,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,dogma ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,dogma ,,an ,,essay ,,9 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,by ,,*>les ,a4 ,h4 ,,tu?ill ,,london ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5* ,,co41 #a1 ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e #ahhh 7,! rights ( translation & ( reproduction are res]v$47 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,,introduction #a ,i4 ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,mono!ism #d ,,ii4 ,,! ,,messianic ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,*ri/ianity #cc ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*ri/ianity ,,( ,,*ri/ #fe ,,iv4 ,,jewi% ,,*ri/ianity #ic ,v4 ,,pagan ,,*ri/ianity #aab ,,vi4 ,,ca?olic ,,& ,,prote/ant ,,*ri/ianity #adb ,,vii4 ,,! ,,p]man5ce ,,( ,,dogmatic ,,religion #afj ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,dogma4 ,,introduction4 ,if we comp>e ,*ri/ianity ) ! o!r dogmatic religions ( ! _w1 we are at once /ruck by a feature peculi> to x1 namely1 ! complexity ( its doctr9al sy/em4 ,a glance at ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ is suffici5t to %[ t ?is peculi>ity results f ! exi/5ce ( fundam5tal inconsi/5cies 9 ! dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,su* inconsi/5cies are n f\nd 9 o!r religions1 :e!r1 l ,mohamm$anism1 !y h at once sprung into full maturity at ! "t ( _! creation1 or :e!r1 l ,judaism1 !y h pass$ ?r\gh a long & sl[ process ( developm5t4 ,! inconsi/5cies ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e cle>ly _c be ascrib$ to ! necess>y t5d5cies ( ! evolution ( dogmatic religion2 !y mu/ be due to special circum/ances connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:at ^! circum/ances 7 !re is no difficulty 9 asc]ta9+4 ,! fully develop$ dogmatic sy/em ( ,*ri/ianity is ! product ( ! union ( two opposite /reams ( religi\s t5d5cy4 ,f ! collision ( ! mono!ism ( ,judaism ) ! poly!ism ( ,paganism ! inconsi/5cies ( its doctr9es h sprung4 ,9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 :i* takes up s mu* ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 we h ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( ?is4 ,b1 9 reality1 ! :ole ( ,*ri/ianity is p]vad$ by ! contradictions insep>able f ! comb9ation 9 x ( ! *>act]i/ics ( mono!i/ic & poly!i/ic religion4 ,?is comb9ation is ! s\rce ( its unique p[]2 x ?us c satisfy bo? ! high] & ! l[] class ( religi\s in/9cts2 b its complex & confus$ !ology is also an inevitable result4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ! doctr9al sy/em ( ,*ri/ianity c ?us be readily expla9$ by a ref]5ce to ! conditions ( its orig94 ,to inve/igate 9 detail1 by ! same me?od ( hi/orical inquiry1 ! causes :i* produc$ its sep>ate dogmas1 is ! object ( ?is essay4 ,! orig9 ( ! e>li] ones mu/ be trac$ ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ,judaism2 ! lat] ones 7 ,pagan1 b !y 7 graft$ on a ,jewi% /ock4 ,/>t+ f prim>y religi\s ideas1 we h to exam9e ! gr[? & modification ( !ological dogma4 ,our /udy1 accord+ly1 w take u ov] ! :ole p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,mono!ism4 ,at ! "t ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/ianity1 only 9 "o portion ( ! ,roman _w c\ld a new & pure religion h aris54 ,! fusion ( ! empire _h1 by de/roy+ _! national basis1 fatally weak5$ ! ,pagan religions2 s f> z real feel+ 0 conc]n$1 !y _h pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ignorant classes exclusively1 & _h lo/ ! vitality 9 :i* alone ! high] religi\s =ces c g]m9ate4 ,philosophies1 re/+ on a common basis ( contempt ( ! popul> poly!ism1 7 ! refuge ( ! m enlight5$4 ,betwe5 philosoph]s & ^? :o /ill believ$ 9 ! p[] ( ! anci5t gods !re exi/$ a va/ mass ( p :o _h religi\s in/9cts ) no sure means ( satisfy+ !m1 ripe subjects = ! new religion :i* !y look$ = b c\ld n orig9ate4 ,at ?is "t1 ?r\gh\t ! ,pagan _w1 a high & sy/ematic morality c\ld only be re>$ on an intellectual basis :i* de/roy$ sympa?y ) common m52 9 no "p ( x c\ld h be5 develop$ ! pure en?usiasm ne$$ = ! f\nd+ ( a great religion4 ,"o region ( ! empire alone 0 free f ! symptoms ( religi\s decay4 ,9 ! small di/rict ( ,pale/9e1 ) _m (f%oots scatt]$ ov] ! _w1 liv$ a p :o pr(ess$ a religion ( ! pure/ type4 ,& ?is religion 0 n a lightly held philosophical !ory2 its adh]5ts clung to x ) a passionate t5acity1 & 7 ev] ready to face m>tyrdom 9 its def5ce4 ,x 0 a pure mono!ism1 & morality 0 inculcat$ by x1 inde$1 ma9ta9$ by x1 9 ! /ronge/ & mo/ effective fa%ion4 ,) ju/ice ,josephus c\ld ass]t t ,greek philosoph]s only foll[$ ! example ( 8 c\ntrym51 & taught doctr9es :i* ! ,jewi% sacr$ law _h made practical realities4#a ,= ,judaism 0 n an esot]ic cre$ :i* only ! m cultur$ ,jews fully und]/ood2 ! l[e/ ( ! p grasp$ its pr9ciples1 abhorr$ ! idea ( poly!ism1 dete/$ ev5 ! smalle/ advance t[>ds idolatry1 & reg>d$ e s9 z a violation ( div9e decrees4 ,su* a religion1 pure & /rongly held1 0 fit to be ! p>5t ( a noble religi\s sy/em4 ,9 x orig9at$ ! e>lie/ doctr9es ( ! religion :i* n[ sprang f x & conqu]$ ! ,roman _w4 ,& z ,judaism 0 9 a special s5se a national religion1 its developm5t mu/ be exam9$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,we _c1 ) any approa* to hi/orical c]ta9ty1 ass]t m respect+ ! social & political condition ( ! fir/ kn[n ance/ors ( ! ,jews1 ?an t !y belong$ to a race ( nomad tribes w&]+ 9 ! di/rict :i*1 r\ghly speak+1 lies betwe5 ,egypt & ,pale/9e4 ,9 endeav\r+ to asc]ta9 ! religi\s ideas ( ?is race1 we may safely assume t ! "* ( _! religion 0 det]m9$ by ! circum/ances ( _! position4 ,liv+ 9 a region :i* is ei!r des]t or b>r5 & unpr(itable l&1 ! s(t] influ5ces ( nature c\ld n affect !m4 ,! t]ror ( nature w\ld fasc9ate !m2 lightn+ & tempe/ w\ld speak to !m ( _! gods1 & f ! h>%ness ( _! surr\nd+s !y w\ld d]ive ! gloomie/ impressions ( ! p[]s ( ! sup]natural _w4 ,_! religion w\ld be ess5tially a religion ( fe>4#b ,hav+ little to deify on ! e>? ar\nd !m1 _! my?ology w\ld be bas$ on ! ph5om5a ( ! sky4 ,sun & moon & />s w\ld be _! div9ities1 & to ^! !y w\ld ascribe jeal\s & implacable temp]s4 ,?is /]nness ( _! religion w\ld c>ry ) x _m advantages4 ,_! deities w\ld be m maje/ic1 m remov$ f !mselves1 ?an ! gods ( happi] peoples1 & ! humility !y w\ld feel 9 wor%ip w\ld h )9 x ! se$s ( a high] religi\s developm5t4 ,a /ill m important feature ( _! my?ology w\ld be its n>r[ness4 ,! pov]ty ( _! environm5t w\ld cause _! gods to be few & limit$ 9 numb]4 ,no fre% div9ities w\ld discr$it ! old] ones & reveal ! weakness ( _! !ology4 ,& ?is w\ld be likely to produce a s]i\s effect on ! outw>d =m ( _! religion4 ,:5ev] a common poly!ism is pr(ess$ by peoples politically sep>ate1 !re is a t5d5cy to localise deities4 ,n[ a l>ge my?ology ?r[s great difficulties 9 ! way ( ?is t5d5cy4 ,if !re are _m gods1 ea* "o individually is too unimportant to be ! div9ity ( a p1 & ! political divisions ( c\rse be+ few1 aft] e tribe or /ate has appropriat$ a deity1 a surplus is left ) no p>ticul> duty to dis*>ge4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 x usually results t ! national deities are =m$ into a high] ord] ( gods2 & probably div9e olig>*ies1 l t ( ! ,hell5ic my?ology1 are always creat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,b x is obvi\s t if ! numb] ( gods is small at ! "t ( ! =mation ( political divisions1 ! process ( localization is greatly facilitat$4 ,! few] !y are1 ! m hon\r atta*es to ! gods individually2 ea* "o is suffici5tly dignifi$ to become ! god ( a sep>ate p4 ,aft] a sy/em ( ?is k9d has be5 fully develop$1 ! gods =m a f$]al c\ncil1 9 :i* ea* /ate or tribe has a repres5tative4 ,! qu>rels & rivalries ( ! e>?ly bodies are ( c\rse transf]r$ to _! heav5ly repres5tatives2 all local patriotism expresses itself 9 ! g5]al religion4 ,f ! evid5ce ( ! e>ly records ( ! ,jewi% p we may conclude t ! race f :i* !y sprang w5t ?r\gh a process ( ?is "*4 ,9 ^!1 ,israel1 :e!r z a tribe or z a p1 is (t5 describ$ z associat+ ) o!r tribes or peoples1 & comp>+ its own god ) !irs1 a common basis ( religi\s belief be+ assum$4#c ,! god ( ,israel seems to be reg>d$ z sup]ior to ! o!r gods2 b ?is does n imply t di/9ctions ( rank 7 recogniz$ 9 ! common my?ology4 ,an intellig5t ,engli%man w\ld h>dly ass]t t 8 c\ntry is n[ ! *ief ,european p[]2 b if any o!r /ate 7 nam$ z a possible enemy1 he w\ld probably say t 8 own 0 m ?an a mat* = x4 ,9 ! same way1 patriotism express+ itself 9 religion1 ! ,israelites consid]$ _! own god1 or heav5ly repres5tative1 m ?an a mat* = any o!r1 & ?is naturally involv$ a belief 9 8 sup]iority4 ,f ^! conditions a spuri\s mono!ism w\ld necess>ily result4 ,9 proportion z _! patriotism 0 /rong1 ! ,israelites w\ld wor%ip exclusively ! tribal god1 ?\gh ?or\ghly believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( o!rs4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is only poly!ism1 b x conta9s )9 x ! possibility ( mono!i/ic developm5t4 ,su* probably 0 ! /ate ( ! religi\s ideas ( ! ,israelites at ! "t !y came into connection ) ,egypt4 ,previ\sly !y _h be5 "o among _m cognate tribes hav+ a common poly!i/ic my?ology4 ,9 ?is my?ology !y _h a tribal god1 :om !y wor%ipp$ )\t d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ! re/4 ,:ile mix+ & con/antly com+ into collision ) o!r tribes1 ea* own+1 ( c\rse1 a simil> deity1 tribal patriotism mu/ h made !m1 = ! mo/ "p1 devote !mselves to ?is god exclusively4 ,:5 !y arriv$ 9 ,egypt1 !y f\nd !re a sy/em ( religion utt]ly unlike _! own1 & ?is w\ld confirm !m 9 adh]5ce to x4 ,be+ !n a small tribe1 !y c\ld m easily pay /rict allegiance to ! tribal god4 ,z !y increas$ 9 numb]s1 bo? ?r\gh ord9>y gr[? & ?r\gh receiv+ accessions f cognate peoples outside1 ?is allegiance w\ld beg9 to be endang]$4 ,:ile !y 7 a small tribe (t5 meet+ ) o!r tribes :i* _h diff]5t gods1 patriotism w\ld make !m cl+ to _! own4 ,b :5 !y became a l>ge tribe1 & ceas$ to come 9 contact ) o!r bran*es ( _! race1 n only w\ld t5d5cies t[>ds poly!ism 9 actual wor%ip be /r5g!n$1 b ! *eck ^u !m 9 ! %ape ( tribal patriotism w\ld be weak5$4 ,!y w\ld ?us be likely to drift back into ! racial poly!ism1 _! tribal god be+ lo/ 9 ! re/4 ,! opposition to ! ,egyptian religion#d w\ld r help ?is t5d5cy1 z x w\ld ?r[ !m m on _! feel+s ( race4 ,s1 on ! :ole1 x is probable t ! ,israelites1 dur+ _! connection ) ,egypt1 became m or less ord9>y poly!i/s4 ,9 "o respect1 h[ev]1 _! relations ) ,egypt mu/ h t5d$ to ma9ta9 _! adh]5ce to ! tribal god4 ,! p]iod ( /ruggle aga9/ ,egyptian p[] :i* prec$$ _! dep>ture f ,egypt mu/1 by /imulat+ _! patriotism1 h prev5t$ ! remembrance ( 8 old rank f be+ :olly lo/4 ,patriotism c\ld n h be5 completely disassociat$ f ! div9ity :o _h =m]ly be5 ! c5tre r\nd :i* x ralli$4 ,! outbur/ ( patriotic f]v\r necess>ily accompany+ ! actual conflict ) ,egypt1 z well z its ultimate success1 mu/ h enorm\sly increas$ ! influ5ce ( ! tribal god4 ,= a "t1 we may be sure1 he rega9$ 8 orig9al di/9ction1 & became to ! ,israelites ! repres5tative ( heav54 ,dur+ ! fir/ s]i\s fight+ 9 ,pale/9e1 he w\ld = ! same reason reta9 8 p[]4 ,b !n1 z ! national w>f>e deg5]at$ into a s]ies ( deta*$ tribal conte/s1 ! old t5d5cy t[>ds poly!i/ic wor%ip w\ld revive4 ,to asc]ta9 :at =ces c\nt]act$ ?is t5d5cy1 we mu/ consid] a new "q4 ,judaism may z well be said to h be5 f\nd$ by ,moses z ,*ri/ianity by ,*ri/4 ,ev5 if we knew no?+ ( its f\nd]1 !re are features ( ,*ri/ianity :i* we c\ld only expla9 by ref]r+ !m to ! influ5ce ( a p]sonal "*4 ,!re are peculi>ities ( ,judaism1 too1 :i* h to be trac$ back to ! p]sonality ( its f\nd]4 ,moses & ,*ri/1 inde$1 are insep>ably connect$ 9 hi/ory4 ,"o complet$ :at ! o!r began4 ,)\t ,moses1 ,*ri/ c\ld h>dly h exi/$2 )\t ,*ri/1 ! "w ( ,moses w\ld h be5 ( little value to ! _w4 ,?is presumption f int]nal probability corroborates ! traditional evid5ce1 & ju/ifies u 9 accept+ its g5]al outl9e4 ,if ! ,israelites migrat$ f ,egypt "u ! lead]%ip ( ,moses1 & ?us began _! national life1 x 0 v natural t he %\ld be to "s ext5t _! legislator z well4 ,_! lead]1 "u su* circum/ances1 mu/ h _h great ability1 & also enorm\s p[]4 ,8 ability1 toge!r ) 8 p[]1 w\ld lead him to consolidate ! en]gies ( 8 p1 9 ord] to fit !m = ! difficult task ly+ be=e !m2 & ?is c\ld only be done by a sy/em ( legislation4 ,accord+ly1 we may assume t ! f\ndation ( ! ,jewi% law 0 laid by ,moses1 ?\gh x is v h>d to asc]ta9 :at t f\ndation actually 04 ,! t5 comm&m5ts1 9 _! simple/ =m1 are g5]ally admitt$ to be relics ( ! ,mosaic age4 ,to acc\nt = ! fir/ & mo/ important ( ^! we h1 9 p>ticul>1 to call 9 ! au?ority ( ,moses4 8,i am ,jahveh ?y god2 ?\ %alt h none o!r gods beside me10 is ! f\ndation /one ( ! developm5t ( mono!ism4 ,x implies ! exi/5ce ( poly!ism1 b x decrees t poly!ism %all be aboli%$4 ,if ! p1 or any class ( ! p1 cont9u\sly obey$ x1 !y _h 9 "t to become pure mono!i/s4 ,if !y ceas$ to ?9k ( o!r gods1 ^! gods w\ld ultimately pass out ( remembrance1 & ,jahveh alone w\ld occupy heav54 ,jewi% mono!ism1 ) all its wond]ful consequ5ces1 mu/ be ascrib$ to ! fram] ( ! fir/ comm&m5t4 ,we h to assign its au?or%ip to ,moses1 because ( ! difficulty ( o!rwise acc\nt+ = x4 ,t x 0 a spontane\s decree ( ! p1 produc$ by _! confid5ce 9 ! national god aft] _! victory ov] ! ,egyptians1 is v improbable4 ,_m reasons1 h[ev]1 c be giv5 = its hav+ be5 decre$ by ,moses4 ,! explanation j m5tion$ is m probable :5 appli$ to him4 ,he may1 z ,pr(essor ,ku55 conjectures1#e h reg>d$ ! national success z a pro( ( ! greatness ( ! national god1 & s h v[$ ! p to 8 exclusive s]vice4 ,! connection betwe5 ?is hypo!sis & ! idea ( a cov5ant betwe5 ,jahveh & ,israel1 to be ref]r$ to pres5tly1 is 9 its fav\r4 ,b a /rong] reason = believ+ ! comm&m5t to be due to ,moses might be f\nd 9 8 desire to secure ! national unity4 ,! ,israelites _h gr[n s num]\s z to be divid$ into sep>ate tribes4 ,if ! p _h m gods ?an "o1 ! old process w\ld be repeat$1 ea* tribe *oos+ a diff]5t god = its tribal deity2 & ?us _! religion w\ld help ! t5d5cy t[>ds disunion4 ,we "k h[ ! unity ( ,greece 0 any?+ l a reality only :5 x 0 bas$ on ! wor%ip ( ,apollo at ,delphi1 ,apollo becom+ practically ! national god ( ! ,hell5es4#f ,if no rivals ( ,apollo _h exi/$1 h[ mu* m effective 8 wor%ip w\ld h be56 ,9 g5]al x may be said t1 9 an e>ly /age ( political developm5t1 national unity c be secur$ aga9/ tribal sep>ation only by bas+ x on religion4 ,a close union 0 specially necess>y to ! ,israelites at ?is "t1 :5 !y _h to /ruggle aga9/ s _m peoples 9 ord] to obta9 a home4 ,recogniz+ ! impossibility ( o!rwise secur+ ?is union1 ,moses may well h fram$ ! fir/ comm&m5t 9 ord] to give ! tribes at lea/ "o bond ( union 9 ! exclusive wor%ip ( ,jahveh1 _! national god4 ,we may conclude1 !n1 t f ! ,mosaic age x 0 "p ( ! ,israelitic religion t ! tribal1 or national1 god %\ld be wor%ipp$ exclusively4 ,! p1 :atev] might be _! practice1 _h accept$ ! pr9ciple4 ,! second & ?ird comm&m5ts1 :i* prohibit idolatry & ! misuse ( ,jahveh's "n1 are evid5tly meant to be supports ( ! fir/1 by dem&+ rev]5ce = ,jahveh & by aboli%+ ! records ( 8 rivals4 ,! next two are m]ely local4 ,b ! la/ five1 ! second table ( ! law1 are ! basis ( a feature ( ! ,jewi% religion ev5 m important ?an its mono!ism4 ,t ! morality ( ! "t1 s f> z x exi/$1 %\ld h be5 bas$ on religion is natural en\gh2 &1 accord+ly1 at fir/ sight1 !re seems to be no?+ rem>kable ab\t ! five moral comm&m5ts4 ,:5 exam9$ closely !y are f\nd m curi\s4 ,! fir/ f\r1 ?\gh simple rules :i* tribal exp]i5ce might h %[n to be necess>y1 are /ill exceptional z ! laws ( a half-civiliz$ p4 ,! la/ takes u into a region ( morality ) :i* x is impossible t ! ,israelites c\ld !n h be5 acqua9t$4 ,only a highly civiliz$ m9d c\ld h conceiv$ ! precept1 8,?\ %alt n covet40 ,"h aga9 we are driv5 = explanation to ! p]sonality ( ,moses4 ,^! comm&m5ts are inexplicable z ! product ( a l[ civilization1 b !y are v natural if a high civilization be assum$ z _! basis4 ,egypt 0 at ?is "t highly civiliz$1 &1 z we "k f ! 8,book ( ! ,dead10 _h develop$ a pure morality1 ) :i* ! la/ comm&m5t w\ld be ?or\ghly 9 h>mony4 ,if we c\ld assume t ,moses once belong$ to ! inn] circle ( ,egyptian civilization1 ! peculi>ities ( ,judaism w\ld be fully expla9$4 ,! e>ly traditions repres5t him z br\ght up 9 ! k+'s h\sehold1 &1 accord+ly1 9 a position to be acqua9t$ ) ! be/ philosophy ( ! age4 ,a lat] tradition says he 0 8in/ruct$ 9 all ! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians40#g ,& probabilities are di/9ctly 9 fav\r ( ?is4 ,! p[] & au?ority he ex]cis$ ov] ! ,israelites c\ld be readily acc\nt$ = if he 0 a memb] ( _! tribe :o _h receiv$ ! highe/ education ( ! "t4 ,su* a tra9+ mu/ h develop$ 8 faculties1 & m>k$ him out z ! lead] ( 8 c\ntrym51 ensur+ _! rev]5ce = him1 & tru/ 9 8 ability to rule !m4 ,9 a region ( hi/orical inquiry l t 9 :i* we are n[ mov+1 we mu/ be cont5t to be guid$ by conjecture4 ,:5 a conjecture ass]ts :at is intr9sically probable1 & at ! same "t expla9s a complex s]ies ( ph5om5a1 we may fairly consid] x to be accurate4 ,! conjecture t ,moses drew 8 inspiration f ! high] culture ( ,egypt is ( ?is k9d4#h ,!re 0 no?+ /range 9 8 /amp+ ! pr9ciples ( t culture1 if he 0 acqua9t$ ) x1 on 8 ,israelitic legislation4 ,he _h an unequall$ opportunity ( realiz+ ! ideals ( conduct4 ,political circum/ances _h plac$ ! de/9ies ( 8 p 9 8 h&s4 ,comm&s com+ f him _h an au?ority only possible at ! beg9n+ ( national life4 ,x is ?or\ghly 9 accordance ) probability t he %\ld h seiz$ ! occasion (f]$ him1 & impos$ laws on ! nation he rul$ :i*1 unless !y pass$ utt]ly out ( remembrance1 w\ld ensure x a noble developm5t4 ,f ! evid5ce ( ! t5 comm&m5ts x is ?us almo/ c]ta9 t ! ,israelitic religion 01 ev5 at its beg9n+1 peculi>ly moral4 ,! p 7 comm&$ to wor%ip ,jahveh exclusively1 & also to practise a sev]e morality4 ,f ?is connection betwe5 ,jahvism & morality important consequ5ces 7 b\nd to foll[4 ,all anci5t religions 7 m or less m>k$ 9 practice by a sacrificial sy/em4 ,! idea at ! bottom ( ! cu/om ( (f]+ sacrifices is v simple4 ,m51 z a pro( ( _! devotion1 give to _! gods "s ( _! possessions4 ,! imm$iate object may be ei!r to w9 ! div9e fav\r or to av]t ! div9e wra?4 ,:5 a religion is h>% & sev]e1 ! latt] is likely to be ! m frequ5t sacrificial motive4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! ,israelites sacrific$ to ,jahveh1 x 0 probably = ! mo/ "p to remove ,jahveh's ang]1 to obta9 =giv5ess = _! s9s aga9/ him4 ,n[ exactly 9 proportion to ! clos5ess ( ! connection betwe5 ,jahvism & morality w\ld be ! t5d5cy ( ^! s9s to be real s9s4 ,:5 s9s are includ$ among (f5ces aga9/ a religi\s code1 !y are pretty sure to be ! (f5ces mo/ frequ5tly committ$4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! e>ly sacrificial sy/em ( ! or?odox ,israelites mu/ h be5 l>gely direct$ to ! atonem5t ( s94 ,if1 !n1 we c\ld accept ! acc\nts 9 ! ,p5tateu* z an accurate description ( ! sacrificial cu/oms ( ! ,mosaic age1#i ) ext]nal evid5ce corroborat+ int]nal probability1 we might reg>d our conclusion z prov$4 ,b1 z ,pr(essor ,ku55 has %[n1 ! :ole sy/em ( ! ,jewi% c]emonial law describ$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* 01 9 at lea/ its f9al & consolidat$ =m1 ! result ( ! lab\rs ( ! p]iod ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah4 ,x ?us becomes a "q ( great difficulty to det]m9e :at portion ( ! law1 if any1 exi/$ 9 e>ly times4 ,a few /atem5ts ( ! prophets seem to imply t 9 ! ,mosaic age no sacrifices at all 7 (f]$ to ,jahveh4#aj ,b ! prophets _c be consid]$ tru/wor?y au?orities = ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,!y wrote "u ! pressure ( imm$iate circum/ances1 & ) a v def9ite purpose4 ,?is purpose1 z w aft]w>ds be %[n1 requir$ !m to ca/ discr$it on sacrifices4 ,9 do+ s1 _! repeat$ ref]5ces are evid5ce t a full sacrificial sy/em 9 connection ) ! wor%ip ( ,jahveh 0 e/abli%$ 9 _! "t4#aa ,"h _! te/imony is irrefragable1 & x proves t su* a sy/em mu/ h begun be=e _! age4 ,no p]iod 0 s likely to h orig9at$ x z ! e>lie/1 :5 ! f\ndations ( ! national life 7 laid4 ,b ! /ronge/ argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! conclusion t sacrific+ to ,jahveh = ! atonem5t ( s9 began 9 ! ,mosaic age is1 t ?us only c subsequ5t ph5om5a be expla9$4 ,! great po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jewi% religion is ! magnific5t p]iod ( ! prophets4 ,_! writ+s are ! noble/ expression ev] giv5 to religi\s & moral ideas4 ,we expla9 _! pure mono!ism by d$uc+ x f ! in/itution ( ! fir/ comm&m5t1 :i* necessitat$ 9 a class obey+ x cont9u\sly ! ultimate developm5t ( ! belief t ,jahveh 0 ! "o ,god 8t made ! e>? & creat$ man ^u x1 t /ret*$ out ! heav5s & comm&$ all _! ho/40#ab ,h[ c we expla9 _! wond]ful morality except 9 ! same way8 ,we "k f ! comm&m5ts t moral excell5ce 0 requir$ by ! religion ( ,jahveh f ! v fir/4 ,if ?us f ! beg9n+ morality 0 impress$ on ,jahveh's wor%ipp]s by a sacrificial sy/em :i* decl>$ e s9 to be an (f5ce aga9/ him t mu/ be expiat$ at a p]sonal co/1 we c und]/& h[ any class cont9u\sly adh]+ to him %\ld 9 "t h develop$ a morality 9 :i* s9 0 hat$ = its own sake1 & goodness made ! ess5ce ( religion4 ,su* vivid & con/ant evid5ce ( ,jahveh's hatr$ ( s9 w\ld naturally1 aft] _m g5]ations1 produce ! pure morality ( ! prophets4 ,b o!rwise x is inexplicable4 ,a m]e !oretical connection betwe5 ,jahvism & morality might ultimately h made ! ,jahvi/s bett] ?an ! wor%ipp]s ( o!r gods1 b x c\ld n h creat$ t m>vell\s passion = righte\sness :i* made ! ,jewi% religion at its be/ ! greate/ ! _w has ev] se54 ,?is conclusion does n involve ! belief t 9 ! ,mosaic age ! sy/em ( sacrific+ = s9 0 fully develop$4 ,if ! f\ndation ( x 0 laid !n1 ! conditions ( ! problem are satisfi$4 ,! sy/em w\ld ensure its own subsequ5t developm5t4 ,once ,jahveh's hatr$ ( s9 0 m>k$ by any practical effect1 z "t w5t on1 ?r\gh ! moral gr[? ( ! p :o grasp$ ! doctr9e1 t hatr$ w\ld seem to deep51 to become m compreh5sive & complete4 ,a conclusion :i* expla9s s mu*1 & has probability s greatly 9 its fav\r1 may fairly be accept$4 ,if f ! age ( ,moses ! religion ( ,jahveh 0 ?us insep>ably connect$ ) morality1 all ! be/ ( ! p w\ld rally r\nd x4 ,unless ,israel at any "t 0 :olly )\t a remnant t lov$ righte\sness & hat$ iniquity1 ,jahvism mu/ always h _h its e>ne/ support]s4 ,! same cause1 ( c\rse1 w\ld t5d to make x unpopul> ) ! mass ( ! p4 ,b = ?is1 x w\ld be difficult to und]/& :y ! ,israelites1 d[n to ! captivity1 7 s p]si/5t 9 _! devotion to /range gods4 ,jahveh 0 _! national div9ity1 & a m]e love ( poly!ism c\ld h>dly acc\nt = ?is incessant des]tion ( him4 ,! close connection betwe5 ,jahvism & morality fully expla9s ! ph5om5on4 ,! ,israelites 9 g5]al f\nd ,jahveh too sev]e = !m1 & turn$ to gods m tol]ant ( evil-do+1 j z ,ca?olic sov]eigns us$ to *oose indulg5t confessors4 ,?is fact w\ld only confirm ! few m /rongly 9 _! allegiance4 ,! wor%ipp] ( ,jahveh w\ld ju/ly extol ,jahveh 9 comp>ison ) ,baal1 z he comp>$ himself ) ! wor%ipp] ( ,baal4 ,& ?us ?r\gh ! purity ( ,jahveh's adh]5ts _! religion w\ld be sav$ f ! contam9ation ( bas] elem5ts1 & w\ld necess>ily develop 9 simplicity & tru?4 ,s91 at fir/ hat$ *iefly because ,jahveh =bade x1 w\ld at la/ be hat$ because ( its own f\lness2 ,jahveh1 at fir/ rev]5c$ m]ely z ! national savi\r1 w\ld at la/ be rev]5c$ z ! "l ( heav5 & e>?4 ,d[n ! *annel ( ,jahvism fl[$ all ! high] =ces ( ! national life1 till at l5g? !y broke =? 9 ! wave ( moral & religi\s en]gy :i* f9ally ov]came resi/ance 9 ! gr& /ruggle ( ! prophets4 ,?\gh ! majority ( ! p usually wor%ipp$ o!r gods1 & ?us broke _! own sacr$ laws1 we are n to suppose t !y d5i$ ,jahveh's exi/5ce1 or ev5 8 "r to wor%ip4 ,!y mu/ h be5 pure poly!i/s1 believ+ t _m gods reign$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,among ^! !y held x to be _! "r to *oose1 j z a l[]-class ,ca?olic w *oose 8 fav\rite sa9t4 ,b !y fully admitt$ t ,jahveh 0 ! national god2 & 9 p]iods ( dang]1 :5 patriotism 0 /rongly excit$1 x is likely t = ! mom5t !y return$ to ! exclusive wor%ip ( him4 ,?us ! p[] ( ,jahvism ov] ! p at l>ge w\ld rise & fall ) ! national =tunes4 ,:5 ,israel 0 prosp]\s1 ,jahvism prosp]$ too2 :5 ,israel decl9$1 ,jahvism decl9$ z well4 ,= we may well believe t ! ,israelites fl\ri%$ j 9 proportion z !y 7 unit$4 ,! book ( ,judges is probably 9 ! ma9 hi/orically correct4 ,! tribes w\ld drift ap>t1 or ev5 qu>rel ) ea* o!r1 & _! enemies w\ld ov]come !m & take _! cities4 ,!n a wave ( patriotism w\ld sweep ov] !m2 !y w\ld reunite & become victori\s 9 _! turn4 ,f ?is x is easy to see :at cr$it ,jahveh w\ld 9 "t acquire1 ev5 among ! entire p4 ,union br\ght ) x national happ9ess & success1 b ! adoption ( ,jahvism 0 ! condition ( union4 ,s x w\ld appe> to !m t by return+ to ,jahveh & obs]v+ ! precepts ( _! sacr$ law !y c\ld always secure prosp]ity4 ,:5 s]v+ ,jahveh fai?fully1 !y w\ld h good =tune2 aft] fall+ away f him1 !y w\ld quickly be plung$ 9 calamity4 ,h[ soon ?is w\ld create a conviction ( ,jahveh's irresi/ible p[]6 ,9 _! mis=tunes !y w\ld see ,jahveh puni%+ !m = _! apo/acy2 9 _! successes !y w\ld see ,jahveh accept+ _! rep5tance & re/or+ 8 protection4 ,?us 9 "t all ! p w\ld 9 "o s5se become ,jahvi/s4 ,!y w\ld believe t ,jahveh 0 _! true god1 & t !y ought to wor%ip him alone4 ,:5 !y turn$ to o!r gods1 !y w\ld d s ) a di/9ct consci\sness ( evil-do+ & a c]ta9 expectation ( puni%m5t4 ,jahveh's sev]ity ( moral requirem5t w\ld r5d] x impossible = !m to s]ve him will+ly2 !y c\ld nev] become true ,jahvi/s4 ,b 9 _! he>ts w\ld always be a sull5 fe> ( ,jahveh1 a belief t he puni%$ t]ribly4 ,?is 0 ! *ord ( popul> feel+ :i* ! prophets t\*$1 & to ! exi/5ce ( :i* !y ow$ _! success4 ,^! conditions w\ld naturally 9 "t produce ! belief t a cov5ant _h be5 conclud$ at ! beg9n+ betwe5 ,israel & ,jahveh4 ,! true ,jahvi/s w\ld ( c\rse eag]ly proclaim t ,israel's happ9ess dep5d$ on ob$i5ce to ,jahveh1 t calamity 0 ! result ( 8 j ang]1 & prosp]ity ! consequ5ce ( 8 fav\r4 ,b t ,jahveh %\ld h giv5 notice ( ?is1 & %[n ! ways ( good & evil f ! fir/1 w\ld soon seem to be necess>y4 ,h5ce 9 lat] times x w\ld be ?