sort of floral coronet at the junction with the stalk4 ,the unequal and clustered stamens1 and five thready styles of the pistil project beyond the hollow mouths of the petals1 like an elegant golden-fringed tassel2 the edges and interior of the petals are also of a bright golden yellow4 ,these gay colours are well contrasted with the deep green of the root leaves and bracts of the flower stalks4 ,the bracts are lobed in two or three divisions4 ,the larger leaves are placed on long foot stalks2 each leaf is divided into three1 which are again twice or thrice lobed1 and unequally notched2 the upper surface is smooth and of a dark rich green1 the under pale and whitish4 ,as the flowers fade the husky hollow seed pods become erect--a wise provision in this and many other plants of drooping habits1 giving the ripening seed better access to the sun and wind1 and preventing them from being prematurely scattered abroad upon the earth4 ,the wild ,columbine#d is perennial and very easily cultivated4 ,its blossoms are eagerly sought out by the bees and humming birds4 ,on sunny days you may be sure to see the latter hovering over the bright drooping bells1 extracting the rich nectar with which they are so bountifully supplied4 ,those who care for bees1 and love humming birds1 should plant the graceful red-flowered ,columbine in their garden borders4 ,in its wild state it is often found growing among rocks and surface stones1 where it insinuates its roots into the clefts and hollows that are filled with rich vegetable mould2 and thus1 being often seen adorning the sterile rocks with its bright crown of waving blossoms1 it has obtained the name1 in some places1 of ,,rock ,,columbine4 ----- #d ,if two sepals with a petal be separated from the rest of the flower1 they will be found to resemble a dove flying1 hence the name ,columbine1 from the ,latin columba1 a dove4--,,dr4 ,,bell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 #d ,,trientalis ,,americana 7,star flower ,chickweed7 #b ,,trillium ,,erectum 7,purple trillium7 #c ,,geranium ,,maculatum 7,wild ,cranes-bill7 #a ,,dicentra ,,canadensis 7,squirrel ,corn7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,fumariace4--7,,fumitory ,,family47 ,,squirrel ,,corn4 ,dicentra ,canadensis4 ,,this graceful plant belongs to the fumitory family1 of which we have many cultivated varieties in ,britain and elsewhere4 ,here our lovely flower grows wild in rich black mould in the forest1 and in recently cleared spots within its protecting shadow1 where its drooping bells and rich scent have gained for it the not very inappropriate name of 8,wild ,hyacinth40 ,the common name of 8,squirrel-,corn0 is derived from the round orange tubers at the roots1 resembling in size and colour grains of ,indian-,corn1 and from their being a favourite food with the ground squirrel4 ,the blossoms are of a pellucid whiteness1 sometimes tinged with reddish lilac2 they form a drooping raceme on a round smooth scape1 springing from a scaly bud2 the corolla is heart-shaped1 composed of four petals1 in two pairs1 flattened and sac-like1 the tips united over the stigma1 and slightly projecting2 in ,d4 cucullaria assuming the likeness of the head of a fly1 the cream-coloured diverging petals presenting a strong resemblance to the deer-fly of our lakes4 ,this very charming species is known by the somewhat vulgar name of 8,,breeches ,,flower0 and 8,,dutchman',s ,,breeches40 ,a more descriptive name would be 8,,fly-,,flower40 ,all the species flourish under cultivation1 and become very ornamental early border flowers2 but care should be taken to plant them in rich black vegetable mould1 the native soil of their forest haunts4 ,our artist has chosen the delicate rosy-tinted variety as the subject of the right hand flower of the plate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,purple ,,trillium4 7,,death-,,flower4--,,birth-,,root47 ,trillium erectum4 8,bring flowers1 bring flowers o'er the bier to shed ,a crown for the brow of the early dead4 ,though they smile in vain for what once was ours1 ,they are love's last gift1 bring flowers1 bring flowers40 ,,hemans4 ,,gray and other botanical writers call this striking flower 7,t4 erectum7 the 8,purple ,trillium20 it should rather be called ,,red1 its hue being decidedly more red than purple1 and in the ,new ,england ,states it is called by the country folks1 8,the ,red ,death-,flower10 in contrast to the larger ,white ,trillium1 or 8,,white ,,death-,,flower40 ,for further remarks on this singular name we refer the reader to the description of that flower where all the native varieties of the genus are dwelt upon1 including the one now before us1 which forms the central flower in the present group1 and shall merely add that like the rest of this remarkable family1 ,t4 erectum is widely spread over the whole of ,canada4 ,it appears in the middle of ,may and continues blooming till ,june1 preferring the soil of rich shady woods4 8,few of our indigenous plants surpass the ,trillium in elegance and beauty1 and they are all endowed with valuable medicinal properties4 ,the root of the ,purple ,trillium is generally believed to be the most active4 ,tannin and ,bitter ,extract form two of its most remarkable ingredients40 ,so says that intelligent writer on the medicinal plants of ,north ,america1 ,dr4 ,charles ,lee4 ,there are three of the dark flowered ,trillium enumerated by ,gray1 two of which appear to be common to our ,canadian soil1 ,t4 erectum and ,t4 sessile4 ,the latter is smaller1 and often the dull chocolate colour of the pointed petals assumes a livid greenish hue4 ,it is earlier in flowering1 appearing at the beginning of ,may1 at the same time with ,t4 nivale1 the 8,dwarf ,white0 or 8,,snowy ,,trillium40 ,under cultivation the flowers of all the species become very ornamental2 they require black leaf mould and moderate shade1 and1 if left to grow undisturbed1 increase and continue to flower year after year1 in the borders or shrubbery4 ,the seeds when ripe are easily obtained2 they are hard and bony1 several in each division of the three celled capsule4 ,the roots of these plants are thick1 wrinkled1 fleshy1 and contain the medicinal principle described by ,dr4 ,lee4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,geraniace4 ,,wood ,,geranium4 7,,cranes-,,bill47 ,geranium maculatum4 ,,there are but few flowers of the ,cranes-bill family in ,canada4 ,the one most worthy of notice is the ,wood ,geranium 7,geranium maculatum74 ,this is a very ornamental plant3 its favourite locality is open grassy thickets among low bushes1 especially those tracts of country known as ,oak-openings1 where it often reaches to the height of from #b to #c1 throwing out many branches adorned with deep lilac flowers2 the half-opened buds are very lovely4 ,the blossom consists of five petals1 obtuse and slightly indented on their upper margins1 and are lined and delicately veined with purple4 ,the calyx consists of five pointed sepals2 stamens ten2 the anthers are of a reddish brown2 styles five1 cohering at the top4 ,when the seed is mature these curl up1 bearing the ripe brown seed adhering to the base of each one4 ,the common name ,cranes-bill has been derived from the long grooved and stork-like beak which supports the stigma4 ,the ,greek name of the plant means a ,crane4 ,the whole plant is more or less beset with silvery hairs4 ,the leaves are divided into about five principal segments2 these again are lobed and cut into sharply pointed irregularly sized teeth4 ,the larger hairy root leaves are often discoloured with red and purplish blotches1 from whence the specific name 7maculatum7 spotted1 has been given by botanists to this species4 ,the flower stem is much branched and furnished with leafy bracts2 the principal flowers are on long stalks1 usually three springing from a central branch and again subdividing into smaller branchlets terminating in buds mostly in threes1 on drooping slender pedicels2 as the older and larger blossoms fall off a fresh succession appears on the side branches1 furnishing rather smaller but equally beautiful flowers during many weeks4 ,gray gives the blooming season of the ,cranes-bill from ,april to ,july1 but with us it rarely appears before ,june1 and may be seen all through ,july and ,august4 ,this ,wood ,geranium is a beautiful species1 and would no doubt repay the trouble of cultivation4 ,besides being very ornamental our plant possesses virtues which are well known to the herbalist as powerful astringents1 which quality has obtained for it the name of #8,alum root' among the country people1 who apply a decoction of the root as a styptic for wounds2 and sweetened1 as a gargle for sore throats and ulcerated mouth3 it is also given to young children to correct a lax state of the system4 ,thus our plant is remarkable for its usefulness as well as for its beauty4 ,a showy species1 with large rose-coloured flowers and much dissected leaves1 may be found on some of the rocky islets in ,stoney ,lake1 ,ont4 ,the slender flower stem is about six inches in height1 springing from a leafy involucre which is cut and divided into many long and narrow segments2 flowers generally from one to three1 terminal on the little bracted-foot-stalks4 ,the seed vessels not so long as in the ,wood ,geranium4 ,besides the above named we have two smaller species4 ,the well known ,,herb ,,robert--,g4 ,robertianum or ftid geranium--which is said to have been introduced from ,britain1 but is by no means uncommon in ,canada1 in half cleared woodlands and by waysides attracting the eye by its bright pink