,voyag] #a ,enc\nt]s ,saturn ,cont5ts ,=eword #a ,introduction #c ,! ,planet #d ,! ,r+s #ab ,! ,satellites #bj ,a ,glimpse ,back #cb ,! ,voyag] ,mission #cf ,,mission ,,objectives #cf ,,spacecraft ,,*>act]i/ics #cf ,,saturn ,,enc\nt] #cf ,sci5tific ,highlights #ch ,,saturn #ch ,,r+s #ch ,,new ,,satellites #ch ,,inn] ,,satellites #ch ,,titan #ci ,,out] ,,satellites #ci ,,magnetosph]e #ci ,sci5tific ,inve/igations #dj ,illu/ration3 ,,cov]3 ,saturn & two ( its moons1 ,te?ys 7above7 & ,dione 7bel[71 7 photograph$ by ,voyag] #a on ,novemb] #c1 #aihj1 f #ac million kilomet]s 7#h million miles74 ,! %ad[ ( ,te?ys is ca/ onto ! cl\dtops 9 ! upp] "r corn] ( ! image4 ,=eword ,! pictures assembl$ 9 ?is publication are a "p ( ! ri* & v>i$ h>ve/ ( in=mation return$ by ,voyag] #a across ne>ly a billion miles ( int]planet>y space4 ,^! images are ( great beauty z well z great sci5tific int]e/1 s]v+ to rem9d u ( ! awesome & brea?tak+ dim5sions ( ! sol> sy/em we inhabit4 ,voyag] is provid+ intrigu+ new in=mation :i* %\ld help u to und]/& h[ ! ,e>?--& possibly ! univ]se--0 =m$4 ,already !re h be5 surprises & puzzles t pa9t a completely new picture ( ,saturn & its neighborhood1 includ+ ! discov]y ( ?ree new moons1 />tl+ in=mation ab\t ,saturn's r+s1 & obs]vation ( ! unexpect$ly complex /ructure ( ,saturn's atmosph]e & t ( its l>ge/ moon1 ,titan4 ,x w take ye>s = sci5ti/s to assimilate completely ! in=mation :i* is cascad+ d[n f ,voyag]4 ,:at m w ?is m>vel ( te*nology h to tell u be=e x dep>ts ! sol> sy/em to travel endlessly among ! />s8 ,rob]t ,a4 ,fros*1 ,adm9i/rator ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration ,decemb] #aihj ,! date ( ea* photograph & ! di/ance ( ! spacecraft f ! planet or satellite are includ$ ) ea* picture4 ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb ,/ock ,no4 #jcc-jjj-jjhag-a ,illu/ration3 ,voyag] #a 0 laun*$ f ,cape ,canav]al1 ,florida1 on ,septemb] #e1 #aigg1 beg9n+ its j\rney to ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & beyond4 ,introduction ,no o!r g5]ation has _h ! opportunity or ! te*nology to rea* beyond our _w--to see1 to t\*1 to he> ! =ces t %ape our univ]se4 ,9 slightly ov] two decades1 man has +5i\sly explor$ five di/ant planets--& two doz5 moons4 ,we h se5 _! wea!r & surfaces1 l&$ on "s1 prob$ ! atmosph]es ( o!rs1 & li/5$ to _! radio noises4 ,"u ! planet>y exploration program ( ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration1 ! ,voyag] ,mission1 begun 9 #aigb1 0 design$ to explore ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 _! satellites1 r+s1 magnetic fields1 & int]planet>y space4 ,two automat$1 reprogrammable spacecraft1 ,voyag]s #a & #b1 7 laun*$ 9 late summ] ( #aigg4 ,_! goals3 ! out] planets4 ,bo? spacecraft made a/\nd+ discov]ies 9 ! ,jupit] sy/em 9 #aigi--;a ?9 r+1 a ?ick ioniz$ sulfur & oxyg5 torus1 an actively volcanic satellite--^! 7 b a few ( ! treasures yield$ by ! two ,jupit] flybys4 ,n[1 ,voyag] #a has complet$ exploration ( its f9al t>get3 ! r+$ planet ,saturn & its enigmatic giant satellite1 ,titan4 ,true to ! g5]ally unpr$ictable nature ( planet>y exploration1 ! treasures ( ! ,saturn sy/em f> exce$$ all expectations4 ,we le>n$ m ab\t ,saturn 9 "o week ?an 9 all ( record$ hi/ory1 ?anks to "o tru/y robot no l>g] ?an a compact c> & to ?\s&s ( dilig5t & imag9ative p4 ,bo? spacecraft c>ry an assortm5t ( optical1 radiometric1 & fields & p>ticles s5s+ in/rum5ts4 ,tak5 toge!r1 _! data pres5t a compreh5sive picture ( a planet>y sy/em--& clues to :at is happ5+1 :at has happ5$1 & :at may happ5 9 our univ]se4 ,?is publication pres5ts ! prelim9>y photographic results ( ,voyag] #a's enc\nt] ) ,saturn & its major satellites4 ,voyag] #a transmitt$ ov] #ag1ejj images 9 its f\r mon?s ( close obs]vations ( ! sy/em4 ,_m ( ^! images h be5 comb9$ to produce mosaics & color pictures4 ,hundr$s h yet to be closely exam9$4 ,! second ,voyag] spacecraft w beg9 its close ,saturn obs]vations 9 e>ly ,june #aiha & make its close/ approa* to ! planet's nor!rn hemisph]e on ,augu/ #be4 ,!n1 due to its laun* dur+ a p]iod ( r>e planet>y alignm5t occurr+ only once e #age ye>s1 ,voyag] #b w be able to cont9ue on to a r5dezv\s ) ! sev5? planet1 ,uranus1 9 ,janu>y #aihf1 & p]haps ev5 ! eigh? planet1 ,neptune1 9 ,augu/ #aihi4 ,voyag] #a's prim>y mission is complete4 ,b its usefulness is f> f ov]4 ,z we g ab\t our daily bus9ess1 ,voyag] #a is se>*+ = ano!r fronti]--! edge ( our sol> sy/em4 ,9 #g to #ae ye>s1 ! spacecraft w cross ! heliopause--! f>!