,,baron ,d',,holbach ,a ,study of ,eighteenth ,century ,radicalism in ,france ,by ,max ,pearson ,cushing ,submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of ,doctor of ,philosophy1 in the ,faculty of ,political ,science1 ,columbia ,university ,new ,york #aiad ,press of ,the ,new ,era ,printing ,company ,lancaster1 ,,pa ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,introduction4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,holbach ,,the ,,man4 ,early ,letters to ,john ,wilkes4 ,holbach's family4 ,relations with ,diderot1 ,rousseau1 ,hume1 ,garrick and other important persons of the century4 ,estimate of ,holbach4 ,his character and personality4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,holbach',s ,,works4 ,miscellaneous ,works4 ,translations of ,german ,scientific ,works4 ,translations of ,english ,deistical ,writers4 ,boulanger's ,antiquit dvoile4 ,original ,works3 ,le ,christianisme devoil4 ,thologie portative4 ,la ,contagion sacre4 ,essai sur les prjugs4 ,le bons-sens4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,systme de la ,nature ,,and ,,its ,,philosophy4 ,voltaire's correspondence on the subject4 ,goethe's sentiment4 ,refutations and criticisms4 ,holbach's philosophy4 ,,appendix4 ,,holbach',s ,,correspondence4 ,five unpublished letters to ,john ,wilkes4 ,,endnotes ,,bibliography4 ,part ,i4 ,editions of ,holbach's works in ,chronological ,order4 ,part ,,ii4 ,general ,bibliography4 ,,baron ,d',,holbach ,a une extrme justesse d'esprit il joignait une simplicit de moeurs tout--fait antique et patriarcale4 ,j4 ,a4 ,naigeon1 ,journal de ,paris1 le #i fev4 #aghi ,,introduction ,diderot1 writing to the ,princess ,dashkoff in #agga1 thus analysed the spirit of his century3 ,chaque sicle a son esprit qui le caractrise4 ,l'esprit du ntre semble tre celui de la libert4 ,la premire attaque contre la superstition a t violente1 sans mesure4 ,une fois que les hommes ont os d'une manire quelconque donner l'assaut la barrire de la religion1 cette barrire la plus formidable qui existe comme la plus respecte1 il est impossible de s'arrter4 ,ds qu'ils ont tourn des regards menaants contre la majest du ciel1 ils ne manqueront pas le moment d'aprs de les diriger contre la souverainet de la terre4 ,le cble qui tient et comprime l'humanit est form de deux cordes1 l'une ne peut cder sans que l'autre vienne rompre4 ,endnote #a3a ,the following study proposes to deal with this attack on religion that preceded and helped to prepare the ,french ,revolution4 ,similar phenomena are by no means rare in the annals of history2 eighteenth-century atheism1 however1 is of especial interest1 standing as it does at the end of a long period of theological and ecclesiastical disintegration and prophesying a reconstruction of society on a purely rational and naturalistic basis4 ,the anti-theistic movement has been so obscured by the less thoroughgoing tendency of deism and by subsequent romanticism that the real issue in the eighteenth century has been largely lost from view4 ,hence it has seemed fit to center this study about the man who stated the situation with the most unmistakable and uncompromising clearness1 and who still occupies a unique though obscure position in the history of thought4 ,holbach has been very much neglected by writers on the eighteenth century4 ,he has no biographer4 ,m4 ,walferdin wrote 7in an edition of ,diderot's ,works1 ,paris1 #ahba1 ,vol4 ,,xii p4 #aae73 ,nous nous occupons depuis longtemps rassembler les matriaux qui doivent servir venger la mmoire du philosophe de la patrie de ,leibnitz1 et dans l'ouvrage que nous nous proposons de publier sous le titre ,d',holbach jug par ses contemporains nous esprons faire justement apprcier ce savant si estimable par la profondeur et la varit de ses connaissances1 si prcieux sa famille et ses amis par la puret et la simplicit de ses moeurs1 en qui la vertu tait devenue une habitude et la bienfaisance un besoin4 ,this work has never appeared and ,m4 ,tourneux thinks that nothing of it was found among ,m4 ,walferdin's papers4 #b3b ,in #ahcd ,mr4 ,james ,watson published in an ,english translation of the ,systme de la ,nature1 ,a ,short ,sketch of the ,life and the ,writings of ,baron d',holbach by ,mr4 ,julian ,hibbert1 compiled especially for that edition from ,saint ,saurin's article in ,michaud's ,biographie ,universelle 7,paris1 #ahag1 ,vol4 ,,xx1 pp4 #dfj-dfg71 from ,barbier's ,dict4 des ouvrages anonymes 7,paris1 #ahbb7 and from the preface to the ,paris edition of the ,systme de la ,nature 7#d vols41 #ahmo1 #ahba74 ,this sketch was later published separately 7,london1 #ahcd1 #abmo1 pp4 #ad7 but on account of the author's sudden death it was left unfinished and is of no value from the point of view of scholarship4 ,another attempt to publish something on ,holbach was made by ,dr4 ,anthony ,c4 ,middleton of ,boston in #aheg4 ,in the preface to his translation to the ,lettres ,eugenia he speaks of a ,biographical ,memoir of ,baron d',holbach which ,i am now preparing for the press4 ,if ever published at all this ,memoir probably came to light in the ,boston ,investigator1 a free-thinking magazine published by ,josiah ,p4 ,mendum1 #de ,cornhill1 ,boston1 but it is not to be found4 ,mention should also be made of the fact that ,m4 ,asszat intended to include in a proposed study of ,diderot and the philosophical movement1 a chapter to be devoted to ,holbach and his society2 but this work has never appeared4 #c3c ,of the two works bearing ,holbach's name as a title1 one is a piece of libellous fiction by ,mme4 de ,genlis1 ,les ,diners du baron d',holbach 7,paris1 #ahbb1 #hvo71 the other a romance pure and simple by ,f4 ,t4 ,claudon 7,paris1 #ahce1 #b vols41 #hvo7 called ,le ,baron d',holbach1 the events of which take place largely at his house and in which he plays the rle of a minor character4 ,a good account of ,holbach1 though short and incidental1 is to be found in ,m4 ,avzac-,lavigne's ,diderot et la ,socit du ,baron d',holbach 7,paris1 #ahge1 #hvo71 and ,m4 ,armand ,gast has a little book entitled ,diderot et le cure de ,montchauvet1 une ,mystification littraire chez le ,baron d',holbach 7,paris1 #ahie1 #afvo74 ,there are several works which devote a chapter or section to ,holbach4 #c3d ,the ,french critics and the histories of philosophy contain slight notices2 ,rosenkranz's ,diderot's ,leben devotes a chapter to ,granval1 ,holbach's country seat1 and life there as described by ,diderot in his letters to ,mlle4 ,volland2 and he is included in such histories of ideas as ,soury1 ,j41 ,brviaire de l'histoire de ,matrialisme 7,paris1 #ahha7 and ,delvaille1 ,j41 ,essai sur l'histoire de l'ide de progrs 7,paris1 #aiaj72 but nowhere else is there anything more than the merest encyclopedic account1 often defective and incorrect4 ,the sources are in a sense full and reliable for certain phases of his life and literary activity4 ,his own publications1 numbering about fifty1 form the most important body of source material for the history and development of his ideas4 ,next in importance are contemporary memoirs and letters including those of ,voltaire1 ,rousseau1 ,diderot1 ,grimm1 ,morellet1 ,marmontel1 ,mme4 d',epinay1 ,naigeon1 ,garat1 ,galiani1 ,hume1 ,garrick1 ,wilkes1 ,romilly and others2 and scattered letters by ,holbach himself1 largely to his ,english friends4 ,in addition there is a large body of contemporary hostile criticism of his books1 by ,voltaire1 ,frederick ,,ii1 ,castillon1 ,holland1 ,la ,harpe1 ,delisle de ,sales and a host of outraged ecclesiastics1 so that one is well informed in regard to the scandal that his books caused at the time4 ,out of these materials and other scattered documents and notices it is possible to reconstruct--though somewhat defectively--the figure of a man who played an important rle in his own day2 but whose name has long since lost its significance--even in the ears of scholars4 ,it is at the suggestion of ,professor ,james ,harvey ,robinson that this reconstruction has been made4 ,if it shall prove of any interest or value he must be credited with the initiation of the idea as well as constant aid in its realization4 ,for rendering possible the necessary investigations1 recognition is due to the administration and officers of the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 the ,british ,museum1 the ,library of ,congress1 the ,libraries of ,columbia and ,harvard ,universities1 ,union and ,andover ,theological ,seminaries1 and the ,public ,libraries of ,boston and ,new ,york4 ,m4 ,p4 ,c4 ,,new ,,york ,,city1 ,july1 #aiad4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,holbach1 ,,the ,,man4 ,paul ,heinrich ,dietrich1 or as he is better known1 ,paul-,henri ,thiry1 baron d',holbach1 was born in ,january1 #agbc1 in the little village of ,heidelsheim 7,n4,w4 of ,carlsruhe7 in the ,palatinate4 ,of his parentage and youth nothing is known except that his father1 a rich parvenu1 according to ,rousseau1 #e3e brought him to ,paris at the age of twelve1 where he received the greater part of his education4 ,his father died when ,holbach was still a young man4 ,it may be doubted if young ,holbach inherited his title and estates immediately as there was an uncle ,messire ,francois-,adam1 ,baron d',holbach1 ,seigneur de ,heze1 ,lende et autres ,lieux who lived in the rue ,neuve ,s4 ,augustin and died in #agec4 ,his funeral was held at ,saint-,roch1 his parish church1 ,thursday1 ,september #afth1 where he was afterward entombed4 #e3f ,holbach was a student in the ,university of ,leyden in #agdf and spent a good deal of time at his uncle's estate at ,heze1 a little town in the province of ,north ,brabant 7,s4,e4 of ,eindhoven74 ,he also traveled and studied in ,germany4 ,there are two manuscript letters in the ,british ,museum 7,folio #cjhfg1 pp4 #ad1 #ah1 #bj7 addressed by ,holbach to ,john ,wilkes1 which throw some light on his school-days4 ,it is interesting to note that most of ,holbach's friends were young ,englishmen of whom there were some twenty-five at the ,university of ,leyden at that time4 #f3g ,already at the age of twenty-three ,holbach was writing very good ,english1 and all his life he was a friend of ,englishmen and ,english ideas4 ,his friendship for ,wilkes1 then a lad of nineteen1 lasted all his life and increased in intimacy and dignity4 ,the two letters following are of interest because they are the only documents we have bearing on ,holbach's early manhood4 ,they reveal a certain sympathy and feeling--rather gushing to be sure--quite unlike anything in his later writings1 and quite out of line with the supposedly cold temper of a materialist and an atheist4 ,footnote3 ,these letters1 contrary to modern usage1 are printed with all the peculiarities of eighteenth century orthography4 ,it was felt that they would lose their quaintness and charm if ,holbach's somewhat fantastic ,english were trifled with or his spelling1 capitalization and punctuation modernized4 ,,holbach ,,to ,,wilkes ,h,,eze ,aug4 #i1 #agdf ,dearest ,friend ,i should not have felt by half enough the pleasure your kind letter gave me1 ,if ,i had words to express it2 ,i never doubted of your friendship1 nor ,i hope do you know me so little as to doubt of mine1 but your letter is full of such favorable sentiments to me that ,i must own ,i cannot repay them but by renewing to you the entire gift of my heart that has been yours ever since heaven favour'd me with your acquaintance4 ,i need not tell you the sorrow our parting gave me1 in vain ,philosophy cried aloud nature was still stronger and the philosopher was forced to yield to the friend1 even now ,i feel the wound is not cur'd4 ,therefore no more of that--,hope is my motto4 ,telling me you are happy you make me so but in the middle of your happiness you dont forget your friend1 ,what flattering thought to me6 ,such are the charms of friendship every event is shar'd and nothing nor even the greatest intervals are able to interrupt the happy harmony of truly united minds4 ,i left ,leyden about #h or #aj days after you but before my departure ,i thought myself obliged to let ,mr ,dowdenwell know what you told me1 he has seen the two letters ,mr ,johnson had received and ,i have been mediator of ye peace made betwixt the #b parties1 ,i don't doubt but you have seen by this time ,messrs ,bland ,weatherill who were to set out for ,engelland the same week ,i parted with them4 ,when ,i was leaving ,leyden ,mr ,vernon happen'd to tell me he had a great mind to make a trip to ,spa4 ,so my uncles' estate being on ye road ,i desir'd him to come along with me1 he has been here a week and went on afterwards in his journey1 at my arrival here1 ,i found that ,general ,count ,palfi with an infinite number of military attendants had taken possession of my uncles' house1 and that the #af thousd men lately come from ,germany to strengthen the allies army1 commanded by ,count ,bathiani and that had left ye neighborhood of ,breda a few days before and was come to ,falkenswert 7where you have past in your journey to ,spa7 one hour from hence4 ,prince ,charles arrived here the same day from ,germany to take ye command of the allies1 the next ,day the whole army amounting to #gjthd men went on towards the county of ,lige to prevent the ,french from beseiging ,namur1 ,i hear now that the two armies are only one hour from another1 so we expect very soon the news of a great battle but not without fear1 ,count ,saxes army being1 by all account of hundred ten thoud4 men besides4 ,prince ,counti's army of #ej thd4 this latter ,general is now employ'd at the siege of ,charleroy1 that can't resist a long while1 it is a report that the ,king of ,france is arrived in his army1 ,i hope this long account will entertain you for want of news papers3 ,mr4 ,dowdeswell being left alone of our club at ,leyden ,i ,desir'd him to come and spend with me the time of his vacations here1 which proposal ,i hope he will accept and be here next week4 ,what happy triumvirat would be ours if you were to join3 but that is impossible at present2 however those who cant enjoy reality are fond of feeding their fancies with agreable ,dreams and charming pictures2 that helps a little to sooth the sorrow of absence and makes one expect with more patience till fortune allows him to put in execution the cherish'd systems he has been fed upon fore some time ,i shall expect with great many thanks the books you are to send me2 it will be for me a dubble pleasure to read them1 being of your choice which ,i value as much as it deserves1 and looking at them as upon a new proof of your benevolence1 as to those ,i design'd to get from ,paris for you1 ,i heard ,i could not get them before my uncles' return hither all commerce being stopt by the way betwixt this country and ,france4 ,a few days before my departure from ,leyden ,i receiv'd a letter from ,mr ,freeman from ,berlin1 he seams vastly pleas'd with our ,germany1 and chiefly with ,hambourg where a beautiful lady has taken in his heart the room of poor ,mss4 ,vitsiavius1 my prophesy was just2 traveling seems to have alter'd a good deal his melancholy disposition as ,i may conjecture by his way of writing4 ,he desired his service to you4 ,as to me1 ,idleness renders me every day more philosopher every passion is languishing within me1 ,i retain but one in a warm degree1 viz1 friendship in which you share no small part4 ,i took a whim to study a little ,physic accordingly ,i purchased several books in that ,way1 and my empty hours here are employ'd with them4 ,i am sure your time will be much better employ'd at ,alesbury you'll find there a much nobler entertainment ,cupid is by far ,lovlier than ,esculapius1 however ,i shall not envy your happiness1 in the ,contrary ,i wish that all your desires be crown'd with success1 that a ,passion that proves fatal to great many of men be void of sorrow for you1 that all the paths of love be spred over with flowers in one ,word that you may not address in vain to the charming ,mss4 ,m4 ,i am almost tempted to fall in love with that unknown beauty1 't would not be quite like ,don ,quixotte for your liking to her would be for me a very strong prejudice of her merit1 which the poor ,knight had not in his love for ,dulcinea4 ,i shall not ask your pardon for the length of this letter ,i am sure friendship will forgive the time ,i steal to ,love however ,i cannot give up so easily a conversation with a true friend with whom ,i fancy to speak yet in one of those delightfull evening walks at ,leyden4 ,it is a dream1 ,i own it1 but it is so agreable one to me that nothing but reality could be compared to the pleasure ,i feel3 let me therefore insist a little more upon't and travel with my ,letter1 we are gone6 ,i think to be at ,alesbury6 there ,i see my ,dear ,wilkes6 ,what a ,flurry of ,panions6 ,joy6 fear of a second parting6 what charming tears6 what sincere ,kisses6--but time flows and the end of this ,love is now as unwelcome to me1 as would be to another to be awaken'd in the middle of a ,dream wherein he is going to enjoy a beloved mistress2 the enchantment ceases1 the delightfull images vanish1 and nothing is left to me but friendship1 which is of all my possessions the fairest1 and the surest1 ,i am most sincerely ,dear ,wilkes ,your affectionate friend and humble servant ,,de ,,holbach ,heze the #ith august #agdf ,n4 ,s4 ,i shall expect with impatience the letter you are to write me from ,alesbury4 ,will it be here very soon6 ,,holbach ,,to ,,wilkes ,h,,eze ,dec4 #crd4 #agdf ,dearest ,wilkes ,during a little voyage ,i have made into ,germany ,i have received your charming letter of the #hth4 ,september ,o4 ,s4 the many affairs ,i have been busy with for these #c months has hindered me hitherto from returning to you as speedy an answer as ,i should have done4 ,i know too much your kindness for me to make any farther apology and ,i hope you are enough acquainted with the sincerety of my friendship towards you to adscribe my fault to forgetfulness or want of gratitude be sure1 ,dear friend1 that such a disposition will allways be unknown to me in regard to you4 ,i don't doubt but you will be by this time returned at ,london1 the winter season being an obstacle to the pleasures you have enjoyed following ye ,letter at ,alesbury during the last ,autumn4 ,i must own ,i have felt a good deal of pride when you gave me the kind assurance that love has not made you forget an old friend1 ,i need not tell you my disposition4 ,i hope you know it well enough and like my friendship for you has no bounds ,i want expressions to show it4 ,mr ,dowdeswell has been so good as to let me enjoy his company here in the month of ,august1 and returned to ,leyden to pursue his studies in the middle of ,september4 ,we often wished your company and made sincere libations to you with burgundy and ,champaigne ,i had a few weeks there after ,i set out for ,germany where ,i expected to spend the whole winter but the sudden death of my ,uncle's ,steward has forced me to come back here to put in order the affairs of this estate1 ,i don't know how long ,i shall be obliged to stay in the meanwhile ,i act pretty well the part of a ,county ,squire1 id est1 hunting1 shooting1 fishing1 walking every day without to lay aside the ever charming conversation of ,horace ,virgil ,homer and all our noble friends of the ,elysian fields4 ,they are allways faithfull to me1 with their aid ,i find very well how to employ my time1 but ,i want in this country a true bosom friend like my dear ,wilkes to converse with1 but my pretenssions are too high1 for every abode with such a company would be heaven for me4 ,i perceive by your last letter that your hopes are very like to succeed by ,mss ,mead1 you are sure that every happines that can befall to you will make me vastly happy4 ,i beseech you therefore to let me know everytime how far you are gone1 ,i take it to be a very good omen for you1 that your lovely mistress out of compliance has vouchsafed to learn a harsh high-dutch name1 which would otherwise have made her starttle1 at the very hearing of it4 ,i am very thankful for her kind desire of seeing me in ,engelland which ,i dont wish the less but you know my circumstances enough1 to guess that ,i cannot follow my inclinations4 ,i have not heard hitherto anything about the books you have been so kind as to send me over by the opportunity of a friend4 ,i have wrote about it to ,msrs ,conrad et ,bouwer of ,rotterdam1 they answered that they were not yet there4 ,nevertheless ,i am very much oblided to you for your kindness and wish to find very soon the opportunity of my revenge4 ,mr ,dowderswell complains very much of ,mrs ,bland and ,weatherill1 having not heard of them since their departure from ,leyden4 ,i desire my compliments to ,mr ,dyer and all our old acquaintances4 ,pray be so good as to direct your first letter under the covert of ,mr ,dowderwell at ,ms ,alliaume's at ,leyden he shall send it to me over immediately1 no more at ,mr ,van ,sprang's like you used to do4 ,i wish to know if ,mr ,lyson since his return to his native country1 continues in his peevish cross temper4 ,if you have any news besides ,i'll be glad to hear them by your next which ,i expect very soon4 ,about politicks ,i cannot tell you anything at present1 you have heard enough by this time the fatal battle fought near ,lige in #h;ber last2 everybody has little hopes of the ,congress of ,breda1 the ,austrian and ,piedmontese are entered into provence1 which is not as difficult as to maintain themselves therein1 ,i wish a speedy peace would enable us both to see the rejoicings that will attend the marriage of the ,dauphin of ,france with a ,princess of ,saxony4 ,i have heard that peace is made between ,england and ,spain1 which you ought to know better than ,i4 ,we fear very much for the next campaign the siege of ,maestrich in our neighborhood4 ,these are all the news ,i know4 ,i'll tell you another that you have known a long while viz4 that nobody is with more sincerity ,my ,dear ,wilkes ,your faithfull humble ,servant and ,friend ,,holbach ,heeze the #c d ,xber #agdf ns ,by #agej ,holbach was established in ,paris as a young man of the world4 ,his fortune1 his learning1 his sociability attracted the younger literary set toward him4 ,in #agdi he was already holding his ,thursday dinners which later became so famous4 ,among his early friends were ,diderot1 ,rousseau and ,grimm4 ,with them he took the side of the ,italian ,opera buffa in the famous musical quarrel of #ageb1 and published two witty brochures ridiculing ,french music4 #ab3i ,he was an art connoisseur and bought ,oudry's ,chienne allaitant ses petits1 the chef d'oeuvre of the ,salon of #agec4 #ab3aj ,during these years he was hard at work at his chosen sciences of chemistry and mineralogy4 ,in #ageb he published in a huge volume in quarto with excellent plates1 a translation of ,antonio ,neri's ,art of ,glass making1 and in #agec a translation of ,wallerius' ,mineralogy4 ,on ,july #bf1 #aged1 the ,academy of ,berlin made him a foreign associate in recognition of his scholarly attainments in ,natural ,history1 #ab3aa and later he was elected to the ,academies of ,st4 ,petersburg and ,mannheim4 ,all that was now lacking to this brilliant young man was an attractive wife to rule over his salon4 ,his friends urged him to wed1 and in #agec he married ,mlle4 ,basile-,genevieve-,susanne d',aine1 daughter of ,matre ,marius-,jean-,baptiste ,nicolas d',aine1 conseiller au ,roi en son grand conseil1 associ externe de l',acad4 des sciences et belles letters de ,prusse4 #ab3ab ,m4 d',aine was also ,matre des ,requtes and a man of means4 ,mme4 d',holbach was a very charming and gracious woman and ,holbach's good fortune seemed complete when suddenly ,mme4 d',holbach died from a most loathsome and painful disease in the summer of #aged4 ,holbach was heart-broken and took a trip through the provinces with his friend ,grimm1 to whom he was much attached1 to distract his mind from his grief4 ,he returned in the early winter and the next year 7#agee7 got a special dispensation from the ,pope to marry his deceased wife's sister1 ,mlle4 ,charlotte-,susanne d',aine4 ,by her he had four children1 two sons and two daughters4 ,the first1 ,charles-,marius1 was born about the middle of ,august1 #ageg1 and baptized in ,saint-,germain-l',auxerrois1 ,aug4 #bb4 ,he inherited the family title and was a captain in the regiment of the ,schomberg-,dragons4 #ac3ac ,the first daughter was born towards the end of #ageh and the second about the middle of ,jan41 #agfj4 #ac3ad ,the elder married the ,marquis de ,chtenay and the younger the ,marquis de ,nolivos1 ,captaine au rgiment de la ,seurre1 ,dragons4 ,their ,majesties the ,king and ,queen and the ,royal ,family signed their marriage contract ,may #bg1 #agha4 #ac3ae ,of the second son there seem to be no traces4 ,holbach's mother-in-law1 ,madame d',aine1 was a very