\ght t ,jahveh _h =mally conclud$ a cov5ant ) ! ,israelites1 9 :i* he engag$ to protect !m & make !m prosp]\s1 on condition t !y s]v$ him & kept 8 law4#ac ,all ! failures & mis=tunes ( ! nation w\ld be ascrib$ by ! ,jahvi/s to ! break+ ( ?is cov5ant by ! p1 & ! consequ5t draw+ d[n ( ! p5alties ( its violation on _! heads4 ,f ! developm5t 9 ,jahvism ( ?is idea t suff]+ 0 a div9e puni%m5t foll[$ ! mo/ important results4 ,if national suff]+ 0 consid]$ to be due to national break+ ( ! law1 equally private suff]+ w\ld be ascrib$ to private break+ ( ! law4 ,s9 w\ld be look$ on z ! cause ( suff]+4 ,ab/95ce f s9 0 comm&$ by ,jahveh1 & s e s9 w\ld be a violation ( 8 comm&s t invit$ puni%m5t by him4 ,private suff]+ w\ld !n be reg>d$ z ! pro( ( s91 z ,job's fri5ds reg>d$ x1 & z ! div9e *a/isem5t ( x4 ,b ( c\rse x w\ld seem "r t ! *a/isem5t %\ld be proportion$ to ! s91 & limit$ = ea* (f5ce4 ,?us1 9 "t1 suff]+ w\ld be consid]$ ! atonem5t ( s91 ,jahveh's puni%m5t ( x1 aft] :i* 8 fav\r w\ld be re/or$4 ,b sacrifices1 z we saw be=e1 7 ! legal means ( aton+ = s94 ,if a man s9n$1 !n1 9 ord] to escape ! suff]+ :i* o!rwise w\ld be ! p5alty ( 8 s91 he w\ld (f] a sacrifice4 ,n[ ,israelitic sacrifices1 z !y 7 a pa/oral p1 7 ma9ly (f]+s ( liv+ bea/s4 ,"u ^! circum/ances !re w\ld c]ta9ly be a t5d5cy to imag9e t ! p5alty ( s9 0 laid on ! sacrificial victim1 t its suff]+ & dea? 7 accept$ z ! atonem5t 9 place ( ! suff]+ ( ! (f5d]4 ,pr(essor ,ku551 bas+ 8 op9ion on ! fact t no direct m5tion ( x occurs 9 ! law1 believes t ?is idea ( atonem5t by vic>i\s suff]+ did n ent] into ! ,jewi% sacrificial sy/em4#ad ,! legal p]mission 9 c]ta9 cases ( a s9 (f]+ ( meal or fl\r#ae supports 8 conclusion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 vic>i\s puni%m5t 0 cle>ly recogniz$ 9 "o great c]emony ( ! law4 ,! scapegoat is describ$ z be>+ away ! s9s ( ! p into ! wild]ness 9 :i* x 0 left to die4#af ,) a t5d5cy ( ! sacrificial sy/em t[>ds ! belief 9 vic>i\s puni%m5t1 & cle> evid5ce 9 "o in/ance ( its recognition1 we may safely assume t x ent]$ to "s ext5t into ! feel+s ( ! p :5 !y sacrific$4 ,probably x 0 nev] consci\sly develop$ 9 ! law1 & s x 0 n directly m5tion$1 &1 9 exceptional cases1 inanimate (f]+s 7 all[$4 ,b aft] ! sacrificial sy/em _h be5 long 9 exi/5ce1 ! con/ant repetition ( animal sacrifices w\ld naturally produce ! belief4 ,we f9d ! pr9ciple ( vic>i\s puni%m5t ass]t$ 9 ! prophets1 & fully develop$ 9 ! s5d+ away ( ! scapegoat4 ,we may safely conclude1 !n1 t1 f ! beg9n+1 x 0 lat5t 9 ,jahvism1 & gradually grew z ,jahvism pass$ into ,judaism1 until at l5g? x rea*$ maturity 9 ! fir/ great dogma ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,su* a pr9ciple1 gr[+ 9 ,jahvism1 w\ld t5d /ill m to develop a hatr$ ( s94 ,morality exi/s because1 f ! simple obs]vation ( social ph5om5a1 s9 is connect$ ) suff]+1 & calamity ( "s k9d reg>d$ z its inevitable consequ5ce4 ,b ?is connection ( s9 ) suff]+ w\ld be plac$ f> m vividly be=e ! wor%ipp] ( ,jahveh1 z 8 religion gradually =c$ on him ! belief t 8)\t %$d+ ( blood !re is no remission40#ag ,9 ! blood ( ! victim spr9kl$ on ,jahveh's alt>1 ! ,israelite w\ld see /]n evid5ce ( ! inexorable sev]ity ( ,jahveh aga9/ s9--a sev]ity s great t he c\ld n =give x )\t exact+ ! p5alty1 ?\gh 8 m]cy might all[ ! transgressor to f9d a sub/itute4 ,h>% & cruel ,jahvism ?us w\ld be1 ev5 root$ 9 inju/ice2 b 9 effect x w\ld be gr&ly moral1 /amp$ ) a condemnation ( s9 t1 at su* a /age ( civilization1 0 ( priceless value4 ,f ! ,mosaic age1 !n1 on to ! p]iod ( ! prophets1 we c imag9e ! developm5t ( ,jahvism 9 ,israel4 ,!re 0 always ! nucleus ( true ,jahvi/s1 :o obs]v$ ! law s f> z x exi/$1 & /eadily grew 9 spirituality & moral insight4 ,!y 7 ! national p>ty2 = !m tribal divisions c\ld h _h b little importance4 ,f among !m1 9 times :5 ! national =tunes 7 ne> ru91 always uprose ! deliv]]s1 z ! pure flame ( _! patriotism drew to !m ! nobl] elem5ts ( ! p4 ,!y1 9 fact1 7 ,israel1 a cont9u\s p[] repres5t+ ! national life4 ,?r\gh a long /ruggle1 m>k$ by _m a m>tyrdom1 !y cont5d$ aga9/ ! d[nw>d t5d5cies ( ! re/ ( ! p1 until at l5g?1 aft] ! f9al de/ruction ( ,israel's mat]ial greatness1 !y won ! victory & impress$ _! pr9ciples on ! entire nation4 ,x 0 no m]e s5se ( ! sup]iority ( ,jahvism t su/a9$ !m = ! longe/ "p ( ?is conte/4 ,t c\ld only be felt /rongly t[>ds ! end1 :5 ! *ief fruit ( ! /ruggle _h be5 ga9$4 ,_! fi]ce patriotism 0 _! real /r5g?4 ,to !m ,jahveh seem$ to be ,k+ ( ,israel1 & 8 law ! con/itution ( _! /ate4 ,9 idea _! gov]nm5t 0 a !ocracy2 ev5 an e>?ly vic]oy impair$ ,jahveh's pr]ogatives4#ah ,?is 0 possible because ,jahveh 0 ! national god1 univ]sally recogniz$ z su*4 ,z ! national god1 ! wor%ip ( him 0 patriotism2 he 0 ! ideal object ( ,israel's self-love4 ,all _! religi\s feel+s fl[$ 9 a patriotic *annel4 ,*ur* & /ate 7 bl5d$ 9 "o2 love ( _! c\ntry inspir$ _! passionate devotion to _! religion4 ,?is close union ( religi\s & national feel+ aft]w>ds cont9u$ ) ! relations inv]t$1 patriotic feel+ fl[+ 9 a religi\s *annel4 ,9 connection ) its int5se patriotism1 ,jahvism f ! beg9n+ mu/ h be5 di/+ui%$ by a rigid exclusiv5ess4 ,! greate/ dang] x _h to face 0 ! corruption ( ! ,israelites by ! religions ( ! peoples ar\nd !m4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is dang]1 x w\ld naturally insi/ on ! /]ne/ sep>ation ( ,israel f ! ,g5tile nations4 ,circumcision1 z well z o!r local cu/oms1 x us$ z means ( fulfill+ its purpose4 ,jahvism 0 probably at fir/ fi]cely cruel4 ,! injunctions to extirpate ! ,canaanites conta9$ 9 ! books ( ! law1 :i* ,pr(essor ,ku55 consid]s to be ! expression ( ! ,jewi% hatr$ ( =eign]s aft] ! captivity1 & only 8murd] on pap]10 9 all likelihood fai?fully repres5t ! feel+s ( ! ,jahvi/s 9 e>ly times4 ,!y mu/ h se5 _! fell[ ,israelites con/antly des]t+ ,jahveh = ! gods ( o!r peoples1 & x is natural t !y %\ld h wi%$ to remove su* temptations 9 ! mo/ effective mann]4 ,probably !y did n succe$ 9 gratify+ _! desires1 except 9 a few in/ances :5 national feel+ 0 /rongly r\s$4 ,! ,israelites 9 g5]al1 we may be sure1 7 easily corrupt$1 & 7 9 too mu* sympa?y ) =eign gods to de/roy _! wor%ipp]s4 ,b ! ,jahvi/s mu/ h be5 fi]ce hat]s ( =eign]s1 & eag] 9 e way to build an insurm\ntable wall ar\nd ,israel4 ,?is /rict exclusiv5ess1 inevitable &1 inde$1 praisewor?y 9 e>ly times1 aft]w>ds came into collision ) ! high] t5d5cies ( ,jahvism :5 x atta9$ its maturity4 ,! subsequ5t ,messianic ideal1 z x exi/$ 9 ! noble/ m9ds1 involv$ a /ruggle aga9/ ^! influ5ces1 :i*1 9 its y\?1 _h be5 a h>d %ell enclos+ & protect+ ! ,jewi% religion4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! battles ( ,jahvism mu/ h be5 ) ! local religions ( ! l&s ! ,israelites conqu]$4#ai ,int]mix+ ) ! conqu]$ peoples1 9 race k9dr$ to !mselves1 !y w\ld readily adopt ! div9ities !y f\nd 9 possession ( ! soil4 ,?us1 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 ,jahvism 0 oppos$ to diff]5t religions#bj--;a fact :i* 0 aft]w>ds ! subject ( ! bitt] irony ( ,j]emiah4#ba ,b its longe/ & mo/ important conflict 0 ) ! religion ( ,baal1 "s p>ticul> deity wor%ipp$ "u ?is g5]ic title4 ,! hi/ory ( ,elijah illu/rates ! sev]ity & unc]ta9ty ( ! /ruggle4 ,to ! ,jahvi/s probably its fi]c5ess 0 :olly due4 ,!y w\ld tol]ate ! exi/5ce ( no o!r religion1 & s1 9 self-def5ce1 o!r religions 7 b\nd to p]secute !m4 ,?is long conte/ ) ,baal mu/ h be5 ( great s]vice to ,jahvism4#bb ,x /r5g!n$ ! fanaticism ( ! ,jahvi/s1 & %[$ vividly to ! p ! zeal _! religion inspir$4 ,:5 actually put face to face ) o!r gods1 ! sup]iority ( ,jahveh mu/ h be5 s manife/ z to ga9 = him _m adh]5ts4 ,dur+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,israel1 up to ! "t ( ! k+s1 9 spite ( occasional int]ruptions1 ! national =tunes 7 prosp]\s1 & ! t]ritory ( ! ,israelites increas$ 9 ext5t4 ,jahvism1 z ! national religion1 w\ld naturally %>e 9 ! prosp]ity ( ! /ate4 ,9 ! gold5 age ( ,israel1 ! age ( ,david & ,solomon1 x mu/ h _h great nom9al p[]4 ,! l>ge ,israeliti% empire :i* !n exi/$ mu/ h appe>$ conv9c+ pro( t ! national deity _h kept 8 "p ( ! cov5ant1 & s ! p w\ld be m dispos$ to abide by !irs4 ,b ,jahvism c\ld n h really sunk into ! he>ts ( ! ,israelites2 _! devotion to x 0 /rong 9 ! sun%9e1 b fail$ 9 ! /orm4 ,:5 ! k+dom 0 split 9 two1 & ! =tunes ( ! ,israelites /eadily decl9$1 & great empires1 9 comp>ison ) :i*1 ev5 unit$1 !y 7 z no?+1 ov]%ad[$ !m1 !n ,jahvism seem$ ?reat5$ ) utt] ru94 ,only ! devotion ( its true adh]5ts1 :om ! days ( its success _h enabl$ to develop 9 appreciation ( its value1 sav$ x f de/ruction4 ,/ill1 ev5 dur+ ! clos+ /ruggle1 ,jahvism mu/ h includ$ 9 its ranks a l>ge proportion ( ! p4 ,! language ( ! prophets is cle> evid5ce ( ?is4 ,! /rong phrase1 8,i am full ( ! burnt-(f]+s ( rams & ! fat ( f$ bea/s10#bc :i* ,isaiah puts 9 ! m\? ( ,jahveh1 is a pro( t _m sacrifices 7 !n be+ (f]$ to him4 ,signs ( only a =mal adh]5ce !y probably 72 & x 0 n m]ely to ext5d ! nom9al limits ( _! religion1 b to *ange ?is =mal adh]5ce into a real grasp ( its pr9ciples1 t ! prophets f\ght _! battle & won ,israel = ,jahveh4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,messianic ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,by ! "t ( ! prophets ,jahvism _h gr[n into ,judaism4 ,_! religion1 ) ! exam9ation ( :i* we %all be ma9ly occupi$ 9 ?is *apt]1 9 all cases 0 a pure mono!ism2 !y wor%ipp$ ,jahveh z ,god1 sole mak] & rul] ( heav5 & e>?4 ,x 0 ,judaism1 too1 9 ! s5se t x 0 univ]sally recogniz$ z ! national religion4 ,t ,jahveh 0 prop]ly ! god ( ,israel 0 n[ admitt$ by all4 ,& ?is ! prophets unhesitat+ly assum$4 ,!y did n reg>d !mselves z prea*]s ( a religion :o s\ght to p]suade o!rs ( its tru?2 !y 7 r1 9 _! own eyes1 *ampions ( loyalty aga9/ rebels & traitors false to _! p>5t ,israel4 ,= :ile !y believ$ t ,jahveh 0 ,god1 ! creator ( all ! _w1 he 0 /ill mu* m to !m ! god ( ,israel 88 s]vant1 ! se$ ( ,abraham 8 fri5d40#bd ,patriotism 0 ! ess5ce ( _! religion4 ,ev5 :5 ! lat] prophets rea*$ _! highe/ exaltation 9 dream+ ( ! return ( all m5 to ! k ( ,god1 !y 7 ?9k+ ( ! welf>e ( ! ,g5tiles f> less ?an ( ! glory ( ,israel4 ,& ?is1 too1 inspir$ _! passionate hatr$ ( s94 ,!y hat$ x n m]ely = its own sake1 b z an act ( civil revolt aga9/ ,jahveh1 :i* call$ d[n 8 v5geance on _! c\ntry4 ,z ,jahveh 0 head ( ! /ate1 s9 0 a political (f5ce1 & !y condemn$ x accord+ly ) ! f]v\r ( condemnation s r>e 9 moral1 s common 9 political que/ions4 ,! gr& poetry ( d5unciation ) :i* !y enri*$ ! lit]ature ( ! _w sprang f local feel+ bas$ on local requirem5ts4 ,previ\s to ?is p]iod no prophetical writ+s are f\nd4 ,& yet !re mu/ h be5 prophets ( ,jahveh be=e2 inde$1 _m su* are m5tion$ 9 ! ,jewi% hi/orical books4 ,evid5tly prophetic activity 0 less ne$$ be=e4 ,jahvism _h prosp]$ ) ! prosp]ity ( ! nation2 b :5 ! national =tunes decl9$1 & ! great ,assyrian empire ?reat5$ ,juda1 x began to lose its hold on ! p4 ,to save itself1 x ralli$ all its /r5g?1 & ! spl5did p]iod ( prophetic en]gy1 :i* has h&$ d[n to u s _m noble works1 0 ! result4 ,! prophets sav$ ,judaism4 ,we owe to !m an ine/imable debt ( gratitude1 = !y 7 ! *annel ?r\gh :i* fl[$ ! high] religi\s =ces ( ! _w4 ,x 0 well t ! crisis came no e>li]1 or p]haps _! religion w\ld n h be5 suffici5tly develop$ to call =? su* magnific5t p[]s 9 its def5ce4 ,int5sely patriotic z ! prophets 71 ! *ief object t engag$ _! att5tion 0 ! depression ( ,israel's =tunes4 ,h[ev] weak ! allegiance ( ! ,israelites 9 g5]al to him _h be51 /ill !y 7 ,jahveh's p1 8 repres5tatives on e>?4#be ,9 spite ( mu* back-slid+1 he _h giv5 !m prosp]ity1 & "u ! fir/ k+s _h made !m a p[]ful nation4 ,9 _! own "t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! e>ly prophets saw ,israel divid$ & weak1 & ?reat5$ ) utt] de/ruction2 & ! lat] prophets saw ?is de/ruction fall on "o k+dom aft] ! o!r1 until ! national exi/5ce ceas$4 ,believ+ t all ev5ts 7 "u ! control ( ,jahveh1 & t he _h made ! cov5ant ) ,israel m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 !y c\ld accept only "o explanation ( _! c\ntry's calamities4 ,!y c\ld n imag9e ,jahveh false to 8 promise1 & s ! alt]natives w\ld be pres5t$ to !m z ! second ,isaiah puts !m be=e 8 c\ntrym53 8,behold1 ,jahveh's h& is n %ort5$1 t x _c save2 nei!r 8 e> heavy1 t x _c he>3 b y\r iniquities h sep>at$ betwe5 y & y\r ,god1 & y\r s9s h hidd5 8 face f y1 s t he w n he>40#bf ,?is is ! burd5 ( all ! prea*+ ( ! prophets4 ,!y 7 ev] say+ to _! c\ntrym51 8,y h brok5 y\r cov5ant2 y h des]t$ ,jahveh2 & n[ he has des]t$ y40#bg ,! almo/ inv>iable image "u :i* !y describe ,israel is t ( an adult]\s woman :o has =sak5 h] husb&4 ,by _! violation ( ! cov5ant1 ! ,israelites _h provok$ ,jahveh's wra?1 & all _! mis=tunes 7 s5t z a puni%m5t by him4#bh ,compell$ pr(essionally ?us to believe t ,israel _h be5 false to ,jahveh1 ! prophets 7 n good judges ( ! actual ext5t ( ?is falsehood4 ,!y d5\nc$ ! wick$ness ( ! p1 n s mu* because !y saw x z because !y felt x mu/ be !re z ! explanation ( ,jahveh's h>%ness4 ,h5ce x is v likely t _! reports ( ! evil do+s ( _! c\ntrym5 are exagg]at$4 ,if we did n "k f int]nal probability t ! religion ( ,jahveh 0 !n 9 dang]1 we might suspect t ! prophets 7 fight+ imag9>y foes4 ,kn[+1 h[ev]1 t !y mu/ h _h great =ces oppos$ to !m1 we c all[ = ! exagg]ation1 & yet admit ! g5]al tru? ( _! /atem5ts4 ,! p !y address$ c\ld h>dly h be5 9 a position to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! /rictures ( ! prophets by ev5 to ?is ext5t tak+ exception to _! d5unciations4 ,) ! decl9e ( ,israel1 ,jahvism _h also decl9$1 & ! ,israelites mu/ h felt in/9ctively t ! second ph5om5on 0 ! cause ( ! fir/1 & t _! own exceptional s9fulness _h produc$ ! national disa/]s4 ,!y might1 inde$1 s f> z !y knew ! pa/ hi/ory ( _! c\ntry1 compla9 t ! p ( ,israel _h be=e transgress$ z heavily )\t receiv+ su* a sev]e puni%m5t f ,jahveh4 ,b "h ! prophets met !m fully on _! own gr\nd1 by d5\nc+ _! pa/ z well z _! pres5t wick$ness1 & by ass]t+ t1 8 long-suff]+ pati5ce hav+ at l5g? giv5 way1 ,jahveh 0 !n puni%+ !m = ! :ole c\rse ( _! national s9s4 ,only once 9 ! prophetical books is !re any sign t ! p ev] v5tur$ to "q ! premisses ( ! prophets4 ,on "o occasion !y are said to h repli$ to ,j]emiah's d5unciations by ass]t+ t _! mis=tunes 7 really due to _! hav+ =sak5 o!r gods = ,jahveh1 & by ann\nc+ t !y w\ld return to ^! div9ities1 ! wor%ip ( :om _h be5 accompani$ by prosp]ity4#bi ,x 0 a dang]\sly /rong argum5t to use aga9/ ! prophets1 & x naturally /irr$ ,j]emiah to a fi]c] fury ( mal$iction4 ,b1 9 g5]al1 ! p c\ld n h _h ei!r ! critical p[] or ! k ( _! own hi/ory ne$$ = ! adoption ( su* a l9e ( def5ce4 ,! /eady d>k5+ ( ,israel's prospects mu/ h seem$ to !m grim confirmation ( ! prophetic /atem5ts4 ,z prophet aft] prophet arose scream+ aga9/ _! wick$ness1 po9t+ to _! mis=tunes z ! puni%m5t inflict$ by ,jahveh1 & ann\nc+ t worse calamities w\ld come be=e ! completion ( x1 !y mu/ h se5 9 e national disa/] a pro( t ! prophets 7 div9e envoys1 & a *ill ( fe> mu/ h driv5 !m to ,jahveh's feet4 ,prophets & p /ood on common gr\nd 9 _! patriotism4 ,! att5tion ( all ! ,israelites mu/ h be5 absorb$ 9 wat*+ ! national prospects4 ,! prophets1 necess>ily includ+ 9 _! numb] ! be/ & wise/ m9ds1 ( c\rse saw m cle>ly ?an ! re/4 ,probably mo/ ( !m _h ! acut5ess to see h[ inevitable 0 ! de/ruction ( ,israel4 ,once ! gr\p ( small k+doms fr++ ! ea/]n side ( ! ,m$it]ranean 0 ?reat5$ by ! va/ p[] ( inl& ,asia1 x 0 n difficult to =esee ! ultimate issue4 ,/ill ! prophets1 9 _! own way1 did _! be/ to av]t _! c\ntry's ru94 ,e prophetic decl>ation 0 a political pamphlet giv+ political advice4 ,all _! c\nsel 0 simply ! developm5t ( a s+le precept--,rely on ,jahveh only4 ,9 home matt]s ?is pr9ciple ( action c\ld d no h>m1 b x _h a bad effect on =eign policy4 ,:5 ! great ,assyrian empire 0 ov]%ad[+ ,israel & all ! k+doms ar\nd1 x did n require mu* wisdom to p]ceive ! advantage ( an alliance aga9/ ! common dang]4 ,nev]!less1 ! :ole prophetic influ5ce 0 us$ to prev5t x2 ! /ates 7 sep>ately attack$1 & p]i%$ "o by "o4 ,egypt 0 f> ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! c\ntries ne> ,pale/9e oppos$ to ,assyria1 & its protection w\ld h be5 ( enorm\s value to ,israel4 ,& yet at a "t :5 bo? 7 ?reat5$1 ,isaiah ?und]$ aga9/ an alliance ) ,egypt2#cj & probably prophetic advice 0 ! cause ( ! almo/ inconceivable folly ( ! religi\s ,josiah's attack on an ,egyptian army actually invad+ ,assyria4#ca ,s f> z ! prophets ?us contribut$ to ! political ov]?r[ ( ,israel1 !y s]v$ ! high] int]e/s ( _! religion2 b evid5tly a fooli% fanaticism dictat$ _! action1 a belief t ,jahveh w\ld be di%on\r$ if 8 p alli$ !mselves ) /rang]s1 & t1 if !y tru/$ to him alone1 he w\ld f9ally deliv] !m f _! enemies4 ,z ! national ru9 ( ! surviv+ k+dom ( ,israel drew ne>]1 ! prophets _h to fight m fi]cely on behalf ( _! religion4 ,! p mu/ h be5 z angry ) ,jahveh z he 0 said to be ) !m4 ,! prophets met _! ang] ) m savage d5unciations ( _! wick$ness1 & m sev]e pr$ictions ( calamity4 ,! division betwe5 prophets & p became !n mo/ /rongly m>k$1 & ! /ruggle betwe5 !m resembl$ a civil w>4 ,! life ( ,j]emiah1 ! mo/ national ( all ! prophets1 0 "o long battle4 ,! evil do+s ( 8 c\ntrym5 he held to be ! cause ( all ,israel's mis=tunes1 & he hat$ !m ) a bitt] hatr$4 ,?is hatr$ !y fully reciprocat$2 he 0 imprison$ & almo/ put to dea?4 ,:5 ! *ief prophet ( ! religion ( ,jahveh receiv$ su* treatm5t at ! h&s ( ! p1 ! religion itself mu/ h be5 9 t]rible dang]4 ,if ?is p]iod _h be5 prolong$1 p]haps ,judaism w\ld h prec$$ ! k+dom ( ,judah 9 its fall4 ,b ! de/ruction ( ! national polity ( ,israel came 9 "t to save ! national religion4 ,:5 ,juda 0 m]ely a prov9ce ( a great empire1 ! nationality ( ! ,jews c\ld survive only 9 ! religion ( :i* ,jahveh 0 ! head4 ,! v mann] 9 :i* ! *ange took place 0 exceptionally fav\rable to ,judaism4 ,! captivity1 ! c>ry+ away ( ! be/ families ( ! ,jews into an inl& di/rict ( ! empire1 0 admirably calculat$ to de/roy ,jahveh's rivals4 ,! nucleus ( ! nation1 plac$ 9 su* close contact ) =eign religions1 by patriotism alone w\ld h be5 made s9c]e wor%ipp]s ( ,jahveh4 ,f> away f ! local idolatries ( ,juda1 ! exiles accept$ ! pure religion ( ! prophets4 ,! mo/ imag9ative & ! mo/ spiritual ( ! great] prophets1 ,ezekiel & ! second ,isaiah1 sprang f _! ranks4 ,& ?us at la/ ! prophetic became ! popul> religion1 & ,jahveh z ,god reign$ ov] ,israel4 ,:5 ! exiles return$ to ,juda1 !y c>ri$ ) !m a pure & moral mono!ism4 ,! rema9d] ( ! p readily adopt$ _! pr9ciples4 ,judaism f ?is "t 0 ! sole religion ( ! ,jews1 ! expression ( _! national patriotism4 ,consolidat$ n[ f9ally into ! rigid sy/em ( ! law1 ) a multitude ( m9ute obs]vances t kept x con/antly be=e _! eyes1 x 0 plac$ beyond rea* ( attack4 ,h5ce=? all ,jahveh's p wor%ipp$ ,jahveh only1 pr(ess$ ob$i5ce to 8 precepts1 & knew him z ! "o true ,god4#cb ,?us1 9 outw>d semblance1 ! prophets won _! battle4 ,!y won x 9 consequ5ce ( ! ev5ts !y mo/ bitt]ly deplor$4 ,) _! religion ! only security ( _! nationality1 ! ,jews nev] aft]w>ds wav]$ 9 _! allegiance to x4 ,p]secution made !m cl+ to x m firmly2 x inspir$ !m 9 ! noble/ p]iod ( _! hi/ory1 ! crisis :i* produc$ ! ,maccabees4 ,ev5 :5 an empire great] ?an ! ,*aldean conqu]$ !m1 & a sev]] s5t5ce exil$ !m f ,juda1 disp]s$ ov] ! _w1 !y held to _! religion4 ,! moral mono!ism :i* ,jahvism _h develop$ 0 n[ unalt]ably settl$4 ,new doctr9es 7 add$ to x1 "s ( :i* became ( ! fir/ importance1 b its prim>y pr9ciples 7 fix$ = ev]4 ,& yet1 at ! v mom5t at :i* ,judaism 0 ?us e/abli%$1 !re 0 s[n ! se$ ( a new religion1 de/9$ ultimately to spr+ f x 9 defiance ( its _s ( privilege4 ,! nobl] prophets s\ght to make _! religion ! national glory ( ,israel1 a bless+ to be tak5 by all ! _w meekly f ,israel's h&s2 & _! ef=ts long aft]w>ds produc$ a religion :i* ignor$ national di/9ctions4 ,= at ! "t ( ! full developm5t ( ,judaism ! movem5t t[>ds ,*ri/ianity began4 ,! expectation ( a ,messiah 0 ! mo/ peculi> feature ( ! ,jewi% religion4 ,x 0 a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! community ( ,israel1 says ,ewald1 8t e real div9e deliv]ance c\ld be atta9$ only by ! in/rum5tality ( a true prophet40#cc ,! cause ( ?is reliance on div9e envoys 0 probably ! rigid !ocratic "* ( _! ,jahvi/ con/itution1 :i* disc\rag$ g5]al ent]prise4 ,! belief t a cov5ant _h be5 orig9ally conclud$ ) ,jahveh t5d$ to produce dep5d5ce on him2 8 wor%ipp]s look$ = help to him1 & n to !mselves4 ,any great man :o felt himself impell$ to lead ! p 9 times ( national p]il1 0 sure to consid] himself ,jahveh's repres5tative1 commission$ by him = ! purpose2 &1 ( c\rse1 all ,jahvi/s w\ld naturally be ( ! same op9ion4 ,9 "t ?is reliance on individuals became fix$1 & gave ! ,messianic col\r to ! national hopes4 ,! hopes !mselves 7 enc\rag$ by ! want ( ent]prise :i* inve/$ !m ) _! p]sonal "*4 ,hope is b a =m ( dream+1 & ! wor/ m5 ( action are ! be/ dream]s4 ,jews :o believ$ 9 ! p[] ( ,jahveh 7 naturally hopeful4 ,z ! national =tunes sank l[] & l[] dur+ ! prophetic p]iod1 x 0 impossible = su* a p n to expect an ultimate re/oration ( ,israel's greatness4 ,! prophets1 9 p>ticul>1 7 impell$ 9 ?is direction4 ,be+ m5 ( imag9ation r ?an action1 ^: int5se patriotism 0 bl5d$ indissolubly ) tru/ 9 ,jahveh1 !y 7 /rongly urg$ to hope = ,messianic deliv]ance4 ,israel1 aft] all1 0 ,jahveh's p1 & ,jahveh c\ld nev] =sake 8 p1 or all[ !m to be utt]ly de/roy$4 ,= _! s9s !y 7 be+ puni%$1 b ! puni%m5t c\ld n la/ = ev]4 ,j]emiah ev5 expo/ulates ) ,jahveh = p]mitt+ 8 p to be s degrad$1 & 8! vanities ( ! ,g5tiles0 to seem sup]ior to him4#cd ,soon] or lat] ,jahveh w\ld ass]t 8 p[]1 & v9dicate 8 glory z rul] ( ! _w4 ,?\gh ! prophets might pr$ict imm$iate mis=tunes1 !y all believ$ t ultimately ! deliv]] w\ld be s5t to ,israel4 ,9 ! dreams ( ! prophets1 ! "w to be accompli%$ by ?is inspir$ envoy ( ,jahveh _h important v>iations4 ,! fir/ & mo/ natural "* he assum$ 0 t ( a k+ & conqu]or1 :o %\ld lead ,israel to victory & re/ore ! national empire4 ,to ! ,israelites ( ! prophetic age :o look$ back on ! hi/ory ( _! c\ntry1 ! p]iod ( ,david's reign seem$ ! brighte/ x _h kn[n4 ,israel _h !n be5 unit$1 int]nally at peace1 & "l ( ! peoples ar\nd4 ,^! bless+s 7 believ$ to h be5 obta9$ specially by ! skill & p[] ( ,david himself2 & s1 by a famili> process ( ?