,,municipal ,,h\seclean+ ,,! ,,me?ods ,,& ,,exp]i5ces ,,( ,,am]ican ,,cities ,,9 ,,collect+ ,,& ,,dispos+ ,,( ,,_! ,,municipal ,,wa/es--,,a%es1 ,,rubbi%1 ,,g>bage1 ,,manure1 ,,sewage1 ,,& ,,/reet ,,refuse ,,by ,,william ,,p>r ,,capes ,,director ,,new ,,york ,,/ate ,,bureau ,,( ,,municipal ,,in=mation ,,secret>y ,,new ,,york ,,/ate ,,conf]5ce ,,( ,,mayors ,,& ,,o!r ,,city ,,(ficials ,,& ,,jeanne ,,daniels ,,c>p5t]1 ,a4,m41 ,,ll4,b4 ,,bo/on ,,univ]sity ,,exp]t ,,9 ,,economics ,,& ,,municipal ,,rese>* ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,cornelius ,f4 ,,burns ,,presid5t ,,( ,,new ,,york ,,/ate ,,conf]5ce ,,( ,,mayors ,,& ,,o!r ,,city ,,(ficials ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company ,,new ,,york #aiah ,,copyright1 #aiah ,,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company ,all rights res]v$ ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,! ,,honorable ,,*>les ,c4 ,,duryee1 ,m4,d4 ,,:o1 ,,z ,,! ,,f\nd] ,,& ,,fir/ ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,/ate ,,conf]5ce ,,( ,,mayors ,,& ,,o!r ,,city ,,(ficials1 ,,:i* ,,develop$ ,,t ,,unique ,,in/itution1 ,,! ,,/ate ,,bureau ,,( ,,municipal ,,in=mation1 ,,r5d]$ ,a ,,s]vice ,,( ,,ine/imable ,,value ,,to ,,! ,,cities ,,( ,,! ,,empire ,,/ate ,,& ,,blaz$ ,a ,,trail ,,= ,,bett] ,,coord9ation ,,( ,,municipal ,,und]tak+s1 ,,& ,,m ,,effective ,,coop]ation ,,among ,,am]ican ,,cities4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface ,9 a home free f nuisances :i* (f5d ! e/hetic ta/es1 & ei!r directly or indirectly cause disease1 m cont5tm5t & ?rift w be f\nd ?an 9 ! "o p]meat$ ) odors & bef\l$ ) dirt & dome/ic wa/es4 ,s x is ) a city1 ! great home1 work%op1 & playgr\nd ( its p4 ,keep+ x clean1 !re=e1 is "o ( ! mo/ important duties ( its (ficials4 ,none o!r is m conducive to heal?1 happ9ess & com=t1 ! ?ree great objects = :i* e community ?r\gh organiz$ ef=t is /riv+4 ,& !re is no gr\p ( municipal problems :i* dem&s & is n[ comm&+1 m sci5tific ?\ght & m intellig5t bus9ess managem5t ?an ! collection & disposal ( a city's wa/es4 ,) e nation apply+ ! la/ ounce ( economy & ) ! increase ( population & its consequ5t conge/ion1 ^! problems gr[ 9 importance & complexity4 ,high] liv+ /&>ds1 a bett] und]/&+ ( ! causes ( disease1 & a ke5] appreciation ( prev5tive "w h =c$ municipalities to fr[n ^u primitive me?ods involv+ individual ef=t1 especially :]e conge/ion exi/s4 ,z a sub/itute !re=e1 m effective means h be5 & are be+ adopt$ to elim9ate by community activity1 ! nuisances caus$ by a%es1 rubbi%1 g>bage & dirty /reets4 ,we are also appreciat+ ! ne$ = m effici5t managem5t ?an is n[ preval5t & = ! developm5t ( rev5ue-produc+ by-products4 ,an (ficial or layman int]e/$ 9 ! solution ( ^! six important municipal h\seclean+ problems w f9d 9 ?is book in=mation :i* we believe w answ] all 8 que/ions4 ,our judgm5t has be5 influ5c$ entirely by ! hundr$s ( que/ions :i* h come to ! ,/ate ,bureau ( ,municipal ,in=mation f city (ficials 9 _! ef=t ei!r to e/abli% effici5t sy/ems or to reorganize exi/+ ones4 ,city (ficials1 f$]al1 /ate & municipal reports1 eng9e]+1 m$ical & o!r publications1 z well z ! proce$+s ( v>i\s municipal1 civic & sci5tific organizations h contribut$ _! quota to ?is "w4 ,,! ,,au?ors4 ,,bibliography ,,/reet ,,clean+3 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,bureau ( ,municipal ,rese>*4 ,effici5cy & ,economy 9 ,municipal ,"w by ,mod]n ,type ( ,equipm5t4 ,philadelphia4 ,highways & ,/reet ,clean+1 ,bureau ( ,highways--,a ,problem 9 ,municipal ,h\sekeep+4 ,fox1 ,r4 ,t4 ,report on ,exam9ation ( ,p]sonnel1 ,me?ods ( ,"w & ,equipm5t ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/reet ,clean+1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,p>l91 ,r4 ,w4 ,flu%+--,its ,place 9 ! ,/reet ,clean+ ,field4 ,,sewage ,,disposal3 ,daniels1 ,f4 ,e4 ,op]ation ( ,sewage ,disposal ,plants4 ,k]%aw1 ,g4 ,b4 de ,b4 ,guide to ! ,reports1 ,evid5ce1 & ,app5dices ( ! ,royal ,commission on ,sewage ,disposal4 ,k]%aw1 ,g4 ,b4 de ,b4 ,sewage ,purification & ,disposal4 ,metcalf1 ,l41 & ,eddy1 ,h4 ,p4 ,am]ican ,sew]age ,practice4 ,disposal ( ,sewage4 ,eddy1 ,h4 ,p4 ,ext5t to :i* ,sewage c be ,purifi$ by ,practical ,me?ods ( ,artificial ,treatm5t n[ 9 ,use4 ,fab]1 ,d4 ,c4 ,op]ation & ,c>e ( ,sewage ,disposal ,plants4 ,full]1 ,w4 ,b4 ,sewage ,disposal by ! ,activat$ ,sludge ,process4 ,bri/ol1 ,l4 ,d4 ,municipal ,sewage & its ,c>e4 ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association4 ,/&>d ,me?ods = ! ,exam9ation ( ,wat] & ,sewage4 ,hammond1 ,g4 ,t4 ,sewage ,treatm5t by ,a]ation & ,activation4 ,we/on1 ,r4 ,s41 & ,turn]1 ,c4 ,e4 ,/udies on ! ,dige/ion ( a ,sewage ,filt] ,efflu5t by a ,small & ,o!rwise ,unpollut$ ,/ream4 ,,refuse ,,& ,,refuse ,,disposal3 ,*icago4 ,city ,wa/e ,commission4 ,g]h>d1 ,w4 ,p4 ,disposal ( ,h\sehold ,wa/es4 ,mat!ws1 ,e4 ,r4 ,refuse ,disposal4 ,turr5t9e1 ,j4 ,w4 ,prep>ation ( ,f]tiliz] f ,municipal ,wa/es4 ,conant1 ,e4 ,r4 ,refuse ,disposal 9 ,s\!rn ,cities1 ) ,p>ticul> ,ref]5ce to ,savannah1 ,ga41 ) its new ,inc9]ator4 ,ri*1 ,e4 ,d4 ,g>bage ,collection & ,disposal4 ,g]h>d1 ,w4 ,p4 ,sanitation & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface vii ,,bibliography ix ,,introduction xix ,,*apt] ,i ,,/reet ,,clean+1 ,elem5ts to be ,consid]$--,contract v]sus ,municipal ,clean+--,spr+ ,clean+--,/reet ,spr9kl+--,/reet ,clean+ ,me?ods--,ma*9e ,sweep+--,pick-up ,ma*9es--,clean+ by ,flu%+--,hose ,flu%+--,clean+ by ,squeegee+--,disposal ( ,refuse--,relative ,co/ #c ,,ii ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,me?ods1 ,ne$ = ,prop] ,disposal--,sew]age ,sy/ems--,purification ( ,sewage--,processes ( ,purification-- ,dilution--,scre5+--,grit ,*amb]s--,/ra9+ or ,r\gh+-- ,treatm5t 9 ,tanks--,pla9 ,s$im5tation--,septic ,process--,! ,imh(f ,tank--,*emical ,precipitation--,slate ,b$s--,dos+ ,*amb]s--,contact ,filt]s--,trickl+1 ,p]colat+ or ,spr9kl+ ,filt]s--,int]mitt5t ,s& ,filt]s--,broad ,irrigation--,dis9fection--,activat$ ,sludge ,process--,o!r ,processes--,trade ,wa/es--,sludge ,disposal & ,value--,managem5t & ,sup]vision #ga ,,iii ,,a% ,,& ,,rubbi% ,,collection1 ,types ( ,collection ,sy/ems-- ,me?ods ( ,collection--,di/rict+ ! ,city--,organization ( ,collection ,=ces--,k9ds ( ,equipm5t--,location ( ,receptacles--,"t ( ,collection--,frequ5cy ( ,collection-- ,en=cem5t ( ,collection ,regulations--,me?ods ( ,disposal-- ,rev5ues f ,by-,products--,effici5cy ,te/s & ,sugge/ions-- ,p] ,capita ,production--,co/ ,data #aai ,,iv ,,g>bage ,,collection ,,& ,,disposal1 ,collection ,sy/ems--,me?ods ( ,collection--,h\se ,treatm5t--,k9ds ( ,equipm5t--,location ( ,receptacles--,"t & ,frequ5cy ( ,collection--,en=cem5t ( ,collection ,regulations--,co/--,p] ,capita ,production-- ,fe$+ to ,sw9e--,dump+ on ,l&--,dump+ 9 ,l>ge ,bodies ( ,wat]--,disposal by ,sanit>y ,fill--,burial--,disposal ,plants-- ,inc9]ation--,r$uction #aea ,v ,,c>e ,,& ,,disposal ,,( ,,manure1 ,me?ods ,us$ by ,cities--,! ,columbus ,sy/em--,municipal ,regulations--,exceptional ,regulations #bjc ,,vi ,,municipal ,,clean-,,up ,,campaigns1 ,ag5cies = ,propag&a-- ,programs--,organization--,proc$ure--,pu blicity--,miscellane\s ,activities--,me?ods--,prizes--,fire ,prev5tion & ,inspection-- ,sanit>y ,inspection--,slogans--,flies & ,mosquitoes-- ,ord9ances--,rev5ue f ,wa/e--,co/--,results #bac ,,tables #a4 ,,me?ods ,,& ,,co/s ,,( ,,/reet ,,clean+ ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities #b4 ,,me?ods ,,& ,,co/s ,,( ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities #c4 ,,a% ,,disposal ,,by ,,private ,,collection #d4 ,,collection ,,& ,,disposal ,,( ,,a%es ,,& ,,rubbi% ,,by ,,municipal ,,=ces #e4 ,,collection ,,& ,,disposal ,,( ,,a%es ,,& ,,rubbi% ,,by ,,contract #g4 ,,me?ods ,,& ,,co/ ,,( ,,disposal ,,( ,,g>bage ,,analytical ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,/reet ,,clean+ ,,page ,contract v]sus ,municipal ,clean+ #e ,philadelphia1 exp]i5ce ( #e ,wa%+ton1 exp]i5ce ( #e ,elem5ts ( ,/reet ,clean+ ,program #c ,classes ( /reet litt] #d ,lack ( accurate data #d ,records #d ,me?ods ( ,r$uc+ ,litt] #e ,c>elessness ( ,citiz5s #f ,h[ public & (ficials c coop]ate #h ,philadelphia's plan #g ,prev5tive "w #h ,educational campaigns #f ,/reet ,clean+ ,factors & ,/&>ds #i ,conditions & factor #i ,horse traffic #aj-aa ,pav+ & repair policy #aa-ab-ac ,quantity & volume ( dirt #aa ,s*$ule ( ,/reet ,clean+ #ad ,am\nt & "* ( clean+ affect$ by k9ds ( pavem5t #ae ,assignm5ts #af ,block sy/em #ad ,organization ( employees #ae ,unit ( "w #ae ,spr+ ,clean+ #af ,"* ( pavem5t a factor #ag ,rates p] man #ag ,numb] ( m5 requir$ 9 gang #af ,unit co/ accord+ to "* & k9ds ( pavem5t #ag ,spr9kl+ #ag ,bureau ( ,municipal ,rese>*1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 ,co/ data #ai ,du/ prev5tion #ag ,effect on pavem5t #ah ,exp]ts1 op9ions ( #ah-ai ,ord9ances & regulations #bj ,practices 9 v>i\s cities #ba ,spr9kl+ by railway companies #bj ,me?ods #bb ,patrol sy/em #bb ,area a sweep] c clean #bb ,philadelphia's sy/em #bd ,ma*9e ,sweep+ #bd ,co/ #bf ,exp]ts1 op9ions ( #be ,los ,angeles1 ,cal41 report #bh ,oakl&1 ,cal41 exp]i5ce ( #bg ,pomona1 ,cal4 #bh ,flu%+ #bi ,atlanta ,sanit>y ,dept41 report ( #bi ,bureau ( ,municipal ,rese>*1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 report ( co/ data #ca-cb ,exp]ts1 op9ion ( #bi-cj ,effect on pavem5t #ca ,ma*9e #cj-ca ,railway c> flu%+ #cb ,hose ,flu%+ #cc ,new ,york ,city1 exp]i5ce ( #cc-cd ,squeegee+ #cd ,horse drawn squeegees1 co/ ( op]ation #ce ,me?ods #cd ,milwaukee1 report ( #ce ,motor drawn squeegees #ce-cf ,squ>e y>ds p] day clean$ #cg ,comb9ation ( me?ods #cg-ch ,dang] ( clogg+ sew]s #ce-cf-cg ,disposal ( ,/reet ,refuse #ch ,exp]i5ce ( cities #ch ,l5g? ( haul #ch ,us$ z fill #ch ,relative ,co/ ( ,/reet ,clean+ #ci ,exp]ts1 op9ions ( #ci ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus ,bureau1 inve/igation ( #ci ,,sewage ,,disposal ,bureau ( ,surveys1 ,philadelphia ,te/+ ,/ation #gb ,composition ( ,sewage #gb ,importance ( ,sewage ,disposal ,problem #ga ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? conclusions #gb ,prelim9>y ,/udy #gb ,! ,sew]age ,sy/em #gc ,au?orities1 op9ion ( #gc-gd ,dome/ic ,wa/es #gd ,degree ( ,purification #ge ,trade & indu/rial wa/es #gg ,processes ( ,treatm5t #gh ,ma9 gr\p #gh ,*emical precipitation #ia-ib ,colloidal tanks #he ,dilution #hj-ha ,grit ,*amb]s #hb-hc ,pla9 s$im5tation #hd-he ,prelim9>y or prep>atory #gh ,scre5+ #ha-hb ,septic tank treatm5t #he ,imh(f tanks #hg-hh-hi-ij-ia ,cam]on tanks #he-hf-hg ,s+le contact b$s #ic-id ,/ra9+ or r\gh+ #hc-hd ,slate b$s #ib-ic ,f9al process #gh ,dos+ *amb]s #ic ,d\ble contact b$s #ic-id-ie-if ,trickl+-spr9kl+ filt]s #if-ig ,int]mitt5t s& filt]s #ih-ii ,broad irrigation #ajj-aja ,dis9fection #ajj ,hypo-*lorite ( lime #aja ,liquid *lor9e #aja ,activat$ sludge process #aja-ajb-ajc-ajd ,comb9ation ( processes #gi ,electrolytic process #ajd ,effici5cy ( processes #hj ,managem5t & sup]vision #ajh-aji ,miles acid sludge process #aje ,sludge disposal & value #ajf-ajg-ajh ,trade wa/es #aje ,,a%es ,,& ,,rubbi% ,collection ,sy/ems3 ,types ( sy/ems #abj-aba ,comb9$ #aba-abb-abc ,sep>ate #abj-abb-abc ,me?od ( collection3 ,municipal #abc-abd ,contract #abd ,private #abc ,di/rict+ ! city #abd-abe ,organization ( =ce #abe ,type ( equipm5t #abf-abg-abh ,cans #abf ,vehicles #abg-abh ,location ( receptacles #abh-abi ,"t ( collection #abi-acj ,frequ5cy ( collection #acj-aca ,en=cem5t ( regulations #aca ,disposal ( ,a%es & ,rubbi% #acb ,dump+ #acb ,burn+ #acb-acc ,rev5ue f ,by-,products #acc-acd ,specifications #ace-acf-acg ,effici5cy ,te/s & ,sugge/ions #ach-aci ,p] ,capita ,production #aci ,co/ data #adj ,,g>bage ,,collection ,,& ,,disposal ,types ( ,collection ,sy/ems #aeb-aec-aed ,comb9$ #aec ,sep>ate #aec ,me?od ( ,collection #aed-aee-aef ,scav5g]s #aed ,contract #aed-aee ,city #aed-aee ,organization #aef-aeg-aeh ,di/ricts #aef ,=ce #aeg-aeh ,h\se treatm5t #aef ,receptacles #aeh ,vehicles #aei-afj ,motors vs4 horse drawn #afj-afa-afb-afc ,collection ,regulations #afd-afe-aff ,co/ ( ,collection #aff-afg ,p] ,capita ,production #afg-afh ,g>bage ,disposal #afh-afi ,fe$+ to sw9e #afi-agj-aga-agb-agc-agd ,dump+ on l& #age ,dump+ 9 l>ge bodies ( wat] #age ,disposal by sanit>y fill #age-agf-agg ,burial #agh ,disposal ,plants #agh-agi-ahj-aha ,inc9]ation #aha ,crematories #aha-ahb-ahf ,de/ructors #ahc-ahd-ahe-ahf-ahg ,r$uction #ahg-aij ,cook+ #ahh-ahi ,dry+ #ahi ,by-,products #aij-aia-aib ,,c>e ,,& ,,disposal ,,( ,,manure ,me?ods ( ,collection #bjc ,municipal #bjd-bje ,private #bjd ,contract #bjd ,municipal ,regulations #bjf-bjg-bjh-bji-baj ,= c>e & /orage ( manure #bjf-bjg-bjh-baj ,= transportation ( manure #bjf-bjg-bjh ,= disposal ( manure #bjf-bjg-bjh ,,municipal ,,clean-,,up ,,campaign ,hi/ory ( ! ,movem5t #bac-bad ,initiat+ a ,campaign #bad-bae ,organization #bae-baf-bag ,publicity plans #bag-bah-bai-bbj-bba-bbb ,coop]at+ =ces #bbb-bbc-bbd-bbe-bbf-bbg ,"w ( *ildr5 #bbb-bbc-bbd-bbe-bbf ,"w ( organizations #bbe-bbf-bbg ,special ,activities #bbg-bbh ,clean+ ro(s #bbg ,s*ool g>d5s #bbh ,plant+ trees #bbh ,fire ,prev5tion & ,inspection #bbh-bbi ,sanit>y ,inspectors #bcj ,flies & ,mosquitoes #bcj-bca ,results ( ,campaigns #bca-bcb ,,introduction ,nev] 9 ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry has ! "w ( ! public (ficial dem&$ s mu* ( him z n[4 ,! expansion & increas+ complexity ( municipal activities1 ! desire ( wom5 = m k ab\t _! new responsibilities1 ! ne$ = bett] liv+ conditions br\ght ab\t by great] conge/ion1 ! necessity = cons]v+ e ounce ( man & woman p[]1 ! dem& = great] effici5cy & rock-bottom economy 9 e l9e--all ^! conditions are mak+ !mselves felt ) ! public (ficial4 ,! "t :5 public (fice 0 held by ! grace ( ,god & ! majority ( votes has become almo/ a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! (ficial's wor? n[ is n measur$ by 8 good-fell[%ip & vote-gett+ capacity1 b r by 8 ability to produce results--n at ! polls on ,election ,day1 b 9 ! ,city ,hall e day4 ,because municipal gov]nm5t is clos] to ! p & affects !m 9 m ways ?an ! gov]nm5t ( any o!r political subdivision1 & also because our citiz5s are n[ tak+ a ke5] int]e/ ?an ev] be=e 9 community "w1 x is to-day almo/ useless = a public (ficial to attempt to escape responsibility or to excuse 8 %ortcom+s4 ,he mu/ be effici5t & con/antly apply 8 effici5cy4 ,i believe t mo/ ( our urban citiz5s appreciate ! importance ( keep+ our cities clean & heal?ful by ! prop] removal & disposal ( ! mass ( wa/es t accumulates daily4 ,i "k t e public (ficial appreciates ! ne$ = ?is s]vice1 & mo/ ( !m by bitt] exp]i5ces realize ! complexity ( ^! problems4 ,to equip himself to d 8 difficult duty z he %\ld1 ! public (ficial mu/ be able to acqua9t himself ?or\ghly ) ! be/ me?ods1 exp]i5ces & op9ions ( o!rs4 8,municipal ,h\seclean+0 goes into all ( ! matt]s p]ta9+ to ! collection1 c>e & removal ( municipal wa/es4 ,x %\ld be ( ! greate/ value 9 assi/+ public (ficials--mayors1 eng9e]s1 sanit>ians & memb]s ( heal?1 /reet clean+1 public works & sew] dep>tm5ts--to select ! sy/ems be/ adapt$ to local conditions & to op]ate !m effici5tly4 ,we (ficials 9 ,new ,york ,/ate h f\nd ?is in=mation to be ( ine/imable value 9 solv+ our problems4 ,b no municipal ef=t c succe$ )\t ! coop]ation ( ! citiz54 ,he c help mo/ by in=m+ himself on ^! problems s t he c intellig5tly p>ticipate 9 ! coop]ative community ef=t to keep clean1 & if ne$ be1 to (f] con/ructive criticism4 ,if ! citiz5--& p>ticul>ly ! woman1 = x is h] intellig5t coop]ation t w make = m effective s]vice--w read ?is book1 x w be easi] = u to obta9 9 ,am]ica :at ! au?ors h s aptly ref]r$ to z 8bett] places 9 :i* to live1 "w & play40 ,,cornelius ,f4 ,,burns1 ,presid5t ,new ,york ,/ate ,conf]5ce ( ,mayors & o!r ,city ,(ficials4 ,,/reet ,,clean+ ,,sy/ems ,,& ,,app>atus ,,us$ ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities--,,me?ods ,,( ,,r$uc+ ,,litt]--,,co/ ,,data4 ,9 e/abli%+ or re>rang+ its /reet clean+ sy/em1 e city mu/ consid] ! problem f ?ree angles3 7#a7 ,*eape/ me?od ( clean+ pavem5t2 7#b7 ,me?od ( r$uc+ litt]2 7#c7 ,pav+ policy ) a view to sav+ co/ ( clean+4 ,! prop] solution ( ea* "o ( ^! problems w mat]ially r$uce ! co/4 ,9 outl9+ a program = a /reet clean+ dep>tm5t ! foll[+ elem5ts mu/ be kn[n & c>efully consid]$3 7#a7 ,k9d ( & /ate ( repair ( pavem5t4 7#b7 ,traffic to :i* !y are subject$4 7#c7 ,facilities = dispos+ ( /reet sweep+s4 7#d7 ,climatic peculi>ities4 7#e7 ,degree ( cleanl9ess x is desir$ or expect$ to ma9ta94 7#f7 ,miscellane\s local circum/ances4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,:9]y1 ,consult+ ,eng9e]1 says t 9 mo/ cities ! data af=d$ by local pa/ exp]i5ce & results1 furni% ! be/ basis = future projects & programs4 ,un=tunately few cities h records ( ^!4 ,! head ( ! dep>tm5t usually relies ^u 8 own memory or t ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,:ile ! me?ods foll[$ & results obta9$ 9 o!r cities may & %\ld be /udi$1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t x is n safe to base conclusions ^u su* data )\t a full k & c>eful consid]ation ( all facts & conditions affect+ !m4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( report$ co/ data1 = 9 addition to diff]+ physical conditions1 x is un=tunately true t ! pres5t me?ods ( acc\nt+ 9 _m /reet clean+ dep>tm5ts make x next to impossible to asc]ta9 ! actual or relative unit co/ ( ! v>i\s details ( ! "w1 & intellig5tly to comp>e results 9 "o city ) ^? 9 ano!r4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bureau ( ,municipal ,in=mation 9 seek+ data f ! fifty l>ge/ ,am]ican & all ,new ,york ,/ate cities provides ample pro( ( ?is condition4 ,fifty 7 able to give "s data1 b ( ^! only a few _h any accurate & detail$ co/ /ati/ics4 ,! relative am\nt ( dirt f ! diff]5t s\rces ( du/ dep5ds on ! "* ( con/ruction & condition ( /reet surface1 am\nt & "* ( traffic1 "* ( neighborhood & p 9 ! neighborhood1 & /reet railway tracks4 ,/reet dirt is divid$ into two g5]al classes3 7a7 ,natural1 & !re=e unavoidable1 & 7b7 t due to c>elessness & !re=e avoidable4 ,9 ! fir/ class are du/ f ! air1 & dirt com+ f ! we> ( pavem5ts1 vehicles1 tires & horses' %oes2 excrem5t ( animals1 dirt & s& :i* "w up ?r\gh ! jo9ts ( pavem5ts1 laid on e>? or s& f\ndations & hav+ s& or gravel jo9ts2 dirt br\ght 9 f adjac5t unpav$ or macadam /reets1 & leaves f %ade trees4 ,9 ! second class are soot1 refuse swept f sidewalks1 ?r[n f build+s & disc>d$ by p$e/rians1 dirt dropp$ f ov]load$ vehicles & dbris f con/ruction op]ations4 ,! real duty ( ! /reet clean+ dep>tm5t is ! removal ( ! fir/ class1 b 9 do+ s x is compell$ also to sweep up & c>t away ! mat]ial 9 ! second class4 ,9 ord] to r$uce its op]ations z mu* z possible1 x mu/1 !re=e1 9 coop]ation ) ! police & heal? au?orities d ev]y?+ x c to prev5t ! accumulation ( ! avoidable mat]ial by en=c+ ord9ances & ?r\gh ! coop]ation ( ! public 9 g5]al4 ,contract vs4 ,municipal ,clean+ ,x is g5]ally agre$ t /reet clean+ by municipal employees is m satisfactory & economical ?an by contract4 ,ev5 ! (ficials ( ^? few cities :i* /ill h ! contract sy/em favor municipal op]ation4 ,philadelphia is ! only "o ( ! tw5ty-five l>ge/ cities 9 ! c\ntry :i* does ! "w by contract4 ,! *ief ( ! highway dep>tm5t has recomm5d$ a *ange1 giv+ ! foll[+ reasons3 8,/reet clean+ "w involves s mu* detail = :i* !re are no def9ite units to specify & bid =1 & x is ( su* a "* t ! ov]head *>ges = prop] inspection are s disproportionate to ! co/ ( ! "w1 t unque/ionably x w\ld be mu* m effectively & economically c>ri$ on directly by ! municipal =ces in/ead ( by contract40 ,wa%+ton's exp]i5ce is illum9at+4 ,not)/&+ *anges 9 me?od z "w progress$ & consid]able exp5se atta*$ to ! pur*ase ( new equipm5t ! /reet clean+ dep>tm5t 0 able to %[ at ! end ( ! ye> "u ! municipal sy/em t ! av]age co/s 7 less ?an contract prices4 ,at ! end ( ! second ye> = ! exp5diture ( ! same am\nt ( money ov] #be p] c5t4 m "w 0 accompli%$ ?an dur+ ! la/ ye> ( ! contract sy/em & ! g5]al op9ion 0 t ! /reets 7 9 bett] condition ?an !y _h ev] be5 be=e4 ,me?od ( ,r$uc+ ,litt] ,/reet clean+ dep>tm5ts ( _m progressive cities )9 ! la/ few ye>s h giv5 p>ticul> att5tion to ! prev5tive side ( /reet clean+ "w1 i4 e41 r$uc+ ! am\nt ( avoidable dirt on /reet pavem5ts4 ,v>i\s me?ods h be5 adopt$ to secure results4 ,local civic pride & ! coop]ation ( ! public h be5 /imulat$ by means ( educational campaigns4 ,"o result has be5 ! m g5]al use ( wa/e pap] & refuse /reet cans4 ,clevel& tri$ to organize volunte] corps among ! s*ool *ildr5 to use _! influ5ce aga9/ ! useless litt]+ ( /reets4 ,dep>tm5ts h also e/abli%$ a clos] relation%ip ) ! heal? & police au?orities = ! en=cem5t ( /reet clean+ regulations1 su* z ^? prohibit+ ! sweep+ ( litt] f /ores & h\ses onto pav$ /reets4 ,! success ( prev5tive "w dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( coop]ation ! /reet clean]s c get f ^! s\rces4 ,9 ,*icago an analysis 0 made ( ! "* & p]c5tage ( wa/e ?r[n ab\t by p$e/rians 9 ! /reets & by bus9ess h\ses 9 d5sely populat$ sections ( ! city4 ,x 0 f\nd t a great portion ( ! /reet dirt collect$ by /reet clean]s consi/$ ( wa/e pap] & o!r light litt]4 ,! ,*icago ,civil ,s]vice ,commission 9 a special report says3 8,x w\ld appe> t ) ! coop]ation ( m]*ants a consid]able portion ( su* litt] c\ld be kept (f ! /reets & if /reet clean]s w\ld patrol ! /reet = loose pap] & deposit ! same 9 ! /reet dirt boxes provid$ at diff]5t po9ts along su* /reets1 a great portion ( ! clean+ "w w\ld be sav$ & ! /reets w\ld g5]ally appe> clean]4 ,! litt] ( /reets 9 t5em5t & manufactur+ di/ricts is a matt] :i* c be greatly m9imiz$ by prop] di/ribution ( "w & coop]ation ( ! /reet clean+ =ces & resid5ts4 ,! quantity ( /reet dirt collect$ f ! pavem5ts 9 m>ket places illu/rates an in/ance :]e pavem5ts become unavoidably litt]$40 ,gu/ave ,h4 ,hanna1 :5 head ( ! ,clevel& ,/reet ,clean+ ,dep>tm5t1 express$ ! belief t no?+ enc\rages c>efulness on ! "p ( ! public s mu* z effici5t & c>eful clean+4 ,he argu$ t a man does n hesitate to ?r[ pap] or rubbi% into a f\l /reet1 b ?9ks twice if ! /reet is clean4 ,if !re is a wa/e box at h& ) a pr9t$ sugge/ion on ! outside1 ,mr4 ,hanna ?9ks he is apt to use ! box4 ,! greate/ s\rce ( exp5se comes f ^? :o use ! /reet z a place ( bus9ess1 su* z resorts ( pr(essional huck/]s4 ,mr4 ,hanna & o!rs ?9k x w\ld be a small return = ! p]mission ( do+ bus9ess 9 ^! /reets to require ! huck/]s to keep ! surr\nd+s clean at _! own exp5se "u pa9 ( arre/ or =feiture ( privilege4 ,9 an ef=t to get ! coop]ation ( ! g5]al public1 ,philadelphia plac$ wa/e pap] receptacles 9 prom95t locations ?r\gh\t ! city1 su* z two 9 e block 9 ! pr9cipal bus9ess sections1 9 front ( s*ool h\ses & entrances to bus9ess1 elevat$ & subway /ations1 etc4 ,circul>s 7 s5t to ea* h\sehold] ?r\gh\t ! city conta9+ in=mation & in/ruction z to improv+ conditions by us+ uni=m & suitable receptacles4 ,bullet9s & lett]s ( in=mation 7 di/ribut$ among bus9ess & civic associations4 ,! (ficials le>n$ t "o ( ! mo/ effective me?ods 9 rea*+ ! h\sehold] is ?r\gh ! wom5's organizations4 ,a woman inspector 0 appo9t$ to keep 9 t\* ) ! activities ( ! wom5's clubs & to secure _! coop]ation4 ,?is inspector dur+ ! ye> gave ov] two hundr$ lectures to v>i\s organizations & enli/$ ! coop]ation ( h\sehold]s1 wom5 & *ildr5 9 connection ) prev5tive /reet clean+ measures4 ,to ! h\sekeep] x 0 %[n h[ vital is h] "p 9 an effici5t collection ( all wa/e4 ,*ildr5 7 impress$ ) _! duties z citiz5s1 & to !m 0 giv5 an opportunity to demon/rate _! k 9 ! home1 s*ool & on ! /reet4 ,z a rew>d ( su* activity #e1jjj buttons 7 di/ribut$ 9 six mon?s4 ,tw5ty ?\s& fold]s = *ildr5 & adults relat+ to ! c>e ( /reets & ! collection ( wa/e 7 also put into circulation4 ,=m] ,/reet ,clean+ ,commission] ,william ,h4 ,edw>ds1 ( ,new ,york1 says t f\r k9ds ( coop]ation are ne$$ by /reet clean+ dep>tm5ts3 7#a7 8,coop]ation ) ! =ce by %[+ a human int]e/ 9 ! "w ( ! m54 ,?is c be done by e/abli%+ a p5sion fund s t :5 a man has s]v$ fai?fully = tw5ty ye>s & has rea*$ ! age ( #fj or has become incapacitat$ aft] he has s]v$ t5 ye>s1 or is injur$ 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duty at any "t aft] s]vice has begun s t he is disabl$ = future s]vice1 he c be retir$ on half pay4 ,?is in/ills 9 m5 a ke5 desire to d bett] "w & p]mits ! ,commission] to retire m5 :o are no long] able to d good "w4 ,! dang] ( /reet sweep]s 9 busy /reets is app>5t to any "o4 ,m ?an #b1ejj accid5ts result+ 9 dea? or p]sonal injury or damage to prop]ty occurr$ 9 "o ye> 9 connection ) ! ,new ,york ,city ,dep>tm5t's activities4 ,! p]c5tage ( kill$ 9 ! /reet clean+ =ce 0 consid]ably high] ?an t 9 ! police =ce4 7#b7 8,coop]ation ( wom5 9 ! communities 9 ,new ,york4 ,! ,wom5's ,municipal ,league & o!r bodies h coop]at$ ) ! dep>tm5t4 ,e ye> !y (f] a m$al to ! sweep]1 driv] or =eman :o does ! be/ all ar\nd "w4 7#c7 8,coop]ation ) citiz5s4 ,c>elessness up to ! pres5t "t has add$ to ! "w & exp5se & has be5 an ob/acle to real cleanl9ess4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t be=e ! sweep] c beg9 t "p ( ! "w :i* is beyond prev5tion1 he mu/ remove ! litt] c>elessly ?r[n on ! /reet4 7#d7 8,! =mation ( ord9ances = ! prev5tion ( ?is c>elessness4 ,if ! dep>tm5t has ! effective coop]ation ( ! police dep>tm5t & ( ! magi/rates1 9 ! en=cem5t ( ! ord9ances1 !n & only !n c ?is p>ticul> condition be r$uc$ to a practical m9imum4 ,9 an attempt to en=ce ord9ances =bidd+ ! ?r[+ ( litt] 9 ! /reets1 ,new ,york ,city 9 #aiae caus$ ! arre/ ( #e1djj p]sons = violat+ ord9ances relat+ to /reet conditions ( ! scatt]+ ( refuse4 ,9 addition to ^! arre/s 9 ! la/ ?ree mon?s ( ! ye> m ?an #ah1jjj =mal writt5 w>n+s 7 issu$ = ! violation ( ord9ances40 ,/reet ,clean+ ,factors & ,/&>ds ,! conditions & factors controll+ ! am\nt & frequ5cy ( clean+ ( any pavem5t1 are z foll[s3 #a4 ,d5sity ( horse drawn vehicles & o!r traffic4 #b4 ,wid? ( /reet4 #c4 ,"* ( di/rict & population4 #d4 ,location ( /reets4 #e4 ,proximity ( /reets & alleys4 #f4 ,location ( public build+s1 p>ks1 etc4 #g4 ,k9ds & condition ( pavem5t4 ,a /udy made by ! ,*icago ,civil ,s]vice ,commission def9itely e/abli%$ t ! d5sity ( horse traffic1 :i* is ! total numb] ( horses pass+ ?r\gh a giv5 /reet divid$ by ! wid? ( ! /reet1 is ! pr9cipal factor :i* det]m9es ! numb] & frequ5cy ( clean+s "o /reet %\ld be giv54 ,! ,commission has also le>n$ t !re are at lea/ ?irty-eight di/9ct movem5ts :i* a /reet clean] makes 9 /reet clean+ "w4 ,( ^! "s h be5 f\nd to be unproductive1 result+ 9 loss ( "t & en]gy & less effective /reet clean+4 ,! mo/ important ( ^!1 accord+ to ! ,commission's report1 are z foll[s3 ,obs]vation ( "t :eel+ pu% c>ts into alleys or o!r dump+ places1 disclos+ t practically "o-fif? ( "t 0 consum$ 9 ?is activity4 ,! /udy disclos$ t "s sweep]s are m effici5t ?an o!rs1 due to ! /roke ( ! broom :i* !y make4 ,! practise ( hitt+ a broom on ! pavem5t is n necess>y on dry pavem5ts & v seldom on wet pavem5ts4 ,effective & practical /reet clean+ c be obta9$ by br++ ! bru% d[n =cibly at ! beg9n+ ( ea* /roke1 ?us r$uc+ ! "w at lea/ #ae p] c5t4 ,! "t s*$ules disclos$ t "t lo/ by /reet clean]s 9 dodg+ horses & automobiles :]e traffic is d5se is unappreciable & does n exce$ #h p] c5t4 ( ! total "t 9 ! bus9ess di/rict & n m ?an #b p] c5t4 ( ! total "t 9 ! outly+ di/rict4 ,x is occasion$ m ?r\gh conge/ion ( traffic ?an ?r\gh d5sity ( traffic4 ,9 clean+ light traffic asphalt pavem5ts x 0 disclos$ t aft] ! "o morn+ ?or\gh clean+ ?ree- f\r?s ( ! area to be cov]$ dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! day does n require ?or\gh clean+4 ,! ,commission believes t scoops equipp$ ) roll]s w\ld be well adapt$ = use on light traffic pavem5ts1 & ) !m "o man c\ld patrol a mu* l>g] pavem5t area & /ill keep ! pavem5t 9 good condition4 ,"t /udies ( "w p]=m$ by /reet labor]s work+ 9 gangs %[$ t "w done by gr\ps & gangs 0 n z economical z ! division ( su* "w ?r\gh individual arrangem5ts4 ,consid]able "t is lo/ 9 conv]sation4 ,:5 "o man re/s e man on ! /reet does ! same ?+4 ,:ile work+ 9 gangs ! good sweep] does no m "w ?an ! poore/ ( ! gang4 ,:]e x is desir$ to cov] a l>ge area ( /reet ) m5 work+ 9 gr\ps r ?an 9 gangs x w\ld be bett]1 ! ,commission ?9ks1 = ea* man to h a def9ite uni=m area to cov] & to require ! =eman to "t ea* individual4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,d4 ,v1 ,sanit>y ,eng9e]1 says t any attempt to e/imate ! am\nt ( mat]ials :i* accumulate on a city /reet mu/ end 9 failure z ! contribut+ elem5ts v>y 9 diff]5t localities 9 a city & 9 diff]5t cities1 & :]e figures are giv5 !y d n really pres5t any valuable data4 ,"s g5]al pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 h be5 det]m9$4 ,! ,*icago ,commission 9 its inve/igation decl>es t ! quantity & volume ( dirt attribut$ to horse drawn vehicle traffic is ! mo/ important s\rce ( /reet dirt4 ,! loss ( s& & coal & cru%$ /one1 hay1 manure & o!r loose mat]ial f poorly con/ruct$ vehicles or ov]load$ vehicles adds greatly to ! quantity ( /reet dirt to be remov$4 ,important 9 a wet season is ! dirt c>ri$ by mov+ vehicles ?r\gh /reets & alleys onto h>d pavem5ts1 b ! ,commission says t ! am\nt ( dirt actually attributable to ?is s\rce is consid]ably less ?an is usually believ$4 ,!re is also consid]able refuse 9 ! =m ( leaves & grass :i* accumulates 9 ! resid5tial /reets & along b\lev>ds & p>ks1 :i* has a t5d5cy to lodge 9 cat* bas9 inlets & /op ! free fl[ ( /orm wat]4 ,! quantity ( leaves accumulat+ 9 ! %ort leaf season on /reets f> exce$s t :i* naturally drops onto ! surface ( /reets alone1 because ( ! additional clean+ f lawns & p>kway spaces4 ,"s reports express ! belief t :5 a fix$ /&>d is e/abli%$ ( bas+ /reet clean+ s*$ules c>efully on d5sity ( traffic1 condition ( pavem5t1 "* ( frontage & k9d ( pavem5t1 a def9ite relation w be f\nd betwe5 ! am\nt ( /reet sweep+s collect$ & ! numb] ( sweep]s employ$4 ,9 ,*icago x has be5 f\nd t diff]5t sweep]s av]age daily collections ( quantities v>y+ f ?ree-f\r?s ( a cubic y>d to ?ree cubic y>ds4 ,x has also be5 not$ t /reet sweep+s collect$ by regul> block sweep]s av]age ab\t 4#jjde cubic feet p] squ>e y>d4 ,! weight ( sweep+s w1 "u ord9>y conditions1 approximate #cf p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,! pav+ & repair policy ( a city is a v important factor 9 clean+ rates4 ,comp>atively few cities z yet give any ?\ght :5 select+ a p>ticul> pavem5t z to ! relative co/ ( keep+ x clean4 ,x is also a fact t 9 _m cities repair "w is neglect$ at ! exp5se ( clean+4 ,a smoo?1 h>d surface pavem5t w co/ less to keep clean ?an "o ) a r\gh or unev5 surface4 ,a brick pavem5t1 = in/ance1 co/s m to keep clean ?an %eet asphalt4 ,= ! same reason a /reet out ( repair is m exp5sive to clean ?an "o 9 good repair4 ,(ficials agree t a pav+ policy %\ld be c>ri$ out ) a view to hav+ a m9imum numb] ( unpav$ approa*es to exi/+ pavem5ts 9 ord] to prev5t mud be+ track$ f ! highway to pavem5t4 ,!re is ne$ also ( protect+ n>r[ rural pavem5ts f ! ov]fl[ or track+ ( mud t orig9ates on adjac5t portions ( ! same highway4 ,9 a discussion ( pav+ policies & _! relation to /reet clean+ ,mr4 ,hanna says3 8,! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( pavem5ts t are easy to clean are important & effectual 9 sav+ ! co/ ( /reet adm9i/ration4 ,little weight is giv5 to clean+ co/ :5 pav+ que/ions are settl$ & an actual exp5se ( #ejj a mile 9 repair+ resid5ce /reets w\ld be consid]$ an appreciable item ( ma9t5ance1 yet t figure = clean+ a mile ( resid5ce /reets ?r\gh a season is extremely l[4 ,a /reet clean] looks ^u two qualities 9 a pavem5t4 ,x mu/ be smoo? & p>ticles ( litt] mu/ n /ick to ! surface4 ,! "q ( smoo?ness op5s up ! :ole matt] ( durability4 ,any mat]ial t det]iorates or r\gh5s becomes m difficult ea* ye> to clean4 ,any neglect ( ne$$ repairs means a l>g] clean+ bill until ! repairs h be5 complet$4 ,! tw(old exp5se result+ f we>1 ! co/ ( repairs plus ! increas$ co/ ( clean+ %\ld ent] into all calculation ( exp5se4 ,additional calculation ( clean+ exp5se mu/ be made = all bitum9\s pavem5ts on acc\nt ( ! /ick+ ( p>ticles ( litt] to ! surface4 ,^! surfaces are nev] q s clean z non-adhesive mat]ials & x co/s f #be p] c5t4 upw>ds 9 additional co/ to put !m 9 a reasonably pres5table condition on acc\nt ( ?is quality4 ,?is difficulty is se5 at its wor/ 9 a new creosot$ wood block pavem5t1 :5 ! oil is gradually work+ out betwe5 ! pores ( ! wood4 ,! use ( /eel scrap]s mu/ (t5 be employ$ z ! flu%+ by wat] is n at all effective 9 remov+ ! dirt f ! surface4 8,sub/ances mo/ easily clean$ t ent] into pavem5ts are brick & /one4 ,nei!r orig9ates any dirt1 & bo? wa% (f readily4 ,! only gr\nd = discrim9ation betwe5 !m is on ! "q ( smoo?ness :]e brick has a slight advantage z a rule4 ,9 ! use ( ^! mat]ials ! *oice ( a fill] is all important4 ,a bitum9\s fill] has all ! disadvantages ( a bitum9\s surface4 ,be+ s(t] ?an ! brick or block x rec$es1 leav+ a crevice t invites lodgm5t ( dirt2 ) edges ( brick or block unprotect$ x is sure to r\gh51 ?us add+ to ! difficulties ( clean+4 ,su* a /reet aft] a few ye>s pres5ts ! appe>ance ( cobble /ones ) ! fill] invisible or else melt$ & run to ! gutt] :]e x imp$es "w ( foll[-up gang40 ,mr4 ,hanna recomm5ds only a cem5t gr\t fill]4 ,he says t ,we/ #ad? ,/reet 9 ,clevel& has a gr\t$ brick pavem5t t5 ye>s old & a traffic ( two vehicles a m9ute4 ,x is clean$ on an av]age ( five times a week1 be+ flu%$ by night & h& swept by day4 ,! co/ ( clean+ is almo/ exactly #ae c5ts p] #aj1jjj ( squ>e feet4 ,?is is ! l[e/ figure ! city has be5 able to rea* on any type ( pavem5t4 ,mr4 ,hanna says t ! co/ on ! be/ asphalt w\ld n be less ?an #bj c5ts & w\ld rise to #cj c5ts if ! surface became wavy or r\gh4 ,wood block co/s approximately #a4jj a squ>e to clean 9 its initial condition1 & x w\ld be at lea/ two ye>s be=e oil w h dri$ out suffici5tly to admit its be+ clean$ = #cj c5ts a squ>e4 ,t> fill$ brick pavem5t w co/ n less ?an #cj c5ts a squ>e1 & if ! fill] disappe>s & ! block r\gh5s ?is co/ w am\nt to #fj c5ts or m4 ,9 ! case ( a pavem5t #dj feet wide !re are ab\t #ba squ>es to a mile4 ,?us ,mr4 ,hanna po9ts out t z betwe5 a mat]ial t c be clean$ = #ae c5ts & "o t c be clean$ = #cj c5ts1 !re is a diff]5ce ( #c4ae p] mile = clean+1 a diff]5ce ( #ae4ge p] week1 or #fcj p] season ( #dj weeks--#f1cjj 9 t5 ye>s4 ,9 ,mr4 ,hanna's judgm5t clean+ co/s c be greatly r$uc$ by a policy ( prompt repair4 ,he believes 9 ! cont9ual patrol ( all city /reets by m5 ^: duty x is to discov] defects 9 pavem5t & prescribe repair4 ,s*$ule ( ,/reet ,clean+ ,! unit "w mu/ be e/abli%$ & ! responsibility ( ea* employee fix$ 9 ord] to secure an economical adm9i/ration ( /reet clean+4 ,?is pr9ciple is illu/rat$ by ! s-call$ 8block sy/em40 ,by ?is1 ea* man is allott$ to a def9ite area ( pavem5t to clean1 :i* v>ies 9 ext5t dep5d+ ^u local conditions z to traffic1 physical condition ( pavem5t1 location ( /reet1 proximity to public build+s1 population1 pav+1 alleys1 /reet c>s1 "r ( way & frontage ( /reets4 ,x is ! practise ( up-to-date cities to prep>e s*$ules %[+ ! "* ( pavem5t1 area ( pavem5t1 numb] ( clean+s or patrols p] week1 & ! /&>d ( "w requir$ ( ea* /reet clean]4 ,*anges 9 ^! s*$ules are necess>y f "t to "t on acc\nt ( climatic conditions1 /reet repair & o!r necessities4 ,! ,*icago ,civil ,s]vice ,commission says t to obta9 def9ite /&>ds ( s*$ules = clean+ /reets & alleys & ! ne$ ( repair+ su* /reets1 ! r\t+ ( teams & vehicles1 collect+ ( city wa/e1 ! am\nt & "* & physical condition ( all pavem5ts mu/ be obta9$4 ,pavem5ts are usually classifi$ accord+ to physical "* = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! am\nt & "* ( clean+ z foll[s3 99 99 99 99 99 ,improv$--,p]man5t 7a7 ,smoo? pavem5ts1 includ+ asphalt1 creosote block & bituli?ic4 7b7 ,r\gh pavem5ts1 includ+ brick1 granite1 cobble & rubble & o!r pavem5ts :i* require t dirt be pick$ f int]/ices4 ,improv$--,n p]man5t4 ,all macadam pavem5ts & c\ntry roads4 ,unimprov$ pavem5ts4 ,all /reets t h n be5 pav$4 ,! oil+ ( macadam )9 ! pa/ few ye>s has _h an excell5t effect on ?is k9d ( pavem5t & has giv5 x ! solidity & usefulness almo/ approa*+ improv$ p]man5t pavem5ts4 ,on macadam surface /reets1 p]iodical removal ( r\gh mat]ial ) hoes1 brooms & %ovels f /reet surface & gutt]s & spr9kl+ 9 dry wea!r ) wat] or oil is ab\t ! be/ t c be done4 ,an analysis 9 ,*icago ( ! /&>d ( "w :i* "o man c p]=m on an oil$ macadam /reet1 indicates t ! rate ( clean+ "o & ?ree-qu>t]s miles ( oil$ macadam ( av]age wid? 9 an eight h\r day c be reasonably expect$ ( any man4 ,mu* wa/e is caus$ by lack ( sy/em 9 lay+ out ! "w & improp]ly direct+ ! /reet clean+ gangs & teams4 ,! atta*$ tables give ! sy/ems n[ be+ us$ 9 fifty ,am]ican municipalities4 ,a /udy ( ^! w %[ t "s v def9ite ideas h be5 develop$ by /reet clean+ (ficials 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,= example1 mo/ cities pref] hav+ patrolm5 "w s+ly in/ead ( 9 gangs4 ,9 mak+ assignm5ts att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! smalle/ details1 su* z correct reports f =em5 z to ! numb] ( /reets swept & loads c>t$ away1 & ! correct numb] ( sweep]s 9 ea* /reet4 ,9 _m cities ?ree are s5t ?r\gh a /reet :5 two w\ld d4 ,dirt wagons %\ld n be />t$ imm$iately beh9d sweep+ gangs z x usually takes ?irty m9utes to an h\r be=e a gang c sweep up en\gh dirt = a full load4 ,dirt teams %\ld n />t = at lea/ "o h\r aft] ! sweep] beg9s4 ,gangs %\ld h allott$ to !m en\gh "w to keep !m busy until quitt+ "t s t !y d n h to kill "t4 ,laxity 9 any "p ( ! sy/em eats up ! dep>tm5t appropriation4 ,spr+ ,clean+ ,! spr+ clean+ sy/em usually calls = ! pil+ up & removal ( ! heavy dirt :i* is wa%$ f ! c5t] ( ! /reet & :i* accumulates 9 ! gutt]s dur+ ! w9t] season4 ,! exp]i5ce ( cities ) su* "w indicates t ! assignm5t ( "o man to a def9ite l5g? ( /reet1 or ! assignm5t ( a small gang ( n exce$+ ?ree m51 to def9ite l5g?s ( /reets is m effective & economical4 ,! ,*icago ,commission says t :]e a gang ( ?ree m5 is assign$ to ! "w1 team "w is develop$ by ! use ( "o man 9 remov+ ! dirt f ! roadway & "o man ea* f ! gutt]s4 ,9 ! granite & brick pavem5ts consid]ably m broom+ is necess>y on ! roadway4 ,granite1 brick & c$> block pavem5ts require t ! dirt be scrap$ f ! c5t] ( ! /reet to ! gutt] be=e pil+ 9 ! gutt]s c be comm5c$4 ,! c5t] clean+ rates p] man 9 ,*icago are giv5 z foll[s3 ,c> ,track ,outside ,c> ,track ,sq4 ,yds4 p] ,day ,sq4 ,yds4 p] ,day ,good ,asphalt #af1ejj #ah1ejj ,fair ,asphalt #ab1ijj #ad1hjj ,poor ,asphalt #i1bjj #aa1ajj ,good ,brick #d1djj #e1ejj ,fair ,brick #c1edj #c1gjj ,poor ,brick #a1hej #b1ifj ,good ,granite #d1djj #e1eej ,fair ,granite #c1cdj #c1gjj ,poor ,granite #a1hej #b1bbj ,cobble/one #a1dgj ,! s+le gutt] rates 9 miles p] day p] man are giv5 z foll[s3 ,times ,clean$ ,poor ,brick & p] ,week ,asphalt ,good ,brick ,granite ( ,all ,k9ds #b #a4h miles #a4d miles #a4d miles #c #a4d miles #a4a miles #j4g miles #f #j4g miles #j4e miles #j4c miles #i #j4c miles #j4b miles #ab #j4b miles #j4b miles ,*icago has f\nd t ! unit co/ ( spr+ clean+ ( macadam & c$> block /reets ( diff]5t physical condition is z foll[s3 ,fir/ ,class ,fair ,condition1 ,co/ ,poor ,condition1 ,co/ ,condition1 ,co/ = = ,clean+ #ajj ,l94= ,clean+ #ajj ,l94 ,clean+ #ajj ,l94 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,traffic ,traffic ,traffic ,heavy ,light ,heavy ,light ,heavy ,light #a4ah 4#ij #a4ig #a4df #b4be #a4hi ,/reet ,spr9kl+ ,al?\gh _m cities spr9kle _! /reets = du/ lay+ only1 x is agre$ by all exp]ts & ! heads ( mo/ /reet clean+ dep>tm5ts t ! use ( spr9kl+ c>ts = ?is purpose is ( no value1 i4 e4 x is a tempor>y make%ift & ! result is nil4 ,spr9kl+ alone does n clean pavem5ts1 b only conv]ts tempor>ily ! f9e du/ into mud1 :i* is a nuisance4 ,x is q g5]ally agre$1 too1 t spr9kl+ is responsible = mu* repair "w on pavem5ts4 ,! numb] ( times a /reet is spr9kl$ daily dep5ds ^u wea!r conditions1 nature ( pavem5t & location1 & r>ely exce$s f\r trips4 ,:]e flu%+ & squeegee+ are done spr9kl+ is elim9at$ entirely4 ,9 ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 bitum9\s pavem5ts are n spr9kl$ by wat]4 ,!y are kept clean by patrol sy/em & reasonably free f du/4 ,x is ! belief ( (ficials ( t city t ! use ( wat] has an injuri\s effect on ! pavem5t4 ,george ,d4 ,w>r51 ( ,bo/on1 an exp]t on pav+1 says t /reet spr9kl+ z x is g5]ally practis$ is worse ?an a useless exp5se4 ,he po9ts to ! fact t !re has be5 no spr9kl+ 9 ,provid5ce 9 sev5 ye>s on all k9ds ( pavem5t1 except t wat] b\nd pavem5t is occasionally spr9kl$ ) oil or oil emulsion4 ,if bitum9\s pavem5t surfaces are dry & clean ! oil :i* drips f automobiles is quickly spread by auto tires to an extremely ?9 %eet1 :i* n only pres]ves ! pavem5t1 b ! slight am\nt ( oil takes up ! f9e du/ & mat]ially helps to prev5t ! surface f ev5 becom+ du/y4 ,mr4 ,w>r5 believes t :ile "s =ms ( pavem5t are d\btless m affect$ by wat] & mud ?an o!rs1 spr9kl+ injuri\sly affects all classes ( pavem5t4 ,cont9u+ he says3 8,i believe t repairs requir$ to all classes ( pavem5t are m g5]ally ! result ( wett+ d[n ! dirt1 leav+ ! surface 9 a m or less muddy condition ?an by traffic1 or r :at w\ld be traffic "u dry clean+ conditions4 ,a city or /reet 9 or on :i* spr9kl+ or o!r me?ods ( cont9ual wett+ ( pavem5t surface has n be5 practis$ is almo/ usually "o :]e ! pavem5ts are ! be/ ( _! k9d4 ,wa%+ton has ! enviable reputation ( hav+ ! mo/ durable pavem5t ( all k9ds4 ,= _m ye>s ! sy/em ( clean+ !re has be5 h& patrol )\t spr9kl+1 except a v light spr9kl+1 j en\gh to lay ! du/1 n to conv]t x into mud--imm$iately 9 advance ( night sweep+4 8,fif? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york1 is always dry except dur+ ra9s1 & we f9d "o ( ! mo/ durable asphalt pavem5ts 9 ! _w4 ,! pavem5t is always clean & nev] du/y4 8,asphalt pavem5t on ,alex&] ,/reet1 ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 laid 9 #ahhe1 is /ill 9 exi/5ce & has a record = l[ co/ ( repairs1 & has until q rec5tly be5 free f /reet spr9kl+4 ,x is n[ rapidly det]iorat+4 8,rutg] ,/reet1 9 ,utica1 ,new ,york1 laid 9 #ahhf1 has be5 ?r\gh a simil> exp]i5ce ( no spr9kl+4 ,mi*igan ,b\lev>d 9 ,*icago1 f ,jackson ,b\lev>d to #aj? ,/reet1 0 pav$ p>tly ) creosot$ wood block & p>tly ) asphalt4 ,x 0 always 9 a dry condition & c>ri$ v heavy traffic = t5 ye>s & 0 9 a good condition until ab\t f\r ye>s ago :5 x 0 remov$ on acc\nt ( wid5+ ! /reet4 ,! bitum9\s pavem5t on ,mi*igan ,b\lev>d is always clean & nev] clean$ or spr9kl$ o!r ?an by patrol clean+1 except z to n>r[ /rips ab\t f\r feet wide :i* are spr9kl$ & h& broom$ at night to remove ! slight du/ :i* collects ne> ! curb40 ,! ,bureau ( ,municipal ,rese>* ( ,milwaukee reports t 9 t city #bih miles ( /reet are spr9kl$ at a co/ ( #fj1caj4je4 ,( ?is am\nt #ee1ajd4gg is assessable4 ,! balance is ! city's portion = public prop]ty & /reet & alley sections :i* is *>g$ to ! g5]al city fund4 ,! city us$ #bge1dih1aab gallons ( wat]1 co/+ #bh1daf4fe includ+ #h1hjj = hydrant r5tal4 ,! av]age rate ( assessm5t p] foot front is ab\t 4#jag4 ,9 "s cities :]e wat] is unavailable outside ( city limits1 or available only = a %ort "t1 oil has be5 us$ to meet ! dem&s = du/ prev5tion4 ,:at seems to be ! be/ is "s non- volatile oil t w quickly p5etrate ! we>+ surface ( ! road incorporat+ itself ) ! f9e p>ticles s t x =ms a d5se1 smoo?1 wat]pro( coat+1 or else r5d]s ! surface dress+ s heavy t w9d w n hold x 9 susp5sion 9 ! air4 ,9 addition to ?is its non-volatile "* gives x la/+ qualities4 ,! ,milwaukee ,bureau ( ,municipal ,rese>* believes t 8,! s]vice at its be/ is ( no value z x does n clean b only allays du/ on ! /reet :]e 9 its wet condition x requires a fur!r process ( clean+ by ! squeegee or flu%] & ,:ite ,w+s4 ,if ! city _h a suffici5t am\nt ( mod]n equipm5t to clean /reets m frequ5tly1 ! valueless me?od ( spr9kl+ c\ld be elim9at$ & an enorm\s exp5se sav$40 ,9 "s cities /reet railway companies are requir$ to spr9kle betwe5 _! tracks & = c]ta9 di/ances on ei!r side ( ! track4 ,! legal "q has sev]al times aris51 :e!r a ,municipal corporation has au?ority to enact an ord9ance to compel railway companies to spr9kle 9 ?is way & also :e!r ! p>ticul> ord9ance 9 "q is reasonable1 or s unreasonable z to be void4 ,g5]ally speak+ x has be5 decid$ t su* an ord9ance mu/ be specific1 n burd5some1 & conf9$ to ! company's tracks1 ?\gh 9 "o case 9 ,massa*usetts1 "u ! /atutory p[]s conf]r$ ^u municipal au?ority1 an ord9ance requir+ spr9kl+ f curb to curb 0 su/a9$4 ,c\rts h held t an ord9ance provid+ t 8ea* & e ,company or ,corporation op]at+ /reet c> l9es )9 ! limits ( ! city ( ------ %all wat] _! tracks s z to effectually keep ! du/ on ! same laid10 & provides a p5alty = its violation1 is nei!r indef9ite nor want+ 9 uni=mity4 ,! "q ( spr9kl+ /reets be=e sweep+ has be5 discuss$ repeat$ly4 ,foll[+ are ! me?ods us$ 9 "s cities3 ,new ,york4--,spr9kl+ be=e ma*9es4 ,no spr9kl+ be=e h& sweep+4 ,*icago4--,spr9kl+ be=e sweep+4 ,! ,*icago ,code ( #aiaa requires t /reet c> companies %all keep well spr9kl$ ) wat] 9 a mann] satisfactory to ! ,commission] ( ,public ,works1 all /reets on :i* !y ma9ta9 & op]ate _! tracks4 ,!y are requir$ to spr9kle su* /reets twice ea* day4 ,by ano!r section su* /reet c> companies %all clean su* portions ( /reets z lie betwe5 ! two out]mo/ rails ( su* tracks & also e additional s]vice z may be prescrib$ 9 any railway ord9ance relat+ to or affect+ any /reet4 ,philadelphia4--,! proposals & specifications = ! clean+ ( /reets1 roads1 alleys1 inlets & m>kets = #aiae1 conta9$ ! foll[+ provision3 ,9 addition to ! clean+ by blockm5 requir$ "u ^! specifications1 all /reets mu/ be p]iodically clean$ by ma*9es1 ! numb] ( weekly clean+s be+ giv5 9 ! classification ( /reets1 ! rema9+ ma*9e "w %all be done ) ma*9e brooms imm$iately prec$$ by spr9kl]s4 ,/4 ,l\is4--,spr9kl+ be=e sweep+ is v r>ely done1 except 9 ! case ( c]ta9 l>ge sweep+ ma*9es us$ by ! city4 ,baltimore4--,spr9kles be=e sweep+4 ,pittsburgh4--,pr9cipal ?or\ghf>es includ+ all /reets 9 bus9ess di/rict clean$ by ma*9e sweep]s4 ,wat] c>t prec$es sweep+ ma*9e4 ,! c>t mu/ nev] be m ?an "o block ahead ( ! sweep]4 ,wa%+ton4--,sup]9t5d5t ( /reet clean+ gives 8 op9ion t mu* m effective sweep+ c be done )\t spr9kl+ & 9 h& patrol "w :]e dirt is n all[$ to collect 9 any consid]able quantity is n necess>y4 ,9 ma*9e sweep+1 h[ev]1 he f9ds x necess>y to spr9kle ) a small am\nt ( wat]4 ,9 cold wea!r spr9kl+ is omitt$2 b at su* times _m compla9ts are receiv$ on acc\nt ( du/4 ,m9neapolis4--,9 g5]al ! ord]s ( ! /reet di/rict commission]s are to spr9kle ! /reets be=e sweep+4 ,/reet ,clean+ ,me?ods ,f\r me?ods are us$ 9 ,am]ican cities = /reet clean+1 h& sweep+1 ma*9e sweep+1 flu%+ by ma*9e & hose & squeegee+4 ,all exp]ts advocate ! sweep+ ( /reets by h&1 commonly call$ ! patrol sy/em4 ,! implem5ts us$ 9 patrol clean+ are broom1 pan scrap]1 squeegees1 c c>ri] & cans4 ,! broom is usually "o :i* has a #d #ah in* block1 fill$ ) split bamboo1 rattan1 hickory1 /eel wire or black ,african bass4 ,! block is usually fitt$ ) a /eel scrap]4 ,! pan scrap] is con/ruct$ l a du/ pan1 turn$ up sides & back4 ,x is ab\t #cf in*es wide by #ae in*es deep4 ,! squeegee is a bo>d ab\t #cf in*es wide fitt$ ) a rubb] /rip :i* ext5ds bel[ ! l[] edge ( ! bo>d4 ,brooms1 pan scrap]s & squeegees h h&les ab\t #ff in*es long4 ,! cans are made to hold ab\t ?ree cubic feet ( dirt & tap] #ai in*es 9 diamet] at ! top to #ag in*es at ! bottom4 ,! c c>ri] has two l>ge :eels & two small1 & a plat=m ^u :i* ! c or cans re/4 ,a new c>ri] has be5 devis$ :i* c>ries two cans & is s balanc$ t ! two cans are m easily manipulat$ ?an ! "o4 ,"s cities are n[ sub/itut+ canvas bags = cans4 ,:9]y says t :5 /reet surfaces are ( su* "* z to admit x1 h& sweep+ is ! mo/ effective me?od4 ,j4 ,w4 ,paxton says t h& clean+ "w is capable ( bett] di/ribution ?an any o!r me?od1 because m att5tion c be giv5 to dirti] areas by increas+ ! numb] ( m5 :o only clean ! portions ( ! /reet :i* are dirty & "w on ^? portions until !y are clean4 ,!re is a f9e scum :i* is n app>5t :5 ! pavem5ts are dry b rises up 9 a ?9 %eet ( mud :5 moi/1 mak+ ! pavem5ts v slipp]y4 ,?is & f9e du/ _c be remov$ by h& clean]s1 b by wa%+ ab\t twice a week 9 addition to h& clean+1 ^! tr\bles c be elim9at$4 ,v believes t ?is me?od ( clean+ is fairly effective b is a du/ rais] & ! ability ( ! man to cov] areas is v limit$1 especially s9ce ! automobile has come into su* g5]al use1 z x int]f]es ) ! sweep] & 8 "w4 ,he says t !re are h& ma*9e brooms built on ! pr9ciple ( ! c>pet sweep] :i* are n du/ rais]s & :i* z a matt] ( fact d mu* m effective "w4 ,! pan scrap] is only valuable to remove manure & mud & co>se litt]1 & its use %\ld be limit$ to ! "t necess>y = su* "w1 & ! broom us$ = du/ removal4 ,! area a sweep] c clean dep5ds ^u ! exi/5ce ( local conditions4 ,a te/ 0 made 9 ,new ,york ,city = "o week & x 0 f\nd t ! area "o sweep] 0 able to clean 9 a day ( eight h\rs v>i$ f #b1bab squ>e y>ds to #af1jge squ>e y>ds1 ) an av]age ov] ! :ole city ( #e1gde squ>e y>ds4 ,! effici5cy division ( ! ,civil ,s]vice ,commission ( ,*icago reports3 8,f an analysis ( ! f9d+s ( ! "t & motion /udies ( /reet clean]s ! foll[+ table has be5 d$uc$1 ^u :i* are bas$ ! relative difficulty ( clean+ diff]5t pavem5ts "u v>y+ conditions & ! /&>d & equival5t areas to be clean$ by "o man 9 "o eight-h\r day40 ,pavem5t ,condition ,squ>e ,y>ds ,asphalt ,good #ba1ejj ,asphalt ,fair #ai1cjj ,asphalt ,bad #ag1bjj ,creosote ,blocks ,good #ba1ejj ,brick ,good #af1jjj ,brick ,fair #ad1djj ,brick ,poor #ab1hjj ,granite ,good #ac1djj ,granite ,fair #ab1ajj ,granite ,poor #aj1gjj ,9 ,philadelphia1 :i* cleans its /reets by contract1 block m5 are assign$ to sections designat$ by ! *ief4 ,! area to be cov]$ dep5ds ^u ! "* & am\nt ( traffic4 ,! duties ( block m5 consi/ 9 patroll+ ! areas1 ga!r+ all pap]s & refuse & sweep+ dirt z fa/ z x accumulates1 & putt+ x into du/ pro( bags ready = load+ into special wagons & haul+ to a dump+ /ation4 ,! equipm5t us$ 9 h& patrol "w consi/s ( h& ma*9es1 bag c>ri]1 burlap sacks1 pu% brooms1 h& scrap]s1 special cans & %ovels4 ,! dirt collect$ is plac$ 9 sacks & left at conv5i5t po9ts to be collect$ by special wagons & tak5 to ! dump 9 sacks1 ^! be+ return$ by ! driv]s4 ,sacks are us$ 9 pref]5ce to cans because ( ! weight1 bulk & nois9ess ( ! latt]4 ,ma*9e ,sweep+ ,ma*9e sweep+ & clean+ is almo/ univ]sally condemn$1 al?