,,tudor ,,school-,,boy ,,life ,all rights reserved4 ,illustration3 ,juan ,luis ,vives4 ,,tudor ,,school-,,boy ,,life ,,the ,,dialogues ,,of ,,juan ,,luis ,,vives ,,translated ,,for ,,the ,,first ,,time ,,into ,,english ,,together ,,with ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,foster ,,watson1 ,m4,a4 ,professor of ,education in the ,university ,college of ,wales1 ,aberystwyth ,illustration ,,london ,j4 ,m4 ,,dent ,,company ,,mcmviii ,,contents ,,introduction-- ,,page ,j4 ,l4 ,vives3 ,a ,scholar of the ,renascence vii ,the ,significance of the ,dialogues of ,j4 ,l4 ,vives xviii ,the ,dedication of the ,school-,dialogues of ,vives xxi ,contents of the ,dialogues xxii ,home and ,school ,life xxiii ,subject-matter and ,style xxxii ,popularity xxxiv ,the ,greek ,words in ,vives' ,dialogues xxxv ,euphrosynus ,lapinus xxxvi ,style xxxvi ,characteristics of ,vives as a ,writer of ,dialogues xxxvii ,vives as a ,precursor of the ,drama xxxvii ,some ,educational ,aspects of ,vives' ,dialogues xxxix ,vives' ,idea of the ,school xxxix ,games xli ,nature ,study xliv ,wine-drinking and ,water-drinking xlv ,the ,vernacular xlvi ,the ,educational ,ideal of ,vives xlviii ,vives' ,last ,dialogue3 ,the ,precepts of ,education l ,,dialogues ,i4 ,,surrectio ,,matutina--,getting up in the ,morning #a ,,ii4 ,,prima ,,salutatio--,morning ,greetings #f ,,iii4 ,,deductio ,,ad ,,ludum--,escorting to ,school #i ,,iv4 ,,euntes ,,ad ,,ludum ,,literarium--,going to ,school #aa ,v4 ,,lectio--,reading #ah ,,vi4 ,,reditus ,,domum ,,et ,,lusus ,,puerilis--,the ,return ,home and ,children's ,play #ba ,,vii4 ,,refectio ,,scholastica--,school ,meals #bf ,,viii4 ,,garrientes--,students' ,chatter #ci ,,ix4 ,,iter ,,et ,,equus--,journey on ,horseback #ee ,x4 ,,scriptio--,writing #fe ,,xi4 ,,vestitus ,,et ,,deambulatio ,,matutina--,getting ,dressed and the ,morning ,constitutional #hj ,,xii4 ,,domus--,the ,new ,house #ic ,,xiii4 ,,schola--,the ,school #aja ,,xiv4 ,,cubiculum ,,et ,,lucubratio--,the ,sleeping-room and ,studies by ,night #aji ,,xv4 ,,culina--,the ,kitchen #aag ,,xvi4 ,,triclinium--,the ,dining-room #abe ,,xvii4 ,,convivium--,the ,banquet #acb ,,xviii4 ,,ebrietas--,drunkenness #aej ,,xix4 ,,regia--,the ,king's ,palace #afc ,,xx4 ,,princeps ,,puer--,the ,young ,prince #agb ,,xxi4 ,,ludus ,,chartarum ,,seu ,,foliorum--,card-playing or ,paper-games #ahe ,,xxii4 ,,leges ,,ludi--,laws of ,playing #aih ,,xxiii4 ,,corpus ,,hominis ,,exterius--,the ,exterior of ,man's ,body #baj ,,xxiv4 ,,educatio--,education #bai ,,xxv4 ,,praecepta ,,educationis--,the ,precepts of ,education #bcd ,,index #bdc ,,introduction ,j4 ,l4 ,,vives3 ,a ,,scholar ,,of ,,the ,,renascence #adib-adib ,erasmus was born in #adff1 ,bud 7,budaeus7 in #adfh1 and ,vives in #adib4 ,these great men were regarded by their contemporaries as a triumvirate of leaders of the ,renascence movement1 at any rate outside of ,italy4 ,the name of ,erasmus is now the most generally known of the three1 but in one of his letters ,erasmus stated his fear that he would be eclipsed by ,vives4 ,no doubt ,erasmus was the greatest propagandist of ,renascence ideas and the ,renascence spirit4 ,no doubt ,bud1 by his ,commentarii ,linguae ,graecae 7#aebi71 established himself as the greatest ,greek scholar of the age4 ,equally1 without doubt1 it would appear to those who have studied the educational writings of ,erasmus1 ,bud1 and ,vives1 the claim might reasonably be entered for ,j4 ,l4 ,vives that his ,de ,tradendis ,disciplinis placed him first of the three as a writer on educational theory and practice4 ,in #aeci ,vives published at ,paris the ,linguae ,latinae ,exercitatio1 i4e41 the ,school ,dialogues which are for the first time1 in the present volume1 presented to the ,english reader4 ,juan ,luis ,vives was born1 ,march #f1 #adib 7the year of ,columbus's discovery of ,america71 at ,valencia1 in ,spain4 ,his father was ,luis ,vives1 of high-born ancestry1 whose device was ,siempre vivas4 ,similarly his mother1 ,blanca ,march1 was of a good family1 which had produced several poets4 ,vives himself has described his parents1 their relation to each other and to himself1 in two passages in his ,de ,institutione ,feminae ,christianae 7#aebc74 ,this work was translated into ,english 7c4 #aedj7 by ,richard ,hyrde4 ,as the two passages contain all that is known of the parents1 and give a short but picturesque idea of the household relations1 ,i transcribe them from ,hyrde's translation3 8,my mother ,blanca1 when she had been fifteen years married unto my father1 ,i could never see her strive with my father4 ,there were two sayings that she had ever in her mouth as proverbs4 ,when she would say she believed well anything1 then she used to say1 #8,it is even as though ,luis ,vives had spoken it4' ,when she would say she would anything1 she used to say1 #8,it is even as though ,luis ,vives would it4' ,i have heard my father say many times1 but especially once1 when one told him of a saying of ,scipio ,african the younger1 or else of ,pomponius ,atticus 7,i ween it were the saying of them both71 that they never made agreement with their mothers4 #8,nor ,i with my wife1' said he1 #8which is a greater thing4' ,when others that heard this saying wondered upon it1 and the concord of ,vives and ,blanca was taken up and used in a manner for a proverb1 he was wont to answer like as ,scipio was1 who said he never made agreement with his mother1 because he never made debate with her4 ,but it is not to be much talked in a book 7made for another purpose7 of my most holy mother1 whom ,i doubt not now to have in heaven the fruit and reward of her holy and pure living40 ,vives states that he had the intention of writing a 8book of her acts and her life10 and no one who reads the foregoing passage will be otherwise than regretful that he failed to carry out this purpose4 ,as it is1 we must content ourselves with another passage4#a 8,no mother loved her child better than mine did2 nor any child did ever less perceive himself loved of his mother than ,i4 ,she never lightly laughed upon me1 she never cockered me2 and yet when ,i had been three or four days out of her house1 she wist not where1 she was almost sore sick2 and when ,i was come home1 ,i could not perceive that ever she longed for me4 ,therefore there was nobody that ,i did more flee1 or was more loath to come nigh1 than my mother1 when ,i was a child2 but after ,i came to man's estate1 there was nobody whom ,i delighted more to have in sight2 whose memory now ,i have in reverence1 and as oft as she cometh to my remembrance ,i embrace her within my mind and thought1 when ,i cannot with my body40 ,vives went to the town school of ,valencia4 ,the outlines of the history of this school have been sketched by ,dr4 ,rudolf ,heine4#b ,the foundation of the school dates back to the time of ,james ,i4 of ,aragon1 when ,pope ,innocent ,,iv4 gave privileges to the newly founded school in #abde4 ,the school1 ,dr4 ,heine says1 was first a schola1 then a studium1 then a gymnasium1 and in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was known as an academy1 the name by which ,vives describes schools in the ,colloquies4 ,in #adii new statutes were drawn up for the ,valencia ,academy1 ordaining the teaching of grammar1 logic1 natural and moral philosophy1 metaphysics1 canon and civil law1 poetry1 and 8other subjects such as the city desires and requires40 ,the spirit of scholasticism reigned supreme in the ,valencian ,academy when ,vives was a pupil4 ,the dominant subject of study was dialectic1 and the all-controlling method of education was the disputation4 ,vives thus received a thorough drilling in dialectic and disputation4 ,when ,vives became a convert to the ,renascence interest of literature and grammar1 he was thus well prepared by his experience in the ,valencian ,academy for an effective onslaught on the old disputational methods4 ,how deeply interwoven these methods were in the school instruction may be seen in ,vives' own words3-- 8,even the youngest scholars 7tyrones7 are accustomed never to keep silence2 they are always asserting vigorously whatever comes uppermost in their minds1 lest they should seem to be giving up the dispute4 ,nor does one disputation or even two each day prove sufficient1 as for instance at dinner4 ,they wrangle at breakfast2 they wrangle after breakfast2 before supper they wrangle1 and they wrangle after supper4444 ,at home they dispute1 out of doors they dispute4 ,they wrangle over their food1 in the bath1 in the sweating-room1 in the church1 in the town1 in the country1 in public1 in private2 at all times they are wrangling40 ,the names of two of ,vives' schoolmasters are preserved1 ,jerome ,amiguetus and ,daniel ,siso4 ,amiguetus was a thorough-going scholastic1 teaching by the old medival methods1 and a stalwart opponent of the ,renascence4 ,spain generally resisted the ,revival of ,learning1 and wished to have a ban placed even on the works of ,erasmus4 ,but in the person of ,antonio ,cal ,harana ,del ,ojo1 better known as ,antonio de ,lebrij 7or ,antonius ,nebrissensis71 a doughty champion of classicism appeared and raised a ,spanish storm4 ,in #adib1 the year of ,vives' birth1 ,antonio published a grammar and a dictionary1 and had the hardihood to present his learning in the ,spanish language4 ,about #aejf it was proposed to introduce ,antonio's ,introductiones ,latinae into the ,valencian ,academy4 ,this suggestion was strenuously opposed by ,amiguetus4 ,with the enthusiasm of a school-boy of fourteen years of age1 ,vives espoused the side of his teacher1 and by declamation and by pen supported the old methods4 ,but when he published his ,de ,tradendis ,disciplinis 7#aeca7 more than a quarter of a century afterwards1 he paid ,lebrij the praise which as a school-boy he had withheld1 recognising his varied and broad reading1 his intimate knowledge of classical writers1 his glorious scholarship1 and his modesty in only claiming to be a grammarian4 ,of ,vives' school-life little more can be gathered1 except indeed what in his writings may be surmised to be the reminiscences of his own boy-life4 ,we find glimpses of this kind in the ,dialogues4 ,for example1 in the twenty-second ,dialogue--which expounds the laws of school games--he describes his native town and early environment4 ,in #aeji ,vives went to ,paris to continue his studies4 ,amongst the teachers under whom he studied here was the ,spanish ,john ,dullard4 ,vives tells us that ,dullard used to say3 ,quanto eris melior grammaticus1 tanto pejus dialecticus et theologus6#c ,nevertheless1 ,paris had awakened ,vives to the unsatisfactory nature of a one-sided training in dialectic4 ,in #aeab he proceeded to ,bruges4 ,he became tutor in a ,spanish family1 by name ,valdaura4 ,one of the daughters1 ,margaret1 whom he taught1 he afterwards 7in #aebd7 married4 ,he speaks of the mother of the family1 ,clara ,cervant1 in the highest terms1 and regarded her--next to his own mother--as the highest example of womanly devotion to duty he had ever known1 for she had nursed her husband1 it is said1 from their marriage day for many years through a severe and obstinate illness4 ,whilst at ,bruges his thoughts gathered strength in the direction of the ,renascence4 ,in #aead he suggests that ,ferdinand of ,spain would do well to get ,erasmus as tutor in his family1 for he says ,erasmus is known to him personally1 and is all that is dear and worthy4 ,it is thus certain that ,vives was confirmed by ,erasmus in the study of classical literature as transcending all the old medival educational disciplines4 ,from #aeab onwards1 with breaks1 ,vives' main quarters were in ,flanders1 at ,bruges or ,louvain1 at the former of which was the residence of many of his ,spanish compatriots4 ,one of these breaks of residence was in #aead at ,paris1 another at ,lyons in #aeaf4 ,in #aeah ,vives was at ,lyons1 where he was entrusted with the education of ,william de ,croy1 ,cardinal designate and ,archbishop of ,toledo4 ,the course of instruction which he gave was founded on a thorough reading of the ancient authors and instruction in rhetoric and philosophy4 ,at ,lyons1 too1 ,vives met ,erasmus4 8,here we have with us10 writes ,erasmus in one of his letters1 8,luis ,vives1 who has not passed his twenty-sixth year of age4 ,young as he is1 there is no part of philosophy in which he does not possess a knowledge which far outstrips the mass of students4 ,his power of expression in speech and writing is such as ,i do not know any one who can be declared his equal at the present time40 ,in #aeai ,vives was at ,paris1 where he became personally acquainted with the great ,william ,bud4 ,of him ,vives1 in one of his letters to ,erasmus1 writes1 8,what a man6 ,one is astounded at him whether we consider his knowledge1 his character1 or his good fortune40 ,but more interesting to ,english readers1 is a letter about this time 7#aeai7 of ,sir ,thomas ,more on seeing some of the published work of ,vives himself4 ,he says3 8,certainly1 my dear ,erasmus1 ,i am ashamed of myself and my friends1 who take credit to ourselves for a few brochures of a quite insignificant kind1 when ,i see a young man like ,vives producing so many well-digested works1 in a good style1 giving proof of an exquisite erudition4 ,how great is his knowledge of ,greek and ,latin2 greater still is the way in which he is versed in branches of knowledge of the first rank4 ,who in this respect is there who surpasses ,vives in the quantity and depth of his knowledge8 ,but what is most admirable of all is that he should have acquired all this knowledge so as to be able to communicate it to others by instruction4 ,for who instructs more clearly1 more agreeably1 or more successfully than ,vives80 ,at this point may be stated the chief works which ,vives so far had written3-- #aejg4 ,the boyish ,declamationes in ,antonium ,nebrissensem 7not extant74 #aeji4 ,veritas ,fucata1 in which he designates the contents of the classics as 8food for demons40 #aead4 ,jesu ,christi ,triumphus4 #aeah4 ,de ,initiis1 ,sectis et ,laudibus ,philosophiae1 perhaps the first modern work on the history of philosophy4 #aeai4 ,in ,pseudo-dialecticos4 ,this famous treatise pours its invective and indignation against the formalistic disputational dialectic of the schools of ,paris1 and marks ,vives' complete break with scholastic medivalism1 and his acceptance of the ,renascence material of knowledge and methods of inquiry4 #aeai4 ,pompeius ,fugiens4 #aeai4 ,praelectio in ,quartum ,rhetoricorum in ,herennium4 #aeai4 ,the ,dialogue called ,sapiens4 #aeai4 ,praelectio in ,convivia ,philelphi4 #aeai4 ,censura de ,aristotelis ,operibus4 #aeai4 ,edited ,somnium ,scipionis1 the introduction to which was afterwards known as ,somnium ,vivis4 ,vives here regards ,plato as the herald of ,christianity4 #aebj4 ,sex ,declamationes4 #aebj4 ,aedes ,legum4 ,in this book ,vives made important suggestions founded on ,roman law for the improvement of law in his own times4 ,at the beginning of #aeba ,vives' old pupil and patron1 ,cardinal de ,croy1 died4 ,it was at this time he took in hand his great work1 the commentary on ,st4 ,augustine's ,civitas ,dei4 ,erasmus suggested the work to him1 so that ,vives might do for ,st4 ,augustine what ,erasmus himself had done for the works of ,st4 ,jerome4 ,vives' edition of ,st4 ,augustine's ,civitas ,dei was dedicated to ,king ,henry ,,viii4 of ,england4 ,the writing of this commentary was a huge labour1 and it marks two crises in ,vives' life--firstly1 he fell ill with a tertian fever1 and1 secondly1 he gave up his teaching of youths1 work which he had hitherto strenuously pursued along with his literary labours4 ,in #aebb he wrote a pleading letter to ,erasmus1 begging him forgive his slowness in despatching the ,civitas ,dei4 ,in it he confesses that 8school-keeping has become in the highest degree repulsive10 and that he would rather do anything else than any longer continue 8inter has sordes et pueros40 ,it appears that at the time ,vives was giving three lectures daily in the ,university of ,louvain as well as teaching boys4 ,in the autumn of #aebb ,vives came to ,england for a short visit1 and in the following year he was offered the ,readership in ,humanity in the ,university of ,oxford4 ,whilst at ,oxford he lived in ,corpus ,christi ,college4 ,he had for patron ,queen ,catharine of ,aragon1 to whom he dedicated his ,de ,institutione ,feminae ,christianae1 which was published in #aebc4 ,vives was entrusted with the direction of the ,princess ,mary 7afterwards ,queen ,mary ,i471 for whose use was written ,de ,ratione ,studii ,puerilis ad ,catharinam ,reginam ,angliae1 #aebc4 ,in the same year ,vives also wrote ,de ,ratione ,studii ,puerilis ad ,carolum ,montjoium ,guilielmi ,filium4 ,these two tractates present an excellent account of the best ,renascence views on education1 in ,tudor times1 of a girl and a boy respectively4 ,the ,de ,institutione ,feminae ,christianae already mentioned is one of the earliest and most important ,tudor documents on women's education4 ,it marks the transition from the old medival tradition of the cloistral life as the highest womanly ideal to that of training for domestic life1 in which the mother should be distinguished by the deepest culture of piety and all the intellectual education conducive to religious development4 ,it may be described as typical of ,catholic ,puritanism in the education of women in the ,tudor times4 ,from #aebb onwards1 till after the divorce of ,catharine of ,aragon1 ,vives appears to have spent a portion of the year in ,england1 and to have earned enough money to keep him for the rest of the year in ,flanders or elsewhere1 where he continued his literary career4 ,although he sometimes lectured in ,oxford his time seems principally to have been spent at the court of ,henry ,,viii4 and his wife1 ,catharine4 ,he had times of great weariness in ,england4 ,he writes in one of his letters of his ,london life3 8,i have as sleeping place a narrow den1 in which there is no chair1 no table4 ,around it are the quarters of others1 in which so constant and great noise prevails that it is impossible to settle one's mind to anything1 however much one may have the will or need4 ,in addition1 ,i live a distance from the royal palace1 and in order not to lose the whole day by often going and coming back1 from early morning till late evening ,i have no time at home4 ,when ,i have taken my mid-day meal ,i cannot once turn round in my narrow and low room1 but must waltz round and round as on a cheese4 ,study is out of the question in such circumstances4 ,i have to take great care of my health1 for if ,i became ill they would cast me like a mangy dog on a dung-hill4 ,whilst eating ,i read1 but ,i eat little1 for with so much sitting ,i cannot digest1 as ,i should do if ,i walked about4 ,for the rest1 life here is such that ,i cannot hide my ennui4 ,about the only thing ,i can do1 is to do nothing40 ,vives enjoyed allowances both from the king and from the queen1 and he had other sources of earnings4 ,in #aebd he was back in ,flanders to marry his pupil ,margaret ,valdaura4 ,soon after his marriage1 which appears to have been a very happy one--though with ,vives' frequent travelling the two were often separated--he wrote one of his widest circulated works1 the ,introductio ad ,sapientiam1 which presents the grounds of the ,christian religion and the right fashioning of life by intelligence and temperance4 ,vives next turned his attention to great ,european military contests1 and was a warm advocate of international peace between ,christian powers together with combined warfare against the ,turks4 ,these views he elaborated in #aebf in his ,de ,europae ,dissidiis et ,bello ,turico4 ,more remarkable still1 in the same year1 was his treatise1 ,de ,subventione ,pauperum1 in which he is the first advocate of national state provision for the poor4 ,he would require those who are poor by their own fault to submit to compulsory labour1 and even to help in the provision for other poor people4 ,in #aebh ,vives wrote his ,de ,officio ,mariti1 a companion volume to the ,de ,institutione ,feminae ,christianae4 ,in this year he had to leave ,england for good1 since ,henry ,,viii4 was determined to divorce ,catharine of ,aragon4 ,vives was a strong supporter of ,catharine4 ,it is said that the queen wished to have ,vives as her counsel before the judges on the case1 but ,henry cast ,vives in prison for six weeks1 and only freed him on the condition that he left the court and ,england4 ,vives retreated to ,belgium4 ,in #aebi ,vives wrote the ,de ,concordia et ,discordia in ,humano ,genero1 another large-hearted discourse on the value of peace4 ,in #aeca appeared his great pdagogical work1 the ,de ,disciplinis4#d ,in #aeci he wrote the ,de ,anima et ,vita1 one of the first modern works on psychology1 and the ,de ,veritate ,fidei ,christianae4 ,and in the same year appeared the ,linguae ,latinae ,exercitatio or the ,school ,dialogues4 ,vives died ,may #f1 #aedj4 ,the ,de ,disciplinis1 with the two divisions ,de ,causis ,corruptarum ,artium and the ,de ,tradendis ,disciplinis1 and the ,exercitatio are the great pdagogical works of ,vives1 the first a most comprehensive theoretical work of education1 probably the greatest ,renascence book on education4 ,the ,exercitatio is perhaps the most interesting school-text-book of the age4 ,,the ,,significance ,,of ,,the ,,dialogues ,,of ,j4 ,l4 ,,vives ,,the ,,poverty ,,of ,,the ,,vernacular ,,literature ,,before ,,the ,,tudor ,,period ,it is difficult to realise the position of the student of literature in ,england in the first half of the sixteenth century4 ,the whole wealth of the ,elizabethan writers1 and all their successors in the ,ages of ,milton1 of ,dryden and ,pope1 of ,samuel ,johnson1 of ,charles ,lamb1 of ,shelley1 ,byron1 and ,wordsworth1 and the large range of ,victorian literature1 all this had to come4 ,the modern man1 therefore1 must confess that it was not to ,english literature that the ,tudor student could look for the material of education4 ,even if it be justifiable to claim that modern literature is a more fruitful study than ancient literature1 for the ordinary man1 the question remains3 ,how was the ordinary educated man to be trained in the earlier ,tudor ,age1 when the time of great modern literature was 8not yet08 ,before we can understand the function served by a ,latin text-book of boys' dialogues like the work of ,vives translated in this volume1 we must1 therefore1 first realise the poverty of the vernacular literature of periods anterior to the sixteenth century1 and the consequent delight of scholars in finding ,latin and ,greek literature ready to hand4 8,there is every reason to believe that the ,english language1 before the invention of printing1 was held by learned or literary men in very little esteem4 ,in the library of ,glastonbury ,abbey1 which bids fair to have been one of the most extensive in the kingdom in #abdh1 there were but four books in ,english1 and those upon religious subjects1 all beside vetusta et inutilia4 ,we have not a single historian in ,english prose before the reign of ,richard ,,ii41 when ,john ,trevisa translated the ,polychronicon of ,randulph ,higden4 ,boston of ,bury1 who seems to have consulted all the monasteries in ,england1 does not mention one author who had written in ,english2 and ,bale1 at a later period1 has comparatively but an insignificant number2 nor was ,leland so fortunate as to find above two or three ,english books in the monastic and other libraries which he rummaged and explored under the ,king's ,commission40#e ,the classical writers of ,greece and ,rome1 however1 have always drawn towards them a large proportion of the well-trained scholarly men of each generation4 ,before the vernacular literature existed1 necessarily it was to the ancient classical languages that the literary scholar turned4 ,in ,greek1 ,plato and ,aristotle had written2 so1 too1 ,aeschylus1 ,sophocles1 ,euripides1 as dramatists1 and the historians ,thucydides1 ,herodotus1 ,xenophon1 and the 8divine poet0 ,homer4 ,amongst the ,latin prose writers were ,cicero1 ,terence1 ,livy2 and amongst the poets1 ,horace and ,vergil4 ,on any showing1 such classical writers hold their own high place even if brought into comparison with the greatest of the moderns4 ,the intellectual discipline received by reading their works in the original ,greek and ,latin had its value4 ,hence the sixteenth-century ,english student was trained on those ancient ,greek and ,latin authors1 all unconscious of the great awakening that was to be of modern ,english literature1 into which the twentieth-century reader so lightly enters4 ,the whole of the well-educated1 scholarly1 learned men of the sixteenth century1 in ,england and on the continent of ,europe1 all entered into the same classical heritage4 ,they all honoured the same great names of ,greek and ,latin authors4 ,latin was the learned language1 as the language of ,latin literature1 as well as the starting-point for the study of ,greek4 ,latin1 too1 was spoken in every country amongst the learned1 and even amongst many who were not regarded as learned4 ,latin was1 it is to be clearly understood1 not only a dead language1 but a current1 live language4 ,it is said that beggars begged in ,latin2 shopkeepers and innkeepers1 and indeed all who had to deal with the general public of travellers1 are credited with a knowledge of some colloquial ,latin4 ,church services1 of course1 were all in ,latin1 and youths were taught for the most part in the chantries of the churches1 and even elementary education provided sufficient knowledge of ,latin to enable the pupil to help the priest to say mass1 i4e41 a minimum of ,latin and of music4 ,latin1 therefore1 at least occupied the place in the ,medival ,ages which ,french holds to-day as an international language4 ,when ,laurentius ,valla1 about #addj1 wrote his epoch-making ,elegantiae ,latinae ,linguae1 his aim was not to induce people to speak ,latin--all well-conducted persons1 of course1 did so--but to give them the facilities for speaking correct and well-chosen ,latin phrases1 such as ,cicero or ,terence would have used4 ,the complaint of the writers of the ,renascence times was not that students and the ordinary educated people did not speak ,latin1 but that they spoke it so inaccurately that the ,latin was spoken differently1 not only in pronunciation but also in construction1 in different countries1 and even in different parts of the same country4 ,text-book after text-book was written to expose and correct the barbarisms in ,latin which had become current4 ,for this reason1 in our own country1 ,dean ,colet enjoined the reading of good literature in ,latin and ,greek4 ,colet requires 8that filthiness and all such abusion which the later blind world brought in1 which much rather may be called blotterature than literature10 shall be absent from the famous school of ,st4 ,paul's1 which he founded4 ,the ,renascence influence1 then1 attempted on the educational side to bring the pupils of the schools away from the jargon and barbarism of current ,latin to the classical ,latin of ,terence and ,cicero4 ,the ,renascence leaders had the courage to hope to bring this reform even into the ordinary conversation of educated men and women in their speaking of ,latin4 ,into this aim ,vives entered with the keenest enthusiasm4 ,this will become evident by reference to the ,dedication of the ,dialogues which ,i give in full4 ,,the ,,dedication ,,of ,,the ,,school-,,dialogues ,,of ,,vives3 8,vives to ,philip1 son and heir to the august ,emperor ,charles1 with all good will4 8,very great are the uses of the ,latin language both for speaking and thinking rightly4 ,for that language is as it were the treasure-house of all erudition1 since men of great and outstanding minds have written on every branch of knowledge in the ,latin speech4 ,nor can any one attain to the knowledge of these subjects except by first learning ,latin4 ,for which reason ,i shall not grudge1 though engaged in the pursuit of higher researches1 to set myself to help forward to some degree the elementary studies of youth4 ,i have1 in these ,dialogues1 written a first book of practice in speaking the ,latin language as suitable as possible1 ,i trust1 to boys4 ,it has seemed well to dedicate it to thee1 ,boy-,prince1 both because of thy father's goodwill to me1 in the highest degree1 and also because ,i shall deserve well of my country1 that is1 ,spain1 if ,i should help in the forming of sound morals in thy mind4 ,for our country's health is centred in thy soundness and wisdom4 ,but thou wilt hear more fully and often enough on these matters from ,john ,martinius ,siliceus1 thy teacher40 ,it will be noted that the expressed aim of ,vives is to help boys who are learning to speak the ,latin language4 ,for this purpose1 ,vives realised that the method must be conversational1 that the style of speech must be clear1 correct1 and as far as possible based on classical models1 and that the subject-matter must consist of topics interesting to children and connected with their daily life4 ,the ,prince ,philip1 to whom the ,dialogues are dedicated1 it should be noted1 was afterwards ,philip ,,ii41 the consort of the ,english ,queen ,mary ,i41 daughter of ,catharine of ,aragon4 ,,contents ,,of ,,the ,,dialogues ,the ,german historian of ,latin ,school-,dialogues1 ,dr4 ,bmer1 speaks of the characteristic power of ,vives in introducing1 in relatively short space1 the ordinary daily life of boys1 and tracking it into the smallest corners4 8,if a boy is putting on his clothes1 we learn every single article of clothing1 and all the topics of toilettes and the names of each object 7,dialogues ,i4 and ,,xi474 ,when two school-boys pay a visit to a stranger's house1 we have shown to us its whole inner arrangement by an expert guide 7,,xii474 ,interesting observations are made on the different parts of the human body by a painter1 ,albert ,drer 7,,xxiii474 ,with a banquet as the occasion1 we are introduced to the equipment of a dining-room 7,,xvi471 with ordinary kinds of foods and drinks 7,,xvii471 and if we like we can betake ourselves to the cook in the kitchen and watch the direction of operations 7,,xv474 ,we are told in another ,dialogue 7,,xviii47 of a man's fear to go home to his wife after too liberal a banquet1 and how she would entertain him with longer homilies than those of ,st4 ,chrysostom4 ,when a company of scholars wish to make a distant excursion1 all kinds of horses and carriages1 with their trappings1 are presented to the notice of the reader 7,,ix4740#f ,then1 to show us life under the most favourable of circumstances1 ,vives gives a dialogue on the ,king's ,palace 7,,xix474 ,whilst the general environments of boys' lives are thus pourtrayed in considerable detail1 ,vives is particularly careful to show boys the general features and significance of home and school life1 and regards it as part of his duty to expound1 in the last two dialogues1 some general guiding principles of education for the boys1 their teachers1 and readers of the book to ponder over4 ,,home ,,and ,,school ,,life ,the first dialogue treats of getting up in the morning4 ,the girl ,beatrice tries to rouse the two boys ,emanuel and ,eusebius1 the latter of whom makes the excuse1 8,i seem to have my eyes full of sand10 to which ,beatrice replies1 8,that is always your morning song40 ,then the boys dress4 ,beatrice enjoins them1 8,kneel down before this image of our ,saviour and say the ,lord's ,prayer1 etc4 ,take care1 my ,emanuel1 that you think of nothing else while you are praying40 ,the interchange of wit between the boys and the maid is an interesting picture of child-life4 ,in the second dialogue1 after family morning greetings1 which include playing with the little dog ,ruscio1 the father teaches his little boy the difference between the little dog and a little boy4 8,what have you10 he asks his child1 8in you why you should become a man and not he80 ,he suggests to him that the difference really is contained in the magic word 8school40 ,the boy says3 8,i will go1 father1 with all the pleasure in the world40 ,whereupon the boy's elder sister gets him his little satchel and puts him up his breakfast 7i4e41 lunch7 in it4 ,the father takes the boy to the school1 and 7in ,,iii47 discusses with a neighbour the comparative merits of the schoolmasters ,varro and ,philoponus4 ,the father is told that ,philoponus has the smaller number of boys1 and at once decides3 8,i should prefer him60 ,then as ,philoponus comes into view1 he turns to his boy1 saying3 8,son1 this is as it were the laboratory for the formation of men1 and ,philoponus is the artist-educator4 ,christ be with you1 ,master6 ,uncover your head1 my boy1 and bow your right knee4444 ,now stand up60 ,philoponus4 ,may your coming to us be a blessing to all6 ,what may be your business8 ,father4 ,i bring you this boy of mine for you to make of him a man from the beast4 ,philoponus4 ,this shall be my earnest endeavour4 ,he shall become a man from the beast1 a fruitful and good creature out of a useless one4 ,of that have no doubt4 ,father4 ,what is the charge for the instruction you give8 ,philoponus4 ,if the boy makes good progress it will be little2 if not1 a good deal4 ,father4 ,that is acutely and wisely said1 as is all you say4 ,we share the responsibility then2 you to instruct zealously1 ,i to recompense your labour richly4 ,it will thus be seen that the idea of co-operation and consultation of parents and teachers is no new one4#g ,but the enthusiasm of the parent1 depicted by ,vives1 to recompense the teacher 8richly0 can hardly be said to have continued1 if it existed in the ,tudor age1 outside of ,vives' generous heart4 ,the next dialogue 7,,iv47 shows how boys loitered on the way to school1 their difference in powers1 and in the practice of observations and the self-training of the senses and wits in the streets1 such as made ,r4 ,l4 ,stevenson wonder if the truant from school did not gain more by his self-chosen though casual wanderings than if he had gone orderly to school4 ,an account of actual school-work in the subjects of reading 7,v47 and writing 7,x47 is given1 and the raison d'tre of school instruction in these subjects suggested4 ,the boys go home 7,,vi47 and a most pleasing picture is given of home-life1 with the mother1 the boys1 the girls1 and the serving maiden1 introducing children's games and the interference of meals with games4 ,dialogue ,,vii4 deals with school-meals1 and we plunge at once right into the heart of school interests and life4 ,the sort of foods and drinks1 the different kinds of banquets and feastings1 mentioned in older writers1 the preparation of the table1 moderation in eating and drinking1 the necessity of cleanliness in all the stages of a meal1 including washing up1 become topics of the dialogue as it proceeds4 ,then comes the fitting device of introducing a guest to the boys' table1 of another boy1 a ,fleming from ,bruges4 ,he is asked if he has brought his knife4 ,he has not4 8,this is a wonder60 exclaims an interlocutor4 8,a ,fleming without a knife1 and he too a ,brugensian1 where the best knives are made60 ,the conversation proceeds in ,latin1 since boys were required to speak in and out of school in ,latin1 at least in all self-respecting establishments4 ,the ,brugensian boy has been under ,john ,theodore ,nervius1 and this becomes the occasion for a compliment to that schoolmaster4 ,bruges1 too1 we have seen1 was the town in which ,vives himself spent a considerable portion of his adult life4 ,he does not hesitate to introduce himself1 humorously1 into this dialogue on school-boys' meals4 ,master4 ,but what is our ,vives doing8 ,nepotulus4 ,they say he is in training as an athlete1 but not by athletics4 ,master4 ,what is the meaning of that8 ,nepotulus4 ,he is always wrestling1 but not bravely enough4 ,master4 ,with whom8 ,nepotulus4 ,with his gout4 ,master4 ,o mournful wrestler1 which first of all attacks the feet4 ,usher4 ,nay1 rather cruel victor1 which fetters the whole body6 ,in this dialogue of school-boy meals1 ,vives has given samples of conversational topics1 and their due treatment1 in the presence of masters and in regular daily routine4 ,in the next dialogue 7,,viii471 called 8,pupils' ,chatter10 boys are out of doors1 and a series of nineteen 8stories0 or topics of conversation get started4 ,the subjects are of interest in showing the type of incidents which boys were supposed to introduce into conversation1 and though didactic in tendency1 certainly do not favour the supposition that school-boys were supposed to be absorbed in the study of recondite classical subtleties1 or even in purely ,ciceronian subjects4 ,dialogue ,,ix41 8,journey on ,horseback10 contains the record of what modern educationalists call 8the school journey40 ,the idea of studying geography and history by taking journeys1 in which instruction shall arise naturally out of the places of interest seen in the course of the journey1 is not a new one1 as is often supposed4 ,vittorino da ,feltre1 for instance1 used to take his school in the summer months for excursions from ,mantua to ,goito4 ,vives represents his ,parisian pupil as journeying from ,paris to ,boulogne4 ,the occasion of holiday for the pupils is that ,pandulphus1 their teacher1 has 8incepted0 in the university1 and having thus become a 8,master of ,arts0 7with the right to teach school on his own account71 according to university custom he is performing his duty of giving a great feast to the other masters in honour of his laurels1 and as a matter of fact1 as these boys recognise1 is making them drunk4 ,this dialogue of the 8,journey on ,horseback0 contains a full account of different kinds of locomotion4 ,it is especially distinguished by the love that is shown for natural objects of the country1 the river1 the sweet scent of the fields1 the nightingale1 and the goldfinch4 ,in ,dialogue ,,xiii4 the school is described4 ,each type and grade of scholar is discussed4 ,vives' conception of a school was afterwards followed by ,milton4 ,it was an academy1 in which the pupil remained from early years up to and including the university stage4 ,in this dialogue is the account of a disputation1 with description of the propugnator of a thesis1 and several types of oppugnators4 ,dialogue ,,xiv4 describes a scholar burning the midnight oil4 ,vives describes the extensive preparations of the scholar for his work of reading authors4 ,the account is almost a supplement to ,erasmus's famous picture of the ,ciceronian scholar setting himself to his composition4 ,the dialogue ends with the scholar going to bed whilst one of his attendants sings to the accompaniment of the lyre the lines of ,ovid beginning3 ,somne1 quies rerum1 placidissime somne deorum4 ,it has already been stated that ,vives devoted a dialogue to an account of the ,king's ,palace4 ,similarly1 in speaking now of ,vives' treatment of school life1 careful notice should be taken of the fact that one dialogue 7,,xx47 is concerned with the education of the boy-prince4 ,this dialogue is of especial interest1 since the boy-prince is ,philip himself1 the son of the ,emperor ,charles ,v41 the child to whom ,vives dedicates the ,dialogues4 ,philip was born at ,valladolid1 ,may #ba1 #aebg1 and was therefore eleven years of age when ,vives completed the writing of the ,dialogues and was twelve years old when they appeared4 ,it will be remembered that in #aeed ,philip came to ,england to claim as his bride the ,english ,queen ,mary ,i41 the 8bloody0 ,mary1 daughter of ,catharine of ,aragon1 the first queen-consort of ,henry ,,viii41 whose coming to ,england was probably to some degree the ground of its attraction to ,vives when he paid his first visit to ,england1 in the autumn of #aebb4 ,it is interesting to note that ,vives wrote1 in #aebc1 a short treatise on the education of the ,princess ,mary1 probably at the request of ,queen ,catharine of ,aragon1 and at any rate dedicated to that ill-fated queen4 ,vives1 thus1 is in the remarkable position of having prescribed1 as consultant-educationalist1 for the ,spanish ,philip in one of his dialogues 7in #aech7 and for the ,english ,mary in #aebc4h ,in this dialogue1 8,the ,boy ,prince10 are the interlocutors1 ,prince ,philip and the two counsellor-teachers1 ,morobulus and ,sophobulus4 ,morobulus is a fawning sycophant1 who advises ,philip to 8ride about1 chat with the daughters of your august mother1 dance1 learn the art of bearing arms1 play cards or ball1 leap and run40 ,but as for the study of literature1 why1 that is for men of 8holy0 affairs1 priests or artisans1 who want technical knowledge4 ,get plenty of fresh air4 ,philip replies that he cannot follow all this advice without opposing his tutors1 ,stunica and ,siliceus4 ,morobulus points out that these tutors are subjects of ,philip1 or at any rate of ,philip's father4 ,philip observes that his father has placed them over him4 ,morobulus advises resistance to them4 ,sophobulus urges1 on the contrary1 that if ,philip does not obey them1 he will become a 8slave of the worst order1 worse than those who are bought and sold from ,ethiopia or ,africa and employed by us here40#i ,sophobulus then shows1 by three similitudes1 that safety in actions and in the events of life depends upon knowledge and study4 ,first1 he proposes a game in which one is elected king4 8,the rest are to obey according to the rules of the game40 ,let ,philip be king4 ,but ,philip inquires as to the nature of the game4 ,if he does not know the game1 he inquires1 how can he take the part of king in it8 ,secondly1 ,philip is invited to ride the ferocious ,neapolitan steed1 well known for its kicking proclivities4 ,eleven-year-old ,philip declines1 because he has not as yet learned the art of managing a refractory horse1 and has not got the strength to master such a horse4 ,thirdly1 ,philip is offered1 and declines1 the rle of pilot of a boat1 which has lately been overturned by an unskilled helmsman4 ,the young prince is thus led to recognise that for playing games rightly1 for riding properly1 for directing a boat safely1 in all these cases adequate knowledge and skill is necessary4 ,he himself is led to suggest 7in true pedagogical method7 that for governing his kingdom it will be necessary for him to acquire the knowledge of the art and skill of sound government1 and that this knowledge can only be gained by assiduous study and learning4 ,sophobulus leads the young prince1 further1 to the recognition that helpful wisdom can be learned from 8monitors0 like ,plato1 ,aristotle1 ,cicero1 ,seneca1 ,livy1 ,plutarch4 ,philip asks3 8,how can we learn from the dead8 ,can the dead speak80 8,yes10 is the reply4 8,these very men and others like them1 departed from this earth1 will talk to you as often and as much as you like40 ,surely ,vives has chosen an attractive and reasonable way of presenting the significance of literature to the child4 ,he uses a further illustration in urging the study of the words and writings of wise men4 8,imagine that over the river yonder there was a narrow plank as bridge1 and that every one told you that as many as rode on horseback and attempted thus to cross it had fallen into the water1 and were in danger of their lives1 and1 moreover1 with difficulty they had been dragged out half dead4444 ,would not1 in such a case1 a man seem to you to be demented1 who1 taking that journey1 did not get off from his horse and escape from the danger in which the others had fallen80 ,philip4 ,to be sure he would4 ,sophobulus4 ,and rightly4 ,seek now from old men1 as to what chiefly they have felt unfortunate in this life1 what negligence in themselves they most bitterly regret4 ,all will answer with one voice1 so far as they have learned anything1 their regret is 8not to have learned more40 ,in two points the young ,prince ,philip seems to have risen to meet ,vives' hopes4 ,when ,philip came to ,england in #aeed and married ,queen ,mary1 he is reported to have announced that he wished to live like an ,englishman4 ,he asked for beer at a public dinner1 and 8gravely commended it as the wine of the country40 ,he evidently had acquired courteous bearing4 ,still more clearly1 in accordance with the wishes expressed in the ,dedication1 is the statement of the fact that ,philip addressed in ,latin a deputation of the council which he received at ,southampton1 on landing1 and further that it was decided that reports of proceedings of the council should be made in ,latin or ,spanish4 ,whether ,philip had learned to speak ,latin from ,vives' ,school ,dialogues is not recorded1 but it is not unlikely4 ,the ,dedication of the ,dialogues shows how earnestly ,vives had sought to influence ,prince ,philip4 ,the last two dialogues 7,,xxiv4 and ,,xxv47 endeavour to lay down sound principles of education4 ,the boys 7and ,prince ,philip amongst them7 who had read through the preceding dialogues were not to be dismissed until ,vives had declared to them the whole gospel of education1 as he conceived it4 ,learning ,latin1 even to speak it eloquently and to write it accurately1 is not of itself education2 even to read the sayings and writings of the wise and experienced dead1 and to listen to the exhortations and suggestions of the noblest and most learned of living men1 is not necessarily the essence of education4 ,the underlying impulse of the student1 the roots of his will1 must be taken into account4 ,education is not the adornment of mental distinctions for the sake of popularity or reputation4 ,it is not the acquisition of an additional charm to a particular grade of nobility4 ,it is no artificial appanage4 ,it is not a class distinction4 ,the real argument for education is that it makes a man a better man4 ,if you use the word better it implies the good4 ,vives shows 8the good0 does not consist in riches1 honours1 position1 or in learning merely1 but in a keen intellect1 wise mature judgment1 religion1 piety towards ,god1 and in performance of duties towards one's country1 one's dependants1 one's parents1 and in the cultivation of justice1 temperance1 liberality1 magnanimity1 equability of mind in calamity and brave bearing in adversity4 ,it is in the acquisition of these qualities 7for which learning is of high service7 that we get 8real1 solid1 noble education40 ,such training to the man of court-life will bring 8true urbanity10 and make him 8pleasing and dear to all4 ,but even this thou wilt not set at high value1 but wilt have as sole care--to become acceptable to the ,eternal ,god40 ,,subject-,,matter ,,and ,,style ,in studying a work like the ,school-boy ,dialogues of ,juan ,luis ,vives the modern reader is likely to be attracted much more by the subject-matter than by the literary style of the author4 ,were the chief interest in ,vives' style1 it would be difficult to plead any justification for presenting an ,english translation4 ,but the fact is that these ,school ,dialogues1 in the course of time1 have become1 as it were1 historical documents1 serving a purpose which was certainly far from being present in the mind of the author4 ,vives1 no doubt1 wished his book to be regarded as good and pure ,latinity1 and would have been hurt to the quick if he had been charged with the barbarisms and inaccuracies which it was the very object of the book to supplant4 ,but as for the subject-matter1 he wanted it to contain the ,latin expressions for all sorts of common things which entered into the notice of1 and required mention from1 the young student of ,latin4 ,vives is thus the forerunner of ,comenius1 and when he treats of subjects such as clothes1 the kitchen1 the bed-chamber1 dining-room1 papers and books1 the exterior of the body of man1 and supplies the ,latin for all the terms used in connection with these subjects1 he is exactly on ,comenius's ground in the ,janua ,linguarum and the ,orbis ,pictus4 ,but ,vives is to be distinguished in two ways from ,comenius3--7#a7 he is constantly in touch with the real interests of boys2 7#b7 he is greatly concerned as to his methods of expression4 ,it is partly because ,vives' ,dialogues are intrinsically attractive that we are content to believe they are a true picture of boys' manners1 habits1 and life in the ,tudor period4 ,by their realistic sincerity the dialogues bring with them their own evidence of unconscious reality4 ,but further evidence is to be found in the great success and popularity of the dialogues4 ,for had the details been inaccurate and invraisemblables1 and had there been a wrong emphasis of educational spirit1 it is not likely that the book would have had its extensive vogue4 ,it must be remembered that there were many competing collections of dialogues4 ,vives' ,dialogues may therefore be regarded as being amongst the survivals of the fittest4 ,probably the ,latin dialogues for schools which have actually had the widest circulation are those of ,erasmus1 ,maturinus ,corderius1 and ,sbastien ,castellion4 ,of these undoubtedly the dialogues of ,vives 7#aech7 and of ,corderius 7whose dialogues were first published in #aefd7 throw the most light upon the school-life of boys and the conditions of the schools4 ,an amiable feature of the ,school ,dialogues of ,vives is the introduction1 not uncommon in school dialogue-books1 of well-known persons1 ancient and contemporary1 amongst the interlocutors4 ,in this way ,vives brings before the boys people like ,prince ,philip1 ,vitruvius1 ,joannes ,jocundus ,veronensis1 and ,baptista ,albertus ,leo1 all famous architects 7,vitruvius being an author of antiquity1 the other two nearer ,vives' time71 ,pliny1 ,epictetus1 ,celsus1 ,dydimus1 ,aristippus1 ,scopas1 ,polaemon1 and personal