\ght1 ! ,messiah became a second ,david1 com+ to d ! "w ( ! fir/ by reviv+ ! old prosp]ity4#ce ,) ! e>li] prophets ?is 0 almo/ ! sole k9d ( ,messianic dream4 ,:5 ! puni%m5t ( ,israel %\ld be complete1 ! ,messiah 0 to come z a pr9ce & w>rior1 & make ! nation great] ?an x ev] _h previ\sly be54#cf ,aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ! nor!rn k+dom1 ?is national ,messianic ideal naturally includ$ ! re/oration ( its scatt]$ captives to _! native l&4 ,! ,sam>itan captivity seem$ to ! prophets to be design$ by ,jahveh z a de/ruction ( ! fatal sy/em ( dualism :i* _h und]m9$ ,israel's /r5g?4 ,h5ce=? ! ,israelites 7 to be "o p1 ) ,j]usalem z _! c5tre & capital4 ,:5 ! k+dom ( ,judah1 too1 0 conqu]$1 & its *ief classes also c>ri$ away into captivity1 ( c\rse ! re/oration ( exiles became ! mo/ important "p ( ! ,messiah's mission4 ,b ev5 be=e ?is1 ! prophets ( ,judah1 w>n$ by ! fate ( ,sam>ia1 & aw>e ( ! cu/oms ( ! ,assyrian & ,*aldean empires1 =esaw & pr$ict$ ! great captivity1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 includ$ a subsequ5t re/oration 9 _! ,messianic dreams4 ,?us by ne>ly all ! prophets ! re/oration ( ! captives to _! c\ntry 0 reg>d$ z ! prelude to ! ev5ts ( ! ,messianic p]iod1 ei!r to be accompli%$ by ! ,messiah p]sonally1 or to be imm$iately foll[$ by 8 appe>ance4 ,9 s confid5tly pr$ict+ ! re/oration1 ! prophets 7 only giv+ expression to ! national hopefulness1 b !y might h bas$ _! expectation on /rong] gr\nds4 ,! cohesive influ5ce ( _! religion 0 sure to prev5t ! ,jewi% exiles f be+ lo/ 9 ! peoples among :om !y 7 plac$2 & if !y manag$ to pres]ve _! nationality1 x 0 likely t1 soon] or lat]1 !y w\ld be re/or$ to ,juda4 ,! abs5ce ( ?is influ5ce 0 probably ! reason :y no re/oration foll[$ ! captivity ( ! k+dom ( ,sam>ia4 ,! religion ( ,jahveh 0 nev] s /rong 9 x z 9 ! k+dom ( ,judah1 & mu/ h be5 !n too weak to s]ve z a national support4 ,:5 ! second captivity occurr$1 ,judaism 0 able to meet x & to save ! nationality x 0 design$ to de/roy4 ,aft] ! re/oration _h tak5 place1 fulfill+ ! pr$ictions ( ! prophets "u circum/ances v diff]5t f ^? :i* !y _h expect$1 ! ,messianic ideal _h1 ( c\rse1 to be disconnect$ f x4 ,suffici5t gr\nd /ill exi/$ = look+ =w>d to ! com+ ( ! ,messiah4 ,israel 0 only semi-indep5d5t1 a small /ate at ! m]cy ( ,g5tile ma/]s4 ,b ! disappo9tm5t ( ! ,messianic expectations :i* _h be5 connect$ ) ! re/oration mu/ h giv5 a bl[ to ! _s ( pr$iction4 ,dur+ ! rebuild+ ( ,j]usalem1 ! voices ( ! prophets grew fa9t & feeble2 & aft] ! re/oration 0 complete1 only "o broke ! sil5ce4 ,! ,jews _h to fall back on fai? 9 ! ultimate fulfilm5t ( e>li] prophecies1 reg>d+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ,judaism z ! religion ( all ,israel1 z ! beg9n+ ( ! reconciliation ( ,jahveh & 8 p :i* %\ld f9ally secure _! prosp]ity4 ,s f> z ! ,messianic ideal ( ! prophets took ?is national =m1 x greatly help$ to effect _! union ) ! p4 ,all ! p 7 ?or\ghly at "o ) !m 9 wi%+ = ! national glory ( ,israel4 ,if1 by proclaim+ ,jahveh's ang] & pr$ict+ mis=tunes1 !y excit$ popul> displeasure & dislike1 equally1 by promis+ 8 fav\r & pr$ict+ prosp]ity1 !y excit$ popul> feel+s ( pleasure & good-w4 ,9 fact1 ?is "p ( _! prea*+ sug>$ ! pill ( _! d5unciations1 & probably _h a l>ge %>e 9 giv+ !m _! f9al success4 ,z ! condition ( ,israel grew m desp]ate1 _! confid5ce 9 an ultimate revival ( good =tune mu/ h seem$ a t[] ( /r5g? to despond+ m9ds4 ,dur+ ! captivity1 :5 _! /ore ( mal$iction _h become exhau/$1 & only t ( bless+ rema9$1 !y promis$ no?+ b happ9ess4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld r5d] ! prophetic religion agreeable to ! p1 & s mu/ h contribut$ to make x ! religion ( ,israel4 ,?\gh mo/ ( ! prophets includ$ 9 _! ,messianic dreams ! mat]ial greatness ( ,israel1 !y 7 f> too highly develop$ to look = ?is alone4 ,! noble morality1 ! noble conception ( ,god1 :i* =m$ ! ess5ce ( _! religion1 made social & political prosp]ity seem to !m ( only second>y value4 ,9 _! ideas1 ! *ief result ( ! ,messiah's com+ 0 to be ! reconciliation ( ,jahveh & 8 p ?r\gh _! ab&onm5t ( s94 ,!y expect$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a new cov5ant1 t c\ld n be brok5 l ! old1 :5 ! law ( ,jahveh %\ld be writt5 9 ! he>ts ( ,israel4#cg ,! gr&e/ religi\s language ! _w has ev] kn[n is ! expression ( ?is dream ( a p :olly free f s92 ! heav5ly new ,j]usalem ( ,*ri/ianity is only a vague copy ( ! ideal ,j]usalem :i* ! prophets imag9$ = e>?4 ,?is vision ( a s9less age 0 pres5t to all ! prophets1 & is ! *ief feature ( _! prophecies4 ,x 0 pres]v$ 9 ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ! ,jews2 &1 aft] =m+ = c5turies a p]petual inc5tive to religi\s purity1 x f9ally produc$ all t is be/ 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,back to x are traceable ! =ces :i* m\ld$ ! p]sonal "* ( ,*ri/1 & /amp$ ^u ,*ri/ianity its noble morality4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ians n only believ$ 9 ! com+ ( ?is ideal age1 b /ruggl$ actually to realize x1 & made ! ne>e/ possible approa* to success4 ,9 ! hopes ( mo/ ( ! prophets x 0 closely connect$ ) ! national ,messianic ideal1 ! vision ( ,israel z a prosp]\s & p[]ful /ate4 ,b x 0 also connect$1 9 ! m9ds ( ! noble/ prophets1 ) ano!r ,messianic ideal1 :i* ,i w call ! spiritual ,messianic ideal--! vision ( ! :ole _w reconcil$ to ,god1 :i* produc$ ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,z pure mono!i/s1 ! prophets believ$ t ,jahveh 0 n m]ely god ( ,israel1 b ,god1 ! creator & rul] ( ! _w4 ,naturally1 ?is belief t ! ,god ( ! univ]se 0 _! national god 0 to !m a s\rce ( int5se spiritual pride4 ,amos makes ,jahveh say to ,israel1 8,y only h ,i kn[n ( all ! families ( ! e>?10#ch & give ?is fact z a reason = 8 sev]ity1 z ,israel1 be+ s highly fav\r$1 _h s9n$ d\bly 9 disob$i5ce to him4 ,su* int5se spiritual pride1 ( c\rse1 t5d$ to dim9i% _! purely political pride4 ,_! race1 s greatly di/+ui%$ 9 religion1 c\ld af=d to disp5se ) mat]ial glory4 ,:ile1 view$ ?us f a patriotic /&po9t1 ! belief t ! ,god ( ! _w 0 ,israel's ,jahveh 0 a s\rce ( national pride1 x also sugge/$ a means ( gratify+ national vanity4 ,! homage ( subject peoples con/itut$ ! *ief attraction ( mat]ial empire4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 0 a *ance ( receiv+ ! homage1 n m]ely ( a few nations ar\nd !m1 b ( all mank9d4 ,kn[+ ! univ]sal ,god1 ! ,israelites might become a nation ( prie/s by lead+ all m5 to a k ( him _! mak]1 & s h a glory & au?ority f> great] ?an any t c\ld be giv5 by political p[]4 ,x w\ld n be fair to say t ! prophets1 9 ! =mation ( ?is ideal1 7 influ5c$ only by patriotism4 ,spiritually !y 7 too great n to feel ! ne$ ( a reconciliation betwe5 ! _w & its ,god4 ,9 ! m9d ( ! noble/ ( !m1 ,israel 0 ! s]vant ( ! ,g5tiles1 a mess5g] ( ,god br++ glad tid+s ( peace to m54 ,/ill1 on ! :ole1 ! glory ( ,israel 0 ! object ( _! zeal = ! conv]sion ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,!y dream$ ( all ! _w com+ to take ! tru? meekly f ,israel's h&s4#ci ,j]usalem 0 to be ! sacr$ city ( ! e>?1 & ,juda1 z aft]w>ds dur+ ! ,crusades1 ! ,holy ,l&4 ,! second ,isaiah gives ! highe/ expression to ?is dream4 8,nations %all come to ?y light10 ,jahveh promises ,j]usalem1 8& k+s to ! brightness ( ?y ris+4 ,/rang]s %all build up ?y walls1 & _! k+s %all m9i/] unto !e4 ,?y gates also %all be op5 cont9ually2 !y %all n be %ut day nor night2 t m5 may br+ unto !e ! ri*es ( ! nations4 ,! sons ( !m t afflict$ !e %all come b5d+ unto !e1 & !y %all call !e ! city ( ,jahveh1 ! ,zion ( ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel4 ,i w make !e an et]nal excell5cy1 a joy ( _m g5]ations4 ,viol5ce %all no m be he>d 9 ?y l&1 desolation nor de/ruction )9 ?y bord]s2 b ?\ %alt call ?y walls ,salvation1 & ?y gates ,praise40#dj ,z spiritual guides & tea*]s1 ! ,israelites ?us w\ld be ! ,levites ( mank9d1 a sacr$ p int]m$iate betwe5 ! _w & ,god4#da ,! spiritual ,messianic ideal ( ! second ,isaiah 0 bo? nobl] & m vividly conceiv$ ?an t ( any o!r ( ! prophets4 ,b ne>ly all ( !m h giv5 "s expression to x4 ,ev5 ! fi]cely national ,j]emiah1 :o hat$ ! ,g5tiles s bitt]ly t1 ?\gh he believ$ !m to be ,jahveh's in/rum5ts = ! *a/isem5t ( ,israel1 he pray$ t !y might be puni%$ = _! assaults on ! sacr$ city1 _h a vision ( _! com+ to ,jahveh4#db ,&1 inde$1 !re 0 an inevitable pressure on ! prophets :i* =c$ !m 9 ?is direction4 ,9 proportion z ! spiritual greatness ( _! religion 0 und]/ood by !m1 !y 7 driv5 to adopt ! spiritual ,messianic ideal4 ,! exp]i5ces ( ! prophetic p]iod1 besides1 mu/ h %[n !m h[ impossible x 0 t ! small p ( ,israel %\ld ev] equal or surpass 9 mat]ial p[] ! mighty ,g5tile empires :i* !n fir/ came 9 contact ) !m4 ,s ev]y?+ t5d$ to make !m seek ! satisfaction ( _! patriotism 9 ! ext5sion ( _! religion4 ,s f> z ?is ideal ent]$ into x1 an inv]sion 9 ! relations ( political & religi\s feel+ n[ occurr$ 9 ,judaism4 ,previ\sly1 z po9t$ out 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ,jahveh be+ ! national god ( ,israel1 religi\s feel+ fl[$ 9 a patriotic *annel4 ,9 ! prophetic age1 on ! o!r h&1 patriotic feel+ began to fl[ 9 a religi\s *annel4 ,jahveh be=e _h be5 subord9ate to ,israel2 !n ,israel became subord9ate to ,jahveh4 ,x is obvi\s t !re 0 no?+ exceptional 9 ?is *ange1 & t ! circum/ances ( ,jewi% hi/ory amply expla9 its occurr5ce4 ,"h1 accord+ly1 we h ! hi/orical explanation ( ! production ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,f ! beg9n+ ,jahvism 0 b\nd to develop into a noble mono!ism4 ,also f ! beg9n+ x 0 a national religion4 ,be+ a national religion1 9 x patriotic 0 bl5d$ ) religi\s feel+4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 if1 aft] its full developm5t1 a p]man5t decay took hold ( ! /ate ) :i* x 0 connect$1 x _h1 z an exceptionally pure religion1 to become ! basis ( national pride1 to make proselytism its end4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ! _w dur+ ?is c5tral p]iod ( ,judaism is ! hi/ory ( ! great empires ( we/]n ,asia4 ,! small p ( ,israel c\ld (f] no effective resi/ance to _! p[]1 & s1 "u pressure f !m1 ! magnific5t national religion ( ,israel 0 compell$ to become ! expression ( patriotism1 & to aim at ! conv]sion ( ! _w4 ,s f>1 !n1 z ,*ri/ianity 0 a movem5t t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,jewi% religion z ! religion ( ! _w--& at fir/ x 0 no?+ else--x 0 inevitable4 ,! conditions ( ,israel's hi/ory made an expansion ( ,judaism--or r1 an attempt to exp& ,judaism1 its success dep5d+ on ext]nal circum/ances--a necess>y occurr5ce4 ,a t5d5cy to remodel ! =m ( ,judaism 0 a consequ5ce ( ! spiritual ,messianic ideal4 ,:5 /ruggl+ aga9/ rival religions1 ,jahvism1 z we saw 9 ! la/ *apt]1 0 =c$ to become /rongly exclusive4 ,to keep itself pure f corruption1 & also to ass]t its own high dignity1 x _h to enclose itself 9 a h>d %ell ( =mal obs]vance4 ,b :5 x develop$ into ,judaism1 & s\ght to become a _w-conqu]+ religion1 ?is =malism 0 a h9drance to its purpose4 ,! b>ri]s t 7 s useful = def5ce int]f]$ ) (f5sive movem5ts4 ,accord+ly1 ! prophets :o recogniz$ ! high] ideal ( ,judaism revolt$ aga9/ its =malism4 ,its initial rite1 circumcision1 0 ! *ief m>k ( sep>ation betwe5 ! ,jews & ! mass ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,b ! :ole sacrificial sy/em 0 also1 9 its way1 an expression ( exclusive t5d5cies4 ,sacrific+ 9 "o mann] di/+ui%$ ! ,jew f ! ,g5tile1 :o sacrific$ 9 ano!r mann]4 ,moreov]1 circum/ances at ?is "t 7 acc5tuat+ ! exclusiv5ess ( ,judaism4 ,z ,israel fell m & m into ! p[] ( /rang]s1 ( c\rse ! p's hatr$ ( /rang]s grew /rong]4 ,?is feel+1 :i*1 by ?r[+ ! p back on ! national religion1 0 9 "o respect ( s]vice to ! prophets1 naturally express$ itself 9 ,judaism by increas+ its exclusiv5ess4 ,s ,judaism 0 t5d+ to be n>r[$ j :5 ! prophets wi%$ x to be enl>g$4 ,! prophets met ?is t5d5cy ) a crusade aga9/ =malism4 ,circumcision !y decl>$ to be only a symbol ( ob$i5ce4 ,a p 8uncircumcis$ 9 he>t0 ,j]emiah call$ 8 c\ntrym54 ,!y pron\nc$ sacrifices ( small importance 9 comp>ison ) p]sonal righte\sness4 8,:]e) %all ,i come be=e ,jahveh & b[ myself be=e ! high ,god80 said ,micah4 8,%all ,i come be=e him ) burnt-(f]+s1 ) calves ( a ye> old8 ,w ,jahveh be pleas$ ) ?\s&s ( rams1 or ) t5 ?\s&s ( riv]s ( oil8 ,%all ,i give my fir/born = my transgressions1 ! fruit ( my body = ! s9 ( my s\l8 ,he ha? %[$ !e1 ,o man1 :at is good2 & :at do? ,jahveh require ( !e1 b to d ju/ly1 & to love m]cy1 & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god80#dc ,"h ! regul> sacrifices ( or?odox ,jahvism are actually comp>$ ) ! human sacrifices ( corrupt$ ,jahvism1 & are subject$ to ! same condemnation4 ,! second ,isaiah ev5 goes s f> z to ass]t t sacrifices are (f5sive to ,jahveh1 z x is degrad+ him to suppose t su* (f]+s c please him4#dd ,( c\rse ! high developm5t ( _! religion _h also "s effect 9 mak+ ! prophets adopt ?is pr9ciple4 ,a sy/em ( animal sacrifices did n accord well ) _! noble !ism4 ,a righte\s life1 besides1 !y felt to be ! be/ (f]+ to ,god1 & !y knew t =mal obs]vances di/ract$ att5tion f morality4 ,b /ill !y assail$ ! =malism ( ,judaism ma9ly because x imprison$ ! religion ( ,jahveh 9 nationality2 !y wi%$ ,judaism to be a purely spiritual religion to :i* all national cu/oms w\ld be equally =eign4 ,( c\rse !y express$ _! desires 9 _! ,messianic dreams4 ,!y dwell ^u ! glories ( ! spiritual religion ( :i* ,j]usalem 0 to be ! c5tre1 :5 ,jahveh w\ld speak face to face ) all 8 p1 ) no b>ri] ( prie/ly =malism betwe54 ,f ! "t ( ! prophets1 all :o clung to ! spiritual ,messianic ideal mu/ h %>$ _! feel+s2 & :5 ,*ri/ianity aft]w>ds broke ?r\gh ! fett]s ( ,jewi% c]emonialism1 its action 0 /rictly 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ^? :o orig9at$ & cont9u$ ! movem5t 9 ,judaism ( :i* x 0 f9ally ! issue4 ,! spiritual ,messianic ideal f ! prophetic age necess>ily =m$ ! ideal ( ! be/ & pure/ ,jews4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ! prophets1 especially 9 ^? ( ! second ,isaiah1 x rema9$ be=e ! p1 a con/ant inc5tive to all :o grasp$ ! true pr9ciples ( _! pure religion4 ,x 0 easily bl5d$ ) ! additions !n beg9n+ to be made to ,judaism1 ! sup]naturalism :i* r5d]$ ,judaism less cold & unattractive4 ,b ?\gh ?is ideal 0 sure to cont9ue z ! expression ( ! noble/ aspirations ( ,israel1 & ?\gh endeav\rs 7 c]ta9 to be made to realize x1 9 its complet5ess x 0 de/9$ to inevitable failure4 ,s f> z ! prophets dream$ ( ,israel's glory be+ f\nd 9 %>+ ! religion ( ! "o ,god ) ! ,g5tiles1 !y dream$ an unrealizable dream4 ,f ! "t ( ! prophets d[n to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ! great mass ( ! ,jews1 z ! ye>s w5t by1 hat$ all ,g5tiles ) a bitt]] hatr$4 ,_! religion became m conf9$ )9 ! limits ( _! nationality1 & ,jahveh m peculi>ly ! ,god wor%ipp$ by ,jews alone4 ,x is easy to see t ,judaism z ,israel's religion c\ld n h exp&$ itself1 & t ! national pride ( ,israel c\ld n ?us h be5 gratifi$4 ,only by leav+ nationality beh9d1 by a movem5t outw>d f ,judaism ( ! mo/ spiritual ,jews1 c\ld ! ,god ( ,israel become ! ,god ( ! _w4#de ,9 ?is ,messianic ideal ! conception ( ! ,messiah p]sonally 0 vague & undef9$4 ,! second ,isaiah expect$ t ! ,messiah w\ld simply br+ ! captivity to a close1 & t ! ,messianic glories w\ld !n foll[ spontane\sly z a result ( ! exhibition ( ,jahveh's p[]4 ,?is m indi/9ct picture ( ! spiritual ,messiah 0 ( great s]vice to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! belief 9 atonem5t by vic>i\s suff]+ m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt] 0 connect$ 9 a special mann] ) ! spiritual ,messianic ideal4 ,all ! prophets believ$ 9 atonem5t by suff]+2 !y all ?\ght t ,jahveh 0 puni%+ 8 p = _! s9s1 & t ! puni%m5t 0 ! necess>y antec$5t to ! re/oration ( 8 fav\r4 ,b to ^? :o accept$ ?is ,messianic ideal ,israel's suff]+ pla9ly seem$ to be a means ( realiz+ x4 ,! great prea*] ( x1 ! second ,isaiah1 writ+ t[>ds ! close ( ! captivity1 saw an obvi\s connection betwe5 x & ! cr[n+ mis=tune ( 8 c\ntry4 ,disp]s$ among ! hea!n1 ! wor%ipp]s ( ,jahveh appe>$ to him mission>ies ( ! true religion1 reveal]s to ! _w ( its ,god4 ,he believ$ t ! re/oration w\ld be accompli%$ by ! return ( ! ,israelites "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ! conv]t$ ,g5tiles1 to be _! prie/s 9 ! ,holy ,l&4#df ,b :5 ! captivity 0 recogniz$ z an in/rum5t ( ,g5tile conv]sion1 x 0 ( c\rse reg>d$ z a bless+ to ! ,g5tiles4 ,b5eficial to ! ,g5tile _w1 x 0 n ! less h>mful to ,israel1 ^: nationality x almo/ de/roy$4 ,?us ! hurt ( ,israel 0 a bless+ to ! ,g5tiles4 ,x w\ld foll[ f ?is1 9 a m9d nurs$ 9 ! ideas ( ! ,jewi% sacrificial sy/em1 t ! suff]+ ( ,israel 0 an atonem5t = ,g5tile s9s4 ,! ,g5tiles cle>ly _h s9n$ aga9/ ,god1 _! ignorance ( him 0 a s92 b 9 reveal+ himself to !m he 0 bless+ !m1 & 9 bless+ !m he 0 ( c\rse =giv+ _! s9s4 ,b ?is =giv5ess 0 %[n by means ( ,israel's suff]+2 !re=e ,israel's suff]+ 0 an atonem5t = ,g5tile s9s accept$ by ,god4 ,we f9d ! results ( ?is tra9 ( reason+ cle>ly express$ by ! second ,isaiah4 ,9 ! fifty-?ird *apt] ( ,isaiah1 :i* is ! great ,messianic *apt] ( or?odox ,*ri/ians1 & :i* probably ex]cis$ an important influ5ce ov] ! m9d ( ,*ri/1 ?ree k9ds ( atonem5t are describ$4 ,p>tly ,israel's suff]+s are repres5t$ z an atonem5t (f]$ = ,israel's own s9s2 p>tly ,israel's s9s are reg>d$ z aton$ = by ! undes]v$ suff]+ ( ! few righte\s ,israelites1 fai?ful adh]5ts ( ,jahveh1 on :om ! national mis=tunes fell z well z on ! re/ ( ! p2 :ile put m /rongly1 & runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole *apt]1 is ! idea t ,israel's suff]+s aton$ = ,g5tile s9s4 ,! beautiful phrase at ! end1 8,he made int]cession = ! transgressors10 means t ,israel1 ?\gh oppress$ & bruis$ by ! ,g5tiles1 0 /ill ready to be a m$iator lead+ !m to ,god4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt] ! a/oni%m5t ( ! ,g5tiles at ! fact t s insignificant a p possess$ s great a revelation1 is describ$ by ! same me?od ( p]sonal illu/ration1 univ]sally adopt$ by ! prophets4#dg ,int]pret$ ,messianically1 9 a lit]al s5se1 ^! passages 7 aft]w>ds ( importance to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! prophetic age1 z a :ole1 0 ?us ess5tially a p]iod ( transition4 ,9 x ,judaism 0 e/abli%$1 & ! movem5t t[>ds ,*ri/ianity begun4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( ,israel's hi/ory we see a gradual developm5t ( religion1 religi\s =ces /eadily t5d+ upw>ds & evolv+ high] ideas ( ,god4 ,be=e ! "t ( ! prophets1 ^! =ces 7 work+ out a pure & moral mono!ism2 dur+ & aft] x1 !y 7 work+ out ! release ( ?is mono!ism f ! fett]s ( nationalism1 & prep>+ a religion = ! civilis$ _w4 ,! circum/ances :i* at ?is "t 7 t5d+ to make ,judaism a proselytiz+ religion 7 also prep>+ x = success 9 its mission4 ,! religion ( ! prophets 0 too pure to become popul>4 ,! abs5ce ( sup]naturalism1 ! fre$om f dogma1 :i* made x 9 ess5ce s sup]ior to ,*ri/ianity1 r5d]$ x fit only = ! highe/ m9ds4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 impress$ on ,israel 9 g5]al1 x 0 id5tifi$ ) a rigid c]emonialism4 ,t su* a religion1 d]iv+ no /r5g? f =malism or f national feel+1 c\ld conqu] ! ,g5tile _w1 f> l[] ?an ! ,jewi% p 9 religi\s developm5t1 0 ( c\rse impossible4 ,b j at ?is mom5t x began to receive additions f =eign s\rces :i* ultimately bridg$ ! *asm betwe5 x & ! ideas ( ord9>y m54 ,! disp]sion ( ! ,jews1 :i* complet$ ! victory ( ,judaism1 alloy$ x ) bas] elem5ts4 ,s f> z its adh]5ts 7 plac$ 9 contact ) idolatr\s religions l ! ,*aldean1 x 0 r secur$ aga9/ corruption4 ,9 ! ,p]sian religion1 h[ev]1 :i* x enc\nt]$ t[>ds ! close ( ! captivity1 x f\nd an enemy disguis$ z a fri5d4 ,?is religion1 :i* 0 z anti-idolatr\s z ! ,jewi%1 & :i* _h a nom9al mono!ism und]ly+ its dualism1 0 m>k$ by a sup]naturalism v diff]5t f ! simplicity ( ! religion ( ! prophets4 ,a l>ge "p ( ?is sup]naturalism 0 n[ transf]r$ to ,judaism4 ,! ,p]sian deity ( evil became ! ,jewi% ,satan1 ) a multitude ( demons "u him t made man _! sport & prey4#dh ,a hi]>*y ( angels 0 con/ruct$1 completely =eign to ! prophetic belief 9 ! imm$iate ag5cy ( ,god4 ,b ! mo/ important doctr9e at ?is "t introduc$ into ,judaism1 :e!r f ! ,p]sian religion or n is a matt] ( dispute1 0 ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! dead1 :i* soon became ! *ief dogma ( ! ,jewi% cre$4 ,h[ f> x t5d$ to suit ,judaism to ,g5tile requirem5ts is %[n by a curi\s passage ( ! ,apocrypha1 :i* reads l a description ( ! doctr9e ( ,pagan ,*ri/ianity respect+ purgatory & masses = ! dead4#di ,! m philosophical ,jews aft]w>ds =m$ !mselves into a p>ty to resi/ ^! innovations1 b ! majority ( ! p eag]ly adopt$ !m4 ,) ! spiritual ,messianic ideal !y 7 readily connect$1 z !y =m$ ! popul> elem5ts ne$$ = proselytism1 & z !y t5d$ to place religion on a p]sonal r ?an on a national basis4 ,we f9d !m ! *ief /r5g? ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 z ! successful embodim5t ( ! outw>d =ces ( ,judaism1 naturally laid aside ! portions ( x unfav\rable1 & took up ! portions ( x fav\rable1 to d5ationalisation & expansion4 ,( c\rse ^! corruptions ( ,judaism 7 ! result ( its becom+ a popul> religion4 ,no long] conf9$ to ! be/ "p ( ! p1 x paid ! p5alty ( diffusion4 ,! rigid c]emonialism1 :i* h5ce=? 0 its lead+ feature1 0 ano!r consequ5ce ( its success4 ,utt]ly obnoxi\s z su* c]emonialism 0 to ! in/9cts ( ! prophets1 x 0 /ill inevitable if ,judaism 0 to be ! religion ( all ! ,jews4 ,z ,jewi% political indep5d5ce fad$ m & m into a memory ( a di/ant pa/1 ! p clung m t5aci\sly to _! religion1 m bas$ _! nationality ^u x1 & made x ! object ( _! patriotism4 ,?is1 z x cont9u$1 r5d]$ impossible a religi\s union ( ,jew & ,g5tile4 ,a religion pr(ess$ by ,g5tiles by t fact alone w\ld h seem$ to ! va/ majority ( ,jews to be suffici5tly condemn$4 ,x became /eadily m app>5t t1 9 ord] to conv]t ! ,g5tile1 ,judaism _h to leave ! ,jew4 ,?r\gh\t all ?is p]iod ! expectation ( ! ,messiah's com+ rema9$ ! sole consolation ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,! expectation ent]$ into e "p ( _! action4#ej ,all ,jews believ$ t1 to obta9 ! ,messiah1 !y ne$$ to be reconcil$ to ,god1 t _! s9s kept alive 8 ang]1 & delay$ ! s5d+ ( ! deliv]]4 ,_m an obscure prea*] probably cri$ 9 _! e>s1 8,rep5t1 rep5t1 t ! k+dom ( heav5 may come10 be=e ,john ! ,bapti/1 by syn*roniz+ ) ,*ri/1 ga9$ a prophetic celebrity4 ,inde$1 we may be sure t dur+ ?is long "t ( calamity _m attempts 7 made to realize ! ,messianic ideals1 t _m :o claim$ to be ! ,messiah appe>$ among ! ,jews1 & e>n$ oblivion by _! failure4 ,:5 ! empire ( ,rome began to ov]%ad[ !m ) its massive & endur+ p[]1 s unlike t ( _! previ\s ma/]s1 a conviction spread ?r\gh ! ,jews t ! la/ days 7 at h&4#ea ,! expectation ( ! ,messiah grew /rong]1 & ! passionate long+ ( ! p t5d$ m & m to secure1 z f> z 0 possible1 its own gratification4 ,into an age ( dreams & hopes1 :i* see!d ) re/lessness & discont5t1 ,*ri/ 0 born4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*ri/ianity ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t simply f ! /atem5ts ( ! gospels we _c con/ruct an hi/orical life ( ,*ri/4 ,/rauss & ,baur h f9ally det]m9$ ! "q ( _! hi/orical value4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree1 x is true1 aft] mak+ all[ance = ! va/ gr[? ( leg5d ov]spread+ !m1 useful mat]ials c /ill be f\nd2 b ev5 ^! c be dep5d$ on only s f> z probability is di/9ctly 9 _! fav\r4 ,! la/ is simply a philosophical romance1 ) ! !ology ( ! second c5tury z its basis4 ,we see ! figure ( ,*ri/ ?r\gh a mi/ ( leg5d1 & its real outl9es are hopelessly lo/4 ,*>act]s l ! h]o ( ,m4 ,r5an's hi/orical novel are m]ely ! projections ( imag9ation1 col\r$ undisguis$ly by ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* !y are view$4 ,only by /udy ( ! religion he f\nd$ c tru/wor?y k ( ,*ri/ be obta9$4 ,b 9 ?is way1 z f> z g5]al results are conc]n$1 we c arrive at almo/ c]ta9 k4 ,we c be sure1 = in/ance1 t ! exceptional goodness ( ,*ri/ 0 no figm5t ( ! gospels4 ,! new morality :i* ,*ri/ianity introduc$ into ! _w ( practice1 ! morality :i* makes inw>d purity a te/ ( virtue r ?an outw>d actions1 mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f him4 ,its orig9 mu/ h be5 9 p]sonal influ5ce1 & ,*ri/'s alone c\ld h p]man5tly /amp$ x on ,*ri/ianity4 ,& ?is1 ( c\rse1 r5d]s x likely t say+s ( /rik+ moral beauty attribut$ to him 9 ! gospels1 su* z 8,love y\r enemies10 8,judge n1 t ye be n judg$10 & ! p]fect "o n 9 ! gospels1 8,x is m bless$ to give ?an to receive10 7 9 sub/ance actually utt]$ by him1 = !y are 9 h>mony ) ! "* ( exceptional goodness :i* he mu/ h possess$4 ,s f>1 at lea/1 we c h a sure k ( ,*ri/ :i* entitles him to our will+ rev]5ce4 ,n only is x necess>y to di/ru/ ! positive evid5ce ( ! gospels1 b ev5 negatively _! evid5ce _c :olly be all[$4 ,!y may suppress :at is true z well z ass]t :at is false4 ,= in/ance1 !y repres5t ,*ri/ z obta9+ great success imm$iately aft] 8 entrance on 8 m9i/ry4 ,n[ no?