,,municipal ,,housecleaning ,,the ,,methods ,,and ,,experiences ,,of ,,american ,,cities ,,in ,,collecting ,,and ,,disposing ,,of ,,their ,,municipal ,,wastes--,,ashes1 ,,rubbish1 ,,garbage1 ,,manure1 ,,sewage1 ,,and ,,street ,,refuse ,,by ,,william ,,parr ,,capes ,,director ,,new ,,york ,,state ,,bureau ,,of ,,municipal ,,information ,,secretary ,,new ,,york ,,state ,,conference ,,of ,,mayors ,,and ,,other ,,city ,,officials ,,and ,,jeanne ,,daniels ,,carpenter1 ,a4,m41 ,,ll4,b4 ,,boston ,,university ,,expert ,,in ,,economics ,,and ,,municipal ,,research ,,with ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,cornelius ,f4 ,,burns ,,president ,,of ,,new ,,york ,,state ,,conference ,,of ,,mayors ,,and ,,other ,,city ,,officials ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company ,,new ,,york #aiah ,,copyright1 #aiah ,,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company ,all rights reserved ,printed in the ,united ,states of ,america ,,dedicated ,,to ,,the ,,honorable ,,charles ,c4 ,,duryee1 ,m4,d4 ,,who1 ,,as ,,the ,,founder ,,and ,,first ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,state ,,conference ,,of ,,mayors ,,and ,,other ,,city ,,officials1 ,,which ,,developed ,,that ,,unique ,,institution1 ,,the ,,state ,,bureau ,,of ,,municipal ,,information1 ,,rendered ,a ,,service ,,of ,,inestimable ,,value ,,to ,,the ,,cities ,,of ,,the ,,empire ,,state ,,and ,,blazed ,a ,,trail ,,for ,,better ,,coordination ,,of ,,municipal ,,undertakings1 ,,and ,,more ,,effective ,,cooperation ,,among ,,american ,,cities4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface ,in a home free from nuisances which offend the esthetic tastes1 and either directly or indirectly cause disease1 more contentment and thrift will be found than in the one permeated with odors and befouled with dirt and domestic wastes4 ,so it is with a city1 the great home1 workshop1 and playground of its people4 ,keeping it clean1 therefore1 is one of the most important duties of its officials4 ,none other is more conducive to health1 happiness and comfort1 the three great objects for which every community through organized effort is striving4 ,and there is no group of municipal problems which demands and is now commanding1 more scientific thought and more intelligent business management than the collection and disposal of a city's wastes4 ,with every nation applying the last ounce of economy and with the increase of population and its consequent congestion1 these problems grow in importance and complexity4 ,higher living standards1 a better understanding of the causes of disease1 and a keener appreciation of preventive work have forced municipalities to frown upon primitive methods involving individual effort1 especially where congestion exists4 ,as a substitute therefore1 more effective means have been and are being adopted to eliminate by community activity1 the nuisances caused by ashes1 rubbish1 garbage and dirty streets4 ,we are also appreciating the need for more efficient management than is now prevalent and for the development of revenue-producing by-products4 ,an official or layman interested in the solution of these six important municipal housecleaning problems will find in this book information which we believe will answer all his questions4 ,our judgment has been influenced entirely by the hundreds of questions which have come to the ,state ,bureau of ,municipal ,information from city officials in their effort either to establish efficient systems or to reorganize existing ones4 ,city officials1 federal1 state and municipal reports1 engineering1 medical and other publications1 as well as the proceedings of various municipal1 civic and scientific organizations have contributed their quota to this work4 ,,the ,,authors4 ,,bibliography ,,street ,,cleaning3 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,bureau of ,municipal ,research4 ,efficiency and ,economy in ,municipal ,work by ,modern ,type of ,equipment4 ,philadelphia4 ,highways and ,street ,cleaning1 ,bureau of ,highways--,a ,problem in ,municipal ,housekeeping4 ,fox1 ,r4 ,t4 ,report on ,examination of ,personnel1 ,methods of ,work and ,equipment of the ,department of ,street ,cleaning1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,parlin1 ,r4 ,w4 ,flushing--,its ,place in the ,street ,cleaning ,field4 ,,sewage ,,disposal3 ,daniels1 ,f4 ,e4 ,operation of ,sewage ,disposal ,plants4 ,kershaw1 ,g4 ,b4 de ,b4 ,guide to the ,reports1 ,evidence1 and ,appendices of the ,royal ,commission on ,sewage ,disposal4 ,kershaw1 ,g4 ,b4 de ,b4 ,sewage ,purification and ,disposal4 ,metcalf1 ,l41 and ,eddy1 ,h4 ,p4 ,american ,sewerage ,practice4 ,disposal of ,sewage4 ,eddy1 ,h4 ,p4 ,extent to which ,sewage can be ,purified by ,practical ,methods of ,artificial ,treatment now in ,use4 ,faber1 ,d4 ,c4 ,operation and ,care of ,sewage ,disposal ,plants4 ,fuller1 ,w4 ,b4 ,sewage ,disposal by the ,activated ,sludge ,process4 ,bristol1 ,l4 ,d4 ,municipal ,sewage and its ,care4 ,american ,public ,health ,association4 ,standard ,methods for the ,examination of ,water and ,sewage4 ,hammond1 ,g4 ,t4 ,sewage ,treatment by ,aeration and ,activation4 ,weston1 ,r4 ,s41 and ,turner1 ,c4 ,e4 ,studies on the ,digestion of a ,sewage ,filter ,effluent by a ,small and ,otherwise ,unpolluted ,stream4 ,,refuse ,,and ,,refuse ,,disposal3 ,chicago4 ,city ,waste ,commission4 ,gerhard1 ,w4 ,p4 ,disposal of ,household ,wastes4 ,matthews1 ,e4 ,r4 ,refuse ,disposal4 ,turrentine1 ,j4 ,w4 ,preparation of ,fertilizer from ,municipal ,wastes4 ,conant1 ,e4 ,r4 ,refuse ,disposal in ,southern ,cities1 with ,particular ,reference to ,savannah1 ,ga41 with its new ,incinerator4 ,rich1 ,e4 ,d4 ,garbage ,collection and ,disposal4 ,gerhard1 ,w4 ,p4 ,sanitation and ,sanitary ,engineering4 ,,contents ,,page ,,preface vii ,,bibliography ix ,,introduction xix ,,chapter ,i ,,street ,,cleaning1 ,elements to be ,considered--,contract versus ,municipal ,cleaning--,spring ,cleaning--,street ,sprinkling--,street ,cleaning ,methods--,machine ,sweeping--,pick-up ,machines--,cleaning by ,flushing--,hose ,flushing--,cleaning by ,squeegeeing--,disposal of ,refuse--,relative ,cost #c ,,ii ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,methods1 ,need for ,proper ,disposal--,sewerage ,systems--,purification of ,sewage--,processes of ,purification-- ,dilution--,screening--,grit ,chambers--,straining or ,roughing-- ,treatment in ,tanks--,plain ,sedimentation--,septic ,process--,the ,imhoff ,tank--,chemical ,precipitation--,slate ,beds--,dosing ,chambers--,contact ,filters--,trickling1 ,percolating or ,sprinkling ,filters--,intermittent ,sand ,filters--,broad ,irrigation--,disinfection--,activated ,sludge ,process--,other ,processes--,trade ,wastes--,sludge ,disposal and ,value--,management and ,supervision #ga ,,iii ,,ash ,,and ,,rubbish ,,collection1 ,types of ,collection ,systems-- ,methods of ,collection--,districting the ,city--,organization of ,collection ,forces--,kinds of ,equipment--,location of ,receptacles--,time of ,collection--,frequency of ,collection-- ,enforcement of ,collection ,regulations--,methods of ,disposal-- ,revenues from ,by-,products--,efficiency ,tests and ,suggestions-- ,per ,capita ,production--,cost ,data #aai ,,iv ,,garbage ,,collection ,,and ,,disposal1 ,collection ,systems--,methods of ,collection--,house ,treatment--,kinds of ,equipment--,location of ,receptacles--,time and ,frequency of ,collection--,enforcement of ,collection ,regulations--,cost--,per ,capita ,production-- ,feeding to ,swine--,dumping on ,land--,dumping in ,large ,bodies of ,water--,disposal by ,sanitary ,fill--,burial--,disposal ,plants-- ,incineration--,reduction #aea ,v ,,care ,,and ,,disposal ,,of ,,manure1 ,methods ,used by ,cities--,the ,columbus ,system--,municipal ,regulations--,exceptional ,regulations #bjc ,,vi ,,municipal ,,clean-,,up ,,campaigns1 ,agencies for ,propaganda-- ,programs--,organization--,procedure--,p ublicity--,miscellaneous ,activities--,methods--,prizes--,fire ,prevention and ,inspection-- ,sanitary ,inspection--,slogans--,flies and ,mosquitoes-- ,ordinances--,revenue from ,waste--,cost--,results #bac ,,tables #a4 ,,methods ,,and ,,costs ,,of ,,street ,,cleaning ,,in ,,american ,,cities #b4 ,,methods ,,and ,,costs ,,of ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,in ,,american ,,cities #c4 ,,ash ,,disposal ,,by ,,private ,,collection #d4 ,,collection ,,and ,,disposal ,,of ,,ashes ,,and ,,rubbish ,,by ,,municipal ,,forces #e4 ,,collection ,,and ,,disposal ,,of ,,ashes ,,and ,,rubbish ,,by ,,contract #g4 ,,methods ,,and ,,cost ,,of ,,disposal ,,of ,,garbage ,,analytical ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,street ,,cleaning ,,page ,contract versus ,municipal ,cleaning #e ,philadelphia1 experience of #e ,washington1 experience of #e ,elements of ,street ,cleaning ,program #c ,classes of street litter #d ,lack of accurate data #d ,records #d ,methods of ,reducing ,litter #e ,carelessness of ,citizens #f ,how public and officials can cooperate #h ,philadelphia's plan #g ,preventive work #h ,educational campaigns #f ,street ,cleaning ,factors and ,standards #i ,conditions and factor #i ,horse traffic #aj-aa ,paving and repair policy #aa-ab-ac ,quantity and volume of dirt #aa ,schedule of ,street ,cleaning #ad ,amount and character of cleaning affected by kinds of pavement #ae ,assignments #af ,block system #ad ,organization of employees #ae ,unit of work #ae ,spring ,cleaning #af ,character of pavement a factor #ag ,rates per man #ag ,number of men required in gang #af ,unit cost according to character and kinds of pavement #ag ,sprinkling #ag ,bureau of ,municipal ,research1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 ,cost data #ai ,dust prevention #ag ,effect on pavement #ah ,experts1 opinions of #ah-ai ,ordinances and regulations #bj ,practices in various cities #ba ,sprinkling by railway companies #bj ,methods #bb ,patrol system #bb ,area a sweeper can clean #bb ,philadelphia's system #bd ,machine ,sweeping #bd ,cost #bf ,experts1 opinions of #be ,los ,angeles1 ,cal41 report #bh ,oakland1 ,cal41 experience of #bg ,pomona1 ,cal4 #bh ,flushing #bi ,atlanta ,sanitary ,dept41 report of #bi ,bureau of ,municipal ,research1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 report of cost data #ca-cb ,experts1 opinion of #bi-cj ,effect on pavement #ca ,machine #cj-ca ,railway car flushing #cb ,hose ,flushing #cc ,new ,york ,city1 experience of #cc-cd ,squeegeeing #cd ,horse drawn squeegees1 cost of operation #ce ,methods #cd ,milwaukee1 report of #ce ,motor drawn squeegees #ce-cf ,square yards per day cleaned #cg ,combination of methods #cg-ch ,danger of clogging sewers #ce-cf-cg ,disposal of ,street ,refuse #ch ,experience of cities #ch ,length of haul #ch ,used as fill #ch ,relative ,cost of ,street ,cleaning #ci ,experts1 opinions of #ci ,u4 ,s4 ,census ,bureau1 investigation of #ci ,,sewage ,,disposal ,bureau of ,surveys1 ,philadelphia ,testing ,station #gb ,composition of ,sewage #gb ,importance of ,sewage ,disposal ,problem #ga ,massachusetts ,state ,board of ,health conclusions #gb ,preliminary ,study #gb ,the ,sewerage ,system #gc ,authorities1 opinion of #gc-gd ,domestic ,wastes #gd ,degree of ,purification #ge ,trade and industrial wastes #gg ,processes of ,treatment #gh ,main group #gh ,chemical precipitation #ia-ib ,colloidal tanks #he ,dilution #hj-ha ,grit ,chambers #hb-hc ,plain sedimentation #hd-he ,preliminary or preparatory #gh ,screening #ha-hb ,septic tank treatment #he ,imhoff tanks #hg-hh-hi-ij-ia ,cameron tanks #he-hf-hg ,single contact beds #ic-id ,straining or roughing #hc-hd ,slate beds #ib-ic ,final process #gh ,dosing chambers #ic ,double contact beds #ic-id-ie-if ,trickling-sprinkling filters #if-ig ,intermittent sand filters #ih-ii ,broad irrigation #ajj-aja ,disinfection #ajj ,hypo-chlorite of lime #aja ,liquid chlorine #aja ,activated sludge process #aja-ajb-ajc-ajd ,combination of processes #gi ,electrolytic process #ajd ,efficiency of processes #hj ,management and supervision #ajh-aji ,miles acid sludge process #aje ,sludge disposal and value #ajf-ajg-ajh ,trade wastes #aje ,,ashes ,,and ,,rubbish ,collection ,systems3 ,types of systems #abj-aba ,combined #aba-abb-abc ,separate #abj-abb-abc ,method of collection3 ,municipal #abc-abd ,contract #abd ,private #abc ,districting the city #abd-abe ,organization of force #abe ,type of equipment #abf-abg-abh ,cans #abf ,vehicles #abg-abh ,location of receptacles #abh-abi ,time of collection #abi-acj ,frequency of collection #acj-aca ,enforcement of regulations #aca ,disposal of ,ashes and ,rubbish #acb ,dumping #acb ,burning #acb-acc ,revenue from ,by-,products #acc-acd ,specifications #ace-acf-acg ,efficiency ,tests and ,suggestions #ach-aci ,per ,capita ,production #aci ,cost data #adj ,,garbage ,,collection ,,and ,,disposal ,types of ,collection ,systems #aeb-aec-aed ,combined #aec ,separate #aec ,method of ,collection #aed-aee-aef ,scavengers #aed ,contract #aed-aee ,city #aed-aee ,organization #aef-aeg-aeh ,districts #aef ,force #aeg-aeh ,house treatment #aef ,receptacles #aeh ,vehicles #aei-afj ,motors vs4 horse drawn #afj-afa-afb-afc ,collection ,regulations #afd-afe-aff ,cost of ,collection #aff-afg ,per ,capita ,production #afg-afh ,garbage ,disposal #afh-afi ,feeding to swine #afi-agj-aga-agb-agc-agd ,dumping on land #age ,dumping in large bodies of water #age ,disposal by sanitary fill #age-agf-agg ,burial #agh ,disposal ,plants #agh-agi-ahj-aha ,incineration #aha ,crematories #aha-ahb-ahf ,destructors #ahc-ahd-ahe-ahf-ahg ,reduction #ahg-aij ,cooking #ahh-ahi ,drying #ahi ,by-,products #aij-aia-aib ,,care ,,and ,,disposal ,,of ,,manure ,methods of ,collection #bjc ,municipal #bjd-bje ,private #bjd ,contract #bjd ,municipal ,regulations #bjf-bjg-bjh-bji-baj ,for care and storage of manure #bjf-bjg-bjh-baj ,for transportation of manure #bjf-bjg-bjh ,for disposal of manure #bjf-bjg-bjh ,,municipal ,,clean-,,up ,,campaign ,history of the ,movement #bac-bad ,initiating a ,campaign #bad-bae ,organization #bae-baf-bag ,publicity plans #bag-bah-bai-bbj-bba-bbb ,cooperating forces #bbb-bbc-bbd-bbe-bbf-bbg ,work of children #bbb-bbc-bbd-bbe-bbf ,work of organizations #bbe-bbf-bbg ,special ,activities #bbg-bbh ,cleaning roofs #bbg ,school gardens #bbh ,planting trees #bbh ,fire ,prevention and ,inspection #bbh-bbi ,sanitary ,inspectors #bcj ,flies and ,mosquitoes #bcj-bca ,results of ,campaigns #bca-bcb ,,introduction ,never in the history of our country has the work of the public official demanded so much of him as now4 ,the expansion and increasing complexity of municipal activities1 the desire of women for more knowledge about their new responsibilities1 the need for better living conditions brought about by greater congestion1 the necessity for conserving every ounce of man and woman power1 the demand for greater efficiency and rock-bottom economy in every line--all these conditions are making themselves felt with the public official4 ,the time when public office was held by the grace of ,god and the majority of votes has become almost a thing of the past4 ,the official's worth now is not measured by his good-fellowship and vote-getting capacity1 but rather by his ability to produce results--not at the polls on ,election ,day1 but in the ,city ,hall every day4 ,because municipal government is closer to the people and affects them in more ways than the government of any other political subdivision1 and also because our citizens are now taking a keener interest than ever before in community work1 it is to-day almost useless for a public official to attempt to escape responsibility or to excuse his shortcomings4 ,he must be efficient and constantly apply his efficiency4 ,i believe that most of our urban citizens appreciate the importance of keeping our cities clean and healthful by the proper removal and disposal of the mass of wastes that accumulates daily4 ,i know that every public official appreciates the need for this service1 and most of them by bitter experiences realize the complexity of these problems4 ,to equip himself to do his difficult duty as he should1 the public official must be able to acquaint himself thoroughly with the best methods1 experiences and opinions of others4 8,municipal ,housecleaning0 goes into all of the matters pertaining to the collection1 care and removal of municipal wastes4 ,it should be of the greatest value in assisting public officials--mayors1 engineers1 sanitarians and members of health1 street cleaning1 public works and sewer departments--to select the systems best adapted to local conditions and to operate them efficiently4 ,we officials in ,new ,york ,state have found this information to be of inestimable value in solving our problems4 ,but no municipal effort can succeed without the cooperation of the citizen4 ,he can help most by informing himself on these problems so that he can intelligently participate in the cooperative community effort to keep clean1 and if need be1 to offer constructive criticism4 ,if the citizen--and particularly the woman1 for it is her intelligent cooperation that will make for more effective service--will read this book1 it will be easier for us to obtain in ,america what the authors have so aptly referred to as 8better places in which to live1 work and play40 ,,cornelius ,f4 ,,burns1 ,president ,new ,york ,state ,conference of ,mayors and other ,city ,officials4 ,,street ,,cleaning ,,systems ,,and ,,apparatus ,,used ,,in ,,american ,,cities--,,methods ,,of ,,reducing ,,litter--,,cost ,,data4 ,in establishing or rearranging its street cleaning system1 every city must consider the problem from three angles3 7#a7 ,cheapest method of cleaning pavement2 7#b7 ,method of reducing litter2 7#c7 ,paving policy with a view to saving cost of cleaning4 ,the proper solution of each one of these problems will materially reduce the cost4 ,in outlining a program for a street cleaning department the following elements must be known and carefully considered3 7#a7 ,kind of and state of repair of pavement4 7#b7 ,traffic to which they are subjected4 7#c7 ,facilities for disposing of street sweepings4 7#d7 ,climatic peculiarities4 7#e7 ,degree of cleanliness it is desired or expected to maintain4 7#f7 ,miscellaneous local circumstances4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,whinery1 ,consulting ,engineer1 says that in most cities the data afforded by local past experience and results1 furnish the best basis for future projects and programs4 ,unfortunately few cities have records of these4 ,the head of the department usually relies upon his own memory or that of his predecessor4 ,while the methods followed and results obtained in other cities may and should be studied1 it must be borne in mind that it is not safe to base conclusions upon such data without a full knowledge and careful consideration of all facts and conditions affecting them4 ,this is particularly true of reported cost data1 for in addition to differing physical conditions1 it is unfortunately true that the present methods of accounting in many street cleaning departments make it next to impossible to ascertain the actual or relative unit cost of the various details of the work1 and intelligently to compare results in one city with those in another4 ,the experience of the ,new ,york ,state ,bureau of ,municipal ,information in seeking data from the fifty largest ,american and all ,new ,york ,state cities provides ample proof of this condition4 ,fifty were able to give some data1 but of these only a few had any accurate and detailed cost statistics4 ,the relative amount of dirt from the different sources of dust depends on the character of construction and condition of street surface1 amount and character of traffic1 character of neighborhood and people in the neighborhood1 and street railway tracks4 ,street dirt is divided into two general classes3 7a7 ,natural1 and therefore unavoidable1 and 7b7 that due to carelessness and therefore avoidable4 ,in the first class are dust from the air1 and dirt coming from the wear of pavements1 vehicles1 tires and horses' shoes2 excrement of animals1 dirt and sand which work up through the joints of pavements1 laid on earth or sand foundations and having sand or gravel joints2 dirt brought in from adjacent unpaved or macadam streets1 and leaves from shade trees4 ,in the second class are soot1 refuse swept from sidewalks1 thrown from buildings and discarded by pedestrians1 dirt dropped from overloaded vehicles and dbris from construction operations4 ,the real duty of the street cleaning department is the removal of the first class1 but in doing so it is compelled also to sweep up and cart away the material in the second class4 ,in order to reduce its operations as much as possible1 it must1 therefore1 in cooperation with the police and health authorities do everything it can to prevent the accumulation of the avoidable material by enforcing ordinances and through the cooperation of the public in general4 ,contract vs4 ,municipal ,cleaning ,it is generally agreed that street cleaning by municipal employees is more satisfactory and economical than by contract4 ,even the officials of those few cities which still have the contract system favor municipal operation4 ,philadelphia is the only one of the twenty-five largest cities in the country which does the work by contract4 ,the chief of the highway department has recommended a change1 giving the following reasons3 8,street cleaning work involves so much detail for which there are no definite units to specify and bid for1 and it is of such a character that the overhead charges for proper inspection are so disproportionate to the cost of the work1 that unquestionably it would be much more effectively and economically carried on directly by the municipal forces instead of by contract40 ,washington's experience is illuminating4 ,notwithstanding changes in method as work progressed and considerable expense attached to the purchase of new equipment the street cleaning department was able to show at the end of the year under the municipal system that the average costs were less than contract prices4 ,at the end of the second year for the expenditure of the same amount of money over #be per cent4 more work was accomplished than during the last year of the contract system and the general opinion was that the streets were in better condition than they had ever been before4 ,method of ,reducing ,litter ,street cleaning departments of many progressive cities within the last few years have given particular attention to the preventive side of street cleaning work1 i4 e41 reducing the amount of avoidable dirt on street pavements4 ,various methods have been adopted to secure results4 ,local civic pride and the cooperation of the public have been stimulated by means of educational campaigns4 ,one result has been the more general use of waste paper and refuse street cans4 ,cleveland tried to organize volunteer corps among the school children to use their influence against the useless littering of streets4 ,departments have also established a closer relationship with the health and police authorities for the enforcement of street cleaning regulations1 such as those prohibiting the sweeping of litter from stores and houses onto paved streets4 ,the success of preventive work depends upon the amount of cooperation the street cleaners can get from these sources4 ,in ,chicago an analysis was made of the character and percentage of waste thrown about by pedestrians in the streets and by business houses in densely populated sections of the city4 ,it was found that a great portion of the street dirt collected by street cleaners consisted of waste paper and other light litter4 ,the ,chicago ,civil ,service ,commission in a special report says3 8,it would appear that with the cooperation of merchants a considerable portion of such litter could be kept off the streets and if street cleaners would patrol the street for loose paper and deposit the same in the street dirt boxes provided at different points along such streets1 a great portion of the cleaning work would be saved and the streets would generally appear cleaner4 ,the litter of streets in tenement and manufacturing districts is a matter which can be greatly minimized by proper distribution of work and cooperation of the street cleaning forces and residents4 ,the quantity of street dirt collected from the pavements in market places illustrates an instance where pavements become unavoidably littered40 ,gustave ,h4 ,hanna1 when head of the ,cleveland ,street ,cleaning ,department1 expressed the belief that nothing encourages carefulness on the part of the public so much as efficient and careful cleaning4 ,he argued that a man does not hesitate to throw paper or rubbish into a foul street1 but thinks twice if the street is clean4 ,if there is a waste box at hand with a printed suggestion on the outside1 ,mr4 ,hanna thinks he is apt to use the box4 ,the greatest source of expense comes from those who use the street as a place of business1 such as resorts of professional hucksters4 ,mr4 ,hanna and others think it would be a small return for the permission of doing business in these streets to require the hucksters to keep the surroundings clean at their own expense under pain of arrest or forfeiture of privilege4 ,in an effort to get the cooperation of the general public1 ,philadelphia placed waste paper receptacles in prominent locations throughout the city1 such as two in every block in the principal business sections1 in front of school houses and entrances to business1 elevated and subway stations1 etc4 ,circulars were sent to each householder throughout the city containing information and instruction as to improving conditions by using uniform and suitable receptacles4 ,bulletins and letters of information were distributed among business and civic associations4 ,the officials learned that one of the most effective methods in reaching the householder is through the women's organizations4 ,a woman inspector was appointed to keep in touch with the activities of the women's clubs and to secure their cooperation4 ,this inspector during the year gave over two hundred lectures to various organizations and enlisted the cooperation of householders1 women and children in connection with preventive street cleaning measures4 ,to the housekeeper it was shown how vital is her part in an efficient collection of all waste4 ,children were impressed with their duties as citizens1 and to them was given an opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge in the home1 school and on the street4 ,as a reward of such activity #e1jjj buttons were distributed in six months4 ,twenty thousand folders for children and adults relating to the care of streets and the collection of waste were also put into circulation4 ,former ,street ,cleaning ,commissioner ,william ,h4 ,edwards1 of ,new ,york1 says that four kinds of cooperation are needed by street cleaning departments3 7#a7 8,cooperation with the force by showing a human interest in the work of the men4 ,this can be done by establishing a pension fund so that when a man has served faithfully for twenty years and has reached the age of #fj or has become incapacitated after he has served ten years1 or is injured in the performance of his duty at any time after service has begun so that he is disabled for future service1 he can be retired on half pay4 ,this instills in men a keen desire to do better work and permits the ,commissioner to retire men who are no longer able to do good work4 ,the danger of street sweepers in busy streets is apparent to any one4 ,more than #b1ejj accidents resulting in death or personal injury or damage to property occurred in one year in connection with the ,new ,york ,city ,department's activities4 ,the percentage of killed in the street cleaning force was considerably higher than that in the police force4 7#b7 8,cooperation of women in the communities in ,new ,york4 ,the ,women's ,municipal ,league and other bodies have cooperated with the department4 ,every year they offer a medal to the sweeper1 driver or foreman who does the best all around work4 7#c7 8,cooperation with citizens4 ,carelessness up to the present time has added to the work and expense and has been an obstacle to real cleanliness4 ,it must be remembered that before the sweeper can begin that part of the work which is beyond prevention1 he must remove the litter carelessly thrown on the street4 7#d7 8,the formation of ordinances for the prevention of this carelessness4 ,if the department has the effective cooperation of the police department and of the magistrates1 in the enforcement of the ordinances1 then and only then can this particular condition be reduced to a practical minimum4 ,in an attempt to enforce ordinances forbidding the throwing of litter in the streets1 ,new ,york ,city in #aiae caused the arrest of #e1djj persons for violating ordinances relating to street conditions of the scattering of refuse4 ,in addition to these arrests in the last three months of the year more than #ah1jjj formal written warnings were issued for the violation of ordinances40 ,street ,cleaning ,factors and ,standards ,the conditions and factors controlling the amount and frequency of cleaning of any pavement1 are as follows3 #a4 ,density of horse drawn vehicles and other traffic4 #b4 ,width of street4 #c4 ,character of district and population4 #d4 ,location of streets4 #e4 ,proximity of streets and alleys4 #f4 ,location of public buildings1 parks1 etc4 #g4 ,kinds and condition of pavement4 ,a study made by the ,chicago ,civil ,service ,commission definitely established that the density of horse traffic1 which is the total number of horses passing through a given street divided by the width of the street1 is the principal factor which determines the number and frequency of cleanings one street should be given4 ,the ,commission has also learned that there are at least thirty-eight distinct movements which a street cleaner makes in street cleaning work4 ,of these some have been found to be unproductive1 resulting in loss of time and energy and less effective street cleaning4 ,the most important of these1 according to the ,commission's report1 are as follows3 ,observation of time wheeling push carts into alleys or other dumping places1 disclosing that practically one-fifth of time was consumed in this activity4 ,the study disclosed that some sweepers are more efficient than others1 due to the stroke of the broom which they make4 ,the practise of hitting a broom on the pavement is not necessary on dry pavements and very seldom on wet pavements4 ,effective and practical street cleaning can be obtained by bringing the brush down forcibly at the beginning of each stroke1 thus reducing the work at least #ae per cent4 ,the time schedules disclosed that time lost by street cleaners in dodging horses and automobiles where traffic is dense is unappreciable and does not exceed #h per cent4 of the total time in the business district and not more than #b per cent4 of the total time in the outlying district4 ,it is occasioned more through congestion of traffic than through density of traffic4 ,in cleaning light traffic asphalt pavements it was disclosed that after the one morning thorough cleaning three- fourths of the area to be covered during the remainder of the day does not require thorough cleaning4 ,the ,commission believes that scoops equipped with rollers would be well adapted for use on light traffic pavements1 and with them one man could patrol a much larger pavement area and still keep the pavement in good condition4 ,time studies of work performed by street laborers working in gangs showed that work done by groups and gangs was not as economical as the division of such work through individual arrangements4 ,considerable time is lost in conversation4 ,when one man rests every man on the street does the same thing4 ,while working in gangs the good sweeper does no more work than the poorest of the gang4 ,where it is desired to cover a large area of street with men working in groups rather than in gangs it would be better1 the ,commission thinks1 for each man to have a definite uniform area to cover and to require the foreman to time each individual4 ,mr4 ,edward ,d4 ,very1 ,sanitary ,engineer1 says that any attempt to estimate the amount of materials which accumulate on a city street must end in failure as the contributing elements vary in different localities in a city and in different cities1 and where figures are given they do not really present any valuable data4 ,some general principles1 however1 have been determined4 ,the ,chicago ,commission in its investigation declares that the quantity and volume of dirt attributed to horse drawn vehicle traffic is the most important source of street dirt4 ,the loss of sand and coal and crushed stone1 hay1 manure and other loose material from poorly constructed vehicles or overloaded vehicles adds greatly to the quantity of street dirt to be removed4 ,important in a wet season is the dirt carried by moving vehicles through streets and alleys onto hard pavements1 but the ,commission says that the amount of dirt actually attributable to this source is considerably less than is usually believed4 ,there is also considerable refuse in the form of leaves and grass which accumulates in the residential streets and along boulevards and parks1 which has a tendency to lodge in catch basin inlets and stop the free flow of storm water4 ,the quantity of leaves accumulating in the short leaf season on streets far exceeds that which naturally drops onto the surface of streets alone1 because of the additional cleaning from lawns and parkway spaces4 ,some reports express the belief that when a fixed standard is established of basing street cleaning schedules carefully on density of traffic1 condition of pavement1 character of frontage and kind of pavement1 a definite relation will be found between the amount of street sweepings collected and the number of sweepers employed4 ,in ,chicago it has been found that different sweepers average daily collections of quantities varying from three-fourths of a cubic yard to three cubic yards4 ,it has also been noted that street sweepings collected by regular block sweepers average about 4#jjde cubic feet per square yard4 ,the weight of sweepings will1 under ordinary conditions1 approximate #cf pounds per cubic foot4 ,the paving and repair policy of a city is a very important factor in cleaning rates4 ,comparatively few cities as yet give any thought when selecting a particular pavement as to the relative cost of keeping it clean4 ,it is also a fact that in many cities repair work is neglected at the expense of cleaning4 ,a smooth1 hard surface pavement will cost less to keep clean than one with a rough or uneven surface4 ,a brick pavement1 for instance1 costs more to keep clean than sheet asphalt4 ,for the same reason a street out of repair is more expensive to clean than one in good repair4 ,officials agree that a paving policy should be carried out with a view to having a minimum number of unpaved approaches to existing pavements in order to prevent mud being tracked from the highway to pavement4 ,there is need also of protecting narrow rural pavements from the overflow or tracking of mud that originates on adjacent portions of the same highway4 ,in a discussion of paving policies and their relation to street cleaning ,mr4 ,hanna says3 8,the construction and maintenance of pavements that are easy to clean are important and effectual in saving the cost of street administration4 ,little weight is given to cleaning cost when paving questions are settled and an actual expense of #ejj a mile in repairing residence streets would be considered an appreciable item of maintenance1 yet that figure for cleaning a mile of residence streets through a season is extremely low4 ,a street cleaner looks upon two qualities in a pavement4 ,it must be smooth and particles of litter must not stick to the surface4 ,the question of smoothness opens up the whole matter of durability4 ,any material that deteriorates or roughens becomes more difficult each year to clean4 ,any neglect of needed repairs means a larger cleaning bill until the repairs have been completed4 ,the twofold expense resulting from wear1 the cost of repairs plus the increased cost of cleaning should enter into all calculation of expense4 ,additional calculation of cleaning expense must be made for all bituminous pavements on account of the sticking of particles of litter to the surface4 ,these surfaces are never quite so clean as non-adhesive materials and it costs from #be per cent4 upwards in additional cost to put them in a reasonably presentable condition on account of this quality4 ,this difficulty is seen at its worst in a new creosoted wood block pavement1 when the oil is gradually working out between the pores of the wood4 ,the use of steel scrapers must often be employed as the flushing by water is not at all effective in removing the dirt from the surface4 8,substances most easily cleaned that enter into pavements are brick and stone4 ,neither originates any dirt1 and both wash off readily4 ,the only ground for discrimination between them is on the question of smoothness where brick has a slight advantage as a rule4 ,in the use of these materials the choice of a filler is all important4 ,a bituminous filler has all the disadvantages of a bituminous surface4 ,being softer than the brick or block it recedes1 leaving a crevice that invites lodgment of dirt2 with edges of brick or block unprotected it is sure to roughen1 thus adding to the difficulties of cleaning4 ,such a street after a few years presents the appearance of cobble stones with the filler invisible or else melted and run to the gutter where it impedes work of follow-up gang40 ,mr4 ,hanna recommends only a cement grout filler4 ,he says that ,west #adth ,street in ,cleveland has a grouted brick pavement ten years old and a traffic of two vehicles a minute4 ,it is cleaned on an average of five times a week1 being flushed by night and hand swept by day4 ,the cost of cleaning is almost exactly #ae cents per #aj1jjj of square feet4 ,this is the lowest figure the city has been able to reach on any type of pavement4 ,mr4 ,hanna says that the cost on the best asphalt would not be less than #bj cents and would rise to #cj cents if the surface became wavy or rough4 ,wood block costs approximately #a4jj a square to clean in its initial condition1 and it would be at least two years before oil will have dried out sufficiently to admit its being cleaned for #cj cents a square4 ,tar filled brick pavement will cost not less than #cj cents a square1 and if the filler disappears and the block roughens this cost will amount to #fj cents or more4 ,in the case of a pavement #dj feet wide there are about #ba squares to a mile4 ,thus ,mr4 ,hanna points out that as between a material that can be cleaned for #ae cents and one that can be cleaned for #cj cents1 there is a difference of #c4ae per mile for cleaning1 a difference of #ae4ge per week1 or #fcj per season of #dj weeks--#f1cjj in ten years4 ,in ,mr4 ,hanna's judgment cleaning costs can be greatly reduced by a policy of prompt repair4 ,he believes in the continual patrol of all city streets by men whose duty it is to discover defects in pavement and prescribe repair4 ,schedule of ,street ,cleaning ,the unit work must be established and the responsibility of each employee fixed in order to secure an economical administration of street cleaning4 ,this principle is illustrated by the so-called 8block system40 ,by this1 each man is allotted to a definite area of pavement to clean1 which varies in extent depending upon local conditions as to traffic1 physical condition of pavement1 location of street1 proximity to public buildings1 population1 paving1 alleys1 street cars1 right of way and frontage of streets4 ,it is the practise of up-to-date cities to prepare schedules showing the character of pavement1 area of pavement1 number of cleanings or patrols per week1 and the standard of work required of each street cleaner4 ,changes in these schedules are necessary from time to time on account of climatic conditions1 street repair and other necessities4 ,the ,chicago ,civil ,service ,commission says that to obtain definite standards of schedules for cleaning streets and alleys and the need of repairing such streets1 the routing of teams and vehicles1 collecting of city waste1 the amount and character and physical condition of all pavements must be obtained4 ,pavements are usually classified according to physical character for the purpose of determining the amount and character of cleaning as follows3 99 99 99 99 99 ,improved--,permanent 7a7 ,smooth pavements1 including asphalt1 creosote block and bitulithic4 7b7 ,rough pavements1 including brick1 granite1 cobble and rubble and other pavements which require that dirt be picked from interstices4 ,improved--,not permanent4 ,all macadam pavements and country roads4 ,unimproved pavements4 ,all streets that have not been paved4 ,the oiling of macadam within the past few years has had an excellent effect on this kind of pavement and has given it the solidity and usefulness almost approaching improved permanent pavements4 ,on macadam surface streets1 periodical removal of rough material with hoes1 brooms and shovels from street surface and gutters and sprinkling in dry weather with water or oil is about the best that can be done4 ,an analysis in ,chicago of the standard of work which one man can perform on an oiled macadam street1 indicates that the rate of cleaning one and three-quarters miles of oiled macadam of average width in an eight hour day can be reasonably expected of any man4 ,much waste is caused by lack of system in laying out the work and improperly directing the street cleaning gangs and teams4 ,the attached tables give the systems now being used in fifty ,american municipalities4 ,a study of these will show that some very definite ideas have been developed by street cleaning officials in this country4 ,for example1 most cities prefer having patrolmen work singly instead of in gangs4 ,in making assignments attention should be given to the smallest details1 such as correct reports from foremen as to the number of streets swept and loads carted away1 and the correct number of sweepers in each street4 ,in many cities three are sent through a street when two would do4 ,dirt wagons should not be started immediately behind sweeping gangs as it usually takes thirty minutes to an hour before a gang can sweep up enough dirt for a full load4 ,dirt teams should not start for at least one hour after the sweeper begins4 ,gangs should have allotted to them enough work to keep them busy until quitting time so that they do not have to kill time4 ,laxity in any part of the system eats up the department appropriation4 ,spring ,cleaning ,the spring cleaning system usually calls for the piling up and removal of the heavy dirt which is washed from the center of the street and which accumulates in the gutters during the winter season4 ,the experience of cities with such work indicates that the assignment of one man to a definite length of street1 or the assignment of a small gang of not exceeding three men1 to definite lengths of streets is more effective and economical4 ,the ,chicago ,commission says that where a gang of three men is assigned to the work1 team work is developed by the use of one man in removing the dirt from the roadway and one man each from the gutters4 ,in the granite and brick pavements considerably more brooming is necessary on the roadway4 ,granite1 brick and cedar block pavements require that the dirt be scraped from the center of the street to the gutter before piling in the gutters can be commenced4 ,the center cleaning rates per man in ,chicago are given as follows3 ,car ,track ,outside ,car ,track ,sq4 ,yds4 per ,day ,sq4 ,yds4 per ,day ,good ,asphalt #af1ejj #ah1ejj ,fair ,asphalt #ab1ijj #ad1hjj ,poor ,asphalt #i1bjj #aa1ajj ,good ,brick #d1djj #e1ejj ,fair ,brick #c1edj #c1gjj ,poor ,brick #a1hej #b1ifj ,good ,granite #d1djj #e1eej ,fair ,granite #c1cdj #c1gjj ,poor ,granite #a1hej #b1bbj ,cobblestone #a1dgj ,the single gutter rates in miles per day per man are given as follows3 ,times ,cleaned ,poor ,brick and per ,week ,asphalt ,good ,brick ,granite of ,all ,kinds #b #a4h miles #a4d miles #a4d miles #c #a4d miles #a4a miles #j4g miles #f #j4g miles #j4e miles #j4c miles #i #j4c miles #j4b miles #ab #j4b miles #j4b miles ,chicago has found that the unit cost of spring cleaning of macadam and cedar block streets of different physical condition is as follows3 ,first ,class ,fair ,condition1 ,cost ,poor ,condition1 ,cost ,condition1 ,cost for for ,cleaning #ajj ,lin4for ,cleaning #ajj ,lin4 ,cleaning #ajj ,lin4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,traffic ,traffic ,traffic ,heavy ,light ,heavy ,light ,heavy ,light #a4ah 4#ij #a4ig #a4df #b4be #a4hi ,street ,sprinkling ,although many cities sprinkle their streets for dust laying only1 it is agreed by all experts and the heads of most street cleaning departments that the use of sprinkling carts for this purpose is of no value1 i4 e4 it is a temporary makeshift and the result is nil4 ,sprinkling alone does not clean pavements1 but only converts temporarily the fine dust into mud1 which is a nuisance4 ,it is quite generally agreed1 too1 that sprinkling is responsible for much repair work on pavements4 ,the number of times a street is sprinkled daily depends upon weather conditions1 nature of pavement and location1 and rarely exceeds four trips4 ,where flushing and squeegeeing are done sprinkling is eliminated entirely4 ,in ,providence1 ,rhode ,island1 bituminous pavements are not sprinkled by water4 ,they are kept clean by patrol system and reasonably free from dust4 ,it is the belief of officials of that city that the use of water has an injurious effect on the pavement4 ,george ,d4 ,warren1 of ,boston1 an expert on paving1 says that street sprinkling as it is generally practised is worse than a useless expense4 ,he points to the fact that there has been no sprinkling in ,providence in seven years on all kinds of pavement1 except that water bound pavement is occasionally sprinkled with oil or oil emulsion4 ,if bituminous pavement surfaces are dry and clean the oil which drips from automobiles is quickly spread by auto tires to an extremely thin sheet1 which not only preserves the pavement1 but the slight amount of oil takes up the fine dust and materially helps to prevent the surface from even becoming dusty4 ,mr4 ,warren believes that while some forms of pavement are doubtless more affected by water and mud than others1 sprinkling injuriously affects all classes of pavement4 ,continuing he says3 8,i believe that repairs required to all classes of pavement are more generally the result of wetting down the dirt1 leaving the surface in a more or less muddy condition than by traffic1 or rather what would be traffic under dry cleaning conditions4 ,a city or street in or on which sprinkling or other methods of continual wetting of pavement surface has not been practised is almost usually one where the pavements are the best of their kind4 ,washington has the enviable reputation of having the most durable pavement of all kinds4 ,for many years the system of cleaning there has been hand patrol without sprinkling1 except a very light sprinkling1 just enough to lay the dust1 not to convert it into mud--immediately in advance of night sweeping4 8,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york1 is always dry except during rains1 and we find one of the most durable asphalt pavements in the world4 ,the pavement is always clean and never dusty4 8,asphalt pavement on ,alexander ,street1 ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 laid in #ahhe1 is still in existence and has a record for low cost of repairs1 and has until quite recently been free from street sprinkling4 ,it is now rapidly deteriorating4 8,rutger ,street1 in ,utica1 ,new ,york1 laid in #ahhf1 has been through a similar experience of no sprinkling4 ,michigan ,boulevard in ,chicago1 from ,jackson ,boulevard to #ajth ,street1 was paved partly with creosoted wood block and partly with asphalt4 ,it was always in a dry condition and carried very heavy traffic for ten years and was in a good condition until about four years ago when it was removed on account of widening the street4 ,the bituminous pavement on ,michigan ,boulevard is always clean and never cleaned or sprinkled other than by patrol cleaning1 except as to narrow strips about four feet wide which are sprinkled and hand broomed at night to remove the slight dust which collects near the curb40 ,the ,bureau of ,municipal ,research of ,milwaukee reports that in that city #bih miles of street are sprinkled at a cost of #fj1caj4je4 ,of this amount #ee1ajd4gg is assessable4 ,the balance is the city's portion for public property and street and alley sections which is charged to the general city fund4 ,the city used #bge1dih1aab gallons of water1 costing #bh1daf4fe including #h1hjj for hydrant rental4 ,the average rate of assessment per foot front is about 4#jag4 ,in some cities where water is unavailable outside of city limits1 or available only for a short time1 oil has been used to meet the demands for dust prevention4 ,what seems to be the best is some non- volatile oil that will quickly penetrate the wearing surface of the road incorporating itself with the fine particles so that it forms a dense1 smooth1 waterproof coating1 or else renders the surface dressing so heavy that wind will not hold it in suspension in the air4 ,in addition to this its non-volatile character gives it lasting qualities4 ,the ,milwaukee ,bureau of ,municipal ,research believes that 8,the service at its best is of no value as it does not clean but only allays dust on the street where in its wet condition it requires a further process of cleaning by the squeegee or flusher and ,white ,wings4 ,if the city had a sufficient amount of modern equipment to clean streets more frequently1 the valueless method of sprinkling could be eliminated and an enormous expense saved40 ,in some cities street railway companies are required to sprinkle between their tracks and for certain distances on either side of the track4 ,the legal question has several times arisen1 whether a ,municipal corporation has authority to enact an ordinance to compel railway companies to sprinkle in this way and also whether the particular ordinance in question is reasonable1 or so unreasonable as to be void4 ,generally speaking it has been decided that such an ordinance must be specific1 not burdensome1 and confined to the company's tracks1 though in one case in ,massachusetts1 under the statutory powers conferred upon municipal authority1 an ordinance requiring sprinkling from curb to curb was sustained4 ,courts have held that an ordinance providing that 8each and every ,company or ,corporation operating street car lines within the limits of the city of ------ shall water their tracks so as to effectually keep the dust on the same laid10 and provides a penalty for its violation1 is neither indefinite nor wanting in uniformity4 ,the question of sprinkling streets before sweeping has been discussed repeatedly4 ,following are the methods used in some cities3 ,new ,york4--,sprinkling before machines4 ,no sprinkling before hand sweeping4 ,chicago4--,sprinkling before sweeping4 ,the ,chicago ,code of #aiaa requires that street car companies shall keep well sprinkled with water in a manner satisfactory to the ,commissioner of ,public ,works1 all streets on which they maintain and operate their tracks4 ,they are required to sprinkle such streets twice each day4 ,by another section such street car companies shall clean such portions of streets as lie between the two outermost rails of such tracks and also every additional service as may be prescribed in any railway ordinance relating to or affecting any street4 ,philadelphia4--,the proposals and specifications for the cleaning of streets1 roads1 alleys1 inlets and markets for #aiae1 contained the following provision3 ,in addition to the cleaning by blockmen required under these specifications1 all streets must be periodically cleaned by machines1 the number of weekly cleanings being given in the classification of streets1 the remaining machine work shall be done with machine brooms immediately preceded by sprinklers4 ,st4 ,louis4--,sprinkling before sweeping is very rarely done1 except in the case of certain large sweeping machines used by the city4 ,baltimore4--,sprinkles before sweeping4 ,pittsburgh4--,principal thoroughfares including all streets in business district cleaned by machine sweepers4 ,water cart precedes sweeping machine4 ,the cart must never be more than one block ahead of the sweeper4 ,washington4--,superintendent of street cleaning gives his opinion that much more effective sweeping can be done without sprinkling and in hand patrol work where dirt is not allowed to collect in any considerable quantity is not necessary4 ,in machine sweeping1 however1 he finds it necessary to sprinkle with a small amount of water4 ,in cold weather sprinkling is omitted2 but at such times many complaints are received on account of dust4 ,minneapolis4--,in general the orders of the street district commissioners are to sprinkle the streets before sweeping4 ,street ,cleaning ,methods ,four methods are used in ,american cities for street cleaning1 hand sweeping1 machine sweeping1 flushing by machine and hose and squeegeeing4 ,all experts advocate the sweeping of streets by hand1 commonly called the patrol system4 ,the implements used in patrol cleaning are broom1 pan scraper1 squeegees1 can carrier and cans4 ,the broom is usually one which has a #d #ah inch block1 filled with split bamboo1 rattan1 hickory1 steel wire or black ,african bass4 ,the block is usually fitted with a steel scraper4 ,the pan scraper is constructed like a dust pan1 turned up sides and back4 ,it is about #cf inches wide by #ae inches deep4 ,the squeegee is a board about #cf inches wide fitted with a rubber strip which extends below the lower edge of the board4 ,brooms1 pan scrapers and squeegees have handles about #ff inches long4 ,the cans are made to hold about three cubic feet of dirt and taper #ai inches in diameter at the top to #ag inches at the bottom4 ,the can carrier has two large wheels and two small1 and a platform upon which the can or cans rest4 ,a new carrier has been devised which carries two cans and is so balanced that the two cans are more easily manipulated than the one4 ,some cities are now substituting canvas bags for cans4 ,whinery says that when street surfaces are of such character as to admit it1 hand sweeping is the most effective method4 ,j4 ,w4 ,paxton says that hand cleaning work is capable of better distribution than any other method1 because more attention can be given to dirtier areas by increasing the number of men who only clean the portions of the street which are dirty and work on those portions until they are clean4 ,there is a fine scum which is not apparent when the pavements are dry but rises up in a thin sheet of mud when moist1 making the pavements very slippery4 ,this and fine dust cannot be removed by hand cleaners1 but by washing about twice a week in addition to hand cleaning1 these troubles can be eliminated4 ,very believes that this method of cleaning is fairly effective but is a dust raiser and the ability of the man to cover areas is very limited1 especially since the automobile has come into such general use1 as it interferes with the sweeper and his work4 ,he says that there are hand machine brooms built on the principle of the carpet sweeper which are not dust raisers and which as a matter of fact do much more effective work4 ,the pan scraper is only valuable to remove manure and mud and coarse litter1 and its use should be limited to the time necessary for such work1 and the broom used for dust removal4 ,the area a sweeper can clean depends upon the existence of local conditions4 ,a test was made in ,new ,york ,city for one week and it was found that the area one sweeper was able to clean in a day of eight hours varied from #b1bab square yards to #af1jge square yards1 with an average over the whole city of #e1gde square yards4 ,the efficiency division of the ,civil ,service ,commission of ,chicago reports3 8,from an analysis of the findings of the time and motion studies of street cleaners the following table has been deduced1 upon which are based the relative difficulty of cleaning