/ rea*es ( our ,sun's magnetic field influ5ce4 ,!n1 high above our ecliptic plane1 ,voyag] #a w cont9ue its flight t[>d ! /> ,alpha ,ophiu*us4 ,ev5tually1 ,voyag] #a w be too di/ant to communicate ) ,e>? & w sil5tly drift 9 space =ev]4 ,&rew ,j4 ,/(an1 ,act+ ,associate ,adm9i/rator = ,space ,sci5ce ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration ,! ,planet ,illu/ration3 #aa_/e_/hj #i million km 7#e4e million mi7 ,saturn is ! six? planet f ! ,sun & second l>ge/ 9 our sol> sy/em4 ,l ,jupit]1 x is a giant sph]e ( gas--mo/ly hydrog5 & helium--) a possible core ( rocky mat]ial4 ,v>i\s features 9 ,saturn's cl\dtops are visible 9 ! accompany+ color-enhanc$ image ( ! planet's nor!rn hemisph]e3 small-scale convective cl\d features 7simil> to1 b mu* l>g] ?an1 ?und]/orms 9 ,e>?'s atmosph]e7 are visible 9 ! br[n belt2 an isolat$ convective cl\d ) a d>k r+ is visible 9 ! light br[n zone2 & a longitud9al wave is visible 9 ! light blue region4 ,illu/ration3 #i_/ag_/hj #gf million km 7#dg million mi7 ,z ,voyag] #a approa*$ ,saturn1 a s]ies ( d>k & light cl\d b&s 7belts & zones7 became app>5t 9 ! planet's nor!rn hemisph]e ?r\gh a high altitude atmosph]ic haze4 ,! planet's %ad[ obscures ! r+s beh9d & imm$iately to ! ea/ ( ! disk4 ,9 addition1 ! %ad[ ( ! r+s on ! planet's disk c be se5 j nor? ( ! r+s !mselves z !y cross 9 front ( ! planet4 ,six ( ,saturn's #ae kn[n satellites are visible4 ,saturn's l>ge/ moon1 ,titan 7consid]ably l>g] ?an ,e>?'s moon71 is cle>ly visible 9 ! upp] left corn]4 ,! small] satellites ,dione1 ,te?ys1 & ,rhea are %[n 9 ! l[] left corn] 7upp]1 middle1 & l[]1 respectively74 ,two ( ! inn]mo/ moons1 ,mimas & ,enceladus1 appe> to ! "r ( ! planet 7,mimas is ! "o clos] to ! planet74 ,^! six moons orbit ,saturn 9 ! equatorial plane & appe> 9 _! pres5t positions because ,voyag] is above t plane4 ,illu/ration3 #aj_/ah_/hj #cd million km 7#ba million mi7 ,! ,nor? ,temp]ate ,belt is visible z ! violet-color$ belt 9 ?is false-color photograph4 ,9 ?is image1 features :i* are especially bright 9 ultraviolet light appe> z turquoise & violet1 :ile ultraviolet-d>k areas appe> orange4 ,notice 9 p>ticul> ! ?ree spots 7two bright orange & "o pale violet7 at mid-nor!rn latitudes4 ,! bright spots are simil> to ^? %[n at mu* high] resolution 9 lat] images4 ,! di/9ct color diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,nor? ,equatorial ,belt & ,saturn's o!r belts & zones may be due to a ?ick haze lay] cov]+ ! nor!rn portion ( ! belt4 ,x is n yet und]/ood :y ! s\!rn hemisph]e ( ! planet 7bel[ ! r+s7 appe>s blu] ?an ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,color spots 9 ! r+s are artifacts ( image process+4 ,illu/ration3 #aj_/cj_/hj #ah million km 7#aa million mi7 ,saturn's s(t1 velvety appe>ance & previ\sly unse5 detail 9 its my/]i\s r+s became visible z ,voyag] #a approa*$ ! planet4 ,= example1 a gap 9 ! d>k ,c-,r+ is n[ visible1 & mat]ial c be se5 )9 ! relatively wide ,cass9i ,division 7long believ$ to be empty71 :i* sep>ates ! ,b-,r+ 7middle7 f ! ,a-,r+ 7out]74 ,! ,encke ,division appe>s ne> ! out] edge ( ! ,a-,r+4 ,detail c be se5 )9 ! %ad[ ca/ by ! r+s ^u ! planet3 ! broad1 d>k b& ne> ! equator is ! %ad[ ( ! ,b-,r+2 ! ?9n]1 bright] l9e j to ! s\? is ! %ad[ ( ! less d5se ,a-,r+4 ,?ree ( ,saturn's moons1 ,te?ys 7out] left71 ,enceladus 7inn] left71 & ,mimas 7"r7 are also visible 9 ?is comput] mosaic ( ,voyag] #a images4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/f_/hj #h4e million km 7#e4c million mi7 ,an unusual r$ oval cl\d feature1 simil> to 7b small] ?an7 ,jupit]'s ,great ,r$ ,spot1 0 discov]$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ( ,saturn4 ,! oval1 #fjjj kilomet]s 7#djjj miles7 9 l5g?1 is locat$ at #ee degrees s\? latitude4 ,! diff]5ce 9 color betwe5 ! r$ oval & ! surr\nd+ blui% cl\ds 9 ^! two false-color images indicates t mat]ial )9 ! oval conta9s a sub/ance t absorbs m blue & violet light ?an ! blui% cl\ds4 ,voyag] sci5ti/s fir/ obs]v$ ! oval 9 ,augu/ #aihj1 & ! feature has reta9$ its appe>ance s9ce its discov]y4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/f_/hj #h million km 7#e million mi7 ,9 ?is photograph1 ! %ad[ ( ! satellite ,dione is se5 z a d>k circle on ! face ( ! planet4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/aj_/hj #c4e million km 7#b4b million mi7 ,a ribbon-l wave /ructure & small convective features m>k+ a we/w>d jet /ream above ! wave are visible 9 ?is photograph ( ,saturn's cl\dtops4 ,! view1 ext5d+ f #dj degrees to #fj degrees nor? latitude1 %[s features #fe kilomet]s 7#dj miles7 9 diamet]4 ,measurem5ts 9 images su* z ?is "o indicate t ,saturn has few] ea/-to-we/ w9d curr5ts ?an does ,jupit]4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #ddb1jjj km 7#bfe1jjj mi7 ,num]\s small cl\d features 7 photograph$ z ,voyag] #a pass$ above ,saturn's s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,at ^! pol> latitudes1 ! l>ge-scale light & d>k b&s break d[n into small-scale features1 se5 "h z waves & eddies4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/g_/hj #g4e million km 7#d4f million mi7 ,two br[n ovals1 approximately #aj1jjj kilomet]s 7#fjjj miles7 across1 7 discov]$ 9 ,saturn's nor!rn hemisph]e1 at ab\t #dj degrees & #fj degrees latitude4 ,! pol> oval 7upp] left7 has a /ructure simil> to ,saturn's r$ oval locat$ 9 ! s\!rn pol> latitudes4 ,detail )9 ! ovals is n visible at ?is resolution1 s x is n yet kn[n if !y are rotat+ features simil> to ! _m spots 9 ,jupit]'s atmosph]e4 ,! ,r+s ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #gag1jjj km 7#ddd1jjj mi7 ,! r+s ( ,saturn h amaz$ & intrigu$ a/ronom]s = ov] #cjj ye>s4 ,n[ t we h se5 !m up close1 !y are ev5 m a/oni%+4 ,al?