+ c\ld be m unlikely ?an ?is4 ,he c\ld n h be5 accept$ z ! ,messiah by ev5 a small numb] ( disciples )\t a long probation previ\sly1 a p]iod ( /ruggle & unsuccess4 ,9 ! gospels !mselves ! explanation ( ?is omission is sugge/$1 :5 ,*ri/ is said to h be5 ?irty ye>s old at ! "t he began to prea*4 ,at ab\t ?is age1 aft] a y\? ( conflict & unc]ta9ty1 he probably 0 fir/ recogniz$ z ! ,messiah4 ,b naturally ^? :o knew him only z ! ,messiah c\ld n dream ( a p]iod :5 none reg>d$ him z su*4 ,h5ce ! acc\nt 9 ! gospels1 ! ye>s ( developm5t & failure hav+ pass$ out ( remembrance4 ,! true hi/orical evid5ce on :i* to f\nd a life ( ,*ri/ consi/s ( ! /atem5ts ( ! synoptical gospels1 te/$ & int]pret$ by probability4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ?is way only k ( ! broade/ & mo/ g5]al nature c be obta9$4 ,if special circum/ances ( ,*ri/'s life1 z report$ 9 ! gospels1 are accept$ accord+ z !y appe> to be probable1 ! result naturally v>ies ) ! "* ( ! /ud5t4 ,9 ^! cases probability1 9 ! sci5tific s5se1 does n exi/4 ,& ?us f> ! great] "p ( ! /atem5ts ( ! gospels are prop]ly outside ! region ( hi/orical inve/igation4 ,"s are s di/9ctly improbable t we c pron\nce !m inaccurate2 "s are s di/9ctly probable t we c pron\nce !m accurate2 b ! va/ majority ( !m1 ! te/ ( probability be+ abs5t1 _c be pron\nc$ ei!r accurate or inaccurate2 we simply _c tell4 ,9 endeav\r+ to det]m9e ! nature ( ! p]sonal "* & religi\s ideas ( ,*ri/1 x is on ?is g5]al k9d ( probability t ,i *iefly rely1 appeal+ to ! gospels to corroborate x m ?an to x to corroborate ! gospels4 ,su* probability 9 c]ta9 cases is ! sure/ k9d ( hi/orical evid5ce1 & may safely be dep5d$ on1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( writt5 confirmation4 ,t ,*ri/ /ood exceptionally high 9 moral developm5t1 0 exceptionally good1 c be decl>$1 z we h se51 ) practical c]ta9ty4 ,! evid5ce ( ! gospels & ! evid5ce ( probability are "h 9 ?or\gh h>mony1 & ! fact has nev] be5 disput$4 ,! evid5ce ( ! gospels & ! evid5ce ( probability equally agree 9 decl>+ t ,*ri/ 0 n exempt f ! !ological illusions ( 8 age1 b _! decl>ation is call$ 9 "q by "s4 ,z ?is po9t is ( vital importance to our subject1 we mu/ n[ c>efully consid] x4 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold has giv5 ! cle>e/ expression to ! belief t ! religion ( ,*ri/ 0 :olly undogmatic 9 "*4 ,! dogmatic ass]tions attribut$ to ,*ri/ 9 ! gospels1 71 accord+ to him1 us$ only 9 a my/ical s5se :i* ! gross]-m9d$ disciples misund]/ood4 ,:5 ,*ri/1 = in/ance1 spoke ( 8 resurrection1 he meant t 8 moral sy/em w\ld triumph aft] 8 dea?2 b 8 disciples und]/ood 8 words 9 a p]sonal s5se4 ,*ri/1 ,mr4 ,arnold says1 spoke 8ov] ! heads ( 8 foll[]s10 &1 9 consequ5ce1 !y fail$ to und]/& him1 & ascrib$ _! own ideas to him4 ,! evid5ce on :i* ,mr4 ,arnold f\nds 8 !ory is extremely slight2 9 fact1 he practically re/s x on ! few /ories 9 ! gospels :]e ,*ri/ uses figurative language1 :i* 8 disciples misund]/&1 z 9 ! case ( 8 injunctions respect+ ! 8leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees40 ,n[ figurative language ( ?is sort is q di/9ct f ! my/ical language ,mr4 ,arnold attributes to him1 ,hebrew lit]ature be+ full ( ! =m] & absolutely empty ( ! latt]1 & ! only resemblance betwe5 !m is t !y c bo? be misund]/ood4 ,mr4 ,arnold1 inde$1 by an elaborate criticism ( ! la/ gospel1 makes x to support 8 !ory1 its my/icism readily all[+ ?is to be done2 b ! f\r? gospel has no hi/orical value4 ,! real basis ( ! !ory is ! rev]5ce :i* all m5 feel = ,*ri/1 :i* r5d]s x difficult = !m to believe t he held op9ions diff]+ f _! own1 & :i* also disposes !m to imag9e t a va/ di/9ction sep>at$ him f ^? :om he address$4 ,! /ronge/ argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! !ory is drawn f ! unque/ionable fact ( ! greatness ( ,*ri/4 ,8 moral sup]iority _c be disput$1 & ! success ( 8 sy/em %[s t he mu/ h possess$ unique p]sonal p[]4 ,b does 8 moral sup]iority1 or 8 possession ( wond]ful p]sonal p[]1 really prove t he 0 free f !ological illusion8 ,x is obvi\s to e "o t ! mo/ exalt$ goodness may be unit$ ) ! mo/ implicit belief 9 ! dogmas ( sup]natural religion4 ,x is ne>ly z obvi\s t extreme fasc9ation ( "*1 f> f indicat+ t "o :o possesses x is sup]ior to ord9>y illusions1 is a cle> presumption t he is peculi>ly "u _! control4 ,! popul> p[] :i* ,*ri/ mu/ h ex]cis$ is /rong evid5ce t he %>$ ! popul> beliefs4 ,! ess5ce ( popul>ity is sympa?y2 ! popul> man mu/ be 9 sympa?y ) ! p he meets1 & mu/ be rul$ by ! same ideas1 :e!r !y happ5 to be "r or wrong4 ,*ri/'s popul>ity1 8 influ5ce ov] 8 simple ,jewi% foll[]s1 is a fair pro( t he 0 subject to _! religi\s illusions1 t no diff]5ce ( deep insight sep>at$ him f !m4 ,p always are irritat$ by he>+ :at !y d n und]/&4 ,_h ,*ri/ be5 9 ! habit ( speak+ ov] ! heads ( 8 disciples1 n _m w\ld h rema9$ ) him2 he might ?us h acquir$ a reputation z a philosoph]1 b he c]ta9ly w\ld n h f\nd$ a ,*ur*4 ,9 consid]+ ?is "q1 we mu/ keep ! facts ( exp]i5ce /eadily be=e u4 ,all :o h ev] be5 widely lov$ & greatly popul> among av]age m5 h _h *>act]s rem>kable = moral beauty1 & h also be5 peculi>ly /eep$ 9 religi\s illusions4 ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi & ,/4 ,t]esa resembl$ ,*ri/ 9 spiritual goodness & 9 ! p[] ( fasc9at+ o!rs1 & !y held ! crude/ religi\s ideas ( _! times4 ,9 our own days1 m5 :o are ju/ly call$ h]oes1 m5 l ,/onewall ,jackson & ,g5]al ,gordon1 :o w9 ! love & rev]5ce ( all :o come ne> !m1 are sure to believe 9 ! mo/ absurd dogmas4 ,/onewall ,jackson fe>$ t he w\ld lose a battle if he f\ght x ) p[d] obta9$ by lab\r+ on ,sunday1 & ,g5]al ,gordon believ$ an isl& 9 ! ,pacific to be ! private resid5ce ( ! devil4 ,*ri/'s fasc9ation ( "* is additional evid5ce ( 8 supreme goodness1 b x is f> f prov+ t he rose above ! religi\s ideas ( ! cr[d4 ,! rev]5ce we feel = ,*ri/ ne$ n 9 ! lea/ be impair$ by recogniz+ t he 0 subject to ! illusions ( dogmatic religion4 ,( 8 moral sup]iority we h c]ta9 evid5ce2 & ?is1 & n wisdom1 is ! true object ( rev]5ce4 ,_h he be5 pr(\ndly wise1 see+ ) p]fect cle>ness ?r\gh ! delud+ phantasms ( life1 he c\ld n h be5 s good4 ,to be supremely good1 to rise f> above ! /&>d ( negative morality1 & to be inspir$ by a passionate devotion to o!rs :i* leaves no room = a ?\ght ( self1 is n compatible ) ! cold] temp]am5t :i* exam9es ! f\ndations ( belief4 ,wise m5 may die = a j cause1 b !y are nev] will+ m>tyrs2 !y lack n m]ely ! fanaticism1 b ! p[] ( =m+ ! exagg]at$ e/imate ( ! value ( ! sacrifice1 :i* m>tyrdom requires4 ,b we nev] hesitate 9 *oos+ betwe5 calm wisdom & pure en?usiasm z objects ( our praise4 ,& 9 ! same way1 ,*ri/'s belief 9 mu* t we ?9k unf\nd$ %\ld be no h9drance to our rev]5t admiration ( him2 we ought r to recognize t x is ! inevitable accompanim5t ( su* greatness z 84 ,only a noble fanaticism1 :i* leaves no gu>d aga9/ error1 c\ld h inspir$ 8 life & secur$ 8 success4 ,we may conclude1 !n1 t ,*ri/ accept$ ! common religi\s ideas ( 8 "t1 t he believ$ 9 ! p]sonal ,god to :om ! prophets address$ _! pray]s & compla9ts1 & 9 ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,& n[1 aft] ?is unavoidable digression1 we w take up our subject at ! po9t :]e we left x at ! close ( ! la/ *apt]4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! gospels1 ,i %all always mean ! synoptical exclusively1 ! la/ be+ put aside z hopelessly unhi/orical4 ,at ! "t ( ,*ri/'s bir? ! expectation ( ! ,messiah 0 root$ m /rongly ?an ev] 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,no?+ b ! ,messiah seem$ able to save !m f ! f9al loss ( ! rema9s ( _! national indep5d5ce at ! h&s ( ! irresi/ible p[] ( ,rome4 ,= 9 ,rome !y saw1 n a m]e conqu]or exact+ tribute f subject peoples1 b an empire t /eadily absorb$ into its own va/ mass all ! nationalities ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,to ! ,jews1 :o valu$ _! nationality above all ?+s1 ?is fact mu/ h appe>$ a gr\nd = absolute despair4 ,! l[] ord]s might be r\s$ to attempts at passionate resi/ance1 b ! high] classes mu/ h se5 ! hopelessness ( a /ruggle aga9/ ! ,roman p[]1 & mu/ h be5 impell$ to gloomi] =ebod+s by ! fe> t at any mom5t ! end might be precipitat$ by ! unreason+ fanaticism ( _! ignorant c\ntrym54#eb ,! religion ( ! ,jews1 z ,pr(essor ,ku55 has po9t$ out1#ec t5d$ to enc\rage ^! feel+s4 ,pride 9 _! religion /imulat$ _! patriotism1 & made x h>d] = !m to submit to ! conditions ( ,roman rule4 ,?us ! circum/ances ( ! "t w\ld height5 ! ord9>y ,messianic hopes1 & make ! p look m = ! national savi\r4 ,! g5]al unre/1 too1 w\ld deep5 ! s5se ( s94 ,w&]+ prea*]s ( ! class ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 d5\nc+ ! s9s ( ! p1 & ass]t+ t _! wick$ness 0 br++ on !m ! ?reat5$ calamity1 & call+ = rep5tance1 9 ord] t ! ,messiah might be s5t to deliv] !m1 su* a "t w\ld be sure to produce4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! ,messianic expectations ,*ri/ grew up4 ,! agitation & unre/ ( ! p]iod mu/ h p[]fully /imulat$ a nature s impressible 9 its spiritual beauty4 ,exceptionally good m5 are always ke5ly responsive to ! religi\s influ5ces ar\nd !m1 s ,*ri/ mu/ h pass$ 8 y\? 9 a _w ( ,messianic dreams4 ,! sacr$ lit]ature ( 8 race 0 famili> to e ,jew2 & ! spiritual pr$ictions ( ! prophets1 ! vision ( an ,israel reconcil$ to ,god1 mu/ e>ly h en?rall$ 8 fancy4 ,national fanaticism c\ld n h f\nd a place 9 8 "*4 ,9 bo? ,messianic ideals1 z we saw 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile 0 made to contribute ei!r to ! spiritual or to ! mat]ial glory ( ,israel4 ,= ! glory ( ,israel ,*ri/ c\ld n h c>$2 putt+ aside national di/9ctions1 he mu/ h liv$ only = ! welf>e ( man & = ! glory ( ,god4 ,f ! beg9n+1 8 ,messianic desires mu/ h be5 = ! reconciliation ( ,god & man by ! conque/ ( human s9fulness4 ,z he wat*$ ! c]emonialism :i* 0 !n ! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ! ,jewi% religion1 he mu/ h e*o$ ! burn+ words 9 :i* ! prophets proclaim$ righte\sness to be alone acceptable to ,god1 & mu/ h d5\nc$ all =ms t t5d$ to obscure ?is tru?4 ,8 sympa?y w\ld be sure to be ) ^? :om ! ,ph>isaic rigidity ( t c]emonialism %ut out & degrad$ by exclusion1 8! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel40 ,! 8inw>dness0 ( ,*ri/1 ! /ress he laid on ! purity ( ! he>t1 9 ! fir/ in/ance 0 probably ! result ( a reaction aga9/ ! =malism ( 8 age1 ) its m9utely def9$ outw>d morality ( law4 ,to re/ore primitive tru?s1 & to make goodness ! ess5ce ( religion1 mu/ h always be5 8 aim4 ,judg+ simply f probability1 we %\ld say t !re 7 likely to be ?ree cle>ly m>k$ p]iods 9 ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,9 e>ly manhood 8 long+ = ! ,messianic times w\ld naturally express itself 9 ! same =m 9 :i* ! long+ ( s _m ( 8 c\ntrym5 0 express$--9 ! call to rep5tance4 ,! wick$ness ( ! p be+ reg>d$ z ! cause ( ,god's ang]1 ! be/ way to remove 8 ang] &1 consequ5tly1 to obta9 ! ,messiah1 0 to turn ! p f _! s9s1 ,*ri/'s own p]sonal hatr$ ( s9 also1 ( c\rse1 urg+ him 9 ?is direction4 ,?us at fir/ probably he 0 simply a prea*] l ,john ! ,bapti/1 n claim+ to be ! ,messiah1 b a =]unn] ( ! ,messiah1 exhort+ ! p to rep5t1 & promis+ !m t ! ,messiah w\ld come z soon z !y _h reconcil$ !mselves to ,god4 ,gradually1 :ile engag$ 9 ?is "w1 z he rea*$ maturity & 8 p[]s grew to _! full developm5t1 & z ) !m came ! consci\sness ( 8 own greatness1 ! conviction w\ld =ce itself on him t he 0 himself ! promis$ ,messiah1 to be reveal$ z su* by succe$+ 9 8 lab\r1 by conv]t+ ! p & bani%+ s9 f ,israel4 ,?is second p]iod w\ld gr[ naturally out ( ! fir/4 ,comp>$ ) ! o!r prea*]s ( rep5tance1 he mu/ h seem$ able to obta9 success2 8 prea*+1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be f> m effective ?an !irs4 ,su* be+ ! case1 hope--& natures l 8 are always int5sely hopeful--w\ld lead him to imag9e himself completely successful1 to believe t at 8 call all ,jews w\ld turn ) pure he>ts to ,god4 ,?is result w\ld be suffici5t glory = ! ,messiah2 9 ! dreams ( ! prophets x _h be5 ! *ief feature ( ! ,messianic times4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he w\ld be uni=mly g5tle1 )\t bitt]ness aga9/ any class1 w\ld speak ( com+ 8to call n ! righte\s1 b s9n]s to rep5tance40 ,!n z sl[ly b surely x became evid5t t 8 task 0 impossible1 t ! ,jews 9 g5]al c>$ no?+ = 8 tea*+ & despis$ 8 pret5sions1 he w\ld ent] on a ?ird p]iod1 ) ! end n f> (f1 9 :i*1 /ill firmly hold+ himself to be ! ,messiah1 he w\ld appe> z ! lead] ( a new dep>ture l ,moses1 &1 apply+ to himself ! spiritual ideal ( ! second ,isaiah1 w\ld op5 8 sy/em to ! ,g5tiles1 ! ob/9ate & unrep5tant ,jews be+ left to p]i% 9 _! s9s4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he w\ld become a bitt] assailant ( ^? :o refus$ to accept him2 he w\ld d5\nce ! scribes & ,ph>isees1 &1 l ! prophets1 =etell de/ruction = ,j]usalem1 & ?us f9ally ga9 = himself ! dea? ( ! cross4 ,( c\rse no evid5ce = ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree p]iods c be d]iv$ f ! gospels4 ,= reasons already m5tion$1 :5 ,*ri/ 0 once recogniz$ z ! ,messiah all ! previ\s "p ( 8 life mu/ h pass$ into oblivion4 ,b 9 ! gospels ! second & ?ird p]iods are cle>ly indicat$2 9 fact1 by ref]r+ to !m we expla9 mo/ ( ! contradictions 9 ! say+s ascrib$ to ,*ri/4 ,z probability & tradition are s /rongly 9 fav\r ( !m1 we may assume ! exi/5ce ( at lea/ ^! p]iods to be prov$4 ,! great] "p ( ,*ri/'s active life probably belong$ to ! second p]iod4 ,decl>+ t ! k+dom ( heav5 _h come1 & exhort+ to righte\sness z ! condition ( %>+ 9 its bless$ness1 he w&]$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry di/ricts ( ,galilee & ,juda4 ,to ! c\ntry he w\ld naturally keep1 z !re1 :]e ! p 7 less fi]cely national & fanatical1 8 pur] conception ( ! ,messiah w\ld m readily f9d acceptance4 ,9 ! t[ns1 & especially 9 ,j]usalem1 only ! national type ( ,messiah w\ld be recogniz$2 & s ! gospels are probably correct 9 /at+ t he came fir/ to ,j]usalem 9 ! clos+ days ( 8 life4 ,! t]m 8,son ( man10 :i* 9 ! gospels is 8 fav\rite "n = himself1 01 x is likely1 ! ,messianic title he claim$1 z x m>ks ! recognition ( humanity alone by ! m9i/] ( ,god4 8,son ( ,david0 0 ! accept$ title ( ! national ,messiah1 & ?\gh 8 foll[]s1 we may be sure1 (t5 appli$ x to him1 he w\ld r %r9k f x himself4 ,he mu/ h ga9$ _m adh]5ts dur+ ?is p]iod2 9 ! unre/ ( ! age m5 w\ld easily yield to ! fasc9ation ( 8 "*1 its g5tl5ess & hopefulness be+ /ill unspoil$ by failure4 ,z he ext5d$ ! area ( 8 lab\rs & began to come 9 contact ) ! p ( ! t[ns1 he w\ld f9d himself 9 face ( s]i\s opposition4 ,"h he w\ld meet1 n simple ru/ics :o c>$ little ab\t ritual & politics1 b legali/s & nationali/s prompt to condemn him z irreligi\s & unpatriotic4 ,! cr$ulity ( 8 c\ntry disciples w\ld be *all5g$ & 8 ,messianic claims subject$ to a ho/ile scrut9y4 ,! t5d5cy to dwell on ! sup]natural insep>able f su* a "* z 8 w\ld be 9 %>p contra/ to ! _s ( worldl9ess he w\ld enc\nt]4 ,"s ,sadducees ev5 w\ld be likely to confront him1 requir+ pro( ( ! po/ulates ( 8 tea*+1 & infect+ o!rs ) _! scepticism4 ,!n w\ld beg9 a "t ( /ruggle & irritation4 ,all :o look$ = ! national ,messiah w\ld be enemies ( ,*ri/4 ,!y w\ld be eag] uphold]s ( ! =mal & exclusive elem5ts ( ,judaism1 & 8 disreg>d ( ^! w\ld excite _! bitt] opposition4 ,if he neglect$ traditional c]emonies or associat$ ) ! outca/s ( =malism1 he w\ld be d5\nc$ z a break] ( ! law1 & ! fri5d ( publicans & s9n]s4 ,gradually ?is opposition w\ld produce its effect4 ,z ! m9or cu/oms ( ! law 7 m & m put be=e him z matt]s ( sole importance1 he w\ld be =c$ into ho/ility aga9/ !m2 z ! outcries ( ! legali/s grew /rong]1 ! :ole sy/em ( legalism w\ld become m discr$it$ ) him4 ,b1 above all1 he w\ld lose 8 expectation ( conv]t+ ,israel4 ,:5 he realiz$ by exp]i5ce ! /r5g? ( ! ob/acles to 8 ideal1 he w\ld be compell$ to reconsid] 8 :ole position z ,messiah4 ,! effect ( ?is w\ld be to drive him /rongly t[>ds sup]naturalism4 ,f ! beg9n+ he mu/ h be5 dispos$ to put aside ! ord9>y conditions ( life4 ,! exagg]at$ & unworkable morality ( ! gospels is probably an accurate repres5tation ( 8 tea*+4 ,) 8 att5tion fix$ on ! spiritual glories ( ! ,messianic age1 ! worldly arrangem5ts ar\nd him mu/ h seem$ too transi5t to be wor?y ( att5tion4 ,?is feature ( 8 "* w\ld n[ enable him to meet ! difficulty ( 8 position4 ,he w\ld turn f e>? to heav54 ,believ+ 9 ! resurrection ( ! dead1 he w\ld use x to ju/ify 8 claim to be ! ,messiah4 ,reject$ by ! great] "p ( 8 c\ntrym51 no demon/ration ( 8 p[] on e>? c\ld be po9t$ to1 b he /ill c\ld proclaim = himself ! future glory ( a second com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,opposition1 ( c\rse1 w\ld only /r5g!n 8 belief 9 himself4 ,b ?is belief requir$ t he %\ld realize ! glori\s ideal ( ! prophets4 ,if he c\ld n realize x dur+ 8 e>?ly life1 he w\ld h to realize x aft] 8 dea?4 ,! prophecy 9 ! book ( ,daniel ( "o l a son ( man com+ ) ! cl\ds ( heav51 & hav+ ev]la/+ dom9ion ov] all ! _w1#ed w\ld n[ appe> to him to be a manife/ ref]5ce to himself4 ,connect+ x ) ! fifty-?ird *apt] ( ,isaiah1 ! *apt] easily admitt+ ( an errone\s int]pretation 9 a p]sonal s5se1 he w\ld readily =m a new conception ( 8 mission4 ,! failure to conv]t ,israel w\ld seem "p ( 8 true glory z ! suff]+ ,messiah4 ,despis$ & reject$ ( m51 he w\ld only be l all ,god's envoys to ! ,jews2 8 rejection w\ld fill up ! measure ( ,israel's guilt2 & aft] x ! wick$ w\ld f9ally be swept away1 & he himself1 z ,messiah1 prov$ by 8 con/ancy "u p]secution & suff]+1 w\ld judge ^? :o _h reject$ him1 & e/abli% 8 ev]la/+ k+dom4#ee ,! necessity ( 8 own m>tyrdom w\ld soon become "p ( 8 belief4 ,9 ! /ate 9 :i* ,juda 0 !n1 ! =ces t5d+ 9 ?is direction 7 suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,only an increase ( ! opposition he _h already enc\nt]$1 su* z w\ld be produc$ by 8 com+ into collision ) ! fanatical or?odoxy ( ,j]usalem1 0 ne$$ to secure 8 dea? z a crim9al4 ,!re mu/ h be5 _m reasons to make him welcome a spe$y dea?4 ,m4 ,r5an is probably "r 9 conjectur+ t ,*ri/ began to lose gr\nd dur+ ! lat] days ( 8 life1 ! irritability produc$ by con/ant controv]sy weak5+ ! p]sonal *>m ( 8 "*4 ,dea? w\ld seem ! only rem$y = ?is4 ,! fifty-?ird *apt] ( ,isaiah1 :i* ,mr4 ,arnold supposes to h be5 always pres5t to ,*ri/'s m9d z ! embodim5t ( 8 ,messianic ideal1 is likely to h be5 ?us be=e him 9 ?is clos+ p]iod4 ,!re dea? is repres5t$ z cr[n+ ! afflictions ( ! righte\s s]vant ( ,jahveh1 & a glori\s triumph is promis$ z its result4 ,*ri/ w\ld ( c\rse apply ! passage to himself1 & w\ld look =w>d to 8 dea? z ! condition necess>ily prec$+ 8 ,messianic glory4 ,p]sonal %r9k+ f pa9 w\ld c\nt = no?+ ) him4 ,if he believ$ himself to be ! div9ely appo9t$ ,messiah1 ! c5tral figure ( all ! _w's hi/ory1 he c\ld n h _h "o feel+ t 0 n subs]vi5t to 8 mission4 ,z soon z ?is conception ( 8 ,messiah%ip 0 develop$ 9 8 ?\ghts1 he w\ld at once adopt 9 its fulness ! spiritual ,messianic ideal4 ,reject$ by ! va/ majority ( ! ,jews--reject$1 moreov]1 because he 0 n ! national ,messiah1 he w\ld be irresi/ibly impell$ to proclaim himself ! spiritual ,messiah1 9 ^: eyes no di/9ctions ( race sep>at$ m5 f ,god4 ,fail+ ) ! ,jews1 !re 0 ! m ne$ t he %\ld turn to ! ,g5tiles2 defeat$ by ,jewi% nationalism1 ,jewi% nationalism mu/ h become hateful to him4 ,he w\ld look n[ = ! e/abli%m5t ( a spiritual ,israel1 =m$ ( all mank9d reconcil$ to ,god & deliv]$ f s94 ,f ?is "t1 ?\gh he probably did n prea* to !m himself1 he mu/ h includ$ ! ,g5tiles 9 8 sy/em4#ef ,he w\ld1 ( c\rse1 impress ?is new ideal on 8 disciples z /rongly z he c\ld4 ,x 0 n[ necess>y t 8 sy/em %\ld be prea*$ by !m aft] 8 dea?1 s t :5 he came aga9 9 ! cl\ds ( heav5 he might f9d fai?ful adh]5ts to %>e 9 ! glories ( 8 reign4 ,he w\ld /rive to prep>e 8 disciples = 8 dea?1 to prev5t !m f be+ di%e>t5$ by x1 & 9 do+ s he w\ld promise !m 8 return 9 p[]4 ,?us he w\ld himself orig9ate ! dogma ( 8 second adv5t1 :i* 0 ! ma9 support ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,x w\ld n be v difficult to induce 8 disciples to accept ! doctr9e4 ,!y believ$ 9 ! resurrection ( ! dead1 & he w\ld m]ely h to fix 9 _! m9ds a conviction t 8 resurrection w\ld be imm$iate2 t he1 z ,messiah1 w\ld rise at once to heav5 aft] 8 dea?1 !nce to return ) unlimit$ p[]s to puni% & rew>d4 ,to get ! fir/ "p ( ! doctr9e into _! heads may n h be5 easy2 !y w\ld n readily und]/& t _! "l 0 to die /ill publicly unrecogniz$1 ) no proclamation ( 8 greatness2 b once !y did und]/& ?is1 8 promis$ return 9 glory w\ld seem be/ to expla9 x1 & w\ld suit x to _! ambiti\s dreams4 ,probably !y nev] fully und]/ood ?is portion ( 8 tea*+ until aft] 8 dea?1 :51 ( c\rse1 !re w\ld be e inducem5t to accept x4 ,x is unnecess>y to /ate h[ /rongly ! evid5ce ( ! gospels supports ?is conclusion4 ,aga9 & aga9 9 !m ,*ri/ appe>s prep>+ 8 disciples = 8 dea?1 & promis+ 8 return aft]w>ds 9 heav5ly glory4 ,b ! evid5ce ( probability w\ld be suffici5t to e/abli% x4 ,x solves ! great problem 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity2 x expla9s ! passage ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh ! p]il\s p]iod imm$iately aft] its f\nd]'s dea?4 ,be+ ?us =c$ to ju/ify himself by appeal+ to ! sup]natural elem5ts ( ,judaism1 sup]natural conditions w\ld necess>ily assume m importance 9 8 eyes4 ,! po/-prophetic additions to ,judaism m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt] _h by ?is "t develop$ a complete sy/em ( salvation & damnation4 ,heav5 & hell 7 n[ fully e/abli%$ 9 ! cre$ ( ! ,jew1 heav5 be+ appo9t$ = himself & hell = ! ,g5tile4 ,*ri/ w\ld naturally acc5tuate ?is "p ( 8 religion1 & adopt ! same _s ( exclusiv5ess4 ,heav5 w\ld be = ^? :o accept$1 hell = ^? :o reject$ ! ,messiah4 ,probably he n[ began to lay special /ress on ! salvation ( ! s\l 9 8 prea*+4 ,& ?us we c und]/& h[ ,*ri/ianity came to possess 9 a height5$ =m ! m ,pagan features ( ,judaism4 ,! same circum/ances :i* 7 lead+ ,*ri/ to exagg]ate ! portions ( ,judaism mo/ fav\rable to g5]al proselytism1 w\ld also cause him to lay aside ! portions ( ,judaism mo/ unfav\rable to x4 ,8 opposition to ! legal & c]emonial elem5ts ( ,judaism w\ld n[ be greatly increas$4 ,8 wor/ enemies1 ( c\rse1 7 ^? :o atta*$ mo/ importance to ^!1 & 9 _! attacks on him =malism mu/ h suppli$ !m ) _! mo/ effective weapons4 ,?is w\ld lead him 9 "t to reject =malism completely4 ,9 do+ s1 he 01 z we saw 9 ! la/ *apt]1 /rictly fulfill+ ! spiritual ,messianic ideal4 ,to :at ext5t he made ! r5unciation ( ! law an actual "p ( 8 sy/em we _c tell1 b we may be sure x 0 to a l>g] ext5t ?an 8 disciples 7 ready to accept4 ,! =ms ( ,judaism1 at lea/1 c\ld n h be5 reg>d$ by him z necess>y elem5ts ( 8 religion4 ,he 0 =c$ to make 8 sy/em a movem5t out ( or?odox ,judaism1 & he c\ld n h c>$ to encumb] 8 new religion ) ! worn-out =ms ( ! old4 ,! acc\nt 9 ! gospels ( ! clos+ incid5ts ( ,*ri/'s life is probably 9 ! ma9 /rictly correct4 ,soon] or lat] he 0 sure to g to ,j]usalem4 ,! ne$ to ju/ify 8 sy/em by prea*+ x 9 ! capital1 & ! wi% to f\nd x securely by 8 dea? "u p]secution1 w\ld alike impel him 9 ?is direction4 ,& he w\ld naturally *oose "o ( ! great fea/s z ! occasion = 8 visit to ! city4 ,?\gh ! =ms ( ,judaism _h n[ probably ceas$ to be an ess5tial portion ( 8 religion1 !re is no reason to suppose t he p]sonally object$ to obs]v+ ! m important ( !m4 ,com+ to ,j]usalem to keep ! passov]1 he w\ld f9d x cr[d$ ) /rang]s2 practically ! :ole ,jewi% _w w\ld be conc5trat$ !re2 & ?us he w\ld obta9 ! wide/ possible publicity1 bo? = 8 prea*+ & 8 m>tyrdom4 ,t ! latt] w\ld necess>ily foll[ ! =m] he mu/ h cle>ly se54 ,9 ! capital ( ,judaism1 at a "t :5 a great religi\s fe/ival excit$ ! fanaticism ( ! p to ! highe/ pit*1 to prea* a religion t involv$ ! ov]?r[ ( legalism & ! equality ( ,jew & ,g5tile 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & to d ?is :ile claim+ to fulfil ! popul> expectations1 obvi\sly meant a spe$y ext9ction4 ,s we may conclude t ,*ri/ came to ,j]usalem at ! "t ( ! passov]1 probably accompani$ by _m ( 8 c\ntry adh]5ts :o 7 also go+ to ! fea/1 & t !re by 8 prea*+ he provok$ aga9/ himself ! fanaticism ( ! prie/s & ! populace1 & 0 put to dea? z an (f5d] aga9/ ! law4 ,among ! incid5ts relat$ z occurr+ n[1 is "o t e/abli%$ a great dogma4 ,9 ! description :i* ! gospels give ( ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's supp]1 we h /atem5ts :i* are corroborat$ by an important ext]nal au?ority4 ,! fir/ epi/le ( ,/4 ,paul to ! ,cor9?ians is unque/ionably g5u9e1 & accord+ly x ranks z "o ( ! e>lie/ docum5ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 x ,*ri/1 on ! occasion ( 8 passov] fea/ 9 ,j]usalem1 is said to h brok5 bread & di/ribut$ x among 8 disciples1 & to h p\r$ out w9e & giv5 x to !m1 ass]t+ t ! bread 0 8 body & ! w9e 8 blood1 & ord]+ !m to cont9ue ! practice z a memorial ( him4 ,tak+ ?is passage 9 conjunction ) ! correspond+ passages ( ! gospels1 we h 9 all f\r /atem5ts s mu* di/9ctly express$2 :ile equally 9 all f\r x is ei!r express$ or cle>ly impli$ t ?is di/ribution ( 8 body & blood meant t 8 body 0 brok5 & 8 blood %$ = ! remission ( s9s2 ! only v>iation 9 ! passages be+ ! omission by ! fir/ two gospels ( ! injunction to repeat ! c]emony4 ,putt+ ?is po9t aside = ! mom5t1 we h 9 ! re/ ( ! description an acc\nt 9 :i* ! ?ree gospels agree1 & 9 :i* !y are corroborat$ by a tru/wor?y ext]nal au?ority4 ,unless probability is decid$ly aga9/ x1 ?is concurr5ce ( evid5ce is suffici5t to e/abli% its tru?4#eg ,! acc\nt1 h[ev]1 has probability di/9ctly 9 its fav\r4 ,if ,*ri/ 0 alive on ! day ( ! passov]--& !re is e reason to suppose t ! gospels are correct :5 !y ass]t t he 0--he w\ld naturally keep ! passov] supp] ) 8 disciples1 z o!rwise 8 pres5ce 9 ,j]usalem w\ld be inexplicable4 ,b keep+ ! passov]1 ) ! expectation ( 8 imm$iate dea? vividly be=e him1 ! celebration mu/ h seem$ to him to possess a /range significance4 ,he believ$ t ! fir/ passov] fea/ _h be5 celebrat$ 9 ! "t ( ,moses1 t ! blood ( ! victim spr9kl$ on _! doorways _h pres]v$ ! ,israelites f h>m on ! eve ( _! dep>ture f ,egypt1 & t ?is _h be5 ! e>lie/ rite ( ! ,jewi% law4 ,n[ he1 ( c\rse1 mu/ h reg>d$ 8 sy/em1 :i* 0 to be fully e/abli%$ by 8 dea?1 z ! fulfilm5t ( ,judaism4 ,! c]emonies ( ,judaism1 ( :i* ! passov]1 z fir/1 0 *ief1 belong$ only to ! old unfulfill$ religion1 & n to ! mature ,judaism f\nd$ by him4 ,s ?is passov] he 0 keep+ w\ld seem to him1 n m]ely a commemoration ( ! fir/1 b1 9 a prop] s5se1 actually ! la/ c]emony ( ! ,jewi% ritual4 ,& z x 0 ! la/ rite ( ! old1 s x 0 ! fir/ ( ! new ,judaism4 ,8 disciples n[1 l ! e>ly ,israelites1 7 leav+ old ways & beg9n+ a new life z w&]]s on /range pa?s4 ,z ! fir/ c]emony ( ,judaism _h sanctifi$ its comm5cem5t1 s ?is fir/ c]emony ( ,*ri/ianity might well appe> to him to sanctify its comm5cem5t1 & to m>k ! transition f ! old religion to ! new4 ,b :]e 0 ! victim ( ?is ,*ri/ian passov]8 ,! ,jewi% passov] 0 ess5tially a sacrifice1 & ! idea ( vic>i\s atonem5t 0 cle>ly /amp$ on x4 ,! ,jews believ$ t1 :5 ! fir/-born sons ( ! ,egyptians _h be5 de/roy$1 ! fir/-born sons ( _! ance/ors _h escap$1 ?r\gh ! spr9kl+ on _! doorways ( ! blood ( a fir/-born lamb or kid ( _! flocks4#eh ,sacrificial sub/itution is unmi/akable "h4 ,n[1 z m5tion$ above1 ,*ri/ at ?is "t _h probably tak5 z 8 ideal ! suff]+ ,messiah ?