interesting old woman as she is pictured in ,diderot's ,mmoires1 and there was a brother-in-law1 ,messire ,marius-,jean-,baptiste-,nicholas d',aine1 chevalier1 conseiller du roi en ses conseils1 ,matre des requtes honoraire de son htel1 intendant de justice1 police1 et finances de la gnralit de ,tours1 who lived in rue ,saint ,dominique1 paroisse ,saint-,sulpice4 ,there was in ,holbach's household for a long time an old ,scotch surgeon1 a homeless1 misanthropic old fellow by the name of ,hope1 of whom ,diderot gives a most interesting account4 #ad3af ,these are the only names we have of the personnel of ,holbach's household4 ,his town house was in the rue ,royale1 butte ,saint-,roch4 ,it was here that for an almost unbroken period of forty years he gave his ,sunday and ,thursday dinners4 ,the latter day was known to the more intimate set of encyclopedists as the jour du synagogue4 ,here the glise philosophique met regularly to discuss its doctrines and publish its propaganda of radicalism4 ,holbach had a very pleasant country seat1 the chteau of ,grandval1 now in the arrondisement of ,boissy ,st4 ,lger at ,sucy-en-,brie4 ,it is pleasantly situated in the valley of a little stream1 the ,morbra1 which flows into the ,marne4 ,the property was really the estate of ,mme4 d',aine who lived with the ,holbachs4 ,here the family and their numerous guests passed the late summer and fall4 ,here ,diderot spent weeks at a time working on the ,encyclopedia1 dining1 and walking on the steep slopes of the ,marne with congenial companions4 ,to him we are indebted for our intimate knowledge of ,grandval and its inhabitants1 their slightest doings and conversations2 and as ,danou has well said1 if we were to wish ourselves back in any past age we should choose with many others the mid-eighteenth century and the charming society of ,paris and ,grandval4 #ad3ag ,holbach's life1 in common with that of most philosophers1 offers no events1 except that he came near being killed in the crush and riot in the rue ,royale that followed the fire at the ,dauphin's wedding in #aggj4 #ae3ah ,he was never an official personage4 ,his entire life was spent in study1 writing and conversation with his friends4 ,he traveled very little2 the world came to him1 to the ,caf de l',europe1 as ,abb ,galiani called ,paris4 ,from time to time ,holbach went to ,contrexville for his gout and once to ,england to visit ,david ,garrick2 but he disliked ,england very thoroughly and was glad to get back to ,paris4 ,the events of his life in so far as there were any1 were his relations with people4 ,he knew intimately practically all the great men of his century1 except ,montesquieu and ,voltaire1 who were off the stage before his day4 #ae3ai ,holbach's most intimate and life-long friend among the great figures of the century was ,diderot1 of whom ,rousseau said1 la distance de quelques sicles du moment o il a vcu1 ,diderot paratra un homme prodigieux2 on regardera de loin cette tte universelle avec une admiration mle d'tonnement1 comme nous regardons aujourd'hui la tte des ,platon et des ,aristote4 #ae3bj ,all his contemporaries agreed that nothing was so charged with divine fire as the conversation of ,diderot4 ,gautherin1 in his fine bronze of him on the ,place ,saint-,germain-des-,prs1 seems to have caught the spirit of his talk and has depicted him as he might have sat in the midst of ,holbach's society1 of which he was the inspiration and the soul4 ,holbach backed ,diderot financially in his great literary and scientific undertaking and provided articles for the ,encyclopedia on chemistry and natural science4 ,diderot had a high opinion of his erudition and said of him1 ,quelque systme que forge mon imagination1 je suis sur que mon ami d',holbach me trouve des faits et des autorits pour le justifier4 #af3ba ,opinions differ in regard to the intellectual influence of these men upon each other4 ,diderot was without doubt the greater thinker1 but ,holbach stated his atheism with far greater clarity and ,diderot gave his sanction to it by embellishing ,holbach's books with a few eloquent pages of his own4 ,diderot said to ,sir ,samuel ,romilly in #agha1 ,il faut sabrer la thologie1 #af3bb and died in #aghd in the belief that complete infidelity was the first step toward philosophy4 ,five years later ,holbach was buried by his side in the crypt of the ,chapel of the ,virgin behind the high altar in ,saint-,roch4 ,no tablet marks their tombs1 and although repeated investigations have been made no light has been thrown on the exact position of their burial place4 ,according to ,diderot's daughter1 ,mme4 ,vandeuil1 their entire correspondence has been destroyed or lost4 #af3bc ,holbach's relations with ,rousseau were less harmonious4 ,the account of their mutual misunderstandings contained in the ,confessions1 in a letter by ,cerutti in the ,journal de ,paris ,dec4 #b1 #aghi1 and in private letters of ,holbach's to ,hume1 ,garrick1 and ,wilkes1 is a long and tiresome tale4 ,the author of ,eclaircissements relatifs la publication des confessions de ,rousseau444 7,paris1 #aghi7 blames the club holbachique for their treatment of ,rousseau1 but the fault seems to lie on both sides4 ,according to ,rousseau's account1 ,holbach sought his friendship and for a few years he was one of ,holbach's society4 ,but1 after the success of the ,devin du ,village in #agec1 the holbachiens turned against him out of jealousy of his genius as a composer4 ,visions of a dark plot against him rose before his fevered and sensitive imagination1 and after #agef he left the ,society of the ,encyclopedists1 never to return4 ,holbach1 on the other hand1 while admitting rather questionable treatment of ,rousseau1 never speaks of any personal injury on his part1 and bewails the fact that l'homme le plus loquent s'est rendu ainsi l'homme le plus anti-littraire1 et l'homme le plus sensible s'est rendu le plus anti-social4 #ag3bd ,he did warn ,hume against taking him to ,england1 and in a letter to ,wilkes predicted the quarrel that took place shortly after4 ,in writing to ,garrick #ag3be he says some hard but true things about ,rousseau1 who on his part never really defamed ,holbach but depicted him as the virtuous atheist under the guise of ,wolmar in the ,nouvelle ,helose4 ,their personal incompatibility is best explained on the grounds of the radical differences in their temperaments and types of mind and by the fact that ,rousseau was too sensitive to get on with anybody for any great length of time4 ,two other great ,frenchmen1 ,buffon and d',alembert1 were for a time members of ,holbach's society1 but1 for reasons that are not altogether clear1 gradually withdrew4 ,grimm suggests that ,buffon did not find the young philosophers sufficiently deferential to him and to the authorized powers1 and feared for his dignity1--and safety1 in their company4 ,d',alembert1 on the other hand1 was a recluse by nature1 and1 after giving up his editorship on the ,encyclopedia1 easily dropped out of ,diderot's society and devoted himself to ,mlle4 ,lespinasse and ,mme4 ,geoffrin4 ,holbach and ,helvetius were life-long friends and spent much time together reading at ,helvetius's country place at ,vor4 ,after his death in #aggd1 ,holbach frequented ,mme4 ,helvetius' salon where he knew and deeply influenced ,volney1 ,cabanis1 de ,tracy1 and the first generation of the ,ideologists who continued his and ,helvetius' philosophical doctrines4 ,among the other ,frenchmen of the day who were on intimate relations with ,holbach and frequented his salon were ,la ,condamine1 ,condillac1 ,condorcet1 ,turgot1 ,morellet1 ,raynal1 ,grimm1 ,marmontel1 ,colardeau1 ,saurin1 ,suard1 ,saint-,lambert1 ,thomas1 ,duclos1 ,chastellux1 ,boulanger1 ,darcet1 ,roux1 ,rouelle1 ,barths1 ,venel1 ,leroy1 ,damilaville1 ,naigeon1 ,lagrange and lesser names1--but well known in ,paris in the eighteenth century1--d',alinville1 ,chauvelin1 ,desmahis1 ,gauffecourt1 ,margency1 de ,croismare1 de ,pezay1 ,coyer1 de ,valory1 ,charnoi1 not to mention a host of others4 ,among ,holbach's most intimate ,english friends were ,hume1 ,garrick1 ,wilkes1 ,sterne1 ,gibbon1 ,horace ,walpole1 ,adam ,smith1 ,benjamin ,franklin1 ,dr4 ,priestley1 ,lord ,shelburne1 ,gen4 ,barr1 ,gen4 ,clark1 ,sir ,james ,mac,donald1 ,dr4 ,gem1 ,messrs4 ,stewart1 ,demster1 ,fordyce1 ,fitzmaurice1 ,foley1 etc4 ,holbach addressed a letter to ,hume in #agfb1 before making his acquaintance1 in which he expressed his admiration of his philosophy and the desire to know him personally4 #ah3bf ,in #agfd ,hume came to ,paris as secretary of the ,british ,embassy and immediately called on ,holbach and became a regular frequenter of his salon4 ,it was to ,holbach that he wrote first on the outbreak of his quarrel with ,rousseau and they corresponded at length in egard to the publication of the ,expos succinct1 which was to justify ,hume in the eyes of the ,french4 ,hume and ,holbach had much in common intellectually1 although the latter was far more thoroughgoing in his repudiation of ,theism4 ,david ,garrick and his wife were frequent visitors at the rue ,royale on their trips to ,paris where they were very much liked by ,holbach's society4 ,nothing is more cordial or gracious than the compliments passed between them in their subsequent correspondence4 ,there are two published letters from ,holbach in ,mr4 ,hedgecock's recent study of ,garrick and his ,french friends1 excellent examples of the happy spontaneity and sympathy that were characteristic of ,french sociability in the eighteenth century4 #ai3bg ,holbach in turn spent several months with ,garrick at ,hampton4 ,holbach's early friendship for ,wilkes has already been mentioned4 ,wilkes spent a great deal of time in ,paris on the occasion of his exiles from ,england and became very intimate with ,holbach4 ,they corresponded up to the very end of ,holbach's life and there was a constant interchange of friendly offices between them4 #ai3bh ,miss ,wilkes1 who spent much time in ,paris1 was a very good friend of ,mme4 ,holbach and ,mlle4 ,helvetius4 ,adam ,smith often dined at ,holbach's with ,turgot and the economists2 ,gibbon also found his dinners agreeable except for the dogmatism of the atheists2 ,walpole resented it also and kept away4 ,priestley seems to have gotten on very well1 although the philosophers found his materialism and unitarianism a trifle inconsistent4 ,it was at ,holbach's that ,shelburne met ,morellet with whom he carried on a long and serious correspondence on economics4 ,there seem to be no details of ,holbach's relations with ,franklin1 who was evidently more assiduous at the salon of ,mme4 ,helvetius whom he desired to marry4 ,holbach's best friend among the ,italians was ,abb ,galiani1 secretary of the ,neapolitan ,embassy1 who spent ten years in the salons of ,paris4 ,after his return to ,naples his longing for ,paris led him to a voluminous correspondence with his ,french friends including ,holbach4 ,a few of their letters are extant4 ,beccaria also came to ,paris at the invitation of the translator of his ,crimes and ,punishments1 ,abb ,morellet1 made on behalf of ,holbach and his society4 ,beccaria and his friend ,veri1 who accompanied him1 had long been admirers of ,french philosophy1 and the ,frenchmen found much to admire in ,beccaria's book4 ,one avocat-gnral1 ,m4 ,servan of the ,parlement of ,bordeaux1 a friend of ,holbach's1 tried to put his reforms in practice and shared the fate of most reformers4 ,holbach was also in correspondence with ,beccaria1 and one of his letters has been published in ,m4 ,landry's recent study of ,beccaria4 ,among the other ,italians whom ,holbach befriended were ,paulo ,frizi1 the mathematician2 ,dr4 ,gatti2 ,pincini1 the musician2 and ,mme4 ,riccoboni1 ex-actress and novelist2 whose lively correspondence with ,garrick whom she met at ,holbach's sheds much light on the social relations of the century4 ,among the other foreigners who were friends or acquaintances of ,holbach were his fellow countrymen1 ,frederich ,melchon ,grimm1 like himself a naturalized ,frenchman and the bosom friend of ,diderot2 ,meister1 his collaborator in the ,literary ,correspondence2 ,kohant1 a ,bohemian musician1 composer1 of the ,bergre des ,alpes and ,mme4 ,holbach's lute-teacher2 ,baron ,gleichen1 ,comte de ,creutz1 ,danish and ,scandinavian diplomats2 and a number of ,german nobles2 the hereditary princes of ,brunswick and ,saxe ,gotha1 ,baron ,alaberg1 afterwards elector of ,mayence1 ,baron ,schomberg and ,baron ,studitz4 ,among the well known women of the century ,holbach was most intimate with ,mme4 d',epinay1 who became a very good friend of ,mme4 ,holbach's and was present at the birth of her first son1 and1 in her will1 left her a portrait by ,rembrandt4 ,he was also a friend of ,mme4 ,geoffrin1 attended her salon1 and knew ,mlle4 de ,lespinasse1 ,mme4 ,houderot and most of the important women of the day4 ,there are excellent sources from which to form an estimate of this man whose house was the social centre of the century4 ,just after ,holbach's death on ,january #ba1 #aghi1 ,naigeon1 his literary agent1 who had lived on terms of the greatest intimacy with him for twenty-four years1 wrote a long eulogy which filled the issue of the ,journal de ,paris for ,feb4 #i4 ,there was another letter to the ,journal on ,feb4 #ab4 ,grimm's ,correspondance ,littraire for ,march contains a long account of him by ,meister1 and there are other notices in contemporary memoirs such as ,morellet's and ,marmontel's4 ,all these accounts agree in picturing him as the most admirable of men4 ,it must be remembered that ,holbach always enjoyed what was held to be a considerable fortune in his day4 ,from his estates in ,westphalia he had a yearly income of #fj1jjj livres which he spent in entertaining4 ,this freedom from economic pressure gave him leisure to devote his time to his chosen intellectual pursuits and to his friends4 ,he was a universally learned man4 ,he knew ,french1 ,german1 ,english1 ,italian and ,latin extremely well and had a fine private library of about three thousand works often of several volumes each1 in these languages and in ,greek and ,hebrew4 ,the catalogue of this library was published by ,debure in #aghi4 ,it would be difficult to imagine a more comprehensive and complete collection of its size4 ,he had also a rich collection of drawings by the best masters1 fine pictures of which he was a connoisseur1 bronzes1 marbles1 porcelains and a natural history cabinet1 so in vogue in those days1 containing some very valuable specimens4 ,he was one of the most learned men of his day in natural science1 especially chemistry and mineralogy1 and to his translations from the best ,german scientific works is largely due the spread of scientific learning in ,france in the eighteenth century4 ,holbach was also very widely read in ,english theology and philosophy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and derived his anti-theological inspiration from these two sources4 ,to this vast fund of learning1 he joined an extreme modesty and simplicity4 ,he sought no academic honors1 published all his works anonymously1 and1 had it not been for the pleasure he took in communicating his ideas to his friends1 no one would have suspected his great erudition4 ,he had an extraordinary memory and the reputation of never forgetting anything of interest4 ,this plenitude of information1 coupled with his easy and pleasant manner of talking1 made his society much sought after4 ,naigeon said of him 7in his preface to the works of ,lagrange73 ,personne n'tait plus communicatif que ,m4 le baron d',holbach2 personne ne prenait aux progrs de la raison un intrt plus vif1 plus sincre1 et ne s'occupait avec plus de zle et l'activit des moyens de les acclrer4 galement vers dans la plupart des matires sur lesquelles il importe le plus des tres raisonnables d'avoir une opinion arrte1 ,m4 le baron d',holbach portait dans leur discussion un jugement sain1 une logique svre1 et une analyse exacte et prcise4 ,quelque fut l'objet de ses entretiens avec ses amis1 ou mme avec des indiffrens1 tels qu'en offrent plus ou moins toutes les socits2 il inspirait sans effort ceux qui l'coutaient l'enthousiasme de l'art ou de la science dont il parlait2 et on ne le quittait jamais sans regretter de n'avoir pas cultiv la branche particulire de connaissances qui avait fait le sujet de la conversation1 sans dsirer d'tre plus instruit1 plus clair1 et surtout sans admirer la claret1 la justesse de son esprit1 et l'ordre dans lequel il savait prsenter ses ides4 ,this virtue of communicativeness1 of sociabilit1 ,holbach carried into all the relations of life4 ,he was always glad to lend or give his books to anyone who could make use of them4 ,je suis riche1 he used to say1 mais je ne vois dans la fortune qu'un instrument de plus pour oprer le bien plus promptement et plus efficacement4 ,in fact ,holbach's whole principle of life and action was to increase the store of human well being4 ,and he did this without any religious motive whatsoever4 ,as ,julie says of ,wolmar in ,la ,nouvelle ,helose1 ,il fait le bien sans espoir de rcompense1 il est plus vertueux1 plus dsintress que nous4 ,there are many recorded instances of ,holbach's gracious benevolence4 ,as he said to ,helvetius1 ,vous tes brouill avec tous ceux que vous avez oblig1 mais j'ai gard tous mes amis4 ,holbach had the faculty of attaching people to him4 ,diderot tells how at the ,salon of #agec after ,holbach had bought ,oudry's famous picture1 all the collectors who had passed it by came to him and offered him twice what he paid for it4 ,holbach went to find the artist to ask him permission to cede the picture to his profit1 but ,oudry refused1 saying that he was only too happy that his best work belonged to the man who was the first to appreciate it4 ,instances of ,holbach's liberality to ,kohant1 a poor musician1 and to ,suard1 a poor literary man1 are to be found in the pages of ,diderot and ,meister1 and his constant generosity to his friends is a commonplace in their ,memoirs and ,correspondence4 ,only ,rousseau was ungrateful enough to complain that ,holbach's free-handed gifts insulted his poverty4 ,his kindness to ,lagrange1 a young literary man whom he rescued from want1 has been well told by ,m4 ,naigeon in the preface to the works of ,lagrange 7p4 xviii74 ,but perhaps the most touching instances of ,holbach's benevolence are his relations with the peasants of ,contrexville1 one of which was published in the ,journal de ,lecture1 #agge1 the other in an anonymous letter to the ,journal de ,paris1 ,feb4 #ab1 #aghi4 ,the first concerns the reconciliation of two old peasants who1 not wanting to go to court1 brought their differences to their respected friend for a settlement4 ,nothing is more simple and beautiful than this homely tale as told in a letter of ,holbach's to a friend of his4 ,the second1 which ,john ,wilkes said ought to be written in letters of gold1 deserves to be reproduced as a whole4 ,l'loge funbre que ,m4 ,naigeon a consacr la mmoire de ,m4 le ,baron d',holbach suffit pour donner une ide juste de ses lumires1 mais le hasard m'a mis porte de les juger encore mieux4 ,j'ai vu ,m4 le ,baron d',holbach dans deux voyages que j'ai faits aux eaux de ,contrexville4 ,s'occuper de sa souffrance et de sa gurison1 c'est le soin de chaque malade4 ,m4 le ,baron d',holbach devenait le mdecin1 l'ami1 le consolateur de quiconque venait aux eaux et il semblait bien moins occup de ses infirmits que de celles des autres4 ,lorsque des malades indigens manquaient de secours1 ou pcuniaires ou curatifs1 il les leur procurait avec un plaisir qui lui faisait plus de bien que les eaux4 ,je me promenais un soir avec lui sur une hauteur couverte d'un massif de bois qui fait perspective de loin et prs duquel s'lve un petit ,hermitage4 ,l1 demeure un cnobite qui n'a de revenu que les aumnes de ceux dont il reoit les visites4 ,nous acquittmes chacun notre dette hospitalire4 ,en prenant cong de l',hermite1 ,m4 le ,baron d',holbach me dit de le prcder un instant et qu'il allait me suivre4 ,je le prcdai1 et comme il ne me suivait pas je m'arrtai1 pour l'attendre sur un terte exhauss d'o l'on dcouvre tout le pays4 ,je contemplais le canton que je dominais1 plong dans une douce rverie4 ,j'en fus tir par des cris et je me retournai vers l'endroit d'u ils partaient4 ,je vis ,m4 le ,baron d',holbach environn d'une vieille femme et de deux villageois1 l'un vieux comme elle et l'autre jeune4 ,tous trois1 les larmes aux yeux1 l'embrassaient hautement4 ,allez vous-en donc1 s'crait ,m4 le ,baron d',holbach2 laissez moi1 on m'attend1 ne me suivez pas1 adieu2 je reviendrai l'anne prochaine4 ,en me voyant arriver vers eux1 les trois personnes reconnaissantes disparurent4 ,je lui demandai le sujet de tant de bndictions4 ,ce jeune paysan que vous avez vu s'etait engag1 j'ai obtenu de son colonel sa libert en payant les cents cus prescrits par l'ordonnance4 ,il est amoureux d'une jeune paysanne aussi pauvre que lui1 je viens d'acheter pour eux un petit bien qui m'a cot huit cent francs4 ,le vieux pre est perclus1 aux deux bras1 de rhumatismes1 je lui ai fourni trois botes du baume des ,valdejeots1 si estim en ce pays-ci4 ,la vieille mre est sujett des maux d'estomac1 et je lui ai apport un pot de confection d'hyacinthe4 ,ils travaillaient dans le champ1 voisin du bois1 je suis all les voir tandis que vous marchiez en avant4 ,ils m'ont suivi malgr moi4 ,ne parlez de cela personne4 ,on dirait que je veux faire le gnreux et le bon philosophe1 mais je ne suis que humain1 et mes charits sont la plus agrable dpense de mes voyages4 ,this humanity of ,holbach's is the very keynote of his character and of his intellectual life as well4 ,as ,m4 ,walferdin has said1 the denial of the supernatural was for him the base of all virtue1 and resting on this principle1 he exemplified social qualities that do the greatest honor to human nature4 ,he and ,madame ,holbach are the only conspicuous examples of conjugal fidelity and happiness among all the people that one has occasion to mention in a study of the intellectual and literary circles of the eighteenth century4 ,they were devoted to each other1 to their children and to their friends4 ,considering the traits of ,holbach's character that have been cited1 there can scarcely be two opinions in regard to completeness with which he realized his ideal of humanity and sociability4 ,m4 ,naigeon has well summed up in a few words ,holbach's relation to the only duties that he recognized1 ,he was a good husband1 a good father and a good friend4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,holbach',s ,,works4 ,holbach's published works1 with the exception of a few scattered ones1 may be divided into three classes1 viz41 translations of ,german scientific works1 translations of ,english deistical writings1 and his own works on theology1 philosophy1 politics and morals4 ,those which fall into none of these categories can be dealt with very summarily4 ,they are3 #a4 ,two pamphlets on the musical dispute of #ageb2 ,lettre une dame d'un certain ge sur l'tat prsent de l',opra1 7#hvo1 pp4 #aa7 and ,arrt rendu l'amphithtre de l',opra1 7#hvo1 pp4 #af17 both directed against ,french music and in line with ,grimm's ,petit ,prophte and ,rousseau's ,lettre sur la musique franaise4 #b4 ,a translation in prose of ,akenside's ,the ,pleasures of ,imagination 7,paris1 #agei1 #hvo74 #c4 ,a translation of ,swift's ,history of the ,reign of ,queen ,anne in collaboration with ,m4 ,eidous 7,amsterdam1 #agfe1 #abmo1 pp4 xxiv #daf74 #d4 ,translations of an ,ode on ,human ,life and a ,hymn to the ,sun in the ,varits littraires 7#agfh74 #e4 ,articles on natural science in the ,encyclopdie and article ,prononciation des langues in the ,dictionnaire de ,grammaire of the ,encyclopdie mthodique4 #f4 ,translation of ,wallerius' ,agriculture reduced to its true principles 7,paris1 #aggd1 #abmo74 #g4 ,two ,facties philosophiques published in ,grimm's ,correspondence ,littraire4 ,l',abb et le ,rabbin1 and ,essai sur l'art de ramper1 l'usage des courtisans4 #h4 ,parts of ,raynal's ,histoire philosophique des deux ,indes4 #i4 ,notes to ,lagrange's ,vie de ,senque4 ,holbach's translations of ,german scientific works are as follows3 7,complete titles to be found in ,bibliography1 ,pt4 ,i47 #a4 ,art de la ,verrerie de ,neri1 ,merret1 et ,kunckel 7,paris1 ,durand1 #ageb74 ,original work in ,italian4 ,latin translation by ,christopher ,merret4 ,german translation by ,j4 ,kunckel of ,lwenstern4 ,holbach's translation comprises the seven books of ,antionio ,neri1 ,merret's notes on ,neri1 ,kunckel's observations on both these authors1 his own experiments and others relative to glass-making4 ,the translation was dedicated to ,malesherbes who had desired to see the best ,german scientific works published in ,french4 ,in his ,prface du ,traducteur ,holbach writes3 ,l'envie de me rendre utile1 dont tout citoyen doit tre anim1 m'a fait entreprendre l'ouvrage que je prsente au ,public4 ,s'il a le bonheur de mriter son approbation1 quoiqu'il y ait peu de gloire attache au travail ingrat et fastidieux d'un ,traducteur1 je me dterminerai donner les meilleurs ouvrages allemands1 sur l',histoire ,naturelle1 la ,minralogie1 la ,mtallurgie et la ,chymie4 ,tout le monde sait que l',allemagne possede en ce genre des trsors qui ont t jusqu'ici comme enfouis pour la ,france4 #b4 ,minralogie ou ,description gnrale du rgne mineral par ,j4 ,g4 ,wallerius 7,paris1 ,durand1 #agec7 followed by ,hydrologie by the same author4 ,second edition1 ,paris1 ,herrissant1 #agei4 ,originally in ,swedish 7,wallerius was a professor of chemistry in the ,university of ,upsala74 ,german translation by ,j4 ,d4 ,denso1 ,professor of ,chemistry1 ,stargard1 ,pomerania4 ,holbach's translation was made from the ,german edition which ,wallerius considered preferable to the ,swedish4 ,he was assisted by ,bernard de ,jussien and ,rouelle1 and the work was dedicated to a friend and co-worker in the natural sciences1 ,monsieur d',arclais de ,montamy4 #c4 ,introduction la ,minralogie444 oeuvre posthume de ,m4 ,j4 ,f4 ,henckel1 ,paris1 ,cavelier1 #agef1 first published under title ,henckelius in ,mineralogi redivivus1 ,dresden1 #agdg1 by his pupil1 ,m4 ,stephani1 as an outline of his lectures4 ,holbach's translation made from a ,german edition1 corrected1 with notes on new discoveries added4 #d4 ,chimie mtallurgique444 par ,m4 ,c4 ,gellert4 ,paris1 ,briasson1 #ageh1 translated earlier4 ,approbation ,may #a1 #agec1 ,privilege ,dec4 #ba1 #aged4 ,originally a text written by ,gellert for four artillery officers whom the ,king of ,sardinia sent to ,freyburg to learn mining-engineering4 #e4 ,traits de physique1 d'histoire naturelle1 de mineralogy et de mtallurgie4 ,paris1 ,herrissant1 #agei1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,lehmann1 three vols4 ,i4 ,l',art des ,mines1 ,,ii4 ,trait de la formation des mtaux1 ,,iii4 ,essai d'une histoire naturelle des couches de la terre4 ,in his preface to the third volume ,holbach has some interesting remarks about the deluge1 the irony of which seems to have escaped the royal censor1 ,millet1 ,docteur en ,thologie4 ,la description si prcise et si dtaille que ,mose fait du ,deluge dans la ,gense1 ayant une autorit infaillible1 puis qu'elle n'est autre que celle de ,dieu mme1 nous rend certains de la ralit et de l'universalit de ce chtiment terrible4 ,il s'agit simplement d'examiner si les naturalistes1 tels que ,woodward1 ,schenchzer1 ,buttner et ,m4 ,lehmann lui-mme ne se sont points tromps1 lorsqu'ils ont attribu cet vnement seul la formation des couches de la terre et lorsqu'ils s'en sont servis pour expliquer l'tat actuel de notre globe4 ,il semble que rien ne doit nous empcher d'agiter cette question2 l',ecriture sainte se contente de nous apprendre la voie miraculeuse dont ,dieu s'est servi pour punir les crimes du genre humain2 elle ne dit rien qui puisse limiter les sentiments des naturalistes sur les autres effets physiques que le dluge a pu produire4 ,c'est une matire qu'elle parot avoir abandonne aux disputes des hommes4 ,he then proceeds to question whether the deluge could have produced the results attributed to it and argues against catastrophism which1 it must be remembered1 was the received geological doctrine down to the days of ,lyell4 ,les causes les plus simples sont capables de produire au bout des sicles les effets les plus grands1 surtout lorsqu'elles agissent incessament2 et nous voyons toutes ces causes runies agir perptuellement sous nos yeux4 ,concluons1 donc1 de tout ce qui prcde1 que le dluge1 seul et les feux souterrains seuls ne suffisent point pour expliquer la formation des couches de la terre4 ,on risquera toujours de se tromper1 lorsque par l'envie de simplifier on voudra driver tous les phnomnes de la nature d'une seule et unique cause4 #f4 ,pyritologie by ,j4 ,f4 ,henkel1 ,paris1 ,herrissant1 #agfj1 a large volume in quarto1 translated by ,holbach4 ,it contains ,flora ,saturnisans 7translated by ,m4 ,charas and reviewed by ,m4 ,roux71 ,henkel's ,opuscules ,minralogiques and other treatises4 ,original editions3 ,pyritologia1 ,leipzig1 #agbe1 #aged2 ,flora ,saturnisans1 ,leipzig1 #agba2 ,de ,appropriatione ,chymica1 ,dresden1 #agbg1 and ,de ,lapidum origine1 ,dresden1 #agcd1 translated into ,german1 with excellent notes1 ,dresden1 #agdd1 by ,m4 ,c4 ,f4 ,zimmermann1 a pupil of ,m4 ,henkel4 ,holbach's translations seem to have been well received because he writes in this preface3 ,je m'estimerai heureux si mon travail peut contribuer entretenir et augmenter le got universel qu'on a conu pour le saine physique4 #g4 ,oeuvres mtallurgiques de ,m4 ,j4 ,c4 ,orschall1 ,paris1 ,hardy1 #agfj4 ,orschall still accepted the old alchemist tradition but was sound in practice and was the best authority on copper4 ,holbach does not attempt to justify his physics which was that of the preceding century4 ,orschall was held in high esteem by ,henckel and ,stahl4 #h4 ,recueil des mmoires des ,acadmies d',upsal et de ,stockholm1 ,paris1 ,didot1 #agfd4 ,these records of experiments made in the ,royal ,laboratories of ,sweden1 founded in #afhc by ,charles ,,xi1 had already been translated into ,german and ,english4 ,holbach's translation was made from the ,german and ,latin4 ,he promises further treatises on ,agriculture1 ,natural ,history and ,medicine4 #i4 ,trait du ,soufre by ,g4 ,e4 ,stahl1 ,paris1 ,didot1 #agff4 ,in speaking of ,stahl's theories ,holbach says3 ,il ne faut pas croire que ces connaissances soient des vrits striles propres seulement satisfaire une vaine curiosit1 elles ont leur application aux travaux de la mtallurgie qui leur doivent la perfection o on les a ports depuis quelques temps4 ,holbach understood very clearly the utility of science in his scheme of increasing the store of human well-being1 and would doubtless have translated other useful works had not other interests prevented4 ,there is a ,,mss4 note of his in the ,bibliothque ,nationale to ,m4 ,malesherbes1 then ,administrateur de la ,librairie ,royale2 suggesting other ,german treatises that might well be translated4 7,,mss4 #bbaid74 ,,holbach ,,to ,,malesherbes ,monsieur ,j'ai l'honneur de vous envoyer ci-joint la liste des ouvrages dont ,m4 ,lige fils pourrait entreprendre la traduction4 ,je n'en connais actuellement point d'autres qui mritent l'attention du public4 ,m4 ,macquer m'a crit une lettre qui a pour objet les mmes choses dont vous m'avez fait l'honneur de me parler1 et je lui fais la mme rponse4 ,j'ai l'honneur d'tre avec respect1 ,monsieur1 ,votre trs obissant serviteur ,d',,holbach ,paris ce #f d'avril #agfa ,the list of books was as follows3 #a4 ,johann ,kunckel's ,laboratorium ,chymicum1 #hvo4 #b4 ,georg ,ernest ,stahl's ,commentary on ,becher's ,metallurgy1 #hvo4 #c4 ,concordantia ,chymica ,becheri1 #dj1 published by ,stahl4 #d4 ,cadmologia1 or the ,natural ,history of ,cobalt1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,lehmann1 ,berlin1 #agfj1 #d4 ,after #agfj ,holbach became interested in another line of intellectual activity1 namely the writing and translation of anti-religious literature4 ,his first book of this sort really appeared in #agfa although no copies bear this date4 ,from #agfg on however he published a great many works of this character4 ,it is convenient to deal first with his translations of ,english deistical writers4 ,they are in chronological order4 #a4 ,esprit du clerg1 ou le ,christianisme primitif veng des entreprises et des excs de nos ,prtres modernes4 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #agfg4 ,this book appeared in ,england in #agbj under the title of ,the ,independent ,whig2 its author was ,thomas ,gordon 7known through his ,commentaries on ,sallust and ,tacitus7 who wrote in collaboration with ,john ,trenchard4 ,the book was partially rewritten by ,holbach and then touched up by ,naigeon1 who1 according to a manuscript note by his brother1 atheised it as much as possible4 ,it was sold with great secrecy and at a high price--a reward which the colporters demanded for the risk they ran in peddling seditious literature4 ,the book was a violent attack on the spirit of domination which characterized the ,christian priesthood at that time4 #b4 ,de ,l'imposture sacerdotale1 ou ,recueil de ,pices sur le clerg1 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #agfg4 ,another edition #aggb under title ,de la ,monstruosit pontificale etc4 ,contains translations of various pamphlets including ,davisson1 ,a true picture of ,popery2 ,brown1 ,popery a ,craft1 ,london #agce2 ,gordon1 ,apology for the danger of the church1 #agai2 ,gordon1 ,the ,creed of an ,independent ,whig1 #agbj4 #c4 ,examen des ,prophties qui servent de fondement la religion ,chrtienne1 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #agfh4 ,translation of ,anthony ,collins1 ,a ,discourse on the ,grounds and ,reasons of the ,christian ,religion1 ,london1 #agbd4 ,contains also ,the ,scheme of literal ,prophecy considered1 #agbg1 also by ,collins in answer to the works of ,clarke1 ,sherlock1 ,chandler1 ,sykes1 and especially to ,whiston's ,essay towards restoring the text of the ,old ,testament1 one of the thirty-five works directed against ,collins' original ,discourse4 ,copies of this work have become very rare4 #d4 ,david1 ou l'histoire de l'homme selon le coeur de ,dieu4 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #agfh4 ,this work appeared in ,england in #agfa and is attributed to ,peter ,annet1 also to ,john ,noorthook4 ,some ,english eulogists of ,george ,,ii1 ,messrs4 ,chandler1 ,palmer and others1 had likened their late ,king to ,david1 the man after ,god's own heart4 ,the deists1 struck by the absurdity of the comparison1 proceeded to relate all the scandalous facts they could find recorded of ,david1 and by clever distortions painted him as the most execrable of ,kings1 in a work entitled ,david or the ,man after ,god's ,own ,heart1 which formed the basis of ,holbach's translation4 #e4 ,les prtres dmasqus ou des iniquits du clerg chrtien4 ,londres1 #agfh4 ,translation of four discourses published under the title ,the ,ax laid to the root of ,christian ,priestcraft by a layman1 ,london1 ,t4 ,cooper1 #agdb4 ,a rare volume4 #f4 ,lettres philosophiques444 ,londres 7,amsterdam1 #agfh74 ,translation of ,j4 ,toland's ,letters to ,serena1 ,london1 #agjd4 ,the book1 which had become very rare in ,holbach's time1 had caused a great scandal at the time of its publication and was much sought after by collectors4 ,it contains five letters1 the first three of which are by ,toland1 the other two and the preface by ,holbach and ,naigeon4 ,the matters treated are1 the origin of prejudices1 the dogma of the immortality of the soul1 idolatry1 superstition1 the system of ,spinoza and the origin of movement in matter4 ,diderot said of these works1 in writing to ,mlle4 ,volland ,nov4 #bb1 #agfh 7,oeuvres1 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #cjh73 ,il pleut des bombes dans la maison du ,seigneur4 ,je tremble toujours que quelqu'un de ces tmraires artilleurs-l ne s'en trouve mal4 ,ce sont les ,lettres philosophiques traduites1 ou supposes traduites1 de l'anglais de ,toland2 c'est l',examen des prophties2 c'est la ,vie de ,david ou de l'homme selon l coeur de ,dieu1 ce sont mlle diables dchains4--,ah6 ,madame de ,blacy1 je crains bien que le ,fils de l',homme ne soit la porte2 que la venue d',elie ne soit proche1 et que nous ne touchions au rgne de l',anti-christ4 ,tous les jours1 quand je me lve1 je regarde par ma fentre1 si la grande prostitue de ,babylone ne se promne point dj dans les rues avec sa grande coupe la main et s'il ne se fait aucun des signes prdits dans le firmament4 #g4 ,de la ,cruaut religieuse1 ,londres 7,amsterdam74 ,considerations upon war1 upon cruelty in general and religious cruelty in particular1 ,london1 printed for ,thomas ,hope1 #agfa4 #h4 ,dissertation critique sur les tourmens de l'enfer printed in an original work1 ,l',enfer dtruit1 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #agfi4 ,a translation of ,whitefoot's ,the ,torments of ,hell1 the foundation and pillars thereof discover'd1 search'd1 shaken and remov'd4 ,london1 #afeh4 #i4 ,in the ,recueil philosophique edited by ,naigeon1 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #aggj4 ,i4 ,dissertation sur l'immortalit de l'me4 ,translated from ,hume4 ,,ii4 ,dissertation sur le suicide 7,hume74 ,,iii4 ,extrait d'un livre ,anglais qui a pour titre le ,christianisme aussi ancien que le monde4 7,tindal1 ,christianity as old as ,creation47 #aj4 ,esprit de ,judasme1 ou ,examen raisonn de la ,loi de ,moyse4 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #aggj 7#agfi71 translated from ,anthony ,collins4 ,with the exception of some of ,holbach's own works this is one of the fiercest denunciations of ,judaism and ,christianity to be found in print4 ,in fact1 it is very much in the style of ,holbach's anti-religious works and shows beyond a doubt that ,holbach derived his inspiration from ,collins and the more radical of the ,english school4 ,the volume has become exceedingly rare4 ,after outlining the history of ,judaism the book ends thus3 ,ose1 donc enfin1 ,europe6 secouer le joug insupportable des prjugs qui t'affligent4 ,laisse des ,hbreux stupides1 des frntiques imbciles1 des ,asiatiques lches et dgrads1 ces superstitions aussi avilissantes qu'insenses3 elles ne sont point faites pour les habitans de ton climat4 ,occupe-toi du soin de perfectionner tes gouvernemens1 de corriger tes lois1 de rformer tes abus1 de rgler tes moeurs1 et ferme pour toujours les yeux ces vraies chimres1 qui depuis tant de sicles n'ont servi qu' retarder tes progrs vers la science vritable et t'carter de la route du bonheur4 #aa4 ,examen critique de la vie et des ouvrages de ,saint ,paul1 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #aggj4 ,a free translation of ,peter ,annet's ,history and character of ,st4 ,paul examined1 written in answer to ,lyttelton4 ,new edition #agij and translated back into ,english from the ,french of ,boulanger1 ,london1 ,r4 ,carlile1 #ahbc4 ,a rather unsympathetic account1 but with flashes of real insight into le systme religieux des ,chrtiens dont ,s4 ,paul fut videmment le vritable architecte4 7,eptre ddicatoire47 ,annet said of ,paul's type of man l'enthousiaste s'enivre1 pour l'ainsi dire1 de son propre vin1 il se persuade que la cause de ses passions est la cause de ,dieu 7p4 #gb71 mais quelque violent qu'ait pu tre l'enthousiasme de ,s4 ,paul1 il sentait trs bien que la doctrine qu'il prchait devait paratre bizarre et insense des tres raisonnables 7p4 #ada74 #ab4 ,de la nature humaine1 ou ,exposition des facults1 des actions et des passions de l'me1 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #aggb4 7,thomas ,hobbes47 ,reprinted in a ,french ,edition of ,hobbes' works by ,holbach and ,sorbire1 #aghg4 ,appeared first in ,english in #afdj1 omitted in a ,latin ,edition of ,hobbes printed in ,amsterdam4 ,in spite of its brevity1 ,holbach considered this one of ,hobbes' most important and luminous works4 #ac4 ,discours sur les ,miracles de ,jesus ,christ 7,amsterdam1 #aghj874 ,translated from ,woolston1 whom ,holbach admired very much for his uncompromising attitude toward truth4 ,he suffered fines and imprisonments1 but would not give up the privilege of writing as he pleased4 ,the present discourse was the cause of a quarrel with his friend ,whiston4 ,he died ,jan4 #bg1 #agcc1 avec beaucoup de fermet444 il se ferma les yeux et la bouche de ses propres mains1 et rendit l'esprit4 ,this work exists in a manuscript book of #ahg pages1 written very fine1 in the ,bibliothque ,nationale 7,mss4 franais #aebbd7 and was current in ,france long before #aghj4 ,in fact it is mentioned by ,grimm before #aggj1 but the dictionaries 7,barber1 ,qurard7 generally date it from #aghj4 ,before turning to ,holbach's original works mention should be made of a very interesting and extraordinary book that he brought to light1 retouched1 and later used as a kind of shield against the attacks of the parliaments upon his own works4 ,in #agff he published a work entitled ,l',antiquit dvoile par ses usages1 ou ,examen critique des principales ,opinions1 ,crmonies et ,institutions religieuses et politiques des diffrens ,peuples de la ,terre4 ,par feu ,m4 ,boulanger1 ,amsterdam1 #agff4 ,this is a work based on an original manuscript by ,boulanger1 who died in #agei1 preceded by an excellent letter on him by ,diderot1 published also in the ,gazette ,littraire4 ,the use made by ,holbach of ,boulanger's name makes it necessary to consider for a moment this almost forgotten writer4 ,nicholas ,antoine ,boulanger was born in #agbb4 ,as a child he showed so little aptitude for study that later his teachers could scarcely believe that he had turned out to be a really learned man4 ,as ,diderot observes1 ces exemples d'enfans1 rendus ineptes entre les mains des ,pdans qui les abrutissent en dpit de la nature la plus heureuse1 ne sont pas rares1 cependant ils surprennent toujours 7p4 #a74 ,boulanger studied mathematics and architecture1 became an engineer and was employed by the government as inspector of bridges and highways4 ,he passed a busy life in exacting outdoor work but at the same time his active intellect played over a large range of human interests4 ,he became especially concerned with historical origins and set himself to learn ,latin and ,greek that he might get at the sources4 ,not satisfied that he had come to the root of the matter he learned ,arabic1 ,syriac1 ,hebrew and ,chaldean4 ,diderot says ,il lisait et tudiait partout1 je l'ai moi-mme rencontr sur les grandes routes avec un auteur rabinnique la main4 ,he made a mappemonde in which the globe is divided in two hemispheres1 one occupied by the continents1 the other by the oceans1 and by a singular coincidence he found that the meridian of the continental hemisphere passed through ,paris4 ,some such rearrangement of hemispheres is one of the commonplaces of modern geography4 ,he furnished such articles as1 ,deluge1 ,corve1 ,socit for the ,encyclopedia and wrote several large and extremely learned books1 among them ,recherches sur l'origine du ,despotisme oriental and ,antiquit dvoile4 ,he died from overwork at the age of thirty-seven4 ,boulanger's ideas on philosophy1 mythology1 anthropology and history are of extraordinary interest today4 ,diderot relates his saying--,que si la philosophie avait trouv tant d'obstacles parmi nous c'tait qu'on avait commenc par o il aurait fallu finir1 par des maximes abstraites1 des raisonnemens gnraux1 des rflexions subtiles qui ont rvolt par leur tranget et leur hardiesse et qu'on aurait admises sans peine si elles avaient t prcdes de l'histoire des faits4 ,he carried over this inductive method into realm of history1 which he thought had been approached from the wrong side1 i4e41 the metaphysical1 par consulter les lumires de la raison 7p4 #h74 ,he continues1 j'ai pens qu'il devait y avoir quelques circonstances particulires4 ,un fait et non une spculation mtaphysique m'a toujours sembl devoir tre et tribut naturel et ncessaire de l'histoire4 ,curiously enough the central fact in history appeared to ,boulanger to be the deluge1 and on the basis of it he attempted to interpret the ,kulturgeschichte of humanity4 ,it is a bit unfortunate that he took the deluge quite as literally as he did2 his idea1 however1 is obviously the influence of environmental pressure on the changing beliefs and practices of mankind4 ,under the spell of this new point of view1 he writes1 ,ce qu'on appelle l'histoire n'en est que la partie la plus ingrate1 la plus uniforme1 la plus inutile1 quoi qu'elle soit la plus connue4 ,la vritable histoire est couverte par le voile des temps 7p4 #g74 ,boulanger however was not to be daunted and on the firm foundation of the fact of some ancient and universal catastrophe1 as recorded on the surface of the earth and in human mythology1 he proceeds to inquire into the moral effects of the changes in the physical environment back to which if possible the history of antiquity must be traced4 ,man's defeat in his struggle with the elements made him religious1 hinc prima mali labes4 ,son premier pas fut un faux pas1 sa premire maxime fut une erreur 7p4 #d sq74 ,but it was not his fault nor has time repaired the evil moral effects of that early catastrophe4 ,les grandes rvolutions physiques de notre globe sont les vritables poques de l'histoire des nations 7p4 #i74 ,hence have arisen the various psychological states through which mankind has passed4 ,contemporary savages are still in the primitive state--,boulanger properly emphasizes the relation of anthropology to history--,on aperoit qu'il y a une nouvelle manire de voir et d'crire l'histoire des hommes 7p4 #ab7 and with a vast store of anthropological and folklorist learning he writes it so that his assailant1 ,fabry d',autrey1 in his ,antiquit justifie 7,paris1 #agff7 is obliged to say with truth1 ,ce n'est point ici un tissus de mensonges grossiers1 de sophismes rebattus et bouffons1 appliqus d'un air mprisant aux objets les plus intressants pour l'humanit4 ,c'est une enterprise srieuse et rflchie 7p4 #aa74 ,in #agfg ,holbach published his first original work1 a few copies of which had been printed in ,nancy in #agfa4 ,this work was ,le ,christianisme dvoil ou ,examen des principes et des effets de la religion ,chrtienne4 ,par feu ,m4 ,boulanger4 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #agfg4 ,there were several other editions the same year1 one printed at ,john ,wilkes' private press in ,westminster4 ,it was reprinted in later collections of ,boulanger's works1 and went through several ,english and ,spanish editions4 ,the form of the title and the attribution of the work to ,boulanger were designed to set persecution on the wrong track4 ,there has been some discussion as to its authorship4 ,voltaire and ,laharpe attributed it to ,damilaville1 at whose book shop it was said to have been sold1 but ,m4 ,barbier has published detailed information given him by ,naigeon to the effect that ,holbach entrusted his manuscript to ,m4 ,de ,saint-,lambert1 who had it printed by ,leclerc at ,nancy in #agfa4 ,most of the copies that got to ,paris at that time were bought by several officers of the ,king's regiment then in garrison at ,nancy1 among them ,m4 de ,villevielle1 a friend of ,voltaire and of ,condorcet4 ,damilaville did not sell a single copy and even had a great deal of trouble to get one for ,holbach who waited for it a long time4 ,this circumstantial evidence is of greater value than the statement of ,voltaire who was in the habit of attributing anonymous works to whomever he pleased4 #ci3b ,the edition of #agfg was printed in ,amsterdam as were most of ,holbach's works4 ,we have the details of their publication from ,naigeon cadet1 a copyist1 whose brother1 ,j4 ,a4 ,naigeon1 was ,holbach's literary factotum4 ,in a manuscript note in his copy of the ,systme de la ,nature he tells how he copied nearly all ,holbach's works1 either at ,paris or at ,sedan1 where he was stationed1 and where his friend ,blon1 the postmaster1 aided him1 passing the manuscripts on to a ,madame ,loncin in ,lige1 who in turn was a correspondent of ,marc-,michel ,rey1 the printer in ,amsterdam4 ,sometimes they were sent directly by the diligence or through travellers4 ,this account agrees perfectly with information given ,m4 ,barbier orally by ,naigeon an4 ,after being printed in ,holland the books were smuggled into ,france sous le manteau1 as the expression is1 and sold at absurd rates by colporters4 #dj3c ,diderot writing to ,falconet early in #agfh #dj3d says3 ,il pleut des livres incrdules4 ,c'est un feu roulant qui crible le sanctuaire de toutes parts444 ,l'intolrance du gouvernment s'accroit de jour en jour4 ,on dirait que c'est un projet form d'teindre ici les lettres1 de ruiner le commerce de librairie et de nous rduire la besace et la stupidit444 ,le ,christianisme dvoil s'est vendu jusqu' quatre louis4 ,when caught the colporters were severely punished4 ,diderot gives the following instance in a letter to ,mlle4 ,volland ,oct4 #h1 #agfh 7,avzac-,lavigne1 ,diderot1 p4 #afa73 ,un apprenti avait reu1 en payment ou autrement1 d'un colporteur appel ,lcuyer1 deux exemplaires du ,christianisme dvoil et il avait vendu un de ces exemplaires son patron4 ,celui-ci le dfre au lieutenant de police4 ,le colporteur1 sa femme et l'apprenti sont arrts tous les trois2 ils viennent d'tre piloris1 fouetts et marqus1 et l'apprenti condamn neuf ans de galres1 le colporteur cinq ans1 et la femme l'hpital pour toute sa vie4 ,there are two very interesting pieces of contemporary criticism of ,le ,christianisme dvoil1 one by ,voltaire1 the other by ,grimm4 ,voltaire writes in a letter to ,madame de ,saint ,julien ,december #ae1 #agff 7,oeuvres1 ,,xliv1 p4 #ecd1 ed4 ,garnier73 ,vous m'apprenez que1 dans votre socit1 on m'attribue ,le ,christianisme dvoil par feu ,m4 ,boulanger1 mais je vous assure que les gens au fait ne m'attribuent point du tout cet ouvrage4 ,j'avoue avec vous qu'il y a de la clart1 de la chaleur1 et quelque fois de l'loquence2 mais il est plein de rptitions1 de ngligences1 de fautes contre la langue et je serais trs-fch de l'avoir fait1 non seulement comme acadmicien1 mais comme philosophe1 et encore plus comme citoyen4 ,il est entirement oppos mes principes4 ,ce livre conduit l'athisme que je dteste4 ,j'ai toujours regard l'athisme comme le plus grand garement de la raison1 parce qu'il est aussi ridicule de dire que l'arrangement du monde ne prouve pas un artisan suprme qu'il serait impertinent de dire qu'une horloge ne prouve pas un horloger4 ,je ne rprouve pas moins ce livre comme citoyen2 l'auteur parat trop ennemi des puissances4 ,des hommes qui penseraient comme lui ne formeraient qu'une anarchie3 et je vois trop1 par l'example de ,genve1 combien l'anarchie est craindre4 ,ma coutume est d'crire sur la marge de mes livres ce que je pense d'eux1 vous verrez1 quand vous daignerez venir ,ferney1 les marges de ,christianisme dvoil chargs de remarques qui montrent que l'auteur s'est tromp sur les faits les plus essentiels4 ,these notes may be read in ,voltaire's works 7,vol4 ,,xxxi1 p4 #abi1 ed4 ,garnier7 and the original copy of ,le ,christianisme dvoil in which he wrote them is in the ,british ,museum 7c #bh1 k #c7 where it is jealously guarded as one of the most precious autographs of the ,patriarch of ,ferney4 ,grimm's notice is from the ,correspondance ,littraire of ,august #ae1 #agfc 7,vol4 ,v1 p4 #cfg74 ,il existe un livre intitul le ,christianisme dvoil ou ,examen des principes et des effets de la religion ,chrtienne1 par feu ,m4 ,boulanger1 volume in #h4 ,on voit d'abord qu'on lui a donn ce titre pour en faire le pendant de l',antiquit dvoile2 mais il ne faut pas beaucoup se connatre en manire pour sentir que ces deux ouvrages ne sont pas sortis de la mme plume4 ,on peut assurer avec la mme certitude que celui dont nous parlons ne vient point de la fabrique de ,ferney1 parce que j'aimerais mieux croire que le patriache et pris la lune avec ses dents2 cela serait moins impossible que de guetter sa manire et son allure si compltement qu'il n'en restt aucune trace quelconque4 ,par la mme raison1 je ne crois ce livre d'aucun de nos philosophes connus1 parce que je n'y trouve la manire d'aucun de ceux qui ont crit4 ,d'u vient-il donc8 ,ma foi1 je serais fch de le savoir1 et je crois que l'auteur aura sagement fait de ne mettre personne dans son secret4 ,c'est le livre le plus hardi et le plus terrible qui ait jamais parti dans aucun lieu du monde4 ,la prface consiste dans une lettre o l'auteur examine si la rligion est rellement ncessaire ou seulement utile au maintien ou la police des empires1 et s'il convient de la respecter sous ce point de vue4 ,comme il tablit la ngative1 il entreprend en consquence de prouver1 par son ouvrage1 l'absurdit et l'incohrence du dogme ,chrtien et de la mythologie qui en rsulte1 et l'influence de cette absurdit sur les ttes et sur les mes4 ,dans la seconde partie1 il examine la morale chrtienne1 et il prtend prouver que dans ses principes gnraux elle n'a aucun avantage sur toutes les morales du monde1 parce que la justice et la bont sont recommandes dans tous les catchismes de l'univers1 et que chez aucun peuple1 quelque barbare qu'il fut1 on n'a jamais enseign qu'il fallt tre injuste et mchant4 ,quant ce que la morale chrtienne a de particulier1 l'auteur pretend dmontrer qu'elle ne peut convenir qu' des enthousiastes peu propres aux devoirs de la socit1 pour lesquels les hommes sont dans ce monde4 ,il entreprend de prouver1 dans la troisime partie1 que la religion chrtienne a eu les effets politiques les plus sinistres et les plus funestes1 et que le genre humain lui doit tous les malheurs dont il a t accabl depuis quinze dix-huit sicles1 sans qu'on en puisse encore prvoir la fin4 ,ce livre est crit avec plus de vhmence que de vritable loquence2 il entraine4 ,son style est chti et correct1 quoique un peu dur et sec2 son ton est grave et soutenu4 ,on n'y apprend rien de nouveau1 et cependant il attache et intresse4 ,malgr son incroyable tmrit1 on ne peut refuser l'auteur la qualit d'homme de bien fortement pris du bonheur de sa race et de la prosprit des socits2 mais je pense que ses bonnes intentions seraient une sauvegarde bien faible contre les mandements et les rquisitions4 ,this is a clear and fair account of a book that is without doubt the severest criticism of the theory and practice of historical ,christianity ever put in print4 ,the church very naturally did not let such a book pass unanswered4 ,abb ,bergier1 a heavy person1 triumphantly refuted ,holbach in eight hundred pages in his ,apologia de la ,religion ,chrtienne contre l',auteur du ,christianisme dvoil1 ,paris1 #agfi1 which finishes with the fatal prophecy1 ,nous avons de surs garans de nos esprances3 tant que le sang auguste de ,s4 ,louis sera sur le trne1 il n'y a point de rvolutions craindre ni dans la ,religion ni dans la politique4 ,la religion ,chrtienne fonde sur la parole de ,dieu444 triomphera des nouveaux ,philosophes4 ,dieu qui veille sur son ouvrage n'a pas besoin de nos faibles mains pour le soutenir 7,psaume #cb1 vs4 #aj1 #aa74 #b4 ,there already existed in #agfg another work by ,holbach entitled ,thologie portative ou ,dictionnaire ,abrg de la ,religion ,chrtienne4 ,par ,mr ,abb ,bernier4 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #agfh 7#agfg74 ,this book went through many editions and was augmented by subsequent authors and editors4 ,voltaire was already writing to d',alembert about it ,august #ad1 #agfg4 #dd3e ,in a letter to ,damilaville1 ,october #af1 he writes 7,vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #djf73 ,depuis trois mois il y a une douzaine d'ouvrages d'une libert extrme1 imprims en ,hollande4 ,la ,thologie portative n'est nullement thologique3 ce n'est qu'une plaisanterie continuelle par ordre alphabtique2 mais il faut avouer qu'il y a des traits si comiques que plusieurs thologiens mmes ne pourront s'empcher d'en rire4 ,les jeunes gens et les femmes lisent cette folie avec avidit4 ,les ditions de tous les livres dans ce got se multiplient4 ,and on ,february #h1 #agfh1 he wrote3 ,on fait tous les jours des livres contre la religion1 dont je voudrais bien imiter le style pour la dfendre4 ,y a-t-il de plus sal1 que la plupart des traits qui se trouvent dans la ,thologie portative8 ,y a-t-il rien de plus vigoreux1 de plus profondment raisonn1 d'crit avec une loquence plus audacieuse et plus terrible1 que le ,militaire philosophe1 ouvrage qui court toute l',europe8 by ,naigeon and ,holbach ,lisez la ,thologie portative1 et vous ne pourrez vous empcher de rire1 en condammant la coupable hardiesse de l'auteur4 ,lisez l',imposture sacerdotale--vous y verrez le style de ,dmosthne4 ,ces livres malheuresement inondent l',europe2 mais quelle est la cause de cette inondation8 ,il n'y en a point d'autre que les querelles thologiques qui ont rvolt les laques4 ,il s'est fait une rvolution dans l'esprit humain que rien ne peut plus arrter3 les perscutions ne pourraient qu'irriter le mal4 ,footnote3 the italics are mine4 ,it is to be noted however that ,voltaire's sentiments varied according to the point of view of the person to whom he was writing4 ,in a letter to d',alembert1 ,may #bd1 #agfi 7,vol4 ,,lxv1 p4 #dec71 he calls the ,thologie portative un ouvrage mon gr1 trs plaisant1 auquel je n'ai assurment nulle part1 ouvrage que je serais trs fch d'avoir fait1 et que je voudrais bien avoir t capable de faire4 ,but in a letter to the ,bishop of ,annecy ,june1 #agfi1 he writes 7,vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #gc73 ,vous lui ,m4 de ,saint ,florentin imputez1 ce que je vois par vos lettres1 des livres misrables1 et jusqu' la ,theologie portative1 ouvrage fait apparemment dans quelque cabaret2 vous n'tes pas oblig d'avoir du got1 mais vous tes oblig d'tre juste 7,vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #gc74 ,diderot even said of the book3 ,c'est un assez bon nombre de bonnes plaisanteries noyes dans un beaucoup plus grand nombre de mauvaises and this criticism is just4 ,a few examples of the better jokes will suffice3 ,adam3 ,c'est le premier homme1 ,dieu en fait un grand nigaud1 qui pour complaire sa femme eut la btise de mordre dans une pomme que ses descendans n'ont point encore pu digrer4 ,ides ,innes3 ,notions inspires des ,prtres de si bonne heure1 si souvent rptes1 que devenu grand l'on crot les avoir eu toujours ou les avoir reus ds le ventre de sa mre4 ,jonas3 ,la baleine fut la fin oblige de le vomir tant un ,prophte est un morceau difficile digrer4 ,magie3 ,il y en a de deux sortes1 la blanche et la noire4 ,la premire est trs sainte et se pratique journellement dans l'glise4 ,protestants3 ,chrtiens amphibies4 ,vierge3 ,c'est la mre du fils de ,dieu et belle-mre de l'glise4 ,visions3 ,lanternes magiques que de tout temps le ,pre ,eternel s'est amus montrer aux ,saintes et aux ,prophtes4 #c4 ,holbach furnished the last chapter of ,naigeon's book ,le ,militaire philosophe1 ou ,difficulties sur la religion1 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #agfh4 ,voltaire ascribed the work to ,st4 ,hyacinthe4 ,grimm recognized that the last chapter was by another hand and considered it the weakest part of the book4 ,it attempts to demonstrate that all supernatural religions have been harmful to society and that the only useful religion is natural religion or morals4 ,the book was refuted by ,guidi1 in a ,lettre a ,m4 le ,chevalier de444 ,barthe entran dans l'irreligion par un libelle intitul ,le ,militaire philosophe 7#aggj1 #abmo74 #d4 ,holbach's next book was ,la ,contagion sacre ou l',histoire naturelle de la ,superstition1 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #agfh4 ,in his preface ,holbach attributed the alleged ,english original of this work to ,john ,trenchard but that was only a ruse to avoid persecution4 ,the book is by ,holbach4 ,it has gone through many editions and been translated into ,english and ,spanish4 ,the first edition had an introduction by ,naigeon4 ,according to him manuscripts of this book became quite rare at one time and were supposed to have been lost4 ,later they became more common and this edition was corrected by collation with six others4 ,,pg transcriber's note3 at this point there appears to be a break in the original text4 ,a sentence introducing the fifth book in this list1 ,letters to ,eugenie1 has evidently been lost4 ,the letters were written in #agfd1 according to ,lequinio 7,feuilles posthumes71 who had his information from ,naigeon1 to ,marguerite1 ,marchioness de ,vermandois in answer to a very touching and pitiful letter from that lady who was in great trouble over religion4 ,her young husband was a great friend of the ,holbachs1 but having had a strict ,catholic bringing up she was shocked at their infidelity and warned by her confessor to keep away from them4 ,yet in their home she saw all the domestic virtues exemplified and beheld that sweet and unchangeable affection for which the d',holbachs were eminently distinguished among their acquaintances and which was remarkable for its striking contrast with the courtly and ,christian habits of the day4 ,her natural good sense and love for her friends struggled with her monastic education and reverence for the priests4 ,the conflict rendered her miserable and she returned to her country seat to brood over it4 ,in this state of mind she at length wrote to the ,baron and laid open her situation requesting him to comfort1 console1 and enlighten her4 #dg3g ,his letters accomplished the desired effect and he later published them in the hope that they would do as much for others4 ,they were carefully revised before they were sent to the press4 ,all the purely personal passages were omitted and others added to hide the identity of the persons concerned4 ,letters of the sort to religious ladies were common at this time4 ,frret's were preventive1 ,holbach's curative1 but appear to be rather strong dose for a dvote4 ,other examples are ,voltaire's ,eptre ,uranie and ,diderot's ,entretien d'un ,philosophe avec la ,marchale de4444 #f4 ,in #agfi ,holbach published two short treatises on the doctrine of eternal punishment which claimed to be translations from ,english1 but the originals are not to be found4 ,the titles are ,de l'intolrance convaincue de crime et de folie as it is sometimes given1 and-- #g4 ,l',enfer dtruit ou ,examen raisonn du ,dogme de l',eternit des ,peines4 ,londres1 ,amsterdam1 #agfi4 ,this letter was translated into ,english under the title ,hell ,destroyed6 ,now first translated from the ,french of d',alembert without any mutilations1 ,london #ahbc1 which led ,mr4 ,j4 ,hibbert to say1 ,i know not why ,english publishers attribute this awfully sounding work to the cautious1 not to say timid d',alembert4 ,it was followed by ,whitefoot's ',torments of ,hell1' now first translated from the ,french4 #dg3h ,of ,holbach's remaining works on religion two1 ,histoire critique de ,jsus ,christ and ,tableau des ,saints1 date from #aggj when he began to publish his more philosophical works4 #h4 ,the ,histoire critique de ,jsus ,christ ou ,analyse raisonne des ,evangiles was published without name of place or date4 ,it was preceded by ,voltaire's ,eptre ,uranie4 ,it is an extremely careful but unsympathetic analysis of the ,gospel accounts1 emphasizing all the inconsistencies and interpreting them with a literalness that they can ill sustain4 ,from this rationalistic view-point ,holbach found the ,gospels a tissue of absurdities and contradictions4 ,his method1 however1 would not be followed by the critique of today4 #i4 ,the ,tableau des ,saints is a still more severe criticism of the heroes of ,christendom4 ,holbach's proposition is ,la raison ne connat qu'une mesure pour juger et les hommes et les choses1 c'est l'utilit relle et permanente1 qui en rsulte pour notre espce1 7p4 #aaa74 ,judged by this standard1 the saints with their eyes fixed on another world have fallen far short4 ,ils se flattrent de mriter le ciel en se rendant parfaitement inutile la terre 7p4 xviii74 ,holbach much prefers the heroes of classical antiquity4 ,the book is violent but learned throughout1 and deals not only with the ,jewish patriarchs from ,moses on but with the church fathers and ,christian ,princes down to the contemporary defenders of the faith4 ,after a rather one-sided account of the most dreary characters and events in ,christian history1 ,holbach concludes3 ,tel fut1 tel est1 et tel sera toujours l'esprit du ,christianisme3 il est ais de sentir qu'il est incompatible avec les principes les plus videns de la morale et de la saine politique 7p4 #bjh74 #aj4 ,in ,recueil philosophique1 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #aggj1 edited by ,naigeon4 ,rflexions sur les craintes de la ,mort4 ,problme important--,la ,religion est-elle ncessaire la morale et utile la ,politique4 ,par ,m4 ,mirabaud4 #aa4 ,essai sur les prjugs1 ou ,de l'influence des opinions sur les moeurs et sur le bonheur des ,hommes4 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #aggj1 under name of ,dumarsais4 ,the book pretended to be an elaboration of ,dumarsais' essay on the ,philosophe published in the ,nouvelles liberts de penser1 #agej4 ,the special interest connected with it was the refutation ,frederick the ,great published under the title ,examen de l',essai sur les prjugs1 ,londres1 ,nourse1 #aggj 7#af mo74 ,the ,king of ,prussia writing from the point of view of a practical1 enlightened despot1 took special exception to ,holbach's remarks on government4 ,il l'outrage avec autant de grossiret que d'indcence1 il force le gouvernement de prendre fait et cause avec l'glise pour s'opposer l'ennemi commun4 ,mais1 quand avec un acharnement violent et les traits de la plus cre satire1 il calomnie son ,roi et le gouvernement de son pays1 on le prend pour un frntique echapp de ses chanes1 et livr aux transports les plus violens de sa rage4 ,quoi1 ,monsieur le philosophe1 protecteur des moeurs et de la vertu1 ignorez vous qu'un bon citoyen doit respecter la forme de gouvernement sous laquelle il vit1 ignorez vous qu'il ne convient point un particulier d'insulter les ,puissances444 7p4 #bh74 ,non content d'insulter toutes les ttes couronns de l',europe1 notre philosophe s'amuse1 en passant1 rpandre du ridicule sur les ouvrages de ,hugo ,grotius4 ,j'oserais croire qu'il n'en sera pas cru sur sa parole1 et que le ,droit de la guerre et de la paix ira plus loin la postrit que l',essai sur les prjugs 7p4 #ci74 ,holbach in his anti-militaristic enthusiasm had used the words bourreaux mercenaires2 epithte lgante1 continues ,frederick1 dont il honore les guerriers4 ,mais souffrions nous qu'un cerveau brl insulte au plus noble emploi de la ,societ8 7p4#di74 ,he goes on to defend war in good old-fashioned terms4 ,vous dclamez contre la guerre1 elle est funeste en elle-mme2 mais c'est un mal comme ces autres flaux du ciel qu'il faut supposer ncessaires dans l'arrangement de cet univers parce qu'ils arrivent priodiquement et qu'aucun sicle n'a pu jusqu' prsent d'en avoir t exempt4 ,j'ai prouv que de tout temps l'erreur a domin dans ce monde2 et comme une chose aussi constante peut tre envisage comme une loi gnral de la nature1 j'en conclus que ce qui a t toujours sera toujours le mme 7p4 #ai74 ,frederick sent his little refutation to ,voltaire for his compliments which were forthcoming4 ,a few days after ,voltaire wrote to d',alembert3 ,le roi de ,prusse vous a envoy1 sans doute1 son petit crit contre un livre imprim cette anne1 intitul ,essai sur les prjugs1 ce roi a aussi les siens1 qu'il faut lui pardonner2 on n'est pas roi pour rien4 ,mais je voudrais savoir quel est l'auteur de cet ,essai contre lequel sa majest prussienne s'amuse crire un peu durement4 ,serait-il de ,diderot8 serait-il de ,damilaville8 serait-il d',helvetius8 peut-tre ne le connaissez-vous point1 je le crois imprim en ,hollande 7,vol4 ,,lxvi1 p4 #cjd74 ,d',alembert answered3 ,oui1 le roi de ,prusse m'a envoy son crit contre l',essai sur les prjugs4 ,je ne suis point tonn que ce prince n'ait pas got l'ouvrage2 je l'ai lu depuis cette rfutation et il m'a paru bien long1 bien monotone et trop amer4 ,il me semble que ce qu'il y de bon dans ce livre aurait pu et d tre noy dans moins de pages et je vois que vous en avez port peu prs le mme jugement 7,vol4 ,,lxvi1 p4 #cbd74 ,in spite of these unfavorable judgments the ,essai was reprinted as late as #ahhf by the ,bibliotheque ,nationale in its ,collection des meilleurs auteurs anciens et modernes1 still attributed to ,dumarsais with the account of his life by le citoyen ,daube which graced the edition of the year ,i4 7#agib7 #ab4 ,early in #aggj appeared ,holbach's most famous book1 the ,systme de la ,nature1 the only book that is connected with his name in the minds of most historians and philosophers4 ,it seems wiser1 however1 to deal with this work in a chapter apart and continue the account of his later publications4 #ac4 ,the next of which was ,le bon-sens1 ou ides naturelles opposes aux ides surnaturelles4 ,par l',auteur du ,systme de la ,nature1 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #aggb4 ,this work has gone through twenty-five editions or more and has been translated into ,english1 ,german1 ,italian and ,spanish4 ,as early as #agia it began to be published under the name of the cur ,jean ,meslier d',etrpigny1 made so famous by ,voltaire's publication of what was supposed to be his last will and testament in which on his death bed he abjured and cursed ,christianity4 ,some editions contain in the preface ,letters by ,voltaire and his sketch of ,jean ,meslier4 ,the last reprint was by ,de ,laurence1 ,scott ,co41 ,chicago1 #aiaj4 ,the book is nothing more or less than the ,systme de la ,nature1 in a greatly reduced and more readable form4 ,voltaire1 to whom it was attributed by some1 said to d',alembert1 ,il y a plus que du bon sens dans ce livre1 il est terrible4 ,s'il sort de la boutique du ,systme de la ,nature1 l'auteur s'est bien perfectionn4 ,d',alembert answered3 ,je pense comme vous sur le ,bon-sens qui me parat un bien plus terrible livre que le ,systme de la ,nature4 ,these remarks were inscribed by ,thomas ,jefferson on the title page of his copy of ,bon-sens4 ,the book has gone through several editions in the ,united ,states and was sold at a popular price4 ,the ,german translation was published in ,baltimore on the basis of a copy found in a second-hand book store in ,new ,orleans4 ,the most serious work written against it is a long and carefully written treatise against materialism by an ,italian monk1 ,gardini1 entitled ,l'anima umana e sue propriet dedotte da soli principi de ragione1 dal ,p4 lettore ,d4 ,antonmaria ,gardini1 monaco camaldalese1 contro i materialisti e specialmente contro l'opera intitulata1 le ,bon-,sens1 ou ,ides ,naturelles opposes aux ides ,surnaturelles4 ,in ,padova ,,mdcclxxxi ,nella stamperia del ,seminario4 ,appresso ,giovanni ,manfr1 ,con ,licenza de ,superiori e ,privilegio 7#hvo1 p4 xx #bhd74 #ad4 ,in #aggc ,holbach published his ,recherches sur les ,miracles1 a much more sober work than his previous writings on religion4 ,in this book he raises the well known difficulties with belief in miracles and brings a great deal of real learning and logic to bear on the question4 ,the entire work is in a reasonable and philosophic spirit4 ,his conclusion is that une vraie religion doit avoir au dfaut de bonnes raisons1 des preuves sensibles1 capables de faire impression sur tout ceux qui la cherchent de bonne foi4 ,ce ne sont pas les miracles4 ,the same year he published two serious but somewhat tiresome works on politics4 #ae4 ,la politique naturelle4 #af4 ,systme social in which he attempts to reduce government to the naturalistic principles which were the basis of his entire philosophy4 ,the first is also attributed to ,malesherbes4 ,there is a long and keen criticism of the ,systme ,social by ,mme4 d',epinay in a letter to ,abb ,galiani ,jan4 #ab1 #aggc 7,gal4 ,corresp41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #afg74 ,but the most interesting reaction upon it was that of the ,abb ,richard who criticized it from point of view of the divine right of kings in his long and tiresome work entitled ,la ,dfense de la religion1 de la morale1 de la vertu1 de la politique et de la socit1 dans la rfutation des ouvrages qui ont pour titre1 l'un ,systme ,social etc4 ,vautre ,la ,politique ,naturelle par le ,r4 ,p4 ,ch4 ,l4 ,richard1 ,professeur de ,thologie1 etc41 ,paris1 ,moulard1 #agge4 ,in a preface of forty-seven pages the fears of the conservative old ,abb are well expressed4 ,the aim of these modern philosophers who are poisoning public opinion by their writings is to dmolir avec l'antique difice de la religion chrtienne1 celui des moeurs1 de la vertu1 de la saine politique etc4 rompre tous les canaux de communication entre la terre et le ciel1 bannir1 exterminer du monde le ,dieu qui le tira du nant1 y introduire l'impit la plus complte1 la licence la plus consomne1 l'anarchie la plus entire1 la confusion la plus horrible4 #ag4 ,holbach's next work1 ,ethocratie ou ,gouvernement fond sur la ,morale1 ,amsterdam1 ,rey1 #aggf1 is interesting mainly for its unfortunate dedication and peroration1 inscribed to ,louis ,,xvi1 who was hailed therein as a long expected ,messiah4 #ah4 ,holbach's last works dealt exclusively with morals4 ,they are ,la morale universelle ou les devoirs de l'homme fonds sur la nature1 ,amsterdam1 #agga1 and #ai4 ,a posthumous work1 ,elements de la ,morale universelle1 ou catechisme de la nature1 ,paris1 #agij4 ,this is a beautiful little book4 ,it is simple and clear to the last degree4 ,there have been several translations in ,spanish for the purposes of elementary education in morals in the public schools4 ,it was composed in #agfe4 ,holbach's attitude towards morals is indicated by his ,avertissement--,la morale est une science dont les principes sont susceptibles d'une dmonstration aussi claire et aussi rigoureuse que ceux du calcul et de la gometrie4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,syst,,me ,,de ,,la ,,nature4 ,early in #aggj appeared the famous ,systme de la ,nature1 ou ,des ,loix du ,monde ,physique et du ,monde ,morale1 ,par ,m4 ,mirabaud1 ,secrtaire ,perptuel et l'un des ,quarante de l',acadmie ,franaise1 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #aggj4 ,this work has gone through over thirty editions in ,france1 ,spain1 ,germany1 ,england and the ,united ,states4 ,no book of a philosophic or