\gh !y /ret* ov] #fe1jjj kilomet]s 7#dj1jjj miles71 !y may be only a few kilomet]s ?ick4 ,! r+ p>ticles--f a few microns to a met] 7?ree feet7 9 size--h be5 describ$ z icy sn[balls or ice-cov]$ rock4 ,voyag] sci5ti/s cont9ue to pore ov] _! data1 se>*+ = answ]s to ! puzzles ( ! r+s4 ,! r+s 7 nam$ 9 ord] ( _! discov]y1 s ! labels d n indicate _! relative positions4 ,f ! planet outw>d1 !y are kn[n z ,d1 ,c1 ,b1 ,a1 ,f1 & ,e4 ,illu/ration3 #aj_/be_/hj #bd million km 7#ae million mi7 ,extraord9>ily complex /ructure is se5 across ! entire span ( ,saturn's r+ sy/em4 ,! sequ5ce 7tak5 approximately e #ae m9utes z ,voyag] #a approa*$ ,saturn7 proce$s f top to bottom 9 ea* column & %[s radial 8spokes0 rotat+ )9 ! ,b-,r+4 ,! spokes may be caus$ by a comb9ation ( magnetic & electro/atic =ces4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/f_/hj #h million km 7#e million mi7 ,ov] #ie individual conc5tric features c he c\nt$2 ! f9al c\nt 9 high] resolution images may be any:]e f #ejj to #ajjj sep>ate r+s4 ,a few ( ! r+lets %[n 9 ?is comput]-assembl$ mosaic are n conc5tric circles b are in/ead elliptical4 ,r+ p>ticles are probably ice or ice cov]$ rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,! classic features ( ! r+s are illu/rat$ 9 ! diagram4 ,d-,,r+ ,c-,,r+ ,b-,,r+ 8,,spoke0 ,,cass9i ,,division ,,encke ,,division ,a-,,r+ ,f-,,r+ ,illu/ration3 #aa_/h_/hj #f million km 7#c4g million mi7 ,! ,cass9i ,division is fill$ ) num]\s r+lets4 ,discov]$ by ,cass9i 9 #afge1 ?is area betwe5 ! ,a- & ,b-,r+s _h long be5 ?\ght devoid ( mat]ial4 ,! ,voyag] obs]vation ( well-def9$ r+s )9 ! ,cass9i ,division 0 an unexpect$ discov]y4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #gdj1jjj km 7#dfj1jjj mi7 ,saturn's r+ sy/em1 view$ f bel[1 appe>s dramatically diff]5t f its appe>ance on ! sunlit side4 ,?is comput]-process$ image %[s ! ,f-,r+ circl+ outside ! ,a-,r+1 ! ,a-,r+ ) its ,encke ,division1 ! multiple r+lets 9 ! ,cass9i ,division1 & ! optically ?ick ,b-,r+1 se5 "h 9 mag5ta hues 7! coloration is an artifact ( process+ & is n real74 ,! ,b-,r+ appe>s d>k f bel[ ! r+ plane because x is d5se en\gh to reflect mo/ ( ! sunlight1 caus+ x to appe> v bright :5 se5 f ! sunw>d side4 ,! opal9e brightness ( ! ,cass9i ,division "h indicates a great deal ( sunlight be+ scatt]$ ?r\gh ?is region4 ,! ,encke ,division may really be empty1 s9ce x appe>s d>k f bo? above & bel[4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #gbj1jjj km 7#dej1jjj mi7 ,outb\nd & above ! r+ plane1 ,voyag] #a gave u ?is view ( ,saturn's r+s eight h\rs aft] its close/ approa* to ! planet4 ,! unique light+ acc5tuates ! _m hundr$s ( bright & d>k r+lets compris+ ! r+ sy/em4 ,! ,c-,r+ 7d>k gray area7 seems to bl5d into ! bright] ,b-,r+ z ! conc5tric features radiate out f ! planet4 ,! d>k spoke-l features se5 9 images tak5 dur+ ! approa* to ,saturn n[ appe> z bright /reaks1 indicat+ t !y may be compos$ ( small p>ticles4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #gej1jjj km 7#dgj1jjj mi7 ,two n>r[1 braid$ r+s 9 ! ,f-,r+ are evid5t 9 ?is view1 z well z a broad]1 v diffuse compon5t ab\t #ce kilomet]s 7#bj miles7 across4 ,a totally unexpect$ discov]y1 ! braid$ r+s trace di/9ctly sep>ate orbits int]tw9+ ea* o!r4 ,! 8knots0 may be local clumps ( r+ mat]ial or t9y moons4 ,x is difficult to expla9 ?is complicat$ /ructure us+ only ! gravitational =ces kn[n to be affect+ ! p>ticles ( ?is r+4 ,x is possible t additional1 electro/atic =ces may also influ5ce ^! p>ticles4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/h_/hj #g million km 7#d4c million mi7 ,brightness v>iations 9 ! ,f-,r+ may be due to clump+ 9 ! r+ mat]ial4 ,! features are se5 at ! top & aga9 ne> ! left edge ( ! r+ 9 ?is image4 ,! 