friends like ,valdaura 7one of the ,bruges family into which ,vives married71 ,honoratus ,joannius1 ,gonzalus ,tamayus2 the painter ,albert ,drer1 the scholar ,simon ,grynaeus1 and the poet ,caspar ,velius1 and the great ,greek scholar and educationalist ,budaeus4 ,vives delights in devoting one of the dialogues to describe his native town ,valencia1 and in introducing local references of persons and places there4 ,he also 7in ,dialogue ,x47 refers to ,antonius ,nebrissensis1 the first to use ,spanish vernacular in connection with ,latin text-books4 ,his references to schoolmasters are very numerous1 and include many types4 ,they are probably founded upon teachers known to him4 ,one point further should be mentioned4 ,vives wishes to supply details in the richest profusion in his various subjects1 if for no other reason at least so as to increase the vocabulary of the pupils4 ,accordingly for his subject-matter he quotes and borrows from many of the old writers4 ,j4 ,t4 ,freigius1 in his ,nrnberg edition of #aehb1 not only names the various ancient authors on technical subjects whom ,vives has consulted1 but also suggests further reading of authors1 whom he might with advantage have also quoted4 ,looking on the ,dialogues as a whole1 it is remarkable that so many interests were conciliated1 as if by instinct--e4g41 the schoolboy1 the schoolmaster1 the general reader1 even in some cases the readers desirous of technical instruction4 ,but the unifying factor was the desire of all those and others to learn to speak ,latin1 and to know the ,latin terms for all useful objects4 ,,popularity ,j4 ,t4 ,freigius1 in the preface to his edition of #aehb1 tells us that the dialogues of ,vives were read in his time 8in well-nigh every school40 ,bmer quotes orders for the government of ten grammar schools in ,germany1 between #aefd and #affa1 in which the dialogues of ,vives were prescribed4 ,in ,england they were required to be read at ,eton ,college in #aefa1 at ,westminster ,school about #afba1 at ,shrewsbury ,school #aefb-aefb1 at ,rivington ,grammar ,school #aefd1 and ,hertford ,grammar ,school #afad4 ,these ascertained and official instances are probably typical of very many others1 both in ,england and abroad1 of which the traces are lost4 ,,the ,,greek ,,words ,,in ,,vives' ,,dialogues ,one of the criticisms frequently urged against ,vives is that he used ,latinised ,graecisms very frequently4 ,it is not improbable that this very fact helped to secure the success of the book1 for though there was by #aech considerable enthusiasm in the aspiration of learning ,greek1 there was little knowledge of that language as yet even amongst the learned4 ,to know even a small vocabulary of ,greek words was a distinction1 and to have such knowledge whilst learning to speak ,latin was the basis for acquiring at least a smattering of ,greek knowledge later on4 ,sir ,thomas ,elyot in his ,gouvernour 7#aeca7 wishes the child 8to learn ,greek and ,latin authors at the same time1 or else to begin with ,greek4 ,if a child do begin therein at seven years of age1 he may continually learn ,greek authors three years1 and in the meantime use the ,latin as a familiar language40 ,it was1 no doubt1 the desire of ,vives1 as of ,sir ,thomas ,elyot1 that children should learn as much as possible of ,greek at the same time as ,latin1 and although the introduction of ,greek words into the dialogues would not help the systematic study of ,greek1 it helped to create the atmosphere into which the study of ,greek would find its place naturally enough in time4 ,the introduction of ,greek words and phrases by ,vives into his ,school ,dialogues did not at any rate prevent the book from being in great demand1 whilst the acknowledged difficulty of school teachers in translating the ,greek terms brought about a series of expositions and commentaries on the ,school ,dialogues that almost raised the book to the dignity of an ancient classical work4 ,issued first in #aech1 in #aedh an edition was produced at ,lyons with a commentary by ,peter ,motta and a ,latin-,spanish index by ,joannes ,ramirus4 ,in #aeeb1 at ,antwerp1 ,peter ,motta's interpretation of ,greek words1 together with the old and somewhat obscure points in ,vives1 was supplemented by an alphabetical index of the more difficult words rendered into ,spanish1 ,french1 and ,german4 ,in #aeec ,aegidius de ,housteville published at ,paris an edition1 especially prepared for ,french boys1 which gave the ,french for all difficult ,latin words and included the commentary of ,peter ,motta4 ,,euphrosynus ,,lapinius ,in #aefh was published by ,euphrosynus ,lapinius at the ,junta ,press in ,florence1 an edition of ,vives' ,school ,dialogues4 ,this also included the commentary of ,peter ,motta and1 in addition1 an index of certain words in ,vives' ,dialogues1 with a translation of them into ,etruscan4#aj ,vives' ,school ,dialogues1 we have seen1 had a circulation1 with vernacular vocabulary1 in ,spain1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,italy 7there does not seem to have been any edition with an ,english vocabulary74 ,the inclusion of the ,greek words1 it is not unreasonable to suppose1 met a need amongst learned schoolmasters1 and since sufficient translations of the hard words1 both ,greek and ,latin1 were forthcoming1 the book was made available even in those cases where schoolmasters had not sufficient knowledge to translate all the passages in which the pupils might stick4 ,,style ,erasmus in his ,ciceronianus thus describes the style of ,vives3 8,i find lacking in ,vives neither innate power1 nor erudition1 nor power of memory4 ,he is well provided with luxuriance of expression even when1 in the beginning of a work1 he is a little hard2 day by day his eloquence matures more and more as he proceeds4444 ,daily he overcomes himself1 and his genius is versatile enough for anything4 ,yet sometimes he has not achieved some portion of the ,ciceronian virtues1 especially in the direction of charm and mildness of expression40 7,quoted by ,namche1 ,mmoire sur la vie et les crits de ,j4 ,l4 ,vives47 ,,characteristics ,,of ,,vives ,,as ,a ,,writer ,,of ,,dialogues ,vives' characteristics have been well described by ,bmer1 who says3 8,in the dialogues of ,vives we constantly have the pleasure of listening to conversations rich in thought1 made spicy at the right moments with pointed wit1 so that we are obliged to make an effort to understand the separate words40 ,it may be added that ,vives is always desirous to help forward the cause of learning1 yet1 on occasion1 he can detach himself from his learning and become a boy among boys4 ,he has a strong sense of humour4 ,he can tell a joke against himself1 as for instance about his gout1#aa or again about his singing4#ab ,,vives ,,as ,a ,,precursor ,,of ,,the ,,drama ,it might1 with some ground1 be urged that ,vives and other writers of school dialogues are the precursors of the drama4 ,for not only are there touches of wit and humour in the conversations1 but there is a considerable amount of characterisation in the interlocutors4 ,the right person says and does the right thing1 and situations are sometimes hit off exquisitely with an epithet4 ,it is clear that a training in following the school dialogues in the generation preceding the ,elizabethan dramatists may have had a distinctly preparative place in rendering the dialogue of the drama more familiar and attractive as a literary method4 ,for a preparation in the power of audiences following the dialogues of the ,elizabethan drama may be regarded as requiring an explanation1 when we remember that the interest in and concentration on the dialogue was more urgent than now1 owing to the absence of scenery and the other visual effects to which we are accustomed4 ,the element in the drama which is conspicuous by its absence in the school dialogues is the plot4 ,yet in the school dialogue there is a definite method of construction observed4 ,in the old methods of ,latin composition1 wherever there is a thesis1 the writer must have regard to the sequence of the introduction1 the narration1 the confirmation1 confutation1 and the conclusion4 ,with regard to the school training towards the appreciation of the drama in the ,tudor age1 it must be remembered that the school-play was a recognised institution1 especially the acting of the old plays of ,terence1 ,plautus1 and eventually of ,greek tragedies4 ,the school dialogue1 it should be noted1 was one of the earliest of school text-books1 and its object1 as already stated1 was to train the child in readiness of expression in the speaking of ,latin4 ,the study of rhetoric followed1 and this included not only the study of apt figures of speech in ,latin conversation1 but also the accompaniment of right gestures of the face1 hands1 and body4 ,hence it will be seen that the grammar schools of the early part of the sixteenth century paved the way for an intelligent appreciation of the ,elizabethan drama4 ,for the drama not only requires writers2 to some extent an intelligent response is necessary in the spectators1 at any rate when the plays involve the intellectual elements characteristic of the later part of the sixteenth-century drama in ,england4 ,,some ,,educational ,,aspects ,,of ,,vives' ,,dialogues ,it is remarkable that an elementary text-book for teaching boys to speak ,latin should raise so many fundamental questions in the theory of education4 ,but any presentation of the ,dialogues of ,vives would seem to be incomplete which left unconsidered such points as ,vives' idea of the school1 of the school-games1 of nature study1 of the use of the vernacular in the school1 and ,vives' view of the relation of religion and education4 ,,vives' ,,idea ,,of ,,the ,,school ,we learn from another book of ,vives1 the ,de ,tradendis ,disciplinis 7#aeca71 that the 8true academy10 as he calls his ideal school1 is 8the association together and fellow sympathy of men equally good and learned1 who have come together themselves for the sake of learning1 and to render the same blessing to others40 ,vives suggests that to such a 8school0 not only should boys go1 but also men4 ,he suggests that 8even old men1 driven hither and thither in a great tempest of ignorance and vice1 should betake themselves to the academy as it were to a haven4 ,in short1 let all be attracted by a certain majesty and authority40 ,further1 ,vives informs us that in this academy it would certainly be best to place boys there from their infancy1 8where they may from the first imbibe the best morals1 and evil behaviour will be to them new and detestable40 ,we thus see that 8the academy0 combines our so-called elementary1 secondary1 and university education4 ,the idea of the continuity of education is thus firmly conceived by ,vives1 and1 in addition1 the action and reaction of different ages of the individual scholars of the academy on one another4 ,nowadays1 we realise that the association together of those with the same limitations1 e4g41 orphans1 the blind1 the deaf1 may be a necessary evil1 but that every progressive educational effort should be made to help all those who suffer from such limitations to become capable of taking their places amongst the normal pupils4 ,but ,vives goes much further2 with him1 it is a defect in education to isolate the young from the old1 the old from the young4 ,if all be bent on learning and scholarship1 the differences of age disappear as clearly as the differences of rank and wealth4 ,it is necessary to bear in mind this conception of the academy in reading the school dialogues1 for we have in them little children learning their alphabet#ac and the elements of reading#ad and writing1#ae and we have also the youths 7at our undergraduate stage7 going on their academic journey on horseback from ,paris to ,boulogne4 ,this reminds us of ,milton's sallying forth of students 8at the vernal seasons of the year1 when the air is calm and pleasant1 and it were an injury and sullenness against nature not to go out and see her riches and partake in her rejoicing with heaven and earth40 ,and we have the student of mature age1 in his dressing-gown1 at midnight1 pursuing his classical meditations4 ,thus infancy1 youth1 manhood1 all stages1 come into the conception of education4 ,education is a continuous process lasting throughout life1 and for ,vives the educational institution of 8schools0 should embody and make facilities for the achievement of that idea4 ,in passing1 it should be remarked that ,john ,milton1 in his ,tractate of ,education 7#afdd71 and ,john ,dury 7#afej71 in his ,reformed ,school1 advocate what we may call the ,vives-,academy view of school6#af ,it must occur to every reader of ,vives' ,de ,tradendis ,disciplinis as highly probable that ,milton's hurriedly dashed-off and eloquent tractate was written after a fairly recent perusal of ,vives' book4 ,,games ,the treatises on education in ,tudor times have scarcely been surpassed by any later works in their treatment of physical education and advocacy of games4 ,particularly is this so in ,england1 for in that period were published ,sir ,thomas ,elyot's ,gouvernour 7#aeca71 ,roger ,ascham's ,toxophilus 7#aede71 and ,richard ,mulcaster's ,positions 7#aeha74 ,but outstanding in their importance as these works were1 ,vives in his ,school ,dialogues makes an interesting supplementary contribution4 ,vives shows the value of 8play0 as an underlying spirit of school work1 for the school is a form of 8ludus0 or play4#ag ,the little child1 ,corneliola1 learns the alphabet 8playing10 as indeed children had done at any rate from the days of ,quintilian4 ,indeed1 one of the most charming pictures of children provided by ,vives is in ,dialogue ,,vi41 which describes the mother1 the boys ,tulliolus1 ,lentulus1 ,scipio1 and the little girl ,corneliola1 on the return from school of the boys1 as they engage in children's play and discussion of it4 ,the games named in that dialogue are the games of 8nuts10 8odd and even10 dice-play1 draughts1 and playing cards4 ,vives passes over the question of the moral obliquity of dice-playing and card-playing1 though much was said in the ,tudor period with regard to them4#ah ,vives represents the school-boys playing dice and cards for counters1 and in the case of the cards for money4 ,but substantially he gives the picture of the play without combining a sermon4 ,in passing1 perhaps it is permissible to call attention to the pun in ,dialogue ,,xxi41 where the ,latin word charta is taken up ambiguously in the meaning of 8map0 as well as of 8card40 ,the discovery of ,america in #adib was comparatively recent in #aeci1 and much interest was felt in geographical questions4 ,it is a great mistake to suppose that the classical scholars like ,vives were so wrapt up in meditations on antiquity that they did not realise the significance of contemporary events1 and that educationalists were not eager to turn current incidents to use in the class-room4#ai ,an interesting example of the fascination of ,vives in geographical discoveries is to be found in the dedication of the ,de ,tradendis ,disciplinis to the renowned ,king ,john ,,iii41 ,king of ,portugal1 in which he relates the splendid deeds of the ,portuguese in travel and discovery1 which bring glory to descendants and the obligation to live up to their standard of achievement4 ,in ,dialogue ,,xii41 in the description of the entrance-hall of a house1 a map is referred to in which 8you have the world newly discovered by the ,spanish navigations40#bj ,but educationally more important than any description of the games of the period described by ,vives is the statement made by him of the laws which should regulate all play4 ,the account is given in ,dialogue ,,xxii4 ,vives describes his native city of ,valencia by sending three characters1 ,borgia1 ,scintilla1 ,cabanillius1 on a promenade through the streets4 ,they come to a public tennis-court1 where the game of tennis is described4 ,they proceed to the ,town ,court of ,justice1 whereupon one of the characters1 ,scintilla1 is requested to state the laws of play which he has previously mentioned a teacher1 by name ,anneus1 had written on a tablet which he had hung in his bed-chamber4 ,the six laws of play according to ,anneus are3-- #a4 ,quando ,ludendum8 ,the ,time of ,playing4--,this should be when the mind or body has become wearied4 ,games are to refresh the mind and body1 not for frivolity4 #b4 ,cum ,quibus ,ludendum8 ,our ,companions in ,play4--,these should be those who bring to the game no other purpose than your own1 viz41 that of thorough rest from labour and freedom from mental strain4 #c4 ,quo ,ludo8 ,the ,sort of ,game4--,it must be known well by all the players4 ,it must serve for both bodily and mental recreation4 ,it must not be merely a game of hazard4 #d4 ,qua ,sponsione8 ,as to ,stakes4--,small stakes are justifiable if they increase interest in exercise without producing excitement or anxiety of mind4 ,big stakes do not make a game2 they introduce the rack4 #e4 ,quemadmodum8 ,the ,manner of ,play4--,win and lose with absolute equanimity4 ,no game should serve to rouse anger4 ,no oaths1 swearing1 deceit1 sordidness4 #f4 ,quamdiu ,ludendum8 ,length of ,play4--,until one is refreshed and the hour of serious business calls4 ,,nature ,,study ,it has already been mentioned that ,vives supplies a dialogue describing an academic journey4#ba ,two of the characters thus discourse3-- ,misippus4 ,look how softly the river flows by6 ,what a delightful murmur there is of the full crystal water amongst the golden rocks6 ,do you hear the nightingale and the goldfinch8 ,of a truth1 the country round ,paris is most delightful6 ,philippus4 ,how placidly the ,seine flows in its current4444 ,oh1 how the meadow is clothed with a magic art4 ,missippus4 ,and by what a marvellous ,artist6 ,philippus4 ,what a sweet scent is exhaled4444 ,please sing some verses as you are wont to do4 ,then ,vives introduces some lines by ,angelus ,politian praising the joy of peaceful1 silent days which pass by without the agitation of ambition and the allurement of luxury1 with blamelessness1 though we work as with the labour of the poor man4 ,again#bb3-- ,bambalio4 ,listen1 there is the nightingale6 ,graculus4 ,where is she8 ,bambalio4 ,don't you see her there1 sitting on that branch8 ,listen how ardently she sings1 nor does she leave off4 ,nugo4 7,as ,martial says7 ,flet philomela nefas4 7,the nightingale bemoans any injustice47 ,graculus4 ,what a wonder she carols so sweetly when she is away from ,attica where the very waves of the sea dash upon the shore1 not without their rhythm4 ,then ,nugo tells the story of the nightingale and cuckoo4#bc ,one more instance4 ,several boys are out for a morning walk3-- ,malvenda4 ,don't let us take our walk as if in a rush1 but slowly and gently4444 ,joannius after contemplating the view4 ,there is no sense which has not a lordly enjoyment6 ,first1 the eyes6 what varied colours1 what clothing of the earth and trees1 what tapestry6 ,what paintings are comparable with this view8444 ,not without truth has the ,spanish poet1 ,juan de ,mena1 called ,may the painter of the earth4 ,then the ear4 ,how delightful to hear the singing of birds1 and especially the nightingale4 ,listen to her 7as she sings in the thicket7 from whom1 as ,pliny says1 issues the modulated sound of the completed science of music4444 ,in very fact1 you have1 as it were1 the whole study and school of music in the nightingale4 ,her little ones ponder and listen to the notes which they imitate4 ,the tiny disciple listens with keen intentness 7would that our teachers received like attention67 and gives back the sound4444 ,add to this there is a sweet scent breathing in from every side1 from the meadows1 from the crops1 from the trees1 even from the fallow-land and neglected fields4 ,,wine-,,drinking ,,and ,,water-,,drinking ,there can be little doubt even from the descriptions of feasts in the ,school ,dialogues of ,vives1 as well as of ,mosellanus and ,erasmus1 that drunkenness was not uncommon even amongst teachers in the ,tudor period4#bd ,vives distinguished himself by boldly advocating the claims of water against those of wines and beer4 ,in ,dialogue ,,xi41 8,getting dressed and a ,morning ,constitutional10 we read speaking of the food for breakfast1 after the walk3-- ,malvenda4 ,shall we have wine to drink8 ,bellinus4 ,by no means1--but beer1 and that of the weakest1 of yellow ,lyons1 or else pure and liquid water drawn from the ,latin or ,greek well4 ,malvenda4 ,which do you call the ,latin well and the ,greek well8 ,bellinus4 ,vives is accustomed to call the well close to the gate the ,greek well2 that one further off he calls the ,latin well4 ,he will give you his reasons for the names when you meet him4 ,j4 ,t4 ,freigius1 who is always ready to supply what ,vives omits1 gives in his commentary the reasons for ,vives4 ,the ,greek well is the well close to the gate1 because the ,greek language is closer to the sources of language2 the 8,latin0 well1 for similar reasons1 is further off from the gate4 ,in ,dialogue ,,xvii41 called 8,the ,banquet10 we read3-- ,scopas4 ,don't give one too much water 7i4e4 in his wine74 ,don't you know the old proverb1 8,you spoil wine1 when you pour water into it08 ,democritus4 ,yes1 then you spoil both the water and the wine4 ,polaemon4 ,i would rather spoil them both than be spoiled by one of them4 ,but it is in ,dialogue ,,xviii1 on 8,drunkenness10 that ,vives specially launches his thunderbolts against excessive drinking4 ,with the institution of lessons on temperance in schools under some ,local ,education ,authorities in ,england1 we have a return to the methods of ,vives4 ,for in the school dialogue referred to we have the matter put very strongly1 and probably ,vives' statements would not prove unacceptable to modern teachers of this recently re-introduced subject4 ,after describing the moral effects of drunkenness1 one of the characters says3 8,who would not prefer to be shut up at home with a dog or a cat than with a drunkard8 ,for those animals have more intellect in them than the drunkard40 ,another character remarks3 8,when you drink1 you treat wine as you like4 ,when you have drunk1 it will treat you as it likes40 ,,the ,,vernacular ,it is surprising to find that though ,vives1 in #aech1 produced his ,school ,dialogues for the purpose of teaching children to speak ,latin1 and though he regarded early and thorough acquaintance with ,latin1 both for purposes of speaking and writing1 as the very mark and seal of a well-educated man1 there was no learned man of his age who went so far in advocacy of the importance of the teaching in the vernacular of the pupil at a still younger age4 ,as this constitutes one of the grounds upon which the pre-eminence of ,vives as an educationalist would be rested1 as for instance in comparison with ,erasmus1 it may not be altogether irrelevant to quote here the translation of a passage from the ,de ,tradendis ,disciplinis explaining ,vives' views on this subject4 8,the scholars should first speak in their homes their mother tongue1 which is born with them1 and the teacher should correct their mistakes4 ,then they should1 little by little1 learn ,latin4 ,next let them intermingle with the vernacular what they have heard in ,latin from their teacher1 or what they themselves have learned4 ,thus1 at first1 their language should be a mixture of the mother-tongue and ,latin4 ,but outside the school they should speak the mother-tongue so that they should not become accustomed to a hotch-potch of languages4444 ,gradually the development advances and the scholars become ,latinists in the narrower sense4 ,now must they seek to express their thoughts in ,latin1 for nothing serves so much to the learning of a language as continuous practice in it4 ,he who is ashamed to speak a language has no talent for it4 ,he who refuses to speak ,latin after he has been learning it for a year must be punished according to his age and circumstances40#be ,so much for the pupil's knowledge of the vernacular4 ,still more emphatically ,vives speaks with regard to the necessity of a thorough knowledge of the vernacular by the teacher4 8,let the teacher know the mother-tongue of his boys1 so that by this means1 with the more ease and readiness1 he may teach the learned languages4 ,for unless he makes use of the right and proper expressions in the mother-tongue1 he will certainly mislead the boys1 and the error thus imbibed will accompany them persistently as they grow up and become men4 ,how can boys understand anything sufficiently well in their own language unless the words are said with the utmost clearness4 ,let the teacher preserve in his memory all the old forms of vernacular words1 and let him develop the knowledge not only of modern forms1 but also of the old words and those which have gone out of use1 and let him be as it were the guardian of the treasury of his language40#bf ,,the ,,educational ,,ideal ,,of ,,vives ,it has been usual to enter to the credit of the ,protestantism of ,john ,sturm and ,maturinus ,corderius the educational ideal of pietas literata4 ,no doubt the seventeenth-century ,huguenots of ,france and the ,puritans of ,england were distinguished by this double educational aim of piety and culture4 ,but it was characteristic also of the earlier ,catholic world of ,erasmus and of ,vives4 ,rising above the ordinary level of the scholars of the ,italian ,renascence1 ,erasmus and ,vives had higher sympathy and delight in children4 ,erasmus dedicated his ,colloquia or ,dialogues 7in #aebd7 to the little child ,john ,erasmius ,froben1 the son of the renowned publisher ,froben of ,basle4 8,you have arrived10 he says1 8at an age than which none happier occurs in the course of life for imbibing the seeds of literature and of piety4444 ,the ,lord ,jesus keep the present season of your life pure from all pollutions1 and ever lead you on to better things40 ,so1 too1 in #aech1 ,juan ,luis ,vives dedicated his ,school ,dialogues to a child1 the eleven-years-old boy--,prince ,philip4 ,both ,erasmus and ,vives believed in early training in religious instruction4 ,vives writes as follows on religious education3 8,who is there who has considered the power and loftiness of the mind1 its understanding of the most remarkable things1 and through understanding love of them1 and from love the desire to unite himself with them1 who does not perceive clearly that man was formed1 not for food1 clothing1 and habitation1 not for difficult1 secret1 and vexatious knowledge1 but to develop the desire to know ,god more truly1 to participate in ,his ,divine ,nature and ,his ,eternity8444 ,since piety is the only way of perfecting man1 and accomplishing the end for which he was formed1 therefore piety is of all things the one thing necessary4 ,without the others man can be perfected and complete2 without this1 he cannot but be most miserable40#bg ,in one passage ,vives remarks that the strength of religion is developed by its exercise rather than by any theoretical knowledge4 ,for this reason1 when meals are described in the ,school ,dialogues1 we find some form of grace1 before and after the meal1 duly said4 ,the tone of the ,dialogues is reverential4 ,a4 ,j4 ,namche says#bh that in the ,dialogues 8,vives brings a sense of decency1 respect for morals1 the fear so laudable of doing any violence to the innocence of young people4 ,we know well enough that ,erasmus is far from being irreproachable in this respect1 and that his language is free sometimes even to the extent of cynicism40 ,without wishing to follow ,namche in the comparison of the moral aspects of ,erasmus and ,vives in their dialogues1 a claim may be made for both that they were eager advocates in the joining of piety with culture1 and that both ,erasmus and ,vives1 each in his own way1 did valiant work in endeavouring to raise the standard of manners and morals as well as to promote piety in young and old4 ,there can1 however1 be no doubt that ,vives deserved the high reputation which he received of reverence for the morals of youth4 ,peter ,motta is full of enthusiasm for ,vives in this respect4 ,in the ,preface to his ,commentary on ,vives' ,school ,dialogues1 ,motta says3 8,by reading other books such as those of ,terence and ,plautus1 you can undoubtedly get extracts which show the fruit of eloquence4 ,but who can avoid seeing that in them you will find incitements to vices1 and stumbling blocks to morals8 ,now1 in our author ,vives1 you will find little flowers of ,latin elegance which he has brought together from various most renowned authors1 whilst there is nothing in his work which does not seem to suggest even the ,christ1 or at least the highest morality and sound education40 ,this may be regarded as the exaggerated language of an admirer1 but the reverential tone of ,vives is clear enough1 reminding one of ,vittorino da ,feltre1 of whom it was said that he went to his teacher's desk each day as if to an altar4 ,,vives' ,,last ,,dialogue3 ,,the ,,precepts ,,of ,,education ,vives lays down twenty-four ,precepts of ,education4 ,some critics have thought such precepts out of place in a book written for boys4 ,but ,vives has done all he could to interest boys on their own level4 ,he has always retained the boy in himself1 and has spoken from the fulness of his heart1 as a boy1 in the dialogues4 ,and as he parts company with boys in these dialogues1 he wishes1 as all true1 older human beings must wish1 for once at least to give of his best to the young4 ,he will give back to the boys who have followed him through the ,dialogues 7as a teacher who is a 8good sort07 a full reward for their trouble4 ,he will pay them the compliment of treating them seriously4 ,this seems a right instinct4 ,it is not priggish 7as some seem to think7 to give of a man's best to a boy or to boys at the right moment4 ,when once a boy is sure there is 8the boy0 in any man he knows1 there is no camaraderie he delights in such as that which allows him to see a little of the man1--to jump1 so to say1 on the man's mental shoulders to catch a better glimpse of the far distance4 ,when ,john ,thomas ,freigius--grown up into the classical scholar--looks back1 in his ,preface to his edition of ,vives' ,school ,dialogues1 he says3 8,as a boy1 ,i so loved ,luis ,vives that not even now do ,i feel my old love for him has faded away from my mind40 ,perhaps the last dialogue1 with its twenty-four precepts1 did not cause the love of ,freigius for ,vives1 but the love being there1 it continued in spite of having to read the precepts4 ,anyway1 ,vives1 who had turned aside from the weighty problems of learning and literature1 where he belonged to the great triumvirate of writers of his day--enthroned by contemporary judges by the side of the great ,erasmus and the great ,budaeus--stated the precepts which1 in his view1 should guide1 not only his book of dialogues and the schools1 but all stages of culture4 ,boys brought up on these precepts1 and retaining them as principles of education in their later life1 might perhaps have cheered the heart of ,vives by showing that he had abstained from his higher studies to some purpose when he wrote his ,school ,dialogues4 ,at any rate1 for the modern reader1 there is the satisfaction of knowing1 when he reads the ,school ,dialogues of ,vives1 that he is reading a work which won the approval of children4 ,with all our modern advance1 of which of the writers of our text-books to-day would present-day children say as much as was said of this sixteenth-century scholar1 who merely wrote a text-book to help boys of the ,tudor ,age to speak ,latin6--8,as a boy ,i so loved ,luis ,vives that not even now do ,i feel my old love for him has faded away from my mind40 ,,note ,the short summaries or headings to each dialogue in the text are translations from the edition of ,vives' ,dialogues by ,john ,thomas ,freigius1 published at ,nrnberg1 #aehb4 ,after each dialogue ,freigius provides a commentary1 by far the most complete of any commentator on ,vives' book1 giving illustrative quotations and notes on obscure points1 and giving references to the ancient sources from which technical expressions were taken by ,vives4 ,the headings of the sub-sections of each dialogue as given in the present translation are taken from ,freigius4 ,they are not a part of the original text of ,vives4 ,the above is the most scholarly and thorough edition of the ,dialogues1 but it may be noted that ,dr4 ,bmer#bi has distinguished over one hundred editions of the book1 showing its popularity not only in the sixteenth century but its continued interest in still later generations of the study of ,latin speech4 ,,tudor ,,school-,,boy ,,life ,i ,,surrectio ,,matutina--,getting up in the ,morning ,,beatrix ,,puella1 ,,emanuel1 ,,eusebius ,dialogue 7,latin--colloquium1 collocutio1 sermo7 is so called from 1 in which sort of composition ,plato was the first to delight4 ,in this first dialogue or discourse 7sermone7 there are laid down five duties1 which should be performed carefully in the morning by youths and boys1 viz4 to rise betimes 7because early morning is the friend to studies71 to dress1 to comb the hair1 to wash1 to pray4 ,beat4 ,may ,jesus ,christ awake you from the sleep of all vice4 ,o you boys1 are you ever going to wake up to-day8 ,euseb4 ,i don't know what has fallen on my eyes4 ,i seem to have them full of sand4 ,i4 ,getting ,up ,beat4 ,that is always your morning song--quite an old one4 ,i shall open both the wooden and the glass windows1 so that the morning shall strike brightly on your eyes from both4 ,get up6 ,get up6 ,euseb4 ,is it already morning8 ,,ii4 ,dressing ,beat4 ,it is nearer mid-day than the dawn4 ,emanuel1 do you want another shirt8 ,eman4 ,i don't now need anything4 ,this is clean enough4 ,i will take another to-morrow4 ,please give me my stomacher4 ,beat4 ,which8 ,the single thickness or the double thickness8 ,eman4 ,which you like4 ,i don't mind4 ,give me the single thickness so that ,i may be less heavy for playing ball 7pila7 to-day4 ,beat4 ,this is always your custom4 ,you think of your play before your school-work4 ,eman4 ,what do you say1 you stupid6 ,when school itself is called play 7ludus74 ,beat4 ,i don't understand your playing with grammar and logic 7grammaticationes et sophismata74 ,eman4 ,give me the leathern shoe-straps4 ,beat4 ,they are torn to pieces4 ,take the silken ones as your schoolmaster has ordered4 ,what now8 ,will you have the breeches and long stockings as it is summer8 ,eman4 ,no1 indeed4 ,give me only the long stockings4 ,please1 fasten them for me4 ,beat4 ,what6 ,have you arms of hay or of butter8 ,eman4 ,no1 indeed4 ,they are sewn together with threads4 ,alas6 what straps 7i4e4 points7 have you given me1 without supports and all torn6 ,beat4 ,don't you remember that yesterday at dice-playing you lost the others altogether8 ,eman4 ,how do you know8 ,beat4 ,i observed you through a chink in the door as you were playing with ,guzmanulus4 ,eman4 ,oh6 ,i beg that you won't tell the teacher4 ,beat4 ,no1 but ,i will tell him if ever you call me 8ugly0 again1 as you are accustomed to do4 ,eman4 ,what if ,i call you greedy8 ,beat4 ,call me what you will1 but not ugly4 ,eman4 ,give me my shoes4 ,beat4 ,which8 ,those with the long straps 7i4e4 sandals78 ,eman4 ,those covered against the mud4 ,beat4 ,against the dry mud1 which they call dust4 ,but thou doest well1 for on the open road the strap gets broken and the buckle lost4 ,eman4 ,put them on1 ,i beg4 ,beat4 ,do it yourself4 ,eman4 ,i cannot bend myself4 ,beat4 ,you could easily bend1 but your laziness makes it difficult1 or have you swallowed a sword as the mountebank did four days ago8 ,are you now so delicate8 ,what will happen to you as you grow up8 ,eman4 ,tie a double knot--for it is more elegant4 ,beat4 ,certainly not1 for then the knot would be loosened at that point and the shoe would fall from your foot4 ,it is better either to have a double drawing tight or one knot and one loop4 ,take your tunic with long sleeves and your woven girdle4 ,eman4 ,no1 certainly not that1 but the leathern hunting girdle4 ,beat4 ,your mother forbids that2 do you wish to have everything according to your own caprice8 ,and yesterday you broke the pin of the clasp6 ,eman4 ,i could not otherwise unbuckle it4 ,then give me that red one made of linen cloth4 ,,iii4 ,using the ,comb ,beat4 ,take it1 put your ,french girdle on4 ,comb your head first with the thinner1 then with the thicker teeth1 place your cap on your head1 so as not to throw it to the back of your head1 as is your custom1 or on to your forehead down to your eyes4 ,eman4 ,let us at last go out4 ,beat4 ,what1 without having washed your hands and face6 ,eman4 ,with your worrying curiosity you would have already plagued a bull to death1 let alone a man4 ,you think you are clothing not a boy1 but a bride4 ,,iv4 ,washing ,beat4 ,eusebius1 bring a wash-basin and a pitcher4 ,raise it to a fair height2 let the water drop out rather than pour it from the stopple4 ,wash thoroughly that dirt from the joints of the fingers4 ,cleanse the mouth and use water for gargling4 ,rub the eyelids and eyebrows1 then the glands of the neck under the ears vigorously4 ,then take a cloth and dry yourself4 ,immortal ,god6 that it should be necessary to admonish you as to all these things1 one by one1 and that you should do nothing of your own thought4 ,eman4 ,ah6 you are too much of a boss and too rude6 ,v4 ,prayer ,beat4 ,and you are too shrewd and pretty a boy4 ,come1 give me a kiss4 ,kneel down before this image of our ,saviour and say the ,lord's ,prayer and the other prayers1 as you are accustomed1 before you step out of your bedroom4 ,take care1 my ,emanuel1 that you think of nothing else while you are praying4 ,stay a moment1 hang this little handkerchief on your girdle1 so that you can blow and clean your nose4 ,eman4 ,am ,i now sufficiently prepared1 in your opinion8 ,beat4 ,you are4 ,eman4 ,then not in my opinion since at last ,i am in yours4 ,i will dare make a wager that ,i have taken up a whole hour in dressing4 ,beat4 ,well1 what even if you had taken two8 ,where would you have gone if you hadn't8 ,what were you going to do8 ,i suppose to dig or to plough8 ,eman4 ,as if there were a lack of something to do4 ,beat4 ,oh1 the great man6 so keenly occupied in doing nothing4 ,eman4 ,won't you go away1 you girl sophist8 ,go1 or ,i'll shy this shoe at you or tear the veil off your head4 ,,ii ,,prima ,,salutatio--,morning ,greetings ,,puer1 ,,mater1 ,,pater--,boy1 ,mother1 ,father ,in this dialogue there are three parts3 the first contains the mutual salutations expressed in the morning when the little charms of early childhood are skilfully displayed4 ,the second part contains the sport of a boy with a dog4 ,the third gives a conversation with this boy concerning the school1 the opportunity for which arises from the incident with the little dog4 ,i4 ,morning ,salutation ,boy4 ,hail1 my father6 hail1 my mother dear 7salve mea matercula76 ,i wish that this may be a happy day for you1 my little brothers 7germanuli74 ,may ,christ be propitious to you1 my little sisters6 ,father4 ,my son1 may ,god guard you and lead you to great goodness 7ingentes virtutes74 ,mother4 ,may ,christ preserve you1 my light4 ,what are you doing1 my darling8 ,how are you8 ,how did you rest last night8 ,boy4 ,i am very well and slept peacefully4 ,mother4 ,thanks be to ,christ6 ,may ,he grant that this may be constantly so6 ,boy4 ,in the middle of the night ,i was roused up with a pain in the head4 ,mother4 ,it grieves me sorely to hear that 7me perditam et miserrimam76 ,what do you say8 ,in what part of the head8 ,boy4 ,in the forehead4 ,mother4 ,for how long8 ,boy4 ,scarcely the eighth of an hour4 ,afterwards ,i fell asleep again1 nor did ,i feel anything further of it4 ,mother4 ,now ,i breathe again2 for you took away my breath4 ,,ii4 ,playing with the ,dog ,boy4 ,all good to you6 ,little ,isabel1 prepare my breakfast4 ,ruscio1 ,ruscio1 come here1 jolly little dog6 ,see how he fawns with his tail and how he raises himself on his hind legs4 ,what are you doing8 ,how are you8 ,hullo1 you1 bring a bit or two of bread which we may give him1 then you will see some clever sport4 ,won't you eat8 ,haven't you had anything to-day8 ,clearly there is more intelligence in that dog than in that crass mule-driver4 ,,iii4 ,the ,father's ,little ,talk with his ,boy ,father4 ,my ,tulliolus1 ,i should like to have a talk with you soon4 ,boy4 ,why1 my father8 ,for nothing more delightful could happen to me than to listen to you4 ,father4 ,is thy ,ruscio here an animal or a man8 ,boy4 ,an animal1 as ,i think4 ,father4 ,what have you in you1 why you should be a man and not he8 ,you eat1 drink1 sleep1 walk1 run1 play4 ,so he does all these things also4 ,boy4 ,but ,i am a man4 ,father4 ,how do you know this8 ,what have you now1 more than a dog8 ,but there is this difference that he cannot become a man4 ,you can1 if you will4 ,boy4 ,i beg of you1 my father1 bring this about as soon as possible4 ,father4 ,it will be done if you go where animals go1 to come back men4 ,boy4 ,i will go1 father1 with all the pleasure in the world6 ,but where is it8 ,father4 ,in the school4 ,boy4 ,there is no delay in me for such a great matter4 ,father4 ,nor in me4 ,isabel1 dear1 do you hear1 give him his breakfast in this little satchel4 ,isabel4 ,what shall it be8 ,father4 ,a piece of bread and butter1 and dry figs1 or pressed1 not dried1 grapes1 as an additional dish--for fresh grapes besmear the fingers of boys and they spoil their clothes--unless he should prefer a few cherries1 or golden and long plums4 ,hang the satchel on his little arm1 so that it shall not fall off4 ,,iii ,,deductio ,,ad ,,ludum--,escorting to ,school ,,pater1 ,,puer1 ,,propinquus1 ,,philoponus ,,ludimagister--,father1 ,boy1 ,relative1 ,philoponus the ,schoolmaster ,philoponus4--,this name1 so worthy of a teacher1 has been rightly and wisely bestowed by the author4 ,for the true teacher ought to be 1 that is1 1 a lover of labour1 and by his diligence and assiduity to give satisfaction to his pupils4 ,but ,philoponus is1 moreover1 the proper name of the ,greek interpreter of ,aristotle4 ,consultation as to a ,teacher ,father4 ,make the holy sign of the cross4 ,son4 ,lead us ignorant ones1 ,o most wise ,jesus ,christ1 ,thou most powerful1 lead us most weak6 ,father4 ,inform me1 ,i beg1 thou who art most versed in the study of letters1 who in this school is the best teacher of boys8 ,prop4 ,the most learned is a certain ,varro2 but the most industrious and the most upright is ,philoponus1 whose erudition1 moreover1 is not to be despised4 ,varro has the best frequented school1 and in his house he has a numerous flock of boarders4 ,philoponus does not seem to delight in numbers1 but is content with fewer boys4 ,father4 ,i should prefer him4 ,that must be he walking into the hall of the school4 ,son1 this is1 as it were1 the laboratory for the formation of men1 and he is the artist-educator4 ,christ be with you1 master6 ,uncover your head1 my boy1 and bow your right knee1 as you have been taught4 ,now1 stand up6 ,philoponus4 ,may your coming be a blessing to us all6 ,what may be your business8 ,father4 ,i bring you this boy of mine for you to make of him a man from the beast4 ,philoponus4 ,this shall be my earnest endeavour4 ,he shall become a man from a beast1 a fruitful and good creature out of a useless one4 ,of that have no doubt4 ,father4 ,what is the charge for your instruction8 ,philoponus4 ,if the boy makes good progress1 it will be little2 if not1 a good deal4 ,father4 ,that is acutely and wisely said1 as is all you say4 ,we share the responsibility then2 you1 to instruct zealously1 ,i to recompense your labour richly4 ,,iv ,,euntes ,,ad ,,ludum ,,literarium--,going to ,school ,,cirratus1 ,,praetextatus1 ,,titivillitium1 ,,teresula 7,,an ,,old ,,woman1 ,a ,,woman ,,seller ,,of ,,vegetables7 ,the names of the interlocutors in this dialogue for the most part signify something serious and ancient4 ,cirrati pueri were those boys who wore their hair curled and crisped4 ,krausz ,haar4 ,for the cirrus is an instrument devised for the curling of hair4 ,martial3 ,nec matutini cirrata caterva magistri4 ,juvenal3 ,flavam ,caesariem et madido torquentem cornua cirro4 ,persius1 ,satyr1 i43 ,ten' cirratorum centum dictata fuisse ,pro nihilo pendas8 ,praetextatus puer is another way of referring to a noble or patrician1 for his outer garment was bordered with purple1 and thus worn by boys up to fourteen years of age1 or as others say1 up to sixteen1 when such an one assumed the toga virilis in the ,capitol4 ,see ,macrob4 lib4 i4 ,satur4 cap4 #f4 ,budae1 in prior4 annot4 ad l4 fin4 ,de senator4 ,alexand4 lib4 #b1 cap4 #be4 ,baysius1 de re vestiment4 ,sigonius1 lib4 #c1 de judic4 cap4 #ai4 ,papirius1 a certain ,roman1 was called praetextatus because in the praetextata age he showed the height of prudence4 ,see ,macrob4 ,titivillitium formerly was a word declaring nothing certain1 but just an exclamation1 indicating extreme uncertainty4 ,the word was used by ,plautus4 ,see ,proverb1 ,titivillitium4 ,oluscularia1 a woman selling vegetables4 4 ,cirr4 ,does it seem to you to be time to go to school8 ,praet4 ,certainly1 it is time to go4 ,cirr4 ,i don't properly remember the way2 ,i believe we have to go through this next street4 ,praet4 ,how often have you already been to the school8 ,cirr4 ,three or four times4 ,praet4 ,when did you first go8 ,cirr4 ,as ,i think1 three or four days ago4 ,praet4 ,well1 now2 isn't that enough to enable you to know the way8 ,cirr4 ,no1 not if it were a hundred times of going4 ,praet4 ,why1 if ,i were to go once1 never afterwards should ,i miss the way4 ,but you go1 against your will1 and as you go1 you stop and play4 ,you don't look at the way1 nor at the houses1 nor any signs which would show you afterwards which way you should turn1 or which way you should follow4 ,but ,i observe all these points diligently1 because ,i go gladly4 ,cirr4 ,this boy lives quite close to the school4 ,here1 you1 ,titivillitium1 which is the way to your house8 ,tit4 ,what do you want8 ,do you come from your mother8 ,my mother is not at home1 nor even my sister4 ,both have gone out to ,st4 ,anne's4 ,cirr4 ,what then is to be done8 ,tit4 ,yesterday was dedication festival 7encaenia74 ,today some woman who sells cheese has invited them to a meal at the house called 8,thick ,milk0 7lac coagulatum74 ,cirr4 ,and why haven't you gone with them8 ,tit4 ,they have left me at home to keep house4 ,they have taken my little brother with them1 but they have promised me that they would bring back something of what was left for me in a basket4 ,cirr4 ,but why art thou then not remaining at home8 ,tit4 ,i shall return immediately1 only ,i will now play dice a little with the son of this cobbler4 ,will you also come with us8 ,cirr4 ,we will go1 please4 ,praet4 ,certainly ,i shall not do so4 ,cirr4 ,why not8 ,praet4 ,we don't want to get a thrashing4 ,cirr4 ,ah6 ,i had not thought of that4 ,tit4 ,you won't get thrashed4 ,cirr4 ,how do you know that8 ,tit4 ,because your master lost his rod 7ferula7 to-day4 ,cirr4 ,eh6 by what means did you get to know that8 ,tit4 ,to-day we heard him from our house shouting out--and it was for his ferula he was seeking4 ,cirr4 ,i beg of you1 let us play for a short time4 ,praet4 ,play you1 if you will2 but ,i shall go on to school at once4 ,cirr4 ,i beg of you1 don't report me to the master4 ,say that ,i am kept by my father at home4 ,praet4 ,do you wish me to tell a lie8 ,cirr4 ,why not1 for a friend's sake8 ,praet4 ,because ,i have heard a preacher in a church declare that liars are the sons of the devil1 but truth-tellers1 sons of ,god4 ,cirr4 ,of the devil1 indeed6 ,get away6 ,by the sign of the holy cross1 may our ,god free us from our enemies6 ,praet4 ,thou canst not be freed to play when thou oughtest to go and learn4 ,cirr4 ,let us go4 ,farewell4 ,tit4 ,oh1 ,i say6 these boys dare not stay and play a moment because otherwise they would get thrashed6 ,praet4 ,this boy is a waster and will become a bad man6 ,see how has he slipped away from us without our having asked him which is the way to the school8 ,let us call him back4 ,cirr4 ,let him go his evil ways4 ,i don't wish him again to invite me to play4 ,we will inquire from this old woman4 ,mother1 do you know which is the way to the school of ,philoponus8 ,old ,woman4 ,i have lived near this school for six years1 just opposite to it where my eldest son and two daughters were born4 ,you cross this street 7the ,villa ,rasa ,street71 then comes a narrow lane1 then the ,dominus ,veteranus ,street4 ,hence you turn to the right1 then to the left1 there you must inquire1 for the school is not far from there4 ,cirr4 ,ah6 we cannot remember all that6 ,old ,woman4 ,my little ,teresa1 lead these boys to the school of ,philoponus1 for the mother of this one here was she who gave us the thread for combing and spinning4 ,ter4 ,what in the name of evil have you to do with ,philoponus8 ,what sort of man is this ,philoponus8 ,as if ,i knew him6 ,do you speak of the man who mends shoes near the ,green ,inn 7cauponam viridem7 or of the herald in the ,giant ,street1 who keeps horses on hire8 ,old ,woman4 ,this ,i know well1 that you never know those things which are wanted1 but those which have nothing to do with the matter in hand4 ,slowest of girls1 ,philoponus is that old schoolmaster1 tall1 short-sighted man1 opposite the house where we used to live4 ,ter4 ,ah6 now it comes back to my mind4 ,old ,woman4 ,in returning1 go across the market and buy salad1 radish1 and cherries4 ,take with you the little basket4 ,cirr4 ,lead us also over the vegetable market4 ,ter4 ,this way is shorter4 ,cirr4 ,we don't wish to go that way4 ,ter4 ,why so8 ,cirr4 ,because the dog in that street1 belonging to the baker1 bit me once4 ,we would rather go with you to the market4 ,ter4 ,returning ,i will make the journey through the market 7for we are not far from it7 and ,i will buy what ,i was told to buy1 after ,i have left you at the school4 ,cirr4 ,we desire to see how much you give for the cherries4 ,ter4 ,we buy them at six farthings a pound2 but what is that to you8 ,cirr4 ,because my sister ordered me this morning to inquire4 ,she particularly mentioned there is an old woman in the market who sells vegetables4 ,if you buy of her1 ,i know that she will sell you at a less price than they will elsewhere1 and she will give us a few cherries or thyrsus of lettuce1 for her daughter formerly served my mother and sister4 ,ter4 ,i hope that this roundabout way may not let you in for some lashes4 ,cirr4 ,not at all4 ,for we shall have plenty of time4 ,ter4 ,let us go4 ,i get so little chance of walks1 wretched that ,i am1 for my time is all taken up sitting at home4 ,praet4 ,what do you do8 ,do you merely sit idly at home8 ,ter4 ,idly1 indeed6 ,not at any rate that6 ,i spin1 ,i gather 7wool7 into a ball1 wind1 weave4 ,do you think our old woman would let me sit idle8 ,she curses feast-days1 on which there must be a stoppage of work4 ,praet4 ,are not feast-days holy8 ,how can she curse what is holy8 ,does she wish to curse what has been ordained as holy8 ,ter4 ,do you think that ,i have learned geometry that ,i should be able to explain these things to you8 ,cirr4 ,what do you mean by geometry8 ,ter4 ,i don't know4 ,we had a neighbour who was called ,geometria4 ,she was always either in church with priests1 or the priests were with her at her house4 ,and so she was1 as they said1 very wise4--,but we have come into the vegetable market4 ,where is now your old woman8 ,cirr4 ,i was looking round about for her4 ,but buy of her only on the condition that she gives us something as a present4 ,ah6 great-aunt 7amita74 ,this girl will buy cherries of you1 if you will give us some4 ,vegetable ,woman4 ,we are given nothing2 we have to buy everything4 ,cirr4 ,that dirt which you have on your hands and neck was not given to you1 was it8 ,vegetable ,woman4 ,unless you take yourself off1 you impudent boy1 your cheeks will feel some of this dirt on them4 ,cirr4 ,how will my cheeks feel1 when you have it on your hands8 ,vegetable ,woman4 ,give those cherries back1 you young rogue4 ,cirr4 ,i am merely sampling1 for ,i wish to buy4 ,vegetable ,woman4 ,then buy4 ,cirr4 ,provided they have pleased me4 ,how do you sell them8 ,vegetable ,woman4 ,a sesterce a pound4 ,cirr4 ,ah6 they are bitter1 you old poisoner6 ,you are selling here cherries to people to choke them4 ,ter4 ,let us go away to the school4 ,for you will get me involved in difficulties with your subtleties1 and you will detain me too long4 ,now1 as ,i think1 my old woman is raging at home1 on account of my delay in returning4 ,there is the door4 ,knock at it4 ,v ,,lectio--,reading ,,praeceptor1 ,,lusius1 ,,aeschines1 ,,pueri--,teacher1 ,lusius1 ,aeschines1 ,boys ,lusius1 so called from playing 7ludendo74 ,aeschines1 proper name of the ,greek orator1 who shamelessly declaimed against ,demosthenes4 ,cotta1 proper name of a ,roman citizen1 so called from his anger4 ,this dialogue contains a division of the letters into vowels and consonants4 ,praec4 ,take the ,a ,b ,c tablet in your left hand1 and this pointer in the right hand1 so that you can point out the letters one by one4 ,stand upright2 put your cap under your arm-pit4 ,listen most attentively how ,i shall name these letters4 ,look diligently how ,i move my mouth4 ,see that you return what ,i say immediately in the same manner1 when ,i ask for it again4 ,attention 7sis mecum76 ,now you have heard it4 ,follow me now as ,i say it before you1 letter by letter4 ,do you clearly understand8 ,lus4 ,it seems to me ,i do1 fairly well4 ,letters--,syllables--,vowel--,speech ,praec4 ,every one of these signs is called a letter4 ,of these1 five are vowels1 ,a1 ,e1 ,i1 ,o1 ,u4 ,they are in the ,spanish oveia1 which signifies sheep4 ,remember that word6 ,these with any letter you like1 or more than one1 make up syllables4 ,without a vowel there is no syllable and sometimes the vowel itself is a syllable4 ,therefore all the other letters are called consonants1 because they don't constitute sounds by themselves unless a vowel is joined to them4 ,they have some imperfect1 maimed 7mancum7 sound1 e4g4 b1 c1 d1 g1 which without e cannot be sounded4 ,out of syllables we get words1 and from words connected speech1 which all beasts lack4 ,and you would not be different from the beasts1 if you could not converse properly4 ,be watchful and perform your work diligently4 ,go out with your fellow-pupils and learn what ,i have set4 ,lus4 ,we are not playing to-day4 ,aesch4 ,no1 for it is a work-day4 ,what1 do you think you have come here to play8 ,this is not the place for playing1 but for study4 ,lus4 ,why1 then1 is a school called ludus8 ,true ,leisure ,aesch4 ,it is indeed called ludus1 but it is ludus literarius1 because here we must play with letters as elsewhere with the ball1 hoop1 and dice4 ,and ,i have heard that in ,greek it is called schola1 as it were a place of leisure1 because it is true ease and quiet of mind1 when we spend our life in studies4 ,but we will learn thoroughly what the teacher has bidden us1 quite in soft murmur1 so that we don't become a hindrance to one another4 ,lus4 ,my uncle1 who studied letters some time in ,bologna1 has taught me that you better fix anything you wish in the memory if you pronounce it aloud4 ,this is also confirmed by the authority of one called ,pliny--,i don't know who he was4 ,aesch4 ,if1 then1 any one should wish to learn his formulae1 he should go off into the garden or into the churchyard4 ,there he can shout aloud as if he would rouse the dead4 ,cotta4 ,you boys1 do you call this learning thoroughly8 ,i call it prattling and disputing6 ,up1 now go all of you to the teacher1 as he commanded4 ,,vi ,,reditus ,,domum ,,et ,,lusus ,,puerilis--,the ,return ,home and ,children's ,play ,,tulliolus1 ,,corneliola1 ,,lentulus1 ,,scipio ,this dialogue contains an account of different kinds of boys' games2 the names of the interlocutors are taken from appellations of the ,romans4 ,concerning which1 see ,valer4 ,maximus and ,sigonius4 ,corn4 ,welcome home1 ,tulliolus1 shall we have some games8 ,tull4 ,not just now4 ,corn4 ,what is there to prevent us playing8 ,tull4 ,we must go over again what the master set1 and commit it to memory1 as he bade us4 ,corn4 ,what then8 ,tull4 ,you just look at this4 ,corn4 ,i say1 what are those pictures8 ,i believe they are pictures of ants4 ,mother mine1 ,tulliolus is bringing a lot of ants and gnats painted on a writing-tablet4 ,tull4 ,be quiet1 you silly thing1 they are letters4 ,corn4 ,what do you call this first one8 ,tull4 ,a4 ,corn4 ,why is this first one rather than the next called ,a8 ,mother4 ,why art thou ,corneliola and not ,tulliolus8 ,corn4 ,because ,i am so called4 ,mother4 ,and it is just the same way with those letters4 ,but go and play now1 my boy4 ,tull4 ,i am putting my tablet and pencil 7style7 down here4 ,if anybody disturbs them1 he will be beaten by mother4 ,won't he1 mammy8 7mea matercula47 ,mother4 ,yes1 my boy4 ,tull4 ,scipio1 ,lentulus6 ,come and play4 ,sci4 ,what shall we play at8 ,i4 ,the ,game of ,nuts ,tull4 ,let us play at nuts1 at throwing them in holes4 ,lent4 ,i have only a few nuts and those squashed and smelly4 ,sci4 ,well then1 we will play with the shells of nuts4 ,tull4 ,but what good would they be to me even if ,i were to win twenty8 ,there would be no kernels in the nuts for me to eat4 ,sci4 ,why1 ,i don't eat when ,i am playing4 ,if ,i want to eat1 ,i go to the mater4 ,nut-shells are good for making little houses to put ants into4 ,,ii4 ,the ,game of ,odd and ,even ,lent4 ,let us play odd and even with little pins 7lit4 small pins for a head-dress--acicula74 ,tull4 ,let's have dice instead4 ,sci4 ,fetch them1 ,lentulus4 ,lent4 ,here are the dice4 ,,iii4 ,the ,game of ,dice ,tull4 ,how grubby and dirty they are4 ,they are not free from fluff4 ,nor are they polished4 ,cast6 ,sci4 ,for the first throw6 ,tull4 ,i am first4 ,what are we playing8 ,sci4 ,we are playing for trousers buttons 7astrigmenta--lit4 points74 ,lent4 ,i don't want to lose mine1 for if ,i did ,i should be beaten at home by my tutor4 ,tull4 ,what are you willing to lose then1 if you are beaten8 ,lent4 ,some good raps with the fingers on me4 ,mother4 ,what is that lying on the ground8 ,you are spoiling all your clothes and boots on the dirtiest of the ground4 ,why don't you first sweep the floor and then sit down8 ,bring the broom here6 ,tull4 ,what have we decided on8 ,sci4 ,one needle for each point in the game4 ,tull4 ,certainly it should be two4 ,lent4 ,i have no needles4 ,if you like ,i will deposit cherry-stones instead of needles4 ,tull4 ,get away4 ,let me and you play1 ,scipio4 ,sci4 ,i will risk it--to cast my needle on luck4 ,tull4 ,give me the dice in my hand1 so that ,i may cast first4 ,look1 ,i have won the stake4 ,sci4 ,you haven't4 ,for you were not playing then in serious4 ,tull4 ,whoever plays seriously8 ,it is as if you spoke of a white ,moor4 ,sci4 ,you may cavil as much as you like4 ,at any rate you are not going to have my nuts4 ,tull4 ,come now1 ,i will let you have the throw4 ,let us play now for the stake1 and may you have good luck6 ,sci4 ,you are beaten4 ,tull4 ,take it4 ,lent4 ,let me have the dice4 ,tull4 ,let's stake all on this throw4 ,lent4 ,i don't mind4 ,a ,servant4 ,to your meal1 boys4 ,will you never make an end of your games8 ,tull4 ,now just as we are getting started1 she talks of stopping6 ,,iv4 ,the ,game of ,draughts ,corn4 ,i am sick of this game4 ,let us play with the two-coloured draughtsmen4 ,tull4 ,you paint for us squares on this surface with charcoal and with white lime4 ,sci4 ,i prefer to go and have my supper to playing any more1 and ,i go with all my needles collared by your fraud4 ,tull4 ,don't you remember that yesterday you plundered ,cethegus4 8,there is no one who can always have luck in play40 ,v4 ,playing ,cards ,corn4 ,please get the playing cards which you will find on the left hand under the writing table4 ,sci4 ,some other time4 ,now ,i haven't time4 ,if ,i delay any longer1 ,i fear that my teacher will send me to bed1 in his anger1 without food4 ,you get the cards ready for to-morrow evening1 ,corneliola4 ,corn4 ,if mother permits1 it would be better to play now when we have the chance4 ,sci4 ,it is better to go to eat when we are called4 ,servant4 ,and don't you give me anything for looking on8 ,corn4 ,we would give you something if you had acted as umpire4 ,you ought rather to give us something1 as things are1 for having had the enjoyment of our play4 ,servant4 ,you boys1 then1 when are you coming8 ,the meal-time is half over2 soon we shall take the meat away1 and set the cheese and fruit on the table4 ,,vii ,,refectio ,,scholastica--,school ,meals ,,nepotulus1 ,,piso1 ,,magister1 ,,hypodidascalus ,in this dialogue ,vives treats of a banquet4 ,the division into five parts3-- ,jentaculum ,prandium ,an enumeration ,merenda of different kinds4 ,coena ,comessatio ,see ,grap4 lib4 #b1 cap4 #c4 ,he describes convivial disputations4 ,nepotulus is a diminutive from nepos1 used for one who drinks4 ,piso is a young nobleman4 ,hypodidascalus1 1 provisor1 cantor4 ,in the beginning of this dialogue there are three or ambiguities4 ,the first is in the adverb laut1 the signification of which is twofold1 one proper1 the other improper and metaphorical4 ,nep4 ,are you bathed in luxury 7vivitisne laut87 living here8 ,piso4 ,what do you mean by that8 ,do we wash ourselves 7an lavamur78 ,every day1 hands and face1 and indeed1 frequently1 for cleanliness of body is conducive to health and to nurture4 ,nep4 ,that is not what ,i ask--but whether you get food and drink to your mind8 ,piso4 ,we don't eat according to our desire1 but according to the call of the palate4 ,nep4 ,i ask1 if you eat1 as you wish4 ,piso4 ,certainly1 forsooth1 as hunger dictates4 ,who wishes to eat1 eats2 who does not wish1 abstains4 ,nep4 ,do you go from the table hungry8 ,piso4 ,by no means sated4 ,for this is not wise4 ,for it is the part of beasts1 not men1 to glut themselves4 ,they say that a certain wise king never sat down to table without hunger1 and never stood up sated4 ,nep4 ,what do you eat1 then8 ,piso4 ,what there is4 ,nep4 ,oh6 ,i was thinking that you eat what you hadn't got6 ,but what is there1 then8 ,piso4 ,troublesome questioner6 ,what they give us4 ,nep4 ,but what do they give you1 then8 ,i4 ,breakfast ,piso4 ,we have breakfast an hour and a half after we have got up4 ,nep4 ,when do you get up8 ,,ii4 ,lunch--,food--,drink ,piso4 ,almost with the sun1 for he is the leader of the ,muses and the ,muses are gracious to the dawn4 ,our early breakfast is a piece of coarse bread and some butter or some fruit as the time of the year supplies4 ,for lunch1 there are cooked vegetables or pottage in pottage-vessels1 and meat with relishes4 ,sometimes turnips1 sometimes cabbages1 starch-food1 wheat-meal1 or rice4 ,then on fish-days1 buttermilk from butter which has been turned out in deep dishes1 with some cakes of bread1 and a fresh fish1 if it can be bought fairly cheap in the fish-market1 or if not1 a salt-fish1 well soaked4 ,then pease1 or pulse1 or lentils1 or beans1 or lupines4 ,nep4 ,how much of these does each get8 ,piso4 ,bread as much as he wishes2 of viands as much as is necessary not for satiety1 but for nourishment4 ,for elaborate feasts1 you must seek elsewhere1 not in the school1 where the aim is to form minds to the way of virtue4 ,nep4 ,what1 then1 do you drink8 ,,iii4 ,afternoon ,meal ,piso4 ,some drink fresh1 clear water2 others light beer2 some few1 but only seldom1 wine1 well diluted4 ,the afternoon meal 7merenda7 or before-meal consists of some bread and almonds or nuts1 dried figs and raisins2 in summer1 of pears1 apples1 cherries1 or plums4 ,,iv4 ,chief ,meal ,but when we go into the country for the sake of our minds 7recreation71 then we have milk1 either fresh or congealed1 fresh cheese1 cream1 horse-beans soaked in lye1 vine-leaves1 and anything else which the country house affords4 ,the chief meal begins with a salad with closely-cut bits1 sprinkled with salt1 moistened with drops of olive-oil1 and with vinegar poured on it4 ,nep4 ,can you have nut or turnip oil8 ,piso4 ,ugh6 the unsavoury and unhealthy stuff6 ,then there is in a great vessel a concoction of mutton broth with sauce1 and to it1 dried plums1 roots1 or herbs as supplements1 and at times a most savoury pie4 ,nep4 ,what sort of sauces do you have8 ,piso4 ,the best and wisest of sauces1 hunger4 ,besides1 on appointed week-days we get roasted meat--as a rule1 veal2 in spring sometimes1 some young kid4 ,as an after-dish a little bit of radish and cheese1 not old and decayed1 but fresh cheese1 which is more nourishing than the old1 pears1 peaches1 and quinces4 ,on the days on which no meat may be eaten1 we have eggs instead of meat1 either broiled1 fried1 or boiled1 either singly by themselves or mingled in one pan with vinegar or oil1 not so much poured on as dropped in2 sometimes a little fish1 and nuts follow on cheese4 ,nep4 ,how much does every one get4 ,piso4 ,two eggs and two nuts4 ,v4 ,sleeping ,draught ,nep4 ,what6 do you never have a sleeping draught after supper8 ,piso4 ,pretty often4 ,nep4 ,what do you have1 ,i beg8 for that is most delightful4 ,piso4 ,we prepare a banquet such as that of ,syrus mentioned by ,terence1 or of one of the lordly people mentioned by ,athenaeus or of the like1 of which the record has been handed down in history4 ,do you think us swine or men8 ,what stomach would preserve its soundness of health if after four meals it were to add a drinking-bout8 ,observe you are in a school1 not in an eating-house4 ,for they say there is nothing more ruinous to health than to drink immediately before going to bed4 ,nep4 ,may ,i be allowed to be present at meal-time8 ,piso4 ,certainly4 ,only ,i must first beg permission from the teacher1 who will1 ,i am sure1 give it without difficulty1 as is usual with him4 ,to take you to the banquet1 without the master's permission1 would be ill breeding2 and he who should so bring you would draw on himself from his fellow-disciples nothing less than reproach and shame4 ,stop a minute4 ,will you1 sir1 permit with your good favour1 that a certain boy known to me should be present at our meal8 ,praec4 ,certainly4 ,there will be no harm in it4 ,piso4 ,thank you4 ,he whom thou seest there1 who has a napkin in place of a neck-cloth is the feast-master of the dining-room 7architriclinus7 this week--for here we have weekly feast-masters1 like kings4 ,feast-,master4 ,lamia1 what time is it8 ,lamia4 ,i have not heard the hours since the third1 being intent on the composition of a letter4 ,florus will know this better than ,i1 for he has not seen book or paper the whole of the afternoon4 ,florus4 ,this is friendly testimony1 and if the teacher were angry1 it would have great weight4 ,but how couldst thou observe me1 being immersed1 as thou sayest1 in the composition of a letter8 ,clearly ill-will has driven thee to telling a lie4 ,i rejoice1 indeed1 that my enemy is held to be a liar4 ,if after this he shall wish to say evil of me1 such statements will not be believed4 ,feast-,master4 ,can ,i not then1 elsewhere1 get to know as to the time8 ,anthrax1 run across to ,st4 ,peter's and look at the time4 ,anthrax4 ,the pointer shows that it is now six o'clock4 ,the ,cups ,feast-,master4 ,six8 ,eh6 boys1 eh6 ,come1 rouse yourselves2 throw your books aside1 even as the stag seeks a corner to hide his horns4 ,prepare the table1 cover it1 place seats1 napkins1 round and square plates1 bread2 fly1 quicker than the word4 ,let not our teacher complain of our slowness4 ,bring beer1 one of you2 another1 draw water from the well and place the cups4 ,what is the meaning of this--bringing them so unclean8 ,take them back into the kitchen so that the maid may rub them clean and wipe them thoroughly1 whereby they may be bright and shining4 ,piso4 ,never will you accomplish this1 so long as we have that monkey of a kitchen-maid4 ,for she never dares to rub determinedly so as to clean1 for she is afraid of her fingers4 ,nor does she rinse things more than once and that with tepid water4 ,arch4 ,why don't you report this to the teacher8 ,piso4 ,it would be better to ask the housekeeper 7famulam atriensem7 for it is in her hands to change the kitchen-maids4 ,but there is the teacher4 ,do you yourself wash these cups out1 and rub them with a fig or nettle-leaf1 or with sand and water1 so that our schoolmaster to-day shall have no cause for blame4 ,praec4 ,is all ready8 ,is there anything to delay you8 ,arch4 ,nothing at all4 ,praec4 ,so that afterwards between the courses we need not have to make any break6 ,feast-,master4 ,between the courses6 ,rather say the course and that a meagre one4 ,praec4 ,what are you murmuring8 ,feast-,master4 ,i say that you should sit down1 that it is meal-time1 and that the food will soon get spoilt6 ,praec4 ,you boys1 wash your hands and mouth4 ,eh6 what napkin is this8 ,when did they clean themselves who wiped themselves dry on this8 ,run1 fetch another cleaner than this4 ,let us sit down in our usual order4 ,is this the boy who is to be our guest8 ,piso4 ,yes1 this is he4 ,master4 ,of what country is he8 ,piso4 ,a ,fleming4 ,master4 ,of what city in that province8 ,piso4 ,from ,bruges4 ,master4 ,let him sit in the seat close to you4 ,let every one take his knife and clean his bread1 if there should stick any ashes or coal on the crust4 ,whose turn is it this week to say grace 7sacret mensam78 ,grace ,before ,meat ,florus4 ,feed our hearts with ,thy love1 ,o ,christ1 who through ,thy goodness nourishest the lives of all living beings4 ,blessed be these ,thy gifts to us who partake of them so that ,thou who providest them may be blessed4#cj ,amen4 ,master4 ,sit as far apart as possible1 so as not to press against one another's sides1 since there is sufficient room for each4 ,and you1 ,brugensian1 have you a knife8 ,piso4 ,this is a wonder6 ,a ,fleming without a knife1 and he1 too1 a ,brugensian1 where the best knives are made4 ,nep4 ,i don't need a knife4 ,i can part my food into pieces by biting it with the teeth1 and tear it into bits by my fingers4 ,usher4 ,they say that biting is very useful both for the gums and also for the surface of the teeth4 ,master4 ,where didst thou receive early instruction in the ,latin tongue1 for thou appearest to me not badly taught8 ,nep4 ,at ,bruges1 under ,john ,theodore ,nervius4 ,master4 ,an industrious1 learned1 and honest man4 ,bruges is a most elegant city1 but it is to be regretted that owing to the changing of the population from day to day1 it is going down4 ,when did you leave it8 ,nep4 ,six days ago4 ,master4 ,when did you begin to study8 ,nep4 ,three years ago4 ,master4 ,you have not got on badly4 ,nep4 ,deservedly2 for ,i have had a master ,i am not ashamed of4 ,master4 ,but what is our ,vives doing8 ,nep4 ,they say that he is training as an athlete1 yet not by athletics4 ,master4 ,what is the meaning of that8 ,nep4 ,he is always wrestling1 but not bravely enough4 ,master4 ,with whom8 ,nep4 ,with his gout 7morbo articulari74 ,master4 ,o mournful wrestler1 which first of all attacks the feet4 ,usher4 ,nay1 rather cruel victor which fetters the whole body4 ,but what are you doing8 ,why do you stop eating8 ,you would seem to have come here not to eat1 but to stare around4 ,let nobody during the meal disturb his cap lest any hair fall into the dishes4 ,why don't you treat your guest as a comrade8 ,nepotulus1 ,i drink to you4 ,nep4 ,sir1 your toast is most welcome4 ,usher4 ,empty your cup1 since so meagre a draught remains in it4 ,nep4 ,this would be new to me4 ,praec4 ,what6 not empty it8 ,but you1 ,usher1 what do you say8 ,what have you new to give us at our meal8 ,grammatical ,questions--#a4 ,on ,genders4 #b4 ,on ,tenses ,usher4 ,i say nothing indeed1 but ,i have thought much during the last two hours on the art of grammar4 ,master4 ,and what of that now8 ,usher4 ,on very hidden things and the penetration of learning3 first1 why the grammarians have placed in their art three genders when there are merely two in nature8 again1 why nature does not produce things of the neuter gender as it does of the masculine and feminine8 ,i cannot find out the cause of this great mystery4 ,so1 too1 the philosophers say that there are three tenses1 but our art demands five1 therefore our art is outside the nature of things4 ,master4 ,nay1 rather thou art thyself outside of the nature of things1 for art is in the nature of things4 ,usher4 ,if ,i am outside the nature of things1 how can ,i eat this bread and meat1 which are in the nature of things8 ,master4 ,thou art so much the worse to belong to another nature whilst you eat what belongs to this our nature4 ,nep4 4 ,i would wish another solution of my questions4 ,would that we had now some ,palaemon or ,varro who could resolve these questions4 ,master4 ,why not rather another1 an ,aristotle or ,plato8 ,have you not something further to say8 ,pronunciation ,usher4 ,yesterday ,i saw committed a crime of deepest dye 7scelus capitale74 ,the schoolmaster of the ,straight ,street 7vicus rectus71 who smells worse than a goat1 and instructs his threepenny classes in his school1 which abounds in dirt and filth1 pronounced three or four times volucres with the accent on the penultimate4 ,i indeed was astounded that the earth did not at once gulp him up4 ,praec4 ,what otherwise ought one to expect such a schoolmaster to say8 ,he is in other parts of the grammatical rules thoroughly worn out 7detritus74 ,but you are disturbed over a very small matter and make a tragedy out of a comedy1 or still more truly a farce4 ,usher4 ,i have finished my task4 ,now it is your turn4 ,you now keep the conversation going4 ,praec4 ,i don't wish to give you the chance to answer me what ,i don't ask 774 ,this broth is getting cold4 ,bring a table fire-pan4 ,heat it up a little before you dip your bread in it4 ,this radish is not eatable1 it is so tough--and so are the rootlets in the broth4 ,usher4 ,they certainly have not brought the toughness from the market1 but they have acquired it here in our store-room in which the pantry is quite unsuited for provisions4 ,i don't know why it is we always have brought to us here bones without marrow in them4 ,praec4 ,bones have but little marrow in them at the new moon 7sub lunam silentem74 ,usher4 ,what when it is full moon8 ,praec4 ,then there is plenty4 ,usher4 ,but our bones have little1 or more truly no1 marrow4 ,praec4 ,it is not the moon that bereaves us of marrow but our ,lamia4 ,she has here put in too much pepper and ginger1 and in the soup and particularly in the salad there is also too much mint1 rock-parsley1 sage1 cole-wort1 cress1 hyssop4 ,nothing is more harmful to the bodies of boys and youths than foods which make the stomach hot4 ,arch4 ,what kinds of herbs then would you wish to be used for food8 ,praec4 ,lettuce1 garden-oxtongue1 purslain1 mixed with some rock-parsley4 ,manners at ,table--,the ,clearing of the ,table ,here1 you1 ,gangolfus1 don't wipe your lips with your hand or on your cuff1 but wipe both lips and hands with your napkin1 which has been provided you for the purpose4 ,don't touch the meat1 except on that side which you are about to take yourself4 ,you1 ,dromo1 don't you observe that you are putting your coat-sleeves into the fat of the meat8 ,if they are open1 tuck them up to the shoulders4 ,if they are not1 turn them or fold them to the elbow4 ,if they slip back again1 fix them firm with a needle1 or what would be still more suitable for you1 with a thorn4 ,you1 delicate little lordling1 you are reclining on the table4 ,where did you learn to do that8 ,in some hog-stye8 ,eh6 you there1 put him a little cushion for him to lean on4 ,prefect of the table1 see that the remains of the dinner don't get wasted4 ,put them away in the store-room4 ,take away first of all the salt-cellar1 then the bread1 then the dishes1 plates1 napkins1 and lastly the table-cloth4 ,let each one clean his own knife and put it away in its sheath4 ,you there1 ,cinciolus1 don't scrape your teeth with your knife1 for it is injurious4 ,make for yourself a tooth-pick of a feather or of a thin sharp piece of wood1 and scrape gently1 so as not to scar the gum or draw blood4 ,stand up all of you and wash your hands before thanks are returned4 ,move the table away1 call the maid that she may sweep the floor with the broom4 ,let us thank ,christ4 ,let him who said grace return thanks4 ,grace after the ,meal ,florus4 ,for this timely meal1 we render ,thee timely thanks1 ,lord ,christ4 ,grant that we may for eternity render immortal thanks4 ,amen4 ,praec4 ,now go and play1 and have your talk1 and walk about wherever you please1 whilst the light permits4 ,,viii ,,garrientes--,students' ,chatter ,,nugo1 ,,graculus1 ,,turdus1 ,,bambalio ,in this dialogue ,vives puts forth nineteen little narratives suited to the age of childhood and as it were the progymnasmata of eloquence4 ,the names also of the interlocutors are neatly fabled4 ,nugo is so called from nugae1 as if a small retailer of trifles 7nugivendulus74 ,graculus and ,turdus are feigned names from the loquacity of those birds4 ,compare the ,proverbs1 ,graculus graculo assidet 7one jackdaw resembles another71#ca surdior turdo 7deafer than a thrush74 ,bambalio is a man of worthlessness and of stammering speech as ,cicero interprets it4 ,philip4 #c4 ,compare the ,proverb ,bambylius homo4 ,i4 ,story of the ,trunk ,nugo4 ,let us sit on this trunk1 and you1 ,graculus1 on that stone facing us1 so that without anything to hinder us we may observe all who pass by4 ,we shall keep ourselves warm near this wall1 which is excellently exposed to the sun4 ,what a fine trunk is this and how enjoyable it is6 ,turd4 ,for us to sit on it6 ,nugo4 ,it must have been a very high and thick tree from which it was cut4 ,turd4 ,such as there are in ,india4 ,grac4 ,how do you know6 ,have you been in ,india with the ,spaniards8 ,turd4 ,as if one could know nothing of a district without having been in it6 ,but ,i will give you my authority4 ,pliny writes that trees in ,india grow to such a height that a man cannot shoot a dart over them1 and the people there are not to seek in shooting their arrows1 as ,vergil says4 ,nugo4 ,pliny also says that a company of horsemen could be hidden under the branches4 ,turd4 ,no one can wonder at that who considers the rushes of that district1 which the infirm people1 at any rate the rich1 use to support them in walking4 ,grac4 ,eh6 what hour is it8 ,,ii4 ,the ,hour-,bells ,nugo4 ,no hour at all1 for the hour-bell is now thrown down to the ground4 ,haven't you been to see it8 ,grac4 ,i did not dare1 for they say that it is dangerous4 ,nugo4 ,i have been there and saw no end of women with child spring across the channel for the molten metal1 which is dug in the earth4 ,turd4 ,i heard that this was beneficial for them4 ,grac4 ,this is distaff philosophy1 as they say1 but ,i was inquiring as to the hour4 ,,iii4 ,the ,timepiece ,nugo4 ,what need have you to know the time8 ,if you wish to do anything1 while there is opportunity1 there is the time for it4 ,but where is your watch 7horologium viatorium78 ,grac4 ,i let it fall lately1 when ,i was escaping the dog belonging to the gardener1 whose plums ,i had plucked4 ,turd4 ,from the window ,i saw you running1 but ,i could not see where you fled because the view was blocked by the fruit garden1 which my mother has planted there1 against the will of my father1 and in spite of his many protests4 ,but my mother1 indeed1 in the beginning was persistent in getting her own way1 so that it could scarcely be borne4 ,nugo4 ,what is amiss with you8 ,you are becoming silent4 ,turd4 ,i was weeping and said nothing1 for what should ,i otherwise do when my dearest ones disagree8 ,to be sure my mother ordered me to stand by her as she called lustily2 but ,i had not the heart to mutter a word against my father4 ,therefore ,i was sent to school four days running without breakfast by my enraged mother1 and she swore ,i was not her son1 but had been changed by the nurse1 for which she would have the nurse summoned before the ,praetor capitalis4 ,nugo4 ,who is the ,praetor capitalis8 ,hasn't every ,praetor got a head on8 ,turd4 ,how am ,i to know8 ,so she said4 ,grac4 ,look there6 ,who are those people with mantles1 and armour for the legs4 ,,iv4 ,the ,french ,nugo4 ,they are ,frenchmen4 ,grac4 ,what1 is there then peace8 ,turd4 ,they said that there was to be war and a dire war too4 ,grac4 ,what are they carrying8 ,turd4 ,wine4 ,nugo4 ,then they will give pleasure to many4 ,grac4 ,of a surety4 ,for not only does wine cheer in drinking1 but there is also the thought and recollection of it4 ,nugo4 ,at any rate for wine-drinkers4 ,it matters nothing to me1 for ,i drink water4 ,grac4 ,then you will never write a good poem4 ,v4 ,the ,deaf ,woman ,turd4 ,do you know that woman there8 ,grac4 ,no1 who is she8 ,turd4 ,she has her ears stopped up against gossip4 ,grac4 ,why so8 ,turd4 ,so as to hear nothing2 because she hears ill of herself4#cb ,nugo4 ,how many 8hear ill of themselves0 who have unstopped and normal ears8 ,turd4 ,i believe that it is to the point to quote the passage in ,cicero's ,tusculanae ,quaestiones4 ,m4 ,crassus was somewhat deaf--but what was worse1 he 8heard ill40 ,nugo4 ,there is no doubt that this must be traced back to slander4 ,but1 ,i say1 ,bambalio1 have you found your ,tusculanae ,quaestiones8 ,,vi4 ,the ,lost ,book ,bamb4 ,yes1 at the huckster's1 but so interpolated that ,i did not at first recognise it4 ,nugo4 ,who had stolen it8 ,bamb4 ,vatinius4 ,and may he be repaid for his misdeed6 ,grac4 ,ah6 that man with the hook-like and pitch-black hands6 ,never let such a man have access to your book-cases1 nor to your manuscript-boxes if you wish all your things to be safe and sound4 ,don't you know that every one holds ,vatinius for a thief of purses and he has been accused of thieving purses before the ,principal 7gymnasiarcha74 ,,vii4 ,the ,twins ,nugo4 ,the sister of the girl there yesterday gave birth to twins4 ,grac4 ,what is there wonderful in that8 ,a woman living in ,salt ,street at the ,helmeted ,lion six days ago had a triplet4 ,nugo4 ,pliny says that there have been as many as seven at a birth4 ,turd4 ,who of you has heard of the wife of the ,count of ,holland who is said to have had at a birth as many children as there are days in the year1 owing to the curse of a certain beggar8 ,grac4 ,what was the story of this beggar8 ,turd4 ,this beggar was laden with children and begged an alms of the countess4 ,but when she saw so many children1 she drove the beggar away by her reproaches1 calling her a harlot4 ,she said she could not possibly have had from one man so great a family4 ,the innocent beggar prayed the gods that as they knew she was chaste and pure1 they would give the countess from her husband at one birth as many children as there are days in the year4 ,so it happened1 and the numerous posterity is shown#cc in a certain town in that island to-day4 ,grac4 ,i will rather believe this than investigate it4 ,nugo4 ,all things are possible with ,god4 ,grac4 ,and1 moreover1 easy of accomplishment4 ,,viii4 ,mannius the ,hunter ,nugo4 ,don't you know that man there laden with nets accompanied by dogs8 ,he wears a summer hat and soldier's boots1 and rides on the lankest of mules4 ,turd4 ,isn't it ,mannius the verse-maker8 ,nugo4 ,clearly it is4 ,turd4 ,why has he made such a metamorphosis8 ,,ix4 ,curius the ,dicer ,nugo4 ,from ,minerva he has gone over to ,diana1 i4e41 from a most honourable occupation to an empty and foolish labour4 ,his father had increased his possessions by his ability in business4 ,he thinks his father's skill is a dishonour to himself1 and turns himself to keeping horses and following the chase1 having thought that not otherwise than by hunting can he acquire nobility of race4 ,for if he were to do anything useful1 he would not be held of noble family4 ,curius follows him to the hunt--with dice4 ,he is a very accomplished man1 a very well-known dice-player1 who understands how to throw the dice in the right way for himself4 ,at home he has for companion ,tricongius4 ,turd4 ,say rather an amphora4#cd ,grac4 ,or indeed a sponge4 ,nugo4 ,better still1 the driest sand of ,africa4 ,bamb4 ,they say that he is always thirsty4 ,nugo4 ,whether he is always thirsty or not1 ,i don't know4 ,but certainly he is always ready to drink4 ,x4 ,the ,nightingale and the ,cuckoo ,bamb4 ,listen1 there is the nightingale6 ,grac4 ,where is she8 ,bamb4 ,don't you see her there1 sitting on that branch8 ,listen how ardently she sings2 and how she goes on and on6 ,nugo4 7,as ,martial says7 ,flet ,philomela nefas4 7,the nightingale weeps at injustice47 ,grac4 ,what a wonder she carols so sweetly when she is away from ,attica where the very waves of the sea dash upon the shore not without rhythm 7non sine numero74 ,nugo4 ,pliny observes that they sing with more exactitude when men are near them4 ,turd4 ,what is the reason for that8 ,nugo4 ,i will declare unto you the reason4 ,the cuckoo and the nightingale sing at the same time1 that is1 from the middle of ,april till the end of ,may or thereabouts4 ,these two birds once met in a contest of sweetness of song1 when a judge was sought1 and because it was a trial concerning sound1 an ass seemed the most suitable for this decision1 since he of all the animals had the longest ears4 ,the ass rejected the nightingale1 because he could not understand her harmony1 and awarded the victory to the cuckoo4 ,the nightingale appealed to men1 and when she sees a man she immediately pours forth her song1 and sings with zest so as to approve herself to him1 so as to avenge the wrong which she received from the ass4 ,grac4 ,this is a subject worthy of a poet4 ,,xi4 ,our ,masters ,nugo4 ,why1 don't you think it worthy of a philosopher8 ,ask the question of our new masters from ,paris4 ,grac4 ,many of them are philosophers in their clothes1 not in their brains4 ,nugo4 ,why do you say on account of their dress8 ,for you should rather say that they seem to be cooks or mule-drivers4 ,grac4 ,i say so because they wear clothes which are clumsy1 worn out1 torn1 muddy1 dirty1 and full of lice in them4 ,nugo4 ,why this almost constitutes them cynic philosophers6 ,grac4 ,nay1 they are rather cimici#ce but not what they desire to seem1 viz41 peripatetics1 for ,aristotle1 the leader of this sect1 was a most polished man4 ,but ,i have long since bidden farewell to philosophy1 if ,i cannot any other way than theirs become a philosopher4 ,for what is more comely and worthy in a man than cleanliness and a certain refinement in bearing and in dress8 ,in this respect ,i consider the ,lovanians are superior to the ,parisians4 ,turd4 ,but don't you think that too much attention to cleanliness and elegance is a hindrance to studies8 ,grac4 ,i certainly believe in cleanliness1 but ,i don't think there should be an anxious and morose absorption in it4 ,nugo4 ,do you then condemn elegance1 on which ,laurentius ,valla has written so diffusely and which our teachers so diligently commend to us8 ,there is an elegance1 e4g41 of words1 in speaking1 and there is an elegance of clothes in dressing4 ,turd4 ,do you know what was told me by the letter-carrier at ,louvain8 ,nugo4 ,what was that8 ,turd4 ,that ,clodius fell in love madly with some girl and ,lusco transferred himself from letters to merchandise1 that is1 from horseback to mule-back4 ,nugo4 ,what do ,i hear8 ,,xii4 ,clodius the ,lover ,turd4 ,you all knew ,clodius1 full of vigour1 rubicund1 well-clothed1 cheerful1 with shining countenance1 affable1 genial teller of stories4 ,now it is said of him that he is without vigour1 bloodless1 of pallid colour1 sallow1 witless1 wild-looking1 stern1 taciturn1 one who shuns the light and human society4 ,no one who knew him formerly would now recognise him4 ,nugo4 ,o wretched young man6 ,whence has this evil befallen him8 ,turd4 ,he is in love4 ,nugo4 ,but whence his love8 ,turd4 ,as far as ,i could gather from the speech of the letter-carrier he had given up solid and serious studies and had devoted himself entirely to the looser ,latin poets--those of the vernacular2 thence he got the first preparation of his mind4 ,so that if by any means any spark of fire1 however slight it might be1 should fall on him he was as kindling-wood ready for it and would flare up suddenly like lit flax4 ,so he gave himself up to sleep and idleness4 ,nugo4 ,what need is there further to relate more or greater causes of his falling in love8 ,turd4 ,now he is beside himself1 going about here1 there1 and everywhere alone1 but always either silent1 or singing something and dancing1 and writing verses in the vernacular4 ,nugo4 ,which1 forsooth1 his ,lycoris herself may read4 ,grac4 ,o ,christ1 preserve our hearts from so pernicious a disease6 ,turd4 ,unless ,i am deceived as to the character of ,clodius1 he will return some time to a better and more fruitful life4 ,his mind wanders into the foreign lands of evil2 it does not take up its residence in them4 ,,xiii4 ,lusco the ,merchant ,grac4 ,and that other one--what is the kind of commerce in which he engages8 ,turd4 ,he has sent his father a letter written in a weeping strain concerning the sad state of his studies4 ,the letter-carrier himself read the letter since it was left open4 ,the father1 a man impervious to culture 7crassae ,minervae71 has handed him over from ,,mss4 to wools1 cloths1 dyes1 pepper1 ginger1 and cinnamon4 ,now girt as to his arms1 wonderfully diligent and sedulous in his odorous shop1 he invites his customers1 receives them blandly1 climbs up and comes down most unsafe ladders1 produces his goods1 shows them this way and that1 tells lies1 perjures himself4 ,everything is easier to him than studying4 ,nugo4 ,from a boy ,i have known him intent on business1 and to delight in money1 and so he has held business in higher esteem than letters1 and he has preferred filthy lucre to the excellency of erudition4 ,some time he will repent it4 ,turd4 ,but too late6 ,nugo4 ,without doubt4 ,may he take care that it does not happen to him as it did to his cousin4 ,turd4 ,which8 ,,xiv4 ,antony the 8,cook0 ,nugo4 ,antonius in ,fruit ,lane1 near the ,three ,jackdaws4 ,haven't you heard that in a former year he 8cooked08#cf ,grac4 ,what did he cook1 please8 ,is this so great an evil8 ,doesn't it go on in every kitchen daily8 ,turd4 ,he 8cooked0 his accounts 7rem decoxit74 ,grac4 ,what accounts8 ,turd4 ,his business with others1 and couldn't meet his creditors4 ,grac4 ,hasn't he paid back his creditors8 ,turd4 ,he has betaken himself to a place of retreat1 and made over his books one by one at a quarter of their cost price4 ,grac4 ,is this what you call 8cooking10 when nothing could be more raw4 ,but how did he lose the money8 ,turd4 ,i have heard lately from his father with regard to that1 but ,i have not yet fully understood the matter4 ,the father said that he had made most prodigal borrowings1 which would skin him and swallow him up to the bones4 ,grac4 ,what do you mean by 8borrowings0 and what by 8skinning08 ,turd4 ,i don't quite know1 but ,i believe it has something to do with theft4 ,,xv4 ,the ,tumbler ,nugo4 ,do you see1 there1 that fat man8 ,you would scarcely think it possible to move him4 ,yet he is a tumbler and rope-dancer 7funambulus74 ,grac4 ,ah6 be quiet6 ,you are saying something which is incredible4 ,turd4 ,he does not indeed dance with his body1 but he makes drinking-cups dance4 ,grac4 ,did the letter-carrier bring any news of our companions8 ,,xvi4 ,hermogenes ,turd4 ,yes1 concerning ,hermogenes1 who in all our contests always bore away the chief prizes4 ,by an astounding change from being a man of the highest ability and learning 7as his time of life brought about7 suddenly he has become most sluggish and boorish4 ,nugo4 ,such a change ,i have often seen happen with certain keen-witted men4 ,bamb4 ,they say that this happens when the sharpness of the wit is not really genuine1 like a lancet whose edge is easily blunted1 especially if it is used to cut anything a little too hard4 ,grac4 ,what1 is there an edge in wits1 even as there is in steel8 ,bamb4 ,i don't know4 ,i have often seen steel1 but never have ,i seen a man's wits4 ,,xvii4 ,the ,boorish ,youth ,nugo4 ,what has become of that young countryman 7paganus7 who some months ago on his arrival entertained us with a lunch consisting of delicacies brought from the country1 after whom the teacher has sent four slave-catchers to bring him back from his flight8 ,he was rather a handsome fellow6 ,turd4 ,he has become a delightful ass6 ,my aunt's maid-servant1 who is his cousin1 met him lately in his village1 with bare head1 uncombed1 shaggy1 and bristly1 with wooden shoes and a poor1 rough coat1 selling in a public square paper pictures and horn books1 and singing new songs before a circle of sightseers4 ,grac4 ,yet he must be a man sprung from a distinguished family4 ,turd4 ,why so8 ,grac4 ,since his father is of the race of the ,coclites4 ,nugo4 ,that name does not so much argue a man of noble family as a thrower of the dart4 ,he will take his aim easily4 ,turd4 ,or it betokens a carpenter who directs his red-chalk with one eye4 ,nugo4 ,that boy has never pleased me1 nor has he ever disclosed to me any sign of ability4 ,grac4 ,how so8 ,,xviii4 ,the ,man with the ,neck ,chain ,nugo4 ,because he never loved studies1 nor showed any reverence for his teacher4 ,this is the clearest proof of a lost mind4 ,then1 too1 he ridiculed old men and mocked at the unfortunate4 ,but who is that man clothed in silk1 adorned with neck-chain and with gold decorations8 ,grac4 ,he is of a renowned race1 and has a mother a most noble and fruitful mother4 ,nugo4 ,who is she8 ,grac4 ,the earth1#cg and you will scarcely believe what delights he always has4 ,you would say he was a little child up to now in the cradle1 crying for his rattle4 ,nugo4 ,and yet the down begins to creep over his cheeks4 ,,xix4 ,the ,overseer of ,studies ,bamb4 ,ah6 the overseer 7observator7 is coming4 ,get ready your books1 open them1 and begin to turn over the pages and read them4 ,there has not been for many weeks a more zealous overseer1 one who would rejoice so much to pass on charges against any one to the master4 ,bamb4 ,would that at least he would accuse us of our real faults1 but for the most part he brings false witness against us4 ,nugo4 ,let that saying of ,horace be a wall of brass to us3 ,nihil conscire sibi1 nulla pallescere culpa4 ,but be quiet6 ,i will immediately put him to rout4 ,observ4 ,what do you say1 ,vacia8 ,nugo4 ,what do you say1 ,vatrax8 ,observ4 ,what do you say1 ,batrachomyomachia8 ,but1 joking aside1 what are you doing here8 ,nugo4 ,what are we doing8 ,what are good scholars and students always doing8 ,we are reading1 learning1 disputing4 ,tell us1 please1 most charming creature1#ch what is the meaning of that passage in ,vergil's ,eclogues3 444 transversa tuentibus hirquis4 ,observ4 ,you do well2 proceed with your studies as it behoves young men of good abilities4 ,i have now other business in hand4 ,farewell4 ,nugo4 ,we have had sufficient trifling4 ,let us get back to school4 ,but first let us read over again what the teacher explained1 so that we learn something1 and give him pleasure1 and so that he may approve of us--which must be in our prayers as much as it is in those of the father of each of us4 ,,ix ,,iter ,,et ,,equus--,journey on ,horseback ,,philippus1 ,,misippus1 ,,misospudus1 ,,planetes ,in this dialogue are contained those matters that pertain to horses and peregrinations1 concerning which see as a whole1 ,grapaldus1 lib4 #a1 cap4 #h1 and ,volaterranus1 lib4 #be1 philologiae4 ,we place the kinds one by one1 according to their nomenclature1 primarily for the sake of boys4 ,lupatum1 ein scharpff ,gebisz4 ,frenum1 ein ,zaum4 ,orea1 der ,riem unter dem ,maul4 ,aurea1 der ,riem ber die ,ohren4 ,antilena1 der ,brustriem4 ,postilena1 der hinder ,riem4 ,hinderbug4 ,ephippium1 ,sattel4 ,stapes vel stapeda1 ,steigreiff4 ,habena1 ,zgel4 ,calcar1 ,spor4 ,,genera ,,equorum ,asturco gradarius1 tollutarius1 tieldo1 ein ,zelter4 ,mannus1 ein kleines ,rsslein4 ,cantherius1 ein ,mnch4 ,succussator1 ein harttrabender ,gaul4 ,vector seu ephippiarius1 ,reitrosz4 ,clitellarius1 ,saumrosz4 ,jugalis1 helciarius1 ,ziehrosz4 ,wagenrosz4 ,kummetrosz4 ,dorsualis1 ,mllerrosz1 das auff dem ,rcke trgt4 ,meritorius1 ,lehenrosz4 ,drei ,plappert ,rosz4 ,,currus ,species ,rheda1 ein ,karr4 ,sarracum1 ,lastwagen4 ,stein4 ,wagen4 ,rotae1 ,reder4 ,partes ,temo1 ,deichsel4 ,canthi1 ,radschinnen4 ,the names of the interlocutors are suitably framed4 ,misippus1 the hater of horses1 2 ,philippus1 the lover of horses1 2 ,misospudus1 the hater of studies 7osor studiorum71 2 ,planetes erro1 vagus1 planus1 ein ,landstreicher1 from 1 erro1 vagor4 ,phil4 ,wouldn't you like us to set out for ,boulogne along the ,seine1 to cheer our minds8 ,misi4 and ,miso4 ,there is nothing we should like better1 especially on a mild day like this1 without a sound of wind1 and when1 again1 we are having a holiday from school4 ,phil4 ,why are you not at work to-day8 ,miso4 ,because ,pandulfus is going to make all the masters drunk with a great luncheon in honour of his laurels in obtaining his mastership4 ,plan4 ,oh6 what a lot they will drink6 ,miso4 ,much more than will satisfy thirst4 ,misi4 ,i have an ,asturian horse4 ,phil4 ,and ,i have a hired horse which ,i have got from a one-eyed rogue4 ,miso4 ,planetes and ,i will go in a travelling carriage2 the rest1 if it seems good to them1 shall follow us on foot1 or by strength of arms push a boat against the current of the stream4 ,phil4 ,rather let it be dragged along by horses4 ,miso4 ,as you please 7ut erit cordi71 for we choose to take the journey on foot4 ,phil4 ,eh6 boy1 bridle my horse and saddle him6 ,why1 in the name of mischief1 are you putting on the little steed so sharp-toothed a curb8 ,give him rather that light little curb with the knobs4 ,boy4 ,alas6 he has neither bit nor bridle4 ,phil4 ,if ,i knew who had broken them1 ,i would break him6 ,misi4 ,what are you saying in your agitation8 ,phil4 ,put in bread for a meal4 ,get it where you can1 conveniently4 ,boy4 ,certainly1 whilst you are at your school classes4 ,you want both horses and their equipment6 ,phil4 ,supply1 then1 what is lacking out of this cord4 ,boy4 ,it will look unsightly4 ,phil4 ,go1 fool1 who will see us when we get out of the town8 ,boy4 ,the body-band is also in two4 ,phil4 ,mend it with some straps4 ,boy4 ,it has no tail-band4 ,phil4 ,there is no need for it4 ,plan4 ,a great and experienced horseman6 ,why1 the the saddle will slide on to his neck and the horse will shoot you over his head4 ,phil4 ,what is that to me8 ,the road is muddy rather than stony4 ,i shall take my fill of dirt1 but none of my blood will be spilt4 ,if all these preparations have to be made1 we shall not set forth from this place before the evening4 ,bring a horse of some kind1 whatever his trappings may be4 ,boy4 ,here he is1 ready4 ,mount him4 ,eh6 what are you doing1 putting your right foot first into the stirrup8 ,phil4 ,what am ,i to do then8 ,boy4 ,why1 the left1 and hold the reins in your left hand2 with the right hand take this switch1 which will serve in place of spurs4 ,phil4 ,i don't need it4 ,my heels will do for spurs4 ,boy4 ,you see ,jubellius ,taurea1 or is it ,asellus who entered into a struggle with that famous steed4#ci ,phil4 ,have done with your glib stories6 ,where are the others8 ,boy4 ,off you go6 ,i will accompany you on foot4 ,misi4 ,most abominable1 jolting horse4 ,the beast will break all my bones before we reach the town4 ,phil4 ,what1 in the name of evil1 is that horse-covering8 ,it is a pack-saddle1 ,i believe4 ,misi4 ,surely not4 ,phil4 ,how much for it8 ,what's its price8 ,misi4 ,fourteen ,turonic#dj sesterces4 ,phil4 ,i wouldn't give as much for the horse himself with his fodder and trappings4 ,it seems to me to be neither a draught horse1 nor a horse for riding1 but a beast of burden1 ready for the pack-saddle1 or for the yoke1 or to carry goods on its back4 ,note1 ,i beg1 how it constantly stumbles4 ,it would trip up over a piece of paper1 or a stalk of straw spread out on its way4 ,misi4 ,what do you say of it8 ,it is as yet a foal4 ,but chatter on as you like4 ,do you see this horse8 ,he1 whatever he may be1 is going to carry me1 or ,i him4 ,boy4 ,the poor animal has a very tender hoof4 ,phil4 ,what1 then1 did the one-eyed man so carefully warn you about when he handed the horse over to you8 ,misi4 ,he begged1 in the most amiable manner1 that the two of us should not sit on the beast1 one on the saddle and the other on the buttocks1 and that ,i should have him carefully covered when he was put in the stable4 ,boy4 ,the poor horse surely needs covering when he has his sides of raw flesh4 ,phil4 ,what are you doing8 ,are you not getting into the carriage8 ,plan4 ,you speak to the point4 ,the driver now demands as much again as what we agreed to4 ,phil4 ,it is easy to deal with drivers and boatmen2 they will do everything to your satisfaction4 ,they tell you you will accomplish everything4 ,this kind of man is soft1 gentle1 obliging1 courteous1 respectful4 ,drivers are the scum of the earth1 the boatmen the scum of the sea4 ,give him the half of what he asks4 ,boy4 ,what time do you suppose it is already8 ,phil4 ,guessing by the sun1 ,i should say past ten o'clock4 ,boy4 ,mid-day is near4 ,phil4 ,fancy6 ,eh6 ,misippus1 let us get along4 ,follow who can6 ,we shall be found at the 8,red ,hat10 i4e41 the hostelry situated opposite the royal pyramid1 not far from the house of the ,curio4#da ,misi4 ,which way shall we go8 ,phil4 ,through the ,marcelline ,gate1 on the right4 ,it is a simple and straight road4 ,misi4 ,nay1 let us take this lane4 ,it is a pleasant and quiet way4 ,phil4 ,by no means4 ,nothing is easier and safer than the high road1 for by cross roads we shall lose our friends1 especially since that way1 if my memory does not fail me1 is full of windings and turnings4 ,misi4 ,who are those men with spears8 ,they seem to be soldiers from the mercenary troops4 ,phil4 ,what must we do8 ,misi4 ,let us turn back1 so that we don't get robbed4 ,phil4 ,let us go forward1 for on horseback we shall easily escape them1 by running through the fields4 ,misi4 ,what if they have got handcuffs with them6 ,phil4 ,i see nothing of the sort1 but only long lances4 ,misi4 ,come nearer1 boy4 ,boy4 ,what's amiss8 ,misi4 ,don't you see those ,germans8 ,boy4 ,which8 ,misi4 ,those people coming this way against us4 ,boy4 ,they are ,german#db sure enough1 but two ,parisian peasants with their sticks4 ,misi4 ,yes1 certainly1 that is so4 ,a blessing on you6 ,you have restored my courage and vitality4 ,but where are ,misospudus and ,planetes8 ,boy4 ,the driver1 enraged at not getting what he had demanded1 drove them on a lumpy road4 ,the horses1 in struggling with all their might to drag the wheels as they stuck in the deep mud1 broke in pieces the pole of the carriage and the horse-collars4 ,then the tyres1 together with the nails1 were torn off4 ,the reckless driver1 with blind rage1 had put the brake on the wheel4 ,he is now angrily repairing the damage and blaspheming all the gods1 and cursing the passengers with the most terrible imprecations4 ,phil4 ,may his curses recoil on his own head6 ,boy4 ,i think they will leave the carriage behind and get into a cart1 which is going1 unladen1 to ,boulogne4 ,glaucus and ,diomedes had got on a boat1 but the boatman declared that against this wind they could not make way with their oars and poles4 ,also they say that the horses which pull boats up the stream are all at work1 so ,i know not by what means the boat could be drawn4 ,so they have not yet loosened the stern-rope4 ,phil4 ,is there any news as to the boat fare8 ,plan4 ,absolutely none4 ,phil4 ,that is extraordinary4 ,i guess what will happen4 ,they won't reach ,boulogne before nightfall4 ,misi4 ,what of that6 ,let us take all to-morrow for refreshing our minds4 ,but look how softly the river flows by6 ,what a delightful murmur there is of the full crystal water amongst the golden rocks6 ,do you hear the nightingale and the goldfinch8 ,of a truth1 the country round ,paris is most delightful6 ,phil4 ,what sight can be equal to this8 ,how placidly the ,seine flows in its current1 how that small ship with its full sail before a favourable breeze is borne along6 ,it is marvellous how minds are restored by all these things4 ,oh1 how the meadow is clothed as by magic art4 ,misi4 ,and1 moreover1 by what a marvellous ,artist6 ,phil4 ,what a sweet scent is exhaled6 ,misi4 ,here1 here2 bend to the left so as to escape the thickest of mud1 in which thy steed at once would lose his hoof4 ,how different this field is from the next1 covered over with dirt1 squalid1 withered1 bristling thick with straws1 and armed with thorns4 ,boy4 ,don't you see that the field is covered with the waste from the river8 and elsewhere it is fruitful4 ,hyberno pulvere1 verno luto1 magna farra ,camille metes4#dc ,phil4 ,please1 sing some verses1 as you are wont to do4 ,misi4 ,with pleasure4 ,felix ille animi1 divisque simillimus ipsis1 ,quem non mendaci resplendens gloria fuco ,sollicitat1 non fastosi mala gaudia luxus3 ,sed tacitos sinit ire dies1 et paupere cultu ,exigit innocuae tranquilla silentia vitae4#dd ,phil4 ,most elegant and matterful verses1 whose are they1 ,i beg8 ,misi4 ,don't you know8 ,phil4 ,no4 ,misi4 ,they are by ,angelus ,politian4 ,phil4 ,i should have taken them to be from the classics4 ,they have the grace of antiquity4 ,i suspect we have lost our way6 ,misi4 ,ah6 good sir1 which is the way to ,boulogne8 ,rustic4 ,you are going out of the way4 ,turn your beasts to the cross-roads and strike the way there where the river bends4 ,on it you cannot get wrong4 ,the road is straight and plain up to the old oak1 then you turn quickly on this side 7pointing with his hand74 ,misi4 ,we are grateful4 ,rustic4 ,may ,god lead you6 ,misi4 ,i would rather run on foot than be shaken as ,i am by this horse4 ,phil4 ,you will have so much the greater appetite4 ,misi4 ,i shall1 on the contrary1 be able to eat nothing1 so weary and exhausted ,i am in all my body4 ,i would rather go to bed than ask for anything to eat4 ,phil4 ,sit down1 with knees drawn together1 and not stretched apart4 ,you will feel weariness the less4 ,misi4 ,that is the custom of women4 ,i would do it were ,i not afraid of the laughter and grimaces of passers by4 ,boy4 ,stop a moment1 ,philip1 until the smith here has shod thy horse1 whose shoe on the right foot has become loose4 ,misi4 ,nay1 rather let us stay here1 so that if the inn is closed we may sleep out in the open air4 ,phil4 ,what is that8 ,under the open sky8 ,would it not be more excellent than in a closed room8 ,it would be a more serious matter for us to have to go without a meal4 ,x ,,scriptio--,writing ,,manricus1 ,,mendoza1 ,,the ,,teacher ,as1 above1 in the fifth dialogue1 ,vives taught the method of reading1 so here he explains in an elegant manner the method of writing4 ,for it is no small honour for a learned man to form his letters skilfully4 ,but he adds the praise of correct writing and various kinds of writing1 also he writes somewhat on pens and their preparation1 and concerning different kinds of paper and other adjuncts of writing4 ,manr4 ,were you present to-day when the oration on the usefulness of writing was delivered8 ,mend4 ,where8 ,manr4 ,in the lecture-room of ,antonius ,nebrissensis4 ,mend4 ,no1 but do you recount what took place1 if anything of it remains in your memory4 ,manr4 ,what am ,i to recount8 ,he said so many things that almost everything has fallen from my mind4 ,mend4 ,then it has happened to you what ,quintilian said of the vessels with narrow neck1 viz41 that they spit out the supply of liquid when it is poured down on them2 but if it is instilled slowly they receive it4 ,but haven't you retained anything of it exactly8 ,manr4 ,almost nothing4 ,mend4 ,then at least something4 ,manr4 ,very1 very little4 ,mend4 ,then communicate this very1 very little to me4 ,i4 ,the ,usefulness of ,writing ,manr4 ,first of all he said that it was thoroughly wonderful that you can comprise so great a variety of human sounds within so few written characters4 ,then1 that absent friends are able to talk to one another by the aid of letters4 ,he added that nothing seemed more marvellous in these islands recently discovered by the munificence of our kings1 whence indeed gold is brought1 than that men should be able to open up to one another what they think from a long distance by a piece of paper being sent with black stains marked on it4 ,for the question was asked1 ,whether paper knew how to speak8 ,he also said this1 that1 and many other things which ,i have forgotten4 ,mend4 ,how long did he speak8 ,manr4 ,two hours4 ,mend4 ,and from so long an oration have you committed to memory so slight a portion as what you have just said8 ,manr4 ,i have indeed committed it to the charge of my memory1 but my memory would not keep it all4 ,mend4 ,clearly you have the wide-mouthed jar of the daughters of ,danaus4 ,manr4 ,nay1 ,i have received the oration into a sieve1 not into a jar at all4 ,mend4 ,we will summon some one who will bring back to memory those points which you have forgotten4 ,manr4 ,wait a bit6 for ,i am seeking to recall something by thinking it over4 ,now ,i have it4 ,mend4 ,speak it out1 then6 ,why didn't you take notes8 ,manr4 ,i hadn't a pen at hand4 ,mend4 ,not even a writing-tablet8 ,manr4 ,not even a writing-tablet4 ,mend4 ,now tell on4 ,manr4 ,i have lost it again2 you have shaken it out of mind by interrupting so disagreeably4 ,mend4 ,what1 so soon6 ,manr4 ,now it comes back to me4 ,he stated on the authority of some writer 7,i don't know who it was7 that nothing is more fitted as a help to great erudition than to write clearly and quickly4 ,mend4 ,who was the writer quoted8 ,manr4 ,i have often heard his name1 but it has escaped my memory4 ,nobles ,mend4 ,as have the other things6 ,but the crowd of our nobility do not follow the precept 7as to the value of writing71 for they think it is a fine and becoming thing not to know how to form their letters4 ,you would say their writing was the scratching of hens1 and unless you were warned beforehand whose hand it was1 you would never guess4 ,manr4 ,and for this reason you see how thick-headed men are1 how foolish1 and imbued with corrupt prejudices4 ,mend4 ,what are the common run of people1 if the nobles are so skilless8 or are the classes little different from each other8 ,manr4 ,because the common people are not distinguished by their clothes and possessions1 they are the more separated by their life and sound judgment in their affairs4 ,mend4 ,do you mean that to vindicate ourselves from the charge of vulgar ignorance we must give ourselves up to the practice of writing8 ,manr4 ,i don't know how it is inborn in me to plough out my letters so distortedly1 so unequally and confusedly4 ,mend4 ,you have this tendency from your noble birth4 ,practise yourself--habit will change even what you think to be inborn in you4 ,,ii4 ,the ,writing-master ,manr4 ,but where does he 7the writing-master7 live8 ,mend4 ,don't seek that from me1 for ,i did not hear the man1 nor see him1 while ,i understood that you heard him4 ,you would like everything to be brought to your mouth1 chewed beforehand4 ,manr4 ,now ,i remember he said he rented a house near the church of ,,ss4 ,justus and ,pastor4 ,mend4 ,so he is our neighbour4 ,let us go4 ,manr4 ,eh1 boy6 where is the teacher8 ,boy4 ,in that room there6 ,manr4 ,what is he doing8 ,boy4 ,he is teaching some pupils4 ,manr4 ,tell him that there stand before his doors some who have come to be taught by him4 ,teacher4 ,who are these boys8 ,what do they want8 ,boy4 ,they desire conference with you4 ,teacher4 ,admit them straight to me4 ,manr4 and ,mend4 ,we wish you health and all prosperity1 teacher4 ,teacher4 ,and ,i1 in my turn1 wish you a happy entrance here4 ,may ,christ preserve you6 ,what is it8 ,what do you wish8 ,manr4 ,to be taught by you in that art which you profess1 if only you have time and are willing4 ,teacher4 ,certainly1 you ought to be boys highly educated1 for so you speak and desire with modest mouths4 ,now1 so much the more since a blush has spread over your whole face4 ,have confidence1 my boys1 for that is the colour of virtue4 ,what are your names8 ,manr4 ,manricus and ,mendoza4 ,true ,nobility ,teacher4 ,the names themselves are evidence of noble education and generous minds4 ,but first then1 you will be truly noble if you cultivate your minds by those arts which are especially most worthy of your renowned families4 ,how much wiser you are than that multitude of nobles who hope that they are going to be esteemed as better born in proportion as they are ignorant of the art of writing4 ,but this is scarcely to be wondered at1 since this conviction has taken hold of the stupid nobles that nothing is more mean or vile than to pursue knowledge in anything4 ,and therefore it is to be seen that they sign their names to their letters1 composed by their secretaries1 in a manner that makes them impossible to be read2 nor do you know from whom the letter is sent to you1 if it is not first told you by the letter-carrier1 or unless you know the seal4 ,manr4 ,over this ,mendoza and ,i have grieved already4 ,teacher4 ,but have you come here armed8 ,manr4 ,not at all1 good teacher1 we should have been beaten by our teachers if we had dared to merely look at arms1 at our age1 let alone to touch them4 ,teacher4 ,ah1 ah6 ,i don't speak of the arms of blood-shedding1 but of writing-weapons1 which are necessary for our purpose4 ,have you a quill-sheath together with quills in it8 ,mend4 ,what is a quill-sheath8 ,is it the same as we call a writing-reed case8 ,,iii4 ,modes of ,writing ,teacher4 ,it is4 ,for the men of antiquity were accustomed to write with styles4 ,styles were followed by reeds1 especially ,nile reeds4 ,the ,agarenes 7i4e4 the ,saracens71 if you have seen them1 write with reeds from right to left1 as do almost all the nations in the ,east4 ,europe followed ,greece1 and1 on the contrary1 writes from the left to the right4 ,manr4 ,and also the ,latins8 ,teacher4 ,the ,latins also1 my sons1 but they have their origin from the ,greeks4 ,formerly the ancient ,latins wrote on parchment which was called palimpsest because the writing could be wiped out again1 and only on one side1 for those books written on both sides were called ,opistographi4 ,such was that ,orestes of ,juvenal which was written on the back of a written sheet and not brought to an end4 ,but as to these matters ,i will speak some other time2 now those which press4 ,we write with goose quills1 though some use hen's quills4 ,your quills there are particularly useful1 for they have an ample1 shining1 and firm opening4 ,take off the little feathers with a knife and cut off something from the top4 ,if they have any roughness1 scrape it off1 for the smooth ones are better fitted for use4 ,manr4 ,i never use any unless they are stripped of feathers1 and shine1 but my instructor taught me how to make them smooth by saliva and by rubbing on the under-side of the coat or stockings4 ,teacher4 ,seasonable counsel6 ,mend4 ,teach us how to make our quills4 ,,iv4 ,the ,making of 7,quill7 ,pens ,teacher4 ,first of all1 cleave the head on both sides1 so that it is split into two4 ,then whilst you carefully guide the knife1 make a cutting on the upper part which is called the crena or notch4 ,then make quite equal the two little feet 7pedunculos71 or if you prefer to call them the little legs 7cruscula72 so1 nevertheless1 that the right one on which the pen rests in writing may be higher1 but the difference ought to be scarcely perceptible4 ,if you wish to press the pen on the paper somewhat firmly1 hold it with three fingers2 but if you are writing more quickly1 with two1 the thumb and the fore-finger1 after the ,italian fashion4 ,for the middle finger rather checks the course and hinders it from proceeding too quickly1 instead of helping it forward4 ,manr4 ,reach me the ink vessel4 ,mend4 ,ah6 ,i have let the ink horn fall1 whilst coming here4 ,v4 ,ink ,teacher4 ,boy1 bring me that two-handled ink flask1 and let us pour from it into this little leaden mortar4 ,mend4 ,without a sponge6 ,teacher4 ,you get the ink thus more flowingly and easily into the pen4 ,for if you dip the pen into cotton1 or silk-thread1 or linen1 some fibre or fluff adheres to the nib4 ,the drawing of this out causes a delay in writing4 ,or if you don't draw it out1 you will make blurs rather than letters 7lituras verius quam literas74 ,mend4 ,as my companions advised1 ,i put in either ,maltese linen-cloth or thin1 fine silk4 ,teacher4 ,that is certainly more satisfactory4 ,however1 it is much better to pour ink only into a little mortar which stands firmly1 for that can be carried about2 for this1 of course1 a sponge is necessary4 ,have you also paper8 ,,vi4 ,paper ,mend4 ,i have this4 ,teacher4 ,it is too rough1 and such as would check the pen so that it would not run without being hindered1 and this is a nuisance for studies4 ,for whilst you are struggling with roughness of paper1 many things which should be written down slip from the mind4 ,leave this kind of paper1 wide1 thick1 hard1 rough1 for the printers of books1 for it is so called 7libraria7 because from it books are made to last for a very long time4 ,for daily use1 don't get great ,augustan or ,imperial paper1 which is named ,hieratica because employed for sacred matters1 such as you see in books used in sacred edifices4 ,get for your own use the best letter-paper from ,italy1 very thin and firm1 or even that common sort brought over from ,france1 and especially that which you will find for sale in single blocks at twopence each 7nummis octonis74 ,in addition1 the linden-tree paper1 either of the kinds of paper called ,emporetica1#de which we call blotting paper 7bibula71 should be in reserve 7pro corollario74 ,mend4 ,what do these words mean1 for ,i have often wondered8 ,teacher4 ,emporetica comes from the ,greek and means paper used for wrapping goods in1 and bibula is so called because it absorbs ink1 so that you don't need bran1 or sand1 or dust scraped from a wall4 ,but best of all is when the letters dry up of themselves1 for by that method they last so much longer4 ,but you will find it useful to place ,emporetica paper under your hand so that you may not stain the whiteness of the writing-paper by sweat or dirt4 ,,vii4 ,the ,copy ,manr4 ,now give us a copy1 if it seems good to you4 ,teacher4 ,first the ,a ,b ,c1 then syllables1 then words joined together in this fashion4 ,learn1 boy1 those things by which you may become wiser1 and thence happier4 ,sounds are the symbols of minds amongst people in one another's presence2 letters1 the symbols between those who are absent from one another4 ,imitate these copies and come here after lunch1 or even to-morrow1 so that ,i may correct your writing4 ,manr4 ,we will do so4 ,in the meantime we commend you to ,christ4 ,teacher4 ,and ,i1 you1 the same4 ,mend4 ,let us go apart from our friends1 so that we may reflect without interruption on what we have heard from the teacher4 ,manr4 ,agreed6 ,let us do so6 ,mend4 ,we have come to the place we want4 ,let us sit down on these stones4 ,manr4 ,yes1 as long as we are out of the sun4 ,mend4 ,quick6 a half-sheet of paper1 which ,i will return to you to-morrow4 ,manr4 ,will this small bit be sufficient8 ,mend4 ,alas6 it won't take six lines1 especially of such writing as mine4 ,manr4 ,write on both sides and make the lines more crowded together4 ,what need have you to leave such big spaces between the lines8 ,mend4 ,i8 ,i make scarcely any space4 ,for these letters of mine touch one another both above and beneath1 especially those which have long heads or feet1 such as b and p4 ,but what are you doing8 ,have you already ploughed out two lines8 and how elegant they are6 except that they are crooked4 ,manr4 ,you write1 yourself1 and be quiet6 ,mend4 ,certainly with this pen and ink ,i can by no means write4 ,manr4 ,how is that8 ,mend4 ,don't you see that the pen besprinkles the paper with ink outside the letters8 ,manr4 ,my ink is so thick that you would think it was lime4 ,look there1 how it sticks on the top of the nib and won't flow down so as to form the letters4 ,but we will soon remedy both the inconveniences4 ,cut off from the top of the pen with your knife so much that it collects what is wanted for the letters2 ,i will instil some drops of water into the ink so as to make it flow more easily4 ,the best thing would be vinegar1 if you had it at hand1 for this immediately dilutes the thick ink4 ,mend4 ,true1 but there is the danger lest its acidity enters into the paper4 ,manr4 ,you needn't fear any such danger2 this paper is best of all in preventing ink from flowing4 ,mend4 ,the extreme edges of this paper of yours are unequal1 wrinkled1 and rough4 ,manr4 ,then apply the shears to the margin of the paper1 for then it will seem more elegant1 or write only outside the rough parts4 ,the slightest obstacles seem to you to be a great hindrance to prevent you going on4 ,whatever you have under your hand1 put it on one side4 ,mend4 ,let us now go back to the teacher4 ,manr4 ,does it seem to you to be time already8 ,mend4 ,i fear lest the time has already passed by1 for he has lunch early4 ,manr4 ,let us go4 ,you enter first1 for you have less timidity4 ,mend4 ,nay1 rather you1 for you have less impudence4 ,manr4 ,see that no one goes out from his house and catches us here1 joking and frolicking4 ,let us knock at the door with the knocker-ring1 although the door is open1 for this would be more courteous4 7,tat-tat47 ,boy4 ,who is there8 ,come straight in1 whoever you are6 ,manr4 ,it is we4 ,where is the teacher8 ,boy4 ,in his room4 ,mend4 ,may all things befall you propitiously1 teacher6 ,teacher4 ,you have come seasonably4 ,mend4 ,we have imitated your copy five or six times on this paper and bring our work to you to have it corrected4 ,what should be ,avoided in ,writing ,teacher4 ,you have done rightly4 ,show it4 ,in the future let there be a greater space between the lines so that ,i may be able to alter your mistakes and correct them4 ,these letters are too unequal1 an ugly fault in writing4 ,notice how much greater n is than e and o than the circle you make of it4 ,for the bodies of all the letters ought to be equal4 ,mend4 ,tell us1 pray1 what do you mean by 8bodies08 ,,viii4 ,forming ,letters in ,writing ,teacher4 ,the middle part of the letters1 the part besides the little heads and feet1 if they have any2 b and l have heads1 p and q have feet4 ,in this m the legs 7or sides7 are not equal in length4 ,the first is shorter than the middle4 ,it has also too long a tail1 even as that a has4 ,you don't sufficiently press the pen on the paper4 ,the ink scarcely sticks1 nor can you clearly distinguish what the beginnings of the letters are4 ,since you have tried to change these letters into others1 having erased parts with the pointed end of your knife1 you have disfigured your writing4 ,it would have been better to draw a thin stroke through it4 ,then you should have transferred what remains of the word at the end of one line to the beginning of the next1 only preserving the syllables always as wholes1 for the law of ,latin writing does not suffer them to be cut into4 ,it is said that the ,emperor ,augustus did not have the custom of dividing words1 nor did he transfer the overflowing letters of the end of his lines on to the next1 but that he put them immediately under the line and round about it4 ,manr4 ,we will gladly imitate that1 as it is the example of a king4 ,teacher4 ,you may well do so4 ,for how could you otherwise satisfy yourselves that you had any connection with him 7lit41 that you are sprung from his blood78 ,but you must not join all the letters1 nor must you separate all4 ,there are those which must be ranged with one another1 as those with tails1 e4g41 a1 l1 u1 together with others1 and so the speared letters1 e4g41 f and t4 ,there are others which don't permit of this1 viz41 the circle-shaped p1 o1 b4 ,as much as possible keep your head erect in writing1 for if you bend and stoop1 humours flow down on to the forehead and eyes1 whence many diseases are born and whence too may come weakness of eyes4 ,now receive another copy and put it on paper for to-morrow1 ,god willing 7,deo propitio74 ,as ,ovid says 7,remedia ,amoris1 #ic73 ,sed propera1 nec te venturas differ in horas1 ,qui non est hodie1 cras minus aptus erit4#df and as ,martial says 7de ,notario73 ,currant verba licet1 manus est velocior illis1 ,nondum lingua suum1 dextra peregit opus4#dg ,mend4 ,do you wish that we should imitate this blur8 ,teacher4 ,the blurs of correction certainly--and what else is marked4 ,mend4 ,in the meantime we wish you the best of health4 ,,xi ,,vestitus ,,et ,,deambulatio ,,matutina--,getting ,dressed and the ,morning ,constitutional ,,bellinus1 ,,malvenda1 ,,joannius1 ,,gomezulus ,this dialogue 7as its inscription indicates7 has two divisions4 ,the earlier part is a paraphrase of the first dialogue1 for he treats of almost the same things as there1 but more copiously3 he describes the manner of putting on one's clothes or dressing one's self1 and the kinds of clothes4 ,the second part contains the morning constitutional1 and includes a noteworthy description of spring as it reveals itself to all the senses4 ,first ,part ,mal4 ,nempe haec adsidue8 ,iam clarum mane fenestras intrat et angustas extendit lumine rimas3 stertimus indomitum quod despumare ,falernum sufficiat4#dh 7,persius1 iii4 #a-a47 ,bell4 ,it is plain to be seen that you are not in possession of your senses1 for if you were1 you would not be awake so long before morning1 nor pour out verses1 like a satyr's1 by which you disclose your frenzy4 ,mal4 ,then hear some epigrammatic verses1 with no bite in them and yet full of salt 7edentulos et salsos74 ,surgite iam pueris vendit ientacula pistor ,cristataeque sonant undique lucis aves4#di4 ,,martial1 #bbc4 ,bell4 ,the call of breakfast would drive off sleep from me more quickly than any din of thine4 ,mal4 ,most happy jester1 ,i wish you good morning4 ,bell4 ,and ,i wish you good night1 and a good brain to be able to sleep as well as you speak with fluent oratory4 ,mal4 ,i beg you1 answer me seriously1 if you are ever able to answer seriously1 what o'clock do you think it is now8 ,bell4 ,midnight1 or a little after4 ,mal4 ,by what clock8 ,bell4 ,that in my house4 ,mal4 ,where is your house-clock8 ,you would have to get or see a clock which had every hour for sleeping1 eating1 and playing1 but which had none for studying4 ,bell4 ,yet ,i have a clock by me4 ,mal4 ,where8 ,produce it4 ,bell4 ,in my eyes4 ,see1 such as cannot be opened by any force4 ,i beg of you1 fall asleep again1 or at least be quiet4 ,mal4 ,what in the name of evil is this drowsiness or1 more truly1 lethargy1 and1 in a certain sense1 death8 ,how long do you think we have slept8 ,bell4 ,two hours1 or at the most three4 ,mal4 ,three times three4 ,bell4 ,how is this possible8 ,mal4 ,gomezulus1 run along to the sun-dial of the ,franciscans and see what hour it is4 ,bell4 ,sun-dial1 forsooth6 ,when the sun has not as yet risen4 ,mal4 ,risen1 indeed6 ,come here1 boy4 ,open that glass window that the sun with his beams may fall upon this fellow's eyes4 ,everything is full of the sun and the shadows are getting less4 ,bell4 ,what has the rising or setting of the sun to do with you8 ,let it rise earlier than you1 since it has a longer day's journey to accomplish than you have4 ,mal4 ,gomezulus1 run quickly to ,st4 ,peter's1 and there look both on the mechanical clock 7horologio machinali71 and on the style of the sun-dial to tell what time it is4 ,gom4 ,i have looked at both4 ,by the sun-clock the shadow is yet a little distant from the second line4 ,by the mechanical clock the hand points to a little after the hour of five4 ,bell4 ,what do you say8 ,what else remains for you to do but fetch me the blacksmith from ,stone ,street1 that he may separate my eye-lids by pincers so firmly stuck together8 ,tell him1 that he has to force a door lever1 from which the key has been lost4 ,gom4 ,where does he live8 ,mal4 ,the boy will be going in earnest4 ,leave off joking and get up4 ,bell4 ,well1 let us get up1 since you are so obstinate in mind4 ,ah6 what a vexatious companion you are6 ,rouse me up1 ,christ1 from the sleep of sin to the watchfulness of justice6 ,take me from the night of death into the light of life4 ,amen4 ,mal4 ,may this day proceed happily for you6 ,bell4 ,and for you1 too1 the same1 and very many more as joyful and prosperous1 i4e41 may you so pass through it that you neither harm the virtue of any one1 nor may any one harm yours4 ,boy1 bring me a clean shirt1 for this one ,i have already worn for six whole days4 ,there1 snatch that flea on the leap4 ,now leave off the hunt4 ,how small a matter it would be to have killed a single flea in this chamber6 ,mal4 ,as much as to take a drop of water out of the river ,dilia 7at ,louvain74 ,bell4 ,or yet from the ocean-sea itself4 ,i won't have the shirt with the creased collar1 but the other one with the smooth collar4 ,for what are these creases otherwise at this time of the year than nests or receptacles for lice and fleas4 ,mal4 ,stupid6 ,you will then suddenly become rich1 possessing both white and black stock4 ,bell4 ,property abounding in quantity rather than of value in itself1 and companions ,i would rather see in the neighbourhood than in my house6 ,order the maid to sew again the side of this shirt1 and that with silk thread4 ,gom4 ,she hasn't any4 ,bell4 ,then with flax or with wool1 or even if she pleases with hemp4 ,never has this maid what is necessary2 of what is unnecessary she has more than enough4 ,but you1 ,gomezulus1 ,i don't want you to be a prophet4 ,carry out my order and report to me4 ,don't foretell what will happen4 ,shake the dust out of the stockings and then clean them carefully with that hard fly-brush4 ,give me clean socks1 for these are now moist and smell of the feet4 1 take them away1 the smell annoys me terribly4 ,gom4 ,do you wish an under-garment8 ,bell4 ,no1 for by the light of the sun ,i gather that the day will be hot4 ,but reach me that velvet doublet with the half sleeves of silken cloth1 and the light tunic of ,british cloth with long cloth cords4 ,mal4 ,or rather ,german cloth4 ,but what is the meaning of all this1 whereby you think of making yourself so extraordinarily smart1 beyond your custom--especially when it is not a feast-day8 ,and you ask also for country shoe-straps4 ,bell4 ,and you8 ,why have you put on your smooth silk1 fresh from the tailor's1 although you have your goat's-hair clothes and your well-worn clothes of ,damascus4 ,mal4 ,i have sent them to be repaired4 ,bell4 ,i indeed rather consider ease in my clothes than ornament4 ,these little hooks and knobs are out of their place4 ,you always loosen them wrongly and thoughtlessly4 ,mal4 ,i rather use buttons and holes1 which are more of an ornament1 and less burdensome for putting on and taking off one's clothes4 ,bell4 ,every one has not the same judgment on this any more than on other matters4 ,put down this breast-covering here in the box1 and don't bring it out again during the whole of the summer4 ,these straps have quite lost their strength4 ,this belt is unsewn and torn to pieces4 ,see that it is mended1 but take care that no unshapely knots are sewn on4 ,gom4 ,this will not be done for at least an hour and a half4 ,bell4 ,then stick a needle through it1 so that it doesn't hang down4 ,give me the garters4 ,gom4 ,here they are6 ,i have got ready for you your shoes and the sandals with the long latchets4 ,i have shaken off the dust from them well4 ,bell4 ,rather wipe off the dirt from the shoes and polish them4 ,mal4 ,is the ligula 7shoe latchet7 in the shoe8 ,concerning this word there has been a very sharp controversy amongst grammarians1 as there usually is about everything1 whether it should be called ligula or lingula 7a little tongue74 ,bell4 ,the strap is sewn on the ,spanish shoes over the top of the sole4 ,here they do not wear it so4 ,mal4 ,and in ,spain they have given up arranging it so1 because they now wear their shoes in the ,french fashion4 ,bell4 ,let me have your ivory comb4 ,mal4 ,where is your wooden one--the one from ,paris8 ,bell4 ,did you not hear me yesterday scolding ,gomezulus8 ,mal4 ,do you call beating a person scolding him8 ,bell4 ,this was the reason4 ,he had broken five or six of the thick and of the thin teeth of the comb--almost broken them all to pieces4 ,mal4 ,i have lately read that a certain author stated that we should comb the head with an ivory comb forty times from the forehead to the top and then to the back of the head4 ,what are you doing8 ,that is not combing but stroking4 ,let me have the comb4 ,bell4 ,nor is that combing1 but shaving or sweeping4 ,i think your head is made of bricks4 ,mal4 ,and ,i think yours is of butter--so that you dare not touch it closely4 ,bell4 ,are you willing1 then1 that we should have a butting match with our heads8 ,mal4 ,i am not willing to have a senseless contest with you1 nor to engage my good mind against your witless one4 ,now at length wash well your hands and face1 but especially the mouth1 that you may speak more clearly4 ,bell4 ,would that ,i could cleanse my mind as quickly as my hands6 ,give me the wash-hand-basin4 ,mal4 ,rub together more diligently the knuckles of your hands1 to which there sticks the thickest dirt4 ,bell4 ,you are mistaken1 for ,i think it is rather discoloured and wrinkled skin4 ,pour the water in these hand-basins1 ,gomezulus1 into that sink and give me that net-bag and that striped cap4 ,bring now my boots 7ocreas1 lit4 greaves74 ,gom4 ,travelling boots8 ,bell4 ,no1 my city boots4 ,gom4 ,do you wish your ,spanish cap and the long mantle8 ,bell4 ,are we going out of doors8 ,mal4 ,why not8 ,bell4 ,bring then the travelling cloak4 ,mal4 ,then at last we will go out1 so as not to let slip by the time for having a walk4 ,second ,part ,bell4 ,lead us1 ,christ1 in the ways which are pleasing to ,thee1 in the name of the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,spirit4 ,amen4 ,oh1 how beautiful is the dawn6 truly rosy and golden1 as the poets call it4 ,how ,i rejoice to have arisen4 ,let us go out of the city4 ,mal4 ,yes1 let us go4 ,for ,i have not stepped foot out of the city gate for a whole week4 ,but whither shall we first go1 and after that which way shall we take8 ,bell4 ,to the citadel1 or to the ,carthusian ,monastery8 ,mal4 ,or to the meadows of ,st4 ,james8 ,bell4 ,no1 not there in the morning2 rather in the evening4 ,mal4 ,to the ,carthusian ,monastery1 then1 past the ,franciscan ,monastery and the ,recreation ,grounds1 thence through the ,brussels gate1 then we will return by the ,carthusian ,monastery to divine service4 ,see1 here is ,joannius4 ,a greeting to you1 ,joannius6 ,joan4 ,the warmest of greetings to you6 ,what an unusual thing is this that you should be stirring so early8 ,bell4 ,i was bound in the deepest sleep1 but ,malvenda here1 by shouting and pinching me1 tore me from my bed4 ,joan4 ,he did rightly1 for this walk in the country will revive you and freshen you up4 ,let us go on the green walk 7the ,pomerium74 ,o marvellous and adorable ,creator of beauty so great2 this world is not inappropriately called ,mundus and by the ,greeks 1 as if it were decked and made elegant with beauty4 ,mal4 ,don't let us take our walk as if in a rush1 but slowly and gently4 ,please let us make the circuit of the city walls twice or three times so that we may contemplate so splendid a view the more peacefully and freely4 ,description of ,spring--#a4 ,sight4 #b4 ,hearing ,joan4 ,observe1 there is no sense which has not a lordly enjoyment6 ,first1 the eyes6 ,what varied colours1 what clothing of the earth and trees1 what tapestry6 ,what paintings are comparable with this view8 ,here are natural and real things2 the representations are artificial and false4 ,not without truth has the ,spanish poet1 ,juan de ,mena1 called ,may the painter of the ,earth4 ,then1 the ear4 ,how delightful to hear the singing of birds1 and especially the nightingale6 ,listen to her as she sings in the thicket1 from whom1 as ,pliny says1 issues the modulated sound of the completed science of music4 ,attend accurately and you will note all varieties of sounds4 ,at one time there is no pause in them1 but continuously1 with breath held equably over a long time without change1 the bird sings on4 ,now it changes tone6 ,now it sings in shorter and sharper tones6 ,now it draws in its tones and1 as it were1 makes its voice tremulous6 ,now it stretches out its voice and now it calls it back6 ,at other times it sings long and1 as it were1 heroical verses2 at other times1 short sapphics1 and at intervals very short1 as in adonics4 ,in very fact you have1 as it were1 the whole study and school of music in the nightingale4 ,the little ones ponder and listen to the verses1 which they imitate4 ,the little bird listens with keen intentness 7would that our teachers received like attention67 and gives back the sound4 ,and then1 again1 they are silent4 #c4 ,smell4 #d4 ,taste4 #e4 ,touch ,the correction by example and a certain criticism from the teacher-bird are closely observed4 ,but ,nature leads them aright1 whilst human beings exercise their will wrongly4 ,add to this there is a sweet scent breathing in from every side1 from the meadows1 from the crops1 and from the trees1 even from the fallow-land and neglected fields6 ,whatsoever you lift to your mouth has its relish1 as even from the very air itself1 like the earliest and softest honey4 ,mal4 ,this seems to me to be accounted for by what ,i have heard said by some1 that in the month of ,may1 bees are wont to gather their honey from celestial dew4 ,joan4 ,this was the opinion of many4 ,if you wish anything to be offered to the touch1 what softer or more healthful than the air we breathe on every side8 ,for by its bracing breath it infuses itself through the veins and the whole body4 ,some verses of ,vergil on spring come into my mind which ,i will hum to you1 if you can listen to my voice1 which ,i am afraid sounds more like that of a goose than of a swan--although1 for my part1 ,i would rather have a goose's voice than that of a swan1 who only sings sweetly if he is just approaching his fate4 ,bell4 ,i1 indeed1 as far as ,i may answer on my own behalf1 have a keen desire to hear the verses1 with any voice you like1 if only you will give us an explanation of the verses4 ,mal4 ,my opinion is not otherwise from that of ,bellinus4 ,joan4 ,non alios prima crescentis origine mundi ,inluxisse dies1 aliumve habuisse tenorem ,crediderim3 ver illud erat3 ver magnus agebat ,orbis1 et hybernis parcebant flatibus ,euri1 ,quum primae lucem pecudes hausre1 virumque ,terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis1 ,immissaeque ferae sylvis et sidera caelo4 ,nec res hunc tenerae possent perferre laborem ,si non tanta quies iret frigusque caloremque ,inter1 et exciperet caeli indulgentia terras4#ej ,georgics1 ii4 #ccf-ccf4 ,bell4 ,i have not quite followed it4 ,mal4 ,and ,i still less1 as ,i think4 ,joan4 ,learn the verses thoroughly1 or you won't understand them1 for they are taken from the depths of philosophy1 as are very many others of that poet4 ,mal4 ,we will question the schoolmaster ,orbilius about them1 for here he is coming to meet us4 ,the ,mind ,joan4 ,he is by no means the man to meet the difficulty4 ,let us just salute him and let him go his way1 for he is a fierce man1 fond of flogging 7plagosus71 imbued with a vast haughtiness1 instead of being learned in literature1 although he has seriously persuaded himself that he is the ,alpha of learned teachers4 ,moreover1 we have only spoken of the body4 ,how greatly are the soul and mind exhilarated and aroused by such an early morning as this6 ,there is no time so suitable for good learning1 for observing things1 and for attentively listening to what is said1 and whatever you read2 nor is it otherwise with reflection and with thinking a problem out1 whatever it may be4 ,you can give your mind to it4 ,not undeservedly has it been said3 8,the dawn 7,aurora7 is most pleasing to the ,muses40 ,bell4 ,but let me tell you ,i'm famishing with hunger4 ,let us get back home to breakfast4 ,mal4 ,what then will you have8 ,bell4 ,bread1 butter1 cherries1 waxen-coloured prunes1 which so greatly seem to have pleased our ,spaniards that they call all plums by this name4#ea ,or should they not have such food at home1 we will pluck some leaves of the ox-tongue 7buglossa71 and we will add some sage in place of butter4 ,mal4 ,shall we have wine to drink8 ,bell4 ,by no means--but beer1 and that of the weakest1 of yellow ,lyons1 or else pure and liquid water1 drawn from the ,latin or ,greek well4 ,mal4 ,which do you call the ,latin well and the ,greek well8 ,bell4 ,vives is accustomed to call the well close to the gate the ,greek well2 that one farther off he calls the ,latin well4 ,he will give you his reasons for the names when you meet him4 ,,xii ,,domus--,the ,new ,house ,,jocundus1 ,,leo1 ,,vitruvius ,in this dialogue ,vives describes the whole house and its parts1 one by one1 through the logical form of distribution of the whole into its parts4 ,concerning the details1 see the books of ,vitruvius on architecture1 and ,grapaldus4 ,the interlocutors were distinguished architects4 ,vitruvius is an author of antiquity2 the other two are more recent4 ,the one1 ,johannes ,jocundus ,veronensis1 wrote1 amongst other monuments of a not inelegant mind1 a work on the ,commentaries of ,julius ,caesar4 ,the other1 ,baptista ,albertus ,leo1 distinguished himself in an equally great degree4 ,joc4 ,have you any knowledge of the occupier of this spacious and elegant house8 ,leo4 ,most certainly2 for he is a relation of the man-servant of my father4 ,joc4 ,we will ask him to open the whole house to us1 for they say that nothing could be more pleasant and delightful4 ,leo4 ,let us go to it1 and ring the little bell at the door1 so as not to burst in unexpected4 7,tat-tat47 ,vitruvius ,insularius4#eb ,who is there8 ,leo4 ,it is ,i4 ,vitr4 ,hail6 most welcome1 sweetest boy6 ,what brings you here now8 ,leo4 ,i come from school4 ,vitr4 ,but for what reason are you here8 ,leo4 ,my friend here and ,i would very much like to see over your house4 ,vitr4 ,why1 haven't you seen it before now8 ,leo4 ,no1 not all of it4 ,the ,vestibulum--,the ,door--,the ,threshold ,vitr4 ,come in4 ,eh6 boy1 bring me the key for the doors of the house4 ,first1 this is the entrance-hall 7vestibulum74 ,it stands open the whole day1 without guard1 for it is not within the house1 yet also it is not outside1 though it is closed at night4 ,observe the magnificent door1 the leaves of which are of oak and fitted with brass1 and both the foot-piece and head-piece of the doorway are made of alabaster marble4 ,in former times ,hercules was set up at the door of the house to ward off mischief 774 ,but here we place ,christ1 the true ,god1 for ,hercules was but a cruel and evil man4 ,with ,christ as guard no evil will enter into the house4 ,joc4 7so not even its master74 ,vitr4 ,what is that he said in ,greek8 ,joc4 ,why should so many evil persons enter in8 ,vitr4 ,well1 if evil persons do get in1 they can then bring nothing evil in with them4 ,leo4 ,don't you have any door-angels8 ,vitr4 ,the custom has gone out in some nations4 ,the ,door--,the ,hall ,next comes the door of the entrance hall1 which the hall servant 7atriensis servus7 answers4 ,he is the chief of the servants1 as the house-boy 7mediastinus7 is the least in position4 ,then comes the spacious hall for walking in1 and in it are numerous and varied pictures4 ,joc4 ,please1 what are they all about8 ,vitr4 ,that is a representation of the foundations of the heavens 7coeli facies ichnographica74 ,that shows the plan of the earth and sea4 ,there you have the world newly discovered by ,spanish navigations4 ,in that picture you see ,lucretia as she is killing herself4#ec ,joc4 ,please1 what is she saying1 for even as she is dying she seems to say something8 ,vitr4 8,many are astounded at my deed because it is not every one who has suffered such a grief40 ,joc4 ,i understand what she says4 ,leo4 ,what is the meaning of this picture delineated with such varied figures8 ,vitr4 ,it is a sketch of this house4 ,draw back the covering from that picture4 ,there6 ,joc4 ,what does it represent8 ,a little old man who is sucking his wife's breast8 ,the ,staircase ,vitr4 ,hast thou not read of this subject in the chapter on ,piety in ,valerius ,maximus4#ed ,joc4 ,what does she say8 ,vitr4 8,i do not yet pay back as much as ,i have received40 ,joc4 ,what does the old man say8 ,winding ,stairs--,the ,floor--,the ,upper ,story ,vitr4 8,i rejoice that ,i have been born40 ,let us step up these winding-stairs4 ,the steps one by one1 as you see1 are broad and were made of whole pieces of basalt-marble4 ,this first story is the dwelling of the master1 the upper story is for guests2 not as if my master had a garret on lease far away1 but there it is furnished for his guest friends always in order and free1 unless filled already with guests4 ,this is the dining-room4 ,the ,dining-,room--,the ,window ,joc4 ,good ,christ6 what transparent window panes these are and how artistically painted they are in shaded outlines6 ,what colours6 ,how life-like6 ,what pictures1 what statues1 what wainscoting6 ,what is the story pourtrayed on the panes8 ,vitr4 ,the fall of ,griselda1 which ,john ,boccaccio wrote so aptly and skilfully2 but my master has decided to add a true story to this fiction1 which excels the story of ,griselda1 viz41 that of ,godelina of ,flanders and the ,english ,queen ,catharine of ,aragon4 ,the first of the statues is the ,apostle ,paul4 ,joc4 ,what is the inscription of the sculpture8 ,vitr4 8,how much we owe thee1 ,o ,christ40 ,joc4 ,what does he say himself8 ,vitr4 8,by the grace of ,god ,i am what ,i am and ,his grace which was bestowed on me1 was not in vain40 ,the other statue is ,mutius ,scaevola4 ,joc4 ,but he is not mute even if he is called ,mutius4 ,what is the inscription on his statue8 ,vitr4 8,this fire will not burn me up because another greater one burns in me40 ,the third statue is ,helen2 the writing states3 8,oh1 would that ,i always had been such a statue1 then should ,i have wrought less harm40 ,joc4 ,what is the meaning of the old blind bald-headed man who points his finger at ,helen8 ,vitr4 ,that is ,homer1 who says to ,helen3 8,thy ill deed has been well sung by me40 ,joc4 ,look1 the wainscoting is gilded1 and here and there decked with pearls4 ,vitr4 ,there are all kinds of pearls1 but of small worth4 ,joc4 ,what do we look on from the windows8 ,the ,summer-house--,the ,sleeping-room ,vitr4 ,these windows look into the gardens1 those into the court4 ,this is the summer-house or garden dining-room4 ,here you see a sleeping-room or chamber4 ,the sleeping-room is furnished with tapestry1 with a pavement wainscoted and covered with rush-mats4 ,there are some pictures of the ,holy ,virgin1 of ,christ the ,saviour1 and there are others of ,narcissus1 ,euryalus1 ,adonis1 ,polyxena1 who are said to have been of the highest beauty4 ,joc4 ,what is written on the upper lintel of the door8 ,vitr4 8,withdraw from your troubles and enter the haven of peace40 ,joc4 ,what is written inside the door-post8 ,vitr4 8,bring into this haven no tempest40 ,the most necessary house utensils are kept in that closed chamber4 ,the other is the winter chamber4 ,as you see1 everything there is darker and better covered4 ,then there is a sweating chamber4 ,the ,sweating ,chamber ,joc4 ,it is bigger in my opinion than the dining-room would lead one to expect4 ,vitr4 ,don't you notice that the inner sleeping-room is heated by the same steam-pipe8 ,joc4 ,they say that if sleeping-rooms had no chimney flue they would be warmer4 ,vitr4 ,it is not usual to have them in the air-holes4 ,joc4 ,what is that room1 so elegantly vaulted8 ,the ,chapel ,vitr4 ,it is the chapel 7lararium7 or sanctuary 7sacellum7 in which divine service 7res divina7 is held4 ,joc4 ,where is the latrina8 ,vitr4 ,we have it up in the granary out of the way4 ,in the sleeping-rooms my master uses basins1 pans1 and chamber-crockery4 ,joc4 ,how beautifully and artistically made are all these little towers and pyramids and columns and weathercocks6 ,the ,kitchen--,eating ,chamber--,the ,cellar ,vitr4 ,we will now go down4 ,this is the kitchen2 this the eating-chamber2 here is the wine-cellar and the larder1 where we are annoyed by the attempts of thieves to get in4 ,joc4 ,how can thieves get in here8 ,it is1 as it seems to me1 so carefully closed in1 and the windows have iron gratings8 ,vitr4 ,through chinks and borings4 ,leo4 ,there are also mice and weasels who strip you of all kinds of