different pavements under varying conditions and the standard and equivalent areas to be cleaned by one man in one eight-hour day40 ,pavement ,condition ,square ,yards ,asphalt ,good #ba1ejj ,asphalt ,fair #ai1cjj ,asphalt ,bad #ag1bjj ,creosote ,blocks ,good #ba1ejj ,brick ,good #af1jjj ,brick ,fair #ad1djj ,brick ,poor #ab1hjj ,granite ,good #ac1djj ,granite ,fair #ab1ajj ,granite ,poor #aj1gjj ,in ,philadelphia1 which cleans its streets by contract1 block men are assigned to sections designated by the chief4 ,the area to be covered depends upon the character and amount of traffic4 ,the duties of block men consist in patrolling the areas1 gathering all papers and refuse and sweeping dirt as fast as it accumulates1 and putting it into dust proof bags ready for loading into special wagons and hauling to a dumping station4 ,the equipment used in hand patrol work consists of hand machines1 bag carrier1 burlap sacks1 push brooms1 hand scrapers1 special cans and shovels4 ,the dirt collected is placed in sacks and left at convenient points to be collected by special wagons and taken to the dump in sacks1 these being returned by the drivers4 ,sacks are used in preference to cans because of the weight1 bulk and noisiness of the latter4 ,machine ,sweeping ,machine sweeping and cleaning is almost universally condemned1 although this method is used in many cities4 ,the machine broom is preceded by a sprinkling cart to loosen the filth and in a measure to prevent the dust rising4 ,this is seldom effected4 ,a broom is found to cover about #dj1jjj square yards per eight hours4 ,the material is swept into windrows at the side and finally delivered to a windrow in the gutter1 where it is picked up4 ,the efficiency of the rotary broom system is considerably reduced because the sweepers meet continual obstructions in busy streets and when operating over paved streets the brooms remove the coarser fragments of dirt only and leave the finer particles on the pavement4 ,where the rotary broom is preceded by a street sprinkler1 the dust forms into mud and clings to the surface of the pavement1 and where the pavement is rough the mud is forced into the joints between paving blocks4 ,as the street becomes dry1 the dirt pulverizes and appears again as a dust nuisance4 ,in all but one instance machine sweepers have been dispensed with in ,chicago4 ,south ,water ,street1 the heavy wholesale fruit district of the city1 is badly congested during the day1 which makes it impossible effectively to clean this district by the 8block0 system4 ,this street becomes very dirty during the day and is covered with a thick layer of dirt and dbris at night4 ,in this instance1 the broom machines appear to be effective and give fairly good results in the cleaning of this coarse material4 ,the ,chicago ,commission believes that the mixing of calcium chloride with the water which is sprinkled in the different sections of the city would greatly add to the effectiveness of street cleaning and eliminating the perils of dust4 ,according to ,very horse drawn brooms of the rotary style are not as effective as the hand broom4 ,whinery says1 8,sweeping by power sweepers at intervals of one or more days1 while less expensive is far less effective and satisfactory than hand sweeping1 though if properly done and supplemented by sprinkling with water or oil at intervals sufficiently near together to prevent dust flying it serves a good purpose40 ,j4 ,w4 ,paxton is of the opinion that the machine broom raises so much dust that heavy sprinkling is required4 ,the fine dust mixed with water produces mud which is smeared on the street by the broom and when this becomes dry it turns to dust again4 ,the broom sweeps only the coarser particles and many of these are thrown over the broom by centrifugal force to the pavement again4 ,in ,philadelphia1 machine broom cleaning is done in batteries of two or three1 preceded by sprinklers1 the number of brooms in each battery depending upon the width and character of the streets to be cleaned4 ,the average gang consists of two machine brooms and one sprinkler1 and four to seven broomers and a sufficient supply of wagons to remove the refuse1 the number depending upon the haul to the dump and season of year1 together with amount and character of traffic4 ,an investigation made by the ,milwaukee ,bureau of ,municipal ,research into the cost of rotary broom service brought out the following facts3 ,in industrial and outlying residential section and upon streets adjacent to wharfs1 where pavements are constructed of brick1 sandstone1 limestone or granite1 the rotary brooms are usually used4 ,the process is done nightly and to prevent dust1 a sprinkler is used in advance of broom4 ,the following analysis of the cost of operation has been made by the ,bureau3 ,cost of machine #bej4jj ,depreciation of #aj per cent4 on machine #be4jj ,interest at #d per cent4 #aa4be ------------ -------------- #cf4be ,minor repairs and replacements #f brooms at #ej lbs4 bamboo #bj4jj ea4 at #h4 per lb #bd4jj #dh hrs4 labor #bd hr #ab4jj #ef4jj ------------ -------------- #ib4be #aej days operation #j4fae #b sweepers at #b per day ea4 #d4jj ,team and driver per day #e4jj ,grease1 etc4 #j4je ------------ #i4ffe ,average yards cleaned1 #dj1jjj ,average cost per #a1jjj sq4 yds41 #bd4a ,combined with sprinkler ,sprinkler1 team per day #e4jj ,water #j4ij #e4ij ------------ #dj1jjj sq4 yds4 sprinkled1 cost per #a1jjj sq4 #ad4g yds ,broom cost per #a1jjj sq4 yds #bd4a -------------- ,combined cost per #a1jjj sq4 yds #ch4h ,the assessment per front foot on a street #cj ft4 wide and cleaned #ej times a season would be #c4b4 ,pick-up ,machines ,to improve on machine sweeping various types of motor pick-up machines have been invented4 ,most of them have proved of no value4 ,some1 however1 are being used by cities with good results on dry1 smooth pavement in good repair4 ,most experts question whether vacuum cleaning will ever be able to remove effectively mud or wet dust4 ,some experts1 however1 believe that these pick-up machines will solve the problem of cleaning macadam pavements1 as it is the only method that can be employed without serious results4 ,these machines will travel at a rate of four miles an hour1 which exceeds the speed attained by any horsepower sweeper4 ,the experience of ,oakland1 ,cal41 with this method of cleaning is interesting4 ,adjacent to the congested district a suction sweeper had been used for several years4 ,the district had been swept from three to six times a week1 by contract1 to the satisfaction of the city officials4 ,the department reports that the cost was rather high in comparison with that for rotary sweeping1 but that the results were more satisfactory4 ,it cost the city #ce4 per #a1jjj square yards to clean with the suction sweeper and #bf4 per #a1jjj square yards with the rotary brooms4 ,it had been generally assumed that the patrol system was the most expensive until the ,street ,commissioner readjusted the routes according to area and traffic4 ,he then found that hand sweeping could be done on streets not swept by rotary brooms at the same cost or not to exceed a ten per cent4 increase4 ,he found also that it could be done for much less than cleaning by suction machines4 ,the city has1 therefore1 entirely superseded this method of cleaning at an estimated annual saving of #c1jjj and with much better results4 ,pomona1 ,california1 found that moisture upon the surface of a pavement or in any form of refuse cannot be lifted by a suction sweeper4 ,instead it is in effect smeared over the surface of the street4 ,in all cases where the street is dry and the surface of the pavement is reasonably dry the city has found the machine very positive in its operation4 ,los ,angeles1 ,california1 is thoroughly testing the vacuum method of street cleaning following a report by the ,efficiency ,commission1 which has estimated a saving of #fe1jga a year if the streets are swept with vacuum cleaners instead of flushed4 ,the report says that supplementary observations and calculations show that the cost of flushing under present conditions is #bd4jf4 per #a1jjj square yards1 and the cost of vacuum cleaning #aj4if cents per #a1jjj square yards4 ,these figures include the cost of supervision1 maintenance of equipment1 workman's compensation1 gutter cleaning and water at cost of production4 ,the cost of operating one of these machines is given by the ,milwaukee ,bureau of ,municipal ,research1 as follows3 ,purchase price #d1jjj ,depreciation #ej per cent4 #b1jjj ,interest #d per cent4 #ahj ------------ #b1ahj ,repairs 7estimated7 #be ,replacement of brooms1 #cj #f ea4 #ahj ,labor making brooms #fj ------------ ,yearly cost #b1dde #aej days operation1 cost per day #af4cj #a ,chauffeur #c4jj #b sweepers #d4jj #a time #b4ej ,gasoline and oil #a4be ,water 4#ab #aj4hg #aj4hg ---------- ------------ #bg4ag ,from personal observation it was calculated this machine can operate at a speed of four miles per hour and perform work at about #ge per cent4 efficiency1 or at a cost of #ba4d4 per #a1jjj square yards4 ,the assessment per front foot based on a street #cj feet wide and cleaned #ej times a season would be #a4gg cents4 ,raymond ,w4 ,parlin1 ,deputy ,commissioner ,street ,cleaning1 ,new ,york ,city1 says3 8,so definite are the needs of the cities for results better than those produced by sweeping that it may be safely prophesied that sweeping in the future will cease to be a primary method of cleaning a modern city and will become an auxiliary to other more efficient methods or used where only rough cleaning is desired40 ,cleaning by ,flushing ,all authorities agree that whatever method for primary cleaning is adopted1 it is important that the street surface be frequently washed by the use of hose1 horse drawn flushers1 flushing cars1 or power squeegees4 ,reports from cities show that flushing is replacing machine sweeping and that the automobile flusher is becoming popular4 ,the ,chief of the ,atlanta ,sanitary ,department favors doing away with sweeping machine and cleaning the streets entirely with flushing machines4 ,he says that sweeping machines are out of date and that flushers are the ideal machines4 ,the squeegee is a vehicle having a tank and a revolving rubber roller1 which washes the pavement as the vehicle moves along the street and the water from the tank is sprinkled in front of the roller4 ,hose flushing is used in cities having graded streets and sufficient water supply4 ,street flushers have pressure tanks which depend for their pressure either upon the pressure from the water mains or upon the pressure obtained from a pump operated by a gasoline engine4 ,the latter plan gives the better results4 ,whinery is of the opinion that on well paved streets the most efficient and satisfactory method so far devised with the apparatus now available is hand cleaning by the patrol system by day1 followed with hose or flushing wagons or scrubbing squeegees during the night4 ,while this is somewhat more expensive than plain machine sweeping he thinks that no other method yet devised will produce equally clean streets at a lower cost4 ,gustave ,h4 ,hanna says3 8,the use of flushers has proven not only the cheapest but the most satisfactory method of street cleaning that our experience in ,cleveland has been able to develop4 ,statistics of the department show an average cost of #ae4c cents per square of #aj1jjj square feet for flushing to which must be added practically #i cents for pick-up work1 a total of some #bd cents per square as against #db cents for work with ,white ,wings4 ,the ,white ,wings are too convenient and necessary an adjunct to be wholly displaced under any consideration4 ,down town streets must be swept continually during the day and the hand sweeper with his small cart can also work to advantage in gutters of residential streets collecting dirt that has either been flushed or blown to the curb2 but so far as our experience goes1 the lessening of cleaning cost by cheaper methods means simply the extension of the use of flushers at every practical point4 8,there is an argument of sanitation in favor of flushing4 ,hand sweeping causes a certain amount of dust and mechanical sweeping usually causes still more4 ,i am opposed to the use of simple sprinkling as a means of laying dust4 ,ammonia and other products leach out of damp manure and form a scum on the surface that is nearly impossible to remove1 and makes pavement slippery and foul smelling4 8,water should also be applied with force enough to carry the refuse to gutter where it should be properly collected with broom and shovel and removed4 ,in ,philadelphia flushing machines are used only on poorly paved streets and block pavement4 ,high pressure flushing machines are usually operated similarly40 ,very reports that objection is made to flushing because materials are washed into sewers4 ,the same objection1 he says1 might be made to hand sweeping1 as many sweepers are like housemaids and sweep the dust into the catch basins to make work easy4 ,the material need not reach the sewers if the operator knows his business4 ,many fear that the action of water when used in flushing will wear away the pavement surface or the joint materials4 ,his answer is that it should1 if such a class of pavement or of jointing is allowed to be laid1 to expose the paving contractor4 ,the ,chicago ,civil ,service ,commission says that personal inquiry and analysis of reports from cities using flushing machines seem to indicate that the use of flushing machines on rough and smooth pavement and the use of squeegees on smoother permanent pavements have given more effective cleaning than the ordinary block or gang cleaning where it is practicable to make the substitution4 ,the ,milwaukee ,bureau of ,municipal ,research1 in its investigation of street cleaning in that city1 says the contention of some is that flushing is detrimental to pavement as it removes grout1 but such has not been proven in ,milwaukee4 ,the one fact that remains uncontradicted is that they clean the streets of every particle of dbris and leave the thoroughfares in a sanitary condition2 a matter of most vital importance4 ,in ,milwaukee night work is confined to two territories comprising the heavy traffic and commercial territories and each alternating night the streets are flushed4 ,this requires the use of four machines and they operate in a staggered double formation1 cleaning the entire area without a return movement4 ,when intersecting streets are encountered1 the two rear machines perform the work and then return to the original function4 ,a great deal more territory is thus covered than if machines were paired and each allotted a given area4 ,day work is performed in like manner except that the remaining four machines are assigned to outlying districts and confined thereto4 ,the following is the cost of operating machine flushers as computed by the ,bureau3 ,cost of machine #a1ejj4jj ,fixed charges4 ,depreciation of #aj on 7wagon tank7 #ajj4jj ,depreciation of #be on engine #abe4jj ,interest at #d #fg4ej -------------- #bib4ej ,maintenance ,painting 7each season7 #bj4jj ,hose and coupling1 each season #ae4jj #ce4jj #cbg4ej -------------- -------------- #aej days operation--cost per day #b4ah -------------- ,in recommending the flushing process the ,milwaukee ,bureau says that sprinkling will be greatly reduced1 the slippery surface of thoroughfares due to this valueless method will no longer exist1 and that a cleaner and more sanitary condition will be the result4 ,the experience of ,scranton1 ,pa41 with flushers is that in going over the streets but once satisfactory results are not obtained4 ,the director of public works says that this has also been found in other cities he has visited where flushers are used4 ,he has concluded that the only practical and efficient way to clean streets is by the use of automobile flushers1 one to about one and a half minutes ahead of the other1 the first flusher dampening the horse droppings and other material that may stick to the pavement1 thus loosening them1 and the second flusher sweeping them into the gutter4 ,birmingham1 ,alabama1 reports that its experience has been that a great saving and better results are obtained by substituting street flushers for sprinklers and brooms4 ,some cities are having success with street railway flushers1 among them ,cleveland1 ,scranton1 ,columbus and ,new ,bedford1 ,mass4 ,cleveland furnishes and maintains the flusher cars1 pays the cost of operating them1 including the wages of employees and the cost of power1 but contributes nothing toward fixed charges or for track maintenance or renewal4 ,commissioner ,john ,t4 ,fetherston1 of ,new ,york ,city1 reports that the ,mack truck flushing machines which the city put into use during the summer of #aiag are capable1 according to preliminary investigation1 of cleaning from #ajj1jjj to #abj1jjj square yards of street per machine per eight hour shift1 and that they will do the work with the use of approximately #djj gallons of water per thousand square yards4 ,hose ,flushing ,there is a difference of opinion as to the efficiency of flushing by hose4 ,in ,philadelphia all alleys and streets whose width between curbs is too narrow to permit the use of street brooms are cleaned once each week with hose4 ,when additional cleaning is necessary it is done with hand brooms4 ,very says that hose flushing is ineffective and uneconomical1 and that water does not reach the pavement in such manner as to give full effect and usually is doing no work at all4 ,one city report makes this comment3 8,four or five sweepers hold a hose and play it in some sections as though the object were to wash away the asphalt block pavement and car tracks4 ,target shooting1 with a stream of water1 so-called flushing1 will never supplant wetting and scrubbing40 ,very also claims that water to be effective must reach the pavement surface in a chisel shape and at a proper angle to remove and carry off the filth4 ,he says that no man is properly constructed to hold the hose at a proper angle with the pavement to obtain the best results for any length of time4 ,commissioner ,fetherston says ,new ,york's experience shows that a hose gang consisting of two men is able to clean well from #bc1jjj to #be1jjj square yards of the dirtiest ,belgian block pavement in eight hours1 and will clean upward of #cj1jjj square yards of smooth pavement of modern granite block in the same time1 using #b-;inch hose1 which is that city's standard size for use with its new hose reels4 ,the amount of water required to clean #a1jjj square yards is approximately #a1jjj gallons4 ,cleaning by ,squeegeeing ,the squeegee method is used on smooth pavements4 ,batteries of two and three squeegees are usually preceded by sprinklers1 which use as much water as possible without flooding the pavement1 while the squeegees use just enough water to create a wash4 ,the idea of sprinkling the pavement is to soften the surface and enable the squeegee to cleanse the street of slime as well as coarser material4 ,squeegees are followed by men who sweep up windrows of dirt into piles and a sufficient number of carts follow to remove the dirt4 ,in ,new ,york where no sprinkling cart is used they average #ej1jjj square yards per machine per day with the use of #bjj gallons of water per one thousand square yards4 ,in ,washington with a sprinkling cart they get about #hj1jjj square yards per machine per day4 ,parlin says that squeegeeing produces very effective results with a limited use of water on smooth pavements in good repair4 ,very believes that squeegee machines have their value1 and if the sprinkler cart is used in advance better results are obtained4 ,in ,milwaukee machines are in constant operation on smooth surface pavements4 ,in certain sections where streets are exceptionally wide1 three machines are used in staggered formation and necessitate but one and one-half complete trips over a street to perfect cleaning4 ,they are routed in such a manner that little idle travel is necessary and filling plugs are specified to prevent empty haul to any great extent4 ,the same system is applied to territories where only two machines can be operated1 except that four return trips are necessary to complete the work4 ,in no wise are operators allowed to confine their work within a given block unless conditions prevent1 but must continue until tanks are emptied1 which usually occurs at end of second block4 ,two laborers are employed with these machines to keep gutters free from dirt and obstructing the water from flowing to the catch basins4 ,the average area cleaned in one year was #cgg1gab square yards at a cost of #if4ce per day or #be4e cents per #a1jjj square yards4 ,of the total yardage of pavement in the city #a1aje1cbd square yards are free from car tracks and subject to squeegee process4 ,some are squeegeed twice a week while others are cleaned but once and each have the additional service of ,white ,wings and sprinkler4 ,the ,milwaukee ,bureau of ,municipal ,research gives the cost of squeegeeing as follows3 ,cost of machine #a1bej4jj ,fixed charges ,depreciation and repairs at #aj on machine #aaa4jj ,depreciation repairs at #ej on roller #gj4jj ,interest at #d #ef4be #bcg4be -------------- ------------------ ,maintenance3 ,painting 7each season7 #bj4jj ,hose and coupling 7each season7 #ae4jj #ce4jj -------------- ------------------ ,season cost1 #bgb4be #aej days operation1 cost per day #a4hae ,operation3 ,team hire per day #e4jj ,one sweeper at #b #b4jj ,water at #f per #a1jjj gal 4#hb -------------- ------------------ ,cost per machine per day #i4fce ,manufacturers have placed on the market a modern motor driven squeegee said to be efficient and economical to a city with large area of smooth pavement4 ,the capacity of this tank is increased to #gej gallons 7an increase of #bjj gallons over horse-drawn machine71 which will permit a large area to be cleaned uninterrupted by constant filling1 and reduce the lost time at hydrants4 ,there are two sets of sprays1 one directly in front of machine and one directly in front of squeegee4 ,back of the first spray or sprinkler head is a set of two brushes to loosen any hardened matter that might not be subjected to the squeegee process4 ,by using this machine1 the employment of laborers to continue the flow of water to catch basins is unnecessary1 as the discharge of water is sufficient to remove any slight particles that are removed by the horse drawn equipment4 ,at the end of the season1 the machine can be dismantled and a box attached to make it available for other purposes4 ,the cost of operating this style is estimated by the ,milwaukee ,bureau to be as follows3 ,cost of machine #d1jjj4jj ,depreciation and repairs at #be on machine 7one- #dha4be half chargeable to street cleaning7 ,interest investment #d 7one-half chargeable to #ij4jj street cleaning7 ,one roller per season #he4jj -------------- ,maintenance3 #fef4be ,hose1 couplings1 #d tires depreciation at #ej ,replacement of two brushes #fi4jj -------------- ,season cost #gbe4ge #aej days operation on street cleaning #d4hd ,operation3 #a sweeper per day #b4jj #a chauffeur per day #c4jj ,gas and oil #a4hb ,water at #f per gal4 #a4fj ---------- #h4db ,daily cost #ac4bf ,average square yards cleaned per day1 #hj1jjj ,cost square yards1 #af4e ,assessment for foot front based on a street #cj feet wide and cleaned fifty times a season would be #a4cg4 ,this cost data shows motor driven squeegees will perform twice the amount of work as horse drawn at a reduced unit cost4 ,the difference in operating cost of two types would be3 ,horse drawn1 average cost per #a1jjj square yards #be4e ,motor driven1 average cost per #a1jjj square yards #af4e ,whinery says that while it is true that flushing methods1 if thoroughly used1 do carry the removed dust into the sewers or drains1 which is regarded by many objectionable and to clog the pipes1 this might happen where the whole of the street dirt1 coarse and fine1 is thus carried together into the sewers4 ,he does not know of any instances where actual trouble has resulted4 ,the practise of cleaning the streets wholly by squeegeeing or flushing is not1 however1 to be recommended1 he believes1 if for no other reason than that it would be impracticable to do the work several times each day and thus prevent the formation and flying of dust4 ,the danger of clogging the sewers by flushing dust only into them is1 he thinks1 very remote1 as the quantity of the dust remaining after proper coarse cleaning is small4 ,careful determination by the ,new ,york ,commission on ,street ,cleaning and ,waste ,disposal showed that on smooth pavements cleaned by the patrol system the accumulation of dust in #dh hours after the street has been washed either by hard rains or by flushing1 does not exceed five per cent4 or six per cent4 of the total daily quantity of street dirt1 though on rough stone block pavement it may be much larger4 ,this quantity is so small that its disposal through the sewers could hardly cause serious trouble4 ,in fact1 the large volume of water used tends rather to flush and clean out the sewers4 ,in a paper read before the ,american ,society of ,municipal ,improvements1 ,mr4 ,parlin summarizes as follows the results of a study made by him to determine the economy of the various types of flushing equipment3 8,hose flushing on small areas was the most economical method2 that up to #dj1jjj square yards1 the horse drawn equipment was next in economy2 that from #dj1jjj square yards to #ij1jjj square yards the hose was about as economical as the automobile2 that from #ij1jjj square yards to #abj1jjj square yards automobile was supreme1 and for daily schedule areas of over #abj1jjj square yards the automobile and street car equipment give nearly the same economy40 ,the street washing equipment of the future will probably be a combination affair4 ,this has been used in ,europe for several years4 ,new ,york ,city is now developing combination equipment4 ,the ideal system of street cleaning would1 therefore1 be efficient patrol or hand cleaning through the day or during a longer period if the volume of travel in the evening requires it1 and thorough scrubbing with squeegees or washing with water under pressure by flushing machines or hose at night as often as may be necessary4 ,although the automobile equipment has not been in use long1 experience has shown that it is both efficient and economical1 particularly in the larger cities4 ,disposal of ,street ,refuse ,in most cities the final disposal of sweepings and waste collected from the streets is a troublesome problem1 and the cost is no small item in the expenses of the street cleaning department4 ,the majority dispose of the sweepings on city dumps4 ,a few cities are able to dispose of a part of the sweepings from paved streets to farmers and gardeners in the near vicinity on terms that repay at least a part of the cost that would otherwise have to be incurred1 but the expense of handling and transporting the material to any considerable distance and its great bulk compared with its commercial value as a fertilizer place a limit on its disposal in this way4 ,nevertheless1 it should be possible in the smaller cities at least to interest farmers and gardeners in the use of this material to a greater extent than is now common and to dispose thus of the sweepings at a price that would reduce the cost of disposal otherwise4 ,the use of street refuse for filling low ground or reclaiming areas of shallow water and marshes has not been so seriously considered as it should be4 ,in some cities the street dirt is used as a fill between sidewalks and curb or in low alleys and vacant lots which are adjacent to the streets cleaned4 ,in other cities where the so-called 8short haul0 system is used1 the street dirt is collected from stations at which the street sweepers deposit it1 for filling purposes within the ward4 ,the haul seldom exceeds three-quarters of a mile4 ,one mile has been used as a standard for short hauls within wards4 ,relative ,cost of ,street ,cleaning ,most experts agree that little can be gained by comparing unit costs in different cities as local conditions and prices paid for labor1 etc41 vary so widely4 ,another reason is the lack of uniformity in standards and records maintained in the various cities4 ,and still another reason is the varying standards of cleanliness4 ,very few cities in considering the sum to be appropriated first determine the standard of cleanliness to be attained4 ,an investigation conducted by the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,census indicated that the unit cost of street cleaning in cities having less than #cjj1jjj inhabitants is less than that in cities having over #cjj1jjj4 ,when the many different methods of record and cost keeping are considered as well as the difficulties encountered in obtaining accurate information as to conditions and methods used in the cleaning of streets1 the reasons for these differences are apparent4 ,the ,municipal ,journal in ,january1 #aiae1 printed a table which shows that the average number of cleanings per year in thirty-one of the largest cities was #aef1 varying from #cg to #cjj4 ,the cubic yards of sweepings per year per thousand square yards of street area averaged #bj4e1 varying from #e4g to #dh2 the latter being in ,boston and nearly four times that reported from ,washington4 ,the average amount of sweepings collected at each cleaning was #aia cubic yards per million square yards cleaned1 varying from #cb to #ddj4 ,the cost per thousand square yards of cleaning done averaged #ce cents1 varying from #ad cents to #a4ec4 ,the cost per cubic yard of sweepings averaged #b4gj1 varying from #gi cents to #h4ge4 ,table ,i 7a7 ,,street ,,cleaning ,,in ,,american ,,cities ,name of ,city ,population ,miles of ,streets ,swept per ,year ,by ,hand ,by ,machine ,total ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #dfa1cce #i1fjj #cd1jjj ,beacon1 ,n4 ,y4 #aj1afe #a4e ,binghamton1 ,n4 #ec1jjj #b #be4f #bg4f ,y4 ,cincinnati1 #djb1age #bj1aab #aja ,ohio ,cambridge1 #aaj1jjj #ae #ajh4e ,mass4 ,chicago1 ,ill4 #b1bjj1jjjd1fgd1cif1cjhab1jci1hei ,s4,y4 ,s4,y4 ,camden1 ,n4 ,j4 #ie1jjj #b1bdi1cad ,columbus1 ,ohio #bbj1jjj ,cleveland1 #efa1jjj ,ohio ,cortland1 ,n4 #ac1jjj #f ,y4 ,dunkirk1 ,n4 ,y4 #ag1hgj #bf ,denver1 ,col4 #bde1ebc #ajb1eja1bcj #bae1jdf1hdh ,s4,y4 ,s4,y4 ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y4 #dj1jic #bj1fgb ,fall ,river1 #abd1gia ,mass4 ,grand ,rapids1 #aca1jjj ,mich4 ,hudson1 ,n4 ,y4 #ac1jjj #ba4e ,jamestown1 ,n4 #ch1jjj #a #cj ,y4 ,kansas ,city1 #cai1jjj #dfb4feb ,mo4 ,kingston1 ,n4 #bg1jjj #d ,y4 ,los ,angeles1 #eej1jjj #ccc ,cal4 ,louisville1 #bbd1jjj #h1cca ,ky4 ,lowell1 ,mass4 #ajf1bid ,lynn1 ,mass4 #if1jjj #ce ,lackawanna1 ,n4 #ag1ejj #e4e ,y4 ,little ,falls1 #ac1jjj #f ,n4 ,y4 ,milwaukee1 #dej1jjj #hb #beb4e ,wis4 ,middletown1 ,n4 #ah1jjj #d4b ,y4 ,mechanicville1 #h1bjh #e4 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,york ,city #d1eea1hfj #a1dhg 7,manhattan1 ,bronx ,brooklyn7 ,new ,orleans1 #djj1jjj ,la4 ,new ,bedford1 #aaa1jjj ,mass4 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 #cgj1jjj ,norwich1 ,n4 ,y4 #h1ejj #f ,new ,rochelle1 #ce1ejj #eh ,n4 ,y4 ,niagara ,falls1 #de1jjj #djj ,n4 ,y4 ,newburgh1 ,n4 #bg1hgf ,y4 ,oakland1 ,cal4 #bae1jjj #d1abh #e1afj ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 #bd1jjj #ij ,ogdensburg1 ,n4 #ad1chh #a-c #aj ,y4 ,philadelphia1 #a1hjj1jjj #dfa #a1afe ,pa4 ,providence1 ,r4 #bdh1jjj ,i4 ,rochester1 ,n4 #bdh1dfe #beh1aga ,y4 ,rensselaer1 ,n4 #aa1aab ,y4 ,reading1 ,pa4 #aaj1jjj #bji1fei squares ,richmond1 ,va4 #afj1jjj ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 #hce1jjj #dje ,san ,francisco1 #ejj1jjj #dfj ,cal4 ,salt ,lake #abj1jjj #cj #ed ,city1 ,utah ,springfield1 #ajb1iga ,mass4 ,seattle1 ,wash4 #bch1jjj ,scranton1 ,pa4 #acj1jjj ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 #gf1jjj #dj4hi ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 #he1jjj sq4 mi4 daily4 ,washington1 ,d4 #cfj1jjj ,c4 ,name of ,city ,,area ,,in ,,square ,,yards ,,subject ,,to ,,cleaning ,hand ,sweeping ,smooth ,rough ,macadam ,total ,smooth and ,rough ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #gdi1fjj ,beacon1 ,n4 ,y4 #bf1djj ,binghamton1 ,n4 #aad1hbi ,y4 ,cincinnati1 #bed1iea ,ohio ,cambridge1 #cej1jjj ,mass4 ,chicago1 ,ill4 #ai1hda1dhbg1eea1jecf1fje1bcg ,camden1 ,n4 ,j4 ,columbus1 ,ohio ,cleveland1 ,ohio ,cortland1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dunkirk1 ,n4 ,y4 ,denver1 ,col4 ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y4 #da1jjj ,fall ,river1 ,mass4 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,hudson1 ,n4 ,y4 ,jamestown1 ,n4 ,y4 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,kingston1 ,n4 ,y4 ,los ,angeles1 #i1aej1jjj ,cal4 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,lowell1 ,mass4 ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,lackawanna1 ,n4 ,y4 ,little ,falls1 #gd1jjj #e1jjj #c1jjj ,n4 ,y4 ,milwaukee1 #a1fjj1agj ,wis4 ,middletown1 ,n4 #hh1bce ,y4 ,mechanicville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,york ,city #bh1dbi1ghe 7,manhattan1 ,bronx ,brooklyn7 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,new ,bedford1 ,mass4 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,norwich1 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,rochelle1 #d4fg ,mi4 #dg4a ,mi4 #f4c ,mi4 ,n4 ,y4 ,niagara ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,newburgh1 ,n4 ,y4 ,oakland1 ,cal4 #g1ccc1jjj #ahj1hjj ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 #dab1hff ,ogdensburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,philadelphia1 #gej1aci #c1hce1bag ,pa4 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,rensselaer1 ,n4 ,y4 ,reading1 ,pa4 ,richmond1 ,va4 #ef1hbj1djj ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,san ,francisco1 #ebe1aje1eea ,cal4 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah ,springfield1 ,mass4 ,seattle1 ,wash4 #c1eba1fbd ,scranton1 ,pa4 ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,washington1 ,d4 #a1eac1efb #c1fhb1gff ,c4 ,name of ,city ,,area ,,in ,,square ,,yards ,,subject ,,to ,,cleaning ,machine ,sweeping ,smooth ,rough ,macadam ,total ,smooth and ,rough ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #g1ifd1ejj ,beacon1 ,n4 ,y4 ,binghamton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,cambridge1 #a1bej1jjj ,mass4 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,camden1 ,n4 ,j4 ,columbus1 ,ohio ,cleveland1 ,ohio ,cortland1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dunkirk1 ,n4 ,y4 ,denver1 ,col4 ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y4 ,fall ,river1 ,mass4 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,hudson1 ,n4 ,y4 ,jamestown1 ,n4 ,y4 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,kingston1 ,n4 ,y4 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,lowell1 ,mass4 ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,lackawanna1 ,n4 ,y4 ,little ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,middletown1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mechanicville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,york ,city #aj1cia1bhc 7,manhattan1 ,bronx ,brooklyn7 ,new 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,kansas ,city ,kingston ,los ,angeles ,louisville ,lowell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middletown ,mechanicville ,new ,york ,city #aj1cia1bhc ,new ,orleans ,new ,bedford #ada1jih4bbih1hdc4jc ,newark ,norwich ,new ,rochelle ,niagara ,falls ,newburgh ,oakland ,oswego ,ogdensburg ,philadelphia ,providence ,rochester ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond #bfd1heb1jjj ,st4 ,louis ,san ,francisco #eij1cid1cfc ,salt ,lake ,city ,springfield ,seattle #ae1hde1iid ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,washington ,city ,,area ,,in ,,square ,,yards ,,subject ,,to ,,cleaning ,sweeping and ,flushing ,smooth ,rough ,macadam ,total ,buffalo #ahg1djjc ,beacon ,binghamton #ga1hjd4d ,cincinnati #a1bgb1hdfb1ifc1idh ,cambridge ,chicago #h1cci1jadd ,camden ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland ,dunkirk ,denver ,elmira #dbi1ddbb ,fall ,river ,grand ,rapids #fb1dgd1diib ,hudson ,jamestown ,kansas ,city ,kingston ,los ,angeles #h1jjj1jjjf ,louisville ,lowell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee #f1cge1fgfg ,middletown ,mechanicville ,new ,york ,city ,new ,orleans ,new ,bedford ,newark ,norwich ,new ,rochelle ,niagara ,falls #ijj1jjj ,newburgh ,oakland ,oswego ,ogdensburg ,philadelphia #ag1cce1jbg ,providence ,rochester ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond #b1hdf1jjjb ,st4 ,louis ,san ,francisco #gjd1bdj1hbh ,salt ,lake ,city ,springfield ,seattle #ahi1jch1gab ,scranton ,troy #cja1hghb ,utica ,washington ,city ,,area ,,in ,,square ,,yards ,,subject ,,to ,,cleaning ,sweeping and ,flushing ,smooth and ,total ,rough ,buffalo ,beacon ,binghamton ,cincinnati #aj1abd1ffh ,cambridge ,chicago ,camden ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland #agb1bbf ,dunkirk #caf1fja ,denver ,elmira ,fall ,river ,grand ,rapids ,hudson ,jamestown #eca1ehb ,kansas ,city ,kingston #g1ebf1gfbe ,los ,angeles ,louisville ,lowell ,lynn ,lackawanna #ajj1jjj ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middletown ,mechanicville ,new ,york ,city #aj1bhj1ihb ,new ,orleans ,new ,bedford ,newark ,norwich ,new ,rochelle ,niagara ,falls ,newburgh ,oakland ,oswego #agd1hcj ,ogdensburg #ge1jjj ,philadelphia ,providence ,rochester #d1bfe1jfa ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond #bfg1fih1jjj ,st4 ,louis #i1dbg1bab ,san ,francisco ,salt ,lake ,city ,springfield ,seattle ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,washington #b1fga1ifcd ,table ,i 7c7 ,,street ,,cleaning ,,in ,,american ,,cities 7,continued7 ,city ,,square ,,yards ,,cleaned ,,per ,,week ,hand ,sweeping ,smooth ,rough ,macadam ,total ,buffalo #h1gad1ajjh ,beacon ,binghamton ,cincinnati #e1gdg1agd ,cambridge #gjj1jjj ,chicago #aai1jdh1hibde1cjf1cjh #ci1fca1dbb ,camden ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland ,dunkirk ,denver ,elmira ,fall ,river ,grand ,rapids ,hudson ,jamestown ,kansas ,city ,kingston ,los ,angeles #i #i #i ,louisville ,lowell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee #d1gdb1jddaj ,middletown ,mechanicville ,new ,york ,city ,new ,orleans ,new ,bedford ,newark #aa1ged1beg ,norwich ,new ,rochelle ,niagara ,falls ,newburgh ,oakland #aa1dhj1hcch #b1dgg1aif ,oswego #cej1jjj ,ogdensburg ,philadelphia 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#bg1hdd1dhch ,troy #a1dec1bbdajg1jhf ,utica ,washington #ghi1jjj ,city ,,square ,,yards ,,cleaned ,,per ,,week ,machine ,sweeping ,hand and ,machine ,sweeping ,smooth and,total1 ,smooth1 ,smooth and ,rough ,rough and ,rough ,macadam ,buffalo #eai1hbe1bajh ,beacon ,binghamton ,cincinnati ,cambridge ,chicago #bcj1gif ,camden ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland ,dunkirk ,denver ,elmira ,fall ,river ,grand ,rapids ,hudson ,jamestown ,kansas ,city ,kingston ,los ,angeles ,louisville ,lowell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middletown ,mechanicville ,new ,york ,city#ag1cjj1aeh #ag1cjj1aeh ,new ,orleans ,new ,bedford ,newark ,norwich ,new ,rochelle ,niagara ,falls ,newburgh ,oakland #c1ddi1fjf ,oswego ,ogdensburg ,philadelphia ,providence ,rochester ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond ,st4 ,louis ,san ,francisco#hd1cdb1jea ,salt ,lake ,city ,springfield ,seattle ,scranton ,troy #a1haa1bfhb ,utica ,washington ,city ,,square ,,yards ,,cleaned ,,per ,,week ,sweeping and ,flushing ,smooth ,total1 ,smooth1 ,smooth ,total ,rough and and ,rough ,macadam ,buffalo #e1fbb1jjjhb ,beacon ,binghamton ,cincinnati #d1fag1bgg #aj1dag1fgg ,cambridge ,chicago #ej1jcd1jfd ,camden ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland ,dunkirk ,denver ,elmira ,fall ,river ,grand ,rapids ,hudson ,jamestown #a1fgi1eic ,kansas ,city ,kingston ,los ,angeles #aj1jjj1jjjf ,louisville ,lowell ,lynn ,lackawanna #ajj1jjj ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middletown ,mechanicville ,new ,york ,city #e1bgc1fchefb1ahd1cid ,new ,orleans ,new ,bedford ,newark ,norwich ,new ,rochelle #g1gdc1gib ,niagara ,falls #ah1jjj ,newburgh ,oakland ,oswego #eff1ecb ,ogdensburg ,philadelphia #ei1bch1iab ,providence ,rochester #d1bfe1jfb ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond ,st4 ,louis ,san ,francisco #ajj1fje1hcb ,salt ,lake ,city ,springfield ,seattle ,scranton #bcf1jjjbh ,troy ,utica ,washington #ghb1jjjd ,table ,i 7d7 ,,street ,,cleaning ,,in ,,american ,,cities 7,continued7 ,city ,,cubic ,,yards ,,of ,,street ,,sweeping ,,removed ,,per ,,week ,hand ,sweeping ,smooth,rough ,macadam ,total ,smooth ,smooth1 and ,rough and ,rough ,macadam ,buffalo ,beacon ,binghamton ,cincinnati ,cambridge #ejj ,chicago #i1cbie1dbh #a1eeh ,camden ,columbus #aj1ehfh ,cleveland ,cortland ,dunkirk ,denver ,elmira ,fall ,river ,grand ,rapids ,hudson ,jamestown ,kansas ,city ,kingston ,los ,angeles ,louisville ,lowell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee #ge1dbcaa ,middletown ,mechanicville ,new ,york ,city ,new ,orleans ,new ,bedford ,newark #b1jjaa1ejj #chh ,norwich ,new ,rochelle ,niagara ,falls ,newburgh #dh ,oakland #ca1bgfh #agj ,oswego ,ogdensburg ,philadelphia #ea1ifah ,providence ,rochester ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond ,st4 ,louis ,san ,francisco ,salt ,lake #bd a day4 ,city ,springfield ,seattle ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,washington #h1fjb #fc1bdb ,city ,,cubic ,,yards ,,of ,,street ,,sweeping ,,removed ,,per ,,week ,machine ,sweeping ,sweeping and ,flushing ,smooth ,total ,smooth ,total ,smooth and ,total ,smooth1 and ,smooth1 ,rough ,rough and,rough ,rough and ,macadam ,macadam ,buffalo ,beacon ,binghamton ,cincinnati #b1dif ,cambridge #ejj ,chicago #bhh ,camden #ad1hgah ,columbus #bg1cdhh #ab1bhdbh ,cleveland ,cortland ,dunkirk ,denver #eh1badh ,elmira ,fall ,river ,grand ,rapids ,hudson ,jamestown #ij ,kansas ,city ,kingston ,los ,angeles #a1ejj ,louisville ,lowell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middletown ,mechanicville ,new ,york ,city #ae1fbe ,new ,orleans ,new ,bedford ,newark ,norwich ,new ,rochelle #gb ,niagara ,falls #aej ,newburgh ,oakland #bhh ,oswego ,ogdensburg ,philadelphia #cgg1cdeh ,providence ,rochester ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond ,st4 ,louis #a1jjj a day4 ,san ,francisco #ab ,salt ,lake ,city ,springfield ,seattle ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,washington #bi1jhi ,city ,number of ,weeks in ,average ,number of ,cleaning ,season ,cleanings per ,week ,buffalo #ce to #dj for hand #f for hand sweeping all sweeping1 machine kinds of pavement1 #b sweeping1 and hand and for machine sweeping machine sweeping4 #be all kinds of pavement1 for flushing4 ,this is and one for sweeping for all kinds of and flushing all kinds pavement4 of pavement4 ,beacon #ce weeks in cleaning #f times4 season4 ,binghamton #bg for hand sweeping1 #f for hand sweeping all smooth and rough1 #bi kinds of pavement1 #f for machine sweeping1 for machine sweeping smooth and rough1 and smooth and rough1 and #cb for sweeping and sweeping and flushing1 flushing1 smooth and smooth and rough4 rough4 ,cincinnati #eb weeks4 ,business daily1 residential one to two times a week4 ,cambridge #eb for hand sweeping ,six for hand sweeping smooth pavement1 #aj for smooth pavement1 #b to #c machine sweeping smooth times a year for hand pavement4 sweeping rough and macadam4 ,chicago #cf for hand sweeping all ,six for hand sweeping kinds of pavement4 smooth and rough1 and three for hand sweeping macadam4 ,camden ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland #cb weeks4 ,six for hand sweeping smooth1 and one for hand sweeping macadam4 ,dunkirk #f times4 ,denver #eb weeks4 ,elmira #dj weeks4 ,seven for hand sweeping smooth1 and #b for flushing rough1 and one for flushing macadam4 ,fall ,river #eb weeks4 ,nine for hand sweeping smooth and rough4 ,grand ,rapids ,hudson ,six for hand sweeping rough1 and #c or #d times a year for machine sweeping smooth4 ,jamestown #bg weeks4 #d times4 ,kansas ,city #eb weeks for hand ,business section #ce1 sweeping all kinds of semi-business #g1 and pavement1 and #f times a residential section month for sweeping and one4 flushing all kinds of pavement4 ,kingston ,los ,angeles #eb for hand sweeping and #e times daily for for flushing all kinds congested and once of pavement4 daily for residential hand sweeping all kinds of pavement4 #c times daily for congested1 and one and one-half times daily for residential flushing all kinds of pavement4 ,louisville #eb weeks4 ,lowell #eb weeks4 ,lynn #eb weeks4 ,business section twice a day2 residential section once a week4 ,lackawanna #cb weeks4 ,little ,falls #cb weeks4 ,six for hand sweeping all kinds of pavement4 ,milwaukee ,varies4 ,from one to six1 depending upon districts4 ,middletown #cb weeks4 #da1cjj ,s4 ,y4 daily2 balance twice a week4 ,mechanicville,from #cj to #ce4 #f times for hand sweeping smooth4 ,new ,york ,city#eb for hand sweeping1 ,nineteen for hand machine sweeping1 hand sweeping smooth and and machine sweeping1 rough1 #bg for eight and sweeping and months for machine flushing smooth and sweeping smooth and rough pavements4 rough2 number for hand and machine sweeping and sweeping and flushing smooth and rough depends on weather4 ,new ,orleans #eb weeks4 ,six1 excluding rainy days4 ,new ,bedford #db for hand and machine sweeping smooth and rough4 ,newark #eb for hand sweeping all #b for hand sweeping all kinds4 kinds4 ,norwich #be weeks4 ,once a week4 ,new ,rochelle #eb weeks4 ,six times a week4 ,niagara ,falls#cj weeks4 ,sweeping and flushing smooth once4 ,newburgh #cd weeks4 ,twelve times for hand sweeping smooth and rough4 ,oakland ,all cleaning continuous ,six times for hand with reduced force on sweeping smooth and rainy days and rough1 from one to four irregular force on times per year for hand macadam cleaning4 ,no sweeping macadam1 four machine sweeping on times for machine rainy days1 which are sweeping smooth and equal to five to ten rough4 weeks a year4 ,oswego #cf times for hand sweeping all kinds of pavements2 #cf times for machine sweeping smooth pavement1 and #cj times for sweeping and flushing rough pavement4 ,ogdensburg ,streets not paved #b cleanings a year2 sections most traveled cleaned with sweeper twice during summer season also4 ,patrol system in business section also flushed twice a week4 ,philadelphia #eb for hand sweeping and ,one for hand sweeping #de for machine sweeping macadam1 from two to all kinds of pavements4 six for machine sweeping smooth and rough1 and sweeping and flushing all kinds of pavement4 ,providence #eb times for hand ,six times for hand sweeping smooth1 #h sweeping smooth2 #f times a month for hand times a year for hand sweeping macadam and sweeping macadam1 and machine sweeping rough4 once for machine sweeping rough4 ,rochester ,rough swept by hand #c to #f times a week2 macadam swept by hand once a week2 rough machine swept from once to three times a week4 ,smooth swept and flushed #c to #f times a week4 ,rensselaer #bg weeks4 ,from once to twice a week4 ,reading ,twice a week4 ,richmond ,st4 ,louis #eb weeks4 ,business daily1 residential once a week4 ,san ,francisco#eb weeks4 ,once4 ,salt ,lake #aj a month hand sweeping ,city smooth1 #c times a year hand sweeping macadam4 ,springfield ,seattle #eb weeks4 ,business six1 semi- business #c1 residential from one to two4 ,scranton ,troy #cc for machine sweeping ,two for machine sweeping macadam1 and #cc for macadam and rough2 #f hand and machine for flushing smooth4 sweeping smooth2 #cc for sweeping and flushing rough4 ,utica #cb weeks4 ,from #c to #f4 ,washington #eb for hand sweeping1 ,six for hand sweeping machine sweeping and smooth and rough2 for flushing and sweeping hand sweeping macadam1 all kinds of pavement4 #c for machine sweeping smooth and rough1 and #b for sweeping and flushing smooth and rough4 ,table ,i 7e7 ,,street ,,cleaning ,,in ,,american ,,cities 7,continued7 ,,force ,city ,number of ,wage and ,number of,wages and,number ,cost and ,foremen ,hours ,mechanics ,hours of ,hours and ,daily#ad and ,daily#ad ,teams ,daily#ad ,inspectors ,skilled ,laborers ,buffalo #bb #b4ej- #ai #b4ej- #ajj #d4jj #c4jj #d4jj ,beacon #a ,binghamton #a #c4jj #g #d4ej ,cincinnati #hbj4jj ,wk4 #ajc4ej-e4jj #fj #b4ai ,cambridge #b #b4ge #h ,city teams4 ,chicago #aabb4fj-b4he #afe #f4jj ,camden #aic4cb ,mo4 #ab ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland #a #a4ge #c #b4ej single4 ,dunkirk ,denver #dge4jj ,mo4 #c #b4ej #dj #e4jj ,elmira #a #b4ej #e #d4jj double double #a #c4jj single4 single4 ,fall ,river #a #c4ej #d #c4ge ,grand ,rapids ,hudson ,jamestown #b #e4ej ,kansas ,city #bdge4jj ,mo4 #cc4jj-c4ej #cj #e4jj ,kingston ,los ,angeles #a #ajj4jj- #bc4jj-c4ej #hi #e4jj #abe4jj ,mo4 ,louisville #beb4jj-c4jj #ff #d4jj #i #i hrs4 hrs4 ,lowell #g4ej ,lynn #a #c4bj #b #e4ch ,lackawanna #ajb4ej-c4jj #ajb4ge-c4be #d #d4ge ,little ,falls #a #b4jj #a #d4ej ,milwaukee #bga1jjj4jj- 4#de4 hr4 #e4jj #a1ijj4jj ,yr4 ,middletown #a #b4be #a #c4ej ,mechanicville #a #b4be #d4jj ,new ,york ,city #acda1bab4jj- #c4jj-c4ej #e4jj #a1chj4jj ,yr4 ,new ,orleans #bgge4jj ,mo4 #ic ,city #i hrs4 teams4 ,new ,bedford #a #c4ej #b ,newark #ae #c4hc #ce #d4hj double double #cd #c4bj single4 single4 ,norwich #b-f #e4jj ,new ,rochelle #e4ej ,niagara ,falls #f #c4jj #cj #e4jj ,newburgh #ahj4jj ,mo4 #a #b4ge single single #a #ge4 hr4 double double4 #c hrs4 day4 ,oakland #b #aaj4jj #b #f4jj ,mo4 ,oswego #d-fd4jj-e4fj ,ogdensburg #bb4jj-b4ej #b #b4ej #d4jj ,philadelphia #hjb4ej #i-aj #bbie4ej #i-aj hrs4 hrs4 ,providence #e #dg #c4jj #i hrs4 ,rochester #bj-be #b4jj #ae-ah #d4hj ,rensselaer #b #c #b4jj #g ,reading ,richmond #f #b4fb #i #c #b4ge #i hrs4 hrs4 ,st4 ,louis #ejge4jj ,mo4 #agg #d4jj ,san ,francisco #bb #c4ej #c #c4ge #fg #f4ej ,salt ,lake #d #c4bj #a #d4jj #bj #d4ej ,city ,springfield #a #d4jj #af #e4fj ,seattle #bj #ij4jj- #c4jj ,city #aae4jj teams4 ,mo4 ,scranton ,troy #b #b4jj #c #c4jj #h #c4df ,utica #g #acj #bg ,washington #aigbj-a1cjj #gj ,,force ,,methods ,,of ,,cleaning ,,used ,city ,number of,wage ,all ,sweeping ,unskilled and ,others ,employees,hours,employed ,daily ,machine ,hand ,buffalo #acib4jj ,sheet asphalt1 ,sheet asphalt1 rough block1 rough block1 brick1 cobble1 brick1 asphalt1 concrete1 block1 bitulithic1 bituminous4 asphaltic concrete1 macadam1 cobble1 asphalt block and bituminous4 ,beacon #c #a4ge ,binghamton #ah #b4jj ,brick1 concrete1,brick1 bitulithic4 concrete1 bitulithic1 macadam4 ,cincinnati #bfab4be- #f,macadam and ,macadam and #b4ge cobble4 cobble4 ,cambridge #dj #b4ej ,smooth pavements,smooth frequently4 pavements frequently4 ,chicago #a1hjj #b4ce ,none4 ,all4 ,camden #bj ,yes4 ,yes4 ,columbus ,yes4 ,yes4 ,cleveland ,yes4 ,cortland #d #a4ge ,yes4 ,dunkirk ,brick1 asphalt and concrete4 ,denver #gj #b4ej ,elmira #ab #a4ge ,asphalt and brick4 ,fall ,river #eg #b4dj ,yes4 ,rough block4 ,grand ,rapids ,hudson ,brick and macadam4 ,jamestown #h #b4jj ,brick1 wood block1 bitulithic asphalt block1 bituminous4 ,kansas ,city #bbe #b4be #ah ,all4 ,kingston ,yes4 ,los ,angeles #ccc #b4ej ,all4 ,louisville #a4ge ,yes4 ,yes4 ,lowell #b4be ,smooth block4 ,sheet asphalt1 brick1 wood block1 concrete1 bitulithic1 macadam1 smooth block1 bituminous4 ,lynn #bf #b4ej ,all4 ,lackawanna #ce #a4he #c;,brick and macadam4 ,little ,falls #g #a4ge ,all4 ,milwaukee #b4jj ,sheet asphalt1 ,same as brick1 machine4 concrete1 bitulithic1 asphaltic concrete1 macadam4 ,middletown #d #b4jj ,yes4 ,mechanicville #ee #a4fj #b ,concrete1 brick1 bituminous4 ,new ,york ,city #b4ej ,sheet asphalt1 ,same as rough block1 machine4 brick1 wood block1 smooth block1 cobble1 asphalt block1 bituminous1 iron slag4 ,new ,orleans #cdj #b4jj ,none4 ,sheet asphalt1 wood block1 concrete1 bitulithic4 ,new ,bedford #fe #b4be ,sheet asphalt4 ,sheet asphalt1 rough block1 brick1 wood block4 ,newark #cjjaj4jj ,all4 ,wk4 ,norwich #d-f #a4fj ,yes4 ,no4 ,new ,rochelle ,all4 ,niagara ,falls #ej #b4jj ,yes4 ,yes4 ,newburgh #ah #b4jj ,yes4 ,oakland #cg #b4ej #ac ,sheet asphalt1 ,sheet asphalt1 brick1 wood macadam1 block1 smooth asphaltic block1 concrete1 bituminous4 smooth block4 ,oswego #a4fj- ,sheet asphalt1 ,sheet asphalt1 #b4jj rough block1 wood block1 brick1 wood macadam1 block4 bituminous4 ,ogdensburg #a4ge ,yes4 ,yes4 ,philadelphia #a1jbj- #a4ge ,sheet asphalt1 ,bitulithic1 #a1adj #i-aj rough block1 asphaltic hrs4 brick1 smooth concrete1 block1 cobble1 macadam1 asphaltic bituminous4 block1 miscellaneous4 ,providence #bjj #b4jj ,rough block4 ,sheet asphalt1 #i brick1 wood hrs4 block1 bitulithic1 macadam1 smooth block1 bituminous4 ,rochester #djja4ge- ,rough block1 ,sheet asphalt1 #b4jj brick1 cobble4 rough block1 brick1 wood block1 bitulithic1 macadam1 cobble1 bituminous4 ,rensselaer ,yes4 ,reading ,richmond #ahj #b4be #c #i hrs4 ,st4 ,louis #fge #a4ej #ab ,san ,francisco #afc #c4jj #ab,yes4 ,yes4 ,salt ,lake #bd #b4be #gj,yes4 ,city ,springfield #aje #b4dj ,yes4 ,yes4 ,seattle #c4jj ,plank roads4 ,scranton ,yes4 ,yes4 ,troy #b #b4jj ,rough block1 brick1 macadam4 ,utica ,yes4 ,yes4 ,washington #djfa4ej- #aa;,all except dirt4,all4 #b4ej ,,methods ,,of ,,cleaning ,,used ,city ,flushing ,squeegeeing ,hose ,machine ,buffalo ,asphalt1 rough,no4 ,no4 block1 brick4 ,beacon ,binghamton ,brick1 concrete1 bitulithic4 ,cincinnati ,sheet1 rough block1 brick1 wood block1 bitulithic1 bituminous4 ,cambridge ,smooth pavements occasionally during summer4 ,chicago ,none except ,sheet asphalt1 ,sheet asphalt4 sidewalks4 brick1 wood block1 concrete1 smooth block4 ,camden ,yes4 ,columbus ,yes4 ,cleveland ,yes4 ,cortland ,dunkirk ,denver ,elmira ,asphalt1 rough block1 brick and wood block4 ,fall ,river ,grand ,rapids ,yes4 ,hudson ,jamestown ,yes4 ,kansas ,city ,all4 ,all4 ,kingston ,yes4 ,los ,angeles ,all hills4 ,all except hills4 ,louisville ,yes4 ,yes4 ,yes4 ,lowell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,brick and ,macadam4 ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,none4 ,sheet asphalt1 ,sheet asphalt1 rough block1 bitulithic1 wood block4 asphaltic concrete4 ,middletown ,yes4 ,mechanicville ,new ,york ,city,same as ,same as ,sheet asphalt1 sweeping4 sweeping wood block1 except smooth cobble4 block1 asphalt block4 ,new ,orleans ,rough block1 ,sheet asphalt1 ,none4 cobble4 brick1 wood block1 concrete1 bitulithic4 ,new ,bedford ,same as hand sweeping4 ,newark ,will start soon4 ,norwich ,yes4 ,no4 ,no4 ,new ,rochelle ,niagara ,falls ,yes4 ,newburgh ,yes4 ,yes4 ,oakland ,sheet asphalt occasionally4 ,oswego ,sheet asphalt1 rough block1 brick4 ,ogdensburg ,yes4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,philadelphia ,concrete4 ,rough block1 ,sheet asphalt1 brick1 smooth wood block4 block4 ,providence ,rochester ,sheet asphalt1,same as hose4 ,none4 rough block1 brick1 bitulithic1 bituminous4 ,rensselaer ,reading ,yes4 ,richmond ,st4 ,louis ,san ,francisco ,yes4 ,yes4 ,salt ,lake ,yes4 ,city ,springfield ,yes4 ,seattle ,all except ,no4 plank roads4 ,scranton ,yes4 ,troy ,sheet asphalt1 bitulithic1 smooth block4 ,utica ,yes4 ,washington ,none4 ,rough1 smooth ,sheet asphalt1 and asphalt brick1 block1 brick1 asphaltic cobble4 concrete1 smooth and asphalt block4 ,table ,i 7f7 ,,street ,,cleaning ,,in ,,american ,,cities 7,continued7 ,city ,number of ,which ,are ,total ,square ,appliances ,giving ,yards ,cleaned ,used ,satisfaction ,buffalo #cg horse ,all4 sweepers1 #aj horse sprinklers4 ,beacon ,binghamton #a horse drawn flusher1 #d horse drawn rotary brooms4 ,cincinnati #f horse scrapers1 #dj horse flushers4 ,cambridge #h horse sweepers1 #a horse squeegee1 #d horse sprinklers1 #b horse oilers4 ,chicago #a horse ,all sweeper1 #b satisfactory4 horse squeegees1 #ge horse flushers1 #c power flushers1 #ce horse oilers4 ,camden ,columbus #h flushers1 #af sprinklers1 #aa horse sweepers1 railway flusher4 ,cleveland ,street car flusher in addition to other equipment4 ,cortland #b horse sprinklers1 #a horse oiler4 ,dunkirk ,motor and horse sweepers4 ,denver #ab horse sweepers1 #c horse sprinklers1 #h horse flushers1 #h pick-up sweepers4 ,elmira #a horse ,sheet asphalt sprinkler1 #ajd1fdi1 #a horse rough block flusher1 #c #bh1aja1 horse brick sweepers #bie1aei1 held in wood block reserve4 #a1ecj4 ,fall ,river #d horse sweepers1 #a horse sprinkler1 #d horse road oilers4 ,grand ,rapids #b horse flushers1 #ca horse sprinklers4 ,hudson ,jamestown #b power ,all except sweepers1 #a horse horse flusher4 flusher4 ,kansas ,city #d machine ,sheet sweepers1 asphalt1 #ca horse #d1iac1aeh1 flushers4 rough block #ade1bjd1 brick #hei1ihb1 wood block #afa1ede1 concrete #a1bdf1cfg1 bitulithic #ad1fci1 macadam #a1jgd1egi1 ,imperial #aa1bhh4 ,kingston #a horse ,brick flusher1 #b #gcj1fff4 horse oilers4 ,los ,angeles #ca horse and #e power flushers1 #dj to #ajj horse sprinklers4 ,louisville #af flushers1 #b squeegees4 ,lowell #b horse sweepers1 #f horse sprinklers1 #b power sprinklers1 one power road oiler4 ,lynn #b horse sweepers1 #b horse sprinklers1 #a pick-up sweeper1 #a power road oiler4 ,lackawanna #a horse ,brick #e4e mi4 sweeper1 #c ,macadam #ad horse mi4 sprinklers1 #a horse flusher1 one horse oiler4 ,little ,falls ,milwaukee #h horse ,all ,asphalt sweepers1 satisfactory4 #a1fjj1agj1 #aj horse brick squeegees1 #fgd1jjh1 #b power macadam squeegees1 #d1gdb1jdd1 #abj horse granite sprinklers1 #bcf1eee1 #af horse creosote flushers1 #gc1iec1 #aj horse cedar oilers1 #b #bg1ebb1 pick-up ,mulleni mix sweepers4 #dah1gef1 limestone #cd1eag1 sandstone #afh1cba4 ,middletown #b horse ,flushers4 ,brick #hh1bce4 sprinklers1 one horse flusher1 #a road oiler1 #a pick-up sweeper4 ,mechanicville ,new ,york ,city#adh horse #bh1dbj1ghe sweepers1 #bh horse squeegees1 #aba horse sprinklers1 #d horse flushers4 ,new ,orleans #ah horse ,flushers4 ,flushers sprinklers1 cover #cb horse #db1jjj ,sq4 flushers4 ,yds4 daily or all paved streets of smooth surface4 ,new ,bedford #d horse ,all except ,sheet asphalt sweepers1 #a pick-up and pick-up sweeper4 bitulithic sweeper4 #ada1jih4bb1 rough block #ih1hdc4jc4 ,newark #bg horse sweepers1 #h horse flushers4 ,norwich #a horse ,sweeper not ,brick #ej1jjj1 sweeper1 #d satisfactory4 bitulithic horse #ae1jjj1 sprinklers4 bituminous #ce1jjj4 ,new ,rochelle #a horse #a1bij1fcb sprinkler1 #b horse oilers4 ,niagara ,falls#d horse #ijj1jjj sweepers1 #a horse sprinkler1 #b horse flushers4 ,newburgh #a horse sweeper rarely used1 #a power flusher1 #a horse oiler4 ,oakland #b rotary ,suction sweeper,sheet asphalt power doing #cdd1aaf1 sweepers1 #b excellent brick horse work but too #d1bjj1 wood flushers1 #a expensive4 block power #ab1jjj1 suction asphaltic sweeper4 concrete #d1hjj1 macadam #c1gcc1jjj1 smooth block #d1ejj1 bituminous #c1fjj1jjj4 ,oswego #a horse ,sheet asphalt flusher1 #a #ec1jei1 pick-up rough block sweeper4 #f1egh1 brick #aaa1fch1 wood block #c1eee4 ,ogdensburg #a horse sweeper1 one horse flusher1 #a horse sprinkler4 ,philadelphia #gg horse ,all ,sheet asphalt sweepers1 satisfactory4 #g1gbb1hjf1 #bh horse rough block squeegees1 #fb1chj1 #ea horse brick sprinklers #b1fae1ajb1 all year wood block and #bh #bah1jeg extra in concrete1 summer4 #g #gej1aci1 power macadam1 flushers4 bitulithic and asphaltic concrete #b1hej1djd1 smooth block1 #f1ecd1gcg1 cobble #eg1geb1 asphalt block #fi1iej1 bituminous #ihd1hac1 slag block #ed1bdb4 ,providence #c horse ,sheet asphalt sweepers1 #afh1fjd4f1 one horse brick sprinkler1 #f1gcd4h1 #b horse wood block oilers1 #a #gb1egf4e1 power bitulithic oiler4 #agb1ija4i1 macadam #c1bdc1chf1 granite block #fia1cdb4i1 cobble #dg1ffi4b1 bituminous #aja1gfd4 ,rochester #i horse sweepers1 #dj horse sprinklers1 #d horse flushers4 ,rensselaer #b horse sweepers1 #a horse sprinkler4 ,reading ,richmond #f rotary machine sweepers1 #a power rotary machine sweeper1 #c horse sprinklers1 #c horse flushers1 #a pick-up sweeper4 ,st4 ,louis #aa horse ,rough block sweepers1 #d #a1fae1dbh1 horse brick squeegee #d1cij1ccf1 machines1 wood block #aj horse #chc1eij1 sprinklers1 bitulithic #d horse #a1agj1ebh1 road asphalt oilers1 #b block power road #a1hfg1cdj4 oilers4 ,san ,francisco#i horse sweepers1 #c horse squeegees1 #c horse sprinklers1 #ae combination sprinklers and flushers1 #a auto flusher1 #c #bjth century sweepers4 ,salt ,lake #ae horse ,city flushers4 ,springfield #f horse sweepers1 #b horse squeegees1 #ad horse sprinklers1 #b power oilers1 #a horse and #a hand pick- up sweeper4 ,seattle ,all except squeegee4 ,scranton ,street car flusher owned by company1 city furnishes #b men to operate it-- auto flusher4 ,troy #f horse ,sheet asphalt sweepers1 #b #aai1cdg1 horse rough block sprinklers1 #cii1adc1 #b power brick flushers4 #cbg1ifi1 bitulithic #ab1chi1 macadam #ec1edc1 smooth block #eh1fda4 ,utica #i horse sweepers1 #c horse sprinklers1 #b power sprinklers1 #a horse flusher1 #b power flushers4 ,washington #i horse sweepers1 #ac horse squeegees1 #ab horse sprinklers1 #c horse flushers1 #e horse oilers1 #g alley sweepers1 #c alley sprinklers4 ,city ,times ,cleaned per ,week ,area ,work in ,cleaned by ,gangs or ,white ,wings ,singly ,during #h ,hours ,winter ,summer ,buffalo #h1jjj ,sq4 ,singly4 ,yds4 ,beacon ,binghamton #f #i1bge ,sq4 ,singly4 ,yds4 ,cincinnati #h1ffa ,sq4 ,singly4 ,yds4 ,cambridge ,singly4 ,chicago #ag1jjj ,sq4 ,singly4 ,yds4 ,camden ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland ,singly4 ,dunkirk #f ,denver ,singly4 ,elmira #a-f ,both4 ,fall ,river ,singly4 ,grand ,rapids ,hudson ,brick once1 macadam1 #d times a year4 ,jamestown ,singly4 ,kansas ,city #aj to #ae ,gangs4 blocks4 ,kingston ,singly4 ,los ,angeles ,singly4 ,louisville ,no ,white ,gangs4 ,wings4 ,lowell #f1jjj ,sq4 ,singly4 ,yds4 ,lynn ,singly4 ,lackawanna #b ,gang4 ,little ,falls ,singly4 ,milwaukee #e1jjj to ,singly4 #be1jjj ,middletown ,gangs4 ,mechanicville ,singly4 ,new ,york ,city#ai #ai #i1jjj ,sq4 ,both4 ,yds4 ,new ,orleans ,gangs4 ,new ,bedford ,singly4 ,newark ,gangs4 ,norwich #a-b ,new ,rochelle #f ,singly4 ,niagara ,falls #h1jjj ,sq4 ,singly4 ,yds4 ,newburgh ,singly4 ,oakland ,same as ,sheet ,singly4 summer4 asphalt1 #b-f1 brick #c1 wood block #f1 asphaltic concrete #b-f1 smooth block #c-f1 macadam and bituminous #a to #d times a year4 ,oswego ,sheet ,gangs4 asphalt #b- #d1 rough block and brick the same1 wood block #f4 ,ogdensburg #c1jjj ,sq4 ,singly4 ,yds4 ,philadelphia ,sheet #d1jjj in ,gangs on asphalt1 business1 macadam1 rough #ah1jjj in singly block1 outlying4 on brick1 others4 smooth and asphalt block #b-f1 wood and slag block and cobble #c-f1 concrete #a-f1 macadam and bituminous #a4 ,providence #c1ejj to ,singly4 #af1jjj ,sq4 ,yds4 #i hrs4 ,rochester ,both4 ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond ,in alleys4 ,st4 ,louis #b1djj-d1hjj,singly4 ,san ,francisco #i1jjj ,sq4 ,blockmen ,yds4 singly4 ,salt ,lake #a blocks4 ,city ,springfield ,singly4 ,seattle ,singly4 ,scranton ,troy ,asphalt #f1 rough block1 brick and macadam #b1 bitulithic and smooth block #f4 ,utica ,sq4 ,mi4 ,singly4 ,washington ,singly and in pairs4 ,city ,where and in,equipment of ,how are ,standard ,what are ,white ,wings ,assignments of ,day's ,work ,cleanings ,white ,wings for ,cleaning ,stored by ,determined8 ,each ,class of ,white ,wings ,pavement#ad ,buffalo ,barrels or ,broom1 ,heavy traffic tubs4 shovel1 #e1jjj ,sq4 scraper ,yds41 ,light cart4 traffic #ab1jjj ,sq4 ,yds41 rough pavement #f1jjj ,sq4 ,yds41 good pavement #ab1jjj ,sq4 ,yds4 ,beacon ,binghamton ,bags4 ,cart1 broom1 scraper1 shovel1 #c bags4 ,cincinnati ,cans4 ,cart1 long ,traffic1 ,flushing1 and short condition and #ce1eej ,sq4 handled kind of street4 ,yds4 broom1 gutters scraper4 after flushing #f1jjj to #h1jjj lineal ft41 brooming #e1ccj to #g1ajj ,sq4 ,yds4 ,cambridge ,gutters4 ,can1 shovel1 ,as needed4 ,none4 cart and broom4 ,chicago ,metal boxes ,broom1 ,asphalt #d ,cu4 ,ft4 shovel1 #ba1ejj ,sq4 scraper ,yds41 ,brick cart4 #ac1djj ,sq4 ,yds41 ,granite #ac1djj ,sq4 ,yds41 ,macadam #ba1ejj ,sq4 ,yds4 ,camden ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland ,gutter4 ,scraper and ,by traffic4 ,each man has broom4 definite area to clean4 ,dunkirk ,denver ,alley boxes4,cart1 shovel1,teams travel #c ,none4 broom miles an hour1 scraper4 routes cover #bb to #bc miles1 allowing for filling and oiling4 ,elmira ,cans4 ,broom1 shovel,by traffic4 ,none4 and hand cart4 ,fall ,river ,cans4 ,broom and ,by street ,none4 cart4 superintendent4 ,grand ,rapids ,hudson ,jamestown ,bags in alleys4 ,kansas ,city ,gutters4 ,cart1 broom1 ,by district ,none4 shovel4 superintendent4 ,kingston ,cans4 ,can carrier and push broom4 ,los ,angeles ,gutters and ,brooms and ,area1 amount in ,controlled by side scrapers4 nature of local streets4 traffic and conditions4 street4 ,louisville ,lowell ,gutters4 ,push and hand brooms and hand pan4 ,lynn ,gutters4 ,broom1 cart1 ,by foremen4 shovel4 ,lackawanna ,gutter4 ,push brooms4 ,yes4 ,little ,falls ,cans at ,broom1 cart ,by condition of ,each man has ,corners4 with dust- pavement and definite pan4 traffic4 area to clean4 ,milwaukee ,receptacles4,pan scraper ,according to and broom4 traffic4 ,middletown ,broom1 shovel4 ,mechanicville,vacant lots4,cart1 broom ,each man has and shovel4 definite area to cover4 ,new ,york ,city,cans4 ,can carrier1 ,population1 #e cans1 traffic1 scraper1 character of broom1 buildings and shovel4 pavements4 ,new ,orleans ,gutters4 ,shovel and ,by foremen4 ,none4 hand brooms4 ,new ,bedford ,gutters4 ,cart and ,none4 broom4 ,newark ,gutters4 ,broom1 hoe ,none4 and scoop4 ,norwich ,new ,rochelle ,cans4 ,can1 cart1 ,none4 broom and scraper4 ,niagara ,falls,cans4 ,scraper1 ,each man has cart1 definite broom4 area to clean4 ,newburgh ,gutters4 ,wheelbarrow1 ,age of sweeper ,none4 broom1 and traffic4 shovel4 ,oakland ,cans at ,hand scoop ,area and traffic4#h1jjj ,sq4 curb4 and broom ,yds4 upward with according scraper4 to horse traffic4 ,oswego ,cans and ,scraper and ,each man has gutters4 broom4 definite area to cover4 ,ogdensburg ,barrels in ,cart1 shovel ,each man has alleys4 and broom4 definite area to clean4 ,philadelphia ,cans and ,bag carrier1 ,number of ,machine broom bags4 bags1 cleanings1 #ij1jjj ,sq4 broom1 traffic and ,yds41 auto watering population flusher pan1 density4 #ij1jjj1 scraper1 squeegee plug #hj1jjj4 wrench4 ,providence ,gutters and ,pan1 broom1 ,fitness for ,yes4 cans at shovel1 condition of curb4 cart4 area4 ,rochester ,barrel4 ,cart1 broom1 scraper1 barrel4 ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond ,push cart and broom4 ,st4 ,louis ,push cart or roller scraper1 hoe1 broom1 shovel4 ,san ,francisco,cans at curb,broom with ,by have holes sweeper1 superintendent4 in top for pick-up depositing can1 papers4 cleaners with pan attached4 ,salt ,lake ,cans4 ,push cart and,by foreman4 ,city broom4 ,springfield ,cans4 ,broom1 ,by foreman4 scraper1 cart1 cans4 ,seattle ,cans4 ,broom1 ,traffic scraper and conditions4 two wheeled cart4 ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,cans4 ,scraper1 push and hand broom1 can and shovel4 ,washington ,sacks in ,bag carrier1 ,by foreman and ,no4 alley4 shovel1 pan office scraper1 planning4 combination broom4 ,table ,i 7g7 ,,street ,,cleaning ,,in ,,american ,,cities 7,continued7 ,city ,how is ,efficiency ,system and ,organization of of ,employees ,method of ,street ,cleaning ,checked ,up8 ,street ,force ,cleaning ,buffalo ,supervisor4 ,residential1 hand and machine sweeping2 business1 flushing and ,white ,wings4 ,beacon ,binghamton ,swept at night4 ,cincinnati ,foreman's field ,residential1 ,foremen1 drivers1 reports4 flushing helpers1 broom- followed by men and ,white guttermen2 ,wings4 business1 flushing followed by ,white ,wings4 ,flushing at night except in winter4 ,streets not flushed are broomed by gangs4 ,cambridge ,none4 ,residential1 swept twice year2 business1 once a week4 ,chicago ,supervision by ,residential1 ward block superintendent system2 each and section man has foreman4 section to clean4 ,business the same4 ,camden ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland ,complaints of residents4 ,dunkirk ,denver ,supervision4 ,residential1 sweepers2 business1 ,white ,wings and flushers4 ,elmira ,residential1 day flushing and gang picking2 business1 night flushing and day patrol4 ,fall ,river ,none4 ,daily patrol in business section2 scrap gutters in residential twice a year4 ,grand ,rapids ,hudson ,jamestown ,kansas ,city ,monthly1 grades by,residence1 ,in gangs under commissioner to winter1 hand foreman and civil4 sweeping2 district summer1 superintendent4 flushing4 ,business1 service4 flush at night4 ,kingston ,los ,angeles ,thorough ,patrol system4,five foremen in #e supervision4 districts4 ,louisville ,lowell ,residential1 ,foreman1 #h men1 patrol2 two teams in business1 residential4 patrol and ,foreman1 #h men1 machine #b teams1 sweeping4 machine sweeper and sprinkler4 ,lynn ,by foreman4 ,lackawanna ,foreman4 ,sweeper1 ,one gang for each sprinkler1 ward4 push brooms4 ,little ,falls #g sweepers with one street superintendent4 ,milwaukee ,middletown ,a section assigned to sweeper2 flushed after hand sweeping4 ,mechanicville,none4 ,hand sweeping4,one man on given beat4 ,new ,york ,city,officers4 ,hand and ,district machine superintendent1 sweeping1 section hose and foreman1 machine assistant flushing1 section squeegeeing1 foreman1 litter sweepers1 picking4 drivers4 ,new ,orleans ,smooth surfaces flushed daily4 ,hand broom men follow flushers4 ,business section cleaned at night by flushers and hand cleaning4 ,new ,bedford ,newark ,ten districts4 ,number of men assigned to each according to size of district4 ,norwich ,none4 ,sweep to ,sweeper team1 gutters1 wagon team4 shovel into piles and then into wagons4 ,new ,rochelle ,supervision of ,by hand broom4 ,commissioner and time keeper4 ,niagara ,falls,by #b deputy ,residential1 superintendents4 sweeping2 business1 flushing4 ,newburgh ,oakland ,patrolmen visited ,small gangs on,gangs of #f to #h once or twice macadam1 men under sub- daily by occasional foreman4 foreman2 flushing ,directed by contract work after wet- district inspected daily4 weather4 superintendent ,machine of streets on sweeping and macadam4 ,patrol patrol4 and machine sweeping4 ,oswego ,pick-up sweeper1 flushing and hand sweeping4 ,ogdensburg ,by foremen4 ,residential sprinkled and machine swept2 business patrolled and flushed4 ,philadelphia ,inspectors ,blockmen ,machines followed supervised by assigned to by gangs and district sections by carts and engineers4 chief of wagons1 number bureau2 depending on patrol duty4 length of haul ,inlets to dump1 season cleaned1 of the year and county roads traffic4 cleaned4 ,providence ,foreman's daily ,residential1 ,residential1 report of gangs2 foreman1 #ag men neglect of duty4 business1 and #aj single patrol4 teams2 business1 patrol in charge of foreman4 ,rochester ,residential1 gang and patrol2 business1 patrol4 ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond ,st4 ,louis ,san ,francisco,time cards1 trip ,residential1 cards1 gangs of efficiency cards foremen1 #c as to laborers and #b attendance1 teams each4 sobriety and ,business1 obedience4 blockmen1 night-gangs of #b foremen1 #i laborers and #h double teams4 ,salt ,lake ,white ,wings ,city and flushing4 ,springfield ,foreman calls on ,residential1 ,individuals and each man several crosswalk gangs4 times daily4 sweepers1 machine cleaning1 gutter scraping4 ,business1 squeegeeing1 flushing1 patrol4 ,seattle ,reports from ,residential1 ,residential1 foremen and flushing1 under sub- district sweeping and foreman2 foremen4 patrol2 business1 under business1 district flushing and foreman4 patrol4 ,scranton ,business1 hand and machine sweeping and flushing4 ,residential hand and machine sweeping4 ,troy ,smooth streets flushed1 rough streets and brick1 machine swept4 ,patrol4 ,utica ,washington ,unit cost1 ,residential1 ,assistant conditions1 machine and superintendent1 observation4 hand chief cleaning1 inspector1 squeegeeing1 foremen1 flushing1 working force4 oiling and sprinkling4 ,business1 patrol1 squeegeed or flushed4 ,city ,innovations ,how ,are ,machines ,gallons ,water ,used that ,have ,routed8 per #a1jjj ,sq4 ,yds ,reduced ,cost ,cleaned of ,cleaning ,flushing ,squeegee ,machine ,buffalo ,by districts4 ,beacon ,binghamton ,will clean ,usually in #ejj4,no horses4 between #aa batteries of ,p4,m4 and #g three4 ,a4,m4 when traffic is light and few autos are parked4 ,cincinnati #c men to each #hdd4,yes4 route4 ,private contract4 ,cambridge ,no4 ,chicago #djj4fe4 ,camden ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland ,dunkirk ,denver ,sweep streets ,according to before nature of dirt4 flushing4 ,elmira #djj4 ,no4 ,fall ,river ,grand ,rapids ,hudson ,jamestown ,two routes1 north and south side of city4 ,kansas ,city ,no4 ,districts4 #e1jjj1jjj daily for all flushing except squeegeeing4 ,kingston ,los ,angeles ,routed all men #d1ijj4,wagons4 or assigned to each route to increase from business center out4 ,louisville ,lowell ,lynn ,no4 ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middletown ,mechanicville ,new ,york ,city,motorized a ,area and traffic section conditions4 known as model district2 systematized machine sweeping1 squeegeeing and hose flushing covered parts4 ,new ,orleans ,new ,bedford ,newark ,men held responsible for these districts4 ,norwich ,new ,rochelle ,niagara ,falls ,newburgh ,oakland ,readjusted ,swept #b1c1d and #f patrol times weekly4 #b routes2 and #c times substituted schedules hand patrol adjacent to #d for suction and #f times sweeper4 schedules4 ,oswego ,by yardage4 ,ogdensburg ,flushing4 ,philadelphia ,street ,batteries of #b or #cjj4bej4 cleaning #c4 parade annually4 ,providence ,divide into #f sections4 ,rochester ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond ,elgin machine sweeping in residential section4 ,st4 ,louis ,by scrubbing business districts streets nightly cost reduced #dj4 per great square4 ,san ,francisco ,salt ,lake ,wagons and ,city some horses4 ,springfield ,some4 ,seattle ,flushing is most economical4 ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,by districts4 ,washington ,by foremen1 #a1ejj4afb4 subject to superintendent's approval4 ,city ,city ,own ,street ,sprinkling ,horses and ,wagons8 ,sprinkle ,sq4 ,yds4 ,driver's ,streets for ,sprinkled ,daily ,laying ,dust,during ,year,wage#ad ,only8 ,buffalo ,yes4 ,yes4 #ah1jjj1jjj ,beacon ,binghamton ,by private contract4 ,cincinnati ,cambridge ,yes4 ,yes4 ,chicago ,no4 ,no4 ,camden ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland ,yes4 #hf1acc4 #d4jj4 ,dunkirk ,denver ,no4 ,yes4 #b4be4 ,elmira ,fall ,river ,some4 #b4fe4 ,grand ,rapids ,yes4 #bcf miles4 ,hudson ,yes4 #ceh1jjj #b4aj ,jamestown ,yes4 ,kansas ,city ,yes1 some ,by contract hired4 ,no4 ,kingston ,yes4 ,los ,angeles ,yes4 #ddg miles1 #dj width4 ,louisville ,yes4 ,lowell ,yes4 ,yes4 #b4ej4 ,lynn ,yes4 ,yes4 #c4jd4 ,lackawanna ,no4 ,yes4 #cac1eej4 ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middletown ,yes4 ,yes4 ,mechanicville,wagons4 ,yes4 ,new ,york ,city,yes4 ,contractor4 ,new ,orleans #b4jj ,new ,bedford ,yes4 ,yes4 #b4ej4 ,newark ,no4 ,norwich ,wagons4 ,yes4 #a4fj4 ,new ,rochelle ,yes4 ,yes4 #b4be4 ,niagara ,falls,wagons4 ,some4 ,newburgh ,yes4 ,oakland ,yes4 ,macadam #b4be to streets4 #c4jj ,oswego ,no4 ,no4 ,ogdensburg ,no4 ,some4 #a4ge4 ,philadelphia ,no4 ,yes4 ,providence ,yes4 ,no4 ,rochester ,no4 ,yes4 ,rensselaer ,no4 ,yes4 ,reading ,richmond ,no4 ,yes4 ,st4 ,louis ,yes1 ,yes1 by #ad1jjj1jjj flushers contract4 hired4 ,san ,francisco,no4 ,yes4 #chb1cdd1cjc ,salt ,lake ,yes4 #aej miles4 ,city ,springfield #cj4 hour4 ,seattle ,yes4 ,no4 ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,no4 ,no4 ,washington ,yes4 ,some #b4be4 macadam #a4ge4 unpaved and streets4 ,table ,i 7h7 ,,street ,,cleaning ,,in ,,american ,,cities 7,continued7 ,city ,,street ,,sprinkling ,daily ,total ,annual ,paid out of ,paid by ,cost per ,cost of ,city's ,abutting ,team#ad ,street ,general ,property ,sprinkling ,fund8 ,owners8 ,buffalo #aj1jjj4jj ,yes4 ,beacon ,binghamton ,cincinnati ,cambridge #dj1jjj4jjae,no4 ,yes4 ,chicago ,camden ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland #idh4fh ,yes4 ,dunkirk ,denver #b4ej #hj1bbg4ie,yes4 ,elmira ,fall ,river #f4jj #b1hji4bd,no4 ,yes4 ,grand ,rapids #be1aca4bc ,hudson #a1ejj4jj,yes4 ,jamestown ,kansas ,city ,kingston ,los ,angeles #d4de ,no4 ,louisville ,lowell #f4jj #ag1jjj ,yes4 ,lynn #bd1jfa4gg ,yes4 ,lackawanna #d4ge ,yes4 ,little ,falls ,milwaukee #fj1caj4jee1bje4bhag,most4 ,middletown ,no4 ,yes4 ,mechanicville #e4jj #a1bjj4jj,yes4 ,new ,york ,city ,new ,orleans ,new ,bedford #c1jfa4ei,yes4 ,newark ,norwich #e4jj #a1gjj4jj,no4 #ej ,new ,rochelle #a1bjb4cb,yes4 ,niagara ,falls #e4jj #b1jjj4jj,yes4 ,newburgh ,oakland #e4jj- #dc1fea4ie,yes4 #f4jj ,oswego ,ogdensburg #d4jj ,yes4 ,philadelphia #bd1cfg4ad,yes4 ,providence ,rochester #db1bga4gc ,yes4 ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond ,st4 ,louis #bej1jjj4jj ,yes4 ,san ,francisco ,yes4 ,no4 ,salt ,lake #d4ej #be1jjj4jj,yes4 ,city ,springfield #ac1dic4fh,yes4 ,seattle ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,washington #c4ee #d1fcc4eh,yes4 ,city ,,street ,,sprinkling ,method of ,total ,gallons ,average ,assessment4 ,who ,pays ,used a ,year ,rate of for ,street for ,assessment ,intersections8 ,sprinkling per ,foot ,front for ,sprinkling ,buffalo ,no charge for #g1ejj1jjj #aj intersections4 ,beacon ,binghamton ,cincinnati ,cambridge #d4 front foot each #ae1jjj1jjj #d4 side2 intersections sections not counted4 ,chicago ,camden ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland ,city pays for #f1dgj #e4 intersections4 ,dunkirk ,denver #caa1cfd1jjj ,elmira ,fall ,river ,intersections paid #d1djc1bjj #b4 by city4 ,grand ,rapids #aag1hba1gej ,hudson ,jamestown ,kansas ,city ,kingston ,los ,angeles #dj1jjj tanks per month1 each tank #eej gallons4 ,louisville ,city pays for #e4e4 intersections4#af ,lowell ,no pay for #e4 intersections4 ,lynn per foot front in residential2 #h4 in business4 ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,assessed to property #a4f4ah owners4 ,middletown ,city pays for intersections c4 per front foot per week4 ,mechanicville #h1jjj1jjj ,new ,york ,city ,new ,orleans ,new ,bedford ,newark ,norwich #c4 ,new ,rochelle #a1ajj1eji ,niagara ,falls ,newburgh ,oakland #aj1aig1djj ,cu4 ,ft4 ,oswego ,ogdensburg ,philadelphia ,providence ,rochester ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond ,st4 ,louis ,special tax #d4 per #a1gbg1cfb1ejj #d4 foot front4 ,san ,francisco ,salt ,lake ,city ,springfield ,seattle ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,washington ,city ,,street ,,sprinkling ,does ,this ,do ,corporations ,include ,cost ,sprinkle of ,water or ,streets on is ,water ,non- ,which the assessable8 ,trolley ,cars ,run8 ,buffalo ,yes4 ,on two streets4 ,beacon ,binghamton ,cincinnati ,cambridge ,no4 ,no4 ,chicago ,camden ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland ,yes4 ,no4 ,dunkirk ,denver ,city pays #be,no4 a year for hydrant for all purposes4 ,elmira ,no4 ,fall ,river ,non- ,no4 assessable4 ,grand ,rapids ,yes4 ,hudson ,jamestown ,kansas ,city ,kingston ,los ,angeles ,no4 ,louisville ,yes4 ,no4 ,lowell ,no cost4 ,no4 ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,non- ,no4 assessable4 ,milwaukee ,non- assessable4 ,middletown ,non- ,no4 assessable4 ,mechanicville ,no4 ,new ,york ,city ,new ,orleans ,new ,bedford #ai ,newark ,norwich ,yes4 ,no4 ,new ,rochelle ,yes4 ,niagara ,falls ,yes4 ,newburgh ,oakland ,few cases4 ,oswego ,no4 ,ogdensburg ,no4 ,philadelphia ,no4 ,providence ,rochester ,pays proportionate cost4 ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond ,st4 ,louis ,non- assessable4 ,san ,francisco ,at times4 ,salt ,lake ,city ,springfield ,yes4 ,yes1 #ajj a mile4 ,seattle ,yes4#bj ,scranton ,troy ,no4 ,utica ,washington ,table ,i 7j7 ,,street ,,cleaning ,,in ,,american ,,cities 7,continued7 ,city ,,cost ,,data ,street ,yearly ,total ,cost ,salaries and ,cleaning ,contract of ,street ,wages ,done by ,price ,cleaning ,city or ,year1 ,contract ,exclusive of ,snow ,removal ,buffalo ,city4 #adf1eag4dc #hd1dii4gj ,beacon ,city4 ,binghamton ,city4 ,cincinnati ,city4 #ahf1hdg4ag ,cambridge ,city4 #ei1cjj4jj #dg1ejj4jj ,chicago ,city4 ,camden ,city4 #bf1jef4hj ,columbus ,city4 #abf1hig4ai #id1ahj4fh ,cleveland ,cortland ,city4 #ca1jjj4jj ,dunkirk ,contract4 #b4h4 per ,sq4 ,yd per season4 ,denver ,city4 #ajh1bif4fj ,elmira ,city4 #aa1gdh4bj #aj1jdg4ah ,fall ,river ,city4 #ec1hfg4hj ,grand ,rapids ,city4 ,hudson ,city4 #a1djj4jj ,jamestown ,city4 #e1fch4gj #c1ihc4fg ,kansas ,city ,city4 #bjj1jjj4jj #agj1jjj4jj ,kingston ,city4 #i1ejj4jj #i1cjj4jj ,los ,angeles ,city4 ,louisville ,city4 #hj1hai4hj ,lowell ,city4 ,lynn ,city4 #bi1bih4he ,lackawanna ,city4 ,little ,falls ,city4 ,milwaukee ,city4 #bch1cce4jj including sprinkling4 ,middletown ,city4 #c1ige4fe ,new ,york ,city,city4 #g1fdc1icf4gd #e1chj1fbj4fc ,new ,orleans ,city4 #cbb1jjj4jj ,new ,bedford ,city4 #fj1dgh4ha ,newark ,city4 #bfh1gcb4ed #bcg1bac4ae ,norwich ,city4 ,new ,rochelle ,city4 #cg1ffe4ga #cd1igd4fg ,niagara ,falls,city4 #aah1jjj4jj ,newburgh ,city4 #i1jjj4jj ,oakland ,both4 #dd1ffc4dd #gd1iea4cbbe4ifi4bebe ,oswego ,city4 #d1bca4da #c1bbf4ja ,ogdensburg ,city4 #d1dbh4ff ,philadelphia ,contract4#a1bcb4hdg4jj ,providence ,city4 ,rochester ,city4 #ahc1ghc4dd ,rensselaer ,city4 #b1gdj4jj ,reading ,contract4 ,three year basis #ab4ij per city square1 length #edj ft4 #ce1jjj a year4 ,richmond ,city4 ,not separated from garbage and ash collection4 ,st4 ,louis ,city4 #ebg1jjj4jj ,san ,francisco,city4 #cej1djj4jj ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,city ,springfield ,city4 #bdc1ieb4hf ,seattle ,city4 #adh1def4ef ,scranton ,troy ,city4 ,utica ,city4 ,washington ,city4 #bfd1hfi4gj ,city ,,cost ,,data ,new ,repairs and ,other ,cost per ,average ,appliances,maintenance ,expenses #a1jjj ,sq4 ,cost per of ,yds4 ,sq4 ,yd4 of ,appliances ,street ,hand ,cleaning ,sweeping ,done ,buffalo #ag1bcc4db #dd1ghd4da #bh4 #cj4 ,beacon ,binghamton ,cincinnati 4#jjjce ,cambridge #ejj4jj #cjj4jj #aa1jjj4jj ,chicago ,camden #bch4ji ,columbus 4#chh4 ,cleveland 4#dbghf per ,gr4 ,sq4 ,cortland ,dunkirk ,denver ,one-sixth #ae-ajj of of a mill4 a mill4 ,elmira #a1jjj4jj #gaa4eb #j4cig #j4cba ,fall ,river ,grand ,rapids ,hudson ,jamestown #a1fee4jc 4#adfd4 ,kansas ,city #cj4jjj4jj ,kingston #ajj4jj #ej4jj #ej4jj ,los ,angeles 4#jfi to 4#bhe per day4#bc ,louisville ,lowell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee #bf4b- #ce4c4bc ,middletown ,new ,york ,city ,new ,orleans ,new ,bedford ,newark ,norwich ,new ,rochelle #b1bde4gi #dde4be #bf4 4#jbg4 ,niagara ,falls #bj1jjj4jj #aj1jjj4jj ,newburgh ,oakland #dcf4gechha4hhbe4jjcffbf 4#bjabc ,oswego #eag4gi #deg4fa ,ogdensburg ,philadelphia #ag4hbc ,providence ,rochester ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond ,st4 ,louis ,san ,francisco #f1jjj4jj ,salt ,lake ,city ,springfield 4#jjjce ,seattle ,scranton #ag to #ce4bc ,troy ,utica ,washington 4#aefbc ,city ,,cost ,,data ,average ,cost ,average ,cost per ,sq4 ,yd4 per ,sq4 ,yd4 of of ,machine ,squeegeeing#ba ,flushing#ba ,buffalo ,beacon ,binghamton ,cincinnati ,cambridge ,chicago ,camden ,columbus 4#fag per ,gr4 ,sq4#bb ,cleveland 4#aechh per ,gr4 ,sq4#bb ,cortland ,dunkirk ,denver #ac-ajj of a mill4 ,elmira #j4jhae ,fall ,river ,grand ,rapids 4#jchebcbd ,hudson ,jamestown ,kansas ,city ,kingston ,los ,angeles 4#af to 4#babc ,louisville ,lowell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee #be4e4bc ,middletown ,new ,york ,city ,new ,orleans ,new ,bedford ,newark ,norwich ,new ,rochelle ,niagara ,falls ,newburgh ,oakland ,oswego ,ogdensburg ,philadelphia #af4bc #ah4bc ,providence ,rochester ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond ,st4 ,louis #a4be per ,gr4 #ib4 per ,gr4 ,sq4 ,sq4 ,san ,francisco ,salt ,lake ,city ,springfield 4#jjjag ,seattle ,scranton #ah4bcbb ,troy ,utica ,washington 4#bfbbc 4#aejbc ,table ,i 7k7 ,,street ,,cleaning ,,in ,,american ,,cities 7,continued7 ,city ,preventive ,work ,any ,unusual ,conditions with ,which ,your ,department ,has to ,contend8 ,what ,effort1 ,if ,is ,cost of ,do ,police ,any1 ,made to ,cleaning and ,health ,secure ,considered,departments ,cooperation of in and ,courts ,public to ,reduce,selecting ,cooperate8 ,street ,litter8 ,kind of ,pavement8 ,buffalo ,by ordinance4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,none4 ,beacon ,waste cans4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,binghamton ,cincinnati ,through press ,no4 ,yes4 ,land slides and clean-up and floods4 campaigns4 ,cambridge ,clean-up ,week4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,chicago ,yes4 ,camden ,education campaign cooperating with civic organizations4 ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland ,no4 ,some4 ,some lanes in rear of stores used for dumping papers4 ,dunkirk ,denver ,elmira ,waste cans used4,not much4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,fall ,river ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,grand ,rapids ,hudson ,yes4 ,yes4 ,existence of alleys4 ,jamestown ,city very hilly4 ,kansas ,city ,superintendent ,no4 ,yes4 ,no4 arrests violators4 ,kingston ,los ,angeles ,louisville ,yes4 ,yes4 ,lowell ,yes4 ,very little4 ,lynn ,no4 ,papers from refuse collectors4 ,lackawanna ,clean-up ,yes4 ,yes4 ,no4 campaign4 ,little ,falls ,none4 ,to some ,no4 extent4 ,milwaukee ,publicity and ,yes4 ,no4 circulars4 ,middletown ,placed cans for ,yes4 ,yes4 ,no4 paper4 ,through press4 ,mechanicville,police ,yes4 ,no4 department and waste cans4 ,new ,york ,city,anti-litter ,yes4 ,construction ,league work2 push ,educational carts4 work4 ,new ,orleans ,new ,bedford ,newark ,police ,no4 ,yes4 ,no4 department and public schools4 ,norwich ,very little4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,new ,rochelle ,yes1 by ,yes4 ,yes4 ,no4 ordinance4 ,niagara ,falls,placing waste ,yes4 ,yes4 ,no4 cans4 ,newburgh ,through press1 cans provided1 hand-bills distributed in business section4 ,oakland ,distribute ,yes4 ,only in ,none4 cards1 extreme enforcements cases4 of ordinance prohibiting dumping of refuse in streets4 ,oswego ,use waste cans4 ,no city garbage or ash collection2 people dump on back streets4 ,ogdensburg ,philadelphia ,pamphlets ,in general,to some ,overloaded distributed4 way4 extent4 wagons1 ,rubbish cards storekeeper distributed1 sweeping lectures to dust into school street4 children4 ,place waste cans4 ,providence ,yes4 ,rochester ,rensselaer ,no4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,reading ,richmond ,st4 ,louis ,placing metal ,yes4 refuse boxes on sidewalk4 ,san ,francisco,place dirt cans ,yes4 and paper cans4 ,salt ,lake ,enforcement of ,yes4 ,city ordinances4 ,springfield ,seattle ,through the ,yes4 ,many hills4 press4 ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,washington ,placing waste ,no4 ,yes4 paper boxes1 police regulation4 ,city ,disposal of ,sweepings ,average ,average ,no4 of ,amount of ,cu4 ,yds4 ,sweepings of ,collected ,sweepings at ,each per #a1jjj;,cleaning ,sq4 ,yds4 of ,area ,cleaned ,buffalo ,beacon ,binghamton ,cincinnati 4#bd ,yes4 ,cambridge ,yes4 ,chicago 4#jgi 4#jgi ,camden ,columbus ,cleveland ,cortland ,dunkirk ,denver ,elmira ,fall ,river ,grand ,rapids ,hudson cu4 yd4 ,jamestown 4#jec ,kansas ,city ,kingston ,los ,angeles ,louisville ,lowell ,lynn ,lackawanna ,little ,falls ,milwaukee ,middletown ,mechanicville ,new ,york ,city #bh4f per 4#jbi cu4 yr4 yds4 ,new ,orleans ,yes4 ,new ,bedford ,newark ,norwich ,new ,rochelle #aai cu4 yds4 ,niagara ,falls ,newburgh ,oakland ,oswego ,ogdensburg ,philadelphia 4#ag 4#bc cu4 yds4 ,providence ,rochester ,rensselaer ,reading ,richmond ,st4 ,louis ,san ,francisco ,salt ,lake ,city ,springfield ,seattle ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,washington ,city ,disposal of ,sweepings ,method of ,disposal ,on ,used ,sold for ,price ,total ,city for ,fertilizer ,charged ,yearly ,dump,filler ,receipts ,buffalo ,yes4,yes4 ,beacon ,yes4 ,contract4 #acg4jj ,binghamton ,cincinnati ,yes4 ,cambridge ,chicago ,yes4,yes4 ,camden ,columbus ,cleveland ,yes4 ,cortland ,yes4,yes4 ,dunkirk ,yes4 ,denver ,yes4 ,elmira ,yes4 ,fall ,river ,yes4 ,grand ,rapids ,hudson ,yes4,yes4 ,jamestown ,kansas ,city ,yes4 ,kingston ,los ,angeles ,yes4 ,louisville ,yes4 ,lowell ,yes4 ,yes4 ,lynn ,yes4 ,lackawanna ,yes4 ,little ,falls ,yes4 ,yes4 ,milwaukee ,yes4 ,middletown ,yes4 #cj4 for #a yds4 ,mechanicville ,yes4 ,new ,york ,city ,yes4 ,new ,orleans ,new ,bedford ,newark ,yes4 ,norwich ,yes4,yes4 ,new ,rochelle ,yes4 ,niagara ,falls,yes4 ,newburgh ,yes4 ,oakland ,yes4,yes4 ,oswego ,yes4 ,ogdensburg ,philadelphia ,yes4,yes4 ,providence ,yes4,yes4 #b4jj per cord4 ,rochester ,rensselaer ,yes4,yes4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,reading ,richmond ,yes4,yes4 ,yes4 #ae4 per load4 ,st4 ,louis ,yes4,yes4 ,san ,francisco,yes4 ,salt ,lake ,yes4,yes4 ,city ,springfield ,yes4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,seattle ,yes4,yes4 ,scranton ,troy ,utica ,washington ,yes4,yes4 ,,note3 ,seattle and ,denver are the only cities which report that they clean their sidewalks4 ,denver limits its work to the business district4 ,all cities report they do not dump sweepings in manholes4 ,all cities except ,salt ,lake ,city and ,norwich report they sprinkle streets preceding sweeping4 ,cambridge1 ,san ,francisco1 and ,springfield1 ,mass41 are the only cities which report they do not have sprinklers precede squeegee machines4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,on account of favorable weather conditions and the necessity of economising very little machine brooming is done4 ,footnote #b3 ,one-tenth of it cleaned four times daily4 ,two-fifths once a day4 ,one- half once a week4 ,footnote #c3 ,flushing only4 ,footnote #d3 ,hand cleaning1 flushing and squeegeeing4 ,footnote #e3 ,not including alleys4 ,footnote #f3 ,flushing only4 ,footnote #g3 ,hand and machine sweeping and flushing4 ,footnote #h3 ,entire year4 ,footnote #i3 ,sweepers patrol streets from one to ten times daily4 ,footnote #aj3 ,also includes machine sweeping1 cleaned periodically4 ,footnote #aa3 ,also includes machine sweeping--per year4 ,footnote #ab3 #dc1cda loads in year2 #he #b cu4 yds4 each and #ae #c cu4 yds4 each4 ,footnote #ac3 ,four of these on the average will be sub-foremen at #c4ej1 and the other laborers at #b4ej for #h hours4 ,these men are also under the supervision of four district deputies at #abe a month each4 ,these district deputies have many other duties4 ,footnote #ad3 ,length of day eight hours1 unless otherwise noted4 ,footnote #ae3 ,for water and oil4 ,footnote #af3 4#jde foot frontage for #dj foot street4 4#jee foot frontage for #ej foot street4 4#jfe foot frontage for #fj foot street4 ,footnote #ag3 ,city also paid for water and hydrant rental #be1cbi4hh ,footnote #ah3 ,based on street #cj feet wide and sprinkled twice daily for #aej days4 ,footnote #ai3 ,railroad company furnishes electric power and use of tracks for car sprinkler and power flusher4 ,city pays for car4 ,footnote #bj3 ,city furnishes two men and company motormen and conductor4 ,city owns sprinklers4 ,footnote #ba3 ,including #aj of cost of machinery for depreciation and repairs and #d interest on machinery4 ,footnote #bb3 ,trolley car flusher4 ,footnote #bc3 ,per #a1jjj sq4 yds4 ,footnote #bd3 ,does not include depreciation and interest4 ,footnote #be3 ,on city work only4 ,does not include amount paid to contractor4 ,footnote #bf3 ,includes cleaning drains and gutters and inlets1 cleaning under small highway bridges and removing fallen trees from roadway4 ,footnote #bg3 ,one square equals #edj ft4 including salaries and wages1 cost of new appliances1 repairs and maintenance of appliances and all other overhead charges4 ,footnote #bh3 ,includes depreciation and repairs1 but not general supervision4 ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,efficiency ,,of ,,processes ,,used ,,by ,,american ,,cities--,,opinions ,,of ,,authorities-- ,,experiments ,,with ,,new ,,methods4 ,recognition of the necessity for the proper disposal of sewage is now quite prevalent in most ,american communities1 whether large or small4 ,in many sections the problem has become vital1 and as the population increases1 it is only a matter of time when all will be compelled to solve the problem1 for its importance grows in direct proportion to the rapid increase in inhabitants4 ,the continued concentration of population makes it increasingly difficult and expensive for a municipality to secure and maintain a pure water supply and forces community activity for protection against disease germs4 ,it also causes the demand for the improvement of the esthetic condition of bodies of water within or near a city's boundaries4 ,many states have already recognized the conditions due to these nuisances and have enacted strict legislation with a view to preventing the pollution of streams and other bodies of water1 for the protection of water supplies1 surface and underground1 and for the elimination of disease germs accompanying sewage4 ,states and even nations have realized that sewage disposal is more than a local problem4 ,in every case it is an inter-community problem1 in some it is inter- state and in a few the question must be settled by national governments4 ,even those communities which have not already provided a proper method of disposal of their sewage know that it must be done sooner or later1 and many are preparing for it either by making a preliminary study1 by preparing tentative plans1 by reconstructing their sewerage systems or planning new extensions with that end in view1 or by shaping their financial programs so that the community will be prepared to assume the financial burden when the necessity becomes imperative4 ,the quantity of harmful waste produced by a community is surprisingly small in comparison with the disastrous effects it may produce4 ,all authorities agree that in cities provided with an abundant water supply sewage contains less than one-tenth of one per cent4 of foreign substances4 ,this organic matter and the products of its decomposition the ,massachusetts ,state ,board of ,health has found rarely exceed one-half of one per cent4 of the sewage4 ,george ,w4 ,fuller1 consulting sanitary engineer1 says that #ii4i per cent4 of sewage is ordinarily pure water and that even much of the remainder is harmless matter of a mineral nature4 ,the experience of ,george ,s4 ,webster1 ,chief ,engineer of the ,bureau of ,surveys and of the ,philadelphia ,sewage ,testing ,station1 with sewage works1 indicates that on an average #a1jjj persons produce per annum forty-five tons of dry sludge matter1 or the solid part of the sewage after treatment2 and the ,united ,states ,census ,bureau reports that the volume of sewage discharged daily during the year per person is #afd gallons4 ,yet the small amount of decomposing matter must be properly treated for it is that which gives sewage its offensive character and power to cause disease4 ,the proper solution of the sewage disposal problem involves first1 the construction of a sewerage system that will remove the sewage from the community completely and as rapidly as possible1 and secondly1 the construction of a disposal plant at which the sewage can be treated in such a way that when it is discharged into the body of water it will not cause a nuisance and disease4 ,the ,sewerage ,system ,there are two types of sewerage systems in use1 the separate and the combined4 ,in the former the storm water is removed in one set of pipes and the domestic sewage in another4 ,the combined system removes both in the same set of pipes4 ,in deciding which system to adopt three factors must be first considered1 the cost1 the topography of the city and the method of disposal4 ,the general conclusions of sanitary engineers at present regarding the relative merits of the two systems are that either is satisfactory from a sanitary point of view when properly constructed1 that the separate system is usually best for suburban districts not closely built up and for all communities where the sanitary sewage requires treatment1 and that often a combination of the two systems can be used to advantage4 ,most engineers point to the advantage of combined sewers in narrow streets and congested districts where only one pipe and one house connection are required4 ,the belief has been expressed by ,john ,h4 ,gregory1 consulting engineer1 that as a general proposition the cost of building a combined system is less than that of constructing a separate system1 especially where the territory to be served is more or less closely built up and streets paved4 ,in suburban territory1 not closely built up and where storm water is easily and quickly diverted into natural water courses1 he believes the separate system will in general cost less1 for then only sanitary sewers need to be built first1 the storm water sewers being deferred for years or only such drains constructed as are immediately required4 ,when there are steep grades and relatively high velocity all authorities agree with ,gregory that it is advisable to build combined sewers1 even though the development of the territory may hardly be such as to require the removal of the storm water4 ,discussing the merits of the two systems so far as they affect the cost of disposal ,clark ,p4 ,collins1 sanitary engineer1 concludes that generally speaking 8it is unwise to dilute sewage with storm water and to befoul storm water with sewage in the attempt to remove both by the same underground channel40 ,gregory has expressed the opinion that if sewage is to be discharged into a body without treatment the combined system will offer the simplest and cheapest solution of the problem4 ,among the principal objections to the combined system when the sewage is treated are the increase it causes in the volume of liquid which necessarily requires a larger plant and expenditure1 the changes it causes in the character of the sewage which complicates operation of the plant1 and the frequency with which it causes the flow of sewage to exceed the maximum of the plant1 thereby making it necessary to discharge untreated sewage into the stream4 ,with a combined system all kinds of trade wastes must be run through the disposal plant1 whether they are offensive or not2 automatic devices1 which should be avoided whenever possible1 are necessary between the combined and intercepting sewers to limit the amount of flow2 a greater amount of grit is deposited at the disposal works unless in the separate system the first wash of the street is intercepted4 ,the ,new ,york ,state ,board of ,health advocates the separate system4 ,in constructing1 extending or reconstructing a sewerage system it is well to bear in mind that even though a city has not at present a disposal plant1 the time will come in all probability when increased population will compel the treatment of its sewage by some process4 ,it may1 therefore1 be more economical eventually to make present plans so that when disposal does come the sewerage system will make possible the most economical operation of the disposal works4 ,gregory's conclusion as recently expressed in an address is that 8other things being equal1 especially as more and more attention is being given to sewage disposal1 the separate system seems to offer greater advantages40 ,all engineers advocate good ventilation for sewers and gradients that will develop self-cleansing velocities1 so as to reduce gas trouble and to deliver the sewage as fresh as possible to the disposal works4 ,the best practise1 according to reports of the ,state ,boards of ,health1 show that these velocities should be not less than two feet per second in separate systems and two and one-half feet in combined systems4 ,in some instances where it has been necessary to reduce the gradients because of the expense of obtaining steeper ones1 a velocity of one foot per second has been found to be satisfactory2 but in such instances sewers must be well constructed and flushed4 ,most trade wastes require a higher velocity to prevent deposits4 ,the ,degree of ,purification of ,sewage ,before determining the proper method of disposal the first point to be settled by a city is the degree of purification desired or needed for both the present and the future4 ,the decision is dependent upon three factors3 the self-purifying capacity of the stream or body of water into which the effluent--liquid portions of the sewage run off after treatment--is to be discharged and its utilization for water supply1 bathing1 etc41 the character and amount of the sewage and the possible future growth not only of the city itself1 but also of the communities bordering on the stream4 ,while there have been some demands for the absolute sterilization of sewage1 many sanitarians believe that any artificial method of sewage treatment will not esthetically render the final effluent fit for ingestion1 and practically all authorities agree that final discharge of sewage need not be in this perfect condition4 ,this seems to be based on logical reasoning when one considers that all waterways are necessarily polluted to some extent4 ,john ,duncan ,watson1 of ,birmingham1 ,england1 contends that the complete elimination of bacteria is prohibitive inasmuch as it is beyond the limits of the reasonable demands on the purse4 ,robert ,spurr ,weston1 member of the ,american ,society of ,civil ,engineers1 at one time reminded an audience that the proper place to protect the water consumers against disease is at the water works and not at the sewage disposal plant4 ,authorities are in general agreed that sewage should be disposed of as the stream demands1 and that local conditions should determine degree of purification required4 ,standards of purity have been studied by many societies and various suggestions have been made4 ,all agree that the sewage after treatment should not deteriorate the stream into which it flows4 ,watson advocates under certain conditions an effluent that will not putrefy on being kept for seven days at a uniform temperature of #hj degrees ,f4 and that does not contain more than three parts per #ajj1jjj of suspended solid matter4 ,generally speaking the suspended matter should be removed1 the conditions near the point of discharge be inoffensive and the water be not impaired for purposes of manufacture and pleasure4 ,when a city is located on the seashore or near a large lake or stream the screening out of the heavy particles before the sewage is discharged together with dilution will prevent active decomposition and putrefaction of the sewage the body of water receives and the esthetic senses of the community will not be offended4 ,on small bodies of water and when the water is used for drinking and manufacturing purposes or for bathing or shellfish the conditions usually demand not only a non-putrescible effluent but also one that is free from harmful bacteria or one that is highly purified like that from sand filters4 ,there seems to be a general agreement among sanitary engineers that the condition of the river below where the effluent joins it is a safe guide and should be the ruling factor in determining the degree of purification desirable4 ,authorities1 however1 are not agreed as to whether the standard of cleanliness should be based solely on chemical analysis or on a mixed standard taking into consideration the appearance of the water and its physical1 chemical and bacterial conditions1 as has been demonstrated by the ,metropolitan ,sewage ,commission of ,new ,york4 ,one expert in answer to the question propounded by the ,commission based the standard solely on chemical analysis1 but none of those whose views were sought was willing to accept the dissolved oxygen test as an all sufficient criterion of the condition of the water4 ,one considered that the oxygen should be regarded as a reliable index of the cleanliness of the water only when dealing with the condition of gross pollution and only when in conjunction with observations of the appearance and physical conditions of the water4 ,one of them would not have a standard of cleanliness based solely upon analysis of any kind and all were agreed that the standard of cleanliness should not rest upon the effect of the polluted water upon health4 ,after having decided on the degree of purification the next step in the solution of the problem is to select the process of treatment best adapted with local conditions to produce the results at the lowest cost and without nuisance4 ,no specific rules can be laid down for the selection of the best process for all communities4 ,domestic wastes offer the least difficulty1 but they are usually complicated with the presence of trade or street wastes or both4 ,features difficult to overcome may then be produced4 ,then also1 the character of the sewage varies greatly with the season1 days and even hours4 ,this is due to the habits of the people1 to climatic conditions and to the amount and character of trade and industrial wastes and to the amount of water used and allowed to infiltrate4 ,a cannery1 creamery1 tannery1 brewery1 strawboard factory1 wool scouring shop1 dyeing and cleaning works may discharge its wastes so that during a certain period the character of the sewage be entirely changed4 ,knowledge of these conditions and changes are necessary to plan a successful disposal plant4 ,each community has its own problem1 and while there are certain general conditions that should be considered1 each case is more or less unique4 ,charles ,g4 ,hyde1 consulting engineer of the ,california ,state ,board of ,health1 has summed up the situation in this statement3 8,it is folly to suppose that because one town can dispose of its sewage successfully in some certain fashion1 another town can adopt the same method with a certainty of securing equally satisfactory results4 ,sewage differs widely in character1 not only as between towns but in a given town40 ,processes of ,treatment ,the processes for treating sewage may be divided into three main groups-- the preliminary or preparatory1 the main or final1 and disinfection4 ,the processes in the preliminary or preparatory group remove more or less of the solids1 especially the suspended matter1 but the effluent1 or liquid that is discharged into the stream1 is chemically unstable and will decompose and putrefy4 ,these are the simplest methods of treatment1 and1 except when sewage is discharged into very large bodies of water where it is desired only to improve the esthetic condition or where the water is capable of rapid self-purification1 at least one of these processes is used in combination with some other form of treatment in the next group4 ,the preliminary processes are dilution1 screening 7coarse or fine71 plain sedimentation1 straining or roughing filters1 chemical precipitation1 slate beds1 colloidal tanks1 septic tank treatment1 and single contact beds4 ,the main or final processes are more complex4 ,these remove a substantial proportion of the dissolved and suspended matter4 ,the effluent is generally stable4 ,when any one of these processes is used it is customary to provide some preliminary treatment4 ,the processes in this group are double contact beds1 trickling 7also called percolating71 sprinkling filters1 intermittent sand filtration and broad irrigation or sewage farming4 ,in the third group is the process of disinfection1 either by hypo- chlorite of lime or liquid chlorine4 ,some authorities call this third group the finishing process and preface two others1 secondary settling tanks and secondary filters4 ,the chemical elements of this group destroy the bacteria1 especially the disease producing kind1 and are used in combination with one or more of the processes in the other two groups to produce a highly purified effluent4 ,several other processes have been developed within the last few years4 ,the electrolytic process is now being used in a few ,american cities1 and has been included in almost all of the experiments now being made by municipalities4 ,the activated sludge process has been adopted by two large cities1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 and ,houston1 ,texas1 and two small cities1 ,san ,marcos1 ,texas1 and ,escanaba1 ,mich41 and is being tested in at least eighteen others1 among them ,baltimore1 ,cleveland and ,brooklyn4 ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 has tentatively adopted the activated sludge process4 ,another process1 known as the ,miles ,acid ,sludge ,process1 is being experimented with by the city of ,boston4 ,these processes or variations of them may be used singly or in combinations of two or more to yield different degrees of purification that will meet varying local requirements4 ,which of these or what combination of processes to use according to local requirements is the all important question for a city to answer4 ,several cities either have adopted or are planning to adopt the plan advocated by ,john ,a4 ,giles1 ,commissioner of ,public ,works of ,binghamton1 ,new ,york1 to include a number of the different stages of treatment in the original design so that when future installation is necessary on account of increased population1 with its increased pollution1 or the need for a greater degree of purification becomes imperative1 the addition can be made on the site already provided for and each unit will fit into the complete structure at a minimum cost4 ,the consensus of opinion is that a disposal works can be designed and constructed which will produce an effluent that will not deteriorate the water into which it is discharged1 that will create no nuisance from odor or from flies and that the cost will be strictly proportionate to the sanitary and esthetic results achieved4 ,an approximate idea of the efficiency of the various well known processes in the removal of bacteria was given by ,professor ,george ,g4 ,whipple1 ,professor of ,sanitary ,engineering1 ,harvard ,university1 before the ,new ,york ,state ,conference of ,mayors and ,other ,city ,officials3 ,process ,percentage of ,bacteria ,removed ,fine screens #aj to #ae ,settling tanks #fj to #gj ,septic tanks #fj to #gj ,chemical precipitation #hj to #ij ,contact filters #ge to #he ,percolating filters #he to #ie ,intermittent sand filters #ie to #ii ,broad irrigation #ie to #ii ,dilution ,comparatively few cities can much longer depend upon large bodies of water to dilute their untreated sewage4 ,even those cities located on the seacoast and on the banks of large rivers and lakes have either provided some method of treatment1 usually one or more of the processes in the preliminary group1 or are planning to do so4 ,new ,york ,city which has an adjacent large body of water into which it discharges its sewage without treatment of any kind1 now finds it necessary to adopt a combination of processes to eliminate the nuisance the waste is causing4 ,in some places where dilution is depended upon1 the existing nuisances have been caused by the outlets being extended only to the high water line of the water course1 thus preventing a proper mixture of sewage with a sufficient volume of water adequately to dilute it4 ,other difficulties experienced when untreated or raw sewage is discharged into large volumes of water in excessive quantities are the formation of deposits of sludge1 the residue after sewage has been allowed to settle1 on the banks and the bottom2 turbidity1 milkiness and oiliness of the water1 bad odors1 the formation of scum upon the water and the destruction of shellfish4 ,to overcome these difficulties some cities have resorted to dredging1 screening and sedimentation4 ,others have been compelled to adopt some more complicated process4 ,the ,california ,state ,board of ,health in one of its bulletins quotes its consulting engineer1 ,charles ,g4 ,hyde1 as saying that experience has demonstrated rather definitely that a nuisance will be caused if sewage is diluted with less than about twenty volumes of water while from forty to fifty may in some cases be necessary4 ,weston believes that in ordinary cases mixtures of sewage and water should be fifty per cent4 saturated with oxygen1 and when there is an excessive deposit of sludge even seventy per cent4 of saturation may be insufficient4 ,herring and ,gregory1 in their report on the ,albany1 ,new ,york1 system1 say3 8,from observations made in many rivers it has been found that a flow of well oxygenated river water of from three to six cubic feet per second is capable of diluting the sewage from a population of #a1jjj to a degree that will allow oxygen in the river water to oxidize the easily putrescible organic matter in the sewage and thereby prevent the water from becoming offensive1 provided the velocity of flow is sufficient to prevent accumulations of sewage sludge on the bottom of the stream40 ,screening ,the screening process consists of running the sewage through coarse or fine screens1 either hand cleaned or mechanically operated1 to remove suspended and floating matter4 ,there is almost an unanimity of opinion now in favor of the use of mechanically operated fine screens4 ,the efficiency depends largely although not entirely1 upon the size of the mesh or openings through which the sewage passes4 ,coarse screens1 which are cleaned by hand1 will remove from two to ten per cent4 of the suspended matter and fine screens which are mechanically operated will in some cases remove as much as #be per cent4 ,screening will not materially change the turbidity of the liquid or the greasy appearance nor will it remove all of the suspended matter4 ,experience has shown that the screening process is valuable in connection with sewage pumping works and inverted siphons1 when sewage is disposed of by dilution and when raw sewage is applied without any other preliminary treatment to a final process as it prevents the clogging of machinery and filters4 ,when the process is used the screenings must ordinarily be disposed of within twenty-four hours on account of fermentation and decomposition which sets in quickly4 ,in some cities the deposits are buried and in others they are burned after having been artificially dried4 ,robert ,spurr ,weston says that it seems unwise to attempt to dispose separately of two kinds of sludge1 namely that removed before and that remaining after subsidence4 8,on the other hand10 he continues1 8the screening of the effluent from a settling tank in order to reduce the operative charges for cleaning sprinklers is an economical practise4 ,furthermore1 the actual amount of material screened from the effluent is small in comparison with that removed from unsettled sewage and its subsequent disposal is not a serious burden40 ,grit ,chambers ,if a sewage disposal plant is operated in connection with a combined sewerage system grit chambers are usually necessary for the removal of sand1 gravel and dirt before the sewage passes on for further treatment4 ,where a city has a separate system of sewerage grit chambers are held by some authorities to be unnecessary unless the first wash of the street after a storm is intercepted and the waste is treated4 ,gregory has expressed the belief that the safest plan under ordinary conditions seems to be to provide a grit chamber4 ,it is generally agreed that the chambers should be so constructed that the sewage will flow through slowly enough for the grit to settle out1 but fast enough to carry the organic matter in suspension4 ,to insure proper operation the chamber must be cleaned out frequently4 ,at the ,cleveland ,sewage ,testing ,station it has been found that velocities ranging from #cj to #fj feet per minute produce a grit of proper character4 ,the ,california ,state ,board of ,health has advocated chambers with a capacity such that a net period of storage of at least three minutes be allowed and a velocity of not less than five feet per minute4 ,straining or ,roughing ,there are few cities which treat their sewage by the process of straining and roughing4 ,this consists of removing the suspended matter by means of rapid straining through beds of coke or sand arranged like the rapid sand or mechanical water filter4 ,coke beds1 especially in cold climates1 have not been a success4 ,the chief objection to the rapid sand filter is the wash water which contains much organic or mineral impurities of the sewage and which requires special treatment which experience has shown to be difficult and expensive4 ,difficulty has also been found in disposing of the sludge deposited upon the filter surface4 ,of this process the bulletin of the ,california ,state ,board of ,health says3 8,the process is an expensive one at best1 both as respects construction and operation4 ,the effluent from such works can be made fully equal to1 if not better than the effluent of plain sedimentation basins from a sanitary point of view40 ,the experience of the ,cleveland ,testing ,station with these filters was not favorable4 ,the filters when operated at rates from #cj to #fj gallons per acre per #bd hours removed from #be to #dj per cent4 of suspended matter and their action was simply mechanical1 there being no increase in the dissolved oxygen content4 ,the report from the station says that the difficulties encountered in their operation were sufficient to eliminate the process as a method in itself or in combination with other processes4 ,treatment in ,tanks ,the treatment of sewage in tanks1 either by chemical or biological processes1 has been adopted by many cities1 especially as a preliminary treatment4 ,these processes are known as plain sedimentation1 chemical precipitation and the septic process4 ,of these the treatment in the ,imhoff tank is the most popular at the present time4 ,plain ,sedimentation ,by allowing the sewage either to flow into properly constructed tanks or through them at a velocity low enough to allow some of the suspended matter to separate from the liquid and to be deposited on the bottom from which the sludge is removed1 is another process that has been used by a number of ,american and ,european cities4 ,the first tanks were constructed so that they could be filled with sewage and then after the suspended matter had settled the effluent was drawn off4 ,this was known as the fill and draw plan4 ,later what is now known as the continuous flow principle was used4 ,the velocity of the flowing sewage is reduced sufficiently as it enters and passes through the tank for the suspended matter to settle4 ,the sludge which collects at the bottom of the tank must be removed frequently4 ,the results are affected by the quantity and quality of the sewage1 fresh sewage being capable of greater clarification by sedimentation than stale sewage4 ,the range in storage period for ,american sewages is from four to twelve hours and the removal of suspended matter is from #de to #ge per cent4 ,in some cities plain sedimentation has been used in connection with dilution and in others as an aid to filtration4 ,the chief objection to the process is the sludge which is extremely offensive and must be treated separately4 ,it does not dry readily1 is difficult to handle and if allowed to accumulate causes serious nuisance4 ,because of these difficulties and the fact that the sludge from the ,cameron and ,imhoff tanks can be more easily disposed of the septic process has gradually forced plain sedimentation into the background4 ,colloidal tanks were designed to carry the process of clarification further than plain sedimentation1 but they have not come into general use4 ,metcalf and ,eddy in their 8,american ,sewerage ,practice0 say of this process3 8,there has been a feeling that while under some conditions a portion of the colloidal solids could be removed by such devices1 the work accomplished was not likely to be sufficient to offset the expense of construction and some difficulties in operation40 ,the ,septic ,process ,in the septic process the raw sewage is conveyed to tanks1 and allowed to stand until the solids have settled to the bottom and have been partially destroyed or liquefied by bacterial action4 ,two types of tanks are used in the septic process1 one known as the ,cameron type and the other as the ,emscher or ,imhoff tank4 ,the best constructed ,cameron tanks are not less than #h feet in depth and are usually large enough to hold about six hours' maximum flow of sewage4 ,the desirable time of detention depends upon the character of the sewage1 both as to strength and freshness1 strong and stale sewages demanding a longer period4 ,the tanks are usually built with baffles at the entrance to retard the current and to deflect the suspended matter to the bottom which is so constructed that the sludge1 after bacterial action has taken place1 can be drawn off from time to time4 ,h4 ,w4 ,clark1 formerly chemist of the ,massachusetts ,state ,board of ,health1 has expressed the belief that the rate of flow through a septic tank should not be greater than that which will cause passage in twelve hours4 ,charles ,g4 ,hyde in the ,california ,board of ,health ,bulletin says that as a rule the period should not be greater than #bd hours nor less than #ab hours1 except possibly with weak or stale sewages4 ,he advocates multiple units so that the storage periods may be controlled to give optimum results4 ,the effluent which is turbid1 putrescible and rich in organic matter cannot be discharged into streams with safety without further treatment1 unless the volume of water is sufficient to complete the purification by dilution4 ,as the solids settle a scum which forms on top of the tank1 keeps out light and air and produces a condition favorable for the bacterial activity caused by minute organisms known as anaerobic bacteria4 ,these germs thrive and functionate best in the absence of oxygen1 and their chief function in sewage treatment is the conversion of the solid organic matter into a soluble form1 somewhat less complex in chemical composition4 ,the sludge is rotted and when full bacterial action has taken place is humified4 ,in plain sedimentation the solids are simply deposited upon the bottom of the tank and are removed practically unchanged4 ,in the septic tank1 however1 a part of the solids after settling are broken down or digested1 thus somewhat lessening the difficulty of disposing of the sludge4 ,reports vary widely as to the amount of suspended matter that can be removed by the septic process4 ,the ,iowa ,state ,college bulletin says that the amount of purification does not usually exceed #be to #dj per cent4 ,professor ,whipple places the removal between #fj and #gj per cent41 and the ,state ,board of ,health of ,california says it may vary between #ce per cent4 and #he per cent41 averaging perhaps #ej to #fj per cent4 ,h4 ,w4 ,clark places the amount at not less than #dj per cent4 and adds that it will vary according to the character of the sewage1 the variations being from #cj per cent4 with weak sewage to #hj per cent4 with strong sewage4 ,all reports concur that in many cases the ,cameron type of tank has failed to produce efficient results4 ,among the objections raised by authorities are the following3 ,the sludge is not thoroughly digested and is somewhat offensive4 ,the odor is obnoxious and the effluent is too stale and is treated with difficulty by oxidation processes4 ,gilbert ,j4 ,fowler1 ,sanitary ,expert of ,england1 says the defects which have shown themselves are a nuisance both from the tank effluent and the sludge and an excessive quantity of suspended solids in the tank effluent4 ,charles ,g4 ,hyde believes a review of the principles and results of operation appear to justify the conclusion that 8the septic effluents are only less dangerous than crude sewage to the extent of efficiency of removal of organic matter40 ,the ,imhoff ,tank ,in an effort to overcome the defects in the ,cameron tank1 the ,imhoff or ,emscher tank was developed and this now seems to have the preference among cities making new installations4 ,the tank consists of two compartments1 one above the other4 ,it has a smaller area than the ordinary septic tank1 but is much deeper4 ,the sewage passes at a low velocity through the upper chamber1 which is comparatively shallow and ,v-shaped1 the sides being sufficiently steep to allow the solids to be deposited at the bottom of the ,v which is equipped with slots4 ,through these the solids pass into the second chamber below which is much deeper than the other4 ,the inclined partition wall must be cleaned frequently with hose or squeegee in such a way as not to clog the slots4 ,the floating pieces of wood and cork must be skimmed off1 but the greater part of the suspended matter that floats will generally sink after a time4 ,dr4 ,karl ,imhoff1 the inventor of the tank1 advises spraying with a hose to expedite the sinking4 ,care must be taken to keep the sides clean and the sludge in the lower tank below the slot level4 ,if neglected suspended matters will rise to the surface behind as well as in front of the scum boards4 ,dr4 ,imhoff advises the reversal of the flow of sewage about every three weeks after skimming off the floating matter when one sedimentation chamber feeds more than one sludge chamber4 ,the rate of flow in the upper chamber is sufficiently rapid to prevent any septic action1 yet slow enough to allow much of the suspended matter to settle4 ,the effluent in a comparatively fresh condition passes out of the tank for further treatment or for discharge into water courses4 ,it therefore does not become stale nor does it come in contact with decomposing sludge1 thus eliminating in part the objections advanced by authorities against the ,cameron tank4 ,in the lower tank the sludge1 after passing through the slots is slowly digested through septic and other actions without any disturbance by the flow of the liquid sewage1 above4 ,before the tank can deliver good1 well digested sludge--that is1 a black alkaline odorless sludge--it must be inoculated with a proper amount of good sludge1 or the raw sludge must be permitted to 8ripen40 ,dr4 ,imhoff has found that even without inoculation a tank will discharge good sludge from the beginning if ripe sludge is emptied into the system from cesspools which have been in use a long time4 ,in some instances cities have had considerable trouble with acid decomposition during the ripening period4 ,this produces a sludge of objectionable odor and one not easily dried4 ,it decomposes very slowly and may rise in a mass to the surface of the sludge chamber4 ,various remedies have been suggested1 among them the addition of lime4 8,i cannot advise such addition10 ,dr4 ,imhoff has written4 8,all plants which are known to me and in which acid decomposition has occurred have sooner or later adjusted themselves of their own accord40 ,when properly inoculated the particles of sludge rise and fall constantly in the process of giving off the gases4 ,the fresh sludge particles entering the chamber through the slot are covered so that the entire mass becomes thoroughly mixed and the untreated sludge in a short time is inoculated with the proper organisms4 ,the decomposed sludge is discharged from time to time through pipes leading from the bottom of the tank to drying beds4 ,dr4 ,imhoff has advocated the discharge of sludge from each sludge chamber once every two to six weeks1 that the optimum of the sludge level should be about three feet below the slot level and if it is desired to promote the early incidence of proper decomposition the sludge should not be allowed to remain quiet at the bottom of the sludge chamber4 ,he advocates constant stirring and a uniform introduction of fresh organic matter and the discharge of the decomposed matter4 ,the scum layer1 he says1 must be agitated frequently by a jet of water or otherwise and the sludge at the bottom of the chamber should be agitated by a water stirring system4 ,as a substitute1 he suggests that the whole body of sludge be pumped out and returned4 ,to determine the elevation of the sludge surface1 he advises lowering into the sludge chamber a very thin piece of sheet iron one foot square in area held in a horizontal position4 ,if the level is too high1 there will be gas bubbles on the surface of the settling chamber above the slot or there will be floating sludge and in extreme cases foaming sludge4 ,as compared with other tank processes the experience of cities indicates that the ,imhoff type has many advantages4 ,certain inherent difficulties1 however1 have been pointed out in several reports4 ,gilbert ,j4 ,fowler has expressed the belief that 8the comparative short time of settlement means that variations in the character of the sewage must be quickly reflected in the character of the tank effluence and that the filters 7when they are used for further treatment7 must be called upon rapidly to accommodate themselves to fluctuating conditions40 ,he believes that this is not conducive to the development of the most efficient bacterial activity4 ,storm water above moderate dilution1 he says1 will have to receive separate treatment and he is of the opinion that ordinary stand-by tanks will still be necessary for this purpose1 the sludge from which will have to be dealt with4 ,from the results of the operation of an experimental plant in ,worcester1 ,massachusetts1 ,matthew ,gault1 ,superintendent of ,sewers1 draws these conclusions3 8,it appears to be perfectly feasible to treat ,worcester sewage by means of ,imhoff tanks and sprinkling filters4 ,the results of experimental treatment of the effluent from chemical precipitation tanks indicated that the advantages gained by chemical precipitation as a preliminary treatment were not commensurate with the cost4 ,the ,imhoff tank was quite as efficient in sludge digestion as experimental septic tanks have been and much more efficient so far as sedimentation of the sewage is concerned4 ,it was operated without the production of the offensive odors characteristic of the septic tank and the sludge itself was disposed of without creating a nuisance4 ,the effluent from the ,imhoff tank was normally as fresh in appearance and odor as the sewage flowing into the tank40 ,the experience of the ,new ,jersey ,state ,board of ,health with ,imhoff tanks has been that if properly designed1 constructed and operated1 they are a valuable means of sewage clarification4 ,the observation of its engineers has shown that under these conditions the tanks overcome a great deal of trouble due to odors and greatly simplify the sludge problem4 8,however1 their proper operation is a considerable problem10 reads one of its reports4 8,and the cost of keeping them in working order is several times greater than for septic or sedimentation tanks40 ,in view of the initial cost of this form of tank as compared with the older single story types the ,new ,jersey engineers believe that 8in cases where the works are far removed from a populous community1 so that the odor problem is not serious1 it is doubtful whether the ,imhoff tank has any material advantage over a properly constructed1 well baffled sedimentation tank of the old type40 ,the ,cleveland ,sewage ,testing ,station reports that the most consistent results were obtained from the operation of the ,imhoff tank1 an average suspended matter removal of #ej per cent4 being secured4 ,a recent city report says3 8,in general it may be said that a detention period of thirty minutes accomplished a removal of suspended matter from #dj to #de per cent4 as compared with a #ej per cent4 removal effected by a detention period of two hours and fifteen minutes40 ,in a bulletin of the ,california ,board of ,health1 ,charles ,g4 ,hyde sums up the importance of the septic process thus3 8,the septic process as carried out either in the ,cameron or ,imhoff type1 but especially in the latter1 has at present two distinct fields of usefulness2 first1 it constitutes an effective means of preparation for any final process which can be better conducted with a sewage from which the suspended solids are more or less completely removed2 secondly1 it may be employed when disposal by dilution is permissible if the source of unsightly sludge and scum is removed40 ,another advantage may be added1 the ,imhoff tank produces a sludge that can be disposed of easily4 ,chemical ,precipitation ,by using some coagulant such as copperas1 lime1 sulphate of alumina or perchloride of iron1 the subsidence in basins of between #dj and #ee per cent4 of the total organic matter and between #fj and #ie per cent4 of the total suspended matter can be obtained4 ,the bacterial removal is between #hj and #ij per cent41 depending upon the character of the sewage4 ,the objections to this process are great cost of chemicals and labor required and the difficulty of disposing of a large amount of sludge4 ,there are a few plants of this kind in operation at the present time and there seems to be a general agreement among authorities that the process is now a back number4 ,fowler says1 8,it may be doubted whether dilute sewages resulting from the lavish use of water in ,american cities lend themselves generally to economical treatment by this process40 ,metcalf and ,eddy in their 8,american ,sewerage ,practice0 express the opinion that the quantity of chemicals required for results would be a prohibitive expense4 ,the sewerage commission report of ,new ,jersey contains the statement that 8on the standpoint of the officials in charge of the experimental station at ,lawrence1 ,massachusetts1 chemical precipitation is a process of the past40 ,the experiments of the ,massachusetts ,state ,board of ,health showed that it is quite impossible to obtain effluents by chemical precipitation which compare in organic purity with those obtained by intermittent sand filtration4 ,about the only plants of any importance in the ,united ,states are those at ,worcester1 ,massachusetts1 and ,providence1 ,rhode ,island4 ,according to the report of the ,superintendent of ,sewers of ,worcester1 the experimental plant in that city has shown that 8the cost of operation of ,imhoff tanks and sprinkling filters per million gallons of sewage treated would be much less than the cost of operation of chemical precipitation or sand filtration as carried on in ,worcester40 ,slate ,beds ,the equipment for this process consists of tanks with horizontal slabs of slate separated a few inches by stone blocks4 ,the sewage is allowed to stand in the tank for about two hours1 during which the suspended matter is deposited on the slabs and is digested by multifarious forms known as aerobic germs1 i4 e41 germs requiring oxygen for the continuance of their proper vital function4 ,the deposits are thereby reduced to harmless and inoffensive humus4 ,slate beds are dosed and rested alternately so as to give them an opportunity to replenish their supply of oxygen4 ,multiple units are therefore necessary4 ,the effluent must be treated as a tank effluent4 ,fowler suggests that when filters are used to purify the effluent1 8humus0 tanks be provided between the slate and the filter to retain the solids washed away from the beds and somewhat to equalize the composition of the effluent passing into the filter4 ,dosing ,chambers ,after the effluent has passed from a tank after being treated by one or more of the preliminary processes1 it usually flows into a compartment known as the dosing chamber where it is admitted to the filter for further purification4 ,when enough of the liquid has accumulated in the chamber it is automatically emptied by means of a siphon1 thus permitting the intermittent application of the sewage to the filter bed4 ,when more than one bed is used the siphons are arranged so that the liquid alternately flows to different filters or parts of filters4 ,contact ,filters--,single and ,double ,the treatment of sewage in a single contact filter is classed as a preliminary process and when treated in double contact beds or those arranged in tandem as a final process4 ,a contact filter is a basin filled with broken stone1 coke1 slag or coarse gravel1 thoroughly underdrained4 ,the size of stone or other material to be used depends upon the degree of purification desired1 and the manner of operating the beds4 ,the smaller the stone the more brilliant the effluent will be1 but all reports agree that the cost of operation will be greater and that there will be a more rapid loss of filter capacity4 ,experience has taught the superiority of the coarser material because the interstices being so large the bed is not so liable to choke4 ,watson advises a fine medium bed only when a highly purified effluent is desired1 when it would be difficult to get rid of humus from the filtrate1 when a high cost of maintenance is not prohibitive and when a temporary stoppage of the whole plant would not be a serious matter4 ,he believes it is not suitable for installations of any magnitude4 ,beds have been built with various depths1 the range being between four and seven feet4 ,some have been built shallower and have given good results4 ,the method of applying the sewage is important4 ,some tanks are overfed and others are underfed4 ,francis ,e4 ,daniels1 ,director of ,water and ,sewage ,inspection of the ,new ,jersey ,state ,board of ,health1 describes a method which has been found to be successful in plants in this state4 ,at these plants the effluent is applied on the top and at one corner of the contact beds4 ,at the point of application a small area of contact material from #f inches to one foot deep is removed from the top of the bed1 and fine cinders are substituted4 ,an embankment about a foot high is constructed of the same material around this area so that all of the tank effluent applied to the beds strains through the cinders4 ,mr4 ,daniels says that a great deal of the suspended matter is thus removed from the tank effluent which reduces clogging and increases the life of the beds4 ,it is ,mr4 ,daniels' experience that the value of underfed beds is diminishing4 ,if the effluent is very septic this method has the advantage of reducing odors1 but as ,mr4 ,daniels has pointed out1 the practise of reducing the storage capacity of tanks is becoming prevalent4 ,in many plants the sewage is distributed by mechanical appliances1 some being motor driven and others cable driven4 ,springfield1 ,missouri1 which uses a motor drive1 reports a saving in power1 first cost1 moving weight1 and maintenance1 over the cable drive4 ,another advantage is that the length of the filter can be increased at will4 ,the total cost of the distribution per million gallons according to ,springfield's experience is #a4be for cable drive and #a4fa for direct motor drive4 ,after the sewage has been distributed on the beds so that the interstices are filled1 it is allowed to stand for a time4 ,the bed is then drained and rested4 ,while standing the sewage comes in contact with a jelly-like film which forms on the surface of the stone1 and important changes occur4 ,as with the septic tanks contact beds require a certain period in which to ripen4 ,the time of contact and the period of rest vary in different plants4 ,the rate of filtration varies according to the construction of the beds1 the range is between #fjj1jjj and #a1bjj1jjj gallons per acre per day4 ,the effluent from single contact beds is not stable but that from double contact beds is non-putrescible and low in suspended matter1 although somewhat turbid4 ,it can be discharged without offense into small streams4 ,single contact beds have seldom been used for final treatment of sewage and fewer filters of this kind are now being constructed even in conjunction with any preparatory treatment4 ,the general opinion is that this process is on the wane4 ,watson says1 8,it may now be assumed that percolating filters are being constructed in ,england in preference to contact beds wherever the conditions are suitable40 ,in ,america they are not being adopted for large installation but they are still considered for small disposal works4 ,in their fifth report the ,royal ,sewage ,commission of ,england states that taking into account the gradual loss of capacity of contact beds1 a cubic yard of material arranged in the form of a percolating filter will generally treat satisfactorily nearly twice as much tank liquor as a cubic yard of material in a contact bed4 ,comparing the efficiency of contact beds and percolating filters it is claimed that the latter are better adapted to variations of flow and that the effluent is usually much better aerated2 and apart from the suspended solids are of a more uniform character4 ,with percolating filters the likelihood of odors is greater than from contact beds and there may be a greater nuisance from flies4 ,in the report of the ,city of ,leeds1 ,england1 the results of very valuable experiments are given4 ,it says1 8,double contact beds give good results with crude sewage and excellent results with partially settled sewage or with septic effluent4 ,single contact beds are insufficient for dealing with crude sewage but give fair results with settled sewage or with septic effluent4 ,the real difficulty with contact beds is to maintain capacity40 ,the principal advantages of this process according to reports are low operating head1 and less nuisance from odor and flies1 and the disadvantages are large areas required and cost of maintenance4 ,trickling1 ,percolating or ,sprinkling ,filters ,trickling or percolating filters consist of beds of coarse grained material such as pebbles or crushed stone1 one-eighth to four inches in size1 from four feet to ten feet deep and well underdrained4 ,the character and strength of the sewage should determine the size of the material1 the depth of the bed and the rate of operation4 ,some engineers give the capacity as about #bj1jjj persons per acre of stone surface2 others say the rate of flow should be from one to two and one-half million gallons per acre4 ,in some designs an auxiliary air supply is inducted into the filter material by tubes connected with the underground system4 ,the ,atlanta plant is equipped with ventilator hoods having weather vanes so that the mouth of each hood always points toward the wind4 8,this form of ventilation is of no particular value and may be detrimental in cold weather10 says ,glenn ,d4 ,holmes1 ,chief ,engineer of the ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 ,sewer ,board4 ,by means of spray jets and moving sprinklers operated with some device for varying the pressure1 such as a butterfly valve1 or by means of an intermittent dosing tank operated by a siphon1 the sewage is sprinkled or deposited on the surface of the bed in thin films and drops2 thus the sewage is freed of objectionable gases and takes up oxygen as it passes through the air and through the filter4 ,sprinkling filters do not produce the best results when crude sewage is applied4 ,they are most efficient when the suspended matter has been removed by some preparatory treatment4 ,in some cities the screening process is first used1 in others the sewage receives a preliminary treatment in tanks4 ,well designed and efficiently operated filters of this kind produce an effluent that is stable but not clear4 ,some plants are equipped with secondary settling tanks through which the effluent flows before final discharge and is freed of the humus-like particles it contains after leaving the filter4 ,reports agree that the effluent is not nearly so good in appearance and has a much higher percentage of bacteria than that produced by good intermittent sand filters4 ,as compared with the double contact process the general opinion is that sprinkling filters are superior in respect to the removal of organic matter and cost less to operate4 ,the chief advantages of a sprinkling filter are the high rate of filtration and the low cost of operation4 ,the disadvantages are a possible nuisance1 especially during hot weather1 from odor when anything but fresh tank sewage is sprayed2 and the development of insect life4 ,fowler says1 8,however economical their construction and maintenance it cannot be said that such a process meets all sanitary and sthetic requirements40 ,the experience of ,worcester1 ,massachusetts1 at its experimental station was that more than twenty times as much sewage per unit of area was treated by the sprinkler filter as could be treated by intermittent sand filtration1 and more than ten times as much per cubic yard of filter4 ,four times as much sewage was treated by these experimental filters as could be treated satisfactorily by experimental contact beds4 ,in order to obtain equal nitrification with contact beds at least three contacts would be required4 ,intermittent ,sand ,filters ,as a final process of purification in sections where land and filter material are available at small cost the intermittent sand filter is superior to any other4 ,this fact has been established by experience and experiments4 ,the filter material may be clean1 coarse sand or any other porous soil4 ,if a natural area is available the method of construction is very much simplified and economical4 ,the top soil is removed and used in embankments between the beds4 ,if the water tables are low the beds are not underdrained4 ,in artificial beds the size of the sand is important4 ,while fine sand will give a more brilliant effluent than a coarser material1 the sewage has to be applied in small doses with long periods of rest4 ,the rate of purification is higher in coarse sand filters and the effluent while containing more bacteria is non- putrescible4 ,about twenty-four inches of sand should cover the underdrains of tile1 placed about five feet apart1 and surrounded by small-sized gravel4 ,in some beds the entire bottom above the underdrain is covered with about six inches of gravel4 ,in others the bottom is ridged1 the underdrains being placed at the bottom of the valleys which are then partially or wholly filled with gravel4 ,risers are constructed at the head of the underdrain and an intercepting drain completes the system4 ,the beds vary in size and number according to the amount of sewage to be treated4 ,the operation of the filter is very important4 ,the sewage must be applied rapidly in rotation to each bed until the surface is covered with about three inches of the liquid4 ,the bed is then slowly drained and allowed to rest4 ,overdosing and lack of aeration cause clogging4 ,the surface must at all times be kept clean and loose4 ,to maintain this condition it is sometimes necessary to break up the surface to a small depth or periodically to remove the deposit on the surface4 ,in cold climates the operation of the filters in winter is difficult and the quality of the effluent somewhat impaired4 ,several methods have been adopted to prevent freezing4 ,some filter beds are ridged so that when dosed the sewage flows in gutters4 ,the ice which forms at the top of the sewage remains suspended on the ridges1 thus permitting succeeding doses to flow underneath the ice4 ,in other plants the surface of the filter is scraped into small piles which form a support for the ice4 ,it is claimed that by this method the cost of subsequent cleaning is less than when the beds are ridged4 ,the effluent in properly constructed and managed plants is clear and odorless4 ,the bacterial purification is as high as ninety-nine per cent4 ,the ,massachusetts ,state ,board of ,health in one of its reports says1 8,when sewage filters slowly and intermittently through five feet of porous earth and sand1 an effluent is obtained which is as free from organic matter1 from ammonia and from nitrites as many a natural spring water40 ,the only drawback noted to this process is the cost of treatment in large quantities where land and filter material are not available4 ,francis ,e4 ,daniels says that under such conditions the cost is almost prohibitive4 ,for many cities sufficient area cannot be obtained at any price1 and as population increases the difficulty will become greater4 ,the ,new ,york ,state ,board of ,health in general will approve only of the following rates of operation for different types of filters where suitable provision for preliminary treatment is made3 ,intermittent sand filters1 #ajj1jjj gallons per acre per day2 contact beds1 #ajj1jjj gallons per acre per day per foot of depth2 sprinkling filters1 #cjj1jjj gallons per acre per day per foot of depth4 ,these rates of operation are based on a sewage contribution of #ajj gallons per capita daily and no variation from these rates of filtration is allowed for any other per capita contribution of sewage4 ,the allowable effective depths of said filters will in general range from three to five feet2 contact beds from four to seven feet2 sprinkling filters1 from five to nine feet4 ,broad ,irrigation ,broad irrigation1 or sewage farming1 is the oldest process of sewage purification1 but the constant increase in population has made it necessary for cities to adopt other methods because of the area of land necessary for such a plant4 ,two processes are used1 surface irrigation and filtration1 a greater area of land being required for the former4 ,sometimes the two are combined into one process4 ,for filtration and irrigation the sewage is generally first subjected to sedimentation or screening and then flows on carefully prepared land on which crops are usually grown4 ,the areas are underdrained and are equipped with distribution systems4 ,local conditions determine the method of irrigation1 the ridge and furrow system being most generally used4 ,the efficiency of the process depends upon the quality of the soil and proper management4 ,among the factors which should enter into the selection of the site are the quality of the soil1 composition of sewage1 method of disposal1 kind of crops to be planted1 contours and slope of surface1 nature of the sub- soil1 sub-soil waters1 transportation facilities1 nature of streams1 nature of adjacent property1 and availability of water supply4 ,the best lands consist of a fine layer of alluvium overlaying a sub-soil of gravel1 chalk or other porous material4 ,various kinds of crops are grown on sewage farms and the revenues therefrom help to reduce the cost of operation4 ,they also assist in the purification4 ,the principal drawback are heavy transportation cost and a prejudice against sewage-grown produce4 ,during the rainy season when the quantity of sewage requiring treatment is greatest1 less sewage can be used for irrigation and the growing of crops of sewage farms4 ,all evidence points to the fact that broad irrigation is on a steady decline1 although the efficiency of the treatment under favorable conditions is very high4 ,disinfection ,when the bacterial efficiency of an effluent from either preparatory or final treatment is low and the effluent is discharged into a body of water from which water supplies are derived or shell fish are taken1 disinfection is often found necessary4 ,the purpose is to destroy objectionable bacteria and disease germs4 ,hypo-chlorite of lime and liquid chlorine are the two chemicals most commonly used4 ,the principal advantages of the liquid chlorine over the hypo-chlorite according to plant supervisors and operators1 are less cost of operation and space required for both apparatus and storage of materials1 no loss of strength1 no lime sludge1 and no mixing tanks required4 ,the claim is also made that it can be better controlled4 ,chlorine1 however1 is more expensive than hypo-chlorite and the control apparatus usually costs more4 ,there is general agreement among engineers1 that except as an emergency measure or under the above stated conditions1 disinfection is too expensive a process on account of the amount of chemical required4 ,this varies with the amount1 method and degree of previous treatment of the sewage and the degree of bacterial elimination desired4 ,tests at the ,cleveland ,testing ,station indicated that from five to seven parts per million of available chlorine will effect a bacterial removal of from eighty-five to ninety per cent4 ,activated ,sludge ,process ,sewage treatment by aeration in the presence of sludge is the latest development in sewage disposal1 and the process is attracting a great deal of attention in ,america4 ,milwaukee has constructed a plant to treat two million gallons of sewage a day4 ,houston1 ,texas1 is operating a plant to treat the sewage for #afj1jjj persons1 and ,escanaba1 ,michigan1 and ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 have favored the process4 ,experiments are now being conducted in ,milwaukee1 ,baltimore1 ,washington1 ,cleveland1 ,regina1 ,chicago1 ,lawrence1 ,mass41 ,brooklyn1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 the ,university of ,illinois and many other places4 ,the efficiency and economy of the process as compared with others which have long been in use have not been completely established4 ,the chief points in dispute are sludge disposal and cost1 but the indications are that these questions will soon be satisfactorily answered4 ,the process consists of passing raw sewage through tanks from eight to twenty feet deep in which a certain amount of activated sludge is always present4 ,to mix the sewage and the activated sludge air is forced into the bottom of the tank under low pressure of sufficient volume to keep the liquor violently disturbed4 ,from this aerating tank the mixture passes to another or sedimentation tank where the sludge settles and from which the clear effluent passes over a weir to its final destination4 ,in order to maintain the proper volume of activated sludge in the aerating tank a portion of the sludge is pumped back from the sedimentation tank4 ,the balance of the sludge is pressed and used for fertilizer base4 ,the ,milwaukee experiments indicate that in order to produce a clear1 non-putrescible effluent about four hours aeration is required1 twenty per cent4 of activated sludge maintained in the aerating tank1 and about #a4ge cubic feet of free air supplied per gallon of sewage treated4 ,the effluent is clear1 odorless and practically free from suspended matter4 ,the sludge will begin to decompose after forty-eight hours and must be pressed and dried within that time4 ,chief ,engineer1 ,t4 ,chalkley ,hatton1 of the ,milwaukee ,sewerage ,commission1 estimates that the sludge can be reduced to a fertilizer basis for about #h4ge per dry ton1 including overhead charges4 ,basing the value of the sludge produced upon a low price per unit1 he finds that ,milwaukee sludge is worth #ab4ej per dry ton1 which represents a clear profit of #c4ge a ton4 ,from ten to twelve million gallons can be treated upon one acre of ground1 which is about one-fifth the area required for sedimentation tanks and sprinkling filters4 ,the reasons for the adoption of this process by ,milwaukee after experimentation by competent engineers for more than a year are given by ,mr4 ,hatton in a recent address before ,new ,york ,state city officials as follows3 8,it produces a better effluent than any other known process of sewage treatment except land treatment or intermittent sand filtration2 it can be built upon a comparatively small area2 it produces no objectionable odors or flies2 it produces a sludge of sufficient value to meet the cost of its reduction to a fertilizer and therefore relieves the city of the difficult1 complicated and wasteful method of sludge disposal common to all other processes2 it is subject to complete and satisfactory control throughout its operation2 it is not materially influenced by climatic conditions2 occupying a small area1 its first cost is less than any other known process from which an equal character of effluent can be obtained2 its operating cost is not prohibitive40 ,in a discussion before the ,iowa ,section of the ,american ,waterworks ,association ,dr4 ,edward ,bartow commended activated sludge for its value as a fertilizer4 ,this has been proved1 he said1 by its chemical composition1 by its reaction with various solids and by its effect on the growth of plants4 ,pot cultures and garden experiments have shown that the nitrogen is in a very available form4 ,e4 ,e4 ,sands1 ,city ,engineer of ,houston1 ,texas1 bases this statement on results of experiments conducted for a year3 8,our investigation has demonstrated that sewage can be disposed of anywhere that there is a vacant tract of land in the city without creating a nuisance and without any objectionable feature40 ,the total estimated cost for treatment will be about #i4ad per million gallons when the plant is run at the rate of #ah1ijj1jjj gallons per day4 ,he estimates that the total cost for treatment by the ,imhoff tanks and the sprinkling filters would be not less than #aa per million gallons4 ,after an extended investigation by their sanitary engineers1 ,armour ,company have concluded that the activated sludge method will satisfactorily purify the industrial wastes from their ,packingtown factories4 ,assistant ,superintendent1 ,m4 ,d4 ,harding1 estimates that from data now available the cost per million gallons exclusive of depreciation1 interest and repairs1 will be #c4 ,when considering the applicability of this process to conditions in any city consideration should be given to the following points4 ,the process requires competent supervision1 which ,mr4 ,hatton claims may be a blessing in disguise in view of the experiences of cities which1 after having built disposal plants of various kinds1 have left their operation to the kind mercies of ,providence with disastrous results4 ,this process also requires the expenditure for constant power4 ,the cheaper the power the more adaptable the process is commercially2 but if the unit is small and the power cost high1 the operating cost may be too great4 ,the sludge must be constantly treated to avoid nuisance4 ,the process produces a high degree of purification4 ,if the local conditions do not demand this the process might be too expensive in comparison with some other process which will produce a satisfactory effluent4 ,other ,processes ,a few cities1 including ,oklahoma ,city and ,santa ,monica1 ,cal41 have electrolysis treatment plants4 ,the process consists in passing the sewage between a system of electrodes4 ,the change is brought about by chemical reaction from newly formed chemical reagents produced by the decomposition of inorganic compounds already in solution4 ,it is still regarded as an unestablished process4 ,boston has within the last year been testing a new process of sewage purification invented and patented by a ,boston chemist4 ,by the addition of an acid1 an attempt is made to precipitate the bulk of suspended matter and to form a sludge which can be dried and degreased thereby producing a salable and greaseless fertilizer as well as recovering valuable grease4 ,experiments by ,e4 ,s4 ,dorr gave results so full of promise that arrangements were made for a study of the process under the supervision of the ,sanitary ,research ,laboratory of the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology4 ,robert ,spurr ,weston gives the results of this study in a recent issue of the ,american ,journal of ,public ,health4 ,his conclusions are that 8with facts at hand the process would be very satisfactory for ,boston from a sanitary standpoint1 and is more promising economically than any other known method40 ,he includes in his comparison the activated sludge process4 ,an experiment by ,boston on a larger scale has been recommended4 ,trade ,wastes ,industrial trade wastes1 such as those coming from canneries1 breweries1 woolen mills1 laundries1 dye and cleaning works1 paper mills1 iron foundries1 gas works and packing establishments and others cause nuisances around disposal plants1 and the problem of their proper disposal is more difficult of satisfactory solution than the treatment of domestic sewage4 ,some wastes can be treated with domestic sewage at the disposal works without any difficulty1 others require special treatment before being allowed to enter the sewers and often it is desirable to keep certain wastes out of the main sewers and dispose of them independently4 ,each particular problem must be considered by itself with due regard both to conditions at the factory1 the expense burden on the producer of the waste and to the body of water into which the effluent is to be discharged4 ,there are instances where cities have reimbursed certain manufacturers for treating their wastes separately1 and others where the manufacturers have reimbursed the city for the additional treatment required4 ,sludge ,disposal and ,value ,authorities are generally agreed that the sludge problem is the center of the entire sewage problem1 because it causes more trouble and is the most expensive part of the treatment4 ,the method of handling it is just as important as the treatment of the sewage4 ,wet sludge can be pumped out on land or into shallow places or it can be sent to sea in ships and allowed to sink4 ,if pumped on land it must be spread out in very thin layers4 ,if discharged into trenches it is ploughed into the ground after it has dried4 ,in either case a large area of land is necessary and odors cannot be eliminated4 ,only cities located on or near the seashore can send their sludge to sea1 and then the cost of disposal is rather high4 ,sludge can be dried by pressing1 in centrifugal drying machines1 by mixing with some dry matter or by discharging upon drying beds4 ,the cost of pressing is high1 depending upon the amount of lime added1 the kind of sludge pressed1 and the size of the works4 ,george ,s4 ,webster states that the average cost in large cities is ten cents per ton of wet sludge4 ,it is especially applicable to chemical precipitation works as it must first be treated with lime or coal powder4 ,when dried in machines the liquid contains much organic matter and is objectionable4 ,the simplest method is to discharge the sludge upon drying beds of porous material and underdrained4 ,the time for drying depends upon sewage treatment4 ,imhoff tank sludge will dry in less than a week1 septic tank sludge in two weeks or more1 and sludge from plain sedimentation will require about two months in summer and almost five months in winter4 ,cleveland1 in order to overcome weather conditions at its experimental plant1 built a covered sludge bed1 modeled after standard greenhouse construction4 ,the report from the ,testing ,station is that during summer the period of drying is approximately the same as or possibly a little longer than with open beds4 ,eliminating the three winter months1 the station report says1 it is possible to operate beds of this type so that one square foot of surface will dry #j4h cubic feet of sludge per year4 ,francis ,e4 ,daniels suggests that sludge can be handled faster by drying a small portion at one time and removing it from the bed before the next portion is drained off4 ,dry sludge can be used for fertilizer or for filling low lands or it can be incinerated4 ,its fertilizing value is disputed except when produced by the activated sludge method4 ,the filling in method is economical4 ,authorities advise the consideration of incineration by cities which burn their garbage4 ,dr4 ,imhoff's recommendations are the use of sludge for agricultural purposes and for filling in low land4 8,in both cases10 he says1 8the sludge must first be dried and this is best effected upon a drying bed after the sludge has been decomposed in an inoffensive1 odorless manner1 in a separate tank through which sewage does not flow40 ,many unsuccessful efforts have been made to extract the valuable ingredients from sewage1 but to date the experience has been that they have been more costly to recover than they are worth4 ,dr4 ,mc,lean ,wilson1 ,sanitary ,inspector of the ,west ,riding of ,yorkshire ,rivers ,board1 believes that the valuable ingredients of sewage will ultimately be recovered and used since many capable experimenters are at work on the problem4 ,h4 ,w4 ,clark1 ,chemist of the ,massachusetts ,state ,board of ,health1 is of the opinion that sludge has some value and that 8it seems inevitable that as the processes of drying1 pressing and fat separation are improved and as nitrogen advances in price sewage sludge will become of greater agricultural value than at present40 ,experiments have been made at the ,philadelphia ,sewage ,testing ,station by burning dry sludge and wet sludge mixed with fine coal4 ,the results were unsuccessful4 ,experiments have also been made at the ,cleveland station where it was found that the sewage sludge contained about one-half as much nitrogen and one-third as much phosphates as does the garbage tankage4 ,management and ,supervision ,no matter how well a sewage disposal plant is designed or constructed it will not do its work in a satisfactory manner and produce desired results unless it is efficiently managed4 ,every plant should be in charge of a man who has knowledge of sewage disposal principles1 is thoroughly familiar with his plant and who can act intelligently in an emergency4 ,the ,new ,jersey ,state ,sewerage ,commission in one of its reports notes the tendency of local authorities to permit the deterioration of disposal plants usually through inattention4 8,it cannot be too strongly urged on those charged with these1 as of other public works1 that a competent man in charge is a primary necessity and that the plant should be kept continuously in the highest state of efficiency40 ,the same condition is complained of by the ,california ,state ,board of ,health and other state organizations4 ,in one of its bulletins the ,california ,state ,board says that 8some of the plants are operating very indifferently well and some very badly4 ,the general situation shows plainly the need of expert advice to municipalities with respect to general methods and necessary efficiencies from some central authority40 ,d4 ,c4 ,faber1 ,industrial ,engineer of the ,iowa ,state ,college1 goes so far as to claim that practically all nuisances in connection with plants can be traced directly to failure to give them attention4 ,he says that even where plants have been found too small increased care in many cases could be made to offset lack of capacity4 ,in several states1 such as ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,kansas1 ,ohio and ,massachusetts1 the ,state ,boards of ,health have supervision over the designing of new plants and the operation of those established4 ,the good results obtained as a result of this supervision are evidence that similar powers should be granted to all state boards of health4 ,with a plant designed to meet local conditions1 properly constructed and efficiently managed1 a city should have no difficulty in disposing of its sewage economically1 in a sanitary manner and without creating a nuisance4 ,table ,,ii 7a7 ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,in ,,american ,,cities ,name of ,city ,,general ,,data ,population ,general ,annual ,cost ,gallons ,description of ,treated ,plant ,operation#bi ,annually ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 #aaj1jjj;,coarse screens1 ,imhoff tanks and pumping station4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 #bjj1jjj;,coarse screens1 #a4ic per grit chambers1 ,m4,g4,x4 ,imhoff tanks1 sprinkling filters4 ,akron1 ,ohio #aej1jjj,screens1 grit chambers1 ,imhoff tanks1 sludge beds1 sprinkling filters4 ,alliance1 #bb1jjj;,cameron tanks4 #b1bjj per ,ohio ,contact and ,m4,g4 intermittent sand filters4 ,imhoff tanks and slag contact beds now under construction4 ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4 #cg1jjj,two plants4 ,grit #h1ejj chambers1 settling tanks1 dosing tanks1 contact beds4 ,brockton1 #fc1jjj,revolving #ab1jjj #gfh1jjj1jjj ,mass4 screens1 sand beds and sprinkling filters4 ,bloomington1 #ab1jjj,septic tank1 #bge1jjj1jjj ,ill4 center settling basin1 #c contact beds arranged around center basin1 nozzle spray upon filter beds surrounding contact beds4 ,bristol1 #ae1jjj,sand filter #e1jjj ,conn4 beds4 ,columbus1 #bbj1jjj;,grit chamber1 #e1afc1jjj1jjj ,ohio4 screens1 pumps1 ,imhoff tanks1 sprinkling filters1 final settling basins4 ,canton1 ,ohio4 #gj1jjj;,imhoff tanks1 #bj1jjj #gjj1jjj1jjj contact beds1 crushed slag and gravel filter with automatic syphon1 sludge drying beds1 sand and pea gravel filling4 ,half of bed covered with greenhouse construction4 ,final effluent into creek4 ,danbury1 #bc1jjj;,irrigation and #g1ejj ,conn4 filtration4 ,dallas1 ,texas #abj1jjj,screens1 grit chambers1 ,imhoff tanks and sludge beds4 ,fond du ,lac1 #bj1jjj,sewage collected #c1bjj ,wis4 in receiving well and pumped into ,imhoff tanks4 ,fresno1 ,cal4 #dj1jjj,partial #a1jjja1hbe1jjj1jjj purification by settling and septic process1 and disposal of effluent by irrigation of alfalfa4 ,gloversville1 #ba1jjj,primary and #bb1jjja1jbb1jjj1jjj ,n4 ,y4 secondary settling tanks1 screen chambers and dosing tanks1 sprinkling filters1 sludge drying beds and sand filters4 ,houston1 #adj1jjj;,activated sludge #i4be per#f1egj1jjj1jjj ,texas method1 ,m4,g4 reinforced concrete aeration tanks1 ,m4,g4 settling tanks and re- aeration tanks4 ,continuous flow1 power houses and blowers4 ,independence1 #ab1jjj;,cameron tanks ,kas4 and filter beds4 ,lackawanna1 #ag1ejjghh1djj1jjj ,n4,y4 #ie4 ,milwaukee1 #dej1jjj,trial plant ,wis4 operated since #aiaf4 ,now designing activated sludge plant to treat all sewage4 ,mt4 ,vernon1 #ch1jjj,settling tanks1 #ag1fge #gej1jjj1jjj ,n4,y4 single story septic type1 constructed in five units4 ,sprinkling overhead ,phelps nozzle1 dosing tanks with automatic syphon4 ,new ,britain1 #ee1jjj,sand filtration4 #ab1jjj ,conn4 ,oswego1 ,n4,y4 #bd1jjj ,pasadena1 #db1jjj;,imhoff and #gcj1jjj1jjj ,cal4 septic tanks1 sludge bed and sewage farm4 ,providence1 #bdi1faf,settling tanks2 #ed1iedi1jgh1fbj1jjj ,r4 ,i4 disinfection4 ,philadelphia1 #a1hjj1jjj,pennypack ,creek #dej1jjj1jjj ,pa4 sewage treated ,reading1 ,pa4 #aaj1jjj #ba1ejjb1jjj1jjj1jjj ,rochester1 ,n4 #bdh1dfe;,detritus tanks1 ,y4 fine screens ,imhoff tanks4 ,plan made for effluent to run power plant4 ,sludge drying beds4 ,schenectady1 #hg1jjj;,imhoff tanks and #bc1jjj ,n4,y4 sprinkling filters4 ,sumter1 ,s4 ,c4 #ab1jjj,sewage only #h1jjj partly treated4 ,a settling chamber only4 ,no filtering bed4 ,tallahassee1 #f1jjj,single contact #b1ejj ,fla4 system1 #c beds1 coke and sand1 filtration with automatic apparatus4 ,woonsocket1 #dc1jjj,screening basin ,r4 ,i4 and filters4 ,worcester1 #agj1jjj;,chemical #fj1jjjf1jid1jjj1jjj ,mass4 precipitation1 exclusive of sand filters4 depreciation and interest4 ,name of ,city ,,general ,,data ,,sewerage ,,system ,average ,per ,kind of ,preliminary ,number cent4 ,sewerage ,system ,treatment ,gallons of ,treated ,city's ,daily ,total ,treated ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mostly combined,coarse screens and grit chamber4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 #af1jjj1jjj #ij4;,combined4 ,grate bars #a in4 apart1 and three grit chambers4 ,akron1 ,ohio ,separate and ,screens and combined4 grit chambers4 ,alliance1 #c1jjj1jjj #ajj4,separate4 ,grit chambers4 ,ohio ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4 #fge1jjj #bb4,separate with ,two grit some surface chambers4 water4 ,brockton1 #b1ajf1jjj #ajj4,separate4 ,revolving ,mass4 screen4 ,bloomington1 #gej1jjj #ajj4,separate4 ,settling basin ,ill4 with weirs4 ,bristol1 #a1ejj1jjj #ij4,separate4 ,none4 ,conn4 ,columbus1 #ba1cjj1jjj;,all for,separate and ,one in4 and ,ohio4 #bdb combined4 one-half in4 days4 vertical bar screens mechanically operated4 ,grit chamber4 ,canton1 ,ohio4 #a1ijj1jjj #ie4,separate4 ,coarse screens and grit chambers4 ,danbury1 #cjj1jjj ,mostly ,coarse screens ,conn4 separate4 and grit chambers4 ,dallas1 ,texas #aj1jjj1jjj ,all4,separate4 ,coarse screens and grit chambers4 ,fond du ,lac1 ,separate with ,screens and ,wis4 cistern grit overflow chambers4 connected with sanitary4 ,fresno1 ,cal4 #e1jjj1jjj ,all4,separate4 ,chamber for trapping crude oil4 ,gloversville1 #b1hjj1jjj #ij4,separate4 ,coarse ,n4 ,y4 screens4 ,houston1 #ah1jjj1jjj ,all4,separate4 ,coarse screens ,texas and grit chambers for two-thirds of sewage4 ,independence1 ,separate4 ,kas4 ,lackawanna1 ,separate4 ,grit chamber4 ,n4,y4 ,milwaukee1 #acj1jjj1jjj ,separate with ,coarse screens ,wis4 first wash and grit from street4 chamber4 ,mt4 ,vernon1 #b1jjj1jjj #ge4,separate with ,coarse bar ,n4,y4 much wet screens4 weather infiltration4 ,new ,britain1 #d1jjj1jjj ,all4,separate4 ,none4 ,conn4 ,oswego1 ,n4,y4 ,pasadena1 #b1jjj1jjj #ie4,separate with ,none4 ,cal4 first wash from street4 ,providence1 #bd1hgb1jjj ,combined4 ,r4 ,i4 ,philadelphia1 #a1bej1jjj ,one-,combined first ,coarse screens ,pa4 third wash from and grit of #a4 street4 chamber4 ,reading1 ,pa4 #f1jjj1jjj #fj4,separate4 ,two grit chambers4 ,rochester1 ,n4 #ee1jjj1jjj ,all4,combined4 ,six detritus ,y4 dry weather tanks and flow1 fine #agc1jjj1jjj screens4 wet weather flow4 ,schenectady1 #gb1jjj1jjj #gj4,separate and ,n4,y4 combined4 ,sumter1 ,s4 ,c4 ,separate4 ,two grit chambers #bj x #cj ft4 ,tallahassee1 #ajj1jjj ,grit chamber4 ,fla4 ,woonsocket1 #a1ejj1jjj ,separate4 ,coarse screens ,r4 ,i4 between screening basins and pump well4 ,worcester1 ,all dry,separate and ,grit chambers ,mass4 weather combined4 flow and first part of storm water4 ,name of ,city ,,sewage ,,pumping ,what ,gallons ,daily ,kind and ,percentage ,pumped ,capacity of ,number of of ,sewage ,annually ,pumps ,pumps is ,pumped to ,plant ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4,large ,three #aj,three var4 part4 ,m4,g4,d4 each speed #bd and three #ae in4 and ,m4,g4,d4 each three const4 #bd in4 electric power4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,some4 #ej1jjj1jjj ,centrifugal electric power4 ,akron1 ,ohio ,alliance1 ,none4 ,ohio ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4,none4 ,brockton1 ,all4 #f1jjj1jjj ,two ,knowles ,mass4 triple expansion condensing steam power4 ,bloomington1 ,none4 ,ill4 ,bristol1 ,none4 ,conn4 ,columbus1 ,all once #e1afc1jjj1jjjej1jjj1jjj ,one #ab in4 ,ohio4 and #aj ,worthington1 twice4 one #bj in4 ,morris1 two #ah in4 and one #ab in4 ,de ,lavel4 ,electric power4 ,canton1 ,ohio4,none4 ,danbury1 ,none4 ,conn4 ,dallas1 ,texas,all4 #bb1ejj1jjj ,two centrifugal steam power4 ,fond du ,lac1 ,all4 #a1jjj1jjj a#fj1jjj1jjj ,four ,wis4 day4 centrifugal electric power4 ,fresno1 ,cal4 ,none4 ,gloversville1,none4 ,n4 ,y4 ,houston1 #aje4b #h1faa1jjj1jjjcj1jjj1jjj ,one air ,texas some ejector six twice4 single centrifugal pumps4 ,electric power4 ,independence1,none4 ,kas4 ,lackawanna1 #ie4 #ghh1jjj1jjjgbj1jjj ,centrifugal ,n4,y4 power4 steam ,milwaukee1 #cc4 #db1jjj1jjjfj1jjj1jjj ,three ,wis4 centrifugal1 #bj million each4 ,electric power4 ,mt4 ,vernon1 #ae4 #aaj1jjj1jjje1jjj1jjj ,two vertical ,n4,y4 centrifugal electric power4 ,new ,britain1 ,none4 ,conn4 ,oswego1 ,n4,y4 ,none4 ,pasadena1 ,none4 ,cal4 ,providence1 ,yes4 ,r4 ,i4 ,philadelphia1,yes4 #dej1jjj1jjjd1jjj1jjj ,one eight in4 ,pa4 and one ten in4 ,worthington1 vertical4 ,by gas4 ,reading1 ,pa4 ,all4 ,one #f and ,two the other centrifugal #h electric millions4 power4 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,schenectady1 #dj4 #dj1jjj1jjjae1jjj1jjj ,five direct ,n4,y4 connected motor vertical centrifugal4 ,sumter1 ,s4 ,c4,none4 ,tallahassee1 ,no4 ,fla4 ,woonsocket1 #ajj4 #b1bjj per ,centrifugal4 ,r4 ,i4 min4 ,by steam4 ,worcester1 #b4 ,four ,mass4 centrifugal4 ,electric power4 ,name of ,city ,,sewage ,,pumping ,annual ,cost of ,number of ,pumping ,station ,feet ,sewage is raised ,total ,per ,million ,gals4 ,raised a ,foot ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,akron1 ,ohio ,alliance1 ,ohio ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,brockton1 #cj1jjj 4#ige #dj4 ,mass4 ,bloomington1 ,ill4 ,bristol1 ,conn4 ,columbus1 #bc1fef 4#af #ba4f ,ohio4 ,canton1 ,ohio4 ,danbury1 ,conn4 ,dallas1 ,texas #db4 ,fond du ,lac1 ,wis4 ,fresno1 ,cal4 ,gloversville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,houston1 #bc1ejj 4#acf 4#be4 ,texas est4 ,independence1 ,kas4 ,lackawanna1 #i1jjj #ah4 ,n4,y4 ,milwaukee1 #bb4 ,wis4 ,mt4 ,vernon1 #bf ft4 ,n4,y4 including friction4 ,new ,britain1 ,conn4 ,oswego1 ,n4,y4 ,pasadena1 ,cal4 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,philadelphia1 #da4 ,pa4 ,reading1 ,pa4 #ad1ejj #ci4 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,schenectady1 #aj1jjj #bc4 ,n4,y4 ,sumter1 ,s4 ,c4 ,tallahassee1 ,fla4 ,woonsocket1 #bj ,r4 ,i4 ,worcester1 #e1eji4ce ,mass4 ,table ,,ii 7c7 ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,in ,,american ,,cities 7,continued7 ,name of ,city ,,industrial ,,wastes ,establishments ,what ,methods of ,which ,empty ,kinds ,treatment ,where ,wastes ,into ,are ,wastes are ,city's ,sewerage ,treated ,purified ,system ,before ,separately ,they are ,emptied ,into ,sewerage ,system ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,steel mills1 tin ,from gas,plain can works1 gas works4 sedimentation4 works1 coal and gas plants4 ,akron1 ,ohio ,alliance1 ,ohio ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4,none4 ,brockton1 ,shoe factory and ,mass4 tannery4 ,bloomington1 ,no4 ,ill4 ,bristol1 ,conn4 ,columbus1 ,tanneries1 ,none4 ,ohio breweries1 starch works1 wool cleaners1 packing plants4 ,canton1 ,ohio ,various ,none4 factories1 including iron and steel2 chief waste is rags4 ,danbury1 ,hat factories4 ,none4 ,conn4 ,dallas1 ,tex4 ,packing houses1 laundries1 dye works4 ,fond du ,lac1 ,laundries1 ,none4 ,wis4 cleaning establishments4 ,fresno1 ,cal4 ,fruit canneries ,none4 and packing houses4 ,gloversville1,leather and ,all4 ,settling tanks4 ,n4 ,y4 canneries2 #bf of total is trade waste4 ,houston1 ,tex4,pressed and dried ,independence1 ,kas4 ,lackawanna1 ,none4 ,n4 ,y4 ,milwaukee1 ,breweries1 ,none4 ,wis4 tanneries1 soap works1 laundries1 hair works and packing houses4 ,mt4 ,vernon1 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,britain1 ,pickling liquor4 ,conn4 ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 #ca,pasadena1,laundries4 ,cal4 ,providence1 ,woolen mills1 ,r4 ,i4 bleacheries1 dye houses1 jewelry factories4 ,philadelphia1,no4 ,pa4 ,reading1 ,pa4 ,soap and dye works1 tanneries1 paper mills1 breweries1 laundries1 hat factories1 electroplating works4 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,schenectady1 ,laundries1 ,oil skimmed off ,n4 ,y4 locomotive and electrical top of tanks4 ,sumter1 ,s4 ,c4,none4 ,tallahassee1 ,chera ,cola ,works1,none4 ,all run into ,fla4 and garages4 grit chamber before entering main4 ,woonsocket1 ,r4 ,i4 ,worcester1 ,carpet mills1 ,none4 ,mass4 tanneries and dye works4 ,name of ,city ,,sludge ,,disposal ,,final ,,treatment ,how is ,sludge ,any ,is ,effluent ,is there a ,disposed of ,revenue ,disinfected ,secondary from ,settling ,disposal ,tank ,plant ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,no4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,filling and ,none4 ,no4 ,no4 fertilizer4 ,akron1 ,ohio ,burned4 ,yes4 ,alliance1 ,dried on beds,none4 ,no4 ,no4 ,ohio and hauled to farmers4 ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,no4 ,no4 ,brockton1 ,fertilizer ,none4 ,no4 ,from ,mass4 and fill4 sprinkl'r4 ,bloomington1 ,no4 ,ill4 ,bristol1 ,plowed into ,conn4 land ,columbus1 ,dried on beds,none4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,ohio and spread on city farm4 ,canton1 ,ohio ,fertilizer4 ,none4 ,no4 ,danbury1 ,fertilizer4 #djj4 ,no4 ,no4 ,conn4 ,dallas1 ,tex4 ,no4 ,fond du ,lac1 ,filling4 ,no4 ,wis4 ,fresno1 ,cal4 ,gloversville1,fertilizer #cjj4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,n4 ,y4 and fill ,houston1 ,tex4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,independence1 ,kas4 ,lackawanna1 ,no4 ,no4 ,n4 ,y4 ,milwaukee1 ,pressed1 ,no4 ,wis4 dried and sold for fertilizer4 ,mt4 ,vernon1 ,fill4 ,none4 ,no4 ,no4 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,britain1 ,fill4 ,none4 ,no4 ,conn4 ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 #ca,pasadena1,fertilizer4 ,none4 ,no4 ,cal4 ,providence1 ,pressed and ,yes4 ,r4 ,i4 carried away on scows4 ,philadelphia1,fertilizer4 ,none4 ,liquid ,yes4 ,pa4 ,chlorine4 ,reading1 ,pa4 ,fertilizer4 ,none4 ,no4 ,yes4 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,plans made ,y4 for such4 ,schenectady1 ,fill4 ,no4 ,no4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sumter1 ,s4 ,c4 ,none4 ,no4 ,tallahassee1 ,no4 ,yes4 ,fla4 ,woonsocket1 ,no4 ,no4 ,r4 ,i4 ,worcester1 ,fill and ,none4 ,no4 ,no4 ,mass4 fertilizer4 ,name of ,city ,,final ,,treatment ,per cent4 ,per cent4 ,what ,degree of ,is ,plant of of ,bacteria,purity ,required ,operating ,suspended ,removed ,satisfactorily ,matter ,removed ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,yes4 ,akron1 ,ohio ,alliance1 ,no4 ,ohio ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,yes4 ,brockton1 #fa4b4 #ie4 ,as high as ,not entirely4 ,mass4 possible4 ,bloomington1 ,yes4 ,ill4 ,bristol1 ,yes4 ,conn4 ,columbus1 #be4 #hj-ij4 ,varies with ,some parts ,ohio stream and satisfactory weather others not4 conditions4 ,canton1 ,ohio #ih4 #he4 ,yes4 ,danbury1 ,yes4 ,conn4 ,dallas1 ,tex4 ,fond du ,lac1 ,yes4 ,wis4 ,fresno1 ,cal4 #cj4 ,no standard4 ,yes4 ,gloversville1 ,yes4 ,n4 ,y4 ,houston1 ,tex4#ie-ih4 #ie-ii4 #he-ij4 ,independence1 ,kas4 ,lackawanna1 #ij4 ,yes4 ,n4 ,y4 ,milwaukee1 #ie4 #ie4 #ie4 ,wis4 ,mt4 ,vernon1 #gj4 #hj4 ,non- ,yes4 ,n4 ,y4 putrescible4 ,new ,britain1 ,no4 ,conn4 ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 #ca,pasadena1 ,imhoff ,cal4 satisfactory septic 8as well as can be expected of any septic tank40 ,providence1 ,total ,r4 ,i4 bacterial #fd2 ,b ,coli #if4i4 ,philadelphia1#fj4 #ajj acid ,absence of acid,yes4 ,pa4 formers4 forming bacteria4 ,reading1 ,pa4 #ga4a #hf4 ,state standard4,yes4 exclusive of solids removed by grits4 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,schenectady1 #dj4 #gj4 ,fairly so4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sumter1 ,s4 ,c4,great ,no objection ,portion as it empties into swampy stream4 ,tallahassee1 ,yes4 ,fla4 ,woonsocket1 #ajj4 #ig4 ,yes4 ,r4 ,i4 ,worcester1 #hg4 ,no ,effluent from ,mass4 standard4 sand filter excellent2 chemical precipitation poor4 ,name of ,city ,,final ,,treatment ,if ,not1 ,why8 ,distance ,any ,odor at of ,plant ,plant from ,center of ,city ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,two miles4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 #d-g ,not sufficient miles4 to cause inconvenience4 ,akron1 ,ohio ,alliance1 ,no technical #a mile4 ,yes4 ,ohio supervision4 ,large quantities of roof water during storms4 ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4#e miles4 ,brockton1 ,sand beds in #c miles4,during damp ,mass4 operation #bb weather years and have reached capacity4 ,bloomington1 #a ,not over #a1jjj ,ill4 miles4 ft4 under worst conditions4 ,bristol1 #b miles4,not much4 ,conn4 ,columbus1 ,insufficient #e miles4,yes4 ,ohio capacity4 ,canton1 ,ohio #h miles4,very little4 ,danbury1 #b ,none from beds2 ,conn4 miles4 sometimes when flow exceeds maximum it is turned into swamp1 and during hot weather there is odor4 ,dallas1 ,tex4 #c miles4 ,fond du ,lac1 #a mile4 ,no4 ,wis4 ,fresno1 ,cal4 #g miles4,yes4 ,gloversville1 #b miles4,some4 ,n4 ,y4 ,houston1 ,tex4 #b4e ,none expected4 miles4 ,independence1 ,kas4 ,lackawanna1 #a mile4 ,no4 ,n4 ,y4 ,milwaukee1 ,centre ,no4 ,wis4 of city4 ,mt4 ,vernon1 #a mile4 ,a few days ,n4 ,y4 noticeable mile4 ,new ,britain1 ,voids almost #c miles4 ,conn4 completely clogged by pickling liquor4 ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 mile4 #ca,pasadena1#e miles4 ,cal4 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,philadelphia1 #ab ,pa4 miles4 ,reading1 ,pa4 #c miles4,some at times of cleaning4 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,schenectady1 #b ,at first1 but ,n4 ,y4 miles4 not now4 ,sumter1 ,s4 ,c4 #a ,slight as it miles4 empties at mouth of outfall4 ,tallahassee1 #a mile4 ,only when ,fla4 cleaning grit chamber4 ,woonsocket1 #a mile4 ,no1 except ,r4 ,i4 slight smell like dish water4 ,worcester1 #c miles4,very little4 ,mass4 ----- ,footnote #bi3 ,includes depreciation and interest on investment4 ,footnote ,m4,g43 ,million gallons4 ,footnote #ca3 ,city has a sewage farm of about #eah acres1 and the effluent from the septic tank is used to irrigate about #dej acres of the farm4 ,the cities of ,pasadena1 ,south ,pasadena1 and ,alhambra have purchased a new sewage farm where they plan jointly to purify their sewage4 ,footnote #cb3 8,same force of men can handle one acre as one-half acre1 or twice as great a flow40 ,footnote #cc3 ,does not include interest and depreciation4 ,footnote #cd3 ,in winter draw as little as possible2 in summer draw as much as possible2 the aim being to leave the tanks as free as possible from good sludge when cold weather comes4 ,footnote #ce3 ,operation of ,imhoff tanks costs nothing as city allows a man to use two acres of land to compensate him for caring for tank4 ,the septic tank is attended to only once a year1 and probably does not cost more than #cj annually4 ,,ashes ,,and ,,rubbish ,,cost ,,and ,,methods ,,of ,,collection ,,and ,,disposal ,,in ,,american ,,cities-- ,,equipment--,,regulations--,,by-,,produ cts ,so many cities either collect ashes and rubbish together or the two are collected by the same department or under the same contract that any attempt to give the experience of ,american municipalities with the collection of each of these wastes would be of little value4 ,the collection of both kinds of waste will1 therefore1 be discussed with the idea of presenting such information as will give any city1 large or small1 a basis for determining the feasibility of ash and rubbish collection by municipal employees or by contract1 giving the various methods used in the larger ,american communities1 so that the one best adapted to local conditions may be adopted1 and the price a city should pay for the service4 ,any city contemplating the collection of its refuse or wishing to determine the efficiency and economy of the service it is giving or receiving must consider3 7#a7 ,type of ,collection system3 a4 ,combined collection of garbage1 rubbish and ashes4 b4 ,separate collection of each kind of refuse4 7#b7 ,method of ,collection3 a4 ,by whom done4 b4 ,districting of city4 ,number and location of districts4 c4 ,organization of collecting force4 d4 ,kind of equipment4 ,receptacles4 ,vehicles4 ,incinerators4 ,paper presses4 e4 ,location of receptacles4 f4 ,frequency of collection4 g4 ,time of removal4 7#c7 ,enforcement of collection regulations4 7#d7 ,disposal3 ,dumping exclusively4 ,incineration1 wholly or in part4 7#e7 ,by-products3 ,collection ,systems ,the systems of collection and disposal are so closely related that they must be considered together4 ,there are two kinds of collection systems1 the combined and the separate4 ,the combined system may be further divided4 ,many large cities collect garbage1 rubbish and ashes separately4 ,garbage is then incinerated or disposed of by the reduction method4 ,ashes are used for fill and the rubbish is sorted either at the dumps or in utilization plants and the unsalable material either dumped or incinerated or both4 ,the separate system is profitable only in the larger cities where reduction plants can be operated at or near a profit1 where an incineration plant can be centrally located in order to reduce the cost of haul or the heat can be used to produce power or where the reclaimable rubbish is sufficient to pay for rescuing it4 ,a system that can be used with nearly all methods of disposal is the separate collection of garbage and the combined collection of rubbish and ashes4 ,this is the most popular system in ,america1 for in many cities garbage is disposed of separately and rubbish is dumped4 ,in many such cases1 and especially where the ashes are used for fill1 separation is required to allow the disposal of the ashes in places not suitable for mixed material4 ,in cities which have destructors for the incineration of garbage and rubbish and which use the ashes for fill1 the separate collection of ashes and the combined collection of garbage and rubbish is the best system4 ,in some cases a part of the ashes is added to the garbage to aid combustion4 ,where the combined collection of garbage1 rubbish and ashes is used the city disposes of all these wastes either by dumping or by total incineration4 ,in a few places furnace ashes are collected separately and rubbish1 garbage and stove ashes together4 ,when this system is used the furnace ashes are used for fill and the other wastes are incinerated4 ,there is considerable difference of opinion as to which plan is desirable1 but practically all agree that local conditions should contribute the chief factor in determining which system is the best for a city4 ,the method of disposal is another factor4 ,reports agree that if all wastes are collected together as a rule the cost of collection will be less than if each is collected separately4 ,john ,h4 ,gregory1 sanitary expert1 says that separate collection will be found in many instances to be less convenient at the house and more complicated and more expensive than the combined collection4 ,he asserts that the combined collection will usually prove to be cleaner and to have fewer objectionable features1 and with this system it should be easier to secure and to keep a better grade of employees4 ,he points out that the mixing of garbage with rubbish and ashes will prevent in a large measure the blowing about of the latter1 will lessen the dust nuisance1 and indirectly may lessen the cost of street cleaning4 ,the decomposition of garbage is far less noticeable and from the point of view of preventing a nuisance the receptacles and wagons will not require such frequent cleaning4 ,he says1 also1 that the fly nuisance is reduced to a minimum and that there is less likelihood of odor should the refuse be stored up for final disposition4 ,as but one type of wagon is required for collection ,mr4 ,gregory believes that the system is probably easier to adopt and easier to enforce1 fewer regulations being required4 ,in a discussion of the advantages of the incineration method of disposal the ,american ,journal of ,public ,health says that ashes may be used for incineration on account of the percentage of unburned coal which they usually contain4 ,the percentage of unburned coal in ashes is between #ai and #bd4 ,several experts call attention to the cost of incineration4 ,mr4 ,gregory believes that when refuse is incinerated it may be more expensive to burn all ashes with garbage and rubbish than simply to burn the garbage and rubbish4 ,he points out that in some cities it may be found advantageous to adopt the combined system in certain districts and separate collections in others1 depending upon local conditions4 ,careful consideration should be given to the following reasons for and against keeping ashes and garbage separate3 ,it is not necessary to collect ashes so frequently as it is garbage2 different methods of disposal require separate handling2 garbage with its moisture when mixed with ashes will not freeze in the can as readily in winter1 thus facilitating collection4 ,some experts1 however1 assert it is more desirable to keep the wastes separate in order to use the ashes for fill and to sell the reclaimable rubbish4 ,many cities require the separation either of all wastes or of garbage4 ,of the fifty largest cities in the ,united ,states and all cities in ,new ,york ,state only thirteen do not require that each class of refuse be kept separate4 ,one or two report that the plan had to be abandoned as it was found difficult to get the people1 especially those living in the poorer districts1 to comply with the rule of keeping the wastes separate4 ,other cities1 which do require a separation1 report that while it was found difficult at the beginning to enforce the regulation1 persistent educational work and patience eventually brought their reward4 ,where all of the waste is dumped many cities prohibit the mixing of paper or combustibles with ashes and rubbish4 ,if this is not done the experience of many cities is that there are liable to be serious dump fires4 ,methods of ,collection ,some cities have ash and rubbish collection done by contract2 in others the work is done by city employees2 in a few both plans are used2 and in many small communities the work is done by licensed collectors4 ,the last ,census ,report shows that in eighty-five of the #aeh cities for which statistics are given the collection is made either by contract or by the city1 #gb per cent4 being collected by the cities and #bh per cent4 by contract4 ,collection by private collectors is by no means confined to the small cities1 as the following table indicates3 ,,table ,,iii4--,ash ,collection by ,private ,collectors ,population,name of ,city ,how ,much ,does ,he ,does ,does ,furnish ,how are ,city ,collector ,can and ,type of ,ashes ,own ,charge if so1 ,wagon ,used ,disposed or ,householder8 ,does ,he of8 ,rent ,require ,dump ,deposit8 #ajj1jjj;,duluth1#cf #ae per can ,no ,box ,dump ,own ,minn #ag1jjj;,glens #aj per can ,furnishes ,falls1#cf can1 no ,dump ,own ,n4 ,y4 deposit #aj1ddg;,johnstown1 #ej-ge trip ,no ,n4 ,y #ab1bgc,little #a a load ,falls1 ,n4 ,no #a horse1 box ,dump ,own ,y #dj1jic;,elmira1 ,n4 #aj per can ,yes1 #a ,dump ,rent ,y4 deposit #ac1jjj;,cortland1 ,n4#a per load1 ,any wagon ,y4 #ae per with tight can ,no box approved ,fill ,rent by sanitary inspector1 canvas cover #aaj1jjj;,albany1 ,n4 ,y#aj to #ac ,no ,dump ,free #aj1dgd,oneonta1 ,n4 ,dump ,own ,y4 #afe1jjj,new ,haven1 #ae per can ,no ,fill ,conn4 #aa1acf;,fulton1 ,n4 #aj-ae-be a ,no ,dump ,own ,y4 can #h1cag,oneida1 ,n4 #ge to #a4 ,no ,any type ,dump ,own ,y4 #bc1cfh,oswego1 ,n4 ,y#aj to #ae ,dump and,own ,no fill and rent #aca1jjj;,grand #ae a week ,rapids1 for ,mich4 residence1 ,dump special for others #aj1gaa,rensselaer1 #aj to #ac ,no ,covered ,fill and,own ,n4 ,y4 dump #eh1ega,portland1 #aj barrel ,fill and,free ,me4 ,no ,open cart dump and own ----- ,footnote #cf3 ,city also collects4 ,john ,h4 ,gregory is of the opinion that1 as a general rule1 the best results may be expected from municipal ownership and operation of collection equipment4 ,the ,chicago ,city ,waste ,commission reports that where the householder hires a private scavenger to remove ashes and rubbish it usually results in greater cost than when the work is systematically done by the city at public expense4 ,if work is done by contract supervision at public expense is almost imperative when the best results are desired4 ,regulation must be strict and well enforced4 ,the experiences of cities which have used all three methods are in favor of municipal collection4 ,the stringent contract regulating the collection of garbage and ashes by contract in ,west ,orange1 ,new ,jersey1 contains some suggestions4 ,that part referring to the collection of ashes provides that the contractor must have an office in town with a telephone and a person in attendance from #i a4m4 until #d p4m4 ,if notified of the failure of any employee to remove ashes the same must be removed within two hours4 ,ashes must be kept separate from garbage and collected in a different vehicle4 ,ashes must be placed in covered wagons and 8properly constructed so as to conceal the contents and to prevent scattering on public streets and highways4 ,rubbish1 papers1 tin cans1 etc41 shall be considered ashes40 ,it further requires that wagons must not be overloaded1 must be numbered and painted once a year and cleaned each day4 ,the contractor must discharge employees guilty of neglect or insolence4 ,the dumping ground must be kept clean1 and papers1 tin cans1 etc41 must be covered with three inches of dirt4 8,if the work is unsatisfactory the ,council may by resolution terminate the contract and the surety company will be compelled to make good the damages the city shall suffer as a result of the breach of contract40 ,in some cities where the refuse is disposed of by incineration1 the municipality does the collecting and delivers to a privately owned disposal plant4 ,districting the ,city ,the number and location of the districts into which a city is divided depends upon the size1 topography and population of the municipality4 ,the layout should also be influenced somewhat by the kind of collection equipment used4 ,particular attention should be given to the various kinds of collection vehicles and especially to the desirability of employing motor or horse-drawn vehicles or a combination of both1 before the city is districted4 ,the location of the dumps or incinerators and the frequency of collection are also important factors4 ,it is generally agreed that the division should be such as to shorten the length of haul as much as possible and to avoid steep grades with loaded wagons4 ,organization of ,collection ,force ,the organization of the force depends upon the kind of equipment1 system of collection1 districting of city1 location of receptacles1 frequency of removal and time of collection4 ,the common system abroad where the can is placed at the curb1 is to have one or two workmen accompany the wagon1 one acting as driver1 while the other empties the cans4 ,some authorities say this is the most economical way4 ,the common method of operating in this country is to have the driver make the collection from the back yard4 ,this is claimed by many to be uneconomical1 as the whole collection work is retarded4 ,in some cities the so-called gang system is used4 ,workmen go down each side of the street about one hour ahead of the wagon and roll the cans to the curb4 ,the driver empties the cans and workmen following the wagon take the empty cans to the back yard4 ,many believe that this makes the best use of the more expensive part of the equipment4 ,john ,h4 ,gregory points out that when possible one man should always have the same route in order that he may become acquainted with the district and households4 ,the organization of the collecting force must be elastic so that changes may be easily and quickly made on account of the seasons and weather conditions4 ,more wagons and more men are employed in winter than in summer4 ,it is also found necessary to increase the collection force when traffic conditions are made difficult by a snow storm and other causes4 ,type of ,equipment ,the essential features to be considered in connection with the design and installation of equipment are sanitation1 freedom from nuisance and selection of proper apparatus for economical operation4 ,very definite conclusions have been reached by experts and officials about the kind of ash can to be used4 ,it is agreed that the size must be limited because of the difficulty of lifting heavy receptacles into the collecting wagon4 ,workman's compensation insurance for city employees has forced cities to give more attention to this part of the equipment than previously for the reason that many employees are injured by straining4 ,it is also agreed that the receptacles must be of metal or lined with metal to prevent fire from hot ashes4 ,all receptacles1 if left at the curb1 should be covered to prevent dust4 ,some cities require householders to use regulation size cans4 ,it is asserted that this plan facilitates the collection4 ,the attached tables contain a description of the type and size of can used4 ,there has been much discussion about the best type of wagon for ash collection1 and much experimenting has been done and is still commanding attention4 ,it is agreed that special attention must be given to ease in loading and emptying1 to provision against leakage1 dust and unsightly appearance1 to noise when loading and in motion1 to durability and to cost of maintenance4 ,as a considerable portion of the men employed in collecting suffer strains and rupture caused by lifting heavy cans1 it is imperative that the wagon be as low as possible4 ,most of those now in use are five feet or more from the sidewalk to the top of the sides4 ,if the bodies of these wagons hung low1 as they do in some cities1 and the capacity were made up in length1 there would be less strain on the men and time would be saved in dumping4 ,the capacity of the wagon is influenced by the length of haul and topography of the city4 ,in its study of the collection and disposal of waste in ,ohio cities the ,ohio ,state ,board of ,health says it is the consensus of opinion that for best economic results the wagon capacity should be from three to four cubic yards for the combined collection of ashes and rubbish4 ,the average weight of rubbish and ashes is from #hjj to #aajj pounds per cubic yard1 according to some reports4 ,h4 ,de,b4 ,parsons1 a sanitary expert1 says the average weight of ashes per cubic yard is #acej pounds and rubbish #bjj pounds4 ,generally the mixture in summer is #ce per cent4 ashes and #fe per cent4 rubbish2 in winter #ge per cent4 ashes and #be per cent4 rubbish4 ,until recently practically all of ,new ,york ,city's ash carts carried approximately one ton4 ,the point was made that with this type of vehicle there is a great loss of time in carrying the load to the dump and returning empty4 ,william ,h4 ,edwards1 former ,commissioner of ,street ,cleaning1 claimed that there would be a greater saving if five-ton vehicles drawn by three horses and operated by four men were used4 ,mr4 ,edwards said that a test had proved that six cartloads could be collected and dumped in just about twice the time it took for one cartload under the conditions existing then4 ,the city is now experimenting with motor apparatus designed for dustless and odorless collection of all kinds of refuse4 ,in a few cities one type of wagon is used for ashes and another type for rubbish4 ,one new type of wagon has the body swung low on running gear1 with dumping edges three feet1 six inches above the pavement1 and is pivoted at one end to facilitate dumping4 ,it holds nine cubic yards and is divided by cross partitions into compartments1 one for ashes and the other for garbage4 ,the relative capacity of the compartments can be varied4 ,some of the types used in ,american cities are described in the accompanying tables4 ,some ,american and ,german cities are using1 and others are considering the purchase and use of1 motor trucks for collection purposes4 ,it is generally agreed that motor trucks are economical only where the haul is long4 ,a discussion of the merits of motor vehicles as compared with horse drawn carts will be found in the chapter on garbage collection4 ,in some cities where the haul to the loading stations is long1 trucks with detachable bodies are used for garbage1 ashes and rubbish4 ,the bodies are lifted by derricks from the truck and placed either on the train or on the trolley cars4 ,in a few other cities horse-drawn wagons are taken to a central point in a district and then as trailers are hauled by tractors to the dumping grounds4 ,the best system to be adopted depends entirely upon local conditions4 ,location of ,receptacles ,where should the can be taken from by the collector and to what place returned8 ,the answer is important for it is one of the chief factors in determining the cost of collection4 ,the location seriously affects the speed of collection4 ,in ,milwaukee it was found in #aiaa that the average collector could enter from fifty to one hundred houses in an eight-hour day1 and that the time consumed in cleaning one house was slightly over three minutes4 ,the ,cleansing ,superintendent of ,london reports that a one-horse van of four cubic yards capacity1 hauling to a dump two miles away1 under normal conditions could make from #bdj to #bfj calls and collections each ten hours4 ,if the can is placed on the edge of the curb1 he says1 it is possible to make #ejj collections a day4 ,some cities require that the can be carried by the residents to the curb4 ,others collect from rear yard1 cellar1 areaway or alley4 ,in cities which collect during the day and require the cans to be left at the curb serious objections are reported because the array of cans and rubbish along the street on the day of collection makes the thoroughfare unsightly4 ,to overcome this objection several plans have been carried out3 7#a7 ,to collect at night4 7#b7 ,to require that cans cannot remain on the street more than one hour after being emptied4 7#c7 ,to require collectors to go into basements and back yards and to return the cans to these places4 7#d7 ,to collect in rear alleys4 ,experience has shown that it is very difficult to enforce a regulation by which cans should be taken from the curb by householders at any particular time after they have been emptied4 ,in many homes the husband is the only person who does this kind of work4 ,the can has to be taken in the morning to the curb4 ,the empty1 therefore1 must remain in the street until noon and if the collection is not made until afternoon or the husband does not go home to his midday meal1 it remains there until night4 ,many cities report that to eliminate the unsightliness of miscellaneous boxes1 pails1 cans and barrels which line the curb on collection day the citizens are willing to pay the extra cost of having the collectors take the cans from the basements or rear yards and return them to the same place4 ,it has also been found that rear yard collection facilitates and somewhat reduces the cost of street cleaning4 ,it is generally agreed that the best plan is to collect from rear alleys1 but these do not exist in many cities4 ,in a few places which have alleys the officials say their experience has not been satisfactory2 but in nearly every instance there has not been found to exist any cooperation between the collection force and the public1 due to the failure of the officials to educate the people4 ,time of ,collection ,usually ashes and rubbish are collected during the working hours of the day1 but often it is customary to collect them in the early hours of the morning1 especially in the business section4 ,night collection has been satisfactory in some cities4 ,a few having this system require cans to be placed at the curb the night before4 ,these are collected early in the morning and the empty ones taken to the back yard4 ,the principal objection to night collections is the noise of the wagons and the dropping of the empty metal cans4 ,william ,h4 ,edwards1 former ,commissioner of ,street ,cleaning in ,new ,york1 gives the following advantages and disadvantages of day and night collection3 ,unsightliness of cans in front of buildings much less evident at night4 ,retention of cover on receptacle easier in day time4 ,when covers are removed day work has its disadvantages by the spreading of the dust by the wind4 ,interference with sidewalk and roadway traffic less at night4 ,when receptacle is placed in areaway it is more difficult for the collector to see at night whether or not there is material to remove4 ,intense heat in summer is a drawback both to men and animals in the day collections4 ,spilling of material is of less importance at night4 ,night collection necessitates the extra charge of lighting the dump4 ,supervision of night collection is considerably more difficult4 ,night collection was tried in ,new ,york1 but was abandoned after the strike in #aiaa4 ,frequency of ,collection ,the number of collections that should be made in a given period depends upon the amount of ashes1 the density of population1 the season of the year1 the climate and the degree of cleanliness desired4 ,most cities collect more frequently in winter than in summer and some collect more often in the business districts than they do in residential and outlying districts4 ,samuel ,a4 ,greeley1 sanitary engineer1 believes that ashes and rubbish should be collected at least twice monthly even in summer4 ,most cities do better than that1 some collecting daily and many collecting more than once a week4 ,enforcement of ,collection ,regulations ,in cities in ,england and on the ,continent1 where the ashes1 garbage and rubbish are collected together1 collections are in general made three times a week2 when collected separately1 one collection a week is regarded as sufficient4 ,detailed regulations should be made and distributed on cards among householders4 ,they should include the kind of receptacle to be used1 how the waste should be prepared to facilitate collection and where the cans should be placed4 ,for example1 ,richmond1 ,virginia1 provides by ordinance that the occupant of any house shall cause all ashes and other non- combustible refuse matter to be put in receptacles of not less than five or more than twenty-four gallons capacity4 ,ashes and other non- combustible matter is construed to mean ashes from coal and other fuel and such material substances as may collect in connection with the ordinary conduct of a household1 but not such as may result from building operations or repairs4 ,any person violating any of these provisions must pay a fine of not less than #a or more than #bj4 ,the enforcement of regulations is facilitated by and grows easier with the growth and development of the collection system and with the regularity of collection4 ,it is always difficult at first4 ,the rules and regulations1 a description of the collection system and the aims of the collecting department should be printed on cards and hung in every household4 ,annual clean-up campaigns have been found useful by officials who desire to educate the public4 ,disposal of ,ashes and ,rubbish ,the following methods of disposal are used by cities3 7#a7 ,dumping4 7#b7 ,burning combustible rubbish that is not salable and using the ashes to fill in low land1 or for road or sidewalk making1 or selling part for use in partitions for fireproof buildings or for laying cellar floors4 7#c7 ,incinerating with garbage4 ,when the dumping method is used cities either own their own dumps or secure the privilege for or without a fee for disposing of the waste upon land privately owned4 ,in most cases the waste is used for fill and no fee is paid by the city4 ,a few seacoast cities dump their combined refuse at sea1 but this practise is condemned4 ,where only ashes and rubbish are used the most common practise is to place the rubbish and light material near the bottom and to surface the dump to a depth of several feet with ashes4 ,this makes a neat and finished appearance4 ,where ashes1 rubbish and garbage are collected and dumped together1 many cities have found that the so-called sanitary fill method1 described in the chapter on garbage1 is the most satisfactory4 ,it is becoming more and more difficult for cities to maintain dumps on account of the congestion of population1 which forces the municipality to seek disposal places far away from the centers1 thus increasing the length of haul4 ,if paper1 garbage and combustibles are allowed on the dump1 fires are apt to result and these make odors and smoke which are unpleasant and unhealthful4 ,these fires are often very difficult to extinguish1 especially if the dump is a deep one4 ,iron cages are sometimes used at the dump for burning the valueless combustible rubbish4 ,some cities are successfully operating incinerating plants for the destruction of garbage and combustible rubbish2 others have plants which burn the garbage and rubbish and a part of the ashes4 ,where ashes are burned they are collected with the rubbish and garbage in those districts nearest to the incinerating plant in order to reduce the length of haul4 ,revenue from ,by-,products ,many cities as yet make no effort to secure and dispose of the by- products1 which consist of metal1 rags1 paper1 tin cans1 bottles1 and ashes2 in others the problem is being studied seriously4 ,in comparatively few considerable revenue is derived4 ,generally junk dealers are allowed to overrun the dump and select what they want4 ,a few cities charge for this privilege1 the price being determined by bidding4 ,the cities which derive the most revenue are those which do the sorting and selling themselves4 ,the ,st4 ,paul ,sanitation ,committee came to the conclusion that #cc per cent4 of rubbish has value and that of this salable material #hj per cent4 is paper1 #aj per cent4 rags1 #e per cent4 tin cans1 #c per cent4 bottles and #b per cent4 is miscellaneous4 ,it says further3 8,the best authorities agree that in cities of #ejj1jjj or over the recovery and utilization of wastes may result in some profit1 but in cities of less population the amount recovered will not warrant the construction of expensive plants to make the separation and recovery40 ,in the smaller places some revenue can usually be secured by letting out to junk dealers the privilege of picking over the dump4 ,it has been estimated that in ,new ,york ,city #dh per cent4 of a ton of rubbish is worth #a4dd to the picking contractor and the remaining #eb per cent4 is worth at least #a4be when burned and transformed into electrical energy4 ,it has been suggested in one or two large cities that the unskilled and handicapped labor out of employment and seeking city aid be employed on dumps to pick out the unconsumed coal from the ashes screened automatically4 ,besides furnishing employment at any season of the year1 it is claimed that coal in paying quantities could be secured for municipal consumption4 ,this claim is based on the reports of experts who have analyzed ashes and found the amount of unburned coal to run as high as #bd per cent4 ,in ,passaic1 ,new ,jersey1 the papers1 rags1 etc41 are picked out at the dump by junk dealers4 ,in ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 the revenue from salable rubbish has been over #b1jjj a year4 ,evanston1 ,illinois1 which dumps its ashes on the river front1 was compelled to find some way of disposing of its waste paper so that it would not scatter through the neighborhood4 ,a baling press was put into service and it is reported by the city that excellent results followed4 ,the city collects and bales the paper in both business and residential districts4 ,the paper is placed in gunny sacks and these are hung just inside the alley gate1 or barn or stable on the morning of the designated day4 ,it is said this system 7#a7 takes a day's work each week from the routes of each of six men who collect rubbish on the east side of the city2 7#b7 prevents the blowing of loose paper about the street and alley and in the neighborhood of the dump2 7#c7 pays for the operation of the press and leaves a balance to aid the rest of the service4 ,a man1 employed eight hours a day1 drives the wagon and presses the paper4 ,camden1 ,new ,jersey1 which keeps its ashes separate1 collects its rubbish and paper1 and takes them to a sorting place4 ,prisoners in the city jail for minor offenses are kept busy sorting and baling the rags and paper4 ,nearly a million pounds of paper were baled and sold in one year4 ,cleveland in one year spent #bcj1jjj for removal of its ashes and rubbish1 and received #cj1jjj from the sale of the material sorted from its rubbish4 ,the paper was sold for #e4fj a ton in bags at the plant of a boxboard company4 ,tin cans were sold for #e a ton loaded on cars and delivered to a company making silk skirts4 ,the metal1 bottles1 rags1 etc41 were sold to local dealers under competitive bidding4 ,the rubbish not valuable was used for fill4 ,the caretakers of dumps are expected to recover the salable portions of the rubbish4 ,one of the small ,new ,york cities gives the privilege of sorting the dump to a man who in payment therefor acts as caretaker of the dump4 ,a few cities sell their ashes to contractors for cellar floors and partitions in fireproof building4 ,the high prices paid for reclaimable rubbish since the war began and the demand of the ,federal ,government that nothing be wasted have caused many cities to give much attention to the matter of rescuing salable rubbish4 ,cleveland's specifications for picking the scrap materials from the various city dumps contain among other provisions the following3 8,the successful bidder and his employees shall have free access to the dumps and shall have the exclusive right to gather and sell or remove the salable refuse1 scrap and other waste material1 except the soil1 earth and ashes1 for the period of one year2 but nothing herein contained shall be construed to give the successful bidder the right to charge either the cities or other parties for dumping on such dumps4 8,the ,superintendent of the ,division of ,street ,cleaning shall have complete supervision of the dumps and shall designate what material and refuse shall be deposited on the dumps and the manner and the places where such deposits shall be made2 and should he deem it necessary shall have the right to place ,street ,cleaning ,department employees on the dumps to supervise such dumping4 8,the successful bidder shall shovel and level all refuse or materials and shall keep the dumps clean and free from nuisance of all kinds4 ,he shall be responsible for all damages caused by the dumps and shall extinguish all fires which shall arise thereon4 8,the successful bidder if he desires to store or pile upon the dumps any refuse1 scrap or waste material1 which he may gather shall pile or store it at places designated by the ,superintendent of the ,division of ,street ,cleaning or his employees and any material or stores so piled shall be removed within ten days 7#aj7 after the expiration of the contract1 and if not removed within that time shall be the property of the city4 8,the ,city reserves the rights to use the dumps for any purpose whatsoever in such manner as not to interfere with the picking1 gathering and carting away of waste material by the successful bidder4 8,the contractor shall pay to the city on or before the #aeth day of each month1 the amount due for the use of the dumps during the previous months4 ,on failure of the contractor to make payment to the city within the specified time1 ,the ,director of ,public ,service may declare the contract forfeited and refuse the contractor the further use of the dumps and may hold the contractor and his surety for the full amount due the city4 8,in case the contract is forfeited the city reserves the right and the bidder agrees that the city shall have the right to let out in the open market or otherwise1 the use of such dumps1 and if the price thereon realized is less than that specified in the contract with the successful bidder1 the difference in price1 together with any additional expense incurred in arranging for the letting out to other parties1 will be charged to the contractor and his surety4 8,should it become necessary for the city to abandon dumping on any or all of the dumps herein specified1 the city shall notify the contractor in writing that dumping is to be discontinued on such dump or dumps1 and in such case the contract covering such dump or dumps is to be terminated with the closing of the dumps1 and the contractor shall pay the city for any fraction of the month which he may have picked from such dump or dumps4 8,the city reserves the right to reject any or all bids or part of any bid40 ,the following specifications explain how ,los ,angeles1 ,california1 cares for its rubbish dumps and obtains a revenue3 8,the service required by these specifications is to furnish facilities for disposing of the non-combustible rubbish collected from that portion of the city south of the summit of the ,cahuenga ,pass1 north of ,manchester ,avenue1 and east of a line parallel to and three hundred 7#cjj7 feet distant westerly from ,beechwood ,avenue1 in that portion of the city known as the ,palms ,annex1 for a period of four years from ,april #bj1 #aiag4 8,the contractor shall maintain a dumping ground for the rubbish1 which said dumping ground shall be accessible at all seasons of the year by one or more suitable graded and surfaced streets or roads4 ,the location of the dumping ground must be such that in the opinion of the ,board of ,public ,works it will not be unduly objectionable to the public4 8,the unloading points within the grounds must be convenient of access for all vehicles used by the city for rubbish transportation4 8,the rubbish will be brought to the dumping ground by the city1 will be unloaded by the city at such readily accessible points as the contractor shall designate1 and will1 after unloading1 become the property of the contractor4 8,the contractor shall keep the dumping grounds in an orderly condition and shall so direct the dumping as to avoid congestion of vehicles or delay to same on the dump4 ,he shall not use the dump for storing material in a manner which will interfere with the passage of the city's vehicles4 8,in case accidents or conditions beyond the control of the contractor temporarily deprive him of the use of his facilities for disposing of the rubbish the city will1 upon notification by the contractor of his inability to receive it1 dispose of it elsewhere1 and charge the contractor twenty-five 7#be7 cents per load of ten cubic yards for the disposal of same4 8,in case the contractor fails to pay the city for the disposal of such rubbish from the hereinabove described district as the contractor is unable to receive the contract may be declared forfeited4 8,bidders shall name a price per month which they will pay for the privilege of having the entire output of non-combustible rubbish from the above described territory dumped on their ground40 ,efficiency ,tests and ,suggestions ,a simple and effective plan for keeping accurate records is a great help in checking up the efficiency of a collecting force4 ,in fact1 records are imperative if any attempt is made to operate economically1 for the cost is influenced by the many and small details of the work4 ,a systematic record of all complaints should be kept and the activity of each collector should be definitely checked up4 ,some suggest that complaints should be recorded in a loose leaf ledger and a slip handed to the driver of the particular district from which the complaint comes4 ,as an offset to the citizens' complaints the ledger should have leaves adjoining giving the reports of the driver4 ,by referring to the ledger the complaint clerk can explain to the citizen why he is not receiving service4 ,others suggest that records should be kept of the daily1 weekly and monthly work of each collector so that work of the various collectors may be equalized4 ,they also suggest that there be recorded for each district the number of loads collected1 miles traveled and complaints made4 ,some suggest a card system with cross index as more convenient than a ledger4 ,the following scheme has been suggested to check up the amount of work done3 ,w1 number of collection wagons2 ,v1 capacity of one wagon in cubic feet2 ,f1 interval between collection in days2 ,t1 time required to collect from one house expressed as part of an hour2 ,c1 percentage of working time spent by collectors in the actual time of collecting as distinguished from hauling to and from the point of disposal2 ,d1 length of working day in hours2 ,s1 number of trips to point of disposal per wagon per day2 ,p1 total population2 ,n1 average number of people per house2 ,r1 daily quantity of refuse per capita-cubic foot2 g1 daily quantity of garbage per capita-cubic foot2 d1 daily quantity of rubbish per capita-cubic foot3 ,equation ,no4 #a ,d ,c #a ,s ---------- ,f ,n ,r ,v ,t ,equation ,no4 #b ,p ,r ,w ---------- ,s ,v ,the person making this suggestion says it is frequently easy for a superintendent to determine how much time his collectors are spending unproductively in going to and from the dump4 ,he should also be able1 he says1 to determine quite accurately the frequency of collection1 total refuse1 capacity of wagon and average number of trips per wagon per day4 ,with this data he can estimate from ,equation ,no4 #a the time required to collect from one house4 ,if excessive he may find it advisable to secure better cooperation between the collector and the housewife4 ,per ,capita ,production ,any attempt to estimate the local ash production of a community based on the experience of any other city will end in failure unless all peculiar conditions in both are known and compared4 ,some authorities say that the rubbish and ashes produced per capita is from #cbe to #ecj lbs4 a year4 ,the following table gives the figures for some large cities3 ,lbs4 per ,capita ,lbs4 per #a1jjj ,average ,weight per per ,year ,population per ,day ,cubic ,yard ,new ,york #a1afb #c1age #a1ajj ,boston #ige #c1abj #idc ,washington #hbe #b1fdj #a1bjj ,cambridge #a1aej ,rochester #ijj ,table ,,iv 7a7 ,,ash ,,and ,,rubbish ,,collection ,,and ,,disposal ,,by ,,municipal ,,forces ,name of ,city ,average ,quantity ,annual ,cost of ,collected ,daily ,collection and ,disposal ,summer ,winter ,binghamton1 #ba yds4 #dd yds4 #aa1hgd4if ,n4 ,y4 ,brockton1 #af1jjj4jj ,mass4 ,cambridge1 #he1jjj4jj ,mass4 ,camden1 ,n4 ,j4 #cb1jbg4eh ,cincinnati1 #hae cu4 #ice cu4 #abd1ecb4af ,ohio yds4 yds4 ,cleveland1 #bji1ibj4he ,ohio ,columbus1 #fe1gfc4ca ,ohio ,chicago1 ,ill4#c1eae #g1bgg #a1jgg1ghf4ia cu4 cu4 yds4 yds4 ,dayton1 ,ohio #bhj cu4 #cbe cu4 #bh1did4bi yds4 yds4 ,fall ,river1 #ch1hhi4gf ,mass4 ,holyoke1 #geci4 #aejci4 #cg1jhd4jj ,mass4 ,hartford1 #eij cu4 #hdj cu4 #gi1ieg4ec ,conn4 yds4 yds4 ,kingston1 #i1jjj4jj ,n4,y4 ,lynn1 ,mass4 #be1hcc4bg ,lowell1 ,mass4 #ba1bgg4eadj ,los ,angeles1 #dj1jjj4jj ,cal4 ,milwaukee1 #baf1dif4jj ,wis4 ,newburgh1 #gh cu4 #afh cu4 #h1gif4fc ,n4,y4 yds4 yds4 ,new ,bedford1 #dg1jjj4jj ,mass4 ,new ,york ,city#ab1iif4 #ah1eeh4 7,manhattan1 ,bronx1 ,brooklyn7 ,norfolk1 ,va4 #ac1ibi4ge ,passaic1 ,n4 #hb tons4#abj #bb1jjj4jj ,j4 tons4 ,rome1 ,n4 ,y4 #de cu4 #ej cu4 yds4 yds4 ,syracuse1 #ajj #bgj #aca1jjj4jj ,n4,y4 loads4 loads4 ,somerville1 #bjj yds4#djj yds4 #ch1jjj4jj ,mass4 ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wilmington1 #aej4 #bej4 #ch1daa4gg ,del4 ,,ash ,,collection ,,and ,,disposal ,,by ,,municipal ,,forces ,boston1 ,mass4#ehg4 #a1cae4 #hjd1cdd4iddb ,buffalo1 ,n4 #dbe #gge ,y4 tons4 tons4 ,chattanooga1 ,tenn4 ,duluth1 ,minn4#cj cu4 #ce cu4 #dd yds4 yds4 ,glens ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 #dd ,memphis1 #fj4h4 #gj4g4 #cg1ddf4cj ,tenn4 ,niagara #ib cu4 #ad1jjj4jj ,falls1 ,n4 yds4 ,y4 ,peoria1 ,ill4 ,rochester1 ,n4#eh tons4#ajg #agb1jcg4ib ,y4 tons4 ,spokane1 #dh cu4 #aij cu4 ,wash4 yds4 yds4 ,name of ,city ,number of ,collections ,weekly ,average ,miles1 ,length of ,haul ,business ,residential ,outlying ,winter,summer,winter,summer,winter,summ er ,binghamton1 #b #b #b #b #b #b #a ,n4 ,y4 ,brockton1 #c #c #c #a #a ,mass4 ,cambridge1 #a #a #a #a #a #a #a- ,mass4 ,camden1 ,n4 ,j4 #f #f #f #f ,cincinnati1 #b #b #b #a ,ohio ,cleveland1 #j #j ,ohio ,columbus1 #f #f #b ,ohio ,chicago1 ,ill4 #cg #cg #b #ch #a #ch #f ,dayton1 ,ohio #a #a #a ,fall ,river1 #a #a #a #a #a #a ,mass4 ,holyoke1 #b #b ,mass4 ,hartford1 #f #f #a #a #a #a #a ,conn4 ,kingston1 #a #a #a #a #a #a ,n4,y4 ,lynn1 ,mass4 #a #a #a #a #a #a ,lowell1 ,mass4 #a #a #a #a #a #a ,los ,angeles1 #f #f #a #a #b-d ,cal4 ,milwaukee1 #da #da #da #d ,wis4 ,newburgh1 #b #b #b #b #b #b #a ,n4,y4 ,new ,bedford1 #a #a #a #a #a ,mass4 ,new ,york ,city #f #f #f #f #c #c 7,manhattan1 ,bronx1 ,brooklyn7 ,norfolk1 ,va4 #f #f #f #f #f #f #a ,passaic1 ,n4 #f #f #b #b #a #a #b ,j4 ,rome1 ,n4 ,y4 #b #b #a #a #a #a ,syracuse1 #c #b #a #a #a #a #b ,n4,y4 ,somerville1 #a #a #a #a #a #a #b ,mass4 ,schenectady1 #f #f #a #a #a #a #a ,n4 ,y4 ,wilmington1 #a #a #a #a #a #a ,del4 ,,ash ,,collection ,,and ,,disposal ,,by ,,municipal ,,forces ,boston1 ,mass4 #cdc #cdc #b #b #a #j #a ,buffalo1 ,n4 #a ,y4 ,chattanooga1 #b #a #b #a #b #a ,tenn4 ,duluth1 ,minn4#abdeabdeabdeabde #a #dd ,glens ,falls1 #b ,n4 ,y4 #dd ,memphis1 #f #f #a #a #a #a #b ,tenn4 ,niagara #f #f #b #b #a #a #a ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,peoria1 ,ill4 ,rochester1 ,n4 #f #f #a #b #a #b #b ,y4 ,spokane1 #f #f #b #b #b #b #a ,wash4 ,name of ,city ,cost1 ,collection and ,from ,where ,size and ,type ,disposal is ,can of ,can ,collected and ,where ,left ,cubic ,per ,per ,yard ,capita ,ton ,served ,binghamton1 #j4ajbe #j4ffa4gc;,curb4 ,metal1 ,n4 ,y4 covered1 not less than #aj gals4 or more than #bh gallons4 ,brockton1 4#be 4#be ,sidewalk4 ,galvanized1 ,mass4 #b cubic feet4 ,cambridge1 4#ci #a4jj ,yard and ,not larger ,mass4 gate4 than flour barrel4 ,camden1 ,n4 ,j4 4#cjgi ,front or ,all sizes4 rear of house4 ,cincinnati1 4#dhh 4#cjd ,property ,any size that ,ohio line and can be gate4 handled by #b men4 ,cleveland1 ,taken from ,any size that ,ohio back can be yard1 handled by left at #b men4 edge of sidewalk4 ,columbus1 4#db 4#bbi ,alley1 ,not larger ,ohio street than man entrance4 can carry4 ,chicago1 ,ill4 4#gb 4#dbg ,alley and ,galvanized1 curb4 covered1 #ae to #cj gals4 ,dayton1 ,ohio 4#cj 4#ai ,alley and ,one that #b curb4 men can handle easily4 ,fall ,river1 4#cdg 4#ca ,curb4 ,about size of ,mass4 flour barrel4 ,holyoke1 4#fa ,yard or ,no4 #b ,witt or ,mass4 basement4 can or barrel that size4 ,hartford1 4#cege 4#fae ,yard4 ,no larger ,conn4 than flour barrel4 ,kingston1 ,n4,y4 ,lynn1 ,mass4 4#cad ,curb4 ,none specified4 ,lowell1 ,mass44#ahdj4aidj ,curb4 ,not larger than flour barrel4 ,los ,angeles1 ,curb4 ,five to #cj ,cal4 gallon4 ,milwaukee1 4#fe 4#df ,yard or ,one-half ,wis4 basement4 bushel metal basket for basement or metal lined box for yard4 ,newburgh1 ,curb4 ,no standard4 ,n4,y4 ,new ,bedford1 ,curb4 ,no standard4 ,mass4 ,new ,york ,city 4#ifad 4#hfjb ,within ,cans #c cu4 7,manhattan1 stoop ft4 ,bronx1 line4 galvanized ,brooklyn7 cylindrical in form4 ,norfolk1 ,va4 4#cbe 4#ad4fie-;,curb4 ,ordinary ash #f can1 bushel and a half4 ,passaic1 ,n4 4#ec 4#ca 4#gd;,curb4 ,all sizes4 ,j4 ,rome1 ,n4 ,y4 4#ij 4#ea ,curb4 ,no standard4 ,syracuse1 4#hj ,yard4 ,galvanized ,n4,y4 iron can4 ,somerville1 ,sidewalk4 ,not larger ,mass4 than flour barrel4 ,schenectady1 ,back yard ,galvanized1 ,n4 ,y4 and from #a to #c cellar4 bushels4 ,wilmington1 4#cf ,curb4 ,not exceeding ,del4 #ajj pounds4 ,,ash ,,collection ,,and ,,disposal ,,by ,,municipal ,,forces ,boston1 ,mass4 4#gj 4#gc #a4gc;,back yard4 ,galvanized1 not larger than flour barrel4 ,buffalo1 ,n4 4#eid 4#de #a4ej,yard4 ,galvanized ,y4 cu4 yd4 capacity4 ,chattanooga1 ,sidewalk ,covered4 ,tenn4 and alley4 ,duluth1 ,minn4 ,back yard4 ,twenty #dd gallons is standard size4 ,glens ,falls1 ,house4 ,ordinary ash ,n4 ,y4 #dd can4 ,memphis1 4#cd 4#be 4#fj;,convenient ,no special ,tenn4 place4 size4 ,niagara 4#ib 4#cba #b4fj,yard4 ,all kinds4 ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,peoria1 ,ill4 ,alley1 ,fireproof yard1 receptacle curb4 of iron1 brick or cement1 must be covered4 ,rochester1 ,n4 4#ead 4#fhh 4#ifi;,curb in ,no standard4 ,y4 business section1 rear in resident section4 ,spokane1 4#fe ,basement or,fifteen to #cj ,wash4 yard4 gallon4 ,table ,,iv 7b7 ,,ash ,,and ,,rubbish ,,collection ,,by ,,municipal ,,forces 7,continued7 ,name of ,city ,average ,quantity ,collected per ,year ,population ,served per ,man ,employed ,tons ,cubic ,loads ,cubic ,cubic ,yards yards ,yards ,per ,man per ,employed,capita ,served ,binghamton #e1ghh4h #i1fdh #d1hbd #egj 4#fd #hhb ,brockton #eg1jhj #bh1edj ,cambridge #aaj1jjj #a1ejf #a4 #a1hhc summer and #a1bid winter4 ,camden #ajd1jac #cj1dgi #c1dfg ,cincinnati #bff1jeg #fa1hgb #b1dda #f4dh #c1gff ,cleveland #cef1ccg ,columbus #aee1hab #cf1ffb #c1aaf 4#gh #d1djj ,chicago #a1dii1ffg #cjj1bbh ,dayton #ic1iae #ah1ghc #c1geg 4#fbe #f1jjj ,fall ,river #aaa1idf #bc1hdd #c1bib 4#hi #d1jbe in summer #c1cgb in winter4 ,holyoke #a1eii ,hartford #bbc1edg #di1fhj #b1hej #a4gb #b1bci ,kingston ,lynn #hj1jjj #afj1jjj- #c1gej- #ahj1jjj #c1ccc ,lowell #aad1jei #cj1hbg #c1afh #a4je #b1iii ,los ,angeles #c1ijj ,milwaukee #ccc1cge #aaa1abe #eee 4#gj #ghc ,newburgh #dj1cgf ,new ,bedford #dj1bge #bd1efa ,new ,york ,city#c1dgg1caci1abe1igdc1chc1jdd #a4ggei 7,manhattan1 ,bronx1 ,brooklyn7 ,norfolk #ba1aei #dd1ded #cc1jfd #b1jbj 4#df #d1cah ,new ,orleans ,passaic #bi1fha #da1jhe #af1dcd #b1eff 4#fh ,rome #ae1jjj #aj1jjj #a4ejj #b1ejj ,syracuse ,somerville ,schenectady ,wilmington #e1cjj in summer #c1ghe in winter4 ,,ash ,,collection ,,by ,,municipal ,,forces 7,continued7 ,boston#df #cbd1cac #gie1hfb #bch1cfa #a4jjd #a1eec ,buffalo #aeg1igh #che1jae #gj1aga #a4 ,chattanooga ,duluth #ae1jjj ,glens ,falls ,memphis #fb1jjj #ajh1fge #fb1ajj #a1geb4h 4#gc #b1djc ,niagara ,falls #e1ahj #ad1hjj #d1jej 4#cc #c1dfj ,peoria ,rochester #agg1eee #ccd1heb #hc1gac #a1iac #a4cc #a1dbh ,spokane #gdg ,name of ,city ,number of ,men ,number ,type of ,number of ,employed of ,men ,wagon ,used ,wagons ,used ,collection ,employed and ,disposal on ,each ,wagon ,summer,winter ,summer ,winter ,binghamton #ag #ba #c,troy #c #e chassis1 ,lee body4 ,brockton #ag #ag #c to #b,two #i #aa carts4 wheeled dump and #d wheeled rubbish4 ,cambridge #fj #he #b-c,shabolt1 ,varies4,varies4 single and double4 ,camden #cj #cj #a;,dump #ah #ah wagons and carts4 ,cincinnati #ih #abj #b,two horse #di #fj dump4 ,cleveland #e-f;,dump and trucks4 ,columbus #ej #ej #ac-d-e #de #de dump1 special #af yd4 for rubbish4 ,chicago #bdj #dbj #a-b,wood box #chj #fge hired by city at #g per day4 ,dayton #bb #bh #c,star #aj #ab wagon1 dump4 ,fall ,river #ca #cg #c,low gear1 #i #aa with sides head and tail board4 ,holyoke #bh #dh #d-e,single1 #ad #bf dump1 high sides4 ,hartford #df #fi #d,special1 #af #bb bottom dump4 ,kingston #ab #ab #b;,box wagon4 #d #f ,lynn #bd #bd #b,ordinary #ab #ab dump4 ,lowell #cf #cf #b,two-horse #ah #ah dump4 ,los ,angeles #ae #ae #c,none4 ,milwaukee #fjj #c,three yard #bjj wagon4 ,newburgh #h #ad #b;,dump4 #c #f ,new ,bedford #cd #dj #b;,end dump4 #aj #ad ,new ,york ,city #a-b-c-e,single 7,manhattan1 horse ,bronx1 and #b- ,brooklyn7 wheeled dump4 ,norfolk #bb #bb #a;,dump4 #bb #bb ,new ,orleans #a,two- #ahc #ahc wheeled dump4 ,passaic #ad #ah #b;,bottom #g #i dump4 ,rome #aj #aj #b;,dump4 #e #e ,syracuse #dj #ij #e;,dump4 #bj #de ,somerville #de #fe #c;,dump4 #ai #cb ,schenectady ,wilmington #bj #bh #c;,high #ah #cf sides1 dump4 ,,ash ,,collection ,,by ,,municipal ,,forces 7,continued7 ,boston#df #bce #dci #b-c,sheet #ajg #agh iron1 single and double4 ,buffalo #b;,dump4 ,chattanooga #bb #bb #a-b ,duluth #aj #c #b #b box1 bottom lined with sheet iron4 ,glens ,falls ,memphis #fb #fb #ab-wheeled #fb #fb cart4 ,niagara ,falls #ac #a;,dump4 #de ,peoria #a;,iron body1 covered4 ,rochester #aae #bce #b-c;,bottom #ch #hd dump4 ,spokane #ce #aa #b;,bottom #g #g dump4 ,name of ,city ,motor ,motor ,vehicles ,vehicles ,used for ,used for ,collection,short or ,long ,haul ,binghamton #a4 ,long ,brockton ,none4 ,cambridge ,none4 ,camden ,none4 ,cincinnati ,none4 ,cleveland #dg4 ,long4 ,columbus ,chicago ,none4 ,dayton ,none4 ,fall ,river ,none4 ,holyoke ,none4 ,hartford ,none4 ,kingston ,none4 ,lynn #b trucks4 ,both4 ,lowell ,none4 ,los ,angeles #g trucks4 ,both4 ,milwaukee #c4 ,long4 ,newburgh ,none4 ,new ,bedford ,none4 ,new ,york ,city#cj4 ,both4 7,manhattan1 ,bronx1 ,brooklyn7 ,norfolk ,none4 ,new ,orleans ,none4 ,passaic ,none4 ,rome ,none4 ,syracuse ,none4 ,somerville ,none4 ,schenectady ,wilmington ,none4 ,,ash ,,collection ,,by ,,municipal ,,forces 7,continued7 ,boston#df #c in ,long4 summer1 #h in winter4 ,buffalo ,none4 ,chattanooga #a4 ,duluth ,none4 ,glens ,falls ,memphis #a4 ,short4 ,niagara ,falls,none4 ,peoria ,none4 ,rochester ,none4 ,spokane ,five4 ,long4 ,table ,,iv 7c7 ,,ash ,,and ,,rubbish ,,collection ,,by ,,municipal ,,forces 7,continued7 ,name of ,city ,description of ,collection ,system ,binghamton #c districts4 ,driver's route approximately #ad miles long4 ,one #e ton truck1 #ad and #h trailers4 ,trailers divided into #b compartments1 containing #b yards of ashes and one yard of garbage4 ,when wagon is loaded team is hitched to empty trailer which has been left by truck4 ,brockton #f districts4 ,cambridge #f routes1 #a each working day1 not evenly distributed4 ,six or eight men ahead of team roll barrels out of yard and teamsters place them back at gate when empty4 ,camden #c districts1 each receiving #b collections a week4 ,cincinnati ,divided into districts and those subdivided into beats which are covered the same day each week4 ,two men 7driver and helper7 assigned to each beat4 ,cleveland ,columbus #bb districts4 ,each covered by #b wagons4 ,men work together where it is necessary to handle heavy material4 ,chicago ,wards divided into sections4 ,number of teams depends on size of section and service required4 ,ward in charge of ward superintendent4 ,districts in charge of section foreman4 ,section foreman and laborers uniform4 ,dayton #e districts with ground foreman at head of each4 ,each covered in #ab working days4 ,fall ,river 4 ,holyoke #c gangs work in business and one in residential sections all the time4 ,hartford #b sections1 each divided into #f routes4 ,each route extends into that portion of the central part of the city within the corresponding district4 ,one main squad to each district covering one route daily4 ,a section of each squad takes the barrel to the curb on hand trucks4 ,these are followed by teams and two lifters who in turn are followed by a man who returns empty receptacles4 ,kingston ,rigs and men assigned to certain districts of each section4 ,lynn ,divided by wards4 ,men clean one section and move to another4 ,lowell #f districts1 one cleaned each day4 4 ,los ,angeles ,milwaukee #bf wards4 ,ash collection all year4 ,once every month to householders by wards4 ,a gang comprises two teams and three men as collection is made from basements4 ,this keeps men going while teams are on way to and from dump4 ,newburgh ,divided into three parts4 ,by understanding between men1 each takes a certain street each time all are on certain routes4 ,new ,bedford ,collection made quickly from every street4 ,no districts4 ,new ,york ,boroughs divided into districts1 #ac in ,manhattan1 #b in ,bronx1 and #h in ,brooklyn4 ,each under control of district superintendent4 ,districts divided into sections1 #ajc in the aggregate and each in charge of foreman4 ,norfolk #bb districts with one man and one wagon in each4 ,new ,orleans ,passaic ,two drivers and #b lifters in each gang4 ,one wagon loaded while other is on way to dump4 ,district cleaned on certain day each week4 ,rome ,divided into #e districts4 ,syracuse ,somerville ,city divided into #f districts1 one for each working day4 ,two lifters to each team4 ,schenectady #e districts4 ,wilmington #d districts4 ,driver and two lifters for each wagon4 ,,ash ,,collection ,,by ,,municipal ,,forces 7,continued7 ,boston #aj districts with a foreman and inspection service in each4 ,buffalo #af districts with foreman in each4 ,number of men and wagons in each varies according to conditions4 ,chattanooga ,duluth ,glens ,falls ,city removes all ashes that are clean and suitable for street work4 ,memphis #c districts subdivided into routes1 man and cart for each route4 ,niagara ,falls#d districts4 ,rochester #aj districts with one or two gangs to district4 ,gangs organized into truckers1 who haul ashes from rear of house to curb2 lifters1 who load wagon2 and returners1 who replace empty receptacles4 ,teams apportioned according to length of haul1 so that empty wagon is ready to take place of loaded one4 ,peoria #af districts4 ,routes changed as demand increases or decreases4 ,spokane ,ashes collected in business district by load1 in residential district by can4 ,one #c ton truck collects ashes and garbage in residential district4 ,name of ,city ,method of ,disposal ,does ,city ,own ,how ,much ,size of or ,rent ,dumps,revenue ,does ,load ,city ,receive ,binghamton ,filling and covering,own4 ,none4 #b yards4 garbage4 ,brockton ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 #b cu4 yds4 ,cambridge ,dump4 #a rented1 ,none4 others free4 ,camden ,fill4 ,own and free4,none4 ,cincinnati ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 #d4c yds4 ,cleveland ,dump4 ,own4 ,none4 ,columbus ,dump4 ,both4 ,none4 #c-d-e yds4 ,chicago ,dump and fill4 ,own and free4,none4 #e cu4 yds4 ,dayton ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 #e cu4 yds4 ,fall ,river ,fill4 ,none4 #d4id and #a4ga cu4yds4 ,holyoke ,dump4 ,own4 ,none4 #a and #b cu4 yds4 ,hartford ,fill4 ,free4 ,none4 #d-e cu4 yds4 ,kingston ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 ,lynn ,dump4 ,own4 ,very little4#b cu4 yds4 ,lowell ,fill4 ,free4 ,none4 #c4g cu4yds4 ,los ,angeles ,dump4 ,rent4 ,none4 ,milwaukee ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 #c yds4 ,newburgh ,dump and fill4 ,no4 ,none4 #b yds4 ,new ,bedford ,dump and fill4 ,own some4 ,city once collected and baled paper but could not make it pay4 ,new ,york ,dump4 ,own #bg1 ,none4 others provided by contractor4 ,norfolk ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 #a cu4 yds4 ,new ,orleans ,dump4 ,own4 ,none4 #a cu4 yds4 ,passaic ,dump4 ,own4 #ejj for #b yds4 privilege of picking over dump4 ,rome ,dump4 ,no4 ,none4 #a yds4 ,syracuse ,dump4 ,no4 ,none4 #c yds4 ,somerville ,fill4 ,rent and ,none4 free4 ,schenectady ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 ,wilmington ,dump and fill4 ,free4 ,none4 ,,ash ,,collection ,,by ,,municipal ,,forces 7,continued7 ,boston ,dump4 ,rent4 ,none4 #b and #d cu4 yds4 ,buffalo ,dump4 ,free but city,none4 #e cu4 pays for yds4 upkeep4 ,chattanooga ,dump4 ,free4 ,duluth ,dump4 ,own4 ,none4 ,glens ,falls ,fill4 ,own4 ,improved streets4 ,memphis ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 #a- cu4 yds4 ,niagara ,falls,fill4 ,free4 ,none4 ,wagon #b cu4 yds4 truck #f yds4 ,rochester ,dump4 ,rent and ,none4 free4 ,peoria ,dump4 ,free4 ,none4 ,spokane ,dump4 ,own and free4,none4 #c cu4 yds4 ----- ,footnote #cg3 ,trade wastes not collected by city4 ,footnote #ch3 ,depends on quantity and condition4 ,footnote #ci3 ,ashes and rubbish collected separately in business section4 ,footnote #dj3 ,cost of labor4 ,footnote #da3 ,collected only when requested4 ,footnote #db3 ,includes cost of collecting rubbish4 ,footnote #dc3 ,daily hotels and restaurant4 ,footnote #dd3 ,part collected by city and part by private collector4 ,footnote #de3 ,city has #b teams which take care of central part twice daily all year4 ,footnote #df3 ,suburbs collected by contract4 ,footnote #dg3 ,per man per day4 ,table ,v ,,collection ,,and ,,disposal ,,by ,,contract ,ashes and ,rubbish ,indianapolis1,mechanicville1 ,cohoee1 ,n4 ,ind4 ,n4 ,y4 ,y4 ,number of collections each week-- ,business ,section-- ,winter #adh #b #b ,summer #eb #b #b ,residential ,section-- ,winter #a #b #a ,summer #b #a ,outlying ,section-- ,winter #a #j #a ,summer #j #a ,miles1 length of haul #f #a #a ,cost of collection and disposal per cubic yard ,per capita served ,per ton ,where is can collected ,rear4 ,curb4 ,curb4 from and where left ,size and type of can ,covered ,not larger ,not barrel4 than flour specified4 barrel4 ,quantity collected in year-- ,tons #if1eeb ,cubic yards #fd1cfh ,loads #cb1ahd ,size of load #c ton4 ,cubic yards per man #bja employed ,cubic yards per capita #bad served ,population served per #ich man employed ,number of men employed-- ,summer #bd #b ,winter #ej #b ,number of men on each #b #b #b wagon ,type of wagon used ,steel ,king4 ,covered4 ,covered1 ,dump4 ,number of wagons-- ,summer #ab #a #e ,winter #cg #a #e ,number of motor vehicles ,motor vehicles used for short or long haul ,description of #c districts4 collection system ,disposal of ,ashes ,dump4 ,city own or rent dumps ,river bottom4,free4 ,free4 ,annual cost to city for #b1gjj #c1ijj collection and disposal ,average quantity collected daily-- ,summer #aj tons4 ,winter #aj tons4 ,ashes and ,rubbish ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,number of collections each week-- ,business ,section-- ,winter #a ,summer #a ,residential ,section-- ,winter #a ,summer #a ,outlying ,section-- ,winter #a ,summer #a ,miles1 length of haul #a-b ,cost of collection and 4#cg disposal per cubic yard ,per capita served 4#ci ,per ton 4#ie ,where is can collected ,curb4 from and where left ,size and type of can ,can't weigh with contents over #aej lbs4 ,quantity collected in year-- ,tons #fgf1bjj ,cubic yards #a1bbi1def ,loads ,size of load ,cubic yards per man employed ,cubic yards per capita 4#fg served ,population served per man employed ,number of men employed-- ,summer ,winter ,number of men on each wagon ,type of wagon used ,wooden body1 metal covered4 ,metal body1 metal covered4 ,trucks1 metal and canvas covered4 ,number of wagons-- ,summer ,winter ,number of motor vehicles #ca ,motor vehicles used for ,both4 short or long haul ,description of ,city divided into #i districts4 ,each district collection system divided into #ab sub-districts2 from each of these districts each day ashes and rubbish collected4 ,ashes placed at curb line and rubbish kept inside premises in readily accessible place4 ,rubbish card hung at gate and gives evidence that there is rubbish to be collected4 ,rubbish must be bagged or bundled4 ,ashes collected in amount not exceeding #djj lbs4 from all buildings with certain exceptions4 ,rubbish collection in unlimited amount from residences and not exceeding #d barrels from retail business houses4 ,city has experienced difficulty in having ashes and rubbish placed separately in proper container4 ,unsuccessful attempt was made to facilitate this by having ashes and rubbish collected on separate days4 ,in #aiah both will be collected on the same day4 ,disposal of ,ashes ,fill4 ,city own or rent dumps ,mostly privately owned4 ,annual cost to city for #gaj1bdj collection and disposal ,average quantity collected daily-- ,summer #a1efeea #b tons4 ,winter #f1ebdea #ae tons4 ,ashes ,only ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,north ,tonawanda1 ,n4 ,y4 ,number of collections each week-- ,business ,section-- ,winter #bdi #aej ,summer #adi #aej ,residential ,section-- ,winter #b #a ,summer #a #a ,outlying ,section-- ,winter #a #a ,summer #a #a ,miles1 length of haul #a4fd #a ,cost of collection and 4#ea disposal per cubic yard ,per capita served 4#aji 4#ae ,per ton 4#he 4#aa ,where is can collected ,rear alley or areaway4 ,curb4 from and where left ,size and type of can ,metal covered1 #e to #bd ,metal4 gals4 ,quantity collected in year-- ,tons #ia1jgj ,cubic yards #aea1ghc ,loads #cg1idf ,size of load #d cubic yds4 ,cubic yards per man #ab in winter1 #f in employed summer4 ,cubic yards per capita 4#dc served ,population served per ,varies4 #d1cdc man employed ,number of men employed-- ,summer #ab #a ,winter #abj #c ,number of men on each #b-c #b wagon ,type of wagon used ,bottom dump1 canvas ,dump4 covered4 ,number of wagons-- ,summer #h #a ,winter #fj #b ,number of motor vehicles #d ,motor vehicles used for ,both4 short or long haul ,description of ,layout depends upon #f districts are arranged collection system density and amount to according to quantity be removed4 ,large part of ashes collected as of city set aside to ascertained on trial receive service on collection of #c certain days4 ,this is months4 subdivided and definite routes assigned each wagon4 ,both city and contractor maintain inspection forces4 ,disposal of ,ashes ,dump4 ,fill4 ,city own or rent dumps ,some owned4 ,free4 ,annual cost to city for #b1jjj collection and disposal ,average quantity collected daily-- ,summer ,winter ----- ,footnote #dh3 ,not collected from public buildings or from steam1 hot water or power plants1 except in private residences or apartment houses of not more than #d apartments each4 ,footnote #di3 ,no collection made from stores1 hotels1 etc4 ,footnote #ej3 ,not more than #aj bushels collected from any one place in a week4 ,footnote #ea3 ,collected by #i contractors1 one for each district4 ,steam ashes collected by private collectors4 ,eleven cities report that the number of cubic yards of ashes and rubbish collected a year per capita served was from 4#df to #a4gb1 the average being 4#hi4 ,four other cities report that the number of cubic yards of ashes only collected a year per capita served was #a4jaf4 ,the lowest was 4#gc and the highest #a4cc4 ,cost ,data ,an effort to compare the unit cost of collection and disposal in one city with that in another will prove to be most unsatisfactory for the reason that local conditions make necessary different methods1 length of haul and systems1 and these affect the cost of operation4 ,also1 there are very few cities which keep any accurate and detailed cost data4 ,reports from thirteen cities which collect ashes and rubbish by municipal forces show that the average cost of collection and disposal for #aiaf was #j4djah per cubic yard1 the highest being 4#gb1 and the lowest 4#ajbe4 ,five other cities report that the average cost of collecting and disposing of ashes only was 4#eeif per cubic yard4 ,the cost depends upon the cost of loading and the cost of haul4 ,,garbage ,,collection ,,and ,,disposal ,,systems ,,and ,,practices ,,in ,,american ,,cities--,,factors ,,which ,,affect ,,the ,,cost-- ,,opinions ,,of ,,experts--,,cost ,,data ,local conditions are so variable that the problem of collecting and disposing of garbage is one of the most complex with which city officials have to deal4 ,the results obtained by one city cannot in detail be applied to another city1 although there are many characteristics common to all4 ,each city must study its conditions and then apply general principles with such modifications as its peculiarities make necessary4 ,the garbage problem divides itself into two natural divisions3 #a4 ,collection1 including house treatment and haul4 #b4 ,final disposal4 ,the two are so closely related that the cost of different systems should be compared on the basis of combined cost of collection and final disposal4 ,these two divisions may be subdivided as follows3 #a4 ,,collection ,,systems4 #a4 ,type3 7a7 ,combined 7garbage1 rubbish and ashes74 7b7 ,separate 7each kind of refuse74 #b4 ,method3 7a7 ,by scavengers4 7b7 ,by contract4 7c7 ,by city4 #c4 ,organization3 7a7 ,districts4 7b7 ,force4 #d4 ,kind of ,equipment3 7a7 ,receptacles4 7b7 ,vehicles4 7c7 ,loading stations4 #e4 ,location of receptacles4 #f4 ,frequency of collection4 #g4 ,time of removal4 #h4 ,enforcement of regulations4 #b4 ,,disposal4 #a4 ,method3 7a7 ,dumping on land1 for fill or at sea4 7b7 ,plowing under4 7c7 ,feeding to swine4 7d7 ,incineration4 7e7 ,reduction4 #b4 ,by-,products4 #c4 ,,methods ,,of ,,financing ,,cost4 ,types of ,collection ,systems ,there are two types of garbage collection systems--the separate and the combined4 ,before deciding which is the better adapted to local conditions the method of disposal of all municipal waste--rubbish1 ashes1 dead animals1 street sweepings and stable manure--must be considered4 ,a further study should be made of the five combinations which have been adopted by ,american cities and which are outlined in the chapter on ash and rubbish collection4 ,when garbage is collected separately1 the method of disposing of it is by the reduction process1 incineration or feeding to hogs4 ,if it is collected with rubbish the two wastes must be incinerated4 ,if ashes1 rubbish and garbage are collected together the wastes are either dumped or incinerated4 ,as with ashes1 reports generally agree1 that if all wastes are collected together as a rule the cost of collection will be less than if each is collected separately4 ,the method of final disposal1 the net cost of that method after deducting revenues1 and the length of haul should be considered and carefully determined before any system of collection is adopted4 ,the same arguments presented in the chapter about ash collection for and against the combined and separate methods of gathering ashes apply with equal force to the collection of garbage4 ,robert ,h4 ,wylde1 sanitary expert1 advocates the mixed collection4 ,he says3 8,there can be no doubt that the mixed collection is preferable from practically every point of view and possesses such great advantages that it is doubtful if it is ever compensated for 7from the citizen's point of view7 by economies realized from any method of disposal requiring separate collection40 ,he also points out that for a separate collection1 a city must have three distinct styles of carts1 collections should be made in the early morning or during the night1 and each house should be visited daily or at least every other day4 ,householders must be required to keep the materials in three separate receptacles2 three calls must be made at each house and the same ground must be covered by three different classes of collector4 ,the ,chicago ,city ,waste ,report1 by ,i4 ,s4 ,osborn and ,j4 ,t4 ,fetherston1 says that combined collection requires more frequent collection of ashes and rubbish than if garbage were collected separately4 ,if separate collection of garbage is made a more frequent collection of garbage and a less frequent collection of rubbish and ashes can be made4 ,if all wastes are collected together1 it says1 as a rule the unit cost for collection will be less than if collected separately4 ,in smaller communities1 says ,samuel ,a4 ,greeley1 sanitary expert1 it does not seem advisable to place all classes of refuse in one receptacle as ashes can be easily disposed of4 ,by separating the garbage the bulk to be removed is smaller1 the disposal by burial requires less land1 much of the garbage can be sent to the farms for feeding1 and the general cost of refuse disposal is reduced without seriously lowering the efficiency4 ,in cities of from #cj1jjj to #ej1jjj1 he asserts1 the mixed system requiring only one can at a house and permitting incineration without the use of additional fuel1 has many advantages4 ,in such small communities1 he believes1 garbage does not have the advantages for reduction purposes that it has for the larger cities4 ,methods of ,collection ,there are three methods of collecting garbage3 7#a7 ,license ,system1 by which the city licenses certain cartmen1 the individuals paying the expenses1 usually under regulation of the ,board of ,health4 7#b7 ,contract ,system1 which provides that city pay a fixed amount annually for service1 that certain schedule be paid by householder1 or that contractor pay a certain amount to the city for privilege of collecting1 and charging the householder for the service4 7#c7 ,municipal ,system1 by which the city does work with own or hired teams4 ,in some cities1 city employees collect a part and scavengers or collectors1 or both1 collect the remainder4 ,experts are generally agreed that the best of the three systems is the last4 ,they say that there is always much trouble when the contractor is allowed to collect pay from citizens served1 and that to sanitary officers must be given full authority to fine those who fail to have garbage removed4 ,contractors' wagons also must be under the close supervision of sanitary officers4 ,the ,chicago ,waste ,commission's report says that efficient service can be obtained by contract when the work is specified and the requirements are such as to obligate the contractor to furnish the desired service4 ,the contractor1 it asserts1 must maintain an effective organization1 sufficiently equipped and managed to be able to render proper service4 ,under this method1 it points out1 a rigid inspection is necessary on the part of the city and full compliance on the part of the contractor in carrying out his agreement4 ,the report also says that efficient service can be obtained by a municipal collection when the city conducts the work with its own teams and equipment and the men employed on the work are directly responsible to their superiors who in turn are responsible to the public for the service rendered4 ,it gives the following advantages of this method3 7a7 ,the service is rendered as desired4 ,it is not necessary to specify how and what work is to be done1 but the work can be conducted so as to meet conditions as they may arise4 7b7 ,the work comes directly under the control of the officials whose chief object is to render satisfactory service at a reasonable cost4 7c7 ,better equipment can be provided and the work planned on a more systematic basis when investments are permanent4 7d7 ,municipal operation eliminates the tendency on the part of the contractors 7when the work is done by contract7 to obtain the largest remuneration possible at the least cost4 ,it is impossible1 says the report1 to develop efficient organization or to render the best service in collection with hired teams where the driver receives his pay from the employer1 who in turn receives his pay from the city for furnishing the team and driver4 ,in the majority of cities in the ,united ,states1 the collection is done by the city1 which owns its equipment and conducts the work under the supervision of its officials4 ,it has been the experience of these cities that the results of municipal operation have1 in most cases1 proven satisfactory4 ,john ,h4 ,gregory1 sanitary expert1 believes that as a general rule the best results may be expected from municipal ownership and operation of collection equipment4 ,a similar opinion is expressed in the report of the ,special ,commission on the ,collection of ,municipal ,waste1 ,worcester1 ,massachusetts4 ,grand ,rapids1 ,michigan1 reports that under the municipal system1 the cost per householder is #a4fc a year1 while under the private contract system the cost was #c4jj a year4 ,whatever system and method are selected to make it successful a city must 7#a7 provide sufficient appropriation2 7#b7 secure or insist upon an efficient organization2 7#c7 have or require sanitary and economical methods of work1 and 7#d7 secure and foster cooperation on the part of the public4 ,house ,treatment ,many cities require that garbage be drained and some that it be wrapped in paper as well as drained4 ,wrapping aids combustion when the disposal is by incineration4 ,wheeling1 ,west ,virginia1 claims that wrapping garbage eliminates smell1 preserves can1 provides fuel and makes work much less unpleasant for the collector4 ,dr4 ,p4 ,m4 ,hall and ,samuel ,a4 ,greeley advocate wrapping if garbage is burned4 ,seven cities1 of those from which statistics have been received1 require that garbage be wrapped--,dunkirk1 ,jamestown1 ,mount ,vernon1 ,trenton1 ,milwaukee1 ,grand ,rapids and ,minneapolis4 ,organization ,it is agreed that the number and location of districts into which a city is divided must depend upon the size1 topography and population1 the location of sub-stations or the place of final disposal1 the frequency of collection and the hauling equipment4 ,it is also agreed that the divisions should be made with the purpose of shortening the haul as much as possible and to avoid steep grades with loaded wagons4 ,some cities haul direct from the district to the place of disposal1 others establish loading stations or bunkers to which the garbage is hauled in wagons and from which it is taken for disposal in automobiles1 train or trolley4 ,still others have loaded wagons taken to a central place and from there hauled by tractors to the place of disposal4 ,the type of equipment1 system of collection1 organization of city1 location of receptacles1 frequency of collection and hours of removal must be considered when organizing the force4 ,these vitally affect the cost4 ,some cities require one man to act as driver and collector4 ,this system is regarded as uneconomical as the whole collection is retarded4 ,other cities have two men with a wagon1 one to drive and the other to collect4 ,in some cities the gang system1 described in the chapter on ash collection1 is used4 ,the ,chicago ,waste ,commission makes these recommendations to insure an effective organization3 #a4 ,individual responsibility for work assigned4 #b4 ,employees should be paid for work performed instead of for hours of labor4 #c4 ,published records of employees individually by sections under foremen and by districts under inspectors or superintendents will create a healthy rivalry and conduce to better work4 #d4 ,unit cost of all work should be maintained and the keeping of these records will more than pay for the cost of the clerical work involved4 ,all agree that special effort should be made to get intelligent drivers who are willing to take pains to do the work at each house in a cleanly fashion4 ,others urge keeping one man on the same route4 ,in planning districts and force1 the findings of the ,chicago ,civil ,service ,commission may assist some officials4 ,it required on an average under ordinary conditions three hours and fifty-five minutes to collect a full load of two and one-half tons4 ,the average in summer was #c4i hours and in winter #d4g hours4 ,the average rate of haul was #c miles per hour in summer and #b4g miles per hour in winter4 ,collections were at a minimum in winter and a maximum in summer1 especially in ,september4 ,the quantity collected from several districts for different years was not constant1 but continually decreased or increased1 depending upon local conditions1 such as change of character of population1 growth of residence1 business and manufacturing4 ,the fluctuations make it necessary that the organization be flexible and easily adapted to changing conditions4 ,as the quantity will vary from season to season1 the collector assigned to a district should make daily reports of work performed and territory covered4 ,by so doing it can easily be determined whether he is delinquent or the work has increased so as to require auxiliary equipment or extra assistance4 ,the plan is also valuable for rearranging districts4 ,the ,ohio ,state ,board of ,health has expressed the belief that the routes should be so arranged that each collector covers about the same mileage and so that each wagon is as near as possible to the point of disposal by the time the wagon is loaded in order that the productive time of the collector1 or the time he spends in collecting from houses1 may be as great as possible and his unproductive time1 or the time he spends in driving his loaded wagon to the point of disposal1 as small as possible4 ,in some cities1 owing to poor routing1 the unproductive time has been as high as #dj per cent4 of the collector's working hours4 ,routes should also be so arranged that grades are climbed with light loads and descended with heavy loads4 ,receptacles and ,vehicles ,most cities specify a standard sized can4 ,it is agreed that this is necessary to secure the best results4 ,the size varies in different cities and with the type of system4 ,all reports show that the can should be metallic1 water-tight and as nearly air-tight as possible1 and should be securely covered4 ,a #bj-;gallon can1 it is claimed1 will take care of an average size family for a week and is easily handled by the collector4 ,the size of the can should be limited so as to be easily handled by one man4 ,for collecting garbage many types of wagons are being used by ,american cities4 ,the design materially affects the cost and efficiency of results4 ,most cities are now using a steel tank wagon with either a bottom or rear dump1 depending upon the house treatment of the garbage and whether the system is combined or separate4 ,all reports show that any garbage wagon to be sanitary and satisfactory must be metallic1 fitted with covers1 easily cleaned and disinfected1 and as large as consistent with the grades and type of pavement on the routes traversed4 ,particular attention should be given to the loading height4 ,this should be at a convenient distance from the ground so that the collector can easily empty the can4 ,the arrangements for dumping are also important4 ,they should be quick and simple4 ,it is claimed that bottom dumping wagons are best1 but these cannot be used for raw garbage unless wrapped4 ,they can be used for mixed refuse4 ,many cities successfully use the rear dump wagon1 which is tilted by a hand-turned gear at front4 ,the right kind of cover is also important4 ,greeley says the most satisfactory cover is the light fixed roof1 arched over the top of the wagon at sufficient height to give a free space above the whole of the garbage1 and to allow trap doors in the side of the wagon for emptying the can4 ,many cities use canvas covers4 ,the ,worcester ,waste ,commission reports that its inquiries show that wooden or iron covers are impracticable because they do not allow expansion of load during periods when the amount of garbage is greatest4 ,it says that wooden covers warp1 do not fit tightly and need repairs often and are much in the way during collection4 ,iron covers1 it avers1 are almost universally condemned on account of their weight1 and if very light get out of shape easily1 wear loose and in a short time become a noisy nuisance4 ,some types of wagons are equipped with rubber buffers to lessen the noise and others have automatic covers4 ,wagons made for garbage collection range in cost from #aej to #cge each4 ,the capacity of the average garbage wagon has been from a yard to two yards cubic contents4 ,the tendency in many large cities is to increase this to four and five yards and even larger4 ,greeley believes that a wagon having a capacity of about three cubic yards is desirable4 ,a few cities which have adopted the can collection system have wagons built with two tiers4 ,some are using automobile trucks constructed in this way4 ,the ,ohio ,state ,board of ,health1 in its report1 says that platform wagons are somewhat less economical than tank wagons but are entirely suited for small cities where the quantity is not large4 ,it seems to be the opinion of those who have had experience that automobile trucks for refuse collection are neither economical nor convenient1 owing to the many stops and starts and the slow general progress4 ,none of the #bbd cities from which data have been received uses automobile trucks exclusively4 ,several have automobile trucks in service but practically all of these use them for hauling from transfer stations over long distances to the place of disposal4 ,at some of these loading stations a crane is used to lift the detachable body or tank from the wagon and place it on the truck4 ,another method adopted by a few cities is to use wagons for collection and tractors for hauling4 ,the horse drawn wagons when filled are taken from a common meeting place to the disposal site by a tractor which draws them as a trailer4 ,the horses are hitched to empty wagons and continue collecting4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dana has compiled statistics which will interest those who contemplate using motor trucks4 ,he says for hauling ashes1 street pavement1 etc41 it is cheaper to use horses if the haul is less than one mile4 ,if motor power is used for a haul of a quarter of a mile the loss is #a4h per cent42 if half a mile1 #i4a per cent4 loss4 ,for one mile haul there is no difference in cost4 ,above that the saving is in favor of motor trucks4 ,similar investigations have been made at the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology4 ,these show that for distances greater than #a4g miles1 electric driven vehicles are cheaper than either horse drawn or gasoline driven and that gasoline driven are cheaper than horse drawn4 ,investigations made by the ,efficiency ,division of the ,chicago ,civil ,service ,commission showed that electric trucks are more efficient than gasoline trucks where the short hauls with many stops are encountered4 ,its conclusion was that for the long hauls electric trucks were more economical than horse drawn or gasoline driven trucks4 ,the following table gives a detailed comparison of the advantages of gasoline and electric trucks as determined by the ,commission3 ,,gasoline ,,truck ,,electric ,,truck 7a7 ,greater average speed 7a7 ,more efficient where the haul possible4 with many stops are encountered4 7b7 ,can be run continuously day 7b7 ,more efficient within its and night4 limits of operation1 #ej to #fj miles per eight hour day4 7c7 ,are essential outside of the 7c7 ,more economical motive power4 radius of operation of the electric truck4 7d7 ,can do more work in a given 7d7 ,less average per cent4 time if speed restrictions do maintenance and repair costs4 not interfere4 7e7 ,less balking on unimproved 7e7 ,less per cent4 depreciation4 streets4 7f7 ,requires less skill to drive4 7g7 ,affected less in winter by temperature4 ,the ,commission's study led to the following conclusion3 8,that at the present prevailing cost of team hire the saving in the use of electric motor trucks for hauling garbage in such wards as have a considerable haul1 would amount to #e4a per cent4 of the total cost of removing such garbage by teams4 #b4 ,that either the gasoline or electric power trucks can handle the hauling of garbage with approximately equal satisfaction4 #c4 ,that the more economical power truck has been found to be electric4 ,this is governed in a measure by the low cost rate of electrical energy from the ,sanitary ,district to the city for night power and by the fact that the rates for depreciation1 maintenance1 repair and insurance are less than for the gasoline truck4 #d4 ,that the haul below which an electric truck carrying three tons would not be economical when measured against a #e4ej per day team is found to be about #a4h miles and when measured against a #f per day team is #j4h miles4 #e4 ,that the three ton gasoline truck at present cost price would not haul economically when traveling in the city at the economical rate of speed1 as would the horse drawn vehicle at either #e4ej or #f per day and traveling at the rate of speed found by experiment on garbage wagons40 ,greeley believes that the cost of loading a motor truck will be greater per hour and the rate of load will have to be increased proportionately to make the cost comparable with loading a team drawn wagon4 ,the cost of hauling by motor will be less4 ,he contends that the use of trucks in refuse collection service will increase and that the cost of loading can be reduced by limiting the motor truck to transportation after the loading of the wagon by the tractor and trailer system4 ,st4 ,louis recently made computations comparing the existing cost of hauling garbage from the long haul district with mule teams and the probable cost of haul with or by tractors4 ,the motor apparatus was assumed to be a ,knox tractor with two trailers and the assumed haul of seven miles4 ,this would replace ten teams4 ,the investment for a ten-ton tractor would be #c1gej1 and two trailers1 #a1jjj1 with a total of #d1gej for the motor apparatus4 ,ten teams of mules cost #c1jjj and ten wagons1 #a1cej1 a total for animal power of #d1cej4 ,the cost of operating per day is assumed to be for the motor1 making three trips a day1 #db miles1 #d4jg4 ,this computation assumes a loading station located at the center of the long-haul district1 which1 including lot1 building1 paving1 platform1 sewer and water connections1 would cost #f1cjj4 ,the equipment would therefore be #aj1fej4 ,interest on the investment is computed at #f per cent4 ,the annual charges against the motor equipment would therefore become #c1jcd4ib4 ,the year is assumed at #aef days1 as the district is collected from three times a week4 ,the charges against the team equipment amount to #f1ejc4hh4 ,the saving in adopting the truck system is thus #c1dfh4if a year from this long-haul district4 ,under these assumptions the equipment is idle one-half the time4 ,the ,new ,york ,city ,department of ,street ,cleaning made a test of motor trucks and proved their efficiency over the present system1 giving a possible #ah per cent4 for time lost in hauling1 loading and returning light as against #dc per cent4 under the existing system4 ,a ten-year test in ,england proved the superiority of motor trucks4 ,the ,worcester ,commission reports that for heavy1 long hauls and under conditions where a truck can be kept moving1 a motor truck is probably more economical than a horse drawn vehicle of the same capacity4 ,it concludes that the motor trucks are not economical for short hauls with many stops4 ,the ,health ,commissioner of ,seattle in #aiac made the claim that auto trucks save from one-fourth to one-fifth as much time as is consumed by horse drawn vehicles4 ,he expressed the belief that #de cents on a dollar is saved by using auto trucks4 ,seattle hauls its garbage by auto from bunkers to place of final disposal4 ,a few cities haul from transfer stations to place of final disposal by trolley and steam cars and by barges4 ,greeley estimates that assuming #fjj cu4 yds4 of refuse weigh #cge tons1 the cost of trolley transportation will be #dj cents per ton4 ,barge transportation1 he estimates1 will be about #bb cents per ton4 ,transportation by steam railroads1 he says1 depends upon switching charges4 ,these will range from #e to #ae per car4 ,he figures the switching charges will average about #bj cents per ton4 ,collection ,regulations ,the location of the receptacle and the time and frequency of collection have a very important bearing on the efficiency and cost of the service4 ,the degree of cleanliness desired and the convenience of the householder are the chief factors which determine these questions4 ,most cities specify where the can must be left for collection and to what place it must be returned4 ,some collect from the curb1 areaway or alley1 but the majority of them take the can from and return it to the house or back yard4 ,garbage can be collected much more speedily if the cans are left at the curb for collection days1 but most cities object to the unsightliness of the thoroughfares which results4 ,the citizens1 for their own convenience1 and to eliminate the objection of a littered street1 are willing to pay the extra cost of having the garbage taken from the yard or the house4 ,the almost universal practise in ,america is to collect garbage during the daytime4 ,of those from which facts have been received and whose systems are described in the accompanying tables1 only two collect all garbage at night4 ,one collects at night during the summer and four collect at night in the business section4 ,two collect during both day and night4 ,the number of collections made in a stated period of time depends entirely upon the amount of garbage1 the density and character of population1 the climate and the season of the year4 ,some cities maintain a daily service in all except the outlying sections4 ,practically all collect at least once a week4 ,in cold climates more collections are required during the summer than during the winter4 ,usually the collections are more frequent in the business sections than in the residential sections and less frequent in the outlying districts than in the residential sections1 the density of population being the determining factor4 ,as with ash collection the promulgation and enforcement of specific regulations are very helpful in increasing or maintaining the efficiency of a garbage collection system4 ,cooperation of the public is essential and this can be secured to a great extent by an efficient system4 ,all reports agree that regular collections should be made at stated intervals and so far as possible at the same time each day according to a regular schedule4 ,laxity on the part of the collection department will breed indifference among the householders4 ,the ,chicago ,waste ,commission expresses the opinion that where the householders become accustomed to a systematic service they will depend upon the collector and will more readily comply with laws and ordinances4 ,all experts agree that the regulation as to house treatment of refuse should not only be enforced1 but that considerable time should be spent by officials in educating and training people to cooperate for mutual advantage4 ,such time will be well spent1 and eventually it will reduce the cost of operation4 ,the rules and regulations respecting the collection of garbage and refuse in a small progressive ,new ,york ,state city are as follows3 8,all persons intending to have their ashes1 garbage and other refuse removed by the collector1 shall provide sufficient standard ash cans1 sixteen to twenty inches in diameter1 and twenty-six inches high1 manufactured of galvanized iron with proper handles and cover4 8,into this can should be put old bottles1 rubbers1 tin cans1 broken bottles and glass1 old shoes1 sweepings1 paper and other rubbish4 8,ash cans containing swill1 water1 offensive and decomposing material1 or the contents of which are frozen and not easily removed1 will not be emptied by the collector4 8,provide sufficient garbage cans composed of galvanized1 ,g4 ,i4 ,standard make1 with covers and handles1 to hold one week's accumulation4 ,put into this can all swill and other kitchen refuse4 ,garbage cans containing ashes1 old bottles1 tin cans1 glass1 shoes1 sweepings1 paper or other rubbish1 or the contents of which are frozen1 will not be emptied by the collector4 8,the cans must be placed where the collector can conveniently have access to them1 and if placed on the sidewalk or in front yard1 must be returned as soon as emptied4 8,the collector will collect but once each week and on the day and at the time specified for the street on which you reside4 8,burn as much rubbish1 paper1 sweepings1 etc41 as possible4 8,piles or accumulations of garbage1 old bottles1 tins1 papers and any other substances1 liquid or solid1 or of anything that may become a breeding place for flies or mosquitoes1 or which in any way may become a nuisance1 are prohibited4 8,accumulations of garbage or other refuse of more than one week is prohibited4 8,any incivility on the part of any collector1 or any complaint should be made at once in writing to the ,clerk of the city40 ,cost of ,collection ,the cost of collection is vitally affected by so many different factors and by local conditions that any attempt to compare the economy of the system in one city with that in another will generally be unsatisfactory4 ,also actual cost data are kept by very few cities1 and where they are available the methods of determining them often vary so that they are misleading for comparative purposes4 ,the cost depends upon the cost of loading and the cost of hauling1 as described in the discussion of ash collection4 ,such facts about the cost as are available in printed reports and as have been sent to the ,new ,york ,state ,bureau of ,municipal ,information by the cities will be found in the accompanying table4 ,an investigation by the ,ohio ,state ,board of ,health in ,ohio cities showed that the cost averaged from #b to #b4ge per ton4 ,the report says that the cost of collection in ,cleveland for several years averaged #b4ag to #b4gi per ton2 ,dayton1 #b4aa2 ,zanesville1 #b4ac4 ,in the smaller cities where hauls are comparatively short1 the cost frequently did not exceed #a4ej per ton1 and 8on the average with proper routing should not exceed #b4jj per ton40 ,the cost of the collection and disposal may be met by a draft on the general fund1 by assessment upon property benefited1 or by assessment upon the people directly served4 ,the particular method selected will be determined by the legal limitations1 the difficulty of collection1 tax limitations1 and so forth4 ,per ,capita ,production ,experts have agreed within fifty pounds as to the per capita garbage output of a community4 ,w4 ,f4 ,morse1 ,sanitary ,expert1 gave one hundred and ninety pounds per capita per year as approximate figures for an estimate4 ,william ,n4 ,venable estimated the annual amount per capita to be from #aej to #bjj pounds4 ,recent reports from six cities which have complete collection systems show considerable variation in the per capita amount collected4 ,these cities report as follows3 ,lbs4 of ,garbage per ,capita ,columbus #bjc ,grand ,rapids #ig ,buffalo #hj ,worcester #abg ,rochester #bfj ,cleveland #afb ,the average weight of garbage per cubic yard according to statistics from nine large ,american cities has been from #a1ajj to #a1dge pounds1 and the number of pounds per one thousand of population per day from #cca to #hge4 ,the food conservation campaign throughout the nation since our entry into the world-wide war1 however1 has created havoc with garbage production figures and estimates4 ,although it was known for many years that the ,american housewife has been a most notorious profligate in the waste of food1 it was not until the war forced upon ,america the necessity for food conservation that there was any decrease in the contents of the garbage pail4 ,remarkable changes have been reported by cities1 the following reductions by ,new ,york ,state cities being typical3 ,name of ,city ,amount of ,garbage ,collected ,during ,june1 #aiaf ,july1 #aiaf ,june1 #aiag ,july1 #aiag ,rochester #befc tons #behj tons #a1hgj tons #b1afg tons ,new ,york ,city 7,boro4 #hb1ejc cu4 #hi1efh cu4 #gf1eej cu4 #hd1fbh cu4 ,manhattan7 yds4 yds4 yds4 yds4 7,boro4 ,brooklyn7 ,kingston #adj tons #adj tons #abj tons #abj tons ,cortland #cg tons #cg tons #ca tons #ca tons ,schenectady #cab tons1 #fhj #cej tons #ccj tons1 #fee #cih tons1 lbs4 lbs4 #a1djj lbs4 #eb,syracuse #a1ajj tons #a1cgc tons #a1jfb tons #a1jhg tons ,albany #ied bbls4 #a1jid bbls4 #ghf bbls4 #hgg bbls4 ,buffalo #b1cai4ggj #a1bej4bhj #b1bdg4gij #a1gdh4gjj tons tons tons tons ,utica #dj tons daily#dj tons daily#ce tons daily#ce tons daily ----- ,footnote #eb3 ,increase probably due to change from contract to municipal system of collection4 ,omaha1 ,nebraska1 reports that for the year #aiag the bulk of garbage was about the same as the previous year1 but that no meats1 bread or potatoes were found in it4 ,the collection of garbage has been a little over one-third less since the conservation of food went into effect4 ,what percentage of this reduction will continue after the war is problematical1 but it is agreed by all experts that never again will the ,american garbage pail be so productive as it has been in the past4 ,garbage ,disposal ,a choice of seven methods is offered for the disposal of garbage4 ,they are feeding to swine1 dumping on land1 dumping into large volumes of water1 disposing by sanitary fill1 burial1 incineration and reduction4 ,in selecting its disposal system a city should bear in mind the importance and cost of a collection system4 ,some cities collect and dispose of their garbage by contract1 others collect by contract and dispose of it themselves1 or vice versa1 and still others have all the work done by the municipality4 ,experience has proved that a city can operate a disposal plant just as efficiently as they can a collection system4 ,feeding to ,swine ,most of the smaller cities in this country dispose of a part of or all their garbage by feeding to swine1 but so far as the ,state ,bureau of ,municipal ,information has been able to learn1 only four maintain municipal piggeries4 ,these are ,worcester1 ,new ,haven1 ,brockton1 and ,taunton1 ,massachusetts4 ,the others either collect their garbage by contract and sell it or give it to farmers or those operating piggeries1 or maintain a municipal collection and sell to a contractor who maintains a piggery4 ,among the cities which dispose of their garbage by feeding to pigs and