8gap0 9 ! r+ 7left c5t]7 is n real b is ! location ( a reseau m>k on ! cam]a's vidicon tube4 ,^! bright features 9 ! ,f-,r+ appe> to move at ! orbital rate ( ! r+ p>ticles & may be l>g] bodies or ?icknesses 9 ! r+s4 ,saturn's ?irte5? & f\rte5? satellites1 :i* orbit on ei!r side ( ! ,f-,r+1 may act l 8%eepdogs10 h]d+ ! ,f-,r+ p>ticles betwe5 !m4 ,less ?an #ajj kilomet]s 7#fj miles7 wide1 ! ,f-,r+ is locat$ outside ( ! ,a-,r+4 ,satellite #ad1 discov]$ by ,voyag] #a1 is se5 j inside ! ,f-,r+4 ,! ,satellites ,illu/ration3 ,9 only twelve h\rs1 ,saturn's satellites grew f names 9 anci5t my?ology into dazzl+ worlds ) p]sonae ( _! own4 ,z ,voyag] #a sail$ ?r\gh ! ,saturn sy/em1 x return$ photographs ( ,mimas1 ,enceladus1 ,te?ys1 ,dione1 & ,rhea--all "p ( a class ( int]m$iate-siz$ icy bodies h]et(ore un/udi$ by planet>y spacecraft4 ,all b ,enceladus %[ heavily crat]$ surfaces1 evid5ce ( aeons ( meteorite bomb>dm5t4 ,enceladus h9ts at int]nal processes1 z yet unid5tifi$1 :i* may h eras$ f its surface ! evid5ce ( e>ly bomb>dm5t--b we mu/ await ,voyag] #b's arrival next ,augu/ to bett] und]/& ?is body4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/i_/hj #d4e million km 7#b4h million mi7 ,! surface ( giant ,titan1 n[ de?ron$ f its seat z ! sol> sy/em's l>ge/ satellite 7,jupit]'s ,ganym$e is l>g]71 rema9s an enigma1 %r\d$ b5ea? ?ick lay]s ( haze4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #bb1jjj km 7#ad1jjj mi7 ,t9y moons--?ree new ones & ?ree confirm$ f previ\s sight+s--may tell u mu* ab\t r+ dynamics s9ce gravitational =ces f satellites probably influ5ce ! r+ /ructure4 ,two ( ^! t9y moons are on ! v]ge ( collision 9 ! same orbit1 :ile sev]al o!rs appe> to b\nd ! ,a- & ,f-,r+s4 ,iapetus1 ^: two hemisph]es diff] dramatically 9 brightness1 0 photograph$ 9 its orbit1 almo/ #c4f million kilomet]s 7#b4b million miles7 f ! planet4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #dbe1jjj km 7#bfd1jjj mi7 ,mimas1 ,saturn's inn]mo/ l>ge satellite1 has an impact crat] cov]+ m ?an "o qu>t] ! diamet] ( ! entire moon4 ,n[h]e else 9 ! sol> sy/em has su* a disproportionately l>ge feature be5 se54 ,9 fact1 x is believ$ t any impact l>g] ?an ?is w\ld probably h %att]$ ,mimas into two or m fragm5ts4 ,! crat] has a rais$ rim & c5tral peak1 typical ( l>ge impact /ructures on t]re/rial planets4 ,additional small] crat]s1 #ae to #de kilomet]s 7#aj to #cj miles7 9 diamet]1 c be se5 scatt]$ across ! surface1 p>ticul>ly along ! t]m9ator4 ,mimas is "o ( ! small1 l[ d5sity ,saturnian satellites imply+ t x is compos$ prim>ily ( ice4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #acj1jjj km 7#hj1jjj mi7 ,mimas' o!r side %[s a uni=mly & heavily crat]$ surface--a record ( ! bomb>dm5t t occurr$ ?r\gh\t ! sol> sy/em 9 its e>ly hi/ory #d4e billion ye>s ago4 ,a long1 n>r[ tr\gh ab\t #e kilomet]s 7#c miles7 wide crosses f nor!a/ to s\?we/4 ,mimas' surface is v reflective 7ab\t #fj p]c5t71 indicat+ t x consi/s l>gely ( ice1 :i* has be5 *ipp$ & pulv]iz$ by aeons ( meteoritic bomb>dm5t4 ,su* a surface on a small1 l[ mass moon w\ld probably resemble light1 p[d]y sn[4 ,features z small z #c kilomet]s 7#b miles7 across are visible4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #fej1jjj km 7#djj1jjj mi7 ,enceladus appe>s to be l>gely devoid ( crat]s or o!r major surface relief1 sugge/+ t p]haps int]nal processes may h eras$ su* /ructures4 ,?is satellite w be se5 bett] by ,voyag] #b :5 x flies pa/ ,saturn 9 ,augu/ #aiha4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #a4b million km 7#gej1jjj mi7 ,?is heavily crat]$ surface ( ,te?ys faces t[>d ,saturn & includes a l>ge valley ab\t #gej kilomet]s 7#ejj miles7 long & #fj kilomet]s 7#dj miles7 wide4 ,! crat]s are ! result ( impacts1 & ! valley appe>s to be a l>ge fracture ( unkn[n orig94 ,te?ys has a diamet] ( #ajej kilomet]s 7#fej miles71 ab\t "o-?ird t ( ,e>?'s ,moon4 ,! smalle/ features visible 9 ?is picture are ab\t #bd kilomet]s 7#ae miles7 across4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #gjj1jjj km 7#dce1jjj mi7 ,dione reveals two di/9ctly diff]5t hemisph]es4 ,! photograph %[s ,dione's trail+ side4 ,bright radiat+ patt]ns are probably rays ( debris ?r[n out ( impact crat]s2 o!r bright areas may be topographic ridges & valleys4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #afb1jjj km 7#aja1jjj mi7 ,dione's o!r hemisph]e 7mosaic7 also has _m impact crat]s--! record ( cosmic collisions4 ,! l>ge/ crat] is less ?an #ajj kilomet]s 7#fj miles7 9 diamet] & includes a well-develop$ c5tral peak4 ,s9u\s valleys 7se5 ne> ea* pole7 are probably ! result ( cru/al fractur+ 9 ! moon's icy cru/4 ,dione's diamet] is only #aajj kilomet]s 7#gjj miles71 mu* small] ?an any ( ,jupit]'s icy moons4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ac_/hj #hj1jjj km 7#ej1jjj mi7 ,crat]s /& %\ld]-to-%\ld] on ! surface ( ,saturn's satellite ,rhea1 se5 9 ?is mosaic ( ! highe/-resolution pictures ( ! nor? pol> region4 ,rhea is #aejj kilomet]s 7#iej miles7 9 diamet] & is ! mo/ heavily crat]$ ,saturn moon4 ,! l>ge/ crat]1 made by ! impact ( cosmic debris1 is ab\t #cjj kilomet]s 7#aij miles7 