flowers1 and elegantly cut leaves1 which becomes bright red in the fall of the year4 ,this pretty species is renowned for its rank and disagreeable odour when handled4 ,another small flowered species1 with pale insignificant blossoms is also common as a weed by road sides and in open woods1 probably this is ,g4 pusilum1 smaller ,cranes-bill2 it also resembles the ,british plant1 but is of too frequent occurrence in remote localities to lead us to suppose it to be otherwise than a native production of the soil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,primulace4 ,,chickweed ,,wintergreen4 ,trientalis ,americana4 ,,this pretty starry-flowered little plant is remarkable for the occurrence of the number seven in its several parts1 and was for some time regarded by botanists of the old school as the representative of the ,class ,heptandria4 ,the calyx is seven parted2 the divisions of the delicate white corolla also seven2 and the stamens seven4 ,the leaves form a whorl at the upper part of the stem1 mostly from five to seven1 or eight2 the leaves are narrow1 tapering at both ends1 of a delicate light-green1 thin in texture1 and of a pleasant sub-acid flavour4 ,the star-shaped flowers1 few in number1 on thread-like stalks1 rise from the centre of the whorl of leaves1 which thus form an involucre to the pretty delicate starry flowers4 ,this little plant is frequently found at the roots of beech-trees2 it is fond of shade1 and in light vegetable mould forms considerable beds2 the roots are white1 slender1 and fibrous2 it is one of our early ,may flowers1 though1 unless the month be warm and genial1 will delay its opening somewhat later4 ,in old times1 when the herbalists gave all kinds of fanciful names to the wild plants1 they would have bestowed such a name as 8,,herbe ,,innocence0 upon our modest little forest flower4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 #d ,,veronica ,,americana 7,american ,brooklime7 #c ,,rubus ,,odoratus 7,purple flowering ,raspberry7 #b ,,moneses ,,uniflora 7,one flowered ,pyrola7 #a ,,pyrola ,,elliptica 7,shin ,leaf7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,ericace4--,,sub4 ,,ord4 ,,pyrole4 ,,sweet ,,wintergreen4 ,pyrola elliptica4 ,,the familiar name 8,wintergreen0 is applied by the ,canadians to many species of dwarf evergreen plants without any reference to their natural affinities4 ,the beautiful family of ,pyrolas share this name in common with many other charming forest flowers in reference to their evergreen habit4 ,every member of this interesting family is worthy of special notice4 ,elegant in form and colouring1 of a delicate fragrance and enduring verdure1 they add to their many attractions the merit of being almost the first green thing to refresh the eye long wearied by gazing on the dazzling snow for many consecutive months of winter4 ,as the dissolving crust disappears from the forest beneath the kindly influence of the transient sunbeams of early spring1 the deep glossy-green shoots of the hardy ,pyrolas peep forth1 not timidly1 as if afraid to meet 8,the snow and blinding sleet20 not shrinking from the chilling blast that too often nips the fair promise of ,april and ,may1 but boldly and cheerfully braving the worst that the capricious season has in store for such early risers4 ,all bright1 and fresh1 and glossy1 our ,wintergreens come forth as though they had been perfecting their toilet within the sheltering canopy of their snowy chambers1 to do honour to the new-born year just awakening from her icy sleep4 ,p4 elliptica forms extensive beds in the forest1 the roots creeping with running subterranean shoots which send up clusters of evergreen leaves1 slightly waved and scalloped at the edges1 of a deep glossy green and thin in texture4 ,the name ,pyrola is derived from a fancied likeness in the foliage to that of the ,pear1 but this is not very obvious1 nevertheless we will not cavil at it1 for it is a pretty sounding word1 far better than many a one that has been bestowed upon our showy wild flowers1 in compliment to the person that first brought them into notice4 ,the pale-greenish white flower of our ,pyrola forms a tall terminal raceme1 the five round petals are hollow2 each blossom set on a slender pedicle1 at the base of which is a small pointed bract2 the anthers are of a reddish orange colour1 the stamens ascending in a cluster1 while the long style is declined1 forming a figure somewhat like the letter ,j4 ,the seed vessel is ribbed berry-shaped1 slightly flattened and turbinate2 when dry1 the light chaffy seeds escape through valves at the sides4 ,the dry style in this and most of the genus remain persistent on the capsule4 ,the number #e prevails in this plant2 the calyx is #e parted2 petals #e2 stamens #aj1 or twice five2 stigma one1 but #e rayed2 #e knobs or tubercles at the apex2 seed-vessel #e-;celled and #e-valved4 ,the flowers are generally from #e to #aj on the scape4 ,most of our ,pyrolas are remarkable for the rich fragrance of their flowers1 especially ,p4 rotundifolia1 ,p4 elliptica1 ,p4 incarnata and ,p4 minor4 ,these flowers are1 for the most part1 found in rich woods1 some in low wet ground1 but a few prefer the drier soil of piny forests1 and one of the finest and most fragrant of the species grows freely on grassy uplands1 the larger flowered ,p4 rotundifolia 7round-leaved ,pyrola74 ,the exquisitely beautiful evergreen plant known by ,canadian settlers as ,prince's ,pine is a member of the family of ,pyrola4 ,from root to summit this plant is altogether lovely4 ,the leaves are dark1 shining and smooth1 evergreen and finely serrated2 the stem of a bright rosy-red2 the delicately pink-tinted flowers look as if moulded from wax2 the anthers are of a bright amethyst-purple1 set round the emerald-green turbinated stigma4 ,the flowers are not many1 but form a loose corymb springing from the centre of the shining green leaves4 ,there is scarcely a more attractive native plant than the ,chimaphila umbellata in our ,canadian flora4 ,the leaves of this beautiful ,wintergreen are held in high estimation by ,indian herbalists who call it ,,rheumatism ,,weed1 7,pipissewa74 ,it is bitter and aromatic in quality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,ericace4--,,sub4 ,,ord4 ,,pyrole4 ,,one ,,flowered ,,pyrola4 ,moneses uniflora4 ,,this exquisitely scented flower is only found in the shade of the forest1 in rich black leaf mould1 where1 like ,p4 elliptica1 it forms considerable beds2 it is of evergreen habit4 ,the leaves are of a dark green and smooth surface1 clustered at the base of the running root-stalk and sending up from the centre one simple scape1 bearing a gracefully nodding flower2 each milk-white petal is elegantly scalloped2 the stamens1 #h to #aj1 are set close to the base of the petal2 the anthers are of a bright purple amethyst colour2 the style straight1 with five radiating points at the extremity forming a perfect mural crown in shape3 it is of a bright green and much exceeds in length the stamen4 ,the scent of the flower is very fine1 resembling in richness that of the hyacinthe4 ,this species is not common4 ,there is another variety of the single-flowered ,pyrola that is of more frequent occurrence in our woods4 ,the flower is of a greenish white1 the anthers of a brownish fawn colour1 the whole height of the plant scarcely exceeding four or five inches1 and the scent is less fragrant than that of the pure white single ,pyrola 7,moneses uniflora74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,rosace4 ,,flowering ,,raspberry4 ,rubus ,odoratus4 ,,in ,english gardens our beautiful ,red-,flowered1 ,sweet-,scented ,raspberry is deemed worthy of a place in the shrubberies1 but in its native country it is passed by because it is not an exotic1 and therefore regarded as of little worth4--,like a prophet it has no honour in its own country4--,yet what can be more lovely than its rose-shaped blossoms1 from the deep purplish-crimson bud wrapped in its odorous mossy calyx1 to the unfolded flower of various shades of deep rose and paler reddish lilac4 ,the flowers of the ,red ,raspberry derive their pleasant aromatic odour from the closely-set coating of short bristly glandular hairs1 each one of which is tipped with a gland of reddish hue1 containing a sweet-scented gum1 as in the mossy envelope of the moss-rose of the garden4 ,these appendages1 seen by the aid of a powerful microscope1 are objects of exquisite beauty1 more admirable than rubies and diamonds1 living gems that fill us with wonder while we gaze into their marvellous parts and glorious colours4 ,all through the hot months of ,june1 ,july and ,august1 a succession of flowers are put forth at the ends of the branches and branchlets of our ,sweet ,raspberry-- 8,an odorous chaplet of sweet summer buds40 ,the shrub is from two to five feet in height1 branching from the woody perennial root-stock2 the leaves are from three to five lobed1 the lobes pointed and roughly toothed4 ,the leaves are of a dullish green1 varying in size from several inches in length1 to mere bracts4 ,the blossoms are often as large as those of the sweet-briar and dog-rose1 but when first unfolded more compact and cup like4 ,the fruit consists of many small red grains arranged in the form of an inverted saucer on the receptacle1 and is somewhat dry and acid1 more tempting to the eye than the palate1 but not injurious in any degree4 ,the shrub is more attractive for its flowers than its insipid fruit4 ,we have indeed few that are more ornamental among our native plants than the ,,rubus ,,odoratus4 ,canada cannot