\gh ?is me?od is us$ 9 _m cities4 ,! ma*9e broom is prec$$ by a spr9kl+ c>t to loos5 ! fil? & 9 a measure to prev5t ! du/ ris+4 ,?is is seldom effect$4 ,a broom is f\nd to cov] ab\t #dj1jjj squ>e y>ds p] eight h\rs4 ,! mat]ial is swept into w9dr[s at ! side & f9ally deliv]$ to a w9dr[ 9 ! gutt]1 :]e x is pick$ up4 ,! effici5cy ( ! rot>y broom sy/em is consid]ably r$uc$ because ! sweep]s meet cont9ual ob/ructions 9 busy /reets & :5 op]at+ ov] pav$ /reets ! brooms remove ! co>s] fragm5ts ( dirt only & leave ! f9] p>ticles on ! pavem5t4 ,:]e ! rot>y broom is prec$$ by a /reet spr9kl]1 ! du/ =ms into mud & cl+s to ! surface ( ! pavem5t1 & :]e ! pavem5t is r\gh ! mud is =c$ into ! jo9ts betwe5 pav+ blocks4 ,z ! /reet becomes dry1 ! dirt pulv]izes & appe>s aga9 z a du/ nuisance4 ,9 all b "o in/ance ma*9e sweep]s h be5 disp5s$ ) 9 ,*icago4 ,s\? ,wat] ,/reet1 ! heavy :olesale fruit di/rict ( ! city1 is badly conge/$ dur+ ! day1 :i* makes x impossible effectively to clean ?is di/rict by ! 8block0 sy/em4 ,?is /reet becomes v dirty dur+ ! day & is cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( dirt & dbris at night4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! broom ma*9es appe> to be effective & give fairly good results 9 ! clean+ ( ?is co>se mat]ial4 ,! ,*icago ,commission believes t ! mix+ ( calcium *loride ) ! wat] :i* is spr9kl$ 9 ! diff]5t sections ( ! city w\ld greatly add to ! effectiv5ess ( /reet clean+ & elim9at+ ! p]ils ( du/4 ,accord+ to ,v horse drawn brooms ( ! rot>y /yle are n z effective z ! h& broom4 ,:9]y says1 8,sweep+ by p[] sweep]s at int]vals ( "o or m days1 :ile less exp5sive is f> less effective & satisfactory ?an h& sweep+1 ?\gh if prop]ly done & supplem5t$ by spr9kl+ ) wat] or oil at int]vals suffici5tly ne> toge!r to prev5t du/ fly+ x s]ves a good purpose40 ,j4 ,w4 ,paxton is ( ! op9ion t ! ma*9e broom raises s mu* du/ t heavy spr9kl+ is requir$4 ,! f9e du/ mix$ ) wat] produces mud :i* is sme>$ on ! /reet by ! broom & :5 ?is becomes dry x turns to du/ aga94 ,! broom sweeps only ! co>s] p>ticles & _m ( ^! are ?r[n ov] ! broom by c5trifugal =ce to ! pavem5t aga94 ,9 ,philadelphia1 ma*9e broom clean+ is done 9 batt]ies ( two or ?ree1 prec$$ by spr9kl]s1 ! numb] ( brooms 9 ea* batt]y dep5d+ ^u ! wid? & "* ( ! /reets to be clean$4 ,! av]age gang consi/s ( two ma*9e brooms & "o spr9kl]1 & f\r to sev5 broom]s & a suffici5t supply ( wagons to remove ! refuse1 ! numb] dep5d+ ^u ! haul to ! dump & season ( ye>1 toge!r ) am\nt & "* ( traffic4 ,an inve/igation made by ! ,milwaukee ,bureau ( ,municipal ,rese>* into ! co/ ( rot>y broom s]vice br\ght out ! foll[+ facts3 ,9 indu/rial & outly+ resid5tial section & ^u /reets adjac5t to :>fs1 :]e pavem5ts are con/ruct$ ( brick1 s&/one1 lime/one or granite1 ! rot>y brooms are usually us$4 ,! process is done nightly & to prev5t du/1 a spr9kl] is us$ 9 advance ( broom4 ,! foll[+ analysis ( ! co/ ( op]ation has be5 made by ! ,bureau3 ,co/ ( ma*9e #bej4jj ,depreciation ( #aj p] c5t4 on ma*9e #be4jj ,int]e/ at #d p] c5t4 #aa4be ------------ -------------- #cf4be ,m9or repairs & replacem5ts #f brooms at #ej lbs4 bamboo #bj4jj ea4 at #h4 p] lb #bd4jj #dh hrs4 labor #bd hr #ab4jj #ef4jj ------------ -------------- #ib4be #aej days op]ation #j4fae #b sweep]s at #b p] day ea4 #d4jj ,team & driv] p] day #e4jj ,grease1 etc4 #j4je ------------ #i4ffe ,av]age y>ds clean$1 #dj1jjj ,av]age co/ p] #a1jjj sq4 yds41 #bd4a ,comb9$ ) spr9kl] ,spr9kl]1 team p] day #e4jj ,wat] #j4ij #e4ij ------------ #dj1jjj sq4 yds4 spr9kl$1 co/ p] #a1jjj sq4 #ad4g yds ,broom co/ p] #a1jjj sq4 yds #bd4a -------------- ,comb9$ co/ p] #a1jjj sq4 yds #ch4h ,! assessm5t p] front foot on a /reet #cj ft4 wide & clean$ #ej times a season w\ld be #c4b4 ,pick-up ,ma*9es ,to improve on ma*9e sweep+ v>i\s types ( motor pick-up ma*9es h be5 inv5t$4 ,mo/ ( !m h prov$ ( no value4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 are be+ us$ by cities ) good results on dry1 smoo? pavem5t 9 good repair4 ,mo/ exp]ts "q :e!r vacuum clean+ w ev] be able to remove effectively mud or wet du/4 ,"s exp]ts1 h[ev]1 believe t ^! pick-up ma*9es w solve ! problem ( clean+ macadam pavem5ts1 z x is ! only me?od t c be employ$ )\t s]i\s results4 ,^! ma*9es w travel at a rate ( f\r miles an h\r1 :i* exce$s ! spe$ atta9$ by any horsep[] sweep]4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,oakl&1 ,cal41 ) ?is me?od ( clean+ is int]e/+4 ,adjac5t to ! conge/$ di/rict a suction sweep] _h be5 us$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,! di/rict _h be5 swept f ?ree to six times a week1 by contract1 to ! satisfaction ( ! city (ficials4 ,! dep>tm5t reports t ! co/ 0 r high 9 comp>ison ) t = rot>y sweep+1 b t ! results 7 m satisfactory4 ,x co/ ! city #ce4 p] #a1jjj squ>e y>ds to clean ) ! suction sweep] & #bf4 p] #a1jjj squ>e y>ds ) ! rot>y brooms4 ,x _h be5 g5]ally assum$ t ! patrol sy/em 0 ! mo/ exp5sive until ! ,/reet ,commission] readju/$ ! r\tes accord+ to area & traffic4 ,he !n f\nd t h& sweep+ c\ld be done on /reets n swept by rot>y brooms at ! same co/ or n to exce$ a t5 p] c5t4 increase4 ,he f\nd also t x c\ld be done = mu* less ?an clean+ by suction ma*9es4 ,! city has1 !re=e1 entirely sup]s$$ ?is me?od ( clean+ at an e/imat$ annual sav+ ( #c1jjj & ) mu* bett] results4 ,pomona1 ,cali=nia1 f\nd t moi/ure ^u ! surface ( a pavem5t or 9 any =m ( refuse _c be lift$ by a suction sweep]4 ,in/ead x is 9 effect sme>$ ov] ! surface ( ! /reet4 ,9 all cases :]e ! /reet is dry & ! surface ( ! pavem5t is reasonably dry ! city has f\nd ! ma*9e v positive 9 its op]ation4 ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 is ?or\ghly te/+ ! vacuum me?od ( /reet clean+ foll[+ a report by ! ,effici5cy ,commission1 :i* has e/imat$ a sav+ ( #fe1jga a ye> if ! /reets are swept ) vacuum clean]s in/ead ( flu%$4 ,! report says t supplem5t>y obs]vations & calculations %[ t ! co/ ( flu%+ "u pres5t conditions is #bd4jf4 p] #a1jjj squ>e y>ds1 & ! co/ ( vacuum clean+ #aj4if c5ts p] #a1jjj squ>e y>ds4 ,^! figures include ! co/ ( sup]vision1 ma9t5ance ( equipm5t1 workman's comp5sation1 gutt] clean+ & wat] at co/ ( production4 ,! co/ ( op]at+ "o ( ^! ma*9es is giv5 by ! ,milwaukee ,bureau ( ,municipal ,rese>*1 z foll[s3 ,pur*ase price #d1jjj ,depreciation #ej p] c5t4 #b1jjj ,int]e/ #d p] c5t4 #ahj ------------ #b1ahj ,repairs 7e/imat$7 #be ,replacem5t ( brooms1 #cj #f ea4 #ahj ,labor mak+ brooms #fj ------------ ,ye>ly co/ #b1dde #aej days op]ation1 co/ p] day #af4cj #a ,*auffeur #c4jj #b sweep]s #d4jj #a "t #b4ej ,gasol9e & oil #a4be ,wat] 4#ab #aj4hg #aj4hg ---------- ------------ #bg4ag ,f p]sonal obs]vation x 0 calculat$ ?is ma*9e c op]ate at a spe$ ( f\r miles p] h\r & p]=m "w at ab\t #ge p] c5t4 effici5cy1 or at a co/ ( #ba4d4 p] #a1jjj squ>e y>ds4 ,! assessm5t p] front foot bas$ on a /reet #cj feet wide & clean$ #ej times a season w\ld be #a4gg c5ts4 ,raymond ,w4 ,p>l91 ,deputy ,commission] ,/reet ,clean+1 ,new ,york ,city1 says3 8,s def9ite are ! ne$s ( ! cities = results bett] ?an ^? produc$ by sweep+ t x may be safely prophesi$ t sweep+ 9 ! future w cease to be a prim>y me?od ( clean+ a mod]n city & w become an auxili>y to o!r m effici5t me?ods or us$ :]e only r\gh clean+ is desir$40 ,clean+ by ,flu%+ ,all au?orities agree t :atev] me?od = prim>y clean+ is adopt$1 x is important t ! /reet surface be frequ5tly wa%$ by ! use ( hose1 horse drawn flu%]s1 flu%+ c>s1 or p[] squeegees4 ,reports f cities %[ t flu%+ is replac+ ma*9e sweep+ & t ! automobile flu%] is becom+ popul>4 ,! ,*ief ( ! ,atlanta ,sanit>y ,dep>tm5t favors do+ away ) sweep+ ma*9e & clean+ ! /reets entirely ) flu%+ ma*9es4 ,he says t sweep+ ma*9es are out ( date & t flu%]s are ! ideal ma*9es4 ,! squeegee is a vehicle hav+ a tank & a revolv+ rubb] roll]1 :i* wa%es ! pavem5t z ! vehicle moves along ! /reet & ! wat] f ! tank is spr9kl$ 9 front ( ! roll]4 ,hose flu%+ is us$ 9 cities hav+ grad$ /reets & suffici5t wat] supply4 ,/reet flu%]s h pressure tanks :i* dep5d = _! pressure ei!r ^u ! pressure f ! wat] ma9s or ^u ! pressure obta9$ f a pump op]at$ by a gasol9e eng9e4 ,! latt] plan gives ! bett] results4 ,:9]y is ( ! op9ion t on well pav$ /reets ! mo/ effici5t & satisfactory me?od s f> devis$ ) ! app>atus n[ available is h& clean+ by ! patrol sy/em by day1 foll[$ ) hose or flu%+ wagons or scrubb+ squeegees dur+ ! night4 ,:ile ?is is some:at m exp5sive ?an pla9 ma*9e sweep+ he ?9ks t no o!r me?od yet devis$ w produce equally clean /reets at a l[] co/4 ,gu/ave ,h4 ,hanna says3 8,! use ( flu%]s has prov5 n only ! *eape/ b ! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( /reet clean+ t our exp]i5ce 9 ,clevel& has be5 able to develop4 ,/ati/ics ( ! dep>tm5t %[ an av]age co/ ( #ae4c c5ts p] squ>e ( #aj1jjj squ>e feet = flu%+ to :i* mu/ be add$ practically #i c5ts = pick-up "w1 a total ( "s #bd c5ts p] squ>e z aga9/ #db c5ts = "w ) ,:ite ,w+s4 ,! ,:ite ,w+s are too conv5i5t & necess>y an adjunct to be :olly displac$ "u any consid]ation4 ,d[n t[n /reets mu/ be swept cont9ually dur+ ! day & ! h& sweep] ) 8 small c>t c also "w to advantage 9 gutt]s ( resid5tial /reets collect+ dirt t has ei!r be5 flu%$ or bl[n to ! curb2 b s f> z our exp]i5ce goes1 ! less5+ ( clean+ co/ by *eap] me?ods means simply ! ext5sion ( ! use ( flu%]s at e practical po9t4 8,!re is an argum5t ( sanitation 9 favor ( flu%+4 ,h& sweep+ causes a c]ta9 am\nt ( du/ & me*anical sweep+ usually causes /ill m4 ,i am oppos$ to ! use ( simple spr9kl+ z a means ( lay+ du/4 ,ammonia & o!r products lea* out ( damp manure & =m a scum on ! surface t is ne>ly impossible to remove1 & makes pavem5t slipp]y & f\l smell+4 8,wat] %\ld also be appli$ ) =ce en\gh to c>ry ! refuse to gutt] :]e x %\ld be prop]ly collect$ ) broom & %ovel & remov$4 ,9 ,philadelphia flu%+ ma*9es are us$ only on poorly pav$ /reets & block pavem5t4 ,high pressure flu%+ ma*9es are usually op]at$ simil>ly40 ,v reports t objection is made to flu%+ because mat]ials are wa%$ into sew]s4 ,! same objection1 he says1 might be made to h& sweep+1 z _m sweep]s are l h\semaids & sweep ! du/ into ! cat* bas9s to make "w easy4 ,! mat]ial ne$ n rea* ! sew]s if ! op]ator kn[s 8 bus9ess4 ,_m fe> t ! action ( wat] :5 us$ 9 flu%+ w we> away ! pavem5t surface or ! jo9t mat]ials4 ,8 answ] is t x %\ld1 if su* a class ( pavem5t or ( jo9t+ is all[$ to be laid1 to expose ! pav+ contractor4 ,! ,*icago ,civil ,s]vice ,commission says t p]sonal inquiry & analysis ( reports f cities us+ flu%+ ma*9es seem to indicate t ! use ( flu%+ ma*9es on r\gh & smoo? pavem5t & ! use ( squeegees on smoo!r p]man5t pavem5ts h giv5 m effective clean+ ?an ! ord9>y block or gang clean+ :]e x is practicable to make ! sub/itution4 ,! ,milwaukee ,bureau ( ,municipal ,rese>*1 9 its inve/igation ( /reet clean+ 9 t city1 says ! cont5tion ( "s is t flu%+ is detrim5tal to pavem5t z x removes gr\t1 b su* has n be5 prov5 9 ,milwaukee4 ,! "o fact t rema9s uncontradict$ is t !y clean ! /reets ( e p>ticle ( dbris & leave ! ?or\ghf>es 9 a sanit>y condition2 a matt] ( mo/ vital importance4 ,9 ,milwaukee night "w is conf9$ to two t]ritories compris+ ! heavy traffic & comm]cial t]ritories & ea* alt]nat+ night ! /reets are flu%$4 ,?is requires ! use ( f\r ma*9es & !y op]ate 9 a /agg]$ d\ble =mation1 clean+ ! entire area )\t a return movem5t4 ,:5 int]sect+ /reets are enc\nt]$1 ! two re> ma*9es p]=m ! "w & !n return to ! orig9al function4 ,a great deal m t]ritory is ?us cov]$ ?an if ma*9es 7 pair$ & ea* allott$ a giv5 area4 ,day "w is p]=m$ 9 l mann] except t ! rema9+ f\r ma*9es are assign$ to outly+ di/ricts & conf9$ !reto4 ,! foll[+ is ! co/ ( op]at+ ma*9e flu%]s z comput$ by ! ,bureau3 ,co/ ( ma*9e #a1ejj4jj ,fix$ *>ges4 ,depreciation ( #aj on 7wagon tank7 #ajj4jj ,depreciation ( #be on eng9e #abe4jj ,int]e/ at #d #fg4ej -------------- #bib4ej ,ma9t5ance ,pa9t+ 7ea* season7 #bj4jj ,hose & c\pl+1 ea* season #ae4jj #ce4jj #cbg4ej -------------- -------------- #aej days op]ation--co/ p] day #b4ah -------------- ,9 recomm5d+ ! flu%+ process ! ,milwaukee ,bureau says t spr9kl+ w be greatly r$uc$1 ! slipp]y surface ( ?or\ghf>es due to ?is valueless me?od w no long] exi/1 & t a clean] & m sanit>y condition w be ! result4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,scranton1 ,pa41 ) flu%]s is t 9 go+ ov] ! /reets b once satisfactory results are n obta9$4 ,! director ( public works says t ?is has also be5 f\nd 9 o!r cities he has visit$ :]e flu%]s are us$4 ,he has conclud$ t ! only practical & effici5t way to clean /reets is by ! use ( automobile flu%]s1 "o to ab\t "o & a half m9utes ahead ( ! o!r1 ! fir/ flu%] damp5+ ! horse dropp+s & o!r mat]ial t may /ick to ! pavem5t1 ?us loos5+ !m1 & ! second flu%] sweep+ !m into ! gutt]4 ,birm+ham1 ,alabama1 reports t its exp]i5ce has be5 t a great sav+ & bett] results are obta9$ by sub/itut+ /reet flu%]s = spr9kl]s & brooms4 ,"s cities are hav+ success ) /reet railway flu%]s1 among !m ,clevel&1 ,scranton1 ,columbus & ,new ,b$=d1 ,mass4 ,clevel& furni%es & ma9ta9s ! flu%] c>s1 pays ! co/ ( op]at+ !m1 includ+ ! wages ( employees & ! co/ ( p[]1 b contributes no?+ t[>d fix$ *>ges or = track ma9t5ance or r5ewal4 ,commission] ,john ,t4 ,fe!r/on1 ( ,new ,york ,city1 reports t ! ,mack truck flu%+ ma*9es :i* ! city put into use dur+ ! summ] ( #aiag are capable1 accord+ to prelim9>y inve/igation1 ( clean+ f #ajj1jjj to #abj1jjj squ>e y>ds ( /reet p] ma*9e p] eight h\r %ift1 & t !y w d ! "w ) ! use ( approximately #djj gallons ( wat] p] ?\s& squ>e y>ds4 ,hose ,flu%+ ,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! effici5cy ( flu%+ by hose4 ,9 ,philadelphia all alleys & /reets ^: wid? betwe5 curbs is too n>r[ to p]mit ! use ( /reet brooms are clean$ once ea* week ) hose4 ,:5 additional clean+ is necess>y x is done ) h& brooms4 ,v says t hose flu%+ is ineffective & uneconomical1 & t wat] does n rea* ! pavem5t 9 su* mann] z to give full effect & usually is do+ no "w at all4 ,"o city report makes ?is comm5t3 8,f\r or five sweep]s hold a hose & play x 9 "s sections z ?\gh ! object 7 to wa% away ! asphalt block pavem5t & c> tracks4 ,t>get %oot+1 ) a /ream ( wat]1 s-call$ flu%+1 w nev] supplant wett+ & scrubb+40 ,v also claims t wat] to be effective mu/ rea* ! pavem5t surface 9 a *isel %ape & at a prop] angle to remove & c>ry (f ! fil?4 ,he says t no man is prop]ly con/ruct$ to hold ! hose at a prop] angle ) ! pavem5t to obta9 ! be/ results = any l5g? ( "t4 ,commission] ,fe!r/on says ,new ,york's exp]i5ce %[s t a hose gang consi/+ ( two m5 is able to clean well f #bc1jjj to #be1jjj squ>e y>ds ( ! dirtie/ ,belgian block pavem5t 9 eight h\rs1 & w clean upw>d ( #cj1jjj squ>e y>ds ( smoo? pavem5t ( mod]n granite block 9 ! same "t1 us+ #b-;in* hose1 :i* is t city's /&>d size = use ) its new hose reels4 ,! am\nt ( wat] requir$ to clean #a1jjj squ>e y>ds is approximately #a1jjj gallons4 ,clean+ by ,squeegee+ ,! squeegee me?od is us$ on smoo? pavem5ts4 ,batt]ies ( two & ?ree squeegees are usually prec$$ by spr9kl]s1 :i* use z mu* wat] z possible )\t flood+ ! pavem5t1 :ile ! squeegees use j en\gh wat] to create a wa%4 ,! idea ( spr9kl+ ! pavem5t is to s(t5 ! surface & enable ! squeegee to cleanse ! /reet ( slime z well z co>s] mat]ial4 ,squeegees are foll[$ by m5 :o sweep up w9dr[s ( dirt into piles & a suffici5t numb] ( c>ts foll[ to remove ! dirt4 ,9 ,new ,york :]e no spr9kl+ c>t is us$ !y av]age #ej1jjj squ>e y>ds p] ma*9e p] day ) ! use ( #bjj gallons ( wat] p] "o ?\s& squ>e y>ds4 ,9 ,wa%+ton ) a spr9kl+ c>t !y get ab\t #hj1jjj squ>e y>ds p] ma*9e p] day4 ,p>l9 says t squeegee+ produces v effective results ) a limit$ use ( wat] on smoo? pavem5ts 9 good repair4 ,v believes t squeegee ma*9es h _! value1 & if ! spr9kl] c>t is us$ 9 advance bett] results are obta9$4 ,9 ,milwaukee ma*9es are 9 con/ant op]ation on smoo? surface pavem5ts4 ,9 c]ta9 sections :]e /reets are exceptionally wide1 ?ree ma*9es are us$ 9 /agg]$ =mation & necessitate b "o & "o-half complete trips ov] a /reet to p]fect clean+4 ,!y are r\t$ 9 su* a mann] t little idle travel is necess>y & fill+ plugs are specifi$ to prev5t empty haul to any great ext5t4 ,! same sy/em is appli$ to t]ritories :]e only two ma*9es c be op]at$1 except t f\r return trips are necess>y to complete ! "w4 ,9 no wise are op]ators all[$ to conf9e _! "w )9 a giv5 block unless conditions prev5t1 b mu/ cont9ue until tanks are empti$1 :i* usually occurs at end ( second block4 ,two labor]s are employ$ ) ^! ma*9es to keep gutt]s free f dirt & ob/ruct+ ! wat] f fl[+ to ! cat* bas9s4 ,! av]age area clean$ 9 "o ye> 0 #cgg1gab squ>e y>ds at a co/ ( #if4ce p] day or #be4e c5ts p] #a1jjj squ>e y>ds4 ,( ! total y>dage ( pavem5t 9 ! city #a1aje1cbd squ>e y>ds are free f c> tracks & subject to squeegee process4 ,"s are squeege$ twice a week :ile o!rs are clean$ b once & ea* h ! additional s]vice ( ,:ite ,w+s & spr9kl]4 ,! ,milwaukee ,bureau ( ,municipal ,rese>* gives ! co/ ( squeegee+ z foll[s3 ,co/ ( ma*9e #a1bej4jj ,fix$ *>ges ,depreciation & repairs at #aj on ma*9e #aaa4jj ,depreciation repairs at #ej on roll] #gj4jj ,int]e/ at #d #ef4be #bcg4be -------------- ------------------ ,ma9t5ance3 ,pa9t+ 7ea* season7 #bj4jj ,hose & c\pl+ 7ea* season7 #ae4jj #ce4jj -------------- ------------------ ,season co/1 #bgb4be #aej days op]ation1 co/ p] day #a4hae ,op]ation3 ,team hire p] day #e4jj ,"o sweep] at #b #b4jj ,wat] at #f p] #a1jjj gal 4#hb -------------- ------------------ ,co/ p] ma*9e p] day #i4fce ,manufactur]s h plac$ on ! m>ket a mod]n motor driv5 squeegee said to be effici5t & economical to a city ) l>ge area ( smoo? pavem5t4 ,! capacity ( ?is tank is increas$ to #gej gallons 7an increase ( #bjj gallons ov] horse-drawn ma*9e71 :i* w p]mit a l>ge area to be clean$ un9t]rupt$ by con/ant fill+1 & r$uce ! lo/ "t at hydrants4 ,!re are two sets ( sprays1 "o directly 9 front ( ma*9e & "o directly 9 front ( squeegee4 ,back ( ! fir/ spray or spr9kl] head is a set ( two bru%es to loos5 any h>d5$ matt] t might n be subject$ to ! squeegee process4 ,by us+ ?is ma*9e1 ! employm5t ( labor]s to cont9ue ! fl[ ( wat] to cat* bas9s is unnecess>y1 z ! dis*>ge ( wat] is suffici5t to remove any slight p>ticles t are remov$ by ! horse drawn equipm5t4 ,at ! end ( ! season1 ! ma*9e c be dismantl$ & a box atta*$ to make x available = o!r purposes4 ,! co/ ( op]at+ ?is /yle is e/imat$ by ! ,milwaukee ,bureau to be z foll[s3 ,co/ ( ma*9e #d1jjj4jj ,depreciation & repairs at #be on ma*9e 7"o- #dha4be half *>geable to /reet clean+7 ,int]e/ inve/m5t #d 7"o-half *>geable to #ij4jj /reet clean+7 ,"o roll] p] season #he4jj -------------- ,ma9t5ance3 #fef4be ,hose1 c\pl+s1 #d tires depreciation at #ej ,replacem5t ( two bru%es #fi4jj -------------- ,season co/ #gbe4ge #aej days op]ation on /reet clean+ #d4hd ,op]ation3 #a sweep] p] day #b4jj #a *auffeur p] day #c4jj ,gas & oil #a4hb ,wat] at #f p] gal4 #a4fj ---------- #h4db ,daily co/ #ac4bf ,av]age squ>e y>ds clean$ p] day1 #hj1jjj ,co/ squ>e y>ds1 #af4e ,assessm5t = foot front bas$ on a /reet #cj feet wide & clean$ fifty times a season w\ld be #a4cg4 ,?is co/ data %[s motor driv5 squeegees w p]=m twice ! am\nt ( "w z horse drawn at a r$uc$ unit co/4 ,! diff]5ce 9 op]at+ co/ ( two types w\ld be3 ,horse drawn1 av]age co/ p] #a1jjj squ>e y>ds #be4e ,motor driv51 av]age co/ p] #a1jjj squ>e y>ds #af4e ,:9]y says t :ile x is true t flu%+ me?ods1 if ?or\ghly us$1 d c>ry ! remov$ du/ into ! sew]s or dra9s1 :i* is reg>d$ by _m objectionable & to clog ! pipes1 ?is might happ5 :]e ! :ole ( ! /reet dirt1 co>se & f9e1 is ?us c>ri$ toge!r into ! sew]s4 ,he does n "k ( any in/ances :]e actual tr\ble has result$4 ,! practise ( clean+ ! /reets :olly by squeegee+ or flu%+ is n1 h[ev]1 to be recomm5d$1 he believes1 if = no o!r reason ?an t x w\ld be impracticable to d ! "w sev]al times ea* day & ?us prev5t ! =mation & fly+ ( du/4 ,! dang] ( clogg+ ! sew]s by flu%+ du/ only into !m is1 he ?9ks1 v remote1 z ! quantity ( ! du/ rema9+ aft] prop] co>se clean+ is small4 ,c>eful det]m9ation by ! ,new ,york ,commission on ,/reet ,clean+ & ,wa/e ,disposal %[$ t on smoo? pavem5ts clean$ by ! patrol sy/em ! accumulation ( du/ 9 #dh h\rs aft] ! /reet has be5 wa%$ ei!r by h>d ra9s or by flu%+1 does n exce$ five p] c5t4 or six p] c5t4 ( ! total daily quantity ( /reet dirt1 ?\gh on r\gh /one block pavem5t x may be mu* l>g]4 ,?is quantity is s small t its disposal ?r\gh ! sew]s c\ld h>dly cause s]i\s tr\ble4 ,9 fact1 ! l>ge volume ( wat] us$ t5ds r to flu% & clean out ! sew]s4 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,municipal ,improvem5ts1 ,mr4 ,p>l9 summ>izes z foll[s ! results ( a /udy made by him to det]m9e ! economy ( ! v>i\s types ( flu%+ equipm5t3 8,hose flu%+ on small areas 0 ! mo/ economical me?od2 t up to #dj1jjj squ>e y>ds1 ! horse drawn equipm5t 0 next 9 economy2 t f #dj1jjj squ>e y>ds to #ij1jjj squ>e y>ds ! hose 0 ab\t z economical z ! automobile2 t f #ij1jjj squ>e y>ds to #abj1jjj squ>e y>ds automobile 0 supreme1 & = daily s*$ule areas ( ov] #abj1jjj squ>e y>ds ! automobile & /reet c> equipm5t give ne>ly ! same economy40 ,! /reet wa%+ equipm5t ( ! future w probably be a comb9ation affair4 ,?is has be5 us$ 9 ,europe = sev]al ye>s4 ,new ,york ,city is n[ develop+ comb9ation equipm5t4 ,! ideal sy/em ( /reet clean+ w\ld1 !re=e1 be effici5t patrol or h& clean+ ?r\gh ! day or dur+ a long] p]iod if ! volume ( travel 9 ! ev5+ requires x1 & ?or\gh scrubb+ ) squeegees or wa%+ ) wat] "u pressure by flu%+ ma*9es or hose at night z (t5 z may be necess>y4 ,al?\gh ! automobile equipm5t has n be5 9 use long1 exp]i5ce has %[n t x is bo? effici5t & economical1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! l>g] cities4 ,disposal ( ,/reet ,refuse ,9 mo/ cities ! f9al disposal ( sweep+s & wa/e collect$ f ! /reets is a tr\blesome problem1 & ! co/ is no small item 9 ! exp5ses ( ! /reet clean+ dep>tm5t4 ,! majority dispose ( ! sweep+s on city dumps4 ,a few cities are able to dispose ( a "p ( ! sweep+s f pav$ /reets to f>m]s & g>d5]s 9 ! ne> vic9ity on t]ms t repay at lea/ a "p ( ! co/ t w\ld o!rwise h to be incurr$1 b ! exp5se ( h&l+ & transport+ ! mat]ial to any consid]able di/ance & its great bulk comp>$ ) its comm]cial value z a f]tiliz] place a limit on its disposal 9 ?is way4 ,nev]!less1 x %\ld be possible 9 ! small] cities at lea/ to int]e/ f>m]s & g>d5]s 9 ! use ( ?is mat]ial to a great] ext5t ?an is n[ common & to dispose ?us ( ! sweep+s at a price t w\ld r$uce ! co/ ( disposal o!rwise4 ,! use ( /reet refuse = fill+ l[ gr\nd or reclaim+ areas ( %all[ wat] & m>%es has n be5 s s]i\sly consid]$ z x %\ld be4 ,9 "s cities ! /reet dirt is us$ z a fill betwe5 sidewalks & curb or 9 l[ alleys & vacant lots :i* are adjac5t to ! /reets clean$4 ,9 o!r cities :]e ! s-call$ 8%ort haul0 sy/em is us$1 ! /reet dirt is collect$ f /ations at :i* ! /reet sweep]s deposit x1 = fill+ purposes )9 ! w>d4 ,! haul seldom exce$s ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile4 ,"o mile has be5 us$ z a /&>d = %ort hauls )9 w>ds4 ,relative ,co/ ( ,/reet ,clean+ ,mo/ exp]ts agree t little c be ga9$ by comp>+ unit co/s 9 diff]5t cities z local conditions & prices paid = labor1 etc41 v>y s widely4 ,ano!r reason is ! lack ( uni=mity 9 /&>ds & records ma9ta9$ 9 ! v>i\s cities4 ,& /ill ano!r reason is ! v>y+ /&>ds ( cleanl9ess4 ,v few cities 9 consid]+ ! sum to be appropriat$ fir/ det]m9e ! /&>d ( cleanl9ess to be atta9$4 ,an inve/igation conduct$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,c5sus indicat$ t ! unit co/ ( /reet clean+ 9 cities hav+ less ?an #cjj1jjj inhabitants is less ?an t 9 cities hav+ ov] #cjj1jjj4 ,:5 ! _m diff]5t me?ods ( record & co/ keep+ are consid]$ z well z ! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 obta9+ accurate in=mation z to conditions & me?ods us$ 9 ! clean+ ( /reets1 ! reasons = ^! diff]5ces are app>5t4 ,! ,municipal ,j\rnal 9 ,janu>y1 #aiae1 pr9t$ a table :i* %[s t ! av]age numb] ( clean+s p] ye> 9 ?irty-"o ( ! l>ge/ cities 0 #aef1 v>y+ f #cg to #cjj4 ,! cubic y>ds ( sweep+s p] ye> p] ?\s& squ>e y>ds ( /reet area av]ag$ #bj4e1 v>y+ f #e4g to #dh2 ! latt] be+ 9 ,bo/on & ne>ly f\r times t report$ f ,wa%+ton4 ,! av]age am\nt ( sweep+s collect$ at ea* clean+ 0 #aia cubic y>ds p] million squ>e y>ds clean$1 v>y+ f #cb to #ddj4 ,! co/ p] ?\s& squ>e y>ds ( clean+ done av]ag$ #ce c5ts1 v>y+ f #ad c5ts to #a4ec4 ,! co/ p] cubic y>d ( sweep+s av]ag$ #b4gj1 v>y+ f #gi c5ts to #h4ge4 ,table ,i 7a7 ,,/reet ,,clean+ ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities ,"n ( ,city ,population ,miles ( ,/reets ,swept p] ,ye> ,by ,h& ,by ,ma*9e ,total ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #dfa1cce #i1fjj #cd1jjj ,beacon1 ,n4 ,y4 #aj1afe #a4e ,b+hamton1 ,n4 #ec1jjj #b #be4f #bg4f ,y4 ,c9c9nati1 #djb1age #bj1aab #aja ,ohio ,cambridge1 #aaj1jjj #ae #ajh4e ,mass4 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #b1bjj1jjjd1fgd1cif1cjhab1jci1hei ,s4,y4 ,s4,y4 ,camd51 ,n4 ,j4 #ie1jjj #b1bdi1cad ,columbus1 ,ohio #bbj1jjj ,clevel&1 #efa1jjj ,ohio ,cortl&1 ,n4 #ac1jjj #f ,y4 ,dunkirk1 ,n4 ,y4 #ag1hgj #bf ,d5v]1 ,col4 #bde1ebc #ajb1eja1bcj #bae1jdf1hdh ,s4,y4 ,s4,y4 ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y4 #dj1jic #bj1fgb ,fall ,riv]1 #abd1gia ,mass4 ,gr& ,rapids1 #aca1jjj ,mi*4 ,hudson1 ,n4 ,y4 #ac1jjj #ba4e ,jame/[n1 ,n4 #ch1jjj #a #cj ,y4 ,kansas ,city1 #cai1jjj #dfb4feb ,mo4 ,k+/on1 ,n4 #bg1jjj #d ,y4 ,los ,angeles1 #eej1jjj #ccc ,cal4 ,l\isville1 #bbd1jjj #h1cca ,ky4 ,l[ell1 ,mass4 #ajf1bid ,lynn1 ,mass4 #if1jjj #ce ,lackawanna1 ,n4 #ag1ejj #e4e ,y4 ,little ,falls1 #ac1jjj #f ,n4 ,y4 ,milwaukee1 #dej1jjj #hb #beb4e ,wis4 ,middlet[n1 ,n4 #ah1jjj #d4b ,y4 ,me*anicville1 #h1bjh #e4 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,york ,city #d1eea1hfj #a1dhg 7,manhattan1 ,bronx ,brooklyn7 ,new ,orleans1 #djj1jjj ,la4 ,new ,b$=d1 #aaa1jjj ,mass4 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 #cgj1jjj ,norwi*1 ,n4 ,y4 #h1ejj #f ,new ,ro*elle1 #ce1ejj #eh ,n4 ,y4 ,niag>a ,falls1 #de1jjj #djj ,n4 ,y4 ,newburgh1 ,n4 #bg1hgf ,y4 ,oakl&1 ,cal4 #bae1jjj #d1abh #e1afj ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 #bd1jjj #ij ,ogd5sburg1 ,n4 #ad1chh #a-c #aj ,y4 ,philadelphia1 #a1hjj1jjj #dfa #a1afe ,pa4 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 #bdh1jjj ,i4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 #bdh1dfe #beh1aga ,y4 ,r5ssela]1 ,n4 #aa1aab ,y4 ,read+1 ,pa4 #aaj1jjj #bji1fei squ>es ,ri*mond1 ,va4 #afj1jjj ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #hce1jjj #dje ,san ,francisco1 #ejj1jjj #dfj ,cal4 ,salt ,lake #abj1jjj #cj #ed ,city1 ,utah ,spr+field1 #ajb1iga ,mass4 ,seattle1 ,wa%4 #bch1jjj ,scranton1 ,pa4 #acj1jjj ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 #gf1jjj #dj4hi ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 #he1jjj sq4 mi4 daily4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 #cfj1jjj ,c4 ,"n ( ,city ,,area ,,9 ,,squ>e ,,y>ds ,,subject ,,to ,,clean+ ,h& ,sweep+ ,smoo? ,r\gh ,macadam ,total ,smoo? & ,r\gh ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #gdi1fjj ,beacon1 ,n4 ,y4 #bf1djj ,b+hamton1 ,n4 #aad1hbi ,y4 ,c9c9nati1 #bed1iea ,ohio ,cambridge1 #cej1jjj ,mass4 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #ai1hda1dhbg1eea1jecf1fje1bcg ,camd51 ,n4 ,j4 ,columbus1 ,ohio ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,cortl&1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dunkirk1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d5v]1 ,col4 ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y4 #da1jjj ,fall ,riv]1 ,mass4 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*4 ,hudson1 ,n4 ,y4 ,jame/[n1 ,n4 ,y4 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,k+/on1 ,n4 ,y4 ,los ,angeles1 #i1aej1jjj ,cal4 ,l\isville1 ,ky4 ,l[ell1 ,mass4 ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,lackawanna1 ,n4 ,y4 ,little ,falls1 #gd1jjj #e1jjj #c1jjj ,n4 ,y4 ,milwaukee1 #a1fjj1agj ,wis4 ,middlet[n1 ,n4 #hh1bce ,y4 ,me*anicville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,york ,city #bh1dbi1ghe 7,manhattan1 ,bronx ,brooklyn7 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,new ,b$=d1 ,mass4 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,norwi*1 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,ro*elle1 #d4fg ,mi4 #dg4a ,mi4 #f4c ,mi4 ,n4 ,y4 ,niag>a ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,newburgh1 ,n4 ,y4 ,oakl&1 ,cal4 #g1ccc1jjj #ahj1hjj ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 #dab1hff ,ogd5sburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,philadelphia1 #gej1aci #c1hce1bag ,pa4 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,r5ssela]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,read+1 ,pa4 ,ri*mond1 ,va4 #ef1hbj1djj ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,san ,francisco1 #ebe1aje1eea ,cal4 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,seattle1 ,wa%4 #c1eba1fbd ,scranton1 ,pa4 ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 #a1eac1efb #c1fhb1gff ,c4 ,"n ( ,city ,,area ,,9 ,,squ>e ,,y>ds ,,subject ,,to ,,clean+ ,ma*9e ,sweep+ ,smoo? ,r\gh ,macadam ,total ,smoo? & ,r\gh ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #g1ifd1ejj ,beacon1 ,n4 ,y4 ,b+hamton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio ,cambridge1 #a1bej1jjj ,mass4 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,camd51 ,n4 ,j4 ,columbus1 ,ohio ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,cortl&1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dunkirk1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d5v]1 ,col4 ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y4 ,fall ,riv]1 ,mass4 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*4 ,hudson1 ,n4 ,y4 ,jame/[n1 ,n4 ,y4 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,k+/on1 ,n4 ,y4 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 ,l\isville1 ,ky4 ,l[ell1 ,mass4 ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,lackawanna1 ,n4 ,y4 ,little ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,middlet[n1 ,n4 ,y4 ,me*anicville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,york ,city #aj1cia1bhc 7,manhattan1 ,bronx ,brooklyn7 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,new ,b$=d1 ,mass4 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,norwi*1 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,ro*elle1 #be1jjj ,n4 ,y4 ,niag>a ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,newburgh1 ,n4 ,y4 ,oakl&1 ,cal4 #ahg1hea ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 #ggh1cgd ,ogd5sburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,r5ssela]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,read+1 ,pa4 ,ri*mond1 ,va4 #bjh1jca1fjj ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,san ,francisco1 #fe1bbh1hab ,cal4 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,seattle1 ,wa%4 #ab1cbd1cdj ,scranton1 ,pa4 ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 #gbg1aab #ec1edb ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 #a1ehd1ebd ,c4 ,table ,i 7b7 ,,/reet ,,clean+ ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities 7,cont9u$7 ,city ,,area ,,9 ,,squ>e ,,y>ds ,,subject ,,to ,,clean+ ,h& & ,ma*9e ,sweep+ ,smoo? ,r\gh ,macadam ,total ,smoo? & ,r\gh ,buffalo #h1gad1ajj ,beacon ,b+hamton ,c9c9nati #fea1bacd1iha1gaj ,cambridge #ce1jjj ,*icago #ch1dff ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& ,dunkirk ,d5v] ,elmira ,fall ,riv] ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,jame/[n ,kansas ,city ,k+/on ,los ,angeles ,l\isville ,l[ell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middlet[n ,me*anicville ,new ,york ,city #aj1cia1bhc ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d #ada1jih4bbih1hdc4jc ,new>k ,norwi* ,new ,ro*elle ,niag>a ,falls ,newburgh ,oakl& ,oswego ,ogd5sburg ,philadelphia ,provid5ce ,ro*e/] ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond #bfd1heb1jjj ,/4 ,l\is ,san ,francisco #eij1cid1cfc ,salt ,lake ,city ,spr+field ,seattle #ae1hde1iid ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,wa%+ton ,city ,,area ,,9 ,,squ>e ,,y>ds ,,subject ,,to ,,clean+ ,sweep+ & ,flu%+ ,smoo? ,r\gh ,macadam ,total ,buffalo #ahg1djjc ,beacon ,b+hamton #ga1hjd4d ,c9c9nati #a1bgb1hdfb1ifc1idh ,cambridge ,*icago #h1cci1jadd ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& ,dunkirk ,d5v] ,elmira #dbi1ddbb ,fall ,riv] ,gr& ,rapids #fb1dgd1diib ,hudson ,jame/[n ,kansas ,city ,k+/on ,los ,angeles #h1jjj1jjjf ,l\isville ,l[ell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee #f1cge1fgfg ,middlet[n ,me*anicville ,new ,york ,city ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d ,new>k ,norwi* ,new ,ro*elle ,niag>a ,falls #ijj1jjj ,newburgh ,oakl& ,oswego ,ogd5sburg ,philadelphia #ag1cce1jbg ,provid5ce ,ro*e/] ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond #b1hdf1jjjb ,/4 ,l\is ,san ,francisco #gjd1bdj1hbh ,salt ,lake ,city ,spr+field ,seattle #ahi1jch1gab ,scranton ,troy #cja1hghb ,utica ,wa%+ton ,city ,,area ,,9 ,,squ>e ,,y>ds ,,subject ,,to ,,clean+ ,sweep+ & ,flu%+ ,smoo? & ,total ,r\gh ,buffalo ,beacon ,b+hamton ,c9c9nati #aj1abd1ffh ,cambridge ,*icago ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& #agb1bbf ,dunkirk #caf1fja ,d5v] ,elmira ,fall ,riv] ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,jame/[n #eca1ehb ,kansas ,city ,k+/on #g1ebf1gfbe ,los ,angeles ,l\isville ,l[ell ,lynn ,lackawanna #ajj1jjj ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middlet[n ,me*anicville ,new ,york ,city #aj1bhj1ihb ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d ,new>k ,norwi* ,new ,ro*elle ,niag>a ,falls ,newburgh ,oakl& ,oswego #agd1hcj ,ogd5sburg #ge1jjj ,philadelphia ,provid5ce ,ro*e/] #d1bfe1jfa ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond #bfg1fih1jjj ,/4 ,l\is #i1dbg1bab ,san ,francisco ,salt ,lake ,city ,spr+field ,seattle ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,wa%+ton #b1fga1ifcd ,table ,i 7c7 ,,/reet ,,clean+ ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities 7,cont9u$7 ,city ,,squ>e ,,y>ds ,,clean$ ,,p] ,,week ,h& ,sweep+ ,smoo? ,r\gh ,macadam ,total ,buffalo #h1gad1ajjh ,beacon ,b+hamton ,c9c9nati #e1gdg1agd ,cambridge #gjj1jjj ,*icago #aai1jdh1hibde1cjf1cjh #ci1fca1dbb ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& ,dunkirk ,d5v] ,elmira ,fall ,riv] ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,jame/[n ,kansas ,city ,k+/on ,los ,angeles #i #i #i ,l\isville ,l[ell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee #d1gdb1jddaj ,middlet[n ,me*anicville ,new ,york ,city ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d ,new>k #aa1ged1beg ,norwi* ,new ,ro*elle ,niag>a ,falls ,newburgh ,oakl& #aa1dhj1hcch #b1dgg1aif ,oswego #cej1jjj ,ogd5sburg ,philadelphia #c1hce1bag ,provid5ce ,ro*e/] ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond ,/4 ,l\is ,san ,francisco #ge1jae1jgf ,salt ,lake ,city ,spr+field ,seattle ,scranton #aci1cgg1gfch ,troy ,utica ,wa%+ton #ihd1jjj #ba1ggb1eif ,city ,,squ>e ,,y>ds ,,clean$ ,,p] ,,week ,h& ,sweep+ ,ma*9e ,sweep+ ,smoo? & ,smoo? ,r\gh ,macadam ,total ,r\gh ,buffalo #eaa1aaa1aaah ,beacon ,b+hamton ,c9c9nati #ec1bgf ,cambridge #ajj1jjj ,*icago ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& ,dunkirk ,d5v] ,elmira ,fall ,riv] ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,jame/[n ,kansas ,city ,k+/on ,los ,angeles ,l\isville ,l[ell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middlet[n ,me*anicville ,new ,york ,city#eci1faa1eih ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d ,new>k ,norwi* ,new ,ro*elle ,niag>a ,falls ,newburgh #ahj1hjj ,oakl& ,oswego #bfd1gag ,ogd5sburg ,philadelphia ,provid5ce ,ro*e/] ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond ,/4 ,l\is ,san ,francisco #i1cbf1igc ,salt ,lake ,city ,spr+field ,seattle ,scranton #bg1hdd1dhch ,troy #a1dec1bbdajg1jhf ,utica ,wa%+ton #ghi1jjj ,city ,,squ>e ,,y>ds ,,clean$ ,,p] ,,week ,ma*9e ,sweep+ ,h& & ,ma*9e ,sweep+ ,smoo? &,total1 ,smoo?1 ,smoo? & ,r\gh ,r\gh & ,r\gh ,macadam ,buffalo #eai1hbe1bajh ,beacon ,b+hamton ,c9c9nati ,cambridge ,*icago #bcj1gif ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& ,dunkirk ,d5v] ,elmira ,fall ,riv] ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,jame/[n ,kansas ,city ,k+/on ,los ,angeles ,l\isville ,l[ell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middlet[n ,me*anicville ,new ,york ,city#ag1cjj1aeh #ag1cjj1aeh ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d ,new>k ,norwi* ,new ,ro*elle ,niag>a ,falls ,newburgh ,oakl& #c1ddi1fjf ,oswego ,ogd5sburg ,philadelphia ,provid5ce ,ro*e/] ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond ,/4 ,l\is ,san ,francisco#hd1cdb1jea ,salt ,lake ,city ,spr+field ,seattle ,scranton ,troy #a1haa1bfhb ,utica ,wa%+ton ,city ,,squ>e ,,y>ds ,,clean$ ,,p] ,,week ,sweep+ & ,flu%+ ,smoo? ,total1 ,smoo?1 ,smoo? ,total ,r\gh & & ,r\gh ,macadam ,buffalo #e1fbb1jjjhb ,beacon ,b+hamton ,c9c9nati #d1fag1bgg #aj1dag1fgg ,cambridge ,*icago #ej1jcd1jfd ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& ,dunkirk ,d5v] ,elmira ,fall ,riv] ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,jame/[n #a1fgi1eic ,kansas ,city ,k+/on ,los ,angeles #aj1jjj1jjjf ,l\isville ,l[ell ,lynn ,lackawanna #ajj1jjj ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middlet[n ,me*anicville ,new ,york ,city #e1bgc1fchefb1ahd1cid ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d ,new>k ,norwi* ,new ,ro*elle #g1gdc1gib ,niag>a ,falls #ah1jjj ,newburgh ,oakl& ,oswego #eff1ecb ,ogd5sburg ,philadelphia #ei1bch1iab ,provid5ce ,ro*e/] #d1bfe1jfb ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond ,/4 ,l\is ,san ,francisco #ajj1fje1hcb ,salt ,lake ,city ,spr+field ,seattle ,scranton #bcf1jjjbh ,troy ,utica ,wa%+ton #ghb1jjjd ,table ,i 7d7 ,,/reet ,,clean+ ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities 7,cont9u$7 ,city ,,cubic ,,y>ds ,,( ,,/reet ,,sweep+ ,,remov$ ,,p] ,,week ,h& ,sweep+ ,smoo?,r\gh ,macadam ,total ,smoo? ,smoo?1 & ,r\gh & ,r\gh ,macadam ,buffalo ,beacon ,b+hamton ,c9c9nati ,cambridge #ejj ,*icago #i1cbie1dbh #a1eeh ,camd5 ,columbus #aj1ehfh ,clevel& ,cortl& ,dunkirk ,d5v] ,elmira ,fall ,riv] ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,jame/[n ,kansas ,city ,k+/on ,los ,angeles ,l\isville ,l[ell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee #ge1dbcaa ,middlet[n ,me*anicville ,new ,york ,city ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d ,new>k #b1jjaa1ejj #chh ,norwi* ,new ,ro*elle ,niag>a ,falls ,newburgh #dh ,oakl& #ca1bgfh #agj ,oswego ,ogd5sburg ,philadelphia #ea1ifah ,provid5ce ,ro*e/] ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond ,/4 ,l\is ,san ,francisco ,salt ,lake #bd a day4 ,city ,spr+field ,seattle ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,wa%+ton #h1fjb #fc1bdb ,city ,,cubic ,,y>ds ,,( ,,/reet ,,sweep+ ,,remov$ ,,p] ,,week ,ma*9e ,sweep+ ,sweep+ & ,flu%+ ,smoo? ,total ,smoo? ,total ,smoo? & ,total ,smoo?1 & ,smoo?1 ,r\gh ,r\gh &,r\gh ,r\gh & ,macadam ,macadam ,buffalo ,beacon ,b+hamton ,c9c9nati #b1dif ,cambridge #ejj ,*icago #bhh ,camd5 #ad1hgah ,columbus #bg1cdhh #ab1bhdbh ,clevel& ,cortl& ,dunkirk ,d5v] #eh1badh ,elmira ,fall ,riv] ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,jame/[n #ij ,kansas ,city ,k+/on ,los ,angeles #a1ejj ,l\isville ,l[ell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middlet[n ,me*anicville ,new ,york ,city #ae1fbe ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d ,new>k ,norwi* ,new ,ro*elle #gb ,niag>a ,falls #aej ,newburgh ,oakl& #bhh ,oswego ,ogd5sburg ,philadelphia #cgg1cdeh ,provid5ce ,ro*e/] ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond ,/4 ,l\is #a1jjj a day4 ,san ,francisco #ab ,salt ,lake ,city ,spr+field ,seattle ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,wa%+ton #bi1jhi ,city ,numb] ( ,weeks 9 ,av]age ,numb] ( ,clean+ ,season ,clean+s p] ,week ,buffalo #ce to #dj = h& #f = h& sweep+ all sweep+1 ma*9e k9ds ( pavem5t1 #b sweep+1 & h& & = ma*9e sweep+ ma*9e sweep+4 #be all k9ds ( pavem5t1 = flu%+4 ,?is is & "o = sweep+ = all k9ds ( & flu%+ all k9ds pavem5t4 ( pavem5t4 ,beacon #ce weeks 9 clean+ #f times4 season4 ,b+hamton #bg = h& sweep+1 #f = h& sweep+ all smoo? & r\gh1 #bi k9ds ( pavem5t1 #f = ma*9e sweep+1 = ma*9e sweep+ smoo? & r\gh1 & smoo? & r\gh1 & #cb = sweep+ & sweep+ & flu%+1 flu%+1 smoo? & smoo? & r\gh4 r\gh4 ,c9c9nati #eb weeks4 ,bus9ess daily1 resid5tial "o to two times a week4 ,cambridge #eb = h& sweep+ ,six = h& sweep+ smoo? pavem5t1 #aj = smoo? pavem5t1 #b to #c ma*9e sweep+ smoo? times a ye> = h& pavem5t4 sweep+ r\gh & macadam4 ,*icago #cf = h& sweep+ all ,six = h& sweep+ k9ds ( pavem5t4 smoo? & r\gh1 & ?ree = h& sweep+ macadam4 ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& #cb weeks4 ,six = h& sweep+ smoo?1 & "o = h& sweep+ macadam4 ,dunkirk #f times4 ,d5v] #eb weeks4 ,elmira #dj weeks4 ,sev5 = h& sweep+ smoo?1 & #b = flu%+ r\gh1 & "o = flu%+ macadam4 ,fall ,riv] #eb weeks4 ,n9e = h& sweep+ smoo? & r\gh4 ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,six = h& sweep+ r\gh1 & #c or #d times a ye> = ma*9e sweep+ smoo?4 ,jame/[n #bg weeks4 #d times4 ,kansas ,city #eb weeks = h& ,bus9ess section #ce1 sweep+ all k9ds ( semi-bus9ess #g1 & pavem5t1 & #f times a resid5tial section mon? = sweep+ & "o4 flu%+ all k9ds ( pavem5t4 ,k+/on ,los ,angeles #eb = h& sweep+ & #e times daily = = flu%+ all k9ds conge/$ & once ( pavem5t4 daily = resid5tial h& sweep+ all k9ds ( pavem5t4 #c times daily = conge/$1 & "o & "o-half times daily = resid5tial flu%+ all k9ds ( pavem5t4 ,l\isville #eb weeks4 ,l[ell #eb weeks4 ,lynn #eb weeks4 ,bus9ess section twice a day2 resid5tial section once a week4 ,lackawanna #cb weeks4 ,little ,falls #cb weeks4 ,six = h& sweep+ all k9ds ( pavem5t4 ,milwaukee ,v>ies4 ,f "o to six1 dep5d+ ^u di/ricts4 ,middlet[n #cb weeks4 #da1cjj ,s4 ,y4 daily2 balance twice a week4 ,me*anicville,f #cj to #ce4 #f times = h& sweep+ smoo?4 ,new ,york ,city#eb = h& sweep+1 ,n9ete5 = h& ma*9e sweep+1 h& sweep+ smoo? & & ma*9e sweep+1 r\gh1 #bg = eight & sweep+ & mon?s = ma*9e flu%+ smoo? & sweep+ smoo? & r\gh pavem5ts4 r\gh2 numb] = h& & ma*9e sweep+ & sweep+ & flu%+ smoo? & r\gh dep5ds on wea!r4 ,new ,orleans #eb weeks4 ,six1 exclud+ ra9y days4 ,new ,b$=d #db = h& & ma*9e sweep+ smoo? & r\gh4 ,new>k #eb = h& sweep+ all #b = h& sweep+ all k9ds4 k9ds4 ,norwi* #be weeks4 ,once a week4 ,new ,ro*elle #eb weeks4 ,six times a week4 ,niag>a ,falls#cj weeks4 ,sweep+ & flu%+ smoo? once4 ,newburgh #cd weeks4 ,twelve times = h& sweep+ smoo? & r\gh4 ,oakl& ,all clean+ cont9u\s ,six times = h& ) r$uc$ =ce on sweep+ smoo? & ra9y days & r\gh1 f "o to f\r irregul> =ce on times p] ye> = h& macadam clean+4 ,no sweep+ macadam1 f\r ma*9e sweep+ on times = ma*9e ra9y days1 :i* are sweep+ smoo? & equal to five to t5 r\gh4 weeks a ye>4 ,oswego #cf times = h& sweep+ all k9ds ( pavem5ts2 #cf times = ma*9e sweep+ smoo? pavem5t1 & #cj times = sweep+ & flu%+ r\gh pavem5t4 ,ogd5sburg ,/reets n pav$ #b clean+s a ye>2 sections mo/ travel$ clean$ ) sweep] twice dur+ summ] season also4 ,patrol sy/em 9 bus9ess section also flu%$ twice a week4 ,philadelphia #eb = h& sweep+ & ,"o = h& sweep+ #de = ma*9e sweep+ macadam1 f two to all k9ds ( pavem5ts4 six = ma*9e sweep+ smoo? & r\gh1 & sweep+ & flu%+ all k9ds ( pavem5t4 ,provid5ce #eb times = h& ,six times = h& sweep+ smoo?1 #h sweep+ smoo?2 #f times a mon? = h& times a ye> = h& sweep+ macadam & sweep+ macadam1 & ma*9e sweep+ r\gh4 once = ma*9e sweep+ r\gh4 ,ro*e/] ,r\gh swept by h& #c to #f times a week2 macadam swept by h& once a week2 r\gh ma*9e swept f once to ?ree times a week4 ,smoo? swept & flu%$ #c to #f times a week4 ,r5ssela] #bg weeks4 ,f once to twice a week4 ,read+ ,twice a week4 ,ri*mond ,/4 ,l\is #eb weeks4 ,bus9ess daily1 resid5tial once a week4 ,san ,francisco#eb weeks4 ,once4 ,salt ,lake #aj a mon? h& sweep+ ,city smoo?1 #c times a ye> h& sweep+ macadam4 ,spr+field ,seattle #eb weeks4 ,bus9ess six1 semi- bus9ess #c1 resid5tial f "o to two4 ,scranton ,troy #cc = ma*9e sweep+ ,two = ma*9e sweep+ macadam1 & #cc = macadam & r\gh2 #f h& & ma*9e = flu%+ smoo?4 sweep+ smoo?2 #cc = sweep+ & flu%+ r\gh4 ,utica #cb weeks4 ,f #c to #f4 ,wa%+ton #eb = h& sweep+1 ,six = h& sweep+ ma*9e sweep+ & smoo? & r\gh2 = flu%+ & sweep+ h& sweep+ macadam1 all k9ds ( pavem5t4 #c = ma*9e sweep+ smoo? & r\gh1 & #b = sweep+ & flu%+ smoo? & r\gh4 ,table ,i 7e7 ,,/reet ,,clean+ ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities 7,cont9u$7 ,,=ce ,city ,numb] ( ,wage & ,numb] (,wages &,numb] ,co/ & ,=em5 ,h\rs ,me*anics ,h\rs ( ,h\rs & ,daily#ad & ,daily#ad ,teams ,daily#ad ,inspectors ,skill$ ,labor]s ,buffalo #bb #b4ej- #ai #b4ej- #ajj #d4jj #c4jj #d4jj ,beacon #a ,b+hamton #a #c4jj #g #d4ej ,c9c9nati #hbj4jj ,wk4 #ajc4ej-e4jj #fj #b4ai ,cambridge #b #b4ge #h ,city teams4 ,*icago #aabb4fj-b4he #afe #f4jj ,camd5 #aic4cb ,mo4 #ab ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& #a #a4ge #c #b4ej s+le4 ,dunkirk ,d5v] #dge4jj ,mo4 #c #b4ej #dj #e4jj ,elmira #a #b4ej #e #d4jj d\ble d\ble #a #c4jj s+le4 s+le4 ,fall ,riv] #a #c4ej #d #c4ge ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,jame/[n #b #e4ej ,kansas ,city #bdge4jj ,mo4 #cc4jj-c4ej #cj #e4jj ,k+/on ,los ,angeles #a #ajj4jj- #bc4jj-c4ej #hi #e4jj #abe4jj ,mo4 ,l\isville #beb4jj-c4jj #ff #d4jj #i #i hrs4 hrs4 ,l[ell #g4ej ,lynn #a #c4bj #b #e4ch ,lackawanna #ajb4ej-c4jj #ajb4ge-c4be #d #d4ge ,little ,falls #a #b4jj #a #d4ej ,milwaukee #bga1jjj4jj- 4#de4 hr4 #e4jj #a1ijj4jj ,yr4 ,middlet[n #a #b4be #a #c4ej ,me*anicville #a #b4be #d4jj ,new ,york ,city #acda1bab4jj- #c4jj-c4ej #e4jj #a1chj4jj ,yr4 ,new ,orleans #bgge4jj ,mo4 #ic ,city #i hrs4 teams4 ,new ,b$=d #a #c4ej #b ,new>k #ae #c4hc #ce #d4hj d\ble d\ble #cd #c4bj s+le4 s+le4 ,norwi* #b-f #e4jj ,new ,ro*elle #e4ej ,niag>a ,falls #f #c4jj #cj #e4jj ,newburgh #ahj4jj ,mo4 #a #b4ge s+le s+le #a #ge4 hr4 d\ble d\ble4 #c hrs4 day4 ,oakl& #b #aaj4jj #b #f4jj ,mo4 ,oswego #d-fd4jj-e4fj ,ogd5sburg #bb4jj-b4ej #b #b4ej #d4jj ,philadelphia #hjb4ej #i-aj #bbie4ej #i-aj hrs4 hrs4 ,provid5ce #e #dg #c4jj #i hrs4 ,ro*e/] #bj-be #b4jj #ae-ah #d4hj ,r5ssela] #b #c #b4jj #g ,read+ ,ri*mond #f #b4fb #i #c #b4ge #i hrs4 hrs4 ,/4 ,l\is #ejge4jj ,mo4 #agg #d4jj ,san ,francisco #bb #c4ej #c #c4ge #fg #f4ej ,salt ,lake #d #c4bj #a #d4jj #bj #d4ej ,city ,spr+field #a #d4jj #af #e4fj ,seattle #bj #ij4jj- #c4jj ,city #aae4jj teams4 ,mo4 ,scranton ,troy #b #b4jj #c #c4jj #h #c4df ,utica #g #acj #bg ,wa%+ton #aigbj-a1cjj #gj ,,=ce ,,me?ods ,,( ,,clean+ ,,us$ ,city ,numb] (,wage ,all ,sweep+ ,unskill$ & ,o!rs ,employees,h\rs,employ$ ,daily ,ma*9e ,h& ,buffalo #acib4jj ,%eet asphalt1 ,%eet asphalt1 r\gh block1 r\gh block1 brick1 cobble1 brick1 asphalt1 concrete1 block1 bituli?ic1 bitum9\s4 asphaltic concrete1 macadam1 cobble1 asphalt block & bitum9\s4 ,beacon #c #a4ge ,b+hamton #ah #b4jj ,brick1 concrete1,brick1 bituli?ic4 concrete1 bituli?ic1 macadam4 ,c9c9nati #bfab4be- #f,macadam & ,macadam & #b4ge cobble4 cobble4 ,cambridge #dj #b4ej ,smoo? pavem5ts,smoo? frequ5tly4 pavem5ts frequ5tly4 ,*icago #a1hjj #b4ce ,none4 ,all4 ,camd5 #bj ,yes4 ,yes4 ,columbus ,yes4 ,yes4 ,clevel& ,yes4 ,cortl& #d #a4ge ,yes4 ,dunkirk ,brick1 asphalt & concrete4 ,d5v] #gj #b4ej ,elmira #ab #a4ge ,asphalt & brick4 ,fall ,riv] #eg #b4dj ,yes4 ,r\gh block4 ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,brick & macadam4 ,jame/[n #h #b4jj ,brick1 wood block1 bituli?ic asphalt block1 bitum9\s4 ,kansas ,city #bbe #b4be #ah ,all4 ,k+/on ,yes4 ,los ,angeles #ccc #b4ej ,all4 ,l\isville #a4ge ,yes4 ,yes4 ,l[ell #b4be ,smoo? block4 ,%eet asphalt1 brick1 wood block1 concrete1 bituli?ic1 macadam1 smoo? block1 bitum9\s4 ,lynn #bf #b4ej ,all4 ,lackawanna #ce #a4he #c;,brick & macadam4 ,little ,falls #g #a4ge ,all4 ,milwaukee #b4jj ,%eet asphalt1 ,same z brick1 ma*9e4 concrete1 bituli?ic1 asphaltic concrete1 macadam4 ,middlet[n #d #b4jj ,yes4 ,me*anicville #ee #a4fj #b ,concrete1 brick1 bitum9\s4 ,new ,york ,city #b4ej ,%eet asphalt1 ,same z r\gh block1 ma*9e4 brick1 wood block1 smoo? block1 cobble1 asphalt block1 bitum9\s1 iron slag4 ,new ,orleans #cdj #b4jj ,none4 ,%eet asphalt1 wood block1 concrete1 bituli?ic4 ,new ,b$=d #fe #b4be ,%eet asphalt4 ,%eet asphalt1 r\gh block1 brick1 wood block4 ,new>k #cjjaj4jj ,all4 ,wk4 ,norwi* #d-f #a4fj ,yes4 ,no4 ,new ,ro*elle ,all4 ,niag>a ,falls #ej #b4jj ,yes4 ,yes4 ,newburgh #ah #b4jj ,yes4 ,oakl& #cg #b4ej #ac ,%eet asphalt1 ,%eet asphalt1 brick1 wood macadam1 block1 smoo? asphaltic block1 concrete1 bitum9\s4 smoo? block4 ,oswego #a4fj- ,%eet asphalt1 ,%eet asphalt1 #b4jj r\gh block1 wood block1 brick1 wood macadam1 block4 bitum9\s4 ,ogd5sburg #a4ge ,yes4 ,yes4 ,philadelphia #a1jbj- #a4ge ,%eet asphalt1 ,bituli?ic1 #a1adj #i-aj r\gh block1 asphaltic hrs4 brick1 smoo? concrete1 block1 cobble1 macadam1 asphaltic bitum9\s4 block1 miscellane\s4 ,provid5ce #bjj #b4jj ,r\gh block4 ,%eet asphalt1 #i brick1 wood hrs4 block1 bituli?ic1 macadam1 smoo? block1 bitum9\s4 ,ro*e/] #djja4ge- ,r\gh block1 ,%eet asphalt1 #b4jj brick1 cobble4 r\gh block1 brick1 wood block1 bituli?ic1 macadam1 cobble1 bitum9\s4 ,r5ssela] ,yes4 ,read+ ,ri*mond #ahj #b4be #c #i hrs4 ,/4 ,l\is #fge #a4ej #ab ,san ,francisco #afc #c4jj #ab,yes4 ,yes4 ,salt ,lake #bd #b4be #gj,yes4 ,city ,spr+field #aje #b4dj ,yes4 ,yes4 ,seattle #c4jj ,plank roads4 ,scranton ,yes4 ,yes4 ,troy #b #b4jj ,r\gh block1 brick1 macadam4 ,utica ,yes4 ,yes4 ,wa%+ton #djfa4ej- #aa;,all except dirt4,all4 #b4ej ,,me?ods ,,( ,,clean+ ,,us$ ,city ,flu%+ ,squeegee+ ,hose ,ma*9e ,buffalo ,asphalt1 r\gh,no4 ,no4 block1 brick4 ,beacon ,b+hamton ,brick1 concrete1 bituli?ic4 ,c9c9nati ,%eet1 r\gh block1 brick1 wood block1 bituli?ic1 bitum9\s4 ,cambridge ,smoo? pavem5ts occasionally dur+ summ]4 ,*icago ,none except ,%eet asphalt1 ,%eet asphalt4 sidewalks4 brick1 wood block1 concrete1 smoo? block4 ,camd5 ,yes4 ,columbus ,yes4 ,clevel& ,yes4 ,cortl& ,dunkirk ,d5v] ,elmira ,asphalt1 r\gh block1 brick & wood block4 ,fall ,riv] ,gr& ,rapids ,yes4 ,hudson ,jame/[n ,yes4 ,kansas ,city ,all4 ,all4 ,k+/on ,yes4 ,los ,angeles ,all hills4 ,all except hills4 ,l\isville ,yes4 ,yes4 ,yes4 ,l[ell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,brick & ,macadam4 ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,none4 ,%eet asphalt1 ,%eet asphalt1 r\gh block1 bituli?ic1 wood block4 asphaltic concrete4 ,middlet[n ,yes4 ,me*anicville ,new ,york ,city,same z ,same z ,%eet asphalt1 sweep+4 sweep+ wood block1 except smoo? cobble4 block1 asphalt block4 ,new ,orleans ,r\gh block1 ,%eet asphalt1 ,none4 cobble4 brick1 wood block1 concrete1 bituli?ic4 ,new ,b$=d ,same z h& sweep+4 ,new>k ,w />t soon4 ,norwi* ,yes4 ,no4 ,no4 ,new ,ro*elle ,niag>a ,falls ,yes4 ,newburgh ,yes4 ,yes4 ,oakl& ,%eet asphalt occasionally4 ,oswego ,%eet asphalt1 