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #abh1jjj km 7#gi1ejj mi7 ,impact crat]s on ! anci5t surface ( ,rhea closely resemble ^? on ,m]cury & ,e>?'s ,moon4 ,_m ( ! crat]s h c5tral peaks =m$ by reb\nd ( ! floor dur+ ! explosive =mation ( ! crat]4 ,"s crat]s are old & degrad$ by lat] impacts4 ,_m h %>p rims & appe> relatively fre%1 :ile o!rs are v %all[ & h subdu$ rims1 indicative ( _! antiquity4 ,:ite areas on ! edges ( sev]al ( ! crat]s are probably fre% ice expos$ on /eep slopes or possibly deposit$ by volatiles leak+ f fractur$ regions4 ,surface features z small z #b4e kilomet]s 7#a4e miles7 9 diamet] are visible4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/i_/hj #d4e million km 7#b4h million mi7 ,titan is a l>ge1 biz>re satellite4 ,x is l>g] 7almo/ #eabj kilomet]s or #cahj miles 9 diamet]7 ?an ! planet ,m]cury & possesses a d5se atmosph]e ( unique composition4 ,voyag] #a's cam]as %[ ,titan's surface to be totally obscur$ by a ?ick lay] ( atmosph]ic haze4 ,9 ! full-disk photograph1 only two features are visible3 a fa9t b\nd>y betwe5 ! s\!rn & d>k] nor!rn hemisph]es & a d>k 8hood0 ov]ly+ ,titan's nor? pol> region4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #dce1jjj km 7#bgj1jjj mi7 ,?is hood & great] detail 9 ! haze lay]s are %[n 9 ! high] resolution photograph4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/aj_/hj #d4f million km 7#b4h million mi7 ,little detail c be se5 9 ?is di/ant view ( ,hyp]ion1 ! satellite :i* orbits j beyond ,titan4 ,voyag] #b w obs]ve ,hyp]ion at a clos] range4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #c4b million km 7#a4i million mi7 ,saturn's satellite ,iapetus displays a l>ge1 circul> feature ab\t #bjj kilomet]s 7#abj miles7 across ) a d>k spot 9 its c5t]4 ,! circul> feature is probably a l>ge impact /ructure outl9$ by d>k mat]ial1 possibly ?r[n out by ! impact4 ,! satellite's lead+ hemisph]e is to ! left1 & ! trail+ hemisph]e1 :i* is f\r to five times bright]1 is to ! "r4 ,iapetus' diamet] is #adej kilomet]s 7#ijj miles74 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #agg1jjj km 7#aaj1jjj mi7 ,two satellites 7,saturn's t5? & elev5?7 revolve 9 ne>ly id5tical orbits #aea1jjj kilomet]s 7#id1jjj miles7 f ,saturn's c5t]4 ,! satellites are ea* #ajj to #bjj kilomet]s 9 diamet]1 l>g] ?an ! di/ance sep>at+ _! orbits1 & !y are curr5tly approa*+ "o ano!r at a rate :i* promises collision 9 ab\t two ye>s4 ,su* a collision1 h[ev]1 w probably be av]t$ by orbital *anges induc$ by ! satellites' mutual gravitational int]actions z !y ne> "o ano!r4 ,! trail+ co-orbital satellite1 se5 9 ?is photograph1 has a v irregul> outl9e 7! ,sun is %9+ f ! left74 ,?is color composite 0 produc$ f ?ree exposures tak5 ov] a p]iod ( m ?an six m9utes4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 a ?9 %ad[1 ca/ by a previ\sly unkn[n r+1 mov$ across ! satellite caus+ ! 8ra9b[0 patt]n %[n "h4 ,illu/ration3 #aj_/be_/hj #be million km 7#af million mi7 ,two small] satellites--,saturn's ?irte5? & f\rte5? moons--7 discov]$ on ,octob] #be1 #aihj1 9 images tak5 to /udy ! d>k 8spokes0 )9 ,saturn's ,b-,r+4 ,! small]1 inn] satellite has a diamet] ( ab\t #ejj kilomet]s 7#cjj miles7 & is visible j outside ! ,a-,r+1 ne> ! bottom ( ! picture4 ,x travels 9 an orbit betwe5 ! ,a-,r+ & ! ,f-,r+ 7n visible 9 ?is photograph74 ,! second satellite1 se5 to ! left1 travels j outside ! ,f-,r+ & is ab\t #fjj kilomet]s 7#djj miles7 9 diamet]4 ,sci5ti/s believe ! dim5sions ( ! n>r[ ,f-,r+ may be det]m9$ by ^! two satellites1 :i* orbit on ei!r edge ( ! r+4 ,a ,glimpse ,back ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ac_/hj #a4e million km 7#icj1jjj mi7 ,look+ back at ! ,saturn sy/em z x so>$ upw>d & outw>d1 ,voyag] #a cont9u$ its obs]vations = ne>ly five weeks aft] close/ ,saturn approa*4 ,! spacecraft photograph$ ! planet's sunlit cresc5t1 ! r+ %ad[s fall+ on ! planet1 & ,saturn's d>k hemisph]e illum9at$ by 8r+%9e40 ,x se>*$ = lightn+ & auroras on ! planet's d>k side & look$ = 8sun dogs0 result+ f ammonia cry/als 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,x cont9u$ temp]ature & composition measurem5ts & se>*$ = new satellites out to ! orbit ( ,mimas4 ,x measur$ ! fl[ ( plasma 9 ,saturn's magnetosph]e & n[1 its j\rney f> f ov]1 ,voyag] #a proce$s t[>d ! out] b\nd>y ( our sol> sy/em1 z x seeks to probe ! space among ! />s ( our galaxy1 ! ,milky ,way4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/af_/hj #e4c million km 7#c4c million mi7 ,dep>t+ ,saturn1 ,voyag] #a photograph$ ! planet f a unique p]spective1 cle>ly %[+ ,saturn's %ad[ on ! r+s4 ,illu/ration3 #aa_/ab_/hj #bej1jjj km 7#aej1jjj mi7 ,dur+ a #dj-m9ute p]iod on ! day ( enc\nt]1 ! spacecraft 0 itself 9 ! planet's %ad[4 ,at ?is "t1 ! wide-angle cam]a