boast of the ,rhododendrons and ,azaleas that adorn the ,western and ,northern ,states1 but she possesses many attractive shrubs that are but little known1 which flourish year after year on the lonely shores of our inland lakes and marshy beaver meadows1 ,ledums and ,kalmias1 with many a fair flower that withers unnoticed and uncared for in its solitary native haunts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,veronica4--,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,scrophulariace4 ,,speedwell4 7,,american ,,brooklime47 ,veronica ,americana4 8,flowers spring up and die ungathered40 ,,in the language of flowers the blossoms of the ,veronica or ,speedwell are said to mean undying love1 or constancy1 but the blossoms of the ,speedwell are fugacious1 falling quickly1 and therefore1 one would say1 not a good emblem of endurance4 ,sweet simple flowers are the wild ,veronicas1 chiefly inhabiting damp overflowed ground1 the borders of weedy ponds and brooks1 from whence the names of 8,brooklime0 and 8,marsh ,speedwell10 8,water ,speedwell10 and the like4 ,some of the species are indeed found mostly growing on dry hills and grassy banks1 cheering the eye of the passing traveller by its slender spikes of azure flowers1 and this is often known by the pretty name of ,forget-me-not1 though it is not the true 8,forget-me-not10 which is ,myosotis palustris1 also called 8,,scorpion-,,grass20 the derivation of which last name we should find it difficult to trace4 ,the subject of the elegant little flower on the right hand side of the plate is ,veronica ,americana--8,,american ,,brooklime0--one of the prettiest of the native ,veronicas1 and may easily be recognized by its branching spikes of blue flowers1 and veiny1 partially heart-shaped leaves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v4 #a ,,cypripedium ,,parviflorum 7,smaller ,lady's ,slipper7 #b ,,cypripedium ,,pubescens 7,larger yellow ,lady's ,slipper7 #c ,,iris ,,versicolor 7,larger blue ,flag7 #d ,,vaccinium ,,oxycoccus 7,small ,cranberry7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,orchidace4 ,,yellow ,,lady',s ,,slippers4 ,cypripedium parviflorum and ,cypripedium pubescens4 8,and golden slippers meet for ,fairies' feet40 ,,this ornamental family are remarkable alike for the singular beauty of their flowers1 and the peculiar arrangement of the internal organs4 ,in the ,linnan classification they were included in common1 with all the ,orchis tribe1 in the class ,gynandria1 but in the ,natural ,order of ,jussieu1 which we have followed1 the 8,lady's ,slipper0 7,cypripedium71 forms one of the sub-orders in the general ,order ,,orchidace4 ,of the two species represented in our ,artist's group1 the larger and central flower is ,cypripedium pubescens1 the smaller1 ,c4 parviflorum1 or ,,lesser ,,lady',s ,,slipper4 ,the latter is1 perhaps1 the more elegant and graceful plant1 and is also somewhat fragrant4 ,the sepals and petals are longer and more spiral1 but the colouring of the lip is not so rich and vivid as in the larger flower1 ,c4 pubescens4 ,the small flowered plant affects a moist soil1 such as low wet meadows and open swampy woods2 while the larger species1 better known by its more familiar name ,moccasin flower1 loves the open woodlands and drier plains2 where1 in the month of ,june1 it may be seen beside the gay ,painted ,cup 7,castilleia coccinea71 the ,blue ,lupine 7,l4 perennis71 the larger ,white ,trillium1 and other lovely wild flowers1 forming a charming contrast to their various colours and no less varied forms4 ,the stem of the larger ,moccasin flower is thick and leafy1 each bright green1 many-nerved leaf sheathing the flowers before they open4 ,the flowers are from one to three in number2 bent forward2 drooping gracefully downwards4 ,the golden sac-like lip is elegantly striped and spotted with ruby red2 the twisted narrow petals1 and sepals1 two in number of each kind1 are of a pale fawn colour1 sometimes veined and lined with a deeper shade4 ,like many others of the genus1 the organs of the flower assume a singular and grotesque resemblance to the face of some animal4 ,on lifting up the fleshy petal-like middle lobe which protects the stamens and pistil1 the face of an ,indian hound may be imagined2 the stamens1 which are two in number1 situated one on either side of the sterile depressed central lobe1 when the flower is mature1 turn of a deep brown1 and resemble two round eyes2 the blunt stigma takes the form of the nose1 while the sepals look like ears4 ,there is something positively comical in the appearance of the ape-like face of ,c4 spectabile1 the beautiful showy ,lady's ,slipper1 the description of which will be found to face the plate in which it forms a prominent feature4 ,the most beautiful of all the species is the 8,stemless ,lady's ,slipper10 ,cypripedium acaule1 of which we will treat at some future time4 ,it bears removal to the garden if planted in a suitable situation2 but all these native flowers require attention to their peculiar habits and soil1 or they will disappoint the expectation of the cultivator and end in failure4 ,all wild flowers transplanted from the woods require shade1 and bog plants both moisture and shade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,iridace4 ,,large ,,blue ,,flag4 ,iris ,versicolor4 ,fleur-de-luce4 ,lilies of all kinds1 ,the fleur-de-luce being one4 ,,winter',s ,,tale4 ,,this beautiful flower1 the blue ,iris1 which forms the right hand figure in the group of ,moccasin flowers1 abounds all through ,canada1 and forms one of the ornaments of our low sandy flats1 marshy meadows and over-flowed lake shores2 it delights in wet muddy soil1 and often forms large clumps of verdure in half-dried up ponds and similar localities4 ,early in spring1 as soon as the sun has warmed the waters after the melting of the ice1 the sharp sword-shaped leaves escaping from the sheltering sheath that enfolded them1 pierce the moist ground1 and appear1 forming beds of brilliant verdure1 concealing the swampy soil and pools of stagnant water below4 ,late in the month of ,june the bursting buds of rich purple begin to unfold1 peeping through the spathe that envelopes them4 ,a few days of sunshine1 and the graceful petals1 so soft and silken in texture1 so variable in shades of colour1 unfold3 the three outer ones reflexed1 droop gracefully downwards1 while the three innermost1 which are of paler tint1 sharper and stiffer1 stand erect and conceal the stamens and petal-like stigmas1 which lie behind them3 an arrangement so suitable for the preservation of the fructifying organs of the flower1 that we cannot fail to behold in it the wisdom of the great ,creator4 ,the structure of the cellular tissue in most water plants1 and the smooth oily surface of their leaves1 has also been provided as a means of throwing off the moisture to which their place of growth must necessarily expose them2 but for this wise provision1 which keeps the surface dry though surrounded with water1 the plants would become overcharged with moisture and rot and decay too rapidly to perfect the ripening of their seeds--a process often carried on at the bottom of streams and lakes1 as in the case of the ,pond-lily and other aquatics4 ,our blue ,iris1 however1 does not follow this rule1 being only partly an aquatic1 but stands erect and ripens the large bony1 three-sided seeds in a three-sided membraneous pod4 ,the hard seeds of the ,iris versicolor have been roasted and used as a substitute for coffee4 ,the root1 which is creeping1 fleshy and tuberous1 is possessed of medicinal qualities4 ,at present we know of only two varieties of the ,iris1 ,iris versicolor1 and a tall slender variety with paler blue flowers and rounder scapes4 ,the former is the handsomer flower1 being beautifully varied with lighter and darker shades of blue1 purple and yellow--the latter shade being at the base of the flower leaves4 ,these are again veined with delicate lines and veinings of darker purple4 ,the name ,,iris1 as applied to this genus1 was bestowed upon it by the ancient ,greeks1 ever remarkable for their appreciation of the beautiful1 on account of the rainbow tinted hues displayed in the flowers of many of the species2 especially are the prismatic colours shown in the flowers of the large pearly white garden ,iris1 a plant of ,eastern origin1 and also in the ,persian or ,susian ,iris4 ,the ,fleur-de-lis1 as it was formerly written1 signified whiteness or purity4 ,this was changed to ,fleur-de-luce1 a corruption of ,fleur-de-,louis4 ,the blossoms of the plant having been selected by ,louis the ,seventh of ,france as his heraldic bearing in the ,holy ,wars4 ,the flowers of the ,iris have ever been favourites with the poet1 the architect1 and sculptor1 as many a fair specimen wrought in stone and marble1 or carved in wood1 can testify4 ,the ,fleur-de-lis is still the emblem of ,france4 ,longfellow's stanzas to the ,iris are very characteristic of that graceful flower3 ,beautiful lily--dwelling by still river1 ,or solitary mere1 ,or where the sluggish meadow brook delivers ,its waters to the weir4 ,the wind blows1 and uplifts thy drooping banner1 ,and around thee throng and run ,the rushes1 the green yeomen of thy manor-- ,the outlaws of the sun4 ,o fleur-de-luce1 bloom on1 and let the river ,linger to kiss thy feet2 ,o flower of song1 bloom on1 and make forever ,the world more fair and sweet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,ericace4 ,,small ,,cranberry4 ,vaccinium ,oxycoccus4 ,there's not a flower but shews some touch ,in freckle1 freck or stain1 ,of ,his