\ght to be ref]r$ to 9 ! fifty-?ird *apt] ( ,isaiah4 ,!re ! suppos$ ,messiah is spok5 ( z becom+ 8an (f]+ = s910 & z be>+ 8! s9 ( _m40#ei ,to ,*ri/'s m9d1 we mu/ rememb]1 ! idea ( atonem5t = s9 by sacrifice 0 ?or\ghly famili>1 root$ z x 0 9 ! ,jewi% law4 ,if1 !n1 he believ$ t = him z ,messiah a dea? at ! h&s ( o!rs 0 orda9$1 he w\ld at ?is mom5t naturally see 9 8 dea? an atonem5t (f]$ = s94 ,?\gh he mu/ h reg>d$ ! sacrificial sy/em ( ! law z only decre$ = a "t1 he w\ld /ill feel t und]ly+ x !re 0 a div9e pr9ciple4 ,recogniz+ ?is pr9ciple1 ) ! passage ( ,isaiah press+ on him a s5se ( a connection betwe5 x & 8 dea?1 he w\ld be sure to f9d 9 himself ! victim ( ! ,*ri/ian passov]4 ,! idea t 8 dea? 0 an atonem5t = s9 may h occurr$ to him be=e4 ,b :e!r x did or n1 x mu/ h be5 fully develop$ 9 8 m9d by ! circum/ances "u :i* he kept ?is passov]4 ,x fitt$ l a key into ! peculi>ities ( 8 religion4 ,z already expla9$1 8 object z ,messiah 0 to f\nd a sy/em :i* %\ld secure ! happ9ess ( ^? :o accept$ him2 on 8 second com+1 !y 7 to enjoy ! felicity ( ! ,messianic p]iod on e>?1 z well z ! ev]la/+ joys ( heav54 ,if !y 7 to enjoy felicity1 to escape puni%m5t1 ?r\gh 8 dea?1 :i* necess>ily prec$$ 8 second com+1 h[ readily w\ld t dea? appe> to him1 z a ,jew1 an aton+ sacrifice = _! s9s6 ,j z ! lamb ( ! passov] _h borne1 z a sub/itute = ! ,israelites1 ! p5alty t _h fall5 on ! ,egyptians1 s he1 z _! sub/itute1 w\ld be> = 8 foll[]s ! p5alty t w\ld fall on ! re/ ( ! _w1 ! "t at :i* 8 dea? 0 to take place height5+ ! p>allel & mak+ x seem to be provid5tially design$4 ,z ! victim ( ! passov]1 "p ( x hav+ be5 us$ sacrificially z an expiation1 _h !n be5 eat5 z food by ^? :om its sacrifice 0 meant to b5efit1 s "h ,*ri/ w\ld wi% 8 body ?us to be p>tak5 ( sacram5tally aft] x became an atonem5t = s94 ,sacrifice is usually foll[$ by sacram5t2 ! victim1 be+ accept$ by ! deity1 becomes div9e1 & ^? :o p>take ( x are purifi$ by receiv+ div9e elem5ts into _! natures4 ,! sacram5tal side ( ! passov] sacrifice 0 p>ticul>ly m>k$4 ,to complete ! p>allel1 ,*ri/1 z ! new passov] victim1 ne$$ to make 8 body a sacram5t4 ,b 9 8 case su* a sacram5t _h necess>ily to prec$e1 & n to foll[ ! sacrificial dea?4 ,x c\ld only be symbolical4 ,he _h1 z ! p>ables ( ! gospels %[1 a natural t5d5cy to use symbolism to express 8 ?\ghts4 ,symbolically1 ! sacram5t1 to prev5t co>se misconception1 w\ld be/ be celebrat$ by himself4 ,& s at ?is passov] supp]1 aft] ! victim appo9t$ by ! law _h be5 p>tak5 (1 ,*ri/ probably di/ribut$ bread & w9e z 8 body & blood1 ! symbolical sacram5t ( 8 approa*+ sacrificial dea?1 ! new passov] fea/ ( ! new ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,& z ! fir/ passov] fea/ _h be5 commemorat$ 9 ,judaism1 s he probably comm&$ 8 disciples to commemorate ?is second "o1 :i* fulfill$ & abrogat$ ! fir/1 ev5 z 8 sy/em fulfill$ & abrogat$ ! sy/em to :i* ! fir/ belong$1 mak+ x ?us ! only rite ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* %\ld symbolise 9 purity ! co>se sacrificial ritual ( ,judaism4 ,?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !re is no c]ta9ty 9 ?is conclusion1 probability is s mu* 9 its fav\r t we may assume x to be prov$4 ,! positive evid5ce alone is suffici5t to e/abli% ! fact1 & /ill /rong] is ! evid5ce = x aris+ f its be+ an indisp5sable l9k 9 a great *a9 ( developm5t4 ,& s we may conclude t ! fir/ di/9ctive dogma ( ,*ri/ianity 0 actually orig9at$ by ,*ri/ himself4 ,! ,*ur* />t$ ) belief 9 ! ,atonem5t1 9 ! sacrificial dea? ( ,*ri/1 ! 8,lamb ( ,god10 = ! s9s ( m54 ,! fur!r explanation ( ?is doctr9e belongs to our next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,jewi% ,,*ri/ianity4 ,s f> 9 ! c\rse ( our inquiry we h trac$ ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e simply ?r\gh ! religi\s ideas ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,b f ?is po9t we %all h to consid] ! relations ( opposite t5d5cies1 ! collision betwe5 ,judaism & ,paganism 9 ,*ri/ianity to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 9 ! ,introduction4 ,& 9 deal+ ) ?is subject1 x is a fair canon ( hi/orical criticism to say t s f> z any dogma is di/9ctly ,jewi%1 its orig9 %\ld be assign$ to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & s f> z any dogma is di/9ctly ,pagan1 its orig9 %\ld be assign$ to a lat] p]iod1 aft] ! conv]sion ( ! ,g5tiles _h begun4 ,! ju/ice ( ?is canon is evid5t :5 we rememb] t ,*ri/ianity at ! "t ( ,*ri/'s dea? _h none b ,jewi% adh]5ts1 & t !nce=? x grew to be m & m accept$ by ,pagans1 until at la/ its ranks 7 fill$ ) ,pagans alone4 ,! ,atonem5t is ! *ief ,jewi% dogma1 & ! ,inc>nation ! *ief ,pagan dogma ( ,*ri/ianity1 & !y obvi\sly con=m to ! requirem5ts ( ! canon4 ,= ! pres5t we %all be occupi$ ) ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity :i* are ma9ly ,jewi% 9 =m4 ,?\gh ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* />t$ ) belief 9 ! ,atonem5t1 ! dogma at ! beg9n+ c\ld n h be5 fully grasp$ & und]/ood4 ,= a "t x 0 probably only lat5t 9 ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*4 ,8 disciples 7 n likely at once to recognize ! significance ( :at ,*ri/ did at ! passov] supp]2 up to ! la/ !y c\ld h>dly h be5 prep>$ = 8 dea?4 ,b ev5 ) a bl9d ob$i5ce !y w\ld naturally obey _! "l's comm&s4 ,z !y commemorat$ ! ,*ri/ian passov] & repeat$ its =ms1 ! mean+ ( x w\ld gradually dawn on _! m9ds4 ,?is repetition mu/ h be5 f ! fir/ ! c5tre ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 a di/9ctive c]emony :i* br\ght ! ,*ri/ians toge!r & m>k$ !m (f f ! ,jews ar\nd !m4 ,:ile ?us incessantly repeat+ ! =m ( sacram5tal communion ) ! body ( ,*ri/1 soon] or lat] !y w\ld be sure to recognize :at ?is sacram5tal communion impli$1 ! sacrificial "* ( 8 dea?4 ,!n ! lat5t dogma ( ! ,atonem5t w\ld be fully und]/ood4 ,z ,jews1 !y w\ld readily accept x2 inde$1 x w\ld be to !m an explanation ( _! /range position z disciples ( a crucifi$ ,messiah4 ,z soon z ! fir/ ,*ri/ians recogniz$ t ,*ri/'s dea? _h be5 an atonem5t (f]$ = _! s9s1 a feel+ ( lightness & joy mu/ h aris5 9 _! he>ts4 ,circum/ances l ^? 9 :i* !y 7 plac$ always t5d to develop /rongly a s5se ( s9fulness & ( ali5ation f ,god4 ,b "h appe>$ a means ( reconciliation to ,god & ( escape f ! burd5 ( s94 ,&1 accord+ly1 x is likely t n[ _! mission>y activity began4 ,! dogma suppli$ !m ) a v9dication ( _! "l's greatness4 ,jesus1 z ! ,messiah1 _h borne ! s9s ( m51 & _h become ! repres5tative ( m5 ) ,god4 ,! ,jews1 :o _h s unju/ly sla9 him1 7 9 special ne$ ( div9e =giv5ess2 & we may be sure t ! wat*words ( ! prea*+ ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 :5 !y prea*$ only to ,jews1 7 8,jesus & ! remission ( s9s40 ,?\gh ! commemoration ( ! passov] supp] 0 probably ! means ( impress+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t on ! m9ds ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 !re is no reason to suppose t at fir/ !y atta*$ to x an actual sacram5tal value4 ,!y w\ld naturally repeat ! =ms ( ! sacram5tal fea/ !y 7 commemorat+ )\t consid]+ ! repetition also to be sacram5tal4 ,b be=e long1 z we "k f ,/4 ,paul's words1#fj ! repetition did become sacram5tal itself4 ,! ,*ri/ians !n believ$ t ! elem5ts ( ,*ri/'s body 7 pres5t 9 ! bread & w9e ( _! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,at fir/ ?is pres5ce may h be5 reg>d$ z symbolical only4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! delicate symbolism habitual 9 ,*ri/'s language 0 sure 9 ?is in/ance soon] or lat] to be misund]/ood by ! gross] m9ds ( 8 foll[]s4 ,! passage ( ,/4 ,paul j ref]r$ to %[s t he believ$ ! fle% & blood ( ,*ri/ to be actually pres5t 9 ! bread & w9e ( ! ,eu*>i/--t is1 pres5t 9 !m by an act ( fai?1 n *ang$ into !m by a =mula ( consecration4 ,:5 ! common fea/ ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians _h ?us become a sacram5tal commemoration ( ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 _! conception ( t sacrifice mu/ h be5 /r5g!n$ & made def9ite4 ,& ) ?is cle>] conception ( ,*ri/ z ! victim t aton$ = ! s9s ( man1 ^: body 0 spiritually pres5t 9 ! food !y ate at _! sacr$ supp]1 w\ld come a greatly enhanc$ rev]5ce = him4 ,he w\ld seem to !m m ?an human2 8 ,messiah%ip w\ld ga!r r\nd x all ! highe/ attributes ev] dream$ ( 9 ! ,messianic ideals ( _! race4 ,_! full mission>y en]gy w\ld !n be display$4 ,probably ! recov]y ( ! ,*ur* f ! p>alysis t mu/ h fall5 on x aft] ,*ri/'s dea? began ) ! recognition ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t1 & 0 f9ally complet$ :5 ! ,eu*>i/ became a sacram5t1 a solemn & my/]i\s c]emony1 ! c5tral expression ( ,*ri/ian belief4 ,! prea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity mu/ h be5 f> easi] aft] its f\nd]'s dea?4 ,rev]5ce = ,*ri/ c\ld rise to great] heights4 ,sup]natural p[]s c\ld be attribut$ to him )\t any fe> ( too dang]\s a *all5ge4 ,&1 besides1 ! prea*]s c\ld disp]se !mselves4 ,s long z ,*ri/ liv$ he alone c\ld prop]ly prea* 8 sy/em1 = all ,*ri/ians w\ld ga!r closely r\nd him z _! liv+ head4 ,b n[ e body ( ,*ri/ians 0 equally ne> him1 no matt] :]e !y might be1 & _h ! assurance ( 8 spiritual pres5ce 9 ! elem5ts ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,h5ce=? ! mission ( ! ,*ur* 0 proselytism2 gr[? became its evid5ce ( life4 ,t proselytism began imm$iately aft] ,*ri/'s dea? is1 ( c\rse1 v unlikely4 ,! ,*ur* probably took "s ye>s to recov] f ! %ock ( its loss4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod x c\ld b>ely h manag$ to survive z a small body conta9+ ! mo/ fai?ful ( ^? :o _h foll[$ ,*ri/4 ,among ^! pick$ disciples ! developm5t ( lat5t doctr9e w5t on1 until ! prim>y pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity 7 e/abli%$ on a sure basis4 ,!n1 proselytism beg9n+1 e memb] ( ! orig9al body probably became m or less a mission>y4 ,z a select few !y 7 ! prea*]s & au?orities ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,! comm&s ( ,*ri/1 z well z ! nature ( _! religion1 impell$ !m to prea* ) vig\r4 ,at fir/ !y w\ld naturally address !mselves to ,jews alone4 ,) ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e !y 7 n likely to make mu* way4 ,b :5 !y ext5d$ _! activity to ! synagogues 9 =eign c\ntries !y w\ld be m successful4 ,"h1 z ! fanaticism ( race 0 less1 ! spiritual ideal ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld h few] ob/acles to ov]come4 ,/ill 9 all _! deal+s ) ,jews !y probably met ) little success4 ,to ! ,jews ,*ri/ crucifi$ 0 inde$ a /umbl+-block :i* ev5 ! promise ( 8 second adv5t c\ld n remove4 ,b z soon z ! prea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity t\*$ ! ,g5tiles1 !y mu/ h reap$ an abundant h>ve/4 ,su* 0 ! disorganization ( religion at ?is "t 9 ! ,roman _w t1 not)/&+ ! h>% exclusiv5ess ( ,judaism1 ,g5tiles 9 l>ge numb]s 7 becom+ proselytes to x4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ,*ri/ianity1 :i* _h dropp$ all ! h>% features ( ,judaism1 & _h add$ to ! rema9d] mu* t 0 9 h>mony ) ,g5tile ideas1 mu/ h easily made conv]ts among !m4 ,?\gh probably v soon ! majority ( ,*ri/ians 7 ,g5tiles1 all ! heads ( ! ,*ur* /ill 7 ,jews1 & its pr9ciples rema9$ :olly ,jewi%4 ,?is p]iod ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity may fairly be said to h la/$ 9 full vig\r until ! dea? ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,= m ?an ! second half ( ?is "t ! mission>y activity ( ! ,*ur* c5tr$ 9 ,/4 ,paul4 ,aft] ,*ri/ himself1 no man influ5c$ ! circum/ances & doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity m ?an he4 ,! /ress laid ^u fai? z a means ( salvation 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity 0 l>gely ! result ( 8 p]sonal "*4 ,a r5egade f ! mo/ rigid legalism ( ,judaism1 he naturally1 z a ,*ri/ian1 pass$ to ! o!r extreme1 & exalt$ fai? above ! righte\sness ( works4 ,! same recoil f ,judaism made him ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,b ?\gh ,/4 ,paul 0 z little ,jewi% z an unhell5is$ ,jew c\ld be1 & /ra9$ ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity greatly 9 ! direction ( ,g5tile ideas1 8 religion 0 /ill ess5tially ,jewi%4 ,9 8 epi/les--putt+ aside 8 ref]5ces to ! resurrection ( ! dead1 made because he 0 writ+ to ,g5tiles :o 7 n famili> ) ! doctr9e--z well z 9 ! o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t t belong to ?is p]iod1 we f9d /ress laid *iefly on two dogmas1 ! ,atonem5t & ! second adv5t4#fa ,^! two dogmas 7 closely connect$1 & 7 ! /r5g? ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t 0 t ,*ri/ _h di$ = ! s9s ( ! _w4 8,god 0 9 ,*ri/10 says ,/4 ,paul1 8reconcil+ ! _w unto himself1 n imput+ _! trespasses unto !m40#fb ,! t]m 8_w10 z us$ 9 ?is & k9dr$ passages1 c only be und]/ood by keep+ ! doctr9e ( ! second adv5t /eadily 9 view4 ,all ! glories pr$ict$ by ! prophets = ! ,messianic times 7 transf]r$ 9 ! expectation ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to ! p]iod ( ! second com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,!y believ$ t :5 _! "l return$ !re w\ld be lit]ally 8new heav5s & a new e>?40#fc ,?is new _w1 !n to be e/abli%$ 9 fulness1 !y held to h be5 actually f\nd$ by ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 :i* _h r5d]$ x possible by reliev+ man f ! burd5 ( s94 ,b 9 _! case only _h s9 be5 ?us put away1 & accord+ly !y 7 ! f\ndation ( ! _w reconcil$ to ,god1 :i* aft] ! second com+ ( ,*ri/ w\ld rema9 alone1 ! old _w ( s9 & ali5ation f ,god :i* /ill surviv$ beside ! new be+ !n f9ally de/roy$4 ,*ri/ _h left !m to prea* ! gospel1 t is1 to snat* s\ls f ! p]i%+ to ! p]man5t _w4 ,! latt] seem$ to !m ! real _w1 & ! o!r1 :i* exi/$ = a "t beside x1 only a vani%+ %ad[4 ,= ?is real & p]man5t _w1 !n repres5t$ by ! ,*ur*1 !y believ$ ,*ri/ to h di$4 ,! m hopeful ,*ri/ians might expect t ! two worlds w\ld yet become id5tical1 ?r\gh ! conv]sion ( all m5 be=e ! second adv5t4 ,!n ,*ri/ w\ld come1 n 9 wra?1 b simply 9 love2 n to puni%1 b simply to rew>d4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c\ld only h be5 a r>e belief4 ,9 g5]al ! expectation ( ! ,*ur* 0 t ,*ri/ w\ld come spe$ily1 & sweep away all m5 outside x1 & leave x alone on an e>? r5ew$ & glorifi$4 ,fai? 9 him 0 ! pass t procur$ admission to ! felicities ( 8 ,messianic reign2 to ^? outside ,*ri/ianity 8 com+ c\ld only br+ confusion & ru94#fd ,?is new _w1 ! creation ( :i* 0 begun by ,*ri/'s dea?1 & 0 to be complet$ by 8 second com+1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians reg>d$ z a k+dom ( light girdl$ on e side by ! old _w or k+dom ( d>kness4 ,x 0 _! mission1 !y held1 to ext5d its fronti]s1 & cont9u\sly to encroa* on ! region giv5 ov] to night4 ,e in* ( gr\nd !y ga9$ !y believ$ to be sav$ f an imm95t de/ruction4 ,= ! f]v\r ( proselytism :i* possess$ !m re/$ on ! dogma ( ! second adv5t4 ,to x !y look$ =w>d z a bless+ to !mselves & a t]ror to ! re/ ( mank9d4#fe ,all m5 outside ! ,*ur* seem$ to be walk+ on ! br9k ( a precipice1 ov] :i* !y 7 %ortly to be hurl$4 ,naturally to save z _m z possible ( ^! f a dang] s imm$iate & s vividly conceiv$ 0 to mo/ ,*ri/ians ! *ief object ( life4 ,"s ( ! /]n] ( !m1 z we "k f ! book ( ,revelation1 :i* 0 writt5 at ! close ( ?is p]iod1 expect$ ) gladness ! com+ ( ,*ri/ to take v5geance on 8 enemies4 ,b ! h>% & exclusive _s ( t *>act]i/ically ,jewi% "w c\ld n h be5 g5]al2 & we may be sure t ! ,*ri/ians1 z a :ole1 felt only pity :5 !y ?\ght ( ! imp5d+ de/ruction ( ! pr\d non-,*ri/ian _w4 ,_m /range ideas ent]$ into ! expectation ( ! com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,x 0 ev5 ?\ght t at ! la/ mom5t he w\ld conv]t & save ^? :o _h be5 unrea*$ by 8 e>?ly envoys4 ,/4 ,paul believ$ t !n1 8aft] ! fulness ( ! ,g5tiles _h come 910 ,israel w\ld at l5g? be sav$4#ff ,z to :at 0 to foll[ ! second adv5t1 op9ions slightly v>i$4 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,paul1#fg ,*ri/ w\ld e/abli% aft] x an et]nal & heav5ly k+dom ( ! ,*ri/ian liv+ & ris5 dead2 b accord+ to ! book ( ,revelation1#fh he w\ld !n reign = a ?\s& ye>s on e>?1 aft]w>ds beg9n+ 8 ev]la/+ rule4 ,f ! new _w !n to be complet$ ! ,*ri/ians believ$ s9 to h be5 put away by ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t1 z !y und]/ood x1 meant actual deliv]ance f s91 & n m]e deliv]ance f its p5alty4 ,no?+ c\ld be cle>] ?an ,/4 ,paul's /atem5t ( ?is4#fi ,all ,/4 ,paul's epi/les are p]vad$ by a tone ( griev$ surprise t s9 %\ld be f\nd exi/+ )9 ! ,*ur*4 ,s9 9 8 eyes 0 ess5tially ! m>k ( ! old _w4 ,if1 !n1 a ,*ri/ian s9n$1 he %[$ t he did n really belong to ! new _w2 he 0 "u ! law1 & n "u grace1 & by ! law he w\ld be condemn$2 he w\ld p]i% ) ! p]i%+ _w4 ,probably1 "u ! pressure ( su* a belief1 ! ,*ur* at ?is "t 0 ! pure/ society ( m5 t has ev] exi/$4 ,consid]+ ! moral condition ( ! p]iod1 x is likely t ! di/9ction !n made betwe5 believ] & s9n] almo/ correspond$ to actual fact4 ,practically )9 all 0 good1 & )\t all 0 evil4 ,9 mod]n evangelical ,prote/antism language ( ! same k9d is (t5 us$1 b only z ! %ad[y semblance ( :at 0 once sub/antial reality4 ,! belief 9 ! second adv5t ( ,*ri/ 9 ano!r way mu/ h help$ to ma9ta9 ! purity ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,liv+ 9 ! con/ant expectation ( 8 imm$iate com+1 worldly pleasures seem$ too transi5t & unsure to be wor?y ( att5tion4 ,_! belief too1 0 inve/$ ) a vivid s5se ( reality4 ,!y expect$ to see _! "l 9 all 8 heav5ly maje/y1 n "u /range & unkn[n conditions only to be exp]i5c$ by pass+ ?r\gh ! gate ( dea?1 b 9 ! mid/ ( ! famili> associations ( e>?4 ,!y await$ 8 appe>ance 89 ! v _w :i* is ! _w ( all ( u10 & ! %ad[ ( 8 com+ lay on all ! ?\ghts & actions ( _! lives4 ,) ! fad+ ( s beautiful a dream ! real corruption ( ,*ri/ianity began4 ,z ! ye>s pass$ by1 & ,*ri/ did n appe>1 ! hopes ( ! ,*ur* gradually di$ away4 ,! doctr9e ( 8 spe$y com+ at l5g? became ! la/ refuge ( fanaticism4 ,) x 8! fre%ness ( ! e>ly _w0 ( ,*ri/ianity f9ally p]i%$2 ! ,*ur* nev] knew aga9 ! simplicity & purity :i* m>k$ ?is p]iod ( its y\?4 ,! expectation ( ! imm$iate com+ ( ,*ri/ 0 ! su/a9+ pr9ciple ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity4 ,! loss ( x ?rew ! ,*ur* completely into ,pagan h&s4 ,:ile x prevail$1 ,*ri/ians c>$ little ab\t ! explanation ( _! !ology2 exi/+ conditions 7 reg>d$ z too provisional4 ,b aft]w>ds1 :5 a long life seem$ to lie be=e ! ,*ur*1 !ological 8pseudo-sci5ce0 0 born4 ,new & complex doctr9es 7 ne$$ to engage ! ?\ghts ( ,*ri/ians1 & ^! ,pagan ,*ri/ianity suppli$4 ,?\gh ! ,*ri/ianity ( ?is p]iod 0 ?or\ghly ,jewi% 9 ! "* ( its doctr9es1 ! prea*+ ( x 0 address$ *iefly to ,pagans4 ,/4 ,paul 0 _! repres5tative among ! heads ( ! ,*ur*1 & prea*$ almo/ exclusively to !m4 ,9 turn+ to !m1 ,*ri/ianity _h to a c]ta9 ext5t to adapt itself to _! ideas4 ,! nature ( ?is adaptation is cle>ly visible 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,i h said t1 9 prea*+ to ,jews1 ! wat*words ( ,*ri/ianity probably 7 8,jesus & ! remission ( s9s40 ,9 prea*+ to ,pagans1 ^! wat*words w\ld n h be5 wor? mu*4 ,pagans look$ = no ,messiah1 nor 7 !y likely to be inconv5i5tly consci\s ( s94 ,! great doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* on :i* /ress 0 laid :5 x prea*$ to ,pagans1 z we h cle> evid5ce 9 ,/4 ,paul's epi/les1 0 ! resurrection4 ,*ri/ianity attract$ ,pagans ma9ly by promis+ !m ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,?is 0 naturally ! case1 z to !m1 unlike ,jews1 x 0 a novel doctr9e4 ,b ! /r5g? ( ,*ri/ianity 9 deal+ ) ,pagans lay n m]ely 9 its ass]tion ( ! resurrection ( ! dead1 b 9 ! pro( ( ! resurrection x pr(ess$ to give4 ,?is1 aga91 is pla9ly evid5t 9 ! epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,he dwells s mu* on ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ t we might suspect him to h be5 ta9t$ orig9ally ) ! scepticism ( ! ,sadducees4 ,by ?is peculi>ity1 h[ev]1 he 0 exactly fitt$ to be ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,) 8 writ+s be=e u1 we may be sure t he prea*$ to ,pagans1 z he is made to d 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 8,jesus & ! resurrection40#gj ,to him ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ 0 ! evid5ce = ! g5]al resurrection ( ! dead2 :ile 8 conviction t ,*ri/ _h ris5 f ! dead re/$ on ! belief t he z well z o!rs _h se5 ,*ri/ aft] 8 dea?4#ga ,& s ,/4 ,paul c\ld prea* ! resurrection to ,pagans 9 a v effective mann]1 decl>+ t ! dead w\ld rise aga91 & giv+ z pro( ( ?is ! fact t "o man1 ,jesus1 0 kn[n ?us to h ris51 z aft] 8 dea? he _h be5 se5 by _m cr$ible witnesses1 includ+ ,/4 ,paul himself4 ,if ,god _h rais$ ,jesus1 :y %\ld he n also raise o!r m58 ,*ri/ _h ris5 f ! dead1 & become ! fir/-fruits ( !m t slept4 ,?us :ile ! wat*words ( ! ,*ur* 9 prea*+ to ,jews 7 8,jesus & ! remission ( s9s10 its wat*words 9 prea*+ to ,pagans 7 8,jesus & ! resurrection40 ,t ! evid5ce on :i* ?is prea*+ 0 f\nd$ %\ld h exi/$ is natural en\gh4 ,! disciples ( ,*ri/1 z ,jews1 necess>ily believ$ t he1 aft] 8 dea?1 _h asc5d$ to heav51 & 0 liv+ !re ) ,god4 ,su* be+ ! case1 !re is no?+ /range 9 _! fancy+ t he occasionally appe>$ to !m4#gb ,! dea? ( ,*ri/ mu/ h imm$iately we$$ out ( ! ,*ur* all b 8 mo/ fai?ful foll[]s4 ,x is n surpris+ t ^!1 9 ! mid/ ( ! di/urbance & excitem5t ( ^? e>ly days1 %\ld h se5 visions ( _! "l1 %\ld h imag9$ t he came sometimes f heav5 to console !m & /r5g!n !m 9 _! weakness4 ,p s sup]/iti\s1 9 a p]iod ( s mu* sup]naturalism1 7 almo/ c]ta9 to see su* visions4 ,/4 ,paul's own p>ticul> vision1 :i* play$ s important a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 ( c\rse c only be expla9$ by ref]r+ to ! peculi>ities ( 8 p]sonal "*4 ,?is bas+ ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! dead on ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ _h no?+ to d ) ! subsequ5t belief t he rose on e>? & /ay$ !re = a "t4 ,/4 ,paul evid5tly believ$ t ,*ri/ appe>$ to o!rs z well z to himself by com+ /raight f heav51 & t 8 resurrection _h be5 8 entrance into heav5ly glory4#gc ,9 ano!r & a m important respect ! influ5ce ( its ,pagan proselytes affect$ ! pr9ciples ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 prea*+ to ,pagans x 0 necess>y to det]m9e ! nature ( ,*ri/4 ,= ,jews x 0 en\gh to call him ! ,messiah2 _! imag9ation suppli$ ! re/4 ,b ,pagans1 :o _h no ,messianic expectations1 requir$ an explanation ( 8 position z f\nd] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is influ5ce naturally 0 mo/ felt by ,/4 ,paul1 & ?r\gh him x _h a consid]able effect 9 %ap+ ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,/4 ,paul believ$ t ,*ri/ 80 born ( ! se$ ( ,david accord+ to ! fle%1 & decl>$ to be ! son ( ,god 9 p[] by ! resurrection f ! dead40#gd ,?us ,/4 ,paul1 z ,/rauss says1 began ! deification ( ,*ri/4 ,( c\rse1 z ,/rauss also po9ts out1 ?is 0 due to ! fact t he _h nev] p]sonally se5 ,*ri/4 ,ent]+ ! ,*ur* "s ye>s aft] its f\nd]'s dea?1 :5 already leg5d>y influ5ces mu/ h be5 active 9 exalt+ him1 ,/4 ,paul _h no k ( ,*ri/ to *eck 8 natural t5d5cy to glorify ! ma/] :om he believ$ to h appe>$ to him 9 a blaze ( heav5ly light4 ,! o!r ,*ri/ians :o saw visions ( ,*ri/ _h probably all kn[n him dur+ 8 life1 & ?is mu/ h int]f]$ ) _! impulses to magnify him4 ,naturally1 !n1 ,/4 ,paul w5t fur!r ?an ! o!r lead]s ( ! ,*ur*1 &1 hav+ se5 ,*ri/ only 9 a heav5ly vision1 ?\ght ( him only z a heav5ly be+4 ,! conception he ultimately =m$ ( ,*ri/ 9 consequ5ce ( ?is t5d5cy to exalt him is some:at obscure4 ,! t]m 8son ( ,god0 9 ! m\? ( a ,jew might h only a vague mean+ applicable to any man4 ,z employ$ by ,/4 ,paul1 x evid5tly has a special significance4 ,he seems to h believ$ t ,*ri/ 0 ! true ,man1 ,man z he ought to be4 ,adam 0 ! fir/ & imp]fect man1 ,*ri/ 0 ! second & p]fect man4 ,?us ,god 0 ! fa!r ( ,*ri/ 9 a full] s5se ?an t 9 :i* he 0 ! fa!r ( ord9>y m51 z he _h imp>t$ to ,*ri/ m ( 8 own nature4 ,?r\gh ?is possession ( elem5ts ( ! div9e nature1 ,*ri/ 0 able to repres5t & r$eem mank9d fall5 "u ! p[] ( s94 ,all fai?ful foll[]s ( him 7 to be made p>tak]s ( 8 div9e *>act]i/ics1 7 to become *ildr5 & heirs ( ,god & jo9t-heirs ) ,*ri/1 7 to suff] & be glorifi$ ) him4#ge ,*ri/ 0 evid5tly reg>d$ by ,/4 ,paul z made ?us peculi>ly ! son ( ,god by 8 possession ( ,god's _s4 ,no idea ( 8 hav+ _h a miracul\s human bir? ent]$ into ?is belief4 ,god 9 ! fulness ( "t s5t =? 