acquir$ a photograph ( ?is %ad[ l9e1 reveal+ r+ mat]ial 9 a region v close to ! planet1 :]e no mat]ial _h be5 previ\sly obs]v$4 ,?is inn] r+1 ! ,d-,r+1 is r\ghly #fjjj kilomet]s 7#djjj miles7 wide & ext5ds to )9 ab\t #fjjj kilomet]s ( ,saturn's cl\dtops4 ,! ,voyag] ,mission ,only once e #age ye>s are ! out] planets align$ 9 _! orbits s t we c take advantage ( gravity-assi/ trajectories to a*ieve enc\nt]s ) ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune on "o mission4 ,! gravity-assi/ te*nique uses "o planet's gravity field & motion ?r\gh space to alt] ! spacecraft's flight pa? & propel x outw>d t[>d ! next planet4 ,voyag] #a's trajectory1 :i* 0 select$ to be/ view ,titan1 has n[ propell$ ! spacecraft out ( ! ecliptic plane1 :ile ,voyag] #b's pa? w rema9 9 ?is plane to provide future enc\nt]s ) ,uranus & possibly ) ,neptune4 ,,mission ,,objectives ,! ,voyag] ,project 0 approv$ 9 ,june #aigb & _h z its mission objectives3 ,exploration ( ! ,jupit] & ,saturn planet>y sy/ems1 includ+ _! atmosph]es1 r+s1 satellites1 & magnetosph]es ,comp>ative analyses ( ! two sy/ems ,inve/igation ( ! int]planet>y m$ium betwe5 ,e>? & ,saturn ,a f\r? objective1 add$ 9 #aigf1 0 to pres]ve ! possibility ( ext5d+ ! mission to include an inve/igation ( ! planet ,uranus & ! int]/ell> m$ium4 ,) ! completion ( ,voyag] #a's ,saturn flyby1 x is n[ cle> t ^! objectives w be a*iev$4 ,,spacecraft ,,*>act]i/ics ,two id5tical spacecraft 7 develop$ = ! #aigg laun* opportunity4 ,^! m>vel\s ma*9es 7 clev]ly design$ to survive ! rigors ( long voyages 9 out] space & to deliv] high-quality sci5tific in=mation requir$ = detail$ und]/&+ ( planet>y sy/ems4 ,! spacecraft are bo? complex--automatically respond+ to _! ,e>?-b\nd monitors t remotely control !m via radio comm&s--& highly autonom\s--capable ( c>+ = !mselves 9 _m areas ?r\gh a sy/em ( s5sors1 comput]s1 & sp>e equipm5t4 ,ea* spacecraft functions on ab\t #djj watts ( electrical p[] :i* is provid$ by nucle> g5]ators4 ,broadca/s ( data across a billion miles to ,e>? are accompli%$ ) a spacecraft transmitt] p[] ( only ab\t #be watts1 ! am\nt ( en]gy requir$ by a small h\sehold light bulb4 ,voyag]'s sci5tific payload 0 c>efully *os5 to obs]ve ,saturn ov] a wide range ( wave-l5g?s & to measure magnetic fields1 *>g$ p>ticles1 & plasma waves4 ,,saturn ,,enc\nt] ,illu/ration3 ,voyag] #a approa*$ )9 #abd1jjj kilomet]s 7#gg1jjj miles7 ( ,saturn's cl\dtops4 ,six ( ! satellites t 7 photograph$ are %[n 9 _! approximate positions at close/ approa* by ! spacecraft4 ,,titan ,,dione ,,te?ys ,,mimas ,,enceladus ,,rhea ,voyag] #a's ,saturn enc\nt] p]iod began on ,augu/ #bb1 #aihj1 at a range ( #aji million kilomet]s 7#fh million miles7 f ! planet4 ,ev5 at ?is great di/ance1 ,voyag]'s images 7 bett] ?an any f ,e>?-bas$ telescopes4 ,dur+ ! long enc\nt] p]iod1 :i* ext5d$ ?r\gh ,decemb] #ai1 #aihj1 cont9u\s obs]vations ( ,saturn's realm 7 c>ri$ out by ,voyag]'s in/rum5ts4 ,voyag] #a's flight pa? ?r\gh ! ,saturn sy/em dem&$ navigation ( ! highe/ precision to meet ?ree critical t>gets3 7#a7 a close #djjj-kilomet] 7#bcjj-mile7 flyby & occultation at ,titan1 7#b7 a precise1 ?ree-m9ute "t p]iod :5 ! spacecraft 0 em]g+ f occultation at ! same "t ,e>? 0 9 a position to receive ! spacecraft signals pass+ ?r\gh ! gap betwe5 ,saturn & its r+s1 & 7#c7 a flight pa? ?r\gh ! ,e-,r+ at ,dione's orbit to assure safe passage ?r\gh a zone cle> ( pot5tially dang]\s mat]ial4 ,to assure ^! t>gets 7 a*iev$1 small trajectory trim maneuv]s 7 execut$ on ,octob] #aa1 #aihj1 & aga9 on ,novemb] #f1 #aihj1 z ,voyag] #a sp$ t[>d ,saturn4 ,illu/ration3 ,voyag] spacecraft & sci5tific in/rum5ts4 ,,high-,,ga9 ,,ant5na 7#c4g-met] diamet]7 ,,l[-,,en]gy ,,*>g$ ,,p>ticle ,,cosmic ,,ray ,,plasma ,,imag+ ,,ultraviolet ,,spectromet] ,,infr>$ ,,int]f]omet] ,,spectromet] ,,photopol>imet] ,,optical ,,calibration ,,t>get ,,planet>y ,,radio ,,a/ronomy ,,& ,,plasma ,,wave ,,ant5na 7#b7 ,,radioisotope ,,!rmoelectric ,,g5]ator 7#c7 ,,magnetomet] ,,boom ,by ,octob] #bd1 #aihj1 :5 ,voyag] #a 0 ab\t #cj million kilomet]s 7#ai million miles7 f ,saturn1 ! spacecraft's n>r[-angle cam]a c\ld no long] capture ! planet 9 a s+le picture4 ,?us1 a p]iod ( multiple images or mosaics began4 ,by ,novemb] #b1 #aihj1 ev5 f\r-picture mosaics c\ld no long] cov] ! rapidly gr[+ sc5e4 ,voyag] #a's pace ( op]ations rea*$ an excit+ peak dur+ ! ne>-enc\nt] phase f ,novemb] #aa ?r\gh ,novemb] #ac1 #aihj4 ,:ile /ill ab\t #a4f million kilomet]s 7#a million miles7 f close/ approa* to ,saturn1 ,voyag] #a enc\nt]$ ,titan on ,novemb] #aa1 #aihj1 & !n dipp$ bel[ ! r+ plane z x accel]at$ rapidly t[>d ,saturn4 ,on ,novemb] #ab1 #aihj1 ,voyag] #a came )9 #abd1jjj kilomet]s 7#gg1jjj miles7 ( ! cl\dtops ( ,saturn's s\!rn hemisph]e1 :]e ,saturn's