unrivalled pencil4 ,,hemans4 ,,there is scarcely to be found a lovelier little plant than the common marsh ,cranberry4 ,it is of a trailing habit1 creeping along the ground1 rooting at every joint1 and sending up little leafy upright stems1 from which spring long slender thready pedicels1 each terminated by a delicate peach-blossom tinted flower1 nodding on the stalk1 so as to throw the narrow pointed petals upward4 ,the leaves are small1 of a dark myrtle-green1 revolute at the edges1 whitish beneath1 unequally distributed along the stem4 ,the deep crimson smooth oval berries are collected by the squaws and sold at a high price in the fall of the year4 ,there are extensive tracts of low1 sandy swampy flats in various portions of ,canada1 covered with a luxuriant growth of low ,cranberries4 ,these spots are known as ,cranberry ,marshes2 these places are generally overflowed during the spring2 many interesting and rare plants are found in these marshes1 with mosses and lichens not to be found elsewhere1 low evergreens of the heath family1 and some rare plants belonging to the ,orchidaceous tribes1 such as the beautiful ,grass-pink 7,calopogon pulchellus71 and ,calypso borealis4 ,not only is the fruit of the low ,cranberry in great esteem for tarts and preserves1 but it is also considered to possess valuable medicinal properties1 having been long used in cancerous affections as an outward application--the berries in their uncooked state are acid and powerfully astringent4 ,this fruit is successively cultivated for market in many parts of the ,northern ,states of ,america1 and is said to repay the cost of culture in a very profitable manner4 ,so much in request as ,cranberries are for household use1 it seems strange that no enterprising person has yet undertaken to supply the markets of ,canada4 ,in suitable soil the crop could hardly prove a failure1 with care and attention to the selection of the plants at a proper season4 ,the ,cranberry forms one of the sub-orders of the heath family 7,ericace71 and its delicate pink-tinted flowers are not less beautiful than many of the exotic plants of that tribe1 which we rear with care and pains in the green-house and conservatory2 yet1 growing in our midst as it were1 few persons that luxuriate in the rich preserve that is made from the ripe fruit1 have ever seen the elegant trailing-plant1 with its graceful blossoms and myrtle-like foliage4 ,the botanical name is of ,greek origin1 from oxus1 sour1 and coccus1 a berry4 ,the plant thrives best in wet sandy soil and low mossy marshes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 #a ,,lilium ,,philadelphicum 7,wild orange ,red lily7 #b ,,campanula ,,rotundifolia 7,harebell7 #c ,,cypripedium ,,spectabile 7,showy ,lady's ,slipper7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,liliace4--7,,gray47 ,,wild ,,orange ,,lily4 ,lilium ,philadelphicum4 8,consider the lilies of the field1 how they grow2 they toil not1 neither do they spin2 and yet ,i say unto you1 that ,solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these40 ,,the word ,lily is derived from the ,celtic1 li1 which signifies whiteness2 also from the ,greek1 lirion4 ,probably the stately ,lily of the garden1 ,lilium candidum1 was the flower to which the name was first given1 from its ivory whiteness and the exquisite polish of its petals4 ,however that may be1 the name ,,lily is ever associated in our minds with grace and purity1 and reminds us of the ,saviour of men1 who spake of the lilies of the field1 how they grew and nourished beneath the care of ,him who clothed them in robes of beauty more gorgeous than the kingly garments of ,royal ,solomon4 ,sir ,james ,smith1 one of the most celebrated of ,english botanists1 suggests that the lilies alluded to by our ,lord may have been ,amarylis latea1 or the ,golden ,lily of ,palestine--the bright yellow blossoms of a plant which abounds in the fields of ,judea1 and at that moment probably caught his eye2 their glowing colour aptly illustrating the subject on which he was about to speak4 ,the ,lily has a wide geographical range1 and may be found in some form in every clime4 ,there are ,lilies that bloom within the cold influence of the frigid zone1 as well as the more brilliant species that glow beneath the blazing suns of the equator in ,africa and ,southern ,asia4 ,dr4 ,richardson mentions1 in his list of ,arctic plants1 ,lilium ,philadelphicum1 our own gorgeous orange 7or rather scarlet-spotted ,lily74 ,he remarks that it is called by the ,esquimaux 8,,mouse-,,root10 from the fact that it is much sought after by the field mice1 which feed upon the root4 ,the porcupine also digs for it in the sandy soil in which it delights to grow4 ,in ,kamtschatka the ,lilium pomponium is used by the natives as an article of food2 and in ,muscovy the white ,narcissus is roasted as a substitute for bread4 ,the healing qualities of the large white ,lily roots and leaves are well known1 applied in the form of a poultice to sores and boils4 ,thus are beauty and usefulness united in this most attractive plant4 ,the subject of our artist's pencil1 the ,,orange ,,lily1 is widely spread over this portion of the ,american continent1 as well as in the more sunny ,western ,states of ,north ,america4 ,we find it1 however1 more frequently growing on open plain-lands1 where the soil is sandy loam4 ,in partially shaded grassy thickets in oak-openings1 in the months of ,june and ,july1 it may be seen mixed with the azure blue ,lupine 7,lupinus perennis71 the golden flowered ,moccasin 7,cypripedium pubescens71 ,pyrola rotundifolia the large sweet-scented ,wintergreen1 and other charming summer flowers4 ,among these our gay and gorgeous ,lily stands conspicuous4 ,the stem is from #a to #b feet high4 ,the leaves are narrow-pointed2 of a dark green colour1 growing in whorls at intervals round the stem4 ,the flowers are from #a-c2 large open bells1 of a rich orange-scarlet within1 spotted with purplish-brown or black4 ,the outer surface of the petals is pale orange2 anthers six1 on long filaments2 pollen of a brick red1 or brown colour2 stigma three cleft4 ,the ,lily belongs to the artificial class and order1 ,hexandria monogynia4 ,many flowers increase in beauty of colour and size under cultivation in our gardens1 but our glorious ,lily can hardly be seen to greater advantage than when growing wild on the open plains and prairies1 under the bright skies of its native wilderness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,campanulace4 ,,canadian ,,harebell4 ,campanula ,rotundifolia4 8,with drooping bells1 of purest blue ,thou didst attract my childish view1 ,almost resembling ,the azure butterflies that flew1 ,where 'mid the heath thy blossoms grew1 ,so lightly trembling40 ,,the same charming writer has also called the ,harebell 8the ,flower of ,memory10 and truly the sight of these fair flowers1 when found in lonely spots in ,canada1 has carried one back in thought to the wild heathery moors or sylvan lanes of the mother country4 8,i think upon the heathery hills ,i ae hae lo'ed sae dearly2 ,i think upon the wimpling burn ,that wandered by sae clearly40 ,but sylvan wooded lanes1 and heathery moorlands are not characters of our ,canadian scenery1 and if we would seek the ,harebell1 we shall find it on the dry gravelly banks of lakes or rivers1 or rocky islets1 for these are its native haunts4 ,although1 in colour and shape of the blossom1 the ,canadian flower resembles the ,british one1 it is more robust in its growth1 less fragile--the flower stems being stouter1 and the foot-stalk or pedicel stiffer and less pendulous1 and yet sufficiently graceful4 ,the root leaves1 which are not very conspicuous during its flowering season1 are round1 heart-shaped4 ,those of the flower-stem are numerous1 narrow and pointed4 ,this pretty flower is variable in colour and foliage4 ,its general flowering season is ,july and ,august4 ,the corolla is bell-shaped or campanulate2 #e cleft2 calyx lobes1 awl shaped1 persistent on the seed vessel2 stamens #e1 style #a1 stigmas #b2 seed vessel several celled and many seeded2 in height the plant varies from a few inches to a foot2 number of flowers varying from a few to many4 ,we have but three known species in ,canada1 ,campanula ,americana1 8a large handsome species being found in ,western ,canada20#e and ,c4 aparinoides4 ,the rough-leaved ,bellflower is found in marshes and in thickets where the soil is poor but the atmosphere moist2 it is of a climbing or rather clinging habit2 the weak slender stem1 many branched1 laying hold of the grasses and low shrubs that surround it for support1 which its rough teeth enable it to do very effectually2 in habit it resembles the smaller ,galium1 or ,lady's bedstraw4 ,the delicate bell-shaped flowers are marked with fine purple lines within1 at the base of the white corolla4 ,the leaves of this species are narrow-linear1 rough1 with minutely-toothed hairs2 the flowers are few1 and fade very quickly4 ,the name campanula is from campana1 a bell4 ,the ,harebell has often formed the theme of our modern poets1 as illustrative of grace and lightness4 ,in the ,lady of the ,lake we have this pretty couplet when describing ,ellen3 8,e'en the light ,harebell raised its head1 ,elastic from her airy tread40 ,our ,artist has availed herself of the ,canadian ,harebell to give airy lightness to her group of natives flowers4 ----- #e ,professor ,hincks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,orchidace4 ,,showy ,,lady',s ,,slipper4 7,,moccasin ,,flower47 ,cypripedium spectabile4 ,but ye have lovely leaves1 where