r\gh block1 brick4 ,ogd5sburg ,yes4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,philadelphia ,concrete4 ,r\gh block1 ,%eet asphalt1 brick1 smoo? wood block4 block4 ,provid5ce ,ro*e/] ,%eet asphalt1,same z hose4 ,none4 r\gh block1 brick1 bituli?ic1 bitum9\s4 ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,yes4 ,ri*mond ,/4 ,l\is ,san ,francisco ,yes4 ,yes4 ,salt ,lake ,yes4 ,city ,spr+field ,yes4 ,seattle ,all except ,no4 plank roads4 ,scranton ,yes4 ,troy ,%eet asphalt1 bituli?ic1 smoo? block4 ,utica ,yes4 ,wa%+ton ,none4 ,r\gh1 smoo? ,%eet asphalt1 & asphalt brick1 block1 brick1 asphaltic cobble4 concrete1 smoo? & asphalt block4 ,table ,i 7f7 ,,/reet ,,clean+ ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities 7,cont9u$7 ,city ,numb] ( ,:i* ,are ,total ,squ>e ,appliances ,giv+ ,y>ds ,clean$ ,us$ ,satisfaction ,buffalo #cg horse ,all4 sweep]s1 #aj horse spr9kl]s4 ,beacon ,b+hamton #a horse drawn flu%]1 #d horse drawn rot>y brooms4 ,c9c9nati #f horse scrap]s1 #dj horse flu%]s4 ,cambridge #h horse sweep]s1 #a horse squeegee1 #d horse spr9kl]s1 #b horse oil]s4 ,*icago #a horse ,all sweep]1 #b satisfactory4 horse squeegees1 #ge horse flu%]s1 #c p[] flu%]s1 #ce horse oil]s4 ,camd5 ,columbus #h flu%]s1 #af spr9kl]s1 #aa horse sweep]s1 railway flu%]4 ,clevel& ,/reet c> flu%] 9 addition to o!r equipm5t4 ,cortl& #b horse spr9kl]s1 #a horse oil]4 ,dunkirk ,motor & horse sweep]s4 ,d5v] #ab horse sweep]s1 #c horse spr9kl]s1 #h horse flu%]s1 #h pick-up sweep]s4 ,elmira #a horse ,%eet asphalt spr9kl]1 #ajd1fdi1 #a horse r\gh block flu%]1 #c #bh1aja1 horse brick sweep]s #bie1aei1 held 9 wood block res]ve4 #a1ecj4 ,fall ,riv] #d horse sweep]s1 #a horse spr9kl]1 #d horse road oil]s4 ,gr& ,rapids #b horse flu%]s1 #ca horse spr9kl]s4 ,hudson ,jame/[n #b p[] ,all except sweep]s1 #a horse horse flu%]4 flu%]4 ,kansas ,city #d ma*9e ,%eet sweep]s1 asphalt1 #ca horse #d1iac1aeh1 flu%]s4 r\gh block #ade1bjd1 brick #hei1ihb1 wood block #afa1ede1 concrete #a1bdf1cfg1 bituli?ic #ad1fci1 macadam #a1jgd1egi1 ,imp]ial #aa1bhh4 ,k+/on #a horse ,brick flu%]1 #b #gcj1fff4 horse oil]s4 ,los ,angeles #ca horse & #e p[] flu%]s1 #dj to #ajj horse spr9kl]s4 ,l\isville #af flu%]s1 #b squeegees4 ,l[ell #b horse sweep]s1 #f horse spr9kl]s1 #b p[] spr9kl]s1 "o p[] road oil]4 ,lynn #b horse sweep]s1 #b horse spr9kl]s1 #a pick-up sweep]1 #a p[] road oil]4 ,lackawanna #a horse ,brick #e4e mi4 sweep]1 #c ,macadam #ad horse mi4 spr9kl]s1 #a horse flu%]1 "o horse oil]4 ,little ,falls ,milwaukee #h horse ,all ,asphalt sweep]s1 satisfactory4 #a1fjj1agj1 #aj horse brick squeegees1 #fgd1jjh1 #b p[] macadam squeegees1 #d1gdb1jdd1 #abj horse granite spr9kl]s1 #bcf1eee1 #af horse creosote flu%]s1 #gc1iec1 #aj horse c$> oil]s1 #b #bg1ebb1 pick-up ,mull5i mix sweep]s4 #dah1gef1 lime/one #cd1eag1 s&/one #afh1cba4 ,middlet[n #b horse ,flu%]s4 ,brick #hh1bce4 spr9kl]s1 "o horse flu%]1 #a road oil]1 #a pick-up sweep]4 ,me*anicville ,new ,york ,city#adh horse #bh1dbj1ghe sweep]s1 #bh horse squeegees1 #aba horse spr9kl]s1 #d horse flu%]s4 ,new ,orleans #ah horse ,flu%]s4 ,flu%]s spr9kl]s1 cov] #cb horse #db1jjj ,sq4 flu%]s4 ,yds4 daily or all pav$ /reets ( smoo? surface4 ,new ,b$=d #d horse ,all except ,%eet asphalt sweep]s1 #a pick-up & pick-up sweep]4 bituli?ic sweep]4 #ada1jih4bb1 r\gh block #ih1hdc4jc4 ,new>k #bg horse sweep]s1 #h horse flu%]s4 ,norwi* #a horse ,sweep] n ,brick #ej1jjj1 sweep]1 #d satisfactory4 bituli?ic horse #ae1jjj1 spr9kl]s4 bitum9\s #ce1jjj4 ,new ,ro*elle #a horse #a1bij1fcb spr9kl]1 #b horse oil]s4 ,niag>a ,falls#d horse #ijj1jjj sweep]s1 #a horse spr9kl]1 #b horse flu%]s4 ,newburgh #a horse sweep] r>ely us$1 #a p[] flu%]1 #a horse oil]4 ,oakl& #b rot>y ,suction sweep],%eet asphalt p[] do+ #cdd1aaf1 sweep]s1 #b excell5t brick horse "w b too #d1bjj1 wood flu%]s1 #a exp5sive4 block p[] #ab1jjj1 suction asphaltic sweep]4 concrete #d1hjj1 macadam #c1gcc1jjj1 smoo? block #d1ejj1 bitum9\s #c1fjj1jjj4 ,oswego #a horse ,%eet asphalt flu%]1 #a #ec1jei1 pick-up r\gh block sweep]4 #f1egh1 brick #aaa1fch1 wood block #c1eee4 ,ogd5sburg #a horse sweep]1 "o horse flu%]1 #a horse spr9kl]4 ,philadelphia #gg horse ,all ,%eet asphalt sweep]s1 satisfactory4 #g1gbb1hjf1 #bh horse r\gh block squeegees1 #fb1chj1 #ea horse brick spr9kl]s #b1fae1ajb1 all ye> wood block & #bh #bah1jeg extra 9 concrete1 summ]4 #g #gej1aci1 p[] macadam1 flu%]s4 bituli?ic & asphaltic concrete #b1hej1djd1 smoo? block1 #f1ecd1gcg1 cobble #eg1geb1 asphalt block #fi1iej1 bitum9\s #ihd1hac1 slag block #ed1bdb4 ,provid5ce #c horse ,%eet asphalt sweep]s1 #afh1fjd4f1 "o horse brick spr9kl]1 #f1gcd4h1 #b horse wood block oil]s1 #a #gb1egf4e1 p[] bituli?ic oil]4 #agb1ija4i1 macadam #c1bdc1chf1 granite block #fia1cdb4i1 cobble #dg1ffi4b1 bitum9\s #aja1gfd4 ,ro*e/] #i horse sweep]s1 #dj horse spr9kl]s1 #d horse flu%]s4 ,r5ssela] #b horse sweep]s1 #a horse spr9kl]4 ,read+ ,ri*mond #f rot>y ma*9e sweep]s1 #a p[] rot>y ma*9e sweep]1 #c horse spr9kl]s1 #c horse flu%]s1 #a pick-up sweep]4 ,/4 ,l\is #aa horse ,r\gh block sweep]s1 #d #a1fae1dbh1 horse brick squeegee #d1cij1ccf1 ma*9es1 wood block #aj horse #chc1eij1 spr9kl]s1 bituli?ic #d horse #a1agj1ebh1 road asphalt oil]s1 #b block p[] road #a1hfg1cdj4 oil]s4 ,san ,francisco#i horse sweep]s1 #c horse squeegees1 #c horse spr9kl]s1 #ae comb9ation spr9kl]s & flu%]s1 #a auto flu%]1 #c #bj? c5tury sweep]s4 ,salt ,lake #ae horse ,city flu%]s4 ,spr+field #f horse sweep]s1 #b horse squeegees1 #ad horse spr9kl]s1 #b p[] oil]s1 #a horse & #a h& pick- up sweep]4 ,seattle ,all except squeegee4 ,scranton ,/reet c> flu%] own$ by company1 city furni%es #b m5 to op]ate x-- auto flu%]4 ,troy #f horse ,%eet asphalt sweep]s1 #b #aai1cdg1 horse r\gh block spr9kl]s1 #cii1adc1 #b p[] brick flu%]s4 #cbg1ifi1 bituli?ic #ab1chi1 macadam #ec1edc1 smoo? block #eh1fda4 ,utica #i horse sweep]s1 #c horse spr9kl]s1 #b p[] spr9kl]s1 #a horse flu%]1 #b p[] flu%]s4 ,wa%+ton #i horse sweep]s1 #ac horse squeegees1 #ab horse spr9kl]s1 #c horse flu%]s1 #e horse oil]s1 #g alley sweep]s1 #c alley spr9kl]s4 ,city ,times ,clean$ p] ,week ,area ,"w 9 ,clean$ by ,gangs or ,:ite ,w+s ,s+ly ,dur+ #h ,h\rs ,w9t] ,summ] ,buffalo #h1jjj ,sq4 ,s+ly4 ,yds4 ,beacon ,b+hamton #f #i1bge ,sq4 ,s+ly4 ,yds4 ,c9c9nati #h1ffa ,sq4 ,s+ly4 ,yds4 ,cambridge ,s+ly4 ,*icago #ag1jjj ,sq4 ,s+ly4 ,yds4 ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& ,s+ly4 ,dunkirk #f ,d5v] ,s+ly4 ,elmira #a-f ,bo?4 ,fall ,riv] ,s+ly4 ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,brick once1 macadam1 #d times a ye>4 ,jame/[n ,s+ly4 ,kansas ,city #aj to #ae ,gangs4 blocks4 ,k+/on ,s+ly4 ,los ,angeles ,s+ly4 ,l\isville ,no ,:ite ,gangs4 ,w+s4 ,l[ell #f1jjj ,sq4 ,s+ly4 ,yds4 ,lynn ,s+ly4 ,lackawanna #b ,gang4 ,little ,falls ,s+ly4 ,milwaukee #e1jjj to ,s+ly4 #be1jjj ,middlet[n ,gangs4 ,me*anicville ,s+ly4 ,new ,york ,city#ai #ai #i1jjj ,sq4 ,bo?4 ,yds4 ,new ,orleans ,gangs4 ,new ,b$=d ,s+ly4 ,new>k ,gangs4 ,norwi* #a-b ,new ,ro*elle #f ,s+ly4 ,niag>a ,falls #h1jjj ,sq4 ,s+ly4 ,yds4 ,newburgh ,s+ly4 ,oakl& ,same z ,%eet ,s+ly4 summ]4 asphalt1 #b-f1 brick #c1 wood block #f1 asphaltic concrete #b-f1 smoo? block #c-f1 macadam & bitum9\s #a to #d times a ye>4 ,oswego ,%eet ,gangs4 asphalt #b- #d1 r\gh block & brick ! same1 wood block #f4 ,ogd5sburg #c1jjj ,sq4 ,s+ly4 ,yds4 ,philadelphia ,%eet #d1jjj 9 ,gangs on asphalt1 bus9ess1 macadam1 r\gh #ah1jjj 9 s+ly block1 outly+4 on brick1 o!rs4 smoo? & asphalt block #b-f1 wood & slag block & cobble #c-f1 concrete #a-f1 macadam & bitum9\s #a4 ,provid5ce #c1ejj to ,s+ly4 #af1jjj ,sq4 ,yds4 #i hrs4 ,ro*e/] ,bo?4 ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond ,9 alleys4 ,/4 ,l\is #b1djj-d1hjj,s+ly4 ,san ,francisco #i1jjj ,sq4 ,blockm5 ,yds4 s+ly4 ,salt ,lake #a blocks4 ,city ,spr+field ,s+ly4 ,seattle ,s+ly4 ,scranton ,troy ,asphalt #f1 r\gh block1 brick & macadam #b1 bituli?ic & smoo? block #f4 ,utica ,sq4 ,mi4 ,s+ly4 ,wa%+ton ,s+ly & 9 pairs4 ,city ,:]e & 9,equipm5t ( ,h[ are ,/&>d ,:at are ,:ite ,w+s ,assignm5ts ( ,day's ,"w ,clean+s ,:ite ,w+s = ,clean+ ,/or$ by ,det]m9$8 ,ea* ,class ( ,:ite ,w+s ,pavem5t#ad ,buffalo ,b>rels or ,broom1 ,heavy traffic tubs4 %ovel1 #e1jjj ,sq4 scrap] ,yds41 ,light c>t4 traffic #ab1jjj ,sq4 ,yds41 r\gh pavem5t #f1jjj ,sq4 ,yds41 good pavem5t #ab1jjj ,sq4 ,yds4 ,beacon ,b+hamton ,bags4 ,c>t1 broom1 scrap]1 %ovel1 #c bags4 ,c9c9nati ,cans4 ,c>t1 long ,traffic1 ,flu%+1 & %ort condition & #ce1eej ,sq4 h&l$ k9d ( /reet4 ,yds4 broom1 gutt]s scrap]4 aft] flu%+ #f1jjj to #h1jjj l9eal ft41 broom+ #e1ccj to #g1ajj ,sq4 ,yds4 ,cambridge ,gutt]s4 ,c1 %ovel1 ,z ne$$4 ,none4 c>t & broom4 ,*icago ,metal boxes ,broom1 ,asphalt #d ,cu4 ,ft4 %ovel1 #ba1ejj ,sq4 scrap] ,yds41 ,brick c>t4 #ac1djj ,sq4 ,yds41 ,granite #ac1djj ,sq4 ,yds41 ,macadam #ba1ejj ,sq4 ,yds4 ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& ,gutt]4 ,scrap] & ,by traffic4 ,ea* man has broom4 def9ite area to clean4 ,dunkirk ,d5v] ,alley boxes4,c>t1 %ovel1,teams travel #c ,none4 broom miles an h\r1 scrap]4 r\tes cov] #bb to #bc miles1 all[+ = fill+ & oil+4 ,elmira ,cans4 ,broom1 %ovel,by traffic4 ,none4 & h& c>t4 ,fall ,riv] ,cans4 ,broom & ,by /reet ,none4 c>t4 sup]9t5d5t4 ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,jame/[n ,bags 9 alleys4 ,kansas ,city ,gutt]s4 ,c>t1 broom1 ,by di/rict ,none4 %ovel4 sup]9t5d5t4 ,k+/on ,cans4 ,c c>ri] & pu% broom4 ,los ,angeles ,gutt]s & ,brooms & ,area1 am\nt 9 ,controll$ by side scrap]s4 nature ( local /reets4 traffic & conditions4 /reet4 ,l\isville ,l[ell ,gutt]s4 ,pu% & h& brooms & h& pan4 ,lynn ,gutt]s4 ,broom1 c>t1 ,by =em54 %ovel4 ,lackawanna ,gutt]4 ,pu% brooms4 ,yes4 ,little ,falls ,cans at ,broom1 c>t ,by condition ( ,ea* man has ,corn]s4 ) du/- pavem5t & def9ite pan4 traffic4 area to clean4 ,milwaukee ,receptacles4,pan scrap] ,accord+ to & broom4 traffic4 ,middlet[n ,broom1 %ovel4 ,me*anicville,vacant lots4,c>t1 broom ,ea* man has & %ovel4 def9ite area to cov]4 ,new ,york ,city,cans4 ,c c>ri]1 ,population1 #e cans1 traffic1 scrap]1 "* ( broom1 build+s & %ovel4 pavem5ts4 ,new ,orleans ,gutt]s4 ,%ovel & ,by =em54 ,none4 h& brooms4 ,new ,b$=d ,gutt]s4 ,c>t & ,none4 broom4 ,new>k ,gutt]s4 ,broom1 hoe ,none4 & scoop4 ,norwi* ,new ,ro*elle ,cans4 ,c1 c>t1 ,none4 broom & scrap]4 ,niag>a ,falls,cans4 ,scrap]1 ,ea* man has c>t1 def9ite broom4 area to clean4 ,newburgh ,gutt]s4 ,:eelb>r[1 ,age ( sweep] ,none4 broom1 & traffic4 %ovel4 ,oakl& ,cans at ,h& scoop ,area & traffic4#h1jjj ,sq4 curb4 & broom ,yds4 upw>d ) accord+ scrap]4 to horse traffic4 ,oswego ,cans & ,scrap] & ,ea* man has gutt]s4 broom4 def9ite area to cov]4 ,ogd5sburg ,b>rels 9 ,c>t1 %ovel ,ea* man has alleys4 & broom4 def9ite area to clean4 ,philadelphia ,cans & ,bag c>ri]1 ,numb] ( ,ma*9e broom bags4 bags1 clean+s1 #ij1jjj ,sq4 broom1 traffic & ,yds41 auto wat]+ population flu%] pan1 d5sity4 #ij1jjj1 scrap]1 squeegee plug #hj1jjj4 wr5*4 ,provid5ce ,gutt]s & ,pan1 broom1 ,fitness = ,yes4 cans at %ovel1 condition ( curb4 c>t4 area4 ,ro*e/] ,b>rel4 ,c>t1 broom1 scrap]1 b>rel4 ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond ,pu% c>t & broom4 ,/4 ,l\is ,pu% c>t or roll] scrap]1 hoe1 broom1 %ovel4 ,san ,francisco,cans at curb,broom ) ,by h holes sweep]1 sup]9t5d5t4 9 top = pick-up deposit+ c1 pap]s4 clean]s ) pan atta*$4 ,salt ,lake ,cans4 ,pu% c>t &,by =eman4 ,city broom4 ,spr+field ,cans4 ,broom1 ,by =eman4 scrap]1 c>t1 cans4 ,seattle ,cans4 ,broom1 ,traffic scrap] & conditions4 two :eel$ c>t4 ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,cans4 ,scrap]1 pu% & h& broom1 c & %ovel4 ,wa%+ton ,sacks 9 ,bag c>ri]1 ,by =eman & ,no4 alley4 %ovel1 pan (fice scrap]1 plann+4 comb9ation broom4 ,table ,i 7g7 ,,/reet ,,clean+ ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities 7,cont9u$7 ,city ,h[ is ,effici5cy ,sy/em & ,organization ( ( ,employees ,me?od ( ,/reet ,clean+ ,*eck$ ,up8 ,/reet ,=ce ,clean+ ,buffalo ,sup]visor4 ,resid5tial1 h& & ma*9e sweep+2 bus9ess1 flu%+ & ,:ite ,w+s4 ,beacon ,b+hamton ,swept at night4 ,c9c9nati ,=eman's field ,resid5tial1 ,=em51 driv]s1 reports4 flu%+ help]s1 broom- foll[$ by m5 & ,:ite gutt]m52 ,w+s4 bus9ess1 flu%+ foll[$ by ,:ite ,w+s4 ,flu%+ at night except 9 w9t]4 ,/reets n flu%$ are broom$ by gangs4 ,cambridge ,none4 ,resid5tial1 swept twice ye>2 bus9ess1 once a week4 ,*icago ,sup]vision by ,resid5tial1 w>d block sup]9t5d5t sy/em2 ea* & section man has =eman4 section to clean4 ,bus9ess ! same4 ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& ,compla9ts ( resid5ts4 ,dunkirk ,d5v] ,sup]vision4 ,resid5tial1 sweep]s2 bus9ess1 ,:ite ,w+s & flu%]s4 ,elmira ,resid5tial1 day flu%+ & gang pick+2 bus9ess1 night flu%+ & day patrol4 ,fall ,riv] ,none4 ,daily patrol 9 bus9ess section2 scrap gutt]s 9 resid5tial twice a ye>4 ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,jame/[n ,kansas ,city ,mon?ly1 grades by,resid5ce1 ,9 gangs "u commission] to w9t]1 h& =eman & civil4 sweep+2 di/rict summ]1 sup]9t5d5t4 flu%+4 ,bus9ess1 s]vice4 flu% at night4 ,k+/on ,los ,angeles ,?or\gh ,patrol sy/em4,five =em5 9 #e sup]vision4 di/ricts4 ,l\isville ,l[ell ,resid5tial1 ,=eman1 #h m51 patrol2 two teams 9 bus9ess1 resid5tial4 patrol & ,=eman1 #h m51 ma*9e #b teams1 sweep+4 ma*9e sweep] & spr9kl]4 ,lynn ,by =eman4 ,lackawanna ,=eman4 ,sweep]1 ,"o gang = ea* spr9kl]1 w>d4 pu% brooms4 ,little ,falls #g sweep]s ) "o /reet sup]9t5d5t4 ,milwaukee ,middlet[n ,a section assign$ to sweep]2 flu%$ aft] h& sweep+4 ,me*anicville,none4 ,h& sweep+4,"o man on giv5 beat4 ,new ,york ,city,(fic]s4 ,h& & ,di/rict ma*9e sup]9t5d5t1 sweep+1 section hose & =eman1 ma*9e assi/ant flu%+1 section squeegee+1 =eman1 litt] sweep]s1 pick+4 driv]s4 ,new ,orleans ,smoo? surfaces flu%$ daily4 ,h& broom m5 foll[ flu%]s4 ,bus9ess section clean$ at night by flu%]s & h& clean+4 ,new ,b$=d ,new>k ,t5 di/ricts4 ,numb] ( m5 assign$ to ea* accord+ to size ( di/rict4 ,norwi* ,none4 ,sweep to ,sweep] team1 gutt]s1 wagon team4 %ovel into piles & !n into wagons4 ,new ,ro*elle ,sup]vision ( ,by h& broom4 ,commission] & "t keep]4 ,niag>a ,falls,by #b deputy ,resid5tial1 sup]9t5d5ts4 sweep+2 bus9ess1 flu%+4 ,newburgh ,oakl& ,patrolm5 visit$ ,small gangs on,gangs ( #f to #h once or twice macadam1 m5 "u sub- daily by occasional =eman4 =eman2 flu%+ ,direct$ by contract "w aft] wet- di/rict inspect$ daily4 wea!r4 sup]9t5d5t ,ma*9e ( /reets on sweep+ & macadam4 ,patrol patrol4 & ma*9e sweep+4 ,oswego ,pick-up sweep]1 flu%+ & h& sweep+4 ,ogd5sburg ,by =em54 ,resid5tial spr9kl$ & ma*9e swept2 bus9ess patroll$ & flu%$4 ,philadelphia ,inspectors ,blockm5 ,ma*9es foll[$ sup]vis$ by assign$ to by gangs & di/rict sections by c>ts & eng9e]s4 *ief ( wagons1 numb] bureau2 dep5d+ on patrol duty4 l5g? ( haul ,inlets to dump1 season clean$1 ( ! ye> & c\nty roads traffic4 clean$4 ,provid5ce ,=eman's daily ,resid5tial1 ,resid5tial1 report ( gangs2 =eman1 #ag m5 neglect ( duty4 bus9ess1 & #aj s+le patrol4 teams2 bus9ess1 patrol 9 *>ge ( =eman4 ,ro*e/] ,resid5tial1 gang & patrol2 bus9ess1 patrol4 ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond ,/4 ,l\is ,san ,francisco,"t c>ds1 trip ,resid5tial1 c>ds1 gangs ( effici5cy c>ds =em51 #c z to labor]s & #b att5dance1 teams ea*4 sobriety & ,bus9ess1 ob$i5ce4 blockm51 night-gangs ( #b =em51 #i labor]s & #h d\ble teams4 ,salt ,lake ,:ite ,w+s ,city & flu%+4 ,spr+field ,=eman calls on ,resid5tial1 ,individuals & ea* man sev]al crosswalk gangs4 times daily4 sweep]s1 ma*9e clean+1 gutt] scrap+4 ,bus9ess1 squeegee+1 flu%+1 patrol4 ,seattle ,reports f ,resid5tial1 ,resid5tial1 =em5 & flu%+1 "u sub- di/rict sweep+ & =eman2 =em54 patrol2 bus9ess1 "u bus9ess1 di/rict flu%+ & =eman4 patrol4 ,scranton ,bus9ess1 h& & ma*9e sweep+ & flu%+4 ,resid5tial h& & ma*9e sweep+4 ,troy ,smoo? /reets flu%$1 r\gh /reets & brick1 ma*9e swept4 ,patrol4 ,utica ,wa%+ton ,unit co/1 ,resid5tial1 ,assi/ant conditions1 ma*9e & sup]9t5d5t1 obs]vation4 h& *ief clean+1 inspector1 squeegee+1 =em51 flu%+1 work+ =ce4 oil+ & spr9kl+4 ,bus9ess1 patrol1 squeege$ or flu%$4 ,city ,innovations ,h[ ,are ,ma*9es ,gallons ,wat] ,us$ t ,h ,r\t$8 p] #a1jjj ,sq4 ,yds ,r$uc$ ,co/ ,clean$ ( ,clean+ ,flu%+ ,squeegee ,ma*9e ,buffalo ,by di/ricts4 ,beacon ,b+hamton ,w clean ,usually 9 #ejj4,no horses4 betwe5 #aa batt]ies ( ,p4,m4 & #g ?ree4 ,a4,m4 :5 traffic is light & few autos are p>k$4 ,c9c9nati #c m5 to ea* #hdd4,yes4 r\te4 ,private contract4 ,cambridge ,no4 ,*icago #djj4fe4 ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& ,dunkirk ,d5v] ,sweep /reets ,accord+ to be=e nature ( dirt4 flu%+4 ,elmira #djj4 ,no4 ,fall ,riv] ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,jame/[n ,two r\tes1 nor? & s\? side ( city4 ,kansas ,city ,no4 ,di/ricts4 #e1jjj1jjj daily = all flu%+ except squeegee+4 ,k+/on ,los ,angeles ,r\t$ all m5 #d1ijj4,wagons4 or assign$ to ea* r\te to increase f bus9ess c5t] out4 ,l\isville ,l[ell ,lynn ,no4 ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middlet[n ,me*anicville ,new ,york ,city,motoriz$ a ,area & traffic section conditions4 kn[n z model di/rict2 sy/ematiz$ ma*9e sweep+1 squeegee+ & hose flu%+ cov]$ p>ts4 ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d ,new>k ,m5 held responsible = ^! di/ricts4 ,norwi* ,new ,ro*elle ,niag>a ,falls ,newburgh ,oakl& ,readju/$ ,swept #b1c1d & #f patrol times weekly4 #b r\tes2 & #c times sub/itut$ s*$ules h& patrol adjac5t to #d = suction & #f times sweep]4 s*$ules4 ,oswego ,by y>dage4 ,ogd5sburg ,flu%+4 ,philadelphia ,/reet ,batt]ies ( #b or #cjj4bej4 clean+ #c4 p>ade annually4 ,provid5ce ,divide into #f sections4 ,ro*e/] ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond ,elg9 ma*9e sweep+ 9 resid5tial section4 ,/4 ,l\is ,by scrubb+ bus9ess di/ricts /reets nightly co/ r$uc$ #dj4 p] great squ>e4 ,san ,francisco ,salt ,lake ,wagons & ,city "s horses4 ,spr+field ,"s4 ,seattle ,flu%+ is mo/ economical4 ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,by di/ricts4 ,wa%+ton ,by =em51 #a1ejj4afb4 subject to sup]9t5d5t's approval4 ,city ,city ,own ,/reet ,spr9kl+ ,horses & ,wagons8 ,spr9kle ,sq4 ,yds4 ,driv]'s ,/reets = ,spr9kl$ ,daily ,lay+ ,du/,dur+ ,ye>,wage#ad ,only8 ,buffalo ,yes4 ,yes4 #ah1jjj1jjj ,beacon ,b+hamton ,by private contract4 ,c9c9nati ,cambridge ,yes4 ,yes4 ,*icago ,no4 ,no4 ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& ,yes4 #hf1acc4 #d4jj4 ,dunkirk ,d5v] ,no4 ,yes4 #b4be4 ,elmira ,fall ,riv] ,"s4 #b4fe4 ,gr& ,rapids ,yes4 #bcf miles4 ,hudson ,yes4 #ceh1jjj #b4aj ,jame/[n ,yes4 ,kansas ,city ,yes1 "s ,by contract hir$4 ,no4 ,k+/on ,yes4 ,los ,angeles ,yes4 #ddg miles1 #dj wid?4 ,l\isville ,yes4 ,l[ell ,yes4 ,yes4 #b4ej4 ,lynn ,yes4 ,yes4 #c4jd4 ,lackawanna ,no4 ,yes4 #cac1eej4 ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middlet[n ,yes4 ,yes4 ,me*anicville,wagons4 ,yes4 ,new ,york ,city,yes4 ,contractor4 ,new ,orleans #b4jj ,new ,b$=d ,yes4 ,yes4 #b4ej4 ,new>k ,no4 ,norwi* ,wagons4 ,yes4 #a4fj4 ,new ,ro*elle ,yes4 ,yes4 #b4be4 ,niag>a ,falls,wagons4 ,"s4 ,newburgh ,yes4 ,oakl& ,yes4 ,macadam #b4be to /reets4 #c4jj ,oswego ,no4 ,no4 ,ogd5sburg ,no4 ,"s4 #a4ge4 ,philadelphia ,no4 ,yes4 ,provid5ce ,yes4 ,no4 ,ro*e/] ,no4 ,yes4 ,r5ssela] ,no4 ,yes4 ,read+ ,ri*mond ,no4 ,yes4 ,/4 ,l\is ,yes1 ,yes1 by #ad1jjj1jjj flu%]s contract4 hir$4 ,san ,francisco,no4 ,yes4 #chb1cdd1cjc ,salt ,lake ,yes4 #aej miles4 ,city ,spr+field #cj4 h\r4 ,seattle ,yes4 ,no4 ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,no4 ,no4 ,wa%+ton ,yes4 ,"s #b4be4 macadam #a4ge4 unpav$ & /reets4 ,table ,i 7h7 ,,/reet ,,clean+ ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities 7,cont9u$7 ,city ,,/reet ,,spr9kl+ ,daily ,total ,annual ,paid out ( ,paid by ,co/ p] ,co/ ( ,city's ,abutt+ ,team#ad ,/reet ,g5]al ,prop]ty ,spr9kl+ ,fund8 ,own]s8 ,buffalo #aj1jjj4jj ,yes4 ,beacon ,b+hamton ,c9c9nati ,cambridge #dj1jjj4jjae,no4 ,yes4 ,*icago ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& #idh4fh ,yes4 ,dunkirk ,d5v] #b4ej #hj1bbg4ie,yes4 ,elmira ,fall ,riv] #f4jj #b1hji4bd,no4 ,yes4 ,gr& ,rapids #be1aca4bc ,hudson #a1ejj4jj,yes4 ,jame/[n ,kansas ,city ,k+/on ,los ,angeles #d4de ,no4 ,l\isville ,l[ell #f4jj #ag1jjj ,yes4 ,lynn #bd1jfa4gg ,yes4 ,lackawanna #d4ge ,yes4 ,little ,falls ,milwaukee #fj1caj4jee1bje4bhag,mo/4 ,middlet[n ,no4 ,yes4 ,me*anicville #e4jj #a1bjj4jj,yes4 ,new ,york ,city ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d #c1jfa4ei,yes4 ,new>k ,norwi* #e4jj #a1gjj4jj,no4 #ej ,new ,ro*elle #a1bjb4cb,yes4 ,niag>a ,falls #e4jj #b1jjj4jj,yes4 ,newburgh ,oakl& #e4jj- #dc1fea4ie,yes4 #f4jj ,oswego ,ogd5sburg #d4jj ,yes4 ,philadelphia #bd1cfg4ad,yes4 ,provid5ce ,ro*e/] #db1bga4gc ,yes4 ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond ,/4 ,l\is #bej1jjj4jj ,yes4 ,san ,francisco ,yes4 ,no4 ,salt ,lake #d4ej #be1jjj4jj,yes4 ,city ,spr+field #ac1dic4fh,yes4 ,seattle ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,wa%+ton #c4ee #d1fcc4eh,yes4 ,city ,,/reet ,,spr9kl+ ,me?od ( ,total ,gallons ,av]age ,assessm5t4 ,:o ,pays ,us$ a ,ye> ,rate ( = ,/reet = ,assessm5t ,int]sections8 ,spr9kl+ p] ,foot ,front = ,spr9kl+ ,buffalo ,no *>ge = #g1ejj1jjj #aj int]sections4 ,beacon ,b+hamton ,c9c9nati ,cambridge #d4 front foot ea* #ae1jjj1jjj #d4 side2 int]sections sections n c\nt$4 ,*icago ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& ,city pays = #f1dgj #e4 int]sections4 ,dunkirk ,d5v] #caa1cfd1jjj ,elmira ,fall ,riv] ,int]sections paid #d1djc1bjj #b4 by city4 ,gr& ,rapids #aag1hba1gej ,hudson ,jame/[n ,kansas ,city ,k+/on ,los ,angeles #dj1jjj tanks p] mon?1 ea* tank #eej gallons4 ,l\isville ,city pays = #e4e4 int]sections4#af ,l[ell ,no pay = #e4 int]sections4 ,lynn p] foot front 9 resid5tial2 #h4 9 bus9ess4 ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,assess$ to prop]ty #a4f4ah own]s4 ,middlet[n ,city pays = int]sections c4 p] front foot p] week4 ,me*anicville #h1jjj1jjj ,new ,york ,city ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d ,new>k ,norwi* #c4 ,new ,ro*elle #a1ajj1eji ,niag>a ,falls ,newburgh ,oakl& #aj1aig1djj ,cu4 ,ft4 ,oswego ,ogd5sburg ,philadelphia ,provid5ce ,ro*e/] ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond ,/4 ,l\is ,special tax #d4 p] #a1gbg1cfb1ejj #d4 foot front4 ,san ,francisco ,salt ,lake ,city ,spr+field ,seattle ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,wa%+ton ,city ,,/reet ,,spr9kl+ ,does ,?is ,d ,corporations ,include ,co/ ,spr9kle ( ,wat] or ,/reets on is ,wat] ,non- ,:i* ! assessable8 ,trolley ,c>s ,run8 ,buffalo ,yes4 ,on two /reets4 ,beacon ,b+hamton ,c9c9nati ,cambridge ,no4 ,no4 ,*icago ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& ,yes4 ,no4 ,dunkirk ,d5v] ,city pays #be,no4 a ye> = hydrant = all purposes4 ,elmira ,no4 ,fall ,riv] ,non- ,no4 assessable4 ,gr& ,rapids ,yes4 ,hudson ,jame/[n ,kansas ,city ,k+/on ,los ,angeles ,no4 ,l\isville ,yes4 ,no4 ,l[ell ,no co/4 ,no4 ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,non- ,no4 assessable4 ,milwaukee ,non- assessable4 ,middlet[n ,non- ,no4 assessable4 ,me*anicville ,no4 ,new ,york ,city ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d #ai ,new>k ,norwi* ,yes4 ,no4 ,new ,ro*elle ,yes4 ,niag>a ,falls ,yes4 ,newburgh ,oakl& ,few cases4 ,oswego ,no4 ,ogd5sburg ,no4 ,philadelphia ,no4 ,provid5ce ,ro*e/] ,pays proportionate co/4 ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond ,/4 ,l\is ,non- assessable4 ,san ,francisco ,at times4 ,salt ,lake ,city ,spr+field ,yes4 ,yes1 #ajj a mile4 ,seattle ,yes4#bj ,scranton ,troy ,no4 ,utica ,wa%+ton ,table ,i 7j7 ,,/reet ,,clean+ ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities 7,cont9u$7 ,city ,,co/ ,,data ,/reet ,ye>ly ,total ,co/ ,sal>ies & ,clean+ ,contract ( ,/reet ,wages ,done by ,price ,clean+ ,city or ,ye>1 ,contract ,exclusive ( ,sn[ ,removal ,buffalo ,city4 #adf1eag4dc #hd1dii4gj ,beacon ,city4 ,b+hamton ,city4 ,c9c9nati ,city4 #ahf1hdg4ag ,cambridge ,city4 #ei1cjj4jj #dg1ejj4jj ,*icago ,city4 ,camd5 ,city4 #bf1jef4hj ,columbus ,city4 #abf1hig4ai #id1ahj4fh ,clevel& ,cortl& ,city4 #ca1jjj4jj ,dunkirk ,contract4 #b4h4 p] ,sq4 ,yd p] season4 ,d5v] ,city4 #ajh1bif4fj ,elmira ,city4 #aa1gdh4bj #aj1jdg4ah ,fall ,riv] ,city4 #ec1hfg4hj ,gr& ,rapids ,city4 ,hudson ,city4 #a1djj4jj ,jame/[n ,city4 #e1fch4gj #c1ihc4fg ,kansas ,city ,city4 #bjj1jjj4jj #agj1jjj4jj ,k+/on ,city4 #i1ejj4jj #i1cjj4jj ,los ,angeles ,city4 ,l\isville ,city4 #hj1hai4hj ,l[ell ,city4 ,lynn ,city4 #bi1bih4he ,lackawanna ,city4 ,little ,falls ,city4 ,milwaukee ,city4 #bch1cce4jj includ+ spr9kl+4 ,middlet[n ,city4 #c1ige4fe ,new ,york ,city,city4 #g1fdc1icf4gd #e1chj1fbj4fc ,new ,orleans ,city4 #cbb1jjj4jj ,new ,b$=d ,city4 #fj1dgh4ha ,new>k ,city4 #bfh1gcb4ed #bcg1bac4ae ,norwi* ,city4 ,new ,ro*elle ,city4 #cg1ffe4ga #cd1igd4fg ,niag>a ,falls,city4 #aah1jjj4jj ,newburgh ,city4 #i1jjj4jj ,oakl& ,bo?4 #dd1ffc4dd #gd1iea4cbbe4ifi4bebe ,oswego ,city4 #d1bca4da #c1bbf4ja ,ogd5sburg ,city4 #d1dbh4ff ,philadelphia ,contract4#a1bcb4hdg4jj ,provid5ce ,city4 ,ro*e/] ,city4 #ahc1ghc4dd ,r5ssela] ,city4 #b1gdj4jj ,read+ ,contract4 ,?ree ye> basis #ab4ij p] city squ>e1 l5g? #edj ft4 #ce1jjj a ye>4 ,ri*mond ,city4 ,n sep>at$ f g>bage & a% collection4 ,/4 ,l\is ,city4 #ebg1jjj4jj ,san ,francisco,city4 #cej1djj4jj ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,city ,spr+field ,city4 #bdc1ieb4hf ,seattle ,city4 #adh1def4ef ,scranton ,troy ,city4 ,utica ,city4 ,wa%+ton ,city4 #bfd1hfi4gj ,city ,,co/ ,,data ,new ,repairs & ,o!r ,co/ p] ,av]age ,appliances,ma9t5ance ,exp5ses #a1jjj ,sq4 ,co/ p] ( ,yds4 ,sq4 ,yd4 ( ,appliances ,/reet ,h& ,clean+ ,sweep+ ,done ,buffalo #ag1bcc4db #dd1ghd4da #bh4 #cj4 ,beacon ,b+hamton ,c9c9nati 4#jjjce ,cambridge #ejj4jj #cjj4jj #aa1jjj4jj ,*icago ,camd5 #bch4ji ,columbus 4#chh4 ,clevel& 4#dbghf p] ,gr4 ,sq4 ,cortl& ,dunkirk ,d5v] ,"o-six? #ae-ajj ( ( a mill4 a mill4 ,elmira #a1jjj4jj #gaa4eb #j4cig #j4cba ,fall ,riv] ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,jame/[n #a1fee4jc 4#adfd4 ,kansas ,city #cj4jjj4jj ,k+/on #ajj4jj #ej4jj #ej4jj ,los ,angeles 4#jfi to 4#bhe p] day4#bc ,l\isville ,l[ell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee #bf4b- #ce4c4bc ,middlet[n ,new ,york ,city ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d ,new>k ,norwi* ,new ,ro*elle #b1bde4gi #dde4be #bf4 4#jbg4 ,niag>a ,falls #bj1jjj4jj #aj1jjj4jj ,newburgh ,oakl& #dcf4gechha4hhbe4jjcffbf 4#bjabc ,oswego #eag4gi #deg4fa ,ogd5sburg ,philadelphia #ag4hbc ,provid5ce ,ro*e/] ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond ,/4 ,l\is ,san ,francisco #f1jjj4jj ,salt ,lake ,city ,spr+field 4#jjjce ,seattle ,scranton #ag to #ce4bc ,troy ,utica ,wa%+ton 4#aefbc ,city ,,co/ ,,data ,av]age ,co/ ,av]age ,co/ p] ,sq4 ,yd4 p] ,sq4 ,yd4 ( ( ,ma*9e ,squeegee+#ba ,flu%+#ba ,buffalo ,beacon ,b+hamton ,c9c9nati ,cambridge ,*icago ,camd5 ,columbus 4#fag p] ,gr4 ,sq4#bb ,clevel& 4#aechh p] ,gr4 ,sq4#bb ,cortl& ,dunkirk ,d5v] #ac-ajj ( a mill4 ,elmira #j4jhae ,fall ,riv] ,gr& ,rapids 4#jchebcbd ,hudson ,jame/[n ,kansas ,city ,k+/on ,los ,angeles 4#af to 4#babc ,l\isville ,l[ell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee #be4e4bc ,middlet[n ,new ,york ,city ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d ,new>k ,norwi* ,new ,ro*elle ,niag>a ,falls ,newburgh ,oakl& ,oswego ,ogd5sburg ,philadelphia #af4bc #ah4bc ,provid5ce ,ro*e/] ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond ,/4 ,l\is #a4be p] ,gr4 #ib4 p] ,gr4 ,sq4 ,sq4 ,san ,francisco ,salt ,lake ,city ,spr+field 4#jjjag ,seattle ,scranton #ah4bcbb ,troy ,utica ,wa%+ton 4#bfbbc 4#aejbc ,table ,i 7k7 ,,/reet ,,clean+ ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities 7,cont9u$7 ,city ,prev5tive ,"w ,any ,unusual ,conditions ) ,:i* ,y\r ,dep>tm5t ,has to ,cont5d8 ,:at ,ef=t1 ,if ,is ,co/ ( ,d ,police ,any1 ,made to ,clean+ & ,heal? ,secure ,consid]$,dep>tm5ts ,coop]ation ( 9 & ,c\rts ,public to ,r$uce,select+ ,coop]ate8 ,/reet ,litt]8 ,k9d ( ,pavem5t8 ,buffalo ,by ord9ance4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,none4 ,beacon ,wa/e cans4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,b+hamton ,c9c9nati ,?r\gh press ,no4 ,yes4 ,l& slides & clean-up & floods4 campaigns4 ,cambridge ,clean-up ,week4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,*icago ,yes4 ,camd5 ,education campaign coop]at+ ) civic organizations4 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& ,no4 ,"s4 ,"s lanes 9 re> ( /ores us$ = dump+ pap]s4 ,dunkirk ,d5v] ,elmira ,wa/e cans us$4,n mu*4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,fall ,riv] ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,yes4 ,yes4 ,exi/5ce ( alleys4 ,jame/[n ,city v hilly4 ,kansas ,city ,sup]9t5d5t ,no4 ,yes4 ,no4 arre/s violators4 ,k+/on ,los ,angeles ,l\isville ,yes4 ,yes4 ,l[ell ,yes4 ,v little4 ,lynn ,no4 ,pap]s f refuse collectors4 ,lackawanna ,clean-up ,yes4 ,yes4 ,no4 campaign4 ,little ,falls ,none4 ,to "s ,no4 ext5t4 ,milwaukee ,publicity & ,yes4 ,no4 circul>s4 ,middlet[n ,plac$ cans = ,yes4 ,yes4 ,no4 pap]4 ,?r\gh press4 ,me*anicville,police ,yes4 ,no4 dep>tm5t & wa/e cans4 ,new ,york ,city,anti-litt] ,yes4 ,con/ruction ,league "w2 pu% ,educational c>ts4 "w4 ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d ,new>k ,police ,no4 ,yes4 ,no4 dep>tm5t & public s*ools4 ,norwi* ,v little4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,new ,ro*elle ,yes1 by ,yes4 ,yes4 ,no4 ord9ance4 ,niag>a ,falls,plac+ wa/e ,yes4 ,yes4 ,no4 cans4 ,newburgh ,?r\gh press1 cans provid$1 h&-bills di/ribut$ 9 bus9ess section4 ,oakl& ,di/ribute ,yes4 ,only 9 ,none4 c>ds1 extreme en=cem5ts cases4 ( ord9ance prohibit+ dump+ ( refuse 9 /reets4 ,oswego ,use wa/e cans4 ,no city g>bage or a% collection2 p dump on back /reets4 ,ogd5sburg ,philadelphia ,pamphlets ,9 g5]al,to "s ,ov]load$ di/ribut$4 way4 ext5t4 wagons1 ,rubbi% c>ds /orekeep] di/ribut$1 sweep+ lectures to du/ into s*ool /reet4 *ildr54 ,place wa/e cans4 ,provid5ce ,yes4 ,ro*e/] ,r5ssela] ,no4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,read+ ,ri*mond ,/4 ,l\is ,plac+ metal ,yes4 refuse boxes on sidewalk4 ,san ,francisco,place dirt cans ,yes4 & pap] cans4 ,salt ,lake ,en=cem5t ( ,yes4 ,city ord9ances4 ,spr+field ,seattle ,?r\gh ! ,yes4 ,_m hills4 press4 ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,wa%+ton ,plac+ wa/e ,no4 ,yes4 pap] boxes1 police regulation4 ,city ,disposal ( ,sweep+s ,av]age ,av]age ,no4 ( ,am\nt ( ,cu4 ,yds4 ,sweep+s ( ,collect$ ,sweep+s at ,ea* p] #a1jjj;,clean+ ,sq4 ,yds4 ( ,area ,clean$ ,buffalo ,beacon ,b+hamton ,c9c9nati 4#bd ,yes4 ,cambridge ,yes4 ,*icago 4#jgi 4#jgi ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,cortl& ,dunkirk ,d5v] ,elmira ,fall ,riv] ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson cu4 yd4 ,jame/[n 4#jec ,kansas ,city ,k+/on ,los ,angeles ,l\isville ,l[ell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middlet[n ,me*anicville ,new ,york ,city #bh4f p] 4#jbi cu4 yr4 yds4 ,new ,orleans ,yes4 ,new ,b$=d ,new>k ,norwi* ,new ,ro*elle #aai cu4 yds4 ,niag>a ,falls ,newburgh ,oakl& ,oswego ,ogd5sburg ,philadelphia 4#ag 4#bc cu4 yds4 ,provid5ce ,ro*e/] ,r5ssela] ,read+ ,ri*mond ,/4 ,l\is ,san ,francisco ,salt ,lake ,city ,spr+field ,seattle ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,wa%+ton ,city ,disposal ( ,sweep+s ,me?od ( ,disposal ,on ,us$ ,sold = ,price ,total ,city = ,f]tiliz] ,*>g$ ,ye>ly ,dump,fill] ,receipts ,buffalo ,yes4,yes4 ,beacon ,yes4 ,contract4 #acg4jj ,b+hamton ,c9c9nati ,yes4 ,cambridge ,*icago ,yes4,yes4 ,camd5 ,columbus ,clevel& ,yes4 ,cortl& ,yes4,yes4 ,dunkirk ,yes4 ,d5v] ,yes4 ,elmira ,yes4 ,fall ,riv] ,yes4 ,gr& ,rapids ,hudson ,yes4,yes4 ,jame/[n ,kansas ,city ,yes4 ,k+/on ,los ,angeles ,yes4 ,l\isville ,yes4 ,l[ell ,yes4 ,yes4 ,lynn ,yes4 ,lackawanna ,yes4 ,little ,falls ,yes4 ,yes4 ,milwaukee ,yes4 ,middlet[n ,yes4 #cj4 = #a yds4 ,me*anicville ,yes4 ,new ,york ,city ,yes4 ,new ,orleans ,new ,b$=d ,new>k ,yes4 ,norwi* ,yes4,yes4 ,new ,ro*elle ,yes4 ,niag>a ,falls,yes4 ,newburgh ,yes4 ,oakl& ,yes4,yes4 ,oswego ,yes4 ,ogd5sburg ,philadelphia ,yes4,yes4 ,provid5ce ,yes4,yes4 #b4jj p] cord4 ,ro*e/] ,r5ssela] ,yes4,yes4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,read+ ,ri*mond ,yes4,yes4 ,yes4 #ae4 p] load4 ,/4 ,l\is ,yes4,yes4 ,san ,francisco,yes4 ,salt ,lake ,yes4,yes4 ,city ,spr+field ,yes4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,seattle ,yes4,yes4 ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,wa%+ton ,yes4,yes4 ,,note3 ,seattle & ,d5v] are ! only cities :i* report t !y clean _! sidewalks4 ,d5v] limits its "w to ! bus9ess di/rict4 ,all cities report !y d n dump sweep+s 9 manholes4 ,all cities except ,salt ,lake ,city & ,norwi* report !y spr9kle /reets prec$+ sweep+4 ,cambridge1 ,san ,francisco1 & ,spr+field1 ,mass41 are ! only cities :i* report !y d n h spr9kl]s prec$e squeegee ma*9es4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,on acc\nt ( favorable wea!r conditions & ! necessity ( economis+ v little ma*9e broom+ is done4 ,footnote #b3 ,"o-t5? ( x clean$ f\r times daily4 ,two-fif?s once a day4 ,"o- half once a week4 ,footnote #c3 ,flu%+ only4 ,footnote #d3 ,h& clean+1 flu%+ & squeegee+4 ,footnote #e3 ,n includ+ alleys4 ,footnote #f3 ,flu%+ only4 ,footnote #g3 ,h& & ma*9e sweep+ & flu%+4 ,footnote #h3 ,entire ye>4 ,footnote #i3 ,sweep]s patrol /reets f "o to t5 times daily4 ,footnote #aj3 ,also includes ma*9e sweep+1 clean$ p]iodically4 ,footnote #aa3 ,also includes ma*9e sweep+--p] ye>4 ,footnote #ab3 #dc1cda loads 9 ye>2 #he #b cu4 yds4 ea* & #ae #c cu4 yds4 ea*4 ,footnote #ac3 ,f\r ( ^! on ! av]age w be sub-=em5 at #c4ej1 & ! o!r labor]s at #b4ej = #h h\rs4 ,^! m5 are also "u ! sup]vision ( f\r di/rict deputies at #abe a mon? ea*4 ,^! di/rict deputies h _m o!r duties4 ,footnote #ad3 ,l5g? ( day eight h\rs1 unless o!rwise not$4 ,footnote #ae3 ,= wat] & oil4 ,footnote #af3 4#jde foot frontage = #dj foot /reet4 4#jee foot frontage = #ej foot /reet4 4#jfe foot frontage = #fj foot /reet4 ,footnote #ag3 ,city also paid = wat] & hydrant r5tal #be1cbi4hh ,footnote #ah3 ,bas$ on /reet #cj feet wide & spr9kl$ twice daily = #aej days4 ,footnote #ai3 ,railroad company furni%es electric p[] & use ( tracks = c> spr9kl] & p[] flu%]4 ,city pays = c>4 ,footnote #bj3 ,city furni%es two m5 & company motorm5 & conductor4 ,city owns spr9kl]s4 ,footnote #ba3 ,includ+ #aj ( co/ ( ma*9]y = depreciation & repairs & #d int]e/ on ma*9]y4 ,footnote #bb3 ,trolley c> flu%]4 ,footnote #bc3 ,p] #a1jjj sq4 yds4 ,footnote #bd3 ,does n include depreciation & int]e/4 ,footnote #be3 ,on city "w only4 ,does n include am\nt paid to contractor4 ,footnote #bf3 ,includes clean+ dra9s & gutt]s & inlets1 clean+ "u small highway bridges & remov+ fall5 trees f roadway4 ,footnote #bg3 ,"o squ>e equals #edj ft4 includ+ sal>ies & wages1 co/ ( new appliances1 repairs & ma9t5ance ( appliances & all o!r ov]head *>ges4 ,footnote #bh3 ,includes depreciation & repairs1 b n g5]al sup]vision4 ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,processes ,,us$ ,,by ,,am]ican ,,cities--,,op9ions ,,( ,,au?orities-- ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,new ,,me?ods4 ,recognition ( ! necessity = ! prop] disposal ( sewage is n[ q preval5t 9 mo/ ,am]ican communities1 :e!r l>ge or small4 ,9 _m sections ! problem has become vital1 & z ! population increases1 x is only a matt] ( "t :5 all w be compell$ to solve ! problem1 = its importance gr[s 9 direct proportion to ! rapid increase 9 inhabitants4 ,! cont9u$ conc5tration ( population makes x increas+ly difficult & exp5sive = a municipality to secure & ma9ta9 a pure wat] supply & =ces community activity = protection aga9/ disease g]ms4 ,x also causes ! dem& = ! improvem5t ( ! e/hetic condition ( bodies ( wat] )9 or ne> a city's b\nd>ies4 ,_m /ates h already recogniz$ ! conditions due to ^! nuisances & h enact$ /rict legislation ) a view to prev5t+ ! pollution ( /reams & o!r bodies ( wat]1 = ! protection ( wat] supplies1 surface & und]gr\nd1 & = ! elim9ation ( disease g]ms accompany+ sewage4 ,/ates & ev5 nations h realiz$ t sewage disposal is m ?an a local problem4 ,9 e case x is an int]-community problem1 9 "s x is int]- /ate & 9 a few ! "q mu/ be settl$ by national gov]nm5ts4 ,ev5 ^? communities :i* h n already provid$ a prop] me?od ( disposal ( _! sewage "k t x mu/ be done soon] or lat]1 & _m are prep>+ = x ei!r by mak+ a prelim9>y /udy1 by prep>+ t5tative plans1 by recon/ruct+ _! sew]age sy/ems or plann+ new ext5sions ) t end 9 view1 or by %ap+ _! f9ancial programs s t ! community w be prep>$ to assume ! f9ancial burd5 :5 ! necessity becomes imp]ative4 ,! quantity ( h>mful wa/e produc$ by a community is surpris+ly small 9 comp>ison ) ! disa/r\s effects x may produce4 ,all au?orities agree t 9 cities provid$ ) an abundant wat] supply sewage conta9s less ?an "o-t5? ( "o p] c5t4 ( =eign sub/ances4 ,?is organic matt] & ! products ( its decomposition ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? has f\nd r>ely exce$ "o-half ( "o p] c5t4 ( ! sewage4 ,george ,w4 ,full]1 consult+ sanit>y eng9e]1 says t #ii4i p] c5t4 ( sewage is ord9>ily pure wat] & t ev5 mu* ( ! rema9d] is h>mless matt] ( a m9]al nature4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,george ,s4 ,web/]1 ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,bureau ( ,surveys & ( ! ,philadelphia ,sewage ,te/+ ,/ation1 ) sewage works1 indicates t on an av]age #a1jjj p]sons produce p] annum =ty-five tons ( dry sludge matt]1 or ! solid "p ( ! sewage aft] treatm5t2 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ,bureau reports t ! volume ( sewage dis*>g$ daily dur+ ! ye> p] p]son is #afd gallons4 ,yet ! small am\nt ( decompos+ matt] mu/ be prop]ly treat$ = x is t :i* gives sewage its (f5sive "* & p[] to cause disease4 ,! prop] solution ( ! sewage disposal problem involves fir/1 ! con/ruction ( a sew]age sy/em t w remove ! sewage f ! community completely & z rapidly z possible1 & secondly1 ! con/ruction ( a disposal plant at :i* ! sewage c be treat$ 9 su* a way t :5 x is dis*>g$ into ! body ( wat] x w n cause a nuisance & disease4 ,! ,sew]age ,sy/em ,!re are two types ( sew]age sy/ems 9 use1 ! sep>ate & ! comb9$4 ,9 ! =m] ! /orm wat] is remov$ 9 "o set ( pipes & ! dome/ic sewage 9 ano!r4 ,! comb9$ sy/em removes bo? 9 ! same set ( pipes4 ,9 decid+ :i* sy/em to adopt ?ree factors mu/ be fir/ consid]$1 ! co/1 ! topography ( ! city & ! me?od ( disposal4 ,! g5]al conclusions ( sanit>y eng9e]s at pres5t reg>d+ ! relative m]its ( ! two sy/ems are t ei!r is satisfactory f a sanit>y po9t ( view :5 prop]ly con/ruct$1 t ! sep>ate sy/em is usually be/ = suburban di/ricts n closely built up & = all communities :]e ! sanit>y sewage requires treatm5t1 & t (t5 a comb9ation ( ! two sy/ems c be us$ to advantage4 ,mo/ eng9e]s po9t to ! advantage ( comb9$ sew]s 9 n>r[ /reets & conge/$ di/ricts :]e only "o pipe & "o h\se connection are requir$4 ,! belief has be5 express$ by ,john ,h4 ,gregory1 consult+ eng9e]1 t z a g5]al proposition ! co/ ( build+ a comb9$ sy/em is less ?an t ( con/ruct+ a sep>ate sy/em1 especially :]e ! t]ritory to be s]v$ is m or less closely built up & /reets pav$4 ,9 suburban t]ritory1 n closely built up & :]e /orm wat] is easily & quickly div]t$ into natural wat] c\rses1 he believes ! sep>ate sy/em w 9 g5]al co/ less1 = !n only sanit>y sew]s ne$ to be built fir/1 ! /orm wat] sew]s be+ def]r$ = ye>s or only su* dra9s con/ruct$ z are imm$iately requir$4 ,:5 !re are /eep grades & relatively high velocity all au?orities agree ) ,gregory t x is advisable to build comb9$ sew]s1 ev5 ?\gh ! developm5t ( ! t]ritory may h>dly be su* z to require ! removal ( ! /orm wat]4 ,discuss+ ! m]its ( ! two sy/ems s f> z !y affect ! co/ ( disposal ,cl>k ,p4 ,coll9s1 sanit>y eng9e]1 concludes t g5]ally speak+ 8x is unwise to dilute sewage ) /orm wat] & to bef\l /orm wat] ) sewage 9 ! attempt to remove bo? by ! same und]gr\nd *annel40 ,gregory has express$ ! op9ion t if sewage is to be dis*>g$ into a body )\t treatm5t ! comb9$ sy/em w (f] ! simple/ & *eape/ solution ( ! problem4 ,among ! pr9cipal objections to ! comb9$ sy/em :5 ! sewage is treat$ are ! increase x causes 9 ! volume ( liquid :i* necess>ily requires a l>g] plant & exp5diture1 ! *anges x causes 9 ! "* ( ! sewage :i* complicates op]ation ( ! plant1 & ! frequ5cy ) :i* x causes ! fl[ ( sewage to exce$ ! maximum ( ! plant1 !reby mak+ x necess>y to dis*>ge untreat$ sewage into ! /ream4 ,) a comb9$ sy/em all k9ds ( trade wa/es mu/ be run ?r\gh ! disposal plant1 :e!r !y are (f5sive or n2 automatic devices1 :i* %\ld be avoid$ :5ev] possible1 are necess>y betwe5 ! comb9$ & int]cept+ sew]s to limit ! am\nt ( fl[2 a great] am\nt ( grit is deposit$ at ! disposal works unless 9 ! sep>ate sy/em ! fir/ wa% ( ! /reet is int]cept$4 ,! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? advocates ! sep>ate sy/em4 ,9 con/ruct+1 ext5d+ or recon/ruct+ a sew]age sy/em x is well to be> 9 m9d t ev5 ?\gh a city has n at pres5t a disposal plant1 ! "t w come 9 all probability :5 increas$ population w compel ! treatm5t ( its sewage by "s process4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be m economical ev5tually to make pres5t plans s t :5 disposal does come ! sew]age sy/em w make possible ! mo/ economical op]ation ( ! disposal works4 ,gregory's conclusion z rec5tly express$ 9 an address is t 8o!r ?+s be+ equal1 especially z m & m att5tion is be+ giv5 to sewage disposal1 ! sep>ate sy/em seems to (f] great] advantages40 ,all eng9e]s advocate good v5tilation = sew]s & gradi5ts t w develop self-cleans+ velocities1 s z to r$uce gas tr\ble & to deliv] ! sewage z fre% z possible to ! disposal works4 ,! be/ practise1 accord+ to reports ( ! ,/ate ,bo>ds ( ,heal?1 %[ t ^! velocities %\ld be n less ?an two feet p] second 9 sep>ate sy/ems & two & "o-half feet 9 comb9$ sy/ems4 ,9 "s in/ances :]e x has be5 necess>y to r$uce ! gradi5ts because ( ! exp5se ( obta9+ /eep] ones1 a velocity ( "o foot p] second has be5 f\nd to be satisfactory2 b 9 su* in/ances sew]s mu/ be well con/ruct$ & flu%$4 ,mo/ trade wa/es require a high] velocity to prev5t deposits4 ,! ,degree ( ,purification ( ,sewage ,be=e det]m9+ ! prop] me?od ( disposal ! fir/ po9t to be settl$ by a city is ! degree ( purification desir$ or ne$$ = bo? ! pres5t & ! future4 ,! decision is dep5d5t ^u ?ree factors3 ! self-purify+ capacity ( ! /ream or body ( wat] into :i* ! efflu5t--liquid portions ( ! sewage run (f aft] treatm5t--is to be dis*>g$ & its utilization = wat] supply1 ba?+1 etc41 ! "* & am\nt ( ! sewage & ! possible future gr[? n only ( ! city itself1 b also ( ! communities bord]+ on ! /ream4 ,:ile !re h be5 "s dem&s = ! absolute /]ilization ( sewage1 _m sanit>ians believe t any artificial me?od ( sewage treatm5t w n e/hetically r5d] ! f9al efflu5t fit = +e/ion1 & practically all au?orities agree t f9al dis*>ge ( sewage ne$ n be 9 ?is p]fect condition4 ,?is seems to be bas$ on logical reason+ :5 "o consid]s t all wat]ways are necess>ily pollut$ to "s ext5t4 ,john ,duncan ,watson1 ( ,birm+ham1 ,engl&1 cont5ds t ! complete elim9ation ( bact]ia is prohibitive inasmu* z x is beyond ! limits ( ! reasonable dem&s on ! purse4 ,rob]t ,spurr ,we/on1 memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 at "o "t rem9d$ an audi5ce t ! prop] place to protect ! wat] consum]s aga9/ disease is at ! wat] works & n at ! sewage disposal plant4 ,au?orities are 9 g5]al agre$ t sewage %\ld be dispos$ ( z ! /ream dem&s1 & t local conditions %\ld det]m9e degree ( purification requir$4 ,/&>ds ( purity h be5 /udi$ by _m societies & v>i\s sugge/ions h be5 made4 ,all agree t ! sewage aft] treatm5t %\ld n det]iorate ! /ream into :i* x fl[s4 ,watson advocates "u c]ta9 conditions an efflu5t t w n putrefy on be+ kept = sev5 days at a uni=m temp]ature ( #hj degrees ,f4 & t does n conta9 m ?an ?ree p>ts p] #ajj1jjj ( susp5d$ solid matt]4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! susp5d$ matt] %\ld be remov$1 ! conditions ne> ! po9t ( dis*>ge be in(f5sive & ! wat] be n impair$ = purposes ( manufacture & pleasure4 ,:5 a city is locat$ on ! sea%ore or ne> a l>ge lake or /ream ! scre5+ out ( ! heavy p>ticles be=e ! sewage is dis*>g$ toge!r ) dilution w prev5t active decomposition & putrefaction ( ! sewage ! body ( wat] receives & ! e/hetic s5ses ( ! community w n be (f5d$4 ,on small bodies ( wat] & :5 ! wat] is us$ = dr9k+ & manufactur+ purposes or = ba?+ or %ellfi% ! conditions usually dem& n only a non-putrescible efflu5t b also "o t is free f h>mful bact]ia or "o t is highly purifi$ l t f s& filt]s4 ,!re seems to be a g5]al agreem5t among sanit>y eng9e]s t ! condition ( ! riv] bel[ :]e ! efflu5t jo9s x is a safe guide & %\ld be ! rul+ factor 9 det]m9+ ! degree ( purification desirable4 ,au?orities1 h[ev]1 are n agre$ z to :e!r ! /&>d ( cleanl9ess %\ld be bas$ solely on *emical analysis or on a mix$ /&>d tak+ into consid]ation ! appe>ance ( ! wat] & its physical1 *emical & bact]ial conditions1 z has be5 demon/rat$ by ! ,metropolitan ,sewage ,commission ( ,new ,york4 ,"o exp]t 9 answ] to ! "q prop\nd$ by ! ,commission bas$ ! /&>d solely on *emical analysis1 b none ( ^? ^: views 7 s\ght 0 will+ to accept ! dissolv$ oxyg5 te/ z an all suffici5t crit]ion ( ! condition ( ! wat]4 ,"o consid]$ t ! oxyg5 %\ld be reg>d$ z a reliable index ( ! cleanl9ess ( ! wat] only :5 deal+ ) ! condition ( gross pollution & only :5 9 conjunction ) obs]vations ( ! appe>ance & physical conditions ( ! wat]4 ,"o ( !m w\ld n h a /&>d ( cleanl9ess bas$ solely ^u analysis ( any k9d & all 7 agre$ t ! /&>d ( cleanl9ess %\ld n re/ ^u ! effect ( ! pollut$ wat] ^u heal?4 ,aft] hav+ decid$ on ! degree ( purification ! next /ep 9 ! solution ( ! problem is to select ! process ( treatm5t be/ adapt$ ) local conditions to produce ! results at ! l[e/ co/ & )\t nuisance4 ,no specific rules c be laid d[n = ! selection ( ! be/ process = all communities4 ,dome/ic wa/es (f] ! lea/ difficulty1 b !y are usually complicat$ ) ! pres5ce ( trade or /reet wa/es or bo?4 ,features difficult to ov]come may !n be produc$4 ,!n also1 ! "* ( ! sewage v>ies greatly ) ! season1 days & ev5 h\rs4 ,?is is due to ! habits ( ! p1 to climatic conditions & to ! am\nt & "* ( trade & indu/rial wa/es & to ! am\nt ( wat] us$ & all[$ to infiltrate4 ,a cann]y1 cream]y1 tann]y1 brew]y1 /rawbo>d factory1 wool sc\r+ %op1 dye+ & clean+ works may dis*>ge its wa/es s t dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod ! "* ( ! sewage be entirely *ang$4 ,k ( ^! conditions & *anges are necess>y to plan a successful disposal plant4 ,ea* community has its own problem1 & :ile !re are c]ta9 g5]al conditions t %\ld be consid]$1 ea* case is m or less unique4 ,*>les ,g4 ,hyde1 consult+ eng9e] ( ! ,cali=nia ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 has summ$ up ! situation 9 ?is /atem5t3 8,x is folly to suppose t because "o t[n c dispose ( its sewage successfully 9 "s c]ta9 fa%ion1 ano!r t[n c adopt ! same me?od ) a c]ta9ty ( secur+ equally satisfactory results4 ,sewage diff]s widely 9 "*1 n only z betwe5 t[ns b 9 a giv5 t[n40 ,processes ( ,treatm5t ,! processes = treat+ sewage may be divid$ into ?ree ma9 gr\ps-- ! prelim9>y or prep>atory1 ! ma9 or f9al1 & dis9fection4 ,! processes 9 ! prelim9>y or prep>atory gr\p remove m or less ( ! solids1 especially ! susp5d$ matt]1 b ! efflu5t1 or liquid t is dis*>g$ into ! /ream1 is *emically un/able & w decompose & putrefy4 ,^! are ! simple/ me?ods ( treatm5t1 &1 except :5 sewage is dis*>g$ into v l>ge bodies ( wat] :]e x is desir$ only to improve ! e/hetic condition or :]e ! wat] is capable ( rapid self-purification1 at lea/ "o ( ^! processes is us$ 9 comb9ation ) "s o!r =m ( treatm5t 9 ! next gr\p4 ,! prelim9>y processes are dilution1 scre5+ 7co>se or f9e71 pla9 s$im5tation1 /ra9+ or r\gh+ filt]s1 *emical precipitation1 slate b$s1 colloidal tanks1 septic tank treatm5t1 & s+le contact b$s4 ,! ma9 or f9al processes are m complex4 ,^! remove a sub/antial proportion ( ! dissolv$ & susp5d$ matt]4 ,! efflu5t is g5]ally /able4 ,:5 any "o ( ^! processes is us$ x is cu/om>y to provide "s prelim9>y treatm5t4 ,! processes 9 ?is gr\p are d\ble contact b$s1 trickl+ 7also call$ p]colat+71 spr9kl+ filt]s1 int]mitt5t s& filtration & broad irrigation or sewage f>m+4 ,9 ! ?ird gr\p is ! process ( dis9fection1 ei!r by hypo- *lorite ( lime or liquid *lor9e4 ,"s au?orities call ?is ?ird gr\p ! f9i%+ process & preface two o!rs1 second>y settl+ tanks & second>y filt]s4 ,! *emical elem5ts ( ?is gr\p de/roy ! bact]ia1 especially ! disease produc+ k9d1 & are us$ 9 comb9ation ) "o or m ( ! processes 9 ! o!r two gr\ps to produce a highly purifi$ efflu5t4 ,sev]al o!r processes h be5 develop$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! electrolytic process is n[ be+ us$ 9 a few ,am]ican cities1 & has be5 includ$ 9 almo/ all ( ! exp]im5ts n[ be+ made by municipalities4 ,! activat$ sludge process has be5 adopt$ by two l>ge cities1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 & ,h\/on1 ,texas1 & two small cities1 ,san ,m>cos1 ,texas1 & ,escanaba1 ,mi*41 & is be+ te/$ 9 at lea/ eighte5 o!rs1 among !m ,baltimore1 ,clevel& & ,brooklyn4 ,j]sey ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 has t5tatively adopt$ ! activat$ sludge process4 ,ano!r process1 kn[n z ! ,miles ,acid ,sludge ,process1 is be+ exp]im5t$ ) by ! city ( ,bo/on4 ,^! processes or v>iations ( !m may be us$ s+ly or 9 comb9ations ( two or m to yield diff]5t degrees ( purification t w meet v>y+ local requirem5ts4 ,:i* ( ^! or :at comb9ation ( processes to use accord+ to local requirem5ts is ! all important "q = a city to answ]4 ,sev]al cities ei!r h adopt$ or are plann+ to adopt ! plan advocat$ by ,john ,a4 ,giles1 ,commission] ( ,public ,works ( ,b+hamton1 ,new ,york1 to include a numb] ( ! diff]5t /ages ( treatm5t 9 ! orig9al design s t :5 future in/allation is necess>y on acc\nt ( increas$ population1 ) its increas$ pollution1 or ! ne$ = a great] degree ( purification becomes imp]ative1 ! addition c be made on ! site already provid$ = & ea* unit w fit into ! complete /ructure at a m9imum co/4 ,! cons5sus ( op9ion is t a disposal works c be design$ & con/ruct$ :i* w produce an efflu5t t w n det]iorate ! wat] into :i* x is dis*>g$1 t w create no nuisance f odor or f flies & t ! co/ w be /rictly proportionate to ! sanit>y & e/hetic results a*iev$4 ,an approximate idea ( ! effici5cy ( ! v>i\s well kn[n processes 9 ! removal ( bact]ia 0 giv5 by ,pr(essor ,george ,g4 ,:ipple1 ,pr(essor ( ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 be=e ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,conf]5ce ( ,mayors & ,o!r ,city ,(ficials3 ,process ,p]c5tage ( ,bact]ia ,remov$ ,f9e scre5s #aj to #ae ,settl+ tanks #fj to #gj ,septic tanks #fj to #gj ,*emical precipitation #hj to #ij ,contact filt]s #ge to #he ,p]colat+ filt]s #he to #ie ,int]mitt5t s& filt]s #ie to #ii ,broad irrigation #ie to #ii ,dilution ,comp>atively few cities c mu* long] dep5d ^u l>ge bodies ( wat] to dilute _! untreat$ sewage4 ,ev5 ^? cities locat$ on ! seacoa/ & on ! banks ( l>ge riv]s & lakes h ei!r provid$ "s me?od ( treatm5t1 usually "o or m ( ! processes 9 ! prelim9>y gr\p1 or are plann+ to d s4 ,new ,york ,city :i* has an adjac5t l>ge body ( wat] into :i* x dis*>ges its sewage )\t treatm5t ( any k9d1 n[ f9ds x necess>y to adopt a comb9ation ( processes to elim9ate ! nuisance ! wa/e is caus+4 ,9 "s places :]e dilution is dep5d$ ^u1 ! exi/+ nuisances h be5 caus$ by ! outlets be+ ext5d$ only to ! high wat] l9e ( ! wat] c\rse1 ?us prev5t+ a prop] mixture ( sewage ) a suffici5t volume ( wat] adequately to dilute x4 ,o!r difficulties exp]i5c$ :5 untreat$ or raw sewage is dis*>g$ into l>ge volumes ( wat] 9 excessive quantities are ! =mation ( deposits ( sludge1 ! residue aft] sewage has be5 all[$ to settle1 on ! banks & ! bottom2 turbidity1 milk9ess & oil9ess ( ! wat]1 bad odors1 ! =mation ( scum ^u ! wat] & ! de/ruction ( %ellfi%4 ,to ov]come ^! difficulties "s cities h resort$ to dr$g+1 scre5+ & s$im5tation4 ,o!rs h be5 compell$ to adopt "s m complicat$ process4 ,! ,cali=nia ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? 