gravity alt]$ ! spacecraft's c\rse1 hurtl+ ! spacecraft upw>d pa/ ! r+ plane4 ,close obs]vation ( ,saturn's o!r major satellites & its r+s 7 made dur+ ?is passage4 ,f ,e>? to ,saturn1 ,voyag] #a has travel$ 9 ! ecliptic plane1 ! plane 9 :i* ! major planets orbit4 ,n[1 hav+ complet$ its f9al planet>y flyby1 ,voyag] #a is ris+ above ?is plane on a trajectory t w ev5tually c>ry x above & out ( ! sol> sy/em1 probably be=e ! end ( ?is c5tury4 ,z x proce$s1 ! spacecraft w return in=mation ab\t ! sol> w9d & magnetic fields 9 ! f>1 unexplor$ rea*es ( our sol> sy/em & w obs]ve cosmic rays emitt$ f ! di/ant />s among :i* ,voyag] w ultimately cruise4 ,sci5tific ,highlights ,"s ( ! mo/ important in=mation ga!r$ by ,voyag] #a on ! ,saturn sy/em is pres5t$ pictorially 9 ?is publication & is supplem5t$ "h ) brief summ>ies ( ! major discov]ies1 obs]vations1 & !ories4 ,,saturn ,saturn's atmosph]e appe>s simil> to ,jupit]'s1 ) alt]nat+ d>k belts & bright zones1 circulat+ /orm regions1 & o!r d>k & light cl\d m>k+s4 ,saturn's belt & zone sy/em ext5ds to high] latitudes ?an ^? on ,jupit]1 & all ( ! features are mut$ by a ?ick atmosph]ic haze1 p]haps #gj kilomet]s 7#dj miles7 deep4 ,w9d spe$s up to #aejj kilomet]s p] h\r 7#ijj miles p] h\r7 occur at ! equator--f\r to five times fa/] ?an any ,jovian w9ds4 ,temp]atures ne> ! cl\dtops range f #hf to #ib kelv9s 7-#cje to -#bid ,fahr5heit7--ne>ly #fj degrees cold] ?an at ,jupit]4 ,saturn /ill radiates ab\t #b4h times z mu* heat z x receives f ! ,sun4 ,! coole/ temp]atures are f\nd at ! c5t] ( ! equatorial zone4 ,auroral emissions h be5 se5 ne> ,saturn's poles1 & auroral-type emissions h be5 se5 9 ultraviolet light ne> ! illum9at$ limb ( ! planet4 ,lightn+ bolts h n be5 se5 on ,saturn1 b radio emissions typical ( lightn+ dis*>ges h be5 record$4 ,! s\rce ( ^! dis*>ges is believ$ to be ! r+s r ?an ,saturn's atmosph]e4 ,,r+s ,hundr$s ( t9y r+lets--a few ( !m elliptical r ?an circul>--comprise ! classic ,a-1 ,b-1 & ,c-,r+s1 once ?\ght to be uni=m disks ( mat]ial4 ,! ,f-,r+1 :i* 0 fir/ sight$ by ,pione] #aa 9 #aigi1 0 obs]v$ to be ?ree sep>ate1 int]tw9$ r+lets4 ,! exi/5ce ( a ,d-,r+ betwe5 ! ,c-,r+ & ! planet has be5 confirm$ by obs]vations dur+ ,voyag] #a's passage ?r\gh ,saturn's %ad[4 ,! t5u\s ,e-,r+1 previ\sly obs]v$ f ,e>? only :5 ,saturn's r+s c\ld be view$ edge-on 7e #ae ye>s71 has also be5 obs]v$ dur+ %ad[ passage4 ,at lea/ "o o!r r+ has be5 f\nd betwe5 ! ,e- & ,f-,r+s 9 ,voyag] images4 ,long1 radial1 spoke-l features 9 ! ,b-,r+ 7 d>k :5 view$ ^u approa* & bright :5 obs]v$ aft] enc\nt] :5 ! spacecraft look$ back t[>d ! planet & ! ,sun4 ,,new ,,satellites ,voyag] #a photograph$ six t9y moons1 "s t _h nev] be5 se5 be=e4 ,satellites #aj & #aa1 dubb$ ! 8co-orbitals10 %>e an orbit #ia1jjj kilomet]s 7#eg1jjj miles7 above ,saturn's cl\dtops4 ,! lead+ satellite has a diamet] ( ab\t #afj kilomet]s 7#ajj miles71 :ile ! trail+ satellite has an irregul> %ape1 approximately #aje by #fe kilomet]s 7#fe by #dj miles74 ,little is kn[n ab\t satellites #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 & #ae aside f _! orbits & p]iods4 ,satellite #ab orbits at ! same di/ance f ,saturn z ,dione1 at a po9t ab\t #fj degrees ahead ( ,dione4 ,satellites #ac & #ad1 outside & inside ! ,f-,r+ 7respectively71 appe> to 8h]d0 ?is ?9 r+ betwe5 !m4 ,satellite #ae appe>s to limit ! out] edge ( ! ,a-,r+ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,,inn] ,,satellites ,mimas1 ,enceladus1 ,te?ys1 ,dione1 & ,rhea repres5t a body size n previ\sly explor$ by spacecraft4 ,!y are l>g] ?an ,jupit]'s ,amal!a & ,m>s' ,phobos & ,deimos1 yet small] ?an ,m]cury1 our ,moon1 or ,jupit]'s l>ge satellites4 ,_! diamet]s range f #cij kilomet]s 7#bdj miles7 = ,mimas to #aecj kilomet]s 7#iej miles7 = ,rhea1 & !y are probably compos$ prim>ily ( wat] ice4 ,) ! exception ( ,enceladus1 all ( ^! moons h heavily crat]$ surfaces1 look+ mu* l ! ,moon & ,m]cury4 ,mimas displays an impact crat] ^: diamet] is "o-f\r? t ( ! satellite--su* an impact mu/ h ne>ly %att]$ ! icy satellite4 ,te?ys has a valley #gj kilomet]s 7#dj miles7 wide t /ret*es #hjj kilomet]s 7#ejj miles7 across ! satellite1 an app>5t cru/al fracture result+ f seismic activity4 ,sev]al s9u\s valleys1 "s ( :i* appe> to bran*1 are visible on ,dione's surface4 ,bo? ,dione & ,rhea h bright1 wispy /reaks on _! already highly reflective surfaces1 p]haps caus$ by ice ?r[n out ( crat]s by meteorite impacts4 ,( ! five inn] moons1 ,enceladus appe>s ! smoo!