we ,may see how soon things have ,their end1 tho' n'er so brave2 ,and after they have bloomed awhile1 ,like us1 they sink ,into the grave4 ,,herrick4 ,,among the many rare and beautiful flowers that adorn our native woods and wilds1 few1 if any1 can compare with the lovely plants belonging to the family to which the central flower of our ,artist's group belongs4 ,where all are so worthy of notice it was difficult to make a choice2 happily there is no rivalry to contend with in the case of our ,artist's preferences4 ,there are two beautiful varieties of the species1 the pink and white1 and purple and white ,lady's ,slipper 7,cypripedium ,spectabile71 better known by the familiar local name of ,moccasin-,flower1 a name common in this country to all the plants of this family4 ,whether we regard these charming flowers for the singularity of their form1 the exquisite texture of their tissues1 or the delicate blending of their colours1 we must acknowledge them to be altogether lovely and worthy of our admiration4 ,the subject of the figure in our plate is the ,pink-flowered ,moccasin2 it is chiefly to be found in damp ground1 in tamarack swamps1 and near forest creeks1 where1 in groups of several stems1 it appears1 showing its pure blossoms among the rank and coarser herbage4 ,the stem rises to the height of from #ah inches to #b feet high4 ,the leaves1 which are large1 ovate1 many nerved and plaited1 sheathing at the base1 clothe the fleshy stem1 which terminates in a single sharp pointed bract above the flower4 ,the flowers are terminal1 from one to three1 rarely more2 though in the large purple and white ,lady's ,slipper1 the older and stronger plants will occasionally throw out three or four blossoms4 ,this variety is found on the dry plain-lands1 in grassy thickets1 among the oak openings above ,rice ,lake1 and eastward on the hills above the ,river ,trent4 ,this is most likely the plant described by ,gray2 the soil alone being different4 ,the unfolded buds of this species are most beautiful1 having the appearance of slightly flattened globes of delicately-tinted primrose coloured rice paper4 ,the large sac-like inflated lip of our ,moccasin flower is slightly depressed in front1 tinged with rosy pink and striped4 ,the pale thin petals and sepals1 two of each1 are whitish at first1 but turn brown when the flower is more advanced toward maturity4 ,the sepals may be distinguished from the petals2 the former being longer than the latter1 and by being united at the back of the flower4 ,the column on which the stamens are placed is three-lobed2 the two anthers are placed one on either side1 under the two lobes2 the central lobe is sterile1 thick1 fleshy1 and bent down--in our species it is somewhat blunt and heart-shaped4 ,the stigma is obscurely three-lobed4 ,the root of the ,lady's ,slipper is a bundle of white fleshy fibres4 ,one of the remarkable characteristics of the flowers of this genus1 and of many of the natural order to which it belongs1 is the singular resemblance of the organs of the blossom to the face of some animal or insect4 ,thus the face of an ,indian hound may be seen in the ,golden-flowered ,cypripedium pubescens2 that of a sheep or ram1 with the horns and ears1 in ,c4 arietinum2 while our 8,showy ,lady's ,slipper10 7,c4 spectabile71 displays the curious face and peering black eyes of the ape4 ,one of the rarest and1 at the same time1 the most beautiful of these flowers1 is the 8,,stemless ,,lady',s ,,slipper10 7,c4 acaule71 a figure of which will appear in our second volume4 ,it is a matter of wonder and also of regret1 that so few persons have taken the trouble to seek out and cultivate the beautiful native plants with which our country abounds1 and which would fully reward them for their pains1 as ornaments to the garden border1 the shrubbery1 the rookery1 or the green-house4 ,our orchidaceous plants alone would be regarded by the foreign florist with great interest4 ,a time will come when these rare productions of our soil will disappear from among us1 and can be found only on those waste and desolate places where the foot of civilized man can hardly penetrate2 where the flowers of the wilderness flourish1 bloom and decay unseen but by the all-seeing eye of ,him who adorns the lonely places of the earth1 filling them with beauty and fragrance4 ,for whom are these solitary objects of beauty reserved8 ,shall we say with ,milton3-- 8,thousands of unseen beings walk this earth1 ,both while we wake and while we sleep3-- ,and think though man were none1-- ,that earth would want spectators--,god want praise40 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 #a ,,rosa ,,blanda 7,early wild ,rose7 #b ,,pentstemon ,,pubescens 7,pentstemon ,beard-,tongue7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,rosace4 ,,early ,,wild ,,rose4 ,rosa ,blanda4 8,nor did ,i wonder at the lilies white1 ,nor praise the deep vermillion of the rose40 ,,shakespeare4 8,the rose looks fair1 but fairer we it deem1 ,for that sweet odour which in it doth live40 ,,shakespeare4 ,,our ,artist has given us in the present plate a charming specimen of one of our native roses4 ,the early flowering ,rose 7,rosa blanda7 is hardly so deeply tinted as our dwarf wild rose1 rosa lucida1 but both possess attractions of colour and fragrance2 qualities that have made the rose to be the theme1 of many a poet's song4 ,in the flowery language of the ,east1 beauty and the rose seem almost to be synonymous4 ,the ,italian poets are full of allusions to the rose1 especially to the red damask rose1 which they call 8purpurea rosa40 ,a popular song in the days of ,charles the #ast was that beginning with the lines-- 8,gather your roses while you may1 ,for time is still a flying1 ,and that same flower that blooms to-day1 ,to-morrow may be dying40 ,the leaves of rosa blanda are pale underneath2 leaflets five to seven2 flowers blush-pink2 stem not very prickly2 fruit red and round2 the bush from one to three feet in height4 ,another of our dwarf wild roses1 ,r4 lucida1 is widely diffused over ,canada2 it is found on all open plain-lands1 but shuns the deep shade of the forest4 ,the bark of this wild rose is of a bright red1 and the young wood is armed with bristly prickles of a greyish colour4 ,when growing in shade1 the half opened flowers and buds are of a deep pink or carmine1 but where more exposed in sunny spots1 the petals fade to a pale blush-colour4 ,this shrub becomes somewhat troublesome if encouraged in the garden1 from the running roots which send up many shoots4 ,in its wild state the dwarf rose seldom exceeds three feet in height2 it is the second and older wood that bears the flowers3 the flower bearing branches become almost smooth or only remotely thorny4 ,the leaflets vary in number from five to nine2 they are sharply serrated at the edges1 and smooth on the surface2 the globular scarlet fruit is flattened at the eye2 of a pleasant sub-acid taste4 ,this beautiful red-barked rose grows in great profusion on the huckleberry plains above ,rice ,lake1 clothing large tracts of hill and dale1 and scenting the evening air at dew-fall with its delicate fragrance4 ,there is1 or used to be1 a delicate pale flowered briar rose1 having small foliage and numerous blossoms of a low branching habit growing in the high oak-hills in the township of ,rawdon4 ,i have never seen the flowers myself1 but have heard the plant described as a rare species4 ,the ,,swamp ,,rose1 ,rosa ,carolina1 is not uncommon2 it is often seen growing at the margin of lakes and rivers1 and at the edges of stony islands2 it will climb1 by aid of supporting trees1 to the height of eight and ten feet4 ,the flowers are of a somewhat purplish tinge of pink4 ,the leaves are whitish underneath2 this rose is armed with rather stout prickles below on the old woody stem but smoother above2 the flowers are more clustered than in either of the other species4 ,the sweet briar is often found growing in waste places1 and in thickets near clearings--no doubt the seed has been carried thither by birds4 ,it is very possible that other varieties of the rose tribe may yet be found native to ,canadian soil1 but the above named are our only known species at present4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,scrophulariace4 ,,pentstemon ,,beard-,,tongue4 ,pentstemon pubescens4 8,flowers spring up and die ungathered40 ,,the wild ,pentstemon is a slender1 elegant branching plant1 not unlike in outline to the fox-glove4 ,the flowers are delicately shaded from white to pale azure-blue1 sometimes varying to deeper blue4 ,the corolla is an inflated slender tube1 somewhat flattened on the upper side1 with a rigid line passing from the base of the tube to the upper lip4 ,there are also two bearded lines within4 ,the lower lip is three-cleft and slightly projecting beyond the two-lobed upper lip2 the stamens are five1 but one is sterile and thickly beset with fine white hairs 7or bearded74 ,the name is derived from a ,greek word signifying five4 ,the root leaves are broadly lanceolate and coarsely toothed2 the upper or stem-leaves narrower1 and nearly clasping the stem4 ,the flowers grow on long branching stalks in a loose panicle4 ,the plant is perennial1 from one to two feet in height2 it seems addicted to dry gravelly soil on river banks and dry pastures4 ,the ,beard-tongue would be well worthy of cultivation2 though less showy than the garden varieties1 it is not less beautiful and keeps in bloom a long time1 from ,july to ,september2 it might be mixed with the red flowering plants of the garden to great