food6 ,the ,back-door ,vitr4 ,this is the back-door of the house1 which1 when the master is not at home1 is always fastened with two bars1 both locked and bolted4 ,leo4 ,why have these windows no iron bars8 ,vitr4 ,because they are only rarely open and they abut1 as you see1 on a narrow and dark by-street4 ,rarely any one puts his head out of the window4 ,therefore my master has decided that he will have them latticed4 ,leo4 ,with what kind of bars8 ,vitr4 ,perhaps with wooden bars4 ,it is not yet certain4 ,in the meantime this fastening suffices4 ,the ,portico ,joc4 ,what high columns and a portico full of majesty6 ,see how these ,atlantides and ,caryatides seem to strive to support the building against falling1 whilst really they are doing nothing4 ,leo4 ,there are many people like them1 who appear to accomplish great things when they are in reality leading leisurely and sluggish lives2 drones who enjoy the fruits of the labours of others4 ,but what is that house there below1 adjoining this1 but badly built and full of cracks8 ,vitr4 ,it is the old house4 ,because it had cracks and had great lack of repair1 my master decided to have this new one built1 from the foundation4 ,that old one is now a resting-place for birds and the habitation of rats1 but we shall soon take it down4 ,,xiii ,,schola--,the ,school ,,tyro1 ,,spudaeus ,in this dialogue the school is described in six parts1 as teachers1 honours1 hours of learning and repetition1 books1 library1 the disputation4 ,the name ,tyro is that of the crude novice1 a metaphor taken from military affairs of those as yet unskilled in war1 to whom are opposed the veterani4 ,spudaeus is in ,greek the diligent and industrious person1 a name worthy of one who is studious4 ,i4 ,the ,teachers ,tyro4 ,what a delightful and magnificent school6 ,i suppose there is not in the whole academy any part more excellent4 ,spud4 ,you judge rightly2 add1 also1 what is of more importance1 that elsewhere there are no more cultured and prudent teachers1 who with such dexterity pass on their learning4 ,tyro4 ,it behoves us then to repay their trouble by attaining great knowledge4 ,spud4 ,and this indeed by great shortening of the labour of learning6 ,tyro4 ,what does the schooling cost8 ,spud4 ,you can at once give up so base and unreasonable a question4 ,can one in a matter of so great moment inquire as to payment8 ,the very teachers themselves do not bargain for reward1 nor is it suitable for their pupils to even think about it4 ,for what reward could be adequate8 ,have you never heard the declaration of ,aristotle that gods1 parents1 and masters can never be sufficiently recompensed8 ,god created the whole man1 the parents gave the body birth1 the masters form the mind4 ,tyro4 ,what do those masters teach1 and for how long8 ,spud4 ,each one has his separate class-room and the masters are for various subjects4 ,some impart with labour and drudgery the whole day long the elements of the art of grammar2 others take more advanced work in the same subject2 others propound rhetoric1 dialectic1 and the remaining branches of knowledge1 which are called liberal or noble arts4 ,tyro4 ,why are they so-called8 ,spud4 ,because every noble-minded person must be instructed in them4 ,they are in contrast to the illiberal subjects of the market-place which are practised by the labour of the body or hands1 which pertain to slaves and men who have but little wit4 ,amongst scholars some are 8tyrones0 and others 8batalarii40 ,,ii4 ,grades or ,honours of ,scholars--,tyro--,baccalaureus--,licent iates--,doctors ,tyro4 ,what do these names signify8 ,spud4 ,both these names are taken from the art of warfare4 8,tyro0 is an old word used with regard to the one who is beginning the practice of war4 8,batalarius0 is the ,french name of the soldier who has already once been in a fight 7which they call a battle7 and has engaged in a close fight and has raised his hand against the foe1 and so in the literary contests at ,paris1 8batalarius0 has begun to signify the man who has disputed publicly in any art4 ,teachers are chosen from them1 and are called 8licentiates10 because it is permitted them to teach1 or1 better still1 they might be termed 8designate10 i4e41 the men marked out4 ,at least they have taken the doctorate4 ,before the whole university1 a hat is placed on their head as a sign that they have had their freedom conferred on them1 and become emeriti4 ,this is the supreme honour and the highest grade of dignity4 ,tyro4 ,who is that with so great a company round him1 before whom march staff-bearers with silver staffs8 ,the ,rector ,spud4 ,that is the ,principal 7,rector7 of the ,academy4 ,many are drawn to him because of the honour they bear him in his office4 ,tyro4 ,how often in the day are the boys taught8 ,,iii4 ,hours of ,teaching and ,repetition ,spud4 ,several times4 ,one hour before sunrise2 two hours in the morning2 two hours in the afternoon4 ,tyro4 ,so often8 ,spud4 ,an old custom of the ,academy so establishes it4 ,and in addition the scholars repeat and think over what they have received in instruction from their masters1 like as if they were chewing the cud of their lessons4 ,tyro4 ,with so much noise over it8 ,spud4 ,such is now their practice6 ,tyro4 ,to what purpose8 ,spud4 ,so as to learn4 ,tyro4 ,on the contrary1 so as to shout4 ,for they don't seem to meditate on their studies1 but to be preparing themselves for the office of public crier4 ,that one there is clearly raving4 ,for if he had a sound brain1 he would neither so call out1 nor gesticulate1 nor so distort himself4 ,spud4 ,they are ,spaniards and ,frenchmen1 somewhat impetuous1 and as they hold divers opinions1 they contend the more warmly as if for their hearths and altars1 as it is said4 ,tyro4 ,what6 are the teachers here of different opinions8 ,spud4 ,sometimes they teach contradictory views4 ,tyro4 ,what authors are they interpreting8 ,,iv4 ,authors ,spud4 ,not all the same1 but each one as he is furnished with skill and knowledge4 ,the most erudite teachers take to themselves the best authors with the sharpest judgment1 those whom you grammarians call classics4 ,there are those who1 on account of their ignorance of what is better1 descend to the lowest 7ad proletarios7 and are worthy of condemnation4 ,v4 ,the ,library ,let us enter4 ,i will show you the public library of this school4 ,it looks1 according to the precept of great men1 to the east4 ,tyro4 ,wonderful6 ,how many books1 how many good authors1 ,greek and ,latin orators1 poets1 historians1 philosophers1 theologians1 and the busts of authors6 ,spud4 ,and indeed1 as far as could be done1 delineated to the life and so much the more valuable6 ,all the book-cases and book-shelves are of oak or cypress and with their own little chains4 ,the books themselves for the most part are bound in parchment and adorned with various colours4 ,tyro4 ,what is that first one with rustic face and nose turned-up8 ,spud4 ,read the inscription4 ,tyro4 ,it is ,socrates and he says3 8,why do ,i appear in this library when ,i have written nothing80 ,spud4 ,those who follow him1 ,plato and ,xenophon1 answer3 8,because thou hast said what others wrote40 ,it would take long to go through the things here1 one by one4 ,tyro4 ,pray what are those books thrown on a great heap there8 ,spud4 ,the ,catholicon1 ,alexander1 ,hugutio1 ,papias1 disputations in dialectics1 and books of sophistries in physics4 ,these are the books which ,i called 8worthy of condemnation40 ,tyro4 ,nay rather1 they are condemned to violent death6 ,spud4 ,they are all thrown out4 ,let him take them who will2 he will free us of a troublesome burden4 ,tyro4 ,oh1 how many asses would be necessary for carrying them away6 ,i am astonished that they have not been taken away1 when there is so great an assembly of asses everywhere4 ,somewhere in that heap the books of ,bartolus and ,baldus are lying together and others of that quality 7hujus farinae74 ,spud4 ,say rather of that coarseness 7furfuris74 ,the loss would not be hurtful to the tranquillity of mankind4 ,tyro4 ,look1 who are those with those flowing hoods8 ,,vi4 ,the ,disputation--#a4 ,the ,praeses4 ,spud4 ,let us go down4 ,they are 8batalarii10 going to the disputation4 ,tyro4 ,please lead us thither4 ,spud4 ,step in1 but quietly and reverently4 ,uncover your head and watch attentively all1 one by one1 for there is a discussion beginning on weighty matters which will conduce greatly to one's knowledge4 ,that one whom you see sitting alone in the highest seat is the president 7praeses7 of the disputation and the judge of the disputes1 so to say1 the ,agonotheta4 ,his first duty is to appoint the place for each of the contenders1 lest there should be any disorder or confusion1 if one or other should want to take precedence4 ,tyro4 ,what is the meaning of the skin-covering of his toga8 ,spud4 ,it is his doctor's robe1 the emblem of his position and dignity4 ,he is a man of whom there are few so learned1 who1 by the choice of the candidates in theology1 carried off the first prize1 and by the most learned of the faculty is regarded as the first among them4 ,tyro4 ,they say that ,bardus was the first choice in his year4 ,spud4 ,he beat all his competitors by canvassing and craft1 not by his knowledge4 ,tyro4 ,who is that thin and pallid man they all rush upon8 #b4 ,the ,propugnator4 #c4 ,the ,oppugnator 7a smart man7--,the ,vapid ,man--,the ,smooth ,man4 ,spud4 ,he is the propugnator1 who will receive the attack of all1 and who has become thin and pale by his immoderate night-watches4 ,he has done great things in philosophy and is advanced in theology4 ,but now you must be quiet and listen1 for he who is now making the attack is accustomed to think out his arguments most acutely and subtly1 and presses most keenly the propugnator1 and1 in the opinion of all1 is compared with the very highest in this discipline1 and often compels his antagonist to recant4 ,notice how the latter has tried to elude him1 but how the oppugnator has met him effectively by his irrefutable reasoning1 and how the propugnator cannot escape him6 ,this arrow cannot be avoided4 ,his argument is like an invincible ,achilles4 ,it enters the neck of the opponent4 ,the propugnator cannot protect himself and soon will give in 7manus dabit7 unless some god suggests a subterfuge to his mind4 ,behold1 the question is brought to an end by the decision of the judge 7decretor74 ,now ,i loosen your tongue to speak as you wish4 ,for he who now attacks is as vapid wine1 and contends as with a leaden dagger1 yet he shouts louder than the rest4 ,notice1 and you will see that he grows hoarse from the encounter4 ,though his weapons are repulsed1 he presses on none the less pertinaciously1 but without effect2 nor does any one wish to have the reversion to his argument1 or to have him assuaged by the answer of the defender or the president4 ,he who now enters the contest effeminately begs the judge for his permission1 and speaks with courtesy1 though he argues ineffectively and always leaves off tired1 even gasping1 as if he had gone through the unpleasant business with fortitude4 ,let us depart4 ,,xiv ,,cubiculum ,,et ,,lucubratio--,the ,sleeping-room and ,studies by ,night ,,plinius1 ,,epictetus1 ,,celsus1 ,,dydimus ,in this dialogue ,vives treats of two matters3 in the first place he describes night-studies with adjuncts of time1 causes1 and subjects2 then the bed1 its apparatus and adjuncts4 ,the assisting causes 7causae adjuvantes7 of night-study are lights1 the night-study gown1 ,minerva or ,christ1 table1 bookcase1 reader 7anagnostes71 a scribe 7exceptor71 pens1 sand-case 7theca pulveraria74 ,the subjects are ,cicero1 ,demosthenes1 ,nazianzenus1 ,xenophon4 ,the apparatus of the bed consists in a mattress1 a bolster1 cushions1 sheets1 coverlets1 curtains1 mosquito-curtain1 hangings1 rugs4 ,adjuncts are--gnats1 fleas1 lice1 bugs1 a striking clock1 a folding seat1 a pot1 a lyre4 ,the names of the persons are aptly allotted1 for they were the four most learned and studious men1 concerning whom ,volaterranus has written in his ,anthropologia4 ,plinius wrote ,de ,historia ,naturali1 in xxxvii4 books4 ,he was the uncle of the other ,pliny whose letters are still extant4 ,the latter writes thus to ,marcus1 of his uncle3 8,he was sharp-witted1 of incredible studiousness1 of the highest vigilance1 most sparing of sleep4 ,after food 7which he used to take in the daytime1 of a light and easily digestible kind1 according to the custom of the ancients71 if he had leisure1 often in the summer1 he would lie in the sun4 ,then read his book1 annotate it1 and make extracts4 ,he never read without making extracts4 ,he was even accustomed to say that no book was so bad as not to be profitable in some part of it4 ,i remember once when a reader had pronounced something wrongly1 one of his friends had the man called up and made him repeat it1 whereupon my uncle said3 #8,you understood1 forsooth8' ,he nodded4 #8,then why have the passage recalled8 ,we have lost more than ten verses by this interruption4' ,so great was his economy of time4 ,this1 too1 in the midst of his labours in the noise of the town4 ,even in the retirement of his bath he spent his time in studies4 ,when ,i say the bath1 ,i speak of the inner parts of the house generally4 ,for whilst he was stretching himself or drying himself1 he used to listen to reading or to dictate4 ,on a journey1 as if relieved from other cares1 he occupied himself in study only4 ,at his side was an amanuensis with a book and writing tablets1 whose hands were furnished in winter with gloves1 so that by no roughness of weather should any time be snatched from studies4 ,for the same reason1 when at ,rome1 he was carried about in a chair4 ,i recall that ,i was reproved by him when ,i went for a walk4 #8,are you not able1' said he1 #8not to waste your time8' ,for he thought all time wasted which was not devoted to studies40 ,for an account of his death1 see an epistle by the same writer to ,tacitus4 ,epictetus 7as the epigram concerning him testifies7 was both a slave and lame4 ,he was poorer than ,irus4#ee ,but in wisdom and equanimity of mind and constancy 7as records about him testify7 he was admirable and almost divine4 ,but he was the servant of ,epaphroditus the freedman of the ,emperor ,nero4 ,celsus was a renowned physician1 whose works are still extant1 whose excellent dictum was3 8,that many grave diseases are cured by abstinence and quiet40 ,dydimus1 the grammarian1 on account of the almost incredible number of books which he is said to have written1 is called 1 as if having intestines of brass1 i4e41 he was remarkably patient and indefatigable in labour4 ,he 7as also ,origen7 was called ,adamantinus4 ,on this same matter see ,proverb3 ,adamantinus and ,chalcenterus and the lamp of ,aristophanes and ,cleanthes4 ,i4 ,studies by ,night ,plin4 ,it is five o'clock in the afternoon4 ,epictetus1 shut me the window and bring me light4 ,i will work with a light4 ,epict4 ,what light do you wish8 ,plin4 ,for the time being1 whilst others are present1 tallow or wax candles2 when they have retired1 take them away and place here for me the lampstand4 ,cels4 ,what for8 ,plin4 ,for working4 ,time ,cels4 ,don't you study better in the morning8 ,then it seems to me the season of the time and the condition of the body invite study1 since at that time there is the least exhalation from the brain1 digestion having been completed4 ,plin4 ,but this hour is very quiet1 when every one has gone to rest and everything is silent1 and for those who eat at mid-day and morning it is not inconvenient4 ,some follow the old custom and only eat one meal and that in the evening2 others merely at mid-day1 according to the advice of the new doctors2 and again others both mid-day and evening1 according to the usage of the ,goths4 ,cels4 ,but were there no mid-day meals before the ,goths8 ,plin4 ,there were1 but light meals4 ,the ,goths introduced the custom of eating to satiety twice a day4 ,cels4 ,on that account ,plato condemned the meal-times of the ,syracusans1 who had two good meals every day4 ,circumstances ,aiding ,studies ,plin4 ,for that very reason you may conclude that people like the ,syracusans were very rare4 ,cels4 ,enough of them6 ,why do you prefer to work with a lamp than a candle8 ,plin4 ,on account of the equable flame1 which less tries the eyes1 for the flicker of the wick injures the eyes and the odour of the tallow is unpleasant4 ,cels4 ,then use wax candles1 the odour of which is not displeasing4 ,plin4 ,in them the wick is more flickering and the vapour is no more healthy4 ,in the tallow lights the wick is for the most part of linen and not of cotton1 as the tradesmen seek to make a profit on all these things by fraud4 ,pour oil into this lamp1 bring a candle and take out the wick and clean it4 ,epict4 ,notice how the lampblack sticks to the needle4 ,they say this is a sign of rain1 in the same manner as we find in ,vergil3-- ,scintillare oleum et putres concrescere fungos4#ef ,plin4 ,bring hither also the snuffers and clean this candle4 ,but don't throw the black on the floor lest it smoke1 but press it into the snuffers-box whilst it is held together4 ,bring me my dressing-gown1 that long one lined with skin4 ,cels4 ,i will provide you with your books4 ,may ,minerva be favourable to you6 ,plin4 ,may ,paul or1 what ,i should rather have said1 may ,jesus ,christ1 the ,wisdom of ,god1 be with me4 ,cels4 ,perhaps ,christ is adumbrated in the fable of ,minerva and that of the birth from ,jupiter's brain4 ,plin4 ,place the table on the supports in the sleeping-chamber4 ,cels4 ,do you prefer the table to the desk8 ,plin4 ,at this time1 yes2 but place a small desk on the table4 ,epict4 ,a self-standing one or a movable one8 ,plin4 ,which you like4 ,but where is the ,dydimus of my studies8 ,cels4 ,i will summon him thither4 ,subjects of ,study ,plin4 ,fetch also my boy-scribe4 ,for ,i should like to dictate something4 ,give me those reed-pens and two or three feather pens1 those with thick stalk1 and the sand-case4 ,bring me also from the chest the ,cicero and ,demosthenes1 and from the desk1 the book in which ,i make all my notes and important extracts4 ,do you hear8 ,and my extemporaneous ,,ms4 book in which ,i will polish up some passages4 ,dyd4 ,i believe the ,,ms4 book is not in the desk but in the chest1 locked up4 ,plin4 ,do you yourself search for it4 ,and bring me the ,nazianzenus4 ,dyd4 ,i don't know it4 ,plin4 ,the book is of slight thickness1 sewn together and roughly bound in parchment4 ,bring also the volume1 the fifth from the end4 ,dyd4 ,what is its title8 ,plin4 ,xenophon's ,commentaries4 ,the book is in finished style4 ,it is bound in leather with fastenings and knobs of copper4 ,dyd4 ,i don't find it4 ,plin4 ,now ,i remember4 ,i put it in the fourth case4 ,fetch it4 ,in the same case there are only loose sheets and rough books just as they have come straight from the press4 ,dyd4 ,which volume of ,cicero do you want1 for there are four8 ,plin4 ,the second4 ,epict4 ,it is not yet back from the book-gluer1 who had it1 ,i believe1 five days ago to glue4 ,dyd4 ,how do you like that pen8 ,plin4 ,on that point ,i am not very particular2 whatever comes into my hand ,i use it as if it were good4 ,dyd4 ,you have learned that from ,cicero4 ,plin4 ,you just be quiet4 ,open me the ,cicero4 ,look me up three or four pages of the ,tusculan ,questions4 ,seek the passages on gentleness and joy4 ,epict4 ,whose verses are these8 ,plin4 ,they are his own translations of ,sophocles4 ,this he does with keen pleasure and therefore often4 ,epict4 ,he was1 ,i think1 sufficiently apt in writing verses4 ,dyd4 ,most apt and facile1 and1 for his time1 not unhappy in his verse1 contrary to what very many think4 ,epict4 ,but wherefore hast thou left off pursuing the art of poetry8 ,,ii4 ,the ,bed--,its ,equipment ,plin4 ,i hope that we yet at times may take it up again in leisure hours1 for there is much alleviation in it from more serious studies4 ,i am already weary of studies1 meditation1 writing4 ,stretch out my bed4 ,epict4 ,in which sleeping-room8 ,plin4 ,in the big square room4 ,take away the reclining cushion out of the corner1 and put it in the dining-room4 ,place over the feather-bed another of wool4 ,see also that the supports of the bed are sufficiently firm4 ,epict4 ,what is it that is troubling you8 ,for you don't lie on one part or other of the frame-work1 but in the middle of the bed4 ,it would be more healthy for you if the bed were harder and one which would offer resistance to your body4 ,plin4 ,take the head-pillow away1 and instead of it put two cushions1 and in this heat ,i prefer that lightly woven1 to the linen1 cloth4 ,epict4 ,without bed-covering6 ,plin4 ,yes4 ,epict4 ,you will get cold1 for the body is exhausted by studies4 ,plin4 ,then put on a light covering4 ,epict4 ,these8 ,and no more8 ,plin4 ,no4 ,if ,i feel cold in bed1 then ,i will ask for more clothes4 ,take away the curtains1 for ,i prefer a mosquito-net for the keeping off of gnats1 a net of fine gauze 7conopeum74 ,epict4 ,i have noticed but few gnats1 though of fleas and lice a pretty fair number4 ,adjuncts ,plin4 ,i am surprised that you notice anything particularly1 for you sleep and snore so soundly4 ,epict4 ,no one sleeps better than he who does not feel how badly he is sleeping4 ,plin4 ,none of the insects with which we are troubled in bed in summer disgust me so much as the bugs because of their ghastly odour4 ,epict4 ,of which there is a good supply in ,paris and ,lyons4 ,plin4 ,at ,paris there is a kind of wood which produces them1 and in ,lyons the potter's earth4 ,place my alarum-clock here1 and place the pointer for four o'clock in the morning1 for ,i don't wish to sleep later4 ,take my shoes off1 and place here the folding-chair in which ,i may sit4 ,let the chamber-crockery be set near the bed on a foot-stool4 ,i don't know what it is that causes a bad smell here4 ,fumigate with frankincense or juniper4 ,sing to me something on the lyre as ,i go to bed after the custom of ,pythagoras1 so that ,i may the more quickly fall asleep1 and my dreams may be the more peaceful4 ,epict4 ,somne1 quies rerum1 placidissime1 somne1 deorum1 ,pax animi1 quem cura fugit1 qui corpora duris ,fessa ministeriis mulces1 reparasque labori4#eg ,,ovid1 ,metamorph4 book xi4 ll4 #fbc-fbc4 ,,xv ,,culina--,the ,kitchen ,,lucullus1 ,,apicius1 ,,pistillarius1 ,,abligurinus ,in this dialogue ,vives describes the matters which concern the kitchen4 ,nor is it any disgrace for a noble youth to be able to call things1 one by one1 by their right names1 as also the interpreter of ,aristophanes thinks in the ,acharnians3-- 1 1 4#eh ,the names of the interlocutors are aptly chosen1 as is always the case4 ,lucullus and ,apicius are fit names of men noted for luxury4 ,as to ,lucullus1 see ,plutarch in his ,lucullus and ,athenaeus1 book xii41 who says that he3-- 4#ei ,also in ,book iv4 he says3-- ' 4#fj ,pistillarius and ,abligurinus are fictitious names2 the former from the pounder of a mortar1 and as if the epithet for an obtuse man2 the latter from a 8licking away10 as of a gourmand4 ,this dialogue may be divided into three parts1 the management of the kitchen by ,apicius1 his precepts1 and songs4 ,i4 ,the ,hiring of ,apicius ,luc4 ,are you an eating-house keeper 7popino78 ,apic4 ,i am4 ,luc4 ,where do you work8 ,apic4 ,at the eating-house called the ,poultry-,cock 7galli gallinacei74 ,do you want my services8 ,luc4 ,yes1 for a wedding4 ,apic4 ,let me then hasten home1 so that ,i may give instructions to my wife how to treat the gourmandisers 7whom ,i know are not wont to be lacking in this city7 and their guests who are invited4 ,luc4 ,do you hear8 ,you will find me in the ,stone ,street--in the shoemakers' district4 ,apic4 ,i will soon be with you4 ,luc4 ,very well4 ,get to your cook-shop4 ,,ii4 ,the ,precepts of ,apicius ,apic4 ,hallo6 ,pistillarius and ,abligurinus1 make a fire with big logs on the hearth under the flue1 and let them be as dry as possible4 ,pist4 ,do you think you are at ,rome8 ,here we have not stalls for the sale of dry wood from which dry logs can be got4 ,but this which ,i have will be dry enough4 ,apic4 ,if you don't get it dry enough1 ,abligurinus1 you will1 by your work of blowing up the flame1 lose your eyesight4 ,ablig4 ,then ,i shall drink so much the more freely4 ,curse the wine6 ,apic4 ,curse the water6 ,for you shall not touch wine to-day if ,i keep in my right mind4 ,i am not going to let you overturn the vessels1 and break the small pots to pieces1 and ruin the food4 ,ablig4 ,this fire won't burn6 ,apic4 ,throw in a small bundle of sticks smeared in brimstone1 and kindling-wood1 together with some chips4 ,ablig4 ,it is quite gone out4 ,apic4 ,run across to the next house with the shovel and bring us a great big firebrand and some good live coal4 ,ablig4 ,the master of that house is a metal-worker1 nor does he let a single piece of coal be taken from his furnaces but he has his eye on it 7citius oculum74 ,apic4 ,he is not a metal-worker1 but a metal-cutter2 go therefore to the oven4 ,what are you bringing there8 ,this is not a firebrand2 it is rather a torch 7titionem magis quam torrem74 ,ablig4 ,they have not got burning coal4 ,apic4 ,what bad coal6 ,you should rather call it turf4 ,move these logs and stir the kindling wood with this poker so that it may gather flame4 ,use the pyrolabum 7the tongs71 you ass6 ,ablig4 ,what thing does that word signify8 ,apic4 ,forceps ignaria 7tongs for the fire71 a pruniceps 7a fire-stirrer74 ,ablig4 ,why do you give me words in ,greek1 as if there were not ,latin words for the things8 ,apic4 ,are asses also grammarians8 ,ablig4 ,what wonder1 since grammarians are certainly asses4 ,apic4 ,make an end of wrangling4 ,i want some coals or pieces of turf lighting for me on this hearth1 for cooking the cakes baked in earthen cups4 ,hang the bronze vessel over the fire so that we can have plenty of hot water4 ,then throw into the cooking-pot that shoulder of mutton with the salted beef2 add calf and lamb flesh1 and stir the cooking vessel on the fire4 ,in the chytropus#fa we will thoroughly boil the rice4 ,ablig4 ,what shall we do with the chickens8 ,apic4 ,they shall be cooked in brazen pots which are lined with tin1 so that they may have a more pleasant taste4 ,but don't bring them too soon2 the meat-spits and the pans should be forthcoming about nine o'clock4 ,let this pike play about in the water a little1 then skin him4 ,ablig4 ,are there to be meat and fish at the same meal8 ,apic4 ,decidedly1 according to the ,german fashion4 ,ablig4 ,and is this approved by the doctors8 ,apic4 ,it is not in accordance with the art of medicine1 but it will please the doctors4 ,i thought this block of a man 7stips7 was merely a grammarian2 he is also a doctor4 ,ablig4 ,have you never heard of that question3 ,whether there are in a city more doctors or fools8 ,apic4 ,who has thrust you into the kitchen1 when you are such a salted herring 7saperda78 ,ablig4 ,my adverse fate4 ,apic4 ,nay1 what is quite clear1--it is thy sluggishness1 carelessness1 voracity1 thy throat and thy stomach1 thy degenerate and debased soul4 ,therefore must thou now run about with naked feet1 half-clothed1 in old torn garments which don't cover you behind4 ,ablig4 ,what has my poverty got to do with you8 ,apic4 ,nothing at all1 and ,i should not like it to concern me4 ,but to work6 ,and outside of work let us have no more talk than necessary4 ,are my orders not sufficient8 ,nothing apparently can be enough for you in the way of closely laying down and insisting over and over again on what is to be done4 ,give me my cooking-trousers4 ,i want to go out of doors1 but ,i will soon be back4 ,give me also1 please1 the olive-crusher 7tudicula71 the badge of our art4 ,this is my thunderbolt and trident4 ,pist4 ,hallo1 ,abligurinus1 place those jugs on the urn-table and wash this beef steadily1 and give it a good rubbing in the basin4 ,ablig4 ,have you any other orders to give8 ,one commander is sufficient for one camp1 but it does not seem to be sufficient for one kitchen4 ,do it all yourself4 ,you are a sharper exactor of work than the master of the cook-shop himself4 ,for the future ,i won't call you ,pistillarius 7a pounder with the pestle71 but a sharp sting 7stimulus acutus74 ,pist4 ,nay1 rather call me ,onocentron 7the spur of asses74 ,cut up then this calf's flesh on this flesh-board4 ,also powder the cheese so that we can sprinkle it over this dumpling4 ,ablig4 ,how8 ,with the hand8 ,pist4 ,no1 but with the grater4 ,pour a few drops of oil in from the cruse4 ,ablig4 ,do you mean from this flask8 ,pist4 ,place here the mortar4 ,ablig4 ,which of them8 ,pist4 ,that brazen one with the pestle of the same metal4 ,ablig4 ,what for8 ,pist4 ,for grinding rock-parsley4 ,ablig4 ,this is done more satisfactorily in a marble mortar with a wooden pestle4 ,,iii4 ,songs ,pist4 ,please sing us a song1 as you are wont to do4 ,ablig4 ,ego nolo ,caesar esse1 ,ambulare per ,britannos1 ,scythicas pati pruinas4#fb ,,florus4#fc ,ut sapiant fatuae ,fabiorum prandia betae1 ,o quam saepe petet vina piperque coquus4#fd ,,martial',s ,epigrams1 #ac1 #ac4 ,pist4 ,do you say the ,fabii or the fabri8 ,ablig4 ,on that point inquire of the bandy-legged schoolmaster and you will get for your ,fabii and fabri a sound blow on the cheek or the back4 ,pist4 ,is that the sort of man8 ,ablig4 ,he is a determined1 courageous man1 prompt with blows4 ,he compensates for the slowness of his tongue by the swiftness of his hands4 ,pist4 ,here1 bring the beer-jug4 ,my palate1 throat1 gullet are parched with thirst4 ,ablig4 ,et gravis attrita pendebat cantharus ansa4#fe ,,vergil1 ,eclogue1 #f1 #ag4 ,claudere quae coenas lactuca solebat avorum1 ,dic mihi1 cur nostros inchoat illa dapes8#ff ,,martial1 ,epigram1 #ac1 #ad4 ,filia ,picenae venio ,lucanica porcae1 ,pultibus hinc niveis grata corona datur4#fg ,,martial1 ,epigram1 #ac1 #ce4 ,apic4 ,where hast thou thus learnt to 8 ,ablig4 ,lately ,i served a schoolmaster in ,calabria who was a poetaster4 ,he often used to give me no other meal than a song of a hundred verses1 in which he used to say there was a wonderful savour4 ,i1 indeed1 would rather have had a little bread and cheese4 ,there was1 however1 enough water for the house1 and we had permission to drink from the well to our heart's content4 ,if ,i then had gone hungry to bed1 instead of food ,i chewed those verses and digested them4 ,nor did there seem to me to be any other remedy to drive away the keenness of hunger 7bulimia7 than to betake myself to the art of cookery4 ,apic4 ,what services did you render that schoolmaster8 ,ablig4 ,such as ,caesar rendered to the ,republic4 ,i was everything to him4 ,i was his counsellor1 though he had nothing to advise about2 he had nothing secret from me1 not even in his personal habits4 ,i used to pour water on his hand1 which he never used to wash himself4 ,i served him as his treasurer4 ,apic4 ,what treasure had he8 ,ablig4 ,he had a few sheets of the trashiest poems which the moths used to eat away and barbarian mice gnawed at4 ,apic4 ,nay1 say learned mice1 since they bit their teeth into bad poems4 ,,xvi ,,triclinium--,the ,dining-room ,,aristippus1 ,,lurco ,this dialogue is connected with the two following dialogues4 ,for this contains descriptions of the master of a feast and his dining-room1 the next of the banquet itself1 and the third1 drunkenness4 ,it has two parts--the introduction and description 7narratio74 ,triclinium is so called from having three dining-couches 7lectus74 ,for1 of old1 those about to breakfast or dine were accustomed to arrange couches for lying on1 for the most part three4 ,see ,castilionius in book #f2 ,vitruvius1 cap4 #e2 ,baysius de ,vasculis4 ,aristippus was the disciple of ,socrates1 from whom was derived the ,cyrenaic teaching4 ,for he lived in ease1 sumptuously1 voluptuously4 ,he sought out every luxury of perfumes1 clothes1 women1 and counted life happy in so far as it was full of pleasure4 3 4 1 1 1 1 4#fh ,,diog4 ,,laert4 i4 #fh4 ,i4 ,the ,introduction 7,initium7 ,arist4 ,why are you so late getting up and1 indeed1 still half-asleep8 ,lurc4 ,i am surprised that ,i have waked up at all the whole of this day1 since yesterday we were eating and drinking4 ,arist4 ,nay1 as it appears1 you were simply gorging1 gourmandising1 and overwhelming yourself with sumptuous dishes and wine4 ,but where was it you were thus loading your swift-sailing ship8 ,lurc4 ,at the house of ,scopas1 at a banquet 7convivium74 ,arist4 ,nay1 rather1 according to the manner of the ,greeks1 call it a than by the ,latin word convivium4 ,lurc4 ,one brawler aroused another to speech4 ,olives and sauces pricked and pinched the sated stomach1 and would not let the appetite get wearied out4 ,arist4 ,pray tell us all the courses so that by hearing of them ,i can imagine that ,i was there1 and as if ,i were drinking with you1 as that man who ate two great loaves of bread in a ,spanish inn1 and enjoyed the exhalation of a roasted partridge1 in place of further viands4 ,lurc4 ,who could tell all8 ,this would be a greater undertaking than to have bought the food1 or prepared it1 or what would have beaten everything in difficulty1 to have eaten it all up4 ,arist4 ,let us sit down here in this willow-plantation1 by the bank of this little stream1 and1 since we are tired1 let us talk of your yesterday's dining out1 instead of other things4 ,the grass will serve us for bolsters4 ,lean on that elm-tree4 ,lurc4 ,on the grass8 ,won't the moisture harm us8 ,arist4 ,how stupid6 moisture1 when the dog-star is rising6 ,lurc4 ,formerly ,i refused2 now my mind desires to tell you yet more than you ask4 ,you inquire from me as to the banquet2 you shall also hear as to the host and the dining-room4 ,you asked that ,i would speak2 ,i will do so that1 soon perhaps1 you will ask1 proclaim1 command silence1 as was the case with the ,arabian flute-player who was induced to sing for an obolus1 but was only brought to silence by receiving three4 ,arist4 ,say as much as thou wishest of the feast2 ,i shall not be pained by it1 since we are now sitting in a shady place1 and the goldfinch there accompanies thy narrative1 or at least will bring harmony into it1 as the slaves with the flute did into the speech of ,c4 ,gracchus4#fi ,,ii4 ,narration--,description of ,scopas ,lurc4 ,what was that story8 ,arist4 ,when you have finished your account of the feast you shall have the story of the ,gracchi1 of the graculi1#gj and the ,graeculi4 ,lurc4 ,we were going for a walk by chance across the market 7forum71 ,thrasybulus and ,i4 ,we happened to have got more leisure than is usual with us4 ,scopas joined us4 ,when he had made his first salutations1 and started a suave conversation1 ,scopas began earnestly to entreat us that we would1 on the next day1 which was yesterday1 go to his house4 ,first we excused ourselves1 the one for one reason1 the other for another2 ,i1 on account of an important engagement with a magistrate 7praetor71 a very irritable gentleman4 ,but ,scopas1 a man who likes to boast of his wealth1 began an elaborate speech1 as if his life were in question4 ,what need of further words8 ,we said yes1 so that he should not continue to worry us4 ,arist4 ,do you know why he arranged the banquet8 ,lurc4 ,what was it1 pray1 do you suppose8 ,arist4 ,he is indeed himself a rich man1 well provided with silver1 clothes1 and house-provisions4 ,but he had bought three gilded silver phials and six cups4 ,these would have lost their value to him1 had he not invited some guests to whom he might show them4 ,for he believes that it is in the ostentation of wealth that its pleasure consists4 ,he is driven on to profuse expenditure by his wife1 who calls it magnificence4 ,description of the ,dining-hall ,lurc4 ,yesterday1 then1 about mid-day we came together to his dining-room4 ,arist4 ,what kind of a lunch was it8 ,lurc4 ,in the open air1 in the cool shade4 ,all was splendidly prepared1 decorated1 polished up4 ,nothing was lacking in elegance1 splendour1 and magnificence4 ,immediately on entrance1 our eyes and souls were exhilarated by the most beautiful and most pleasant sights4 ,there was a great sideboard1 full of beautiful vases of all kinds1 of gold1 silver1 crystal1 glass1 ivory1 myrrh-wood2 also others of more common material1 tin1 horn1 bone1 wood1 shell1 or earthenware1 in which art lent a merit to the commonness of the material1 for there were very many pieces of embossed work1 all brightly cleaned and polished2 the glitter almost dazzled the eyes4 ,you might have seen there two great silver wash-hand-basins with gilded borders4 ,the middle part together with the ornaments about it were of gold4 ,every basin had its outlet whose bung was gilded4 ,there stood there also another water-basin of glass1 similarly with gilded pipe1 as well as an earthenware wash-basin varnished with red sandarach1#ga a piece of work of the ,spanish city of ,malaca4 ,besides1 there were phials of every kind and two silver ones for the most generous kind of wines4 ,arist4 ,from my own experience ,i prefer flasks of glass or of shells1 which they call stone-ware4 ,lurc4 ,what are you to do8 ,such is the nature of man6 ,he does not in these things seek so much convenience as the opinion of being thought rich4 ,arist4 ,these very rich people pretty often seem so to others whilst to themselves they seem poor4 ,so there is no end of bringing forward1 and presenting1 to the eyes of others1 their possessions4 ,especially is this so with those who have no other kind of skill in which they can trust4 ,but proceed4 ,lurc4 ,the border of the sideboard was covered with a shaggy carpet brought from ,turkey4 ,at a distance from the sideboard there were placed two small tables with quadrants and silver orbs4 ,every one had his salt-cellar1 knife1 bread1 and napkin4 ,under the sideboard stood a refrigerator and large wine-decanters4 ,then they had various kinds of seats1 settles1 double-seats1 benches1 and the seat of the lady of the house1 arranged so as to fold up1 a noteworthy piece of work with silken upholstery1 and provided with a foot-stool4 ,arist4 ,lay the table now1 and unfold the napkins1 for my vitals cry out for hunger4 ,lurc4 ,the dining-table was large4 ,it was inlaid with ancient mosaic work4 ,it had belonged to the ,prince ,dicarchus4 ,arist4 ,o old table1 what a different master is yours now6 ,lurc4 ,he had bought the table at an auction sale at a sufficiently high price1 only because it had belonged to the prince1 and he would thus have something that had been his4 ,water is given for the washing of hands4 ,at first there are great mutual refusings and invitations and yielding by turns4 ,arist4 ,the same thing happened in all this yielding of dignity1 when each one made himself of less account than the other1 and exalted the other with the haughtiest courteousness1 whilst in reality every one thought himself more important than all the rest4 ,lurc4 ,but the host1 by his own right1 allotted the seats4 ,grace was said by a little boy briefly and perfunctorily1 but not without rhythm3-- ,quod appositum est et apponetur1 ,christus benedicere dignetur4#gb ,each one unfolds his napkin and throws it over the left shoulder4 ,then he cleans his bread with his knife1 in case he did not think it had been sufficiently cleaned by the servant1 for it had been placed before him with the crust taken off4 ,arist4 ,did you sit in ease8 ,lurc4 ,never with more ease4 ,arist4 ,you couldn't get a poor lunch4 ,for the eatables had been supplied to redundancy1 so far as ever the market had them2 this ,i know4 ,lurc4 ,in no place has this more certainly happened4 ,but the very abundance palled4 ,the director of the table busied himself with laying knives and forks4 ,then came in1 with great pomp1 the chief steward with a long band of boys1 younger and older1 who bore away the dishes of the first course4 ,,xvii ,,convivium--,the ,banquet ,,scopas1 ,,simonides1 ,,crito1 ,,democritus1 ,,polaemon ,concerning ,scopas1 see ,cicero1 book #b1 de ,orat4 ,as to ,polaemon1 see ,val4 ,max4 bk4 #f1 cap4 #aa4 ,there are three kinds of banquets1 1 a magnificent and splendid banquet2 1 a nuptial banquet2 and 1 when each guest came at his own expense and brought his own food4 ,homer links together those forms of banquets3 ' 7,odyssea1 i4 #bbf74 ,the parts of this dialogue are these3 ,initium1 apparatus1 finis4 ,apparatus contains two courses4 ,,courses ,cibus ,panis ,carnes ,obsonia ,pultes ,pisces ,,first ,potus ,vinum ,aqua ,cerevisia ,pocula ,fructus ,,second ,casei ,tragemata ,i4 ,the ,beginning 7,initium7 ,scop4 ,where is our ,simonides8 ,crit4 ,he said he would come immediately after he had met a debtor of his in the market4 ,scop4 ,he does rightly4 ,he will more easily get away from a debtor than he would from a creditor4 ,crit4 ,how is this8 ,scop4 ,it is as in a victory1 the victor imposes the conditions1 not the vanquished4 ,the debtor comes away from the creditor when he will1 the creditor when the debtor is willing4 ,but have you not all met1 as you arranged1 and left the seriousness of home1 bringing with you cheerfulness1 wit1 grace1 pleasantness8 ,crit4 ,clearly these things are so1 ,i hope1 and we will be as ,m4 ,varro advises1 an agreeable company4 ,scop4 ,let the rest be my concern4 ,crit4 ,here is ,simonides coming6 ,scop4 ,happy event6 ,sim4 ,all prosperity to you6 ,scop4 ,we have keenly desired you6 ,sim4 ,ah1 how boorish it all is6 ,but you see ,i was invited to lunch1 not for a period of detention in business4 ,but have ,i really kept you waiting long8 ,scop4 ,no1 indeed not4 ,sim4 ,why did you not set to the meal without me8 ,at least you could have begun with the fruit which ,i am not much given to eating4 ,scop4 ,courteous words1 but how could we sit down without you8 ,,ii4 ,first ,course--,bread ,crit4 ,enough of civilities4 ,let us begin our description4 ,the best and lightest of bread6 ,it is as light in weight as a sponge4 ,the wheat is soft as a medlar4 ,you must have an industrious miller4 ,scop4 ,roscius has the mill in his charge4 ,sim4 ,is he never hurled into it8 ,scop4 ,far be such a fate from such a thrifty servant6 ,dem4 ,pass me the coarse bread 7made of unbolted flour74 ,sim4 ,and me the bread made of the middle quality of foreign wheat4 ,scop4 ,why do you wish that8 ,sim4 ,because ,i have both heard and found from experience that ,i eat less when the bread has not a fine taste4 ,scop4 ,here1 boy1 bring him common bread1 and even the black bread if he prefers4 ,we will have the most pleasant of meals1 if every one shall take what most pleases him4 ,pol4 ,this bread1 which you praise so much1 is spongy1 watery2 ,i prefer it thicker4 ,crit4 ,i indeed don't dislike it spongy--so long as it isn't hastily made4 ,but this also has cracks such as cakes baked on the hearth are accustomed to have1 although1 as is sufficiently clear1 this came out of the oven4 ,pol4 ,this black bread is both sour and full of chaff2 you would say that it was from flour of second-rate wheat4 ,scop4 ,so our husbandmen are accustomed to do with all wheat which they bring hither2 first to make it pungent with the common1 and to mix it with all kinds of seeds2 the taste then comes from the leaven being excessive4 ,pol4 ,no class of men are more deceptive than husbandmen4 ,they only act wrongly through ignorance4 ,crit4 ,this bread is not sufficiently fermented4 ,dem4 ,for to-day think thyself a ,jew1 one of those who1 by the ordinance of ,god1 only feed on bread which is unleavened4 ,crit4 ,and this1 indeed1 was because they were such very bad men that the eating of swine was forbidden them1 than which nothing is more pleasing to the palate2 nor if taken moderately is anything more healthful4 ,with unleavened bread sauces must be eaten together with field lettuce1 which is extremely bitter4 ,pol4 ,all this has too much depth of meaning4 ,let us leave the subject4 ,scop4 ,yes1 indeed1 and the whole discussion about bread6 ,if there is so much difference of opinion about what is eaten with bread1 how much discord there will be over every part of the menu of the whole meal6 ,crit4 ,it happens1 forsooth1 as ,horace says3-- ,tres mihi convivae prope dissentire videntur1 ,poscentes vario multum diversa palato4#gc ,fruits ,scop4 ,bring those dishes and plates with the cherries1 plums1 pomegranates1 ripe fruit1 and early ripe fruit4 ,pol4 ,why did ,varro say that the number of guests ought not to exceed the number of the ,muses1 when the number of the ,muses is not settled8 ,for some put the number at three2 others six2 others nine4 ,crit4 ,he spoke as if it were established that there were nine1 and so it was commonly accepted4 ,whence ,diogenes made his joke at the expense of the schoolmaster1 who had only a small number of scholars in the school1 whilst he had the ,muses painted on the walls4 ,the master1 said he1 has many scholars1 if you reckon in the ,muses 7 74 ,dem4 ,but is it true that the ,persians introduced into ,greece the fruit which they regarded as so deadly as to be a pestilence to those against whom they were waging war8 ,crit4 ,so ,i have heard4 ,dem4 ,how wonderful is the variety of products in the different nature of soils6 ,crit4 ,india sends ivory1 says ,vergil1#gd the effeminate ,sabaeans their frankincense4 ,oh6 look at those ,persian quinces6 ,sim4 ,this is a new kind of grafting which the ancients did not know of4 ,reach me the bowl with the hard-skinned figs1 which are1 as you know1 early ripe4 ,scop4 ,enough of the fruits6 ,let us be filled with more healthful foods of the body4 ,crit4 ,what is1 then1 healthier8 ,scop4 ,nothing1 if to be health-giving and of good taste are the same thing as in a mid-day dream4 ,crit4 ,i forgive fruits their harmfulness on account of their pleasantness of taste4 ,meats ,scop4 ,do you remember the verse of ,cato8 ,pauca voluptati debentur2 plura saluti4#ge ,give every one a platter of meat with sauce1 so that he may swallow it down1 and this will warm the intestines and pleasantly wash and so soften the body4 ,sim4 ,here1 boy1 give me at once some salted pork4 ,oh6 most savoury leg of pork6 ,it is a barrow-hog4 ,if you can hear what ,i say1 return the cabbage and bacon1 to the cook1 at this season of the year1 or preserve it till the winter4 ,cut me a couple of bits off this sausage1 so that the first cup of wine may taste the sweeter4 ,crit4 ,let us follow the advice of physicians that wine be taken with pork4 ,pour out wine4 ,wine ,scop4 ,now follows action after talk4 ,surely this is wisest at this time of the year4 ,look at the necessary preparations for our drinking wine4 ,first of all the keeper of the sideboard 7custos abaci7 has set out the cups of brightest crystal glass with purest white wine2 you would think it water by its mere appearance4 ,it is ,san ,martin wine and partly ,rhein wine1 but not mixed as they are accustomed to drink it in ,belgium1 but such as they drink in mid-,germany4 ,the wine-seller to-day has tapped two casks1 one of yellow ,helvell from the neighbourhood of ,paris1 and one of blood-red ,bordeaux4 ,others are in readiness kept cool1 dark 7fuscus7 from ,aquitaine and black from ,saguntum4 ,let every one choose according to his liking4 ,crit4 ,what suggestion could be more delightful8 as nothing is harder fortune than to perish of thirst4 ,for myself ,i should prefer that you had set before us the best water4 ,i would rather have heard such an announcement than that of the wines4 ,scop4 ,nor shall that be lacking4 ,sim4 ,lately when ,i was in ,rome1 ,i drank at a cardinal's house1 the noblest wines of every flavour2 sweet1 sharp1 mild1 fruity1 and tart4 ,i was indeed extremely friendly with the wine-cellarer4 ,dem4 ,i dearly like fiery wine4 ,pol4 ,so also do ,belgian women4 ,in some places in ,france they offer you the dregs of wine4 ,they most delight in two and three year old vintage4 ,but these are rather sampling of wine than real wine-drinking1 and ,french wine especially bears neither the addition of water nor years4 ,therefore soon after it is racked off it is drunk4 ,indeed1 in a year it begins to get worse1 and becomes uncertain1 then its flavour escapes and it becomes sour4 ,had it been kept longer it would become mouldy and flat4 ,the ,spanish and ,italian wines1 on the other hand1 improve with age1 and with the addition of water4 ,dem4 ,what do you mean by wine getting 8flat08 ,the casks become shrunken1 the wine is enclosed in cells1 and the casing of the cask falls in1 if need be4 ,pol4 ,like as fruit gets uneatable through decay by age and does not keep1 and1 as we say commonly1 goes bad4 ,the opposite term is 8still wine0 7consistens74 ,dem4 ,pour me first a half-cupful of water and then pour in the wine1 after the old custom4 ,crit4 ,nay1 to-day's custom is yet the same with many people1 the ,french and ,germans being exceptions4 ,dem4 ,the nations who drink water with wine pour wine to the water2 those who will drink wine watered1 pour water on to the wine4 ,crit4 ,and what do those drink who mix no water with their wine8 ,dem4 ,pure1 unmixed wine4 ,crit4 ,that is1 if the wine-dealer did not first water it himself4 ,pol4 ,they call that baptising it1 so that the wine should be ,christian4 ,this was in my time a fine1 philosophical way of speaking4 ,dem4 ,they baptise the wine1 and themselves are unbaptised 7i4e41 unwatered or unwashed74 ,pol4 ,they do worse to wine who add chalk1 sulphur1 honey1 alum1 and other more noisome things than which nothing is more pernicious to one's body4 ,against such people the state ought to proceed as against robbers or assassins4 ,for thence are incredible kinds of diseases and especially gout4 ,crit4 ,by conspiracy with physicians they can do this4 ,then both share the