8 son 9 ! lik5ess ( s9ful fle%1 born "u ! law1 t he might r$eem ^? :o 7 "u ! law4#gf ,/4 ,paul1 h[ev]1 seems to h believ$ vaguely 9 ,*ri/'s pre-human exi/5ce2#gg b ! pre-exi/5ce he assign$ to ,*ri/ 0 pot5tial r ?an actual1 ,*ri/ exi/+ f ! beg9n+ ( "t z ! de/9$ deliv]] ( mank9d4#gh ,s ! ext5t ( ,/4 ,paul's deification ( ,*ri/ may be ?us g5]ally describ$4 ,he believ$ t ,*ri/ 0 9 a peculi> s5se ! son ( ,god--t is1 some?+ m ?an ord9>y man4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ,god & man1 he 0 at once ,god's ag5t & man's repres5tative4 ,b ,/4 ,paul cle>ly makes him inf]ior to ,god z well z sup]ior to man1 & all[s him no p[] except :at is delegat$ to him by ,god4#gi ,?us z yet !re 0 no sign ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation1 ?\gh a pa? = x 0 be+ prep>$4 ,= ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is n a m]e deification ( ,*ri/4 ,x is important1 n because x deifies man1 b because x humanizes ,god4 ,/4 ,paul und\bt$ly1 s f> z he deifi$--x w\ld be bett] to say div9is$--,*ri/1 help$ ! ,pagan t5d5cies ( lat] ,*ri/ianity1 b !re 0 no?+ actually ,pagan 9 8 belief4 ,! dea? ( ,/4 ,paul m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! end ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity4 ,z ! ,jewi% lead]s di$ (f1 ! va/ ,pagan majority seiz$ ^u p[] & impress$ _! ideas on ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*4 ,betwe5 ! undilut$ ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity ( its orig9 & ! ,pagan ,*ri/ianity ( ! second c5tury1 ,paul9ism s]v$ z a l9k :i* enabl$ !m f9ally to rema9 9 nom9al connection4 ,9 ! spuri\s epi/les attribut$ to ,/4 ,paul we c trace ! /eps ( advanc+ ,paganism1 & obs]ve ! /ruggle = reconciliation :i* 8 foll[]s inh]it$ f him4 ,paul9ism 0 ultimately lo/ 9 ! ,paganism ) :i* its ,jewi% oppon5ts _h id5tifi$ x4 ,b x bridg$ ! int]val betwe5 ! ,jewi% & ,pagan p]iods ( ,*ri/ianity1 & s sav$ ! ,*ur* f a rupture x c\ld n h surviv$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,pagan ,,*ri/ianity4 ,:ile ! movem5t )9 ,judaism ) :i* hi!rto we h be5 ma9ly occupi$ 0 t5d+ to create out ( x a _w-religion1 outside ( x circum/ances 7 prep>+ to make ?is t5d5cy succe$4 ,! lat] additions to ,judaism1 ! sup]natural sy/em ( dogma :i* =m$ ! basis ( ,*ri/ianity1 71 z ,i h already said1 fav\rable to its expansion by reason ( _! h>mony ) ,pagan ideas4 ,ab\t ! "t at :i* !y ent]$ /rongly into ,judaism1 began a /eady break-up ( ! religions ( ! ,pagan _w4 ,! mat]ial p[] ( ,rome attack$ !m f bel[1 by de/roy+ ! national f\ndations on :i* !y re/$1 :ile ,greek culture & philosophy1 advanc+ "u ! protection ( t p[]1 assail$ !m f above4 ,"u ! d\ble pressure !y fad$ away4 ,9 ! age ( ! apo/les1 ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,roman empire religion 0 a matt] ( s9c]e belief only ) ! l[] ord]s ( ! p4 ,a few m5 ( ?\ght & le>n+ put x utt]ly aside4 ,betwe5 ^! two classes !re 0 ! great body ( ord9>y p]sons m5tion$ at ! beg9n+ ( our fir/ *apt]1 :o _h lo/ fai? 9 ! popul> religions1 b 7 !mselves ?or\ghly religi\s4 ,! cr$ulity :i* always *>act]izes p]iods ( religi\s *ange1 :5 "s =m ( religion is de/roy$1 ?\gh ! religi\s _s reta9s its en]gy1 0 univ]sal4 ,besides ?is break-up ( ! old religions 9 consequ5ce ( ! ext5sion ( ,roman p[]1 9 ano!r way t ext5sion ( p[] m directly prep>$ a pa? = a great proselytis+ sy/em4 ,z national limits 7 ov]?r[n1 ( c\rse a religion t ignor$ national di/9ctions c\ld m easily ov]spread ! _w4#hj ,?us :5 ,*ri/ianity t\*$ ,paganism ev]y?+ promis$ x success4 ,9 fact1 ! critical p]iod 9 ! life ( ,*ri/ianity 0 t :i* imm$iately foll[$ its f\nd]'s dea?4 ,:ile x exi/$ only 9 ,pale/9e1 x 0 9 great dang]4 ,:5 x spread among ! synagogues ( ,jews 9 =eign c\ntries1 x _h a sur] foot+4 ,& :5 f ^!1 :i* s]v$ z a means ( introduc+ x to !m1 x turn$ to ,pagans1 x 0 plac$ beyond possibility ( failure4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,*ri/ianity fail$ to conqu] ! ,judaism f :i* x sprang1 :ile ! ,paganism seem+ly =eign to x ev]y:]e succumb$ to x4 ,a few c5turies aft] ?is "t e "p ( ! ,roman empire pr(ess$ ,*ri/ianity z its religion1 :ile ! ,jews rema9$ /ill ! same4 ,paganism 0 ov]come & absorb$ by ,*ri/ianity1 b ,judaism %ook x (f z an excresc5ce )\t suff]+ h>m4 ,9 ?is fact !re is no?+ surpris+4 ,judaism 0 too /rong = ,*ri/ianity to subdue x1 :ile ,paganism 0 a ready prey4 ,! ,roman empire1 outside ,judaism1 lay be=e ,*ri/ianity l a body )\t a m9d2 x ne$$ a unify+ religion to mat* its political unity1 & ?is ,*ri/ianity suppli$4 ,! g5]al effect likely to be produc$ on ,*ri/ianity by its reception ( ,pagan disciples may n[ be consid]$4 ,x is obvi\s t ,pagans1 :o 7 /eep$ 9 religi\s ideas v diff]5t f ^? ) :i* ! ,jews 7 famili>1 w\ld c>ry ) !m into ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity diff]5t pr9ciples ( religion4 ,to asc]ta9 ! ext5t ( ?is diff]5ce1 we mu/ comp>e ,judaism & ,paganism4 ,z a pure mono!ism1 ,judaism /ood alone 9 ! _w4 ,a purely mono!i/ic religion t5ds to produce humility & /ress on fai?4 ,! two great pr9ciples ( human action1 :i* ,mr4 ,lecky names z ! alt]native =ces t und]lie e important movem5t ( mank9d1#ha a s5se ( human dignity & a s5se ( s91 are di/9ctive m>ks ( poly!ism & mono!ism4 ,mono!ism1 ) its "o ,god s f> remov$ f man1 inspires a feel+ ( human no?+ness 9 comp>ison ) him4 ,poly!ism1 ) its f> m an?ropomorphic & less awful gods1 does n dw>f man ?us1 b enables him freely to comp>e himself ) ! div9ities he wor%ips4 ,& mono!ism1 by mak+ man appe> no?+ beside ,god1 necess>ily exalts fai? above good works z a means ( pleas+ him2 = :5 ! di/ance betwe5 !m is s imm5se1 ! be/ t man c d appe>s a trifle4 ,bo? ^! t5d5cies ( ,judaism1 z a mono!ism1 7 m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by o!r circum/ances connect$ ) x4 ,! humility ! ,jews might feel :5 consci\s ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 !mselves & ,god 0 m ?an outweigh$ by ! pride !y felt 9 _! sup]iority to ! re/ ( mank9d z 8 *os5 p :o alone _h ! k ( him4#hb ,_! sup]iority to o!r m5 naturally affect$ !m m ?an _! inf]iority to ,god4 ,! /rict legalism ( ,judaism also prev5t$ /ress on fai? f be+ develop$ 9 x1 z a multitude ( petty obs]vances made x peculi>ly a religion ( works4 ,b bo? ^! pr9ciples 7 lat5t 9 ,judaism1 & 7 only *eck$ by special circum/ances att5d+ x z a national religion4 ,^! circum/ances be+ remov$1 ! lat5t pr9ciples 7 sure to be develop$4 ,&1 9 fact1 9 ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity1 :i* 0 nei!r =mal nor exclusive1 _! developm5t 0 unmi/akable4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity 0 ess5tially di/+ui%$ bo? by humility & /ress on fai?1 z a glance at ! ,new ,te/am5t is suffici5t to %[4 ,simplicity ( ?\ght also *>act]iz$ ,judaism4 ,my/icism 0 abhorr5t to a pure ,jew1 ?\gh a hell5is$ ,jew l ,philo might be /eep$ 9 x4 ,simplicity ( wor%ip1 too1 0 a feature ( ,judaism2 = ! spl5did ritual connect$ ) ! temple at ,j]usalem 0 n prop]ly a "p ( x1 b 0 m]ely ! expression ( national pride4 ,:5 away f ,j]usalem1 ! ,jew wor%ipp$ 9 ! simple/ & pure/ mann]4 ,&1 mo/ ( all1 morality 0 closely b\nd up ) ,judaism4 ,josephus ju/ly boa/$ t 8 religion made virtue an indisp5sable "p ( itself4#hc ,! ,jews z a :ole 7 c]ta9ly f> m moral ?an ! ,pagans z a :ole4 ,! opposite ( all ^! qualities *>act]is$ ,pagan religions4 ,pagans felt no religi\s humility1 = !re 0 no great diff]5ce betwe5 _! gods & !mselves4 ,pride1 a s5se ( human dignity1 di/+ui%$ !m z m54 ,!y _h n to lay /ress on fai?1 = ?is pride made !m fully recognize ! value ( _! own good works4 ,my/icism m>k$ _! religi\s ?\ght1 & s5su\sness _! religi\s wor%ip4 ,betwe5 morality & _! religions !re 0 only ! loose/ connection4 ,keep+ ^! facts 9 view1 we c easily und]/& ! *ange 9 ,*ri/ianity :i* n[ began4 ,all ! *>act]i/ics ( ,judaism j m5tion$ di/+ui%$ ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity4 ,humility1 /ress on fai?1 simplicity ( ?\ght & wor%ip1 & ! close/ connection ) morality cle>ly m>k$ ! religion ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,?is 0 evid5tly ! case because ! fir/ ,*ri/ians 7 ,jews4 ,:51 !n1 ! ,pagans came 91 hav+ wrapp$ up 9 _! religi\s ideas pride1 tru/ 9 good works1 my/icism1 a love ( s5su\s wor%ip1 & a loose reg>d = morality1 & :5 be=e long !y alone made up ! ,*ur*1 ,*ri/ianity c\ld n rema9 un*ang$4 ,*ri/ianity became ,pagan because ,pagans became ,*ri/ians4 ,& ?is is ! full explanation ( its corruption4 ,! ,jews1 9 a religi\s s5se1 7 m highly develop$ ?an ! ,pagans1 & s :5 x pass$ f ,jews to ,pagans x necess>ily det]iorat$4 ,z ,*ri/ianity 0 prea*$ 9 ! ,pagan _w1 x cont9ually rea*$ l[] /rata ( ,paganism4 ,at fir/ only ! be/ ,pagans c\ld h ent]$ ! ,*ur*1 b aft]w>ds1 z x grew 9 influ5ce1 ,pagans ( a con/antly inf]ior type mu/ h jo9$ x4 ,?us ! corruption ( ,*ri/ianity proce$$1 n m]ely because ,pagans 9 l>g] numb]s pr(ess$ x1 b because1 z "t w5t by1 a l[]1 a m ,pagan class became includ$ )9 its ranks4 ,all dur+ ! p]iod we are n[ exam9+ probably belong$ to ! great middle ord] ( society be=e m5tion$1 philosoph]s & peasants equally be+ abs5t4 ,*ri/ianity clung to ! cities1 & ! re/lessness ( city life contribut$ to ! gr[? ( its !ology4 ,we w n[ trace ! results ( ! direct influ5ce ( ,paganism on ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is influ5ce naturally %[$ itself 9 a t5d5cy t[>ds ! exaltation ( ,*ri/4 ,he w\ld seem to ,pagans ! real god ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,god1 ! purely ,jewi% div9ity1 ! national deity ( ,judaism1 mu/ h be5 f ! beg9n+ unattractive to ,pagans1 :o dislik$ ,jews1 & 7 accu/om$ to gods t diff]$ b little f m54 ,! id5tification by ,m>cionite ,gno/icism ( ! ,jewi% god ) ! malignant creator ( matt] %[$ h[ /rong ?is feel+ c\ld become4 ,b = ! mo/ "p ,pagans w\ld simply put ,god aside1 & fix all _! att5tion on ,*ri/4 ,!y w\ld hon\r & exalt him1 & reg>d him z ! repres5tative ( heav54 ,?us ,paganism mu/ h t5d$ to develop /ill fur!r ! ,*ri/ology ( ,paul9ism4 ,! fir/ result ( ?is probably appe>$ 9 connection ) ! ,paul9e phrase 8son ( ,god40 ,a ,jew c\ld n mis9t]pret ! phrase & give x a lit]al mean+1 b a ,pagan might d s easily4 ,famili> ) ideas ( extremely an?ropomorphic gods1 ,pagans w\ld naturally consid] ,*ri/ to be ! son ( ,god 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,h]akles 0 ! son ( ,zeus4 ,z ! proportion ( ,jews 9 ! :ole numb] ( ,*ri/ians grew less1 ! increas+ ,paganism ( ! ,*ur* develop$ ?is t5d5cy1 until f9ally x result$ 9 ! belief 9 ! miracul\s conception ( ,*ri/1 ! fir/ di/9ctly ,pagan dogma ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! gospels supply u ) almo/ c]ta9 evid5ce t ?is 0 ! way 9 :i* ! dogma orig9at$4 ,! g5ealogies 9 ,mat!w & ,luke are cle> pro( t ! e>li] traditions ( ! ,*ur* made ,joseph ! fa!r ( ,*ri/1 & ( c\rse ! ,*ur* 0 less ,pagan !n ?an x 0 9 lat] times4 ,! doctr9e1 z ,dean ,milman po9ts out1 is utt]ly un-,jewi%4#hd ,! ,jews always expect$ ! ,messiah to be born 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 & !y rev]5c$ ,god too mu* to put him 9 ! place ( a human fa!r4 ,s ! dogma %[s pla9ly t x 0 ! fir/ triumph ( ,*ri/ian ,paganism4 ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity 0 only able slightly to spiritualize x1 & to f\nd x 9 appe>ance ^u an absurd mis9t]pretation ( a passage ( ,isaiah4#he ,:ile ! beg9n+ ( ! gospel n>ratives 0 be+ con/ruct$ by "o influ5ce ( ,pagan ,*ri/ianity1 ! end ( !m 0 be+ con/ruct$ by ano!r4 ,:5 ! expectation ( ! second com+ ( ,*ri/ 0 ab&on$1 ! ,*ur* _h to assign a diff]5t mean+ to 8 resurrection4 ,orig9ally1 & especially by ,/4 ,paul1 ?is 0 closely connect$ ) ! second adv5t4#hf ,/4 ,paul evid5tly reg>d$ ! appe>ances ( ,*ri/ to him & to o!rs z prelim9>ies ( ! second adv5t1 b n[ !y seem$ to /& 9 ano!r light4 ,exam9+ ! traditions :i* pres]v$ ! remembrance ( ! visions ( ,*ri/ se5 by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 ! ,*ur* f\nd !m1 ( c\rse1 clu/]$ mo/ ?ickly 9 ! p]iod imm$iately aft] 8 dea?1 :5 ! conditions likely to produce !m 7 /ronge/4 ,visions se5 aft] t "t 7 probably only occasional & r>e1 &1 ) ! exception ( ,/4 ,paul's1 !y 7 sure to h little importance4 ,f9d+1 !n1 t ne>ly all ! appe>ances ( ,*ri/ _h occurr$ )9 a %ort p]iod aft] 8 dea?1 ! ,*ur* w\ld naturally make a di/9ction betwe5 ?is p]iod & subsequ5t times4 ,*ri/ obvi\sly seem$ to h be5 m pres5t !n ?an aft]w>ds4 ,x w\ld n be long be=e ! belief w\ld foll[ t he _h actually /ay$ on e>? dur+ ?is p]iod1 be=e he _h asc5d$ to heav54 ,) 8 second com+ no long] expect$1 t he %\ld h done s w\ld seem q natural4 ,! ,*ur* hav+ to face a long life )\t ,*ri/1 x 0 reasonable t1 be=e leav+ x to its lonely /ruggle1 he %\ld h /ay$ ) x = a "t to su/a9 its immaturity & to /r5g!n x = its "w4 ,a solemn asc5sion ( ,*ri/ 9 pres5ce ( 8 disciples w\ld seem to be dem&$ z a suitable close to ?is p]iod1 & ) ! addition ( x ! dogma 0 complete4 ,z we c see by comp>+ ,luke's gospel ) ! ,acts1 ?is /ay on e>? 0 made %ort] by an e>li] ?an x 0 by a lat] belief4 ,x 0 probably fix$ f9ally at =ty days1 9 ord] to include diff]5t reports ( visions ) places o!r ?an ,j]usalem z _! sc5e1 & possibly1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( expir+ ,*ri/ian ,judaism1 to mat* ! =ty days ( ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,t ,*ri/ rose on ! ?ird day aft] 8 dea? 0 a dogma ( old] times accept$ by ,/4 ,paul1#hg f\nd$1 x is likely1 on a passage ( ,hosea1#hh & !re 0 no difficulty 9 connect+ x ) ! belief 9 8 /ay on e>?4 ,s ! f9al doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* 0 t ,*ri/ rose aga9 on ! ?ird day aft] 8 dea?1 /ay$ !n =ty days on e>?1 & aft]w>ds asc5d$ to heav51 n to return till ! day ( judgm5t & ! end ( mortal ?+s4 ,! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! or?odox doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ is exceptionally /rong4 ,! acc\nts 9 ! gospels1 s confus$ & contradictory ev5 9 comp>ison ) ! re/ ( !m1 & tell+ only ( occasional appe>ances ( ,*ri/ to 8 disciples1 %[ u cle>ly ! und]ly+ basis ( dreams & visions on :i* ! leg5d 0 f\nd$4 ,! belief 9 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ on e>?1 we may conclude ) almo/ hi/orical c]ta9ty1 arose f ! late comb9ation ( ! e>ly traditions ( ,*ri/'s appe>ances f heav5 to 8 disciples4 ,?us at ! "t to :i* we h n[ come ! ,*ur* 9 g5]al believ$ ,*ri/ to be ! div9ely begott5 & humanly conceiv$ son ( ,god1 :o _h ris5 aft] 8 dea? on e>?1 & !n _h f9ally asc5d$ to heav5ly glory4 ,pagan pr9ciples _h triumph$1 & ,paganism 0 e mom5t gr[+ /rong] 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,! t5d5cy to exalt ,*ri/1 already f> advanc$1 _h n[ no?+ to *eck x4 ,=ces 7 at "w :i* 7 inevitably de/9$ fully to deify ,*ri/1 to lift him to ! level ( ! ,jewi% ,god4 ,! ,jewi% elem5ts ( ,*ri/ianity1 includ+ mono!ism1 7 ?us 9 great dang] ( utt]ly p]i%+4 ,*ri/ianity1 9 fact1 0 t5d+ to become a purely ,pagan poly!i/ic religion1 ) a human be+ z its mo/ important god1 :5 x 0 sav$ by ! influ5ce on x at ?is critical p]iod ( a =tunate developm5t 9 ,jewi% h&s ( ,pagan philosophy4 ,philosophy1 f ! mom5t ( its fir/ exi/5ce1 has always by an irresi/ible pressure be5 driv5 t[>ds mono!ism4 ,! consci\sness 9 ! ?9k] ( 8 own unity1 & ! inevitable conditions ( ?\ght1 alike =ce him to imag9e "o p[] z ! cause ( all ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,philosophy1 :5 x arises 9 ! mid/ ( poly!ism1 at fir/ all[s ! or?odox gods to be ! subord9ate in/rum5ts ( ?is p[]1 b x soon develops a t5d5cy to sweep !m utt]ly away4 ,!n1 hav+ %ak5 itself free ( popul> religion1 x builds up a new religion ( its own1 9 :i* x ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( "o supreme intellig5ce1 ! creator & gov]nor ( ! _w4 ,:5 philosophy has got ?us f>1 & has con/ruct$ its et]nal ,god1 c]ta9 difficulties confront x4 ,god1 z ! great fir/ cause1 has to be made p]fect1 = if he 7 imp]fect ?\ght w\ld h to asc5d high] to f9d a cause ( 8 imp]fection4 ,b z ! creator ( all ?+s1 ,god at "o "t mu/ h exi/$ alone1 an absolute be+ simply self-contemplative4 ,:5 he began to create1 he ceas$ to be absolute1 & became a relative be+ contemplative ( 8 own creation4 ,if z an absolute be+ he 0 p]fect1 h[ did he rema9 p]fect :5 he became a relative be+8 ,! /udy ( ?is problem has g5]ally driv5 philosophy into pan!ism1 b :]e x has ma9ta9$ its hold on !ism1 x has be5 =c$ to suppose t a *ange occurr$ 9 ,god at ! "t ( creation1 by :i* he rema9$ absolute 9 reg>d to himself1 ?\gh he became relative 9 reg>d to t :i* he creat$4 ,two ,gods _h ?us to be imag9$1 "o absolute & et]nal1 ! o!r relative & exi/+ f ! beg9n+ ( creat$ ?+s4 ,b ^! two _h to be "o1 or else ! fir/ or absolute ,god w\ld h be5 relative to ! second1 & s ! old difficulty w\ld h be5 reviv$4 ,h5ce !re 0 ne$ ( a my/]y2 ,god 0 "o & yet two1 two p]sons & "o sub/ance4 ,! fir/ 0 ,god z he 0 ?r\gh all et]nity1 ! second 0 ,god z he 0 manife/$ 9 creation1 8 repres5tative ) ev]y?+ b himself4 ,?us ! second 0 a m$iator betwe5 ! fir/ & ! _w4 ,:ile = purely philosophical reasons philosophy 0 ?us compell$ to dualise ,god1 o!r reasons also impell$ x to ?is conclusion4 ,hold+ him to be pure m9d1 x _h to expla9 8 action on matt]4 ,"h1 too1 x 0 necess>y to suppose1 a m$iator betwe5 ! mat]ial _w & ,god4 ,& 9 proportion z philosophy advanc$ 9 its !ism1 x ext5d$ ! attributes ( ,god & rais$ him to a l(ti] height above creat$ ?+s2 & h5ce1 to connect him ) :at 0 s f> inf]ior1 a m$iator aga9 0 ne$$4 ,b 9 all cases ?is m$iator _h to be a "p ( ,god himself1 or no difficulty 0 met2 & ?us 9 e way philosophy t5d$ t[>ds a div9e dualism 9 my/]y4 ,all ,greek philosophy1 except :]e x drift$ into pan!ism or pure mat]ialism1 0 m or less influ5c$ by ?is t5d5cy4 ,9 ,platonism especially x is cle>ly m>k$4 ,! ideal _w ( ,plato fills ! place ( ! second or relative ,god1 & acts z a m$iator betwe5 ,god ! absolute & ! mat]ial _w4 ,god1 accord+ to ,plato1 is n ! creator ( matt]1 :i*1 s f> z x is recogniz$ 9 8 sy/em1 is giv5 an et]nal exi/5ce4 ,! action ( ,god is conf9$ to ! ideal _w1 ( :i* mat]ial ph5om5a are a di/ort$ reflection4 ,at ! "t ( ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ianity ^! features ( ,platonism 7 /rongly develop$ 9 ! !ology ( an ,alex&rian ,jew4 ,outside ,pale/9e ! mo/ important c5tre ( ,jewi% ?\ght 0 ,alex&ria4 ,!re f ! "t ( ! captivity a l>ge colony ( ,jews _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,?is colony became 9 _m respects almo/ indep5d5t ( ,j]usalem 9 religion2 x =m$ & translat$ its own canon ( sacr$ writ+s1 & ev5 set up a temple ( its own4 ,speak+ ! ,greek language & liv+ 9 ! mo/ cosmopolitan city ( ! _w1 ! meet+-gr\nd ( ea/]n & we/]n ?\ght1 ! ,jews ( ,alex&ria 7 naturally affect$ by ! speculative activity ( ,greek philosophy4 ,! high developm5t ( ,judaism enc\rag$ speculation 9 its adh]5ts4 ,! ,jewi% philosoph] _h n1 l ! ,pagan1 to ca/ 8 religion aside :5 he began to seek out ! causes ( ?+s2 on ! contr>y1 8 religion seem$ to cov] a great "p ( ! philosophical pa?4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x is n /range t a philosophy %\ld h aris5 among ! ,alex&rian ,jews4 ,= u ?is philosophy is repres5t$ by ,philo1 :o 0 born ab\t tw5ty ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,a ,jew by bir?1 & nom9ally always "o 9 religion1 ,philo 0 s /eep$ 9 ,pagan ?\ght t he really ranks z a ,greek philosoph]4 ,! *ief object ( 8 life 0 to reconcile ,judaism & ,hell5ism1 to give a philosophical reason = e feature ( ! ,jewi% religion4 ,9 fulfilm5t ( ?is purpose1 he h&l$ ,judaism ) consid]able fre$om1 & b5t its simple !ology into a my/ical ,platonism4 ,! t5d5cy :i* inevitably *>act]iz$ philosophy to pu% ,god back f contact ) creation1 & to pres]ve 8 %ad[y glory z an absolute be+1 ( c\rse influ5c$ ,philo1 :o simply z a philosoph] 0 b\nd to be a pure !i/4 ,b z a ,jew also1 ,philo 0 b\nd to be a pure !i/1 ) ! mo/ rev]5t conception ( ,god4 ,?us two =ces act$ on him1 z a ,jew & z a ,greek philosoph]1 driv+ him to ! mo/ ref9$ !ism1 & ?is d\ble pressure produc$ :at ,pr(essor ,huxley calls ,philo's agno/icism4 ,he 0 compell$ to =m a conception ( ,god utt]ly inconsi/5t ) 8 "* z creator ( ! _w4 ,philo c\ld n imag9e t ,god _h any relations ) matt]1 or t he contemplat$ any?+ except ! _w ( 8 own ideas4 ,s philosophy1 help$ by 8 mono!i/ic religion1 =c$ ,philo to pursue ! pa? ( !ological developm5t :i* ,i h describ$ above1 to leave ,god 9 8 pure ess5ce absolute & unkn[n1 & to attribute all ! ph5om5a ( creation to a m$iator betwe5 ?is pure ess5ce & creat$ ?+s4 ,9 ,judaism1 language _h already be5 us$ :i*1 tak5 lit]ally1 almo/ describ$ su* a m$iator4 ,wisdom _h be5 spok5 ( z ,god's companion be=e creation & 8 assi/ant or ag5t 9 all t he _h done4#hi ,9 a passage ( ! ,psalms ! ^w ( ,god _h be5 call$ ! mak] ( ! heav5s4#ij ,language ( ?is k9d probably 0 m]ely ! result ( ! invet]ate t5d5cy ( ! ,jewi% m9d to express itself by means ( p]sonification & symbolism1 & _h no my/ical significance4 ,b ! passage la/ ref]r$ to1 d]iv$ ( c\rse f ! =mula ( creation 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 seems to h guid$ ,philo 9 8 difficulty4 ,he made ! 8,^w0 ( ,god ! requir$ m$iator1 ,god's ag5t & repres5tative 9 all 8 actions4#ia ,philo's conception ( ! ,^w is %r\d$ 9 ! deepe/ my/icism4 ,9 language wor?y ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 he ass]ts t x is nei!r creat$ nor uncreat$4#ib ,at "o "t he makes x di/9ct f ,god1 at ano!r a simple manife/ation ( ,god4 ,^! contradictions reveal 8 mean+ only ! m pla9ly4 ,he reg>d$ ! ,^w z ! modification ( ,god :i* necess>ily prec$$ creation1 ,god ! relative1 :ile ,god ! absolute rema9$ outside x & yet n sep>ate f x4 ,contradiction1 ( c\rse1 0 inevitable4 ,z a mono!i/1 = him !re c\ld be b "o ,god2 z a !i/ic philosoph]1 he _h to pu% ?is ,god back f contact ) ! _w4 ,h5ce he 0 compell$ to imag9e a manife/ation ( ,god1 di/9ct f him & yet my/ically "o ) him1 to be> ! burd5 ( creation1 & to repres5t ! div9e nature ) all outside itself4 ,on ! !ological sy/em ( ,philo1 :i* 0 widely diffus$ at ! p]iod ( its greate/ dang] f ! pressure ( ,paganism1 ,*ri/ianity n[ drew l>gely to av]t its ru94 ,?is product ( ,pagan my/icism 0 exactly :at x ne$$ at ! "t4 ,x 0 9 dang]1 ?r\gh its deification ( ,*ri/1 ( los+ its mono!ism & ( wor%ipp+ a human ,god4 ,by id5tify+ ,*ri/ ) ,philo's ,^w1 e difficulty 0 ov]come4 ,! doctr9e ( an inc>nation ( a div9e be+ 9 a human =m _h already ent]$ into ,asiatic religion1 &1 9 a m famili> %ape1 0 a common feature ( we/]n ,paganism4 ,*ri/1 z ! ,^w made fle%1 c\ld be rais$ to ! level ( ,god )\t de/roy+ mono!ism2 ! ,jewi% ,god1 z ! absolute & unkn[n1 c\ld be r$uc$ to ! position ( a con/itutional sov]eign2 by a my/]y ! impulses ( ! ,*ur* c\ld be satisfi$1 & yet ! purity ( ,*ri/ianity be pres]v$4 8,philo10 says ,pr(essor ,ku551 8gave ! ,*ur* a =mula comm5surate ) h] ideas ( h] f\nd]40#ic ,b ,philo really did mu* m4 ,he gave ! ,*ur* a means ( reconcil+ conflict+ t5d5cies )9 x1 ( satisfy+ at once ! high] & ! l[] class ( religi\s in/9cts4 ,& by do+ s he sav$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,if ?is means ( reconciliation _h n be5 provid$1 ,*ri/ianity w\ld h sunk to ! level ( ,paganism1 & w\ld h fall5 among ! ru9s ( ! empire4 ,/ill we mu/ n conclude t ! doctr9e ( ! my/ic union ( ! p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity 01 except 9 a second>y s5se1 d]iv$ f ,philo4 ,prim>ily x 0 d]iv$ f ! necessities ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,by deify+ ,*ri/1 ! ,*ur* prep>$ ! way = t doctr9e & ! dogma ( ! ,inc>nation dep5d+ on x4 ,be=e ,philonism ent]$ into ,*ri/ianity1 ,*ri/ 0 man made ,god2 aft]w>ds he 0 ,god made man2 b be=e & aft] alike he 0 ! object ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip4 ,! ,*ur* adh]$ closely to ! philosophical basis ( ! doctr9e4 ,*ri/1 z ! ,^w1 0 made ! sole in/rum5t ( creation1 ,god ! relative2 ,god ! absolute1 ! ,jewi% ,god1 0 left 9 lonely supremacy1 unnotic$ except 9 ! !ological philosophy ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we c see ! doctr9e 9 its e>ly %ape be/ 9 ! f\r? gospel1 :i* 0 writt5 ab\t ! middle ( ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury1 9 ord] to give x a basis 9 ! life ( ,*ri/4#id ,! gospel 0 probably compos$ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 :]e ,gno/icism & ! ,asiatic fondness = my/]y w\ld naturally facilitate ! developm5t ( ! doctr9e4 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god4 ,all ?+s 7 made by means ( him1 & )\t him 0 n any?+ made40#ie ,t is1 at ! beg9n+ ( creation1 ! ,^w exi/$ ) & z ,god1 & became ! ag5t by :om all ?