advantage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 #a ,,nymph,a ,,odorata 7,sweet scented ,water ,lily7 #b ,,nuphar ,,advena 7,yellow ,pond-,lily7 7,spatter dock7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,nymph,,ace4--7,,gray47 ,,sweet ,,scented ,,water ,,lily4 ,nympha ,odorata4 8,rocked gently there the beautiful ,nympha ,pillows her bright head40 ,,calender ,,of ,,flowers4 ,,pond-,,lily is the popular name by which this beautiful aquatic plant is known1 nor can we find it in our hearts to reject1 the name of ,,lily for this ornament of our lakes4 ,the ,white ,nympha might indeed be termed 8,queen of the ,lakes10 for truly she sits in regal pride upon her watery throne1 a very queen among flowers4 ,very lovely are the ,water ,lilies of ,england1 but their fair sisters of the ,new ,world excel them in size and fragrance4 ,many of the tribe to which these plants belong are natives of the torrid zone1 but our ,white ,pond-,lily 7,nympha odorata71 and the ,yellow 7,nuphar advena71 and ,nuphar ,kalmiana only1 are able to support the cold winter of ,canada4 ,the depth of the water in which they grow enables them to withstand the cold1 the frost rarely penetrating to their roots1 which are rough and knotted1 and often as thick as a man's wrist2 white and fleshy4 ,the root-stock is horizontal1 sending down fibrous slender rootlets into the soft mud2 the stocks that support the leaves and blossoms are round of an olive-green1 containing open pores filled with air1 which cause them to be buoyed up in the water4 ,these air-cells may be distinctly seen by cutting the stems across4 ,the leaves of the ,pond-,lily are of a full-green colour1 deeply tinged with red toward the fall of the year1 so as to give a blood red tinge to the water2 they are of a large size1 round kidney shape1 of leathery texture1 and highly polished surface2 resisting the action of the water as if coated with oil or varnish4 ,over these beds of water-lilies1 hundreds of dragon flies of every colour1 blue1 green1 scarlet1 and bronze1 may be seen like living gems flirting their pearly tinted wings in all the enjoyment of their newly found existence2 possibly enjoying the delicious aroma from the odorous lemon scented flowers over which they sport so gaily4 ,the flowers of the ,pond-,lily grow singly at the summit of the round1 smooth1 fleshy scape4 ,who that has ever floated upon one of our calm inland lakes1 on a warm ,july or ,august day1 but has been tempted1 at the risk of upsetting the frail birch-bark canoe or shallow skiff1 to put forth a hand to snatch one of those matchless ivory cups that rest in spotless purity upon the tranquil water1 just rising and falling with the movement of the stream2 or have gazed with wishful and admiring eyes into the still clear water1 at the exquisite buds and half unfolded blossoms that are springing upwards to the air and sun-light4 ,the hollow boat-shaped sepals of the calyx are four in number1 of a bright olive green1 smooth and oily in texture4 ,the flowers do not expand fully until they reach the surface4 ,the petals are numerous1 hollow 7or concave71 blunt1 of a pure ivory white2 very fragrant1 having the rich odour of freshly cut lemons2 they are set round the surface of the ovary 7or seed-vessel7 in regular rows1 one above the other1 gradually lessening in size1 till they change by imperceptible gradation into the narrow fleshy petal-like lemon tinted anthers4 ,the pistil is without style1 the stigma forming a flat rayed top to the ovary1 as in the poppy and many other plants4 ,on the approach of night our lovely water-nymph gradually closes her petals1 and slowly retires to rest within her watery bed1 to rise on the following day1 to court the warmth and light so necessary for the perfection of the embryo seed2 and this continues till the fertilization of the germ has been completed1 when the petals shrink and wither1 and the seed-vessel sinks down to ripen the fruit in its secret chambers4 ,thus silently and mysteriously does nature perform her wonderful work1 8sought out only by those who have pleasure therein40#f ,the roots of the ,pond ,lily contain a large quantity of fecula 7flour71 which1 after repeated washings1 may be used for food2 they are also made use of in medicine1 being cooling and softening2 the fresh leaves are used as good dressing for blisters4 ,the ,lotus of ,egypt belongs to this family1 and not only furnishes magnificent ornaments with which to crown the heads of their gods and kings1 but the seeds also served as food to the people in times of scarcity4 ,the ,sacred ,lotus 7,nelumbium speciosum7 was an object itself of religious veneration to the ancient ,egyptians4 ,the ,chinese1 in some places of that over-populated country1 grow the ,water ,lilies upon their lakes for the sake of the nourishment yielded by the roots and seeds4 8,lotus-eaters10 says that valuable writer on the ,medical ,botany of ,america1 ,dr4 ,charles ,lee1 8not only abound in ,egypt1 but all over the ,east40 8,the large fleshy roots of the ,nelumbium luteum1 or great ,yellow ,water ,lily1 found in our ,north ,american lakes1 resembles the ,sweet ,potato 7,batatas edulis71 and by some of the natives are esteemed equally agreeable and wholesome10 observes the same author1 8being used as food by the ,indians1 as well as some of the ,tartar tribes40 ,as yet little value has been attached to this charming plant1 the ,white ,pond ,lily1 because its uses have been unknown4 ,it is one of the privileges of the botanist and naturalist to lay open the vegetable treasures that are so lavishly bestowed upon us by the bountiful hand of the ,great ,creator4 ----- #f ,in that singular plant1 the ,eel or ,tapegrass1 a plant indigenous to our slow flowing waters1 the elastic flower-bearing stem uncoils to reach the surface of the water1 drawn thither by some mysterious hidden attraction towards the pollen-bearing flowers1 which are produced at the bottom of the water on very short scapes1 and which1 united by the same vegetable instinct1 break away from the confining bonds that hold them and rise to the surface1 where they expand and scatter their fertilizing dust upon the fruit-bearing flowers which float around them2 these1 after a while1 coil up again and draw the pod-like ovary down to the bottom of the water1 there to ripen and perfect the fruit2 a curious fact vouched for by ,gray and many other creditable botanists4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,yellow ,,pond ,,lily4 7,,spatter ,,dock47 ,nuphar advena4 ,and there the bright ,nympha loves to lave1 ,and spreads her golden orbs along the dimpling wave4 ,,the ,yellow ,pond ,lily is often found growing in extensive beds1 mingled with the ,white1 and though it is less graceful in form1 there is yet much to admire in its rich orange-coloured flowers1 which appear at a little distance like balls of gold floating on the still waters4 ,the large hollow petal-like sepals that surround the flower are finely clouded with dark red on the outer side1 but of a deep yellow orange within1 as also are the strap-like petals and stamens3 the stigma1 or summit of the pistil1 is flat1 and #ab-bd rayed4 ,the leaves are dark-green1 scarcely so large as those of the ,white ,lily1 floating on long thick fleshy stalks1 flattened on the inner side1 and rounded without4 ,the botanical name ,nuphar is derived1 says ,gray1 from the ,arabic word ,neufar1 signifying ,pond ,lily4 ,our ,artist has closely followed nature's own arrangements by grouping these beautiful water plants together4 ,where there is a deep deposit of mud in the shallows of still waters we frequently find many different species of aquatics growing promiscuously4 ,the tall lance-like leaf and blue-spiked heads of the stately ,pontederia1 keeping guard as it were above the graceful ,nympha1 like a gallant knight with lance in rest1 ready to defend his queen1 and around these the fair and delicate white flowers of the small arrow-head rest their frail heads upon the water1 looking as if the slightest breeze that ruffled its surface would send them from their place of rest4 ,beyond this aquatic garden lie beds of wild rice ,zizania aquatica1 with its floating leaves of emerald green1 and waving grassy flowers of straw colour and purple--while nearer to the shore the bright rosy tufts of the ,water ,persicaria1 with its dark-green leaves and crimson stalks1 delight the eyes of the passer-by4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,sarracenia ,,purpurea 7,side-saddle ,flower7 7,pitcher ,plant7 7,huntsman's ,cup7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,sarraceniace4 ,,pitcher ,,plant4 7,,soldier',s ,,drinking ,,cup47 ,sarracenia purpurea4 ,,even the most casual observer can hardly pass a bed of these most remarkable plants without being struck by their appearance1 indeed1 from root to flower1 it is every way worthy of our notice and admiration4 ,the ,pitcher ,plant is by no means one of those flowers found singly and in inaccessible bogs and dense cedar-swamps1 as are some of our rare and lovely ,orchids4 ,in almost any grassy swamp1 at the borders of low lying lakes1 and beaver-meadows1 often in wet spongy meadows1 it may be found forming large beds of luxuriant growth4 ,when wet with recent showers or glistening with dew-drops1 the rich crimson veinings of the broadly scalloped lip of the tubular leaf 7which is thickly beset with fine stiff silvery hairs71 retaining the moisture1 shine and glisten in the sun-light4 ,the root is thick1 solid1 and fibrous4 ,the tubular leaves are of a reddish tinge on the outer and convex side1 but of a