scientific character has ever caused such a sensation at the time of its publication1 excepting perhaps ,darwin's ,origin of ,species1 the thesis of which is more than hinted at by ,holbach4 ,there were several editions in #aggj4 ,a very few copies contain a ,discours prliminaire de l',auteur of sixteen pages which ,naigeon had printed separately in ,london4 ,the ,abrg du ,code de la ,nature1 which ends the book was also published separately and is sometimes attributed to ,diderot1 #hvo1 #af pp4 #ed3a ,there is also a book entitled ,le vrai sens du ,systme de la ,nature1 #aggd1 attributed to ,helvetius1 a very clear1 concise epitome largely in ,holbach's own short and telling sentences1 and much more effective than the original because of its brevity4 ,holbach himself reproduced the ,systme de la ,nature in a shortened form in ,bon-sens1 #aggb1 and ,payrard plagiarized it freely in ,de la ,nature et de ses ,lois1 ,paris1 #aggc4 ,the book has been attributed to ,diderot1 ,helvetius1 ,robinet1 ,damilaville and others4 ,naigeon is certain that it is entirely by ,holbach1 although it is generally held that ,diderot had a hand in it4 ,it was published under the name of ,mirabaud to obviate persecution4 ,the manuscript1 it was alleged1 had been found among his papers as a sort of testament or philosophical legacy to posterity4 ,this work may be called the bible of scientific materialism and dogmatic atheism4 ,nothing before or since has ever approached it in its open and unequivocal insistence on points of view commonly held1 if at all1 with reluctance and reserve4 ,it is impossible in a study of this length to deal fully with the attacks and refutations that were published immediately4 ,we may mention first the condemnation of the book by the ,parlement de ,paris1 ,august #ah1 #aggj1 to be burned by the public hangman along with ,voltaire's ,dieu et les ,hommes1 and ,holbach's ,discours sur les ,miracles1 ,la ,contagion sacre and le ,christianisme dvoil1 which had already been condemned on ,september #bd1 #agfi4 #ee3b ,the ,rquisitoire of ,seguier1 avocat gnral1 on the occasion of the condemnation of the ,systme de la ,nature was so weak and ridiculous that the ,parlement de ,paris refused to sanction its publication1 and it was printed by the express order of the ,king4 ,as ,grimm observed1 it seemed designed solely to acquaint the ignorant with this dangerous work1 without opposing any of its propositions4 ,one would look in vain for a better example of the conservatism of the legal profession4 #ee3c ,le poison des nouveauts profanes ne peut corrompre la sainte gravit des moeurs qui caractrise les vrais ,magistrats3 tout peut changer autour d'eux1 ils restent immuables avec la loi 7page #dif74 ,n'est-ce pas ce fatal abus de la libert de penser1 qui a enfant cette multitude de sectes1 d'opinions1 de partis1 et cet esprit d'indpendance dont d'autres nations ont prouv les sinstres rvolutions4 ,le mme abus produira en ,france des effets peut-tre plus funestes4 ,la libert indfinie trouveroit1 dans la caractre de la nation1 dans son activit1 dans son amour pour la nouveaut1 un moyen de plus pour prparer les plus affreuses rvolutions 7p4 #dih74 ,the most interesting private attacks on the ,systme de la ,nature came from two somewhat unexpected quarters1 from ,ferney and ,sans ,souci4 ,voltaire1 as usual1 was not wholly consistent in his opinions of it1 as is revealed in his countless letters on the subject4 ,grimm attributed his hostility to jealousy1 and the fear that the ,systme de la ,nature might renverse le rituel de ,ferney et que le patriarcat ne s'en aille au diable avec lui4 #ef3d ,george ,leroy went so far as to write a book entitled ,rflexions sur la jalousie1 pour servir de commentaire aux derniers ouvrages de ,m4 de ,voltaire1 #aggb4 ,frederick ,,ii naturally felt bound to defend the kings who1 as ,voltaire said1 were no better treated than ,god in the ,systme de la ,nature4 #ef3e ,voltaire's correspondence during this period is so interesting that it seems worth while to quote at length1 especially from his letters to ,fredrick the ,great4 ,in ,may #aggj1 shortly after the publication of the ,systme de la ,nature ,voltaire wrote to ,m4 ,vernes3 #ef3f ,on a tant dit de sottises sur la nature que je ne lis plus aucun de ces livres l4 ,but by ,july he had read it and wrote to ,grimm3 #ef3g ,si l'ouvrage eut t plus serr il aurait fait un effet terrible1 mais tel qu'il est il en a fait beaucoup4 ,il est bien plus loquent que ,spinoza444 ,j'ai une grande curiosit de savoir ce qu'on en pense ,paris4 ,in writing to d',alembert about this time he seemed to have a fairly favorable impression of the book4 ,il m'a paru qu'il y avait des longueurs1 des rptitions et quelques inconsquences1 mais il y a trop de bon pour qu'on n'clate avec fureur contre ce livre4 ,si on garde le silence1 ce sera une preuve du prodigieux progrs que la tolrance fait tous les jours4 #eg3h ,but there was little likelihood that philosophers or theologians would keep silent about this scandalous book4 ,before the end of the month ,voltaire was writing to d',alembert about his own and the king of ,prussia's refutations of it1 and the same day wrote to ,frederick3 ,il me semble que vos remarques doivent tre imprimes2 ce sont des leons pour le genre humain4 ,vous soutenez d'un bras la cause de ,dieu et vous crasez de l'autre la superstition4 #eg3i ,later ,voltaire confessed to ,frederick that he also had undertaken to rebuke the author of the ,systme de la ,nature4 ,ainsi ,dieu a pour lui les deux hommes les moins superstitieux de l',europe1 ce que devrait lui plaire beaucoup 7p4 #cij74 ,frederick1 however1 hesitated to make his refutation public1 and wrote to ,voltaire3 ,lorsque j'eus achev mon ouvrage contre l'athisme1 je crus ma rfutation trs orthodoxe1 je la relus1 et je la trouvai bien loigne de l'tre4 ,il y a des endroits qui ne saurait paratre sans effaroucher les timides et scandaliser les dvots4 ,un petit mot qui m'est chapp sur l'ternit du monde me ferait lapider dans votre patrie1 si j'y tais n particulier1 et que je l'eusse fait imprimer4 ,je sens que je n'ai point du tout ni l'me ni le style thologique4 #eg3aj ,voltaire1 in his petite drlerie en faveur de la ,divinit 7as he called his work7 and in his letters1 could not find terms harsh enough in which to condemn the ,systme de la ,nature4 ,he called it un chaos1 un grand mal moral1 un ouvrage de tnbres1 un pch contre la nature1 un systme de la folie et de l'ignorance1 and wrote to ,delisle de ,sales3 ,je ne vois pas que rien ait plus avili notre sicle que cette norme sottise4 #eh3aa ,voltaire seemed to grow more bitter about ,holbach's book as time went on4 ,his letters and various works abound in references to it1 and it is difficult to determine his motives4 ,he was accused1 as has been suggested1 by ,holbach's circle de caresser les gens en place1 et d'abandonner ceux qui n'y sont plus4 #eh3ab ,m4 ,avenel believed that he suspected ,holbach himself of making these accusations4 ,voltaire's letter to the ,duc de ,richelieu1 ,nov4 #a1 #aggj1 #eh3ac seems to give them foundation4 ,a very different reaction was that of ,goethe and his university circle at ,strasburg to whom the ,systme de la ,nature appeared a harmless and uninteresting book1 grau1 cimmerisch1 totenhaft1 die echte ,quintessenz der ,greisenheit4 ,to these fervent young men in the youthful flush of romanticism1 its sad1 atheistic twilight seemed to cast a veil over the beauty of the earth and rob the heaven of stars2 and they lightheardedly discredited both ,holbach and ,voltaire in favor of ,shakespeare and the ,english romantic school4 ,one would look far for a better instance of the romantic reaction which set in so soon and so obscured the clarity of the issues at stake in the eighteenth century thought4 #eh3ad ,the leading refutations directed explicitly against the ,systme de la ,nature are3 #a4 #aggj1 ,rive1 ,abb ,j4 ,j41 ,lettres philosophiques contre le ,systme de la ,nature4 7,portefeuille hebdomadaire de ,bruxelles47 #b4 ,frederick ,,ii1 ,examen critique du livre intitul1 ,systme de la ,nature4 7,political ,miscellanies1 p4 #age47 #c4 ,voltaire1 ,dieu1 ,rponse de ,m4 de ,voltaire au ,systme de la ,nature4 ,au chteau de ,ferney1 #aggj1 #h vo1 pp4 #cd4 #d4 #agga1 ,bergier1 ,abb ,n4 ,f41 ,examen du matrialisme1 ou ,rfutation du ,systme de la ,nature4 ,paris1 ,humbolt1 #agga1 #b vols41 #abmo4 #e4 ,camuset1 ,abb ,j4 ,n41 ,principes contre l'incrdulit1 a l'occasion du ,systme de la ,nature4 ,paris1 ,pillot1 #agga1 #abmo1 pp4 viii #cce4 #f4 ,castillon1 ,j4 de 7,salvernini di ,castiglione71 ,observations sur le livre intitul1 ,systme de la ,nature4 ,berlin1 ,decker1 #agga1 #hvo4 7#dj sols broch47 #g4 ,rochford1 ,dubois de1 ,penses diverses contre le systme des matrialistes1 l'occasion d'un crit intitul2 ,systme de la ,nature4 ,paris1 ,lambert1 #agga1 #abmo4 #h4 #aggc1 ,l',impie dmasqu1 ou remontrance aux crivains incrdules4 ,londres1 ,heydinger1 #aggc #i4 ,holland1 ,j4 ,h41 ,rflexions philosophiques sur le ,systme de la ,nature4 ,paris1 #aggc1 #b vols41 #hvo4 #aj4 #aggf1 ,buzonnire1 ,nouel de1 ,observations sur un ouvrage intitul le ,systme de la ,nature4 ,paris1 ,debure1 pre1 #aggf1 #hvo1 pp4 #abf4 7,prix #a livre1 #af sols broch47 #aa4 #aghj1 ,fangouse1 ,abb1 ,la religion prouve aux incrdules1 avec une lettre l'auteur du ,systme de la ,nature par un homme du monde4 ,paris1 ,debure l'an1 #abmo1 p4 #aej4 ,same under title ,rflexions importantes sur la religion1 etc41 #aghe4 #ab4 #aghh1 ,paulian1 ,a4 ,j41 ,le vritable systme de la nature1 etc41 ,avignon1 ,niel1 #b vols41 #abmo4 #ac4 #ahjc1 ,mangold1 ,f4 ,x4 von1 ,unumstossliche ,widerlegung des ,materialismus gegen den ,verfasser des ,systems der ,natur4 ,augsburg1 #ahjc4 ,of these and other refutations of materialism such as ,saint-,martin's ,des erreurs et de la vrit1 ,dupont de ,nemours' ,philosophie de l'univers1 ,delisles de ,sales' ,philosophie de la nature1 etc41 which are not directed explicitly against the ,systme de la ,nature1 the works of ,voltaire and ,frederick the ,great are the most interesting but by no means the most serious or convincing4 ,morley finds ,voltaire very weak and much beside the point1 especially in his discussion of order and disorder in nature which ,holbach had denied4 ,voltaire's argument is that there must be an intelligent motor or cause behind nature 7p4 #g74 ,this is ,god 7p4 #h74 ,he admits at the outset that all systems are mere dreams but he continues to insist with a dogmatism equal to ,holbach's on the validity of his dream4 ,he repeatedly asserts without foundation that ,holbach's system is based on the false experiment of ,needham 7pp4 #e1 #f71 and even goes so far as to ridicule the evolutionary hypothesis altogether 7p4 #f74 ,he speaks of the necessity of a belief in ,god1 by a kind of natural logic4 ,god and matter exist in the nature of things1 ,tout nous announce un tre suprme1 rien ne nous dit ce qu'il est4 ,god himself seems to be a kind of fatalistic necessity4 ,c'est ce que vous appellerez ,nature et c'est ce que j'appelle ,dieu4 ,at the end he shifts the argument from the base of necessity to that of utility4 ,which is the more consoling doctrine8 ,if the idea of ,god has prevented ten crimes ,i hold that the entire world should embrace it 7p4 #bg74 ,as ,morley has said1 such arguments could scarcely have convinced ,voltaire himself4 ,frederick was surprised that ,voltaire and ,d',alembert had found anything good in the book4 ,his refutation was more methodical than that of ,voltaire1 who called it a homage to the ,divinity but wrote to ,d',alembert that it was written in the style of a notary4 ,two other refutations emanating from the ,academy of ,berlin were those of ,castillon and ,holland4 ,the first of these is a very heavy and learned work1 formidable and forbidding in its logic4 ,castillon reduces ,holbach's propositions to three4 ,the self-existence of matter1 the essential relation of movement to it1 and the possibility of deriving everything from it or some mode of it4 ,castillon concludes after five hundred pages of reasoning that matter is contingent1 movement not inherent in it1 and that purely spiritual beings exist in independence of it4 ,hence the ,systme de la ,nature is a long and wicked error4 ,holland's is a still more serious work1 which the ,sorbonne recommended strongly as an antidote against ,holbach's ,systme which it qualified as une malheureuse production que notre sicle doit rougir d'avoir enfante4 ,but when it was discovered that ,holland was a ,protestant his work was condemned forthwith1 ,jan4 #ag1 #aggc4 ,bergier's refutation is interesting as an attack from a churchman of extraordinary keenness and insight into the progress of the new philosophy4 ,in the ,systme de la ,nature he recognized the hand of the author of ,la ,contagion sacre and the ,essai sur les prjugs and dealt with it as he did the ,christianisme dvoil4 ,buzonniere1 ,rochfort and ,fangouse are milder and more naive in their demonstrations and their works are of no weight or interest4 ,l',impie dmasqu is a brutal work which qualifies ,holbach as a vile apostle of vice and crime1 and the ,systme de la ,nature as the most impudent treatise on atheism that has yet dishonored the globe--one which covers the century with shame and will be the scandal of future generations4 ,the work of ,paulian is of a different sort4 ,coming comparatively late1 it attempted to review the hostile opinions of many years and then mass them in an overwhelming final attack on the ,systme de la ,nature4 ,to this end ,paulian rewrites the entire book chapter by chapter1 giving the true version4 ,he then reviews ,holland's outline and ,bergier's comments1 together with seven articles directed explicitly against the ,systme de la ,nature in such works as the ,lettres ,helviennes1 of ,abb ,barruel1 ,dict4 des ,philosophes1 ,dict4 anti-philosophe1 his own ,dict4 thologique1 etc41 besides many other writings against the new philosophy in general4 ,he then reviews articles by members of the philosophic school against materialism and then goes back to ,holbach's sources1 ,diderot1 ,bayle1 ,spinoza1 ,lucretius1 ,epicurus1 etc4 ,the work is not scholarly but comprehensive and evidently discouraged further formal refutations4 ,the ,systme de la ,nature had many critics in the stormy days that followed #aghi4 ,delisle de ,sales found it a monstrosity--a fratras2 ,la ,harpe called it an infamous book1 un amas de btises qu'on ose appeler philosophie1 inconcevables inepties1 un immense chafaudage de mensonge et d'invective2 ,m4 ,villemain is much more calm and fair2 ,lord ,brougham1 like ,damiron1 ,buzonnire1 and many others1 found it seductive but full of false reasoning2 ,lerminier was so severe that ,st4-,beuve was moved to defend ,holbach against him4 ,samuel ,wilkinson1 the ,english translator of #ahbj1 is one of the few whose criticism is at all favorable4 ,holbach has always appealed to a certain type of radical mind and his translators and editors have generally been men who were often over-enthusiastic4 ,for example1 ,mr4 ,wilkinson says of the ,systme de la ,nature1 #fd3ae ,no work1 ancient or modern1 has surpassed it in the eloquence and sublimity of its language or in the facility with which it treats the most abstruse and difficult subjects4 ,it is without exception the boldest effort the human mind has yet produced in the investigation of ,morals and ,theology4 ,the republic of letters has never produced another author whose pen was so well calculated to emancipate mankind from all those trammels with which the nurse1 the school master1 and the priest have successively locked up their noblest faculties1 before they were capable of reasoning and judging for themselves4 ,it seems unnecessary to analyze the ,systme de la ,nature4 ,this has been done by ,damiron1 ,soury1 ,fabre1 ,lange1 ,morley1 the historians of philosophy1 and encyclopaedists2 and the book itself is easily available in the larger libraries4 ,the substance of ,holbach's philosophy is susceptible of clearer treatment apart from it or any one of his books1 although it permeates all of them4 ,m4 ,jules ,soury has said1 in describing a certain type of mind3 ,il est d'heureux esprits1 des mes fortes et saines1 que n'effraie point le silence ternel des espaces infinis o s'anantissait la raison de ,pascal4 ,naves et robustes natures1 mles et vigoureux penseurs1 qui gardent toute la vie quelque chose des dons charmants de la jeunesse et de l'enfance mme1 une foi vive dans le tmoinage immdiat de nos sens et de notre conscience1 une humeur alerte1 toute de joyeuse ardeur1 et comme une intrpidit d'esprit que rien n'arrte4 ,pour eux tout est clair et uni2 ou peu prs1 et l o ils souponnent quelque bas-bond insondable1 ils se dtournent et poursuivent firement leur chemin4 ,comme cet ,epicurien dont parle ,cicron au commencement du ,de natura deorum1 ils ont toujours l'air de sortir de l'assemble des dieux et de descendre des intermondes d',epicure4 ,such was ,holbach4 ,his philosophy is based on the child-like assumption that things are as they seem1 provided they are observed with sufficient care by a sufficient number of people4 ,this brings us at once to the very heart of ,holbach's method which was experimental and inductive to the last degree4 ,holbach was nourished on what might be called scientific rather than philosophical traditions4 ,as ,m4 ,tourneux has pointed out1 he had been a serious student of the natural sciences1 especially those connected with the constitution of the earth4 ,these studies led him to see the disparity between certain accepted and traditional cosmologies and a scientific interpretation of the terrestrial globe and the forms of life which flourish upon it4 ,finding the supposed sacred and infallible records untrustworthy in one regard1 he began to question their veracity at other points4 ,being of a critical frame of mind1 he took the records rather more literally than a sympathetic1 allegorical apologist would have done1 although it cannot be said that he used much historical insight4 ,after having studied the sacred texts for purposes of writing or having translated other men's studies on ,moses1 ,david1 the ,prophets1 ,jesus1 ,paul1 the ,christian theologians and saints1 miracles1 etc41 he concluded that these accounts were untrustworthy and mendacious4 ,he knew ancient and modern philosophy and found in the greater part of it an unwarranted romantic or theological trend which his scientific training had caused him to suspect4 ,it must be admitted that however false or illogical ,holbach's conclusions may be considered1 he was by no means ignorant of the subjects he chose to treat1 as some of his detractors would have one believe4 ,his theory of knowledge was that of ,locke and ,condillac1 and on this foundation he built up his system of scientific naturalism and dogmatic atheism4 ,his initial assumption is1 as has been suggested1 that experience 7application ritre des sens7 and reason are trustworthy guides to knowledge4 ,by them we become conscious of an external objective world1 of which sentient beings themselves are a part1 from which they receive impressions through their sense organs4 ,these myriad impressions when compared and reflected upon form reasoned knowledge or truth1 provided they are substantiated by repeated experiences carefully made4 ,that is1 an idea is said to be true when it conforms perfectly with the actual external object4 ,this is possible unless one's senses are defective1 or one's judgment vitiated by emotion and passion4 ,holbach's contention is that if one applies experience and reason to the external universe1 or nature1 ce vaste assemblage de tout ce qui existe2 it reveals a single objective reality1 i4 e41 matter1 which is in itself essentially active or in a state of motion4 ,from matter in motion are derived all the phenomena that strike our senses4 ,all is matter or a function of it4 ,matter1 then1 is not an effect1 but a cause4 ,it is not caused2 it is from eternity and of necessity4 ,the cardinal point in ,holbach's philosophy is an inexorable materialistic necessity4 ,nothing1 then1 is exempt from the laws of physics and chemistry4 ,inorganic substance and organic life fall into the same category4 ,man himself with all his differentiated faculties is but a function of matter and motion in extraordinary complex and involved relations4 ,man's imputation to himself of free will and unending consciousness apart from his machine is an idle tale built on his desires1 not on his experiences nor his knowledge of nature4 ,this imputation of a will or soul to nature1 independent of it or in any sense above it1 is a still more idle one derived from his renunciation of the witness of his senses and his following after the phantoms of his imagination4 ,it is ignorance or disregard of nature then that has given rise to supernatural ideas that have no correspondence with true sight1 or1 as ,holbach expressed it1 have no counterpart in the external object4 ,in other words1 theology1 or poetry about ,god1 as ,petrarch said1 is ignorance of natural causes reduced to a system4 ,man is a purely natural or physical being1 like a tree or a stone4 ,his so-called spiritual nature 7l'homme moral7 is merely a phase of his physical nature considered under a special aspect4 ,he is all matter in motion1 and when that ceases to function in a particular way1 called life1 he ceases to be as a conscious entity4 ,he is so organized1 however that his chief desires are to survive and render his existence happy4 ,by happiness ,holbach means the presence of pleasure and the absence of pain4 ,in all his activity1 then1 man will seek pleasure and avoid pain4 ,the chief cause of man's misery or lack of well being is his ignorance of the powers and possibilities of his own nature and the ,universal ,nature4 ,all he needs is to ascertain his place in nature and adjust himself to it4 ,from the beginning of his career he has been the dupe of false ideas1 especially those connected with supernatural powers1 on whom he supposed he was dependent4 ,but1 if ignorance of nature gave birth to the ,gods1 knowledge of nature is calculated to destroy them and the evils resulting from them1 the introduction of theistic ideas into politics and morals4 ,in a word1 the truth1 that is1 correct ideas of nature is the one thing needful to the happiness and well-being of man4 ,the application of these principles to the given situation in ,france in #aggj would obviously have produced unwelcome results4 ,holbach's theory was that religion was worse than useless in that it had inculcated false and pernicious ideas in politics and morals4 ,he would do away completely with it in the interest of putting these sciences on a natural basis4 ,this basis is self-interest1 or man's inevitable inclination toward survival and the highest degree of well-being1 ,l'objet de la morale est de faire connatre aux hommes que leur plus grand intrt exige qu'ils pratiquent la vertu2 le but du gouvernement doit tre de la leur faire pratiquer4 ,government then assumes the functions of moral restraint formally delegated to religion2 and punishments render virtue attractive and vice repugnant4 ,holbach's theory of social organization is practically that of ,aristotle4 ,men combine in order to increase the store of individual well-being1 to live the good life4 ,if those to whom society has delegated sovereignty abuse their power1 society has the right to take it from them4 ,sovereignty is merely an agent for the diffusion of truth and the maintenance of virtue1 which are the prerequisites of social and individual well-being4 ,the technique of progress is enlightenment and good laws4 ,nothing could be clearer or simpler than ,holbach's system4 ,as ,diderot so truly said1 he will not be quoted on both sides of any question4 ,his uncompromising atheism is the very heart and core of his system and clarifies the whole situation4 ,all supernatural ideas are to be abandoned4 ,experience and reason are once for all made supreme1 and henceforth refuse to share their throne or abdicate in favor of faith4 ,holbach's aim was as he said to bring man back to nature and render reason dear to him4 ,il est tempts que cette raison injustement dgrade quitte un ton pusillamine qui la rendront complice du mensonge et du dlire4 ,if reason is to rule1 the usurper1 religion1 must be ejected2 hence atheism was fundamental to his entire system4 ,he did not suppose by any means that it would become a popular faith1 because it presupposed too much learning and reflection1 but it seemed to him the necessary weapon of a reforming party at that time4 ,he defines an atheist as follows3 ,c'est un homme1 qui dtruit des chimres nuisibles au genre humain1 pour ramener les hommes la nature1 l'exprience1 la raison4 ,c'est un penseur qui1 ayant mdit la matire1 ses proprits et ses faons