profit4 ,dem4 ,the cup you reach to me is too full4 ,empty it a little1 ,i beg1 so that there may be a space for water4 ,drinking ,crit4 ,pour me wine in that chestnut-coloured cup4 ,what is that8 ,scop4 ,a great ,indian nut1 surrounded with a silver edge4 ,won't you drink out of that bowl of ebony wood8 ,they say that this is the healthiest4 ,but don't give me too much water4 ,don't you know the old proverb3 8,you spoil wine when you pour water into it08 ,dem4 ,yes1 then you spoil both the water and the wine4 ,pol4 ,i would rather spoil both1 than be spoiled by one of them4 ,scop4 ,would it not be pleasant1 according to the ,greek custom1 to drink out of the bowls and from the bigger beakers8 ,pol4 ,by no means4 ,you reminded us just now of the old proverb4 ,in my turn ,i remind you of the ,pauline precept3 8,be not drunk with wine1 wherein is excess02 and that of our ,saviour3 8,and take heed to yourselves lest at any time your hearts be overcharged with surfeiting and drunkenness40 ,water ,crit4 ,whence is this cold water1 so pure and pellucid8 ,scop4 ,out of the spring near by here4 ,crit4 ,rather than mixing of wine ,i prefer cistern water1 if it is thoroughly pure4 ,dem4 ,what do you think of spring-drawn water8 ,crit4 ,it is more appropriate for washing purposes than for drinking4 ,pol4 ,very many people commend flowing water4 ,crit4 ,and quite rightly if the streams flow through gold veins1 as in ,spain1 and the water is peaceful and clear4 ,beer ,sim4 ,bring me in that ,samian phial some beer which1 in this heat1 should be very good for refreshing one's body4 ,scop4 ,which sort of beer will you have8 ,sim4 ,the lightest you have1 for other kinds muddle the mind too much and make the body too fat4 ,pol4 ,give me some also1 but in the round glass4 ,scop4 ,run to the kitchen and see what they are waiting for4 ,why don't they send another course8 ,you see that already no one further tastes of this4 ,bring young cocks cooked with lettuce1 garden oxtongue1 and endive2 also mutton and calf's flesh4 ,crit4 ,add also a little mustard or rock-parsley in small dishes4 ,dem4 ,mustard seems to me a strong 7violenta7 food4 ,crit4 ,it is not suitable for bilious people1 but is not without its usefulness for those who abound in thick and cold humours4 ,pol4 ,therefore are the countries of northern latitudes wise in using it1 for whom it is of great service1 especially with thick and hard food1 e4g41 with beef and salted fish4 ,pottage ,scop4 ,in this place1 ,i think broth and rice come seasonably1 also ash-coloured bread1 fine wheaten bread1 starch-food1 rice1 8little worms0 7vermiculi74 ,let every one take according to his taste4 ,dem4 ,i have seen those who shuddered terribly at 8little worms0 because they believed they were out of the earth and from mud1 and had previously been alive4 ,crit4 ,such people deserve to have these 8worms0 come to life again in their stomachs4 ,they say that rice is born in water and dies in wine4 ,give me1 therefore1 wine4 ,dem4 ,drink not immediately after warm food4 ,eat first something cold and solid4 ,crit4 ,what8 ,dem4 ,a crust of bread1 or a rissole or two of meat4 ,fish ,sim4 ,bah6 fish and meat at the same sitting6 ,to mix earth and sea4 ,this is forbidden by physicians4 ,scop4 ,nay1 rather physicians are pleased by it4 ,sim4 ,i think it is because it is profitable to them4 ,scop4 ,why1 then1 do the physicians forbid it8 ,sim4 ,i have made a mistake4 ,i ought to have said that it is prohibited by the art of medicine1 not by physicians4 ,but what sort of fish is this8 ,scop4 ,place them in order4 ,the first is roasted pike with vinegar and capers1 then turbot cooked with the juice of pointed sorrel1 fried soles1 a fresh pike and a capito 7large-headed fish7--the salted pike serve for yourself--fresh roasted and salted tunny-fish1 fresh maenae 7small sea fish7 fried1 pasties1 in which are many bearded-fishes1 murenae1 and trout1 with suitable relishes1 fried gudgeon and boiled lobsters and crabs4 ,mingle with them dishes with garlic1 pepper1 mustard1 pounded up4 ,sim4 ,i will indeed speak of the fish1 but not eat of them4 ,crit4 ,if a philosopher begins to conduct a controversy on fish1 i4e41 on a most uncertain1 debatable question1 then let us have a bed set up1 so that we can sleep here4 ,scop4 ,no one is worthy to even taste these dishes4 ,take them away4 ,sim4 ,and yet formerly banquets at ,rome were most splendid and they were accustomed to say that sumptuous ones were given which consisted entirely of fish4 ,crit4 ,thus have times changed1 although this custom also lasts with some people4 ,birds ,scop4 ,bring up roasted chickens1 partridges1 thrushes1 ducklings1 teal1 wood-pigeons1 rabbits1 hares1 calf's flesh1 kids1 and sauce or flavours1 vinegar1 oil1 fruit penetrating in its medical properties1 also citrons1 olives from the ,balearic ,islands1 preserved1 pressed1 and kept in pickle4 ,dem4 ,are no ,bethica 7district of ,spain7 olives there8 ,scop4 ,those from the ,balearic ,islands taste better4 ,crit4 ,what will happen to those big animals there1 the goose1 the swan1 the peacock8 ,scop4 ,merely show them1 and take them back to the kitchen4 ,pol4 ,see there a peacock6 ,where is ,q4 ,hortensius who held a peacock for such a delicacy8#gf ,sim4 ,take the lamb-meat away4 ,scop4 ,why8 ,sim4 ,because it is unsound4 ,they say it does not go out by any other way than that it entered4 ,crit4 ,i have seen someone who swallowed olive stones like an ostrich4 ,scop4 ,from what meat are those pasties made8 ,crit4 ,this here is stag's flesh4 ,scop4 ,this is deer's flesh2 and that there1 ,i believe1 is boar's flesh4 ,crit4 ,i prefer the condiments to meat itself4 ,sim4 ,and that is clearly right1 for spice renders the sourest things sweet4 ,crit4 ,what is the spice of the whole of life8 ,dem4 ,an equable mind4 ,crit4 ,i can name something else1 which is of larger scope and more august4 ,dem4 ,what can be more important than what ,i have named8 ,crit4 ,pietas1 under which equanimity is included4 ,moreover1 8piety0 is the most suitable and pleasant sauce for all things hard and easy1 and those things which lie between these extremes4 ,scop4 ,pour white ,spanish wine in that beaker and bear it round to the guests4 ,dem4 ,what are you preparing to do8 ,when dinner is finished1 bring us some strong and generous wine4 ,we can afterwards drink something more diluted1 if we wish to take care of our health4 ,sim4 ,thy counsel seems to me good1 for it behoves us to have colder food at the end of a meal1 which by its weight may thrust down the other food to the bottom of the stomach1 and may restrain the vapours from escaping to the head4 ,,iii4 ,second ,course ,scop4 ,take away those things2 change the round and square plates1 and lay the second table 7dessert74 ,for no one is anywhere further stretching forth his hand to the dishes4 ,crit4 ,i have eaten so heartily from the beginning that ,i have quite lost all further appetite4 ,dem4 ,i also have no more appetite1 but ,i was led on by the desire of the fruit dishes here1 and so have eaten to satiety4 ,pol4 ,i have eaten ,i don't know how much fish4 ,this has repulsed all my appetite4 ,sim4 ,and is there so much of splendid dainties and delicacies before us when there is no longer the desire of eating8 ,pears1 apples1 and cheese of many kinds6 ,the most attractive to my palate is the horse-cheese4 ,crit4 ,i believe that it is not horse-cheese at all1 but ,phrygian cheese from asses' milk1 such as is brought from ,sicily in the form of columns and squares4 ,when one is broken1 it cleaves into layers or1 as it were1 sheets 7of paper74 ,dem4 ,this cheese is porous as if it were from ,england1 and will not in my opinion be pleasing to you4 ,crit4 ,nor will this spongy ,dutch cheese4 ,this from ,parma is thicker and1 as it seems1 fairly fresh1 and that ,penasellian 7,spanish7 will easily vie with it4 ,dem4 ,this cheese is not from ,parma but ,placentia4 ,crit4 ,it also is pleasant4 ,commonly the cheese dearest to the ,germans is old cheese1 putrid1 fried up and wormy4 ,sim4 ,he who eats such cheese is hunting for thirst and he eats in order to drink4 ,scop4 ,the pastry-cook delays too long with his sweets4 ,why does he not bring his tarts1 his wine-cakes and cup-cakes and the fried cakes made of a concoction thrown into a vessel of boiling oil with honey poured over it8 ,crit4 ,give me a few dates1 both some to eat and some to keep by me4 ,perhaps ,i shall to-night eat nothing else4 ,scop4 ,then take the whole of this branch of them4 ,will you have some pomegranates8 ,pol4 ,here1 boy1 relieve me of these wild dates and give me something eatable4 ,scop4 ,i advise you to drink4 ,don't you know that it was the opinion of ,aristotle that the dessert was introduced into meals to invite us to drinking lest the food should be digested dry8 ,crit4 ,the discoverer must have been either a sailor or fish to be so much afraid of dryness4 ,scop4 ,take away those things which are ordinarily called the seal of the stomach1 because after them nothing more is to be eaten or drunk1 biscuits1 quince-cakes1 coriander covered with sugar4 ,but such food must be chewed1 not eaten4 ,what remains from the portion chewed must be spit out1 for it is uneatable4 ,collect the bits and what remains over in baskets2 bring scented waters1 of rose1 of the flowers of the healing apple 7citron71 and of musk-melon4 ,,iv4 ,end of the ,banquet ,pol4 ,let us return thanks to ,christ4 ,the ,boy4 ,agimus tibi gratias1 ,pater1 qui tam multa ad hominum usus condidisti3 annue1 ut tuo favore ad coenam illam veniamus tuae beatitudinis4#gg ,pol4 ,now then let us return thanks to the host4 ,crit4 ,well1 you do it4 ,pol4 ,nay1 rather ,democritus1 who is strong on these points4 ,dem4 ,i cannot return thanks as in duty bound to thee1 deserving well of the republic1 for all has been confused by ,bacchus1 but ,i will recite what once ,diogenes said to ,dionysius2 ,i have committed his speech to memory4 ,if ,i have a lapse of memory or a faltering tongue you will forgive me after so great a soaking of drink4 ,scop4 ,say what you will2 it will be written in wine4 ,dem4 ,thou hast1 my ,scopas1 thyself1 thy wife1 thy man-servants and maid-servants1 neighbours1 cooks1 and pastry-cooks1 wearied thyself and themselves1 so that we may become yet more wearied by eating and drinking4 ,when ,socrates had entered a very crowded market1 he exclaimed wisely1 8,o immortal gods1 how many things there are here which ,i don't need40 ,thou1 on the contrary1 mightest say1 8,what a small part is all this of that which ,i need40 ,the idea of moderation is pleasing to ,nature4 ,thereon it is formed and supported4 ,this supply of many and manifold things overwhelms ,nature1 as ,pliny rightly observes4 ,manifoldness of food is injurious to man2 yet more injurious is every sauce4 ,we take hence to our homes bodies made heavy by these things1 minds oppressed and sunk in food and drinks1 so that we cannot duly perform any human duty4 ,do you yourself point out what thanks we owe you4 ,scop4 ,are these the thanks you have for me8 ,thus you pay back so splendid a meal6 ,pol4 ,clearly it is so--for what greater benefit is there than becoming wiser8 ,you send us home evidently beasts4 ,we wish to leave you at home a man1 so that you may know how to consult your own health and that of others and to live conformably to the desires of ,nature1 not following fancies caught up from folly4 ,farewell and learn wisdom4 ,,xviii ,,ebrietas--,drunkenness ,,asotus1 ,,tricongius1 ,,abstemius1 ,,glaucia ,in this dialogue ,vives describes the causes and effects of drunkenness4 ,the occasion of the dialogue is based on ,horace1 book i4 ,epist4 #e1 where firstly is described the desire to cast away care by a splendid feast1 to drink the best wines freely and in quantities1 for ,horace says3 ,potare et spargere flores ,incipiam patiarque vel inconsultus haberi4 ,then he adds the seven effects of drunkenness4 ,it causes the disclosure of secrets1 renders men confident1 makes them bold1 takes away anxiety1 brings the fatuous impression of wisdom1 makes men garrulous and loquacious1 and in the depth of poverty renders men dissolute and lavish4 ,quid non ebrietas designat8 operta recludit3 ,spes jubet esse ratas1 in praelia trudit inermem4 ,sollicitis animis onus eximit1 addocet artes4 ,foecundi calices quem non fecre disertum8 ,contract quem non in paupertate solutum8 ,here1 again1 names of interlocutors are aptly applied4 ,asotus 7middle vowel long7 is a man given up to luxuries of the palate4 ,in ,latin such is called heluo 7glutton71 nepos 7spendthrift71 decoctor 7bankrupt74 ,the ,greek word comes from a privative particle1 and 2 ,latin1 servo4 ,see ,cicero1 book #b1 de ,finibus3 8,nolim asotos1 qui in mensam vomant1 et qui de conviviis auferantur1 crudique nostridie se rursus ingurgitent2 qui solem 7ut aiunt7 nec occidentem unquam viderint1 nec orientem3 qui consumtis patrimoniis egeant4 ,nemo istius generis asotos jucunde putat vivere40 ,concerning ,tricongius we have spoken in the dialogue 8,garrientes40 ,abstemius is one who does not drink wine1 as if held back1 i4e4 from wine4 ,there are two parts to the dialogue1 the ,exordium1 which contains the occasion of the dialogue1 and ,narratio1 the telling of the story4 ,i4 ,exordium ,asot4 ,what do you say1 ,tricongius8 ,how splendidly that ,brabantian entertained us yesterday6 ,tric4 ,a curse on him1 for ,i could not rest the whole night6 ,i was sick1 with all due respect to you let me say it 7sit habitus honos vestris auribus71 and then tossed myself about all over the bed1 now on the inner1 then on the outer1 frame of the bed4 ,it seemed to me as if ,i should vomit forth throat and stomach4 ,even now ,i cannot use my eyes or ears for headache4 ,it is as if ,i had heavy bars of lead lying on my forehead and eyes4 ,asot4 ,fasten a band round your forehead and temples1 and you will seem to be a king4 ,tric4 ,much rather like ,bacchus himself1 from whom the institution of diadems on kings was derived4 ,asot4 ,go home1 then1 and sleep off the soaking4 ,tric4 ,home1 indeed6 ,there is no place ,i should shun so much as my home4 ,i should feel too much aversion to meet my shrieking wife4 ,for if she were to see me now she would entertain me with longer homilies than ,chrysostom4 ,abstem4 ,and this is what you call being treated splendidly6 ,glauc4 ,clearly so2 for your throat and stomach have been well washed6 ,abstem4 ,and the hands too8 ,glauc4 ,not even once4 ,asot4 ,nay1 on the contrary1 often with wine and milk1 whilst we dipped our hands in one another's bowls 7pateras74 ,glauc4 ,what could be said more splendidly8 ,fancy the fingers sticking with the fat of meat and with sauces4 ,abstem4 ,by the gods1 keep quiet6 ,who could listen without nausea to the unclean business1 much less look upon it1 or taste of such wine or milk4 ,asot4 ,by your faith1 ye gods6 are you so delicate a man1 ,abstemius1 that you cannot swallow this even with your ears8 ,what would you do with your palate1 if you were like us8 ,but listen to me1 ,tricongius1 sweetest fellow-wine-bibber1 let us send some boy to fetch us some of the same wine in that clay vessel4 ,there is no surer antidote against this poison4 ,tric4 ,has this been tried8 ,asot4 ,why should it not be so8 ,don't you remember the verses which ,colax sings3-- ,ad sanandum morsum canis nocturni1 ,sume ex pilis eiusdem canis4#gh ,,plautus4 ,glauc4 ,tell us1 ,i beg you1 all about the banquet4 ,abstem4 ,nay1 don't6 unless you wish me to part with all ,i have in my stomach1 and even the vitals themselves4 ,glauc4 ,then go away for a short time4 ,asot4 ,i will tell you as frankly as possible1 but so as nowhere to go beyond the limits of decency4 ,glauc4 ,begin1 ,i beseech you4 ,give your attention1 ,abstemius4 ,asot4 ,my dear ,glaucia1 before everything1 ,i am of opinion that there is no class of men which can be likened to festive and liberal hosts at banquets4 ,some show knowledge of all kinds of things1 i4e41 of mere trifles2 others show with pride1 experience1 and wisdom gathered from practice4 ,and what of this8 ,there are people who indeed have wealth1 but1 wretched that they are1 they don't dare to spend it4 ,what they have1 they take pleasure in storing up4 ,a kindly host is everywhere of use1 everywhere is welcome4 ,the very sight of him is sufficient to heal the sadness of the mind and scatter it2 and if a man has any wretchedness1 the memory of the feast takes it away4 ,so1 too1 does the hope and expectation of a coming feast4 ,all the other so-called mental blessings ,i don't care to look on2 they are1 to me1 slight and unfruitful4 ,abstem4 ,i ask you1 ,asotus1 who is the author of such a fine sentiment8 ,asot4 ,i and all like me1 i4e41 a host of people from ,belgic ,france1 from the ,seine to the ,rhine4 ,there are only a few poor and very sparing men who think differently1 who envy ,abstemius his name1 and wish to be called frugal1 or else certain distinguished people who are puffed up with a great opinion of their own wisdom1 i4e41 an empty word1 whom we 7i4e41 the greatest and chief part of mankind7 simply laugh at4 ,abstem4 ,what do ,i hear8 ,digression ,glauc4 ,he is quite right1 though he is drunk4 ,for nowhere has scholarship less estimation than in ,belgium4 ,a distinguished man in scholarship is not otherwise esteemed than one who is occupied in shoe-making or in weaving4 ,abstem4 ,and yet there are many students here who make not altogether unsatisfactory progress4 ,glauc4 ,yes4 ,little boys are led by their parents to the schools as to an operative shop1 by which afterwards they can derive a living4 ,the very teachers themselves1 incredible to say1 as little as the pupils1 cherish the occupation they follow with such slight honour and with such meagre reward1 so that illustrious teachers of the first rank can scarcely maintain themselves4 ,asot4 ,this has nothing to do with the subject of our conversation4 ,let us return to the banquet4 ,glauc4 ,yes1 ,i would rather hear about that1 but dismiss this talk about studies1 which are certainly unfruitful4 ,i know not how you ,italians think about scholarship4 ,in my eyes1 it seems to me not only useless but even pernicious 7damnosa74 ,abstem4 ,so it seems to an ox and a pig1 as it does to you4 ,we1 too1 should think the same if we had not more intelligence than you4 ,,ii4 ,the ,exposition 7,narratio7 ,asot4 ,if we let you go on1 there would be no end4 ,therefore1 listen4 ,first1 we all of us reclined1 severe and serious4 ,grace was said1 and everywhere was silence and quiet4 ,every one began to get his knife ready4 ,we put on the appearance not of eagerness but of restraint 7non invitatorum sed invitorum71 so that you would have said that we were compelled to eat1 and in the act of eating1 did it as if reluctantly1 for our mind had not as yet warmed with the ardour of spontaneity4 ,each one placed his napkin over his shoulders2 some indeed in front of their chests4 ,others spread the tablecloth over their knees4 ,one takes bread1 looks at it1 cleans it1 if there is any coal or cinders lining it4 ,all these things are done gently and lingeringly 7cunctabunde74 ,cause ,some began the meal by drinking2 others1 before they drank1 took a little salad and salted beef to arouse their sleeping appetite and to stimulate their languor4 ,the first cup was of beer1 so that there might be a cold1 firm foundation underlaid for the warmth of wine4 ,then that holy liquor was brought first in narrow and small cups1 which should rather irritate than assuage thirst4 ,the host was a very festive man1 than whom there was none better in the whole neighbourhood1 nor even his equal1 i4e41 in my opinion 7which may be said without injury to any one74 ,he then orders the largest of cups to be brought and a beginning was made of drinking liberally1 after the ,greek fashion1 as a certain ,philo-,greek said1 who once had studied at ,lyons4 ,then we began to talk1 and then to get warm4 ,everywhere joviality and laughing became general4 ,oh1 feasts and nights of the gods6 ,we drank to one another's health1 and returned like for like1 with great equity4 ,it would have been unjust to gain a point over one's companion1 especially at such a time4 ,abstem4 ,rightly1 if it were merely a question of a chalice of wine1 but it is one's senses and intellect which are in question1 the chief possessions of man4 ,but if we are to talk over so copious and festive a subject1 first ,i must ask of you whether you are drunk8 ,asot4 ,no1 certainly not4 ,this you can easily and truly see from the connectedness of my talk4 ,do you think1 if ,i were drunk1 that ,i could relate all this in such an orderly fashion8 ,abstem4 ,then it is well1 for otherwise ,i should be contending with an absent opponent1 according to the verse of ,mimus4 ,but tell me now1 first1 why don't you erect a temple in these parts to ,bacchus1 the discoverer of this celestial liquor8 ,asot4 ,this is your business2 you1 who have a temple at ,rome of ,sergius and ,bacchus4 ,it is sufficient for us daily to follow his rites1 wherever we are4 ,and perchance we should erect a temple for him if it were settled he was the discoverer1 for ,i have heard certain students debate the question4 ,there are some who think that ,noah was the first who drank wine and was intoxicated by it4 ,abstem4 ,let us leave that point6 ,tell us what wine you had4 ,asot4 ,what concerns us is what sort of wine it is and whence it came4 ,let it only have the name and colour of wine1 that is sufficient for us4 ,for these delicacies in wines let the ,frenchman and the ,italian seek4 ,abstem4 ,what enjoyment can there then be if you don't at all taste what you are pouring into your body8 ,tric4 ,perchance some taste something at the beginning with the palate whole4 ,but when it becomes palled from so great a superfluity1 things lose all their taste4 ,abstem4 ,if thirst has been quenched1 no pleasure remains4 ,for this consists only in the satisfaction of natural needs4 ,so it is a kind of torment to go on drinking when there is no thirst1 or to eat when there is no hunger4 ,tric4 ,don't you think1 then1 ,abstemius1 that we drink for pleasure or because it is pleasant8 ,abstem4 ,then you are so much worse than beasts1 who are controlled by natural desires1 whilst reason does not govern you1 nor nature exercise a control over you4 ,tric4 ,good fellowship leads us to that point2 and in spite of reason we get drunk little by little4 ,abstem4 ,how often have you been drunk8 how often do you see others drunk8 ,tric4 ,every day1 very many4 ,abstem4 ,don't then so many experiments satisfy you so as to put you on your guard against so disgraceful an event8 ,even one such experience would suffice for an animal6 ,glauc4 ,but do you know also how dear our companions are1 for whose sake men become beasts8 ,whilst drinking they would give their very hearts for them4 ,when they meet afterwards1 they hardly know them6 ,their very life and soul they would not redeem for the sum of a sesterce4 ,abstem4 ,out of what sort of cups and how did you quaff the wine8 ,asot4 ,in the first place there were brought glass cups2 a little time afterwards1 on account of the danger1 these were taken away and silver ones presented4 ,in the wine at first we put herbs1 which the season of the year provided1 a little time afterwards1 flesh-broth1 milk1 butter1 and pap4 ,abstem4 ,oh1 filth1 which would not be borne by animals6 ,tric4 ,how much more tragically 77 you would call out if you knew that they plunged their dirty hands into one another's wine and cast in the shells of eggs1 fruit and nuts1 and the stones of olives and prunes4 ,abstem4 ,cease from this description1 if you don't wish me to take myself off hence to some woods4 ,tric4 ,listen to me1 ,glaucia4 ,i will speak in your ear4 ,some people carry a hunting-bugle when taking a journey1 which is full of dust1 straws1 fluff1 and other dirty things4 ,out of this we drank4 ,glauc4 ,what8 ,tric4 ,what1 indeed8 wine8 ,glauc4 ,nay1 rather say your understanding4 ,tric4 ,clearly it is so4 ,and after we had drunk the understanding we took pots 7matuli71 not altogether clean1 from off a stool and used them for cups4 ,effects ,abstem4 ,how ended the banquet--the story of which sounds like a fable8 ,asot4 ,the floors swam with wine4 ,we were all drunk1 especially the host1 a strong man4 ,two or three were lying down under the table1 overcome by a great victory4 ,abstem4 ,o glorious victory1 and in a very beautiful and glorious conflict6 ,but did wine overcome every one8 ,asot4 ,even so4 ,abstem4 ,wretched man1 what do you think drunkenness is8 ,asot4 ,a fine thing6 ,it is to give oneself up to one's genius4 ,abstem4 ,yes1 but which genius1 your good one or your bad one8 ,glauc4 ,if you will rightly look into all these matters1 you will never find which genius they give themselves up to4 ,for it is neither to the heart1 nor to pleasure1 nor any other cause for which others indulge1 who follow vices and the depraved desires of the mind4 ,to be drunk is different4 ,it is to lose the power of the senses1 to go away from the power of reasoning1 of judgment2 clearly1 from being a man to become either cattle or1 indeed1 a stone4 ,what follows afterwards ,i can easily imagine1 had ,i never seen a drunkard2 to speak1 and not to know what you are saying2 if any secret1 of especial importance not to be divulged1 is committed to you1 to blab it out1 and to say things which may lead into grave danger yourself1 your people1 and often your whole province and fatherland1 to have no discrimination of friend and foe1 of wife and mother--and it leads to quarrels1 contentions1 enmities1 snares1 wounds1 maiming1 killing6 ,tric4 ,even without sword and blood1 for not a few pass on from drunkenness to death4 ,glauc4 ,who would not prefer to be shut up at home with a dog or a cat than with a drunkard8 ,for those animals have more intellect in them than the drunkard4 ,abstem4 ,after the drunkenness follows indigestion1 weakening of the nerves1 paralysis1 the tortures of gout1 heaviness in the head and the whole body1 dulness of all the senses2 memory is extinguished2 the sharpness of the intellect is stunned2 thence there is a stupor in the whole mind which precludes intelligence1 wisdom1 and eloquence4 ,asot4 ,now ,i begin to understand what a serious evil drunkenness is2 henceforward1 ,i will take the keenest pains to drink up to the point of cheerfulness1 not to that of drunkenness4 ,glauc4 ,joviality is the gate of drunkenness4 ,no one comes to be drunk with the idea in his mind that he will get drunk2 but he is exhilarated by drinking2 then going on and on1 drunkenness follows afterwards1 for it is difficult to place the bounds of joviality and to remain in it4 ,slippery is the step from joviality to drunkenness6 ,abstem4 ,so long as thou hast the wine in the beaker1 it is in thy power2 when thou hast it in thy body1 thou art in the power of the wine4 ,then you are held and do not hold4 ,when you drink1 you treat wine as you like4 ,when you have drunk1 it will treat you as it likes4 ,asot4 ,what then8 ,are we never to drink8 ,abstem4 ,when fools avoid their vices1 they run into the opposite extremes4 ,we must1 indeed1 quench thirst1 but not be 8drinkers40 ,nature on this point teaches beasts alone4 ,the same nature will not teach man1 because he possesses reason4 ,you eat when you are hungry2 you drink when you are thirsty4 ,hunger and thirst will warn you how much1 when1 to what extent1 we must eat and drink4 ,asot4 ,what if ,i am always thirsty1 and if ,i cannot assuage my thirst except by getting drunk8 ,abstem4 ,then drink what cannot possibly make you drunk4 ,asot4 ,the constitution of my body won't permit that4 ,abstem4 ,if then you had such hunger that by no amount of food you could satisfy it unless you were to burst yourself1 what then8 ,asot4 ,that indeed would not be hunger1 but disease4 ,abstem4 ,there would surely be need of medicine1 not meals1 to take away that hunger1 wouldn't there8 ,asot4 ,certainly4 ,abstem4 ,so needest thou for such a thirst a physician1 not an inn-keeper1 and a drug from the chemist1 not one fetched from the providers of banquets4 ,what you describe is not thirst but disease1 and a perilous one1 too6 ,,xix ,,regia--,the ,king's ,palace ,,agrius1 ,,sophronius1 ,,holocolax ,in this dialogue1 the ,royal ,dwelling or ,palace and its parts1 persons1 and functions are described1 as to which see ,vincentius ,lupanas1 in his book de ,magistratibus ,francorum4 ,for our ,vives here chiefly describes the palace of a ,french king4 ,the persons represented in the dialogue are fitly named from the ,greek4 ,for ,agrius is with them a country rustic1 unskilled in court-life4 ,sophronius is a prudent1 modest1 and cautious man4 ,holocolax is altogether a flatterer1 and one who 7as ,terence says7 has commanded himself to agree to everything1 of which sort of men there is always so large an assembly in courts4 ,there are two parts of the dialogue1 the ,exordium and ,narratio4 ,i4 ,introduction 7,exordium7 ,agri4 ,why is it so many accompany the king in such varied styles of dress8 ,soph4 ,nay1 rather look on their countenances than on their finery4 ,for their faces are more varied and diverse than their decorations and clothes4 ,agri4 ,what reason is there for this difference also of bearing8 ,apparel--,the ,countenance ,soph4 ,they are clothed differently according to their means2 differently according to their rank or family1 often even according to their ambitions or vanity4 ,many also use elegancy of dress as an angle and net for catching the favour of the king or of his chief officers1 and1 not rarely1 for winning the maids of his court4 ,but the expression of outward countenance follows the stirrings of the mind1 and such outward expression is nearly always such as is prompted by the inner disposition of the mind4 ,agri4 ,but why do so many men meet here together8 ,holo4 ,is it not fitting that very many people should come where the capital and government of the whole province are seated8 ,soph4 ,quite so4 ,but most people regard not so much the commonwealth as their private good4 ,they follow the government1 not because it has the country in its hand1 but because it has fortunes to bestow4 ,holo4 ,why not8 ,since all things are sold for money4 ,soph4 ,so they think who don't possess any soul and mind1 but whose health and gifts of body are only common4 ,agri4 ,what need is there in this tumult of the court to hold so great a philosophical speculation8 ,i indeed should prefer to understand from you what sort of people these are in such great numbers1 in such varied appearances and fashions4 ,holo4 ,i will tell you of them all1 in their rank4 ,for ,sophronius1 as far as ,i know1 is not so well versed in royal matters4 ,but ,i have been in royal company of all kinds2 ,i have penetrated1 inspected1 and seen thoroughly their courts1 and ,i have always been acceptable and pleasing to them all4 ,soph4 ,thence ,i suppose it is that you have gained that name of yours1 ,holocolax4 ,,ii4 ,exposition 7,narratio7--,the ,king ,holo4 ,you suppose rightly4 ,but do you1 ,agrius1 listen to me4 ,he yonder1 on whom every ear1 eye1 mind1 is intent1 is the king1 the head of the kingdom4 ,soph4 ,truly the head1 and so the health when he is wise and honest1 but the ruin when he is bad or rash 7demens74 ,the ,dauphin--,dignitaries--,prefects ,holo4 ,the little boy who follows him is his son1 his heir1 whom in the ,greek court they called despot1 that is1 lord 7dominus74 ,in ,spain they call him prince1 in ,france the dauphin4 ,there with a neck-chain1 like that of ,torquatus1 in clothes all of silk1 or all of gold1 are the leaders of the kingdom1 with the decorations of names of military dignitaries1 princes1 dukes1 lords of the marches1 who are called marchiones1 counts1 men who are named barbarously1 barons1 knights4 ,this one is the master of the horse1 whom they call by the vulgar term of comes stabilis1 a name taken from the ,greek court1 when the great ,comestabulus 7,constable7 was1 as it were1 the prefect of the sea1 the admiral4 ,further1 he was supreme over the palace1 and also was at the head of the guards4 ,in the time of ,romulus they named such an one praefectus celerum1 and the guards themselves celeres4 ,agri4 ,who are those in robes reaching to the ankles1 and with faces of great severity8 ,counsellors ,holo4 ,they are the counsellors of the king4 ,soph4 ,those whom the prince calls to his council4 ,it behoves them to be the most prudent of men1 of great experience1 of the greatest weight and moderation in their discernment4 ,agri4 ,why so8 ,soph4 ,because they are the eyes and ears of the prince1 and so of the whole kingdom1 and so much the more if the king should be blind or deaf1 enslaved by his senses1 or by ignorance1 or by enjoyment of pleasure4 ,agri4 ,are that one-eyed man and that other deaf man eyes and ears of the king8 ,soph4 ,worse still is blindness and deafness of the heart6 ,secretaries ,holo4 ,the secretaries follow the counsellors1 nor are they few in number or of one rank2 then those who deal in money matters for the king1 or those who get it in1 farmers of the taxes1 treasury-tribunes1 prefects1 procurators1 and advocates of the treasury4 ,agri4 ,who are those luxuriously decked and festive young men who always follow the king and stand at his side1 some laughing at him and others with open mouth1 full of wonder at what he says8 ,courtiers ,holo4 ,these are a band of intimate friends1 the delight and joy of the king4 ,agri4 ,why are the two who are entering there followed by so many men full of grimaces8 ,chancellor--,secretary--,litigants--,pr efect of the ,bed-chamber ,holo4 ,because the king has in them especial confidence4 ,the one is the prefect of the sacred writings1 or chief secretary2 the other the keeper of the secret archives1 amongst which are the official statistics 7regni breviarium74 ,he has to remind the king of everything4 ,therefore daily so many come to him1 so that they may rub up and renew his memory1 since that is the keeping of the memory of the prince4 ,those who draw in their countenances are litigants1 who are prosecuting their suits4 ,their business never finds an end1 through the long series of procrastinations which are kept up4 ,those two who keep walking up and down the hall are prefects1 the one of the sleeping-chamber1 the other of the royal stables4 ,these have under them very many other chamber and stable attendants4 ,but let us enter the royal dining-hall4 ,agri4 ,ah1 how great a crowd solicitous and stately in their pomp6 ,soph4 ,you would observe these with still greater amazement if you knew how small a matter they are attending to4 ,it is1 forsooth1 this3 it is how a sick man may suck up a single egg and drink a little wine4 ,master of the ,feast ,holo4 ,that man is the master of the feast for this week4 ,there he is with an ,indian who has a plait of rushes on him4 ,that young man is the cup-bearer4 ,the carver has not yet entered4 ,agri4 ,who are about to have their breakfast 7pransuri7 with the king8 ,holo4 ,you mean who is so lucky as to take part in this feast of the gods8 ,soph4 ,formerly guests were invited to the royal table1 sometimes experienced military commanders1 sometimes men of high lineage1 or sometimes those distinguished either by experience in affairs1 or by their learning1 by whose discourse the king would become better and wiser4 ,but the pride of ,goths and other barbarians has invaded this our custom4 ,holo4 ,the chief followers have their grown-up armour-bearers and their boy-followers1 boys on foot and spurred boys4 ,amongst these are quite magnificent1 rich people1 who most of them take their meals in correct fashion1 or if this seems to them wearisome1 they send basketfuls to their friends4 ,this latter custom is more useful to their poorer friends4 ,but the correct fashion of feasting has more distinction in it4 ,agri4 ,i seem to see quite another sort of people in that eating-chamber4 ,ladies' ,quarters ,holo4 ,those are the ladies' quarters1 where the queen lives with her matrons and girls4 ,look how they enter and go out from the hall 7ex parthenone7 like as bees from a hive--young lovers and slaves of ,cupid6 ,soph4 ,often old people have a second childhood4 ,holo4 ,there is no greater pleasure than to hear the keenly thought-out sayings1 or poems1 songs1 early morning 7antelucanus7 melodies1 and chat of these girls1 to see their briskness1 their walking in and out1 varieties of colour in their dress1 their clothing and shapes of garments4 ,they have boys as amanuenses1 through whom they send and return messages4 ,with what zeal and what industry1 what breeding1 they announce and bring back messages1 hither and thither4 ,by the faith of the gods6 with uncovered heads1 with bent hams and bowed knees4 ,every day there is something new to be heard1 seen1 and pondered over2 something which has been acutely or subtly thought out or said1 or done with spirit1 or dexterously1 or without restraint4 ,soph4 ,nay1 rather in a nglig way4 ,holo4 ,what greater happiness8 ,who could tear himself away from such delight8 ,soph4 ,colax1 ,colax1 without being in love you are raving1 and without wine1 you are drunk4 ,what foolishness could be greater than what has been described by you8 ,holo4 ,i don't know how it happens that you see heaps of people depart from the schools quite young1 but let them once enter the court1 they become old in it4 ,soph4 ,so also those who drank from the cup of ,circe would be unwilling to yield and return to their human nature and condition1 having once lost their reason1 and having degenerated into the nature of beasts6 ,agri4 ,but what do all these do when they go home1 and with what actions do they occupy themselves to pass the time1 at least8 ,leisure ,time--,flattery ,soph4 ,the most of them do nothing more serious than what you now observe them doing1 and then their leisure is for them the parent and nurse of many vices4 ,some play at dice1 cards1 the gaming-board1 at disputations2 others pass the afternoon hours in secret slander and artful calumny1 that is to what they degenerate at home4 ,many also are wonderfully taken up with buffoons and jugglers1 towards whom those who are at other times niggardly and sordid1 to them they are most lavish4 ,but the chief corruption of the court is the flattery of each to all the others1 and1 what is still worse1 towards himself4 ,this brings it about that no one ever hears salutary truths either from himself nor from his companions unless when at strife4 ,and though he receives then all too little of truth1 he takes it as insult4 ,holo4 ,this employment is now by far the most profitable4 ,you may hunger and thirst after the love of speaking and truth4 ,i have become rich by my smiling1 blandishments1 and by approving and praising everything4 ,agri4 ,could not the kings alter these unsatisfactory matters8 ,soph4 ,very easily1 if they only wished to do so6 ,but these fashions are pleasing2 they are similar to their own4 ,others are precluded by their preoccupations1 on account of which they never have leisure for doing anything which is right or thinking anything which is sane4 ,there are also not lacking those who1 with indulgent minds and careless themselves1 don't think the morality of their own homes1 and that of their dependants1 any concern of theirs4 ,and those things trouble them less than the private home of each of us troubles any of us4 ,,xx ,,princeps ,,puer--,the ,young ,prince ,,morobulus1 ,,philippus1 ,,sophobulus ,this dialogue is entirely 8political10 for ,vives lays down the precepts to the boy prince1 and teaches the art of good government4 ,the names are aptly bestowed4 ,morobulus is a foolish counsellor1 1 foolish1 1 counsel2 ,sophobulus1 a prudent counsellor4 ,there are two parts of the dialogue4 ,,institutio ,morobuli de ,inutilitate studiorum ,praeceptoribus ,quod principi sit necessaria3 idque ostendit tribus similitudinibus ,sophobuli de arte ,quomodo ,doctrina3 ubi ,sint gubernandi comparanda ostendit1 quinam sit ,consulendi ,non ,ocii fuga sint ,i4 ,the ,teaching of ,morobulus--,the ,study of ,literature ,morob4 ,what has your highness in hand1 ,philip8 ,phil4 ,i read and learn with zeal1 as you can see for yourself4 ,morob4 ,i see only too well1 and am pained that you weary yourself1 and that you are making that little body of yours quite lean6 ,phil4 ,what then should ,i do8 ,morob4 ,that which other nobles1 princes1 and rich men do--ride about1 chat with the daughters of your august mother1 dance1 learn the art of bearing arms1 play cards or ball1 leap and run4 ,such1 you see1 are the studies in which young nobles most delight4 ,if now people1 who scarcely are worthy to be received in your family1 enjoy these pleasant occupations1 why is it suitable for you to do as you are doing1 when you are the son and heir of so great a prince8 ,phil4 ,what6 is the study of letters no good8 ,morob4 ,it is indeed of good1 but rather for those who are initiated in holy affairs1 i4e41 priests1 or for those who1 by useful knowledge of their art1 are about to earn their living1 such as the shoemaker's art1 the weaving art1 and the other arts necessary for money-making4 ,rise1 ,i beg of you1 put away your books from your hands4 ,let us go out for a walk1 so that for some short time you may get fresh air6 ,phil4 ,i may not do so just now1 because of ,stunica and ,siliceus4 ,morob4 ,who are these ,stunica and ,siliceus8 ,are they not your subjects1 over whom you have the command1 not they over you8 ,teachers ,phil4 ,stunica is my educator1 while ,siliceus is my literary tutor4 ,subjects of mine indeed they are1 or to speak more exactly1 of my father2 but my father1 to whom ,i am subject1 placed them over me1 and subjected me to them4 ,morob4 ,what then6 ,did your father give your highness into servitude to these men8 ,phil4 ,i don't know4 ,morob4 ,oh6 most unworthy deed6 ,,ii4 ,the ,teaching of ,sophobulus ,soph4 ,by no means1 my son6 ,certainly he made them thy servants2 he wished them to stick close to thee1 as eyes1 ears1 soul1 and mind1 to be always engaged on thy behalf1 each of them to put aside his own affairs1 and to make thy affairs his sole business1 not so as to vex thee by imperiousness2 but that those good and wise men should transform thy uncultivated manners into the virtue1 glory1 and excellence of a man2 not so as to make thee a slave1 but truly a free man and truly a prince4 ,if thou dost not obey them1 then wilt thou be a slave of the lowest order1 worse than those here amongst us who are employed1 bought and sold from ,ethiopia or ,africa4 ,morob4 ,whose slave1 then1 would he be1 if he did not mould his morals after his educators8 ,soph4 ,not of men certainly1 but of vices1 which are more importunate masters1 and more intolerable than a dishonest and wicked man6 ,phil4 ,i don't quite understand what you say4 ,soph4 ,but did you understand ,morobulus8 ,phil4 ,most clearly1 everything4 ,soph4 ,oh1 how happy men would be1 if they had the sense and intelligence for good and satisfactory things which they have for frivolous and bad things6 ,now indeed1 on the contrary1 at your time of life1 it happens that you understand with ease what is trifling1 what is inept1 nay1 even what is insane1 such things as those to which ,morobulus has exhorted you1 and then you regard what ,i would say on virtue1 dignity1 and every kind of praiseworthy thing1 as if ,i were speaking ,arabic or ,gothic4 ,phil4 ,what1 then1 are you of opinion ,i ought to do8 ,soph4 ,you should at least suspend your judgment4 ,neither acquiesce in the opinions of ,morobulus1 nor in mine1 until you are able to judge as to both4 ,the ,act of ,governing ,phil4 ,who will give me this power of judgment8 ,soph4 ,ah6 that will come with age1 teaching1 and experience4 ,morob4 ,alas6 that would require long weariness of waiting6 ,first ,similitude ,soph4 ,morobulus advises well4 ,throw away your books4 ,let us go and play6 ,let us play a game in which one is elected king4 ,he will prescribe to the others what should be done4 ,the rest obey1 according to the laws of the game4 ,you shall be king4 ,phil4 ,how shall the game be8 ,for if ,i don't know the game1 how shall ,i be able to take the part of king in it8 ,second ,similitude ,soph4 ,what are you saying1 sweetest little ,philip1 the darling of ,spain8 ,you would not dare to undertake to rule in a game1 not knowing it1 in a game and frivolous matters1 in which a mistake brings no particular danger2 and you are willing seriously to undertake to rule so many and so great kingdoms1 ignorant of the condition of the people and of the laws of administration1 although uninstructed in all prudence1 and only knowing the ridiculous trivialities1 which ,morobulus here instils in your mind8 ,ah6 my boy1 tell the ,master of the ,horse to lead forth hither that ,neapolitan horse1 the most ferocious kicker1 and the one given to throw his rider to the ground1 and let ,philip ride him6 ,phil4 ,by no means that one1 but another and safer one4 ,for ,i have not as yet learned the art of managing a refractory horse1 and ,i have not the strength for it6 ,third ,similitude ,soph4 ,well1 ,philip1 let me ask you whether you think that a lion is equally fierce as a horse2 or that a horse will kick and be refractory1 and less obedient to the bridle than people1 and the host of men in a country who come together and congregate from every kind of vice1 passion1 crime1 and evil deed2 from agitations which have been fanned so as to be incensed1 inflamed1 burning into flame8 ,you would not dare to mount a horse1 while you demand that you should rule over a people1 more difficult still to govern and manage than any horse6 ,but let us dismiss this illustration4 ,do you see that boat on the river8 ,the navigation is most pleasant and delightful between the meadows and the willow-plantings4 ,come1 let us go down to it4 ,you shall sit at the rudder and guide the boat4 ,phil4 ,yes1 indeed6 and overturn you and plunge you into the water1 as ,pimentellulus lately did6 ,soph4 ,what6 you are not willing to guide a boat1 on a stream so even and so calm1 because untrained1 and yet you will commit yourself to that sea1 to those waves and tides1 to that tempest of the people1 without knowledge and without experience8 ,evidently it has befallen you as it did ,phaethon1 who was ignorant of the art of charioteering1 and yet1 with youthful ardour1 he requested that he might take the management of his father's chariot6 ,i think that story is known to you4 ,isocrates used to say excellently1 that the two greatest offices in the life of men were those of the prince and the priest4 ,no one1 he said1 should seek after them1 unless he were worthy4 ,no one should believe himself able rightly to rule1 unless he were the most prudent man in the kingdom4 ,phil4 ,i see that nothing is so necessary for my person and station as the knowledge of the art and skill of ruling a kingdom4 ,soph4 ,evidently you grasp the matter4 ,phil4 ,how can ,i pursue my duty8 ,how the ,art of ,governing is to be ,acquired ,soph4 ,hast thou received the knowledge of governing at thy birth8 ,phil4 ,indeed1 no6 ,soph4 ,by what means1 then1 canst thou get to know except by learning8 ,phil4 ,there is no other way4 ,soph4 ,with what countenance1 then1 can ,morobulus advise you1 that you should throw away your studies1 by which you may obtain experience in your art1 as well as knowledge of other subjects of the greatest and most attractive kind8 ,phil4 ,from whom1 then1 can knowledge of these subjects be obtained8 ,soph4 ,from those who have reflected on them1 and observed them as they have been manifested in the greatest minds1 of whom some are dead1 others living4 ,phil4 ,but how can we learn from the dead8 ,can the dead speak8 ,soph4 ,have you never in conversation heard the names of ,plato1 ,aristotle1 ,cicero1 ,seneca1 ,livy1 ,plutarch8 #a4 ,teachers no longer ,living ,phil4 ,these are great names6 ,i have heard them spoken of often1 and with great admiration and praise4 ,soph4 ,these very names and many others like them1 already departed from this life1 will talk with you as often and as much as you like4 ,phil4 ,how8 ,soph4 ,in books1 which they have left behind for the benefit of posterity4 ,phil4 ,how is it that these are not already in my hand8 ,soph4 ,they shall be given to you soon1 after you have learned that language1 in which you will be able to understand what they say4 ,only wait a little1 and go through with the short burden which must be endured in receiving the elementary basis of instruction2 after that follow incredible delights4 ,it is no wonder that without such a preparation the idea of literary studies is abhorrent4 ,but those who have enjoyed them would sooner be plucked from life itself than be torn away from books and intellectual interests4 #b4 ,living ,teachers ,phil4 ,but pray tell me1 who are those living people from whom this wisdom and soundness of mind can be learned8 ,soph4 ,if you were about to undertake any journey1 from whom would you earnestly inquire the road8 ,would it be from those who had never seen the road1 or from those who had at some time accomplished the journey8 ,phil4 ,from those1 forsooth1 who had travelled on that journey6 ,soph4 ,is not this life even as a journey1 and is it not a perpetual starting out8 ,phil4 ,so it seems4 ,soph4 ,who1 therefore1 have performed this journey the most thoroughly8 ,old men or youths8 ,phil4 ,old men4 ,soph4 ,old men1 then1 should be consulted4 ,phil4 ,all indifferently8 ,soph4 ,that is an acute question2 not all promiscuously4 ,but in the same manner as it is with the journey1 so it is with life4 ,do those know the way of life1 who have gone along it without reflecting on it1 busying themselves with something else1 their minds