delicate light green within4 ,the texture is soft1 smooth1 and leathery2 the base of the leaf1 at the root1 is narrow and pipe-stem like1 expanding into a large hollow receptacle1 capable of containing a wine-glass full of liquid2 even in dry seasons this cup is rarely found empty4 ,the hollow form of the leaves1 and the broad ewer-like lips1 have obtained for the plant its local and wide-spread name of 8,pitcher ,plant10 and 8,soldier's ,drinking ,cup40 ,the last name ,i had from a poor old emigrant pensioner1 when he brought me a specimen of the plant from the banks of a half dried up lake1 near which he was located3 8,many a draft of blessed water have we poor soldiers had when in ,egypt out of the leaves of a plant like this1 and we used to call them the #8,soldier's ,drinking ,cup4'0 ,most probably the plant that afforded the blessed water to the poor thirsty soldiers was the ,nepenthe distillaria1 which plant is found in ,egypt and other parts of ,africa4 ,perhaps there are but few among the inhabitants of this well-watered country that have as fully appreciated the value of the ,,pitcher ,,plant as did our poor uneducated ,irish pensioner1 who said that he always thought that ,god in ,his goodness had created the plant to give drink to such as were athirst on a hot and toilsome march2 and so he looked with gratitude and admiration on its representative in ,canada4 ,many a lesson may we learn from the lips of the poor and the lowly4 ,along the inner portion of the leaf there is a wing or flap which adds to its curious appearance3 from the section of the leaf has arisen the somewhat inappropriate name of 8,side-,saddle ,flower40 ,the evident use of this appendage is to contract the inner side of the leaf1 and to produce a corresponding rounding of the outer portion1 which is thus thrown back1 and enables the moisture more readily to fill the cup4 ,quantities of small flies1 beetles1 and other insects1 enter the pitcher1 possibly for shelter1 but are unable to effect a return1 owing to the reflexed bristly hairs that line the upper part of the tube and lip1 and thus find a watery grave in the moisture that fills the hollow below4 ,the tall stately flower of the ,pitcher ,plant is not less worthy of our attention than the curiously formed leaves4 ,the smooth round simple scape rises from the centre of the plant to the height of #ah inches to #b feet4 ,the flower is single and terminal1 composed of #e sepals1 with three little bracts2 #e blunt broad petals of a dull purplish-red colour1 sometimes red and light-yellowish green2 and in one variety the petals are mostly of a pale-green hue1 and there is an absence of the crimson veins in the leafage4 ,the petals are incurved or bent downwards towards the centre4 ,the stamens are numerous4 ,the ovary is #e-;celled1 and the style is expanded at the summit into a #e angled1 #e rayed umbrella-like hood1 which conceals beneath it #e delicate rays1 each terminating in a little hooked stigma4 ,the capsule or seed vessel is #e-;celled and #e-valved2 seeds numerous4 ,i have been more minute in the description of this interesting plant1 because much of its peculiar organization is hidden from the eye1 and cannot be recognized in a drawing1 unless a strictly botanical one1 with all its interior parts dissected1 and because the ,pitcher ,plant has lately attracted much attention by its reputed medicinal qualities in cases of small-pox1 that loathsome scourge of the human race4 ,a decoction from the root of this plant has been said to lessen all the more violent symptoms of the disorder4 ,if this be really so1 its use and application should be widely spread2 fortunately1 the remedy would be in the power of every one2 like many of our sanative herbs it is to be found without difficulty1 and being so remarkable in its appearance can never be mistaken by the most ignorant of our country herbalists for any injurious substitute4#g ----- #g ,the belief that a decoction of this plant is of use in small-pox has been found by experiment to be quite chimerical4--,j4 ,b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x4 #a ,,castilleia ,,coccinea 7,scarlet painted ,cup7 #b ,,orchis ,,spectabilis 7,showy ,orchis7 #c ,,arum ,,triphyllum 7,indian ,turnip7 #d ,,rudbeckia ,,fulgida 7,cone ,flower7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,scrophulariace4--7,,gray47 ,,painted ,,cup1 ,,scarlet ,,cup4 ,castilleia coccinea4 ,scarlet tufts ,are glowing in the green like flakes of fire2 ,the wanderers of the prairie know them well1 ,and call that brilliant flower the ,painted ,cup4 ,,bryant4 ,,this splendidly-coloured plant is the glory and ornament of the plain-lands of ,canada4 ,the whole plant is a glow of scarlet1 varying from pale flame-colour to the most vivid vermillion1 rivalling in brilliancy of hues the scarlet geranium of the greenhouse4 ,the ,painted ,cup owes its gay appearance not to its flowers1 which are not very conspicuous at a distance1 but to the deeply-cut leafy tracts that enclose them and clothe the stalks1 forming at the ends of the flower branches clustered rosettes4 7,see our artist's plate47 ,the flower is a flattened tube1 bordered with bright red1 and edged with golden yellow4 ,stamens1 four2 pistil1 one1 projecting beyond the tube of the calyx2 the capsule is many seeded4 ,the radical or root leaves are of a dull1 hoary green1 tinged with reddish purple1 as also is the stem1 which is rough1 hairy1 and angled4 ,the bracts or leafy appendages1 which appear on the lower part of the stalk1 are but slightly tinged with scarlet1 but the colour deepens and brightens towards the middle and summit of the branched stem4 ,the ,scarlet ,cup appears in ,may1 along with the smaller white and red trilliums2 but these early plants are small2 the stem simple1 rarely branched1 and the colour of a deeper red4 ,as the summer advances1 our gallant soldier-like plant puts on all its bravery of attire4 ,all through the glowing harvest months1 the open grassy plains and the borders of the cultivated fields are enriched by its glorious colours4 ,in favourable soils the plant rises1 enclosed in a tubular slightly twice-cleft calyx1 of a pale green colour1 attains a height of from #b;ft4 #d;in41 throwing out many side branches1 terminated by the clustered1 brilliantly-tinted bracts2 some heads being as large as a medium-sized rose4 ,they have been gathered in the corners of the stubble fields on the cultivated plains1 as late as ,october4 ,a not uncommon slender variety occurs1 of a pale buff1 and also of a bright lemon color4 ,the ,american botanists speak of ,castilleia coccinea1 as being addicted to a low1 wettish soil1 but it is not so with our ,canadian plant2 if you would find it in its greatest perfection1 you must seek it on the high1 dry1 rolling plains of ,rice-lake1 ,brantford1 to the north of ,toronto1 ,stoney lake1 the neighbourhood of ,peterboro1 and similar localities2 it is neither to be found in swamps nor in the shade of the uncleared forest4 ,for soil1 the ,scarlet ,cup seems to prefer light loam1 and evidently courts the sunshine rather than the shade4 ,if it could be prevailed upon to flourish in our garden borders1 it would be a great acquisition1 from its long flowering time and its brilliant colouring4 ,these lovely plants1 like many others that adorn our ,canadian woods and wilds1 yearly disappear from our midst1 and soon we shall seek them1 but not find them4 ,we might say with the poet3 8',twas pity nature brought ye forth1 ,merely to show your worth1 ,and lose ye quite6 ,but ye have lovely leaves1 where we ,may read how soon things have ,their end1 though ne'er so brave2 ,and after they have shewn their pride1 ,like you awhile they glide ,into the grave40 ,,herrick4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,orchidace4 ,,showy ,,orchis4 ,orchis spectabilis4 8,full many a gem of purest ray serene1 ,the dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear2 ,full many a flower is born to blush unseen1 ,and waste its sweetness on the desert air40 ,,gray4 ,,deep hidden in the damp recesses of the leafy woods1 many a rare and precious flower of the ,orchis family blooms1 flourishes1 and decays1 unseen by human eye1 unsought by human hand1 until some curious1 flower-loving botanist plunges amid the rank1 tangled vegetation1 and brings beauties to the light4 ,one of these beautiful ,orchids1 the ,orchis spectabilis or ,showy ,orchis1 is here presented in our group4 ,this pretty plant is not1 indeed1 of very rare occurrence2 its locality is rich maple and beechen woods all through ,canada4 ,the colour of the flower is white1 shaded1 and spotted with pink or purplish lilac2 the corolla is what is termed ringent or throated1 the upper petals and sepals arching over the hollow lower-lipped petal4 ,the scape is smooth and fleshy1 terminating in a loosely-flowered and many-bracted spike2 the bracts are dark-green1 sharp-pointed1 and leafy2 the root a bundle of round white fibres2 the leaves1 two in number1 are large1 blunt1 oblong1 shining1 smooth1 and oily1 from three to five inches long1 one larger than the other4 ,the flowering time of the species is ,may and ,june4 ,our forest glades and boggy swamps hide many a rare and precious flower known but to few2 among some of the most beautiful of this interesting group of plants1 we might direct attention to the elegant and rare ,calypso borealis1 ,pogonia triphoria1 and ,pogonia pendula4 ,the beautiful ,grass ,pink1 ,calopogon pulchellus1 with many others of the ,orchidace tribe1 may be regarded as flower gems to be prized alike for their exquisite