9 "o ( its bullet9s quotes its consult+ eng9e]1 ,*>les ,g4 ,hyde1 z say+ t exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ r def9itely t a nuisance w be caus$ if sewage is dilut$ ) less ?an ab\t tw5ty volumes ( wat] :ile f =ty to fifty may 9 "s cases be necess>y4 ,we/on believes t 9 ord9>y cases mixtures ( sewage & wat] %\ld be fifty p] c5t4 saturat$ ) oxyg51 & :5 !re is an excessive deposit ( sludge ev5 sev5ty p] c5t4 ( saturation may be insuffici5t4 ,h]r+ & ,gregory1 9 _! report on ! ,albany1 ,new ,york1 sy/em1 say3 8,f obs]vations made 9 _m riv]s x has be5 f\nd t a fl[ ( well oxyg5at$ riv] wat] ( f ?ree to six cubic feet p] second is capable ( dilut+ ! sewage f a population ( #a1jjj to a degree t w all[ oxyg5 9 ! riv] wat] to oxidize ! easily putrescible organic matt] 9 ! sewage & !reby prev5t ! wat] f becom+ (f5sive1 provid$ ! velocity ( fl[ is suffici5t to prev5t accumulations ( sewage sludge on ! bottom ( ! /ream40 ,scre5+ ,! scre5+ process consi/s ( runn+ ! sewage ?r\gh co>se or f9e scre5s1 ei!r h& clean$ or me*anically op]at$1 to remove susp5d$ & float+ matt]4 ,!re is almo/ an unanimity ( op9ion n[ 9 favor ( ! use ( me*anically op]at$ f9e scre5s4 ,! effici5cy dep5ds l>gely al?\gh n entirely1 ^u ! size ( ! me% or op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! sewage passes4 ,co>se scre5s1 :i* are clean$ by h&1 w remove f two to t5 p] c5t4 ( ! susp5d$ matt] & f9e scre5s :i* are me*anically op]at$ w 9 "s cases remove z mu* z #be p] c5t4 ,scre5+ w n mat]ially *ange ! turbidity ( ! liquid or ! greasy appe>ance nor w x remove all ( ! susp5d$ matt]4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! scre5+ process is valuable 9 connection ) sewage pump+ works & inv]t$ siphons1 :5 sewage is dispos$ ( by dilution & :5 raw sewage is appli$ )\t any o!r prelim9>y treatm5t to a f9al process z x prev5ts ! clogg+ ( ma*9]y & filt]s4 ,:5 ! process is us$ ! scre5+s mu/ ord9>ily be dispos$ ( )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs on acc\nt ( f]m5tation & decomposition :i* sets 9 quickly4 ,9 "s cities ! deposits are buri$ & 9 o!rs !y are burn$ aft] hav+ be5 artificially dri$4 ,rob]t ,spurr ,we/on says t x seems unwise to attempt to dispose sep>ately ( two k9ds ( sludge1 namely t remov$ be=e & t rema9+ aft] subsid5ce4 8,on ! o!r h&10 he cont9ues1 8! scre5+ ( ! efflu5t f a settl+ tank 9 ord] to r$uce ! op]ative *>ges = clean+ spr9kl]s is an economical practise4 ,fur!rmore1 ! actual am\nt ( mat]ial scre5$ f ! efflu5t is small 9 comp>ison ) t remov$ f unsettl$ sewage & its subsequ5t disposal is n a s]i\s burd540 ,grit ,*amb]s ,if a sewage disposal plant is op]at$ 9 connection ) a comb9$ sew]age sy/em grit *amb]s are usually necess>y = ! removal ( s&1 gravel & dirt be=e ! sewage passes on = fur!r treatm5t4 ,:]e a city has a sep>ate sy/em ( sew]age grit *amb]s are held by "s au?orities to be unnecess>y unless ! fir/ wa% ( ! /reet aft] a /orm is int]cept$ & ! wa/e is treat$4 ,gregory has express$ ! belief t ! safe/ plan "u ord9>y conditions seems to be to provide a grit *amb]4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! *amb]s %\ld be s con/ruct$ t ! sewage w fl[ ?r\gh sl[ly en\gh = ! grit to settle out1 b fa/ en\gh to c>ry ! organic matt] 9 susp5sion4 ,to insure prop] op]ation ! *amb] mu/ be clean$ out frequ5tly4 ,at ! ,clevel& ,sewage ,te/+ ,/ation x has be5 f\nd t velocities rang+ f #cj to #fj feet p] m9ute produce a grit ( prop] "*4 ,! ,cali=nia ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? has advocat$ *amb]s ) a capacity su* t a net p]iod ( /orage ( at lea/ ?ree m9utes be all[$ & a velocity ( n less ?an five feet p] m9ute4 ,/ra9+ or ,r\gh+ ,!re are few cities :i* treat _! sewage by ! process ( /ra9+ & r\gh+4 ,?is consi/s ( remov+ ! susp5d$ matt] by means ( rapid /ra9+ ?r\gh b$s ( coke or s& arrang$ l ! rapid s& or me*anical wat] filt]4 ,coke b$s1 especially 9 cold climates1 h n be5 a success4 ,! *ief objection to ! rapid s& filt] is ! wa% wat] :i* conta9s mu* organic or m9]al impurities ( ! sewage & :i* requires special treatm5t :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be difficult & exp5sive4 ,difficulty has also be5 f\nd 9 dispos+ ( ! sludge deposit$ ^u ! filt] surface4 ,( ?is process ! bullet9 ( ! ,cali=nia ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? says3 8,! process is an exp5sive "o at be/1 bo? z respects con/ruction & op]ation4 ,! efflu5t f su* works c be made fully equal to1 if n bett] ?an ! efflu5t ( pla9 s$im5tation bas9s f a sanit>y po9t ( view40 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! ,clevel& ,te/+ ,/ation ) ^! filt]s 0 n favorable4 ,! filt]s :5 op]at$ at rates f #cj to #fj gallons p] acre p] #bd h\rs remov$ f #be to #dj p] c5t4 ( susp5d$ matt] & _! action 0 simply me*anical1 !re be+ no increase 9 ! dissolv$ oxyg5 cont5t4 ,! report f ! /ation says t ! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 _! op]ation 7 suffici5t to elim9ate ! process z a me?od 9 itself or 9 comb9ation ) o!r processes4 ,treatm5t 9 ,tanks ,! treatm5t ( sewage 9 tanks1 ei!r by *emical or biological processes1 has be5 adopt$ by _m cities1 especially z a prelim9>y treatm5t4 ,^! processes are kn[n z pla9 s$im5tation1 *emical precipitation & ! septic process4 ,( ^! ! treatm5t 9 ! ,imh(f tank is ! mo/ popul> at ! pres5t "t4 ,pla9 ,s$im5tation ,by all[+ ! sewage ei!r to fl[ into prop]ly con/ruct$ tanks or ?r\gh !m at a velocity l[ en\gh to all[ "s ( ! susp5d$ matt] to sep>ate f ! liquid & to be deposit$ on ! bottom f :i* ! sludge is remov$1 is ano!r process t has be5 us$ by a numb] ( ,am]ican & ,european cities4 ,! fir/ tanks 7 con/ruct$ s t !y c\ld be fill$ ) sewage & !n aft] ! susp5d$ matt] _h settl$ ! efflu5t 0 drawn (f4 ,?is 0 kn[n z ! fill & draw plan4 ,lat] :at is n[ kn[n z ! cont9u\s fl[ pr9ciple 0 us$4 ,! velocity ( ! fl[+ sewage is r$uc$ suffici5tly z x ent]s & passes ?r\gh ! tank = ! susp5d$ matt] to settle4 ,! sludge :i* collects at ! bottom ( ! tank mu/ be remov$ frequ5tly4 ,! results are affect$ by ! quantity & quality ( ! sewage1 fre% sewage be+ capable ( great] cl>ification by s$im5tation ?an /ale sewage4 ,! range 9 /orage p]iod = ,am]ican sewages is f f\r to twelve h\rs & ! removal ( susp5d$ matt] is f #de to #ge p] c5t4 ,9 "s cities pla9 s$im5tation has be5 us$ 9 connection ) dilution & 9 o!rs z an aid to filtration4 ,! *ief objection to ! process is ! sludge :i* is extremely (f5sive & mu/ be treat$ sep>ately4 ,x does n dry readily1 is difficult to h&le & if all[$ to accumulate causes s]i\s nuisance4 ,because ( ^! difficulties & ! fact t ! sludge f ! ,cam]on & ,imh(f tanks c be m easily dispos$ ( ! septic process has gradually =c$ pla9 s$im5tation into ! backgr\nd4 ,colloidal tanks 7 design$ to c>ry ! process ( cl>ification fur!r ?an pla9 s$im5tation1 b !y h n come into g5]al use4 ,metcalf & ,eddy 9 _! 8,am]ican ,sew]age ,practice0 say ( ?is process3 8,!re has be5 a feel+ t :ile "u "s conditions a portion ( ! colloidal solids c\ld be remov$ by su* devices1 ! "w accompli%$ 0 n likely to be suffici5t to (fset ! exp5se ( con/ruction & "s difficulties 9 op]ation40 ,! ,septic ,process ,9 ! septic process ! raw sewage is convey$ to tanks1 & all[$ to /& until ! solids h settl$ to ! bottom & h be5 p>tially de/roy$ or liquefi$ by bact]ial action4 ,two types ( tanks are us$ 9 ! septic process1 "o kn[n z ! ,cam]on type & ! o!r z ! ,ems*] or ,imh(f tank4 ,! be/ con/ruct$ ,cam]on tanks are n less ?an #h feet 9 dep? & are usually l>ge en\gh to hold ab\t six h\rs' maximum fl[ ( sewage4 ,! desirable "t ( det5tion dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! sewage1 bo? z to /r5g? & fre%ness1 /rong & /ale sewages dem&+ a long] p]iod4 ,! tanks are usually built ) baffles at ! entrance to ret>d ! curr5t & to deflect ! susp5d$ matt] to ! bottom :i* is s con/ruct$ t ! sludge1 aft] bact]ial action has tak5 place1 c be drawn (f f "t to "t4 ,h4 ,w4 ,cl>k1 =m]ly *emi/ ( ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 has express$ ! belief t ! rate ( fl[ ?r\gh a septic tank %\ld n be great] ?an t :i* w cause passage 9 twelve h\rs4 ,*>les ,g4 ,hyde 9 ! ,cali=nia ,bo>d ( ,heal? ,bullet9 says t z a rule ! p]iod %\ld n be great] ?an #bd h\rs nor less ?an #ab h\rs1 except possibly ) weak or /ale sewages4 ,he advocates multiple units s t ! /orage p]iods may be controll$ to give optimum results4 ,! efflu5t :i* is turbid1 putrescible & ri* 9 organic matt] _c be dis*>g$ into /reams ) safety )\t fur!r treatm5t1 unless ! volume ( wat] is suffici5t to complete ! purification by dilution4 ,z ! solids settle a scum :i* =ms on top ( ! tank1 keeps out light & air & produces a condition favorable = ! bact]ial activity caus$ by m9ute organisms kn[n z ana]obic bact]ia4 ,^! g]ms ?rive & functionate be/ 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg51 & _! *ief function 9 sewage treatm5t is ! conv]sion ( ! solid organic matt] into a soluble =m1 some:at less complex 9 *emical composition4 ,! sludge is rott$ & :5 full bact]ial action has tak5 place is humifi$4 ,9 pla9 s$im5tation ! solids are simply deposit$ ^u ! bottom ( ! tank & are remov$ practically un*ang$4 ,9 ! septic tank1 h[ev]1 a "p ( ! solids aft] settl+ are brok5 d[n or dige/$1 ?us some:at less5+ ! difficulty ( dispos+ ( ! sludge4 ,reports v>y widely z to ! am\nt ( susp5d$ matt] t c be remov$ by ! septic process4 ,! ,i[a ,/ate ,college bullet9 says t ! am\nt ( purification does n usually exce$ #be to #dj p] c5t4 ,pr(essor ,:ipple places ! removal betwe5 #fj & #gj p] c5t41 & ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( ,cali=nia says x may v>y betwe5 #ce p] c5t4 & #he p] c5t41 av]ag+ p]haps #ej to #fj p] c5t4 ,h4 ,w4 ,cl>k places ! am\nt at n less ?an #dj p] c5t4 & adds t x w v>y accord+ to ! "* ( ! sewage1 ! v>iations be+ f #cj p] c5t4 ) weak sewage to #hj p] c5t4 ) /rong sewage4 ,all reports concur t 9 _m cases ! ,cam]on type ( tank has fail$ to produce effici5t results4 ,among ! objections rais$ by au?orities are ! foll[+3 ,! sludge is n ?or\ghly dige/$ & is some:at (f5sive4 ,! odor is obnoxi\s & ! efflu5t is too /ale & is treat$ ) difficulty by oxidation processes4 ,gilb]t ,j4 ,f[l]1 ,sanit>y ,exp]t ( ,engl&1 says ! defects :i* h %[n !mselves are a nuisance bo? f ! tank efflu5t & ! sludge & an excessive quantity ( susp5d$ solids 9 ! tank efflu5t4 ,*>les ,g4 ,hyde believes a review ( ! pr9ciples & results ( op]ation appe> to ju/ify ! conclusion t 8! septic efflu5ts are only less dang]\s ?an crude sewage to ! ext5t ( effici5cy ( removal ( organic matt]40 ,! ,imh(f ,tank ,9 an ef=t to ov]come ! defects 9 ! ,cam]on tank1 ! ,imh(f or ,ems*] tank 0 develop$ & ?is n[ seems to h ! pref]5ce among cities mak+ new in/allations4 ,! tank consi/s ( two comp>tm5ts1 "o above ! o!r4 ,x has a small] area ?an ! ord9>y septic tank1 b is mu* deep]4 ,! sewage passes at a l[ velocity ?r\gh ! upp] *amb]1 :i* is comp>atively %all[ & ,v-%ap$1 ! sides be+ suffici5tly /eep to all[ ! solids to be deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! ,v :i* is equipp$ ) slots4 ,?r\gh ^! ! solids pass into ! second *amb] bel[ :i* is mu* deep] ?an ! o!r4 ,! incl9$ p>tition wall mu/ be clean$ frequ5tly ) hose or squeegee 9 su* a way z n to clog ! slots4 ,! float+ pieces ( wood & cork mu/ be skimm$ (f1 b ! great] "p ( ! susp5d$ matt] t floats w g5]ally s9k aft] a "t4 ,dr4 ,k>l ,imh(f1 ! inv5tor ( ! tank1 advises spray+ ) a hose to exp$ite ! s9k+4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! sides clean & ! sludge 9 ! l[] tank bel[ ! slot level4 ,if neglect$ susp5d$ matt]s w rise to ! surface beh9d z well z 9 front ( ! scum bo>ds4 ,dr4 ,imh(f advises ! rev]sal ( ! fl[ ( sewage ab\t e ?ree weeks aft] skimm+ (f ! float+ matt] :5 "o s$im5tation *amb] fe$s m ?an "o sludge *amb]4 ,! rate ( fl[ 9 ! upp] *amb] is suffici5tly rapid to prev5t any septic action1 yet sl[ en\gh to all[ mu* ( ! susp5d$ matt] to settle4 ,! efflu5t 9 a comp>atively fre% condition passes out ( ! tank = fur!r treatm5t or = dis*>ge into wat] c\rses4 ,x !re=e does n become /ale nor does x come 9 contact ) decompos+ sludge1 ?us elim9at+ 9 "p ! objections advanc$ by au?orities aga9/ ! ,cam]on tank4 ,9 ! l[] tank ! sludge1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! slots is sl[ly dige/$ ?r\gh septic & o!r actions )\t any di/urbance by ! fl[ ( ! liquid sewage1 above4 ,be=e ! tank c deliv] good1 well dige/$ sludge--t is1 a black alkal9e odorless sludge--x mu/ be inoculat$ ) a prop] am\nt ( good sludge1 or ! raw sludge mu/ be p]mitt$ to 8rip540 ,dr4 ,imh(f has f\nd t ev5 )\t inoculation a tank w dis*>ge good sludge f ! beg9n+ if ripe sludge is empti$ into ! sy/em f cesspools :i* h be5 9 use a long "t4 ,9 "s in/ances cities h _h consid]able tr\ble ) acid decomposition dur+ ! rip5+ p]iod4 ,?is produces a sludge ( objectionable odor & "o n easily dri$4 ,x decomposes v sl[ly & may rise 9 a mass to ! surface ( ! sludge *amb]4 ,v>i\s rem$ies h be5 sugge/$1 among !m ! addition ( lime4 8,i _c advise su* addition10 ,dr4 ,imh(f has writt54 8,all plants :i* are kn[n to me & 9 :i* acid decomposition has occurr$ h soon] or lat] adju/$ !mselves ( _! own accord40 ,:5 prop]ly inoculat$ ! p>ticles ( sludge rise & fall con/antly 9 ! process ( giv+ (f ! gases4 ,! fre% sludge p>ticles ent]+ ! *amb] ?r\gh ! slot are cov]$ s t ! entire mass becomes ?or\ghly mix$ & ! untreat$ sludge 9 a %ort "t is inoculat$ ) ! prop] organisms4 ,! decompos$ sludge is dis*>g$ f "t to "t ?r\gh pipes lead+ f ! bottom ( ! tank to dry+ b$s4 ,dr4 ,imh(f has advocat$ ! dis*>ge ( sludge f ea* sludge *amb] once e two to six weeks1 t ! optimum ( ! sludge level %\ld be ab\t ?ree feet bel[ ! slot level & if x is desir$ to promote ! e>ly incid5ce ( prop] decomposition ! sludge %\ld n be all[$ to rema9 quiet at ! bottom ( ! sludge *amb]4 ,he advocates con/ant /irr+ & a uni=m introduction ( fre% organic matt] & ! dis*>ge ( ! decompos$ matt]4 ,! scum lay]1 he says1 mu/ be agitat$ frequ5tly by a jet ( wat] or o!rwise & ! sludge at ! bottom ( ! *amb] %\ld be agitat$ by a wat] /irr+ sy/em4 ,z a sub/itute1 he sugge/s t ! :ole body ( sludge be pump$ out & return$4 ,to det]m9e ! elevation ( ! sludge surface1 he advises l[]+ into ! sludge *amb] a v ?9 piece ( %eet iron "o foot squ>e 9 area held 9 a horizontal position4 ,if ! level is too high1 !re w be gas bubbles on ! surface ( ! settl+ *amb] above ! slot or !re w be float+ sludge & 9 extreme cases foam+ sludge4 ,z comp>$ ) o!r tank processes ! exp]i5ce ( cities indicates t ! ,imh(f type has _m advantages4 ,c]ta9 inh]5t difficulties1 h[ev]1 h be5 po9t$ out 9 sev]al reports4 ,gilb]t ,j4 ,f[l] has express$ ! belief t 8! comp>ative %ort "t ( settlem5t means t v>iations 9 ! "* ( ! sewage mu/ be quickly reflect$ 9 ! "* ( ! tank efflu5ce & t ! filt]s 7:5 !y are us$ = fur!r treatm5t7 mu/ be call$ ^u rapidly to accommodate !mselves to fluctuat+ conditions40 ,he believes t ?is is n conducive to ! developm5t ( ! mo/ effici5t bact]ial activity4 ,/orm wat] above mod]ate dilution1 he says1 w h to receive sep>ate treatm5t & he is ( ! op9ion t ord9>y /&-by tanks w /ill be necess>y = ?is purpose1 ! sludge f :i* w h to be dealt )4 ,f ! results ( ! op]ation ( an exp]im5tal plant 9 ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts1 ,mat!w ,gault1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,sew]s1 draws ^! conclusions3 8,x appe>s to be p]fectly feasible to treat ,worce/] sewage by means ( ,imh(f tanks & spr9kl+ filt]s4 ,! results ( exp]im5tal treatm5t ( ! efflu5t f *emical precipitation tanks indicat$ t ! advantages ga9$ by *emical precipitation z a prelim9>y treatm5t 7 n comm5surate ) ! co/4 ,! ,imh(f tank 0 q z effici5t 9 sludge dige/ion z exp]im5tal septic tanks h be5 & mu* m effici5t s f> z s$im5tation ( ! sewage is conc]n$4 ,x 0 op]at$ )\t ! production ( ! (f5sive odors *>act]i/ic ( ! septic tank & ! sludge itself 0 dispos$ ( )\t creat+ a nuisance4 ,! efflu5t f ! ,imh(f tank 0 normally z fre% 9 appe>ance & odor z ! sewage fl[+ into ! tank40 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? ) ,imh(f tanks has be5 t if prop]ly design$1 con/ruct$ & op]at$1 !y are a valuable means ( sewage cl>ification4 ,! obs]vation ( its eng9e]s has %[n t "u ^! conditions ! tanks ov]come a great deal ( tr\ble due to odors & greatly simplify ! sludge problem4 8,h[ev]1 _! prop] op]ation is a consid]able problem10 reads "o ( its reports4 8,& ! co/ ( keep+ !m 9 work+ ord] is sev]al times great] ?an = septic or s$im5tation tanks40 ,9 view ( ! initial co/ ( ?is =m ( tank z comp>$ ) ! old] s+le /ory types ! ,new ,j]sey eng9e]s believe t 89 cases :]e ! works are f> remov$ f a popul\s community1 s t ! odor problem is n s]i\s1 x is d\btful :e!r ! ,imh(f tank has any mat]ial advantage ov] a prop]ly con/ruct$1 well baffl$ s$im5tation tank ( ! old type40 ,! ,clevel& ,sewage ,te/+ ,/ation reports t ! mo/ consi/5t results 7 obta9$ f ! op]ation ( ! ,imh(f tank1 an av]age susp5d$ matt] removal ( #ej p] c5t4 be+ secur$4 ,a rec5t city report says3 8,9 g5]al x may be said t a det5tion p]iod ( ?irty m9utes accompli%$ a removal ( susp5d$ matt] f #dj to #de p] c5t4 z comp>$ ) a #ej p] c5t4 removal effect$ by a det5tion p]iod ( two h\rs & fifte5 m9utes40 ,9 a bullet9 ( ! ,cali=nia ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ,*>les ,g4 ,hyde sums up ! importance ( ! septic process ?us3 8,! septic process z c>ri$ out ei!r 9 ! ,cam]on or ,imh(f type1 b especially 9 ! latt]1 has at pres5t two di/9ct fields ( usefulness2 fir/1 x con/itutes an effective means ( prep>ation = any f9al process :i* c be bett] conduct$ ) a sewage f :i* ! susp5d$ solids are m or less completely remov$2 secondly1 x may be employ$ :5 disposal by dilution is p]missible if ! s\rce ( unsightly sludge & scum is remov$40 ,ano!r advantage may be add$1 ! ,imh(f tank produces a sludge t c be dispos$ ( easily4 ,*emical ,precipitation ,by us+ "s coagulant su* z copp]as1 lime1 sulphate ( alum9a or p]*loride ( iron1 ! subsid5ce 9 bas9s ( betwe5 #dj & #ee p] c5t4 ( ! total organic matt] & betwe5 #fj & #ie p] c5t4 ( ! total susp5d$ matt] c be obta9$4 ,! bact]ial removal is betwe5 #hj & #ij p] c5t41 dep5d+ ^u ! "* ( ! sewage4 ,! objections to ?is process are great co/ ( *emicals & labor requir$ & ! difficulty ( dispos+ ( a l>ge am\nt ( sludge4 ,!re are a few plants ( ?is k9d 9 op]ation at ! pres5t "t & !re seems to be a g5]al agreem5t among au?orities t ! process is n[ a back numb]4 ,f[l] says1 8,x may be d\bt$ :e!r dilute sewages result+ f ! lavi% use ( wat] 9 ,am]ican cities l5d !mselves g5]ally to economical treatm5t by ?is process40 ,metcalf & ,eddy 9 _! 8,am]ican ,sew]age ,practice0 express ! op9ion t ! quantity ( *emicals requir$ = results w\ld be a prohibitive exp5se4 ,! sew]age commission report ( ,new ,j]sey conta9s ! /atem5t t 8on ! /&po9t ( ! (ficials 9 *>ge ( ! exp]im5tal /ation at ,lawr5ce1 ,massa*usetts1 *emical precipitation is a process ( ! pa/40 ,! exp]im5ts ( ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? %[$ t x is q impossible to obta9 efflu5ts by *emical precipitation :i* comp>e 9 organic purity ) ^? obta9$ by int]mitt5t s& filtration4 ,ab\t ! only plants ( any importance 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ^? at ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,accord+ to ! report ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,sew]s ( ,worce/]1 ! exp]im5tal plant 9 t city has %[n t 8! co/ ( op]ation ( ,imh(f tanks & spr9kl+ filt]s p] million gallons ( sewage treat$ w\ld be mu* less ?an ! co/ ( op]ation ( *emical precipitation or s& filtration z c>ri$ on 9 ,worce/]40 ,slate ,b$s ,! equipm5t = ?is process consi/s ( tanks ) horizontal slabs ( slate sep>at$ a few in*es by /one blocks4 ,! sewage is all[$ to /& 9 ! tank = ab\t two h\rs1 dur+ :i* ! susp5d$ matt] is deposit$ on ! slabs & is dige/$ by multif>i\s =ms kn[n z a]obic g]ms1 i4 e41 g]ms requir+ oxyg5 = ! cont9uance ( _! prop] vital function4 ,! deposits are !reby r$uc$ to h>mless & in(f5sive humus4 ,slate b$s are dos$ & re/$ alt]nately s z to give !m an opportunity to repl5i% _! supply ( oxyg54 ,multiple units are !re=e necess>y4 ,! efflu5t mu/ be treat$ z a tank efflu5t4 ,f[l] sugge/s t :5 filt]s are us$ to purify ! efflu5t1 8humus0 tanks be provid$ betwe5 ! slate & ! filt] to reta9 ! solids wa%$ away f ! b$s & some:at to equalize ! composition ( ! efflu5t pass+ into ! filt]4 ,dos+ ,*amb]s ,aft] ! efflu5t has pass$ f a tank aft] be+ treat$ by "o or m ( ! prelim9>y processes1 x usually fl[s into a comp>tm5t kn[n z ! dos+ *amb] :]e x is admitt$ to ! filt] = fur!r purification4 ,:5 en\gh ( ! liquid has accumulat$ 9 ! *amb] x is automatically empti$ by means ( a siphon1 ?us p]mitt+ ! int]mitt5t application ( ! sewage to ! filt] b$4 ,:5 m ?an "o b$ is us$ ! siphons are arrang$ s t ! liquid alt]nately fl[s to diff]5t filt]s or p>ts ( filt]s4 ,contact ,filt]s--,s+le & ,d\ble ,! treatm5t ( sewage 9 a s+le contact filt] is class$ z a prelim9>y process & :5 treat$ 9 d\ble contact b$s or ^? arrang$ 9 t&em z a f9al process4 ,a contact filt] is a bas9 fill$ ) brok5 /one1 coke1 slag or co>se gravel1 ?or\ghly und]dra9$4 ,! size ( /one or o!r mat]ial to be us$ dep5ds ^u ! degree ( purification desir$1 & ! mann] ( op]at+ ! b$s4 ,! small] ! /one ! m brilliant ! efflu5t w be1 b all reports agree t ! co/ ( op]ation w be great] & t !re w be a m rapid loss ( filt] capacity4 ,exp]i5ce has taught ! sup]iority ( ! co>s] mat]ial because ! int]/ices be+ s l>ge ! b$ is n s liable to *oke4 ,watson advises a f9e m$ium b$ only :5 a highly purifi$ efflu5t is desir$1 :5 x w\ld be difficult to get rid ( humus f ! filtrate1 :5 a high co/ ( ma9t5ance is n prohibitive & :5 a tempor>y /oppage ( ! :ole plant w\ld n be a s]i\s matt]4 ,he believes x is n suitable = in/allations ( any magnitude4 ,b$s h be5 built ) v>i\s dep?s1 ! range be+ betwe5 f\r & sev5 feet4 ,"s h be5 built %all[] & h giv5 good results4 ,! me?od ( apply+ ! sewage is important4 ,"s tanks are ov]f$ & o!rs are und]f$4 ,francis ,e4 ,daniels1 ,director ( ,wat] & ,sewage ,inspection ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 describes a me?od :i* has be5 f\nd to be successful 9 plants 9 ?is /ate4 ,at ^! plants ! efflu5t is appli$ on ! top & at "o corn] ( ! contact b$s4 ,at ! po9t ( application a small area ( contact mat]ial f #f in*es to "o foot deep is remov$ f ! top ( ! b$1 & f9e c9d]s are sub/itut$4 ,an embankm5t ab\t a foot high is con/ruct$ ( ! same mat]ial ar\nd ?is area s t all ( ! tank efflu5t appli$ to ! b$s /ra9s ?r\gh ! c9d]s4 ,mr4 ,daniels says t a great deal ( ! susp5d$ matt] is ?us remov$ f ! tank efflu5t :i* r$uces clogg+ & increases ! life ( ! b$s4 ,x is ,mr4 ,daniels' exp]i5ce t ! value ( und]f$ b$s is dim9i%+4 ,if ! efflu5t is v septic ?is me?od has ! advantage ( r$uc+ odors1 b z ,mr4 ,daniels has po9t$ out1 ! practise ( r$uc+ ! /orage capacity ( tanks is becom+ preval5t4 ,9 _m plants ! sewage is di/ribut$ by me*anical appliances1 "s be+ motor driv5 & o!rs cable driv54 ,spr+field1 ,miss\ri1 :i* uses a motor drive1 reports a sav+ 9 p[]1 fir/ co/1 mov+ weight1 & ma9t5ance1 ov] ! cable drive4 ,ano!r advantage is t ! l5g? ( ! filt] c be increas$ at w4 ,! total co/ ( ! di/ribution p] million gallons accord+ to ,spr+field's exp]i5ce is #a4be = cable drive & #a4fa = direct motor drive4 ,aft] ! sewage has be5 di/ribut$ on ! b$s s t ! int]/ices are fill$1 x is all[$ to /& = a "t4 ,! b$ is !n dra9$ & re/$4 ,:ile /&+ ! sewage comes 9 contact ) a jelly-l film :i* =ms on ! surface ( ! /one1 & important *anges occur4 ,z ) ! septic tanks contact b$s require a c]ta9 p]iod 9 :i* to rip54 ,! "t ( contact & ! p]iod ( re/ v>y 9 diff]5t plants4 ,! rate ( filtration v>ies accord+ to ! con/ruction ( ! b$s1 ! range is betwe5 #fjj1jjj & #a1bjj1jjj gallons p] acre p] day4 ,! efflu5t f s+le contact b$s is n /able b t f d\ble contact b$s is non-putrescible & l[ 9 susp5d$ matt]1 al?\gh some:at turbid4 ,x c be dis*>g$ )\t (f5se into small /reams4 ,s+le contact b$s h seldom be5 us$ = f9al treatm5t ( sewage & few] filt]s ( ?is k9d are n[ be+ con/ruct$ ev5 9 conjunction ) any prep>atory treatm5t4 ,! g5]al op9ion is t ?is process is on ! wane4 ,watson says1 8,x may n[ be assum$ t p]colat+ filt]s are be+ con/ruct$ 9 ,engl& 9 pref]5ce to contact b$s :]ev] ! conditions are suitable40 ,9 ,am]ica !y are n be+ adopt$ = l>ge in/allation b !y are /ill consid]$ = small disposal works4 ,9 _! fif? report ! ,royal ,sewage ,commission ( ,engl& /ates t tak+ into acc\nt ! gradual loss ( capacity ( contact b$s1 a cubic y>d ( mat]ial arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a p]colat+ filt] w g5]ally treat satisfactorily ne>ly twice z mu* tank liquor z a cubic y>d ( mat]ial 9 a contact b$4 ,comp>+ ! effici5cy ( contact b$s & p]colat+ filt]s x is claim$ t ! latt] are bett] adapt$ to v>iations ( fl[ & t ! efflu5t is usually mu* bett] a]at$2 & ap>t f ! susp5d$ solids are ( a m uni=m "*4 ,) p]colat+ filt]s ! likelihood ( odors is great] ?an f contact b$s & !re may be a great] nuisance f flies4 ,9 ! report ( ! ,city ( ,le$s1 ,engl&1 ! results ( v valuable exp]im5ts are giv54 ,x says1 8,d\ble contact b$s give good results ) crude sewage & excell5t results ) p>tially settl$ sewage or ) septic efflu5t4 ,s+le contact b$s are insuffici5t = deal+ ) crude sewage b give fair results ) settl$ sewage or ) septic efflu5t4 ,! real difficulty ) contact b$s is to ma9ta9 capacity40 ,! pr9cipal advantages ( ?is process accord+ to reports are l[ op]at+ head1 & less nuisance f odor & flies1 & ! disadvantages are l>ge areas requir$ & co/ ( ma9t5ance4 ,trickl+1 ,p]colat+ or ,spr9kl+ ,filt]s ,trickl+ or p]colat+ filt]s consi/ ( b$s ( co>se gra9$ mat]ial su* z pebbles or cru%$ /one1 "o-eigh? to f\r in*es 9 size1 f f\r feet to t5 feet deep & well und]dra9$4 ,! "* & /r5g? ( ! sewage %\ld det]m9e ! size ( ! mat]ial1 ! dep? ( ! b$ & ! rate ( op]ation4 ,"s eng9e]s give ! capacity z ab\t #bj1jjj p]sons p] acre ( /one surface2 o!rs say ! rate ( fl[ %\ld be f "o to two & "o-half million gallons p] acre4 ,9 "s designs an auxili>y air supply is induct$ into ! filt] mat]ial by tubes connect$ ) ! und]gr\nd sy/em4 ,! ,atlanta plant is equipp$ ) v5tilator hoods hav+ wea!r vanes s t ! m\? ( ea* hood always po9ts t[>d ! w9d4 8,?is =m ( v5tilation is ( no p>ticul> value & may be detrim5tal 9 cold wea!r10 says ,gl5n ,d4 ,holmes1 ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 ,sew] ,bo>d4 ,by means ( spray jets & mov+ spr9kl]s op]at$ ) "s device = v>y+ ! pressure1 su* z a butt]fly valve1 or by means ( an int]mitt5t dos+ tank op]at$ by a siphon1 ! sewage is spr9kl$ or deposit$ on ! surface ( ! b$ 9 ?9 films & drops2 ?us ! sewage is fre$ ( objectionable gases & takes up oxyg5 z x passes ?r\gh ! air & ?r\gh ! filt]4 ,spr9kl+ filt]s d n produce ! be/ results :5 crude sewage is appli$4 ,!y are mo/ effici5t :5 ! susp5d$ matt] has be5 remov$ by "s prep>atory treatm5t4 ,9 "s cities ! scre5+ process is fir/ us$1 9 o!rs ! sewage receives a prelim9>y treatm5t 9 tanks4 ,well design$ & effici5tly op]at$ filt]s ( ?is k9d produce an efflu5t t is /able b n cle>4 ,"s plants are equipp$ ) second>y settl+ tanks ?r\gh :i* ! efflu5t fl[s be=e f9al dis*>ge & is fre$ ( ! humus-l p>ticles x conta9s aft] leav+ ! filt]4 ,reports agree t ! efflu5t is n ne>ly s good 9 appe>ance & has a mu* high] p]c5tage ( bact]ia ?an t produc$ by good int]mitt5t s& filt]s4 ,z comp>$ ) ! d\ble contact process ! g5]al op9ion is t spr9kl+ filt]s are sup]ior 9 respect to ! removal ( organic matt] & co/ less to op]ate4 ,! *ief advantages ( a spr9kl+ filt] are ! high rate ( filtration & ! l[ co/ ( op]ation4 ,! disadvantages are a possible nuisance1 especially dur+ hot wea!r1 f odor :5 any?+ b fre% tank sewage is spray$2 & ! developm5t ( insect life4 ,f[l] says1 8,h[ev] economical _! con/ruction & ma9t5ance x _c be said t su* a process meets all sanit>y & /hetic requirem5ts40 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts1 at its exp]im5tal /ation 0 t m ?an tw5ty times z mu* sewage p] unit ( area 0 treat$ by ! spr9kl] filt] z c\ld be treat$ by int]mitt5t s& filtration1 & m ?an t5 times z mu* p] cubic y>d ( filt]4 ,f\r times z mu* sewage 0 treat$ by ^! exp]im5tal filt]s z c\ld be treat$ satisfactorily by exp]im5tal contact b$s4 ,9 ord] to obta9 equal nitrification ) contact b$s at lea/ ?ree contacts w\ld be requir$4 ,int]mitt5t ,s& ,filt]s ,z a f9al process ( purification 9 sections :]e l& & filt] mat]ial are available at small co/ ! int]mitt5t s& filt] is sup]ior to any o!r4 ,?is fact has be5 e/abli%$ by exp]i5ce & exp]im5ts4 ,! filt] mat]ial may be clean1 co>se s& or any o!r por\s soil4 ,if a natural area is available ! me?od ( con/ruction is v mu* simplifi$ & economical4 ,! top soil is remov$ & us$ 9 embankm5ts betwe5 ! b$s4 ,if ! wat] tables are l[ ! b$s are n und]dra9$4 ,9 artificial b$s ! size ( ! s& is important4 ,:ile f9e s& w give a m brilliant efflu5t ?an a co>s] mat]ial1 ! sewage has to be appli$ 9 small doses ) long p]iods ( re/4 ,! rate ( purification is high] 9 co>se s& filt]s & ! efflu5t :ile conta9+ m bact]ia is non- putrescible4 ,ab\t tw5ty-f\r in*es ( s& %\ld cov] ! und]dra9s ( tile1 plac$ ab\t five feet ap>t1 & surr\nd$ by small-siz$ gravel4 ,9 "s b$s ! entire bottom above ! und]dra9 is cov]$ ) ab\t six in*es ( gravel4 ,9 o!rs ! bottom is ridg$1 ! und]dra9s be+ plac$ at ! bottom ( ! valleys :i* are !n p>tially or :olly fill$ ) gravel4 ,ris]s are con/ruct$ at ! head ( ! und]dra9 & an int]cept+ dra9 completes ! sy/em4 ,! b$s v>y 9 size & numb] accord+ to ! am\nt ( sewage to be treat$4 ,! op]ation ( ! filt] is v important4 ,! sewage mu/ be appli$ rapidly 9 rotation to ea* b$ until ! surface is cov]$ ) ab\t ?ree in*es ( ! liquid4 ,! b$ is !n sl[ly dra9$ & all[$ to re/4 ,ov]dos+ & lack ( a]ation cause clogg+4 ,! surface mu/ at all times be kept clean & loose4 ,to ma9ta9 ?is condition x is sometimes necess>y to break up ! surface to a small dep? or p]iodically to remove ! deposit on ! surface4 ,9 cold climates ! op]ation ( ! filt]s 9 w9t] is difficult & ! quality ( ! efflu5t some:at impair$4 ,sev]al me?ods h be5 adopt$ to prev5t freez+4 ,"s filt] b$s are ridg$ s t :5 dos$ ! sewage fl[s 9 gutt]s4 ,! ice :i* =ms at ! top ( ! sewage rema9s susp5d$ on ! ridges1 ?us p]mitt+ succe$+ doses to fl[ und]nea? ! ice4 ,9 o!r plants ! surface ( ! filt] is scrap$ into small piles :i* =m a support = ! ice4 ,x is claim$ t by ?is me?od ! co/ ( subsequ5t clean+ is less ?an :5 ! b$s are ridg$4 ,! efflu5t 9 prop]ly con/ruct$ & manag$ plants is cle> & odorless4 ,! bact]ial purification is z high z n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 ,! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? 9 "o ( its reports says1 8,:5 sewage filt]s sl[ly & int]mitt5tly ?r\gh five feet ( por\s e>? & s&1 an efflu5t is obta9$ :i* is z free f organic matt]1 f ammonia & f nitrites z _m a natural spr+ wat]40 ,! only drawback not$ to ?is process is ! co/ ( treatm5t 9 l>ge quantities :]e l& & filt] mat]ial are n available4 ,francis ,e4 ,daniels says t "u su* conditions ! co/ is almo/ prohibitive4 ,= _m cities suffici5t area _c be obta9$ at any price1 & z population increases ! difficulty w become great]4 ,! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? 9 g5]al w approve only ( ! foll[+ rates ( op]ation = diff]5t types ( filt]s :]e suitable provision = prelim9>y treatm5t is made3 ,int]mitt5t s& filt]s1 #ajj1jjj gallons p] acre p] day2 contact b$s1 #ajj1jjj gallons p] acre p] day p] foot ( dep?2 spr9kl+ filt]s1 #cjj1jjj gallons p] acre p] day p] foot ( dep?4 ,^! rates ( op]ation are bas$ on a sewage contribution ( #ajj gallons p] capita daily & no v>iation f ^! rates ( filtration is all[$ = any o!r p] capita contribution ( sewage4 ,! all[able effective dep?s ( said filt]s w 9 g5]al range f ?ree to five feet2 contact b$s f f\r to sev5 feet2 spr9kl+ filt]s1 f five to n9e feet4 ,broad ,irrigation ,broad irrigation1 or sewage f>m+1 is ! olde/ process ( sewage purification1 b ! con/ant increase 9 population has made x necess>y = cities to adopt o!r me?ods because ( ! area ( l& necess>y = su* a plant4 ,two processes are us$1 surface irrigation & filtration1 a great] area ( l& be+ requir$ = ! =m]4 ,sometimes ! two are comb9$ into "o process4 ,= filtration & irrigation ! sewage is g5]ally fir/ subject$ to s$im5tation or scre5+ & !n fl[s on c>efully prep>$ l& on :i* crops are usually gr[n4 ,! areas are und]dra9$ & are equipp$ ) di/ribution sy/ems4 ,local conditions det]m9e ! me?od ( irrigation1 ! ridge & furr[ sy/em be+ mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,! effici5cy ( ! process dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! soil & prop] managem5t4 ,among ! factors :i* %\ld ent] into ! selection ( ! site are ! quality ( ! soil1 composition ( sewage1 me?od ( disposal1 k9d ( crops to be plant$1 cont\rs & slope ( surface1 nature ( ! sub- soil1 sub-soil wat]s1 transportation facilities1 nature ( /reams1 nature ( adjac5t prop]ty1 & availability ( wat] supply4 ,! be/ l&s consi/ ( a f9e lay] ( alluvium ov]lay+ a sub-soil ( gravel1 *alk or o!r por\s mat]ial4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( crops are gr[n on sewage f>ms & ! rev5ues !refrom help to r$uce ! co/ ( op]ation4 ,!y also assi/ 9 ! purification4 ,! pr9cipal drawback are heavy transportation co/ & a prejudice aga9/ sewage-gr[n produce4 ,dur+ ! ra9y season :5 ! quantity ( sewage requir+ treatm5t is greate/1 less sewage c be us$ = irrigation & ! gr[+ ( crops ( sewage f>ms4 ,all evid5ce po9ts to ! fact t broad irrigation is on a /eady decl9e1 al?\gh ! effici5cy ( ! treatm5t "u favorable conditions is v high4 ,dis9fection ,:5 ! bact]ial effici5cy ( an efflu5t f ei!r prep>atory or f9al treatm5t is l[ & ! efflu5t is dis*>g$ into a body ( wat] f :i* wat] supplies are d]iv$ or %ell fi% are tak51 dis9fection is (t5 f\nd necess>y4 ,! purpose is to de/roy objectionable bact]ia & disease g]ms4 ,hypo-*lorite ( lime & liquid *lor9e are ! two *emicals mo/ commonly us$4 ,! pr9cipal advantages ( ! liquid *lor9e ov] ! hypo-*lorite accord+ to plant sup]visors & op]ators1 are less co/ ( op]ation & space requir$ = bo? app>atus & /orage ( mat]ials1 no loss ( /r5g?1 no lime sludge1 & no mix+ tanks requir$4 ,! claim is also made t x c be bett] controll$4 ,*lor9e1 h[ev]1 is m exp5sive ?an hypo-*lorite & ! control app>atus usually co/s m4 ,!re is g5]al agreem5t among eng9e]s1 t except z an em]g5cy measure or "u ! above /at$ conditions1 dis9fection is too exp5sive a process on acc\nt ( ! am\nt ( *emical requir$4 ,?is v>ies ) ! am\nt1 me?od & degree ( previ\s treatm5t ( ! sewage & ! degree ( bact]ial elim9ation desir$4 ,te/s at ! ,clevel& ,te/+ ,/ation indicat$ t f five to sev5 p>ts p] million ( available *lor9e w effect a bact]ial removal ( f eighty-five to n9ety p] c5t4 ,activat$ ,sludge ,process ,sewage treatm5t by a]ation 9 ! pres5ce ( sludge is ! late/ developm5t 9 sewage disposal1 & ! process is attract+ a great deal ( att5tion 9 ,am]ica4 ,milwaukee has con/ruct$ a plant to treat two million gallons ( sewage a day4 ,h\/on1 ,texas1 is op]at+ a plant to treat ! sewage = #afj1jjj p]sons1 & ,escanaba1 ,mi*igan1 & ,j]sey ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 h favor$ ! process4 ,exp]im5ts are n[ be+ conduct$ 9 ,milwaukee1 ,baltimore1 ,wa%+ton1 ,clevel&1 ,reg9a1 ,*icago1 ,lawr5ce1 ,mass41 ,brooklyn1 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois & _m o!r places4 ,! effici5cy & economy ( ! process z comp>$ ) o!rs :i* h long be5 9 use h n be5 completely e/abli%$4 ,! *ief po9ts 9 dispute are sludge disposal & co/1 b ! indications are t ^! que/ions w soon be satisfactorily answ]$4 ,! process consi/s ( pass+ raw sewage ?r\gh tanks f eight to tw5ty feet deep 9 :i* a c]ta9 am\nt ( activat$ sludge is always pres5t4 ,to mix ! sewage & ! activat$ sludge air is =c$ into ! bottom ( ! tank "u l[ pressure ( suffici5t volume to keep ! liquor viol5tly di/urb$4 ,f ?is a]at+ tank ! mixture passes to ano!r or s$im5tation tank :]e ! sludge settles & f :i* ! cle> efflu5t passes ov] a weir to its f9al de/9ation4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! prop] volume ( activat$ sludge 9 ! a]at+ tank a portion ( ! sludge is pump$ back f ! s$im5tation tank4 ,! balance ( ! sludge is press$ & us$ = f]tiliz] base4 ,! ,milwaukee exp]im5ts indicate t 9 ord] to produce a cle>1 non-putrescible efflu5t ab\t f\r h\rs a]ation is requir$1 tw5ty p] c5t4 ( activat$ sludge ma9ta9$ 9 ! a]at+ tank1 & ab\t #a4ge cubic feet ( free air suppli$ p] gallon ( sewage treat$4 ,! efflu5t is cle>1 odorless & practically free f susp5d$ matt]4 ,! sludge w beg9 to decompose aft] =ty-eight h\rs & mu/ be press$ & dri$ )9 t "t4 ,*ief ,eng9e]1 ,t4 ,*alkley ,hatton1 ( ! ,milwaukee ,sew]age ,commission1 e/imates t ! sludge c be r$uc$ to a f]tiliz] basis = ab\t #h4ge p] dry ton1 includ+ ov]head *>ges4 ,bas+ ! value ( ! sludge produc$ ^u a l[ price p] unit1 he f9ds t ,milwaukee sludge is wor? #ab4ej p] dry ton1 :i* repres5ts a cle> pr(it ( #c4ge a ton4 ,f t5 to twelve million gallons c be treat$ ^u "o acre ( gr\nd1 :i* is ab\t "o-fif? ! area requir$ = s$im5tation tanks & spr9kl+ filt]s4 ,! reasons = ! adoption ( ?is process by ,milwaukee aft] exp]im5tation by compet5t eng9e]s = m ?an a ye> are giv5 by ,mr4 ,hatton 9 a rec5t address be=e ,new ,york ,/ate city (ficials z foll[s3 8,x produces a bett] efflu5t ?an any o!r kn[n process ( sewage treatm5t except l& treatm5t or int]mitt5t s& filtration2 x c be built ^u a comp>atively small area2 x produces no objectionable odors or flies2 x produces a sludge ( suffici5t value to meet ! co/ ( its r$uction to a f]tiliz] & !re=e relieves ! city ( ! difficult1 complicat$ & wa/eful me?od ( sludge disposal common to all o!r processes2 x is subject to complete & satisfactory control ?r\gh\t its op]ation2 x is n mat]ially influ5c$ by climatic conditions2 occupy+ a small area1 its fir/ co/ is less ?an any o!r kn[n process f :i* an equal "* ( efflu5t c be obta9$2 its op]at+ co/ is n prohibitive40 ,9 a discussion be=e ! ,i[a ,section ( ! ,am]ican ,wat]works ,association ,dr4 ,edw>d ,b>t[ comm5d$ activat$ sludge = its value z a f]tiliz]4 ,?is has be5 prov$1 he said1 by its *emical composition1 by its reaction ) v>i\s solids & by its effect on ! gr[? ( plants4 ,pot cultures & g>d5 exp]im5ts h %[n t ! nitrog5 is 9 a v available =m4 ,e4 ,e4 ,s&s1 ,city ,eng9e] ( ,h\/on1 ,texas1 bases ?is /atem5t on results ( exp]im5ts conduct$ = a ye>3 8,our inve/igation has demon/rat$ t sewage c be dispos$ ( any:]e t !re is a vacant tract ( l& 9 ! city )\t creat+ a nuisance & )\t any objectionable feature40 ,! total e/imat$ co/ = treatm5t w be ab\t #i4ad p] million gallons :5 ! plant is run at ! rate ( #ah1ijj1jjj gallons p] day4 ,he e/imates t ! total co/ = treatm5t by ! ,imh(f tanks & ! spr9kl+ filt]s w\ld be n less ?an #aa p] million gallons4 ,aft] an ext5d$ inve/igation by _! sanit>y eng9e]s1 ,arm\r ,company h conclud$ t ! activat$ sludge me?od w satisfactorily purify ! indu/rial wa/es f _! ,pack+t[n factories4 ,assi/ant ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,m4 ,d4 ,h>d+1 e/imates t f data n[ available ! co/ p] million gallons exclusive ( depreciation1 int]e/ & repairs1 w be #c4 ,:5 consid]+ ! applicability ( ?is process to conditions 9 any city consid]ation %\ld be giv5 to ! foll[+ po9ts4 ,! process requires compet5t sup]vision1 :i* ,mr4 ,hatton claims may be a bless+ 9 disguise 9 view ( ! exp]i5ces ( cities :i*1 aft] hav+ built disposal plants ( v>i\s k9ds1 h left _! op]ation to ! k9d m]cies ( ,provid5ce ) disa/r\s results4 ,?is process also requires ! exp5diture = con/ant p[]4 ,! *eap] ! p[] ! m adaptable ! process is comm]cially2 b if ! unit is small & ! p[] co/ high1 ! op]at+ co/ may be too great4 ,! sludge mu/ be con/antly treat$ to avoid nuisance4 ,! process produces a high degree ( purification4 ,if ! local conditions d n dem& ?is ! process might be too exp5sive 9 comp>ison ) "s o!r process :i* w produce a satisfactory efflu5t4 ,o!r ,processes ,a few cities1 includ+ ,oklahoma ,city & ,santa ,monica1 ,cal41 h electrolysis treatm5t plants4 ,! process consi/s 9 pass+ ! sewage betwe5 a sy/em ( electrodes4 ,! *ange is br\ght ab\t by *emical reaction f newly =m$ *emical reag5ts produc$ by ! decomposition ( inorganic comp\nds already 9 solution4 ,x is /ill reg>d$ z an une/abli%$ process4 ,bo/on has )9 ! la/ ye> be5 te/+ a new process ( sewage purification inv5t$ & pat5t$ by a ,bo/on *emi/4 ,by ! addition ( an acid1 an attempt is made to precipitate ! bulk ( susp5d$ matt] & to =m a sludge :i* c be dri$ & degreas$ !reby produc+ a salable & greaseless f]tiliz] z well z recov]+ valuable grease4 ,exp]im5ts by ,e4 ,s4 ,dorr gave results s full ( promise t arrangem5ts 7 made = a /udy ( ! process "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,sanit>y ,rese>* ,laboratory ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,rob]t ,spurr ,we/on gives ! results ( ?is /udy 9 a rec5t issue ( ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,public ,heal?4 ,8 conclusions are t 8) facts at h& ! process w\ld be v satisfactory = ,bo/on f a sanit>y /&po9t1 & is m promis+ economically ?an any o!r kn[n me?od40 ,he includes 9 8 comp>ison ! activat$ sludge process4 ,an exp]im5t by ,bo/on on a l>g] scale has be5 recomm5d$4 ,trade ,wa/es ,indu/rial trade wa/es1 su* z ^? com+ f cann]ies1 brew]ies1 wool5 mills1 laundries1 dye & clean+ works1 pap] mills1 iron f\ndries1 gas works & pack+ e/abli%m5ts & o!rs cause nuisances ar\nd disposal plants1 & ! problem ( _! prop] disposal is m difficult ( satisfactory solution ?an ! treatm5t ( dome/ic sewage4 ,"s wa/es c be treat$ ) dome/ic sewage at ! disposal works )\t any difficulty1 o!rs require special treatm5t be=e be+ all[$ to ent] ! sew]s & (t5 x is desirable to keep c]ta9 wa/es out ( ! ma9 sew]s & dispose ( !m indep5d5tly4 ,ea* p>ticul> problem mu/ be consid]$ by itself ) due reg>d bo? to conditions at ! factory1 ! exp5se burd5 on ! produc] ( ! wa/e & to ! body ( wat] into :i* ! efflu5t is to be dis*>g$4 ,!re are in/ances :]e cities h reimburs$ c]ta9 manufactur]s = treat+ _! wa/es sep>ately1 & o!rs :]e ! manufactur]s h reimburs$ ! city = ! additional treatm5t requir$4 ,sludge ,disposal & ,value ,au?orities are g5]ally agre$ t ! sludge problem is ! c5t] ( ! entire sewage problem1 because x causes m tr\ble & is ! mo/ exp5sive "p ( ! treatm5t4 ,! me?od ( h&l+ x is j z important z ! treatm5t ( ! sewage4 ,wet sludge c be pump$ out on l& or into %all[ places or x c be s5t to sea 9 %ips & all[$ to s9k4 ,if pump$ on l& x mu/ be spread out 9 v ?9 lay]s4 ,if dis*>g$ into tr5*es x is pl\gh$ into ! gr\nd aft] x has dri$4 ,9 ei!r case a l>ge area ( l& is necess>y & odors _c be elim9at$4 ,only cities locat$ on or ne> ! sea%ore c s5d _! sludge to sea1 & !n ! co/ ( disposal is r high4 ,sludge c be dri$ by press+1 9 c5trifugal dry+ ma*9es1 by mix+ ) "s dry matt] or by dis*>g+ ^u dry+ b$s4 ,! co/ ( press+ is high1 dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt ( lime add$1 ! k9d ( sludge press$1 & ! size ( ! works4 ,george ,s4 ,web/] /ates t ! av]age co/ 9 l>ge cities is t5 c5ts p] ton ( wet sludge4 ,x is especially applicable to *emical precipitation works z x mu/ fir/ be treat$ ) lime or coal p[d]4 ,:5 dri$ 9 ma*9es ! liquid conta9s mu* organic matt] & is objectionable4 ,! simple/ me?od is to dis*>ge ! sludge ^u dry+ b$s ( por\s mat]ial & und]dra9$4 ,! "t = dry+ dep5ds ^u sewage treatm5t4 ,imh(f tank sludge w dry 9 less ?an a week1 septic tank sludge 9 two weeks or m1 & sludge f pla9 s$im5tation w require ab\t two mon?s 9 summ] & almo/ five mon?s 9 w9t]4 ,clevel&1 9 ord] to ov]come wea!r conditions at its exp]im5tal plant1 built a cov]$ sludge b$1 model$ aft] /&>d gre5h\se con/ruction4 ,! report f ! ,te/+ ,/ation is t dur+ summ] ! p]iod ( dry+ is approximately ! same z or possibly a little long] ?an ) op5 b$s4 ,elim9at+ ! ?ree w9t] mon?s1 ! /ation report says1 x is possible to op]ate b$s ( ?is type s t "o squ>e foot ( surface w dry #j4h cubic feet ( sludge p] ye>4 ,francis ,e4 ,daniels sugge/s t sludge c be h&l$ fa/] by dry+ a small portion at "o "t & remov+ x f ! b$ be=e ! next portion is dra9$ (f4 ,dry sludge c be us$ = f]tiliz] or = fill+ l[ l&s or x c be inc9]at$4 ,its f]tiliz+ value is disput$ except :5 produc$ by ! activat$ sludge me?od4 ,! fill+ 9 me?od is economical4 ,au?orities advise ! consid]ation ( inc9]ation by cities :i* burn _! g>bage4 ,dr4 ,imh(f's recomm5dations are ! use ( sludge = agricultural purposes & = fill+ 9 l[ l&4 8,9 bo? cases10 he says1 8! sludge mu/ fir/ be dri$ & ?is is be/ effect$ ^u a dry+ b$ aft] ! sludge has be5 decompos$ 9 an in(f5sive1 odorless mann]1 9 a sep>ate tank ?r\gh :i* sewage does n fl[40 ,_m unsuccessful ef=ts h be5 made to extract ! valuable +r$i5ts f sewage1 b to date ! exp]i5ce has be5 t !y h be5 m co/ly to recov] ?an !y are wor?4 ,dr4 ,mc,lean ,wilson1 ,sanit>y ,inspector ( ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire ,riv]s ,bo>d1 believes t ! valuable +r$i5ts ( sewage w ultimately be recov]$ & us$ s9ce _m capable exp]im5t]s are at "w on ! problem4 ,h4 ,w4 ,cl>k1 ,*emi/ ( ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 is ( ! op9ion t sludge has "s value & t 8x seems inevitable t z ! processes ( dry+1 press+ & fat sep>ation are improv$ & z nitrog5 advances 9 price sewage sludge w become ( great] agricultural value ?an at pres5t40 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made at ! ,philadelphia ,sewage ,te/+ ,/ation by burn+ dry sludge & wet sludge mix$ ) f9e coal4 ,! results 7 unsuccessful4 ,exp]im5ts h also be5 made at ! ,clevel& /ation :]e x 0 f\nd t ! sewage sludge conta9$ ab\t "o-half z mu* nitrog5 & "o-?ird z mu* phosphates z does ! g>bage tankage4 ,managem5t & ,sup]vision ,no matt] h[ well a sewage disposal plant is design$ or con/ruct$ x w n d its "w 9 a satisfactory mann] & produce desir$ results unless x is effici5tly manag$4 ,e plant %\ld be 9 *>ge ( a man :o has k ( sewage disposal pr9ciples1 is ?or\ghly famili> ) 8 plant & :o c act intellig5tly 9 an em]g5cy4 ,! ,new ,j]sey ,/ate ,sew]age ,commission 9 "o ( its reports notes ! t5d5cy ( local au?orities to p]mit ! det]ioration ( disposal plants usually ?r\gh inatt5tion4 8,x _c be too /rongly urg$ on ^? *>g$ ) ^!1 z ( o!r public works1 t a compet5t man 9 *>ge is a prim>y necessity & t ! plant %\ld be kept cont9u\sly 9 ! highe/ /ate ( effici5cy40 ,! same condition is compla9$ ( by ! ,cali=nia ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? & o!r /ate organizations4 ,9 "o ( its bullet9s ! ,cali=nia ,/ate ,bo>d says t 8"s ( ! plants are op]at+ v indiff]5tly well & "s v badly4 ,! g5]al situation %[s pla9ly ! ne$ ( exp]t advice to municipalities ) respect to g5]al me?ods & necess>y effici5cies f "s c5tral au?ority40 ,d4 ,c4 ,fab]1 ,indu/rial ,eng9e] ( ! ,i[a ,/ate ,college1 goes s f> z to claim t practically all nuisances 9 connection ) plants c be trac$ directly to failure to give !m att5tion4 ,he says t ev5 :]e plants h be5 f\nd too small increas$ c>e 9 _m cases c\ld be made to (fset lack ( capacity4 ,9 sev]al /ates1 su* z ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,kansas1 ,ohio & ,massa*usetts1 ! ,/ate ,bo>ds ( ,heal? h sup]vision ov] ! design+ ( new plants & ! op]ation ( ^? e/abli%$4 ,! good results obta9$ z a result ( ?is sup]vision are evid5ce t simil> p[]s %\ld be grant$ to all /ate bo>ds ( heal?4 ,) a plant design$ to meet local conditions1 prop]ly con/ruct$ & effici5tly manag$1 a city %\ld h no difficulty 9 dispos+ ( its sewage economically1 9 a sanit>y mann] & )\t creat+ a nuisance4 ,table ,,ii 7a7 ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities ,"n ( ,city ,,g5]al ,,data ,population ,g5]al ,annual ,co/ ,gallons ,description ( ,treat$ ,plant ,op]ation#bi ,annually ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 #aaj1jjj;,co>se scre5s1 ,imh(f tanks & pump+ /ation4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 #bjj1jjj;,co>se scre5s1 #a4ic p] grit *amb]s1 ,m4,g4,x4 ,imh(f tanks1 spr9kl+ filt]s4 ,akron1 ,ohio #aej1jjj,scre5s1 grit *amb]s1 ,imh(f tanks1 sludge b$s1 spr9kl+ filt]s4 ,alliance1 #bb1jjj;,cam]on tanks4 #b1bjj p] ,ohio ,contact & ,m4,g4 int]mitt5t s& filt]s4 ,imh(f tanks & slag contact b$s n[ "u con/ruction4 ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4 #cg1jjj,two plants4 ,grit #h1ejj *amb]s1 settl+ tanks1 dos+ tanks1 contact b$s4 ,brockton1 #fc1jjj,revolv+ #ab1jjj #gfh1jjj1jjj ,mass4 scre5s1 s& b$s & spr9kl+ filt]s4 ,bloom+ton1 #ab1jjj,septic tank1 #bge1jjj1jjj ,ill4 c5t] settl+ bas91 #c contact b$s arrang$ ar\nd c5t] bas91 nozzle spray ^u filt] b$s surr\nd+ contact b$s4 ,bri/ol1 #ae1jjj,s& filt] #e1jjj ,conn4 b$s4 ,columbus1 #bbj1jjj;,grit *amb]1 #e1afc1jjj1jjj ,ohio4 scre5s1 pumps1 ,imh(f tanks1 spr9kl+ filt]s1 f9al settl+ bas9s4 ,canton1 ,ohio4 #gj1jjj;,imh(f tanks1 #bj1jjj #gjj1jjj1jjj contact b$s1 cru%$ slag & gravel filt] ) automatic syphon1 sludge dry+ b$s1 s& & pea gravel fill+4 ,half ( b$ cov]$ ) gre5h\se con/ruction4 ,f9al efflu5t into creek4 ,danbury1 #bc1jjj;,irrigation & #g1ejj ,conn4 filtration4 ,dallas1 ,texas #abj1jjj,scre5s1 grit *amb]s1 ,imh(f tanks & sludge b$s4 ,fond du ,lac1 #bj1jjj,sewage collect$ #c1bjj ,wis4 9 receiv+ well & pump$ into ,imh(f tanks4 ,fresno1 ,cal4 #dj1jjj,p>tial #a1jjja1hbe1jjj1jjj purification by settl+ & septic process1 & disposal ( efflu5t by irrigation ( alfalfa4 ,glov]sville1 #ba1jjj,prim>y & #bb1jjja1jbb1jjj1jjj ,n4 ,y4 second>y settl+ tanks1 scre5 *amb]s & dos+ tanks1 spr9kl+ filt]s1 sludge dry+ b$s & s& filt]s4 ,h\/on1 #adj1jjj;,activat$ sludge #i4be p]#f1egj1jjj1jjj ,texas me?od1 ,m4,g4 re9=c$ concrete a]ation tanks1 ,m4,g4 settl+ tanks & re- a]ation tanks4 ,cont9u\s fl[1 p[] h\ses & bl[]s4 ,indep5d5ce1 #ab1jjj;,cam]on tanks ,kas4 & filt] b$s4 ,lackawanna1 #ag1ejjghh1djj1jjj ,n4,y4 #ie4 ,milwaukee1 #dej1jjj,trial plant ,wis4 op]at$ s9ce #aiaf4 ,n[ design+ activat$ sludge plant to treat all sewage4 ,mt4 ,v]non1 #ch1jjj,settl+ tanks1 #ag1fge #gej1jjj1jjj ,n4,y4 s+le /ory septic type1 con/ruct$ 9 five units4 ,spr9kl+ ov]head ,phelps nozzle1 dos+ tanks ) automatic syphon4 ,new ,brita91 #ee1jjj,s& filtration4 #ab1jjj ,conn4 ,oswego1 ,n4,y4 #bd1jjj ,pasad5a1 #db1jjj;,imh(f & #gcj1jjj1jjj ,cal4 septic tanks1 sludge b$ & sewage f>m4 ,provid5ce1 #bdi1faf,settl+ tanks2 #ed1iedi1jgh1fbj1jjj ,r4 ,i4 dis9fection4 ,philadelphia1 #a1hjj1jjj,p5nypack ,creek #dej1jjj1jjj ,pa4 sewage treat$ ,read+1 ,pa4 #aaj1jjj #ba1ejjb1jjj1jjj1jjj ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 #bdh1dfe;,detritus tanks1 ,y4 f9e scre5s ,imh(f tanks4 ,plan made = efflu5t to run p[] plant4 ,sludge dry+ b$s4 ,s*5ectady1 #hg1jjj;,imh(f tanks & #bc1jjj ,n4,y4 spr9kl+ filt]s4 ,sumt]1 ,s4 ,c4 #ab1jjj,sewage only #h1jjj p>tly treat$4 ,a settl+ *amb] only4 ,no filt]+ b$4 ,tallahassee1 #f1jjj,s+le contact #b1ejj ,fla4 sy/em1 #c b$s1 coke & s&1 filtration ) automatic app>atus4 ,woonsocket1 #dc1jjj,scre5+ bas9 ,r4 ,i4 & filt]s4 ,worce/]1 #agj1jjj;,*emical #fj1jjjf1jid1jjj1jjj ,mass4 precipitation1 exclusive ( s& filt]s4 depreciation & int]e/4 ,"n ( ,city ,,g5]al ,,data ,,sew]age ,,sy/em ,av]age ,p] ,k9d ( ,prelim9>y ,numb] c5t4 ,sew]age ,sy/em ,treatm5t ,gallons ( ,treat$ ,city's ,daily ,total ,treat$ ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mo/ly comb9$,co>se scre5s & grit *amb]4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 #af1jjj1jjj #ij4;,comb9$4 ,grate b>s #a 94 ap>t1 & ?ree grit *amb]s4 ,akron1 ,ohio ,sep>ate & ,scre5s & comb9$4 grit *amb]s4 ,alliance1 #c1jjj1jjj #ajj4,sep>ate4 ,grit *amb]s4 ,ohio ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4 #fge1jjj #bb4,sep>ate ) ,two grit "s surface *amb]s4 wat]4 ,brockton1 #b1ajf1jjj #ajj4,sep>ate4 ,revolv+ ,mass4 scre54 ,bloom+ton1 #gej1jjj #ajj4,sep>ate4 ,settl+ bas9 ,ill4 ) weirs4 ,bri/ol1 #a1ejj1jjj #ij4,sep>ate4 ,none4 ,conn4 ,columbus1 #ba1cjj1jjj;,all =,sep>ate & ,"o 94 & ,ohio4 #bdb comb9$4 "o-half 94 days4 v]tical b> scre5s me*anically op]at$4 ,grit *amb]4 ,canton1 ,ohio4 #a1ijj1jjj #ie4,sep>ate4 ,co>se scre5s & grit *amb]s4 ,danbury1 #cjj1jjj ,mo/ly ,co>se scre5s ,conn4 sep>ate4 & grit *amb]s4 ,dallas1 ,texas #aj1jjj1jjj ,all4,sep>ate4 ,co>se scre5s & grit *amb]s4 ,fond du ,lac1 ,sep>ate ) ,scre5s & ,wis4 ci/]n grit ov]fl[ *amb]s4 connect$ ) sanit>y4 ,fresno1 ,cal4 #e1jjj1jjj ,all4,sep>ate4 ,*amb] = trapp+ crude oil4 ,glov]sville1 #b1hjj1jjj #ij4,sep>ate4 ,co>se ,n4 ,y4 scre5s4 ,h\/on1 #ah1jjj1jjj ,all4,sep>ate4 ,co>se scre5s ,texas & grit *amb]s = two-?irds ( sewage4 ,indep5d5ce1 ,sep>ate4 ,kas4 ,lackawanna1 ,sep>ate4 ,grit *amb]4 ,n4,y4 ,milwaukee1 #acj1jjj1jjj ,sep>ate ) ,co>se scre5s ,wis4 fir/ wa% & grit f /reet4 *amb]4 ,mt4 ,v]non1 #b1jjj1jjj #ge4,sep>ate ) ,co>se b> ,n4,y4 mu* wet scre5s4 wea!r infiltration4 ,new ,brita91 #d1jjj1jjj ,all4,sep>ate4 ,none4 ,conn4 ,oswego1 ,n4,y4 ,pasad5a1 #b1jjj1jjj #ie4,sep>ate ) ,none4 ,cal4 fir/ wa% f /reet4 ,provid5ce1 #bd1hgb1jjj ,comb9$4 ,r4 ,i4 ,philadelphia1 #a1bej1jjj ,"o-,comb9$ fir/ ,co>se scre5s ,pa4 ?ird wa% f & grit ( #a4 /reet4 *amb]4 ,read+1 ,pa4 #f1jjj1jjj #fj4,sep>ate4 ,two grit *amb]s4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 #ee1jjj1jjj ,all4,comb9$4 ,six detritus ,y4 dry wea!r tanks & fl[1 f9e #agc1jjj1jjj scre5s4 wet wea!r fl[4 ,s*5ectady1 #gb1jjj1jjj #gj4,sep>ate & ,n4,y4 comb9$4 ,sumt]1 ,s4 ,c4 ,sep>ate4 ,two grit *amb]s #bj x #cj ft4 ,tallahassee1 #ajj1jjj ,grit *amb]4 ,fla4 ,woonsocket1 #a1ejj1jjj ,sep>ate4 ,co>se scre5s ,r4 ,i4 betwe5 scre5+ bas9s & pump well4 ,worce/]1 ,all dry,sep>ate & ,grit *amb]s ,mass4 wea!r comb9$4 fl[ & fir/ "p ( /orm wat]4 ,"n ( ,city ,,sewage ,,pump+ ,:at ,gallons ,daily ,k9d & ,p]c5tage ,pump$ ,capacity ( ,numb] ( ( ,sewage ,annually ,pumps ,pumps is ,pump$ to ,plant ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4,l>ge ,?ree #aj,?ree v>4 "p4 ,m4,g4,d4 ea* spe$ #bd & ?ree #ae 94 & ,m4,g4,d4 ea* ?ree con/4 #bd 94 electric p[]4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,"s4 #ej1jjj1jjj ,c5trifugal electric p[]4 ,akron1 ,ohio ,alliance1 ,none4 ,ohio ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4,none4 ,brockton1 ,all4 #f1jjj1jjj ,two ,kn[les ,mass4 triple expansion cond5s+ /eam p[]4 ,bloom+ton1 ,none4 ,ill4 ,bri/ol1 ,none4 ,conn4 ,columbus1 ,all once #e1afc1jjj1jjjej1jjj1jjj ,"o #ab 94 ,ohio4 & #aj ,wor?