wandering no less than their body2 or those who have noted things diligently and attended to them1 one by one1 and committed what they have observed to their memory8 ,phil4 ,to be sure it is the latter4 ,soph4 ,therefore1 in taking counsel concerning the method of leading our life1 it is not young men to whom we should listen1 for they have not been over the journey1 much less youths1 and1 what is most foolish and inappropriate1 boys4 ,nor is counsel to be sought from foolish1 lascivious1 demented old men1 worse than boys1 whom the divine oracles execrate1 because they are boys of a hundred years of age4 ,ears should be open to old men of great judgment1 experienced in things1 and prudent in mind4 ,phil4 ,by what sign shall ,i know them8 ,soph4 ,to be sure1 at thy age1 my son1 thou canst not as yet distinguish them by any sign2 but when a greater and stronger judgment has developed in thee1 thou wilt easily recognise them by their words and deeds1 as affording the clearest of signs4 ,in the meantime1 whilst thou hast not strength in this power of judgment1 trust thyself entirely1 and commit the direction1 to thy father1 and to those whom thy father has appointed as instructors and teachers and governors of thy early years--those who1 as it were1 lead thee by the hand1 along that road on which thou hast not yet journeyed4 ,for there is a greater care over thee exercised by thy father 7to whom thou art dearer than he is to thee7 than thou couldst have for thyself1 and1 in this matter1 not only has he his own experience to guide him1 but he makes use of the counsel of wise men4 ,morob4 ,for too long ,i have been silent4 ,soph4 ,quite so1 though contrary to your custom4 ,for some time ,i have felt keen astonishment at the fact4 ,the ,sort of ,leisure to be ,shunned--,the ,assertion of the ,similitude 7,protasis7 ,morob4 ,philip1 do not your father and the ,king of ,france and other great kings and princes rule their kingdoms and territories1 and hold them in their duty1 without the study of letters1 and without that burdensome labour1 which here is imposed mercilessly on your tender shoulders8 ,soph4 ,nothing is so easy that it cannot become difficult1 if it is done unwillingly4 ,industrious labour1 devoted to learning1 is not wearisome to him who gives his attention to it gladly4 ,but to him who is unwilling1 if indeed it is a game that is in question1 or if it were a case of taking a walk in the most pleasant spots1 it is troublesome and intolerable4 ,to thee1 ,morobulus1 most eager for trifling and always accustomed to frivolity1 either to do anything serious or even to hear of it1 is as unpleasant as death4 ,certainly many others would regard their life as bitter1 if the manner of their living were fixed according to the fashion of ,morobulus4 ,how many there are1 especially in courts1 to whom nothing is sweeter than a sluggish and inert leisure6 ,to move their hands to do work is to put them on the torture-rack6 ,how many there are1 on the other hand1 amongst the people1 who would die rather than pass through all their days with such vacuity1 and would get weary more quickly by doing nothing than by giving their closest attention to some business6 ,but to answer you concerning the ,emperor and ,king of ,france1 you shall hear from me about old men in general1 whom ,i take to be those who have run over the track of life4 ,if all1 whosoever have made the journey1 with unanimity say that they have fallen on some spot full of difficulty and danger1 from which place they have only got away wounded and broken down to the last degree2 but if they had that journey to go over again they would take care for nothing more diligently than against that danger4 ,what do you think1 would it not be the part of a most foolish man1 when he had to take that way again1 not to recall the danger and not to know it was coming8 ,phil4 ,not as yet do ,i grasp what you mean6 ,soph4 ,i will make it more clear by an example4 ,imagine that1 over the river yonder1 there was a narrow plank as bridge1 and that every one told you that as many as rode on horseback and attempted thus to cross it1 had fallen into the water1 and were in danger of their lives1 and1 moreover1 that with difficulty they had been dragged out half-dead4 ,do you understand this8 ,phil4 ,most clearly4 ,soph4 ,would not1 in such a case1 a man seem to you to be demented who1 taking that journey1 did not get off from his horse1 and escape from the danger in which the others had fallen8 ,phil4 ,to be sure he would4 ,its ,explanation 7,apodosis7 ,soph4 ,and rightly6 ,seek now from old men1 as to what chiefly they have felt unfortunate in this life1 what it grieves them most and what they bitterly regret to have neglected4 ,all will answer with one voice1 so far as they have learned anything1 it is1 not to have learned more4 ,so far as they have not learned1 they will regret that they did not take pains to acquire the knowledge4 ,having entered on this complaint against themselves1 they will tell you over and over again1 that their parents or educators sent them to schools and to teachers of literature1 yet that they1 drawn on by vain delights1 either of play1 or hunting1 or love1 or frivolity of some kind1 let drop from their hands the opportunities of learning2 and so they complain of their fate and bewail their lot1 and accuse themselves1 condemn themselves1 and1 at times1 also curse themselves4 ,you see now the state of slackness and ignorance on the road of life is especially unsafe and dangerous1 and is the one chiefly to be avoided1 since you hear the miserable cries of those who have fallen there4 ,it is therefore to be avoided with all care and diligence4 ,it is incumbent on youth1 to reject and despise sluggishness1 ease1 little delicacies1 and frivolity1 whilst the whole mind should be intent on the study of letters and the cultivation of goodness of soul4 ,you1 then1 ask your father on this matter1 although he is yet a young man1 and do you1 ,morobulus1 ask yours1 although an old man1 and you will understand from them that my opinion is the true one4 ,,xxi ,,ludus ,,chartarum ,,seu ,,foliorum--,card-playing or ,paper-games ,,valdaura1 ,,tamayus1 ,,lupianus1 ,,castellus1 ,,manricus ,this ,dialogue has two parts3 ,exordium and the game4 ,the ,exordium is an introduction as to time 7 tempore74 ,i4 ,introduction on the ,weather ,val4 ,what rough weather6 ,how cold and cruel the heavens6 how unfavourable the sun6 ,tam4 ,to what does this state of the heavens and the sun point8 ,val4 ,that we should not go out of the house4 ,tam4 ,but what are we to do in the house8 ,val4 ,study by the lighted hearth1 meditate1 think on things--a course which might bring profit and sound morals to the mind4 ,cast4 ,this is indeed the chief thing to be done1 nor ought anything to take precedence of it in a man's mind4 ,but when a man's mind is wearied by intentness of application1 how then shall he divert himself1 especially in such weather as this8 ,val4 ,some recreations of the mind suit some people2 others1 others4 ,i indeed receive delight and recreation by card games4 ,tam4 ,and this kind of weather invites in that direction1 so that we hide ourselves in a closely shut room1 and guarded on every side from the wind and cold1 with a shining hearth1 and a table set with charts 7i4e4 maps74 ,val4 ,alas6 we have no charts4 ,tam4 ,i mean playing-cards4 ,val4 ,i should like that4 ,tam4 ,then we want some money and stones 7calculi7 for reckoning4 ,val4 ,we don't need stones1 if we have some very small coins4 ,tam4 ,i have none1 except gold and larger silver coins4 ,val4 ,change some for small money4 ,here1 boy1 take these coins of one1 two1 two-and-a-half1 and three1 stivers and get us tiny coins from the money-changer--single1 two1 three1 farthing-pieces1 not bigger money4 ,tam4 ,how these coins shine6 ,val4 ,certainly1 they are as yet new and unused4 ,tam4 ,let us go to the games-emporium1 where we shall find everything ready to hand4 ,cast4 ,it is not expedient1 for we should have such a number of umpires4 ,we might just as well play in the public street4 ,it would be better to betake ourselves into your room1 and invite a few of our friends1 especially those likely to put us in good spirits4 ,tam4 ,your chamber is more convenient for this1 for in mine1 we should be interrupted continually by the mother's maidservants1 who are always seeking some dirty clothes in the women's chests4 ,val4 ,let us go then into the dining-room4 ,tam4 ,so let it be4 ,let us go6 ,boy1 fetch us here ,franciscus ,lupianus and ,roderick ,manricus and ,zoilaster4 ,val4 ,stay6 ,by no means let us have ,zoilaster1 an angry man1 given to quarrelling1 a noisy calumniator1 one who often raises fierce tragedies out of the smallest matters4 ,cast4 ,you certainly advise wisely1 for if a young man of such views of recreation should mix himself in our company1 then there would not be sport but grave strife4 ,bring1 therefore1 ,rimosulus instead of him4 ,val4 ,no1 not him1 unless you wish whatever we do here1 by way of sport1 should be made known before sunset throughout the city4 ,cast4 ,is he so good a herald8 ,val4 ,yes1 in making things known where no good is done by the knowledge4 ,as to matters of good report1 he is more religiously silent than the ,eleusinian mysteries4 ,tam4 ,then ,lupianus and ,manricus alone are to come4 ,cast4 ,they are first-rate companions4 ,tam4 ,and warn them to bring little coins with them1 but whatsoever is of severity and earnestness let them leave at home with the crabbed ,philoponus4 ,let them come1 accompanied by jests1 wit1 and agreeableness4 ,lup4 ,hail6 most festive companions6 ,tam4 ,what is the meaning of that contraction of your brow8 ,smooth those wrinkles4 ,haven't you been advised to lay down all thoughts of literature in the abode of the ,muses8 ,lup4 ,our thoughts on literature are so illiterate that the ,muses who are in their abode wouldn't own them4 ,manr4 ,all prosperity6 ,val4 ,prosperity is doubtful1 when you are called to the line of battle and to warfare1 in which1 indeed1 kings will be present6 ,tam4 ,be of good cheer6 ,money-purses1 not necks1 will be attacked4 ,lup4 ,the money-purse often is in place of a neck1 and money in place of blood and spirit2 as with those ,carians1 whose contempt of life is the pretext for kings to practise their madness on them4 ,manr4 ,i don't wish to be an actor in1 but the spectator of1 this play4 ,tam4 ,how so8 ,manr4 ,because ,i am so very unfortunate2 ,i always go away from playing1 beaten and despoiled4 ,tam4 ,do you know what dice-players say1 in a proverb of theirs8 8,you should seek your toga where you lost it40 ,manr4 ,true1 but there is the danger that1 while ,i seek the lost toga1 ,i shall lose both my tunic and shirt4 ,tam4 ,this indeed often happens1 but he who risks nothing does not become rich4 ,manr4 ,this is the opinion of metal-diggers4 ,tam4 ,also of the ,janus in the middle of ,antwerp4 ,,ii4 ,the ,playing--,drawing ,lots ,val4 ,it is quite right4 ,we can only play four at a time4 ,we are five4 ,let us cast lots as to who shall be the spectator of the others4 ,manr4 ,i will be the one1 without any casting of lots4 ,val4 ,no such thing6 ,wrong should be done to none4 ,no one's will1 but chance1 shall decide this4 ,he to whom the first king falls in dealing1 he shall sit as lazy spectator1 and if any dispute shall arise1 he shall be judge4 ,lup4 ,here are two whole packs of cards2 one is ,spanish1 the other ,french4 ,val4 ,the ,spanish does not seem to be quite right4 ,lup4 ,how so8 ,val4 ,since the tens are lacking4 ,lup4 ,they don't usually have them1 as the ,french do4 ,cards1 both ,spanish and ,french1 are divided into four suits1 or families4 ,the ,spanish have gold coins1 cups1 sceptres1 and swords4 ,the ,french1 hearts1 diamonds1 clubs1 7little7 ploughshares1 otherwise called spades or arrow-points4 ,there are in each suit--king1 queen1 knight2 ones1 twos1 threes1 fours1 fives1 sixes1 sevens1 eights1 nines4 ,the ,french also have tens4 ,in the ,spanish game1 golden pieces and cups are used1 but less preferably swords and sceptres4 ,with the ,french1 the higher numbers are always considered better4 ,cast4 ,what game shall we play8 ,val4 ,the game of ,spanish ,triumph1 in which the dealer will retain for himself the last card as indication 7of trumps7 if it is a one or a picture4 ,manr4 ,let us know now who shall be left out of the game6 ,tam4 ,you advise well4 ,pray deal the cards4 ,this is yours1 this is his1 this for ,lupianus4 ,you are umpire4 ,val4 ,i would rather have you as umpire than as a fellow-player4 ,lup4 ,nice words1 ,i must say4 ,pray1 why do you say so8 ,val4 ,because in playing you are so cunning1 and such a caviller4 ,then they say that you have a knack of arranging the cards as suits yourself4 ,lup4 ,my play has no deceit in it4 ,but my activity seems to your lack of experience like imposture1 as often is the case with the ignorant4 ,however1 how does ,castellus please you1 who1 as soon as he has won a little money1 leaves off playing8 ,tam4 ,this is rather shirking play than playing itself 7eludere est hoc1 quam ludere74 ,val4 ,that is a light evil enough4 ,for if he should be beaten1 he will fasten himself to the game like a nail in a beam4 ,partners ,tam4 ,we will play by twos1 two against two4 ,how shall we be partnered8 ,val4 ,i1 indeed1 knowing nothing of this game1 will stick to you1 ,castellus1 whom ,i understand to be most expert in the game4 ,tam4 ,add also1 most crafty in it4 ,cast4 ,there is no need of choosing4 ,lots must divide everything4 ,those who get the highest cards play against those with the lowest4 ,val4 ,so be it4 ,deal the cards6 ,manr4 ,as ,i wished1 ,castellus and ,i are on the same side4 ,valdaura and ,tamayus are our opponents4 ,val4 ,let us sit1 as we are accustomed1 crosswise4 ,give me that reclining chair1 so that ,i may lose more peacefully4 a b _/ _/ _/ _/ b a ,tam4 ,place the footstool4 ,let us sit down in our places4 ,draw for the lead4 ,val4 ,it is my lead4 ,you deal1 ,castellus4 ,modes of ,distribution of ,cards ,cast4 ,how8 from the left to the right1 according to the ,belgian custom8 or1 on the contrary1 according to ,spanish custom1 from the right to the left8 ,val4 ,by the latter custom1 since we are playing the ,spanish game and have thrown out the tens4 ,cast4 ,yes4 ,how many cards do ,i give to each8 ,the ,stake ,val4 ,nine4 ,but what shall the stake be8 ,manr4 ,three denarii each deal and a doubling of the stakes4 ,cast4 ,wait1 my ,manricus1 you are getting on too fast6 ,that would not be play1 but madness1 where so much money would be risked4 ,how could you have pleasure in the anxiety lest you should lose so much money8 ,one denarius would be sufficient1 and the increase shall be one-half up to five asses4 ,val4 ,you counsel rightly4 ,for so we shall not play without stakes1 which would be insipid1 nor for what would grieve us1 if we lost1 for that is bitter4 ,cast4 ,have you all nine cards8 ,hearts are trumps1 and this queen is mine4 ,val4 ,what a happy omen that is6 ,certainly it is most true that the hearts of women ordinarily rule4 ,cast4 ,leave off your reflections4 ,answer to this3 ,i increase the stake6 ,the ,contest ,val4 ,i have a losing hand and haven't good sequences4 ,i pass4 ,tam4 ,and ,i also4 ,you deal1 ,manricus4 ,val4 ,what are you doing8 ,you haven't shown the trump4 ,manr4 ,i will first count my cards1 so as not to have more or less than nine4 ,val4 ,you have one too many4 ,manr4 ,i will place one aside4 ,val4 ,that is not the rule of the game4 ,you ought to lose your turn of dealing1 and pass it on to the next4 ,give me the cards6 ,manr4 ,i won't1 since ,i haven't yet turned up the trump4 ,val4 ,yes1 you will4 ,by ,god 7per ,deum76 ,cast4 ,get away6 ,what has come into your mind1 my ,valdaura8 ,you swear oaths on the slightest provocation1 which would scarcely be fitting on the most important affairs4 ,manr4 ,what do you say1 umpire8 ,lup4 ,i don't know really what should be done in this case4 ,manr4 ,see what a judge we have appointed over us--one who has no judgment--a leader without eyes4 ,val4 ,what1 then1 is to be done8 ,manr4 ,what1 indeed1 unless we send to ,paris for some one to bring this matter of ours forward for a decree of the ,senate4 ,cast4 ,mix the cards1 and deal again4 ,tam4 ,oh6 what a good hand ,i lose6 ,i shall not have another like it to-day6 ,cast4 ,shuffle well those cards and deal them more carefully1 one by one4 ,val4 ,again1 ,i increase the stakes4 ,tam4 ,didn't ,i predict that ,i shouldn't have such a chance in my hands again to-day8 ,i am always most unfortunate4 ,why do ,i so much as even look at a game8 ,cast4 ,this1 indeed1 is not playing4 ,it is afflicting ourselves4 ,is it recreating ourselves and refreshing our minds1 to get worried like this8 ,play ought to be play1 not torment4 ,manr4 ,be a little patient2 don't throw your cards away4 ,you are getting into a panic6 ,val4 ,then answer if you accept 7the amount of the stake74 ,manr4 ,i accept1 and increase it again4 ,val4 ,what6 do you expect to put me to flight with your fierce words8 ,i don't pass4 ,manr4 ,declare1 once for all1 and be quick about it4 ,do you agree8 ,val4 ,yes1 and with the greatest pleasure4 ,my mind prompts me to contest in such play for a still greater stake1 but this will do amongst friends4 ,tam4 ,what6 don't you count me amongst the living1 so that you leave me out of consideration8 ,cast4 ,what1 then1 do you stake1 you man of straw 7faenee74 ,tam4 ,i1 for my part1 wish to increase the stake4 ,manr4 ,what do you say1 ,castellus8 ,cast4 ,at last you consult me1 after you have increased the stake by your own arrangements4 ,i should not dare1 on my hand1 to stake up to such an increase4 ,val4 ,give a definite answer4 ,cast4 ,i haven't the grounds for doing so4 ,everything seems ambiguous and doubtful4 ,hence ,i answer hesitatingly1 timidly1 diffidently4 ,isn't this expressed sufficiently clearly8 ,manr4 ,immortal ,god1 what an abundance of words6 ,the hail we lately had1 did not fall so thickly6 ,but1 ,i beg1 let us risk a little4 ,cast4 ,let us make the attempt when you please1 but don't expect a great stake from me4 ,manr4 ,but you will bring what assistance you can8 ,cast4 ,there is no need for you to advise me on that score4 ,manr4 ,we have been completely beaten6 ,tam4 ,we have won four denarii4 ,shuffle6 ,val4 ,i go five asses4 ,cast4 ,i don't know whether ,i shall pass1 for ,i am sure to be beaten4 ,tam4 ,five more6 ,cast4 ,what do you reply to this call8 ,manr4 ,what am ,i to say8 ,i let it pass4 ,cast4 ,you lost the last game4 ,let me lose this in accordance with my own ideas4 ,i know that ,i am of less skill1 but ,i must hold out as long as ,i seem to have any strength4 ,val4 ,what1 then1 do you say8 ,do you refuse8 ,cast4 ,no1 certainly4 ,i agree4 ,tam4 ,don't you know this ,castellus1 ,valdaura8 ,he plays a better game than you1 but he is thus accustomed to lure on rash challengers into his net4 ,take care not to go on rashly1 where you will be entangled in a net4 ,val4 ,god's faith6 how could you guess that ,i had one last card left of this suit 7natio78 ,cast4 ,i knew all the cards4 ,val4 ,that is quite conceivable4 ,cast4 ,and that1 too1 without looking at them6 ,val4 ,perhaps even from the backs8 ,cast4 ,you are too suspicious4 ,val4 ,you make me so1 if you will excuse me saying so4 ,tam4 ,let us examine if the backs of the cards have marks whereby they can be recognised4 ,end of the ,game ,val4 ,let us1 please1 make an end of playing4 ,this game worries me by all going so wrongly4 ,cast4 ,as you will4 ,but perchance the fault is not in the game1 but in your lack of skill1 for you don't know how to direct your steps to victory1 but you throw away your cards without any reason1 as chance happens1 thinking that it doesn't matter what you have played before1 or might play later1 what and in what place any card should be played4 ,tam4 ,of all things there is satiety1 and even of pleasures4 ,i am now weary of sitting4 ,let us get up for a little time4 ,lup4 ,take this lute and sing something to us4 ,tam4 ,what will you have8 ,lup4 ,a song on games4 ,tam4 ,a song of ,vergil's8 ,lup4 ,yes2 or if you prefer one of ,vives1 the song he lately sang as he wandered along the wall-promenade of ,bruges4 ,val4 ,with the voice of a goose4 ,lup4 ,but you sing it with a swan's voice6 ,tam4 ,this a god would do better1 for the swan only sings as death urges him on4 ,ludunt et pueri1 ludunt juvenesque senesque ,ingenium1 gravitas1 cani1 prudentia1 ludus1 ,denique mortalis sola virtute remota1 ,quid nisi nugatrix1 et vana est fabula1 vita4#gi ,val4 ,i can assure you the song is well expressed1 though it comes as it were from a dry old stick 7ex spongia arida74 ,lup4 ,does he compose a song with such great difficulty8 ,val4 ,indeed he does4 ,whether it is because he writes poetry so rarely1 or because he does not do it willingly1 or because the inclination of his genius drives him into other regions4 ,,xxii ,,leges ,,ludi--,laws of ,playing ,a ,,varied ,,dialogue ,,on ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,valencia ,,borgia1 ,,scintilla1 ,,cabanillius ,valencia is a town of ,spain1 the native town of ,vives4 ,to it ,ptolemaeus gives #ad longitude1 #ci latitude4 ,see the same in the fourth map1 ,europe4 ,there is another ,valencia in ,france1 as to which see the fifth map of ,europe4 ,this dialogue contains1 to a large extent1 the description of the native town of ,ludovicus ,vives4 ,there are two parts of the dialogue4 ,in the former part he describes two cities3 ,paris with its games1 and ,valencia2 in the latter part he prescribes the laws of play4 ,ammianus ,marcellinus calls ,paris 7,lutetia7 ,parisiorum castellum4 ,the ,emperor ,julianus in an oration with the title #hj calls it 2#ha where also he shows for what reason he once was driven at ,lutetia to vomit his food1 viz41 when impatient of the ,french custom1 by which they were accustomed to heat their rooms by means of stoves 7fornaces74 ,coal having been taken to the sleeping-chamber of ,vives1 he was almost killed by the fumes4 ,see ,beatus ,rhenanus1 book #c1 rerum ,germanicarum1 at the end2 ,aegydius ,corrozetus1 de antiquitat4 ,parisiens42 and ,zuingerus1 book #c1 methodi ,apodemicae4 ,,part ,i4 ,lutetia ,borg4 ,whence comest thou1 most delightful ,scintilla8 ,scin4 ,from ,lutetia4 ,borg4 ,what ,lutetia is that8 ,scin4 ,do you ask which ,lutetia1 as if there were many6 ,borg4 ,if there is only one1 ,i don't know what it is1 or where it is situated4 ,scin4 ,it is the ,parisian ,lutetia 7,lutetia ,parisiorum74 ,borg4 ,i have often heard the ,parisians spoken of1 but never ,lutetia4 ,it is1 then1 that ,lutetia which we call ,paris8 ,this is the reason then why1 for so long1 no one has seen thee at ,valencia1 and especially hast thou been missed at the tennis court 7sphaeristerium7 of the nobles4 ,scin4 ,i have seen at ,lutetia other tennis courts1 other gymnasia1 other games1 far more useful and more attractive than yours at ,valencia4 ,borg4 ,what are those1 pray8 ,scin4 ,there are thirty gymnasia1 more or less1 in that university 7academia71 which provides for every kind of erudition1 knowledge1 and wisdom2 learned teachers1 and most studious youths1 who are thoroughly well-bred4 ,borg4 ,forsooth1 a crowd of people6 ,scin4 ,what do you call a crowd8 ,borg4 ,the dregs of the people1 sons of shoemakers1 weavers1 barbers1 fullers1 and every kind of operative artificers4 ,scin4 ,i see that you people here measure the whole world by your city1 and think that all ,europe has the same customs which you have here4 ,i can tell you1 that the youth there very largely consists of princes1 leaders of men1 nobles1 and the wealthiest persons1 not only from ,france1 but also from ,germany1 ,italy1 ,great ,britain1 ,spain1 ,belgium1 marvellously devoted to the study of letters1 obeying the precepts and instructions of their teachers4 ,their conduct is not formed through simple admonition merely1 but by sharp reproof and1 when it is necessary1 even by punishment1 by blows and lashes4 ,all which they receive and bear with modest mind and the most collected countenance4 ,valencia ,caban4 ,i have often heard stories told of the university1 when ,i was acting as ambassador 7legatus7 of ,king ,ferdinand4 ,but please now leave this topic1 or defer it for another time4 ,you see that we have now entered the ,miracle ,playground 7in ludo ,miraculi71 which lies next to the ,carrossi ,square4 ,come1 now1 let our conversation turn to the pleasurable topic of the playing-ball 7pila74 ,scin4 ,i should like it as long as we don't sit down1 but go on talking1 as we walk about4 ,then it would be very agreeable4 ,where shall we go8 ,shall we take this way1 which leads to ,st4 ,stephen's ,church1 or that way to the ,royal ,gate1 where we then can visit the palace of ,ferdinand1 ,duke of ,calabria8 ,caban4 ,don't let us by any chance interrupt the studies in wisdom of that best of princes4 ,walk through the ,city of ,valencia ,borg4 ,it would be better if we were to get mules so that we might ride and talk4 ,caban4 ,don't let us1 ,i beg1 lose the use of the feet and the legs2 the weather is clear and bright1 and the air cool2 it will be more satisfactory to go on foot than on horseback4 ,borg4 ,then let us go this way by ,st4 ,john's ,hospital to the ,marine ,quarter4 ,caban4 ,let us observe1 by the way1 the beautiful objects we pass by4 ,borg4 ,what1 on foot6 ,this will be a disgrace4 ,scin4 ,in my opinion1 it is a greater disgrace if men hang upon the judgments of inexperienced and stupid girls4 ,caban4 ,would you like to go straight along ,fig ,street and ,st4 ,thecla ,street8 ,scin4 ,no1 but through the quarter of the ,cock ,tavern 7tabernae gallinaceae74 ,for in that quarter ,i should like to see the house in which my ,vives was born4 ,it is situated1 as ,i have heard1 to the left as we descend1 quite at the end of the quarter4 ,i will take the opportunity to call upon his sister4 ,borg4 ,let us put aside calling on women1 but if you wish to speak with a woman1 let us go rather to ,angela ,zabata1 with whom we could have a chat on questions of learning4 ,caban4 ,if you wish to do so1 would that we met the ,marchioness ,zeneti6 ,scin4 ,if those reports1 which ,i heard of her when ,i was in ,france1 were true1 then we might have a greater subject of discussion than could easily be treated especially by those busied about anything else4 ,borg4 ,let us go up to ,st4 ,martin's or down through the ,vallesian ,quarter to the ,villa ,rasa ,street4 ,caban4 ,from that place to the tennis court 7sphaeristerium7 of ,barzius1 or1 if you prefer1 to that of the ,masconi4 ,games--,ball ,borg4 ,have you also in ,france1 public grounds for games like ours8 ,scin4 ,as to other ,french cities1 ,i cannot answer you4 ,i know that there is none in ,paris1 but there are many private grounds1 for example1 in the suburbs of ,st4 ,james1 ,st4 ,marcellus1 and ,st4 ,germanus4 ,caban4 ,and in the city itself the most famous1 which is called ,braccha4 ,borg4 ,is the game played in the same way as here8 ,scin4 ,exactly so1 except that the teacher there furnishes playing shoes and caps4 ,borg4 ,what sort are they8 ,scin4 ,the shoes are made of felt4 ,borg4 ,but they would not be of any use here4 ,caban4 ,that is1 on a stony road4 ,in ,france indeed1 and in ,belgium1 they play on a pavement1 covered over with tiles1 level and smooth4 ,scin4 ,the caps worn are lighter in summer1 but in winter1 thick and deep1 with a band under the chin1 so that as the player moves about1 the cap shall not fall off the head or fall down over the eyes4 ,borg4 ,we don't here use a band1 except when there is a pretty strong wind4 ,but what kind of balls do they use8 ,scin4 ,not such light wind-balls as here1 but smaller balls than yours1 and much harder1 made of white leather4 ,the stuffing of the balls is not1 as it is in yours1 wool torn from rags1 but chiefly dogs' hair4 ,for this reason the game is rarely played with the palm of the hand4 ,borg4 ,in what way1 then1 do they strike the ball8 with the fist1 as we do the leather ball8 ,scin4 ,no1 but with a net4 ,borg4 ,woven from thread8 ,scin4 ,from somewhat thicker strings1 such as are found for the most part on the six-stringed lyre4 ,they have a stretched rope1 and1 as to the rest1 the game is played as in the houses here4 ,to send the ball under the rope is a fault1 or loss of a point4 ,there are two signs or1 if you prefer1 limits4 ,the counting goes fifteen1 thirty1 forty-five or 7advantage71 equality of numbers and victory1 which is twofold1 as when it is said3 8,we have won a game0 or 8,we have won a set40 ,the ball1 indeed1 is either sent back whilst in its flight or thrown back after the first bound4 ,for on the second bound1 the stroke is invalid1 and a mark is made where the ball was struck4 ,borg4 ,are there no other games there except tennis8 ,scin4 ,in the city as many or more than here1 but amongst scholars1 no other is permitted by the masters4 ,but sometimes1 secretly1 they play at cards and dice1 the little boys with the knuckle-bones 7tali71 the worse sort of boys with dice 7taxilli74 ,we have a teacher ,anneus who used to allow card-playing at festival times 7obscoeno die74 ,for that and for games in general1 he composed six laws written on a tablet which he hung in his bed-chamber4 ,borg4 ,if it is not burdensome1 may ,i ask you to tell them to us1 in the same way as you have told us of other matters4 ,scin4 ,but let us continue our walk1 for ,i am possessed by an inconceivably keen desire to behold my country which ,i have not seen for so long a period4 ,borg4 ,let us mount mules1 so that we may move along pleasantly1 as well as with more dignity4 ,scin4 ,i would not give a snap of the fingers for this dignity6 ,borg4 ,and ,i1 if ,i may confess the truth1 would not move my hand for it4 ,nor do ,i know why riding on mules seems to be more becoming for us4 ,caban4 ,this is rightly said2 we are three1 and in the narrow streets or concourse of men we should get parted from one another1 whence our talk would necessarily be interrupted1 or many remarks made by some one of us would not be thoroughly heard or understood by the others4 ,borg4 ,so let it be2 let us proceed on foot4 ,enter through this narrow lane on to the ,pegnarogii ,street4 ,the ,market ,scin4 ,nothing could be better4 ,thence by the keysmith's into the ,sweetmeats ,quarter 7vicum dulciarium71 then into the fruit market4 ,borg4 ,nay1 rather the vegetable market4 ,scin4 ,the market is both4 ,those who prefer to eat vegetables call it the vegetable market2 those who prefer fruit call it the fruit market4 ,what a spaciousness there is of the market1 what a multitude of sellers and of things exposed for sale6 ,what a smell of fruit1 what variety1 cleanliness1 and brightness6 ,gardens could hardly be thought to contain fruit equal to the supply of what is in this market4 ,what skill and diligence our inspector 7aedilis7 of public property and his ministers show so that no buyer shall be taken in by fraud4 ,is not he who is riding about so much1 ,honoratus ,joannius8 ,caban4 ,i think not1 for one of my boys1 who met him just now1 left him retiring to his library4 ,if he knew that we were here together then he would undoubtedly join us in our conversation and would postpone his serious studies to our play4 ,borg4 ,now at last describe the laws of play6 ,scin4 ,we will withdraw from this crowd by the ,street of the ,holy ,virgin the ,redeemer1 to the ,smoky street and to ,st4 ,augustine's1 where there are fewer people4 ,caban4 ,let us not go down so far away from the main body of the city4 ,let us rather ascend through the street of ,money-,purses to the ,hill1 then to the ,soldiers' ,quarter and the house of your family1 ,scintilla1 whose walls yet seem to me to mourn over that hero1 ,count ,olivanus6 ,borg4 ,nay1 they have now laid aside their grief1 and now rejoice in all seriousness that such a youth has stepped into the place of so great an old man4 ,scin4 ,oh1 how delightful it is to look into the ,senate ,house 7curia7 and the fourfold court of the governor of the city 7praefectus urbis71 which by now seems almost to have become the heritage of your family1 ,cabanillius--one part of the building for a civil1 another for a criminal1 court1 and this part for the three hundred solidi4 ,what buildings6 what a glory of the city6 ,,part ,,ii4 ,the ,laws of ,play--,the ,first ,law ,borg4 ,in no place could you more rightly enunciate laws than in the forum and curia1 so give them forth here6 ,for some other time there will be a more fitting occasion of discoursing on the praise and admiration which our city excites4 ,scin4 ,the first law treats of the time of recreation 7quando ludendum74 ,man is constituted for serious affairs1 not for frivolity and recreation4 ,but we are to resort to games for the refreshing of our minds from serious pursuits4 ,the time1 therefore1 for recreation is when the mind or body has become wearied4 ,nor should otherwise relaxation be taken1 than as we take our sleep1 food1 drink1 and the other means of renewal and recuperation4 ,otherwise it is deleterious1 as is everything which takes place unseasonably4 ,the ,second ,law ,the second law deals with the persons with whom we are to take our recreation 7cum quibus ludendum74 ,in the same way as when you are about to take a journey1 or to go to a banquet1 you look about diligently to see who are to be your future boon companions or fellow travellers1 so in considering your recreation1 you should reflect with whom you will play1 so that they may be men known to you4 ,for there is a great danger with the unknown1 and it is a true proverb of ,plautus3 8,a fellow-man is a wolf to a man who does not know what manner of associate he has got40 ,companions should be agreeable1 festive1 with whom there is no danger of quarrelling or fighting1 of either doing or saying anything disgraceful or unbecoming6 ,let them not be blasphemers of ,god1 or users of oaths6 ,nor should they be impure in speech1 lest your morals should be rubbed against by the contagion of what is depraved or profligate4 ,lastly1 they should bring to the game no other purpose than your own1 viz41 the idea of thorough rest from labour1 and the freedom from mental strain4 ,the ,third ,law ,the third law concerns the kind of recreation4 ,first it should be a well-known game1 for there can be no pleasure1 if it is not known by player nor colleagues1 nor by the lookers-on4 ,further1 it must at the same time refresh the mind and exercise the body1 if indeed the season of the year and state of health are suitable4 ,but if not1 it must be a game in which mere chance does not count for everything4 ,there must be some skill in it1 which may balance chance4 ,the ,fourth ,law ,the fourth law is as to stakes4 ,you ought not to play so that the game is zestless1 and quickly satiates you4 ,so a stake may be justifiable4 ,but it should not be a big one1 which may disturb the mind in the very game itself1 and if one is beaten1 may vex and torture you4 ,that is not a game2 it is rather the rack4 ,the ,fifth ,law ,the fifth law treats of the manner of play1 viz41 that before you settle to play1 you recall to mind that you have come for the invigoration of your mind1 and for this object you may put a very small coin or two to stake1 so as to purchase with them the recuperation from your weariness4 ,think that it is a chance1 i4e41 variable1 uncertain1 unstable1 common to all1 and that no harm will be done to you through it1 if you lose4 ,thus1 you may have equanimity in your loss1 so as not to contract your countenance and experience sadness over it--nor break forth into oaths and curses1 either against your fellow-player1 or any of the spectators4 ,if you win1 don't be insolently loquacious to your fellow-player6 ,be in all the game1 his companion1 cheerful1 jovial1 and mirthful1 this side of scurrility and petulancy1 nor must there be any trace of deceit1 of sordidness or avarice4 ,don't be obstinate in contention and1 least of all1 make use of oaths--when you remember that the whole thing1 even if you are in the right1 is not so weighty that you need call the name of ,god to witness4 ,remember that the spectators are1 as it were1 the judges of the game4 ,if they make any pronouncement1 then give in1 and don't offer any sign of disapprobation4 ,in this manner the game will be both a delight and the noble education of an honest youth will be pleasing to all4 ,the ,sixth ,law ,the sixth law has reference to the length of time of playing4 ,play until you feel the mind renewed and restored for labour1 and the hour for serious business calls you4 ,who does otherwise seems to do ill4 8,may you be willing to accept these laws2 may you decree their keeping1 ,romans60#hb ,borg41 ,caban4 8,even as he proposed0 7,sicuti rogavit74 ,,xxiii ,,corpus ,,hominis ,,exterius--,the ,exterior of ,man's ,body ,,durerius ,,pictor 7the ,painter1 ,drer71 ,,grynaeus1 ,,velius ,this dialogue has two parts4 ,the former is the ,exordium4 ,the second part contains an examination of ,drer's painting4 ,albert ,drer was a remarkable ,german painter1 whose works are still extant4 ,simon ,grynaeus was renowned by his knowledge of literature1 mathematics1 and the sacred writings4 ,he taught at ,basle1 and was married there4 ,caspar ,ursinus ,velius was a poet and distinguished historian4 ,he was tutor to the ,emperor ,maximilian ,,ii41 as ,jovius writes in his ,elogia ,doctorum ,virorum4 ,i4 ,introduction 7,exordium7 ,drer4 ,go away from here1 for you will buy nothing1 as ,i know full well1 and you only remain in the way1 and this keeps buyers from coming nearer4 ,gryn4 ,nay1 we wish to buy1 only we wish you to leave the price to our judgment1 and that you should state the limit of time for payment1 or1 on the other hand1 let us settle the time1 and you the amount of payment4 ,drer4 ,a fine way of doing business6 ,there is no need for me to have nonsense of this sort6 ,gryn4 ,whose portrait is this1 and what price do you put on it8 ,drer4 ,it is the portrait of ,scipio ,africanus and ,i price it at four hundred sesterces1 or not much less4 ,,ii4 ,criticism ,gryn4 ,i pray you1 before you favour us with a single word1 let us examine the art of the picture4 ,velius here is half a physicist1 and very skilled in knowledge of the human body4 ,drer4 ,for some time ,i have perceived that ,i was in for being worried by you4 ,now whilst there are no buyers at hand1 you may waste my time as you will4 ,gryn4 ,do you call the practical knowledge of your art a waste of time8 ,what would you call that of another's8 ,vel4 ,first of all you have covered the top of this head with many and straight hairs when the top is called vertex1 as if a vortex1 from the curling round of the hair1 as we see in rivers when the water rolls round and round 7convolvit74 ,drer4 ,stupidly spoken2 you don't reflect that it is badly combed1 following the custom of his age4 ,vel4 ,his forehead is unevenly bent4 ,drer4 ,as a soldier he had received a wound at the ,trebia when he was saving his father4 ,gryn4 ,where did you read that8 ,drer4 ,in the lost decads of ,livy4 ,vel4 ,the temples are too much swollen4 ,drer4 ,hollow temples would be the sign of madness6 ,vel4 ,i should like to be able to see the back part of the head4 ,drer4 ,then turn the panel round4 ,gryn4 ,why does ,cato say amongst his other oracles3 8,the forehead is before the back part of the head80 ,drer4 ,how stupid you are6 ,don't you see in every man the forehead in front of the back part of the head8 ,gryn4 ,there are some people whose backs ,i would rather see than their faces6 ,drer4 ,and ,i gladly1 e4g41 such buyers as you1 and soldiers6 ,vel4 ,cato was of opinion that the presence of the master was more effective for the oversight of his affairs than his absence4 ,for the rest1 why has he such long forelocks8 ,drer4 ,do you speak of these hairs over the forehead8 ,vel4 ,yes4 ,drer4 ,for many months he had no barber at hand as we have in ,spain4 ,vel4 ,why have you covered with hair1 the hairless part 7glabella7#hc against its etymology8 ,drer4 ,do you pluck out the hairs with pincers6 ,vel4 ,the hairs in the nose stand out from the nose4 ,but you1 such is your ingenuity1 will throw the fault from yourself on to the barber4 ,drer4 ,ignorant that you are6 ,don't you remember that the customs of those times were harsh1 horrible1 boorish8 ,vel4 ,you1 too1 are ignorant4 ,have you not read that ,scipio was one of the most cultivated and polished of all the men of his age1 and a lover of what was elegant8 ,drer4 ,this painting gives his likeness as he was1 when an exile1 at ,liternum4 ,gryn4 ,the eyebrows are large1 and suitable for ,latium2 the eyelids too hollow1 and the cheeks too much sunk4 ,drer4 ,naturally1 from the camp-watches4 ,gryn4 ,you are not only a painter1 but a rhetorician1 well versed in turning off any criticism of your work4 ,drer4 ,as far as ,i can see1 you are well versed in finding faults4 ,vel4 ,the picture has the cheeks and lips too much puffed up4 ,drer4 ,he is blowing the battle-trumpet4 ,gryn4 ,and you were blowing on a goblet when you painted this4 ,vel4 ,on the contrary1 he was blowing into a bag made of skin4 ,for elsewhere you have made him hairy1 whilst you have scarcely painted any eyelashes4 ,drer4 ,they have fallen off by disease4 ,gryn4 ,what was the disease8 ,drer4 ,seek that from his physician6 ,gryn4 ,don't you understand now that you must take off from your price one hundred sesterces for such lack of skill8 ,drer4 ,nay1 for your cavils and bothersome questions ,i ought rather to add two hundred sesterces to the price4 ,vel4 ,you have made the pupils of the eyes grayish and ,i have heard that ,scipio's were blue4 ,drer4 ,and ,i have heard that his eyes were blue-gray like those of ,minerva ,bellatrix4 ,vel4 ,you have made the corners of the eyes too fleshy and the hollows too moist4 ,drer4 ,he was weeping because accused by ,cato4 ,vel4 ,the jaws are too long1 and the beard very thick and profuse4 ,you would say the hairs are the bristles of swine4 ,drer4 ,you are beyond measure1 chatterers and talkative cavillers4 ,get away with you4 ,i won't let you have the opportunity of further criticising the picture4 ,vel4 ,please1 my ,drer1 since you have no other clients1 let us go on criticising here4 ,drer4 ,what is the good to me8 ,vel4 ,we will each of us write a distich for you1 whereby the picture will be more easily sold4 ,drer4 ,my art has no need of your commendation4 ,for skilled buyers who understand pictures1 don't buy verses1 but works of art4 ,vel4 ,but your ,scipio has his nostrils too much dilated4 ,drer4 ,he was in a state of wrath at his accusers4 ,vel4 ,we see no dimple in his chin4 ,drer4 ,it is hidden in his beard4 ,you also don't see his chin nor the double-chin6 ,gryn4 ,you have saved yourself the trouble of drawing those for the sake of painting a big beard4 ,vel4 ,the straight and muscular neck pleases me1 as also the throat4 ,drer4 ,thank the ,lord that you approve of something6 ,vel4 ,but so that ,i should not leave something to be desired in this1 ,i must also say the figure has not sufficient hollow in the throat4 ,when a physiognomist noted this in ,socrates1 he pronounced it as a sign of slowness of mind4 ,i should wish those shoulders to be a little more erect1 and larger4 ,drer4 ,he was not so much a fighting soldier as a general4 ,have you not heard of his apophthegm on the point8 ,when certain soldiers were saying of him1 that he was not so valiant a soldier as he was a wise general1 he answered3 8,my mother bore me to be a general1 not a soldier40 ,but1 depart1 if you are not going to be buyers1 for ,i see some tax-farmers approaching4 ,vel4 ,let us go for a walk1 and let us talk on the way to one another1 concerning the human body without considering ,scipio1 and this portrait4 ,a flat nose does not befit a noble countenance4 ,gryn4 ,what do you think of the noses of the ,huns1 then8 ,vel4 ,away with such deformities6 ,gryn4 ,people with turned-up noses are not less deformed4 ,the ,persians honoured eagle-nosed people on account of ,cyrus1 who1 they say1 had such a shaped nose4 ,vel4 ,the fore-arm and bend of the arm 7ancon et campe7 are to the arm what the ham of the knee and the knee are to the leg2 thence the upper arm 7lacertus7 down to the hand1 from the muscles of which also the legs are called muscular 7lacertosa74 ,gryn4 ,is not this the ell 7cubitus7 as used by those who are measuring8 ,vel4 ,yes1 and ancon is another name for it4 ,gryn4 ,is not that the way the ,roman king came by his name1 ,ancus8 ,vel4 ,it was by his curved elbow4 ,gryn4 ,the hand follows1 the chief of all instruments4 ,the hand is divided into fingers1 thumb1 forefinger1 the middle or disreputable finger1 the next to the smallest1 and the smallest4 ,vel4 ,why has the middle finger a bad name8 ,what crime has it perpetrated8 ,gryn4 ,our teacher said that he knew indeed the cause1 yet he was not willing to explain it1 because it would be unseemly4 ,don't seek1 therefore1 to know1 for it does not become a well-brought-up youth to inquire into disgraceful matters4 ,vel4 ,the ,greeks named the finger next to the smallest1 1 i4e4 to say1 the ring-finger4 ,gryn4 ,clearly so1 but on the left1 not the right hand1 because on it1 formerly1 they were accustomed to wear rings4 ,vel4 ,for what reason8 ,gryn4 ,they say that a vein stretches from the heart to it4 ,if the finger is encircled by a ring it is as if the heart itself is crowned4 ,the knots on the fingers are called knuckles1 and this word is used for a knock of the fist4 ,between the knots are joints and these are called by the general term1 joints 7artus7 and knots 7articuli74 ,it has been handed down to memory1 that ,tiberius ,caesar had such hard knots that he could bore through a fresh apple with his fingers4 ,vel4 ,have you learned chiromantia8 ,gryn4 ,i have only heard the name4 ,what is it8 ,vel4 ,you would have been able to interpret the lines on the hands by it4 ,gryn4 ,i have said ,i know nothing of it1 and so it is4 ,but if now ,i were to profess to know something and looked attentively on your hand1 gladly you would listen willingly to me1 and to a man utterly unskilled in this mode of imposture you would not altogether refuse your confidence6 ,vel4 ,how so8 ,gryn4 ,because it is the nature of man to listen gladly to those who profess that they will announce secret things or what is about to happen4 ,vel4 ,why are the ,scaevolae so called8 ,gryn4 ,as if scaevae2 from scaea1 which is the left hand4 ,they say that there are more of the female sex left-handed than in our sex4 ,vel4 ,what is vola8 ,gryn4 ,the hollow of the hand in which the lines are4 ,vel4 ,what does involare mean8 ,gryn4 ,that which you are doing4 ,gladly to steal1 to snatch and hide as if in the hollow of the hand1 and as the raving ,lucretia did when she snatched at the eyes of her serving-women4 ,then follows the ,latin for the different parts of the trunk of the body4 ,vel4 ,do you know the seat of the virtues in the body8 ,gryn4 ,no2 where are they placed8 ,vel4 ,modesty in the forehead2 in the right hand faithfulness2 and sympathy in the knee4 ,gryn4 ,the sole of the foot is not itself the base of the foot4 ,vel4 ,so many think4 ,gryn4 ,pliny observes that there is a people who make for themselves at mid-day a shadow with the sole of their foot1 so great and broad it is6 ,how is it possible8 ,vel4 ,clearly the sole in their case reaches from the thigh-bone to the toes4 ,,xxiv ,,educatio--,education ,,flexibulus1 ,,grympherantes1 ,,gorgopas ,the last two dialogues are or ethical1 in the former of which he instructs the boy prince1 in the second any one in general4 ,flexibulus is a name borrowed from ,varro1 who uses the word flexibula 7pliant1 flexible74 ,gorgopas is a name derived from the idea of a stern countenance1 such as that of ,gorgon is said to have been4 ,hence 1 having the eyes or face of ,gorgon4 ,eurip4 in ,hercules furens4 ,the precepts in this dialogue of ,vives are sacred and most wise4 ,they should be known thoroughly by all sons of princes1 for without doubt they would act much better in human affairs if they kept them in view4 ,there are three parts in this dialogue1 ,exordium1 ,contentio1 and ,epilogus4 ,the ,exordium contains the 8occasion0 and 8final cause40 ,i4 ,introduction 7,exordium7 ,flex4 ,wherefore did your father send you here to me8 ,grym4 ,he said that you were a man unusually well instructed1 wisely educated1 and for that reason well-pleasing to the state4 ,he desired that ,i1 walking in your steps1 might reach a like popularity4 ,flex4 ,how do you think that you will secure this8 ,grym4 ,through the noble education which all say that you have yourself4 ,my father added that this education would become me better than any other person4 ,,ii4 ,the ,controversy ,flex4 ,tell me1 my boy1 how you came to be instructed on this matter by your father8 ,grym4 ,it was not so much my father who instructed me by his precepts as my uncle1 an old man1 versed in many things1 and long in the counsels of kings4 ,flex4 ,what then did they teach you1 my son and friend8 ,gorg4 ,most wise man1 look to it that by chance you don't slip through ignorance into some foolish word or deed1 or into something boorish1 by which you would lose that name of being educated in the best manner4 ,flex4 ,what6 is that name so lightly lost by you8 ,gorg4 ,even through single words1 with the single bending of the knee1 with a single inclination of the head4 ,flex4 ,ah6 you have matters too delicate and feeble with you--but with us we have much more robust and vigorous standards6 ,gorg4 ,our judgments are like our bodies1 which can put up with no tripping4 ,flex4 ,on the contrary1 as is easily seen1 it is your bodies1 