+s 7 creat$4 ,b ( c\rse to ! ,*ur* ! ,inc>nation 0 ! mo/ important fact4 8,! ,^w became fle%20#if ,*ri/ 0 ,god inc>nate4 ,! ,*ur* might n[ safely wor%ip its f\nd]4 ,z ,god1 ! human ,*ri/ c\ld be ador$1 :ile nom9ally mono!ism 0 ma9ta9$4 ,x 0 long be=e ! doctr9e 0 f9ally settl$4 ,n until e>ly 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 at ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica1 did ! ,*ur* def9e ! dogma 9 its fulness4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod diff]5t op9ions prevail$ respect+ x1 until at la/1 on ! "q ( ,arianism1 two great p>ties made x _! battle-gr\nd4 ,9 ! controv]sy ! or?odox cont5tion 0 philosophically ju/ifiable4 ,*ri/1 z ,god ! relative1 _h to be ( "o sub/ance ) ,god ! absolute1 or no absolute ,god rema9$2 :ile if 9 sub/ance also he 0 n et]nal1 he ceas$ to be ,god at all4 ,arianism1 9 fact1 0 simply ,*ri/ian rationalism2 x endeav\r$ to expla9 ! relation%ip ( ,god ! ,fa!r & ,god ! ,son4 ,b ! ess5ce ( ! dogma is pure inexplicable my/]y1 & rationalism c\ld n t\* x )\t de/roy+ x4 ,9 ! ,nic5e ,cre$ x is /at$ 9 its prop] =m4 8,i believe 9 "o ,god1 mak] ( heav5 & e>?1 & 9 "o ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! only-begott5 son ( ,god1 begott5 ( 8 fa!r be=e all worlds1 v ,god ( v ,god1 begott51 n made1 be+ ( "o sub/ance ) ! ,fa!r1 by :om all ?+s 7 made40 ,"h ! philosophical basis ( ! dogma is %[n 9 ! cle>e/ mann]4 ,god 0 modifi$ & ,*ri/ produc$ be=e creation began1 & by means ( ,*ri/ ! "w ( creation 0 p]=m$4 ,we mu/ c>efully rememb] t ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil did n ass]t ! et]nal exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ z a di/9ct be+4 ,he exi/$ et]nally1 b 9 ,god ! absolute be=e ! creation ( ?+s4 ,?is is decl>$ pla9ly 9 ! damnatory clauses atta*$ to ! orig9al cre$ by ! ,c\ncil1 "o ( :i* ana!matiz$ him :o %\ld say t ,*ri/ _h n exi/$ be=e he 0 begott54 ,x 0 n until long aft]w>ds1 9 ! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 t ! et]nal exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ z a p]son ( ! !n fully develop$ ,tr9ity 0 made a dogma ( ! ,*ur*1 not)/&+ ! absurd contradiction 9 t]ms involv$ 9 its /atem5t4 ,z express$ 9 ! ,nic5e ,cre$1 putt+ aside ! mislead+ words 8,fa!r0 & 8,son10 inh]it$ f an e>li] belief1 !re is no su* direct contradiction 9 ! doctr9e4 ,god z "o exi/$ et]nally2 ,god z two p]sons only f ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,?us ! my/]y ( "o ,god 9 two became a "p ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,*ur* believ$ 9 ,god1 & wor%ipp$ him z manife/$ 9 ,*ri/4 ,! inc>nation ( ,god 0 h5ce=? ! doctr9e de>e/ to ! ,*ri/ian4 ,8 ,god 0 ?us br\ght ne> to him1 & pres5t$ to him 9 a =m he c\ld readily grasp4 ,&1 besides1 ! love felt by ! ,*ur* = its f\nd] 0 /r5g!n$ by ! belief t he _h r5\nc$ div9e glory to come to ! assi/ance ( m54 ,! ,god :o _h become man 9 8 love = m51 & = _! sakes _h endur$ suff]+ & %ame1 inspir$ ! passionate devotion :i*1 9 ! d>kness ( m$ieval ,*ri/ianity1 %one ) a blaze ( light4 ,z ! figure ( ! human ,*ri/ fad$ away 9 ! dim di/ances ( ! pa/1 ! figure ( ! div9e ,*ri/ 0 able to replace x1 & to k9dle anew ! flame ( zeal :i* _h m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! second great dogma ( ,*ri/ianity _h n[ be5 develop$4 ,! ,inc>nation took its /& beside ! ,atonem5t 9 ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce=? ,*ri/ian !ology 0 a mixture ( ,judaism & ,paganism4 ,= :5 ?is new ess5tially ,pagan dogma ( ! ,inc>nation 0 add$ on1 ! old ess5tially ,jewi% dogma ( ! ,atonem5t _h ent]$ too deeply into ! life ( ,*ri/ianity to be laid aside4 ,bo? _h to be accept$ by ! ,*ri/ian4 ,&1 un=tunately1 !y happ5$ to be utt]ly inconsi/5t4 ,! doctr9e t ,*ri/ _h borne ! p5alty ( human s9s1 & _h di$ z an aton+ victim1 did n h>monize ) ! doctr9e t ,*ri/ 0 ,god4 ,t ,god has =giv5 human s9s & laid ! p5alty on a victim *os5 = ! purpose1 is a doctr9e /range inde$1 b p]fectly natural :5 view$ f a ,jewi% /&po9t2 b t ,god has =giv5 human s9s & laid ! p5alty on himself is a doctr9e :i*1 view$ f any /&po9t1 _c be o!r ?an a hopeless puzzle4 ,incompatible z ! two dogmas are1 ,*ri/ian !ologians ( c\rse h endeav\r$ to reconcile !m4 ,only "o explanation ( ! difficulty has be5 s]i\sly (f]$4 ,?is is1 t an absolutely s9less victim 0 requir$ to become an atonem5t = human s9s1 & t su* a victim c\ld n be f\nd outside ! p]son ( ,god himself4 ,a ref]5ce to ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity at once disposes ( ?is explanation4 ,ev5 if ,*ri/ z m]ely a man c\ld n be s9less1 he might be m ?an man )\t be+ actually ,god4 ,f its v beg9n+1 ! ,*ur* reg>d$ ,*ri/1 z ! ,messiah1 z "o great] ?an ord9>y m51 ?\gh /ill ?or\ghly human4 ,long be=e ! dogma ( ! ,inc>nation 0 9 exi/5ce1 ,*ri/ians look$ on ,*ri/ z s9less1 & connect$ 8 s9lessness ) ! ,atonem5t4#ig ,nev]!less1 ! explanation is ! be/ available4 ,x has creat$ ! doctr9e ( ! 8contract 9 ! c\ncil ( ! ,tr9ity10 z ,mr4 ,arnold calls x4 ,god ! ,fa!r's s5se ( ju/ice c\ld be satisfi$ only by ! self-sacrific+ love ( ,god ! ,son1 & h5ce ! dea? ( ,*ri/ ^u ! cross4 ,x is c]ta9ly a *>act]i/ic example ( a !ological explanation4 ,! two great dogmas rema9$ really irreconcilable4 ,! ,jewi% dogma ( ! ,atonem5t & ! ,pagan dogma ( ! ,inc>nation ent]$ into ,*ri/ianity z ! results ( opposite religi\s t5d5cies1 & !y c\ld nev] be br\ght into h>mony4 ,! inevitable attempt to reconcile !m is *iefly responsible = ! =mation ( ! complex mass ( !ology :i* s greatly di/+ui%es ,*ri/ianity4 ,"o or ! o!r c /rongly influ5ce individual ,*ri/ians1 b x is impossible = bo? at once to occupy ! same m9d4 ,n[ t we h exam9$ ! *ief consequ5ces ( ! transition f ,jewi% to ,pagan ,*ri/ianity1 & dealt ) ! great] "p ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 we mu/ inve/igate ! means by :i* t doctr9e 0 complet$ by ! inclusion ( ! ?ird p]son1 ! ,holy ,_s4 ,?r\gh\t ! e>li] books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t we f9d con/ant ref]5ces to ! ,_s z a pres5ce abid+ ) ! ,*ur*4 ,z us$ mo/ frequ5tly1 ! t]m simply means inspiration1 ! influ5ce ( ,god on individual ,*ri/ians4 ,?is s5se 0 d]iv$ directly f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,jahveh's mess5g]s to 8 p are !re (t5 describ$ z fill$ ) 8 _s1 z inspir$ by him = _! mission4 ,naturally ! e>ly ,*ur* believ$ t ?is inspiration 0 cont9u$ "u ! new disp5sation1 & t ! apo/les1 its lead]s1 7 fill$ ) ! _s ( ,god to enable !m to p]=m _! "w4 ,b a new feature 0 introduc$ into ! belief2 ! ,*ur* held t n m]ely lead+ ,*ri/ians b all ,*ri/ians 7 ?us fill$ ) ! _s ( ,god4 ,?is 0 ! natural consequ5ce ( ! ,messianic prophecies4 ,among ! glories ( ! ,messianic times1 ! prophets (t5 includ$1 z ! result ( ! reconciliation ( ,jahveh & ,israel1 ! re/+ ( ! inspiration ( ,god on all 8 p1 all be+ 8 s]vants j z !y 7 !mselves4 ,( c\rse ! e>ly ,jewi% ,*ri/ians appli$ ^! prophecies to !mselves1 & believ$ t ! _s ( ,god re/$ on all ! p ( 8 true ,israel1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,b 9 ! e>ly books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t we also f9d ! t]m 8_s0 us$ 9 a s5se applicable only to a di/9ct be+4 ,/4 ,paul1 9 a rem>kable passage1 speaks ( ! ,_s z int]c$+ ) ,god = man4#ih ,9 ord] to und]/& ! orig9 ( ?is belief ( ! e>ly ,*ur* t ! _s ( ,god1 z a di/9ct be+1 su/a9$ x 9 its /ruggle ) ! _w1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians reg>d$ ,*ri/ianity z a movem5t f among ! unconv]t$ ,jews simil> to ! movem5t ( anci5t ,israel f among ! ,egyptians4 ,!y cont9ually look$ = analogies betwe5 _! circum/ances & :at 0 relat$ ( ! exodus f ,egypt4 ,an angel 0 believ$ to h l$ ! ,israelites aga9/ _! enemies1#ii & ! ,*ur* w\ld naturally expect a correspond+ repres5tative ( ,god to wat* ov] its progress4 ,b by ! prophets ! "n 8_s0 _h be5 giv5 to ?is angel2#ajj & s ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 believ+ t ! _s ( ,god re/$ on ! ,*ur*1 p]sonifi$ x vaguely & made x a div9e repres5tative abid+ cont9ually ) !m4 ,!y reg>d$ x z ! sub/itute = ! p]sonal pres5ce ( ,*ri/ :i* _h come to !m imm$iately aft] 8 dea?4 ,& ?us ! belief 9 ! ,holy ,_s 0 connect$ ) ! expectation ( ! second adv5t2 x _h come :5 ,*ri/ _h left ! ,*ur*1 & :5 he return$ its mission w\ld be end$4 ,:5 ! expectation ( ! second adv5t 0 ab&on$1 & a /ay on e>? aft] 8 dea? 0 assign$ to ,*ri/1 ! ,*ur*'s ideas ( ! ,_s und]w5t a fur!r developm5t4 ,z x 0 ! sub/itute = 8 pres5ce1 x c\ld only h come aft] 8 asc5sion4 ,j z ! asc5sion _h be5 imag9$ z a suitable close ( ,*ri/'s /ay on e>?1 s n[ a solemn c]emony 0 imag9$ to m>k ! entrance ( ! ,_s on its mission4 ,! day ( ,p5teco/1 ! recogniz$ anniv]s>y ( ! deliv]y ( ! law on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 appe>$ ! fitte/ "t = ?is c]emony4#aja ,z ! f\nd+ ( ! law 0 reg>d$ z ! true beg9n+ ( ! life ( ,israel1 ! com+ ( ! ,_s seem$ to mat* x & to =m ! true beg9n+ ( ! life ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is tradition1 z we h x 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 0 "o ( ! la/ results ( ! influ5ce ( ,judaism on ,*ri/ianity4 ,at ab\t ! same "t ?is influ5ce 0 %[n 9 ano!r doctr9e 9 connection ) ! belief 9 ! ,holy ,_s4 ,i h already said t1 :5 ! ma9ly ,pagan dogma ( ! miracul\s conception ( ,*ri/ 0 creat$1 ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity 0 able slightly to spiritualize x4 ,by mak+ ! ,_s ! ag5t on ! div9e side ( t conception1 ! dogma 0 z f> z possible purifi$ f its ta9t ( grossness4 ,until aft] ! "t ( ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil1 ! g5]al belief 9 ! ,holy ,_s rema9$ 9 ?is vague undef9$ =m4 ,! ,*ur* reg>d$ x z a p]sonifi$ influ5ce1 & gave x little att5tion4 ,9 ! ,nic5e ,cre$ !re is no dogma ( ! ,tr9ity2 only two p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity z yet exi/$4 ,9 ! fully develop$ ,cre$ m]ely vague language is appli$ to ! ,_s2 x is spok5 ( z a di/9ct be+1 b its union ) ! ,fa!r & ! ,son is n ass]t$4 ,! phrase1 8,:o proce$e? f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son10 %[s1 z ,feu]ba* po9ts out1#ajb h[ loose an idea ( p]sonality 0 atta*$ to x1 & is v diff]5t f ! precise t]ms 9 :i* ! ,cre$ def9es ! production ( ! ,son4 ,! subsequ5t dispute betwe5 ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,*ur*es 9 ref]5ce to ! 8filioque0 ( ! ,lat9 =m ( ?is ,cre$ r5d]$ x impossible = ,*ri/ian !ology to rema9 satisfi$ ) ! ,nic5e def9ition ( ! ,_s4 ,always reg>d$ z div9e1 !re 0 n[ a natural t5d5cy to decl>e x to be ,god4 ,a my/]y ( ?ree 9 "o 0 a puzzle no m p]plex+ ?an a my/]y ( two 9 "o4 ,& s ! ,holy ,_s 0 includ$ 9 ! div9e ,gov]nm5t1 & ! dogma ( ! ,tr9ity 0 complete4 ,! full doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 philosophically express$1 is ?is4 ,god ! ,fa!r is ,god ! absolute1 incompreh5sible & unapproa*able by creat$ ?+s4 ,god ! ,son is "p ( ,god ! relative1 ! creator & savi\r ( ! _w4 ,god ! ,holy ,_s is ! re/ ( ,god ! relative1 ! su/a9] & guide ( ! _w4 ,?us x is evid5t t ! ?ird p]son ( ! ,tr9ity philosophically has no exi/5ce2 its functions are only c>v$ out ( ^? ( ! second4 ,& ?is philosophical non-exi/5ce ( ! ?ird p]son has its reflection 9 !ology4 ,9 spite ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 ! ,holy ,_s is only a %ad[ 9 ,*ri/ian belief4 ,intellectually ! s9c]e ,*ri/ian is conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god ! ,fa!r2 emotionally he is conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god ! ,son2 b ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god ! ,holy ,_s he is n conv9c$ at all1 & he ass]ts x m]ely 9 ! empty =ms ( traditional dogma4 ,we h n[ dealt ) all ! *ief dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,atonem5t1 ! ,inc>nation1 ! full doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 & ! m important ( ! circum/ances believ$ to be connect$ ) ! life & dea? ( ,*ri/--9 fact1 all ! dogmas ( ! ,cre$s1 h pass$ "u our review4 ,only m9or doctr9es1 9 reg>d to :i* !re are diff]5ces ( op9ion among ,*ri/ians1 rema9 to be notic$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,ca?olic ,,& ,,prote/ant ,,*ri/ianity4 ,f ! "t ( ! completion ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation1 ,*ri/ianity /eadily advanc$ t[>ds ,paganism4 ,gradually all ! *>act]i/ics ( poly!ism crept into ! ,*ur*4 ,idolatry1 embodi$ specially 9 an important doctr9e to be m5tion$ pres5tly1 0 embodi$ g5]ally 9 ! wor%ip ( images4 ,! great pr9ciple ( local gov]nm5t 9 religion :i* di/+ui%$ ,pagan poly!ism became ,*ri/ian by ! wor%ip ( sa9ts4 ,?is 0 soon ! *ief feature ( ord9>y ,*ri/ianity4 ,to ! av]age ,*ri/ian ! local sa9t appe>$ ! repres5tative ( heav51 ! appo9t$ ag5t ?r\gh :om heav5ly bless+s 7 to be obta9$4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! s\l's immortality1 orig9ally d]iv$ f ,judaism1 0 ,paganis$ into a resemblance to ! ideas on ! subject :i* _h vaguely ent]$ into mo/ =ms ( ,paganism4 ,! old belief ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur* t dead ,*ri/ians 8slept0 until ! resurrection _h become h]etical by ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury4#ajc ,! doctr9e ( purgatorial p5ance 0 introduc$ into ,*ri/ianity4 ,= ?is1 inde$1 q ap>t f ,pagan influ5ce1 !re 0 a v good reason4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,*ur*1 ) ! moral influ5ce ( ,judaism /ill /rong on x1 & ! dang] ( p]secution keep+ x pure f unwor?y memb]s1 probably almo/ all ,*ri/ians 7 fairly good4 ,be+ good1 !y 7 fit = heav5 or ! heav5ly reign ( ,*ri/2 & s !re 0 no difficulty 9 mak+ ! simple acceptance ( ,*ri/ianity ! te/ ( salvation4 ,b :5 ! ,*ur* became popul>1 & especially :5 x became ! ackn[l$g$ religi\s sy/em ( ! empire1 x 0 pla9 t a l>ge proportion ( its memb]s 7 by no means fit = heav54 ,& yet1 ) its loos] ,pagan hold on morality1 x did n c>e to consign to damnation fai?ful believ]s 9 its doctr9es4 ,! old ideas1 lat5t g5]ally 9 ,paganism1 & giv5 special expression 9 ! my/]ies1 ( p5al purification f evil exactly met ! difficulty1 & accord+ly !y 7 incorporat$ 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,z be=e 9 ! case ( ! ,inc>nation1 x 0 ! ne$ ( ! ,*ur* t really creat$ ! doctr9e2 ,paganism only det]m9$ its =m4 ,*ri/ianity took all its sup]naturalism ( evil f ,judaism1 t is1 f ! lat] developm5ts ( ,judaism1 ) h>dly ! slighte/ *ange4 ,! belief 9 a *ief devil1 hav+ subord9ates "u him1 9 hell or "s su* k9d ( irrevocable puni%m5t1 *>act]iz$ late ,judaism z mu* z ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is sup]naturalism ( evil 0 less /rongly develop$ 9 ,pagan religions1 or r1 to speak m precisely1 x 0 a feature ( ea/]n f> m ?an ( we/]n !ology4 ,/ill ,*ri/ian ,paganism1 ?\gh ma9ly we/]n1 _h no difficulty 9 accept+ x1 & x aft]w>ds became ! *ief support ( m$ieval sup]/ition4 ,! decl9e & f9al ru9 ( ! empire ( ,rome trans=m$ ! outw>d /ructure ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! empire di$ "u ! h&s ( nor!rn b>b>ians1 b x atta9$ a resurrection 9 ! %ape ( ! ,papal ,*ur*4 ,aft] ! sep>ation ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,*ur*es1 ! l9e ( ,*ri/ian developm5t pass$ ?r\gh ! latt] alone1 ! =m] rema9+ /agnant 9 consequ5ce ( its union ) political despotism4 ,! free ,*ur* ( ! we/1 becom+ ! real repres5tative ( ,*ri/ianity1 gradually embodi$ 9 itself all ! attributes ( imp]ial p[]4 ,! ,pope succe$$ ! ,emp]or2 bi%ops succe$$ ! prov9cial legates2 ! religi\s tyranny ( ,ca?olicism succe$$ ! political tyranny ( ,ces>ism4 ,! pomp & c]emonial ( ! empire 7 transf]r$ to ! ,*ur*4 ,! _s ( s5su\s wor%ip lat5t always 9 ,*ri/ian ,paganism ( c\rse 0 enc\rag$ by ?is1 & express$ itself 9 a complex ritual4 ,b mo/ ( all ,ca?olic imp]ialism exalt$ ! cl]gy above ! laity4 ,?is exaltation ( ! cl]gy 0 ! direct result ( ! transf]5ce ( ! imp]ial p[] to ! ,*ur*4 ,! long reign ( despotism 9 ! empire _h unfitt$ ! p ( x = any approa* to fre$om4 ,j z =m]ly !y _h submitt$ to ! mat]ial p[] :i* _h _h its c5tre 9 ,rome1 s n[ !y submitt$ to ! spiritual p[] :i* _h its c5tre 9 ,rome4 ,only by ! sl[ tra9+ ( _m c5turies 0 "p ( ! population ( ,europe prep>$ = resi/ance to cl]ical tyranny4 ,! ,re=mation re/$ on ! political developm5t ( ! peoples among :om x 0 successful4 ,! cl]gy 7 ! gu>dians1 = good or = evil1 ( ! *ildhood ( ! mod]n _w4 ,! complicat$ sy/em ( sacram5ts :i* n[ arose 9 ,*ri/ianity 0 l>gely ! expression ( prie/ly p[]4 ,! di/9ction made betwe5 cl]gy & laity 9 ! celebration ( ! ,eu*>i/ %[$ ?is 9 its cle>e/ =m4 ,b mo/ ( all ! p[] ( absolution gave ! prie/ an unlimit$ supremacy4 ,hold+ ! keys ( heav5 & ( hell1 he 0 ! ma/] ( ! ,*ri/ian's s\l4 ,! f\ndation ( ?is doctr9e1 z well z t ( ! g5]al recognition ( an au?ority peculi> to ! cl]gy1 0 laid 9 ! will+ rev]5ce felt by ! e>ly ,*ur* = ! apo/les1 = ! m5 :o _h actually se5 its f\nd]4 ,cl]ical despotism _c be ascrib$ to ! _s ( ,paganism z di/+ui%$ f ! _s ( ,judaism4 ,b /ill1 9 its extreme developm5t "u ! pressure ( *anges 9 ! ,pagan _w1 x 0 a ,pagan feature ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,a mo/ important di/9ctly ,pagan doctr9e 0 connect$ ) ?is idea ( cl]ical sanctity4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! belief ( ! e>ly ,*ur* t ! body & blood ( ,*ri/ 7 really pres5t 9 ! elem5ts ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,x is q cle> f ! language ( ,/4 ,paul t ?is belief 9 ! real pres5ce 0 n a belief t ! elem5ts 7 actually *ang$ into ,*ri/'s body & blood4#ajd ,by ! fai? ( ! communicant ! sacram5t 0 accompli%$1 & )\t fai? x _h no exi/5ce4 ,! ,eu*>i/ 0 evid5tly !n reg>d$ z a con/antly recurr+ sacram5t ( ! once (f]$ sacrifice ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 :i* x commemorat$ & decl>$ until he came aga94 ,t ?is 0 an exce$+ly delicate doctr9e :i* c\ld be easily mis9t]pret$ is obvi\s4 ,x naturally develop$ into a gross] =m :5 ,paganism1 ) its lean+ t[>ds idolatry1 became p>am\nt 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! elem5ts 7 !n =mally consecrat$1 & 7 reg>d$ z ! actual fle% & blood ( ,*ri/4 ,z 8 body1 !y 7 laid on ! alt> & made an object ( wor%ip4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 simple idolatry4 ,unit$ ) ! dogma ( ! ,inc>nation1 x enabl$ ! ,*ri/ian to adore ,god z visibly pres5t 9 a mat]ial %ape4 ,! doctr9e 0 connect$ ) ! exaltation ( ! cl]gy1 z ! p[] ( consecration 0 conf9$ to !m4 ,?us ! sacram5t ( ! ,eu*>i/ became ! sacrifice ( ! mass4 ,! elem5ts be+ actually *ang$ into 8 fle% & blood1 ,*ri/ 0 aga9 made a victim2 8 sacrificial dea? 0 repeat$ z (t5 z ! c]emony2 & s ! ,jewi% dogma ( ! ,atonem5t 0 l9k$ ) ideas utt]ly antagoni/ic to ,judaism4#aje ,! deification ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y 0 ano!r :olly ,pagan developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,female div9ities 7 common 9 ,pagan poly!ism1 & female sa9ts replac$ !m 9 ,*ri/ian ,paganism4 ,aft] ,*ri/1 z man1 _h be5 made ! ,god ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?is t5d5cy to give bo? sexes div9e repres5tatives produc$ ! exaltation ( ! ,virg9 z 8 female correlative4 ,%e became ! goddess ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! real ?ird p]son ( ! ,tr9ity1 z ,feu]ba* calls h]4#ajf ,z "m & wife ( ,god1 %e satisfi$ ! human in/9cts ( ,pagan religion2 & s ! ,*ur* ultimately put all heav5ly p[] into h] h&s4 ,! asceticism ( lat] ,*ri/ianity at ! same "t creat$ ! dogma ( h] p]petual virg9ity4 ,at la/1 z a div9e be+1 %e 0 encircl$ ) an atmosph]e ( miracul\s privilege ev5 f be=e h] bir?4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ,pagan ,*ri/ianity1 mona/icism1 0 due to a v>iety ( causes4 ,9 "p x _h its orig9 9 ! p]sonal "* ( ,*ri/4 ,8 insi/5ce on inw>d purity 0 n f> remov$ f asceticism4 ,b ?\gh mona/ic asceticism may h _h "s ( its roots 9 lat] developm5ts ( ,judaism1 x 0 =eign to ,judaism z a :ole4 ,judaism 0 rem>kable = its cle>ness & balance2 x pu%$ no?+ too f>4 ,mona/icism 9 reality 0 *iefly d]iv$ f ea/]n ,paganism1 f ! t5d5cy t[>ds asceticism s common 9 ,ori5tal religions4 ,! same t5d5cy produc$ ano!r important effect on we/]n ,*ri/ianity1 namely1 ! celibacy ( ! regul> cl]gy4 ,:5 ?is became an accept$ doctr9e1 ! f9i%+ t\* 0 giv5 to cl]ical p[]4 ,h5ce=? ! ,roman ,*ur* 0 ! mo/ highly organiz$ ecclesia/ical sy/em ! _w has ev] se54 ,) no recogniz$ int]e/s outside 8 call+1 e prie/ belong$ body & s\l to a va/ discipl9$ mass :i* mov$ & act$ l "o man4 ,?us highly organiz$1 ! ,*ur* plung$ into ! d>ke/ p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,= ! evils ( ?is p]iod ,*ri/ianity _c fairly be held responsible1 except 9 s f> z x contribut$ to ! ru9 ( ! ,roman empire4 ,?r\gh\t x1 on ! :ole1 ! ,*ur* 0 a c5tre ( light1 keep+ alive ! emb]s ( civilization1 & s(t5+ ! b>b>\s t5d5cies ( ! "t4 ,b 9 pass+ ?r\gh x ,*ri/ianity suff]$ fe>fully4 ,! ignorance & h>%ness & corruption ( ! age 7 /amp$ ineffaceably ^u x4 ,& ?is 0 inevitable4 ,9 e civiliz$ c\ntry at almo/ e "t !re are sure to be two =ms ( ! g5]al religion1 "o popul>1 ! o!r t ( ! m educat$ classes4 ,! popul> religion1 re/+ on ignorance1 is always a m]e sup]/ition2 ! o!r religion1 kept cle> by p>tial k f (f5sive crudities1 is ! recogniz$ =m4 ,b dur+ ! wor/ p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages !re 0 no su* di/9ction2 all religion 0 popul>2 ev5 ! highe/ classes 7 hopelessly lo/ 9 sup]/ition4 ,! gloom ( ?is sup]/ition1 ! %ad[ ( ! wret*$ness ( ! age1 left a la/+ m>k on ,*ri/ianity4 ,! t]ror ( life 0 transf]r$ to dea?2 dea? 0 associat$ ) ! mo/ repulsive images1 & closely connect$ ) hell4 ,! fe> ( hell became ! motive p[] ( religion2 to escape hell 0 to ! ,*ri/ian ! end ( life4#ajg ,! sup]/iti\s elem5ts f :i* ,*ri/ianity is n[ /ruggl+ to release itself 7 ma9ly develop$ 9 its passage ?r\gh ?is p]iod4 ,dur+ x ! moral corruption ( ,*ri/ianity 0 enorm\s4 ,! ,*ur* laid /ress1 n on righte\s conduct1 b on or?odox ?9k+4 ,h]esy 0 irrem$iably damnable1 b crimes & s9s c\ld be easily comp\nd$ =4 ,! immorality ( ! cl]gy1 due p>tly to ! g5]al corruption ( ! "t1 & p>tly to _! legal celibacy1 0 closely connect$ ) ! tol]ation ( s9 %[n 9 ! action ( ! ,*ur*4 ,rott5 itself1 ! ecclesia/ical p[] 0 ev] ready1 9 return = mat]ial b5efits1 to op5 ! gates ( heav5 to secul> s9n]s4 ,! :ole c\rse ( m$ieval ,*ri/ianity 0 a progress t[>ds ! doctr9e ( indulg5ces :i* imm$iately provok$ ! ,re=mation4 ,! moral decl9e ( ,*ri/ianity 0 ! m>k ( its progress t[>ds ,paganism4 ,x rec$$ fur!r f its orig9al basis 9 ,judaism z its dogmas became m complex & its hold on morality m unc]ta94 ,! complexity ( doctr9e enc\rag$ ! decl9e 9 morality1 religi\s att5tion be+ drawn by x f practical conduct to ! consid]ation ( nice po9ts ( !ology4 ,a reaction aga9/ ?is t5d5cy 0 inevitable4 ,*ri/ianity _h %>$ 9 ! desc5t ( ,european civilization1 & :5 ,european civilization began to asc5d1 ,*ri/ianity _h to asc5d along ) x4 ,b ! reaction1 z x 0 aga9/ a corruption :i* 0 inextricably l9k$ ) ! ,paganism ( ! ,*ur*1 c\ld n fail to oppose itself to ,paganism1 t is1 to recoil back to ,judaism4 ,& ?is is ! explanation ( ! ,re=mation4 ,x 0 ! revival ( ,judaism 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,z ! revival ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity1 x 0 sure to occur soon] or lat]2 once ! ?\ght & k ( ,europe awak5$ f _! m$ieval slumb]1 ! revolt aga9/ ,paganism 0 b\nd to beg94 ,! r5ewal ( intellectual life involv$ ! r5ewal ( moral life4 ,! re/or$ consci5ce ( ,europe w\ld prote/ fir/ aga9/ ! lat] corruptions ( ,pagan ,*ri/ianity2 b ^! 7 insep>ably connect$ ) e>li] ones1 & s /ep by /ep re=m]s w\ld h to asc5d along ! l9e1 until at la/ !y w\ld f9d !mselves ! *ampions ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity1 cont5d+ aga9/ ! =ces ( ,paganism4 ,?us ! great s*ism :i* ! ,re=mation caus$ 9 ,*ri/ianity 0 inevitable f ! fir/4 ,paganism c\ld n be eradicat$ by ! revival ( ,judaism4 ,! m ignorant & backw>d races 7 sure to cl+ to x 9 opposition to ! progressive _s :i* revolt$ f x4 ,! s*ism 9 ,*ri/ianity 0 z inevitable z ! s*ism :i* x occasion$ 9 ,judaism1 ! necessity ( :i* 0 %[n 9 our second *apt]4 ,& j z ! expansion ( ,judaism :i* ,*ri/ made a practical success 0 9 its ma9 features q indep5d5t ( ! influ5ce ( 8 p]sonal "*1 s ! ma9 features ( ! ,re=mation 7 det]m9$ ap>t f ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ! ,re=m]s4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,re=mation ,jewi% & ,pagan ,*ri/ianity /ood side by side4 ,prote/antism reviv$ ! pr9ciples ( ! e>ly ,*ur*2 ,ca?olicism reta9$ ! pr9ciples ( ,paganism4 ,)9 ! lifetime ( ,lu!r ! *ange 0 accompli%$4 ,he himself1 because he assail$ "o immoral doctr9e ( ! corrupt ,roman ,*ur*1 0 =c$ to travel back along f\rte5 c5turies ( religi\s developm5t4 ,( c\rse ,prote/antism _c be exactly ! same z ! religion ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,j z ,pagan ,*ri/ianity 0 compell$ to reta9 ,jewi% dogmas1 s ,prote/antism 0 compell$ to reta9 ,pagan dogmas4 ,x _h no?