/1 b we w h to wait = ,voyag] #b to photograph ! satellite at great] resolution 9 #aiha4 ,s9ce ! maximum int5sity ( ! ,e-,r+ occurs ne> ,enceladus' orbit1 ,enceladus may be a s\rce ( ,e-,r+ p>ticles4 ,,titan ,titan is n[ kn[n to be small] ?an ,jupit]'s ,ganym$e4 ,its diamet] is less ?an #eabj kilomet]s 7#cahj miles71 :i* implies a d5sity twice t ( wat] ice4 ,a d5se1 hazy atmosph]e at lea/ #djj kilomet]s 7#bej miles7 ?ick obscures ! surface4 ,voyag] #a det]m9$ t ,titan has a nitrog5-ri* atmosph]e 7z does ,e>?71 b ) conc5trations ( hydroc>bons su* z me?ane 7natural gas71 e?ane1 acetyl5e1 e?yl5e1 & deadly hydrog5 cyanide4 ,! haze lay]s m]ge into a d>k5$ hood ov] ! nor? pole4 ,at ! poles1 liquid nitrog5 lakes may =m4 ,! surface temp]ature is probably ne> #ajj kelv9s 7-#bhj ,fahr5heit71 only slightly w>m] ?an ! boil+ po9t ( liquid nitrog54 ,titan has no appreciable magnetic field & !re=e possesses no l>ge liquid conduct+ core4 ,x does1 h[ev]1 supply a small am\nt ( *>g$ p>ticles to ,saturn's magnetosph]e4 ,! s\!rn hemisph]e is some:at bright] ?an ! nor!rn1 p]haps z a result ( seasonal effects4 ,,out] ,,satellites ,( ! ?ree kn[n out] satellites1 ,voyag] #a /udi$ f a di/ance only ,hyp]ion & ,iapetus4 ,t9y ,phoebe1 9 its retrograde 7clockwise7 orbit1 w be /udi$ by ,voyag] #b 9 ! summ] ( #aiha4 ,hyp]ion & ,iapetus are mo/ likely compos$ ( wat] ice1 al?\gh _! masses & d5sities are unc]ta94 ,iapetus has "o bright & "o d>k hemisph]e4 ,! d>k side1 :i* faces =w>d z ,iapetus circles ,saturn1 reflects ab\t "o-fif? z mu* light z ! trail+1 bright side4 ,,magnetosph]e ,al?\gh x is only ab\t "o-?ird ! size ( ,jupit]'s magnetosph]e1 ,saturn's magnetosph]e is /ill an enorm\s /ructure1 ext5d+ ne>ly two million kilomet]s f ! planet t[>d ! ,sun4 ,! size ( ! magnetosph]e fluctuates rhy?mically z ! fl[ ( *>g$ p>ticles 9 ! sol> w9d increases or decreases 9 int5sity4 ,! magnetosph]e c be pu%$ inside ,titan's orbit1 s t at times ! satellite f9ds itself outside ( ! magnetosph]e altoge!r4 ,*>g$ p>ticles 9 ! planet's magnetosph]e are dragg$ along by ! magnetic field1 circl+ ! planet at ,saturn's rotation rate ( #aj h\rs1 #ci m9utes4 ,^! *>g$ p>ticles :iz by ,titan at a dizzy+ rate ( m ?an #bjj kilomet]s 7#abj miles7 p] second4 ,titan leaves a motorboat-l wake 9 its orbital pa?4 ,ext5d+ f ! orbit ( ,titan inw>d to ! orbit ( ,rhea1 an enorm\s cl\d ( un*>g$ hydrog5 atoms =ms a d\ghnut-%ap$ torus ( ultraviolet-emitt+ p>ticles4 ,because ( _! neutrality1 ^! atoms are n t[$ ar\nd by ,saturn's magnetic field4 ,close to ! planet1 ,saturn's r+s act z an effective %ield or absorb] ( *>g$ p>ticles4 ,! r+s !mselves are app>5tly sub/antially affect$ 9 ?is process1 h[ev]1 z evid5c$ by _! 8spokes0 ( f9e p>ticles & ! lightn+-l electrical dis*>ges attribut$ to ! r+s4 ,sci5tific ,inve/igations ,,inve/igation ,,saturn ,,enc\nt] ,,objectives ,imag+ sci5ce ,planet>y meteorology2 satellite geology2 r+ /ructure & dynamics ,infr>$ ,atmosph]ic composition1 !rmal /ructure int]f]ometry & dynamics2 satellite surface composition & !rmal prop]ties2 r+ composition ,radio sci5ce ,atmosph]ic & ionosph]ic /ructure1 con/itu5ts1 & dynamics at ,saturn & ,titan2 r+ p>ticle size ,ultraviolet ,upp] atmosph]ic composition & /ructure2 spectroscopy auroral processes2 di/ribution ( ions & neutral atoms 9 ! ,saturn sy/em ,magnetic fields ,planet>y magnetic field2 magnetosph]ic /ructure ,plasma p>ticles ,magnetosph]ic ion & electron di/ribution2 sol> w9d int]action ) ,saturn2 ions f satellites ,plasma waves ,plasma electron d5sities2 wave-p>ticle int]actions2 l[-frequ5cy wave emissions ,planet>y radio ,pol>ization & spectra ( radio-frequ5cy a/ronomy emissions2 plasma d5sities ,l[-en]gy *>g$ ,di/ribution1 composition1 & fl[ ( p>ticles en]getic ions & electrons2 satellite-en]getic p>ticle int]actions ,cosmic ray p>ticles ,di/ribution1 composition1 & fl[ ( high-en]gy trapp$ nuclei2 en]getic electron spectra 8,notre voyageur connaissait m]veilleusem5t les lois de la gravitation1 et t\tes les =ces attractives et rpulsives4 ,il s'en s]vait si propos1 que tantt l'aide d'un rayon de soleil1 tantt p> la commodit d'une comte1 il allait de globe en globe1 lui et les si5s1 comme un oiseau voltige de bran*e en bran*e40 8,our voyag] knew m>vel\sly ! laws ( gravitation1 & all attractive & repulsive =ces4 ,he us$ !m 9 su* a timely way t1 once ) ! help ( a ray ( sun%9e1 ano!r "t ?anks to a coop]ative comet1 he w5t f globe to globe1 he & 8 k91 z a bird flutt]s f bran* to bran*40 ,,voltaire--,micromgas1 ,hi/oire ,philosophique1 #ageb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nasa ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration ,jet ,propulsion ,laboratory ,cali=nia ,in/itute ( ,te*nology ,pasad5a1 ,cali=nia ,,jpl #djj-ajj #ab_/hj ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,sil5tly correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,mov$ captions ne>] ! relevant images2 tweak$ image ref]5ces )9 captions accord+ly4 --,add$ a ,table ( ,cont5ts4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4