d'agir1 n'a pas besoin1 pour expliquer les phnomnes de l'univers et les oprations de la nature1 d'imaginer des puissances idales1 des intelligences imaginaires1 des tres de raison2 qui loin de faire mieux connatre cette nature1 ne font que la rendre capricieuse1 inexplicable1 et mconnaissable1 inutile au bonheur des hommes4 ,,appendix ,,holbach',s ,,correspondence ,the following letters of ,holbach are extant3 ,holbach to ,hume1 ,aug4 #bc1 #agfc4 ,holbach to ,hume1 ,mar4 #af1 #agff4 ,holbach to ,hume1 ,july #g1 #agff4 ,holbach to ,hume1 ,aug4 #ah1 #agff4 ,holbach to ,hume1 ,sept4 #g1 #agff4 ,these were printed in ,hume's ,private ,correspondence1 ,london1 #ahbj1 pp4 #beb-bfc1 and deal largely with ,hume's quarrel with ,rousseau4 ,holbach to ,garrick1 ,june #af1 #agfe4 ,holbach to ,garrick1 ,feb4 #i1 #agff4 ,these two letters are in manuscript in ,lansdowne ,house1 ,coll4 ,forster1 and were published by ,f4 ,a4 ,hedgcock1 ,david ,garrick et ses amis franais4 ,paris1 #aiaa1 pp4 #bea-bec4 ,holbach to ,wilkes1 ,aug41 #agdf1 #i 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,mss41 ,vol4 #cjhfg1 p4 #ad74 ,holbach to ,wilkes1 ,dec4 #aj1 #agdf 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,mss41 ,vol4 #cjhfg1 p4 #ah74 ,holbach to ,wilkes1 ,may #bb1 #agff 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,mss41 ,vol4 #cjhfi1 p4 #ci7 ,holbach to ,wilkes1 ,nov4 #i1 #agff 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,mss41 ,vol4 #cjhfi1 p4 #ha74 ,holbach to ,wilkes1 ,dec4 #aj1 #agfg 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,mss41 ,vol4 #cjhfi1 p4 #agc74 ,holbach to ,wilkes1 ,july #ag1 #agfh 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,mss41 ,vol4 #cjhgj1 p4 #ei74 ,holbach to ,wilkes1 ,mar4 #ai1 #aggj 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,mss41 ,vol4 #cjhga1 p4 #af74 ,holbach to ,wilkes1 ,april #bg1 #agge1 #i 7,wilkes1 ,correspondence1 ,london1 #ahjd1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #agf74 ,the first seven of these letters are published for the first time in the present volume1 pp4 #f-aa and pp4 #ge-hj4 ,holbach to ,galiani1 ,aug4 #aa1 #agfi 7,critica1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dhh sq474 ,galiani to ,holbach1 ,april #g1 #aggj 7,galiani1 ,correspondence1 ,paris1 #ahij1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ib74 ,galiani to ,holbach1 ,july #ba1 #aggj 7,galiani1 ,correspondence1 ,paris1 #ahij1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aii74 ,holbach to ,galiani1 ,aug4 #be1 #aggj 7,critica1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dhi74 ,there are references to other letters in ,critica which ,i have not been able to find4 ,holbach to ,beccaria1 ,mar4 #ae1 #agfg1 published by ,m4 ,landry ,beccaria1 ,scritte e lettre inediti1 #aiaj1 p4 #adf4 ,holbach to ,malesherbes1 ,april #f1 #agfa 7hitherto unpublished74 ,see present volume1 p4 #cj4 ,,holbach ,,to ,,hume 7,hume1 ,private ,correspondence1 ,london1 #ahbj1 pp4 #beb-bfc7 ,,paris1 the #bcrd4 of ,august1 #agfc ,sir1-- ,i have received with the deepest sense of gratitude your very kind and obliging letter of the #hth4 inst3 favors of great men ought to give pride to those that have at least the merit of setting the value that is due upon them4 ,this is my case with you1 sir2 the reading of your valuable works has not only inspired me with the strongest admiration for your genius and amiable parts1 but gave me the highest idea of your person and the strongest desire of getting acquainted with one of the greatest philosophers of my age1 and of the best friend to mankind4 ,these sentiments have emboldened me to send formally1 though unknown to you1 the work you are mentioning to me4 ,i thought you were the best to judge of such a performance1 and ,i took only the liberty of giving a hint of my desires1 in case it should meet with your approbation1 nor was ,i surprized1 or presumed to be displeased1 at seeing my wishes disappointed4 ,the reasons appeared very obvious to me2 not withstanding the ,british liberty1 ,i conceived there were limits even to it4 ,however1 my late friend's book has appeared since and there is even an edition of it lately done in ,england3 ,i believe it will be relished by the friends of truth1 who like to see vulgar errors struck at the root4 ,this has been your continued task1 sir2 and you deserve for it the praises of all sincere wellwishers of humanity3 give me leave to rank myself among them1 and express to you1 by this opportunity you have been so kind as to give me1 the fervent desire we have to see you in this country4 ,messrs4 ,stuart1 ,dempster1 ,fordyce1 who are so good as to favor me with their company1 have given me some hopes of seeing you in this metropolis1 where you have so many admirers as readers1 and as many sincere friends as there are disciples of philosophy4 ,i don't doubt but my good friend ,m4 ,helvtius will join in our wishes1 and prevail upon you to come over4 ,i assure you1 sir1 you won't perceive much the change of the country1 for all countries are alike for people that have the same minds4 ,i am1 with the greatest veneration and esteem1 sir1 your most obedient and most humble servant4 ,d',,holbach4 ,rue ,royale1 butte ,st4 ,roch1 ,paris4 ,,holbach ,to ,,garrick 7,coll4 ,forster1 ,vol4 ,,xxi2 pub41 ,hedgcock1 p4 #bec7 ,,paris1 ,feb ye #ith1 #agff4 ,i received1 my very ,dear ,sir1 with a great deal of pleasure1 your agreeable letter of ye #bdth of ,january1 but was very sorry to hear that you are inlisted in the numerous troup of gouty people4 ,tho' ,i have myself the honour of being of that tribe ,i dont desire my friends should enter into the same corporation4 ,i am particularly griev'd to see you among the invalids for you have1 more than any other1 occasion for the free use of your limbs4 ,however1 don't be cross and peevish for that would be only increasing you distemper2 and ,i charge you especially of not scolding that admirable lady ,mrs ,garrick1 whose sweetness of temper and care must be a great comfort in your circumstances4 ,i beg leave to present her with my respects and ye compliments of my wife1 that has enjoyed but an indifferent state of health1 owing to the severity of the winter4 ,mr and ,made ,helvetius desire you both their best wishes and so do all your friends1 for whom ,i can answer that every one of them keeps a kind remembrance of your valuable persons4 ,dr4 ,gem thinks you'll do very well to go to ,bath1 but his opinion is that a thin diet would be more serviceable to you than anything else2 believe he is in the right4 ,abb ,morellet pays many thanks for the answers to his queries1 but complains of their shortness and laconism2 however it is not your fault4 ,he is glad to hear you have receiv'd his translation of ,beccaria's book1 ,des dlits et des peines and the compliments of our friend ,dr ,gatti to whom ,i gave your direction before he went to ,london4 ,our friend ,suard has entered his neck into the matrimonial halter2 we are all of us very sorry for it for we know that nothing combin'd with love1 will at last make nothing at all4 ,i was not much surpris'd at the particulars you are pleas'd to mention about ,rousseau4 ,according to the thorough knowledge ,i have had of him ,i look on that man as a mere philosophical quack1 full of affectation1 of pride1 of oddities and even villainies2 the work he is going to publish justifies the last imputation4 ,is his memory so short as to forget that ,mr ,grimm1 for those #i years past1 has taken care of the mother of his wench or gouvernante whom he left to starve here after having debauch'd her daughter and having got her #c or #d times with child4 ,that great philosopher should remember that ,mr4 ,grimm has in his hands letters under his own hand-writing that prove him the most ungrateful dogg in the world4 ,during his last stay in ,paris he made some attempts to see ,mr ,diderot1 and being refused that favor1 he pretended that ,diderot endeavoured to see him1 but that himself had refused peremptorily to comply with his request4 ,i hope these particulars will suffice to let you know what you are to think of that illustrious man4 ,i send you here a copy of a letter supposed to come from the ,king of ,prussia1 but done by ,mr ,horace ,walpole1 whereby you'll see that gentleman has found out his true character4 ,but enough of that rascal who deserves not to be in ,mr ,hume's company but rather among the bears1 if there are any in the mountains of ,wales4 ,i am surprized you have not receiv'd yet the ,encyclopdie1 for a great number of copies have been sent over already to ,england unless you have left your subscription here1 where hitherto not one copy has been delivered for prudent reasons4 ,we have had in the ,french ,comedy a new play called ,le ,philosophie sans le savoir done and acted in a new stile1 quite natural and moving3 it has a prodigious success and deserves it extremely well4 ,marmontel will give us very soon upon the ,italian stage his comical opera of ,la ,bergre des ,alpes4 ,i hope it will prove very agreeable to the ,publick1 having been very much delighted by the rehearsal of it2 the music was done by ,mr ,cohaut who teaches my wife to play on the luth4 ,we expect a tragedy of the ,dutch ,barnvelt4 ,mr ,wilkes is still in this town1 where he intends to stay until you give him leave to return to his native country4 ,we have had the pleasure of seeing ,mr ,chanquion1 your friend1 who seems to be a very discerning gentleman and to whom in favor of your friendship ,i have shown all the politeness ,i could4 ,i hear that ,sr ,james ,macdonald has been ill at ,parma1 but is now recovered and in ,rome4 ,abb ,galliani is still at ,naples and stands a fair chance of being employ'd in the ministry there4 ,adieu1 very dear ,sir and remember your affectionate friend ,d',,holbach ,,holbach ,,to ,,wilkes 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,mss41 ,vol4 #cjhfi1 p4 #ci7 ,,paris the #bb;d ,of ,may 7#agff7 ,my dear ,sir ,i am extremely glad to know your lucky passage and happy arrival in your native country4 ,i hope you know too well the sincere dispositions of my heart as to doubt of the friendship ,i have vowed to you for life2 it has been of too long a duration to be shaken by any circumstances1 and especially by those that do honor to you4 ,i shall be very happy if your affairs 7that seem to be in a fair way7 permit you to drop over very soon to spend some time in this place along with ,miss ,wilkes to whom ,made ,d',holbach and ,i pay our best compliments4 ,i can easily paint to my imagination the pleasure you both felt at your first meeting2 everybody that has any sensibility must be acquainted with the grateful pangs in those moving circumstances4 ,your case with the hawker at your entry in ,london is very odd and whimsical you did extremely well to humour the man in his opinion about ,mr4 ,wilkes4 ,i dare say if you had done otherwise his fist would have convinc'd you of the goodness of your cause1 and then it would have been impossible for you to pass for a dead man any longer2 which however1 ,i think was very necessary for you in the beginning4 ,i expect with great eagerness the settlement of your affairs with the ministry to your own satisfaction2 be persuaded1 ,dear ,sir1 that nobody interests himself in your happiness than myself1 and nothing will conduce more to it than your steady attachment to the principles of honor and patriotism4 ,if you don't find a way of disposing of the little packet1 you need not take much trouble about it1 and you may bring it back along with you1 when you come to this place1 as to the kind offers you are so good as to make me about commissions1 experience has taught me that it is unsafe to trust you with them1 so ,i beg leave with gratitude to decline your proposals as that point4 ,all our common friends and acquaintances desire their best compliments to you1 and believe me1 my dear ,sir4 ,your affectionate oblig'd humble servant ,d',,holbach ,,holbach ,,to ,,wilkes 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,mss41 ,,vol #cjhfi1 p4 #ha7 ,,paris #i;ber #ajth #agff ,my very ,dear ,sir ,i receiv'd with the greatest pleasure the news of your lucky arrival in ,engelland4 ,you know the sentiments of my heart1 and are undoubtedly convinc'd how much ,i wish for the good success of all your enterprises tho ,i am to be a great looser by it4 ,i rejoice very heartily at the fine prospect you have now in view and don't doubt but the persons you mention will succeed if they are in good earnest3 which is allways a little doubtful in people of that ,kidney4 ,we have had the pleasure of seeing ,miss ,wilkes three or four times since your departure1 she is extreamly well and longs for the return of her friend ,mlle ,helvetius the #bjth of this month4 ,rousseau will very likely hate the ,english very cordially for making him pay so dear for his books1 it is however a sign that he told us a lye when he pretended in his writings to have no books at all1 as to his guitar he should buy a new one to tune his heart a little better than he did before4 ,we have no news here1 except the ,election of ,mr ,thomas as a member of the french academy4 ,marquis ,beccaria is going to leave us very soon being obliged to return to ,milan3 ,count ,veri will at the same time set out for ,england4 ,i'll be oblig'd to you for a copy or two of the book printed in holland you mentioned in your letter you may send it by some private opportunity to ,miss ,wilkes1 with1 proper directions4 ,a gentleman of our ,society should be glad to get #b copies of ,baskervilles' virgil in octavo4 ,tho ,mr ,davenport and ,rousseau seem to be pleased very much with one another1 ,i suppose they may very soon be tired of their squabbling1 and the latter like the apostles will shake of against the barbarous ,britons the dust of his feet4 ,receive the hearty compliments of my wife and all our friends4 ,you know the true sentiments of my heart for you1 ,dear ,sir4 ,i am with great sincerity your most obedient humble ,servant ,d',,holbach ,,holbach ,,to ,,wilkes 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,mss41 ,vol4 #cjhfi1 p4 #agc7 ,dear ,sir ,i receiv'd with a great deal of pleasure your friendly letter from ,ostende of the #bfth4 nov4 ,i was extreamly glad to hear your happy arrival at that place1 and do not doubt but you met with a lucky passage to ,dover the following day1 we are now enjoying the conversation of your ,british friends about elections2 that will not be tedious for you if1 according to your hopes1 you should succeed in your projects4 ,i see by your letter that instead of coming back directly by ,calais you intend to travel with ,miss ,wilkes through ,antwerp and the ,low countries1 which ,i should think not very advisable in this rigorous season of the year1 for generally at that time the waters are lock'd up by the frost and travelling is bad et tedious and may be would prove hurtful to your tender fellow traveler to whom my wife and ,i desire our best compliments4 ,such a scheme will be more advantagious for you both and more conformable to the wishes of your friends in this place4 ,i hope your arrival in ,london will contribute to reconcile abb ,galliani to that place1 where he complains of having not heard of the sun since he set his foot on ,british shore1 however he may comfort himself for we have had very little of it in this country4 ,the ,abb must be overjoy'd at the news of the ,jesuits being expell'd from his ,native country for now he may say ,gens inimica mihi ,tyrrhenum navigat aquor4 ,we have no material news in this country1 except that the queen continues to be in a very bad state of health4 ,if there is some good new romance ,i'll be oblig'd to bring it over along with you as1 well as a couple of french books call'd ,militaire philosophe and ,thologie portative in case you may easily find them in ,london1 for we cannot get them here4 ,i am told the works of one ,morgan have been esteem'd in your country but ,i don't know the titles of them1 if you should know them and meet with them with facility1 ,i should be very much oblig'd to you provided you make me pay a little more than you have done hitherto for your commissions4 ,all our common friends beg their compliments and ,i wish for your speedy return1 and ,i am ,sincerely ,dear ,sir ,your faithful affectionate humble servant ,d',,holbach ,,paris the #ajth of decemb4 #agfg ,,holbach ,,to ,,wilkes 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,mss41 ,vol4 #cjhgj1 p4 #ei7 ,,grandval1 #agth of ,july #agfh ,dear ,sir ,i receiv'd with a great deal of pleasure your very agreeable letter of the #bhth of last month4 ,i am extreamly glad that your generous soul is very far from sinking under the weight of these ,misfortunes1 and to see that you don't give up the hopes of carrying triumphantly your point notwithstanding the discouragements you have met with lately4 ,i need not tell you how much your friends in ,paris and ,i in particular interest ourselves in all the events that may befall you4 ,our old friendship ought to be a sure pledge of my sincere sentiments for you1 and of my best wishes for your good success in all your undertakings4 ,i believe you can do no better but to keep strictly to the rules you have laid down for your conduct1 and ,i don't doubt but you'll find it will answer the best to your purpose4 ,i am very much oblig'd to you1 ,dear ,sir1 for the kind offers you make in your friendly letter4 ,i have desir'd already ,mr ,suard to bring over a few books lately published in your metropolis4 ,i am very glad to hear that ,gentleman is pleas'd with his journey4 ,there's no possibility of getting for you a compleat sett of ,callots engravings4 ,such a collection must be the business of many years2 it is to be found only after the decease of some curious men who have taken a great deal of trouble to collect them4 ,i found indeed in two shops #h or #aj of them1 but the proofs 7les preuves7 were very indifferent and they wanted to sell them excessively dear2 in general #bjj guineas would procure a collection very far from being compleat4 ,my wife and all our common acquaintence desire their best compliments to you and to ,miss ,wilkes and you know the sentiments wherewith ,i am for ever ,dear ,sir your affectionate friend and very humble servant ,d',,holbach ,,holbach ,,to ,,wilkes 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,mss41 ,vol4 #cjhga1 p4 #af7 ,,paris the #aith of ,march #aggj ,dear ,sir ,i receiv'd with a due sense of gratitude the favour of your last letter1 and was overjoy'd to hear from yourself that your long confinement has not been able hitherto to obstruct the lively flow of your spirits4 ,a little more patience and you'll reach the end of all your misfortunes1 that have been faithfully partaken by your friends in ,england and abroad1 for my own part ,i wish most sincerely that everything for the future may turn to your profit and welfare1 without hurting that of your country1 to whom1 as a lover of mankind1 ,i am a well wisher4 ,my wife desires her best compliments to you and your beloved ,daughter1 whom we both expect to see again with a great deal of pleasure in this country next month4 ,notwithstanding our bad circumstances we are making very great preparations for the ,wedding of the ,dauphin1 and our metropolis begins already to be filled with foreigners that flock hither from all parts of the world4 ,our friend ,mr ,d',alainville is to set out at the end of ,april to fetch the ,archdutchess at ,strasbourg and bring mask 7ed7 787 her different stages on the road to ,versailles4 ,we have no news in the literary world except that ,voltaire is become lately le pre temporal1 that is to say the benefactor of the ,capucins du pays de ,gex where he lives1 a title of which all his pranks seemd to exclude him1 but grace you know1 is omnipotent1 and monks are not over nice when there is something to be got by their condescension4 ,if the hurry of affairs whould leave you any moments to read curious books ,i would advise you to peruse two very strange works lately publish'd viz ,recherches philosophiques sur les amricains1 le ,systme de la ,nature par ,mirabaud4 ,i suppose you'll find them cheaper and more easily in ,london that at ,paris4 ,all your late acquaintances in this ,town desire me to present you with their sincere compliments and best wishes2 as to mine you know that they have no other object but your ,welfare4 ,i am1 ,dear ,sir1 for ever your most affectionate friend and humble servant ,d',,holbach ,p4 ,s4 ,i'll be very much oblig'd to you for sending over to me in #b vol4 small octavo4 ,,holbach ,,to ,,wilkes 7,wilkes1 ,correspondence1 ,london1 #ahje1 ,vol4 #d1 p4 #agf7 ,,paris1 ,april #bg2 #agge ,my ,lord1 ,i received with the utmost gratitude your lordship's friendly letter of the #bhth of ,march4 7#agge87 ,i should have done myself the honor of answering sooner to your kind propositions1 if ,i had not been prevented by some gouty infirmities that have assailed in the beginning of this spring4 ,i esteem myself very happy to find that the hurry of business1 and your exhaltation to the rank of chief-magistrate1 could not make you forget your friendship to me2 though my present circumstances do not permit me to make use of your friendly invitation1 be persuaded my very dear lord that ,madame ,d',holbach and myself shall forever keep these signs of your kindness1 in very grateful remembrance4 ,we both desire our best compliments to your very amiable lady-mayoress3 who acted so well her part lately in the ,egyptian hall1 to the satisfaction of that prodigious crowd you have been entertaining there4 ,all members of our society that have had the happiness of being acquainted with you1 desire to be kindly remembered2 and a continuation of your valuable friendship shall for ever be the utmost ambition my lord of your most sincerely devoted ,d',,holbach ,,galiani ,to ,,holbach 7,galiani1 ,corresp41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aii7 ,,naples1 le #ba juillet1 #aggj ,bonjour1 mon cher ,baron1 ,j'ai vu le ,systme de la ,nature4 ,c'est la ligne o finit la tristesse de la morne et sche vrit1 au-del commence la gaiet du roman4 ,il n'y a rien de mieux que de se persuader que les ds sont pips3 cette ide en enfante milles autres1 et un nouveau monde se rgnre4 ,le ,m4 ,mirabaud est un vrai abb ,terray de la mtaphysique4 ,il fait des rductions1 des suspensions1 et cause la banqueroute du savoir1 du plaisir et de l'esprit humain4 ,mais vous allez me dire qu'aussi il y avait trop de nonvaleurs3 on tait trop endett1 il courait trop de papiers non rels sur la place4 ,c'est vrai aussi1 et voil pourquoi la crise est arrive4 ,adieu1 mon cher baron4 ,ecrivez-moi de longues lettres1 pour que le plaisir en soit plus grand4 ,embrassez moi longuement la baronne1 et soyez longue dans tout que vous faites1 dans tout ce que vous patientez1 dans tout ce que vous esprer4 ,la longanimit est une belle vertu2 c'est elle qui me fait esprer de revoir ,paris4 ,adieu4 ,,holbach ,to ,,galiani 7,critica1 ,vol4 ,i1 #aijc1 p4 #dhi7 ,,grandval1 le #be d'aot #aggj ,bonjour1 mon trs dlicieux abb1 ,j'ai bien reu votre trs-prcieuse lettre du #ba de juillet qui m'accuse la rception de celle que je vous avais crite le #c de juin4 ,je vois que celle-ci a t longtemps en route1 attendu que ,m4 ,torcia qui ,m4 ,diderot s'tait charg de la remettre1 a encore tranass quelque temps ,paris1 suivant la louable coutume des voyageurs qui nous quittent toujours avec peine4 ,je suis bien aise que vous ayez lu le livre de ,mirabaud qui fait un bruit affreux dans ce pays4 ,l'abb ,bergier l'a dj rfut trs-longuement et sa rponse paratra cet hiver4 ,la ,sorbonne est1 dit-on1 occupe dtruire ce maudit ,systme qui lui parat au moins hrtique4 ,voltaire lui-mme se prpare le pulvriser2 en attendant nos seigneurs du ,parlement y viennent d'y rpondre par des fagots1 ainsi qu' quelque autres ouvrages de mme trempe4 ,ce qu'il y a de fcheux c'est que l'ouvrage de ,v4 qui a pour titre ,dieu et les hommes a t envelopp dans la mme condamnation1 ce qui doit dplaire souverainement l'auteur4 ,je me rappelle cette occasion ce que ,m4 ,hume dit d'un catholique que ,henri ,,viii fit conduire au bcher avec quelques hrtiques1 et dont le seul chagrin tait d'tre brl en si mauvaise compagnie4 ,nonobstant toutes ces rfutations1 il parait tous les jours quelques nouveaux ouvrages impies1 au point que je suis trs surpris que la rcolte ait t si bonne dans le royaume4 ,en dernier lieu on vient de publier un ouvrage sous le titre de ,droit des souverains sur les biens du clerg1 qui1 sans contenir des impits n'en est pas moins dplaisant pour cela3 ,il va droit la cuisine1 et veut que pour liquider la dette nationale on vende tous les biens ecclsiastiques et que l'on met nos pontifes la pension4 ,vous sentez qu'une proposition si mal sonnante n'a pu manquer de mettre le ciel en courroux2 sa colre