+ton1 twice4 "o #bj 94 ,morris1 two #ah 94 & "o #ab 94 ,de ,lavel4 ,electric p[]4 ,canton1 ,ohio4,none4 ,danbury1 ,none4 ,conn4 ,dallas1 ,texas,all4 #bb1ejj1jjj ,two c5trifugal /eam p[]4 ,fond du ,lac1 ,all4 #a1jjj1jjj a#fj1jjj1jjj ,f\r ,wis4 day4 c5trifugal electric p[]4 ,fresno1 ,cal4 ,none4 ,glov]sville1,none4 ,n4 ,y4 ,h\/on1 #aje4b #h1faa1jjj1jjjcj1jjj1jjj ,"o air ,texas "s ejector six twice4 s+le c5trifugal pumps4 ,electric p[]4 ,indep5d5ce1,none4 ,kas4 ,lackawanna1 #ie4 #ghh1jjj1jjjgbj1jjj ,c5trifugal ,n4,y4 p[]4 /eam ,milwaukee1 #cc4 #db1jjj1jjjfj1jjj1jjj ,?ree ,wis4 c5trifugal1 #bj million ea*4 ,electric p[]4 ,mt4 ,v]non1 #ae4 #aaj1jjj1jjje1jjj1jjj ,two v]tical ,n4,y4 c5trifugal electric p[]4 ,new ,brita91 ,none4 ,conn4 ,oswego1 ,n4,y4 ,none4 ,pasad5a1 ,none4 ,cal4 ,provid5ce1 ,yes4 ,r4 ,i4 ,philadelphia1,yes4 #dej1jjj1jjjd1jjj1jjj ,"o eight 94 ,pa4 & "o t5 94 ,wor?+ton1 v]tical4 ,by gas4 ,read+1 ,pa4 ,all4 ,"o #f & ,two ! o!r c5trifugal #h electric millions4 p[]4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s*5ectady1 #dj4 #dj1jjj1jjjae1jjj1jjj ,five direct ,n4,y4 connect$ motor v]tical c5trifugal4 ,sumt]1 ,s4 ,c4,none4 ,tallahassee1 ,no4 ,fla4 ,woonsocket1 #ajj4 #b1bjj p] ,c5trifugal4 ,r4 ,i4 m94 ,by /eam4 ,worce/]1 #b4 ,f\r ,mass4 c5trifugal4 ,electric p[]4 ,"n ( ,city ,,sewage ,,pump+ ,annual ,co/ ( ,numb] ( ,pump+ ,/ation ,feet ,sewage is rais$ ,total ,p] ,million ,gals4 ,rais$ a ,foot ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,akron1 ,ohio ,alliance1 ,ohio ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,brockton1 #cj1jjj 4#ige #dj4 ,mass4 ,bloom+ton1 ,ill4 ,bri/ol1 ,conn4 ,columbus1 #bc1fef 4#af #ba4f ,ohio4 ,canton1 ,ohio4 ,danbury1 ,conn4 ,dallas1 ,texas #db4 ,fond du ,lac1 ,wis4 ,fresno1 ,cal4 ,glov]sville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,h\/on1 #bc1ejj 4#acf 4#be4 ,texas e/4 ,indep5d5ce1 ,kas4 ,lackawanna1 #i1jjj #ah4 ,n4,y4 ,milwaukee1 #bb4 ,wis4 ,mt4 ,v]non1 #bf ft4 ,n4,y4 includ+ friction4 ,new ,brita91 ,conn4 ,oswego1 ,n4,y4 ,pasad5a1 ,cal4 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,philadelphia1 #da4 ,pa4 ,read+1 ,pa4 #ad1ejj #ci4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s*5ectady1 #aj1jjj #bc4 ,n4,y4 ,sumt]1 ,s4 ,c4 ,tallahassee1 ,fla4 ,woonsocket1 #bj ,r4 ,i4 ,worce/]1 #e1eji4ce ,mass4 ,table ,,ii 7c7 ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities 7,cont9u$7 ,"n ( ,city ,,indu/rial ,,wa/es ,e/abli%m5ts ,:at ,me?ods ( ,:i* ,empty ,k9ds ,treatm5t ,:]e ,wa/es ,into ,are ,wa/es are ,city's ,sew]age ,treat$ ,purifi$ ,sy/em ,be=e ,sep>ately ,!y are ,empti$ ,into ,sew]age ,sy/em ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,/eel mills1 t9 ,f gas,pla9 c works1 gas works4 s$im5tation4 works1 coal & gas plants4 ,akron1 ,ohio ,alliance1 ,ohio ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4,none4 ,brockton1 ,%oe factory & ,mass4 tann]y4 ,bloom+ton1 ,no4 ,ill4 ,bri/ol1 ,conn4 ,columbus1 ,tann]ies1 ,none4 ,ohio brew]ies1 />* works1 wool clean]s1 pack+ plants4 ,canton1 ,ohio ,v>i\s ,none4 factories1 includ+ iron & /eel2 *ief wa/e is rags4 ,danbury1 ,hat factories4 ,none4 ,conn4 ,dallas1 ,tex4 ,pack+ h\ses1 laundries1 dye works4 ,fond du ,lac1 ,laundries1 ,none4 ,wis4 clean+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,fresno1 ,cal4 ,fruit cann]ies ,none4 & pack+ h\ses4 ,glov]sville1,lea!r & ,all4 ,settl+ tanks4 ,n4 ,y4 cann]ies2 #bf ( total is trade wa/e4 ,h\/on1 ,tex4,press$ & dri$ ,indep5d5ce1 ,kas4 ,lackawanna1 ,none4 ,n4 ,y4 ,milwaukee1 ,brew]ies1 ,none4 ,wis4 tann]ies1 soap works1 laundries1 hair works & pack+ h\ses4 ,mt4 ,v]non1 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,brita91 ,pickl+ liquor4 ,conn4 ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 #ca,pasad5a1,laundries4 ,cal4 ,provid5ce1 ,wool5 mills1 ,r4 ,i4 blea*]ies1 dye h\ses1 jewelry factories4 ,philadelphia1,no4 ,pa4 ,read+1 ,pa4 ,soap & dye works1 tann]ies1 pap] mills1 brew]ies1 laundries1 hat factories1 electroplat+ works4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s*5ectady1 ,laundries1 ,oil skimm$ (f ,n4 ,y4 locomotive & electrical top ( tanks4 ,sumt]1 ,s4 ,c4,none4 ,tallahassee1 ,*]a ,cola ,works1,none4 ,all run into ,fla4 & g>ages4 grit *amb] be=e ent]+ ma94 ,woonsocket1 ,r4 ,i4 ,worce/]1 ,c>pet mills1 ,none4 ,mass4 tann]ies & dye works4 ,"n ( ,city ,,sludge ,,disposal ,,f9al ,,treatm5t ,h[ is ,sludge ,any ,is ,efflu5t ,is !re a ,dispos$ ( ,rev5ue ,dis9fect$ ,second>y f ,settl+ ,disposal ,tank ,plant ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,no4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,fill+ & ,none4 ,no4 ,no4 f]tiliz]4 ,akron1 ,ohio ,burn$4 ,yes4 ,alliance1 ,dri$ on b$s,none4 ,no4 ,no4 ,ohio & haul$ to f>m]s4 ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,no4 ,no4 ,brockton1 ,f]tiliz] ,none4 ,no4 ,f ,mass4 & fill4 spr9kl'r4 ,bloom+ton1 ,no4 ,ill4 ,bri/ol1 ,pl[$ into ,conn4 l& ,columbus1 ,dri$ on b$s,none4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,ohio & spread on city f>m4 ,canton1 ,ohio ,f]tiliz]4 ,none4 ,no4 ,danbury1 ,f]tiliz]4 #djj4 ,no4 ,no4 ,conn4 ,dallas1 ,tex4 ,no4 ,fond du ,lac1 ,fill+4 ,no4 ,wis4 ,fresno1 ,cal4 ,glov]sville1,f]tiliz] #cjj4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,n4 ,y4 & fill ,h\/on1 ,tex4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,indep5d5ce1 ,kas4 ,lackawanna1 ,no4 ,no4 ,n4 ,y4 ,milwaukee1 ,press$1 ,no4 ,wis4 dri$ & sold = f]tiliz]4 ,mt4 ,v]non1 ,fill4 ,none4 ,no4 ,no4 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,brita91 ,fill4 ,none4 ,no4 ,conn4 ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 #ca,pasad5a1,f]tiliz]4 ,none4 ,no4 ,cal4 ,provid5ce1 ,press$ & ,yes4 ,r4 ,i4 c>ri$ away on sc[s4 ,philadelphia1,f]tiliz]4 ,none4 ,liquid ,yes4 ,pa4 ,*lor9e4 ,read+1 ,pa4 ,f]tiliz]4 ,none4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,plans made ,y4 = su*4 ,s*5ectady1 ,fill4 ,no4 ,no4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sumt]1 ,s4 ,c4 ,none4 ,no4 ,tallahassee1 ,no4 ,yes4 ,fla4 ,woonsocket1 ,no4 ,no4 ,r4 ,i4 ,worce/]1 ,fill & ,none4 ,no4 ,no4 ,mass4 f]tiliz]4 ,"n ( ,city ,,f9al ,,treatm5t ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,:at ,degree ( ,is ,plant ( ( ,bact]ia,purity ,requir$ ,op]at+ ,susp5d$ ,remov$ ,satisfactorily ,matt] ,remov$ ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,yes4 ,akron1 ,ohio ,alliance1 ,no4 ,ohio ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,yes4 ,brockton1 #fa4b4 #ie4 ,z high z ,n entirely4 ,mass4 possible4 ,bloom+ton1 ,yes4 ,ill4 ,bri/ol1 ,yes4 ,conn4 ,columbus1 #be4 #hj-ij4 ,v>ies ) ,"s p>ts ,ohio /ream & satisfactory wea!r o!rs n4 conditions4 ,canton1 ,ohio #ih4 #he4 ,yes4 ,danbury1 ,yes4 ,conn4 ,dallas1 ,tex4 ,fond du ,lac1 ,yes4 ,wis4 ,fresno1 ,cal4 #cj4 ,no /&>d4 ,yes4 ,glov]sville1 ,yes4 ,n4 ,y4 ,h\/on1 ,tex4#ie-ih4 #ie-ii4 #he-ij4 ,indep5d5ce1 ,kas4 ,lackawanna1 #ij4 ,yes4 ,n4 ,y4 ,milwaukee1 #ie4 #ie4 #ie4 ,wis4 ,mt4 ,v]non1 #gj4 #hj4 ,non- ,yes4 ,n4 ,y4 putrescible4 ,new ,brita91 ,no4 ,conn4 ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 #ca,pasad5a1 ,imh(f ,cal4 satisfactory septic 8z well z c be expect$ ( any septic tank40 ,provid5ce1 ,total ,r4 ,i4 bact]ial #fd2 ,b ,coli #if4i4 ,philadelphia1#fj4 #ajj acid ,abs5ce ( acid,yes4 ,pa4 =m]s4 =m+ bact]ia4 ,read+1 ,pa4 #ga4a #hf4 ,/ate /&>d4,yes4 exclusive ( solids remov$ by grits4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s*5ectady1 #dj4 #gj4 ,fairly s4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sumt]1 ,s4 ,c4,great ,no objection ,portion z x empties into swampy /ream4 ,tallahassee1 ,yes4 ,fla4 ,woonsocket1 #ajj4 #ig4 ,yes4 ,r4 ,i4 ,worce/]1 #hg4 ,no ,efflu5t f ,mass4 /&>d4 s& filt] excell5t2 *emical precipitation poor4 ,"n ( ,city ,,f9al ,,treatm5t ,if ,n1 ,:y8 ,di/ance ,any ,odor at ( ,plant ,plant f ,c5t] ( ,city ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,two miles4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 #d-g ,n suffici5t miles4 to cause inconv5i5ce4 ,akron1 ,ohio ,alliance1 ,no te*nical #a mile4 ,yes4 ,ohio sup]vision4 ,l>ge quantities ( ro( wat] dur+ /orms4 ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4#e miles4 ,brockton1 ,s& b$s 9 #c miles4,dur+ damp ,mass4 op]ation #bb wea!r ye>s & h rea*$ capacity4 ,bloom+ton1 #a ,n ov] #a1jjj ,ill4 miles4 ft4 "u wor/ conditions4 ,bri/ol1 #b miles4,n mu*4 ,conn4 ,columbus1 ,insuffici5t #e miles4,yes4 ,ohio capacity4 ,canton1 ,ohio #h miles4,v little4 ,danbury1 #b ,none f b$s2 ,conn4 miles4 sometimes :5 fl[ exce$s maximum x is turn$ into swamp1 & dur+ hot wea!r !re is odor4 ,dallas1 ,tex4 #c miles4 ,fond du ,lac1 #a mile4 ,no4 ,wis4 ,fresno1 ,cal4 #g miles4,yes4 ,glov]sville1 #b miles4,"s4 ,n4 ,y4 ,h\/on1 ,tex4 #b4e ,none expect$4 miles4 ,indep5d5ce1 ,kas4 ,lackawanna1 #a mile4 ,no4 ,n4 ,y4 ,milwaukee1 ,c5tre ,no4 ,wis4 ( city4 ,mt4 ,v]non1 #a mile4 ,a few days ,n4 ,y4 noticeable mile4 ,new ,brita91 ,voids almo/ #c miles4 ,conn4 completely clogg$ by pickl+ liquor4 ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 mile4 #ca,pasad5a1#e miles4 ,cal4 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,philadelphia1 #ab ,pa4 miles4 ,read+1 ,pa4 #c miles4,"s at times ( clean+4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s*5ectady1 #b ,at fir/1 b ,n4 ,y4 miles4 n n[4 ,sumt]1 ,s4 ,c4 #a ,slight z x miles4 empties at m\? ( outfall4 ,tallahassee1 #a mile4 ,only :5 ,fla4 clean+ grit *amb]4 ,woonsocket1 #a mile4 ,no1 except ,r4 ,i4 slight smell l di% wat]4 ,worce/]1 #c miles4,v little4 ,mass4 ----- ,footnote #bi3 ,includes depreciation & int]e/ on inve/m5t4 ,footnote ,m4,g43 ,million gallons4 ,footnote #ca3 ,city has a sewage f>m ( ab\t #eah acres1 & ! efflu5t f ! septic tank is us$ to irrigate ab\t #dej acres ( ! f>m4 ,! cities ( ,pasad5a1 ,s\? ,pasad5a1 & ,alhambra h pur*as$ a new sewage f>m :]e !y plan jo9tly to purify _! sewage4 ,footnote #cb3 8,same =ce ( m5 c h&le "o acre z "o-half acre1 or twice z great a fl[40 ,footnote #cc3 ,does n include int]e/ & depreciation4 ,footnote #cd3 ,9 w9t] draw z little z possible2 9 summ] draw z mu* z possible2 ! aim be+ to leave ! tanks z free z possible f good sludge :5 cold wea!r comes4 ,footnote #ce3 ,op]ation ( ,imh(f tanks co/s no?+ z city all[s a man to use two acres ( l& to comp5sate him = c>+ = tank4 ,! septic tank is att5d$ to only once a ye>1 & probably does n co/ m ?an #cj annually4 ,,a%es ,,& ,,rubbi% ,,co/ ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,collection ,,& ,,disposal ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities-- ,,equipm5t--,,regulations--,,by-,,produc ts ,s _m cities ei!r collect a%es & rubbi% toge!r or ! two are collect$ by ! same dep>tm5t or "u ! same contract t any attempt to give ! exp]i5ce ( ,am]ican municipalities ) ! collection ( ea* ( ^! wa/es w\ld be ( little value4 ,! collection ( bo? k9ds ( wa/e w1 !re=e1 be discuss$ ) ! idea ( pres5t+ su* in=mation z w give any city1 l>ge or small1 a basis = det]m9+ ! feasibility ( a% & rubbi% collection by municipal employees or by contract1 giv+ ! v>i\s me?ods us$ 9 ! l>g] ,am]ican communities1 s t ! "o be/ adapt$ to local conditions may be adopt$1 & ! price a city %\ld pay = ! s]vice4 ,any city contemplat+ ! collection ( its refuse or wi%+ to det]m9e ! effici5cy & economy ( ! s]vice x is giv+ or receiv+ mu/ consid]3 7#a7 ,type ( ,collection sy/em3 a4 ,comb9$ collection ( g>bage1 rubbi% & a%es4 b4 ,sep>ate collection ( ea* k9d ( refuse4 7#b7 ,me?od ( ,collection3 a4 ,by :om done4 b4 ,di/rict+ ( city4 ,numb] & location ( di/ricts4 c4 ,organization ( collect+ =ce4 d4 ,k9d ( equipm5t4 ,receptacles4 ,vehicles4 ,inc9]ators4 ,pap] presses4 e4 ,location ( receptacles4 f4 ,frequ5cy ( collection4 g4 ,"t ( removal4 7#c7 ,en=cem5t ( collection regulations4 7#d7 ,disposal3 ,dump+ exclusively4 ,inc9]ation1 :olly or 9 "p4 7#e7 ,by-products3 ,collection ,sy/ems ,! sy/ems ( collection & disposal are s closely relat$ t !y mu/ be consid]$ toge!r4 ,!re are two k9ds ( collection sy/ems1 ! comb9$ & ! sep>ate4 ,! comb9$ sy/em may be fur!r divid$4 ,_m l>ge cities collect g>bage1 rubbi% & a%es sep>ately4 ,g>bage is !n inc9]at$ or dispos$ ( by ! r$uction me?od4 ,a%es are us$ = fill & ! rubbi% is sort$ ei!r at ! dumps or 9 utilization plants & ! unsalable mat]ial ei!r dump$ or inc9]at$ or bo?4 ,! sep>ate sy/em is pr(itable only 9 ! l>g] cities :]e r$uction plants c be op]at$ at or ne> a pr(it1 :]e an inc9]ation plant c be c5trally locat$ 9 ord] to r$uce ! co/ ( haul or ! heat c be us$ to produce p[] or :]e ! reclaimable rubbi% is suffici5t to pay = rescu+ x4 ,a sy/em t c be us$ ) ne>ly all me?ods ( disposal is ! sep>ate collection ( g>bage & ! comb9$ collection ( rubbi% & a%es4 ,?is is ! mo/ popul> sy/em 9 ,am]ica1 = 9 _m cities g>bage is dispos$ ( sep>ately & rubbi% is dump$4 ,9 _m su* cases1 & especially :]e ! a%es are us$ = fill1 sep>ation is requir$ to all[ ! disposal ( ! a%es 9 places n suitable = mix$ mat]ial4 ,9 cities :i* h de/ructors = ! inc9]ation ( g>bage & rubbi% & :i* use ! a%es = fill1 ! sep>ate collection ( a%es & ! comb9$ collection ( g>bage & rubbi% is ! be/ sy/em4 ,9 "s cases a "p ( ! a%es is add$ to ! g>bage to aid combu/ion4 ,:]e ! comb9$ collection ( g>bage1 rubbi% & a%es is us$ ! city disposes ( all ^! wa/es ei!r by dump+ or by total inc9]ation4 ,9 a few places furnace a%es are collect$ sep>ately & rubbi%1 g>bage & /ove a%es toge!r4 ,:5 ?is sy/em is us$ ! furnace a%es are us$ = fill & ! o!r wa/es are inc9]at$4 ,!re is consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :i* plan is desirable1 b practically all agree t local conditions %\ld contribute ! *ief factor 9 det]m9+ :i* sy/em is ! be/ = a city4 ,! me?od ( disposal is ano!r factor4 ,reports agree t if all wa/es are collect$ toge!r z a rule ! co/ ( collection w be less ?an if ea* is collect$ sep>ately4 ,john ,h4 ,gregory1 sanit>y exp]t1 says t sep>ate collection w be f\nd 9 _m in/ances to be less conv5i5t at ! h\se & m complicat$ & m exp5sive ?an ! comb9$ collection4 ,he ass]ts t ! comb9$ collection w usually prove to be clean] & to h few] objectionable features1 & ) ?is sy/em x %\ld be easi] to secure & to keep a bett] grade ( employees4 ,he po9ts out t ! mix+ ( g>bage ) rubbi% & a%es w prev5t 9 a l>ge measure ! bl[+ ab\t ( ! latt]1 w less5 ! du/ nuisance1 & indirectly may less5 ! co/ ( /reet clean+4 ,! decomposition ( g>bage is f> less noticeable & f ! po9t ( view ( prev5t+ a nuisance ! receptacles & wagons w n require su* frequ5t clean+4 ,he says1 also1 t ! fly nuisance is r$uc$ to a m9imum & t !re is less likelihood ( odor %\ld ! refuse be /or$ up = f9al disposition4 ,z b "o type ( wagon is requir$ = collection ,mr4 ,gregory believes t ! sy/em is probably easi] to adopt & easi] to en=ce1 few] regulations be+ requir$4 ,9 a discussion ( ! advantages ( ! inc9]ation me?od ( disposal ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,public ,heal? says t a%es may be us$ = inc9]ation on acc\nt ( ! p]c5tage ( unburn$ coal :i* !y usually conta94 ,! p]c5tage ( unburn$ coal 9 a%es is betwe5 #ai & #bd4 ,sev]al exp]ts call att5tion to ! co/ ( inc9]ation4 ,mr4 ,gregory believes t :5 refuse is inc9]at$ x may be m exp5sive to burn all a%es ) g>bage & rubbi% ?an simply to burn ! g>bage & rubbi%4 ,he po9ts out t 9 "s cities x may be f\nd advantage\s to adopt ! comb9$ sy/em 9 c]ta9 di/ricts & sep>ate collections 9 o!rs1 dep5d+ ^u local conditions4 ,c>eful consid]ation %\ld be giv5 to ! foll[+ reasons = & aga9/ keep+ a%es & g>bage sep>ate3 ,x is n necess>y to collect a%es s frequ5tly z x is g>bage2 diff]5t me?ods ( disposal require sep>ate h&l+2 g>bage ) its moi/ure :5 mix$ ) a%es w n freeze 9 ! c z readily 9 w9t]1 ?us facilitat+ collection4 ,"s exp]ts1 h[ev]1 ass]t x is m desirable to keep ! wa/es sep>ate 9 ord] to use ! a%es = fill & to sell ! reclaimable rubbi%4 ,_m cities require ! sep>ation ei!r ( all wa/es or ( g>bage4 ,( ! fifty l>ge/ cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & all cities 9 ,new ,york ,/ate only ?irte5 d n require t ea* class ( refuse be kept sep>ate4 ,"o or two report t ! plan _h to be ab&on$ z x 0 f\nd difficult to get ! p1 especially ^? liv+ 9 ! poor] di/ricts1 to comply ) ! rule ( keep+ ! wa/es sep>ate4 ,o!r cities1 :i* d require a sep>ation1 report t :ile x 0 f\nd difficult at ! beg9n+ to en=ce ! regulation1 p]si/5t educational "w & pati5ce ev5tually br\ght _! rew>d4 ,:]e all ( ! wa/e is dump$ _m cities prohibit ! mix+ ( pap] or combu/ibles ) a%es & rubbi%4 ,if ?is is n done ! exp]i5ce ( _m cities is t !re are liable to be s]i\s dump fires4 ,me?ods ( ,collection ,"s cities h a% & rubbi% collection done by contract2 9 o!rs ! "w is done by city employees2 9 a few bo? plans are us$2 & 9 _m small communities ! "w is done by lic5s$ collectors4 ,! la/ ,c5sus ,report %[s t 9 eighty-five ( ! #aeh cities = :i* /ati/ics are giv5 ! collection is made ei!r by contract or by ! city1 #gb p] c5t4 be+ collect$ by ! cities & #bh p] c5t4 by contract4 ,collection by private collectors is by no means conf9$ to ! small cities1 z ! foll[+ table indicates3 ,,table ,,iii4--,a% ,collection by ,private ,collectors ,population,"n ( ,city ,h[ ,mu* ,does ,he ,does ,does ,furni% ,h[ are ,city ,collector ,c & ,type ( ,a%es ,own ,*>ge if s1 ,wagon ,us$ ,dispos$ or ,h\sehold]8 ,does ,he (8 ,r5t ,require ,dump ,deposit8 #ajj1jjj;,dulu?1#cf #ae p] c ,no ,box ,dump ,own ,m9n #ag1jjj;,gl5s #aj p] c ,furni%es ,falls1#cf c1 no ,dump ,own ,n4 ,y4 deposit #aj1ddg;,john/[n1 #ej-ge trip ,no ,n4 ,y #ab1bgc,little #a a load ,falls1 ,n4 ,no #a horse1 box ,dump ,own ,y #dj1jic;,elmira1 ,n4 #aj p] c ,yes1 #a ,dump ,r5t ,y4 deposit #ac1jjj;,cortl&1 ,n4#a p] load1 ,any wagon ,y4 #ae p] ) tight c ,no box approv$ ,fill ,r5t by sanit>y inspector1 canvas cov] #aaj1jjj;,albany1 ,n4 ,y#aj to #ac ,no ,dump ,free #aj1dgd,oneonta1 ,n4 ,dump ,own ,y4 #afe1jjj,new ,hav51 #ae p] c ,no ,fill ,conn4 #aa1acf;,fulton1 ,n4 #aj-ae-be a ,no ,dump ,own ,y4 c #h1cag,oneida1 ,n4 #ge to #a4 ,no ,any type ,dump ,own ,y4 #bc1cfh,oswego1 ,n4 ,y#aj to #ae ,dump &,own ,no fill & r5t #aca1jjj;,gr& #ae a week ,rapids1 = ,mi*4 resid5ce1 ,dump special = o!rs #aj1gaa,r5ssela]1 #aj to #ac ,no ,cov]$ ,fill &,own ,n4 ,y4 dump #eh1ega,portl&1 #aj b>rel ,fill &,free ,me4 ,no ,op5 c>t dump & own ----- ,footnote #cf3 ,city also collects4 ,john ,h4 ,gregory is ( ! op9ion t1 z a g5]al rule1 ! be/ results may be expect$ f municipal own]%ip & op]ation ( collection equipm5t4 ,! ,*icago ,city ,wa/e ,commission reports t :]e ! h\sehold] hires a private scav5g] to remove a%es & rubbi% x usually results 9 great] co/ ?an :5 ! "w is sy/ematically done by ! city at public exp5se4 ,if "w is done by contract sup]vision at public exp5se is almo/ imp]ative :5 ! be/ results are desir$4 ,regulation mu/ be /rict & well en=c$4 ,! exp]i5ces ( cities :i* h us$ all ?ree me?ods are 9 favor ( municipal collection4 ,! /r+5t contract regulat+ ! collection ( g>bage & a%es by contract 9 ,we/ ,orange1 ,new ,j]sey1 conta9s "s sugge/ions4 ,t "p ref]r+ to ! collection ( a%es provides t ! contractor mu/ h an (fice 9 t[n ) a telephone & a p]son 9 att5dance f #i a4m4 until #d p4m4 ,if notifi$ ( ! failure ( any employee to remove a%es ! same mu/ be remov$ )9 two h\rs4 ,a%es mu/ be kept sep>ate f g>bage & collect$ 9 a diff]5t vehicle4 ,a%es mu/ be plac$ 9 cov]$ wagons & 8prop]ly con/ruct$ s z to conceal ! cont5ts & to prev5t scatt]+ on public /reets & highways4 ,rubbi%1 pap]s1 t9 cans1 etc41 %all be consid]$ a%es40 ,x fur!r requires t wagons mu/ n be ov]load$1 mu/ be numb]$ & pa9t$ once a ye> & clean$ ea* day4 ,! contractor mu/ dis*>ge employees guilty ( neglect or insol5ce4 ,! dump+ gr\nd mu/ be kept clean1 & pap]s1 t9 cans1 etc41 mu/ be cov]$ ) ?ree in*es ( dirt4 8,if ! "w is unsatisfactory ! ,c\ncil may by resolution t]m9ate ! contract & ! surety company w be compell$ to make good ! damages ! city %all suff] z a result ( ! brea* ( contract40 ,9 "s cities :]e ! refuse is dispos$ ( by inc9]ation1 ! municipality does ! collect+ & deliv]s to a privately own$ disposal plant4 ,di/rict+ ! ,city ,! numb] & location ( ! di/ricts into :i* a city is divid$ dep5ds ^u ! size1 topography & population ( ! municipality4 ,! lay\t %\ld also be influ5c$ some:at by ! k9d ( collection equipm5t us$4 ,p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! v>i\s k9ds ( collection vehicles & especially to ! desirability ( employ+ motor or horse-drawn vehicles or a comb9ation ( bo?1 be=e ! city is di/rict$4 ,! location ( ! dumps or inc9]ators & ! frequ5cy ( collection are also important factors4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! division %\ld be su* z to %ort5 ! l5g? ( haul z mu* z possible & to avoid /eep grades ) load$ wagons4 ,organization ( ,collection ,=ce ,! organization ( ! =ce dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( equipm5t1 sy/em ( collection1 di/rict+ ( city1 location ( receptacles1 frequ5cy ( removal & "t ( collection4 ,! common sy/em abroad :]e ! c is plac$ at ! curb1 is to h "o or two workm5 accompany ! wagon1 "o act+ z driv]1 :ile ! o!r empties ! cans4 ,"s au?orities say ?is is ! mo/ economical way4 ,! common me?od ( op]at+ 9 ?is c\ntry is to h ! driv] make ! collection f ! back y>d4 ,?is is claim$ by _m to be uneconomical1 z ! :ole collection "w is ret>d$4 ,9 "s cities ! s-call$ gang sy/em is us$4 ,workm5 g d[n ea* side ( ! /reet ab\t "o h\r ahead ( ! wagon & roll ! cans to ! curb4 ,! driv] empties ! cans & workm5 foll[+ ! wagon take ! empty cans to ! back y>d4 ,_m believe t ?is makes ! be/ use ( ! m exp5sive "p ( ! equipm5t4 ,john ,h4 ,gregory po9ts out t :5 possible "o man %\ld always h ! same r\te 9 ord] t he may become acqua9t$ ) ! di/rict & h\seholds4 ,! organization ( ! collect+ =ce mu/ be ela/ic s t *anges may be easily & quickly made on acc\nt ( ! seasons & wea!r conditions4 ,m wagons & m m5 are employ$ 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,x is also f\nd necess>y to increase ! collection =ce :5 traffic conditions are made difficult by a sn[ /orm & o!r causes4 ,type ( ,equipm5t ,! ess5tial features to be consid]$ 9 connection ) ! design & in/allation ( equipm5t are sanitation1 fre$om f nuisance & selection ( prop] app>atus = economical op]ation4 ,v def9ite conclusions h be5 rea*$ by exp]ts & (ficials ab\t ! k9d ( a% c to be us$4 ,x is agre$ t ! size mu/ be limit$ because ( ! difficulty ( lift+ heavy receptacles into ! collect+ wagon4 ,workman's comp5sation insurance = city employees has =c$ cities to give m att5tion to ?is "p ( ! equipm5t ?an previ\sly = ! reason t _m employees are injur$ by /ra9+4 ,x is also agre$ t ! receptacles mu/ be ( metal or l9$ ) metal to prev5t fire f hot a%es4 ,all receptacles1 if left at ! curb1 %\ld be cov]$ to prev5t du/4 ,"s cities require h\sehold]s to use regulation size cans4 ,x is ass]t$ t ?is plan facilitates ! collection4 ,! atta*$ tables conta9 a description ( ! type & size ( c us$4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion ab\t ! be/ type ( wagon = a% collection1 & mu* exp]im5t+ has be5 done & is /ill comm&+ att5tion4 ,x is agre$ t special att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ease 9 load+ & empty+1 to provision aga9/ leakage1 du/ & unsightly appe>ance1 to noise :5 load+ & 9 motion1 to durability & to co/ ( ma9t5ance4 ,z a consid]able portion ( ! m5 employ$ 9 collect+ suff] /ra9s & rupture caus$ by lift+ heavy cans1 x is imp]ative t ! wagon be z l[ z possible4 ,mo/ ( ^? n[ 9 use are five feet or m f ! sidewalk to ! top ( ! sides4 ,if ! bodies ( ^! wagons hung l[1 z !y d 9 "s cities1 & ! capacity 7 made up 9 l5g?1 !re w\ld be less /ra9 on ! m5 & "t w\ld be sav$ 9 dump+4 ,! capacity ( ! wagon is influ5c$ by ! l5g? ( haul & topography ( ! city4 ,9 its /udy ( ! collection & disposal ( wa/e 9 ,ohio cities ! ,ohio ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? says x is ! cons5sus ( op9ion t = be/ economic results ! wagon capacity %\ld be f ?ree to f\r cubic y>ds = ! comb9$ collection ( a%es & rubbi%4 ,! av]age weight ( rubbi% & a%es is f #hjj to #aajj p\nds p] cubic y>d1 accord+ to "s reports4 ,h4 ,de,b4 ,p>sons1 a sanit>y exp]t1 says ! av]age weight ( a%es p] cubic y>d is #acej p\nds & rubbi% #bjj p\nds4 ,g5]ally ! mixture 9 summ] is #ce p] c5t4 a%es & #fe p] c5t4 rubbi%2 9 w9t] #ge p] c5t4 a%es & #be p] c5t4 rubbi%4 ,until rec5tly practically all ( ,new ,york ,city's a% c>ts c>ri$ approximately "o ton4 ,! po9t 0 made t ) ?is type ( vehicle !re is a great loss ( "t 9 c>ry+ ! load to ! dump & return+ empty4 ,william ,h4 ,edw>ds1 =m] ,commission] ( ,/reet ,clean+1 claim$ t !re w\ld be a great] sav+ if five-ton vehicles drawn by ?ree horses & op]at$ by f\r m5 7 us$4 ,mr4 ,edw>ds said t a te/ _h prov$ t six c>tloads c\ld be collect$ & dump$ 9 j ab\t twice ! "t x took = "o c>tload "u ! conditions exi/+ !n4 ,! city is n[ exp]im5t+ ) motor app>atus design$ = du/less & odorless collection ( all k9ds ( refuse4 ,9 a few cities "o type ( wagon is us$ = a%es & ano!r type = rubbi%4 ,"o new type ( wagon has ! body swung l[ on runn+ ge>1 ) dump+ edges ?ree feet1 six in*es above ! pavem5t1 & is pivot$ at "o end to facilitate dump+4 ,x holds n9e cubic y>ds & is divid$ by cross p>titions into comp>tm5ts1 "o = a%es & ! o!r = g>bage4 ,! relative capacity ( ! comp>tm5ts c be v>i$4 ,"s ( ! types us$ 9 ,am]ican cities are describ$ 9 ! accompany+ tables4 ,"s ,am]ican & ,g]man cities are us+1 & o!rs are consid]+ ! pur*ase & use (1 motor trucks = collection purposes4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t motor trucks are economical only :]e ! haul is long4 ,a discussion ( ! m]its ( motor vehicles z comp>$ ) horse drawn c>ts w be f\nd 9 ! *apt] on g>bage collection4 ,9 "s cities :]e ! haul to ! load+ /ations is long1 trucks ) deta*able bodies are us$ = g>bage1 a%es & rubbi%4 ,! bodies are lift$ by d]ricks f ! truck & plac$ ei!r on ! tra9 or on ! trolley c>s4 ,9 a few o!r cities horse-drawn wagons are tak5 to a c5tral po9t 9 a di/rict & !n z trail]s are haul$ by tractors to ! dump+ gr\nds4 ,! be/ sy/em to be adopt$ dep5ds entirely ^u local conditions4 ,location ( ,receptacles ,:]e %\ld ! c be tak5 f by ! collector & to :at place return$8 ,! answ] is important = x is "o ( ! *ief factors 9 det]m9+ ! co/ ( collection4 ,! location s]i\sly affects ! spe$ ( collection4 ,9 ,milwaukee x 0 f\nd 9 #aiaa t ! av]age collector c\ld ent] f fifty to "o hundr$ h\ses 9 an eight-h\r day1 & t ! "t consum$ 9 clean+ "o h\se 0 slightly ov] ?ree m9utes4 ,! ,cleans+ ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,london reports t a "o-horse van ( f\r cubic y>ds capacity1 haul+ to a dump two miles away1 "u normal conditions c\ld make f #bdj to #bfj calls & collections ea* t5 h\rs4 ,if ! c is plac$ on ! edge ( ! curb1 he says1 x is possible to make #ejj collections a day4 ,"s cities require t ! c be c>ri$ by ! resid5ts to ! curb4 ,o!rs collect f re> y>d1 cell>1 areaway or alley4 ,9 cities :i* collect dur+ ! day & require ! cans to be left at ! curb s]i\s objections are report$ because ! array ( cans & rubbi% along ! /reet on ! day ( collection makes ! ?or\ghf>e unsightly4 ,to ov]come ?is objection sev]al plans h be5 c>ri$ out3 7#a7 ,to collect at night4 7#b7 ,to require t cans _c rema9 on ! /reet m ?an "o h\r aft] be+ empti$4 7#c7 ,to require collectors to g into basem5ts & back y>ds & to return ! cans to ^! places4 7#d7 ,to collect 9 re> alleys4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t x is v difficult to en=ce a regulation by :i* cans %\ld be tak5 f ! curb by h\sehold]s at any p>ticul> "t aft] !y h be5 empti$4 ,9 _m homes ! husb& is ! only p]son :o does ?is k9d ( "w4 ,! c has to be tak5 9 ! morn+ to ! curb4 ,! empty1 !re=e1 mu/ rema9 9 ! /reet until noon & if ! collection is n made until aft]noon or ! husb& does n g home to 8 midday meal1 x rema9s !re until night4 ,_m cities report t to elim9ate ! unsightl9ess ( miscellane\s boxes1 pails1 cans & b>rels :i* l9e ! curb on collection day ! citiz5s are will+ to pay ! extra co/ ( hav+ ! collectors take ! cans f ! basem5ts or re> y>ds & return !m to ! same place4 ,x has also be5 f\nd t re> y>d collection facilitates & some:at r$uces ! co/ ( /reet clean+4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! be/ plan is to collect f re> alleys1 b ^! d n exi/ 9 _m cities4 ,9 a few places :i* h alleys ! (ficials say _! exp]i5ce has n be5 satisfactory2 b 9 ne>ly e in/ance !re has n be5 f\nd to exi/ any coop]ation betwe5 ! collection =ce & ! public1 due to ! failure ( ! (ficials to educate ! p4 ,"t ( ,collection ,usually a%es & rubbi% are collect$ dur+ ! work+ h\rs ( ! day1 b (t5 x is cu/om>y to collect !m 9 ! e>ly h\rs ( ! morn+1 especially 9 ! bus9ess section4 ,night collection has be5 satisfactory 9 "s cities4 ,a few hav+ ?is sy/em require cans to be plac$ at ! curb ! night be=e4 ,^! are collect$ e>ly 9 ! morn+ & ! empty ones tak5 to ! back y>d4 ,! pr9cipal objection to night collections is ! noise ( ! wagons & ! dropp+ ( ! empty metal cans4 ,william ,h4 ,edw>ds1 =m] ,commission] ( ,/reet ,clean+ 9 ,new ,york1 gives ! foll[+ advantages & disadvantages ( day & night collection3 ,unsightl9ess ( cans 9 front ( build+s mu* less evid5t at night4 ,ret5tion ( cov] on receptacle easi] 9 day "t4 ,:5 cov]s are remov$ day "w has its disadvantages by ! spread+ ( ! du/ by ! w9d4 ,int]f]5ce ) sidewalk & roadway traffic less at night4 ,:5 receptacle is plac$ 9 areaway x is m difficult = ! collector to see at night :e!r or n !re is mat]ial to remove4 ,int5se heat 9 summ] is a drawback bo? to m5 & animals 9 ! day collections4 ,spill+ ( mat]ial is ( less importance at night4 ,night collection necessitates ! extra *>ge ( light+ ! dump4 ,sup]vision ( night collection is consid]ably m difficult4 ,night collection 0 tri$ 9 ,new ,york1 b 0 ab&on$ aft] ! /rike 9 #aiaa4 ,frequ5cy ( ,collection ,! numb] ( collections t %\ld be made 9 a giv5 p]iod dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( a%es1 ! d5sity ( population1 ! season ( ! ye>1 ! climate & ! degree ( cleanl9ess desir$4 ,mo/ cities collect m frequ5tly 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ] & "s collect m (t5 9 ! bus9ess di/ricts ?an !y d 9 resid5tial & outly+ di/ricts4 ,samuel ,a4 ,greeley1 sanit>y eng9e]1 believes t a%es & rubbi% %\ld be collect$ at lea/ twice mon?ly ev5 9 summ]4 ,mo/ cities d bett] ?an t1 "s collect+ daily & _m collect+ m ?an once a week4 ,en=cem5t ( ,collection ,regulations ,9 cities 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t1 :]e ! a%es1 g>bage & rubbi% are collect$ toge!r1 collections are 9 g5]al made ?ree times a week2 :5 collect$ sep>ately1 "o collection a week is reg>d$ z suffici5t4 ,detail$ regulations %\ld be made & di/ribut$ on c>ds among h\sehold]s4 ,!y %\ld include ! k9d ( receptacle to be us$1 h[ ! wa/e %\ld be prep>$ to facilitate collection & :]e ! cans %\ld be plac$4 ,= example1 ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 provides by ord9ance t ! occupant ( any h\se %all cause all a%es & o!r non- combu/ible refuse matt] to be put 9 receptacles ( n less ?an five or m ?an tw5ty-f\r gallons capacity4 ,a%es & o!r non- combu/ible matt] is con/ru$ to mean a%es f coal & o!r fuel & su* mat]ial sub/ances z may collect 9 connection ) ! ord9>y conduct ( a h\sehold1 b n su* z may result f build+ op]ations or repairs4 ,any p]son violat+ any ( ^! provisions mu/ pay a f9e ( n less ?an #a or m ?an #bj4 ,! en=cem5t ( regulations is facilitat$ by & gr[s easi] ) ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! collection sy/em & ) ! regul>ity ( collection4 ,x is always difficult at fir/4 ,! rules & regulations1 a description ( ! collection sy/em & ! aims ( ! collect+ dep>tm5t %\ld be pr9t$ on c>ds & hung 9 e h\sehold4 ,annual clean-up campaigns h be5 f\nd useful by (ficials :o desire to educate ! public4 ,disposal ( ,a%es & ,rubbi% ,! foll[+ me?ods ( disposal are us$ by cities3 7#a7 ,dump+4 7#b7 ,burn+ combu/ible rubbi% t is n salable & us+ ! a%es to fill 9 l[ l&1 or = road or sidewalk mak+1 or sell+ "p = use 9 p>titions = firepro( build+s or = lay+ cell> floors4 7#c7 ,inc9]at+ ) g>bage4 ,:5 ! dump+ me?od is us$ cities ei!r own _! own dumps or secure ! privilege = or )\t a fee = dispos+ ( ! wa/e ^u l& privately own$4 ,9 mo/ cases ! wa/e is us$ = fill & no fee is paid by ! city4 ,a few seacoa/ cities dump _! comb9$ refuse at sea1 b ?is practise is condemn$4 ,:]e only a%es & rubbi% are us$ ! mo/ common practise is to place ! rubbi% & light mat]ial ne> ! bottom & to surface ! dump to a dep? ( sev]al feet ) a%es4 ,?is makes a neat & f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,:]e a%es1 rubbi% & g>bage are collect$ & dump$ toge!r1 _m cities h f\nd t ! s-call$ sanit>y fill me?od1 describ$ 9 ! *apt] on g>bage1 is ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,x is becom+ m & m difficult = cities to ma9ta9 dumps on acc\nt ( ! conge/ion ( population1 :i* =ces ! municipality to seek disposal places f> away f ! c5t]s1 ?us increas+ ! l5g? ( haul4 ,if pap]1 g>bage & combu/ibles are all[$ on ! dump1 fires are apt to result & ^! make odors & smoke :i* are unpleasant & unheal?ful4 ,^! fires are (t5 v difficult to ext+ui%1 especially if ! dump is a deep "o4 ,iron cages are sometimes us$ at ! dump = burn+ ! valueless combu/ible rubbi%4 ,"s cities are successfully op]at+ inc9]at+ plants = ! de/ruction ( g>bage & combu/ible rubbi%2 o!rs h plants :i* burn ! g>bage & rubbi% & a "p ( ! a%es4 ,:]e a%es are burn$ !y are collect$ ) ! rubbi% & g>bage 9 ^? di/ricts ne>e/ to ! inc9]at+ plant 9 ord] to r$uce ! l5g? ( haul4 ,rev5ue f ,by-,products ,_m cities z yet make no ef=t to secure & dispose ( ! by- products1 :i* consi/ ( metal1 rags1 pap]1 t9 cans1 bottles1 & a%es2 9 o!rs ! problem is be+ /udi$ s]i\sly4 ,9 comp>atively few consid]able rev5ue is d]iv$4 ,g5]ally junk deal]s are all[$ to ov]run ! dump & select :at !y want4 ,a few cities *>ge = ?is privilege1 ! price be+ det]m9$ by bidd+4 ,! cities :i* d]ive ! mo/ rev5ue are ^? :i* d ! sort+ & sell+ !mselves4 ,! ,/4 ,paul ,sanitation ,committee came to ! conclusion t #cc p] c5t4 ( rubbi% has value & t ( ?is salable mat]ial #hj p] c5t4 is pap]1 #aj p] c5t4 rags1 #e p] c5t4 t9 cans1 #c p] c5t4 bottles & #b p] c5t4 is miscellane\s4 ,x says fur!r3 8,! be/ au?orities agree t 9 cities ( #ejj1jjj or ov] ! recov]y & utilization ( wa/es may result 9 "s pr(it1 b 9 cities ( less population ! am\nt recov]$ w n w>rant ! con/ruction ( exp5sive plants to make ! sep>ation & recov]y40 ,9 ! small] places "s rev5ue c usually be secur$ by lett+ out to junk deal]s ! privilege ( pick+ ov] ! dump4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t 9 ,new ,york ,city #dh p] c5t4 ( a ton ( rubbi% is wor? #a4dd to ! pick+ contractor & ! rema9+ #eb p] c5t4 is wor? at lea/ #a4be :5 burn$ & trans=m$ into electrical en]gy4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ 9 "o or two l>ge cities t ! unskill$ & h&icapp$ labor out ( employm5t & seek+ city aid be employ$ on dumps to pick out ! unconsum$ coal f ! a%es scre5$ automatically4 ,besides furni%+ employm5t at any season ( ! ye>1 x is claim$ t coal 9 pay+ quantities c\ld be secur$ = municipal consumption4 ,?is claim is bas$ on ! reports ( exp]ts :o h analyz$ a%es & f\nd ! am\nt ( unburn$ coal to run z high z #bd p] c5t4 ,9 ,passaic1 ,new ,j]sey1 ! pap]s1 rags1 etc41 are pick$ out at ! dump by junk deal]s4 ,9 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 ! rev5ue f salable rubbi% has be5 ov] #b1jjj a ye>4 ,evan/on1 ,ill9ois1 :i* dumps its a%es on ! riv] front1 0 compell$ to f9d "s way ( dispos+ ( its wa/e pap] s t x w\ld n scatt] ?r\gh ! neighborhood4 ,a bal+ press 0 put into s]vice & x is report$ by ! city t excell5t results foll[$4 ,! city collects & bales ! pap] 9 bo? bus9ess & resid5tial di/ricts4 ,! pap] is plac$ 9 gunny sacks & ^! are hung j inside ! alley gate1 or b>n or /able on ! morn+ ( ! designat$ day4 ,x is said ?is sy/em 7#a7 takes a day's "w ea* week f ! r\tes ( ea* ( six m5 :o collect rubbi% on ! ea/ side ( ! city2 7#b7 prev5ts ! bl[+ ( loose pap] ab\t ! /reet & alley & 9 ! neighborhood ( ! dump2 7#c7 pays = ! op]ation ( ! press & leaves a balance to aid ! re/ ( ! s]vice4 ,a man1 employ$ eight h\rs a day1 drives ! wagon & presses ! pap]4 ,camd51 ,new ,j]sey1 :i* keeps its a%es sep>ate1 collects its rubbi% & pap]1 & takes !m to a sort+ place4 ,prison]s 9 ! city jail = m9or (f5ses are kept busy sort+ & bal+ ! rags & pap]4 ,ne>ly a million p\nds ( pap] 7 bal$ & sold 9 "o ye>4 ,clevel& 9 "o ye> sp5t #bcj1jjj = removal ( its a%es & rubbi%1 & receiv$ #cj1jjj f ! sale ( ! mat]ial sort$ f its rubbi%4 ,! pap] 0 sold = #e4fj a ton 9 bags at ! plant ( a boxbo>d company4 ,t9 cans 7 sold = #e a ton load$ on c>s & deliv]$ to a company mak+ silk skirts4 ,! metal1 bottles1 rags1 etc41 7 sold to local deal]s "u competitive bidd+4 ,! rubbi% n valuable 0 us$ = fill4 ,! c>etak]s ( dumps are expect$ to recov] ! salable portions ( ! rubbi%4 ,"o ( ! small ,new ,york cities gives ! privilege ( sort+ ! dump to a man :o 9 paym5t !re= acts z c>etak] ( ! dump4 ,a few cities sell _! a%es to contractors = cell> floors & p>titions 9 firepro( build+4 ,! high prices paid = reclaimable rubbi% s9ce ! w> began & ! dem& ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t t no?+ be wa/$ h caus$ _m cities to give mu* att5tion to ! matt] ( rescu+ salable rubbi%4 ,clevel&'s specifications = pick+ ! scrap mat]ials f ! v>i\s city dumps conta9 among o!r provisions ! foll[+3 8,! successful bidd] & 8 employees %all h free access to ! dumps & %all h ! exclusive "r to ga!r & sell or remove ! salable refuse1 scrap & o!r wa/e mat]ial1 except ! soil1 e>? & a%es1 = ! p]iod ( "o ye>2 b no?+ h]e9 conta9$ %all be con/ru$ to give ! successful bidd] ! "r to *>ge ei!r ! cities or o!r p>ties = dump+ on su* dumps4 8,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,division ( ,/reet ,clean+ %all h complete sup]vision ( ! dumps & %all designate :at mat]ial & refuse %all be deposit$ on ! dumps & ! mann] & ! places :]e su* deposits %all be made2 & %\ld he deem x necess>y %all h ! "r to place ,/reet ,clean+ ,dep>tm5t employees on ! dumps to sup]vise su* dump+4 8,! successful bidd] %all %ovel & level all refuse or mat]ials & %all keep ! dumps clean & free f nuisance ( all k9ds4 ,he %all be responsible = all damages caus$ by ! dumps & %all ext+ui% all fires :i* %all arise !reon4 8,! successful bidd] if he desires to /ore or pile ^u ! dumps any refuse1 scrap or wa/e mat]ial1 :i* he may ga!r %all pile or /ore x at places designat$ by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,division ( ,/reet ,clean+ or 8 employees & any mat]ial or /ores s pil$ %all be remov$ )9 t5 days 7#aj7 aft] ! expiration ( ! contract1 & if n remov$ )9 t "t %all be ! prop]ty ( ! city4 8,! ,city res]ves ! rights to use ! dumps = any purpose :atsoev] 9 su* mann] z n to int]f]e ) ! pick+1 ga!r+ & c>t+ away ( wa/e mat]ial by ! successful bidd]4 8,! contractor %all pay to ! city on or be=e ! #ae? day ( ea* mon?1 ! am\nt due = ! use ( ! dumps dur+ ! previ\s mon?s4 ,on failure ( ! contractor to make paym5t to ! city )9 ! specifi$ "t1 ,! ,director ( ,public ,s]vice may decl>e ! contract =feit$ & refuse ! contractor ! fur!r use ( ! dumps & may hold ! contractor & 8 surety = ! full am\nt due ! city4 8,9 case ! contract is =feit$ ! city res]ves ! "r & ! bidd] agrees t ! city %all h ! "r to let out 9 ! op5 m>ket or o!rwise1 ! use ( su* dumps1 & if ! price !reon realiz$ is less ?an t specifi$ 9 ! contract ) ! successful bidd]1 ! diff]5ce 9 price1 toge!r ) any additional exp5se incurr$ 9 arrang+ = ! lett+ out to o!r p>ties1 w be *>g$ to ! contractor & 8 surety4 8,%\ld x become necess>y = ! city to ab&on dump+ on any or all ( ! dumps h]e9 specifi$1 ! city %all notify ! contractor 9 writ+ t dump+ is to be discont9u$ on su* dump or dumps1 & 9 su* case ! contract cov]+ su* dump or dumps is to be t]m9at$ ) ! clos+ ( ! dumps1 & ! contractor %all pay ! city = any fraction ( ! mon? :i* he may h pick$ f su* dump or dumps4 8,! city res]ves ! "r to reject any or all bids or "p ( any bid40 ,! foll[+ specifications expla9 h[ ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 c>es = its rubbi% dumps & obta9s a rev5ue3 8,! s]vice requir$ by ^! specifications is to furni% facilities = dispos+ ( ! non-combu/ible rubbi% collect$ f t portion ( ! city s\? ( ! summit ( ! ,cahu5ga ,pass1 nor? ( ,man*e/] ,av5ue1 & ea/ ( a l9e p>allel to & ?ree hundr$ 7#cjj7 feet di/ant we/]ly f ,bee*wood ,av5ue1 9 t portion ( ! city kn[n z ! ,palms ,annex1 = a p]iod ( f\r ye>s f ,april #bj1 #aiag4 8,! contractor %all ma9ta9 a dump+ gr\nd = ! rubbi%1 :i* said dump+ gr\nd %all be accessible at all seasons ( ! ye> by "o or m suitable grad$ & surfac$ /reets or roads4 ,! location ( ! dump+ gr\nd mu/ be su* t 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,bo>d ( ,public ,works x w n be unduly objectionable to ! public4 8,! unload+ po9ts )9 ! gr\nds mu/ be conv5i5t ( access = all vehicles us$ by ! city = rubbi% transportation4 8,! rubbi% w be br\ght to ! dump+ gr\nd by ! city1 w be unload$ by ! city at su* readily accessible po9ts z ! contractor %all designate1 & w1 aft] unload+1 become ! prop]ty ( ! contractor4 8,! contractor %all keep ! dump+ gr\nds 9 an ord]ly condition & %all s direct ! dump+ z to avoid conge/ion ( vehicles or delay to same on ! dump4 ,he %all n use ! dump = /or+ mat]ial 9 a mann] :i* w int]f]e ) ! passage ( ! city's vehicles4 8,9 case accid5ts or conditions beyond ! control ( ! contractor tempor>ily deprive him ( ! use ( 8 facilities = dispos+ ( ! rubbi% ! city w1 ^u notification by ! contractor ( 8 inability to receive x1 dispose ( x else:]e1 & *>ge ! contractor tw5ty-five 7#be7 c5ts p] load ( t5 cubic y>ds = ! disposal ( same4 8,9 case ! contractor fails to pay ! city = ! disposal ( su* rubbi% f ! h]e9above describ$ di/rict z ! contractor is unable to receive ! contract may be decl>$ =feit$4 8,bidd]s %all "n a price p] mon? :i* !y w pay = ! privilege ( hav+ ! entire output ( non-combu/ible rubbi% f ! above describ$ t]ritory dump$ on _! gr\nd40 ,effici5cy ,te/s & ,sugge/ions ,a simple & effective plan = keep+ accurate records is a great help 9 *eck+ up ! effici5cy ( a collect+ =ce4 ,9 fact1 records are imp]ative if any attempt is made to op]ate economically1 = ! co/ is influ5c$ by ! _m & small details ( ! "w4 ,a sy/ematic record ( all compla9ts %\ld be kept & ! activity ( ea* collector %\ld be def9itely *eck$ up4 ,"s sugge/ t compla9ts %\ld be record$ 9 a loose leaf l$g] & a slip h&$ to ! driv] ( ! p>ticul> di/rict f :i* ! compla9t comes4 ,z an (fset to ! citiz5s' compla9ts ! l$g] %\ld h leaves adjo9+ giv+ ! reports ( ! driv]4 ,by ref]r+ to ! l$g] ! compla9t cl]k c expla9 to ! citiz5 :y he is n receiv+ s]vice4 ,o!rs sugge/ t records %\ld be kept ( ! daily1 weekly & mon?ly "w ( ea* collector s t "w ( ! v>i\s collectors may be equaliz$4 ,!y also sugge/ t !re be record$ = ea* di/rict ! numb] ( loads collect$1 miles travel$ & compla9ts made4 ,"s sugge/ a c>d sy/em ) cross index z m conv5i5t ?an a l$g]4 ,! foll[+ s*eme has be5 sugge/$ to *eck up ! am\nt ( "w done3 ,w1 numb] ( collection wagons2 ,v1 capacity ( "o wagon 9 cubic feet2 ,f1 int]val betwe5 collection 9 days2 ,t1 "t requir$ to collect f "o h\se express$ z "p ( an h\r2 ,c1 p]c5tage ( work+ "t sp5t by collectors 9 ! actual "t ( collect+ z di/+ui%$ f haul+ to & f ! po9t ( disposal2 ,d1 l5g? ( work+ day 9 h\rs2 ,s1 numb] ( trips to po9t ( disposal p] wagon p] day2 ,p1 total population2 ,n1 av]age numb] ( p p] h\se2 ,r1 daily quantity ( refuse p] capita-cubic foot2 g1 daily quantity ( g>bage p] capita-cubic foot2 d1 daily quantity ( rubbi% p] capita-cubic foot3 ,equation ,no4 #a ,d ,c #a ,s ---------- ,f ,n ,r ,v ,t ,equation ,no4 #b ,p ,r ,w ---------- ,s ,v ,! p]son mak+ ?is sugge/ion says x is frequ5tly easy = a sup]9t5d5t to det]m9e h[ mu* "t 8 collectors are sp5d+ unproductively 9 go+ to & f ! dump4 ,he %\ld also be able1 he says1 to det]m9e q accurately ! frequ5cy ( collection1 total refuse1 capacity ( wagon & av]age numb] ( trips p] wagon p] day4 ,) ?is data he c e/imate f ,equation ,no4 #a ! "t requir$ to collect f "o h\se4 ,if excessive he may f9d x advisable to secure bett] coop]ation betwe5 ! collector & ! h\sewife4 ,p] ,capita ,production ,any attempt to e/imate ! local a% production ( a community bas$ on ! exp]i5ce ( any o!r city w end 9 failure unless all peculi> conditions 9 bo? are kn[n & comp>$4 ,"s au?orities say t ! rubbi% & a%es produc$ p] capita is f #cbe to #ecj lbs4 a ye>4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! figures = "s l>ge cities3 ,lbs4 p] ,capita ,lbs4 p] #a1jjj ,av]age ,weight p] p] ,ye> ,population p] ,day ,cubic ,y>d ,new ,york #a1afb #c1age #a1ajj ,bo/on #ige #c1abj #idc ,wa%+ton #hbe #b1fdj #a1bjj ,cambridge #a1aej ,ro*e/] #ijj ,table ,,iv 7a7 ,,a% ,,& ,,rubbi% ,,collection ,,& ,,disposal ,,by ,,municipal ,,=ces ,"n ( ,city ,av]age ,quantity ,annual ,co/ ( ,collect$ ,daily ,collection & ,disposal ,summ] ,w9t] ,b+hamton1 #ba yds4 #dd yds4 #aa1hgd4if ,n4 ,y4 ,brockton1 #af1jjj4jj ,mass4 ,cambridge1 #he1jjj4jj ,mass4 ,camd51 ,n4 ,j4 #cb1jbg4eh ,c9c9nati1 #hae cu4 #ice cu4 #abd1ecb4af ,ohio yds4 yds4 ,clevel&1 #bji1ibj4he ,ohio ,columbus1 #fe1gfc4ca ,ohio ,*icago1 ,ill4#c1eae #g1bgg #a1jgg1ghf4ia cu4 cu4 yds4 yds4 ,dayton1 ,ohio #bhj cu4 #cbe cu4 #bh1did4bi yds4 yds4 ,fall ,riv]1 #ch1hhi4gf ,mass4 ,holyoke1 #geci4 #aejci4 #cg1jhd4jj ,mass4 ,h>t=d1 #eij cu4 #hdj cu4 #gi1ieg4ec ,conn4 yds4 yds4 ,k+/on1 #i1jjj4jj ,n4,y4 ,lynn1 ,mass4 #be1hcc4bg ,l[ell1 ,mass4 #ba1bgg4eadj ,los ,angeles1 #dj1jjj4jj ,cal4 ,milwaukee1 #baf1dif4jj ,wis4 ,newburgh1 #gh cu4 #afh cu4 #h1gif4fc ,n4,y4 yds4 yds4 ,new ,b$=d1 #dg1jjj4jj ,mass4 ,new ,york ,city#ab1iif4 #ah1eeh4 7,manhattan1 ,bronx1 ,brooklyn7 ,norfolk1 ,va4 #ac1ibi4ge ,passaic1 ,n4 #hb tons4#abj #bb1jjj4jj ,j4 tons4 ,rome1 ,n4 ,y4 #de cu4 #ej cu4 yds4 yds4 ,syracuse1 #ajj #bgj #aca1jjj4jj ,n4,y4 loads4 loads4 ,som]ville1 #bjj yds4#djj yds4 #ch1jjj4jj ,mass4 ,s*5ectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wilm+ton1 #aej4 #bej4 #ch1daa4gg ,del4 ,,a% ,,collection ,,& ,,disposal ,,by ,,municipal ,,=ces ,bo/on1 ,mass4#ehg4 #a1cae4 #hjd1cdd4iddb ,buffalo1 ,n4 #dbe #gge ,y4 tons4 tons4 ,*attanooga1 ,t5n4 ,dulu?1 ,m9n4#cj cu4 #ce cu4 #dd yds4 yds4 ,gl5s ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 #dd ,memphis1 #fj4h4 #gj4g4 #cg1ddf4cj ,t5n4 ,niag>a #ib cu4 #ad1jjj4jj ,falls1 ,n4 yds4 ,y4 ,peoria1 ,ill4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4#eh tons4#ajg #agb1jcg4ib ,y4 tons4 ,spokane1 #dh cu4 #aij cu4 ,wa%4 yds4 yds4 ,"n ( ,city ,numb] ( ,collections ,weekly ,av]age ,miles1 ,l5g? ( ,haul ,bus9ess ,resid5tial ,outly+ ,w9t],summ],w9t],summ],w9t],summ] ,b+hamton1 #b #b #b #b #b #b #a ,n4 ,y4 ,brockton1 #c #c #c #a #a ,mass4 ,cambridge1 #a #a #a #a #a #a #a- ,mass4 ,camd51 ,n4 ,j4 #f #f #f #f ,c9c9nati1 #b #b #b #a ,ohio ,clevel&1 #j #j ,ohio ,columbus1 #f #f #b ,ohio ,*icago1 ,ill4 #cg #cg #b #ch #a #ch #f ,dayton1 ,ohio #a #a #a ,fall ,riv]1 #a #a #a #a #a #a ,mass4 ,holyoke1 #b #b ,mass4 ,h>t=d1 #f #f #a #a #a #a #a ,conn4 ,k+/on1 #a #a #a #a #a #a ,n4,y4 ,lynn1 ,mass4 #a #a #a #a #a #a ,l[ell1 ,mass4 #a #a #a #a #a #a ,los ,angeles1 #f #f #a #a #b-d ,cal4 ,milwaukee1 #da #da #da #d ,wis4 ,newburgh1 #b #b #b #b #b #b #a ,n4,y4 ,new ,b$=d1 #a #a #a #a #a ,mass4 ,new ,york ,city #f #f #f #f #c #c 7,manhattan1 ,bronx1 ,brooklyn7 ,norfolk1 ,va4 #f #f #f #f #f #f #a ,passaic1 ,n4 #f #f #b #b #a #a #b ,j4 ,rome1 ,n4 ,y4 #b #b #a #a #a #a ,syracuse1 #c #b #a #a #a #a #b ,n4,y4 ,som]ville1 #a #a #a #a #a #a #b ,mass4 ,s*5ectady1 #f #f #a #a #a #a #a ,n4 ,y4 ,wilm+ton1 #a #a #a #a #a #a ,del4 ,,a% ,,collection ,,& ,,disposal ,,by ,,municipal ,,=ces ,bo/on1 ,mass4 #cdc #cdc #b #b #a #j #a ,buffalo1 ,n4 #a ,y4 ,*attanooga1 #b #a #b #a #b #a ,t5n4 ,dulu?1 ,m9n4#abdeabdeabdeabde #a #dd ,gl5s ,falls1 #b ,n4 ,y4 #dd ,memphis1 #f #f #a #a #a #a #b ,t5n4 ,niag>a #f #f #b #b #a #a #a ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,peoria1 ,ill4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 #f #f #a #b #a #b #b ,y4 ,spokane1 #f #f #b #b #b #b #a ,wa%4 ,"n ( ,city ,co/1 ,collection & ,f ,:]e ,size & ,type ,disposal is ,c ( ,c ,collect$ & ,:]e ,left ,cubic ,p] ,p] ,y>d ,capita ,ton ,s]v$ ,b+hamton1 #j4ajbe #j4ffa4gc;,curb4 ,metal1 ,n4 ,y4 cov]$1 n less ?an #aj gals4 or m ?an #bh gallons4 ,brockton1 4#be 4#be ,sidewalk4 ,galvaniz$1 ,mass4 #b cubic feet4 ,cambridge1 4#ci #a4jj ,y>d & ,n l>g] ,mass4 gate4 ?an fl\r b>rel4 ,camd51 ,n4 ,j4 4#cjgi ,front or ,all sizes4 re> ( h\se4 ,c9c9nati1 4#dhh 4#cjd ,prop]ty ,any size t ,ohio l9e & c be gate4 h&l$ by #b m54 ,clevel&1 ,tak5 f ,any size t ,ohio back c be y>d1 h&l$ by left at #b m54 edge ( sidewalk4 ,columbus1 4#db 4#bbi ,alley1 ,n l>g] ,ohio /reet ?an man entrance4 c c>ry4 ,*icago1 ,ill4 4#gb 4#dbg ,alley & ,galvaniz$1 curb4 cov]$1 #ae to #cj gals4 ,dayton1 ,ohio 4#cj 4#ai ,alley & ,"o t #b curb4 m5 c h&le easily4 ,fall ,riv]1 4#cdg 4#ca ,curb4 ,ab\t size ( ,mass4 fl\r b>rel4 ,holyoke1 4#fa ,y>d or ,no4 #b ,witt or ,mass4 basem5t4 c or b>rel t size4 ,h>t=d1 4#cege 4#fae ,y>d4 ,no l>g] ,conn4 ?an fl\r b>rel4 ,k+/on1 ,n4,y4 ,lynn1 ,mass4 4#cad ,curb4 ,none specifi$4 ,l[ell1 ,mass44#ahdj4aidj ,curb4 ,n l>g] ?an fl\r b>rel4 ,los ,angeles1 ,curb4 ,five to #cj ,cal4 gallon4 ,milwaukee1 4#fe 4#df ,y>d or ,"o-half ,wis4 basem5t4 bu%el metal basket = basem5t or metal l9$ box = y>d4 ,newburgh1 ,curb4 ,no /&>d4 ,n4,y4 ,new ,b$=d1 ,curb4 ,no /&>d4 ,mass4 ,new ,york ,city 4#ifad 4#hfjb ,)9 ,cans #c cu4 7,manhattan1 /oop ft4 ,bronx1 l9e4 galvaniz$ ,brooklyn7 cyl9drical 9 =m4 ,norfolk1 ,va4 4#cbe 4#ad4fie-;,curb4 ,ord9>y a% #f c1 bu%el & a half4 ,passaic1 ,n4 4#ec 4#ca 4#gd;,curb4 ,all sizes4 ,j4 ,rome1 ,n4 ,y4 4#ij 4#ea ,curb4 ,no /&>d4 ,syracuse1 4#hj ,y>d4 ,galvaniz$ ,n4,y4 iron c4 ,som]ville1 ,sidewalk4 ,n l>g] ,mass4 ?an fl\r b>rel4 ,s*5ectady1 ,back y>d ,galvaniz$1 ,n4 ,y4 & f #a to #c cell>4 bu%els4 ,wilm+ton1 4#cf ,curb4 ,n exce$+ ,del4 #ajj p\nds4 ,,a% ,,collection ,,& ,,disposal ,,by ,,municipal ,,=ces ,bo/on1 ,mass4 4#gj 4#gc #a4gc;,back y>d4 ,galvaniz$1 n l>g] ?an fl\r b>rel4 ,buffalo1 ,n4 4#eid 4#de #a4ej,y>d4 ,galvaniz$ ,y4 cu4 yd4 capacity4 ,*attanooga1 ,sidewalk ,cov]$4 ,t5n4 & alley4 ,dulu?1 ,m9n4 ,back y>d4 ,tw5ty #dd gallons is /&>d size4 ,gl5s ,falls1 ,h\se4 ,ord9>y a% ,n4 ,y4 #dd c4 ,memphis1 4#cd 4#be 4#fj;,conv5i5t ,no special ,t5n4 place4 size4 ,niag>a 4#ib 4#cba #b4fj,y>d4 ,all k9ds4 ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,peoria1 ,ill4 ,alley1 ,firepro( y>d1 receptacle curb4 ( iron1 brick or cem5t1 mu/ be cov]$4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 4#ead 4#fhh 4#ifi;,curb 9 ,no /&>d4 ,y4 bus9ess section1 re> 9 resid5t section4 ,spokane1 4#fe ,basem5t or,fifte5 to #cj ,wa%4 y>d4 gallon4 ,table ,,iv 7b7 ,,a% ,,& ,,rubbi% ,,collection ,,by ,,municipal ,,=ces 7,cont9u$7 ,"n ( ,city ,av]age ,quantity ,collect$ p] ,ye> ,population ,s]v$ p] ,man ,employ$ ,tons ,cubic ,loads ,cubic ,cubic ,y>ds y>ds ,y>ds ,p] ,man p] ,employ$,capita ,s]v$ ,b+hamton #e1ghh4h #i1fdh #d1hbd #egj 4#fd #hhb ,brockton #eg1jhj #bh1edj ,cambridge #aaj1jjj #a1ejf #a4 #a1hhc summ] & #a1bid w9t]4 ,camd5 #ajd1jac #cj1dgi #c1dfg ,c9c9nati #bff1jeg #fa1hgb #b1dda #f4dh #c1gff ,clevel& #cef1ccg ,columbus #aee1hab #cf1ffb #c1aaf 4#gh #d1djj ,*icago #a1dii1ffg #cjj1bbh ,dayton #ic1iae #ah1ghc #c1geg 4#fbe #f1jjj ,fall ,riv] #aaa1idf #bc1hdd #c1bib 4#hi #d1jbe 9 summ] #c1cgb 9 w9t]4 ,holyoke #a1eii ,h>t=d #bbc1edg #di1fhj #b1hej #a4gb #b1bci ,k+/on ,lynn #hj1jjj #afj1jjj- #c1gej- #ahj1jjj #c1ccc ,l[ell #aad1jei #cj1hbg #c1afh #a4je #b1iii ,los ,angeles #c1ijj ,milwaukee #ccc1cge #aaa1abe #eee 4#gj #ghc ,newburgh #dj1cgf ,new ,b$=d #dj1bge #bd1efa ,new ,york ,city#c1dgg1caci1abe1igdc1chc1jdd #a4ggei 7,manhattan1 ,bronx1 ,brooklyn7 ,norfolk #ba1aei #dd1ded #cc1jfd #b1jbj 4#df #d1cah ,new ,orleans ,passaic #bi1fha #da1jhe #af1dcd #b1eff 4#fh ,rome #ae1jjj #aj1jjj #a4ejj #b1ejj ,syracuse ,som]ville ,s*5ectady ,wilm+ton #e1cjj 9 summ] #c1ghe 9 w9t]4 ,,a% ,,collection ,,by ,,municipal ,,=ces 7,cont9u$7 ,bo/on#df #cbd1cac #gie1hfb #bch1cfa #a4jjd #a1eec ,buffalo #aeg1igh #che1jae #gj1aga #a4 ,*attanooga ,dulu? #ae1jjj ,gl5s ,falls ,memphis #fb1jjj #ajh1fge #fb1ajj #a1geb4h 4#gc #b1djc ,niag>a ,falls #e1ahj #ad1hjj #d1jej 4#cc #c1dfj ,peoria ,ro*e/] #agg1eee #ccd1heb #hc1gac #a1iac #a4cc #a1dbh ,spokane #gdg ,"n ( ,city ,numb] ( ,m5 ,numb] ,type ( ,numb] ( ,employ$ ( ,m5 ,wagon ,us$ ,wagons ,us$ ,collection ,employ$ & ,disposal on ,ea* ,wagon ,summ],w9t] ,summ] ,w9t] ,b+hamton #ag #ba #c,troy #c #e *assis1 ,lee body4 ,brockton #ag #ag #c to #b,two #i #aa c>ts4 :eel$ dump & #d :eel$ rubbi%4 ,cambridge #fj #he #b-c,%abolt1 ,v>ies4,v>ies4 s+le & d\ble4 ,camd5 #cj #cj #a;,dump #ah #ah wagons & c>ts4 ,c9c9nati #ih #abj #b,two horse #di #fj dump4 ,clevel& #e-f;,dump & trucks4 ,columbus #ej #ej #ac-d-e #de #de dump1 special #af yd4 = rubbi%4 ,*icago #bdj #dbj #a-b,wood box #chj #fge hir$ by city at #g p] day4 ,dayton #bb #bh #c,/> #aj #ab wagon1 dump4 ,fall ,riv] #ca #cg #c,l[ ge>1 #i #aa ) sides head & tail bo>d4 ,holyoke #bh #dh #d-e,s+le1 #ad #bf dump1 high sides4 ,h>t=d #df #fi #d,special1 #af #bb bottom dump4 ,k+/on #ab #ab #b;,box wagon4 #d #f ,lynn #bd #bd #b,ord9>y #ab #ab dump4 ,l[ell #cf #cf #b,two-horse #ah #ah dump4 ,los ,angeles #ae #ae #c,none4 ,milwaukee #fjj #c,?ree y>d #bjj wagon4 ,newburgh #h #ad #b;,dump4 #c #f ,new ,b$=d #cd #dj #b;,end dump4 #aj #ad ,new ,york ,city #a-b-c-e,s+le 7,manhattan1 horse ,bronx1 & #b- ,brooklyn7 :eel$ dump4 ,norfolk #bb #bb #a;,dump4 #bb #bb ,new ,orleans #a,two- #ahc #ahc :eel$ dump4 ,passaic #ad #ah #b;,bottom #g #i dump4 ,rome #aj #aj #b;,dump4 #e #e ,syracuse #dj #ij #e;,dump4 #bj #de ,som]ville #de #fe #c;,dump4 #ai #cb ,s*5ectady ,wilm+ton #bj #bh #c;,high #ah #cf sides1 dump4 ,,a% ,,collection ,,by ,,municipal ,,=ces 7,cont9u$7 ,bo/on#df #bce #dci #b-c,%eet #ajg #agh iron1 s+le & d\ble4 ,buffalo #b;,dump4 ,*attanooga #bb #bb #a-b ,dulu? #aj #c #b #b box1 bottom l9$ ) %eet iron4 ,gl5s ,falls ,memphis #fb #fb #ab-:eel$ #fb #fb c>t4 ,niag>a ,falls #ac #a;,dump4 #de ,peoria #a;,iron body1 cov]$4 ,ro*e/] #aae #bce #b-c;,bottom #ch #hd dump4 ,spokane #ce #aa #b;,bottom #g #g dump4 ,"n ( ,city ,motor ,motor ,vehicles ,vehicles ,us$ = ,us$ = ,collection,%ort or ,long ,haul ,b+hamton #a4 ,long ,brockton ,none4 ,cambridge ,none4 ,camd5 ,none4 ,c9c9nati ,none4 ,clevel& #dg4 ,long4 ,columbus ,*icago ,none4 ,dayton ,none4 ,fall ,riv] ,none4 ,holyoke ,none4 ,h>t=d ,none4 ,k+/on ,none4 ,lynn #b trucks4 ,bo?4 ,l[ell ,none4 ,los ,angeles #g trucks4 ,bo?4 ,milwaukee #c4 ,long4 ,newburgh ,none4 ,new ,b$=d ,none4 ,new ,york ,city#cj4 ,bo?4 7,manhattan1 ,bronx1 ,brooklyn7 ,norfolk ,none4 ,new ,orleans ,none4 ,passaic ,none4 ,rome ,none4 ,syracuse ,none4 ,som]ville ,none4 ,s*5ectady ,wilm+ton ,none4 ,,a% ,,collection ,,by ,,municipal ,,=ces 7,cont9u$7 ,bo/on#df #c 9 ,long4 summ]1 #h 9 w9t]4 ,buffalo ,none4 ,*attanooga #a4 ,dulu? ,none4 ,gl5s ,falls ,memphis #a4 ,%ort4 ,niag>a ,falls,none4 ,peoria ,none4 ,ro*e/] ,none4 ,spokane ,five4 ,long4 ,table ,,iv 7c7 ,,a% ,,& ,,rubbi% ,,collection ,,by ,,municipal ,,=ces 7,cont9u$7 ,"n ( ,city ,description ( ,collection ,sy/em ,b+hamton #c di/ricts4 ,driv]'s r\te approximately #ad miles long4 ,"o #e ton truck1 #ad & #h trail]s4 ,trail]s divid$ into #b comp>tm5ts1 conta9+ #b y>ds ( a%es & "o y>d ( g>bage4 ,:5 wagon is load$ team is hit*$ to empty trail] :i* has be5 left by truck4 ,brockton #f di/ricts4 ,cambridge #f r\tes1 #a ea* work+ day1 n ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,six or eight m5 ahead ( team roll b>rels out ( y>d & team/]s place !m back at gate :5 empty4 ,camd5 #c di/ricts1 ea* receiv+ #b collections a week4 ,c9c9nati ,divid$ into di/ricts & ^? subdivid$ into beats :i* are cov]$ ! same day ea* week4 ,two m5 7driv] & help]7 assign$ to ea* beat4 ,clevel& ,columbus #bb di/ricts4 ,ea* cov]$ by #b wagons4 ,m5 "w toge!r :]e x is necess>y to h&le heavy mat]ial4 ,*icago ,w>ds divid$ into sections4 ,numb] ( teams dep5ds on size ( section & s]vice requir$4 ,w>d 9 *>ge ( w>d sup]9t5d5t4 ,di/ricts 9 *>ge ( section =eman4 ,section =eman & labor]s uni=m4 ,dayton #e di/ricts ) gr\nd =eman at head ( ea*4 ,ea* cov]$ 9 #ab work+ days4 ,fall ,riv] 4 ,holyoke #c gangs "w 9 bus9ess & "o 9 resid5tial sections all ! "t4 ,h>t=d #b sections1 ea* divid$ into #f r\tes4 ,ea* r\te ext5ds into t portion ( ! c5tral "p ( ! city )9 ! correspond+ di/rict4 ,"o ma9 squad to ea* di/rict cov]+ "o r\te daily4 ,a section ( ea* squad takes ! b>rel to ! curb on h& trucks4 ,^! are foll[$ by teams & two lift]s :o 9 turn are foll[$ by a man :o returns empty receptacles4 ,k+/on ,rigs & m5 assign$ to c]ta9 di/ricts ( ea* section4 ,lynn ,divid$ by w>ds4 ,m5 clean "o section & move to ano!r4 ,l[ell #f di/ricts1 "o clean$ ea* day4 4 ,los ,angeles ,milwaukee #bf w>ds4 ,a% collection all ye>4 ,once e mon? to h\sehold]s by w>ds4 ,a gang comprises two teams & ?ree m5 z collection is made f basem5ts4 ,?is keeps m5 go+ :ile teams are on way to & f dump4 ,newburgh ,divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,by und]/&+ betwe5 m51 ea* takes a c]ta9 /reet ea* "t all are on c]ta9 r\tes4 ,new ,b$=d ,collection made quickly f e /reet4 ,no di/ricts4 ,new ,york ,bor\ghs divid$ into di/ricts1 #ac 9 ,manhattan1 #b 9 ,bronx1 & #h 9 ,brooklyn4 ,ea* "u control ( di/rict sup]9t5d5t4 ,di/ricts divid$ into sections1 #ajc 9 ! aggregate & ea* 9 *>ge ( =eman4 ,norfolk #bb di/ricts ) "o man & "o wagon 9 ea*4 ,new ,orleans ,passaic ,two driv]s & #b lift]s 9 ea* gang4 ,"o wagon load$ :ile o!r is on way to dump4 ,di/rict clean$ on c]ta9 day ea* week4 ,rome ,divid$ into #e di/ricts4 ,syracuse ,som]ville ,city divid$ into #f di/ricts1 "o = ea* work+ day4 ,two lift]s to ea* team4 ,s*5ectady #e di/ricts4 ,wilm+ton #d di/ricts4 ,driv] & two lift]s = ea* wagon4 ,,a% ,,collection ,,by ,,municipal ,,=ces 7,cont9u$7 ,bo/on #aj di/ricts ) a =eman & inspection s]vice 9 ea*4 ,buffalo #af di/ricts ) =eman 9 ea*4 ,numb] ( m5 & wagons 9 ea* v>ies accord+ to conditions4 ,*attanooga ,dulu? ,gl5s ,falls ,city removes all a%es t are clean & suitable = /reet "w4 ,memphis #c di/ricts subdivid$ into r\tes1 man & c>t = ea* r\te4 ,niag>a ,falls#d di/ricts4 ,ro*e/] #aj di/ricts ) "o or two gangs to di/rict4 ,gangs organiz$ into truck]s1 :o haul a%es f re> ( h\se to curb2 lift]s1 :o load wagon2 & return]s1 :o replace empty receptacles4 ,teams apportion$ accord+ to l5g? ( haul1 s t empty wagon is ready to take place ( load$ "o4 ,peoria #af di/ricts4 ,r\tes *ang$ z dem& increases or decreases4 ,spokane ,a%es collect$ 9 bus9ess di/rict by load1 9 resid5tial di/rict by c4 ,"o #c ton truck collects a%es & g>bage 9 resid5tial di/rict4 ,"n ( ,city ,me?od ( ,disposal ,does ,city ,own ,h[ ,mu* ,size ( or ,r5t ,dumps,rev5ue ,does ,load ,city ,receive ,b+hamton ,fill+ & cov]+,own4 ,none4 #b y>ds4 g>bage4 ,brockton ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 #b cu4 yds4 ,cambridge ,dump4 #a r5t$1 ,none4 o!rs free4 ,camd5 ,fill4 ,own & free4,none4 ,c9c9nati ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 #d4c yds4 ,clevel& ,dump4 ,own4 ,none4 ,columbus ,dump4 ,bo?4 ,none4 #c-d-e yds4 ,*icago ,dump & fill4 ,own & free4,none4 #e cu4 yds4 ,dayton ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 #e cu4 yds4 ,fall ,riv] ,fill4 ,none4 #d4id & #a4ga cu4yds4 ,holyoke ,dump4 ,own4 ,none4 #a & #b cu4 yds4 ,h>t=d ,fill4 ,free4 ,none4 #d-e cu4 yds4 ,k+/on ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 ,lynn ,dump4 ,own4 ,v little4#b cu4 yds4 ,l[ell ,fill4 ,free4 ,none4 #c4g cu4yds4 ,los ,angeles ,dump4 ,r5t4 ,none4 ,milwaukee ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 #c yds4 ,newburgh ,dump & fill4 ,no4 ,none4 #b yds4 ,new ,b$=d ,dump & fill4 ,own "s4 ,city once collect$ & bal$ pap] b c\ld n make x pay4 ,new ,york ,dump4 ,own #bg1 ,none4 o!rs provid$ by contractor4 ,norfolk ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 #a cu4 yds4 ,new ,orleans ,dump4 ,own4 ,none4 #a cu4 yds4 ,passaic ,dump4 ,own4 #ejj = #b yds4 privilege ( pick+ ov] dump4 ,rome ,dump4 ,no4 ,none4 #a yds4 ,syracuse ,dump4 ,no4 ,none4 #c yds4 ,som]ville ,fill4 ,r5t & ,none4 free4 ,s*5ectady ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 ,wilm+ton ,dump & fill4 ,free4 ,none4 ,,a% ,,collection ,,by ,,municipal ,,=ces 7,cont9u$7 ,bo/on ,dump4 ,r5t4 ,none4 #b & #d cu4 yds4 ,buffalo ,dump4 ,free b city,none4 #e cu4 pays = yds4 upkeep4 ,*attanooga ,dump4 ,free4 ,dulu? ,dump4 ,own4 ,none4 ,gl5s ,falls ,fill4 ,own4 ,improv$ /reets4 ,memphis ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 #a- cu4 yds4 ,niag>a ,falls,fill4 ,free4 ,none4 ,wagon #b cu4 yds4 truck #f yds4 ,ro*e/] ,dump4 ,r5t & ,none4 free4 ,peoria ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 ,spokane ,dump4 ,own & free4,none4 #c cu4 yds4 ----- ,footnote #cg3 ,trade wa/es n collect$ by city4 ,footnote #ch3 ,dep5ds on quantity & condition4 ,footnote #ci3 ,a%es & rubbi% collect$ sep>ately 9 bus9ess section4 ,footnote #dj3 ,co/ ( labor4 ,footnote #da3 ,collect$ only :5 reque/$4 ,footnote #db3 ,includes co/ ( collect+ rubbi%4 ,footnote #dc3 ,daily hotels & re/aurant4 ,footnote #dd3 ,"p collect$ by city & "p by private collector4 ,footnote #de3 ,city has #b teams :i* take c>e ( c5tral "p twice daily all ye>4 ,footnote #df3 ,suburbs collect$ by contract4 ,footnote #dg3 ,p] man p] day4 ,table ,v ,,collection ,,& ,,disposal ,,by ,,contract ,a%es & ,rubbi% ,indianapolis1,me*anicville1 ,cohoee1 ,n4 ,ind4 ,n4 ,y4 ,y4 ,numb] ( collections ea* week-- ,bus9ess ,section-- ,w9t] #adh #b #b ,summ] #eb #b #b ,resid5tial ,section-- ,w9t] #a #b #a ,summ] #b #a ,outly+ ,section-- ,w9t] #a #j #a ,summ] #j #a ,miles1 l5g? ( haul #f #a #a ,co/ ( collection & disposal p] cubic y>d ,p] capita s]v$ ,p] ton ,:]e is c collect$ ,re>4 ,curb4 ,curb4 f & :]e left ,size & type ( c ,cov]$ ,n l>g] ,n b>rel4 ?an fl\r specifi$4 b>rel4 ,quantity collect$ 9 ye>-- ,tons #if1eeb ,cubic y>ds #fd1cfh ,loads #cb1ahd ,size ( load #c ton4 ,cubic y>ds p] man #bja employ$ ,cubic y>ds p] capita #bad s]v$ ,population s]v$ p] #ich man employ$ ,numb] ( m5 employ$-- ,summ] #bd #b ,w9t] #ej #b ,numb] ( m5 on ea* #b #b #b wagon ,type ( wagon us$ ,/eel ,k+4 ,cov]$4 ,cov]$1 ,dump4 ,numb] ( wagons-- ,summ] #ab #a #e ,w9t] #cg #a #e ,numb] ( motor vehicles ,motor vehicles us$ = %ort or long haul ,description ( #c di/ricts4 collection sy/em ,disposal ( ,a%es ,dump4 ,city own or r5t dumps ,riv] bottom4,free4 ,free4 ,annual co/ to city = #b1gjj #c1ijj collection & disposal ,av]age quantity collect$ daily-- ,summ] #aj tons4 ,w9t] #aj tons4 ,a%es & ,rubbi% ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,numb] ( collections ea* week-- ,bus9ess ,section-- ,w9t] #a ,summ] #a ,resid5tial ,section-- ,w9t] #a ,summ] #a ,outly+ ,section-- ,w9t] #a ,summ] #a ,miles1 l5g? ( haul #a-b ,co/ ( collection & 4#cg disposal p] cubic y>d ,p] capita s]v$ 4#ci ,p] ton 4#ie ,:]e is c collect$ ,curb4 f & :]e left ,size & type ( c ,c't weigh ) cont5ts ov] #aej lbs4 ,quantity collect$ 9 ye>-- ,tons #fgf1bjj ,cubic y>ds #a1bbi1def ,loads ,size ( load ,cubic y>ds p] man employ$ ,cubic y>ds p] capita 4#fg s]v$ ,population s]v$ p] man employ$ ,numb] ( m5 employ$-- ,summ] ,w9t] ,numb] ( m5 on ea* wagon ,type ( wagon us$ ,wood5 body1 metal cov]$4 ,metal body1 metal cov]$4 ,trucks1 metal & canvas cov]$4 ,numb] ( wagons-- ,summ] ,w9t] ,numb] ( motor vehicles #ca ,motor vehicles us$ = ,bo?4 %ort or long haul ,description ( ,city divid$ into #i di/ricts4 ,ea* di/rict collection sy/em divid$ into #ab sub-di/ricts2 f ea* ( ^! di/ricts ea* day a%es & rubbi% collect$4 ,a%es plac$ at curb l9e & rubbi% kept inside premises 9 readily accessible place4 ,rubbi% c>d hung at gate & gives evid5ce t !re is rubbi% to be collect$4 ,rubbi% mu/ be bagg$ or bundl$4 ,a%es collect$ 9 am\nt n exce$+ #djj lbs4 f all build+s ) c]ta9 exceptions4 ,rubbi% collection 9 unlimit$ am\nt f resid5ces & n exce$+ #d b>rels f retail bus9ess h\ses4 ,city has exp]i5c$ difficulty 9 hav+ a%es & rubbi% plac$ sep>ately 9 prop] conta9]4 ,unsuccessful attempt 0 made to facilitate ?is by hav+ a%es & rubbi% collect$ on sep>ate days4 ,9 #aiah bo? w be collect$ on ! same day4 ,disposal ( ,a%es ,fill4 ,city own or r5t dumps ,mo/ly privately own$4 ,annual co/ to city = #gaj1bdj collection & disposal ,av]age quantity collect$ daily-- ,summ] #a1efeea #b tons4 ,w9t] #f1ebdea #ae tons4 ,a%es ,only ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,nor? ,tonaw&a1 ,n4 ,y4 ,numb] ( collections ea* week-- ,bus9ess ,section-- ,w9t] #bdi #aej ,summ] #adi #aej ,resid5tial ,section-- ,w9t] #b #a ,summ] #a #a ,outly+ ,section-- ,w9t] #a #a ,summ] #a #a ,miles1 l5g? ( haul #a4fd #a ,co/ ( collection & 4#ea disposal p] cubic y>d ,p] capita s]v$ 4#aji 4#ae ,p] ton 4#he 4#aa ,:]e is c collect$ ,re> alley or areaway4 ,curb4 f & :]e left ,size & type ( c ,metal cov]$1 #e to #bd ,metal4 gals4 ,quantity collect$ 9 ye>-- ,tons #ia1jgj ,cubic y>ds #aea1ghc ,loads #cg1idf ,size ( load #d cubic yds4 ,cubic y>ds p] man #ab 9 w9t]1 #f 9 employ$ summ]4 ,cubic y>ds p] capita 4#dc s]v$ ,population s]v$ p] ,v>ies4 #d1cdc man employ$ ,numb] ( m5 employ$-- ,summ] #ab #a ,w9t] #abj #c ,numb] ( m5 on ea* #b-c #b wagon ,type ( wagon us$ ,bottom dump1 canvas ,dump4 cov]$4 ,numb] ( wagons-- ,summ] #h #a ,w9t] #fj #b ,numb] ( motor vehicles #d ,motor vehicles us$ = ,bo?4 %ort or long haul ,description ( ,lay\t dep5ds ^u #f di/ricts are arrang$ collection sy/em d5sity & am\nt to accord+ to quantity be remov$4 ,l>ge "p ( a%es collect$ z ( city set aside to asc]ta9$ on trial receive s]vice on collection ( #c c]ta9 days4 ,?is is mon?s4 subdivid$ & def9ite r\tes assign$ ea* wagon4 ,bo? city & contractor ma9ta9 inspection =ces4 ,disposal ( ,a%es ,dump4 ,fill4 ,city own or r5t dumps ,"s own$4 ,free4 ,annual co/ to city = #b1jjj collection & disposal ,av]age quantity collect$ daily-- ,summ] ,w9t] ----- ,footnote #dh3 ,n collect$ f public build+s or f /eam1 hot wat] or p[] plants1 except 9 private resid5ces or ap>tm5t h\ses ( n m ?an #d ap>tm5ts ea*4 ,footnote #di3 ,no collection made f /ores1 hotels1 etc4 ,footnote #ej3 ,n m ?an #aj bu%els collect$ f any "o place 9 a week4 ,footnote #ea3 ,collect$ by #i contractors1 "o = ea* di/rict4 ,/eam a%es collect$ by private collectors4 ,elev5 cities report t ! numb] ( cubic y>ds ( a%es & rubbi% collect$ a ye> p] capita s]v$ 0 f 4#df to #a4gb1 ! av]age be+ 4#hi4 ,f\r o!r cities report t ! numb] ( cubic y>ds ( a%es only collect$ a ye> p] capita s]v$ 0 #a4jaf4 ,! l[e/ 0 4#gc & ! highe/ #a4cc4 ,co/ ,data ,an ef=t to comp>e ! unit co/ ( collection & disposal 9 "o city ) t 9 ano!r w prove to be mo/ unsatisfactory = ! reason t local conditions make necess>y diff]5t me?ods1 l5g? ( haul & sy/ems1 & ^! affect ! co/ ( op]ation4 ,also1 !re are v few cities :i* keep any accurate & detail$ co/ data4 ,reports f ?irte5 cities :i* collect a%es & rubbi% by municipal =ces %[ t ! av]age co/ ( collection & disposal = #aiaf 0 #j4djah p] cubic y>d1 ! highe/ be+ 4#gb1 & ! l[e/ 4#ajbe4 ,five o!r cities report t ! av]age co/ ( collect+ & dispos+ ( a%es only 0 4#eeif p] cubic y>d4 ,! co/ dep5ds ^u ! co/ ( load+ & ! co/ ( haul4 ,,g>bage ,,collection ,,& ,,disposal ,,sy/ems ,,& ,,practices ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,cities--,,factors ,,:i* ,,affect ,,! ,,co/-- ,,op9ions ,,( ,,exp]ts--,,co/ ,,data ,local conditions are s v>iable t ! problem ( collect+ & dispos+ ( g>bage is "o ( ! mo/ complex ) :i* city (ficials h to deal4 ,! results obta9$ by "o city _c 9 detail be appli$ to ano!r city1 al?\gh !re are _m *>act]i/ics common to all4 ,ea* city mu/ /udy its conditions & !n apply g5]al pr9ciples ) su* modifications z its peculi>ities make necess>y4 ,! g>bage problem divides itself into two natural divisions3 #a4 ,collection1 includ+ h\se treatm5t & haul4 #b4 ,f9al disposal4 ,! two are s closely relat$ t ! co/ ( diff]5t sy/ems %\ld be comp>$ on ! basis ( comb9$ co/ ( collection & f9al disposal4 ,^! two divisions may be subdivid$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,,collection ,,sy/ems4 #a4 ,type3 7a7 ,comb9$ 7g>bage1 rubbi% & a%es74 7b7 ,sep>ate 7ea* k9d ( refuse74 #b4 ,me?od3 7a7 ,by scav5g]s4 7b7 ,by contract4 7c7 ,by city4 #c4 ,organization3 7a7 ,di/ricts4 7b7 ,=ce4 #d4 ,k9d ( ,equipm5t3 7a7 ,receptacles4 7b7 ,vehicles4 7c7 ,load+ /ations4 #e4 ,location ( receptacles4 #f4 ,frequ5cy ( collection4 #g4 ,"t ( removal4 #h4 ,en=cem5t ( regulations4 #b4 ,,disposal4 #a4 ,me?od3 7a7 ,dump+ on l&1 = fill or at sea4 7b7 ,pl[+ "u4 7c7 ,fe$+ to sw9e4 7d7 ,inc9]ation4 7e7 ,r$uction4 #b4 ,by-,products4 #c4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,f9anc+ ,,co/4 ,types ( ,collection ,sy/ems ,!re are two types ( g>bage collection sy/ems--! sep>ate & ! comb9$4 ,be=e decid+ :i* is ! bett] adapt$ to local conditions ! me?od ( disposal ( all municipal wa/e--rubbi%1 a%es1 dead animals1 /reet sweep+s & /able manure--mu/ be consid]$4 ,a fur!r /udy %\ld be made ( ! five comb9ations :i* h be5 adopt$ by ,am]ican cities & :i* are outl9$ 9 ! *apt] on a% & rubbi% collection4 ,:5 g>bage is collect$ sep>ately1 ! me?od ( dispos+ ( x is by ! r$uction process1 inc9]ation or fe$+ to hogs4 ,if x is collect$ ) rubbi% ! two wa/es mu/ be inc9]at$4 ,if a%es1 rubbi% & g>bage are collect$ toge!r ! wa/es are ei!r dump$ or inc9]at$4 ,z ) a%es1 reports g5]ally agree1 t if all wa/es are collect$ toge!r z a rule ! co/ ( collection w be less ?an if ea* is collect$ sep>ately4 ,! me?od ( f9al disposal1 ! net co/ ( t me?od aft] d$uct+ rev5ues1 & ! l5g? ( haul %\ld be consid]$ & c>efully det]m9$ be=e any sy/em ( collection is adopt$4 ,! same argum5ts pres5t$ 9 ! *apt] ab\t a% collection = & aga9/ ! comb9$ & sep>ate me?ods ( ga!r+ a%es apply ) equal =ce to ! collection ( g>bage4 ,rob]t ,h4 ,wylde1 sanit>y exp]t1 advocates ! mix$ collection4 ,he says3 8,!re c be no d\bt t ! mix$ collection is pref]able f practically e po9t ( view & possesses su* great advantages t x is d\btful if x is ev] comp5sat$ = 7f ! citiz5's po9t ( view7 by economies realiz$ f any me?od ( disposal requir+ sep>ate collection40 ,he also po9ts out t = a sep>ate collection1 a city mu/ h ?ree di/9ct /yles ( c>ts1 collections %\ld be made 9 ! e>ly morn+ or dur+ ! night1 & ea* h\se %\ld be visit$ daily or at lea/ e o!r day4 ,h\sehold]s mu/ be requir$ to keep ! mat]ials 9 ?ree sep>ate receptacles2 ?ree calls mu/ be made at ea* h\se & ! same gr\nd mu/ be cov]$ by ?ree diff]5t classes ( collector4 ,! ,*icago ,city ,wa/e ,report1 by ,i4 ,s4 ,osborn & ,j4 ,t4 ,fe!r/on1 says t comb9$ collection requires m frequ5t collection ( a%es & rubbi% ?an if g>bage 7 collect$ sep>ately4 ,if sep>ate collection ( g>bage is made a m frequ5t collection ( g>bage & a less frequ5t collection ( rubbi% & a%es c be made4 ,if all wa/es are collect$ toge!r1 x says1 z a rule ! unit co/ = collection w be less ?an if collect$ sep>ately4 ,9 small] communities1 says ,samuel ,a4 ,greeley1 sanit>y exp]t1 x does n seem advisable to place all classes ( refuse 9 "o receptacle z a%es c be easily dispos$ (4 ,by sep>at+ ! g>bage ! bulk to be remov$ is small]1 ! disposal by burial requires less l&1 mu* ( ! g>bage c be s5t to ! f>ms = fe$+1 & ! g5]al co/ ( refuse disposal is r$uc$ )\t s]i\sly l[]+ ! effici5cy4 ,9 cities ( f #cj1jjj to #ej1jjj1 he ass]ts1 ! mix$ sy/em requir+ only "o c at a h\se & p]mitt+ inc9]ation )\t ! use ( additional fuel1 has _m advantages4 ,9 su* small communities1 he believes1 g>bage does n h ! advantages = r$uction purposes t x has = ! l>g] cities4 ,me?ods ( ,collection ,!re are ?ree me?ods ( collect+ g>bage3 7#a7 ,lic5se ,sy/em1 by :i* ! city lic5ses c]ta9 c>tm51 ! individuals pay+ ! exp5ses1 usually "u regulation ( ! ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 7#b7 ,contract ,sy/em1 :i* provides t city pay a fix$ am\nt annually = s]vice1 t c]ta9 s*$ule be paid by h\sehold]1 or t contractor pay a c]ta9 am\nt to ! city = privilege ( collect+1 & *>g+ ! h\sehold] = ! s]vice4 7#c7 ,municipal ,sy/em1 by :i* ! city does "w ) own or hir$ teams4 ,9 "s cities1 city employees collect a "p & scav5g]s or collectors1 or bo?1 collect ! rema9d]4 ,exp]ts are g5]ally agre$ t ! be/ ( ! ?ree sy/ems is ! la/4 ,!y say t !re is always mu* tr\ble :5 ! contractor is all[$ to collect pay f citiz5s s]v$1 & t to sanit>y (fic]s mu/ be giv5 full au?ority to f9e ^? :o fail to h g>bage remov$4 ,contractors' wagons also mu/ be "u ! close sup]vision ( sanit>y (fic]s4 ,! ,*icago ,wa/e ,commission's report says t effici5t s]vice c be obta9$ by contract :5 ! "w is specifi$ & ! requirem5ts are su* z to obligate ! contractor to furni% ! desir$ s]vice4 ,! contractor1 x ass]ts1 mu/ ma9ta9 an effective organization1 suffici5tly equipp$ & manag$ to be able to r5d] prop] s]vice4 ,"u ?is me?od1 x po9ts out1 a rigid inspection is necess>y on ! "p ( ! city & full compliance on ! "p ( ! contractor 9 c>ry+ out 8 agreem5t4 ,! report also says t effici5t s]vice c be obta9$ by a municipal collection :5 ! city conducts ! "w ) its own teams & equipm5t & ! m5 employ$ on ! "w are directly responsible to _! sup]iors :o 9 turn are responsible to ! public = ! s]vice r5d]$4 ,x gives ! foll[+ advantages ( ?is me?od3 7a7 ,! s]vice is r5d]$ z desir$4 ,x is n necess>y to specify h[ & :at "w is to be done1 b ! "w c be conduct$ s z to meet conditions z !y may arise4 7b7 ,! "w comes directly "u ! control ( ! (ficials ^: *ief object is to r5d] satisfactory s]vice at a reasonable co/4 7c7 ,bett] equipm5t c be provid$ & ! "w plann$ on a m sy/ematic basis :5 inve/m5ts are p]man5t4 7d7 ,municipal op]ation elim9ates ! t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! contractors 7:5 ! "w is done by contract7 to obta9 ! l>ge/ remun]ation possible at ! lea/ co/4 ,x is impossible1 says ! report1 to develop effici5t organization or to r5d] ! be/ s]vice 9 collection ) hir$ teams :]e ! driv] receives 8 pay f ! employ]1 :o 9 turn receives 8 pay f ! city = furni%+ ! team & driv]4 ,9 ! majority ( cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! collection is done by ! city1 :i* owns its equipm5t & conducts ! "w "u ! sup]vision ( its (ficials4 ,x has be5 ! exp]i5ce ( ^! cities t ! results ( municipal op]ation h1 9 mo/ cases1 prov5 satisfactory4 ,john ,h4 ,gregory1 sanit>y exp]t1 believes t z a g5]al rule ! be/ results may be expect$ f municipal own]%ip & op]ation ( collection equipm5t4 ,a simil> op9ion is express$ 9 ! report ( ! ,special ,commission on ! ,collection ( ,municipal ,wa/e1 ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts4 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*igan1 reports t "u ! municipal sy/em1 ! co/ p] h\sehold] is #a4fc a ye>1 :ile "u ! private contract sy/em ! co/ 0 #c4jj a ye>4 ,:atev] sy/em & me?od are select$ to make x successful a city mu/ 7#a7 provide suffici5t appropriation2 7#b7 secure or insi/ ^u an effici5t organization2 7#c7 h or require sanit>y & economical me?ods ( "w1 & 7#d7 secure & fo/] coop]ation on ! "p ( ! public4 ,h\se ,treatm5t ,_m cities require t g>bage be dra9$ & "s t x be wrapp$ 9 pap] z well z dra9$4 ,wrapp+ aids combu/ion :5 ! disposal is by inc9]ation4 ,:eel+1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 claims t wrapp+ g>bage elim9ates smell1 pres]ves c1 provides fuel & makes "w mu* less unpleasant = ! collector4 ,dr4 ,p4 ,m4 ,hall & ,samuel ,a4 ,greeley advocate wrapp+ if g>bage is burn$4 ,sev5 cities1 ( ^? f :i* /ati/ics h be5 receiv$1 require t g>bage be wrapp$--,dunkirk1 ,jame/[n1 ,m\nt ,v]non1 ,tr5ton1 ,milwaukee1 ,gr& ,rapids & ,m9neapolis4 ,organization ,x is agre$ t ! numb] & location ( di/ricts into :i* a city is divid$ mu/ dep5d ^u ! size1 topography & population1 ! location ( sub-/ations or ! place ( f9al disposal1 ! frequ5cy ( collection & ! haul+ equipm5t4 ,x is also agre$ t ! divisions %\ld be made ) ! purpose ( %ort5+ ! haul z mu* z possible & to avoid /eep grades ) load$ wagons4 ,"s cities haul direct f ! di/rict to ! place ( disposal1 o!rs e/abli% load+ /ations or bunk]s to :i* ! g>bage is haul$ 9 wagons & f :i* x is tak5 = disposal 9 automobiles1 tra9 or trolley4 ,/ill o!rs h load$ wagons tak5 to a c5tral place & f !re haul$ by tractors to ! place ( disposal4 ,! type ( equipm5t1 sy/em ( collection1 organization ( city1 location ( receptacles1 frequ5cy ( collection & h\rs ( removal mu/ be consid]$ :5 organiz+ ! =ce4 ,^! vitally affect ! co/4 ,"s cities require "o man to act z driv] & collector4 ,?is sy/em is reg>d$ z uneconomical z ! :ole collection is ret>d$4 ,o!r cities h two m5 ) a wagon1 "o to drive & ! o!r to collect4 ,9 "s cities ! gang sy/em1 describ$ 9 ! *apt] on a% collection1 is us$4 ,! ,*icago ,wa/e ,commission makes ^! recomm5dations to insure an effective organization3 #a4 ,individual responsibility = "w assign$4 #b4 ,employees %\ld be paid = "w p]=m$ in/ead ( = h\rs ( labor4 #c4 ,publi%$ records ( employees individually by sections "u =em5 & by di/ricts "u inspectors or sup]9t5d5ts w create a heal?y rivalry & conduce to bett] "w4 #d4 ,unit co/ ( all "w %\ld be ma9ta9$ & ! keep+ ( ^! records w m ?an pay = ! co/ ( ! cl]ical "w involv$4 ,all agree t special ef=t %\ld be made to get intellig5t driv]s :o are will+ to take pa9s to d ! "w at ea* h\se 9 a cleanly fa%ion4 ,o!rs urge keep+ "o man on ! same r\te4 ,9 plann+ di/ricts & =ce1 ! f9d+s ( ! ,*icago ,civil ,s]vice ,commission may assi/ "s (ficials4 ,x requir$ on an av]age "u ord9>y conditions ?ree h\rs & fifty-five m9utes to collect a full load ( two & "o-half tons4 ,! av]age 9 summ] 0 #c4i h\rs & 9 w9t] #d4g h\rs4 ,! av]age rate ( haul 0 #c miles p] h\r 9 summ] & #b4g miles p] h\r 9 w9t]4 ,collections 7 at a m9imum 9 w9t] & a maximum 9 summ]1 especially 9 ,septemb]4 ,! quantity collect$ f sev]al di/ricts = diff]5t ye>s 0 n con/ant1 b cont9ually decreas$ or increas$1 dep5d+ ^u local conditions1 su* z *ange ( "* ( population1 gr[? ( resid5ce1 bus9ess & manufactur+4 ,! fluctuations make x necess>y t ! organization be flexible & easily adapt$ to *ang+ conditions4 ,z ! quantity w v>y f season to season1 ! collector assign$ to a di/rict %\ld make daily reports ( "w p]=m$ & t]ritory cov]$4 ,by s do+ x c easily be det]m9$ :e!r he is del9qu5t or ! "w has increas$ s z to require auxili>y equipm5t or extra assi/ance4 ,! plan is also valuable = re>rang+ di/ricts4 ,! ,ohio ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? has express$ ! belief t ! r\tes %\ld be s arrang$ t ea* collector cov]s ab\t ! same mileage & s t ea* wagon is z ne> z possible to ! po9t ( disposal by ! "t ! wagon is load$ 9 ord] t ! productive "t ( ! collector1 or ! "t he sp5ds 9 collect+ f h\ses1 may be z great z possible & 8 unproductive "t1 or ! "t he sp5ds 9 driv+ 8 load$ wagon to ! po9t ( disposal1 z small z possible4 ,9 "s cities1 ow+ to poor r\t+1 ! unproductive "t has be5 z high z #dj p] c5t4 ( ! collector's work+ h\rs4 ,r\tes %\ld also be s arrang$ t grades are climb$ ) light loads & desc5d$ ) heavy loads4 ,receptacles & ,vehicles ,mo/ cities specify a /&>d siz$ c4 ,x is agre$ t ?is is necess>y to secure ! be/ results4 ,! size v>ies 9 diff]5t cities & ) ! type ( sy/em4 ,all reports %[ t ! c %\ld be metallic1 wat]-tight & z ne>ly air-tight z possible1 & %\ld be securely cov]$4 ,a #bj-;gallon c1 x is claim$1 w take c>e ( an av]age size family = a week & is easily h&l$ by ! collector4 ,! size ( ! c %\ld be limit$ s z to be easily h&l$ by "o man4 ,= collect+ g>bage _m types ( wagons are be+ us$ by ,am]ican cities4 ,! design mat]ially affects ! co/ & effici5cy ( results4 ,mo/ cities are n[ us+ a /eel tank wagon ) ei!r a bottom or re> dump1 dep5d+ ^u ! h\se treatm5t ( ! g>bage & :e!r ! sy/em is comb9$ or sep>ate4 ,all reports %[ t any g>bage wagon to be sanit>y & satisfactory mu/ be metallic1 fitt$ ) cov]s1 easily clean$ & dis9fect$1 & z l>ge z consi/5t ) ! grades & type ( pavem5t on ! r\tes trav]s$4 ,p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! load+ height4 ,?is %\ld be at a conv5i5t di/ance f ! gr\nd s t ! collector c easily empty ! c4 ,! arrangem5ts = dump+ are also important4 ,!y %\ld be quick & simple4 ,x is claim$ t bottom dump+ wagons are be/1 b ^! _c be us$ = raw g>bage unless wrapp$4 ,!y c be us$ = mix$ refuse4 ,_m cities successfully use ! re> dump wagon1 :i* is tilt$ by a h&-turn$ ge> at front4 ,! "r k9d ( cov] is also important4 ,greeley says ! mo/ satisfactory cov] is ! light fix$ ro(1 ar*$ ov] ! top ( ! wagon at suffici5t height to give a free space above ! :ole ( ! g>bage1 & to all[ trap doors 9 ! side ( ! wagon = empty+ ! c4 ,_m cities use canvas cov]s4 ,! ,worce/] ,wa/e ,commission reports t its inquiries %[ t wood5 or iron cov]s are impracticable because !y d n all[ expansion ( load dur+ p]iods :5 ! am\nt ( g>bage is greate/4 ,x says t wood5 cov]s w>p1 d n fit tightly & ne$ repairs (t5 & are mu* 9 ! way dur+ collection4 ,iron cov]s1 x av]s1 are almo/ univ]sally condemn$ on acc\nt ( _! weight1 & if v light get out ( %ape easily1 we> loose & 9 a %ort "t become a noisy nuisance4 ,"s types ( wagons are equipp$ ) rubb] buff]s to less5 ! noise & o!rs h automatic cov]s4 ,wagons made = g>bage collection range 9 co/ f #aej to #cge ea*4 ,! capacity ( ! av]age g>bage wagon has be5 f a y>d to two y>ds cubic cont5ts4 ,! t5d5cy 9 _m l>ge cities is to increase ?is to f\r & five y>ds & ev5 l>g]4 ,greeley believes t a wagon hav+ a capacity ( ab\t ?ree cubic y>ds is desirable4 ,a few cities :i* h adopt$ ! c collection sy/em h wagons built ) two ti]s4 ,"s are us+ automobile trucks con/ruct$ 9 ?is way4 ,! ,ohio ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 9 its report1 says t plat=m wagons are some:at less economical ?an tank wagons b are entirely suit$ = small cities :]e ! quantity is n l>ge4 ,x seems to be ! op9ion ( ^? :o h _h exp]i5ce t automobile trucks = refuse collection are nei!r economical nor conv5i5t1 ow+ to ! _m /ops & />ts & ! sl[ g5]al progress4 ,none ( ! #bbd cities f :i* data h be5 receiv$ uses automobile trucks exclusively4 ,sev]al h automobile trucks 9 s]vice b practically all ( ^! use !m = haul+ f transf] /ations ov] long di/ances to ! place ( disposal4 ,at "s ( ^! load+ /ations a crane is us$ to lift ! deta*able body or tank f ! wagon & place x on ! truck4 ,ano!r me?od adopt$ by a few cities is to use wagons = collection & tractors = haul+4 ,! horse drawn wagons :5 fill$ are tak5 f a common meet+ place to ! disposal site by a tractor :i* draws !m z a trail]4 ,! horses are hit*$ to empty wagons & cont9ue collect+4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dana has compil$ /ati/ics :i* w int]e/ ^? :o contemplate us+ motor trucks4 ,he says = haul+ a%es1 /reet pavem5t1 etc41 x is *eap] to use horses if ! haul is less ?an "o mile4 ,if motor p[] is us$ = a haul ( a qu>t] ( a mile ! loss is #a4h p] c5t42 if half a mile1 #i4a p] c5t4 loss4 ,= "o mile haul !re is no diff]5ce 9 co/4 ,above t ! sav+ is 9 favor ( motor trucks4 ,simil> inve/igations h be5 made at ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,^! %[ t = di/ances great] ?an #a4g miles1 electric driv5 vehicles are *eap] ?an ei!r horse drawn or gasol9e driv5 & t gasol9e driv5 are *eap] ?an horse drawn4 ,inve/igations made by ! ,effici5cy ,division ( ! ,*icago ,civil ,s]vice ,commission %[$ t electric trucks are m effici5t ?an gasol9e trucks :]e ! %ort hauls ) _m /ops are enc\nt]$4 ,its conclusion 0 t = ! long hauls electric trucks 7 m economical ?an horse drawn or gasol9e driv5 trucks4 ,! foll[+ table gives a detail$ comp>ison ( ! advantages ( gasol9e & electric trucks z det]m9$ by ! ,commission3 ,,gasol9e ,,truck ,,electric ,,truck 7a7 ,great] av]age spe$ 7a7 ,m effici5t :]e ! haul possible4 ) _m /ops are enc\nt]$4 7b7 ,c be run cont9u\sly day 7b7 ,m effici5t )9 its & night4 limits ( op]ation1 #ej to #fj miles p] eight h\r day4 7c7 ,are ess5tial outside ( ! 7c7 ,m economical motive p[]4 radius ( op]ation ( ! electric truck4 7d7 ,c d m "w 9 a giv5 7d7 ,less av]age p] c5t4 "t if spe$ re/rictions d ma9t5ance & repair co/s4 n int]f]e4 7e7 ,less balk+ on unimprov$ 7e7 ,less p] c5t4 depreciation4 /reets4 7f7 ,requires less skill to drive4 7g7 ,affect$ less 9 w9t] by temp]ature4 ,! ,commission's /udy l$ to ! foll[+ conclusion3 8,t at ! pres5t prevail+ co/ ( team hire ! sav+ 9 ! use ( electric motor trucks = haul+ g>bage 9 su* w>ds z h a consid]able haul1 w\ld am\nt to #e4a p] c5t4 ( ! total co/ ( remov+ su* g>bage by teams4 #b4 ,t ei!r ! gasol9e or electric p[] trucks c h&le ! haul+ ( g>bage ) approximately equal satisfaction4 #c4 ,t ! m economical p[] truck has be5 f\nd to be electric4 ,?is is gov]n$ 9 a measure by ! l[ co/ rate ( electrical en]gy f ! ,sanit>y ,di/rict to ! city = night p[] & by ! fact t ! rates = depreciation1 ma9t5ance1 repair & insurance are less ?an = ! gasol9e truck4 #d4 ,t ! haul bel[ :i* an electric truck c>ry+ ?ree tons w\ld n be economical :5 measur$ aga9/ a #e4ej p] day team is f\nd to be ab\t #a4h miles & :5 measur$ aga9/ a #f p] day team is #j4h miles4 #e4 ,t ! ?ree ton gasol9e truck at pres5t co/ price w\ld n haul economically :5 travel+ 9 ! city at ! economical rate ( spe$1 z w\ld ! horse drawn vehicle at ei!r #e4ej or #f p] day & travel+ at ! rate ( spe$ f\nd by exp]im5t on g>bage wagons40 ,greeley believes t ! co/ ( load+ a motor truck w be great] p] h\r & ! rate ( load w h to be increas$ proportionately to make ! co/ comp>able ) load+ a team drawn wagon4 ,! co/ ( haul+ by motor w be less4 ,he cont5ds t ! use ( trucks 9 refuse collection s]vice w increase & t ! co/ ( load+ c be r$uc$ by limit+ ! motor truck to transportation aft] ! load+ ( ! wagon by ! tractor & trail] sy/em4 ,/4 ,l\is rec5tly made computations comp>+ ! exi/+ co/ ( haul+ g>bage f ! long haul di/rict ) mule teams & ! probable co/ ( haul ) or by tractors4 ,! motor app>atus 0 assum$ to be a ,knox tractor ) two trail]s & ! assum$ haul ( sev5 miles4 ,?is w\ld replace t5 teams4 ,! inve/m5t = a t5-ton tractor w\ld be #c1gej1 & two trail]s1 #a1jjj1 ) a total ( #d1gej = ! motor app>atus4 ,t5 teams ( mules co/ #c1jjj & t5 wagons1 #a1cej1 a total = animal p[] ( #d1cej4 ,! co/ ( op]at+ p] day is assum$ to be = ! motor1 mak+ ?ree trips a day1 #db miles1 #d4jg4 ,?is computation assumes a load+ /ation locat$ at ! c5t] ( ! long-haul di/rict1 :i*1 includ+ lot1 build+1 pav+1 plat=m1 sew] & wat] connections1 w\ld co/ #f1cjj4 ,! equipm5t w\ld !re=e be #aj1fej4 ,int]e/ on ! inve/m5t is comput$ at #f p] c5t4 ,! annual *>ges aga9/ ! motor equipm5t w\ld !re=e become #c1jcd4ib4 ,! ye> is assum$ at #aef days1 z ! di/rict is collect$ f ?ree times a week4 ,! *>ges aga9/ ! team equipm5t am\nt to #f1ejc4hh4 ,! sav+ 9 adopt+ ! truck sy/em is ?us #c1dfh4if a ye> f ?is long-haul di/rict4 ,"u ^! assumptions ! equipm5t is idle "o-half ! "t4 ,! ,new ,york ,city ,dep>tm5t ( ,/reet ,clean+ made a te/ ( motor trucks & prov$ _! effici5cy ov] ! pres5t sy/em1 giv+ a possible #ah p] c5t4 = "t lo/ 9 haul+1 load+ & return+ light z aga9/ #dc p] c5t4 "u ! exi/+ sy/em4 ,a t5-ye> te/ 9 ,engl& prov$ ! sup]iority ( motor trucks4 ,! ,worce/] ,commission reports t = heavy1 long hauls & "u conditions :]e a truck c be kept mov+1 a motor truck is probably m economical ?an a horse drawn vehicle ( ! same capacity4 ,x concludes t ! motor trucks are n economical = %ort hauls ) _m /ops4 ,! ,heal? ,commission] ( ,seattle 9 #aiac made ! claim t auto trucks save f "o-f\r? to "o-fif? z mu* "t z is consum$ by horse drawn vehicles4 ,he express$ ! belief t #de c5ts on a doll> is sav$ by us+ auto trucks4 ,seattle hauls its g>bage by auto f bunk]s to place ( f9al disposal4 ,a few cities haul f transf] /ations to place ( f9al disposal by trolley & /eam c>s & by b>ges4 ,greeley e/imates t assum+ #fjj cu4 yds4 ( refuse weigh #cge tons1 ! co/ ( trolley transportation w be #dj c5ts p] ton4 ,b>ge transportation1 he e/imates1 w be ab\t #bb c5ts p] ton4 ,transportation by /eam railroads1 he says1 dep5ds ^u swit*+ *>ges4 ,^! w range f #e to #ae p] c>4 ,he figures ! swit*+ *>ges w av]age ab\t #bj c5ts p] ton4 ,collection ,regulations ,! location ( ! receptacle & ! "t & frequ5cy ( collection h a v important be>+ on ! effici5cy & co/ ( ! s]vice4 ,! degree ( cleanl9ess desir$ & ! conv5i5ce ( ! h\sehold] are ! *ief factors :i* det]m9e ^! que/ions4 ,mo/ cities specify :]e ! c mu/ be left = collection & to :at place x mu/ be return$4 ,"s collect f ! curb1 areaway or alley1 b ! majority ( !m take ! c f & return x to ! h\se or back y>d4 ,g>bage c be collect$ mu* m spe$ily if ! cans are left at ! curb = collection days1 b mo/ cities object to ! unsightl9ess ( ! ?or\ghf>es :i* results4 ,! citiz5s1 = _! own conv5i5ce1 & to elim9ate ! objection ( a litt]$ /reet1 are will+ to pay ! extra co/ ( hav+ ! g>bage tak5 f ! y>d or ! h\se4 ,! almo/ univ]sal practise 9 ,am]ica is to collect g>bage dur+ ! daytime4 ,( ^? f :i* facts h be5 receiv$ & ^: sy/ems are describ$ 9 ! accompany+ tables1 only two collect all g>bage at night4 ,"o collects at night dur+ ! summ] & f\r collect at night 9 ! bus9ess section4 ,two collect dur+ bo? day & night4 ,! numb] ( collections made 9 a /at$ p]iod ( "t dep5ds entirely ^u ! am\nt ( g>bage1 ! d5sity & "* ( population1 ! climate & ! season ( ! ye>4 ,"s cities ma9ta9 a daily s]vice 9 all except ! outly+ sections4 ,practically all collect at lea/ once a week4 ,9 cold climates m collections are requir$ dur+ ! summ] ?an dur+ ! w9t]4 ,usually ! collections are m frequ5t 9 ! bus9ess sections ?an 9 ! resid5tial sections & less frequ5t 9 ! outly+ di/ricts ?an 9 ! resid5tial sections1 ! d5sity ( population be+ ! det]m9+ factor4 ,z ) a% collection ! promulgation & en=cem5t ( specific regulations are v helpful 9 increas+ or ma9ta9+ ! effici5cy ( a g>bage collection sy/em4 ,coop]ation ( ! public is ess5tial & ?is c be secur$ to a great ext5t by an effici5t sy/em4 ,all reports agree t regul> collections %\ld be made at /at$ int]vals & s f> z possible at ! same "t ea* day accord+ to a regul> s*$ule4 ,laxity on ! "p ( ! collection dep>tm5t w bre$ indiff]5ce among ! h\sehold]s4 ,! ,*icago ,wa/e ,commission expresses ! op9ion t :]e ! h\sehold]s become accu/om$ to a sy/ematic s]vice !y w dep5d ^u ! collector & w m readily comply ) laws & ord9ances4 ,all exp]ts agree t ! regulation z to h\se treatm5t ( refuse %\ld n only be en=c$1 b t consid]able "t %\ld be sp5t by (ficials 9 educat+ & tra9+ p to coop]ate = mutual advantage4 ,su* "t w be well sp5t1 & ev5tually x w r$uce ! co/ ( op]ation4 ,! rules & regulations respect+ ! collection ( g>bage & refuse 9 a small progressive ,new ,york ,/ate city are z foll[s3 8,all p]sons int5d+ to h _! a%es1 g>bage & o!r refuse remov$ by ! collector1 %all provide suffici5t /&>d a% cans1 sixte5 to tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]1 & tw5ty-six in*es high1 manufactur$ ( galvaniz$ iron ) prop] h&les & cov]4 8,into ?is c %\ld be put old bottles1 rubb]s1 t9 cans1 brok5 bottles & glass1 old %oes1 sweep+s1 pap] & o!r rubbi%4 8,a% cans conta9+ swill1 wat]1 (f5sive & decompos+ mat]ial1 or ! cont5ts ( :i* are froz5 & n easily remov$1 w n be empti$ by ! collector4 8,provide suffici5t g>bage cans compos$ ( galvaniz$1 ,g4 ,i4 ,/&>d make1 ) cov]s & h&les1 to hold "o week's accumulation4 ,put into ?is c all swill & o!r kit*5 refuse4 ,g>bage cans conta9+ a%es1 old bottles1 t9 cans1 glass1 %oes1 sweep+s1 pap] or o!r rubbi%1 or ! cont5ts ( :i* are froz51 w n be empti$ by ! collector4 8,! cans mu/ be plac$ :]e ! collector c conv5i5tly h access to !m1 & if plac$ on ! sidewalk or 9 front y>d1 mu/ be return$ z soon z empti$4 8,! collector w collect b once ea* week & on ! day & at ! "t specifi$ = ! /reet on :i* y reside4 8,burn z mu* rubbi%1 pap]1 sweep+s1 etc41 z possible4 8,piles or accumulations ( g>bage1 old bottles1 t9s1 pap]s & any o!r sub/ances1 liquid or solid1 or ( any?+ t may become a bre$+ place = flies or mosquitoes1 or :i* 9 any way may become a nuisance1 are prohibit$4 8,accumulations ( g>bage or o!r refuse ( m ?an "o week is prohibit$4 8,any incivility on ! "p ( any collector1 or any compla9t %\ld be made at once 9 writ+ to ! ,cl]k ( ! city40 ,co/ ( ,collection ,! co/ ( collection is vitally affect$ by s _m diff]5t factors & by local conditions t any attempt to comp>e ! economy ( ! sy/em 9 "o city ) t 9 ano!r w g5]ally be unsatisfactory4 ,also actual co/ data are kept by v few cities1 & :]e !y are available ! me?ods ( det]m9+ !m (t5 v>y s t !y are mislead+ = comp>ative purposes4 ,! co/ dep5ds ^u ! co/ ( load+ & ! co/ ( haul+1 z describ$ 9 ! discussion ( a% collection4 ,su* facts ab\t ! co/ z are available 9 pr9t$ reports & z h be5 s5t to ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bureau ( ,municipal ,in=mation by ! cities w be f\nd 9 ! accompany+ table4 ,an inve/igation by ! ,ohio ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? 9 ,ohio cities %[$ t ! co/ av]ag$ f #b to #b4ge p] ton4 ,! report says t ! co/ ( collection 9 ,clevel& = sev]al ye>s av]ag$ #b4ag to #b4gi p] ton2 ,dayton1 #b4aa2 ,zanesville1 #b4ac4 ,9 ! small] cities :]e hauls are comp>atively %ort1 ! co/ frequ5tly did n exce$ #a4ej p] ton1 & 8on ! av]age ) prop] r\t+ %\ld n exce$ #b4jj p] ton40 ,! co/ ( ! collection & disposal may be met by a draft on ! g5]al fund1 by assessm5t ^u prop]ty b5efit$1 or by assessm5t ^u ! p directly s]v$4 ,! p>ticul> me?od select$ w be det]m9$ by ! legal limitations1 ! difficulty ( collection1 tax limitations1 & s =?4 ,p] ,capita ,production ,exp]ts h agre$ )9 fifty p\nds z to ! p] capita g>bage output ( a community4 ,w4 ,f4 ,morse1 ,sanit>y ,exp]t1 gave "o hundr$ & n9ety p\nds p] capita p] ye> z approximate figures = an e/imate4 ,william ,n4 ,v5able e/imat$ ! annual am\nt p] capita to be f #aej to #bjj p\nds4 ,rec5t reports f six cities :i* h complete collection sy/ems %[ consid]able v>iation 9 ! p] capita am\nt collect$4 ,^! cities report z foll[s3 ,lbs4 ( ,g>bage p] ,capita ,columbus #bjc ,gr& ,rapids #ig ,buffalo #hj ,worce/] #abg ,ro*e/] #bfj ,clevel& #afb ,! av]age weight ( g>bage p] cubic y>d accord+ to /ati/ics f n9e l>ge ,am]ican cities has be5 f #a1ajj to #a1dge p\nds1 & ! numb] ( p\nds p] "o ?\s& ( population p] day f #cca to #hge4 ,! food cons]vation campaign ?r\gh\t ! nation s9ce our entry into ! _w-wide w>1 h[ev]1 has creat$ havoc ) g>bage production figures & e/imates4 ,al?