rather than your minds1 which can bear labour4 ,gorg4 ,perhaps you don't know who it is whom you call son and friend4 ,flex4 ,are not these honourable names1 and full of benevolence8 ,gorg4 ,full of benevolence1 perhaps1 which we don't count much of1 but not of dignity and respect1 which we seek as being important4 ,for this gentleman is not accustomed to be called 8friend40 ,and don't you understand that he has the prefix of 8sir0 7domine7 when he is addressed1 and that he has a retinue of varied-coloured liveried men8 ,have you not further noticed that there were so many wax-tapers1 so many badges of honour1 so many mourners at the parental ceremonies of his grandfather's funeral8 ,flex4 ,what then8 ,do you aim at being a lord over everybody and to have no friends8 ,grym4 ,so my relations have taught me6 ,flex4 ,then may your excellence1 my lord 7mi domine71 present some overwhelming proof of the right teaching of your relatives6 ,gorg4 ,you seem to me to sneer at this boy4 ,he is not a common boy1 so don't treat him so6 ,family ,teaching ,grym4 ,in the first place1 they have taught me that ,i am of most honourable lineage1 which yields to none in this province1 and1 on that account1 ,i must take care diligently1 and strive earnestly1 not to degenerate from the rank of my ancestors2 that they have won great honour to themselves by yielding to no one in position1 dignity1 authority1 in name1 and that ,i ought to do the same4 ,if any one should wish to detract from that honour1 immediately ,i must fight him4 ,it behoves me to be lavish with money1 and even profuse1 but sparing and frugal in paying honour to others4 ,that it behoves me1 and those like me1 by no means to rise up in the presence of others1 nor to make way for them1 nor to let them lead me1 hither and thither1 nor to bare the head or bow the knee to them2 not as if any one could deserve to be shown such honours from me1 but that so ,i shall conciliate to myself the favour of men1 shall catch the breeze of popularity1 and shall obtain that honour which we always so greatly have borne in men's mouths and hearts6 ,it is in this education that the difference exists between those who are nobles1 and those who are not2 since the noble has been rightly accustomed to be educated to excel in all these matters1 whilst the common people 7ignobiles71 trained to rustic manners1 in none of these things4 ,flex4 ,and what thinks your excellency1 my lord1 of such a method of education8 ,grym4 ,what indeed6 ,why1 it is by far the highest1 and worthy of my race4 ,flex4 ,what else then do you seek to learn from me8 ,grym4 ,in my opinion1 nothing further would remain to be learned1 had not my father hurried me hither to you4 ,my father ordered me1 or rather rigidly enjoined me1 to come to you2 so that if there was anything of a more hidden kind1 and more sacred as if of mysteries1 by which ,i might get more honour for myself1 then that you might1 as a favour to him1 not feel it a burden to expound it1 that thus our family1 so honourable and exalted1 may ascend still higher1 since there are not a few new men who1 relying on their opulence1 have come to light1 and seized upon dignities and honours so that they even dare to vie with the old standing and honours of our race4 ,flex4 ,shameful thing6 ,grym4 ,is it not8 ,flex4 ,this would be visible to a blind man6 ,grym4 ,certainly4 ,these new men march about with a long company of followers1 themselves in gold-decked clothes or clothes of flowered velvet1 or clothes gay as those of ,attalus1 so that we seem nothing before them1 for we are clothed in velvet to hide our poverty4 ,if you will undertake this labour1 the reward for thy labour will be that thou wilt be received by my father in the number of our family1 and wilt be admitted to his favour and mine1 and in process of time1 wilt receive some promotion from us4 ,thou wilt always be amongst our clients and1 as it were1 under our protection4 ,flex4 ,what could be a greater reward or more to be desired8 ,but tell me now1 if thou uncoverest the head or givest way or addressest any one blandly1 why art thou pleasing to them with whom thou hast dealings8 ,grym4 ,just because ,i meet them in this way4 ,flex4 ,all these externalities are only the signs which denote that there is something in the heart1 on account of which they love you1 for no one loves them for themselves4 ,grym4 ,why should not everybody love those things which are of honourable bearing1 especially in my grade of nobility8 ,flex4 ,thou hast not yet advanced to that degree that it should be permitted to thee to say so1 and thou thinkest that thou hast arrived at the very highest4 ,grym4 ,i have no necessity to get knowledge and education4 ,my forefathers have left me enough to live upon4 ,and even if this were lacking1 ,i should not seek my living by those arts1 or by any means so low1 but with the point of the lance and with drawn sword4 ,flex4 ,this is high-spirited and fierce1 as if indeed because you are of noble rank you would not be a man4 ,grym4 ,fine words1 those6 ,flex4 ,which part of you is it that makes you a man6 ,grym4 ,myself as a whole4 ,flex4 ,is it by your body1 in having which you don't differ from a beast8 ,grym4 ,by no means4 ,flex4 ,not then yourself as a whole1 but therefore by your reason and your mind8 ,grym4 ,what then8 ,flex4 ,if1 therefore1 you permit your mind to be uncultivated and boorish but cherish your body and take thought for it alone1 don't you transfer yourself from the human1 into the brute1 condition8 ,but let us return to the topic on which we began to speak1 for this digression1 if ,i gave way to it1 would lead us a long way from our purpose4 ,if thou1 therefore1 yieldest place1 and uncoverest thy head1 for what do others take you8 ,grym4 ,for a noble1 nobly instructed and brought up4 ,flex4 ,you are too uncouth4 ,did you hear nothing at home about the mind1 about honesty1 about modesty1 and moderation8 ,grym4 ,in the church1 sometimes1 ,i have heard of these things from preachers4 ,flex4 ,when those who meet you see what is done by you1 they judge that you are a modest1 honest young man1 approving of your actions towards them1 judging modestly and thinking humbly of yourself4 ,thence the opinion of benevolence and graciousness is formed of you4 ,grym4 ,please be more explicit4 ,flex4 ,if people knew that you were so proud that you looked down on them all with contempt1 that you bared your head and bent your knee to them1 not because that honour was due to them1 but because it redounded to your honour to do it1 do you think there would be any one who would take pleasure in you1 or would love you for your honours sprung from such false dissimulation8 ,grym4 ,for why8 ,flex4 ,because you do honour to yourself1 and take pleasure in it--not to them4 ,for who will consider himself indebted to you for that which you do for your sake8 ,or shall ,i receive your honour not for itself1 but as an outlay which thou offerest for a good opinion of thyself1 not as due to my merits8 ,grym4 ,so it seems4 ,the ,teaching of the ,better ,view of ,education--,right ,government of ,oneself ,flex4 ,therefore1 benevolence is won if people believe that honour is paid to them1 not that thou shouldst be held more courtly and noble4 ,this will not happen1 unless they have the opinion of thee1 that thou esteemest them higher than thyself and holdest them worthy of thy honour4 ,grym4 ,but this does not happen4 ,flex4 ,if it does not happen1 then they must be deceived on this point1 or else thou wilt never obtain what thou so keenly desirest4 ,grym4 ,by what way can you persuade me to think so8 ,flex4 ,easily4 ,apply your mind carefully to what ,i say4 ,grym4 ,go on1 ,i beg4 ,for ,i am sent on this very account to you1 and you shall always be amongst our clientle4 ,flex4 ,ah1 that apple is too raw for me6 ,grym4 ,what do you whisper8 ,flex4 ,i say the only way will be for you to be what you wish to be thought to be4 ,grym4 ,how so8 ,flex4 ,if you wish to make anything warm1 do you then bring it to an imaginary fire8 ,grym4 ,no1 but to a real fire4 ,flex4 ,if you wish to cleave anything in two1 will you use a picture of a sword depicted on tapestry8 ,grym4 ,no1 an iron sword4 ,flex4 ,is there not the same strength with real things as with artificial ones8 ,grym4 ,apparently there is a difference4 ,flex4 ,nor wilt thou effect the same with a simulated moderation as with real modesty1 for falsity at some time or other shows itself for what it is2 truth is always the same4 ,in fictitious modesty you say something sometimes or do something1 publicly or privately1 when you forget yourself 7for you are not able always and everywhere to be on your guard71 whereby you are caught in your pretences4 ,and as formerly men loved you1 since they did not yet know you1 afterwards1 and for a long time afterwards1 they hate you when they have got to know you4 ,grym4 ,how shall ,i note this modesty so as to be able to appropriate it as thou teachest8 ,flex4 ,if thou wilt persuade thyself of what is actually the case1 that other people are better than thou art4 ,gorg4 ,better indeed6 ,where are these people8 ,i suppose in ,heaven1 for on earth there are very few equal2 better1 no one6 ,grym4 ,so ,i have heard often of my father and my uncle4 ,flex4 ,the circumstance that you do not understand the significance of words leads you far from the knowledge of truth4 ,tell us1 what do you call good1 so that we may know if there is a better than thyself8 ,grym4 ,what do ,i know of the good8 ,the good comes from being the offspring of good parents4 ,the ,real 8,good0 ,flex4 ,this1 therefore1 is not yet known to thee1 what it is to be good1 and yet you talk about what being 8better0 means4 ,how hast thou reached to the comparative1 when as yet thou hast not learned the positive8 ,but how dost thou know that thy forefathers were good8 ,by what mark canst thou make that clear8 ,grym4 ,what6 do you deny that they were good8 ,flex4 ,i did not know them6 ,how can ,i then assert anything of their goodness either way8 ,by what method of reasoning canst thou prove that they were good8 ,grym4 ,because every one says so of them2 but why1 ,i beg1 do you ask me all these vexatious questions8 ,flex4 ,these questions are not vexatious1 but necessary1 so that thou canst understand what thou art inquiring from me4 ,grym4 ,confine your answer1 ,i beg1 to a few words4 ,flex4 ,many words are necessary to explain that of which you have so crass an ignorance4 ,but since you are so fastidious1 ,i will speak more briefly than the matter1 in itself so great1 demands to have said of it4 ,look at me whilst ,i expound it4 ,who are the people who are to be called learned8 ,are they not those who have learning8 or are they the rich8 or those who have money8 ,grym4 ,undoubtedly1 those who have learning4 ,flex4 ,who1 then1 are the good8 ,are they not those who have what is good8 ,grym4 ,clearly so4 ,flex4 ,let us dismiss now the idea of riches1 for they are not in themselves really good4 ,if they were1 then many people would be found to be better than your father4 ,merchants and usurers would then surpass honest and wise men in goodness4 ,grym4 ,thus it seems1 as you say4 ,the ,statement of the ,problem 7,propositio7 ,flex4 ,now1 further1 weigh what ,i am about to add in points one by one4 ,is there not something good in a keen intellect1 a wise1 mature judgment1 whole and sound2 in a varied knowledge about all kinds of great and useful affairs2 in wisdom2 and in carrying into practice these qualities2 in determination2 in dexterity in pursuing one's business4 ,what do you say of these things8 ,grym4 ,the very names of these qualities seem to me beautiful and magnificent4 ,so much more are the things themselves great6 ,flex4 ,well1 then1 what shall we say of wisdom1 what of religion1 piety towards ,god1 to one's country1 parents1 dependants1 of justice1 temperance1 liberality1 magnanimity1 equability of mind towards calamity in human affairs1 and brave minds in adversity8 ,grym4 ,these things also are most excellent4 ,flex4 ,these things alone are the good for men4 ,all the remaining 8goods0 which can be mentioned are common to the good and to the bad1 and therefore are not true 8goods40 ,observe this1 please1 well6 ,grym4 ,i will do so4 ,assumptio 7,hypothesis7--,complexio 7,conclusion7 ,flex4 ,i wish thou wouldst1 for thy disposition is not bad1 but is not well cultivated--as yet4 ,think now well over this matter1 whether thou possessest those goods1 and1 if thou dost1 how few thou hast1 and in what slender proportions6 ,and if thou examine this question acutely and subtly1 then wilt thou eventually see that thou art not yet adorned and provided with goods1 great and many1 and that no one amongst the mass of people is less provided with them than thyself4 ,for among the multitude are old people1 who have seen and heard much1 and persons experienced in most things4 ,others there are1 devoting themselves to studies1 who sharpen their wits by learning1 and become cultured men2 others engage in public affairs2 others occupy themselves with authors1 who will give them the knowledge they want4 ,others are industrious fathers of families4 ,others follow various arts and excel in them4 ,even peasants themselves--how many of the secrets of nature they possess6 ,sailors1 too1 know of the course of day and night1 the nature of winds1 the position of lands and seas4 ,some of the people are holy and religious men1 who serve the ,deity with devotion and worship ,him4 ,others enjoy success with moderation and bear adversity with bravery4 ,what dost thou know of these8 ,what energy like theirs dost thou practise8 ,in what dost thou excel8 ,in nothing at all except that 8,no one is better than me3 ,i am of a good stock40 ,how canst thou be better1 when as yet thou art not good8 ,neither thy father nor thy relations or ancestors have been good1 unless they had these things which ,i have recounted4 ,if they had them1 you can tell4 ,but ,i doubt it much4 ,you certainly will not be good1 unless you become like those ,i have described4 ,grym4 ,you have quite given me a shock1 and made me ashamed4 ,i cannot find anything to even mutter in reply6 ,gorg4 ,i have understood none of these things4 ,you have cast darkness before my eyes4 ,flex4 ,naturally4 ,for you came to these considerations too uncouth1 too long infected and enslaved in contrary opinions4 ,but you are a young man4 ,how do you think you are going to be classed8 as a master 7dominus7 or as a slave8 ,grym4 ,as a slave4 ,for if it is as you have expounded1 and ,i know nothing which seems truer than what you say1 there are very many much greater and more distinguished than ,i am1 who are slaves4 ,flex4 ,don't be lightly disgusted at what ,i have said4 ,betake yourself home4 ,alone1 think over what ,i have said4 ,examine my statements1 ponder over them4 ,the more you turn them over in mind1 the more you will recognise they are true and certain4 ,grym4 ,i beseech you proceed1 if you yet have further to add1 for ,i feel that at this moment ,i am a changed man4 ,for the future ,i shall seem to be another person from my former self4 ,flex4 ,would that it may happen to thee as it did to the philosopher ,polaemon6 ,grym4 ,what happened to him8#hd ,flex4 ,owing to a single oration of ,xenocrates1 from being one of the worst and most incorrigible1 he turned out most studious of wisdom and the seeker of every virtue1 and was the successor of ,xenocrates in the ,academy4 ,but thou1 my son1 now openly hast recognised to how great a degree is lacking in thee the goodness1 which others have in an overflowing measure4 ,now truly1 and of thine own good will1 thou yieldest place to others and honourest the good in them where thou seest them well furnished1 and where thou seest thyself to be deficient4 ,and if thou thus humblest thyself1 and seemest to be of slight attainments1 thou wilt meet no one for whom thou feelest abject contempt1 and whom thy conscience in thy heart does not place before thyself4 ,for thou wilt not be led away to believe any one to be worse than thyself1 unless his badness and malice manifest themselves openly1 whilst thine own evil carefully skulks within and is ashamed4 ,grym4 ,and what follows8 ,,iii4 ,epilogue ,flex4 ,if thou doest these things1 then wilt thou get the real1 solid1 noble education itself1 and true urbanity2 and if1 as we are supposing now1 thou followest after a courtly life1 thou wilt be pleasing to all and dear to all4 ,but even this thou wilt not set at high value1 but what will then be the sole care to thee will be1 to be acceptable to the ,eternal ,god4 ,,xxv ,,praecepta ,,educationis--,the ,precepts of ,education ,,budaeus1 ,,grympherantes ,there are three parts to this dialogue3 ,exordium1 ,narratio1 and ,epilogus4 ,i4 ,introductory 7,exordium7 ,bud4 ,what is this so great and so sudden a change in you8 ,it might be included in ,ovid's ,metamorphoses4 ,grym4 ,is it a change for the better or the worse8 ,bud4 ,for the better1 in my opinion1 at least1 if one may argue and estimate as to the goodness of a mind from outward countenance1 bearing1 words1 and actions4 ,grym4 ,can you then1 my most delightful friend1 congratulate me8 ,bud4 ,i do indeed congratulate you and exhort you to go on1 and ,i pray ,god and all the saints1 that you may have just increase day by day of such fruitfulness4 ,but please don't grudge so dear a friend as ,i am1 to impart the art so distinguished and glorious1 which could in so short a time infuse so much virtue in a man's heart4 ,,ii4 ,the ,exposition 7,narratio7 ,grym4 ,the art and the fountain of this stream is that very man who is so fruitful in goodness--,flexibulus1 if you know him4 ,bud4 ,who does not know the man8 ,he1 as ,i have heard from my father and my cousins1 is a man of great wisdom and experience of things1 not only known to this city1 but also generally beloved and honoured as only few are4 ,oh1 fortunate that you are6 to have heard him more closely and to have conversed with him familiarly1 and thereby to have gained so great a fruit in the forming of manliness6 ,grym4 ,by so much the happier art thou1 to have had all this born with you in your home1 as they tell me1 and to be able1 not once and again as ,i1 but every day1 as often as you pleased1 to listen to such a father1 holding forth wisely on the greatest and most useful topics4 ,bud4 ,stop this1 please1 and let the conversation proceed1 with which we started1 about thee and ,flexibulus4 ,grym4 ,let us then be silent with regard to your father since this is your desire3 let us return to ,flexibulus2 nothing is sweeter to me than his discourse1 nothing more sagacious than his counsels1 nothing more weighty than his precepts1 or more holy4 ,so by this foretaste of himself which he has provided me1 the thirst has been stimulated and increased in a wonderful degree1 to draw further from that sweet fountain of wisdom4 ,those who describe the earth tell us that the streams are of wonderful formation and nature2 some inebriate1 others take away drunkenness2 some send stupor1 others sleep4 ,i have experienced that this fountain has the property of making a man of a brute1 a useful person of a wastrel1 and of a man an angel4 ,bud4 ,might ,i not be able also to draw something from this fountain1 though it be with the tip of my lips8 ,grym4 ,why shouldst thou not8 ,i will show you the house where he dwells4 ,bud4 ,another time6 ,but do thou1 whilst we are walking along 7or let us sit down1 if you like71 tell me something of his precepts1 those which thou considerest to be his best and most potent4 ,the ,precepts ,grym4 ,i will gladly recall them to memory as far as ,i am able if it will give you pleasure and be of use4 ,first of all he taught me that no one ought to think highly of himself1 but moderately or1 more truly1 humbly2 that this was the solid and special foundation of the best education1 and truly of society4 ,hence to exercise all diligence to cultivate the mind1 and to adorn it with the knowledge of things by the knowledge and exercise of virtue4 ,otherwise1 that a man is not a man but as cattle4 ,that one should be interested in sacred matters and regard them with the greatest attention and reverence4 ,whatsoever on those matters you either hear1 or see1 to regard it as great1 wonder-moving1 and as things which surpass your power of comprehension4 ,that you should frequently commend yourself to ,christ in prayers1 have your hope and all your trust placed in ,him4 ,that you should show yourself obedient to parents1 serve them1 minister to them and1 as each one has power1 be good and useful to them4 ,that we should honour and love the teacher even as the parent1 not of our body but 7what is greater7 of our mind4 ,that we should revere the priests of the ,lord1 and show ourselves attentive to their teaching1 since they are to us in place of the ,apostles and even of the ,lord ,himself4 ,that we should stand up before the old1 uncovering our heads1 and attentively listen to them1 from whom1 through their long experience of life1 wisdom may be gathered4 ,that we should honour magistrates1 and that when they order anything we should listen to what they say--since ,god has committed us to their care4 ,that we should look for1 admire1 honour1 and wish all good to1 men of great ability1 of great learning1 and to honest men1 and seek the friendship and intimacy of those from whom so great fruits can be obtained1 and that we attend to it especially that we turn out like them4 ,and in the last place1 that reverence is due to those who are in places of dignity1 and therefore it should be given freely and gladly4 ,what do you say as to these precepts8 ,bud4 ,so far as ,i can form a judgment regarding them1 they are taken out from some rich storehouse of wisdom4 ,but tell me if many people do not come to honour1 who don't deserve it1 e4g41 priests who don't act in accordance with so great a title1 depraved magistrates1 and foolish and delirious old men8 ,what is the opinion of ,flexibulus of these8 ,are they to be honoured as greatly as the more capable men8 ,grym4 ,flexibulus knew very well that there are many such1 but he did not allow that those of my age could judge in matters of this kind4 ,we had not yet obtained such insight and wisdom1 that we could judge with regard to them4 ,that forming of opinion in these matters must be left over to wise men1 and to those who are placed in authority over us4 ,bud4 ,therein he was right1 as it seems to me4 ,grym4 ,he used to add3 that a youth ought not to be slow in baring his head1 in bending his knee1 nor in calling any one by his most honoured titles1 nor remiss in pleasant and modest discourse4 ,nor does it become him to speak much amongst his elders or superiors4 ,for it would not otherwise agree with the reverence due from him4 ,silent himself1 he should listen to them1 and drink in wisdom from them1 knowledge of varied kinds1 and a correct and ready method of speaking4 ,the shortest way to knowledge is diligence in listening4 ,it is the part of a prudent and thoughtful man to form right judgments about things1 and in every instance of that about which he clearly knows4 ,therefore a youth ought not to be tolerated1 who speaks hastily and judges hastily1 nor one who is inclined to asserting and deciding hastily2 that he ought to be reluctant to argue and judge on even small and slight questions of any kind1 or1 at any rate1 rather timid1 i4e41 conscious of his own ignorance4 ,but if this is true in slight matters1 what shall we say of literature1 of the branches of knowledge8 of the laws of the country1 of rites1 of the customs and institutions of our ancestors8 ,concerning these1 ,flexibulus said1 it was not permissible in the youth to urge an opinion or to dispute or to call in question2 not to cavil1 nor to demand the grounds1 but quietly and modestly1 to obey them4 ,he supported his opinion by the authority of ,plato1 a man of great wisdom4 ,bud4 ,but if the laws are depraved in their morality1 unjust1 tyrannical8 ,grym4 ,as to this ,flexibulus expressed himself as he had done with regard to old men4 8,i know full well10 said he1 8there are many customs in the state which are not suitable1 that whilst some laws are sacred1 some are unjust1 but you are unskilled1 inexperienced in the affairs of life1 how should you form an opinion8 ,not as yet have you reached that stage in erudition1 in the experience of things1 that you should be able to decide4 ,perchance1 such is your ignorance or licence of mind1 you would judge those laws to be unjust which are established most righteously and with great wisdom4 ,but who could render manifest those laws which should be abrogated without inquiring1 discussing1 and deciding on points one by one8 ,for this1 you are not yet capable40 ,bud4 ,that is clearly so4 ,go on to other points4 ,,iii4 ,epilogue ,grym4 ,no ornament is more becoming or pleasing in the youth than modesty4 ,nothing is more offensive and hateful than impudence4 ,there is great danger to our age from anger4 ,by it we are snatched to disgraceful actions1 of which afterwards we are most keenly ashamed4 ,and so we must struggle eagerly against it1 until it is entirely overcome1 lest it overcome us4 ,the leisurely man1 badly occupied1 is a stone1 a beast2 a well-occupied man is in truth a man4 ,men1 by doing nothing1 learn to do evil4 ,food and drink must be measured by the natural desire of hunger and thirst1 not by gluttony1 and not by brute-lust of stuffing the body4 ,what can be more loathsome to be said than that a man wages war on his own body by eating and drinking1 which strip him of his humanity1 and hand him over to the beasts1 or make him even as it were a log of wood4 ,the expression of the face and the whole body show in what manner the mind within is trained4 ,but from the whole exterior appearance1 no mirror of the mind is more certain than the eyes1 and so it is fitting that they should be sedate and quiet1 not elated nor dejected1 neither mobile nor stiff1 and that the face itself should not be drawn into severity or ferocity1 but into a cheerful and affable cast4 ,sordidness and obscenity should be far absent from clothing1 nurture1 intercourse1 and speech4 ,our speech should be neither arrogant nor marked by fear1 nor 7would he have it by turns7 abject and effeminate1 but simple and by no means captious2 not twisted to misleading interpretations1 for if that happens1 nothing can be safely spoken1 and a noble nature in a man is broken1 if his speech is met by foolish and inane cavils4 ,when we are speaking1 the hands should not be tossed about1 nor the head shaken1 nor the side bent1 nor the forehead wrinkled1 nor the face distorted1 nor the feet shuffling4 ,nothing is viler than lying1 nor is anything so abhorrent4 ,intemperance makes us beasts2 lying makes us devils2 the truth makes us demigods4 ,truth is born of ,god2 lying of the ,devil1 and nothing is so harmful for the communion of life4 ,much more ought the liar to be shut out from the concourse of men than he who has committed theft1 or he who has beaten another1 or he who has debased the coinage4 ,for what intercourse in the affairs or business of life or what trustful conversation can there be with the man1 who speaks otherwise than as he thinks8 ,with other kinds of vices1 this may be possible2 but not with lying4 ,concerning companions and friendship of youths he said much and to the purpose1 that this was not a matter of slight moment to the honesty or else the shame of our age1 that the manners of our friends and companions are communicated to us as if by contagion1 and we become almost such as those are1 with whom we have intimate dealings2 and therefore in that matter1 there should be exercised great diligence and care4 ,nor did he permit us to seek friendships and intimacies ourselves1 but that they should be chosen by parents or teachers or educators1 and he taught that we should accept them1 and honour them as they were recommended4 ,for parents1 in choosing for us1 are guided by reason1 whilst we may be seized by some bad desire or lust of the mind4 ,but if1 by any chance1 we should find ourselves in useless or harmful circumstances1 then it behoves us as soon as possible to seek advice from our superiors1 and to lay our cares before them4 ,he said1 from time to time1 indeed1 very many other weighty and admirable things1 and these things also he explained with considerable fullness and exactness4 ,but these points which ,i have already stated were1 on the whole1 the most important on the subject of the right education of youth4 ,,breda1 ,,in ,,brabant2 the ,day of the ,visitation of the ,holy ,virgin1 #aech4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,from the same ,institution of a ,christian ,woman 7,richard ,hyrde's translation74 #b ,j4 ,l4 ,vives3 ,ausgeswhlte pdagogische ,schriften4 ,leipzig4 #c ,de ,causis ,corruptarum ,artium1 book ii4 #d ,the ,de ,disciplinis consists of two parts--#a4 ,de ,causis ,corruptarum ,artium1 in seven books2 #b4 ,de ,tradendis ,disciplinis in five books4 #e ,dissertation on ,romance and ,minstrelsy1 by ,joseph ,ritson1 #ahia4 #f ,bmer1 ,die ,lateinischen ,schlergesprche der ,humanisten 7#ahii71 p4 #ahb4 #g ,vives deals with this question in his ,de ,tradendis ,disciplinis1 and it is highly probable that ,mulcaster had read that book before he treated on the subject of conferences of parents and teachers4 7,positions1 p4 #bhd74 #h ,it should be remembered1 in connection with these dates1 that ,queen ,mary was eleven years older than ,philip4 ,mary was ,philip's second wife2 his first wife was ,mary of ,portugal1 whom he married in #aedc4 ,she died in #aedf4 #i ,see p4 #agd4 #aj ,this edition is not mentioned by ,bmer4 #aa ,see p4 xxvi4 #ab ,see p4 #aif-aif4 #ac p4 #ba4 #ad p4 #ah4 #ae p4 #fe4 #af ,in the eighteenth century1 the ,nonconformist academies1 which are of the first significance as educational institutions1 probably1 in many cases1 already associated the stages of elementary1 secondary1 and university education in one institution4 #ag ,the grammar school was called in ,latin ,ludus literarius4 #ah ,e4g41 ,john ,northbrooke3 ,treatise wherein ,dicing1 etc41 444 are reproved 444 ,dialogue-wise1 #aegi 7,reprinted by the ,shakespeare ,society72 ,gilbert ,walker3 ,a ,manifest ,detection of the most ,vyle and ,detestable ,use of ,dice-play1 #aeeb 7,reprinted by the ,percy ,society72 and by educational writers1 e4g41 ,roger ,ascham3 ,toxophilus 7#aede71 and ,laurence ,humphrey3 ,the ,nobles 7#aefj74 ,william ,horman1 headmaster of ,eton ,college ,school1 in his ,vulgaria 7in #aeai7 holds the opinion3 8,it is a shame that young gentlemen should lose time at the dice and tables1 cards and hazard40 #ai ,as to charts1 e4g41 ,sir ,thomas ,elyot1 in the ,gouvernour 7#aeca71 says3 8,i cannot tell what more pleasure should happen to a gentle wit than to behold in his own house 7i4e41 in pictures and maps7 everything that within all the world is contained40 #bj ,see p4 #ie4 #ba ,dialogue ,,ix4 #bb ,dialogue ,,viii4 #bc ,which ,j4 ,t4 ,freigius duly notes is taken from ,ovid3 ,metamorphoses1 liber vi41 and ,vergil3 ,eclogues1 vi4 #bd ,vives gives an example in ,pandulphus 7,dialogue ,,ix474 #be ,de ,tradendis ,disciplinis1 book iii4 chap4 #c4 #bf ,de ,tradendis ,disciplinis1 book iii4 chap4 #c4 #bg ,de ,tradendis ,disciplinis1 book i4 chap4 #b4 #bh ,mmoire sur la vie et les crits de ,j4 ,l4 ,vives1 p4 #hg4 #bi ,die lateinischen ,schlergesprche der ,humanisten1 pp4 #afc-afc4 #cj ,pasce animos nostros ,christe caritate tua1 qui benignitate tua alis vitas animantium3 sancta sint1 ,domine1 haec tua munera nobis sumentibus1 ut tu1 qui ea largiris1 sanctus es4 ,amen4 #ca ,in ,john ,conybeare's ,collection of ,proverbs 7#aehj-aehj7 the following rendering is given3 8,one knave will kepe another companye1 one pratteler wille with another1 like will to like40 ,letters and ,exercises of ,john ,conybeare1 p4 #db4 ,london3 ,henry ,frowde1 #aije4 #cb ,audire male4 ,to have an evil reputation4 ,lewis and ,short aptly quote from ,milton's ,areopagitica3 8,for which ,england hears ill abroad40 #cc ,on a tombstone4 ,dr4 ,brring quotes from ,guicciardini1 ,belgicae ,descriptio1 #afce1 where an account is given of the tombstone to a daughter of the ,countess ,mathilde of ,holland in a ,cloister near the ,hague4 #cd ,amphora is a measure for liquids4 ,it was equal to six gallons seven pints4 ,the congius1 in the ,tri-congius1 was a measure of one-eighth of an amphora4 #ce ,i4e4 of the nature of bugs4 #cf ,decoxisse from decoquere--which means both to cook and to become bankrupt4 #cg ,dr4 ,brring quotes from ,erasmus's ,adages1 ,chil4 ,i4 ,cent4 viii4 ,prov4 #hf1 to show that formerly men of obscure birth were termed terrae filii4 #ch ,capitulum lepidissimum--a term of endearment used by ,terence4 #ci ,freigius notes that ,jubellius ,taurea was by far the strongest horse of the ,campanians1 whilst ,claudius ,asellus was a horseman of equally renowned horsemanship4 ,the steed challenged the rider to a contest4 ,see ,livy1 ,bk4 #c1 ,decad4 #c4 #dj ,of the town of ,tours1 in ,france4 #da ,it is explained by ,vives1 as a note in the margin1 that ,curio is the priest of the parish1 commonly called curate4 #db ,as ,dr4 ,brring remarks1 8,german0 is used in the sense of 8brethren40 #dc ,with dust in winter and mud in spring1 you will reap great grain1 ,camillus4 ,macrobius1 ,satur4 v4 #bj2 cf4 ,vergil1 ,georgics1 i4 #aja4 #dd ,happy is the man in his heart1 and approaching to the happiness of the gods themselves1 whom glory does not agitate1 dazzling with its lying gloss1 nor the evil allurements of haughty luxury1 but who lets the days pass peacefully by and silently1 and with the labour of the poor man wins the peace of the blameless life4 #de ,i4e41 shop packing-paper4 #df ,but dispatch now1 don't put off to future hours4 ,who does not do a thing to-day may be less able to do it to-morrow4 #dg ,let words run1 the hand is quicker than they2 not as yet has the tongue done its work until the right hand has accomplished its task4 #dh ,is this always the order of the day1 then8 ,here is full morning coming through the window-shutters1 and making the narrow crevices look larger with the light2 yet we go on snoring1 enough to carry off the fumes of that unmanageable ,falernian4--7,conington's ,translation47 #di ,arise1 already the baker sells breakfast to boys4 ,on every side1 already1 the birds announce the dawn by their chirping4 #ej 8,such days1 ,i trow1 at the infancy of earth1 ,shone forth1 and kept the tenor of their birth2 ,true spring was that1 the world was bent on spring1 ,and eastern breezes check'd their wintry wing3 ,while cattle drank new light1 and man was shown1 ,a race of iron from a land of stone2 ,then savage beasts were launch'd upon the grove1 ,and constellations on the heaven above2 ,nor could young ,nature have achieved the birth1 ,unless a period of repose so sweet ,had come to pass1 betwixt the cold and heat1 ,and heaven's indulgence greeted the new earth40 ,r4 ,d4 ,blackmore's ,translation4 #ea ,as did ,columella1 i4e41 pruna cereola4 ,pliny calls them cerina4 #eb ,freigius's note3 ,insularius is equivalent to ,french concierge4 #ec ,livy1 book i4 #ed ,book v4 cap4 #d1 de ,cimone2 ,ovid1 ,fasti1 book ii4 #ee ,i4e41 the beggar in the house of ,ulysses at ,ithaca4 ,see ,martial1 #e1 #da1 #i4 #ef ,georgics1 i4 #cib4 ,the oil 7of lamps is seen7 to sparkle and crumbling fungus to form4 #eg ,sleep1 the rest of things1 sleep1 most gracious of the gods1 peace of the mind1 whom anxiety shuns1 thou who soothest the weary bodies from their hard duties and restorest them for their labour4 #eh ,this is a mark of refinement and seemly in one who is cultured--not to be ignorant of the names of the utensils that are in daily use in the house4 #ei ,athen4 #ab4 ,that he was the first to set the ,romans the example of luxury in all things4 #fj ,that ,apicius exceeded all men in prodigality4 #fa ,cooking vessel with feet for coals4 #fb ,i am not willing to be ,caesar1 to march through the ,britons and to suffer ,scythian frosts4 #fc ,so says ,aelius ,spartianus in ,life of ,hadrian ,florus as quoted by ,freigius4 ,see ,crinitus1 book #ae1 cap4 #e4 #fd ,how often the cook seeks pepper and wine for the breakfasts of the ,fabii to smack of the simple beet4 #fe ,and heavily used to hang on his arm a bowl with a worn-out handle4 #ff ,tell me why does the lettuce1 which used to finish off the meals of our ancestors1 now begin our meals8 #fg ,when ,i1 the ,lucanian sausage1 come1 daughter of the swine of ,picenum1 then will the crown be given gladly to the snowy pottage4 #fh ,as he passed by one day1 ,diogenes1 who was washing vegetables1 scoffed at him and said3 8,if you had learnt to live on these1 you would not frequent the courts of kings20 and he said3 8,if you knew how to associate with your fellow men1 you would not be washing vegetables40 #fi ,see ,cicero1 ,de ,oratore1 iii4 7near the end72 ,quintilian1 i4 #aj2 ,gellius1 ,noctes ,atticae1 i4 #aa4 #gj ,graculus is a jackdaw4 ,aesop has a story of the jackdaw with borrowed plumes4 ,juvenal iii4 #gh refers to the ,graeculus1 the ,roman attempting to play the ,greek4 #ga ,a red colouring matter4 #gb ,on what has been set and is set before us1 may ,christ deign to give his blessing4 #gc ,even with three guests1 each seems to me to have a different taste1 each requiring quite different foods with his quite different palate4 ,,horace1 ,epistles1 ii4 #b1 #fa1 #fb4 #gd ,georgics1 i4 #eg4 #ge ,we should give little to pleasure1 as its due2 but all the more to health4 ,,cato1 ,disticha de ,moribus1 ii4 #bh4 #gf ,see ,varro1 ,de re rustica1 ,,iii4 vi4 #f4 #gg ,we render thanks to ,thee1 ,father1 who has provided so many things for the enjoyment of men3 ,grant that1 by ,thy good-will1 we may come to the feast of ,thy ,blessedness4 #gh ,for getting well from the bite of dog at night1 take from the dog's hair your remedy4 #gi ,boys play1 and play1 also1 youth and age4 ,play is the wit1 seriousness1 and wisdom of old age4 ,also human life1 what is it but trifling and empty fable1 when virtue is not its sole guiding principle8 #hj ,viz41 ,the ,antiochian2 or1 ,the ,beard-hater4 #ha ,i4e41 the small town of the ,parisians4 #hb ,vives uses the ,roman formula for the passing of laws3 8,velitis1 ,quirites1 jubeatis40 ,the response of acceptance being3 8,uti rogas40 #hc ,dr4 ,brring renders glabella1 8the space between the eyebrows40 ,glabellus is derived from glaber1 the root of which is --cf4 scalpo1 to hollow out--i4e41 smooth1 without hair 7,lewis and ,short74 #hd ,see ,valerius ,maximus1 book vi4 chap4 vi4 ,,index ,large ,roman numerals refer to the number of the ,dialogue2 small ,roman numerals refer to the pages of the ,introduction2 ,arabic numerals refer to the pages of the text4 ,a ,b ,c tablet1 #ah ,academy1 the1 xxxix4 ,agonotheta1 #ajf ,alarum-clock1 #aaf ,anneus1 a teacher1 xliii41 #bjd ,apparel1 court1 #afc ,architriclinus 7feast-master71 #cj ,aristotle1 #cf1 #dg1 #ajb1 #adg ,ascham1 ,roger1 xli4 ,atlantides1 #ih ,bacchus1 #aea1 #aef ,baldus1 #ajf ,banquet1 #abf1 #acb 8,baptising0 wine1 #aci ,bardus1 #ajg ,bartolus1 #ajf ,batalarii1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajf ,beer1 #ib1 #ada ,beggar1 #dc ,bird1 the teacher1 #hi ,birds1 different kinds of1 #add ,blacksmith1 #hb ,boatmen1 the scum of the sea1 #ei ,boccaccio1 #if ,bmer1 ,dr41 xxii4 ,book-gluer1 #aad ,books1 #agi ,boorish youth1 #eb ,boulogne1 #ef ,bread1 different kinds of1 #acd ,breakfast1 #h1 #bg ,bruges1 #cc1 #cd ,budaeus 7,william ,bud71 vii4 ,buffoons1 #agj ,busts of authors in library1 #aje ,candles1 #aaj ,card-playing1 ,,xxi4 ,catharine of ,aragon1 xv41 xvi41 xxviii41 #if ,catholicon1 ,the1 #aje ,cato's distichs quoted1 #acg ,caryatides1 #ih ,cervent1 ,clara1 mother of ,vives' wife1 xi4 ,chancellor1 the1 #afg ,characteristics of the ,dialogues1 xxxvii4 ,charts or maps1 #ahf ,cheese1 #ab1 #ade ,cherries1 buying of1 #ag2 cherry-stones as stakes1 #bc ,child1 and rattle1 #ec ,chrysostom1 homilies of1 #aea ,chytropus1 #abj ,cicero1 #aac2 ,tusculanae ,questiones1 #db1 #aad ,circe1 cup of1 #agj ,clock1 #ha2 mechanical1 #hb ,clothes1 #hd sqq4 ,comb1 #d2 ivory1 #he ,constable1 the1 #afe 8,cooking0 accounts1 #ej ,cook-shop1 #aah ,copies1 writing1 #gd ,copper-knobs on books1 #aac ,counsellors of the king1 #aff ,courtiers of the king1 #afg ,cuckoo1 the1 #df ,cups1 #ca1 #ea1 #abh ,dauphin1 the1 #afe ,dead men can speak1 #agh ,deafness1 #db de ,croy1 ,cardinal1 ,vives' pupil1 xii4 ,dedication of ,vives' ,school ,dialogues1 xxi4 ,delights of ,sight1 #hh2 of ,hearing1 #hi2 of ,smell1 #hi2 of ,taste1 #hi2 of ,touch1 #ij ,demosthenes1 #aac ,dialectic1 #ajb ,dice-player1 ,curius the1 #dd ,dignitaries of the court1 #afe ,dilia1 river1 #hc ,dining-room1 #if1 #abh ,diogenes1 #abe1 #acf ,discovery of the ,new ,world1 #ie ,disease of thirst1 #afa ,disputing1 #bj ,dog1 #g1 #ae1 #da1 #dd ,door-angels1 #id ,drama1 and the ,dialogues1 xxxvii4 ,drawing lots1 #ahi ,dressing1 #b sqq4 ,drinking1 #bg1 #bh1 #cj1 #de2 water1 #bh1 #db2 wine1 #bh1 #db2 beer1 #ca ,drivers1 the scum of the earth1 #ei ,drunkenness1 xlvi41 ,,xviii42 effects of1 #afj ,dullard1 ,john1 xi4 ,drer1 ,albrecht1 #baj ,dury1 ,john1 and the ,academy1 xl4 ,earth1 the1 a fruitful mother1 #ec ,eating1 #bg ,education1 ,,xxiv42 noble1 #bcc ,elegance of clothes as well as words1 #dg ,elyot1 ,sir ,thomas1 xxxv41 xli4 ,erasmus1 vii41 xi4 ,exercitatio1 the ,latin title for the ,dialogues1 vii4 ,fish1 different kinds of1 #adc 8,flat0 wine1 #aci ,flea1 #hc1 #aae ,fleming1 #cc2 without a knife1 #cc ,florus quoted1 #abb ,foods1 #cg1 ,,vii41 #ib1 ,,xv4 ,freigius1 ,j4 ,t41 editor of ,dialogues1 xxxiv41 li4 ,frenchmen1 #ajd ,friendships arranged for children by parents1 #bdb ,fruits1 #ace sqq4 ,games1 xli42 ball1 #b2 dice-playing1 #b1 #ac1 #bc2 nuts1 #bb2 odd and even1 #bb2 draughts1 #bd2 playing-cards1 #bd2 tennis1 #bjb ,genders1 number of1 #ce ,german1 #abj ,geometry1 #af ,getting up1 #a ,godelina of ,flanders1 #if ,goldfinch1 #abg ,good1 the real1 #bbh sqq4 ,governing1 art of1 #agg ,grace before meat1 #cc1 #aca2 after meat1 #ch1 #adh ,grammar1 #b1 #ce1 #ajb ,grammarians1 asses1 #aai1 #abj ,greek in the ,dialogues1 xxxv4 ,greetings1 morning1 #f ,griselda1 #if ,guest1 school-boy1 #cb ,helen1 #ig ,holiday from school1 #ef ,holocolax1 #afe ,home and school life1 xxiii4 ,homer1 #ig ,horace quoted1 #ec1 #ace ,horses1 and their trappings1 ,,ix4 ,host1 a kindly1 #aec ,hour-bells1 #dj ,hours of teaching1 #ajc ,house1 the new1 #ic2 keeper1 #cb ,housteville1 ,aegidius de1 xxxvi4 ,hugutio1 #aje ,hunter1 ,mannius the1 #dd ,ink1 #gb ,inscriptions in houses1 #ig ,intemperance1 #bda ,isocrates quoted1 #agg ,joannius1 ,honoratus1 learned man of ,valencia1 #bje ,joviality1 the gate of drunkenness1 #afa ,jugglers1 #agj ,keeper of ,archives1 the1 #afg ,king1 the1 #afe2 the palace of the1 #afc ,kitchen1 the1 ,,xv41 #ca2 maid1 #ca ,ladies' quarters in the court1 #afi ,lapinius1 ,euphrosynus1 xxxvi4 ,latin speaking1 xxx41 #cd ,laws of play1 xliii41 #bjf-i ,lebrija 7or ,nebrissensis71 ,antonio de1 x41 #fe ,lecture-room1 #fe ,letter-carrier1 #ea1 #gj ,letters1 #ah1 #ba ,library1 school1 #aje ,licentiates1 #ajc ,lie-telling1 #ac ,life1 a journey1 #agi ,literature out of the class-room1 #ahh ,litigants of the king's court1 #afg ,livy1 lost decads1 #baa ,logic1 #b ,louvain1 inhabitants of 7,lovanians71 #dg ,lover1 the1 #dh ,lucretia1 picture of1 #ie ,ludus literarius1 a playing with letters1 the ,latin for a school1 #ai ,lunch1 #bg ,lutetia 7,paris71 #aii ,lying1 #bda ,lyons1 #aaf ,magistrates1 honour due to1 #bcg ,maid-servants1 ,i41 ,,vi41 ,,vii41 #eb1 #hc ,manners1 at table1 #cg ,maps1 xlii4 ,march1 family name of ,vives' mother1 vii4 ,market1 the1 at ,valencia1 #bje ,martial quoted1 #de1 #gi1 #ha1 #abb1 #abc ,master of the feast1 the king's1 #afh ,master of the horse1 #afe ,market1 #cf ,meals1 #bd ,meats1 #acg ,mena1 ,juan de1 quoted1 xlv41 #hh ,merchant1 the1 #di ,miller1 the1 #acd ,milton1 ,john1 xxvii41 xl4 ,mimus quoted1 #aef ,modesty1 real and fictitious1 #bbg ,monastery1 ,carthusian1 #hg2 ,franciscan1 #hg ,moor1 a white1 #bc ,morning best for learning1 #ib ,mortar1 #abb ,mosquito-net1 #aae ,motta1 ,peter1 xxxv41 xxxvi4 ,mountebank1 #c ,mulcaster1 ,richard1 xxiv41 xli4 ,muses1 number of the1 #acf ,music of birds1 #hi ,mysteries1 study of1 by nobles1 #bbb ,names of ,vives' friends in the ,dialogues1 xxxiii4 ,napkin1 #cb1 #acj1 #aca ,nature1 in the ,dialogues1 xliv4 ,nazianzenus1 #aac ,neapolitan horse1 #agf ,nebrissensis1 ,antonius1 see ,lebrija ,nightingale1 the1 #de1 #hh-hh ,night-studies1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab ,noah1 #aeg ,nobility1 ignorance of writing1 #fg2 contempt of knowledge1 #fi ,nobles and education1 ,,xxiv4 ,nut-shells1 used by boys for ants' houses1 #bb ,obedience to the laws1 #bci ,occupation of courtiers1 #agj ,old men1 #ahj1 #bbh ,one-eyed carpenter1 #eb ,opinions of ,vives held by ,bud1 ,erasmus1 xii42 and ,sir ,thomas ,more1 xiii4 ,oppugnator1 #ajg ,orbilius1 the schoolmaster1 #ia ,ovid quoted1 #gh1 #aaf1 #bcd ,painting1 ,,xxiii4 ,palimpsist1 #ga ,pantry1 #cf ,paper1 #gc ,papias1 #aje ,paris1 #aaf2 ,university of1 #aii ,parts of the body1 ,,xxiii4 ,pastry-cook1 #adg ,paul1 the ,apostle1 #if ,pauline precept1 #ada ,persians1 #acf1 #bae ,persius quoted1 #hj ,pestle1 #abb ,philip1 ,prince1 xxii41 xxvii41 xxviii41 ,,xx42 8the darling of ,spain10 #agf ,philosophers1 #df ,physicians and wine1 #adj ,pictures1 #ie ,pietas literata1 ideal of1 xlviii4 ,piety1 #ade ,plato1 #cf1 #aje2 authority of1 #bci ,plautus quoted1 #aeb1 #bjg ,play of being king1 #age ,playing with dog1 #g ,pliny1 #bj1 #dj1 #df1 #hh1 #adi ,points1 #b1 #bc ,polaemon1 #bcb ,popularity-hunting1 #bbb ,pottage1 #adb ,prayer1 #e2 the ,lord's1 #e2 morning1 #a1 #hc1 #hg2 to the saints1 #bcd2 to ,christ1 #bcg ,preachers in churches1 #bbe ,precepts of education1 l41 ,,xxv4 ,priests and literature1 #agc ,principal 7gymnasiarcha71 #dc ,propugnator1 #ajg ,pythagoras1 #aaf ,quills1 #gj2 quill-sheath1 #gj2 goose-quills1 #ga2 hen's quills1 #ga2 making of quill-pens1 #ga ,quintilian quoted1 #fe ,reading1 #ah sqq4 ,recreation1 grounds1 #hg2 in bad weather1 #ahe ,reeds 7pens71 #gj1 #aac ,respect to the old1 #bcg ,reverence of priests1 #bcg ,rhetoric1 #ajb ,river1 #fa1 #ahc ,rome1 #aah ,rope-dancer 7funambulus71 #ea ,rush-mats1 #ig ,saviour1 our1 quoted1 #ada ,scaevola1 ,mutius1 #ig ,scaevolae1 #bag ,scholarship ill-esteemed in ,belgium1 #aed ,school1 #b1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ai2 ,vives' idea of the1 xxxix4 ,school-fees1 #aj ,schoolmasters1 #i1 #ae1 #cf1 #abb1 #abc1 #acf ,scipio ,africanus1 #baj ,seal1 of letters1 #gj ,secretaries to nobles1 #gj ,silence before elders and superiors1 #bch ,siliceus1 literary tutor of ,prince ,philip1 #agc ,sister1 ,vives'1 #bja ,sky1 the open1 #fd ,slavery of ignorance1 #agd ,sluggishness1 danger of1 #ahd ,socrates1 #aje ,sophocles1 #aad ,spaniards1 #ib1 #ajd ,spanish cap1 #hg ,spanish inn1 #abf ,spanish navigations1 #ie ,spanish triumph 7in cards71 #ahi ,spring1 #hh ,stakes1 #bc1 #aia ,statues in a house1 #if sqq4 ,statutes of schools enjoining ,vives' ,dialogues1 xxxiv4 8,still0 wine1 #aci ,stories1 nineteen1 told by students1 ,,viii4 ,stunica1 educator of ,prince ,philip1 #agc ,style of ,dialogues1 xxxvi4 ,styles 7pens71 #gj ,subject-matter and style of ,dialogues1 xxxii4 ,suits in cards1 names of1 #ahi ,summer-house1 #ig ,sun-dial1 #hb ,syracusans1 #aaa ,tapestry1 #ig ,teacher1 #ed1 #aja2 choice of1 #i1 #ai1 #be1 #ca ,teachers in ,belgium1 #aed2 ,pandulfus1 #ef2 the best living1 #agi2 clients of nobles1 #bbc ,tennis in ,france and ,belgium1 #bjb2 in ,valencia1 #bjc 8,thanks0 to a host1 #adh-adh ,thrashing by teachers1 #gj ,tongs1 #aai ,trunk1 story arising from the1 #ci ,truth and flattery at court1 #agj-agj ,truth-speaking1 #bda ,tumbler1 the1 #ea ,turkey-carpets1 #acj ,twins1 #dc ,tyrones1 #ajb ,umpire1 #be ,urbanity1 #bcc ,ushers' conversation at school-meal1 #ce sqq4 ,valdaura1 ,margaret1 wife of ,vives1 xi41 xxxiii4 ,valencia1 city of1 ,,xxii4 ,valerius ,maximus1 #ie ,valla1 ,laurentius1 xx41 #dg ,vegetables1 selling of1 #ae ,vergil1 #dj1 #ed1 #ia1 #aab1 #abc1 #acf ,vernacular1 in education1 xlvi4-xlviii4 ,vernacular literature before the ,renascence1 xviii4 ,verse-maker1 ,mannius the1 #dd ,verse-making1 #abc ,vives1 ,j4 ,l41 at school at ,valencia1 ix42 his schoolmasters1 x42 one of the ,renascence triumvirate1 vii42 his parents1 vii4-ix42 and scholasticism1 ix42 at ,paris1 xi42 at ,bruges1 xi42 at ,louvain1 xi42 at ,lyons1 xi42 and ,princess ,mary1 xiv42 life in ,london1 xv42 his wife1 ,margaret ,valdaura1 xv42 and boys1 xxxvii41 l42 his ,de ,tradendis ,disciplinis1 vii41 x41 xvi42 his ,de ,institutione ,feminae ,christianae1 viii41 xiv42 commentary on ,st4 ,augustine's ,civitas ,dei1 xiii42 his ,introductio ad ,sapientiam1 xv42 his ,de ,officio ,mariti1 xvi42 his ,de ,europae ,dissidiis et ,bello ,turico1 xvi42 his ,de ,veritate ,fidei ,christianae1 xvi42 his ,de ,anima1 xvi4 ,vives1 ,j4 ,l41 references to himself in the ,dialogues3 a sufferer from gout1 #cd2 names wells in the city of ,louvain1 #ib2 his verse-writing1 #aif-aif2 his father's house in ,valencia1 #bja ,wainscoting1 #ig ,wash-basins1 #abi ,washing1 #d1 #hf ,watch 7horologium viatorium71 #dj ,water1 #ib1 #ada ,water-drinking1 xlv4 ,well1 the ,latin and the ,greek at ,louvain1 #ib ,whist1 ,french and ,spanish1 #ahi ,wife of a drunkard1 #aea ,winding-stairs1 #if ,window-panes1 #if ,windows1 wooden and glass1 #a ,wine1 #acg ,wine-cellar1 #ih ,wine-drinking1 xlv4 ,writing1 ,x42 usefulness of1 #ff2 writing-master1 #fh ,writing-tablet1 #ba ,xenocrates1 #bcb ,xenophon1 #aje1 #aac ,zabatta1 ,angela1 learned lady of ,valencia1 #bja ,,the ,,end ,,the ,,temple ,,press1 ,,printers1 ,,letchworth