s'est dcharg sur cinq ou six libraires et colporteurs qui ont t mis en prison4 ,,endnotes #a3a ,diderot1 ,oeuvres1 ed4 ,asszat et ,tourneaux1 ,vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #bh4 #b3b ,grimm1 ,corr4 ,lit41 ,vol4 ,,xv1 p4 #dba4 #c3c ,diderot1 ,oeuvres1 ,vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #ie4 #c3d ,among the most important are ,damiron ,j4 ,p41 ,mmoires pour servir l'histoire de la philosophie au dix-huitime sicle 7,paris1 #aheh1 #c vols41 #hvo72 ,lange1 ,geschichte des ,materialismus 7,eng4 tr41 ,boston1 #ahgg72 ,morley1 ,diderot and the ,encyclopedists 7,n4 ,y41 #ahia1 #b vols41 #abmo72 ,plekhanow1 ,g41 ,beitrge zur ,geschichte des ,materialismus 7,stuttgart1 #ahif72 ,hancock1 ,a4 ,e41 ,the ,french ,revolution and the ,english ,poets 7,n4 ,y41 #ahii72 ,tallentyre1 ,the ,friends of ,voltaire 7,london1 #aijf72 ,fabre1 ,les ,pres de la ,rvolution 7,paris1 #aiaj71 etc4 #e3e ,confessions1 ,oeuvres1 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #cch4 #e3f ,bib4 ,nat4 mss4 ,pices originales1 #aebi1 d',holbach1 #cd1 #hfa4 #f3g ,carlyle1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,a41 ,autobiography1 ed4 ,burton1 ,boston1 #ahfa1 p4 #acg sq4 for ,holbach's ,english friends mentioned in his letters to ,wilkes4 #ab3i ,see ,chap4 ,,ii and ,bibliography1 ,pt4 ,i1 for these and his other works4 #ab3aj ,grimm ,cor4 ,lit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bhc4 #ab3aa ,gazette de ,france1 ,aug4 #aj1 #aged4 #ab3ab ,jal1 ,dict4 ,critique1 p4 #fhe4 #ac3ac ,his career is somewhat doubtful4 ,he travelled in ,italy in #aggi and ,abb ,galiani1 an old friend of ,holbach's1 got a very agreeable impression of him4 ,john ,wilkes1 in a letter to his daughter in #agha1 seems to imply that he had not turned out very well1 and hopes that the baron's second son will make good the deficiencies of the first4 ,in #ahjf he published a translation of ,weiland's ,oberon or ,huon de ,bordeaux which went thru another edition in #ahbe1 but those are the only details that have come to light4 #ac3ad ,diderot1 in writing to ,mlle ,volland ,sep4 #ag1 #agfj says3 ,on nourrit1 ,chenvires1 les deux filles de ,madame d',holbach4 ,l'ane est belle comme un chrubin2 c'est un visage rond1 de grands yeux bleus1 des levres fines1 une bouche riante1 la peau la plus blanche et la plus anime1 des cheveux chtains qui ceignent un trs joli front4 ,la cadette est un peloton d'embonpoint o l'on ne distingue encore que du blanc et du vermillon4 #ac3ae ,gazette de ,france1 ,june #a1 #agha4 #ad3af ,holbach's intendant was a ,jew1 ,berlise4 ,after his death several of his old servants ,vincent1 ,david1 and ,plocque1 contested ,holbach's will1 in which they thought they were legatees4 ,the case was in the courts for several years and was finally decided against them4 ,douarche1 ,les tribunaux civil de ,paris pendant la rvolution1 ,paris1 #aije1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #ada1 #bfa1 #cbe1 #fhi4 #ad3ag ,avzac-,lavigne1 ,diderot1 p4 #e4 #ae3ah ,critica1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dh1 note4 #ae3ai ,he met ,voltaire in ,paris in #aggh1 however1 and ,naigeon relates that ,voltaire greeted him very cordially and said that he had long desired to make his acquaintance4 #ae3bj ,collignon1 ,diderot1 p4 #a4 #af3ba ,avzac-,lavigne1 ,diderot1 p4 #ge1 note4 #af3bb ,romilly1 ,memoirs1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #agi4 #af3bc ,diderot1 ,oeuvres1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 lxvi1 note4 #ag3bd ,journal de ,paris1 ,dec4 #b1 #aghi4 #ag3be ,see appendix1 p4 #gc1 p4 #gg4 #ah3bf ,see appendix1 p4 #ga4 #ai3bg ,see appendix1 p4 #gb4 #ai3bh ,see p4 #f sq4 and appendix pp4 #ge sq4 #ci3b ,barbier1 ,dict41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #age sq4 #dj3c ,barbier1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 xxxiii1 note4 #dj3d ,oeuvres1 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #bfe4 #dd3e ,oeuvres1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #ceb4 #dg3g ,middleton's translation1 preface4 #dg3h ,cf4 p4 #id4 ,bibliography ,part ,i #ed3a ,morley1 ,diderot1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aee4 #ee3b ,later ,bon-sens and ,thologie portative were doomed to the flames by the condemnations of ,jan4 #aj1 #aggd1 and ,february #af1 #aggf4 #ee3c ,systme de la ,nature1 ed4 #agga1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dif4 #ef3d ,grimm1 ,cor4 ,lit41 ,vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #afg4 #ef3e ,voltaire1 ,oeuvres1 ed4 ,beuchot1 ,vol4 ,,lxvi1 p4 #djd4 ,subsequent references to ,voltaire are from this edition4 #ef3f ,vol4 ,,lxvii1 p4 #bfe4 #ef3g ,grimm1 ,cor4 ,lit41 ,vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #ij4 #eg3h ,vol4 ,,lxvi1 p4 #dcb4 #eg3i ,vol4 ,,lxvi1 p4 #efc4 #eg3aj ,vol4 ,,lxvi1 p4 #chf4 #eh3aa ,vol4 ,,lxvi1 p4 #cid4 #eh3ab ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #dic4 #eh3ac ,vol4 ,,lxvi1 p4 #dfi4 #eh3ad ,goethe1 ,wahrheit und ,dichtung1 #aath ,book1 ,goethe's ,werke1 ,stuttgart1 ,vol4 #ai1 p4 #ee4 ,auf philosophische ,weise erleuchtet und gefdert zu werden1 hatten wir keinen ,trieb noch ,hang3 ber religise ,gegenstnde glaubten wir uns selbst aufgeklrt zu haben1 und so war der heftige ,streit franzsischer ,philosophen mit dem ,pfafftum uns ziemlich gleichgltig4 ,verbotene1 zurn ,feuer verdaminte ,bcher1 welche damals grossen ,lrmen machten1 bten keine ,wirkung auf uns4 ,ich gedenke statt aller des ,systme de la ,nature1 das wir aus ,neugier in die ,hand nahmen4 ,wir begriffen nicht1 wie ein solches ,buch gefhrlich sein knnte4 ,es kam uns so grau1 so cimmerisch1 so totenhaft vor1 das wir ,mhe hatten1 seine ,gegenwart auszuhalten1 dass wir davor wie vor einern ,gespenste schauderten4 ,der ,verfasser glaubt sein ,buch ganz eigens zu empfehlen1 wenn er in der ,vorrede versichert1 dass er1 als ein abgelebter ,greis1 soeben in die ,grube stiegend1 der ,mit- und ,nachwelt die ,wahrheit verknden wolle4 ,wir lachten ihn aus3 denn wir glaubten bemerkt zu haben1 dass von alten ,leuten eigentlich an der ,welt nichts geschtzt werde1 was liebenswrdig und gut an ihr ist4 ,alte ,kirchen haben dunkle ,glser ,wie ,kirschen und ,beeren schmecken1 muss mann ,kinder und ,sperlinge fragen--dies waren unsere ,lust und ,leibworte3 und so schien uns jenes ,buch1 als die rechte ,quintessenz der ,greisenheit1 unschmachhaft1 ja abgeschmackt ,alles sollte notwendig sein und deswegen kein ,gott4 ,knnte es denn aber nicht auch notwendig einen ,gott geben8 fragten wir4 ,dabei gestanden wir freilich1 das wir uns den ,notwendigkeiten der ,tage und ,nchte1 der ,jahrszeiten1 der klirnatischen ,einflusse1 der physichen und animalischen ,zustnde nicht wohl entziehen knnten3 doch fhlten wir etwas in uns1 das als vollkommene ,willkr erschien1 und wieder etwas1 das sich mit dieser ,willkr ins ,gleichgewicht zu setzen suchte4 ,die ,hoffnung1 immer vernnftiger zu werden1 uns von den aussern ,dingen1 ja von uns selbst immer unabhngiger zu machen1 konnten wir nicht aufgeben4 ,das ,wort ,freiheit klingt so schon1 dass mann es nicht entbehren knnte und wenn es einen ,irrtum bezeichnete4 ,keiner von uns hatte das ,buch hinausgelesen2 denn wir fanden uns in der ,erwartung getuscht1 in der wir es auf geschlagen hatten4 ,system der ,natur ward angekndigt und wir hofften also wirklich etwas von der ,natur1 unsere ,abgtten1 zu erfahren4 ,physik und ,chemie1 ,himmels- und ,erdbeschriebung1 ,naturgeschichte und ,anatomie und so manches andere hatte nun zeit ,jahren und bis auf den letzten ,tag uns immer auf die geschmchte grosse ,welt hingeweisen1 und wir hatten gern von ,sonnen und ,sternen1 von ,planeten und ,monden1 von ,bergen1 ,thlern1 ,flssen und ,meeren und von allem1 was dann lebt und webt1 das ,nhere sowie das ,allgemeinere erfahren4 ,das hierbei wohl manches vorkommen msste1 was dem gemeinen ,menschen als schdlich1 der ,geistlichkeit als gefhrlich1 dem ,staat als unzulssig erschienen mchte1 daran hatten wir keinen ,zweifel1 und wir hofften1 dieses ,bchlein sollte nicht unwrdig die ,feuerprobe bestauden haben4 ,allein wie hohl und leer ward uns in deiser tristen ,atheistischen ,halbnacht zu ,mute1 in welcher die ,erde mit allen ihren ,gebilden1 der ,himmel mit allen seinen ,gestirnen verschwand6 ,eine ,materie sollte sein von ,ewigkeit und von ,ewigkeit her bewegt1 und sollte nun mit dieser ,bewegung rechts und links und nach allen ,seiten ohne weiteres die unendlichen ,phnomene des ,daseins hervorbringen4 ,dies alles wren wir sogar zufrieden gewesen1 wenn der ,verfasser wirklich aus seiner bewegten ,materie die ,welt vor unsern ,augen aufgebaut htte4 ,aber er mochte von der ,natur so wenig wissen als wir2 denn indem er einige allgemeine ,begriffe hingepfahlt1 verlsst er sie sogleich1 um dasjenige1 was hher als die ,natur oder als hhere ,natur in der ,natur erschient1 zur materiellen schweren1 zwar bewegten1 aber doch richtungs- und gestaltlosen ,natur zu verwandeln1 und glaubt dadurch recht viel gewonnen zu haben4 ,wenn uns jedoch dieses ,buch einigen ,schaden gebracht hat1 so war es der1 das wir allen ,philosophie1 besonderers aber der ,metaphysick recht herzlich gram wurden1 und bleiben1 dagegen aber auf lebendige ,wissen1 ,erfahren1 ,thun und ,dichten uns nur desto lebhafter und leidenschaftlicher hinwarfen4 #fd3ae ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bfa1 ed4 #ahbj4 ,,bibliography--,,part ,i4 ,,editions ,,of ,,holbach',s ,,works ,,in ,,chronological ,,order4 ,as the works of ,holbach are not yet cataloged in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 the following list is doubtless incomplete4 ,the numbers given are those of the ,bibliothque ,nationale and the ,british ,museum where the books were used1 except in cases where they were available in ,boston1 ,new ,york or ,washington4 ,,abbreviations ,b4 ,n41 ,bibliothque ,nationale4 ,b4 ,m41 ,british ,museum4 ,l4 ,c41 ,library of ,congress4 ,c4 ,u41 ,columbia ,university4 ,h4 ,u41 ,harvard ,university4 ,u4 ,t4 ,s41 ,union ,theological ,seminary4 ,g4 ,t4 ,s41 ,general ,theological ,seminary4 ,a4 ,t4 ,s41 ,andover ,theological ,seminary4 ,n4 ,y41 ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,b4 ,p41 ,boston ,public ,library4 ,of about #abj editions consulted1 ,c4 ,u4 had #ac2 ,u4 ,t4 ,s4 #g2 ,n4 ,y4 #g2 ,h4 ,u4 #f2 ,b4 ,p4 #e2 ,l4 ,c4 #d2 ,a4 ,t4 ,s4 #c2 ,g4 ,t4 ,s4 ,i4 ,there are #bj or more editions in existence that were not to be found in the library catalogs consulted4 #ageb4 ,lettre une dame d'un certain ge sur l'tat prsent de l',opra4 ,en ,arcadie aux dpens de l',acadmie ,royale de ,musique1 7,paris1 #hvo1 pp4 #aa47 ,b4 ,m4 #aajc b #ba 7#b74 #ageb4 ,arrt rendu l'amphithtre de l',opra1 sur la plainte du milieu du parterre intervenant dans la querelle des deux coins4 7,paris1 #ageb1 #hvo1 pp4 #af47 ,b4 ,n4 ,yf #ggbf 7attributed to ,diderot74 #ageb4 ,art de la ,verrerie1 ,de ,neri1 ,merret et ,kunckel2 auquel on a ajout ,le ,sol ,sine ,veste ,d',orschall2 ,l',helioscopium videndi sine veste solem ,chymicum2 ,le ,sol ,non ,sine ,veste3 ,le ,chapitre ,,xi du ,flora ,saturnizans de ,henckel1 ,sur la ,vitrification des ,vgtaux2 ,un ,mmoire sur la manire de faire le ,saffre2 ,le ,secret des vraies ,porcelaines de la ,chine et de ,saxe2 ,ouvrages o l'on trouvera la manire de faire le ,verre et le ,crystal1 d'y porter des ,couleurs1 d'imiter les ,pierres ,prcieuses1 de prparer et colorer les ,emaux1 de faire la ,potasse1 de peindre sur le ,verre1 de prparer des ,vernis1 de composer de ,couvertes pour des ,fayances et ,poteries1 d'extraire la ,couleur ,pourpre de l',or1 de contrefaire les ,rubis1 de faire le ,soffre1 de faire et peindre les ,porcelaines1 etc4 ,traduits de l',allemand ,par ,m4 ,d444 ,a ,paris ,durand1 rue ,st4 ,jacques1 au ,griffon4 ,pissot1 ,quai des ,augustins1 la ,sagesse4 ,avec ,approbation et ,privilge du ,roi 7in quarto74 ,b4 ,n4 ,v4 #aajbh4 ,c4 ,u4 ,a4 n ,h #ce 7,avery ,library74 #agec4 ,minralogie1 ou description gnrale des substances du rgne minral4 ,par ,mr4 ,jean ,gotshalk ,wallerius1 ,professeur ,royale de ,chymie1 de ,mtallurgie et de ,pharmacie dans l',universit d',upsal1 de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,curieux de la ,nature4 ,ouvrage traduit de l',allemand1 ,a ,paris1 ,chez ,durand1 rue ,s4 ,jacques1 au ,griffon4 ,pissot1 ,quai de ,conti1 la ,croix d',or1 ,,mdcclii4 ,avec ,approbation et ,privilge du ,roi 7#b vols41 #hvo1 pp4 xlvii #efi #bhd74 ,followed by 7second title page7 ,hydrologie1 ou description du rgne aquatique1 diviss par classes1 gendres1 espces et varits1 avec la manire de faire l'essai des eaux 7#bef p474 ,b4 ,n41 ,s4 #aiib 7#b74 ,b4 ,m4 #ihg h4 #i-aj4 --,ibid4 7,paris1 ,herissant1 ,durand1 #agei1 #b vols41 #hvo47 ,n4 ,y41 ,p4 ,w4 ,d4 ,h4 ,u4 ,geol4 #gbeg-ei4 ,b4 ,m4 #igj h4l4 #agef4 ,introduction la ,minralogie2 ou connoissance des eaux1 des sucs terrestres1 des sels1 des terres1 des pierres1 des minraux1 et des mtaux3 avec une description abrge des oprations de mtallurgie4 ,ouvrage posthume de ,m4 ,j4 ,f4 ,henckel1 publi sous le titre de ,henckelius in ,mineralogi redivivus et traduit de l',allemand4 ,a ,paris1 ,chez ,guillaume ,cavelier1 ,libraire1 rue ,s4 ,jacques1 au ,lys d',or4 ,,mdcclvi4 ,avec ,approbation et ,privilge du ,roi4 7#b vols41 #abvo1 pp4 lxxi #bjd #cga47 ,b4 ,n4 #aiicj 7#a74 #ageh4 ,chimie mtallurgique1 ,dans laquelle on trouvera la ,thorie et la ,pratique de cet ,art4 ,avec des ,experiences sur la ,densit des ,alliages des ,mtaux1 et des demi-,mtaux2 et un ,abrg de ,docimastique4 ,avec ,figures4 ,par ,m4 ,c4 ,e4 ,gellert1 ,conseiller des ,mines de ,saxe et de l',acadmie ,imperiale de ,petersbourg4 ,ouvrages traduits de l',allemand4 ,a ,paris1 ,chez ,briasson1 rue ,saint ,jacques2 ,avec ,approbation et ,privelge4 7#b vols41 #abmo1 pp4 xii #bif xvii #cea47 ,b4 ,n41 ,r4 #cgjcb 7#c74 #agei4 ,traits de physique1 d'histoire naturelle1 de minralogie et de mtallurgie4 7,paris1 #agei1 #c vols41 #abmo47 7,general title47 ,tome ,i4 ,l',art des ,mines1 ou ,introduction aux connoissances ncessaires pour l'exploitation des mines mtalliques avec un trait des exhalaisons minrales ou moufettes1 et plusieurs mmoires sur differens sujets d',histoire ,naturelle-,avec figures4 ,par ,m4 ,jean ,gotlob ,lehmann1 ,docteur en ,mdecine1 ,conseiller des ,mines de ,sa ,majest ,prussienne1 de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sciences de ,berlin et de celle des ,sciences utiles de ,mayence4 ,traduit de l',allemand4 ,a ,paris1 ,chez ,jean ,thomas ,herrisant ,,mdcclix4 ,avec ,approbation et ,privilge du ,roi4 ,tome ,,ii4 ,trait de la formation des mtaux et de leurs matrices ou minires1 ouvrage fond sur les principes de la physique et de la minralogie et confirm par des expriences chymiques4 ,par ,m4 ,j4 ,g4 ,lehmann1 etc4 ,traduit de l',allemand4 ,tome ,,iii4 ,essai d'une ,histoire ,naturelle des couches de la terre4 ,dans lequel on traite de leur formation1 de leur situation1 des minraux1 des mtaux et des fossiles qu'elles contiennent4 ,avec des considerations physiques sur les causes des ,tremblements de ,terre et de leur propagation4 ,ouvrages traduits de l',allemand1 et augments de ,notes du ,traducteur etc4 ,h4 ,u41 ,m1 ,z4 ,b4 ,m4 #iij c4 #af-ah4 #agei4 ,les plaisirs de l'imagination1 pome en trois chants1 par ,m4 ,akenside4 ,traduit de l'anglais4 ,a ,amsterdam1 ,arkste et ,merkus1 et se trouve ,paris chez ,pissot1 ,quai de ,conti ,,mdcclix 7#hvo74 ,b4 ,n4 #b ex4 ,yk #bcfb et #bdih4 ,b4 ,m4 #aafb f #bj4 --,ibid4 ,les plaisirs de l'imagination1 pome en trois chants1 ,par ,akenside1 traduit de l',anglais par le baron d',holbach1 augment de ,notes historiques et littraires1 de la vie de l'auteur et du ,traducteur1 par ,pissot4 ,paris1 ,hubert ,,mdcccvi 7#ahjf-ahvo74 ,b4 ,n4 ,yk #bcfc4 ,b4 ,m4 #ajfe b #bj 7#b74 #agfj4 ,pyritologie1 ou ,histoire ,naturelle de la ,pyrite1 ouvrage dans lequel on examine l'origine1 la nature1 les proprits et les usages de ce ,minral important1 et de la plupart des autres ,substances du mme ,rgne3 on y a joint le ,flora ,saturnisans o ,l',auteur dmontre l',alliance qui se trouve entre les ,vgtaux et les ,minraux2 et les ,orpuscules ,minralogiques1 ,qui comprennent un ,trait de l',appropriation1 un ,trait de ,l',origine des ,pierres1 plusieurs ,mmoires sur la ,chymie et l',histoire ,naturelle1 avec un ,trait des ,maladies des ,mineurs et des ,fondeurs4 ,par ,m4 ,jean-,frederic ,henkel1 ,docteur en ,mdicine1 ,conseiller des ,mines du ,roi de ,pologne1 ,electeur de ,saxe2 de l',acadmie ,imperiale des ,curieux de la ,nature et de celle de ,berlin4 ,ouvrages ,traduit de l',allemand by ,baron d',holbach and ,m41 ,charas ,paris1 ,chez jean ,thomas ,hrissant1 ,libraire1 ,rue ,s4 ,jacques1 ,s4 ,paul et ,s4 ,hilaire4 ,,mdcclx4 ,avec ,approbation et ,privilge du ,roi4 7,paris1 #agfj1 quarto1 pp4 xvi #ebd47 ,b4 ,n4 #ecbd4 ,b4 ,m4 #cd c #ae4 #agfj4 ,oeuvres ,mtallurgiques de ,m4 ,jean-,christian ,orschall1 ,inspecteur des ,mines de ,s4 ,a4 ,s4 le ,land-grave de ,hesse-,cassel4 ,contenant ,i4 ,l',art de la ,fonderie2 ,,ii4 ,un ,trait de la ,siquation2 ,,iii4 ,le ,trait de la ,macration des ,mines2 ,,iv4 ,le ,trait des ,trois ,merveilles2 7,traduit de l',allemand7 ,le prix est de #ej sols broch et de #c liv4 reli4 ,a ,paris1 ,chez ,hardy1 ,libraire1 rue ,s4 ,jacques au dessus de celle de la ,parcheminerie la ,colonne d',or4 ,,mdcclx4 ,avec ,approbation et ,privilge du ,roi4 7#abmo1 pp4 #cid47 ,b4 ,n41 ,s #ai1iib4 #agfd4 ,recueil des mmoires les plus intressants de chymie1 et d'histoire naturelle1 contenus dans les actes de l',acadmie d',upsal1 et dans les ,mmoires de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sciences de ,stockholm2 ,publis depuis #agbj jusqu'en #agfj4 ,traduits du ,latin et de l',allemand4 ,a ,paris1 ,chez ,pierre-,fr4 ,didot1 le jeune1 ,quai des ,augustins1 ,s4 ,augustin4 ,,mdcclxiv4 ,avec ,approbation et ,privilge du ,roi4 7#b vols41 #abmo1 pp4 viii #fhg47 ,b4 ,n4 ,r #aedhc 7#d74 #agfe4 ,histoire du rgne de la ,reine ,anne d',angleterre1 contenant ,les ,ngociations de la paix d',utrecht1 et les dmls qu'elle occasionna en ,angleterre4 ,ouvrage posthume du ,docteur ,jonathan ,swift4 ,doyen de ,s4 ,patrice en ,irelande3 ,publi sur un ,manuscrit corrig de la propre main de l',auteur1 et traduit de l',anglais par ,m444 d',holbach and ,eidous4 ,a ,amsterdam1 ,chez ,marc-,michel ,rey1 et ,arkste et ,merkus4 ,,mdcclxv4 7#abmo1 pp4 xxiv #daf47 ,b4 ,n4 #hvo ,nc #agah4 #agff4 ,trait du ,soufre1 ou ,remarques sur la dispute qui s'est leve entre les chymistes1 au sujet du ,soufre1 tant commun1 combustible ou volatil1 que fixe1 etc4 ,traduit de l',allemand de ,stahl4 ,a ,paris1 ,chez ,pierre-,francois ,didot1 le jeune4 ,quai de ,augustins ,saint-,augustin4 ,,mdcclxvi4 ,avec ,approbation et ,privilge du ,roi4 7#abmo1 pp4 #cib47 ,b4 ,n41 ,r #eagji4 ,b4 ,m4 #bcc b #ae4 #agff4 ,l',antiquit dvoile par ses usages1 ou ,examen critique des principales ,opinions1 ,crmonies et ,institutions rligieuses et politiques des diffrens ,peuples de la ,terre4 ,par feu ,m41 ,boulanger4 ,homo1 quod rationis est particeps1 consequentiam cernit causas rerum videt1 earumque progressus et quasi antecessiones non ignorat1 similitudines compare1 rebus praesentibus adjungit at anectit futuras4 --,cicero1 ,de ,offic4 ,lib4 ,i4 ,c4 #d4 ,a ,amsterdam1 ,chez ,marc-,michel ,rey1 ,,mdcclxvi4 7,quarto pp4 viii #dab47 ,b4 ,n41 ,e #fij4 ,c4 ,u41 ,a ,p4 ,b #ff 7,avery ,library74 --,ibid4 7#agff1 #c vols41 #abmo47 ,b4 ,n4 99,e #bddf-bddh4 --,ibid4 7#aggb1 #c ,vols41 7#abmo47 ,b4 ,n4 99,e #bdde 7,,viii74 ,b4 ,m4 #dejf a #a4 --,ibid4 7,amsterdam1 #aggg1 #c vols41 #abmo1 pp4 lx #cee #cia #cif47 ,b4 ,m4 #fif b #ce4 --,ibid4 ,in ,oeuvres de ,boulanger ,t4 ,i-,,iv ,en ,suisse4 ,de l',imprimerie ,philosophique ,,mdccxci4 7#d vols41 7#abmo47 ,b4 ,n41 ,z #bdcaf-bdcai4 --,ibid4 ,in ,oeuvres de ,boulanger ,t4 ,i-,,ii ,amsterdam4 7,paris1 #b vols41 #hvo47 7,qurard47 #agfg4 ,le ,christianisme dvoil1 ou ,examen des principes et des effets de la religion ,chrtienne4 ,par feu ,m4 ,boulanger4 ,superstitio error infanus est1 amandos timet1 quos colit violat2 quid enim interest1 utrum ,deos neges1 an infames8 ,senec4 ,ep4 #ab4 ,a ,londres1 ,,mdcclvi 7,nancy1 ,leclerc1 #agfa1 #hvo1 pp4 xxviii #bie74 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #ecje4 ,b4 ,m4 #djaf bb #f4 ,b4 ,m41 ,c #bhfc 7another copy with ,,ms4 notes by ,voltaire74 --,ibid4 7,londres1 #agfg1 #hvo1 pp4 xx #bcf47 ,printed at ,john ,wilkes' private press in ,george ,st4 ,westminster1 according to ,,ms4 note in title page4 ,b4 ,m4 #djag de4 #ac4 --,ibid4 7,londres1 #agfg1 #hvo1 pp4 #bdd47 ,a4 ,t4 ,s4 #f #aa4 --,ibid4 7,a ,paris1 ,chez les ,libraires ,associs1 #agfg1 #hvo1 pp4 xvii #bah47 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #hcfd4 --,ibid4 7,londres ,amsterdam1 #agfg1 #abmo47 ,b4 ,m4 #fif b #cd --,ibid4 ,oeuvres de ,boulanger ,t4 ,,vii4 7,en ,suisse de l',imprimerie philosophique1 #agia1 #abmo47 ,b4 ,n41 ,z #bcdba4 --,ibid4 ,oeuvres de ,boulanger ,t4 ,v1 #agic4 --,christianity ,unveiled2 being an examination of the principles and effects of the ,christian ,religion1 from the ,french of ,boulanger1 ,author of ,researches into the ,origin of ,oriental ,despotism1 by ,w4 ,m4 ,johnson4 ,new ,york1 #agie1 printed at the ,columbian ,press by ,robertson and ,gowan for the editor and sold by the principal book sellers in the ,united ,states4 7#abmo1 pp4 ix #bch47 ,b4 ,m4 #djag de #d4 ,b4 ,m4 #ijj i4 #a1 7#g7 another copy with ,,ms4 ,notes4 ,b4 ,p4444 #gdij a #bb4 --,ibid4 ,london1 printed and published by ,r4 ,carlile1 #ee ,fleet ,st4 #ahai 7#hvo1 pp4 #ih47 ,b4 ,m4 #djaf d4 #ac4 --,ibid4 ,the ,deist1 etc4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 published by ,r4 ,carlile1 #ahai4 7#hvo1 pp4 vii #abe47 ,b4 ,m4 #djae f #aa4 --,el ,cristianismo a descurbierto1 examen de los principios y efectos de la religion cristiana4 ,escrito en ,francs por ,boulanger y traducido al castellano por ,s4 ,d4 ,v4444 ,londres en la emprenta de ,davidson1 #ahba4 7#abmo1 pp4 xxvi #bdf47 ,b4 ,m4 #djaf df #f4 #agfg4 ,l',esprit du clerg1 ou ,le ,christianisme primitif veng des entreprises et des excs de nos ,prtres modernes4 ,traduit de l',anglois ,londres 7,amsterdam7 ,,mdcclxvii 7#b vols4 #hvo1 pp4 #b #aj #bdj74 ,b4 ,m4 pp4 #ed4 #agfg4 ,de l'imposture sacerdotale1 ou ,recueil de ,pices sur le ,clerg4 ,traduites de l',anglois4 ,londres 7,amsterdam7 ,,mdcclxvii4 7#abmo1 pp4 #add47 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #hcfh 7#g74 ,contains1 ,tableau fidle des papes4 ,traduit d'une ,brochure ,anglaise de ,m4 ,davisson1 ,publie sous le titre de a true picture of ,popery1 pp4 #a-ce4 ,de l'insolence pontificale1 ou des ,prtentions ridicules du ,pape et des ,flatteurs de la ,cour de ,rome4 ,extrait de la ,profession de ,foi du clbre ,giannone1 par4 ,m4 ,davisson1 pp4 #cf-ed4 ,sermon4 ,sur les fourberies et les impostures du ,clerg ,romain1 ,traduit de l',anglois sur une ,brochure publie ,londres en #agce par ,m4 ,bourn ,birmingham1 ,sous le titre de ,popery a ,craft1 pp4 #ee-hd4 ,le ,prtrianisme oppos au ,christianisme4 ,ou la ,religion des ,prtres compare celle de ,jsus-,christ1 ou examen de la diffrence qui se trouve entre les ,aptres et les ,membres du ,clerg moderne4 ,publi en ,anglois en #agbj sous le titre de ,priestanity4 ,or a ,view of the disparity between the ,apostles and the ,modern ,clergy1 pp4 #he-ajh4 ,des ,dangers de l',eglise1 ,traduit de ,anglois sur une ,brochure ,publie eu #agai4 ,par ,m41 ,thomas ,gordon1 ,sous le titre d',apology for the danger of the ,church1 etc41 pp4 #aji-abh4 ,le ,simbole d'un ,laque1 ou ,profession de ,foi d'un homme dsintress4 ,traduit de l',anglois de ,m4 ,gordon1 ,sur une brochure publie en #agbj4 ,sous le titre de the creed of an independent ,whig1 pp4 #abi-add4 --,ibid4 ,published under title ,de ,la ,monstruosit pontificale1 ou ,tableau fidle des ,papes4 ,traduit de l',anglois ,londres ,,mdcclxxii4 7#afvo1 pp4 #ee47 ,b4 ,n41 ,h4 #aihei4 #agfh4 ,examen des ,prophties qui servent de fondement la religion chrtienne1 avec un ,essai de critique sur les ,prophtes et les ,prophties en gnral4 ,ouvrages traduits de l',anglois4 ,londres ,,mdcclxviii4 7#hvo1 pp4 #bcd47 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #eaij4 ,b4 ,m4 #djag de #ah4 ,contains1 ,discours sur les fondements de la religion chrtienne1 pp4 #a-aaa4 ,extrait ,de l',ouvrage qui a pour titre3 ,examen du ,septme de ceux qui prtendent que les ,prophties se sont accomplies la lettre4 ,the ,scheme of literal ,prophecy considered1 etc41 #agbg4 7#hvo1 pp4 #aah-bcd47 #agfh4 ,david1 ou l',histoire de l'homme selon le coeur de ,dieu1 ouvrage traduit de l',anglois4 ,sal1 et ,david1 tragdie en #e actes d'aprs l',anglois4444 7,londres1 #agfh1 #hvo47 ,b4 ,n4 #c ex4 ,,ld#b #eaid1 ,hz #aedb1 et ,rs ,z4 ,beuchot #gih 7#b74 ,b4 ,m4 #djad a #fg 7#a74 #agfh4 ,les ,prtres dmasqus1 ou des iniquits du clerg chrtien4 ,ouvrage traduit de l',anglois4 ,londres4 ,,mdcclxviii4 7#afvo1 pp4 #ahj47 