\gh x 0 kn[n = _m ye>s t ! ,am]ican h\sewife has be5 a mo/ notori\s pr(ligate 9 ! wa/e ( food1 x 0 n until ! w> =c$ ^u ,am]ica ! necessity = food cons]vation t !re 0 any decrease 9 ! cont5ts ( ! g>bage pail4 ,rem>kable *anges h be5 report$ by cities1 ! foll[+ r$uctions by ,new ,york ,/ate cities be+ typical3 ,"n ( ,city ,am\nt ( ,g>bage ,collect$ ,dur+ ,june1 #aiaf ,july1 #aiaf ,june1 #aiag ,july1 #aiag ,ro*e/] #befc tons #behj tons #a1hgj tons #b1afg tons ,new ,york ,city 7,boro4 #hb1ejc cu4 #hi1efh cu4 #gf1eej cu4 #hd1fbh cu4 ,manhattan7 yds4 yds4 yds4 yds4 7,boro4 ,brooklyn7 ,k+/on #adj tons #adj tons #abj tons #abj tons ,cortl& #cg tons #cg tons #ca tons #ca tons ,s*5ectady #cab tons1 #fhj #cej tons #ccj tons1 #fee #cih tons1 lbs4 lbs4 #a1djj lbs4 #eb,syracuse #a1ajj tons #a1cgc tons #a1jfb tons #a1jhg tons ,albany #ied bbls4 #a1jid bbls4 #ghf bbls4 #hgg bbls4 ,buffalo #b1cai4ggj #a1bej4bhj #b1bdg4gij #a1gdh4gjj tons tons tons tons ,utica #dj tons daily#dj tons daily#ce tons daily#ce tons daily ----- ,footnote #eb3 ,increase probably due to *ange f contract to municipal sy/em ( collection4 ,omaha1 ,nebraska1 reports t = ! ye> #aiag ! bulk ( g>bage 0 ab\t ! same z ! previ\s ye>1 b t no meats1 bread or potatoes 7 f\nd 9 x4 ,! collection ( g>bage has be5 a little ov] "o-?ird less s9ce ! cons]vation ( food w5t into effect4 ,:at p]c5tage ( ?is r$uction w cont9ue aft] ! w> is problematical1 b x is agre$ by all exp]ts t nev] aga9 w ! ,am]ican g>bage pail be s productive z x has be5 9 ! pa/4 ,g>bage ,disposal ,a *oice ( sev5 me?ods is (f]$ = ! disposal ( g>bage4 ,!y are fe$+ to sw9e1 dump+ on l&1 dump+ into l>ge volumes ( wat]1 dispos+ by sanit>y fill1 burial1 inc9]ation & r$uction4 ,9 select+ its disposal sy/em a city %\ld be> 9 m9d ! importance & co/ ( a collection sy/em4 ,"s cities collect & dispose ( _! g>bage by contract1 o!rs collect by contract & dispose ( x !mselves1 or vice v]sa1 & /ill o!rs h all ! "w done by ! municipality4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t a city c op]ate a disposal plant j z effici5tly z !y c a collection sy/em4 ,fe$+ to ,sw9e ,mo/ ( ! small] cities 9 ?is c\ntry dispose ( a "p ( or all _! g>bage by fe$+ to sw9e1 b s f> z ! ,/ate ,bureau ( ,municipal ,in=mation has be5 able to le>n1 only f\r ma9ta9 municipal pigg]ies4 ,^! are ,worce/]1 ,new ,hav51 ,brockton1 & ,taunton1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! o!rs ei!r collect _! g>bage by contract & sell x or give x to f>m]s or ^? op]at+ pigg]ies1 or ma9ta9 a municipal collection & sell to a contractor :o ma9ta9s a pigg]y4 ,among ! cities :i* dispose ( _! g>bage by fe$+ to pigs & d]ive a rev5ue are ! foll[+3 ,d5v]1 ,colo4--,collect$ by a ,hog ,gr[]s' ,association :i* disposes ( x by fe$+4 ,cambridge1 ,mass4--,sells to hog f>m]s at #gj4 p] cd4 foot & has no difficulty 9 dispos+ ( all4 ,co/ ( collection1 #ej1jjj a ye>2 receipts1 #af1jjj a ye>4 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*4--,sold to live /ock company = #de4 p] ton f4 o4 b4 c>s4 ,la/ ye> collection co/ #bh1fei & receipts 7 #d1dej4bj4 ,camd51 ,n4 ,j4--,inc9]ator burn$ & s9ce !n g>bage has be5 collect$ & f$ to hogs4 ,brockton1 ,mass4--,municipal pigg]y 7description bel[74 ,colorado ,spr+s1 ,colo4--,contractor pays #a1ddj a ye> = ! privilege ( remov+ all table refuse f city4 ,fe$s to hogs4 ,g>bage mu/ be /]iliz$ be=e fe$+4 ,salem1 ,mass4--,city ,poor ,f>m uses ab\t #bjj loads a ye>4 ,rema9d] is sold to contractor1 :o pays #ac1bee = five ye>s4 ,la/ ye> city paid #aj1idh4cj = collection4 ,taunton1 ,mass4--,municipal pigg]y4 ,som]ville1 ,mass4--,sold to f>m]s = #ej4 p] cord foot4 ,co/ ( collection la/ ye>1 #be1acd4hj2 receipts1 #h1hfe4ej4 ,lawr5ce1 ,mass4--,sold = #a4be a load4 ,ready & increas+ dem&4 ,two loads us$ daily at ,poor ,f>m pigg]y4 ,co/ ( collection1 #aj1jjj a ye>4 ,e/imat$ receipts1 #f1jjj a ye>4 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4--,co/ ( collection1 #ah1jjj a ye>4 ,f$ to hogs on f>m own$ by city 7description bel[74 ,fall ,riv]1 ,mass4--,city pays contractor #g1hjj a ye> = ! removal ( g>bage4 ,he fe$s x to pigs on f>m own$ by him4 ,worce/]1 ,mass4--,municipal pigg]y 7description bel[74 ,corn+1 ,n4 ,y4--,contractor pays city #abb a ye> = privilege ( collect+ at #aj4 a c4 ,g>bage tak5 by him to 8 hog f>m4 ,! city ( ,brockton1 ,massa*usetts1 owns ! l& & build+s necess>y = fe$+ sw9e1 also ! horses & teams necess>y = collection4 ,! ,mayor's (fice reports t ! city has n be5 able to make any pr(it on ?is me?od ( disposal4 ,9 fact1 = ! la/ t5 ye>s ! av]age co/ to ! city has be5 ab\t #e1jjj annually4 ,taunton1 ,massa*usetts1 collects g>bage only 9 ! c5t] ( ! city4 ,! rema9d] is tak5 by private p>ties4 ,! city has only two teams & two m5 at "w4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ov]se]s says t 89 consequ5ce ( do+ ?+s 9 ?is way x is ( little or no exp5se & gives q good satisfaction40 ,! exp5se & receipts dur+ "o ye> = ! pigg]y 7 z foll[s3 ,wages ( employees #a1bii4ij ,exp5ses1 n includ+ bo>d ( two horses belong+ to #cge4ib dep>tm5t ------------------ #a1fge4hb ,receipts f sw9e #c1bfj4ia ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut1 pays #ah1jjj a ye> = ! collection ( its g>bage1 :i* is haul$ to a f>m r5t$ by ! city & f$ to hogs own$ by ! city4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,heal? reports3 8,outside ( "s compla9ts f ! pigg]ies we h got along4 ,our ,bo>d has repeat$ly recomm5d$ ! de/ruction ( ! same1 b z yet no?+ has mat]ializ$40 ,a special commission made an inve/igation & report on ! collection & disposal ( municipal wa/e 9 ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts4 ,aft] inve/igat+ all me?ods ( disposal x rea*$ ^! conclusions3 8,t ! disposal by fe$+ is ! mo/ economical me?od2 t ! greate/ intr9sic value ( ! g>bage1 ! fe$+ value1 is made use (2 t ! g>bage ( ,worce/] c n only be dispos$ ( )\t co/ b t ! rev5ue f ! sale ( hogs has almo/ be5 suffici5t to pay = ! collection40 ,! ,commission recomm5d$ t ! pres5t me?od ( fe$+ to sw9e be cont9u$4 ,9 its report x gives ! p] capita co/ ( collection & disposal z 4#jgb = ,worce/] & 4#jie = ,brockton4 ,! ,worce/] municipal pigg]y is ! l>ge/ & mo/ successful4 ,! g>bage collect$ by ! city is f$ to a h]d ( hogs numb]+ ab\t #agjj 9 w9t] & #djjj 9 summ]4 ,dur+ ! w9t] practically all hogs are h\s$4 ,! necessity = /]iliz+ g>bage be=e x is f$ to hogs is disput$4 ,salem1 ,cambridge1 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,taunton & ,brockton report t g>bage is n /]iliz$4 ,new ,hav5 reports t "s is /]iliz$4 ,colorado ,spr+s & ,omaha require all g>bage to be /]iliz$4 ,9 8 report ( ! sanit>y survey ( ,/4 ,joseph1 ,miss\ri1 ,j4 ,h4 ,:ite1 ,surgeon1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 makes ! foll[+ /atem5t ) reg>d to ! disposal ( g>bage 9 t city3 8,kansas ,city1 ,provid5ce1 ,d5v]1 ,omaha1 ,colorado ,spr+s & o!r cities h _! g>bage f$ to hogs1 ) ! uni=m result t ! co/ ( removal is r$uc$ to "s ext5t to ! city & t ! contractor1 accord+ to 8 bus9ess capacity1 is able to make m or less pr(it f ! fe$ s obta9$4 ,!re is no dang] 9 ?is sy/em "u prop] h&l+4 ,any suppos$ dang] to ! hogs c be prev5t$ by prompt h&l+ ( ! g>bage to prev5t unnecess>y f]m5tation & by ! use ( ! hog *ol]a s]um to prev5t disease4 ,! prop] clean+ ( ! p5s1 if 9 ! city1 elim9ates any dang] to man4 ,! ,bo>d recomm5ds ?is sy/em & ,i he>tily concur ) !m t x (f]s ! be/ available solution ( ! g>bage problem40 ,! ,worce/] ,commission reports ! figures = hogs sold to a pack+ company dur+ ! la/ ye> f ! ,home ,f>m4 ,( ! #b1bgf hogs sold1 ! ,commission says only #aa 7 condemn$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ,meat ,inspectors1 an av]age ( only #j4dh p] c5t4 ( "o p] c5t41 :i* av]age is mu* l[] ?an x is on hogs %ipp$ 9 f ! ,we/ to ! same pack+ h\se4 ,x fur!r says3 8,! fe$+ me?od1 h[ev]1 has be5 practis$ ) success 9 _m cities1 especially ^? 9 ,new ,engl&1 = _m ye>s4 ,! great diff]5ce ( op9ion is expla9$ by ! effici5cy ) :i* ! sanit>y conditions at ! f>m are ma9ta9$40 ,x emphasizes ! fact t f>ms mu/ be kept clean & 9 a sanit>y mann]1 & t ?is me?od ( g>bage disposal requires c>eful & intellig5t sup]vision1 z is ! case ) any o!r me?od ( disposal4 ,no me?od ( disposal w run itself4 ,foll[+ are comm5ts receiv$ reg>d+ ?is p>ticul> plan ( disposal3 ,heal? ,(fic] ,c4 ,c4 ,slemons1 ( ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*igan1 says3 8,f obs]vation ,i am ( ! op9ion t "o ( ^! f>ms 7municipal pigg]y71 prop]ly conduct$1 is a pay+ proposition1 b ,i d n ?9k to ! ext5t ( pay+ = collection4 ,f my obs]vation ,i w\ld be r skeptical ( a city go+ into ?is bus9ess4 ,x is a bus9ess t ne$s v close sup]vision & unless a p]son is f9ancially int]e/$ 9 x ,i d\bt v mu* if ! exp]im5t w\ld pay40 ,mayor ,fr$4 ,w4 ,kell]1 ,s\? ,b5d1 ,indiana3 8,"s ( ?is "w 0 done sev]al ye>s ago4 ,h[ev]1 !re 0 "s objection on ! "p ( taxpay]s to x be+ haul$ out ( ! city ) municipal teams4 ,x %\ld be fairly pr(itable1 b ! f>m & hogs %\ld be own$ by ! city or ! g>bage dispos$ ( to ! conc]n t does own ! hogs & f>m & ?is done by receiv+ competitive bids4 ,i make ?is latt] sugge/ion 9 ord] to avoid criticism by taxpay]s40 ,lawr5ce1 ,massa*usetts1 reports3 8,^? :o h look$ into ?is "q cont5d t ! city swill c be utiliz$ to support a municipal pigg]y at consid]able pr(it40 ,9 a rec5t report1 ! ,i[a ,/ate ,college says ( ?is me?od ( disposal3 8,! only advantage :i* may be /at$ 9 favor ( ?is me?od is t x probably co/s less1 "u exi/+ conditions ab\t mo/ ( our cities1 ?an any o!r available me?od40 ,9 "o ( its annual reports1 ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? says3 8,x is objectionable & unsanit>y 9 ! extreme1 z heal? au?orities are con/antly po9t+ out4 ,prom95t among ! objections to ?is me?od are ! great nuisance x usually creates & ! unc]ta9ty ( its op]ation40 ,! ,bo>d says epidemics among pigs create ! unc]ta9ty ( op]ation4 ,x also says t !y are bre$+ places = flies & rats4 ,! ,*icago ,wa/e ,commission's comm5t on ?is me?od is t x is n applicable or desirable 9 a l>ge city1 except "u inspection & = re/rict$ private collection4 ,! ,new ,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal report$ t ! g>bage collect$ by ,gr& ,rapids1 at co/ ( #bf1cbj1 is tak5 by a contractor :o la/ ye> paid #de c5ts p] ton & f$ to hogs4 ,x says t ov] #aj1jjj hogs are sold ye>ly at a value ( #ace1jjj & t #b1djj tons ( f]tiliz] are produc$ at a value ( ab\t #cf1jjj4 ,samuel ,a4 ,greeley1 ,sanit>y ,exp]t1 says t #ge pigs are requir$ to dispose ( a ton ( g>bage p] day4 ,! equipm5t at ! f>m prescrib$ by him is3 ,tracks & c>s = di/ribut+ ! g>bage along concrete fe$+ plat=ms2 sub/antial & well-kept sleep+ & w>m+ p5s2 tanks = /]iliz+ g>bage2 app>atus = vacc9at+ pigs aga9/ *ol]a2 a means ( dispos+ ( unconsum$ g>bage by burial or inc9]ation & pl5ty ( wa%+ facilities4 ,he fur!r says3 8,!re %\ld be "s me?od ( sort+ ! g>bage be=e fe$+ x to pigs s t ! /ale g>bage may be disc>d$ & buri$ or burn$4 ,"s places dis9fect x by boil+ 9 l>ge caldrons be=e fe$+4 ,9 su* cases ! cook$ g>bage is commonly us$ only z a base = ! fe$ giv5 to pigs4 ,! me?od is a mo/ pr(itable "o & w>rants consid]ation 9 small cities :]e isolat$ f>m sites are available40 ,dump+ on ,l& ,x is ! cons5sus ( op9ion 9 all reports & ( all exp]ts t ?is me?od is objectionable especially :]e !re is a l>ge quantity to be dispos$ (4 ,a long haul is necessitat$ by ! location ( ! dumps at a remote di/ance :]e ! decomposition ( any "p ( ! refuse w n be (f5sive to neighbor+ prop]ty own]s4 ,:5 ! g>bage is deposit$ 9 suffici5t quantity (f5sive odors due to f]m5tation & decomposition may create a nuisance4 ,unless special att5tion is giv5 to ! treatm5t ( ^! dumps1 ?is me?od w n be f\nd desirable4 ,a ?or\gh mix+ ( g>bage ) a%es & rubbi% w prev5t ! nuisance & ! fires t are o!rwise liable to occur1 creat+ odors & nuisance f ! smoke & unconsum$ gases4 ,a report ( ! ,i[a ,/ate ,college /ates t dumps :]e a%es & rubbi% & o!r refuse are deposit$ are n only unattractive 9 appe>ance1 b are detrim5tal to ! heal? ( ^? liv+ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity1 & z a city gr[s1 x usually becomes increas+ly difficult to f9d locations :]e ^! dumps c be ma9ta9$ )\t incurr+ ! objections ( ^? liv+ 9 ! neighborhood4 ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican says ?is me?od 8is "o t _c be def5d$ ei!r f an /hetic or sanit>y /&po9t4 ,! dumps become an ideal bre$+ place = flies40 ,dump+ 9 ,l>ge ,bodies ( ,wat] ,only a few cities use ?is me?od4 ,9 mo/ places :]e x has be5 tri$1 x has be5 prohibit$ because ! mat]ial is wa%$ on ! neighbor+ %ores4 ,disposal by ,sanit>y ,fill ,?is me?od is practis$ by "s cities1 among !m ,seattle1 ,dav5port1 & ,new ,orleans1 :i* report its success4 ,x is giv5 m s]i\s consid]ation ?an h]et(ore by sev]al l>ge cities4 ,! me?od is diff]5t ?an t ( burial1 9 t x is c>ri$ on by fill+ excavations1 vacant l[ ly+ gr\nd & natural rav9es4 ,! g>bage1 rubbi% & a%es are dump$ & !n mix$ ) suffici5t e>? to insure oxidation & ?or\gh dige/ion ( ! decomposable wa/es4 ,! activity ( ! bact]ia ( ! soil breaks d[n & m9]alizes ! organic matt] & :5 !re is suffici5t oxyg51 i4 e4 air1 no putrefaction or o!r odors result4 ,success dep5ds ^u ! foll[+ treatm5t3 7#a7 ,! g>bage mu/ n be buri$ s deep t bact]ial activity is r$uc$4 7#b7 ,! g>bage mu/ n be spread 9 a ?ick lay] on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 7#c7 ,! gr\nd mu/ be suffici5tly op5 & dra9$ s t air c p5etrate to a suffici5t dep?4 7#d7 ,! g>bage mu/ n ov]load ! soil1 b mu/ be suffici5tly dilut$ ) e>?1 a%es & rubbi%1 s t putrefaction may take place1 due to ! pres5ce ( an ample supply ( air 9 ! pores ( ! soil4 ,! ,*icago ,wa/e ,commission believes t ?is me?od 8has be5 demon/rat$ to be n only sanit>y1 free f nuisance :5 prop]ly c>ri$ out1 b economical z well40 ,incid5tally1 adds ! ,worce/] ,commission1 x adds valuable taxable prop]ty f :i* ! city subsequ5tly d]ives an income4 ,at ,dav5port1 #a4c cubic y>ds ( mat]ials are requir$ p] ton ( g>bage & ! total co/ ( upkeep1 includ+ r5t ( l&1 labor1 etc41 0 #ej c5ts p] ton4 ,! g>bage is receiv$ & buri$ by "o =eman & ?ree m5 9 summ] & "o =eman & "o man 9 w9t]4 ,! city by ?is me?od is creat+ a valuable riv] front4 ,new ,orleans se$s its dump+ gr\nds z soon z a suffici5t fill$ area is available1 & lat] trims & plants ! l& = use z small p>ks & play gr\nds4 ,! ,heal? ,commission] ( ,seattle1 9 a lett] to ! ,municipal ,eng9e]+ ,j\rnal1 describes ! sy/em & results z foll[s3 8,?is me?od ( fill+ works v satisfactorily 9 ?is climate1 b ,i believe x necess>y to include all wa/e mat]ials1 z a%es1 boxes1 t9 cans1 etc4 ,^! all assi/ oxyg5ation & nitrification4 ,i d n believe pure g>bage c be h&l$ 9 ?is way4 8,we also f9d t x is be/ to keep z little ( ! face ( ! fill expos$ z possible4 ,x is always be/ to keep a man con/antly on ! job1 ^: duty x is to rake d[n to ! bottom ( ! fill all boxes1 r\gh mat]ials1 etc41 ?us leav+ ! a%es to =m a cov]+ on top4 ,:5 ?is is n suffici5t1 we cov] ) a lay] ( e>? ab\t five in*es ?ick4 8,! success lies 9 ! prop] mixtures ( wa/e mat]ials1 & next ! fill mu/ be prop]ly cov]$ to protect f flies4 ,*emicals c also be us$ to protect x4 ,?is cov]+ also prev5ts ! slight s\r odor ( fre% g>bage & by keep+ out ! sunlight1 at ! same "t enc\rages bact]ial gr[? by increas+ ! w>m? inside ! fill4 ,p resid+ )9 "o hundr$ feet ( ^! fills make no compla9t1 b ! public has to be educat$ :5 y fir/ adopt ?is me?od4 ,we aim to fill city prop]ty1 z rav9es1 swampy l&s or docks on ! lake or salt wat] front4 8,our laboratory f9d+s %[ t ! process is simply "o ( sl[ inc9]ation by nature1 in/ead ( ! exp5sive me?od ( burn+ by inc9]ators1 & at ! same "t help prove t !re is no?+ detrim5tal to public heal? 9 ^! fills4 8,we h elev5 fills di/ribut$ ov] our city1 ?us mak+ %ort hauls1 & ^! are tak5 c>e ( by elev5 labor]s dispos+ ( approximately ?ree hundr$ & fifty tons p] day by ?is me?od alone1 :ile "o inc9]ator ) ab\t an equal payroll w only dispose ( sixty to sev5ty-five tons p] day1 runn+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,a fill increases ! value ( prop]ty1 :ile ! refuse f our inc9]ator has to be haul$ away at an add$ co/40 ,aft] spread+1 !re is appli$ to ! g>bage an antiseptic spray ( crude c>bolic acid1 ros9 & cau/ic soda to kill eggs & l>v ( flies1 mosquitoes & o!r insects t might bre$4 ,burial ,g>bage may be buri$ by putt+ x 9 %all[ tr5*es & cov]+ ) ! excavation f ! tr5*es = ! next day's deposit1 or by pl[+ "u4 ,x dige/s & is ?or\ghly tak5 up by or oxidiz$ by ! action ( ! soil4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t = op5 soil #a4e acres are requir$ to h&le ea* daily ton ( g>bage = "o ye>1 ! same soil be+ 9 %ape to re-use aft] two ye>s4 ,= heavy soils & ^? conta9+ clay1 ab\t ?ree acres are requir$ & ?is c be us$ aga9 aft] ?ree ye>s4 ,! ,worce/] ,commission reports t cities :i* h buri$ by pl[+ h exp]i5c$ m ?an occasional nuisance4 ,milwaukee & ,columbus successfully dispos$ ( _! g>bage by bury+ 9 tr5*es1 be=e !y con/ruct$ disposal plants4 ,milwaukee paid =ty c5ts a ton to dispose ( its g>bage by ?is me?od4 ,a summ>y ( ! op9ions indicates t disposal by bury+ :5 prop]ly conduct$ & :5 ! po9t ( disposal is suitably locat$ gives no cause = objection f a sanit>y /&po9t4 ,! pr9cipal objections are ! extremely long haul1 ! am\nt ( l& necess>y & no direct income4 ,9 small communities ?is me?od is entirely satisfactory4 ,x is usually n applicable to l>ge communities4 ,disposal ,plants ,!re are two me?ods ( dispos+ ( g>bage 9 plants--inc9]ation & r$uction4 ,!re is a wide div]sity ( op9ion among exp]ts & city (ficials z to :i* is ! bett] f a sanit>y & f9ancial /&po9t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ne>ly univ]sal op9ion ^u ! foll[+3 #a4 ,t ! rev5ue f ! by-products ( municipally own$ & op]at$ plants w n pay ! comb9$ co/ ( collection & disposal4 #b4 ,t ) only a few exceptions ! rev5ue f ! by-products ( municipally own$ plants does n pay ! co/ ( disposal4 #c4 ,t ! price receiv$ by cities f contractors is1 ) v few exceptions1 n suffici5t to pay ! co/ ( collection4 #d4 ,t ! disposal ( g>bage by ! r$uction process is uneconomical = a city ) a population ( less ?an #ajj1jjj4 ,"s exp]ts increase ! size to #aej1jjj & "o to #bjj1jjj4 #e4 ,t inc9]ation is bett] ?an r$uction = a city ) a population less ?an #ajj1jjj4 ,! r$uction 9 ! p] capita production ( g>bage1 due to less wa/age ( food 9 ! ,am]ican home s9ce ! w>1 may make x necess>y 9 ! future to increase ! size ( ! city :i* c pr(itably employ ! r$uction me?od1 or %\ld use ! r$uction me?od4 ,9 ! report ( ! ,*icago ,wa/e ,commission1 "s g5]al rules are laid d[n = ! design ( a disposal works1 irrespective ( me?od4 ,x says t ! design %\ld p]mit ! plant to be op]at$ z a :ole1 or 9 "p1 s t ea* "p c be op]at$ z an indep5d5t unit4 ,?is w p]mit "o or m p>ts to receive att5tion & be repair$ dur+ ! season :5 ! m9imum quantity ( refuse is to be dispos$ (4 ,! details ( ! plant %\ld be su* z to p]mit cleanl9ess at all times & hos+ & wa%+ s z n to p]mit g>bage du/ or dirt to accumulate1 flies to bre$ & mat]ial to decompose4 ,all mat]ial1 s f> z possible1 %\ld be enclos$ dur+ ! process ( disposal1 & ! odors elim9at$ or conf9$ or deodoriz$4 ,! h&l+ ( mat]ial 9 ! plants1 s f> z possible1 %\ld be elim9at$1 :]e me*anical means c economically be adopt$4 ,special att5tion %\ld be paid to v5tilation & ! elim9ation ( du/ :]e m5 are requir$ to "w4 ,! odors or nuisances caus$ f disposal plants w usually arise f "o or m ( ! foll[+ s\rces3 ,g>bage or refuse1 incomplete combu/ion or combu/ion temp]atures n suffici5t to elim9ate odors1 conge/ion ( c>ts 9 "o locality & creation ( du/4 ,! odors aris+ f raw g>bage :i* are f\nd 9 all plants are mo/ly local & w n create a nuisance a %ort di/ance f ! po9t ( h&l+ & ! h\s+ ( equipm5t us$ 9 haul+4 ,a me?od ( det]m9+ ! k9d ( a plant to be built & op]at$ :i* w meet ) local conditions is describ$ z foll[s by ,rudolph ,h]r+1 sanit>y eng9e]4 8,locate suitable c5tral po9ts :]e inc9]ators c be built conv5i5t = reception ( refuse & deliv]y ( /eam & cl9k]4 ,e/imate annual co/1 includ+ fix$ *>ges & op]ation1 z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ( wagons & o!r means ( collect+ f h\se to works all g>bage1 a%es & rubbi% comb9$2 &1 second1 ( ! works = inc9]ation4 ,! sum ( ^! two e/imat$ co/s w give probable annual co/ ( entire plant f orig9 to f9i%4 ,?is sum mu/ !n be cr$it$ ) ! annual value ( /eam & cl9k]4 ,! result w be ! net annual co/ to ! city ( collect+ & f9ally dispos+ ( ! above p>ts ( g5]al refuse4 8,a4 ,locate suitable place :]e r$uction process c be c>ri$ on economically & conv5i5tly = reception ( g>bage & deliv]y ( products1 ) a capacity to s]ve1 if practicable1 ! entire city4 ,e/imate annual co/1 includ+ fix$ *>ges & op]ation1 z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ( wagons & o!r means ( collect+ ! g>bage f h\se to works2 second1 works = r$uction4 ,! sum ( ^! two e/imat$ co/s w be ! probable annual co/ to ! city ( ! collection & r$uction ( ! g>bage4 ,?is sum mu/ be cr$it$ ) annual value ( products ( r$uction1 z d]iv$ f sale ( oils1 grease & f]tiliz]s4 ,! result w be ! net co/1 p]haps pr(it1 ( dispos+ ( city g>bage4 8,b4 ,locate suitable c5tral po9t :]e inc9]ator c be built1 :i* w be conv5i5t = ! reception ( a%es & rubbi% & ! deliv]y ( /eam & cl9k]4 ,e/imate annual co/1 includ+ fix$ *>ges ( op]ation z above ( ! collection & works = disposal ( a%es & rubbi%1 if ^! are to be inc9]at$ toge!r4 8,if only rubbi% is to be collect$ & deliv]$ = inc9]ation1 !n !re %\ld be add$ ! co/ ( collection & f9al disposal ( a%es by dump+4 ,?is co/ %\ld aga9 be cr$it$ ) annual value ( /eam & cl9k] & p]haps ( l&-mak+ by dump+ ( a%es4 8,by add+ results ( ,a & ,b1 we obta9 ! total net co/ to a city ( collect+ & f9ally dispos+ ( ! above p>ts ( g5]al refuse4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ^! e/imates ( co/1 ( bo? collection & inc9]ation ( g>bage1 a%es & rubbi% z "o project & ( bo? collection & r$uction ( g>bage & ! collection & inc9]ation ( rubbi% & dump+ ( a%es z ! o!r project1 w indicate ! mo/ economical me?od 9 ! city = :i* ^! co/ e/imates h be5 made4 ,x is necess>y to analyze c>efully local conditions to det]m9e ! mo/ economical me?od40 ,inc9]ation ,two k9ds ( plants are us$ = ?is me?od ( disposal--crematories & de/ructors4 ,_m de/ructors are 9 op]ation 9 ,am]ica1 b ( ! crematories :i* h be5 built1 _m h be5 ab&on$4 ,heat = de/ruction mu/ be obta9$ n only f ! g>bage itself1 b also f a%es & o!r combu/ible wa/e4 ,x is "h t ! diff]5ce betwe5 de/ructors & crematories ent]s4 ,9 ! =m]1 heat is obta9$ f ! refuse itself2 9 ! latt]1 g>bage is burn$ at ! exp5se ( coal1 wood or oil4 ,x seems to be ! prevail+ op9ion t 9 ord] to make inc9]ation a success ! mat]ial mu/ be burn$ at a high temp]ature & rapid rate ( combu/ion4 ,morse claims t de/ructors require tw5ty p] c5t4 less area ( gr\nd1 co/ fifte5 p] c5t4 m = boil] & ma*9]y2 t ! con/ruction is m durable2 no addition ( fuel2 t ! gases ( combu/ion are consum$1 & t ?is me?od has by-products ( cl9k] & p[] & de/roys all combu/ible refuse2 & t ! net co/ ( op]ation is less p] ton4 ,crematories1 ,morse says1 require m gr\nd & m "t = disposal1 b co/ less4 ,!y are less durable1 require addition ( fuel1 gases are incompletely de/roy$1 _c develop p[]1 ! residue has no value & !y c burn only g>bage & rubbi%4 ,! gross co/ ( op]ation is a trifle less1 b ! net co/ is m4 ,te/s ( g>bage crematories 9 ,ohio1 accord+ to ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 %[ t 8! plants z op]at$ fail usually to dispose ( ! g>bage at a temp]ature high en\gh to avoid ! production ( odors40 ,?is1 says ,j4 ,t4 ,fe!r/on1 ,commission] ( ,/reet ,clean+ ( ,new ,york ,city1 is significant & conclusive4 ,reg>d+ mix$ refuse de/ruction1 ,fe!r/on says3 8,?ree features may be not$3 ,no add$ fuel is requir$1 /eam p[] is produc$ & q a residue 7cl9k]7 results4 ,comp>$ ) te/s ( g>bage crematories ! av]age de/ructor temp]atures 9 connection ) ! gas analyses indicate fre$om f odor due to unconsum$ gas4 ,?us ! mix$ refuse type ( plant corrects ! inh]5t defects ( ! g>bage crematory40 ,! co/ ( inc9]ation plants dep5ds ^u ! g>bage to be h&l$4 ,! v>i\s inc9]ator companies usually e/imate ! capacity ( ! plant at ab\t "o ton p] #a1jjj population4 ,reports %[ t disposal by inc9]ation 9 ,ohio is conf9$ to cities ( f #bj1jjj to #hj1jjj population1 & t its success has be5 conf9$ to ! v l>ge & to ! r small cities ( ! c\ntry4 ,"s ass]t t x is applicable 9 ! v l>ge cities only :5 ! collection sy/ems are suitable to provide = ! burn+ ( mix$ refuse4 ,9 small cities x is ! cu/om to cremate ! g>bage alone1 ! o!r classes ( wa/e be+ dump$ or buri$4 ,! co/ ( con/ruction1 reports %[1 ranges f #fjj to #a1jjj p] ton capacity4 ,! ,worce/] ,special ,wa/e ,commission says t 8f a calculation bas$ on "s #cj inc9]ators x has be5 f\nd t ! co/ p] ton daily capacity v>ies f #bej to #a1jjj1 ! av]age be+ betwe5 #fjj & #gjj40 ,! by-products are cl9k] & ! /eam g5]at$4 ,rob]t ,w4 ,wylde claims t ! co/ ( op]at+ de/ructors 8is 9 a great measure (fset & frequ5tly q ov]balanc$ by ! rev5ue0 f ! sale ( /eam & cl9k]4 ,"o hundr$ tons ( refuse burn$ dur+ #af h\rs a day produces #hjj eng9e ,h4 ,p4 ,cl9k] f #ajj tons might am\nt to #cj tons p] day & w\ld br+ #a4jj a ton 9 _m localities4 ,ano!r exp]t says t "o p\nd ( refuse has be5 f\nd to produce "o-half to "o & ?ree-f\r?s p\nds ( /eam4 ,! value ( refuse z a fuel is e/imat$ by "o exp]t to be #di c5ts p] ton4 ,! ,*icago ,wa/e ,commission's report po9ts out1 8t exp]i5ce 9 connection ) ! developm5t ( p[] f refuse furnaces demon/rates t x is n easy to f9d an available use :]eby ! p[] c be utiliz$ regul>ly z produc$ & ! furnace op]at$ cont9u\sly4 ,9 ! majority ( plants con/ruct$1 x has n be5 possible to utilize all ! p[] available1 & 9 mo/ cases ! use is limit$ to ! op]ation ( ! plant4 ,:5 p[] develop$ is us$ 9 light+ & p[] /ations1 ! dem& only comes dur+ a "p ( ! day4 ,supplem5t>y coal-fir$ boil]s are usually f\nd 9 connection ) de/ructor-electric light+ /ations1 or else ! de/ructor is mu* l>g] ?an w\ld be requir$ to deal ) ! refuse alone4 ,! p[] produc$ f refuse furnaces w be be/ utiliz$ by "s local indu/ry1 su* z ice-mak+ plants or electro-*emical plants1 :i* require cont9u\s op]ation4 ,:5 p[] is us$ 9 connection ) pump+ plants1 x is f\nd good practise to op]ate ! refuse plant only z an auxili>y to ! p[] plant ( ! pump+ /ation4 ,! sav+ t results or cr$it t c be giv5 ! de/ructor plant w am\nt to ! value ( ! fuel equal to t :i* x requires to produce ! am\nt ( /eam develop$ & us$4 ,! fluctuat+ am\nt ( p[] develop$ 9 mo/ cases c be dep5d$ ^u only = ! av]age m9imum production4 ,9 select+ a site = a refuse disposal plant f :i* p[] is develop$ x is n always pr(itable to utilize ! p[] :]e ! dem& is n con/ant & :]e ! dem& w\ld be con/ant1 suitable sites are n always available40 ,william ,m4 ,v5able1 sanit>y eng9e]1 believes t if a city has a /eam p[] plant1 x w pay1 b x w n pay to build "o = t purpose4 ,9 a suburb ( ,montreal1 ! refuse de/ructor is con/ruct$ 9 connection ) a municipal electric light p[] /ation & p[] is us$ 9 g5]at+ electricity = light+ purposes4 ,! plant is op]at$ only dur+ ! "t :5 light+ load is 9 dem&1 & ! mat]ial z deliv]$ is /or$ dur+ ! day & burn$ at night4 ,only a "p ( ! p[] is furni%$ by ! refuse furnaces1 ! rema9d] be+ obta9$ f a coal-fir$ boil] plant4 ,9 ,savannah1 ,georgia1 ! wat] works boil]s are kept 9 s]vice1 ) bank$ fires1 to use 9 case ( %ortage ( g>bage4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! reports f cities :i* receive a rev5ue f by-products3 ,m9neapolis3 ,! /eam g5]at$ lights & heats hospital & workh\se build+s1 also lights #ca miles ( /reets4 ,e/imat$ annual rev5ue1 heat #f1bic4hi2 light #a1jhj4fb2 /reet lights 7#fj p] arc7 #d1feg4dh2 total1 #ab1jca4ii4 ,bor\gh ( ,ri*mond1 ,new ,york ,city3 ,we/ ,new ,brighton inc9]ator uses cl9k] 9 manufacture ( brick by mix+ cem5t ) gr\nd cl9k]4 ,new ,orleans1 ,la43 ,plans p]fect$ to light /reets & public build+s4 ,claim$ t f #ejj tons ( g>bage daily #cj1jjj1jjj ,k4 ,w4 c be g5]at$ a ye>4 ,savannah1 ,georgia3 ,n9ety-five p] c5t4 ( coal fuel previ\sly us$ at pump+ /ation is n[ sav$ by de/ructor4 ,to op]ate wat] works pump+ /ation x co/ #ha4ij p] day4 ,to op]ate ! /ation & de/ructor x co/s #df4ej p] day1 or a diff]5ce ( #ab1iba p] ye>1 ?is be+ #aj p] c5t4 ( ! co/ ( ! plant4 ,?is is expect$ to provide = repairs & amortization *>ges4 ,besides1 ! city has all ( its refuse dispos$ ( )\t co/ at a c5tral po9t & 9 a sanit>y mann] ) fre$om f nuisance4 ,! cl9k] is us$ = road build+ & is e/imat$ to h a value equal to ! co/ ( haul+ x f ! plant4 ,all reports agree t de/ructors are v successful f a sanit>y /&po9t & h ! advantage ov] o!r me?ods 9 t ! diff]5t classes ( wa/e c be de/roy$ by "o process & ga!r$ 9 "o collection4 ,sev]al also agree t ! de/ructors :5 prop]ly con/ruct$ & op]at$1 may be c5trally locat$1 ?us r$uc+ ! co/ ( haul4 ,ano!r po9t m5tion$ is t !re is "s rev5ue4 ,! disadvantages po9t$ out by exp]ts are t1 if n prop]ly design$ & op]at$1 !re w be du/ & odors1 all refuse mu/ be haul$ to ! plant & exp]t workm5 mu/ be employ$4 ,! co/ ( op]ation v>ies f city to city1 & 9 ea* city f mon? to mon?1 dep5d+ ^u ! season ( ! ye>1 composition ( ! g>bage & climate4 ,mo/ inc9]ator companies gu>antee to op]ate _! furnaces at full capacity at ab\t #ej c5ts p] ton4 ,milwaukee op]ates = ab\t #eg c5ts p] ton4 ,! co/1 includ+ ma9t5ance1 depreciation & fix$ *>ges1 & op]at+ exp5ses1 av]ages #a4ej to #b4ej & sometimes #c4jj p] ton4 ,! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( ,ohio f\nd 9 its inve/igation t inc9]ation co/ f #a4ig to #b4ej 9 ,canton1 ,ohio2 #b4jj to #b4ff 9 ,m>ion2 #a4jj to #a4hd 9 ,/eub5ville2 & #b4eh 9 ,zanesville1 dur+ a p]iod ( sev]al ye>s4 ,^! figures include int]e/1 depreciation1 ma9t5ance & repair *>ges4 ,j4 ,w4 ,turr5t9e1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 :o made a /udy ( g>bage disposal plants1 says 9 a ,dep>tm5t bullet9 t ! av]age net co/ ( inc9]ation p] ton z obta9$ 9 a numb] ( in/ances is #b4aa p] ton1 & t 9 "o ( ! cities consid]$ !re is a cr$it = p[] g5]at$ ( #bb c5ts p] ton ( g>bage inc9]at$4 ,mo/ g>bage inc9]ator manufactur]s claim a life ( #bj ye>s = _! plants ) reasonable r5ewals4 ,morse figures t :5 fuel is necess>y ! co/ ( de/roy+ refuse & g>bage 9 crematories is approximately #ej c5ts p] ton4 ,he also says t ! co/ ( op]at+ de/ructors is f #ej c5ts to #gj c5ts p] ton = actual labor exp5ses1 :ile ! co/ ( op]at+ ! mod]n high-temp]ature de/ructor w n exce$ f #ej c5ts to #fj c5ts p] ton4 ,d$uct+ cr$it = p[]1 ! co/ w drop1 he says1 to #cj c5ts or less p] ton4 ,depreciation & capital exp5ses are n includ$ 9 ,morse's calculations4 ,greeley ass]ts t ! co/ ( op]ation w range f ab\t #a4jj to #a4ej p] ton1 8b local conditions may alt] ^! limits40 ,c4 ,o4 ,b>tlett1 sanit>y eng9e]1 says3 8,s f> z disposal ( g>bage is conc]n$1 9 inc9]ators1 x is com+ to be g5]ally und]/ood t ?is me?od is f> f sanit>y & is ess5tially wrong 9 t x neglects to obta9 ! value = ! products s collect$40 ,rudolph ,h]r+1 ,sanit>y ,exp]t1 says3 8,9 inc9]ation1 if suffici5t fuel is add$1 ! combu/ion c be made p]fect & ! g>bage c be de/roy$ )\t (f5se & conv]t$ into inodor\s gases1 a%es & cl9k]4 ,:atev] sanit>y objection has be5 made to ?is process has result$ f prev5table causes4 ,unless a%es & rubbi% are comb9$ ) g>bage 9 suffici5t quantities to produce ! necess>y heat1 ! /eam production is defici5t & o!r fuel mu/ be add$40 ,rob]t ,h4 ,wylde favors inc9]ation at a high temp]ature3 8,"h we h a me?od t is at once sanit>y1 exp$iti\s & economical 9 fir/ co/ & ma9t5ance40 ,he also says t ?is me?od is free f nuisance1 ! plant may be c5trally locat$1 co/ ( collection m9imiz$ ow+ to ! relative %ortness ( hauls1 n necess>y to ma9ta9 a sep>ate collection1 nor is !re any necessity to keep refuse 9 sep>ate cans4 ,w4 ,f4 ,goodri*1 ,sanit>y ,exp]t1 ma9ta9s t mod]n de/ructors are p]fectly satisfactory & t !re may be no fe> ( nuisance :]ev] !y are locat$4 ,he ma9ta9s t x %\ld be ! aim ( (ficials to utilize ! p[] produc$ = ! be/ int]e/s ( ! community4 ,william ,m4 ,v5able believes t cities ( f #aj1jjj to #dj1jjj population %\ld burn g>bage & refuse1 ! problem to be solv$ be+ ! advisability ( attempt+ to utilize ! heat g5]at$ by burn+4 ,r$uction ,:5 ! r$uction me?od is us$ only g>bage & dead animals c be de/roy$1 b :5 ^! k9ds ( wa/es are brok5 d[n by means ( heat1 valuable by-products are recov]$4 ,?is may be done 9 two ways1 ! processes be+ kn[n z cook+1 or dige/or sy/em1 & dry+4 ,9 ! fir/1 g>bage is cook$ 9 l>ge clos$ retorts by means ( /eam "u pressure4 ,x is !n press$1 leav+ grease & a dry cake kn[n z tankage1 :i* is us$ = f]tiliz]4 ,9 ! dry+ me?od ! grease is extract$ by "s volatile solv5t l naph?a4 ,! relative advantages ( ^! two me?ods is disput$4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! majority ( plants are op]at$ by ! cook+ or dige/or me?od4 ,)9 ! la/ ye> or two a new r$uction process has be5 evolv$4 ,! raw g>bage is plac$ 9 seal$1 air-tight tanks ) jacket$ walls & bottom4 ,! solv5t is pump$ into ! r$uc] & /eam admitt$ to ! jacket$ walls4 ,! heat causes ! evaporation ( ! solv5t & ! wat] 9 ! g>bage4 ,:5 ! g>bage has be5 dri$1 ! solv5t is pump$ into ! r$uc] & dissolves ! grease4 ,9 an evaporator ! solv5t is vaporiz$ & c>ri$ to a cond5s] :]e x is aga9 liquefi$ & !n convey$ to /orage tanks4 ,aft] ! extraction ( ! grease1 ! g>bage is fur!r dri$ by /eam1 & z tankage1 is us$ = f]tiliz]4 ,! *ief advantage claim$ = ?is sy/em is t x is odorless4 ,! co/ ( plant op]ation is mu* great] ?an t ( ! dige/or sy/em1 b ! value ( ! recov]$ products is consid]ably great]4 ,plants ( ?is type are be+ op]at$ 9 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal41 & 9 ,new ,b$=d1 ,mass4 ,! plant n[ be+ con/ruct$ = h&l+ ! g>bage ( ,new ,york ,city w also employ ?is new process4 ,c4 ,o4 ,b>tlett1 ,sanit>y ,exp]t1 says t ! cook+ me?od does n p]mit ( ! recov]y ( any consid]able portion ( grease1 b does provide = ! ret5tion ( mo/ ( ! solids 9 dry =m1 aft] :i* !y may be gr\nd up to s]ve z a base = f]tiliz]s4 ,he also says t x is op5 to "s objection on acc\nt ( escap+ gases f ! /ack unless !re are suffici5t scrubb]s4 ,irw9 ,s4 ,osborn1 sanit>y eng9e]1 sums up z foll[s ! advantages & disadvantages ( ea* process3 ,dry+ ,process ,advantages4--,co/ ( plant is less1 due to equipm5t & space requir$2 ! op]at+ co/s are less1 due to am\nt ( labor & p[] requir$4 ,disadvantage4--,c>boniz+ ( ! grease 9 ! dry]1 due to high temp]ature requir$1 s t ! maximum am\nt ( grease is n recov]$2 ! mat]ial is n brok5 d[n s t solv5t w act z readily on grease p>ticles to all[ maximum recov]y2 ! me*anical condition ( by-products is n z desirable )\t additional treatm5t2 !re is a great] volume ( gases to be deodoriz$4 ,cook+ ,process ,advantages4--,! cells ( ! mat]ial are m completely brok5 d[n s t a l>g] am\nt ( grease c be m readily recov]$2 all mat]ial is enclos$ dur+ ! process s t ! gases are m readily deodoriz$ ) less volume to be deodoriz$2 9 ! mod]n plants ! me*anical condition ( ! by-products is bett]4 ,disadvantages4--,increas$ fix$ co/ ( build+ & equipm5t2 increas$ op]at+ co/2 increas$ ma9t5ance co/4 ,osborn believes t by-products produc$ by ei!r me?od h ! same relative m>ket value4 ,9 plants t h be5 op]at$ by bo? me?ods1 ! exp]i5ce has be5 t ! additional am\nt ( grease recov]$ by ! cook+ me?od has m ?an (fset ! increas$ co/s & at ! same "t ! odors 7 elim9at$ to a l>g] ext5t4 ,9 e/abli%+ a r$uction plant1 ,rudolph ,h]r+ says t ! great fe> is creat+ a nuisance4 ,he fur!r ass]ts t1 ow+ to unpleasant odors apt to arise at ! works1 x is necess>y to h good v5tilation & also a subsequ5t treatm5t ( "s ( ! vapors & liquids :i* result f ! process4 ,^! cont+5cies make x advisable1 he ?9ks1 to locate ! plant 9 a neighborhood :]e ! possibility ( occasional unpleasant odors w n mat]ially injure value ( adjo9+ prop]ty4 ,! ,*icago ,wa/e ,commission gives ?is sugge/ion z a solution ( ! odor problem3 8,9 addition to ! /eam & electrical p[] t c be furni%$ f a de/ructor plant to op]ate a r$uction plant1 ! exhau/+ ( all gases c>ry+ odors f ! r$uction works & pass+ !m ?r\gh ! de/ructor w\ld prove "o ( ! greate/ advantages f a sanit>y & economical /&po9t to be d]iv$ f a comb9$ me?od ( disposal ( all municipal wa/es40 ,osborn says3 8,economical results may be obta9$ by utilization ( heat 9 ! disposal ( g>bage mix$ ) o!r refuse1 by burn+1 b to prove satisfactory ! maximum sanit>y results mu/ be obta9$ at a m9imum co/1 & :5 ! quantity is su* t x w w>rant utilization ! r$uction me?od w cont9ue to %[ m economical results1 & ) prop] att5tion giv5 to details & sanit>y features ! "w c be conduct$ )\t nuisance40 ,r$uction is a me?od :i* c be adopt$ only by l>ge cities4 ,x seems to be usually agre$ t cities ) less ?an #ajj1jjj population & produc+ less ?an #ge tons ( g>bage daily w f9d ! r$uction process w n pay z a bus9ess v5ture4 ,"o writ] says 9 no place ( less ?an #aej1jjj population c ^! k9d ( plants be op]at$ successfully4 ,v5able places ! m9imum population at #ajj1jjj4 ,he says t z approximately #hj p] c5t4 to #ij p] c5t4 ( kit*5 g>bage is wat] & only #aj p] c5t4 to #bj p] c5t4 is compos$ ( grease & o!r sub/ances x takes a l>ge am\nt ( g>bage to make r$uction plants pr(itable4 ,! co/ ( a r$uction plant w range f #a1ejj to #c1jjj p] ton daily capacity1 accord+ to publi%$ reports4 ,! gross co/ ( g>bage de/ruction by ! r$uction me?od v>ies f #a4ej to #b4ej p] ton ( raw g>bage4 ,9 only a few in/ances does ! sale ( ! by-products meet or exce$ exp5ses4 ,9 a majority ( cases1 ! process is c>ri$ on by private companies1 ! mo/ be+ subsidiz$ by cities to am\nts v>y+ f #ej c5ts to #b4ej p] ton4 ,a few companies pay ! city = all g>bage deliv]$ to ! plant4 ,! by-products ( ! r$uction me?od are grease & tankage4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ord9>y g>bage conta9s f #b p] c5t4 to #c p] c5t4 by weight ( grease & mu/ yield f #bjj to #djj p\nds ( tankage p] ton4 ,columbus1 ,ohio1 has be5 conduct+ exp]im5ts 9 mak+ alcohol f gre5 g>bage & its reports indicate t cities hav+ r$uction plants may produce ano!r by-product f _! wa/e4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on = "s "t "u ! direction ( ! assi/ant sup]9t5d5t 9 coop]ation ) ,dr4 ,james ,j4 ,morgan1 a ,*icago *emi/ :o has pat5t$ a process ( di/ill+ ! alcohol f *emically-treat$ g>bage4 ,x requires only a slight addition to ! pres5t processes ( ! plant4 ,! g>bage is treat$ ) a two p] c5t4 solution ( sulphuric acid = cook+1 !n ) lime & f9ally ) yea/ = f]m5tation4 ,! claim is made t ! am\nt ( grease & tankage is n r$uc$ by ! process1 & x is e/imat$ t e ton ( g>bage w yield ab\t six gallons ( alcohol4 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,division ( ,g>bage & ,refuse ,disposal 9 ,novemb]1 #aiag1 in=m$ ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bureau ( ,municipal ,in=mation t ! f9al report on ! exp]im5t 80 favorable to ! process1 b our city c\ncil did n see fit to au?orize ! in/allation ( ! necess>y equipm5t = ! process40 ,j4 ,w4 ,turr5t9e says t on a basis ( figures obta9$ 9 ! op]ation ( a numb] ( r$uction plants1 x is %[n t ! av]age co/ ( r$uction is #b4da p] ton1 & ! gross receipts #c4cj p] ton1 giv+ a pr(it ( #hi c5ts p] ton raw g>bage4 ,he ass]ts t :5 consid]ation ( co/ ( collection is exclud$1 ! r5d]+ ( g>bage is di/9ctly m pr(itable ?an inc9]ation4 ,clevel& & ,columbus h be5 ! cities mo/ successful 9 op]at+ municipal r$uction plants4 ,9 "o ye> ! ,columbus plant receiv$ #ba1fbh4ig tons ( g>bage1 or #baa p\nds ( g>bage p] capita4 ,f ?is & ! #ahc l>ge dead animals receiv$1 ! actual production 0 z foll[s3 ,grease1 #a1ahf1ihe p\nds2 tankage1 #a1gec tons2 hides1 #ahc4 ,! value ( ^! by-products 73 ,grease1 #eg1fgb4ba2 tankage1 #ab1ihg4hd2 hides1 #a1jfb4cj1 or a total ( #ff1ggb4ce4 ,ea* ton ( g>bage produc$ #ed4hg p\nds ( grease & #afb4a p\nds ( tankage4 ,! grease value p] ton ( g>bage 0 #b1dce2 ! tankage1 #fj c5ts1 & ! hides #e c5ts1 or a total ( #c1jhe p] ton ( g>bage4 ,! actual co/ ( op]ation 0 #dj1bbj4gh or #a1hei p] ton4 ,! net pr(its 7 #bf1ejb4eg or #a4bbf p] ton ( g>bage4 ,clevel& 9 "o ye> produc$ #b1idj1jjj p\nds ( grease & #aj1jaf1jjj p\nds ( tankage1 ! city receiv+ = !m #aea1afb4dh4 ,?is r$uction co/ p] ton ( gre5 g>bage 0 #a4ig & ! e>n+s p] ton ( gre5 g>bage 0 #c4dg1 mak+ ! net e>n+s p] ton ( g>bage #a4di4 ,new ,york ,city is sell+ its g>bage to a private company4 ,x made a contract = #aiad to #aiaf1 inclusive1 & ! "r to r5ew ! contract = two m ye>s on ! same t]ms & conditions4 ,! city receives at ! rate ( #fb1ejj = ! fir/1 #hg1ejj = ! second1 & #aab1ejj = ! ?ird & ea* ( ! succe$+ two ye>s4 ,plans are n[ be+ made to op]ate a municipal plant4 ,table ,,vii ,,me?ods ,,& ,,co/ ,,( ,,dispos+ ,,( ,,g>bage ,"n ,me?od ( ,by ,:om ,done ,city ,own ,city ,is ,disposal ,dump8 ,if ,n1 ,own f>m ,annual ,r5tal ,f>m ,r5t$ & by ,hogs8 ,city8 ,new ,york ,r$uction4 ,contract4 ,city#ed ,build+ municipal plant4 ,buffalo ,dump+ & ,contract4 ,"s ( !m4 ,inc9]ation4 ,ro*e/] ,r$uction4 ,contract4 ,city has decid$ to own its plant4 ,albany ,f$ to pigs4 ,contract4 ,no4 ,no4 ,b+hamton ,fe$+ & ,private ,no4 ,no4 burn+4 sanit>y companies4 ,s*5ectady ,r$uction4 ,city4 ,syracuse ,r$uction4 ,contract1 plann+ municipal op]ation4 ,troy ,dump+4 ,contract4 #ab1jjj ,yonk]s ,inc9]ation4 ,city4 ,utica ,r$uction4 ,contract4 ,new ,ro*elle ,inc9]ation4 ,wat]t[n ,fe$+ to ,no4 ,no4 pigs4 ,auburn ,dump+ & pl\gh+ "u4 ,beacon ,dump+ = ,no4 ,no fill4 r5tal4 ,me*anicville,dump+ = ,contract4 ,no4 ,no fill4 r5tal4 ,dunkirk ,fe$+ & ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 pl\gh+ "u4 ,s>atoga ,dump+4 #ej p] yr4 ,middlet[n ,dump+ = ,no4 fill4 ,k+/on ,dump+4 ,no4 ,jame/[n ,pl\gh+ ,contract4 ,no4 "u4 ,fulton ,dump+ = ,yes4 fill4 ,port ,j]vis ,dump+4 ,contract4 ,no4 ,elmira ,inc9]ation ,dump+ only,no4 #cjj4 & dump+4 by city4 ,salamanca ,dump+4 ,city4 ,rome ,dump+4 ,niag>a ,falls,dump+ 9 riv]4 ,cortl& ,dump+4 ,contract4 ,no4 ,cohoes ,dump+4 ,own$ by contractor4 ,plattsburgh ,dump+ on l& ,"o dump4 & 9 wat]4 ,i?aca ,dump+ = ,city4 ,"s4 ,no fill4 r5tal4 ,olean ,fe$+ to ,no4 ,no4 hogs4 ,john/[n ,dump+4 ,no4 #ajj p] ye>4 ,ogd5sburg ,dump+4 ,glov]sville ,dump+4 ,contract4 ,yes4 ,hudson ,fe$+ to ,contract4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 hogs4 ,little ,falls ,fe$+ to ,contract4 ,no4 ,no4 hogs4 ,nor? ,pl\gh$ "u4,contract4 ,no4 ,no ,tonaw&a r5tal4 ,newburgh ,fe$+ & ,contract4 ,no4 ,no4 pl\gh+ "u4 ,norwi* ,dump+4 ,no4 #ej4 ,m\nt ,v]non ,fe$+ & ,contract4 ,contractor ,no4 ,no4 dump+ = r5ts x4 fill4 ,lockport ,fe$+ & ,city4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,no4 dump+4 ,hornell ,fe$+ & ,city4 ,no4 #ej4 ,no4 ,no4 pl\gh+ "u4 ,r5ssela] ,fe$+ & ,city4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,no4 dump+4 ,batavia ,dump+ & ,city4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,no4 fe$+4 ,tonaw&a ,fe$+ & ,contract4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 dump+4 ,corn+ ,fe$+ to ,contract4 ,contractor ,no4 ,no4 hogs4 owns f>m4 ,oswego ,dump+ on l&4 ,can&aigua ,fe$+ to ,private ,no4 ,no4 hogs4 company4 ,bor\gh ( ,crematories1 ,crematories ,no4 ,que5s dump+ & & dumps r$uction4 by city4 ,r$uction by contract4 ,am/]dam ,inc9]ation4 ,city4 ,p\ghkeepsie ,dump+4 ,city4 ,no4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,inc9]ation4 ,contract4 ,columbus1 ,r$uction4 ,city4 ,ohio ,c9c9nati1 ,r$uction4 ,contract4 ,o4 ,milwaukee1 ,inc9]ation4 ,city4 ,wis4 ,detroit1 ,r$uction4 ,contract4 ,mi*4 ,wa%+ton1 ,r$uction4 ,contract4 ,d4 ,c4 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,r$uction4 ,contract4 ,mo4 ,lawr5ce1 ,fe$+ to ,two ,mass4 pigs4 loads daily s5t to ,poor ,f>m4 ,re/ sold4 ,new ,orleans1 ,dump+ = ,city4 ,yes4 ,la4 fill4 ,h>t=d1 ,fe$+ to pigs,city4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,conn4 & burn$4 ,baltimore1 ,r$uction4 ,contract4 ,md4 ,bridgeport1 ,r$uction4 ,contract4 ,conn ,clevel&1 ,o4,r$uction4 ,city4 ,l[ell1 ,mass4,f$ to pigs4 ,cambridge1 ,f$ to pigs4 ,mass4 ,l\isville1 ,dump+4 ,no4 ,ky4 ,pittsburgh1 ,r$uction4 ,contract4 ,pa4 ,d5v]1 ,col4 ,f$ to hogs4 ,contract4 ,no4 ,savannah1 ,ga4,inc9]ation4 ,city4 ,*icago1 ,ill4,r$uction & ,city4 inc9]ation4 ,kansas ,city1 ,f$ to pigs4 ,contract4 ,no4 ,mo4 ,bo/on1 ,mass4,r$uction4 ,contract4 ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,f$ to pigs4 ,gr& ,rapids1,f$ to pigs4 ,no4 ,mi*4 ,m9neapolis1 ,inc9]ation4 ,city4 ,m9n4 ,/4 ,paul1 ,f$ to hogs4 ,no4 ,m9n4 ,j]sey ,city1 ,dump+ = ,contract4 ,n4 ,j4 fill4 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,burial4 ,j4 ,pat]son1 ,n4 ,inc9]ation4 ,city4 ,j4 ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,inc9]ation4 ,city4 ,j4 ,dayton1 ,o4 ,r$uction4 ,city4 ,provid5ce1 ,f$ to pigs4 ,no4 ,r4 ,i4 ,*>le/on1 ,dump+4 ,s4 ,c4 ,na%ville1 ,fe$+ to ,t5n4 hogs4 ,seattle1 ,dump+ = ,city4 ,wa%4 fill4 ,spokane1 ,inc9]ation4 ,city4 ,wa%4 ,oakl&1 ,cal4,dump+ 9 ,contract4 ocean & inc9]ation4 ,new ,b$=d1 ,r$uction4 ,contract4 ,mass4 ,spr+field1 ,r$uction4 ,contract4 ,mass4 ,portl&1 ,inc9]ation4 ,city4 ,ore4 ,philadelphia1,r$uction & ,contract4 ,pa4 fe$+ to pigs4 ,scranton1 ,pa4,inc9]ation4 ,city4 ,read+1 ,pa4 ,inc9]ation4 ,city4 ,ri*mond1 ,va4,inc9]ation4 ,city4 ,los ,angeles1 ,r$uction & ,contract4 ,cal4 fe$+ to pigs4 ,san ,r$uction4 ,contract4 ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4,r$uction4 ,contract4 ,indianapolis1,r$uction4 ,contract4 ,ind4 ,tol$o1 ,o4 ,worce/]1 ,fe$+ to ,city4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,mass4 pigs4 ,new ,hav51 ,fe$+ to pigs ,yes4 ,conn4 & compo/+4 ,birm+ham1 ,dump+ on ,city4 ,ala4 l&4 ,memphis1 ,inc9]ation ,city4 ,yes4 ,t5n4 & dumps4 ,omaha1 ,neb4 ,fe$+ to ,no4 pigs4 ,fall ,riv]1 ,fe$+ to ,contract4 ,no4 ,mass4 pigs4 ,"n ,k9d ( ,plant ,capacity ,:5 ,design ,built ,new ,york ,r$uction4 #b1jjj tons4#ahif ,arnold4 ,city#ed ,buffalo ,inc9]ation4 #dj tons4 #aijc ,he5an- ,fr\de4 ,ro*e/] ,r$uction4 #aijg ,g5esee ,r$uction ,co4 ,albany ,b+hamton ,s*5ectady ,r$uction4 #cj tons4 #aiad ,*amb]la94 ,syracuse ,troy ,yonk]s ,inc9]ation4 #i tons4 #ahci ,n4 ,y4 ,g>bage ,crematory4 ,utica ,r$uction4 ,new ,ro*elle #aiag ,morse- ,b\lg]4 ,wat]t[n ,auburn ,beacon ,me*anicville ,dunkirk ,s>atoga ,middlet[n ,k+/on ,jame/[n ,fulton ,port ,j]vis ,elmira ,inc9]ation4 ,uses ab\t #aijf half city g>bage4 ,salamanca ,rome ,niag>a ,falls ,cortl& ,cohoes ,plattsburgh ,i?aca ,olean ,john/[n ,ogd5sburg ,glov]sville ,hudson ,little ,falls ,nor? ,tonaw&a ,newburgh ,norwi* ,m\nt ,v]non ,lockport ,hornell ,r5ssela] ,batavia ,tonaw&a ,corn+ ,oswego ,can&aigua ,bor\gh ( #c crematories4 #cj #aijj ,que5s tons4#eg ,am/]dam ,p\ghkeepsie ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,inc9]ation4 #bej tons4 #aiac ,de/ructor ,co4 ,columbus1 ,r$uction4 #bjj tons4 #aiaj ,ohio ,c9c9nati1 ,r$uction4 ,he5an- ,o4 ,fr\de4 ,milwaukee1 ,inc9]ation4 #cjj tons4 #aiaj ,wis4 ,detroit1 ,r$uction4 ,detroit ,mi*4 ,r$uction ,co4 ,wa%+ton1 ,r$uction4 #aijj ,arnold4 ,d4 ,c4 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,r$uction4 #djj tons4 #aiac ,mo4 ,lawr5ce1 ,mass4 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,bridgeport1 ,r$uction4 #fj tons4 #aiaj ,conn ,clevel&1 ,o4,r$uction4 #cjj tons4 #aije ,newburgh ,r$uction ,co4 ,l[ell1 ,mass4 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,l\isville1 ,ky4 ,pittsburgh1 ,r$uction4 ,pa4 ,d5v]1 ,col4 ,savannah1 ,ga4,inc9]ation4 #acj tons4 #aiad ,he5an- ,fr\de4 ,*icago1 ,ill4,r$uction4 #ijj tons4 #aiac ,arnold4 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,bo/on1 ,mass4,r$uction4 ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*4 ,m9neapolis1 ,inc9]ation4 #aije ,dec>ie4 ,m9n4 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 ,j]sey ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pat]son1 ,n4 ,inc9]ation4 #fj tons4 #aiab ,de/ruction ,j4 ,co4 ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,inc9]ation4 #fe tons4 #aija ,davis4 ,j4 ,dayton1 ,o4 ,r$uction4 #abe tons4 #aiae ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c4 ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,seattle1 ,wa%4 ,spokane1 ,inc9]ation4 #abj tons4 #aijh ,dec>ie4 ,wa%4 ,oakl&1 ,cal4,inc9]ation4 #ajj tons4 #aijg ,dec>ie4 ,new ,b$=d1 ,r$uction4 #cj tons4 #aije ,mass4 ,spr+field1 ,r$uction4 #ge tons4 #aiac ,mass4 ,portl&1 ,inc9]ation4 #aej tons4 #aiaj ,f4 ,p4 ,smi? ,ore4 ,philadelphia1,r$uction4 #ejj tons4 ,pa4 ,scranton1 ,pa4,inc9]ation4 #hj tons4 ,lewis ,kit*5 ,co4 ,read+1 ,pa4 ,inc9]ation4 #ajj tons4 #aiad ,ri*mond1 ,va4,inc9]ation4 #ajj tons4 #aiaj ,morse1 ,b\lg] ,dec>ie4 ,los ,angeles1 ,r$uction4 #cjj tons4 #aiae ,cal4 ,san ,r$uction4 #gej tons4 #ahig ,*as4 ,francisco1 ,?ack]y ,cal4 pat5ts4 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,tol$o1 ,o4 ,worce/]1 ,mass4 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,birm+ham1 ,ala4 ,memphis1 ,inc9]ation4 #ej tons4 ,t5n4 ,omaha1 ,neb4 ,fall ,riv]1 ,mass4 ,"n ,any ,odor8 ,annual ,co/ ,by- ,:at is ,done ( ,products ) ,by- ,op]ation ,products ,new ,york ,grease & ,city#ed tankage4 ,buffalo ,ro*e/] ,grease & tankage4 ,albany ,b+hamton ,s*5ectady ,yes4 #bg1jjj4jj,tankage ,sold4 & grease4 ,syracuse ,at times4 ,troy ,yonk]s ,no4 #c1chj4ej ,utica ,v little4 ,grease4 ,sold = soap1 residue us$ = fuel4 ,new ,ro*elle ,wat]t[n ,auburn ,beacon ,me*anicville ,dunkirk ,s>atoga ,middlet[n ,k+/on ,jame/[n ,fulton ,port ,j]vis ,elmira ,no4 ,none4 ,salamanca ,rome ,niag>a ,falls ,cortl& ,cohoes ,plattsburgh ,i?aca ,olean ,john/[n ,ogd5sburg ,glov]sville ,hudson ,little ,falls ,nor? ,tonaw&a ,newburgh ,norwi* ,m\nt ,v]non ,lockport ,hornell ,r5ssela] ,batavia ,tonaw&a ,corn+ ,oswego ,can&aigua ,bor\gh ( 4#afa cu4 ,que5s yd4#eh ,am/]dam ,p\ghkeepsie ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,none f #be p] ton,c9d]s4 ,dump$4 op]ation4 ,columbus1 ,slight4 #a4hf;,grease1 ,sold4 ,ohio tankage1 hides4 ,c9c9nati1 ,n #ej feet #fh1hib4de;,electric ,op]ates ,o4 outside p[]4 pump+ wall /ation4 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,wa%+ton1 #dj miles f ,grease &,sold4 ,d4 ,c4 city4 tankage4 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,occasionally ,grease &,sold4 ,mo4 tankage4 ,lawr5ce1 ,mass4 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,bridgeport1 ,occasionally4 ,conn ,clevel&1 ,o4,v little4 #acb1hij4jj;,grease &,sold4 tankage4 ,l[ell1 ,mass4 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,l\isville1 ,ky4 ,pittsburgh1 ,yes4 ,pa4 ,d5v]1 ,col4 ,savannah1 ,ga4,no4 4#faeef,/eam & ,us$ on cl9k]4 roads4 ,*icago1 ,ill4,v little4 ,dri$ ,sold4 g>bage4 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*4 ,m9neapolis1 ,no4 ,p[]4 ,heats ,m9n4 build+s1 lights build+s & /reets4 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 ,j]sey ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pat]son1 ,n4 ,no4 ,none4 ,j4 ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,no4 ,only ,none4 ,j4 a%es4 ,dayton1 ,o4 ,slight4 ,grease &,sold4 tankage4 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c4 ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,seattle1 ,wa%4 ,spokane1 ,no4 ,a%es4 ,sold4 ,wa%4 ,oakl&1 ,cal4 ,new ,b$=d1 ,no4 ,mass4 ,spr+field1 ,"s4 ,mass4 ,portl&1 ,no4 ,ore4 ,philadelphia1,yes4 ,grease & ,pa4 tankage4 ,scranton1 ,pa4,no4 4#bh;,a%es4 ,sold4 ,read+1 ,pa4 ,no4 ,ri*mond1 ,va4 ,los ,angeles1 ,no4 ,grease & ,cal4 tankage4 ,san ,mu*4 ,none4 ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,tol$o1 ,o4 ,worce/]1 ,manure &,sold4 ,mass4 hogs4 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,birm+ham1 ,ala4 ,memphis1 ,yes1 at #cj to #dj ,t5n4 times4 ,omaha1 ,neb4 ,fall ,riv]1 ,mass4 ,"n ,annual ,net ,co/ ( ,disposal#ec ,net ,pr(it ,rev5ue f ,by- ,products ,p] ,ton ,ye> ,new ,york #aab1ejj a yr4 ,city#ed ,buffalo #a4be ,ro*e/] ,albany ,b+hamton ,s*5ectady #c1jjj4jj #aj4bc #cd1bjj4jj ,syracuse ,troy ,yonk]s #a4dj #c1hhj4ej ,utica #d1ajj4jj ,new ,ro*elle ,wat]t[n ,auburn ,beacon ,me*anicville ,dunkirk ,s>atoga ,middlet[n ,k+/on ,jame/[n ,fulton #fjj4jj ,port ,j]vis #ifj4jjee ,elmira ,salamanca ,rome ,niag>a ,falls ,cortl& #bjj4jjef ,cohoes ,plattsburgh ,i?aca ,olean ,john/[n ,ogd5sburg ,glov]sville ,hudson ,little ,falls ,nor? ,tonaw&a ,newburgh ,norwi* ,m\nt ,v]non ,lockport ,hornell ,r5ssela] ,batavia ,tonaw&a ,corn+ ,oswego ,can&aigua ,bor\gh ( ,que5s ,am/]dam ,p\ghkeepsie ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,none4 #ei #ei #ei ,columbus1 #ff1ggb4ce #a4bbf p] ton ,ohio ,c9c9nati1 #aj1jjj4jja4bffj ,o4 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,detroit1 ,city pays no?