+ to re/ on except ! ,canon ( ,scripture1 & "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is ,pagan 9 _s4 ,accord+ly1 ! dogmas ( e>li] ,paganism1 :i* 7 develop$ :ile x 0 /ill mix$ ) ,judaism 9 ! ,*ur*1 7 pres]v$ 9 ,prote/antism4 ,x kept1 = in/ance1 ! great ,pagan dogma ( ! ,inc>nation4 ,/ill1 s f> z g5]al pr9ciple is conc]n$1 ,prote/antism fairly repres5ts ,judaism1 & ,ca?olicism ,paganism 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is is evid5t if !y are fully comp>$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! ,pagan "* ( ,ca?olicism has already be5 %[n4 ,z ,ca?olicism--& ?is t]m cov]s m ?an ! ,roman ,*ur*--has reta9$ all ! doctr9es :i* we h exam9$ z repres5tative ( ,paganism 9 ,*ri/ianity1 ?is is obvi\s4 ,simil>ly ! non-,pagan "* ( ,prote/antism is cle> f its rejection ( all ! lat] ( ^! doctr9es1 f ! wor%ip ( sa9ts to ! immaculate conception4 ,its ,jewi% "* mu/ be %[n by a ref]5ce to ! pr9ciples ( our comp>ison ( ,judaism & ,paganism4 ,! *ief di/9ctive doctr9e ( ,prote/antism is ju/ification by fai? alone4 ,t 9 ?is x resembles ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity1 a glance at ,/4 ,paul's epi/les is suffici5t to %[4 ,x is also pla9 t ?is doctr9e is closely connect$ ) ! great ,jewi% dogma ( ! ,atonem5t4 ,accord+ to x1 s9s are wa%$ away by ! blood ( ,*ri/1 ! victim (f]$ to ,god4 ,b ! b5efits ( ! sacrifice are obta9$ solely by fai?2 ! m]its ( ! ,*ri/ian _c enhance its value4 ,/ill m closely1 h[ev]1 is ! doctr9e connect$ ) ! feature di/9ctive ( ,prote/antism z ( ,judaism1 its l(ti] conception ( ,god4 ,?is1 z 0 po9t$ out 9 our la/ *apt]1 is ! peculi>ity ( mono!ism1 & x %[s ! mono!i/ic "* ( ,prote/antism4 ,ca?olicism1 hav+ inh]it$ poly!i/ic ideas f ,paganism1 naturally recognizes ! value ( man's good works4 ,9 ! sa9ts :om he wor%ips ! ,ca?olic sees be+s :o1 ?\gh !y 7 once fallible l himself1 h yet obta9$ heav5ly au?ority2 &1 z he is ?us consci\s ( no important diff]5ce betwe5 8 div9ities & himself1 he is n dispos$ to und]e/imate ! wor? ( 8 virtue4 ,z a necess>y consequ5ce ( its di/9ctive doctr9e1 ,prote/antism is *>act]iz$ by humility4 ,x depresses human excell5ce & height5s ! s5se ( s94 ,9 ?is x develops :at 71 z we saw be=e1 ! ess5tial t5d5cies ( ,judaism4 ,&1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! ph5om5on :i* appe>$ 9 ,judaism--!ological humility m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by exclusive pride--appe>s also 9 ! extreme =ms ( ,prote/antism4 ,! religion ( ! ,puritans 0 ultra-,prote/ant 9 its insi/5ce on ! utt] s9fulness ( human nature & ! ne$ ( fai?2 & yet no class ( m5 7 ev] pr\d] ?an !y4 ,l ! ,jews1 !y felt _! pride z ! p1 ! elect ( ,god1 :o 7 hon\r$ by him above ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,! same ph5om5on c be obs]v$ at ! pres5t day among ! extreme ,evangelical sects :i* keep ! f> fronti] ( ,prote/antism4 ,9 !m we also f9d !oretically religi\s humility1 & practically ! mo/ int5se religi\s pride4 ,&1 inde$1 bo? 9 ^! sects & 9 ,puritanism we see ,prote/antism fully develop$ 9 its lik5ess to its p>5t ,judaism1 ) ! h>%ness & exclusiv5ess ( ,judaism ?9ly veil$ "u a nom9al ,*ri/ianity4 ,aga91 ,prote/antism resembles ,judaism 9 its high] morality4 ,prote/ants z a :ole are c]ta9ly m moral ?an ,ca?olics z a :ole4 ,at fir/ sight ?is seems rem>kable1 z morality is n enc\rag$ by ! ,prote/ant doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai? alone4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! prie/ly absolution ( ,ca?olicism is a mu* m immoral doctr9e4 ,9 practice1 z might be expect$1 ! belief 9 ju/ification by fai? alone does less mis*ief ?an ! belief t s9s c be got rid ( by a visit to ! ne>e/ *ur*4 ,( c\rse1 9 addition to ?is1 ! high] !ology ( ,prote/antism fav\rs morality1 j z ! high] !ology ( ,judaism did4 ,s f> z x is pur] & m rational ?an ,ca?olicism1 x naturally is m moral1 & allies itself less easily ) ignorance & animalism4 ,prote/antism1 too1 is l ,judaism 9 hav+ = its basis a writt5 revelation4 ,! ,bible is to ,prote/ants :at ! law & ! prophets 7 to ,jews4 ,?is feature ( ,prote/antism is obvi\sly connect$ ) its depreciation ( human excell5ce4 ,x makes m5 simply vessels = ! reception ( a f9i%$ sy/em ( religi\s tru?4 ,ca?olicism1 on ! o!r h&1 by its ass]tion ( a cont9u\sly inspir$ ,*ur*1 :i* 9 e g5]ation may develop new dogmas1 pla9ly assigns a high] position 9 religion to man4 ,z reg>ds simplicity ( ?\ght & wor%ip1 !re is cle>ly ! same opposition betwe5 ,prote/antism & ,ca?olicism t !re 0 betwe5 ,judaism & ,paganism4 ,ca?olicism is rem>kable m ?an ,prote/antism = complexity ( doctr9e & s5su\sness 9 wor%ip4 ,we w n[ consid] h[ f> ?is opposition %[s itself 9 _! treatm5t ( ! great dogmas :i* nom9ally are common to !m bo?4 ,! ,atonem5t be+ ! *ief ,jewi% dogma ( ,*ri/ianity1 we %\ld expect x to be m prom95t 9 ,prote/antism ?an 9 ,ca?olicism4 ,& ?is is /rictly ! case4 ,ca?olicism lays no /ress on ! doctr9e4 ,9 a v able "w by ,mr4 ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld1 :i* pres5ts ! religion ( ,ca?olicism 9 its true/ =m1 ! ,atonem5t is made simply symbolical1 & ! dea? ( ,*ri/ is reg>d$ z h>dly necess>y to 8 "w4#ajh ,prote/antism1 on ! o!r h&1 makes ! ,atonem5t its prim>y dogma4 8,! blood ( ,jesus10 is its c5tral cry4 ,x l9ks ! dogma ) its di/9ctive doctr9e2 ju/ification by fai? 9 ! reconcil+ dea? ( ,*ri/ is ! ess5ce ( its !ology1 & sums up its multitud9\s prea*+4 ,we also f9d ! great ,pagan dogma ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,inc>nation1 m prom95t 9 ,ca?olicism ?an 9 ,prote/antism4 ,t ,god became man is ! c5tral ass]tion ( ,ca?olicism1 on :i* x bases its high] e/imation ( human dignity4 ,?is c pla9ly be se5 9 ! "w la/ ref]r$ to1 :]e ! ,inc>nation is reg>d$ z ! condition ( !i/ic religion4#aji ,b x is /ill m evid5t 9 ! t5d5cy ( ,ca?olic !ology to exalt ! div9ity at ! exp5se ( ! humanity ( ,*ri/1 = manife/ly ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation is exp&$ & made m important 9 proportion z ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! orig9al ,jewi% belief 9 ! simple humanity ( ,*ri/ is increas$4 ,! ,a?anasian ,cre$ is ?or\ghly ,ca?olic1 & its def9ition ( ! nature ( ,*ri/ involves ! de/ruction ( 8 human p]sonality4 ,ca?olic !ologians h boldly adopt$ ?is conclusion1 & ass]t t 8 p]sonality is :olly div9e4#aaj ,in/9ctively ! ,ca?olic always ?9ks ( ,*ri/ z ,god4 ,prote/antism1 on ! contr>y1 nev] dwells on ! ,inc>nation4 ,! extreme ,evangelical sects1 9 :i* its pr9ciples are fully develop$1 are p]petually drift+ t[>ds ,unit>ianism4 ,b1 z 9 ! case ( ,ca?olicism1 its int]pretation ( ! doctr9e be/ reveals its t5d5cies4 ,x exalts ! humanity at ! exp5se ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,x holds him up z an example 9 a mann] :i* implies 8 human p]sonality4 ,in/9ctively ! ,prote/ant always ?9ks ( ,*ri/ z man4 ,9 _! treatm5t ( ! ,eu*>i/ ! respective *>act]i/ics ( ,ca?olicism & ,prote/antism are also evid5t4 ,we h already se5 ! ,paganism ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e ( ! real pres5ce4 ,equally ! two ,prote/ant doctr9es %[ ! influ5ce ( ,judaism on ,*ri/ianity4 ,! fir/1 ! ,evangelical doctr9e1 :i* all[s ! ,eu*>i/ no sacram5tal value1 & makes x simply a commemoration ( ! sacram5t :i* accompani$ ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 0 probably ! belief ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur* at its v beg9n+2 ! second1 & m g5]al "o1 :i* ass]ts ! real pres5ce1 b only 9 a spiritual s5se ?r\gh ! fai? ( ! communicant1 we "k to h be5 ! belief ( ! lat] ,jewi% ,*ur* 9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,if x 7 n = ! pressure ( ,ca?olicism1 x is likely t ! second w\ld be ! doctr9e ( all =ms ( ,prote/antism4 ,b :5 ,ca?olics h s exagg]at$ ! real pres5ce1 ,prote/ants1 by a natural reaction1 are tempt$ to d5y x altoge!r4 ,?us ! two sy/ems ( religion :i* ,*ri/ianity seem$ to unite h pla9ly p>t$ aga94 ,! ,judaism 9 :i* x 0 born1 & ! ,paganism 9 :i* x rea*$ its maturity1 /& once m side by side4 ,& n m]ely does ,*ri/ianity reveal s manife/ly t great oppos+ =ces met 9 its hi/ory1 b 9 reality e important feature ( ! long c\rse ( developm5t :i* has be5 ! subject ( our survey1 is record$ z cle>ly 9 its pres5t /ructure z ! *ief conditions ( ! pa/ evolution :i* has produc$ x are record$ 9 ! /ructure ( an animal organism4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,p]man5ce ,,( ,,dogmatic ,,religion4 ,9 ! c\rse ( our inquiry1 "o fact has be5 made /rik+ly manife/1 namely1 ! p]si/5ce ( religi\s ideas4 ,we f\nd t ,*ri/ianity at its beg9n+ 0 only ! result ( a t5d5cy long lat5t 9 ,judaism1 t its doctr9es 7 :olly ,jewi% :ile its adh]5ts 7 *iefly ,jews1 & t aft]w>ds1 :5 ,pagans 9 l>ge numb]s ent]$ ! ,*ur*1 !y c>ri$ ) !m & made ,*ri/ian ! pr9ciples ( _! ,pagan religions4 ,simil>ly we saw t no new religion 0 creat$ by ! ,re=mation1 t x 0 m]ely an in/ance ( rev]sion1 ( ! fall+ back ( "p ( ,*ri/ianity to an old] type4 ,9 fact1 f our /udy ( ?is subject1 we might conclude t religi\s ideas are practically inde/ructible1 or1 at lea/1 t !y c only be modifi$ by gradual processes work+ dur+ long p]iods ( "t4 ,?is conclusion w\ld be unque/ionably correct1 & x especially ne$s to be insi/$ on at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,a conviction is g5]al among enlight5$ m5 t we are on ! ?re%old ( a great religi\s revolution1 :i* is to be effect$ by ! spe$y de/ruction ( ,*ri/ianity & ! consequ5t abolition ( sup]natural religion4 ,!re seems to be "s reason = ?is belief4 ,)9 ! la/ half-c5tury ,*ri/ianity has decl9$ consid]ably4 ,?\ght & culture h brok5 loose f x4 ,fifty ye>s ago ! va/ majority ( ! m5 ( lett]s & sci5ce ( ,europe pr(ess$ "s =m ( x2 n[ only a small m9ority d s1 & ev5 ?is m9ority is /eadily gr[+ small]4 ,we might pr$ict ) almo/ absolute c]ta9ty t fifty ye>s h5ce h>dly a s+le believ] 9 dogmatic ,*ri/ianity w be f\nd among ! lead+ m5 ( ,european lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,*ri/ianity is dy+ at ! top4 ,!re is a c]ta9 resemblance betwe5 ?is /ate ( ?+s & ! condition ( ! ,roman _w at ! "t ,*ri/ianity 0 beg9n+ to conqu] x4 ,pagan religions !n 7 dy+ at ! top4 ,philosoph]s despis$ !m & wits laugh$ at !m2 ! ?\ght ( ! age 0 z completely agno/ic z ! ?\ght ( our own day is t5d+ to become4 ,a ?9k]1 /udy+ ! ph5om5a ( ! p]iod1 might !n h reasonably conclud$ t sup]natural religion 0 de/9$ spe$ily to p]i%1 t1 z m5 ( le>n+ _h ab&on$ x1 aft] a %ort "t _! views w\ld spread d[nw>ds1 & be adopt$ by all classes ( ! p4 ,h[ exquisitely ?is conclusion w\ld h be5 expos$ by ! irony ( hi/ory6 ,t5 c5turies lat] ! religi\s ideas !n curr5t among ! populace 7 common to e class1 & ! desc5dants & repres5tatives ( ! philosoph]s :o reject$ sup]-naturalism 7 employ+ _! philosophical p[]s 9 det]m9+ exactly ! nature ( angels4 ,p]haps ! future is prep>+ a simil> exposure = ! philosoph]s ( our own day1 :o are confid5t t sup]natural religion w soon be a curiosity ( ! pa/4 ,a few c5turies h5ce1 if esot]ic ,buddhism %all take ! place ( ,*ri/ianity1 p]haps philosophy w be engag$ 9 expla9+ ! mean+ ( 8k>ma10 & sci5ce w be occupi$ 9 asc]ta9+ ! exact nature ( an a/ral body4 ,sup]naturalism has j z mu* vitality n[ z x _h a c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,ev5 if )9 ! next few hundr$ ye>s ,*ri/ianity 7 to become :olly ext9ct1 ! ideas und]ly+ x w\ld simply be transf]r$ to "s o!r =m ( dogmatic religion4 ,! decl9e ( ,*ri/ianity n[1 l ! decl9e ( ! ,paganism ( ! ,roman empire1 s f> z x is real1 is ! prelude to ! =mation ( new religions4 ,if ! support to :i* ! religi\s ideas ( a g5]ation h atta*$ !mselves is ov]?r[n1 !y soon f9d ano!r sy/em to su/a9 !m4 ,! fall ( an old religion is ! signal = ! rise ( a new4 ,signs ( ?is transf] ( religi\s allegiance are di/9ctly visible at pres5t4 ,!re is ! same mixture ( cr$ulity & scepticism n[ t !re 0 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,we1 too1 h a philosophical class int5sely sceptical1 b we also h a class ( p :o are eag] vot>ies ( new religions & excessively cr$ul\s4 ,! cr$ulity ( ! _m is ! consequ5ce ( ! scepticism ( ! few1 & is ! m>k ( religi\s *ange4 ,x n[ *>act]izes ^? ^: fai? 9 ,*ri/ianity is %ak51 b 9 :om religi\s ideas are z /rong z ev]4 ,! religi\s ideas n[ embodi$ 9 ,*ri/ianity & /amp$ on ! g5]al mass ( mank9d come "u ! head ( dogmatic sup]naturalism2 !y are mo/ ( !m conc]n$ ) ,god1 p]sonal immortality1 heav51 & hell4 ,?is dogmatic sup]naturalism began ) ! e>lie/ illusions :i* creat$ religion ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,s9ce !n1 ) e /ep ( 8 upw>d progress1 man has be5 m & m ! slave ( religi\s dogma4 ,! high] religions ( hi/orical times h multipli$ ass]tions ab\t unkn[n ph5om5a2 ,*ri/ianity1 ! highe/ ( religions1 has done s mo/ ( all4 ,hav+ inh]it$1 !n1 ?is va/ inh]itance ( belief 9 sup]natural dogma1 :i* began to accumulate 9 ! remote/ ages1 & has s9ce be5 enl>g$ & made sure by ! great religion :i* = fifte5 hundr$ ye>s has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! ma9 civilization ( ! _w1 h[ c m5 ( our own day lightly %ake (f sup]naturalism6 ,a few "h & !re1 z v>iations f ! g5]al type necess>ily limit$ 9 numb]1 may manage to put x aside aft] a sev]e conte/ ) ! irrational in/9cts :i* !y h inh]it$4 ,b s f> z ! mass ( mank9d are conc]n$1 ages mu/ elapse be=e ! "w ( ages c be undone4 ,j z 9 ! fir/ c5tury ! disbelief ( philosoph]s _h discr$it$ ! ,pagan religions1 s n[ ! disbelief ( m5 ( ?\ght is discr$it+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,& z a c]ta9 class ( ,pagans !n turn$ f ! discr$it$ religions to f9d ano!r basis = _! religi\s ideas1 s n[ a c]ta9 class ( p are seek+ a basis = _! religi\s ideas app>5tly sur] ?an discr$it$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( degree betwe5 ! two p]iods2 ,*ri/ianity is n yet z mu* discr$it$ z ! ,pagan religions 7 :5 x attack$ !m4 ,we h n yet rea*$ ! condition ( ! "t :5 ! my/]ies 7 ! la/ props ( ,paganism1 & ! importation ( =eign religions 0 "o ( ! recogniz$ indu/ries ( ,rome4 ,b ! se$s ( ! developm5t ( su* ph5om5a are pla9ly visible4 ,spiritualism & ! ,psy*ical ,rese>* ,society are ! rudim5ts ( ,*ri/ian my/]ies1 & c]ta9ly attempts on a small scale are be+ made to import religions into ,london f ,syria & ,india4 ,"h 9 ,engl& betwe5 ! l>ge class ( ^? :o /ill believe 9 ,*ri/ianity & ! small class ( ^? :o put ! sup]natural :olly aside lies ! class1 cont9ually increas+ 9 numb]s1 ( ^? :o h lo/ fai? 9 ,*ri/ianity1 b h n lo/ fai? 9 ! ideas :i* =m ! ess5ce ( x4 ,books l 8,esot]ic ,buddhism0 & ,mr4 ,laurance ,oliphant's 8,sympneumata0 are writt5 = & by memb]s ( ?is class4 ,! absurd weakness ( su* attempts to give ! sup]natural a natural basis does n 9 ! lea/ detract f _! popul> p[]4 ,life is full ( inevitable illusions1 & only a few are 9 a position to detect _! illusive "*4 ,9 reg>d to ^! illusions1 ! belief ( ! great majority ( mank9d mu/ be det]m9$ by au?ority2 !y c only *oose betwe5 alt]native au?orities4 ,& _! *oice _c re/ on /rong gr\nds ( p]sonal conviction4 ,! class ( p j m5tion$1 = in/ance1 :o h lo/ fai? 9 ,*ri/ianity1 = ! mo/ "p c\ld give b poor reasons = _! refusal to accept its dogmas4 ,!y simply feel t x is discr$it$1 & !y d n l to be on ! los+ side4 ,any sy/em :i* embodies _! religi\s ideas1 & does n appe> to be discr$it$1 !y w believe 9 readily1 ev5 ?\gh x has n a p>ticle ( evid5ce to support x4 ,moreov]1 :5 m5 9 g5]al h to *oose betwe5 au?orities ^: real weight !y are n 9 a position to det]m9e1 _! wi%es naturally affect _! *oice4 ,if "o alt]native is pleasant] ?an ! o!r1 !y are sure to decide 9 its fav\r4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! belief 9 p]sonal immortality4 ,?is re/s on an illusion :i* c be se5 ?r\gh only by ! ex]cise ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( philosophical imag9ation1 namely1 ! impossibility ( conceiv+ its own ext9ction inh]5t 9 ! m9d's consci\sness ( life4 ,z e "o wi%es to be immortal1 t is1 %r9ks f ! return to 8 pre-natal non-exi/5ce2 & z ne>ly e "o1 besides1 has lo/ "s lov$ relative or fri5d ^: dea? he _c be> to ?9k ( z a f9al effacem5t1 mo/ p are q ready to accept ?is illusion z valid evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ! belief4 ,?us a religi\s sy/em :i* ass]ts ! immortality ( ! s\l s f> has mank9d on its side4 ,& ! long influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* f ! beg9n+ has be5 built on ! doctr9e ( p]sonal immortality1 has ( c\rse co-op]at$ ) its prim>y attractiv5ess 9 /amp+ x deeply on ! nature ( m5 ( our times4 ,life seems unbe>able to _m p unless x is assum$ to be true4 ,x is a prom95t feature ( all our new religi\s gr[?s4 ,! ,psy*ical ,rese>* ,society seeks to confirm x by ! evid5ce ( gho/-/ories4 ,_m g5]ations w h to pass away be=e mank9d 9 g5]al c r5\nce x1 & till !n1 if only to supply x ) an app>5t basis1 dogmatic religion mu/ survive4 ,if ! decl9e ( ,*ri/ianity cont9ues ) ! rapidity ( ! la/ half-c5tury1 a p]il\s crisis lies be=e ! population ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,old religi\s ideas seek+ a new basis w produce new upheavals ( religi\s imag9ation1 & a p]iod ( int5se sup]/ition w ensue4 ,:atev] might result f su* a p]iod1 9 itself x c\ld be no?+ b evil1 a "t ( d>kness & disquiet1 ( relax$ morality & *>latan prophets4 ,=tunately ! fall ( ,*ri/ianity is n likely to be s rapid 9 ! future2 ! great mass ( mank9d may cl+ to x long aft] x has p>t$ f ! _w's intellectual life4 ,! religion ( ! future c]ta9ly w n be ! curi\s sy/em ( ,comte4 ,positivism is only a philosophy masqu]ad+ 9 ! g>b ( a religion4 ,its fundam5tal pr9ciple is hopelessly at v>iance ) ! crav+ = sup]natural dogma :i* has possession ( ord9>y m54 ,equally1 ( c\rse1 a ref9$ ,*ri/ianity1 ) ! juice ( dogma squeez$ out1 _c become ! religion ( mank9d4 ,religi\s ideas ne$ a dogmatic sy/em1 & 9 "s =m or o!r _! ne$ is sure to be suppli$4 ,inde$1 x is probable t dogmatic religion w always be a ph5om5on ( human life4 ,man fram$ x 9 ! beg9n+1 & man is likely to pres]ve x to ! end4 ,! conditions ( exi/5ce secure x an assur$ t5ure4 ,! actual bus9ess ( liv+ mu/ occupy all ! ?\ghts ( ! va/ majority ( m54 ,9 reg>d to ! matt]s :i* lie beyond ?is !y c only walk by fai?1 & ! illusions ( life furni% ample mat]ial = fai? to "w on4 ,a few may h ! leisure to exam9e ph5om5a !mselves1 & ?us may atta9 fre$om f ! influ5ce ( illusion1 & may see ?+s z !y really are4 ,b !y c nev] be m ?an an inf9itesimal m9ority4 ,& s1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 ) ! %ad[s ( _! hopes & fe>s1 _! loves & hates1 m5 w p ! imp5etrable d>kness :i* closes ar\nd ! my/]y ( life4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,aga9/ ,apion1 ii4 #dj4 #b ,see ,ku55's 8,religion ( ,israel10 i4 #bbf 7,eng4 trans474 #c ,see ,g54 xxxi4 #ec2 ,jo%4 xxiv4 #ae2 ,judges xi4 #bd2 cf4 ,exod4 xv4 #aa4 #d ,ezekiel 7xx4 #h7 says !y 7 corrupt$ by ! ,egyptian religion1 b ?is is v improbable4 #e 8,religion ( ,israel10 i4 #bha 7,eng4 trans474 #f ,see ,curtius1 8,hi/4 ( ,greece10 bk4 ii4 *4 #d4 #g ,acts vii4 #bb4 #h ,see an article by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,april1 #ahhf1 p4 #dih4 #i ,see1 9 p>ticul>1 ,lev4 vi4 #a-g4 #aj ,j]4 vii4 #bb2 ,amos v4 #be4 #aa ,isa4 i4 #aa2 lxvi4 #a-d2 ,hos4 vi4 #f2 ,micah vi4 #f-h4 #ab ,isa4 xlv4 #ab4 #ac ,exod4 xix4 #e1 #f2 ,lev4 xxvi4 ,= correlative cov5ant1 see ,g54 xxviii4 #bj1 #ba4 #ad 8,religion ( ,israel10 ii4 #bfg 7,eng4 trans474 #ae ,lev4 v4 #aa1 #ab4 #af ,ibid4 xvi4 #ba1 #bb4 #ag ,heb4 ix4 #bb4 #ah #a ,sam4 viii4 #g4 #ai ,jo%4 xxiv4 #ae4 #bj ,judg4 x4 #f4 #ba ,j]4 ii4 #bh4 #bb ,see ,ku551 8,religion ( ,israel10 i4 #cfj 7,eng4 trans474 #bc ,isa4 i4 #aa4 #bd ,isa4 xli4 #h4 #be ,see ,exod4 xix4 #e1 #f4 #bf ,isa4 lix4 #a1 #b4 #bg ,see ,isa4 xlviii4 #ah1 #ai4 #bh ,= an endeav\r to secure future ob$i5ce to ! cov5ant1 see #b ,k+s xi4 #ag4 ,f ?is idea t all ,israel's calamities 7 due to ! violation ( a div9e cov5ant1 probably arose ! ,jewi% explanation ( ! 8orig9 ( evil40 ,calamities 9 g5]al fall+ on mank9d !y w\ld naturally ascribe to ! same cause1 namely1 ! disreg>d ( ! comm&s ( ,god4 ,h5ce ! /ory ( ! fall ( man z we h x 9 ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,g5esis4 #bi ,j]4 xliv4 #ae-ai4 #cj ,isa4 xxx41 xxxi4 #ca #b ,k+s xxiii4 #bi4 #cb ,= ! influ5ce ( ! captivity on ,judaism1 see ,ewald1 8,hi/4 ( ,israel10 v4 #bd1 seq4 7,eng4 trans471 & ,ku551 8,religion ( ,israel10 ii4 #aci 7,eng4 trans474 #cc 8,hi/ory ( ,israel10 ii4 #ce 7,eng4 trans474 #cd ,j]4 xiv4 #ai-bb4 #ce ,see ,ezekiel xxxvii4 #bd1 #be2 & cf4 ,micah v4 #b-i4 ,be?lehem1 z ,david's bir?place1 0 to be ! bir?place ( ,david ! ,messiah4 #cf ,ibid4 #cg ,j]4 xxxi4 #ca-cd4 #ch ,amos iii4 #b4 #ci ,isa4 ii4 #b-d2 xi4 #i1 #aj4 #dj ,ibid4 lx4 #c1 #aj1 #aa1 #ad1 #ae1 #ah4 #da ,ibid4 lxi4 #e1 #f4 #db ,j]4 xvi4 #ai4 #dc ,micah vi4 #f-h4 #dd ,isa4 lxvi4 #a-d4 #de ,see ,ku551 8,religion ( ,israel10 iii4 #bgf 7,eng4 trans474 #df ,isa4 lxvi4 #ah-bc4 #dg ,isa4 lii4 #ad4 #dh ,see ,tobit iii4 #h4 ,h[ diff]5t f ,isa4 xlv4 #f1 #g4 #di #b ,macc4 xii4 #dc-de4 #ej ,see #a ,macc4 xiv4 #da4 #ea ,see ,ewald1 8,hi/4 ( ,israel10 v4 #cfj1 seq4 7,eng4 trans471 & ,ku551 8,religion ( ,israel10 iii4 #bgg 7,eng4 trans474 #eb ,see ,milman1 8,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity10 i4 #hb4 #ec 8,religion ( ,israel10 iii4 #bgc 7,eng4 trans474 #ed ,dan4 vii4 #ac1 #ad4 #ee ,see ,/rauss1 8,new ,life ( ,jesus10 sects4 #ch1 #ci4 #ef ,see ,/rauss1 8,new ,life ( ,jesus10 sect4 #cf4 #eg ,see ,matt4 xxvi4 #bf-bh1 & ,m>k xiv4 #bb-bd2 ,luke xxii4 #ai1 #bj1 & #a ,cor4 xi4 #bc-be2 cf4 #a ,cor4 x4 #af4 #eh ,see ,exod4 xii4 #c-cj4 #ei ,isa4 liii4 #aj1 #ab4 #fj #a ,cor4 x4 #af4 #fa ,rom4 iii4 #bd1 #be2 v4 #f-aa2 viii4 #c2 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #af1 #ag2 cf4 #a ,pet4 ii4 #bd4 #fb #b ,cor4 v4 #ai4 #fc ,isa4 lxv4 #ag2 cf4 ,rev4 xxi4 #a4 #fd ,see ,milman1 8,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity10 i4 #cgh4 #fe #a ,!ss4 v4 #a-aj4 #ff ,rom4 xi4 #be-bg4 #fg #a ,cor4 xv4 #fh ,rev4 xx41 xxi42 cf4 #b ,esdras vii4 #bh-cc4 #fi ,rom4 v41 vi4 #gj ,acts xvii4 #ah4 #ga #a ,cor4 xv4 #a-bj4 #gb ,see ,/rauss1 8,new ,life ( ,jesus10 section #di4 #gc ,see ,/rauss1 8,new ,life ( ,jesus10 section #ih2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #e-h4 #gd ,rom4 i4 #c1 #d4 #ge #a ,cor4 xv4 #de-di2 ,rom4 viii4 #af1 #ag4 #gf ,rom4 viii4 #c2 ,gal4 iv4 #d1 #e4 #gg ,see ,baur1 8,*ur* ,hi/ory10 "p iv41 & 8,life ( ,paul10 "p iii41 *aps4 vi4 & viii4 #gh #a ,cor4 viii4 #f4 #gi ,( c\rse no importance c be atta*$ to ! 8,god bless$ = ev]0 ( ,rom4 ix4 #e1 :i* ei!r1 z is g5]ally ?\ght1 does n ref] to ,*ri/ at all1 or1 if x does1 is obvi\sly a late int]polation sugge/$ to ! copyi/ by ,rom4 #a4 #be4 #hj ,see ,r5an1 8,les ,aptres10 *ap4 xvi4 #ha 8,hi/ory ( ,rationalism10 ii4 #bjc4 #hb ,see ,ku551 8,religion ( ,israel10 iii4 #bga 7#a-b474 #hc ,aga9/ ,apion1 ii4 #ag4 #hd 8,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity10 i4 #id1 note4 #he ,matt4 #a4 #bc4 #hf ,see ,/rauss1 8,new ,life ( ,jesus10 section #ih4 #hg #a ,cor4 xv4 #d4 #hh ,hos4 vi4 #b4 ,x may also h be5 f\nd$ on ! accept$ date ( ! e>lie/ vision4 #hi ,prov4 viii4 #bb-cj4 #ij ,ps4 xxxiii4 #f4 #ia ,!re c be little d\bt t 9 ,philo means ! ^w r ?an ! reason ( ,god4 ,he evid5tly us$ ! t]m z a ,jew1 ) ! language ( ,g5esis 9 8 m9d4 ,?is language itself is an int]e/+ product ( ea/]n an?ropomorphism1 :i* naturally conceiv$ ,god z work+ l a despot by simply issu+ 8 comm&s4 #ib ,quis 444 ,h]es1 #db4 #ic 8,religion ( ,israel10 iii4 #bjb 7,eng4 trans474 #id ,! gospel be+ writt5 9 ord] to satisfy a ne$ ( ! ,*ur*1 x is obvi\s t ?is ne$ w\ld ensure its imm$iate acceptance4 ,! ,*ur* 0 n likely to "q ! g5u95ess ( a docum5t :i* conta9$ exactly :at x requir$4 ,s we may safely assign ! composition ( ! gospel a date imm$iately prec$+ t ( ! fir/ tru/wor?y evid5ce ( its exi/5ce4 #ie ,john i4 #a1 #c4 #if ,ibid4 i4 #ad4 #ig #a ,pet4 ii4 #bb-bd4 #ih ,rom4 viii4 #bf1 #bg4 #ii ,exod4 xxiii4 #bj-bc4 #ajj ,isa4 lxiii4 #i1 #aj2 ,haggai ii4 #e2 cf4 ,neh4 ix4 #bj4 ,x 0 probably ) ref]5ce to ! /orm z ! mo/ de/ructive ph5om5on ( nature t ! "n 8brea? ( ,god0 0 giv5 to ! angel commission$ by him to de/roy ! enemies ( 8 p4 #aja ,milman1 8,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity10 i4 #ceb4 #ajb 8,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity10 *ap4 xv4 #ajc ,see ,eusebius1 8,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory10 bk4 vi4 *ap4 #cg4 #ajd #a ,cor4 xi4 #bi4 #aje ,! orig9 ( ?is doctr9e mu/ n be confus$ ) ! s*ola/ic def5ce ( x4 #ajf 8,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity10 *ap4 vi4 #ajg ,be=e ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod1 ,*ri/ianity 0 inspir$ *iefly by ! hope ( ga9+ heav52 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( x1 ,*ri/ianity has be5 inspir$ *iefly by ! hope ( escap+ hell4 #ajh 8,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,religi\s ,belief10 ii4 #cjg seq4 #aji 8,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,religi\s ,belief10 vol4 ii4 *4 #g4 #aaj ,see ,liddon's 8,bampton ,lectures10 p4 #bei seq41 #g? edit4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,& ,,beccles4