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #dfci4 ,b4 ,m4 #djag de #bi4 #agfh4 ,lettres philosophiques1 sur l'origine des ,prjugs1 du ,dogme de l',immortalit de l',ame1 de l',idoltrie et de la ,superstition2 sur le ,systme de ,spinoza et sur l'origine du mouvement dans la matire4 ,traduites de l',anglois de ,j4 ,toland4 ,opinionum commenta delet dies1 naturae judicia confirmat4 ,cicero1 de ,nat4 ,deor4 lib4 ,,ii4 ,a ,londres 7,amsterdam74 #agfh4 ,,mdcclxviii4 7#hvo1 pp4 #bfg47 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #ebjc4 ,b4 ,m4 #djae de #dh4 ,containing1 ,prface ou ,lettre un ami1 en lui envoyant les ,dissertations suivantes1 dans laquelle l',auteur rend compte des motifs qui les ont fait crire4 7pp4 #ab-bf47 ,premire ,lettre4 ,de ,l'origine et de la ,force de ces ,prjugs4 7pp4 #bg-dd47 ,seconde ,lettre4 ,histoire du dogme de l',immortalit de l',ame ,chez les ,payens4 7pp4 #de-ic47 ,troisime ,lettre4 ,sur l'origine de l',idoltrie et sur les fondements de la ,religion ,payenne4 7pp4 #id-aeb47 ,quartrime ,lettre4 ,a un ,gentilhomme ,hollandois pour lui prouver que le systme de ,spinoza est dpourvu de fondements et pche dans ses principes4 7pp4 #aed-ahf47 ,cinquime ,lettre4 ,dans laquelle on prouve que le mouvement est essentiel la ,matire2 en rponse quelques remarques qui ont t faites l',auteur au sujet de sa rfutation du ,systme de ,spinoza4 ,nunc quae mobilitas fit reddita ,materia ,corporibus paucis licet hinc cognoscere1 ,memmi4 ,lucret41 lib4 ,,ii1 vers #adb4 7pp4 #ahg-bfg47 #agfh4 ,thologie portative1 ou ,dictionnaire ,abrg de la ,religion ,chrtienne4 ,par ,mr4 l',abb ,bernier1 ,licenci en ,thologie4 ,audite hoc ,sacerdotes1 et attendite ,domus ,isral1 et ,domus ,regis auscultate2 quia vobis ,judicium est1 quoniam ,laquens facti estis ,speculationi et rete expansum super ,thabor4 ,ose1 ,chap4 ,v1 ,vers4 ,i4 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 ,,mdcclxviii 7#agfg71 7#abmo1 pp4 #bdc74 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #adccd4 ,b4 ,m4 #gjc a #be4 --,ibid4 ,londres 7,suisse71 #agfh4 --,ibid4 ,a ,rome1 ,,mdcclxxv 7#hvo1 pp4 #bac74 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #hcgj4 --,ibid4 ,augmente d'un ,volume4 ,a ,rome1 avec permission et privilge du ,conclave4 7#b vols41 #abmo 7#aggf747 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #hcga4 --,ibid4 ,under title4 ,manuel ,thologique1 en form de ,dictionnaire4 ,ouvrage trs utile aux personnes des deux sexes pour le salut de leurs mes1 par l'abb ,bernier etc4 ,rome1 #aghe ,au ,vatican de l',imprimerie du ,conclave4 7#b vols41 #hvo47 --,ibid4 #ahjb4 #agfh4 ,le ,militaire philosophe1 ou ,difficults sur la ,religion1 proposes au ,r4 ,p4 ,malebranche1 ,prtre de l',oratoire4 ,par un ancien ,officier4 ,londres 7,amsterdam7 ,,mdcclxviii4 7#hvo1 pp4 #aic47 ,c4 ,u4 #bja ,n #ad4 --,ibid4 #aggj 7#hvo74 ,b4 ,m4 #djae bb #cb4 --,ibid4 #aggf 7#hvo74 ,b4 ,m4 #djae de #cd4 7,last chapter by d',holbach47 #agfh4 ,la ,contagion sacre1 ou ,histoire ,naturelle de la ,superstition4 ,ouvrage traduit de l',anglois4 ,prima mali labes4 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 ,,mdcclxvii4 7#b vols4 in #a1 #hvo47 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #eaie4 ,c4 ,u4 #aid ,h #fi ,p4 --,ibid4 ,avec des notes relatives aux ,circonstances4 ,nouvelle ,edition4 ,a ,paris1 de l',imprimerie de ,lemaire1 rue d',enfer no4 #ada1 ,an #e de la ,republique 7#agig74 7#b vols4 in #a1 #hvo1 pp4 #agi-aij47 ,u4 ,t4 ,s4 #dda ,b4 ,h4 #gbc ,c4 --,el ,contagion sagrado1 ,historia natural de la supersticion4 ,paris1 ,rodriguez1 #ahbb4 7#b vols41 #hvo47 7,qurard47 #agfh4 ,lettres ,eugnia1 ou ,prservatif contre les prjugs444 arctis ,relligionum animos nodis exsolvere pergo4--,lucret4 de rer4 nat41 ,lib4 #d1 v4 #f-g4 ,a ,londres1 ,,mdcclxviii4 7#b vols41 #hvo1 pp4 xii #ahh #afg7 --,ibid4 ,oeuvres de ,nicolas ,frret1 ,t4 ,i1 pp4 #a-cei4 ,paris1 #agib4 7#hvo47 ,h4 ,u4 #ai-cj1 vol4 ,i4 --,cartas ,eugenia1 por ,mr4 ,freret4 ,paris4 ,imprenta de ,f4 ,didot1 #ahaj 7#hvo1 pp4 viii #ceh74 ,b4 ,m4 #djae de #bc4 --,letters to ,eugenia on the absurd1 contradictory and demoralizing ,dogmas and ,mysteries of the ,christian ,religion4 ,now first translated from the ,french of ,frret1 but supposed to be written by ,baron ,holbach1 author of the ,system of ,nature1 ,christianity ,unveiled1 ,common ,sense1 ,universal ,morality1 ,natural ,morality4 ,r4 ,carlile1 ,the ,deist1 etc41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ahai1 etc4 7#hvo1 pp4 #ahe47 ,b4 ,m4 #djae f4 #aa4 --,cartas ,eugenia4 ,madrid1 #ahbc1 por ,don ,benito ,cano4 #bv4 ,n4 ,y41 ,z ,f ,f4 --,letters to ,eugenia on the absurd1 contradictory and demoralizing ,dogmas and ,mysteries of the ,christian ,religion1 by ,baron d',holbach1 ,new ,york1 published by ,h4 ,m4 ,dubecquet1 ,no4 #aij ,william ,street1 #ahcc4 7#abvo1 pp4 #bcf47 ,u4 ,t4 ,s4 #cbf ,b4 --,letters to ,eugenia etc41 translated by ,anthony ,c4 ,middleton1 ,m4,d4 ,boston1 ,josiah ,p4 ,mendum1 #aheg4 ,b4 ,p4 #edhd #b4 #agfi4 ,de la ,cruaut religieuse4 ,a ,londres1 ,,mdcclxix4 7#afvo1 pp4 #bbh47 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #hcfe4 ,b4 ,m4 #djag aa #be4 ,u4 ,t4 ,s4 ,h #gbc4 --,ibid4 ,amsterdam1 #agge1 #abvo4 #agfi4 ,le la ,tolrance dans la ,religion1 ou de la ,libert de conscience par ,crellius4 ,l',intolrance convaincue de crime et de folie4 ,ouvrage traduit de l',anglois1 ,londres1 ,,mdcclxix4 7#abvo1 pp4 #agd47 ,contains ,de la ,tolrance dans la religion1 ou de la libert de conscience 7,crellius74 ,de l',intolrance dans la ,religion 7d',holbach71 p4 #hh4 ,enfer dtruit ou ,examen ,raisonn du ,dogme de l',eternit des peines4 ,ouvrages1 tr4 de ,l',anglois ,londres1 ,,mdcclxix1 p4 #a4 ,dissertation critique sur les tourmens de l'enfer4 ,traduit de ,l',anglois1 p4 #if 7by ,whitefoot74 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #eaed4 --,ibid4 ,hell destroyed6 ,now first translated from the ,french of d',alembert without any mutilations4 ,london4 ,printed and published by ,j4 ,w4 ,trust1 #abf ,newgate ,st41 #ahbc4 7#hvo1 pp4 #dg47 7,followed by ,whitefoot's ,torments of ,hell1 now first translated from the ,french1 to p4 #hc47 #aggj4 ,l',esprit du judasme1 ou ,examen raisonn de la ,loi de ,moyse1 et de son influence sur la ,religion ,chrtienne4 ,atque utinam nunquam ,judaea sub acta fuisset ,pompeii bellis1 imperioque ,titi4 ,latius excisae pestes contagie serpunt1 ,victoresques suos natio victa premit4 ,rutilius1 ,itinerar4 ,lia ,i1 vs4 #cid1 ,londres1 ,,mdcclxx4 7#abmo1 pp4 xxii #bja47 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #eaia4 ,b4 ,m4 #djcd bb #ch4 #aggj4 ,examen critique de la vie et des ouvrages de saint ,paul1 ,avec une dissertation sur saint ,pierre par feu ,m4 ,boulanger4 ,londres1 #aggj 7#hvo71 7by ,peter ,annet74 ,b4 ,n4 #c;ex4 ,d#b #ecdi 7#b7 #hcfg et ,h4 #geea4 ,b4 ,m4 #dho#h aa #g4 --,ibid4 ,nouvelle ,edition1 ,londres1 #agij4 7#hvo47 ,b4 ,n4 ,h #acjcb4 --,critical ,examination of the ,life of ,st4 ,paul4 ,translated from the ,french of ,boulanger4 ,paul1 thou art beside thyself1 much learning doth make thee mad4 ,acts1 chap1 #bf1 v #bd4 ,london4 ,printed and published by ,r4 ,carlile1 #e ,water ,lane1 ,fleet ,st41 #ahbc4 7#hvo1 pp4 #gb47 ,b4 ,m4 #dcgb h g 7#d74 #aggj4 ,histoire critique de ,jsus-,christ1 ou ,analyse raisonne des ,evangiles4 ,ecce ,homo4 ,pudet me humani generis1 cuius mentis et aures talia ferre potuerunt4 ,s4 ,augustin4 7,no date ,amsterdam1 #aggj81 #afmo1 pp4 viii xxxii #bih47 ,b4 ,n1 #g1edi4 ,b4 ,m4 #djag a4 #de4 ,u4 ,t4 ,s4 #dfe ,h #gbc4 --,ecce ,homo6 or a critical enquiry into the history of ,jesus ,christ1 being a ,rational ,analysis of the ,gospels4 ,edinburg1 #agii4 --,ecce ,homo6 or a critical enquiry into the history of ,jesus ,christ1 being a ,rational ,analysis of the ,gospels4 7#b;d ed47 ,london1 #ahac4 ,printed1 published and sold by ,d4 ,i4 ,easton4 ,g4 ,t4 ,s4 #bcb ,g4 ,h4 #fi4 --,historia critica de ,jesus ,christo1 o anilisis razonado le los evangelios4 ,traducida del ,frances1 por el ,p4 ,f4 de ,t1 ex-jesuita4 ,ecce ,homo4 ,vel4 aqui el hombre4 ,s4 ,juan1 cap4 #ai1 v4 #e4 ,londres1 en la imprenta de ,davidson1 #ahbb4 7#b vols41 #abmo1 pp4 xiii #bjj #bhj47 ,contains ,advertencia del ,traductor4 #aggj4 ,tableau des ,saints1 ou examen de l'esprit1 de la conduite1 des maximes1 et du mrite des personnages que le ,christianisme rvre et propose pour modles4 ,hoc admonere simplices etiam potest1 ,opinione alterius ne quid ponderent2 ,ambitio namque diffidens mortalium ,aut gratiae subscribunt1 aut odio suo2 ,erit ille nottis1 quem per te cognoveris4 ,phaed41 ,lib4 ,,iii1 ,fab4 #aj4 ,a ,londres1 ,,mdcclxx4 7#b ,vols41 #abmo1 pp4 xxviii #bhj #bhf47 ,b4 ,n41 ,h #g1eeb4 ,b4 ,m4 #d1hbd a a a a #bg4 #aggj4 ,recueil philosophique1 ou ,mlange de ,pices sur la ,religion et la ,morale4 ,par diffrents ,auteurs 7ed4 ,naigeon74 ,ovando enim ista observans quieto et libero animo esse poteris1 ut ad vem gerendam non ,superstionem habeas1 sed ,rationem ducem4 --,cicero1 de ,divinat41 ,lib4 #b4 ,londres1 ,,mdcclxx4 7#b vols41 #abmo47 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #ecji4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #abi 7,,vi71 ,rflexions sur les ,craintes de la ,mort4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cd 7,,ix71 ,dissertation sur l',immortalit de l'me4 ,traduite de l',anglais4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ej 7,x71 ,dissertation sur le suicide4 ,traduit de l',anglais4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gj 7,,xi74 ,problme important4 ,la ,religion est elle ncessaire la ,morale et utile la ,politique8 ,par ,m4 ,mirabaud4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #abe 7,,xiii74 ,extrait d'un ,ecrit ,anglais qui a pour titre le christianisme aussi ancien que le monde4 #aggj4 ,essai sur les prjugs1 ou1 ,de l'influence des opinions sur les moeurs et sur le bonheur des hommes4 ,ouvrage contenant l'apologie de la philosophie par ,mr4 ,d4 ,m4 ,assiduite quotidiana et consuetudine oculorum assuescunt animi1 neque admirantur1 neque requerunt rationes earum rerum quas vident4 --,cicero de ,nat4 ,deorum1 ,lib4 ,,ii4 ,londres1 ,,mdcclxx4 7#hvo1 pp4 #cid47 ,b4 ,n41 ,r #bj #eec4 ,b4 ,m4 #hdfc b b b #af4 ,h4 ,u4 ,phil4 #bfdhdj4 --,ibid4 ,paris ,desray an #a 7#agib74 7#b vols41 #hvo1 ,cortina47 --,ibid4 ,oeuvres de ,dumarsais4 ,paris1 ,pougin1 #agig4 ,t4 ,,vi #hvo1 pp4 #dc-ceb4 ,b4 ,n41 ,z #bcgff-gb4 ,h4 ,u4 #iegh #ac ,,vi4 --,ibid4 ,paris1 ,niogret1 #ahbb4 ,c4 ,u4 #cjde ,d #hi4 --,essayo sobre las preocupaciones del influjo de las opiniones en las costumbres y felicidad de las hombres4 ,por ,dumarsais4 ,en ,paris4 ,hallase en la casa de ,rosa1 ,librero4 ,gran pacio del ,palacio ,real4 #ahbc4 7#hvo1 pp4 #cia47 ,b4 ,n41 ,r #cd1cff4 --7,bibliothque ,nationale4 ,collection des meilleurs auteurs anciens et modernes47 ,dumarsais4 ,essai sur les ,prjugs4 ,prcd d'un ,discours prliminaire et d'un ,prcis historique de la vie de ,dumarsais par le citoyen ,daube4 ,paris4 ,librairie de la ,bibliothque ,nationale4 ,rue de ,richelieu #h1 ,prs le ,thtre ,francais4 ,ci-devant rue de ,valois #ahhf4 ,tous droits resrvs 7#be centimes74 ,b4 ,n4 #hvo ,r4 #aeieb4 #aggj4 ,systme de la ,nature1 ou ,des ,loix du ,monde ,physique et du ,monde ,moral4 ,par ,m4 ,mirabaud1 ,secrtaire ,perptuel et l'un des ,quarante de l',acadmie ,franaise4 ,natura rerum vis atque majestas in omnibus momentis fide caret1 si quis mod partes ejus1 ac non totam complectatur animo4--,plin4 ,hist41 ,lib4 ,,vii4 ,londres1 ,,mdcclxx4 7#b vols41 #hvo1 pp4 #cgj #dab47 ,b4 ,m4 #djag f #cb ,u4 ,t4 ,s4 #cba ,h #gbce4 --,ibid1 ,londres1 ,,mdcclxx4 7,second edition1 #b ,vols41 in #hvo1 pp4 #cff #djh47 ,b4 ,m41 ,d#b #eaff-eafg4 ,contains ,discours prliminaire de l',auteur 7pp4 #af74 ,avis de l',editeur4 ,prface de l',auteur1 etc4 --,abrg du ,code de la ,nature1 par ,m41 ,mirabaud1 ,secrtaire ,perptuel et l'un des ,quarante de l',acadme ,franaise4 ,londres4 ,,mdcclxx4 7#hvo1 #af p47 --,ibid4 ,nouvelle dition augmente par l'auteur laquelle on a joint plusieurs pices des meilleurs ,auteurs relatives aux mmes objets1 etc4 7,ed4 ,naigeon47 ,londres1 ,,mdcclxxi4 7#b vols4 in #hvo1 pp4 #cig-ejj47 ,contains ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dee1 ,rquisitoire1 sur lequel est intervenu l',arrt du ,parlement du #ah ,aot #aggj qui condamne tre brls1 differens ,livres ou ,brochures1 intituls4 #a4 ,la ,contagion sacre444 #b4 ,dieu et les hommes4 #c4 ,discours sur les ,miracles4 #d4 ,examen des ,apologistes4 #e4 ,examen impartial des principales religions du ,monde4 #f4 ,christianisme dvoil4 #g4 ,systme de la ,nature4 ,imprim par ordre exprs du ,roi4 ,b4 ,m41 ,d#b #eafh4 ,reprinted in #aggd1 #agge-aggg4 --,ibid4 ,nouvelle dition4 ,londres1 #aghj1 #hvo1 pp4 xii #cga #dfd4 ,contains ,sentiments de ,voltaire sur le ,systme de la ,nature4 ,sguier's ,rquisitoire and ,holbach's ,rplique4 ,b4 ,m4 #ebh #a4 #bebf4 --,ibid4 ,nouvelle dition4 ,londres1 #agha4 7#b vols4 in #hvo1 pp4 #caf #che47 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #eaf;g4 --,ibid4 ,german ,translation1 ,schreiter4 ,leipzig and ,frankfort1 #aghc4 --,ibid4 ,paris1 ,an4 ,,iii 7#agie74 7#c vols4 in #hvo47 --,the ,system of ,nature4 ,translated from the ,french of ,m4 ,mirabeau4 ,london1 #agig4 ,printed for ,g4 ,kearsley4 ,l4 of ,c4 ,b #bjec-,s ,g ,e-#ab #aa-aeiei4 --,ibid4 ,philadelphia1 #ahjh4 ,pub4 by ,r4 ,benson4 ,l4 of ,c41 ,b #bjec-,s ,g #c ,e #ac-aa-aeie ,g4 --,nature and ,her ,laws1 as ,applicable to the ,happiness of ,man ,living in ,society1 ,contrasted with ,superstitions and ,imaginary ,systems4 ,done from the ,french of ,m4 ,mirabaud4 ,london in #ahaf4 ,w4 ,hodgson4 ,c4 ,u4 #aid ,h #fi ,s4 ,l4 of ,c41 ,b #bjec ,s g #c ,e #ad-aa4aeifj --,systme de la ,nature1444 ,avec notes de ,diderot4 ,nouvelle dition4 ,ed4 ,lemonnier1 ,paris1 #ahbj4 ,b4 ,roquefort4 7#b vols4 in #hvo47 --,the ,system of ,nature1 or the ,laws of the ,moral and ,physical ,world4 ,translated by ,samuel ,wilkinson from the original ,french of ,m4 ,mirabaud4 ,printed and published by ,thomas ,davison4 7,vols4 #b1 #c1 ,r4 ,helder1 #ahba47 ,london1 #ahbj4 #c vols in #hvo1 pp4 xi #cdh-caa-bgc47 ,contains ,life of ,mirabaud1 ,vol4 #c1 pp4 #bfc-bgc4 ,b4 ,m4 #hjd4 de #bj8 ,u4 ,s4 #cba4 ,h #gbc4 --,systme de la ,nature444 par le ,baron d',holbach4 ,nouvelle ,edition avec des notes et des corrections par ,diderot4 ,paris1 ,etienne ,ledoux1 #ahba4 7#b vols4 in #hvo1 pp4 xvi #ejg #ejb47 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #eagj4 ,b4 ,m4 #abd #i i4 #bf4 ,c4 ,u1 #aid ,h #fi4 ,r4 ,n4 ,y41 ,y ,c ,o4 ,contains extract of ,grimm's ,literary ,correspondence1 ,aug4 #aj1 #aghi4 --,systme de la ,nature1 ou des lois du monde physique et du monde morale1 par le ,baron d',holbach4 ,nouvelle dition avec des notes et des corrections par ,diderot etc4 ,paris1 ,domre1 #ahbb4 7#d vols4 in #abmo47 ,contains ,avis de ,naigion4 ,avertissement du nouvel diteur1 pp4 #aa-bi4 ,pices diverses1 pp4 #cj-df4 --,sistema de la ,naturaleza1 con notas y correcciones por ,diderot2 trad1 al castell4 por ,f4 ,a4 ,f4444 ,paris1 ,masson hijo1 #ahbb1 #d vols4 in #ahmo4 ,b4 ,n41 ,d#b #eagb4 --,selections from ,mirabaud's ,system of ,nature in the ,law of ,reason1 etc4 ,london1 #ahca4 7#afmo1 pp4 #bca47 ,selections from ,bon-,sens1 pp4 #ci-ha1 #hb-aab4 ,b4 ,m4 #achg4 b4 #c4 --,nature and her ,laws1 as ,applicable to the ,happiness of ,man ,living in ,society1 ,contrasted with ,superstitions and ,imaginary ,systems4 ,from the ,french of ,m4 de ,mirabaud4 ,james ,watson4 ,london1 #ahcd4 7#b vols4 in #abmo1 pp4 xxiv #bhg #cbj47 ,sold for #g s4 #f d4 ,b4 ,m4 #aacc b #bi4 ,contains #a4 ,publisher's ,preface 7by ,james ,watson74 #b4 ,preface4 #c4 ,a short account of the life and writings of the ,baron d',holbach 7by ,julian ,hibbert74 --,system of ,nature1 new and improved edition with notes by ,diderot4 ,translated by ,h4 ,d4 ,robinson4 ,new ,york1 #ahce1 published by ,matsell4 ,n4 ,y41 ,y ,b ,x4 --,system of ,nature1 or the laws of the moral and physical world1 from the ,french of ,m4 ,mirabaud4 7,new edition1 pp4 #h #ebj47 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,c4 ,u4 #aid ,h #fi4 ,r #a4 --,system der ,natur von ,mirabaud4 ,deutsch bearbeitet und mit ,anmerkungen versehen von ,biedermann4 ,leipzig1 #ahda4 7#hvo1 pp4 #fjd47 ,georg4 ,wigands ,verlag4 ,t4 ,s4 7,andover #bc74 --,system der ,natur4444 ,translated by ,schreiter1 #ahdc4 --,system of ,nature1 new and improved edition with notes by ,diderot1 translated by ,h4 ,d4 ,robinson4 ,stereotype edition1 ,boston1 #ahdh1 in #hvo4 ,published by ,j4 ,p4 ,mendum4 ,b4 ,p4 #jj4hj-faje4e4 --,system der ,natur4441 tr4 ,allhusen1 #ahea4 --,system of ,nature4441 tr4 ,robinson1 ,boston4 #ahec4 ,published by ,j4 ,p4 ,mendum4 ,b4 ,p4 #cfjj4dh4 ,n4 ,y41 ,y ,c ,o #aa-aeieg_/ ,l4 of ,c41 ,b4 #bjec4 ,s g #c ,e #f4 --,the ,system of ,nature2 or1 ,the ,laws of the ,moral and ,physical ,world1 by the baron d',holbach1 originally attributed to ,m4 de ,mirabaud with memoir by ,charles ,bradlaugh4 ,reprinted verbatim from the best edition4 ,london4 ,published by ,e4 ,truelove1 #bef ,high ,holborn1 #ahhd4 ,in #hvo1 pp4 xi #ebj4 ,b4 ,m4 #hdfg a a #cc4 #aggb4 ,le ,bon-sens ou ides naturelles opposes aux ides surnaturelles4 ,detexit quo doloso vaticinandi furore ,sacerdotes mysteria1 illis saepe ignota1 audacter publicant4 --,petronii ,satyricon4 ,londres 7,amsterdam7 #aggb1 #hvo1 pp4 xii - #eae4 ,u4 ,t4 ,s4 #cba ,h4 #gbcf4 --,ibid4 ,le ,bon-sens du cur ,j4 ,meslier d',etrpigny4 ,rome 7,paris71 #agia1 #hvo4 --,ibid4 ,another edition1 #aggb1 #hvo1 pp4 x-#bej4 --,ibid4 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 #aggd1 #afmo1 pp4 xii-#cjb4 ,u4 ,t4 ,s4 #cba ,h4 #gbcf4 --,ibid4 ,le ,bon-sens du cur ,meslier d',etrpigny4 ,rome 7,paris71 #agia1 #hvo4 --,ibid4 ,nouvelle dition1 suivi du ,testament du cur ,meslier4 ,paris1 ,bouqueton1 l'an ,i de la ,rpublique4 7#agib1 #b vols41 #abmo47 --,ibid4 ,le ,bon-sens du cur ,j4 ,meslier suivi de son ,testament4 ,paris1 #ahjb1 #hvo1 pp4 #chj4 ,c4 ,u4 #hdc ,m #ef ,d #a4 --,ibid4 ,paris1 ,palais des ,thermes de ,julien1 #ahjb 7#ahbb71 #abmo4 --,ibid4 ,paris1 ,guillaumin1 #ahcj1 #abmo4 --,ibid4 ,paris1 ,guillaumin1 #ahca1 #abmo4 --,common ,sense1 ,h4 ,d4 ,robinson1 ,new ,york1 circa #ahcc4 --,le ,bon-sens du cur ,j4 ,meslier1 etc4 ,paris1 ,bacquenois1 #ahcc1 #abmo4 --,ibid4 ,paris1 ,guillaumin1 #ahcd1 #abmo4 --,ibid4 ,nancy1 ,haener1 #ahcd1 #abmo4 --,der gesunde ,menschenverstand4 ,baltimore1 #aheg4 --,ibid4 ,baltimore1 #ahei 7second edition71 ,h4 ,u4 --,ibid4 ,tr4 into ,german by ,miss ,anna ,knoop4 circa #ahgh4 --,ibid41 under title1 ,superstition in all ages2 by ,jean ,meslier444 who left to the world the following pages entitled ,common ,sense4 ,translated from the ,french original by ,miss ,anna ,knoop1 ,new ,york1 #ahgh4 ,c4 ,u4 ,l4 #baa ,m4 --,ibid4 ,new ,york1 ,peter ,eckler1 #ahij1 pp4 vi-#cci4 ,u4 ,t4 ,s4 --,le ,bon-sens du cur ,j4 ,meslier1 ,paris1 ,palais des ,thermes de ,julien1 #ahjb4 7,garnier ,frres1 #aije47 ,h4 ,u4 --,superstition in all ages1 etc4 ,translated from the ,french original by ,miss ,anna ,knoop2 arranged for publication in its present form and manner with new title-page and preface by ,dr4 ,l4 ,w4 de,laurence4 ,same to now serve as text-book number five for the congress of ancient1 divine1 mental and ,christian masters1 ,chicago1 ,ill41 ,de,laurence1 ,scott ,co41 #aiaj1 pp4 xx-#ag-cci4 ,l4 of ,c4 #aiaj1 ,a #bfhhj4 ,l4 ,w4 de ,laurence4 #aggb4 ,de la nature humaine1 ou ,exposition des facults1 des actions et des passions de l'me1 et de leurs causes1 dduites d'aprs des principes philosophiques qui ne sont communment ni reus ni connus4 ,par ,thomas ,hobbes2 ,ouvrage traduit de l',anglois4 ,londres 7,amsterdam71 ,,mdcclxxii4 7#hvo1 pp4 iv #aga47 ,b4 ,m4 #hdjc c c #ae4 7,bookmark of ,richard ,chase ,sidney47 --,ibid4 ,oeuvres philosophiques et politiques de ,thomas ,hobbes4 #aghg4 7#b vols41 #hvo47 7,tr4 by ,sorbire and ,holbach47 ,b4 ,m4 #ebh #bbbc4 #aggc4 ,recherches sur les ,miracles4 ,par l'auteur de l',examen des ,apologistes de la ,religion ,chrtienne4 ,a ,genus attonitum4 ,ovid4 ,metam4 ,londres1 ,,mdcclxxiii4 7#hvo4 pp4 #agb47 ,b4 ,m4 #djae de #dd4 #aggc4 ,la politique naturelle1 ou1 ,discours sur les vrais principes du ,governement4 ,par un ancien ,magistrat4 ,vis consili expers mole ruit su4 --,horat41 ,ode ,,iv1 lib4 ,,iii1 vers4 #fe ,londres 7,amsterdam71 ,,mdcclxxiii4 7#b vols4 in #hvo4 pp4 vii #bcb #bhj47 ,b4 ,m4 #eba h4 #h4 ,u4 ,s4 #bfi ,e4 ,h4 #gbc 7ex libris ,baron ,carl de ,vinck1 ,ministre de ,belgique74 ,c4 ,u4 #cbj ,h4 #fia4 7,ascribed also to ,c4 ,g4 ,lamoignon de ,malesherbes47 --,ibid4 ,londres1 #aggd4 7#b vols1 in #hvo47 --,la ,politica ,naturale3 discorsi sui veri principi di governo4 ,traduzione di ,luigi ,salvadori4 ,mantova1 ,balbiani e ,donelli1 '#gh-hj4 7#b vols41 #af 7,l4 #e747 #aggc4 ,systme ,social1 ou principes naturels de la moral et de la politique1 avec un examen de l'influence du governement sur les moeurs4 ,discenda virtus est1 ars est bonum fieri2 erras si existimas vitia nobiscum nasci2 supervenerunt in gesta sunt4 --,seneca1 ,epis4 #abd4 ,londres1 ,,mdcclxxiii4 7#hvo1 pp4 #bah #agd #aff1 in three parts47 ,b4 ,n41 ,r #bjbge4gf ,e #aiai4 ,c4 ,u4 #cbj4 ,h4 #fi4 ,n4 ,y4 ,,sc4 --,ibid4 ,par l'auteur du ,systme de la ,nature1 ,londres1 #aggd4 7#c vols41 #hvo1 pp4 #bjh #agd #afg47 ,b4 ,m4 #hdjc4 h #bc4 --,ibid4 ,a ,paris1 ,servire1 #agie4 7#b vols41 #hvo1 pp4 #dgb #djc47 ,b4 ,m4 #hdjd dc4 #be 7ex libris ,j4 ,gomez de la ,cortina et amicorum4 ,fallitur hora legendo74 --,ibid4444par le baron d',holbach4 ,paris1 ,niogret1 #ahhb4 7#b vols1 #hvo47 ,c4 ,u4 #cbj4 ,h4 #fij4 #aggd4 ,agriculture rduit ses vrais principes par ,jean ,gottschalk ,wallerius1 ,paris1 ,lacombe1 #aggd4 7#abmo47 #aggf4 ,ethocratie ou le gouvernement fond sur la morale4 ,constituit bonos mores civitati princips4 --,seneca1 de ,clementia1 ,lib4 ,i4 ,a ,amsterdam4 ,chez ,marc ,michel ,rey4 ,,mdcclxxvi4 7#hvo1 pp4 #aj #bic #b47 ,c4 ,u4 #cbj4 #a ,h #fi4 #aggf4 ,morale universelle1 ou ,les devoirs de l'homme fonds sur la nature4 ,natur duce utendum est3 hanc ratio observe1 hanc consulit1 idem est ergo beat vivere et secundum naturam4 --,seneca de ,vita beata1 ,cap4 ,,viii init4 ,a ,amsterdam4 ,chez ,marc-,michel ,rey1 ,,mdcclxxvi4 7#c vols41 #hvo1 pp4 #daf #ccd #cfd47 ,b4 ,n41 ,r #aheif-g-h44 ,b4 ,m4 #bca h-#c --,ibid4 ,a ,tours1 ,chez ,letourmy le jeune et compagnie1 ,a ,angers1 ,de l',imprimerie de ,jahyer et ,geslin4 ,imprimeurs-,libraries1 rue ,milton1 #agib4 7#hvo47 ,b4 ,m4 #ebg4 ,k4 #a-c;,h4 ,u4 ,phil4 #bfdh4ej4 --,ibid4 ,paris1 ,smith 7,rey et ,gravier71 an #f1 #agih4 7#c vols41 #hvo47 --,ibid4 ,par le baron d',holbach4 ,paris1 ,masson et fils4 ,libraires1 ,rue de ,tournon1 ,no4 #f1 #ahbj4 7#c vols41 #hvo1 pp4 xxxii #cad #bff #cjj47 ,c4 ,u4 #agj ,h #b4 ,b4 ,m4 #hdaa k #g4 --,moral universal deberes del hombre1 fundatos en su naturaleza4 ,obra escrita en francs por el baron de ,holbach y traducida al castellano por ,d4 ,manuel ,diaz ,moreno ,zaragoza1 #ahch1 imp4 de ,m4 ,heras4 7#c vols41 #hvo47 --,la moral universel por el baron de ,holbach4 ,madrid1 #ahdj1 imp4 y lib4 del ,establecimiento ,central4 7#b vols4 in #dto47 --,ibid4 ,translated into ,german by ,johann ,umminger4 ,leipzig1 #ahih4 #agij4 ,elements de la morale universelle1 ou catechisme de la nature4 ,par feu ,m41 le ,baron d',holbach des acadmies de ,ptersbourg de ,manheim et de ,berlin4 ,numquam aliud natura aliud sapientia dicit4--,juvenal4 ,a ,paris4 ,chez ,g4 de ,bure4 ,rue ,serpente1 ,no4 #f1 ,,mdccxc4 7#bdvo1 pp4 vi #bjh47 ,b4 ,m4 #ebh4 a4 #bg4 ,b4 ,p41 ,g4 #cecg4ad4 --,elementos de la moral universel1 catecismo de la naturaleza1 por el baron de ,holbach4 ,madrid1 #ahbj1 imp4 que fu de ,fuentenebro1 lib de ,sanchez en #hvo past4 --,principios de moral1 manuel de los deberes del hombre fundados en la naturaleza4 ,obra pstuma de baron de ,holbach4 ,traducida al espanol por ,d4 ,l4 ,m4 ,g4 adoptada en su mayor parte de la escuelas de primera educacion para instruccion de los ninos4 ,madrid1 #ahcg1 imp4 de ,ferrer y compania lib de ,j ,sanz4 7,in #afmo47 ,,bibliography ,,part ,,ii4 ,,general ,,bibliography4 ,allgemeine ,deutsche ,biographie4 ,avzac-,lavigne1 ,diderot et la socit du ,baron d',holbach4 ,paris1 #ahge4 ,bachaumont1 ,mmoires secrtes4 ,paris1 #ahei4 ,barbier1 ,dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes4 ,paris1 #ahbb4 ,barni1 ,histoire des ides morales et politiques en ,france au dix-huitime sicle4 ,paris1 #ahfe4 ,barruel1 ,mmoire pour servir l'histoire de ,jacobinisme4 ,hamburg1 #agih4 ,lettres helviennes4 ,hamburg1 #agih-agii4 ,bartholmess1 ,histoire philosophique de l',acadmie de ,prusse4 ,paris1 #ahea4 ,bergier1 ,apologie de la ,religion ,chrtienne contre l'auteur du ,christianisme dvoil4 ,paris1 #agfi4 ,examen du matrialisme1 ou ,rfutation du ,systme de la ,nature4 ,paris1 #agga4 ,bibliothque ,nationale1 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