forms and colouring as for their scarcity4 ,these lovely ,orchids1 transplanted to the greenhouse or conservatory1 would be regarded as objects of great interest1 but are rarely seen and little valued by the careless passer-by1 if he chances upon them in their forest haunts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,indian ,,turnip4 7,arum family47 ,arum triphyllum 8,or peers the ,arum from its spotted veil40 ,,bryant4 ,,there are two species of ,arums common to ,canada1 the larger of which is known as ,green-dragon 7,arum ,dracontium72 the other1 which forms the central figure in the plate1 is the most common to our soil1 and is known by the familiar name of ,,indian ,,turnip 7,arum triphyllum or ,a4 purpureum74 ,these moisture-loving plants are chiefly to be found in rich black1 swampy mould1 beneath the shade of trees and rank herbage1 near creeks and damp places1 in or about the forest4 ,the sheath that envelops and protects the spadix1 or central portion of the plant1 is an incurved membraneous hood of a pale green colour1 beautifully striped with dark purple or brownish-purple4 ,the flowers are inconspicuous1 hidden by the sheath2 they are of two kinds1 the sterile and fertile1 the former placed above1 the latter consisting of four or more stamens and #b #d-;celled anthers1 the fertile or fruit-bearing flowers of a one-celled ovary4 ,the fruit1 when ripe1 is bright scarlet1 clustered round the lower part of the round fleshy scape4 ,as the berries ripen1 the hood or sheath withers and shrivels away to admit the ripening rays of heat and light to the fruit4 ,the root of the ,indian ,turnip consists of a round1 wrinkled1 fleshy corm1 somewhat larger than that of the garden crocus2 from this rises the simple scape or stem of the plant1 which is sheathed with the base of the leaves4 ,these are on long naked stalks1 divided into three ovate pointed leaflets1 waved at the edges4 ,the juices of the ,indian ,turnip are hot1 acrid1 and of a poisonous quality1 but can be rendered useful and harmless by the action of heat2 the roots roasted in the fire are no longer poisonous4 ,the ,indian herbalists use the ,indian ,turnip in medicine as a remedy in violent colic1 long experience having taught them in what manner to employ this dangerous root4 ,the ,arum belongs to a natural order1 most plants of which contain an acrid poison1 yet under proper care can be made valuable articles of food4 ,among these we may mention the roots of ,colocosia mucronatum1 violaceum1 and others1 which1 under the more familiar names of ,,eddoes and ,,yams1 are in common use in tropical countries4 ,the juice of ,arum triphyllum1 our ,indian ,turnip1 has been used1 boiled in milk1 as a remedy for consumption4 ,portland sago is prepared from the larger species1 ,arum maculatum1 ,spotted ,arum4 ,the corm1 or root1 yields a fine1 white1 starchy powder1 similar to ,arrow-root1 and is prepared much in the same way as potato starch4 ,the pulp1 after being ground or pounded1 is thrown into clean water and stirred2 the water1 after settling1 is poured off1 and the white sediment is again submitted to the same process until it becomes quite pure1 and is then dried4 ,a pound of this starch may be made from a peck of the roots4 ,the roots should be dried in sand before using4 ,thus purified and divested of its poisonous qualities1 the powder so procured becomes a pleasant and valuable article of food1 and is sold under the name of ,portland ,sago1 or ,portland ,arrow-root4 ,when deprived of the poisonous acrid juices that pervade them1 all our known species may be rendered valuable both as food and medicine2 but they should not be employed without care and experience4 ,the writer remembers1 not many years ago1 several children being poisoned by the leaves of ,arum triphyllum being gathered and eaten as greens1 in one of the early-settled back townships of ,western ,canada4 ,the same deplorable accident happened by ignorant persons gathering the leaves of the ,mandrake or ,may ,apple 7,podophyllum pellatum74 ,there seems in the vegetable world1 as well as in the moral1 two opposite principles1 the good and the evil4 ,the gracious ,god has given to man the power1 by the cultivation of his intellect1 to elicit the good and useful1 separating it from the vile and injurious1 thus turning that into a blessing which would otherwise be a curse4 8,the ,arum family possess many valuable medicinal qualities10 says ,dr4 ,charles ,lee1 in his valuable work on the medicinal plants of ,north ,america1 8but would nevertheless become dangerous poisons in the hands of ignorant persons40 ,the useful ,cassava1 7,zanipha ,manipor71 of the ,west ,indies and tropical ,america1 is another remarkable instance of art overcoming nature1 and obtaining a positive good from that which in its natural state is evil4 ,the ,cassava1 from the flour of which the bread made by the natives is manufactured1 being the starchy parts of a poisonous plant of the ,euphorbia family1 the milky juice of which is highly acrid and poisonous4 ,the pleasant and useful article sold in the shops under the name of tapioca is also made from the ,cassava root4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nat4 ,,ord4 ,,composit4 ,,cone ,,flower4 ,rudbeckia fulgida4 ,,the ,cone ,flower is one of the handsomest of our rayed flowers4 ,the gorgeous flaming orange dress1 with the deep purple disk of almost metallic lustre1 is one of the ornaments of all our wild open prairie-like plains during the hot months of ,july1 ,august and ,september4 ,we find the ,cone ,flower on the sunny spots among the wild herbage of grassy thickets1 associated with the wild ,sunflowers1 ,asters and other plants of the widely diffused ,composite ,order4 ,during the harvest months1 when the more delicate spring flowers are ripening their seed1 our heat-loving ,rudbeckias1 ,chrysanthemums1 ,sunflowers1 ,coreopsises1 ,ox-eyes1 and ,asters1 are lifting their starry heads to greet the light and heat of the sun's ardent rays1 adorning the dry wastes1 gravelly and sandy hills1 and wide grassy plains1 with their gay blossoms2 8,bright flowers that linger as they fall4 ,whose last are dearest40 ,many of these compound flowers possess medicinal qualities4 ,some1 as the thistle1 dandelion1 wild lettuce1 and others1 are narcotic1 being supplied with an abundance of bitter milky juice4 ,the ,sunflower1 ,coreopsis1 ,cone-,flower1 ,tagweed1 and ,tansy1 contain resinous properties4 ,the beautiful ,aster family1 if not remarkable for any peculiarly useful qualities1 contains many highly ornamental plants4 ,numerous species of these charming flowers belong to our ,canadian flora2 lingering with us 8,when fairer flowers are all decayed10 brightening the waste places and banks of lakes and lonely streams with starry flowers of every hue and shade--white1 pearly blue1 and deep purple2 while the ,solidagoes 7golden rod71 are celebrated for the valuable dyes that are yielded by their deep golden blossoms4 ,but to return to the subject of our artist's plate1 the ,cone ,flower3 ,the plant is from one to three feet in height1 the stem simple1 or branching1 each branchlet terminating in a single head4 ,the rays are of a deep orange colour1 varying to yellow2 the leaves broadly lanceolate1 sometimes once or twice lobed1 partly clasping the rough1 hairy stem1 hoary and of a dull green1 few and scattered4 ,the scales of the chaffy disk are of a dark1 shining purple1 forming a somewhat depressed cone4 ,this species1 with a slenderer-stemmed variety1 with rays of a golden yellow1 are to be met with largely diffused over the ,province4 ,many splendid species of the ,cone ,flower are to be found in the wide-spread prairies of the ,western ,states1 where their brilliant starry flowers are mingled with many a gay blossom known only to the wild ,indian hunter1 and the herb-seeking medicine men of the native tribes1 who know their medicinal and healing qualities1 if they are insensible to their outward beauties4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,captitalization of genus and species names is inconsistant and has been left as in the original4 ,hyphenation of some plant names and use of apostrophes in some names is inconsistent and have been left as in the original4 ,modern spelling of common and ,latin names differs in some cases but spelling of names has been left as in the original4 ,obvious type-setting errors and punctuation have been corrected without note4 ,other corrections have been noted below4 ,plates for this book were used for previous publications by the same authors1 one being ,canadian ,wild ,flowers4 ,the plates were used in a different order in this book and as a result some numbers printed on the plates did not match the ,table of ,contents4 ,therefore1 some plate numbers in the text have been changed to match the ,table of ,contents4 ,those changes are noted below4 page #g1 day at ,waltham ,abby4 day at ,waltham ,abbey4 plate1 ,,plate ,x4 ,,plate ,i4 page #ad1 pointed involcure are pointed involucre are plate1 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,plate ,,ii4 page #ca1 supports the stigmata4 supports the stigma4 plate1 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,plate ,,iii4 plate1 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,plate ,,iv4 page #db1 few that are were ornamental few that are more ornamental plate1 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,plate ,v4 plate1 ,,plate ,v4 ,,plate ,,vi4 plate1 ,,plate ,i4 ,,plate ,x4 ,end of ,north ,american ,wild ,flowers1 by ,agnes ,fitz,gibbon and ,catharine ,parr ,traill