derive a revenue are the following3 ,denver1 ,colo4--,collected by a ,hog ,growers' ,association which disposes of it by feeding4 ,cambridge1 ,mass4--,sells to hog farmers at #gj4 per cd4 foot and has no difficulty in disposing of all4 ,cost of collection1 #ej1jjj a year2 receipts1 #af1jjj a year4 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4--,sold to live stock company for #de4 per ton f4 o4 b4 cars4 ,last year collection cost #bh1fei and receipts were #d1dej4bj4 ,camden1 ,n4 ,j4--,incinerator burned and since then garbage has been collected and fed to hogs4 ,brockton1 ,mass4--,municipal piggery 7description below74 ,colorado ,springs1 ,colo4--,contractor pays #a1ddj a year for the privilege of removing all table refuse from city4 ,feeds to hogs4 ,garbage must be sterilized before feeding4 ,salem1 ,mass4--,city ,poor ,farm uses about #bjj loads a year4 ,remainder is sold to contractor1 who pays #ac1bee for five years4 ,last year city paid #aj1idh4cj for collection4 ,taunton1 ,mass4--,municipal piggery4 ,somerville1 ,mass4--,sold to farmers for #ej4 per cord foot4 ,cost of collection last year1 #be1acd4hj2 receipts1 #h1hfe4ej4 ,lawrence1 ,mass4--,sold for #a4be a load4 ,ready and increasing demand4 ,two loads used daily at ,poor ,farm piggery4 ,cost of collection1 #aj1jjj a year4 ,estimated receipts1 #f1jjj a year4 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4--,cost of collection1 #ah1jjj a year4 ,fed to hogs on farm owned by city 7description below74 ,fall ,river1 ,mass4--,city pays contractor #g1hjj a year for the removal of garbage4 ,he feeds it to pigs on farm owned by him4 ,worcester1 ,mass4--,municipal piggery 7description below74 ,corning1 ,n4 ,y4--,contractor pays city #abb a year for privilege of collecting at #aj4 a can4 ,garbage taken by him to his hog farm4 ,the city of ,brockton1 ,massachusetts1 owns the land and buildings necessary for feeding swine1 also the horses and teams necessary for collection4 ,the ,mayor's office reports that the city has not been able to make any profit on this method of disposal4 ,in fact1 for the last ten years the average cost to the city has been about #e1jjj annually4 ,taunton1 ,massachusetts1 collects garbage only in the center of the city4 ,the remainder is taken by private parties4 ,the city has only two teams and two men at work4 ,the ,secretary of the ,board of ,overseers says that 8in consequence of doing things in this way it is of little or no expense and gives quite good satisfaction40 ,the expense and receipts during one year for the piggery were as follows3 ,wages of employees #a1bii4ij ,expenses1 not including board of two horses belonging to #cge4ib department ------------------ #a1fge4hb ,receipts from swine #c1bfj4ia ,new ,haven1 ,connecticut1 pays #ah1jjj a year for the collection of its garbage1 which is hauled to a farm rented by the city and fed to hogs owned by the city4 ,the ,board of ,health reports3 8,outside of some complaints from the piggeries we have got along4 ,our ,board has repeatedly recommended the destruction of the same1 but as yet nothing has materialized40 ,a special commission made an investigation and report on the collection and disposal of municipal waste in ,worcester1 ,massachusetts4 ,after investigating all methods of disposal it reached these conclusions3 8,that the disposal by feeding is the most economical method2 that the greatest intrinsic value of the garbage1 the feeding value1 is made use of2 that the garbage of ,worcester can not only be disposed of without cost but that the revenue from the sale of hogs has almost been sufficient to pay for the collection40 ,the ,commission recommended that the present method of feeding to swine be continued4 ,in its report it gives the per capita cost of collection and disposal as 4#jgb for ,worcester and 4#jie for ,brockton4 ,the ,worcester municipal piggery is the largest and most successful4 ,the garbage collected by the city is fed to a herd of hogs numbering about #agjj in winter and #djjj in summer4 ,during the winter practically all hogs are housed4 ,the necessity for sterilizing garbage before it is fed to hogs is disputed4 ,salem1 ,cambridge1 ,grand ,rapids1 ,taunton and ,brockton report that garbage is not sterilized4 ,new ,haven reports that some is sterilized4 ,colorado ,springs and ,omaha require all garbage to be sterilized4 ,in his report of the sanitary survey of ,st4 ,joseph1 ,missouri1 ,j4 ,h4 ,white1 ,surgeon1 ,united ,states ,public ,health ,service1 makes the following statement with regard to the disposal of garbage in that city3 8,kansas ,city1 ,providence1 ,denver1 ,omaha1 ,colorado ,springs and other cities have their garbage fed to hogs1 with the uniform result that the cost of removal is reduced to some extent to the city and that the contractor1 according to his business capacity1 is able to make more or less profit from the feed so obtained4 ,there is no danger in this system under proper handling4 ,any supposed danger to the hogs can be prevented by prompt handling of the garbage to prevent unnecessary fermentation and by the use of the hog cholera serum to prevent disease4 ,the proper cleaning of the pens1 if in the city1 eliminates any danger to man4 ,the ,board recommends this system and ,i heartily concur with them that it offers the best available solution of the garbage problem40 ,the ,worcester ,commission reports the figures for hogs sold to a packing company during the last year from the ,home ,farm4 ,of the #b1bgf hogs sold1 the ,commission says only #aa were condemned by the ,united ,states ,government ,meat ,inspectors1 an average of only #j4dh per cent4 of one per cent41 which average is much lower than it is on hogs shipped in from the ,west to the same packing house4 ,it further says3 8,the feeding method1 however1 has been practised with success in many cities1 especially those in ,new ,england1 for many years4 ,the great difference of opinion is explained by the efficiency with which the sanitary conditions at the farm are maintained40 ,it emphasizes the fact that farms must be kept clean and in a sanitary manner1 and that this method of garbage disposal requires careful and intelligent supervision1 as is the case with any other method of disposal4 ,no method of disposal will run itself4 ,following are comments received regarding this particular plan of disposal3 ,health ,officer ,c4 ,c4 ,slemons1 of ,grand ,rapids1 ,michigan1 says3 8,from observation ,i am of the opinion that one of these farms 7municipal piggery71 properly conducted1 is a paying proposition1 but ,i do not think to the extent of paying for collection4 ,from my observation ,i would be rather skeptical of a city going into this business4 ,it is a business that needs very close supervision and unless a person is financially interested in it ,i doubt very much if the experiment would pay40 ,mayor ,fred4 ,w4 ,keller1 ,south ,bend1 ,indiana3 8,some of this work was done several years ago4 ,however1 there was some objection on the part of taxpayers to it being hauled out of the city with municipal teams4 ,it should be fairly profitable1 but the farm and hogs should be owned by the city or the garbage disposed of to the concern that does own the hogs and farm and this done by receiving competitive bids4 ,i make this latter suggestion in order to avoid criticism by taxpayers40 ,lawrence1 ,massachusetts1 reports3 8,those who have looked into this question contend that the city swill can be utilized to support a municipal piggery at considerable profit40 ,in a recent report1 the ,iowa ,state ,college says of this method of disposal3 8,the only advantage which may be stated in favor of this method is that it probably costs less1 under existing conditions about most of our cities1 than any other available method40 ,in one of its annual reports1 the ,massachusetts ,state ,board of ,health says3 8,it is objectionable and unsanitary in the extreme1 as health authorities are constantly pointing out4 ,prominent among the objections to this method are the great nuisance it usually creates and the uncertainty of its operation40 ,the ,board says epidemics among pigs create the uncertainty of operation4 ,it also says that they are breeding places for flies and rats4 ,the ,chicago ,waste ,commission's comment on this method is that it is not applicable or desirable in a large city1 except under inspection and for restricted private collection4 ,the ,new ,york ,medical ,journal reported that the garbage collected by ,grand ,rapids1 at cost of #bf1cbj1 is taken by a contractor who last year paid #de cents per ton and fed to hogs4 ,it says that over #aj1jjj hogs are sold yearly at a value of #ace1jjj and that #b1djj tons of fertilizer are produced at a value of about #cf1jjj4 ,samuel ,a4 ,greeley1 ,sanitary ,expert1 says that #ge pigs are required to dispose of a ton of garbage per day4 ,the equipment at the farm prescribed by him is3 ,tracks and cars for distributing the garbage along concrete feeding platforms2 substantial and well-kept sleeping and warming pens2 tanks for sterilizing garbage2 apparatus for vaccinating pigs against cholera2 a means of disposing of unconsumed garbage by burial or incineration and plenty of washing facilities4 ,he further says3 8,there should be some method of sorting the garbage before feeding it to pigs so that the stale garbage may be discarded and buried or burned4 ,some places disinfect it by boiling in large caldrons before feeding4 ,in such cases the cooked garbage is commonly used only as a base for the feed given to pigs4 ,the method is a most profitable one and warrants consideration in small cities where isolated farm sites are available40 ,dumping on ,land ,it is the consensus of opinion in all reports and of all experts that this method is objectionable especially where there is a large quantity to be disposed of4 ,a long haul is necessitated by the location of the dumps at a remote distance where the decomposition of any part of the refuse will not be offensive to neighboring property owners4 ,when the garbage is deposited in sufficient quantity offensive odors due to fermentation and decomposition may create a nuisance4 ,unless special attention is given to the treatment of these dumps1 this method will not be found desirable4 ,a thorough mixing of garbage with ashes and rubbish will prevent the nuisance and the fires that are otherwise liable to occur1 creating odors and nuisance from the smoke and unconsumed gases4 ,a report of the ,iowa ,state ,college states that dumps where ashes and rubbish and other refuse are deposited are not only unattractive in appearance1 but are detrimental to the health of those living in the immediate vicinity1 and as a city grows1 it usually becomes increasingly difficult to find locations where these dumps can be maintained without incurring the objections of those living in the neighborhood4 ,the ,scientific ,american says this method 8is one that cannot be defended either from an sthetic or sanitary standpoint4 ,the dumps become an ideal breeding place for flies40 ,dumping in ,large ,bodies of ,water ,only a few cities use this method4 ,in most places where it has been tried1 it has been prohibited because the material is washed on the neighboring shores4 ,disposal by ,sanitary ,fill ,this method is practised by some cities1 among them ,seattle1 ,davenport1 and ,new ,orleans1 which report its success4 ,it is given more serious consideration than heretofore by several large cities4 ,the method is different than that of burial1 in that it is carried on by filling excavations1 vacant low lying ground and natural ravines4 ,the garbage1 rubbish and ashes are dumped and then mixed with sufficient earth to insure oxidation and thorough digestion of the decomposable wastes4 ,the activity of the bacteria of the soil breaks down and mineralizes the organic matter and when there is sufficient oxygen1 i4 e4 air1 no putrefaction or other odors result4 ,success depends upon the following treatment3 7#a7 ,the garbage must not be buried so deep that bacterial activity is reduced4 7#b7 ,the garbage must not be spread in a thick layer on the surface of the ground4 7#c7 ,the ground must be sufficiently open and drained so that air can penetrate to a sufficient depth4 7#d7 ,the garbage must not overload the soil1 but must be sufficiently diluted with earth1 ashes and rubbish1 so that putrefaction may take place1 due to the presence of an ample supply of air in the pores of the soil4 ,the ,chicago ,waste ,commission believes that this method 8has been demonstrated to be not only sanitary1 free from nuisance when properly carried out1 but economical as well40 ,incidentally1 adds the ,worcester ,commission1 it adds valuable taxable property from which the city subsequently derives an income4 ,at ,davenport1 #a4c cubic yards of materials are required per ton of garbage and the total cost of upkeep1 including rent of land1 labor1 etc41 was #ej cents per ton4 ,the garbage is received and buried by one foreman and three men in summer and one foreman and one man in winter4 ,the city by this method is creating a valuable river front4 ,new ,orleans seeds its dumping grounds as soon as a sufficient filled area is available1 and later trims and plants the land for use as small parks and play grounds4 ,the ,health ,commissioner of ,seattle1 in a letter to the ,municipal ,engineering ,journal1 describes the system and results as follows3 8,this method of filling works very satisfactorily in this climate1 but ,i believe it necessary to include all waste materials1 as ashes1 boxes1 tin cans1 etc4 ,these all assist oxygenation and nitrification4 ,i do not believe pure garbage can be handled in this way4 8,we also find that it is best to keep as little of the face of the fill exposed as possible4 ,it is always best to keep a man constantly on the job1 whose duty it is to rake down to the bottom of the fill all boxes1 rough materials1 etc41 thus leaving the ashes to form a covering on top4 ,when this is not sufficient1 we cover with a layer of earth about five inches thick4 8,the success lies in the proper mixtures of waste materials1 and next the fill must be properly covered to protect from flies4 ,chemicals can also be used to protect it4 ,this covering also prevents the slight sour odor of fresh garbage and by keeping out the sunlight1 at the same time encourages bacterial growth by increasing the warmth inside the fill4 ,people residing within one hundred feet of these fills make no complaint1 but the public has to be educated when you first adopt this method4 ,we aim to fill city property1 as ravines1 swampy lands or docks on the lake or salt water front4 8,our laboratory findings show that the process is simply one of slow incineration by nature1 instead of the expensive method of burning by incinerators1 and at the same time help prove that there is nothing detrimental to public health in these fills4 8,we have eleven fills distributed over our city1 thus making short hauls1 and these are taken care of by eleven laborers disposing of approximately three hundred and fifty tons per day by this method alone1 while one incinerator with about an equal payroll will only dispose of sixty to seventy-five tons per day1 running twenty-four hours4 ,a fill increases the value of property1 while the refuse from our incinerator has to be hauled away at an added cost40 ,after spreading1 there is applied to the garbage an antiseptic spray of crude carbolic acid1 rosin and caustic soda to kill eggs and larv of flies1 mosquitoes and other insects that might breed4 ,burial ,garbage may be buried by putting it in shallow trenches and covering with the excavation from the trenches for the next day's deposit1 or by plowing under4 ,it digests and is thoroughly taken up by or oxidized by the action of the soil4 ,experience has shown that for open soil #a4e acres are required to handle each daily ton of garbage for one year1 the same soil being in shape to re-use after two years4 ,for heavy soils and those containing clay1 about three acres are required and this can be used again after three years4 ,the ,worcester ,commission reports that cities which have buried by plowing have experienced more than occasional nuisance4 ,milwaukee and ,columbus successfully disposed of their garbage by burying in trenches1 before they constructed disposal plants4 ,milwaukee paid forty cents a ton to dispose of its garbage by this method4 ,a summary of the opinions indicates that disposal by burying when properly conducted and when the point of disposal is suitably located gives no cause for objection from a sanitary standpoint4 ,the principal objections are the extremely long haul1 the amount of land necessary and no direct income4 ,in small communities this method is entirely satisfactory4 ,it is usually not applicable to large communities4 ,disposal ,plants ,there are two methods of disposing of garbage in plants--incineration and reduction4 ,there is a wide diversity of opinion among experts and city officials as to which is the better from a sanitary and financial standpoint4 ,there is1 however1 nearly universal opinion upon the following3 #a4 ,that the revenue from the by-products of municipally owned and operated plants will not pay the combined cost of collection and disposal4 #b4 ,that with only a few exceptions the revenue from the by-products of municipally owned plants does not pay the cost of disposal4 #c4 ,that the price received by cities from contractors is1 with very few exceptions1 not sufficient to pay the cost of collection4 #d4 ,that the disposal of garbage by the reduction process is uneconomical for a city with a population of less than #ajj1jjj4 ,some experts increase the size to #aej1jjj and one to #bjj1jjj4 #e4 ,that incineration is better than reduction for a city with a population less than #ajj1jjj4 ,the reduction in the per capita production of garbage1 due to less wastage of food in the ,american home since the war1 may make it necessary in the future to increase the size of the city which can profitably employ the reduction method1 or should use the reduction method4 ,in the report of the ,chicago ,waste ,commission1 some general rules are laid down for the design of a disposal works1 irrespective of method4 ,it says that the design should permit the plant to be operated as a whole1 or in part1 so that each part can be operated as an independent unit4 ,this will permit one or more parts to receive attention and be repaired during the season when the minimum quantity of refuse is to be disposed of4 ,the details of the plant should be such as to permit cleanliness at all times and hosing and washing so as not to permit garbage dust or dirt to accumulate1 flies to breed and material to decompose4 ,all material1 so far as possible1 should be enclosed during the process of disposal1 and the odors eliminated or confined or deodorized4 ,the handling of material in the plants1 so far as possible1 should be eliminated1 where mechanical means can economically be adopted4 ,special attention should be paid to ventilation and the elimination of dust where men are required to work4 ,the odors or nuisances caused from disposal plants will usually arise from one or more of the following sources3 ,garbage or refuse1 incomplete combustion or combustion temperatures not sufficient to eliminate odors1 congestion of carts in one locality and creation of dust4 ,the odors arising from raw garbage which are found in all plants are mostly local and will not create a nuisance a short distance from the point of handling and the housing of equipment used in hauling4 ,a method of determining the kind of a plant to be built and operated which will meet with local conditions is described as follows by ,rudolph ,herring1 sanitary engineer4 8,locate suitable central points where incinerators can be built convenient for reception of refuse and delivery of steam and clinker4 ,estimate annual cost1 including fixed charges and operation1 as follows3 ,first1 of wagons and other means of collecting from house to works all garbage1 ashes and rubbish combined2 and1 second1 of the works for incineration4 ,the sum of these two estimated costs will give probable annual cost of entire plant from origin to finish4 ,this sum must then be credited with the annual value of steam and clinker4 ,the result will be the net annual cost to the city of collecting and finally disposing of the above parts of general refuse4 8,a4 ,locate suitable place where reduction process can be carried on economically and conveniently for reception of garbage and delivery of products1 with a capacity to serve1 if practicable1 the entire city4 ,estimate annual cost1 including fixed charges and operation1 as follows3 ,first1 of wagons and other means of collecting the garbage from house to works2 second1 works for reduction4 ,the sum of these two estimated costs will be the probable annual cost to the city of the collection and reduction of the garbage4 ,this sum must be credited with annual value of products of reduction1 as derived from sale of oils1 grease and fertilizers4 ,the result will be the net cost1 perhaps profit1 of disposing of city garbage4 8,b4 ,locate suitable central point where incinerator can be built1 which will be convenient for the reception of ashes and rubbish and the delivery of steam and clinker4 ,estimate annual cost1 including fixed charges of operation as above of the collection and works for disposal of ashes and rubbish1 if these are to be incinerated together4 8,if only rubbish is to be collected and delivered for incineration1 then there should be added the cost of collection and final disposal of ashes by dumping4 ,this cost should again be credited with annual value of steam and clinker and perhaps of land-making by dumping of ashes4 8,by adding results of ,a and ,b1 we obtain the total net cost to a city of collecting and finally disposing of the above parts of general refuse4 ,a comparison between these estimates of cost1 of both collection and incineration of garbage1 ashes and rubbish as one project and of both collection and reduction of garbage and the collection and incineration of rubbish and dumping of ashes as the other project1 will indicate the most economical method in the city for which these cost estimates have been made4 ,it is necessary to analyze carefully local conditions to determine the most economical method40 ,incineration ,two kinds of plants are used for this method of disposal--crematories and destructors4 ,many destructors are in operation in ,america1 but of the crematories which have been built1 many have been abandoned4 ,heat for destruction must be obtained not only from the garbage itself1 but also from ashes and other combustible waste4 ,it is here that the difference between destructors and crematories enters4 ,in the former1 heat is obtained from the refuse itself2 in the latter1 garbage is burned at the expense of coal1 wood or oil4 ,it seems to be the prevailing opinion that in order to make incineration a success the material must be burned at a high temperature and rapid rate of combustion4 ,morse claims that destructors require twenty per cent4 less area of ground1 cost fifteen per cent4 more for boiler and machinery2 that the construction is more durable2 no addition of fuel2 that the gases of combustion are consumed1 and that this method has by-products of clinker and power and destroys all combustible refuse2 and that the net cost of operation is less per ton4 ,crematories1 ,morse says1 require more ground and more time for disposal1 but cost less4 ,they are less durable1 require addition of fuel1 gases are incompletely destroyed1 cannot develop power1 the residue has no value and they can burn only garbage and rubbish4 ,the gross cost of operation is a trifle less1 but the net cost is more4 ,tests of garbage crematories in ,ohio1 according to the ,state ,board of ,health1 show that 8the plants as operated fail usually to dispose of the garbage at a temperature high enough to avoid the production of odors40 ,this1 says ,j4 ,t4 ,fetherston1 ,commissioner of ,street ,cleaning of ,new ,york ,city1 is significant and conclusive4 ,regarding mixed refuse destruction1 ,fetherston says3 8,three features may be noted3 ,no added fuel is required1 steam power is produced and quite a residue 7clinker7 results4 ,compared with tests of garbage crematories the average destructor temperatures in connection with the gas analyses indicate freedom from odor due to unconsumed gas4 ,thus the mixed refuse type of plant corrects the inherent defects of the garbage crematory40 ,the cost of incineration plants depends upon the garbage to be handled4 ,the various incinerator companies usually estimate the capacity of the plant at about one ton per #a1jjj population4 ,reports show that disposal by incineration in ,ohio is confined to cities of from #bj1jjj to #hj1jjj population1 and that its success has been confined to the very large and to the rather small cities of the country4 ,some assert that it is applicable in the very large cities only when the collection systems are suitable to provide for the burning of mixed refuse4 ,in small cities it is the custom to cremate the garbage alone1 the other classes of waste being dumped or buried4 ,the cost of construction1 reports show1 ranges from #fjj to #a1jjj per ton capacity4 ,the ,worcester ,special ,waste ,commission says that 8from a calculation based on some #cj incinerators it has been found that the cost per ton daily capacity varies from #bej to #a1jjj1 the average being between #fjj and #gjj40 ,the by-products are clinker and the steam generated4 ,robert ,w4 ,wylde claims that the cost of operating destructors 8is in a great measure offset and frequently quite overbalanced by the revenue0 from the sale of steam and clinker4 ,one hundred tons of refuse burned during #af hours a day produces #hjj engine ,h4 ,p4 ,clinker from #ajj tons might amount to #cj tons per day and would bring #a4jj a ton in many localities4 ,another expert says that one pound of refuse has been found to produce one-half to one and three-fourths pounds of steam4 ,the value of refuse as a fuel is estimated by one expert to be #di cents per ton4 ,the ,chicago ,waste ,commission's report points out1 8that experience in connection with the development of power from refuse furnaces demonstrates that it is not easy to find an available use whereby the power can be utilized regularly as produced and the furnace operated continuously4 ,in the majority of plants constructed1 it has not been possible to utilize all the power available1 and in most cases the use is limited to the operation of the plant4 ,when power developed is used in lighting and power stations1 the demand only comes during a part of the day4 ,supplementary coal-fired boilers are usually found in connection with destructor-electric lighting stations1 or else the destructor is much larger than would be required to deal with the refuse alone4 ,the power produced from refuse furnaces will be best utilized by some local industry1 such as ice-making plants or electro-chemical plants1 which require continuous operation4 ,when power is used in connection with pumping plants1 it is found good practise to operate the refuse plant only as an auxiliary to the power plant of the pumping station4 ,the saving that results or credit that can be given the destructor plant will amount to the value of the fuel equal to that which it requires to produce the amount of steam developed and used4 ,the fluctuating amount of power developed in most cases can be depended upon only for the average minimum production4 ,in selecting a site for a refuse disposal plant from which power is developed it is not always profitable to utilize the power where the demand is not constant and where the demand would be constant1 suitable sites are not always available40 ,william ,m4 ,venable1 sanitary engineer1 believes that if a city has a steam power plant1 it will pay1 but it will not pay to build one for that purpose4 ,in a suburb of ,montreal1 the refuse destructor is constructed in connection with a municipal electric light power station and power is used in generating electricity for lighting purposes4 ,the plant is operated only during the time when lighting load is in demand1 and the material as delivered is stored during the day and burned at night4 ,only a part of the power is furnished by the refuse furnaces1 the remainder being obtained from a coal-fired boiler plant4 ,in ,savannah1 ,georgia1 the water works boilers are kept in service1 with banked fires1 to use in case of shortage of garbage4 ,the following are some of the reports from cities which receive a revenue from by-products3 ,minneapolis3 ,the steam generated lights and heats hospital and workhouse buildings1 also lights #ca miles of streets4 ,estimated annual revenue1 heat #f1bic4hi2 light #a1jhj4fb2 street lights 7#fj per arc7 #d1feg4dh2 total1 #ab1jca4ii4 ,borough of ,richmond1 ,new ,york ,city3 ,west ,new ,brighton incinerator uses clinker in manufacture of brick by mixing cement with ground clinker4 ,new ,orleans1 ,la43 ,plans perfected to light streets and public buildings4 ,claimed that from #ejj tons of garbage daily #cj1jjj1jjj ,k4 ,w4 can be generated a year4 ,savannah1 ,georgia3 ,ninety-five per cent4 of coal fuel previously used at pumping station is now saved by destructor4 ,to operate water works pumping station it cost #ha4ij per day4 ,to operate the station and destructor it costs #df4ej per day1 or a difference of #ab1iba per year1 this being #aj per cent4 of the cost of the plant4 ,this is expected to provide for repairs and amortization charges4 ,besides1 the city has all of its refuse disposed of without cost at a central point and in a sanitary manner with freedom from nuisance4 ,the clinker is used for road building and is estimated to have a value equal to the cost of hauling it from the plant4 ,all reports agree that destructors are very successful from a sanitary standpoint and have the advantage over other methods in that the different classes of waste can be destroyed by one process and gathered in one collection4 ,several also agree that the destructors when properly constructed and operated1 may be centrally located1 thus reducing the cost of haul4 ,another point mentioned is that there is some revenue4 ,the disadvantages pointed out by experts are that1 if not properly designed and operated1 there will be dust and odors1 all refuse must be hauled to the plant and expert workmen must be employed4 ,the cost of operation varies from city to city1 and in each city from month to month1 depending upon the season of the year1 composition of the garbage and climate4 ,most incinerator companies guarantee to operate their furnaces at full capacity at about #ej cents per ton4 ,milwaukee operates for about #eg cents per ton4 ,the cost1 including maintenance1 depreciation and fixed charges1 and operating expenses1 averages #a4ej to #b4ej and sometimes #c4jj per ton4 ,the ,state ,board of ,health of ,ohio found in its investigation that incineration cost from #a4ig to #b4ej in ,canton1 ,ohio2 #b4jj to #b4ff in ,marion2 #a4jj to #a4hd in ,steubenville2 and #b4eh in ,zanesville1 during a period of several years4 ,these figures include interest1 depreciation1 maintenance and repair charges4 ,j4 ,w4 ,turrentine1 of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 who made a study of garbage disposal plants1 says in a ,department bulletin that the average net cost of incineration per ton as obtained in a number of instances is #b4aa per ton1 and that in one of the cities considered there is a credit for power generated of #bb cents per ton of garbage incinerated4 ,most garbage incinerator manufacturers claim a life of #bj years for their plants with reasonable renewals4 ,morse figures that when fuel is necessary the cost of destroying refuse and garbage in crematories is approximately #ej cents per ton4 ,he also says that the cost of operating destructors is from #ej cents to #gj cents per ton for actual labor expenses1 while the cost of operating the modern high-temperature destructor will not exceed from #ej cents to #fj cents per ton4 ,deducting credit for power1 the cost will drop1 he says1 to #cj cents or less per ton4 ,depreciation and capital expenses are not included in ,morse's calculations4 ,greeley asserts that the cost of operation will range from about #a4jj to #a4ej per ton1 8but local conditions may alter these limits40 ,c4 ,o4 ,bartlett1 sanitary engineer1 says3 8,so far as disposal of garbage is concerned1 in incinerators1 it is coming to be generally understood that this method is far from sanitary and is essentially wrong in that it neglects to obtain the value for the products so collected40 ,rudolph ,herring1 ,sanitary ,expert1 says3 8,in incineration1 if sufficient fuel is added1 the combustion can be made perfect and the garbage can be destroyed without offense and converted into inodorous gases1 ashes and clinker4 ,whatever sanitary objection has been made to this process has resulted from preventable causes4 ,unless ashes and rubbish are combined with garbage in sufficient quantities to produce the necessary heat1 the steam production is deficient and other fuel must be added40 ,robert ,h4 ,wylde favors incineration at a high temperature3 8,here we have a method that is at once sanitary1 expeditious and economical in first cost and maintenance40 ,he also says that this method is free from nuisance1 the plant may be centrally located1 cost of collection minimized owing to the relative shortness of hauls1 not necessary to maintain a separate collection1 nor is there any necessity to keep refuse in separate cans4 ,w4 ,f4 ,goodrich1 ,sanitary ,expert1 maintains that modern destructors are perfectly satisfactory and that there may be no fear of nuisance wherever they are located4 ,he maintains that it should be the aim of officials to utilize the power produced for the best interests of the community4 ,william ,m4 ,venable believes that cities of from #aj1jjj to #dj1jjj population should burn garbage and refuse1 the problem to be solved being the advisability of attempting to utilize the heat generated by burning4 ,reduction ,when the reduction method is used only garbage and dead animals can be destroyed1 but when these kinds of wastes are broken down by means of heat1 valuable by-products are recovered4 ,this may be done in two ways1 the processes being known as cooking1 or digestor system1 and drying4 ,in the first1 garbage is cooked in large closed retorts by means of steam under pressure4 ,it is then pressed1 leaving grease and a dry cake known as tankage1 which is used for fertilizer4 ,in the drying method the grease is extracted by some volatile solvent like naphtha4 ,the relative advantages of these two methods is disputed4 ,at the present time the majority of plants are operated by the cooking or digestor method4 ,within the last year or two a new reduction process has been evolved4 ,the raw garbage is placed in sealed1 air-tight tanks with jacketed walls and bottom4 ,the solvent is pumped into the reducer and steam admitted to the jacketed walls4 ,the heat causes the evaporation of the solvent and the water in the garbage4 ,when the garbage has been dried1 the solvent is pumped into the reducer and dissolves the grease4 ,in an evaporator the solvent is vaporized and carried to a condenser where it is again liquefied and then conveyed to storage tanks4 ,after the extraction of the grease1 the garbage is further dried by steam1 and as tankage1 is used for fertilizer4 ,the chief advantage claimed for this system is that it is odorless4 ,the cost of plant operation is much greater than that of the digestor system1 but the value of the recovered products is considerably greater4 ,plants of this type are being operated in ,los ,angeles1 ,cal41 and in ,new ,bedford1 ,mass4 ,the plant now being constructed for handling the garbage of ,new ,york ,city will also employ this new process4 ,c4 ,o4 ,bartlett1 ,sanitary ,expert1 says that the cooking method does not permit of the recovery of any considerable portion of grease1 but does provide for the retention of most of the solids in dry form1 after which they may be ground up to serve as a base for fertilizers4 ,he also says that it is open to some objection on account of escaping gases from the stack unless there are sufficient scrubbers4 ,irwin ,s4 ,osborn1 sanitary engineer1 sums up as follows the advantages and disadvantages of each process3 ,drying ,process ,advantages4--,cost of plant is less1 due to equipment and space required2 the operating costs are less1 due to amount of labor and power required4 ,disadvantage4--,carbonizing of the grease in the dryer1 due to high temperature required1 so that the maximum amount of grease is not recovered2 the material is not broken down so that solvent will act as readily on grease particles to allow maximum recovery2 the mechanical condition of by-products is not as desirable without additional treatment2 there is a greater volume of gases to be deodorized4 ,cooking ,process ,advantages4--,the cells of the material are more completely broken down so that a larger amount of grease can be more readily recovered2 all material is enclosed during the process so that the gases are more readily deodorized with less volume to be deodorized2 in the modern plants the mechanical condition of the by-products is better4 ,disadvantages4--,increased fixed cost of building and equipment2 increased operating cost2 increased maintenance cost4 ,osborn believes that by-products produced by either method have the same relative market value4 ,in plants that have been operated by both methods1 the experience has been that the additional amount of grease recovered by the cooking method has more than offset the increased costs and at the same time the odors were eliminated to a larger extent4 ,in establishing a reduction plant1 ,rudolph ,herring says that the great fear is creating a nuisance4 ,he further asserts that1 owing to unpleasant odors apt to arise at the works1 it is necessary to have good ventilation and also a subsequent treatment of some of the vapors and liquids which result from the process4 ,these contingencies make it advisable1 he thinks1 to locate the plant in a neighborhood where the possibility of occasional unpleasant odors will not materially injure value of adjoining property4 ,the ,chicago ,waste ,commission gives this suggestion as a solution of the odor problem3 8,in addition to the steam and electrical power that can be furnished from a destructor plant to operate a reduction plant1 the exhausting of all gases carrying odors from the reduction works and passing them through the destructor would prove one of the greatest advantages from a sanitary and economical standpoint to be derived from a combined method of disposal of all municipal wastes40 ,osborn says3 8,economical results may be obtained by utilization of heat in the disposal of garbage mixed with other refuse1 by burning1 but to prove satisfactory the maximum sanitary results must be obtained at a minimum cost1 and when the quantity is such that it will warrant utilization the reduction method will continue to show more economical results1 and with proper attention given to details and sanitary features the work can be conducted without nuisance40 ,reduction is a method which can be adopted only by large cities4 ,it seems to be usually agreed that cities with less than #ajj1jjj population and producing less than #ge tons of garbage daily will find the reduction process will not pay as a business venture4 ,one writer says in no place of less than #aej1jjj population can these kind of plants be operated successfully4 ,venable places the minimum population at #ajj1jjj4 ,he says that as approximately #hj per cent4 to #ij per cent4 of kitchen garbage is water and only #aj per cent4 to #bj per cent4 is composed of grease and other substances it takes a large amount of garbage to make reduction plants profitable4 ,the cost of a reduction plant will range from #a1ejj to #c1jjj per ton daily capacity1 according to published reports4 ,the gross cost of garbage destruction by the reduction method varies from #a4ej to #b4ej per ton of raw garbage4 ,in only a few instances does the sale of the by-products meet or exceed expenses4 ,in a majority of cases1 the process is carried on by private companies1 the most being subsidized by cities to amounts varying from #ej cents to #b4ej per ton4 ,a few companies pay the city for all garbage delivered to the plant4 ,the by-products of the reduction method are grease and tankage4 ,it is generally agreed that ordinary garbage contains from #b per cent4 to #c per cent4 by weight of grease and must yield from #bjj to #djj pounds of tankage per ton4 ,columbus1 ,ohio1 has been conducting experiments in making alcohol from green garbage and its reports indicate that cities having reduction plants may produce another by-product from their waste4 ,the experiments were carried on for some time under the direction of the assistant superintendent in cooperation with ,dr4 ,james ,j4 ,morgan1 a ,chicago chemist who has patented a process of distilling the alcohol from chemically-treated garbage4 ,it requires only a slight addition to the present processes of the plant4 ,the garbage is treated with a two per cent4 solution of sulphuric acid for cooking1 then with lime and finally with yeast for fermentation4 ,the claim is made that the amount of grease and tankage is not reduced by the process1 and it is estimated that every ton of garbage will yield about six gallons of alcohol4 ,the superintendent of the ,division of ,garbage and ,refuse ,disposal in ,november1 #aiag1 informed the ,new ,york ,state ,bureau of ,municipal ,information that the final report on the experiment 8was favorable to the process1 but our city council did not see fit to authorize the installation of the necessary equipment for the process40 ,j4 ,w4 ,turrentine says that on a basis of figures obtained in the operation of a number of reduction plants1 it is shown that the average cost of reduction is #b4da per ton1 and the gross receipts #c4cj per ton1 giving a profit of #hi cents per ton raw garbage4 ,he asserts that when consideration of cost of collection is excluded1 the rendering of garbage is distinctly more profitable than incineration4 ,cleveland and ,columbus have been the cities most successful in operating municipal reduction plants4 ,in one year the ,columbus plant received #ba1fbh4ig tons of garbage1 or #baa pounds of garbage per capita4 ,from this and the #ahc large dead animals received1 the actual production was as follows3 ,grease1 #a1ahf1ihe pounds2 tankage1 #a1gec tons2 hides1 #ahc4 ,the value of these by-products were3 ,grease1 #eg1fgb4ba2 tankage1 #ab1ihg4hd2 hides1 #a1jfb4cj1 or a total of #ff1ggb4ce4 ,each ton of garbage produced #ed4hg pounds of grease and #afb4a pounds of tankage4 ,the grease value per ton of garbage was #b1dce2 the tankage1 #fj cents1 and the hides #e cents1 or a total of #c1jhe per ton of garbage4 ,the actual cost of operation was #dj1bbj4gh or #a1hei per ton4 ,the net profits were #bf1ejb4eg or #a4bbf per ton of garbage4 ,cleveland in one year produced #b1idj1jjj pounds of grease and #aj1jaf1jjj pounds of tankage1 the city receiving for them #aea1afb4dh4 ,this reduction cost per ton of green garbage was #a4ig and the earnings per ton of green garbage was #c4dg1 making the net earnings per ton of garbage #a4di4 ,new ,york ,city is selling its garbage to a private company4 ,it made a contract for #aiad to #aiaf1 inclusive1 and the right to renew the contract for two more years on the same terms and conditions4 ,the city receives at the rate of #fb1ejj for the first1 #hg1ejj for the second1 and #aab1ejj for the third and each of the succeeding two years4 ,plans are now being made to operate a municipal plant4 ,table ,,vii ,,methods ,,and ,,cost ,,of ,,disposing ,,of ,,garbage ,name ,method of ,by ,whom ,done ,city ,own ,city ,is ,disposal ,dump8 ,if ,not1 ,own farm ,annual ,rental ,farm ,rented and by ,hogs8 ,city8 ,new ,york ,reduction4 ,contract4 ,city#ed ,building municipal plant4 ,buffalo ,dumping and ,contract4 ,some of them4 ,incineration4 ,rochester ,reduction4 ,contract4 ,city has decided to own its plant4 ,albany ,fed to pigs4 ,contract4 ,no4 ,no4 ,binghamton ,feeding and ,private ,no4 ,no4 burning4 sanitary companies4 ,schenectady ,reduction4 ,city4 ,syracuse ,reduction4 ,contract1 planning municipal operation4 ,troy ,dumping4 ,contract4 #ab1jjj ,yonkers ,incineration4 ,city4 ,utica ,reduction4 ,contract4 ,new ,rochelle ,incineration4 ,watertown ,feeding to ,no4 ,no4 pigs4 ,auburn ,dumping and ploughing under4 ,beacon ,dumping for ,no4 ,no fill4 rental4 ,mechanicville,dumping for ,contract4 ,no4 ,no fill4 rental4 ,dunkirk ,feeding and ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ploughing under4 ,saratoga ,dumping4 #ej per yr4 ,middletown ,dumping for ,no4 fill4 ,kingston ,dumping4 ,no4 ,jamestown ,ploughing ,contract4 ,no4 under4 ,fulton ,dumping for ,yes4 fill4 ,port ,jervis ,dumping4 ,contract4 ,no4 ,elmira ,incineration ,dumping only,no4 #cjj4 and dumping4 by city4 ,salamanca ,dumping4 ,city4 ,rome ,dumping4 ,niagara ,falls,dumping in river4 ,cortland ,dumping4 ,contract4 ,no4 ,cohoes ,dumping4 ,owned by contractor4 ,plattsburgh ,dumping on land ,one dump4 and in water4 ,ithaca ,dumping for ,city4 ,some4 ,no fill4 rental4 ,olean ,feeding to ,no4 ,no4 hogs4 ,johnstown ,dumping4 ,no4 #ajj per year4 ,ogdensburg ,dumping4 ,gloversville ,dumping4 ,contract4 ,yes4 ,hudson ,feeding to ,contract4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 hogs4 ,little ,falls ,feeding to ,contract4 ,no4 ,no4 hogs4 ,north ,ploughed under4,contract4 ,no4 ,no ,tonawanda rental4 ,newburgh ,feeding and ,contract4 ,no4 ,no4 ploughing under4 ,norwich ,dumping4 ,no4 #ej4 ,mount ,vernon ,feeding and ,contract4 ,contractor ,no4 ,no4 dumping for rents it4 fill4 ,lockport ,feeding and ,city4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,no4 dumping4 ,hornell ,feeding and ,city4 ,no4 #ej4 ,no4 ,no4 ploughing under4 ,rensselaer ,feeding and ,city4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,no4 dumping4 ,batavia ,dumping and ,city4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,no4 feeding4 ,tonawanda ,feeding and ,contract4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 dumping4 ,corning ,feeding to ,contract4 ,contractor ,no4 ,no4 hogs4 owns farm4 ,oswego ,dumping on land4 ,canandaigua ,feeding to ,private ,no4 ,no4 hogs4 company4 ,borough of ,crematories1 ,crematories ,no4 ,queens dumping and and dumps reduction4 by city4 ,reduction by contract4 ,amsterdam ,incineration4 ,city4 ,poughkeepsie ,dumping4 ,city4 ,no4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,incineration4 ,contract4 ,columbus1 ,reduction4 ,city4 ,ohio ,cincinnati1 ,reduction4 ,contract4 ,o4 ,milwaukee1 ,incineration4 ,city4 ,wis4 ,detroit1 ,reduction4 ,contract4 ,mich4 ,washington1 ,reduction4 ,contract4 ,d4 ,c4 ,st4 ,louis1 ,reduction4 ,contract4 ,mo4 ,lawrence1 ,feeding to ,two ,mass4 pigs4 loads daily sent to ,poor ,farm4 ,rest sold4 ,new ,orleans1 ,dumping for ,city4 ,yes4 ,la4 fill4 ,hartford1 ,feeding to pigs,city4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,conn4 and burned4 ,baltimore1 ,reduction4 ,contract4 ,md4 ,bridgeport1 ,reduction4 ,contract4 ,conn ,cleveland1 ,o4,reduction4 ,city4 ,lowell1 ,mass4,fed to pigs4 ,cambridge1 ,fed to pigs4 ,mass4 ,louisville1 ,dumping4 ,no4 ,ky4 ,pittsburgh1 ,reduction4 ,contract4 ,pa4 ,denver1 ,col4 ,fed to hogs4 ,contract4 ,no4 ,savannah1 ,ga4,incineration4 ,city4 ,chicago1 ,ill4,reduction and ,city4 incineration4 ,kansas ,city1 ,fed to pigs4 ,contract4 ,no4 ,mo4 ,boston1 ,mass4,reduction4 ,contract4 ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,fed to pigs4 ,grand ,rapids1,fed to pigs4 ,no4 ,mich4 ,minneapolis1 ,incineration4 ,city4 ,minn4 ,st4 ,paul1 ,fed to hogs4 ,no4 ,minn4 ,jersey ,city1 ,dumping for ,contract4 ,n4 ,j4 fill4 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,burial4 ,j4 ,paterson1 ,n4 ,incineration4 ,city4 ,j4 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,incineration4 ,city4 ,j4 ,dayton1 ,o4 ,reduction4 ,city4 ,providence1 ,fed to pigs4 ,no4 ,r4 ,i4 ,charleston1 ,dumping4 ,s4 ,c4 ,nashville1 ,feeding to ,tenn4 hogs4 ,seattle1 ,dumping for ,city4 ,wash4 fill4 ,spokane1 ,incineration4 ,city4 ,wash4 ,oakland1 ,cal4,dumping in ,contract4 ocean and incineration4 ,new ,bedford1 ,reduction4 ,contract4 ,mass4 ,springfield1 ,reduction4 ,contract4 ,mass4 ,portland1 ,incineration4 ,city4 ,ore4 ,philadelphia1,reduction and ,contract4 ,pa4 feeding to pigs4 ,scranton1 ,pa4,incineration4 ,city4 ,reading1 ,pa4 ,incineration4 ,city4 ,richmond1 ,va4,incineration4 ,city4 ,los ,angeles1 ,reduction and ,contract4 ,cal4 feeding to pigs4 ,san ,reduction4 ,contract4 ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4,reduction4 ,contract4 ,indianapolis1,reduction4 ,contract4 ,ind4 ,toledo1 ,o4 ,worcester1 ,feeding to ,city4 ,yes4 ,no4 ,mass4 pigs4 ,new ,haven1 ,feeding to pigs ,yes4 ,conn4 and composting4 ,birmingham1 ,dumping on ,city4 ,ala4 land4 ,memphis1 ,incineration ,city4 ,yes4 ,tenn4 and dumps4 ,omaha1 ,neb4 ,feeding to ,no4 pigs4 ,fall ,river1 ,feeding to ,contract4 ,no4 ,mass4 pigs4 ,name ,kind of ,plant ,capacity ,when ,design ,built ,new ,york ,reduction4 #b1jjj tons4#ahif ,arnold4 ,city#ed ,buffalo ,incineration4 #dj tons4 #aijc ,heenan- ,froude4 ,rochester ,reduction4 #aijg ,genesee ,reduction ,co4 ,albany ,binghamton ,schenectady ,reduction4 #cj tons4 #aiad ,chamberlain4 ,syracuse ,troy ,yonkers ,incineration4 #i tons4 #ahci ,n4 ,y4 ,garbage ,crematory4 ,utica ,reduction4 ,new ,rochelle #aiag ,morse- ,boulger4 ,watertown ,auburn ,beacon ,mechanicville ,dunkirk ,saratoga ,middletown ,kingston ,jamestown ,fulton ,port ,jervis ,elmira ,incineration4 ,uses about #aijf half city garbage4 ,salamanca ,rome ,niagara ,falls ,cortland ,cohoes ,plattsburgh ,ithaca ,olean ,johnstown ,ogdensburg ,gloversville ,hudson ,little ,falls ,north ,tonawanda ,newburgh ,norwich ,mount ,vernon ,lockport ,hornell ,rensselaer ,batavia ,tonawanda ,corning ,oswego ,canandaigua ,borough of #c crematories4 #cj #aijj ,queens tons4#eg ,amsterdam ,poughkeepsie ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,incineration4 #bej tons4 #aiac ,destructor ,co4 ,columbus1 ,reduction4 #bjj tons4 #aiaj ,ohio ,cincinnati1 ,reduction4 ,heenan- ,o4 ,froude4 ,milwaukee1 ,incineration4 #cjj tons4 #aiaj ,wis4 ,detroit1 ,reduction4 ,detroit ,mich4 ,reduction ,co4 ,washington1 ,reduction4 #aijj ,arnold4 ,d4 ,c4 ,st4 ,louis1 ,reduction4 #djj tons4 #aiac ,mo4 ,lawrence1 ,mass4 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,bridgeport1 ,reduction4 #fj tons4 #aiaj ,conn ,cleveland1 ,o4,reduction4 #cjj tons4 #aije ,newburgh ,reduction ,co4 ,lowell1 ,mass4 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,pittsburgh1 ,reduction4 ,pa4 ,denver1 ,col4 ,savannah1 ,ga4,incineration4 #acj tons4 #aiad ,heenan- ,froude4 ,chicago1 ,ill4,reduction4 #ijj tons4 #aiac ,arnold4 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,boston1 ,mass4,reduction4 ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,minneapolis1 ,incineration4 #aije ,decarie4 ,minn4 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j4 ,paterson1 ,n4 ,incineration4 #fj tons4 #aiab ,destruction ,j4 ,co4 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,incineration4 #fe tons4 #aija ,davis4 ,j4 ,dayton1 ,o4 ,reduction4 #abe tons4 #aiae ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,seattle1 ,wash4 ,spokane1 ,incineration4 #abj tons4 #aijh ,decarie4 ,wash4 ,oakland1 ,cal4,incineration4 #ajj tons4 #aijg ,decarie4 ,new ,bedford1 ,reduction4 #cj tons4 #aije ,mass4 ,springfield1 ,reduction4 #ge tons4 #aiac ,mass4 ,portland1 ,incineration4 #aej tons4 #aiaj ,f4 ,p4 ,smith ,ore4 ,philadelphia1,reduction4 #ejj tons4 ,pa4 ,scranton1 ,pa4,incineration4 #hj tons4 ,lewis ,kitchen ,co4 ,reading1 ,pa4 ,incineration4 #ajj tons4 #aiad ,richmond1 ,va4,incineration4 #ajj tons4 #aiaj ,morse1 ,boulger ,decarie4 ,los ,angeles1 ,reduction4 #cjj tons4 #aiae ,cal4 ,san ,reduction4 #gej tons4 #ahig ,chas4 ,francisco1 ,thackery ,cal4 patents4 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,toledo1 ,o4 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,birmingham1 ,ala4 ,memphis1 ,incineration4 #ej tons4 ,tenn4 ,omaha1 ,neb4 ,fall ,river1 ,mass4 ,name ,any ,odor8 ,annual ,cost ,by- ,what is ,done of ,products with ,by- ,operation ,products ,new ,york ,grease and ,city#ed tankage4 ,buffalo ,rochester ,grease and tankage4 ,albany ,binghamton ,schenectady ,yes4 #bg1jjj4jj,tankage ,sold4 and grease4 ,syracuse ,at times4 ,troy ,yonkers ,no4 #c1chj4ej ,utica ,very little4 ,grease4 ,sold for soap1 residue used for fuel4 ,new ,rochelle ,watertown ,auburn ,beacon ,mechanicville ,dunkirk ,saratoga ,middletown ,kingston ,jamestown ,fulton ,port ,jervis ,elmira ,no4 ,none4 ,salamanca ,rome ,niagara ,falls ,cortland ,cohoes ,plattsburgh ,ithaca ,olean ,johnstown ,ogdensburg ,gloversville ,hudson ,little ,falls ,north ,tonawanda ,newburgh ,norwich ,mount ,vernon ,lockport ,hornell ,rensselaer ,batavia ,tonawanda ,corning ,oswego ,canandaigua ,borough of 4#afa cu4 ,queens yd4#eh ,amsterdam ,poughkeepsie ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,none from #be per ton,cinders4 ,dumped4 operation4 ,columbus1 ,slight4 #a4hf;,grease1 ,sold4 ,ohio tankage1 hides4 ,cincinnati1 ,not #ej feet #fh1hib4de;,electric ,operates ,o4 outside power4 pumping wall station4 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,washington1 #dj miles from ,grease and,sold4 ,d4 ,c4 city4 tankage4 ,st4 ,louis1 ,occasionally ,grease and,sold4 ,mo4 tankage4 ,lawrence1 ,mass4 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,bridgeport1 ,occasionally4 ,conn ,cleveland1 ,o4,very little4 #acb1hij4jj;,grease and,sold4 tankage4 ,lowell1 ,mass4 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,pittsburgh1 ,yes4 ,pa4 ,denver1 ,col4 ,savannah1 ,ga4,no4 4#faeef,steam and ,used on clinker4 roads4 ,chicago1 ,ill4,very little4 ,dried ,sold4 garbage4 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,minneapolis1 ,no4 ,power4 ,heats ,minn4 buildings1 lights buildings and streets4 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j4 ,paterson1 ,n4 ,no4 ,none4 ,j4 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,no4 ,only ,none4 ,j4 ashes4 ,dayton1 ,o4 ,slight4 ,grease and,sold4 tankage4 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,seattle1 ,wash4 ,spokane1 ,no4 ,ashes4 ,sold4 ,wash4 ,oakland1 ,cal4 ,new ,bedford1 ,no4 ,mass4 ,springfield1 ,some4 ,mass4 ,portland1 ,no4 ,ore4 ,philadelphia1,yes4 ,grease and ,pa4 tankage4 ,scranton1 ,pa4,no4 4#bh;,ashes4 ,sold4 ,reading1 ,pa4 ,no4 ,richmond1 ,va4 ,los ,angeles1 ,no4 ,grease and ,cal4 tankage4 ,san ,much4 ,none4 ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,toledo1 ,o4 ,worcester1 ,manure and,sold4 ,mass4 hogs4 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,birmingham1 ,ala4 ,memphis1 ,yes1 at #cj to #dj ,tenn4 times4 ,omaha1 ,neb4 ,fall ,river1 ,mass4 ,name ,annual ,net ,cost of ,disposal#ec ,net ,profit ,revenue from ,by- ,products ,per ,ton ,year ,new ,york #aab1ejj a yr4 ,city#ed ,buffalo #a4be ,rochester ,albany ,binghamton ,schenectady #c1jjj4jj #aj4bc #cd1bjj4jj ,syracuse ,troy ,yonkers #a4dj #c1hhj4ej ,utica #d1ajj4jj ,new ,rochelle ,watertown ,auburn ,beacon ,mechanicville ,dunkirk ,saratoga ,middletown ,kingston ,jamestown ,fulton #fjj4jj ,port ,jervis #ifj4jjee ,elmira ,salamanca ,rome ,niagara ,falls ,cortland #bjj4jjef ,cohoes ,plattsburgh ,ithaca ,olean ,johnstown ,ogdensburg ,gloversville ,hudson ,little ,falls ,north ,tonawanda ,newburgh ,norwich ,mount ,vernon ,lockport ,hornell ,rensselaer ,batavia ,tonawanda ,corning ,oswego ,canandaigua ,borough of ,queens ,amsterdam ,poughkeepsie ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,none4 #ei #ei #ei ,columbus1 #ff1ggb4ce #a4bbf per ton ,ohio ,cincinnati1 #aj1jjj4jja4bffj ,o4 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,detroit1 ,city pays nothing4 ,mich4 ,washington1 #b4cafa #a4hi per ,d4 ,c4 ton#fb ,st4 ,louis1 4#hgfc ,mo4 ,lawrence1 #a4be a load4 ,mass4 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,baltimore1 #fh1jjj4jjfd ,md4 ,bridgeport1 #ejfd ,conn ,cleveland1 ,o4#aie1jjj4jj #a4di per ton ,lowell1 ,mass4 #e1iai4gg ,cambridge1 #ae1jjj4jjfe ,mass4 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,pittsburgh1 #b4be #bij1jjj4jj ,pa4 ,denver1 ,col4 ,free4 ,savannah1 ,ga4 4#cf ,chicago1 ,ill4 #add1gdd4jj ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,boston1 ,mass4 #ibe1cah4efff ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,grand ,rapids1 #de per ton4 ,mich4 ,minneapolis1 #bg1jjj4jj 4#he #af1jjj4jj ,minn4 ,st4 ,paul1 #hj per ton4 ,minn4 ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j4 ,paterson1 ,n4 4#hggfg #i1ebg4db #a4ah ,j4 ,trenton1 ,n4 4#dhfi #g1ajh4cgfi ,j4 ,dayton1 ,o4 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,seattle1 ,wash4 ,spokane1 #e4jj 4#fj ,wash4 ,oakland1 ,cal4 4#fj ,new ,bedford1 #be1ejj4jj ,mass4 ,springfield1 #fh #fh #fh ,mass4 ,portland1 #cdef per 4#cdfi ,ore4 ton4 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,scranton1 ,pa4 ,reading1 ,pa4 #a4jjgj ,richmond1 ,va4 ,los ,angeles1 #ea per ton ,cal4 for reduction1 #a for feeding4 ,san 4#fjga ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,toledo1 ,o4 ,worcester1 #ch1hch4fg ,mass4 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,birmingham1 ,ala4 ,memphis1 ,tenn4 ,omaha1 ,neb4 ,fall ,river1 ,no ,mass4 expense4 ,glens ,falls and ,oneonta1 ,n4 ,y41 report that they have no systems4 ----- ,footnote #ec3 ,a ,includes interest1 depreciation1 maintenance and repair charges4 ,footnote #ed3 ,manhattan1 ,bronx and ,brooklyn ,boroughs only4 ,footnote #ee3 ,collection and disposal4 ,footnote #ef3 ,no cost for superintendence1 man receiving salable rubbish for his pay4 ,footnote #eg3 ,eight-hour capacity4 ,footnote #eh3 ,includes maintenance and repair charges1 and is for crematories only4 ,footnote #ei3 ,plant not yet under control of city1 court action pending4 ,footnote #fj3 ,labor and supply4 ,footnote #fa3 ,gross4 ,footnote #fb3 ,estimated4 ,footnote #fc3 ,contract price4 ,footnote #fd3 ,price paid by city4 ,footnote #fe3 ,city sells for #gj per cord ft4 ,footnote #ff3 ,includes collection4 ,footnote #fg3 ,labor only4 ,footnote #fh3 ,city may buy plant at end of ten years for #ej1jjj1 at end of twenty years it becomes property of city free of cost4 ,footnote #fi3 ,does not include interest and depreciation4 ,footnote #gj3 ,fuel and wages4 ,footnote #ga3 ,price paid reduction company by scavengers4 ,footnote #gb3 ,guaranteed4 ,,care ,,and ,,disposal ,,of ,,manure ,,regulations ,,in ,,many ,,american ,,cities--,,provisions ,,for ,,storing ,,and ,,removing ,,the ,,waste--,,care ,,of ,,stables ,some cities have made very stringent regulations for the care1 collection and disposal of stable manure within their limits2 others are not so exacting and many have not as yet given any thought to the subject1 or if they have no municipal laws have been enacted4 ,the importance of municipal regulation is recognized by all sanitarians1 and especially since the house fly has been regarded as one of the chief spreaders of disease4 ,if for no other reason than to eliminate the greatest breeding place of the fly1 stable manure should be properly cared for1 and stables and other places where animals are kept in cities should be clean4 ,the regulations of most cities require the individual to dispose of the manure on the premises he owns or occupies4 ,only a few cities have a municipal collection system or have the work done under contract4 ,in those cities where gardeners and farmers are permitted to collect the waste voluntarily no trouble has been experienced during the winter months when the farmer is not busy on the soil1 but during the spring and summer1 when the need of cleanliness is greatest1 but when the farmer is too busy planting and harvesting1 the collection is neglected4 ,minneapolis is one of the cities which have suffered in this way4 ,in several cities one or more companies deal in manure1 maintaining wagons exclusively for collection purposes4 ,the manure is carted either to the railroad direct for shipment or to persons purchasing it4 ,in most instances these companies pay a small amount for the manure4 ,the stable manure in ,washington is collected and disposed of in this manner4 ,toronto1 ,canada1 contracts with four different companies to remove the manure4 ,these make a nominal charge for the collection1 the city being under no expense4 ,in ,jersey ,city the waste is carted away by private contractors and most of it is sold to farmers4 ,denver transfers its stable manure to the city dump where it is hid during the summer months and in the spring is sold to gardeners4 ,the city sanitary inspector does not regard this plan as satisfactory4 ,there seems to be an unanimity of opinion among most municipal sanitarians that the city itself should be prepared to remove manure when owners or occupants fail or refuse to do so4 ,every owner should be allowed to sell it if he can2 otherwise1 it should be regarded as a nuisance1 and the city should remove it without compensating the owner1 but charging him for the service4 ,unquestionably as cities continue to grow and as congestion becomes greater such a plan will be adopted by most municipalities4 ,one of the best systems in operation is that in ,columbus1 ,ohio1 where manure is collected by municipal employees from any stable within the city limits4 ,the ,columbus ordinance provides that any person desiring to have the manure removed must take out a permit for such service at a yearly charge of #c for one horse1 #e for two horses and #a for each additional horse4 ,after the ordinance became a law the ,department of ,public ,safety began to notify the public that from and after ,april #a1 #aiab1 no manure would be removed without the payment of a fee4 ,between ,september #a and ,june #a the demand for manure is greatly in excess of the supply and the city could sell three or four times as much as it collects4 ,during the remainder of the year there is practically no demand for the waste as farmers cannot handle it4 ,the collection is made under the following rules3 ,whenever a person pays to the city treasury the ordinance charge for manure collection the ,department of ,public ,service is notified on a blank form4 ,the name1 address1 permit number1 and number of horses are recorded in alphabetical order4 ,to each of the four drivers employed in collection is given a separate list of barns from which to collect1 and each evening he reports the places from which he made collection during the day4 ,following is a detailed statement of the cost of collection and the receipts from the sale of manure for #aiaf when prices were normal3 ,total number of loads hauled #adhf ,total number of tons collected #bigb ,expenses ,teams and labor #b1fhi4be ,superintendent1 inspection1 etc4 #bjj4ba ,repairs1 etc4 #edf4di ,receipts ,sale of manure #b1jbi4ej ,receipts from citizens for collection #fgb4jj ,cash on hand #ae4jj ,open account on books for year #adh4jj ,net cost #gci4ij ,cost of collection per load #b4ca ,cost of collection per load less receipts 4#di ,cost of collection per ton less receipts 4#bd ,the ,civil ,engineer of the ,columbus ,health ,department says that a market has been found for the entire output of the city1 the prevailing price being #b a wagon load delivered anywhere inside the city limits1 and for shipment #ae per average car f4 o4 b4 cars1 city loading station4 ,he further says that about #ae per cent4 of the manure produced in ,columbus1 a city of #bjj1jjj inhabitants1 is collected4 8,it seems10 he says1 8perfectly possible to collect all manure produced in the city at a very low cost to the municipality1 for during the year #aiac only three #b-ton wagons were used in manure collection and they proved to be sufficient to handle the work with ease40 ,in ,chicago manure must be removed every seventy-two hours and collected by licensed scavengers at the expense of the stable owner4 ,only during the last two or three years was specific authority over stables granted to the ,health ,department1 which immediately began an inspection of all stables4 ,of the first #ejj inspected it was found that from a sanitary standpoint they were in very poor condition4 ,an example of stringent regulations in a large city is the ordinance adopted by ,new ,york ,city4 ,it follows3 8,no manure vault1 pit or bin shall be allowed upon the premises used for stabling purposes1 except upon premises used for barning in unimproved sections of the city4 ,all manure and stable refuse shall be kept within the stable and removed daily1 or if not removed daily shall be pressed into bales or barrels adequately screened or otherwise protected or covered so that flies cannot have access thereto1 or otherwise treated as approved by the ,department of ,health4 ,all such manure or stable refuse so baled1 barreled or treated1 shall be removed from stables at least twice weekly4 8,the loading of manure for removal shall be done within the stable without causing a nuisance4 8,no person shall engage in the business of transporting manure or drive any cart for that purpose1 in the ,city of ,new ,york1 without a permit therefor issued by the ,board of ,health or otherwise than in accordance with the terms of said permit and with the regulations of said board4 8,the permit issued by the ,board of ,health shall be securely fastened in a conspicuous place1 on the right side near the front of the vehicle used in the transportation of offensive materials4 ,vehicles used in the transportation of offensive materials while loaded1 either wholly or in part1 shall not remain on the street or place any unreasonable length of time1 and shall not1 except when unavoidable1 stop in front of any premises other than those from which material is being collected4 8,all vehicles and contents therein shall be thoroughly cleaned upon the completion of a day's use1 and so stored as not to cause a nuisance4 8,manure may be transported to a dump operated under a permit issued by the ,department of ,health or to firms in the unimproved sections of the city1 or to points outside the city of ,new ,york4 ,every vehicle used in transporting manure shall be tight and provided with a suitable cover so as to prevent the dropping of manure upon the streets2 if the cover be of canvas or of other similar material1 it shall be of sufficient size completely to cover the manure within the vehicle and shall be securely fastened on all sides of the vehicle4 8,no vehicle engaged in the transportation of manure shall be permitted to load upon the sidewalk1 in the alleyway1 in the yard or any place except the stable40 ,for a small city the ordinance of ,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 contains several good suggestions4 ,it is as follows3 8,all stables1 barns and other places wherein horses or cattle are kept1 shall be kept in a clean and sanitary condition4 ,all accumulations of manure shall be stored in such places and be removed with such frequency and in such manner as to prevent offensive and noxious odors4 ,not more than two loads of horse or cow manure shall be allowed to accumulate on any premises within the city limits and no piles of manure shall be allowed to accumulate in any position or manner whereby they shall become breeding places of flies or whereby any leachings therefrom may pass into any stream or water course4 ,any violation of this ordinance shall subject the offending party to a penalty of not more than #ej for each offense and for each day's continuance or repetition of the offense4 8,no manure or stable refuse shall be deposited within any building or the cellar thereof unless said receptacle shall be enclosed by eight- inch brick1 cement or concrete walls1 all of which shall be waterproofed on sides and have cement waterproof floors1 and connected with public sewers by suitable tile pipes properly trapped and with suitable fall to carry off all liquid1 said outlet to be covered with fine grating or screen1 top of said pit or receptacle to be covered with a tight cover and to have a brick1 cement1 concrete or galvanized iron flue1 at least eight inches in diameter1 and to be air-tight and to extend to the top or cover of said receptacle or pit up to and through the roof1 and at least three feet above said roof and above the roof of any adjoining buildings1 access to said pit to be by door hung on suitable hinges and to be kept closed and fastened except when refuse is being deposited in or removed from the same2 in no case shall said receptacle be constructed within any building where no connection can be made with public sewers4 ,all receptacles for manure or stable refuse that are constructed outside of any building shall be commenced at least twelve inches below the lowest grade of the land adjoining same and shall be waterproof on both sides and covered with suitable cover properly hinged and to be kept closed except when depositing therein or removing manure or refuse therefrom2 the sides of said pit may be constructed of matched plank and as directed by the health officer2 all of the above construction must be so done as to make same inaccessible to flies40 ,exceptional regulations have been noted in the following cities3 ,aberdeen1 ,washington1 does not allow a bin or receptacle to be built nearer to an adjoining house than #be feet4 ,manure for agricultural or garden purposes must be thoroughly mixed and covered with soil so as not to attract flies4 ,bayonne1 ,new ,jersey1 will not allow any pit nearer than #aj feet to the line of any adjoining lot1 alley or public place4 ,truck gardeners must secure a permit to store manure1 and the waste cannot be carted through the streets between #g a4m4 and #f p4m4 without a permit4 ,manure cannot be unloaded1 discharged or put upon or along the line of any railroad 7except in transit71 street or highway4 ,a permit must be secured for cars containing manure to remain on or stand on or along any railroad1 street or highway4 ,in ,cincinnati disinfectants must be used about those portions of the floor where manure and urine habitually fall or are maintained4 ,manure stacked for fertilizer on a truck farm must be at least #ej feet from any dwelling and shall be stored in a closed bin or screened receptacle in order to prevent access of flies thereto4 ,los ,angeles requires a permit from its ,health ,commissioner for piling manure for fertilization1 the permit to designate the place and amount that may be kept4 ,manure cannot be scattered even if covered in ,mankato1 ,minnesota1 except for fertilization or the 8protection of plants1 shrubs1 houses or buildings in winter months40 ,north ,yakima1 ,washington1 requires that manure used as fertilizer from ,may #ae to ,october #ae must be mixed and covered with soil4 ,it cannot be used as grading4 ,in ,oyster ,bay1 ,new ,york1 no manure is allowed to be brought in or unloaded or placed on any dock or landing from ,june #a to ,september #a4 ,all manure brought into town must be entirely removed by ,june #ae4 ,all brought in by rail must be unloaded within #bej feet of any station4 ,several cities provide that all collections or accumulations of any hennery park1 stable refuse or manure in or about any hennery park1 barn1 stable1 yard or appurtenance thereof must be removed before the same shall become offensive4 ,dumping of manure in any river1 canal1 stream or pond is prohibited in ,little ,falls1 ,new ,york4 ,every person keeping a stable for horses1 mules1 cows or similar animals in ,poughkeepsie1 ,new ,york1 must report his name and the location of the stable to the ,health ,officer4 ,there is no general uniformity of regulations as to how often manure shall be removed4 ,in some cities the ordinances are specific1 in others the refuse must be removed when ordered by the ,board of ,health1 and in many it must be carted away before it becomes offensive4 ,some of the various regulations follow3 ,aberdeen1 ,washington1 every #cj days from ,april #a to ,november #a1 and oftener if the ,health ,officer directs2 ,bayonne1 ,new ,jersey1 once a week in all cases where the ,board of ,health by written notice shall require2 ,chattanooga1 ,tennessee1 once a week2 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 once a day and disposed of to the satisfaction of the ,health ,department2 ,des ,moines1 ,iowa1 twice weekly from ,march #ae to ,december #a and once a week thereafter2 ,erie1 ,pennsylvania1 accumulation of only one wagon load from ,may #a to ,october #a in any private stable1 and two loads in any private or livery stable without permission of ,board of ,health2 ,greenfield1 ,mass41 where more than four horses are kept it must be removed at least once a month and no more than five cords are allowed on premises at any one time2 ,los ,angeles1 ,california1 every ten days when kept in bins and every day otherwise2 ,mankato1 ,minnesota1 as often as necessary and when ordered by the ,board of ,health4 ,every city and town should regulate at least the care of manure and in congested communities it is imperative that the city either provide a municipal collection or make provisions whereby the refuse can be removed under contract4 ,any community which fails to do this continues a nuisance and fails to check the breeding of flies and the possible spreading of disease4 ,,municipal ,,clean-,,up ,,campaigns ,,intensive ,,community ,,efforts ,,to ,,teach ,,urban ,,residents ,,the ,,need ,,of ,,cleanliness ,,and ,,fire ,,prevention ,cooperative effort to give the municipality a thorough cleaning at least once a year1 and1 by so doing1 to teach the citizen the importance of continuous cleanliness in and about his home1 has been undertaken within the last ten years by most ,american cities4 ,these intensive community efforts are popularly known as clean-up campaigns4 ,at first the clean-up campaign1 lasting a day or two1 was devoted to ridding homes and yards of rubbish and waste that had accumulated during the winter months4 ,later the campaigns were spread over a week or a longer period1 and now not only is an effort made to collect and cart away the winter's accumulation of waste1 but the city also undertakes to educate its citizens in fire prevention work1 fly and mosquito extermination1 the beautifying of homes and yards1 and the elimination of every unsanitary condition4 ,cellars1 garrets1 back-yards1 vacant lots1 alleys1 public streets--in fact1 every spot in the city1 whether on public or private property1 does not escape the scrutiny of the public officials and citizens' committees4 ,the movement spread rapidly until practically every city had at least a spring campaign4 ,some repeated the effort in the fall4 ,after two or three annual campaigns several municipalities1 particularly the larger ones1 thought that instead of making a limited intensive effort to clean house1 a continuous campaign should be conducted4 ,the advocates of this plan claimed that any periodical effort had a tendency to make the average citizen clean up only during the campaign1 and that during the rest of the year he lapsed into his usual indifference4 ,within the last few years1 therefore1 some cities have abandoned the clean-up campaigns and have made greater efforts during the entire year to rid the community of all unsanitary conditions4 ,the clean-up campaign1 however1 has become a permanent municipal activity in ,america4 ,it has taught the citizen not only his responsibility in and about his home1 but also the need for greater activity by governmental agencies to eliminate general unsanitary conditions4 ,initiating a ,campaign ,in order to initiate a clean-up campaign1 an agitation for it must first be started4 ,the press1 civic organizations and industrial life insurance companies have been the principal agitators4 ,the industrial life insurance companies reach the individual citizen and endeavor to get his cooperation in the movement for more sanitary laws and conditions4 ,unlike the press they reach the foreigner and the class of people who do not read the newspapers1 or at most only the ,sunday editions4 ,some idea of the possibility for individual and community good which these agencies hold in their power may be gained when one considers that one company alone has millions of policy holders in the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,the collectors making their weekly or monthly calls distribute leaflets and circulars disseminating sound ideas in regard to public and private health4 ,it is not possible to over-rate the press as a factor in the clean-up movement4 ,the work of the newspaper does not stop with the spreading of information both before and during the campaign--in some instances it takes part in the activities4 ,the columns of the newspapers are open to everything of a news nature that will materially assist--news stories1 special articles1 editorials1 daily programs1 cartoons and advertisements4 ,while the removal of rubbish is essentially a municipal affair1 in many instances it was not until civic organizations1 such as chambers of commerce1 women's clubs and school clubs1 started an agitation for community effort that cities realized their responsibility and inaugurated campaigns4 ,the ,organization ,in planning the organization of the campaign1 the ,mayor usually appoints a ,clean-up ,week ,committee1 consisting of one representative each from the ,department of ,public ,works or ,street ,cleaning1 ,health and ,fire4 ,this committee outlines the plan and scope of the work4 ,usually the physical work is performed by or under the supervision of the ,bureau of ,street ,cleaning1 although in some cities the health officials have had charge of the work4 ,after a plan has been adopted to interest every man1 woman and child in the community1 a proclamation by the ,mayor starts the ball rolling and the campaign is on4 ,as it is only through local organization that cooperative specific community steps can be taken1 an effort is first made to secure district organization4 ,the industrial insurance companies with their already well organized plans on clean-up1 baby welfare1 health1 fly and mosquito campaigns1 are important agencies for such steps in most cities4 ,the aid of public school principals1 the clergy and others is also sought4 ,very effective organization is secured also through the help of the various welfare and civic organizations4 ,the official ,clean-,up ,week ,committee usually appoints a ,citizens' ,committee1 representing the leaders of the financial1 educational1 business and religious life of the city4 ,the members of this committee offer their time and services free4 ,the ,citizens' ,committee is subdivided1 sometimes into as many as twelve committees1 consisting1 as in ,philadelphia1 of finance1 press1 poster and printed matter1 trade associations1 community associations1 charitable and benevolent associations1 schools and school children1 churches1 retail stores1 street cars1 vacant lots and fire prevention4 ,the following is the plan of organization that has been used by many small cities3 ,one man and one woman as directors of the general movement4 ,a committee on public buildings1 factories and stores4 ,a committee on residences and outbuildings4 ,a committee on streets and alleys4 ,a committee on parking and planting4 ,a committee on painting and repair work4 ,a committee to interest school children4 ,a committee to supply the teams and remove the rubbish4 ,captains for working crews for each day of the campaign4 ,the plan of ,cincinnati is a representative one where the campaign is initiated and carried on by a civic organization with the assistance of public officials4 ,the ,president of the ,chamber of ,commerce of that city suggested it might be worth while to start a clean-up movement1 and1 accordingly1 a number of letters were sent to prominent people informing them of the proposed movement1 and asking1 if they thought the idea worthy of merit1 to meet at the ,chamber of ,commerce on a certain evening4 ,thirty-five persons1 representatives of organizations and the city government1 all enthusiastic over the idea1 met as suggested4 ,a committee1 consisting of the ,superintendent of ,schools1 ,superintendent of ,salvage ,corps1 ,executive ,secretary of the ,chamber1 and the ,chief of ,police1 was appointed to plan the organization and name officers and members of committees4 ,this committee submitted a report laying out a plan along the following lines3 #a4 ,organization by districts coextensive with public school districts4 #b4 ,these district organizations to be uniform in character as far as possible4 #c4 ,the work in each district to be done by the people in that district4 #d4 ,general committees1 the members to form the ,general ,council in charge of the campaign4 #e4 ,an ,executive ,committee to be composed of the chairmen of the ,general ,committees1 and to be in immediate charge of the campaign4 #f4 ,the campaign to extend over a number of weeks and to be followed by a general inspection of the buildings of that city4 ,the report of this ,committee1 including its selection of the ,superintendent of ,schools as ,general ,chairman and the ,manager of the ,civic and ,industrial ,department of the ,chamber of ,commerce as ,general ,secretary1 was submitted to a large meeting attended by representatives of the civic organizations1 the ,state ,fire ,marshal1 the schools1 the ,fire ,prevention ,bureau1 the ,salvage ,corps and others4 ,its plan of organization was adopted and its selection of members of the committees approved4 ,the ,mayor promised the cooperation of all city departments4 ,publicity ,plans ,the keystone in the arch of any successful campaign is effective publicity4 ,this is obtained through newspapers1 bulletins1 circulars1 buttons1 rubber stamps1 placards1 posters1 motion pictures1 banners1 trolley cars1 bill boards and private advertising4 ,cincinnati reports that no other factor contributed more to the success of its campaign than the newspapers4 ,by giving daily reports of the progress of the work during clean-up week the press created a rivalry among the various wards4 ,in the ,philadelphia campaign the total space devoted to newspaper publicity amounted to #ad1bbe lines1 or #hh full length columns of printed matter1 of one column a day for eleven days in each of the ,philadelphia newspapers4 ,for the benefit of the foreign born the same information was printed in every foreign newspaper published in that city4 ,cartoonists depicted ,clean-up ,week as a family affair and showed it to be a real pleasure as well as a necessity4 ,the editorial writers in a more serious vein urged the necessity of cooperation and pointed the way to communal benefits to follow4 ,bulletins1 properly distributed1 are effective in arousing civic pride and procuring the cooperation of householders4 ,the first should be the official proclamation by the ,mayor4 ,the ,mayor of ,kirkville1 ,illinois1 gave this advice in his proclamation3 ,if your store is dingy--paint it4 ,if your awning is ragged and old1 get a new one4 ,if your walk is an eyesore to those traveling over it1 repair it or have a new one4 ,if there are unsightly traps in front of your property1 or broken limbs1 burn them4 ,if in your back yard there are old1 tumble-down sheds1 tear them down4 ,the ground is too valuable1 and such things detract from the beauty of the home--and the town4 ,clean out all barnyards and stables at once4 ,don't give the flies a chance to breed4 ,clean out the alleys back of your homes4 ,take all rubbish and ashes from your back yard immediately4 ,by all means do your part to make ,kirkville a cleaner and more beautiful city4 ,some cities have obtained good results with circular letters signed by some public official4 ,these are usually sent to the various organizations1 ministers and physicians1 asking them to urge the cooperation of their members1 congregations or the households they visit4 ,a few cities have adopted the plan of sending letters to all advertisers and every concern known to manufacture1 advertise or sell any kind of an article used for cleaning purposes1 requesting them to increase the amount of local publicity4 ,new ,york ,city in one campaign used four million circulars printed in five languages4 ,one circular reads as follows3 8,to every owner1 occupant1 representative of any building1 apartment1 room1 yard or vacant lot3 ,you are hereby notified to prepare and place within the stoop line for removal all rubbish and waste material1 from lots1 lofts1 fire escapes1 cellars1 yards1 alleys1 air shafts1 rooms and apartments4 ,old bedding1 rugs1 paper1 furniture1 broken-up boxes1 and barrels2 glassware should be placed in barrels1 boxes and bundles4 ,it is against the law to throw materials in the streets4 ,neglect to comply with this notice will result in prosecution4 ,the wagons will call at #h ,a4 ,m4 ,wednesday1 ,may #bj40 ,placards bearing the silhouette figure of ,william ,penn majestically swinging a broom over the city from his dizzy perch on top of the ,city ,hall appeared in every one of the #cbjj trolley cars during a ,philadelphia campaign4 ,these were placed in the front and rear entrances in such a way that only the figure was visible from the outside4 ,the appearance of the black and white sketch minus title or descriptive matter of any kind was perplexing to the passengers on entering the car1 and they immediately looked at the reverse side for an explanation4 ,they got it in the form of an announcement for the annual ,clean-up ,week1 with just enough information and advice to be profitable1 and most effective4 ,this same figure was also distributed among the schools1 libraries1 railroad stations and other prominent places4 ,in various cities buttons are distributed bearing such inscriptions as 8,clean ,up and ,paint ,up4 ,i ,will1 ,will ,you80 and 8,scoot ,home and ,scrub40 ,slogans are usually selected after competition for a prize by the school children4 ,among the most effective posters used are window signs to call rubbish carts1 and cards to be placed in the windows of homes4 ,one house poster announced 8,we are ,assisting in the ,clean-,up and ,paint-,up ,campaign4 ,are ,you80 ,posters have also been used in street cars1 and on wagons and motor trucks4 ,fire warning cards have been sent by some cities to cigar stores1 fireproof material manufacturers1 and gas companies4 ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 was one of the first cities to have fire warnings printed on caps for milk bottles4 ,others have used the backs of transfer tickets issued by street railway companies4 ,one of the most effective fire warnings read3 8,see that your good cigar or cigarette does not cause a bad fire40 ,philadelphia distributed blotters among the school children4 ,in ,toledo the school children1 dressed as little ,white ,wings1 carried banners bearing the inscription 8,b-,r-,i-,g-,h-,t-,e-,n ,u-,p40 ,the bill posting companies1 in some instances1 donate space for the use of large posters4 ,street cars and station platforms are also utilized in an effort to attract the attention of citizens to do their duty cleaning their premises4 ,the delivery forces of department stores and milk companies are pressed into service1 each wagon being supplied with pamphlets and cards to be left with each package or bottle of milk4 ,motion pictures and lantern slides showing the ravages of the fly1 and actual conditions existing from dirt are an important factor in bringing the necessity for cleanliness before citizens and school children4 ,by way of stimulating effort in the school children of ,kewanee1 ,illinois1 motion pictures were shown depicting the success of children in beautifying their school grounds and gardens in other cities4 ,the members of the ,new ,york ,street ,cleaning ,department gave illustrated lectures during the ,clean-,up ,campaigns4 ,on the screens of #bje motion picture theaters in ,philadelphia were shown nightly for four weeks attractively arranged slides telling the audience what to do and how to do it4 ,the 8,before0 and 8,after0 clean-up pictures proved very popular and instructive4 ,because of the great popularity of motion pictures this form of advertising is especially effective4 ,the general secretary of the campaign in ,cincinnati had prepared a set of lantern slides from photographs one year and these were used to illustrate addresses given the next year4 ,in all large cities there is much private advertising during these campaigns4 ,in some1 the regular advertising pages of the newspapers for weeks have individual advertisements of department stores1 calling attention to the reduced prices of articles used for cleaning purposes4 ,the more enterprising managers try to outrival each other in the amount of space covered4 ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 one of the pioneer cities in the organization of the clean-up movement1 arranged its publicity for one of its recent campaigns thus3 ,the cooperation of the daily press4 ,the exhibition of slides in motion picture theaters4 ,sending letters to all lodges and orders asking for cooperation4 ,asking the light companies to print fire warnings on the backs of their bills1 and the railway companies to do the same on their transfers4 ,the light companies also displayed similar information on their electric signs4 ,use of the ,boy ,scouts to distribute dodgers to householders4 ,the cooperation of the clergy in preaching proper sermon4 ,cooperation of the real estate exchange in cleaning up and keeping clean all buildings1 of which the exchange has charge4 ,inducing manufacturers to print suitable copy on pay envelopes4 ,sending fire warnings in printed form to cigar stores4 ,arrange that all caps for milk bottles during clean-up week be printed with a fire warning4 ,secure the cooperation of all concerns selling fireproof materials such as cement1 asbestos1 fireproof paint and roofing1 by asking them to advertise heavily during the week4 ,the ,commissioner of ,public ,works consented to allow posters to be placed on the back of rubbish wagons1 and the ,commissioner of ,public ,safety offered the use of the big fire engines for the same purpose4 ,the ,cooperating ,forces ,the greater the number of cooperating forces and agencies the more successful will be the campaign4 ,all contribute to make the city more livable4 ,the greatest factor in the clean-up movement is the children4 ,nothing that is done can be accomplished without their help4 ,of the hundreds of cities interested in clean-up campaigns very few can be found where the school children have not been actively identified with the work4 ,no stone has been left unturned to encourage the teachers to give the children the clean-up spirit4 ,one of the best means of reaching adults is through their children1 and the education of the children themselves along these lines will contribute materially to their sense of proper community conditions when they become men and women4 ,it is acknowledged that what is most needed in a boy nowadays is the right spirit1 to insure him a clean life in talk1 habits and associates2 keeping the city's streets clean is a certain responsibility that makes him more careful in his own habits4 ,children are pressed into service in many ways1--through clubs composed of boys and girls1 ,boy ,scouts1 ,camp ,fire ,girls1 ,city ,clubs1 ,junior ,league ,clubs and ,junior ,civic ,clubs4 ,cleveland1 ,chicago1 ,new ,york1 ,spokane1 ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j42 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,dallas1 ,texas2 ,toledo1 ,ohio2 ,denver1 ,colo42 ,cincinnati1 ,pensacola1 ,fla42 ,bay ,city1 ,oregon2 ,antlers1 ,okla42 ,denison1 ,texas1 are only a few of the cities where children have been active4 ,there are various ways of rewarding the children for their work4 ,some cities believe that money prizes appeal to children more than medals1 badges1 etc41 and so have created special funds for that purpose1 usually collected by some civic organization4 ,other cities give medals1 buttons1 puzzles1 school equipment--stereopticon with lantern slides1 maps1 pictures1 plans2--sporting equipment--baseball and football masks1 balls and bats1 cameras1 free tickets to moving picture theaters4 ,in some instances the school children have become enthusiastic to the point of organizing magazines in the schools1 devoted entirely to the ,clean-,up ,campaign4 ,the children of the ,clifton ,school in ,cincinnati issued a magazine called ,the ,school ,circle4 ,in some cities packets of flower and garden seeds are distributed among the children1 and all vacant lots1 back yards and stretches of ground not utilized are cleared of rubbish and dug up and seeded4 ,under the direction of a ,captain1 school boys of ,spokane1 ,washington1 were organized into corps which cleaned up the residence section1 then hauled the refuse away to the public dumps in wheelbarrows and express wagons4 ,another method used to good advantage by ,salt ,lake ,city was to get the boys of each district bordering on dirty vacant lots to clean them up and prepare them for baseball grounds4 ,after this had been done the ,inspector of ,public ,health gave the boys baseball bats1 balls and equipment4 ,at the suggestion of ,mayor ,cochran of ,antlers1 ,oklahoma1 the ,progressive ,club and the ,ladies' ,civic ,club combined in a program that was very successful4 ,the boys of the city gathered up all the rubbish and placed it on the curbs1 and the city wagons removed it4 ,a committee appointed by the club solicited funds to reward the boys4 ,as a preliminary to the general clean-up movement in ,bay ,city1 ,oregon1 the ,commercial ,clubs1 in conjunction with the ,ladies' ,civic ,league1 offered three prizes to the boys collecting the greatest number of sacks of rubbish by ,april #e4 ,one city in ,ohio gave each child collecting one hundred tin cans a free ticket to a motion picture theater4 ,judge ,albert ,besson of ,chelsea1 ,mass41 found a novel use for six boys1 averaging fifteen years old1 brought before him for sentence for entering freight cars and stealing candy4 ,he sentenced them to keep a certain city street clear of waste for six months4 ,the street in question is a long one1 and friends of the boys living on it made things interesting for the culprits keeping the cigarette stubs1 tin cans1 papers and milk bottles picked up4 ,the boys were supervised by two policemen4 ,the children of the sixth and seventh grades in one school in ,inchester1 ,pa41 started a tin can crusade1 which aroused every citizen in the city4 ,with two days of the contest still to run1 the children had gathered #cg1jjj tin cans4 ,in accordance with the proclamation of the ,governor1 the ,mayor of ,montpelier1 ,vermont1 observed ,april #be as ,arbor ,day and ,clean-,up ,day4 ,outdoor exercises were held1 including an address by the ,mayor4 ,the children were not required to attend school in the afternoon provided they spent two hours cleaning up the streets and grounds about their homes4 ,toledo school children were divided into squads and to each was given a section of a ward4 ,each day a ward was cleaned and the results were printed in the next day's papers1 thus creating rivalry among the children4 ,everywhere the ,boy ,scout has found his level in the ,clean-,up ,campaign4 ,it is a ,scout law that he must be clean4 ,almost every troop of ,scouts has done its full quota in civic1 local or county clean-ups4 ,in patrol or by troop they care for school grounds1 public grounds1 make systematic campaigns against flies and mosquitoes1 destroy their breeding places2 plant trees1 bushes and shrubs2 in general1 keep the streets free of litter and waste of all kinds4 ,divided into squads1 they do much for city betterment4 ,vacant lots1 waste property1 fields and streets are rid of tin cans1 milk bottles1 scrap iron1 weeds1 and in their places flowers1 vegetables and shrubbery planted2 unsightly billboards removed4 ,sometimes they are paid for their work by the ,civic ,leagues1 as in the case of ,cornwall1 ,n4 ,y41 and ,st4 ,paul1 ,minnesota4 ,in many cities the ,scouts have done splendid work in inspection duty1 reporting all unsanitary conditions4 ,in patrols1 troops or companies they are assigned to investigate and report to the superintendent of streets or the organization having charge of the clean-up4 ,the inspection is done day by day as the clean-up progresses1 and any oversight or unsanitary condition reported at once4 ,another method of interesting children is the organization of boys and girls into what is known as ,city ,clubs1 whose duty it is to keep the streets clean4 ,the clubs are limited to #be members each4 ,the members wear buttons and each one is provided with blanks on which to report4 ,in some instances these clubs work throughout the year but usually their work is confined to the spring clean-up1 in which event they attend to the general clearing up of vacant lots1 back yards1 school property1 and cart it to the curbs for the city dump wagons to haul away4 ,in ,boston1 under the auspices of the ,women's ,municipal ,league1 the ,junior ,municipal ,league1 loaded with posters reading 8,do you have pride in your city8 ,then ,clean ,it ,up10 and armed with brooms1 shovels and rakes1 proceeded to clean up4 8,little ,italy0 was no small job4 ,how the children first became interested in cleaning up this district is told about a little ,italian girl who persuaded her merchant father to put covers on his barrels because the papers blew about and littered the back yard4 ,this so improved the appearance that the child decided to sweep the back porch every morning before going to school4 ,one morning a policeman saw her doing this and remarked on the improvement and gave her a button2 immediately all the children in the neighborhood became industrious4 ,gratifying results were obtained in ,kewanee1 ,illinois1 through the cooperation of the ,superintendent of ,schools and the ,junior ,civic ,club1 consisting of #fej members from the seven schools of the city4 ,to each pupil desiring to become a member was presented a button in the school colors1 bearing the words 8,i ,will ,help ,kewanee40 ,a photograph was taken of the child's home1 showing as clearly as possible what he desired to improve4 ,a letter was sent to the parents of the members of the ,club1 stating that the ,kewanee ,civic ,club offered prizes to children who would make the most progress in cleaning up yards at home1 plant flowers1 make gardens1 and do any other work4 ,for the best showing in each school district #e in gold was first prize1 and #b4ej in gold second prize4 ,to all the children who made an honest effort to clean up and beautify their yards were given diplomas of award signed by the ,superintendent of ,schools and the ,committee4 ,the taking of the pictures was a most expensive plan1 but the expenses were materially reduced because the ,camera ,club of the ,high ,school contributed largely of their time4 ,a contest in growing vegetables and making gardens was begun in the summer1 and in the fall prizes were offered for the best showing4 ,in order to stimulate interest in that direction1 motion pictures showing what children had done in other cities were used4 ,a school in one city presented a one-act play typifying the following characters3 ,fly1 waste1 paper1 fire1 soot1 dirt1 microbe1 sickness1 death1 sorrow1 poverty1 cleanliness1 swatter1 refuse pail1 fire prevention1 paint1 scrub brush1 soap1 water and flowers4 ,lines were fitted to each character1 and in the end cleanliness and happiness overcame sickness and dirt4 ,although not always taking an active part in the cleaning up1 women's clubs have been a great factor for good in instigating general clean-up4 ,there is scarcely a city in the country where the women in one way or another have not done much propaganda work1 and in many instances offered active service and financial support4 ,cincinnati is unanimous in its opinion that it owes its successful campaigns to the ,cincinnati ,woman's ,club1 which organization was responsible for the first effort toward a general clean-up years ago4 ,the prominent women residents of ,cornwall1 ,n4 ,y41 members of the ,improvement ,society1 having failed to get the ,moodine ,creek and adjacent property cleaned up by the ,board of ,health1 after an appeal1 formed what they called the ,tin ,can ,committee1 and started a campaign of housecleaning on their own account4 ,flanked by a squad of ,boy ,scouts1 they marched to the ,moodine with rakes and hoes and began to clean up the thickets of the creek on both sides4 ,special ,activities ,besides the general cleaning work for the removal of rubbish and waste many cities add special activities to their programs4 ,these are found to be helpful in improving both sanitary and esthetic conditions4 ,in a few cities drastic measures are resorted to in special cases4 ,in ,philadelphia1 for example1 the names of #fjj owners of unimproved property which required cleaning were obtained and to each was sent a written request to improve conditions4 ,the results were gratifying4 ,in other places photographs of unsanitary conditions have been taken and the pictures either published or sent to the owners or occupants of the premises4 ,in ,chicago an agitation was started to clean the roofs in the downtown district1 as it was claimed that most of the dirt filling the air and streets was blown from the roofs1 which had not been cleaned since they were built4 ,school gardens and tree planting are popular in many cities and are made a part of the ,clean-,up ,campaign program4 ,through tireless energy the ,director of ,social ,centers of the public schools in ,cincinnati succeeded in having hundreds of school gardens planted4 ,many of these were planted in vacant lots which had formerly been the abiding place of heaps of rubbish4 ,one was upon what had been for years an objectionable public dump adjacent to a school4 ,several loads of dirt were applied in the fall and the cost defrayed from the campaign fund4 ,in ,september an exhibit of school garden products was held and prizes offered4 ,intensive vacant lot and back yard gardening campaigns were conducted in most ,american cities during the spring and summer of #aiag4 ,although these campaigns resulted from the need to increase production1 they assisted materially in eliminating many unsanitary spots in every city4 ,a ,cincinnati firm in former years distributed trees in great numbers among the school children of the city and adjacent communities4 ,upon the suggestion of the ,clean-,up ,committee it decided again to make such distribution as a part of the ,clean-,up ,campaign1 this time peach trees4 ,cards were given to all the school children who would agree to plant and care for the trees4 ,eighty-four thousand of these trees were distributed4 ,the trees planted will bear fruit worth many thousands of dollars4 ,the distribution of them formed a distinctive and unique feature of the ,cincinnati campaign4 ,fire ,prevention and ,inspection ,the fact that in ,philadelphia in one year the loss by fire from combustible materials alone was #cjj1jjj shows how important is fire prevention in the clean-up work4 ,realizing the conditions and the effective means which clean-up campaigns offer to improve them1 many cities have laid special emphasis upon safety as well as sightliness and cleanliness4 ,the effort of ,cincinnati illustrates the results that have been achieved in many other communities4 ,,inspector',s ,,report 7#aiae74 8,,clean-,,up ,,and ,,paint-,,up0 ,,campaign4 ,under ,auspices of ,cincinnati ,chamber of ,commerce4 ,illustration ,ward ,,inspector',s ,,report ,precinct ,location44444444444444444,date444444444 4444444444444444444444444444#aia ,occupation44444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444444444444 ,owner or ,agt444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444 ,address44444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444444444444 ,instructions--,inspect ,entire ,premises4 ,note ,defects by ,opposite ,key ,nos4 #ast ,insp4 #bnd ,insp4 ,cellar444444 44444444 44444444 #a4 ,rubbish 7including rags ,hallways4444 44444444 44444444 and waste paper74 #ast ,story444 44444444 44444444 #b4 ,garbage in other than #bnd ,story444 44444444 44444444 covered metal cans or pails4 #crd ,story444 44444444 44444444 #c4 ,ashes in other than #dth ,story444 44444444 44444444 covered metal cans or pails4 #eth ,story444 44444444 44444444 #d4 ,old lumber or furniture4 #fth ,story444 44444444 44444444 #e4 ,general ,unclean ,condition4 ,attic4444444 44444444 44444444 #f4 ,fire ,escapes ,obstructed4 ,yard44444444 44444444 44444444 #g4 ,hallways or ,stairways ,alley4444444 44444444 44444444 ,obstructed with goods4 ,vacant ,lot44 44444444 44444444 #h4 ,unsanitary ,toilet4 ,stable444444 44444444 44444444 #i4 ,privy ,vault4 ,store4444444 44444444 44444444 #aj4 ,open manure pile4 444444444444 44444444 44444444 #aa4 ,frame ,fire ,risks to be 444444444444 44444444 44444444 ,torn ,down4 ,other ,defects444444444444444444444 ,do ,not ,fill ,out 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,referred to ,date 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,state ,f4 ,m44444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,police ,dept4444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,fire ,dept444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,health ,dept4444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,bldg4 ,com444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444444444 ,department44447,signed74444444444444444 444444441 ,inspector ,fire ,map444444,vol44444444,page4444444,block 4444444444444444444444444444 ,no4 and ,street444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444 ,items for ,clean-,up ,attention ,front ,yard ,ashes ,paper ,side ,yard ,ashes ,paper ,back ,yard ,ashes ,paper ,sawdust ,wood ,rubbish ,old ,barrels1 ,boxes1 etc4444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444 ,vacant lot to be rid of44444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444 ,other ,conditions44444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444444 ,items for ,public ,health ,attention ,garbage44444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444444444444 ,outside ,vaults444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444 ,stable ,nuisances444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444 ,drainage4444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444444444444 ,other ,conditions44444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444444 8,the success attained in the ,cincinnati campaign in #aiad so impressed the ,state ,fire ,marshal that he assigned one of his assistants to spend his entire time in the #aiae season going about the ,state organizing in the different cities clean-up campaigns based upon the ,cincinnati plan1 and in which inspections by the ,state ,fire ,marshal's department played an important part4 ,since it is estimated that #hj per cent4 to #ij per cent4 of all fires are caused by accumulation of waste1 rubbish or trash of some sort1 a thorough renovation of all premises in the city must decrease the risk of fire4 ,therefore the more thorough the ,clean-,up ,campaign the more work done toward fire prevention4 ,the #fjj1jjj reduction in fire loss1 from #a1cda1cdh in #aiac to #gic1gif in #aiad1 may be traced largely to the result of the ,clean-,up movement4 ,this means a reduction of insurance rates in the business district of from #e per cent4 to #h per cent4 and an annual saving of perhaps #afj1jjj in fire insurance premiums40 ,sanitary ,inspection ,as a preliminary to the ,clean-,up ,campaign in ,kirkville1 ,missouri1 an inspection was made of all grocery stores1 drug stores1 bakeries1 and dairies by the ,state ,pure ,food ,inspectors4 ,the work continued over many months1 and every ,sunday one of the local newspapers devoted an entire page to the report of the conditions1 good and bad4 ,each concern was scored on various points of sanitation on the basis of #ajj per cent4 perfect1 and the ,sunday papers printed scores of all concerns inspected the previous week4 ,thus the interest of the public was aroused to watch the scores4 ,in the instances where the low scores were made the effects of public disapproval were instantly felt4 ,flies and ,mosquitoes ,swatting the fly and destroying breeding places play an important part in the ,clean-,up ,campaign of every community1 and in nearly every city fly extermination literature is distributed during clean-up week4 ,bulletins1 rubber stamps1 fly traps1 motion pictures1 lectures1 lantern slides1 and everything available are used to depict the ravages of the fly4 ,fly extermination leaflets are sent to business establishments1 to mothers' clubs1 and post cards to merchants whose places of business might be noticed to be fly infected4 ,boy ,scouts distribute the literature and also report as to stable conditions4 ,letters directed to business establishments1 suggesting the use of fly swatters and traps as advertising material1 are a further movement against the house fly4 ,in ,cincinnati a circular explaining the need of exterminating the winter fly was distributed through school children1 and a marked reduction in the number of flies was secured4 ,a special general committee on fly extermination was named and became one of the most active factors in the campaign4 ,classes in manual training in the public schools made fly traps1 the ,public ,library had prepared a complete set of lantern slides on fly extermination1 and the committee had prepared and printed and distributed #ej1jjj circulars on the house fly and methods of extermination4 ,results of ,campaigns ,a tour through any city on the first day after ,clean-,up ,week will convince the most incredulous that in promoting this movement the municipality materially lessens the fire risk and makes a marked improvement in sanitary conditions4 ,everywhere are heaps of waste materials and discarded articles1 such as old bed springs1 mattresses1 sofas1 glass1 crockery1 stoves1 carpets1 baby coaches1 piled along the curb4 ,the following are some of the results conceded worth while in most of the cities engaged in the movement3 ,a continuous campaign accomplishing permanent good4 ,stimulation of business4 ,a canvass of the cities having clean-up campaigns resulted in the showing that #ga per cent4 of the merchants were positive that their business had been increased4 ,improvement of housing conditions4 ,distinct educational value for the young4 ,prohibition of open garbage cans in some cities4 ,sanitation in the handling of food products4 ,better laws and methods for the disposal of garbage and rubbish4 ,reduction in fire loss2 thus reduction in insurance rates4 ,elimination of unsightly lots and spots4 ,hundreds of school gardens4 ,renovation in most of the homes in a way they had never before been renovated4 ,a great reduction in the number of flies and mosquitoes4 ,a stimulation of civic pride and cleanliness and safety of the home4 ,a united effort by practically the entire population toward an end for the public good4 ,the education of school children toward a better idea of living conditions4 ,the razing of dangerous buildings4 ,elimination of public dumps1 prospective early elimination of many more4 ,hundreds of new street litter cans4 ,cleaner yards and vacant lots4 ,distribution of thousands of fruit and shade trees4 ,collection of combustible waste by ,salvation ,army1 relieving ,street ,cleaning ,department1 and reducing dump evil4 ,development of community spirit through united action in a movement for public welfare4 ,the fact that most cities have repeated their campaigns from year to year should convince those which have not yet inaugurated the movement that the effort is well worth while4 ,there are1 however1 a few large cities1 ,new ,york being one1 in which the congestion of work which a campaign entails creates a temporary situation which is unsatisfactory and expensive4 ,these municipalities1 and even many of those which have annual campaigns1 are advocating more methodical care of light rubbish throughout the year1 thus avoiding such a large spring cleaning4 ,as a remedy several cities have lengthened the period of cleaning to several weeks4 ,generally speaking1 however1 clean-up campaigns justify the effort and extra expense by making safer1 cleaner1 healthier and more beautiful cities4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,removed 8#f4 ,,methods ,,and ,,cost ,,of ,,collection ,,of ,,garbage0 from p4 xii as there is no ,table ,,vi in the book4 #b4 ,footnotes #bg 7was ,table ,i ,n before renumbering71 #bh 7was ,table ,i ,r71 #cb 7was ,table ,,ii ,a71 #cc 7was ,table ,,ii ,x71 #cd 7was ,table ,,ii ,c71 #ce 7was ,table ,,ii ,h71 and #gb 7was ,table ,,vii d7 are missing their anchors4 #c4 ,changed 8department houses0 to 8apartment houses0 on p4 #adf4 #d4 ,silently corrected typographical errors4 #e4 ,retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed4 #f4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4