+4 ,mi*4 ,wa%+ton1 #b4cafa #a4hi p] ,d4 ,c4 ton#fb ,/4 ,l\is1 4#hgfc ,mo4 ,lawr5ce1 #a4be a load4 ,mass4 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,baltimore1 #fh1jjj4jjfd ,md4 ,bridgeport1 #ejfd ,conn ,clevel&1 ,o4#aie1jjj4jj #a4di p] ton ,l[ell1 ,mass4 #e1iai4gg ,cambridge1 #ae1jjj4jjfe ,mass4 ,l\isville1 ,ky4 ,pittsburgh1 #b4be #bij1jjj4jj ,pa4 ,d5v]1 ,col4 ,free4 ,savannah1 ,ga4 4#cf ,*icago1 ,ill4 #add1gdd4jj ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 #ibe1cah4efff ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,gr& ,rapids1 #de p] ton4 ,mi*4 ,m9neapolis1 #bg1jjj4jj 4#he #af1jjj4jj ,m9n4 ,/4 ,paul1 #hj p] ton4 ,m9n4 ,j]sey ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pat]son1 ,n4 4#hggfg #i1ebg4db #a4ah ,j4 ,tr5ton1 ,n4 4#dhfi #g1ajh4cgfi ,j4 ,dayton1 ,o4 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c4 ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,seattle1 ,wa%4 ,spokane1 #e4jj 4#fj ,wa%4 ,oakl&1 ,cal4 4#fj ,new ,b$=d1 #be1ejj4jj ,mass4 ,spr+field1 #fh #fh #fh ,mass4 ,portl&1 #cdef p] 4#cdfi ,ore4 ton4 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,scranton1 ,pa4 ,read+1 ,pa4 #a4jjgj ,ri*mond1 ,va4 ,los ,angeles1 #ea p] ton ,cal4 = r$uction1 #a = fe$+4 ,san 4#fjga ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,tol$o1 ,o4 ,worce/]1 #ch1hch4fg ,mass4 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,birm+ham1 ,ala4 ,memphis1 ,t5n4 ,omaha1 ,neb4 ,fall ,riv]1 ,no ,mass4 exp5se4 ,gl5s ,falls & ,oneonta1 ,n4 ,y41 report t !y h no sy/ems4 ----- ,footnote #ec3 ,a ,includes int]e/1 depreciation1 ma9t5ance & repair *>ges4 ,footnote #ed3 ,manhattan1 ,bronx & ,brooklyn ,bor\ghs only4 ,footnote #ee3 ,collection & disposal4 ,footnote #ef3 ,no co/ = sup]9t5d5ce1 man receiv+ salable rubbi% = 8 pay4 ,footnote #eg3 ,eight-h\r capacity4 ,footnote #eh3 ,includes ma9t5ance & repair *>ges1 & is = crematories only4 ,footnote #ei3 ,plant n yet "u control ( city1 c\rt action p5d+4 ,footnote #fj3 ,labor & supply4 ,footnote #fa3 ,gross4 ,footnote #fb3 ,e/imat$4 ,footnote #fc3 ,contract price4 ,footnote #fd3 ,price paid by city4 ,footnote #fe3 ,city sells = #gj p] cord ft4 ,footnote #ff3 ,includes collection4 ,footnote #fg3 ,labor only4 ,footnote #fh3 ,city may buy plant at end ( t5 ye>s = #ej1jjj1 at end ( tw5ty ye>s x becomes prop]ty ( city free ( co/4 ,footnote #fi3 ,does n include int]e/ & depreciation4 ,footnote #gj3 ,fuel & wages4 ,footnote #ga3 ,price paid r$uction company by scav5g]s4 ,footnote #gb3 ,gu>ante$4 ,,c>e ,,& ,,disposal ,,( ,,manure ,,regulations ,,9 ,,_m ,,am]ican ,,cities--,,provisions ,,= ,,/or+ ,,& ,,remov+ ,,! ,,wa/e--,,c>e ,,( ,,/ables ,"s cities h made v /r+5t regulations = ! c>e1 collection & disposal ( /able manure )9 _! limits2 o!rs are n s exact+ & _m h n z yet giv5 any ?\ght to ! subject1 or if !y h no municipal laws h be5 enact$4 ,! importance ( municipal regulation is recogniz$ by all sanit>ians1 & especially s9ce ! h\se fly has be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ! *ief spread]s ( disease4 ,if = no o!r reason ?an to elim9ate ! greate/ bre$+ place ( ! fly1 /able manure %\ld be prop]ly c>$ =1 & /ables & o!r places :]e animals are kept 9 cities %\ld be clean4 ,! regulations ( mo/ cities require ! individual to dispose ( ! manure on ! premises he owns or occupies4 ,only a few cities h a municipal collection sy/em or h ! "w done "u contract4 ,9 ^? cities :]e g>d5]s & f>m]s are p]mitt$ to collect ! wa/e volunt>ily no tr\ble has be5 exp]i5c$ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s :5 ! f>m] is n busy on ! soil1 b dur+ ! spr+ & summ]1 :5 ! ne$ ( cleanl9ess is greate/1 b :5 ! f>m] is too busy plant+ & h>ve/+1 ! collection is neglect$4 ,m9neapolis is "o ( ! cities :i* h suff]$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 sev]al cities "o or m companies deal 9 manure1 ma9ta9+ wagons exclusively = collection purposes4 ,! manure is c>t$ ei!r to ! railroad direct = %ipm5t or to p]sons pur*as+ x4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ^! companies pay a small am\nt = ! manure4 ,! /able manure 9 ,wa%+ton is collect$ & dispos$ ( 9 ?is mann]4 ,toronto1 ,canada1 contracts ) f\r diff]5t companies to remove ! manure4 ,^! make a nom9al *>ge = ! collection1 ! city be+ "u no exp5se4 ,9 ,j]sey ,city ! wa/e is c>t$ away by private contractors & mo/ ( x is sold to f>m]s4 ,d5v] transf]s its /able manure to ! city dump :]e x is hid dur+ ! summ] mon?s & 9 ! spr+ is sold to g>d5]s4 ,! city sanit>y inspector does n reg>d ?is plan z satisfactory4 ,!re seems to be an unanimity ( op9ion among mo/ municipal sanit>ians t ! city itself %\ld be prep>$ to remove manure :5 own]s or occupants fail or refuse to d s4 ,e own] %\ld be all[$ to sell x if he c2 o!rwise1 x %\ld be reg>d$ z a nuisance1 & ! city %\ld remove x )\t comp5sat+ ! own]1 b *>g+ him = ! s]vice4 ,unque/ionably z cities cont9ue to gr[ & z conge/ion becomes great] su* a plan w be adopt$ by mo/ municipalities4 ,"o ( ! be/ sy/ems 9 op]ation is t 9 ,columbus1 ,ohio1 :]e manure is collect$ by municipal employees f any /able )9 ! city limits4 ,! ,columbus ord9ance provides t any p]son desir+ to h ! manure remov$ mu/ take out a p]mit = su* s]vice at a ye>ly *>ge ( #c = "o horse1 #e = two horses & #a = ea* additional horse4 ,aft] ! ord9ance became a law ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,safety began to notify ! public t f & aft] ,april #a1 #aiab1 no manure w\ld be remov$ )\t ! paym5t ( a fee4 ,betwe5 ,septemb] #a & ,june #a ! dem& = manure is greatly 9 excess ( ! supply & ! city c\ld sell ?ree or f\r times z mu* z x collects4 ,dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! ye> !re is practically no dem& = ! wa/e z f>m]s _c h&le x4 ,! collection is made "u ! foll[+ rules3 ,:5ev] a p]son pays to ! city treasury ! ord9ance *>ge = manure collection ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,s]vice is notifi$ on a blank =m4 ,! "n1 address1 p]mit numb]1 & numb] ( horses are record$ 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,to ea* ( ! f\r driv]s employ$ 9 collection is giv5 a sep>ate li/ ( b>ns f :i* to collect1 & ea* ev5+ he reports ! places f :i* he made collection dur+ ! day4 ,foll[+ is a detail$ /atem5t ( ! co/ ( collection & ! receipts f ! sale ( manure = #aiaf :5 prices 7 normal3 ,total numb] ( loads haul$ #adhf ,total numb] ( tons collect$ #bigb ,exp5ses ,teams & labor #b1fhi4be ,sup]9t5d5t1 inspection1 etc4 #bjj4ba ,repairs1 etc4 #edf4di ,receipts ,sale ( manure #b1jbi4ej ,receipts f citiz5s = collection #fgb4jj ,ca% on h& #ae4jj ,op5 acc\nt on books = ye> #adh4jj ,net co/ #gci4ij ,co/ ( collection p] load #b4ca ,co/ ( collection p] load less receipts 4#di ,co/ ( collection p] ton less receipts 4#bd ,! ,civil ,eng9e] ( ! ,columbus ,heal? ,dep>tm5t says t a m>ket has be5 f\nd = ! entire output ( ! city1 ! prevail+ price be+ #b a wagon load deliv]$ any:]e inside ! city limits1 & = %ipm5t #ae p] av]age c> f4 o4 b4 c>s1 city load+ /ation4 ,he fur!r says t ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( ! manure produc$ 9 ,columbus1 a city ( #bjj1jjj inhabitants1 is collect$4 8,x seems10 he says1 8p]fectly possible to collect all manure produc$ 9 ! city at a v l[ co/ to ! municipality1 = dur+ ! ye> #aiac only ?ree #b-ton wagons 7 us$ 9 manure collection & !y prov$ to be suffici5t to h&le ! "w ) ease40 ,9 ,*icago manure mu/ be remov$ e sev5ty-two h\rs & collect$ by lic5s$ scav5g]s at ! exp5se ( ! /able own]4 ,only dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s 0 specific au?ority ov] /ables grant$ to ! ,heal? ,dep>tm5t1 :i* imm$iately began an inspection ( all /ables4 ,( ! fir/ #ejj inspect$ x 0 f\nd t f a sanit>y /&po9t !y 7 9 v poor condition4 ,an example ( /r+5t regulations 9 a l>ge city is ! ord9ance adopt$ by ,new ,york ,city4 ,x foll[s3 8,no manure vault1 pit or b9 %all be all[$ ^u ! premises us$ = /abl+ purposes1 except ^u premises us$ = b>n+ 9 unimprov$ sections ( ! city4 ,all manure & /able refuse %all be kept )9 ! /able & remov$ daily1 or if n remov$ daily %all be press$ into bales or b>rels adequately scre5$ or o!rwise protect$ or cov]$ s t flies _c h access !reto1 or o!rwise treat$ z approv$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?4 ,all su* manure or /able refuse s bal$1 b>rel$ or treat$1 %all be remov$ f /ables at lea/ twice weekly4 8,! load+ ( manure = removal %all be done )9 ! /able )\t caus+ a nuisance4 8,no p]son %all engage 9 ! bus9ess ( transport+ manure or drive any c>t = t purpose1 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 )\t a p]mit !re= issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? or o!rwise ?an 9 accordance ) ! t]ms ( said p]mit & ) ! regulations ( said bo>d4 8,! p]mit issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? %all be securely fa/5$ 9 a conspicu\s place1 on ! "r side ne> ! front ( ! vehicle us$ 9 ! transportation ( (f5sive mat]ials4 ,vehicles us$ 9 ! transportation ( (f5sive mat]ials :ile load$1 ei!r :olly or 9 "p1 %all n rema9 on ! /reet or place any unreasonable l5g? ( "t1 & %all n1 except :5 unavoidable1 /op 9 front ( any premises o!r ?an ^? f :i* mat]ial is be+ collect$4 8,all vehicles & cont5ts !re9 %all be ?or\ghly clean$ ^u ! completion ( a day's use1 & s /or$ z n to cause a nuisance4 8,manure may be transport$ to a dump op]at$ "u a p]mit issu$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal? or to firms 9 ! unimprov$ sections ( ! city1 or to po9ts outside ! city ( ,new ,york4 ,e vehicle us$ 9 transport+ manure %all be tight & provid$ ) a suitable cov] s z to prev5t ! dropp+ ( manure ^u ! /reets2 if ! cov] be ( canvas or ( o!r simil> mat]ial1 x %all be ( suffici5t size completely to cov] ! manure )9 ! vehicle & %all be securely fa/5$ on all sides ( ! vehicle4 8,no vehicle engag$ 9 ! transportation ( manure %all be p]mitt$ to load ^u ! sidewalk1 9 ! alleyway1 9 ! y>d or any place except ! /able40 ,= a small city ! ord9ance ( ,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 conta9s sev]al good sugge/ions4 ,x is z foll[s3 8,all /ables1 b>ns & o!r places :]e9 horses or cattle are kept1 %all be kept 9 a clean & sanit>y condition4 ,all accumulations ( manure %all be /or$ 9 su* places & be remov$ ) su* frequ5cy & 9 su* mann] z to prev5t (f5sive & noxi\s odors4 ,n m ?an two loads ( horse or c[ manure %all be all[$ to accumulate on any premises )9 ! city limits & no piles ( manure %all be all[$ to accumulate 9 any position or mann] :]eby !y %all become bre$+ places ( flies or :]eby any lea*+s !refrom may pass into any /ream or wat] c\rse4 ,any violation ( ?is ord9ance %all subject ! (f5d+ p>ty to a p5alty ( n m ?an #ej = ea* (f5se & = ea* day's cont9uance or repetition ( ! (f5se4 8,no manure or /able refuse %all be deposit$ )9 any build+ or ! cell> !re( unless said receptacle %all be enclos$ by eight- in* brick1 cem5t or concrete walls1 all ( :i* %all be wat]pro($ on sides & h cem5t wat]pro( floors1 & connect$ ) public sew]s by suitable tile pipes prop]ly trapp$ & ) suitable fall to c>ry (f all liquid1 said outlet to be cov]$ ) f9e grat+ or scre51 top ( said pit or receptacle to be cov]$ ) a tight cov] & to h a brick1 cem5t1 concrete or galvaniz$ iron flue1 at lea/ eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & to be air-tight & to ext5d to ! top or cov] ( said receptacle or pit up to & ?r\gh ! ro(1 & at lea/ ?ree feet above said ro( & above ! ro( ( any adjo9+ build+s1 access to said pit to be by door hung on suitable h+es & to be kept clos$ & fa/5$ except :5 refuse is be+ deposit$ 9 or remov$ f ! same2 9 no case %all said receptacle be con/ruct$ )9 any build+ :]e no connection c be made ) public sew]s4 ,all receptacles = manure or /able refuse t are con/ruct$ outside ( any build+ %all be comm5c$ at lea/ twelve in*es bel[ ! l[e/ grade ( ! l& adjo9+ same & %all be wat]pro( on bo? sides & cov]$ ) suitable cov] prop]ly h+$ & to be kept clos$ except :5 deposit+ !re9 or remov+ manure or refuse !refrom2 ! sides ( said pit may be con/ruct$ ( mat*$ plank & z direct$ by ! heal? (fic]2 all ( ! above con/ruction mu/ be s done z to make same inaccessible to flies40 ,exceptional regulations h be5 not$ 9 ! foll[+ cities3 ,ab]de51 ,wa%+ton1 does n all[ a b9 or receptacle to be built ne>] to an adjo9+ h\se ?an #be feet4 ,manure = agricultural or g>d5 purposes mu/ be ?or\ghly mix$ & cov]$ ) soil s z n to attract flies4 ,bayonne1 ,new ,j]sey1 w n all[ any pit ne>] ?an #aj feet to ! l9e ( any adjo9+ lot1 alley or public place4 ,truck g>d5]s mu/ secure a p]mit to /ore manure1 & ! wa/e _c be c>t$ ?r\gh ! /reets betwe5 #g a4m4 & #f p4m4 )\t a p]mit4 ,manure _c be unload$1 dis*>g$ or put ^u or along ! l9e ( any railroad 7except 9 transit71 /reet or highway4 ,a p]mit mu/ be secur$ = c>s conta9+ manure to rema9 on or /& on or along any railroad1 /reet or highway4 ,9 ,c9c9nati dis9fectants mu/ be us$ ab\t ^? portions ( ! floor :]e manure & ur9e habitually fall or are ma9ta9$4 ,manure /ack$ = f]tiliz] on a truck f>m mu/ be at lea/ #ej feet f any dwell+ & %all be /or$ 9 a clos$ b9 or scre5$ receptacle 9 ord] to prev5t access ( flies !reto4 ,los ,angeles requires a p]mit f its ,heal? ,commission] = pil+ manure = f]tilization1 ! p]mit to designate ! place & am\nt t may be kept4 ,manure _c be scatt]$ ev5 if cov]$ 9 ,mankato1 ,m9nesota1 except = f]tilization or ! 8protection ( plants1 %rubs1 h\ses or build+s 9 w9t] mon?s40 ,nor? ,yakima1 ,wa%+ton1 requires t manure us$ z f]tiliz] f ,may #ae to ,octob] #ae mu/ be mix$ & cov]$ ) soil4 ,x _c be us$ z grad+4 ,9 ,oy/] ,bay1 ,new ,york1 no manure is all[$ to be br\ght 9 or unload$ or plac$ on any dock or l&+ f ,june #a to ,septemb] #a4 ,all manure br\ght into t[n mu/ be entirely remov$ by ,june #ae4 ,all br\ght 9 by rail mu/ be unload$ )9 #bej feet ( any /ation4 ,sev]al cities provide t all collections or accumulations ( any h5n]y p>k1 /able refuse or manure 9 or ab\t any h5n]y p>k1 b>n1 /able1 y>d or appurt5ance !re( mu/ be remov$ be=e ! same %all become (f5sive4 ,dump+ ( manure 9 any riv]1 canal1 /ream or pond is prohibit$ 9 ,little ,falls1 ,new ,york4 ,e p]son keep+ a /able = horses1 mules1 c[s or simil> animals 9 ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,new ,york1 mu/ report 8 "n & ! location ( ! /able to ! ,heal? ,(fic]4 ,!re is no g5]al uni=mity ( regulations z to h[ (t5 manure %all be remov$4 ,9 "s cities ! ord9ances are specific1 9 o!rs ! refuse mu/ be remov$ :5 ord]$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 & 9 _m x mu/ be c>t$ away be=e x becomes (f5sive4 ,"s ( ! v>i\s regulations foll[3 ,ab]de51 ,wa%+ton1 e #cj days f ,april #a to ,novemb] #a1 & (t5] if ! ,heal? ,(fic] directs2 ,bayonne1 ,new ,j]sey1 once a week 9 all cases :]e ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? by writt5 notice %all require2 ,*attanooga1 ,t5nessee1 once a week2 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 once a day & dispos$ ( to ! satisfaction ( ! ,heal? ,dep>tm5t2 ,des ,mo9es1 ,i[a1 twice weekly f ,m>* #ae to ,decemb] #a & once a week !reaft]2 ,erie1 ,p5nsylvania1 accumulation ( only "o wagon load f ,may #a to ,octob] #a 9 any private /able1 & two loads 9 any private or liv]y /able )\t p]mission ( ,bo>d ( ,heal?2 ,gre5field1 ,mass41 :]e m ?an f\r horses are kept x mu/ be remov$ at lea/ once a mon? & no m ?an five cords are all[$ on premises at any "o "t2 ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 e t5 days :5 kept 9 b9s & e day o!rwise2 ,mankato1 ,m9nesota1 z (t5 z necess>y & :5 ord]$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,e city & t[n %\ld regulate at lea/ ! c>e ( manure & 9 conge/$ communities x is imp]ative t ! city ei!r provide a municipal collection or make provisions :]eby ! refuse c be remov$ "u contract4 ,any community :i* fails to d ?is cont9ues a nuisance & fails to *eck ! bre$+ ( flies & ! possible spread+ ( disease4 ,,municipal ,,clean-,,up ,,campaigns ,,int5sive ,,community ,,ef=ts ,,to ,,tea* ,,urban ,,resid5ts ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,,cleanl9ess ,,& ,,fire ,,prev5tion ,coop]ative ef=t to give ! municipality a ?or\gh clean+ at lea/ once a ye>1 &1 by s do+1 to tea* ! citiz5 ! importance ( cont9u\s cleanl9ess 9 & ab\t 8 home1 has be5 und]tak5 )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s by mo/ ,am]ican cities4 ,^! int5sive community ef=ts are popul>ly kn[n z clean-up campaigns4 ,at fir/ ! clean-up campaign1 la/+ a day or two1 0 devot$ to ridd+ homes & y>ds ( rubbi% & wa/e t _h accumulat$ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,lat] ! campaigns 7 spread ov] a week or a long] p]iod1 & n[ n only is an ef=t made to collect & c>t away ! w9t]'s accumulation ( wa/e1 b ! city also und]takes to educate its citiz5s 9 fire prev5tion "w1 fly & mosquito ext]m9ation1 ! beautify+ ( homes & y>ds1 & ! elim9ation ( e unsanit>y condition4 ,cell>s1 g>rets1 back-y>ds1 vacant lots1 alleys1 public /reets--9 fact1 e spot 9 ! city1 :e!r on public or private prop]ty1 does n escape ! scrut9y ( ! public (ficials & citiz5s' committees4 ,! movem5t spread rapidly until practically e city _h at lea/ a spr+ campaign4 ,"s repeat$ ! ef=t 9 ! fall4 ,aft] two or ?ree annual campaigns sev]al municipalities1 p>ticul>ly ! l>g] ones1 ?\ght t in/ead ( mak+ a limit$ int5sive ef=t to clean h\se1 a cont9u\s campaign %\ld be conduct$4 ,! advocates ( ?is plan claim$ t any p]iodical ef=t _h a t5d5cy to make ! av]age citiz5 clean up only dur+ ! campaign1 & t dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye> he laps$ into 8 usual indiff]5ce4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s1 !re=e1 "s cities h ab&on$ ! clean-up campaigns & h made great] ef=ts dur+ ! entire ye> to rid ! community ( all unsanit>y conditions4 ,! clean-up campaign1 h[ev]1 has become a p]man5t municipal activity 9 ,am]ica4 ,x has taught ! citiz5 n only 8 responsibility 9 & ab\t 8 home1 b also ! ne$ = great] activity by gov]nm5tal ag5cies to elim9ate g5]al unsanit>y conditions4 ,initiat+ a ,campaign ,9 ord] to initiate a clean-up campaign1 an agitation = x mu/ fir/ be />t$4 ,! press1 civic organizations & indu/rial life insurance companies h be5 ! pr9cipal agitators4 ,! indu/rial life insurance companies rea* ! individual citiz5 & endeavor to get 8 coop]ation 9 ! movem5t = m sanit>y laws & conditions4 ,unlike ! press !y rea* ! =eign] & ! class ( p :o d n read ! newspap]s1 or at mo/ only ! ,sunday editions4 ,"s idea ( ! possibility = individual & community good :i* ^! ag5cies hold 9 _! p[] may be ga9$ :5 "o consid]s t "o company alone has millions ( policy hold]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,! collectors mak+ _! weekly or mon?ly calls di/ribute leaflets & circul>s dissem9at+ s\nd ideas 9 reg>d to public & private heal?4 ,x is n possible to ov]-rate ! press z a factor 9 ! clean-up movem5t4 ,! "w ( ! newspap] does n /op ) ! spread+ ( in=mation bo? be=e & dur+ ! campaign--9 "s in/ances x takes "p 9 ! activities4 ,! columns ( ! newspap]s are op5 to ev]y?+ ( a news nature t w mat]ially assi/--news /ories1 special articles1 editorials1 daily programs1 c>toons & adv]tisem5ts4 ,:ile ! removal ( rubbi% is ess5tially a municipal affair1 9 _m in/ances x 0 n until civic organizations1 su* z *amb]s ( comm]ce1 wom5's clubs & s*ool clubs1 />t$ an agitation = community ef=t t cities realiz$ _! responsibility & inaugurat$ campaigns4 ,! ,organization ,9 plann+ ! organization ( ! campaign1 ! ,mayor usually appo9ts a ,clean-up ,week ,committee1 consi/+ ( "o repres5tative ea* f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,works or ,/reet ,clean+1 ,heal? & ,fire4 ,?is committee outl9es ! plan & scope ( ! "w4 ,usually ! physical "w is p]=m$ by or "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,bureau ( ,/reet ,clean+1 al?\gh 9 "s cities ! heal? (ficials h _h *>ge ( ! "w4 ,aft] a plan has be5 adopt$ to int]e/ e man1 woman & *ild 9 ! community1 a proclamation by ! ,mayor />ts ! ball roll+ & ! campaign is on4 ,z x is only ?r\gh local organization t coop]ative specific community /eps c be tak51 an ef=t is fir/ made to secure di/rict organization4 ,! indu/rial insurance companies ) _! already well organiz$ plans on clean-up1 baby welf>e1 heal?1 fly & mosquito campaigns1 are important ag5cies = su* /eps 9 mo/ cities4 ,! aid ( public s*ool pr9cipals1 ! cl]gy & o!rs is also s\ght4 ,v effective organization is secur$ also ?r\gh ! help ( ! v>i\s welf>e & civic organizations4 ,! (ficial ,clean-,up ,week ,committee usually appo9ts a ,citiz5s' ,committee1 repres5t+ ! lead]s ( ! f9ancial1 educational1 bus9ess & religi\s life ( ! city4 ,! memb]s ( ?is committee (f] _! "t & s]vices free4 ,! ,citiz5s' ,committee is subdivid$1 sometimes into z _m z twelve committees1 consi/+1 z 9 ,philadelphia1 ( f9ance1 press1 po/] & pr9t$ matt]1 trade associations1 community associations1 *>itable & b5evol5t associations1 s*ools & s*ool *ildr51 *ur*es1 retail /ores1 /reet c>s1 vacant lots & fire prev5tion4 ,! foll[+ is ! plan ( organization t has be5 us$ by _m small cities3 ,"o man & "o woman z directors ( ! g5]al movem5t4 ,a committee on public build+s1 factories & /ores4 ,a committee on resid5ces & outbuild+s4 ,a committee on /reets & alleys4 ,a committee on p>k+ & plant+4 ,a committee on pa9t+ & repair "w4 ,a committee to int]e/ s*ool *ildr54 ,a committee to supply ! teams & remove ! rubbi%4 ,capta9s = work+ crews = ea* day ( ! campaign4 ,! plan ( ,c9c9nati is a repres5tative "o :]e ! campaign is initiat$ & c>ri$ on by a civic organization ) ! assi/ance ( public (ficials4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ( t city sugge/$ x might be wor? :ile to />t a clean-up movem5t1 &1 accord+ly1 a numb] ( lett]s 7 s5t to prom95t p in=m+ !m ( ! propos$ movem5t1 & ask+1 if !y ?\ght ! idea wor?y ( m]it1 to meet at ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce on a c]ta9 ev5+4 ,?irty-five p]sons1 repres5tatives ( organizations & ! city gov]nm5t1 all en?usia/ic ov] ! idea1 met z sugge/$4 ,a committee1 consi/+ ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,salvage ,corps1 ,executive ,secret>y ( ! ,*amb]1 & ! ,*ief ( ,police1 0 appo9t$ to plan ! organization & "n (fic]s & memb]s ( committees4 ,?is committee submitt$ a report lay+ out a plan along ! foll[+ l9es3 #a4 ,organization by di/ricts coext5sive ) public s*ool di/ricts4 #b4 ,^! di/rict organizations to be uni=m 9 "* z f> z possible4 #c4 ,! "w 9 ea* di/rict to be done by ! p 9 t di/rict4 #d4 ,g5]al committees1 ! memb]s to =m ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil 9 *>ge ( ! campaign4 #e4 ,an ,executive ,committee to be compos$ ( ! *airm5 ( ! ,g5]al ,committees1 & to be 9 imm$iate *>ge ( ! campaign4 #f4 ,! campaign to ext5d ov] a numb] ( weeks & to be foll[$ by a g5]al inspection ( ! build+s ( t city4 ,! report ( ?is ,committee1 includ+ its selection ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools z ,g5]al ,*airman & ! ,manag] ( ! ,civic & ,indu/rial ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce z ,g5]al ,secret>y1 0 submitt$ to a l>ge meet+ att5d$ by repres5tatives ( ! civic organizations1 ! ,/ate ,fire ,m>%al1 ! s*ools1 ! ,fire ,prev5tion ,bureau1 ! ,salvage ,corps & o!rs4 ,its plan ( organization 0 adopt$ & its selection ( memb]s ( ! committees approv$4 ,! ,mayor promis$ ! coop]ation ( all city dep>tm5ts4 ,publicity ,plans ,! key/one 9 ! ar* ( any successful campaign is effective publicity4 ,?is is obta9$ ?r\gh newspap]s1 bullet9s1 circul>s1 buttons1 rubb] /amps1 plac>ds1 po/]s1 motion pictures1 bann]s1 trolley c>s1 bill bo>ds & private adv]tis+4 ,c9c9nati reports t no o!r factor contribut$ m to ! success ( its campaign ?an ! newspap]s4 ,by giv+ daily reports ( ! progress ( ! "w dur+ clean-up week ! press creat$ a rivalry among ! v>i\s w>ds4 ,9 ! ,philadelphia campaign ! total space devot$ to newspap] publicity am\nt$ to #ad1bbe l9es1 or #hh full l5g? columns ( pr9t$ matt]1 ( "o column a day = elev5 days 9 ea* ( ! ,philadelphia newspap]s4 ,= ! b5efit ( ! =eign born ! same in=mation 0 pr9t$ 9 e =eign newspap] publi%$ 9 t city4 ,c>tooni/s depict$ ,clean-up ,week z a family affair & %[$ x to be a real pleasure z well z a necessity4 ,! editorial writ]s 9 a m s]i\s ve9 urg$ ! necessity ( coop]ation & po9t$ ! way to communal b5efits to foll[4 ,bullet9s1 prop]ly di/ribut$1 are effective 9 ar\s+ civic pride & procur+ ! coop]ation ( h\sehold]s4 ,! fir/ %\ld be ! (ficial proclamation by ! ,mayor4 ,! ,mayor ( ,kirkville1 ,ill9ois1 gave ?is advice 9 8 proclamation3 ,if y\r /ore is d+y--pa9t x4 ,if y\r awn+ is ragg$ & old1 get a new "o4 ,if y\r walk is an eyesore to ^? travel+ ov] x1 repair x or h a new "o4 ,if !re are unsightly traps 9 front ( y\r prop]ty1 or brok5 limbs1 burn !m4 ,if 9 y\r back y>d !re are old1 tumble-d[n %$s1 te> !m d[n4 ,! gr\nd is too valuable1 & su* ?+s detract f ! beauty ( ! home--& ! t[n4 ,clean out all b>ny>ds & /ables at once4 ,don't give ! flies a *ance to bre$4 ,clean out ! alleys back ( y\r homes4 ,take all rubbi% & a%es f y\r back y>d imm$iately4 ,by all means d y\r "p to make ,kirkville a clean] & m beautiful city4 ,"s cities h obta9$ good results ) circul> lett]s sign$ by "s public (ficial4 ,^! are usually s5t to ! v>i\s organizations1 m9i/]s & physicians1 ask+ !m to urge ! coop]ation ( _! memb]s1 congregations or ! h\seholds !y visit4 ,a few cities h adopt$ ! plan ( s5d+ lett]s to all adv]tis]s & e conc]n kn[n to manufacture1 adv]tise or sell any k9d ( an article us$ = clean+ purposes1 reque/+ !m to increase ! am\nt ( local publicity4 ,new ,york ,city 9 "o campaign us$ f\r million circul>s pr9t$ 9 five languages4 ,"o circul> reads z foll[s3 8,to e own]1 occupant1 repres5tative ( any build+1 ap>tm5t1 room1 y>d or vacant lot3 ,y are h]eby notifi$ to prep>e & place )9 ! /oop l9e = removal all rubbi% & wa/e mat]ial1 f lots1 l(ts1 fire escapes1 cell>s1 y>ds1 alleys1 air %afts1 rooms & ap>tm5ts4 ,old b$d+1 rugs1 pap]1 furniture1 brok5-up boxes1 & b>rels2 glassw>e %\ld be plac$ 9 b>rels1 boxes & bundles4 ,x is aga9/ ! law to ?r[ mat]ials 9 ! /reets4 ,neglect to comply ) ?is notice w result 9 prosecution4 ,! wagons w call at #h ,a4 ,m4 ,w$nesday1 ,may #bj40 ,plac>ds be>+ ! silh\ette figure ( ,william ,p5n maje/ically sw++ a broom ov] ! city f 8 dizzy p]* on top ( ! ,city ,hall appe>$ 9 e "o ( ! #cbjj trolley c>s dur+ a ,philadelphia campaign4 ,^! 7 plac$ 9 ! front & re> entrances 9 su* a way t only ! figure 0 visible f ! outside4 ,! appe>ance ( ! black & :ite sket* m9us title or descriptive matt] ( any k9d 0 p]plex+ to ! pass5g]s on ent]+ ! c>1 & !y imm$iately look$ at ! rev]se side = an explanation4 ,!y got x 9 ! =m ( an ann\ncem5t = ! annual ,clean-up ,week1 ) j en\gh in=mation & advice to be pr(itable1 & mo/ effective4 ,?is same figure 0 also di/ribut$ among ! s*ools1 libr>ies1 railroad /ations & o!r prom95t places4 ,9 v>i\s cities buttons are di/ribut$ be>+ su* inscriptions z 8,clean ,up & ,pa9t ,up4 ,i ,w1 ,w ,y80 & 8,scoot ,home & ,scrub40 ,slogans are usually select$ aft] competition = a prize by ! s*ool *ildr54 ,among ! mo/ effective po/]s us$ are w9d[ signs to call rubbi% c>ts1 & c>ds to be plac$ 9 ! w9d[s ( homes4 ,"o h\se po/] ann\nc$ 8,we are ,assi/+ 9 ! ,clean-,up & ,pa9t-,up ,campaign4 ,are ,y80 ,po/]s h also be5 us$ 9 /reet c>s1 & on wagons & motor trucks4 ,fire w>n+ c>ds h be5 s5t by "s cities to cig> /ores1 firepro( mat]ial manufactur]s1 & gas companies4 ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 0 "o ( ! fir/ cities to h fire w>n+s pr9t$ on caps = milk bottles4 ,o!rs h us$ ! backs ( transf] tickets issu$ by /reet railway companies4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effective fire w>n+s read3 8,see t y\r good cig> or cig>ette does n cause a bad fire40 ,philadelphia di/ribut$ blott]s among ! s*ool *ildr54 ,9 ,tol$o ! s*ool *ildr51 dress$ z little ,:ite ,w+s1 c>ri$ bann]s be>+ ! inscription 8,b-,r-,i-,g-,h-,t-,e-,n ,u-,p40 ,! bill po/+ companies1 9 "s in/ances1 donate space = ! use ( l>ge po/]s4 ,/reet c>s & /ation plat=ms are also utiliz$ 9 an ef=t to attract ! att5tion ( citiz5s to d _! duty clean+ _! premises4 ,! deliv]y =ces ( dep>tm5t /ores & milk companies are press$ into s]vice1 ea* wagon be+ suppli$ ) pamphlets & c>ds to be left ) ea* package or bottle ( milk4 ,motion pictures & lant]n slides %[+ ! ravages ( ! fly1 & actual conditions exi/+ f dirt are an important factor 9 br++ ! necessity = cleanl9ess be=e citiz5s & s*ool *ildr54 ,by way ( /imulat+ ef=t 9 ! s*ool *ildr5 ( ,kewanee1 ,ill9ois1 motion pictures 7 %[n depict+ ! success ( *ildr5 9 beautify+ _! s*ool gr\nds & g>d5s 9 o!r cities4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,new ,york ,/reet ,clean+ ,dep>tm5t gave illu/rat$ lectures dur+ ! ,clean-,up ,campaigns4 ,on ! scre5s ( #bje motion picture !at]s 9 ,philadelphia 7 %[n nightly = f\r weeks attractively arrang$ slides tell+ ! audi5ce :at to d & h[ to d x4 ,! 8,be=e0 & 8,aft]0 clean-up pictures prov$ v popul> & in/ructive4 ,because ( ! great popul>ity ( motion pictures ?is =m ( adv]tis+ is especially effective4 ,! g5]al secret>y ( ! campaign 9 ,c9c9nati _h prep>$ a set ( lant]n slides f photographs "o ye> & ^! 7 us$ to illu/rate addresses giv5 ! next ye>4 ,9 all l>ge cities !re is mu* private adv]tis+ dur+ ^! campaigns4 ,9 "s1 ! regul> adv]tis+ pages ( ! newspap]s = weeks h individual adv]tisem5ts ( dep>tm5t /ores1 call+ att5tion to ! r$uc$ prices ( articles us$ = clean+ purposes4 ,! m ent]pris+ manag]s try to outrival ea* o!r 9 ! am\nt ( space cov]$4 ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 "o ( ! pione] cities 9 ! organization ( ! clean-up movem5t1 arrang$ its publicity = "o ( its rec5t campaigns ?us3 ,! coop]ation ( ! daily press4 ,! exhibition ( slides 9 motion picture !at]s4 ,s5d+ lett]s to all lodges & ord]s ask+ = coop]ation4 ,ask+ ! light companies to pr9t fire w>n+s on ! backs ( _! bills1 & ! railway companies to d ! same on _! transf]s4 ,! light companies also display$ simil> in=mation on _! electric signs4 ,use ( ! ,boy ,sc\ts to di/ribute dodg]s to h\sehold]s4 ,! coop]ation ( ! cl]gy 9 prea*+ prop] s]mon4 ,coop]ation ( ! real e/ate ex*ange 9 clean+ up & keep+ clean all build+s1 ( :i* ! ex*ange has *>ge4 ,induc+ manufactur]s to pr9t suitable copy on pay envelopes4 ,s5d+ fire w>n+s 9 pr9t$ =m to cig> /ores4 ,arrange t all caps = milk bottles dur+ clean-up week be pr9t$ ) a fire w>n+4 ,secure ! coop]ation ( all conc]ns sell+ firepro( mat]ials su* z cem5t1 asbe/os1 firepro( pa9t & ro(+1 by ask+ !m to adv]tise heavily dur+ ! week4 ,! ,commission] ( ,public ,works cons5t$ to all[ po/]s to be plac$ on ! back ( rubbi% wagons1 & ! ,commission] ( ,public ,safety (f]$ ! use ( ! big fire eng9es = ! same purpose4 ,! ,coop]at+ ,=ces ,! great] ! numb] ( coop]at+ =ces & ag5cies ! m successful w be ! campaign4 ,all contribute to make ! city m livable4 ,! greate/ factor 9 ! clean-up movem5t is ! *ildr54 ,no?+ t is done c be accompli%$ )\t _! help4 ,( ! hundr$s ( cities int]e/$ 9 clean-up campaigns v few c be f\nd :]e ! s*ool *ildr5 h n be5 actively id5tifi$ ) ! "w4 ,no /one has be5 left unturn$ to enc\rage ! tea*]s to give ! *ildr5 ! clean-up _s4 ,"o ( ! be/ means ( rea*+ adults is ?r\gh _! *ildr51 & ! education ( ! *ildr5 !mselves along ^! l9es w contribute mat]ially to _! s5se ( prop] community conditions :5 !y become m5 & wom54 ,x is ackn[l$g$ t :at is mo/ ne$$ 9 a boy n[adays is ! "r _s1 to insure him a clean life 9 talk1 habits & associates2 keep+ ! city's /reets clean is a c]ta9 responsibility t makes him m c>eful 9 8 own habits4 ,*ildr5 are press$ into s]vice 9 _m ways1--?r\gh clubs compos$ ( boys & girls1 ,boy ,sc\ts1 ,camp ,fire ,girls1 ,city ,clubs1 ,junior ,league ,clubs & ,junior ,civic ,clubs4 ,clevel&1 ,*icago1 ,new ,york1 ,spokane1 ,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j42 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,dallas1 ,texas2 ,tol$o1 ,ohio2 ,d5v]1 ,colo42 ,c9c9nati1 ,p5sacola1 ,fla42 ,bay ,city1 ,oregon2 ,antl]s1 ,okla42 ,d5ison1 ,texas1 are only a few ( ! cities :]e *ildr5 h be5 active4 ,!re are v>i\s ways ( rew>d+ ! *ildr5 = _! "w4 ,"s cities believe t money prizes appeal to *ildr5 m ?an m$als1 badges1 etc41 & s h creat$ special funds = t purpose1 usually collect$ by "s civic organization4 ,o!r cities give m$als1 buttons1 puzzles1 s*ool equipm5t--/]eopticon ) lant]n slides1 maps1 pictures1 plans2--sport+ equipm5t--baseball & football masks1 balls & bats1 cam]as1 free tickets to mov+ picture !at]s4 ,9 "s in/ances ! s*ool *ildr5 h become en?usia/ic to ! po9t ( organiz+ magaz9es 9 ! s*ools1 devot$ entirely to ! ,clean-,up ,campaign4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! ,clifton ,s*ool 9 ,c9c9nati issu$ a magaz9e call$ ,! ,s*ool ,circle4 ,9 "s cities packets ( fl[] & g>d5 se$s are di/ribut$ among ! *ildr51 & all vacant lots1 back y>ds & /ret*es ( gr\nd n utiliz$ are cle>$ ( rubbi% & dug up & se$$4 ,"u ! direction ( a ,capta91 s*ool boys ( ,spokane1 ,wa%+ton1 7 organiz$ into corps :i* clean$ up ! resid5ce section1 !n haul$ ! refuse away to ! public dumps 9 :eelb>r[s & express wagons4 ,ano!r me?od us$ to good advantage by ,salt ,lake ,city 0 to get ! boys ( ea* di/rict bord]+ on dirty vacant lots to clean !m up & prep>e !m = baseball gr\nds4 ,aft] ?is _h be5 done ! ,inspector ( ,public ,heal? gave ! boys baseball bats1 balls & equipm5t4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( ,mayor ,co*ran ( ,antl]s1 ,oklahoma1 ! ,progressive ,club & ! ,ladies' ,civic ,club comb9$ 9 a program t 0 v successful4 ,! boys ( ! city ga!r$ up all ! rubbi% & plac$ x on ! curbs1 & ! city wagons remov$ x4 ,a committee appo9t$ by ! club solicit$ funds to rew>d ! boys4 ,z a prelim9>y to ! g5]al clean-up movem5t 9 ,bay ,city1 ,oregon1 ! ,comm]cial ,clubs1 9 conjunction ) ! ,ladies' ,civic ,league1 (f]$ ?ree prizes to ! boys collect+ ! greate/ numb] ( sacks ( rubbi% by ,april #e4 ,"o city 9 ,ohio gave ea* *ild collect+ "o hundr$ t9 cans a free ticket to a motion picture !at]4 ,judge ,alb]t ,besson ( ,*elsea1 ,mass41 f\nd a novel use = six boys1 av]ag+ fifte5 ye>s old1 br\ght be=e him = s5t5ce = ent]+ freight c>s & /eal+ c&y4 ,he s5t5c$ !m to keep a c]ta9 city /reet cle> ( wa/e = six mon?s4 ,! /reet 9 "q is a long "o1 & fri5ds ( ! boys liv+ on x made ?+s int]e/+ = ! culprits keep+ ! cig>ette /ubs1 t9 cans1 pap]s & milk bottles pick$ up4 ,! boys 7 sup]vis$ by two policem54 ,! *ildr5 ( ! six? & sev5? grades 9 "o s*ool 9 ,in*e/]1 ,pa41 />t$ a t9 c crusade1 :i* ar\s$ e citiz5 9 ! city4 ,) two days ( ! conte/ /ill to run1 ! *ildr5 _h ga!r$ #cg1jjj t9 cans4 ,9 accordance ) ! proclamation ( ! ,gov]nor1 ! ,mayor ( ,montpeli]1 ,v]mont1 obs]v$ ,april #be z ,arbor ,day & ,clean-,up ,day4 ,outdoor ex]cises 7 held1 includ+ an address by ! ,mayor4 ,! *ildr5 7 n requir$ to att5d s*ool 9 ! aft]noon provid$ !y sp5t two h\rs clean+ up ! /reets & gr\nds ab\t _! homes4 ,tol$o s*ool *ildr5 7 divid$ into squads & to ea* 0 giv5 a section ( a w>d4 ,ea* day a w>d 0 clean$ & ! results 7 pr9t$ 9 ! next day's pap]s1 ?us creat+ rivalry among ! *ildr54 ,ev]y:]e ! ,boy ,sc\t has f\nd 8 level 9 ! ,clean-,up ,campaign4 ,x is a ,sc\t law t he mu/ be clean4 ,almo/ e troop ( ,sc\ts has done its full quota 9 civic1 local or c\nty clean-ups4 ,9 patrol or by troop !y c>e = s*ool gr\nds1 public gr\nds1 make sy/ematic campaigns aga9/ flies & mosquitoes1 de/roy _! bre$+ places2 plant trees1 bu%es & %rubs2 9 g5]al1 keep ! /reets free ( litt] & wa/e ( all k9ds4 ,divid$ into squads1 !y d mu* = city bett]m5t4 ,vacant lots1 wa/e prop]ty1 fields & /reets are rid ( t9 cans1 milk bottles1 scrap iron1 we$s1 & 9 _! places fl[]s1 vegetables & %rubb]y plant$2 unsightly billbo>ds remov$4 ,sometimes !y are paid = _! "w by ! ,civic ,leagues1 z 9 ! case ( ,cornwall1 ,n4 ,y41 & ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota4 ,9 _m cities ! ,sc\ts h done spl5did "w 9 inspection duty1 report+ all unsanit>y conditions4 ,9 patrols1 troops or companies !y are assign$ to inve/igate & report to ! sup]9t5d5t ( /reets or ! organization hav+ *>ge ( ! clean-up4 ,! inspection is done day by day z ! clean-up progresses1 & any ov]sight or unsanit>y condition report$ at once4 ,ano!r me?od ( int]e/+ *ildr5 is ! organization ( boys & girls into :at is kn[n z ,city ,clubs1 ^: duty x is to keep ! /reets clean4 ,! clubs are limit$ to #be memb]s ea*4 ,! memb]s we> buttons & ea* "o is provid$ ) blanks on :i* to report4 ,9 "s in/ances ^! clubs "w ?r\gh\t ! ye> b usually _! "w is conf9$ to ! spr+ clean-up1 9 :i* ev5t !y att5d to ! g5]al cle>+ up ( vacant lots1 back y>ds1 s*ool prop]ty1 & c>t x to ! curbs = ! city dump wagons to haul away4 ,9 ,bo/on1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,wom5's ,municipal ,league1 ! ,junior ,municipal ,league1 load$ ) po/]s read+ 8,d y h pride 9 y\r city8 ,!n ,clean ,x ,up10 & arm$ ) brooms1 %ovels & rakes1 proce$$ to clean up4 8,little ,italy0 0 no small job4 ,h[ ! *ildr5 fir/ became int]e/$ 9 clean+ up ?is di/rict is told ab\t a little ,italian girl :o p]suad$ h] m]*ant fa!r to put cov]s on 8 b>rels because ! pap]s blew ab\t & litt]$ ! back y>d4 ,?is s improv$ ! appe>ance t ! *ild decid$ to sweep ! back por* e morn+ be=e go+ to s*ool4 ,"o morn+ a policeman saw h] do+ ?is & rem>k$ on ! improvem5t & gave h] a button2 imm$iately all ! *ildr5 9 ! neighborhood became indu/ri\s4 ,gratify+ results 7 obta9$ 9 ,kewanee1 ,ill9ois1 ?r\gh ! coop]ation ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools & ! ,junior ,civic ,club1 consi/+ ( #fej memb]s f ! sev5 s*ools ( ! city4 ,to ea* pupil desir+ to become a memb] 0 pres5t$ a button 9 ! s*ool colors1 be>+ ! words 8,i ,w ,help ,kewanee40 ,a photograph 0 tak5 ( ! *ild's home1 %[+ z cle>ly z possible :at he desir$ to improve4 ,a lett] 0 s5t to ! p>5ts ( ! memb]s ( ! ,club1 /at+ t ! ,kewanee ,civic ,club (f]$ prizes to *ildr5 :o w\ld make ! mo/ progress 9 clean+ up y>ds at home1 plant fl[]s1 make g>d5s1 & d any o!r "w4 ,= ! be/ %[+ 9 ea* s*ool di/rict #e 9 gold 0 fir/ prize1 & #b4ej 9 gold second prize4 ,to all ! *ildr5 :o made an hone/ ef=t to clean up & beautify _! y>ds 7 giv5 diplomas ( aw>d sign$ by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools & ! ,committee4 ,! tak+ ( ! pictures 0 a mo/ exp5sive plan1 b ! exp5ses 7 mat]ially r$uc$ because ! ,cam]a ,club ( ! ,high ,s*ool contribut$ l>gely ( _! "t4 ,a conte/ 9 gr[+ vegetables & mak+ g>d5s 0 begun 9 ! summ]1 & 9 ! fall prizes 7 (f]$ = ! be/ %[+4 ,9 ord] to /imulate int]e/ 9 t direction1 motion pictures %[+ :at *ildr5 _h done 9 o!r cities 7 us$4 ,a s*ool 9 "o city pres5t$ a "o-act play typify+ ! foll[+ *>act]s3 ,fly1 wa/e1 pap]1 fire1 soot1 dirt1 microbe1 sickness1 dea?1 sorr[1 pov]ty1 cleanl9ess1 swatt]1 refuse pail1 fire prev5tion1 pa9t1 scrub bru%1 soap1 wat] & fl[]s4 ,l9es 7 fitt$ to ea* "*1 & 9 ! end cleanl9ess & happ9ess ov]came sickness & dirt4 ,al?\gh n always tak+ an active "p 9 ! clean+ up1 wom5's clubs h be5 a great factor = good 9 in/igat+ g5]al clean-up4 ,!re is sc>cely a city 9 ! c\ntry :]e ! wom5 9 "o way or ano!r h n done mu* propag&a "w1 & 9 _m in/ances (f]$ active s]vice & f9ancial support4 ,c9c9nati is unanim\s 9 its op9ion t x owes its successful campaigns to ! ,c9c9nati ,woman's ,club1 :i* organization 0 responsible = ! fir/ ef=t t[>d a g5]al clean-up ye>s ago4 ,! prom95t wom5 resid5ts ( ,cornwall1 ,n4 ,y41 memb]s ( ! ,improvem5t ,society1 hav+ fail$ to get ! ,mood9e ,creek & adjac5t prop]ty clean$ up by ! ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 aft] an appeal1 =m$ :at !y call$ ! ,t9 ,c ,committee1 & />t$ a campaign ( h\seclean+ on _! own acc\nt4 ,flank$ by a squad ( ,boy ,sc\ts1 !y m>*$ to ! ,mood9e ) rakes & hoes & began to clean up ! ?ickets ( ! creek on bo? sides4 ,special ,activities ,besides ! g5]al clean+ "w = ! removal ( rubbi% & wa/e _m cities add special activities to _! programs4 ,^! are f\nd to be helpful 9 improv+ bo? sanit>y & e/hetic conditions4 ,9 a few cities dra/ic measures are resort$ to 9 special cases4 ,9 ,philadelphia1 = example1 ! names ( #fjj own]s ( unimprov$ prop]ty :i* requir$ clean+ 7 obta9$ & to ea* 0 s5t a writt5 reque/ to improve conditions4 ,! results 7 gratify+4 ,9 o!r places photographs ( unsanit>y conditions h be5 tak5 & ! pictures ei!r publi%$ or s5t to ! own]s or occupants ( ! premises4 ,9 ,*icago an agitation 0 />t$ to clean ! ro(s 9 ! d[nt[n di/rict1 z x 0 claim$ t mo/ ( ! dirt fill+ ! air & /reets 0 bl[n f ! ro(s1 :i* _h n be5 clean$ s9ce !y 7 built4 ,s*ool g>d5s & tree plant+ are popul> 9 _m cities & are made a "p ( ! ,clean-,up ,campaign program4 ,?r\gh tireless en]gy ! ,director ( ,social ,c5t]s ( ! public s*ools 9 ,c9c9nati succe$$ 9 hav+ hundr$s ( s*ool g>d5s plant$4 ,_m ( ^! 7 plant$ 9 vacant lots :i* _h =m]ly be5 ! abid+ place ( heaps ( rubbi%4 ,"o 0 ^u :at _h be5 = ye>s an objectionable public dump adjac5t to a s*ool4 ,sev]al loads ( dirt 7 appli$ 9 ! fall & ! co/ defray$ f ! campaign fund4 ,9 ,septemb] an exhibit ( s*ool g>d5 products 0 held & prizes (f]$4 ,int5sive vacant lot & back y>d g>d5+ campaigns 7 conduct$ 9 mo/ ,am]ican cities dur+ ! spr+ & summ] ( #aiag4 ,al?\gh ^! campaigns result$ f ! ne$ to increase production1 !y assi/$ mat]ially 9 elim9at+ _m unsanit>y spots 9 e city4 ,a ,c9c9nati firm 9 =m] ye>s di/ribut$ trees 9 great numb]s among ! s*ool *ildr5 ( ! city & adjac5t communities4 ,^u ! sugge/ion ( ! ,clean-,up ,committee x decid$ aga9 to make su* di/ribution z a "p ( ! ,clean-,up ,campaign1 ?is "t pea* trees4 ,c>ds 7 giv5 to all ! s*ool *ildr5 :o w\ld agree to plant & c>e = ! trees4 ,eighty-f\r ?\s& ( ^! trees 7 di/ribut$4 ,! trees plant$ w be> fruit wor? _m ?\s&s ( doll>s4 ,! di/ribution ( !m =m$ a di/9ctive & unique feature ( ! ,c9c9nati campaign4 ,fire ,prev5tion & ,inspection ,! fact t 9 ,philadelphia 9 "o ye> ! loss by fire f combu/ible mat]ials alone 0 #cjj1jjj %[s h[ important is fire prev5tion 9 ! clean-up "w4 ,realiz+ ! conditions & ! effective means :i* clean-up campaigns (f] to improve !m1 _m cities h laid special emphasis ^u safety z well z sightl9ess & cleanl9ess4 ,! ef=t ( ,c9c9nati illu/rates ! results t h be5 a*iev$ 9 _m o!r communities4 ,,inspector',s ,,report 7#aiae74 8,,clean-,,up ,,& ,,pa9t-,,up0 ,,campaign4 ,"u ,auspices ( ,c9c9nati ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce4 ,illu/ration ,w>d ,,inspector',s ,,report ,prec9ct ,location44444444444444444,date444444444 4444444444444444444444444444#aia ,occupation44444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444444444444 ,own] or ,agt444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444 ,address44444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444444444444 ,in/ructions--,inspect ,entire ,premises4 ,note ,defects by ,opposite ,key ,nos4 #a/ ,insp4 #bnd ,insp4 ,cell>444444 44444444 44444444 #a4 ,rubbi% 7includ+ rags ,hallways4444 44444444 44444444 & wa/e pap]74 #a/ ,/ory444 44444444 44444444 #b4 ,g>bage 9 o!r ?an #bnd ,/ory444 44444444 44444444 cov]$ metal cans or pails4 #crd ,/ory444 44444444 44444444 #c4 ,a%es 9 o!r ?an #d? ,/ory444 44444444 44444444 cov]$ metal cans or pails4 #e? ,/ory444 44444444 44444444 #d4 ,old lumb] or furniture4 #f? ,/ory444 44444444 44444444 #e4 ,g5]al ,unclean ,condition4 ,attic4444444 44444444 44444444 #f4 ,fire ,escapes ,ob/ruct$4 ,y>d44444444 44444444 44444444 #g4 ,hallways or ,/airways ,alley4444444 44444444 44444444 ,ob/ruct$ ) goods4 ,vacant ,lot44 44444444 44444444 #h4 ,unsanit>y ,toilet4 ,/able444444 44444444 44444444 #i4 ,privy ,vault4 ,/ore4444444 44444444 44444444 #aj4 ,op5 manure pile4 444444444444 44444444 44444444 #aa4 ,frame ,fire ,risks to be 444444444444 44444444 44444444 ,torn ,d[n4 ,o!r ,defects444444444444444444444 ,d ,n ,fill ,out 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,ref]r$ to ,date 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,/ate ,f4 ,m44444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,police ,dept4444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,fire ,dept444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,heal? ,dept4444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,bldg4 ,com444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444444444 ,dep>tm5t44447,sign$74444444444444444444 444441 ,inspector ,fire ,map444444,vol44444444,page4444444,block 4444444444444444444444444444 ,no4 & ,/reet4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444 ,items = ,clean-,up ,att5tion ,front ,y>d ,a%es ,pap] ,side ,y>d ,a%es ,pap] ,back ,y>d ,a%es ,pap] ,sawdu/ ,wood ,rubbi% ,old ,b>rels1 ,boxes1 etc4444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444 ,vacant lot to be rid (444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 ,o!r ,conditions44444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444444 ,items = ,public ,heal? ,att5tion ,g>bage444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444444444 ,outside ,vaults444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444 ,/able ,nuisances444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444 ,dra9age44444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444444444 ,o!r ,conditions44444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444444 8,! success atta9$ 9 ! ,c9c9nati campaign 9 #aiad s impress$ ! ,/ate ,fire ,m>%al t he assign$ "o ( 8 assi/ants to sp5d 8 entire "t 9 ! #aiae season go+ ab\t ! ,/ate organiz+ 9 ! diff]5t cities clean-up campaigns bas$ ^u ! ,c9c9nati plan1 & 9 :i* inspections by ! ,/ate ,fire ,m>%al's dep>tm5t play$ an important "p4 ,s9ce x is e/imat$ t #hj p] c5t4 to #ij p] c5t4 ( all fires are caus$ by accumulation ( wa/e1 rubbi% or tra% ( "s sort1 a ?or\gh r5ovation ( all premises 9 ! city mu/ decrease ! risk ( fire4 ,!re=e ! m ?or\gh ! ,clean-,up ,campaign ! m "w done t[>d fire prev5tion4 ,! #fjj1jjj r$uction 9 fire loss1 f #a1cda1cdh 9 #aiac to #gic1gif 9 #aiad1 may be trac$ l>gely to ! result ( ! ,clean-,up movem5t4 ,?is means a r$uction ( insurance rates 9 ! bus9ess di/rict ( f #e p] c5t4 to #h p] c5t4 & an annual sav+ ( p]haps #afj1jjj 9 fire insurance premiums40 ,sanit>y ,inspection ,z a prelim9>y to ! ,clean-,up ,campaign 9 ,kirkville1 ,miss\ri1 an inspection 0 made ( all groc]y /ores1 drug /ores1 bak]ies1 & dairies by ! ,/ate ,pure ,food ,inspectors4 ,! "w cont9u$ ov] _m mon?s1 & e ,sunday "o ( ! local newspap]s devot$ an entire page to ! report ( ! conditions1 good & bad4 ,ea* conc]n 0 scor$ on v>i\s po9ts ( sanitation on ! basis ( #ajj p] c5t4 p]fect1 & ! ,sunday pap]s pr9t$ scores ( all conc]ns inspect$ ! previ\s week4 ,?us ! int]e/ ( ! public 0 ar\s$ to wat* ! scores4 ,9 ! in/ances :]e ! l[ scores 7 made ! effects ( public disapproval 7 in/antly felt4 ,flies & ,mosquitoes ,swatt+ ! fly & de/roy+ bre$+ places play an important "p 9 ! ,clean-,up ,campaign ( e community1 & 9 ne>ly e city fly ext]m9ation lit]ature is di/ribut$ dur+ clean-up week4 ,bullet9s1 rubb] /amps1 fly traps1 motion pictures1 lectures1 lant]n slides1 & ev]y?+ available are us$ to depict ! ravages ( ! fly4 ,fly ext]m9ation leaflets are s5t to bus9ess e/abli%m5ts1 to mo!rs' clubs1 & po/ c>ds to m]*ants ^: places ( bus9ess might be notic$ to be fly infect$4 ,boy ,sc\ts di/ribute ! lit]ature & also report z to /able conditions4 ,lett]s direct$ to bus9ess e/abli%m5ts1 sugge/+ ! use ( fly swatt]s & traps z adv]tis+ mat]ial1 are a fur!r movem5t aga9/ ! h\se fly4 ,9 ,c9c9nati a circul> expla9+ ! ne$ ( ext]m9at+ ! w9t] fly 0 di/ribut$ ?r\gh s*ool *ildr51 & a m>k$ r$uction 9 ! numb] ( flies 0 secur$4 ,a special g5]al committee on fly ext]m9ation 0 nam$ & became "o ( ! mo/ active factors 9 ! campaign4 ,classes 9 manual tra9+ 9 ! public s*ools made fly traps1 ! ,public ,libr>y _h prep>$ a complete set ( lant]n slides on fly ext]m9ation1 & ! committee _h prep>$ & pr9t$ & di/ribut$ #ej1jjj circul>s on ! h\se fly & me?ods ( ext]m9ation4 ,results ( ,campaigns ,a t\r ?r\gh any city on ! fir/ day aft] ,clean-,up ,week w conv9ce ! mo/ incr$ul\s t 9 promot+ ?is movem5t ! municipality mat]ially less5s ! fire risk & makes a m>k$ improvem5t 9 sanit>y conditions4 ,ev]y:]e are heaps ( wa/e mat]ials & disc>d$ articles1 su* z old b$ spr+s1 mattresses1 s(as1 glass1 crock]y1 /oves1 c>pets1 baby coa*es1 pil$ along ! curb4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! results conc$$ wor? :ile 9 mo/ ( ! cities engag$ 9 ! movem5t3 ,a cont9u\s campaign accompli%+ p]man5t good4 ,/imulation ( bus9ess4 ,a canvass ( ! cities hav+ clean-up campaigns result$ 9 ! %[+ t #ga p] c5t4 ( ! m]*ants 7 positive t _! bus9ess _h be5 increas$4 ,improvem5t ( h\s+ conditions4 ,di/9ct educational value = ! "y4 ,prohibition ( op5 g>bage cans 9 "s cities4 ,sanitation 9 ! h&l+ ( food products4 ,bett] laws & me?ods = ! disposal ( g>bage & rubbi%4 ,r$uction 9 fire loss2 ?us r$uction 9 insurance rates4 ,elim9ation ( unsightly lots & spots4 ,hundr$s ( s*ool g>d5s4 ,r5ovation 9 mo/ ( ! homes 9 a way !y _h nev] be=e be5 r5ovat$4 ,a great r$uction 9 ! numb] ( flies & mosquitoes4 ,a /imulation ( civic pride & cleanl9ess & safety ( ! home4 ,a unit$ ef=t by practically ! entire population t[>d an end = ! public good4 ,! education ( s*ool *ildr5 t[>d a bett] idea ( liv+ conditions4 ,! raz+ ( dang]\s build+s4 ,elim9ation ( public dumps1 prospective e>ly elim9ation ( _m m4 ,hundr$s ( new /reet litt] cans4 ,clean] y>ds & vacant lots4 ,di/ribution ( ?\s&s ( fruit & %ade trees4 ,collection ( combu/ible wa/e by ,salvation ,army1 reliev+ ,/reet ,clean+ ,dep>tm5t1 & r$uc+ dump evil4 ,developm5t ( community _s ?r\gh unit$ action 9 a movem5t = public welf>e4 ,! fact t mo/ cities h repeat$ _! campaigns f ye> to ye> %\ld conv9ce ^? :i* h n yet inaugurat$ ! movem5t t ! ef=t is well wor? :ile4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few l>ge cities1 ,new ,york be+ "o1 9 :i* ! conge/ion ( "w :i* a campaign entails creates a tempor>y situation :i* is unsatisfactory & exp5sive4 ,^! municipalities1 & ev5 _m ( ^? :i* h annual campaigns1 are advocat+ m me?odical c>e ( light rubbi% ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 ?us avoid+ su* a l>ge spr+ clean+4 ,z a rem$y sev]al cities h l5g!n$ ! p]iod ( clean+ to sev]al weeks4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 clean-up campaigns ju/ify ! ef=t & extra exp5se by mak+ saf]1 clean]1 heal?i] & m beautiful cities4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,remov$ 8#f4 ,,me?ods ,,& ,,co/ ,,( ,,collection ,,( ,,g>bage0 f p4 xii z !re is no ,table ,,vi 9 ! book4 #b4 ,footnotes #bg 70 ,table ,i ,n be=e r5umb]+71 #bh 70 ,table ,i ,r71 #cb 70 ,table ,,ii ,a71 #cc 70 ,table ,,ii ,x71 #cd 70 ,table ,,ii ,c71 #ce 70 ,table ,,ii ,h71 & #gb 70 ,table ,,vii d7 are miss+ _! an*ors4 #c4 ,*ang$ 8dep>tm5t h\ses0 to 8ap>tm5t h\ses0 on p4 #adf4 #d4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors4 #e4 ,reta9$ ana*roni/ic & non-/&>d spell+s z pr9t$4 #f4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4